3 ,

:
.
.
:

.
.
, .

.
,
Henderson - Hasselbalch.
.
.
:
.

, - .
.

.
, .
.

.

 - - -

78.

:
, ( ) ,
(. . ) :
. .
. .
. , a b .
. pH
.
1. pH
2. pH.

,
.
, .
:, :
. - , .. CH3COOH HCl.
. - , .. HCN NaCN.
. - , .. NH3 NaOH.
. - , .. NH3 NH4Cl.
. ,
,
.
Io :
, 1, 2, ... : 1 > 2 > ...
+
.
. , 3+
, .

 -
1

[H 3 O + ] = K a

c
c

79.

cM
cM, 3+
:
c
[H3O + ] = K a
c
[3+] << c [3+] << c.
HA :

[H 3O + ][A ] x(c + x)
=
[HA[
c x
[3+] << c : c x c
c
c
= K a c x = K a
[ 3 + ] = K a
c
c

: a =
[3+] << c
xc
a =
xc
c

:
pH ,

, .
:
. (/), : F/F
. (/+), : 3/4+
pH - pOH :
-
. :
c
c
pH = pK a + log
[H 3O + ] = K a
( enderson - Hasselbalch)
c
c
- . :
c
c
( enderson - Hasselbalch)
pOH = pK b + log
[ ] = K b
c
c
enderson - Hasselbalch, :
. /,

 - - -

80.

, (cHA, cA)
([], [ ]):
cHA [] cA [ ]
. /+,
, (c, c+)
([], [+]):
c [] c+ [+]
:
, :
. ,
, ..: RCOOH RCOOK.
. ,
. ..: 3 4Cl.
:
:
. .
..: COOH HCOOK,
COOH/HCOO.
. .
..: 3 NH4Cl,
3/4+.
. .
1. .
, mol CH3COOH mol aOH > .
, CH3COOH CH3COONa.
, CH3COOH NaOH,
CH3COOH/CH3COO.
2. .
, mol 3 mol Cl > .
, 3 4Cl.
3 Cl
3/4+.
. .
, mol CH3COONa mol HCl > .
, C3COONa C3COOH.
C3COONa Cl C3COO/C3COOH.
. .

 -
1

81.

, mol 4Cl mol NaOH > .

, 4Cl N3.
NH4Cl aOH
4+/3.
:
. :
/.
,
.
pH, pH .
mol mol
.
. :

, , . ,
Henderson - Hasselbalch, pH
.
,
Henderson - Hasselbalch
.
:
pH .

.
, :

+
1

+
2

3+

. .
:
pH < pK aH - 1 .
pH > pK aH + 1 .
p pK aH - 1 pK aH + 1
.

 - - -

82.

,
( ) .
,
.
, .

.
, .
, .
, p
.
,
pH ,
, pH
.
pH .
pH .
:
. :
,
. pH = 7, 25 oC.
. :
,
. pH > 7, 25 oC.
. :
,
. pH < 7, 25 oC.

 -
2

83.

.
:
. 148: 60, 63, 65
. 149: 69, 71, 72, 74, 75
. 150: 77, 79, 81, 82
. 151: 83, 86, 87, 88

. 152: 89, 90
. 155: 111, 112, 113, 114
. 156: 115, 117, 118
. 157: 119,120, 122

. 8, 9 10
(
, )
:
(8 )
(10 )
. 187: 2
. 239: 1
. 188: 3
. 241: 2
. 194: 3
. 245: 2
. 195: 4
. 247: 3
(9 )
. 212: 2
. 217: 2
. 220: 4
:
(8 )
(9 )
. 202: : 4, 5, 6
. 227: : 1, 2, 3, 5, 6
. 203: : 9, 11, 14 . 228: : 8, 10, 13, 14
. 204: : 17, 18
. 229: : 16, 17
. 204: . 230:
(10 )
. 253: : 1, 3, 4
. 254: : 6,7
. 254:

 - - -

84.

1. () 2 0,1 500 mL -

1 = 102.
. pH () a .
. 300 mL () 3,
. 2
10 , mol HNO3 ;
. 200 mL () 0,37 g Ca(OH)2,
. pH
.
: MrCa(OH)2 = 74, 25 C.

:
. 2 :

[3+] = 1c1 = 102 0,1M = 103 M

pH = log[3+] = log103 = 3
1 = 102 < 101, a 2 : a = 12c1 = 105
. c2 3 300 mL . 3 :

, 3+. 2 10 , : 2 = 1/10 = 103

2 :

 -
3

85.

2 :

[H 3O + ][NO 2 ]
(c + 2 c1 ) 2 c1
Ka = 2
(1)
[HNO 2 ]
c1 (1 2 )
c2 + 2c1 c2 1 2 1, a/c = 104 < 102.
K
c c
105
(1) : K a = 2 2 1 K a = c 2 2 c 2 = a = 3 = 102
c1
2 10
2
mol HNO3 : n HNO3 = c2 V = 10 M 0,3L = 3 103 mol
Ka =

. mol 2 Ca(OH)2 :
mCa(OH)2
n Ca(OH)2 =
= 0,005 mol
nHNO2 = c1V = 0,02 mol
MrCa(OH)2
A o 2 ,
Ca(OH)2 . :

, 0,01 mol HNO2 0,005 mol Ca(NO2)2.

n HNO2 0,01mol
c HNO2 =
=
= 0,05 M
V
0, 2L
n Ca(NO2 )2 0,005mol
cCa(NO2 )2 =
=
= 0,025 M
V
0, 2L
H Ca(NO2)2 :

, 2.
2 :

 - - -

86.

2 :

[H 3 O + ][NO 2 ]
x(0, 05 + x )
10 5 =
(2)
[HNO 2 ]
0, 05 x
0,05 + x 0,05 0,05 x 0,05, a/c < 102.
(2) : 105 = x
[3+] = 105 pH = log[3+] = log105 = 5
Ka =

2. 400 mL COOK 101 M .

. 0,01 mol HCl,
, pH 1 ;
. 400 mL 3 0,05 ,
[3+] 2 ;
: w = 1014 HCOOH, Ka = 104.
:
T mol COOK 2 :
nHCOOK = cV = 101M 0,2L = 0,02 mol
. H COOK HCl :

, : Cl, COOH HCOOK.

KCl pH .
HCOOH COOK :
cHCOOH = nHCOOH/V = 0,01mol/0,2L = 0,05 M
cHCOOK = nHCOOK/V = 0,01mol/0,2L = 0,05 M
, o HCOOH
COO, COOK :

c = cCOOK = 0,05 M
c = cHCOOH = 0,05 M
E Henderson - Hasselbalch:
c
0,05
pH = pK a + log
= log104 + log
= 4 + log1 = 4
c
0,05
. mol 3 2 : nHNO3 = cV = 0,05M 0,4L = 0,02 mol
H COOK HNO3 :

 -
3

87.

, : NO3 COOH.
KNO3 pH .
HCOOH : cHCOOH = nHCOOH/V = 0,02mol/0,6L = 1/30 M
COOH :

COOH :
[H3O + ][HCOO ]
xx
Ka =
(1)
[HCOOH]
1/ 30 x
1/30 x 1/30, a/c = 3 103 < 102.
Ka =

(1) : K a = 30x 2 x =
[H3O+] =

104
M
30

Ka
104
M
x=
30
30

3. 3 0,6 4Cl 0,4 M.

. M pH = 9;
. 500 mL 0,02 g aOH,
, pH .
. , pH
;
: 3 b = 105, Kw = 1014 rNaOH = 40.
:
. V1 L 3 V2 L 4Cl. T mol 3 4Cl :
nNH3 = c1V1 = 0,6V1 mol nNH4Cl = c2V2 = 0,4V2 mol
3 4Cl :
cNH3 = 0,6V1/(V1 + V2) M cNH4Cl = 0,4V2/(V1 + V2) M

 - - -

88.

To 3 - 4+ : c. = cNH3 co. = cNH4Cl.

: pH + pOH = pKw 9 + pOH = 14 pOH = 5
Henderson - Hasselbalch:
pOH = pKb + log(c./c.) 5 = -log105 + log(c./c.)
5 = 5 + log(c./c.) log(c./c.) = 0 c./c. = 1 c. = c.

V1 2
=
V2 3
. To 500 mL, : V1 + V2 = 0,5 (1)
V 2
(2) (1) (2) : V1 = 0,2 L V2 = 0,3 L
: 1 =
V2 3
T mol 3 4Cl :
nNH3 = c1V1 = 0,6 0,2L = 0,12 mol nNH4Cl = c2V2 = 0,4M 0,3L = 0,12 mol
m
0,02g
= 5 104 mol
T mol NaOH : n NaOH = NaOH =
MrNaOH 40g / mol
aOH 4Cl :
: 0,4V2/(V1 + V2) = 0,6V1/(V1 + V2) 0,4V2 = 0,6V1

To NaCl pH. 4Cl 3 :

cNH3 = nNH3/V = (0,12 + 5104)mol/0,5L = (0,24 + 103) M 0,24 M
cNH4Cl = nNH4Cl/V = (0,12 5104)mol/0,5L = (0,24 103) M 0,24 M
: 0,24 103 0,24
Henderson - Hasselbalch:
pOH = pKb + log(c./c.) = -log105 + log(0,24./0,24) = 5
pH + pOH = pKw pH + 5 = 14 pH = 9
: 0,24 103 0,24, pH
8,996, 9.
. 3 4Cl :
cNH3V = cNH32V cNH3 = cNH3/2 = 0,12 M
cNH4ClV = cNH4Cl2V cNH4Cl = cNH4Cl/2 = 0,12 M
Henderson - Hasselbalch:
pOH = pKb + log(c./c.) = -log105 + log(0,12./0,12) = 5
pH + pOH = pKw pH + 5 = 14 pH = 9

 -
4

89.

.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
1.
25ml 2 .......................................................................................................................................
100 mL.
.......................................................................................................................................
.
.......................................................................................................................................
.
.......................................................................................................................................
. 100 mL 100
mL 0,25 . .......................................................................................................................................
p ;
.......................................................................................................................................
o: Kb = 106
.......................................................................................................................................
Kw = 1014.
.......................................................................................................................................
25 oC.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

 - - -

90.

2.
1 2 25 oC. 1
.......................................................................................................................................
500 mL 0,1 NaOH. 2 500
.......................................................................................................................................
mL, 0,1 . 2
.......................................................................................................................................
250 mL 1 3 pH = 5.
.......................................................................................................................................
. pH 1.
.......................................................................................................................................
. a .
.......................................................................................................................................
. pH 2.
.......................................................................................................................................
. 1 2, pH
.......................................................................................................................................
4 ;
.......................................................................................................................................
: Kw = 1014, log5 = 0,7.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

 -
4

91.

3.
1, 2. 1 10 L 0,1
.......................................................................................................................................
. 2 10 L, 0,1 pH = 3.
.......................................................................................................................................
. a pH 1.
.......................................................................................................................................
. 1 2 pH = 6.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
. .
.......................................................................................................................................
. 2 10 g aOH
.......................................................................................................................................
3. 1, 3 .......................................................................................................................................
4. pH 4;
.......................................................................................................................................
: = 25 C, w = 1014, ArNa = 23, ArH = 1, ArO = 16, log6 = 0,78.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

 - - -

92.

4.
110 ml 0,1 .......................................................................................................................................
p .......................................................................................................................................
.
.......................................................................................................................................
. p 3 Cl.
.......................................................................................................................................
. moles HCl, NH .
.......................................................................................................................................3
. 3 0,121 mol HCl
.......................................................................................................................................
, pH .
.......................................................................................................................................
. Cl 0,5 3
.......................................................................................................................................
pH = 9;
.......................................................................................................................................
: Kb = 105, .......................................................................................................................................
Kw = 1014, .
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

 -
4

93.

5.
3 L (CH 3CH 2NH 2) 0,3 mol
.......................................................................................................................................

CH3CH2NH3+Cl, , 1
.......................................................................................................................................
pH = 9.
.......................................................................................................................................
. b .
.......................................................................................................................................
1 .
.......................................................................................................................................
. x mol HCl,
.......................................................................................................................................
2 pH
.......................................................................................................................................
1. x mol HCl.
.......................................................................................................................................
. mol HCl 3 .......................................................................................................................................
pH = 7. mol HCl.
.......................................................................................................................................
. 0,1 mol NaOH
2 L. pH 4 .
.......................................................................................................................................
: = 25 C.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

 - - -

94.

6.
400 mL 1 1 ,
.......................................................................................................................................

= 103.
.......................................................................................................................................
. pH 1 a .
.......................................................................................................................................
2 - aA, pH = 6.
.......................................................................................................................................
. NaA 0,5 .......................................................................................................................................
1 2.
.......................................................................................................................................
. aOH 0,2
.......................................................................................................................................
1 2.
.......................................................................................................................................
. 1 0,1 mol HCl 0,5 mol NaOH
.......................................................................................................................................
, pH 3 ;
.......................................................................................................................................
: = 25 C.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

 -
4

95.

7.
1 2.
.......................................................................................................................................
1 HCOOH 0,22 100 mL.
.......................................................................................................................................
2 CH3COOH 0,22 100 mL.
.......................................................................................................................................
. 1, 2 pH;
.......................................................................................................................................
.
.......................................................................................................................................
. 1, 2 3. pH 3;
.......................................................................................................................................
. 3 , .......................................................................................................................................
. g KOH pH
.......................................................................................................................................
;
.......................................................................................................................................
: = 25 oC, ArK = 39, ArO = 16, ArH = 1, log11 = 1,04,
HCOOH: a = 104, CH3COOH: a = 105.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

 - - -

96.

8.
pH = , :
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
2 103 .
.......................................................................................................................................
, .......................................................................................................................................
, pH .
.......................................................................................................................................
. ;
.......................................................................................................................................
. ;
.......................................................................................................................................
. ;
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

 -
4

97.

9.
pH = 4 pH = 5 .......................................................................................................................................
, aA.
.......................................................................................................................................
0,1 .
.......................................................................................................................................
, pH ;
.......................................................................................................................................
: a = 105, = 25 oC, log2 = 0,3, log11 = 1,04.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
10.
9 g (C2+12)
.......................................................................................................................................
1, 100 mL.
.......................................................................................................................................
1 Cl 2 .
.......................................................................................................................................
50 mL , 2
pH = 9.
.......................................................................................................................................
H 100
.......................................................................................................................................
mL HCl.
.......................................................................................................................................

 - - -

98.

. Kb .
.......................................................................................................................................
. pH .
.......................................................................................................................................
. pH 1.
.......................................................................................................................................
. ;
.......................................................................................................................................
pH .
.......................................................................................................................................
1. (pH: 1 - 3)
2. (pH: 4 - 6)
.......................................................................................................................................
3. (pH: 8 - 10)
.......................................................................................................................................
: w = 1014, log2 = 0,3, ArC = 12, ArH = 1, ArN = 14.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

 -
5

99.

.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
1
.......................................................................................................................................
.
;
.......................................................................................................................................
( 5)
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.
pH
.......................................................................................................................................
CH3COOH :
.......................................................................................................................................
. Cl
. NaCl
. CH3COOK
( 9)
.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.
:
.......................................................................................................................................
.................... ....................
.......................................................................................................................................
( 3)
.......................................................................................................................................
.
pH ( ):
.......................................................................................................................................


.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
1. CH3NH2 102 M (Kb = 104)
. 2
5
2. NH3 0,1 M NH4Cl 0,01 M (KbNH3 = 10 )
.......................................................................................................................................
. 10
1
5
3. CH3COOH 10 M (Ka = 10 )
. 11
.......................................................................................................................................
2 M
10
4.
HNO
. 5
.......................................................................................................................................
3
COOH
0,2
M

CH
COONa
0,2

4.
CH
. 13
3
3
.......................................................................................................................................
6. NaOH 101 M
. 3
.......................................................................................................................................
( 8)
.......................................................................................................................................

 - - -

100.

2
.......................................................................................................................................
.
NH3 HCl pH
.......................................................................................................................................
25 oC :
.......................................................................................................................................
. pH < 7
. pH > 7
. pH = 7
.......................................................................................................................................
( 5)
.......................................................................................................................................
B. ;
.......................................................................................................................................
.
.......................................................................................................................................
. ,
.......................................................................................................................................
Ka .
.......................................................................................................................................
. 3 4Cl, pH .
.......................................................................................................................................
. , .
.......................................................................................................................................
. 200 mL CH3COOH 0,1 M 50 mL .......................................................................................................................................
aOH 0,2 , .
.......................................................................................................................................
. , pH
.......................................................................................................................................
.
.......................................................................................................................................
( 10)
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.

.......................................................................................................................................
[]/[] > 10.
pH < pKaH 1.
.......................................................................................................................................
( 10)
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

 -
5

101.

3
.......................................................................................................................................

(1) 3 0,1 M pH = 11, (2) 4Cl 103 M.

.......................................................................................................................................
.
pH 2.
.......................................................................................................................................
.
1 2 .......................................................................................................................................

pH = 9;
.......................................................................................................................................
:
w = 1014.
.......................................................................................................................................
( 25)
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
4
.......................................................................................................................................
200
mL 1 RCOOH NaOH 1/6 .
.......................................................................................................................................

aOH
.......................................................................................................................................
300 mL. :
.......................................................................................................................................
. pH 1.
.......................................................................................................................................
.
pH .
.......................................................................................................................................

 - - -

102.

........................................................................................................................................
;
: pH: 3 4,5
.......................................................................................................................................
: pH: 6 7,5
.......................................................................................................................................
: pH: 8 10
.......................................................................................................................................
.
1 , ;
.......................................................................................................................................
:
w = 1014, RCOOH: a = 105, log5 = 0,7.
.......................................................................................................................................
( 25)
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................