EIO

9 Bohr

1 ( )
.
.
En =

2,18 10 18 J

n2
2 ( )

, .

(n): (
). : n = 1, 2, 3 ,
:
(). : 0, 1, 2, , n - 1.
:
x, y, z. : -l, ..., 0, ..., +l.
spin (ms): .
: ms = +1\2.

Pauli
"
.
.

"
,

,
.

und
" ,
spin,
spin".

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= f Ei = h

9 Moseley

"
"

( )
.. s, p, d f.
T s: ns1
ns2 s , 1 2.
T p: ns2
npx p , II V
13 18.
T d: ns2
n 1dx d , VB 3 12.
T f: ns2
n 2fx f , .

.
.

.
.


.
.

9

.
2

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.
..

Ca(OH)2 Ca

2+

+ 2OH

(..
) .
, .
..
HCl + H2O H3O + + Cl
HCN + H2O R H 3O + + CN

9 - rrhenius
: 3+ ( +).
..

HF + H2O R H 3O + + F

: .
..
NaOH Na + + OH

9 - ronsted - Lowry
: .
: .

NH3 + H2O R NH+

N
N
N
N 4 + OH

..

CH3COOH + H2O R CH3COO + H3O +

 
N
 
N

9
2 + 2 R 3 + +

w = [3+][] = 1014, 25C.

25C :
[3+] = [] = 107 .
25C :
[3+] > 107 [] < 107 .
25C :
[3+] < 107 [] > 107 .

(pH) & (pOH)

PH = log[H3O+] [H3O+] = 10pH

POH = log[OH] [OH] = 10pOH

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9 -
: Cl, HBr, HJ, HNO3, HClO4, H2SO4 ( ).
: 3, (.. RNH2).

9 M -
()
mol mol
.
=

mol
mol

0<<1

( )
( )
( ).
(a Kb)
: + 2 R 3 + +

a =

[H3O + ] [OH ]
[HA]

: B + H2O R BH + OH

Kb =

[BH+ ] [OH ]
[B]

( ).

9 Ostwald
Ka =

2C
(1 )

a
A 0,1 0,01 a = 2C.
C
-
a Kb = Kw

9
, .
.
..
3 + 2 R 4+ +
4+.
4Cl NH 4+ + Cl
4

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9
pH , .
T (/)
(/+)
..
CN, NaCN
NH3, NH4Cl
pH
pH = pK a + log

C
C

pOH=pK

+ log

pH , .

, ,
pH.
..
H
N

+ 2 R 3 + +

pH < pKa H 1 .
pH > pKa H + 1 .

9
1. o
.
i) - (.. , Cl Cl, Br Br)

C2 + 2 C2+2
C2 + 2 C22

ii) +- (.. + Cl,+ Br,+ l, + OH).

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C2 + C2+1

C2 + 2 C2+1
Markovnikov: T

.

2.
.
i) (.. , Cl Cl, Br Br)

C22 + 22 C2+2
C22 + 22 C224
C22 + 2 C22

ii) +- (.. + Cl , + Br, + l ,

+ OH ).

3. (

) .

:
: 2, CN, RMgX.

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M RMgX :
(HCH=O) (RCH2 OH)
, HCH=O, (

Grignard (RMgX) g
RX.

9
1. .
C2+1 + aO

C2 +NaX + H2O

2. .
C22 + 2aO

C22 + 2NaX + 2H2O

3. .
C2+1

C2 + H2O

2
.

9
1.
i) RX + gOH ROH + AgX
ii) RX + NaCN RCN + NaX
RCN + 2H2O

RCOOH + NH3

( )
( )
( o)

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iii)
iv)
v)
vi)

RX
RX
RX
RX

+
+
+
+

RONa ROR + NaX

NH3 R2 + X
RCOONa RCOR + NaX
RCCNa RCCR + NaX

(
(
(
(

)
)
)
)

2.
R + SOCl2 RCl + SO2 + HCl ( )
3.
RCOR + 2

RC + ROH

4.
CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl +
CH3Cl + Cl2 CH2Cl2
CH2Cl2 + Cl2 CHCl3
CH3Cl + Cl2 CCl4 +

HCl
+ HCl
+ HCl
HCl

9
1. .

CH2=CH2

( CH2 CH2 )

CH3

CH3 CH=CH2

Cl

CN
2. 1,4

CH3 8

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Cl -

H-

9 A
1.
n4
2Cr27. n4 .
i)
+O
H2 O

+O

R CH2OH
R

CH
=

O R
COOH


 

ii)
R1
R1
+O
CH OH
C = O

H2 O

R2
R2
 

..
5RCH2OH + 4KMnO 4 + 6H 2SO 4 5RCOOH + 2K 2SO 4 + 4MnSO 4 + 11H 2O
3

R1
R1
C = O + K SO + Cr (SO ) + 7H O
CHOH + K Cr O + 4H SO 3
2
4
2
4 3
2
2 2 7
2
4
R2
R2
 

2.

Fehling Tollens.
+O

R

CH
=

O R
COOH


 

..
RCHO + 2CuSO 4 + 5NaOH RCOONa + Cu 2O +2Na 2SO 4 + 32
RCHO + 2AgNO 3 + 3NH 3 +H 2O RCOONH 4 + 2Ag +2NH 4NO 3

3. HCOOH, HOOC - COOH .

HCOOH CO 2,

HCOONa CO

COOH
COOH
I
CO 2,
I
CO 2
COOH
COOH
..
5HCOOH + 2KMnO 4 + 3H 2SO 4 5CO 2 + 2MnSO 4 + K 2SO 4 + 8H 2O

5(COONa)2 + 2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4 10CO2 + K2SO4 + 2MnSO4

+ 5Na2SO4 + 8H2O
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9 A
i) 2
Ni, Pt, Pd

CH2 = CH2 + H2
CH

CH

Ni, Pt, Pd

HCCH + 2H 2
CH 3 CH

ii) 2
Ni

RCHO + H 2 RCH 2OH

R1

R1
Ni

C = O + H2

CH OH

iii) 2

CH3CN + 22 C 3C 2 2

9
RCOOH, C6H5OH, ROH, RC CH.
: RCOOH > C6H5OH > ROH > RC CH.
i) RCOOH
RCOOH + NaOH RCOONa + H 2O
2RCOOH + Na 2CO 3 2RCOONa + CO 2 + H 2O
1
RCOOH + Na RCOONa + H 2
2
RCOOH + NH 3 RCOONH 4

ii)

C6H5OH

C6H5OH + NaOH C 6H 5ONa + H 2O

C6H5OH + Na C 6H 5ONa +

1
H
2

iii) ROH
ROH + Na RONa +

1
H2
2

iv) RC CH
1
RCCH + Na RCCNa + H 2
2

RCCH + CuCl + NH 3 RCCCu +NH 4Cl

10

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9 A
:
RNH2, RCOO, RO, RC C, R, C6H5O
..
RNH2 + HCl RNH 3+Cl
R1

R2

R1
NH + HCl
R2

NH2+Cl

RCOONa + HCl RCOOH + NaCl

RONa + H2O ROH + NaOH

9
1. 2
R CH CH 3 + X 2 R C CH 3 + 2HX
I
II
OH
O

2. CH3
R C CH3 + 3X 2 R C CX 3 + 3HX
II
II
O
O

3. CX3 O
RCCX 3 +OH RCOO + CHX 3
II
O

C 2 +1 CH CH 3 0 :
I
OH
C 2 +1 CH CH 3 + 4X 2 + 6NaOH CHX 3 + C 2 +1COONa + 5NaX + 5H 2O
I
OH

C 2 +1 C CH 3 0
II
:

C 2 +1 C CH 3 + 3X 2 + 4NaOH CHX 3 + C 2 +1COONa + 3NaX + 3H 2O

I
O

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11