1 ,

:
Moseley.
.
.
.
.

.

.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Lewis .

 - Lewis

30.

Moseley: ( )
.
:
. ,
.
. 7 , 18 , .
.
.
. ,
( ).
.
.
:

( ,
) .. s, p, d, f.
s:
,
nsx x = 1, 2.
:
. :
:
:
:

s1
IA
1

s2
IIA
2

ns1 ns2.
s ,
, .

 -
1

31.

p:
, ns2 npx.
6 :
p1

: IIIA
:

13

p2

p3

p4

p5

p6

IVA

VA

VIA

VIIA

VIIIA

14

15

16

17

18

He 1s2, s, p.
.
d:
:
(n - 1)dx ns2, x = 1, ..., 10
d
.
4 7 :
: d1

: IIIB

d2

d3

d4

d5

IVB

VB

VIB

VIIB

: 3

d6

d7

d8

VIIIB
8

10

d9

d10

IB

IIB

11

12

d .
f:
f .
(
) f - ,
: (n - 2)fx ns2, x = 1, 2, ..., 14.

(La), ,
(Ac) 6 7 .
.
f 3 B
.
s, p .
d, f .

 - Lewis

32.

:
d .

, (n - 1)d , ns .
1 :
4 . 3d
, 4s .
2 :
5 . 4d
, 5s .
3 :
6 . 5d
, 6s .
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. .
24Cr 29Cu ,
s d
.
2
2
6
2
6
5
1
24Cr: 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p , 3d , 4s
2
2
6
2
6
10
1
29Cu: 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p , 3d , 4s
:
:
, .

.
.

.
,
,
d, .

 -
1

33.

:
. .
.
.
.
.
(Ei):

, Ei1. :
(g) +(g) + e, Ei1 = 1 > 0
KJ mol1.

.
(Ei2)
+(g). :
+(g) 2+(g) + e, Ei2 = 2 > 0
,

, 1 < 2.
:
. :
.
. :
, , .
. : - , , .

.

.

 - Lewis

34.

, .
,

.
:

.
.
, .
,
.
:

, .

:
A - .
:
.

8 2
K ( ).
,
, , ( )
( ).

 -
1

35.

Lewis:
Lewis , .
:

.
() ().
, .

.
:

.
.
.
:

. spin.
, , .
:
.
.
. .
:
.
.
, 4Cl 3 Cl
Lewis :

Lewis:
, ,
. Lewis :

 - Lewis

36.

1. .
. .
2. . 1 . 2 1
. : F > O > N, Cl > Br > S, C, I > H
.
3. ,
.

, . , , , * .
4. . ,
, , .
5.
,
, .
.
:

. ,
, .
, Lewis F3 PCl5 :

BF3 B
.

PCl5 P 10 .

 -
2

37.

.
:
. 47: 51, 52, 53, 55
. 48: 56, 58, 59, 60
. 49: 63, 64, 65
. 50: 75, 77, 79, 81
. 3 4
(
, )
:
(3 )
. 70: 1
. 71: 2
. 21: 1, 2
. 22: 3

(4 )
. 94: 1
. 97: 2
. 100: 1

:
(3 )
. 84: 3, 5, 7
. 85: 8, 10, 11, 13
. 86:

(4 )
. 108: 2, 4, 7, 9
. 109:

 - Lewis

38.

1. g, S, K, Br, 12, 16,

19, 35, .
. ,
.
. Lewis gS, KBr.
:
. Mg, S, K Br :
2
2
6
2

(2), L(8), M(2)

12g: 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s
2
2
6
2
4

(2), L(8), M(6)

16S: 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p
2
2
6
2
6
1

(2), L(8), M(8), N(1)

19K: 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p , 4s
2
2
6
2
6
10
2
5

(2), L(8), M(18), N(7)

35Br: 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p , 3d , 4s , 4p
H :
12g: 3 , 2 IIA , s.
16S: 3 , 16 VIA , p.
19K: 4 , 1 IA , s.
35Br: 4 , 17 VIIA , p.
. gS .
g
g2+, Lewis:
S, , 2
S2, Lewis:
, Lewis MgS:

 -
3

39.

KBr .
K o o K+, Lewis:
Br, , 1 o
Br, Lewis:
, Lewis KBr:

2. H, N, O, 1, 7, 8, .
. ,
.
. Lewis HNO2.
:
. H, N O :
1

(1)
1H: 1s
2
2
3

(2), L(5)
7N: 1s , 2s , 2p
2
2
4

(2), L(6)
8O: 1s , 2s , 2p
H :
1H: 1 , 1 IA , s.
7N: 2 , 15 VA , p.
8O: 2 , 16 VIA , p.
. To HNO2 .
: 1 + 5 + 2 6 = 18
.
O, H O.
:::
18 - 6 = 12 O
, :
N .
N O.
2.

 - Lewis

40.

3. : 3Li, 9F, 10Ne, 19K.

. .
. .
. .
:
.
:
2
1
: 1 , 2
3Li: 1s , 2s
2
2
5
: 17 , 2
9F: 1s , 2s , 2p
2
2
6
: 18 , 2
10Ne: 1s , 2s , 2p
2
2
6
2
6
1
: 1 , 4
19K: 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p , 4s
Li, F Ne .
Li ,
F e,
( , ).
Li .
( ,
).
, :
> Li > F > Ne
. ,
,
Li, F, Ne : Li < F < Ne
,
, Li,
K : Li > K
,
: < Li < F < Ne
. , , .
, : > Li > F > Ne

4. , , , , 11,
21, 18, 59 16 . :
. .
. .

 -
3

41.

. f .
. .
. .
:

, , , :
2
2
6 , 3s1
s, 3 , 1 .
11: 1s , 2s , 2p
2
2
6
2
6
2
1
d, 4 , 3 .
21: 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p , 4s , 3d
2
2
6
2
6
p, 3 , 18 .
18: 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p
2
2
6
2
6
10
2
59: 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p , 3d , 4s ,
6
10
2
6
3
2
f, 6 , 3 .
4p , 4d , 5s , 5p , 4f , 6s
2
2
6
2
4
p, 3 , 16 .
16E: 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p
. ,
1 (). ,
A.
. .
, .
.
. f .
. ,
d. , .
. 18 VIIIA .
.

 - Lewis

42.

.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
1.
A. z :
.......................................................................................................................................
. 8
. 16
. 18 . 32
.......................................................................................................................................
B 1s22s22p63s23p5 :
.......................................................................................................................................
. 1
. 15
. 17
. 7
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
2.
, , ,
.......................................................................................................................................
10, 5, 2, 6 14 ,
.......................................................................................................................................
n = 3.
.......................................................................................................................................
. .
.......................................................................................................................................
.
.......................................................................................................................................
.
.......................................................................................................................................
. .
;
.......................................................................................................................................
.
.......................................................................................................................................
H2O, 3 .
.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

 -
4

43.

.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
3.
:
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
: 9F, 26Fe, 12Mg, 19K, 11Na, 5B, 8O, 30Zn, 18Ar.
.......................................................................................................................................
.
.......................................................................................................................................
. ;
.......................................................................................................................................
. , , , ;
.......................................................................................................................................
;
.......................................................................................................................................
. , , ,
.......................................................................................................................................
;
.......................................................................................................................................
. , , ,
.......................................................................................................................................
18Ar;
.......................................................................................................................................
. ,
.......................................................................................................................................
.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

 - Lewis

44.

4.
.
.......................................................................................................................................
.
.......................................................................................................................................
. 9F i1, 3Li 17Cl.
.......................................................................................................................................
. 12Mg 11a.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
5.
:
.......................................................................................................................................
. NH4+
. Ca(NO3)2
. HCO3
. COCl2
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

 -
4

45.

6.
3 d, .......................................................................................................................................
.
.......................................................................................................................................
. ;
.......................................................................................................................................
. ;
.......................................................................................................................................
. ;
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
7.
3 2p,
.......................................................................................................................................
.
.......................................................................................................................................
. .
.......................................................................................................................................
. 3.
.......................................................................................................................................
3;
.......................................................................................................................................
. ( ) ;
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

 - Lewis

46.

8.
:
.......................................................................................................................................
. .
.......................................................................................................................................
. .
.......................................................................................................................................
.
.......................................................................................................................................
14Si.
.......................................................................................................................................
. 3d .
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
9.
:
.......................................................................................................................................
4 s.
.......................................................................................................................................
To spin .......................................................................................................................................
+1/2.
.......................................................................................................................................
. ;
.......................................................................................................................................
. ;
.......................................................................................................................................
.
2. H2SO4
3. NaOH
: 1. H2O
.......................................................................................................................................
16.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

 -
5

47.

.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
1
.......................................................................................................................................
.
.
.......................................................................................................................................
( 5)
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.
;
.......................................................................................................................................
.
( 5)
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.
:
:
.......................................................................................................................................
1. ............... ............... ...............
.......................................................................................................................................
2. ............... ............... ............... ...............
.......................................................................................................................................
3. ............... ............... ...............
.......................................................................................................................................
( 5)
.......................................................................................................................................
. ;
.......................................................................................................................................
.
.......................................................................................................................................
. 29Cu [Ar], 3d9, 4s2.
.......................................................................................................................................
. f 6 7 .
.......................................................................................................................................
. s, p, .
.......................................................................................................................................
. Lewis FNO, .
.......................................................................................................................................
. PCl5 P 10 .
( 10)
.......................................................................................................................................

 - Lewis

48.

.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
2
.......................................................................................................................................
. 1 :
.......................................................................................................................................
. 20Ca
. 7N
. 4Be
. 5
.......................................................................................................................................
( 5)
.......................................................................................................................................
. :
.......................................................................................................................................
. 28Ni
. 13Al
. 50Sn
. 38Sr
( 5)
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.
p :
. 2
. 4
. 6
. 8
.......................................................................................................................................
( 5)
.......................................................................................................................................
.
34Se.
.......................................................................................................................................
. , Se;
.......................................................................................................................................
. .......................................................................................................................................
, Se;
.......................................................................................................................................
. 1 Se;
.......................................................................................................................................
( 3-3-4)
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

 -
5

49.

3
.......................................................................................................................................
.
:
.......................................................................................................................................
. NH4F
. CaSO4
. a2S
.......................................................................................................................................
: Na = 11, S = 16, N = 7, H = 1, O = 8, Ca = 20.
.......................................................................................................................................
( 15)
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.
N :
.......................................................................................................................................
. 26Fe2+ 26Fe3+.
.......................................................................................................................................
. 11Na+ 12Mg2+.
.......................................................................................................................................
. 82 9F.
.......................................................................................................................................
( 10)
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

 - Lewis

50.

4
.......................................................................................................................................

, , , :
.......................................................................................................................................
1s .
.......................................................................................................................................
2 4p .
.......................................................................................................................................
1 16 .
.......................................................................................................................................
4 , s
spin 0.
.......................................................................................................................................
.
, , .
.......................................................................................................................................
.
.
.......................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
.
.
.......................................................................................................................................
.
.......................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
3.
( 25)
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................