:

[ :

.
,
x ( ) t.
...
, .
.

[ :

.

.

[ :

,
.

.
- () /4.
.

.

[ / :
/ /
.
.
/ ,
/ .
, .
.
Snell
.
, crit.

 4 7 .

KYMATA: -
1. :

= . f

2. :

y=A. 2

t x
+ 0

3. (y=A t):
.

t r1 + r2
r1 r2 .

2
2

T

y=2A.

r1 r2

= 2

:
:

r1-r2=N.
r1-r2=(2.N+1)./2

N=0, 1, 2,...

4.
:

x
y= 2 2 . 2

T

x
= 2 2

:
:

x=N ./2
x=(2N+1)./4

N=0, 1, 2,...

5.
. E / :
t x
t x
E = Emax 2 , = max 2 , c =
T

. :

=
c

. :

n=

IV. Snell:

n n = nb b

V. :

ncrit =

n=

nb
(nb < n )
n

n nb
=
b n

4 8 .

1
.

(.. )
xx . , ,
... :
y =A t
(1)
x t1= x t=0.
:
y =A t
(2)
: t = t-t1=t- x ( x ).
(2) :

tx
y =A. t x y =A.

x
t
t x
y =A. 2
y=A. 2 -

(3)

xx.
:
2

t x
y=A. 2 +

,
.

1 2, ,

 4 9 .

:
y1=A.t


.
, ()
,
. y
.. , y1 y2, . :
y=y1+y2
(1)

t r
t r
y1=A. 2 1 y2=A. 2 2


(1) :

t r
t r
(*)
y=A. 2 1 +A. 2 2


:
r -r
t r -r
y=2A. 1 2 .2 - 1 2

T 2

(2)

r -r
,
=2A. 1 2

.
... ,
.

(*)

+ = 2

+

2
2

. , :

r r
1 2 =0

5 0 .

(=0) .
:

r1 r2

= ( 2k +1) r1 - r2 = ( 2k +1)
2

. , :

: k=0, 1, 2,...

r r
1 2 = 1

=2
.
:

r1 r2
= k r1 - r2 =k.

: k=0, 1, 2,...

4
.

. :
, f, .

xx . , (x).
,
, , :

t x
(1)
y1=A. 2

,
, :
t x
(2)
y2=A. 2 +

y .. , y1 y2.
t x
t x
y=y1+y2 y=A. 2 +A. 2 +


(*) :

(3)

 5 1 .

x
t
y=2A. 2 . 2

T

(4)

x
=2A. 2

.

(5)

... ,
.
(*)

+ = 2

+

2
2

. , :

2x

=0

(=0) .
:

2x

= ( 2k +1) x = ( 2k +1)
4

. , :

: k=0, 1, 2,...

r r
1 2 = 1

=2
.
:

2x

= k x = k
2

: k=0, 1, 2,...

x=0
6

1.
1 2 ( ). Snell :

5 2 .

n1 = n 2 =

n2

n1

:
=0
, , Snell :
=0
n2<n1 Snell :
<
=90 Snell :

n2
n1

()
crit . :

n2
n1

>
.

 5 3 .

.
2003.
: 2.2, 2.4, 2.5, 2.8, 2.11, 2.22, 2.25, 2.28
- :
2.30, 2.32, 2.35, 2.39, 2.45, 2.48, 2.49, 2.50, 2.52

. :

& /

5

: 2.4, 2.6
:
1, 2, 5, 7
:
2.1, 2.4, 2.5
1:
. 89
6

: 2.8, 2.9, 2.12

:
4, 5, 7, 8
:
2.9, 2.13, 2.14
:
. 106
7

:
:
:

- -
2.16, 2.19, 2.20
2, 5, 6
2.15, 2.17, 2.19

5 4 .

. :

& / 1
( - )

5.

: 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 5.30, 5.33
: 1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 11
: 5.37, 5.40, 5.41, 5.43, 5.47

6.

-
: 6.5, 6.11, 6.12, 6.13, 6.16, 6.27
: 1, 3, 5, 7, 10
: 6.34, 6.36, 6.39, 6.42

7.

-
: 7.1, 7.2, 7.5, 7.12, 7.24
: 1, 2, 4, 5
: 7.20, 7.22, 7.27, 7.28

5 5 .

1.

t 0.

t = 0
= 2m / s . :
. t 0.
. .
. -x t 0.
. , x = 3, 3m
0,1m .
. -t y-t x = 2,4m .
. , , /2.
:
. t 0 =
.

x 2,7
=
= 1,35s

9
9
= 2,7 = 1, 2m T = 1,35 T = 0,6s
4
4
x
t
:
y = 0, 22
S.I.
0,6 1, 2

x
1,35 x
,
0 x 2,7 m
. = 2

= 4,5
0,6
0,6 1, 2
.

(1)

5 6 .

. (1) :
3,3
t
0,1 = 0, 2 2

0,6 1, 2
33
t
2
=

0,6 12 6
2, 4
t

. = 2

0,6 1, 2

t = 1,7s
x
t

= 2
- 2 t = 1, 2s

0,6

2, 4
t
y p = 0, 2 2

0,6 1, 2

y p = 0, 22
- 2
0,6

. (1):

t
x
y = 0, 4 2
+
+
0,15 0,3
= f

= f

T =

S.I.

= 0,3m
4

1
1
T
0,6s
T =
T = T =
T = 0,15sec
f
4f
4
4

2.
xx. () xx. H
:

x
t
y = 10 2 x, y cm, t s
T 20
. t1

 5 7 .

x A = 10cm rad. -

B x B = 12,5cm
.
() () t = 0, 25s .
.
() x = 35cm .
=0;
. () m = 10 3 Kg
t =

11
s.
3

2 = 10 .

:
t x
. y = 102
= 10cm
T 20

1 1

=
= 20cm
t x
y = A2
20

t x
= 2
T 20

t1 :

2t
t x
t 10
t 1
= 2 1 A = 2 1 1 = 2 1 1 = 1 1

T 20
T 20
T 2
t
2t
1 + 1 = 2 1 2 = 1 t1 =

t1 :
x
t
12,5
y B = 102 1 y = 102

20
T 20
y = 102 (1 0,625 )
y B = 10 ( 20,375 ) y B = 10
y B = 10

y B = 10

3
3

y B10
4
4

2
y B = 5 2cm
2

5 8 .

. x = x B x A = 12,5 10 = 2,5cm ,
.
x = t =

x
2,5
cm
=
= 10
t
0, 25
s

20
= = s = 2s

10
. x=35cm
t=x/=3,5s.
=

t x
y = 102
T 20
t=3,5s :
3,5 x
y = 102
- 0 x 35cm
2 20
=0,
: x = 0,10, 20, 30cm .
. F = D y , :
2

2
2
D = m = m = 103 = 103 2 = 103 10 = 102
m

2
2

11

3 35
x
t
y = 102 y = 102
2 20
T 20
11 35
11 7
y = 102 y = 102
6 20
6 4
1

22 21

y = 102 y = 10 2 y = 10
2
6
12 12

1
y = 10 = 5cm
2

F = D y = 102 5102 N = 510-4 N

3.

 5 9 .

y = -0,1
- 4t
2

SI

:
. .
. t
() () (),

17
10
rad .
rad N =
6
3
()
.
. ()
, () .
. , : y = 0,05m
. t = 1 s.
:
=

.
:

t x
y = A2 -
T

x
x

y = 0,12 2t -
y = 0,1 4t
2
4

: = 0,1 m , 2 =

1
1
T = s f = 2 Hz , = 4 m
T
2

= f = 8 m/s

17
10 20
rad ()
=
rad > N =
6
3
6
(, x=0), ().

. =

2 2

txM
2
2
3 2

= ( x N - x M ) = x 6 = x
2 2
N =
txN

6 0 .

3 2
= x x = 1m
6 4

rad ()
2
() /4. y M =+A y = 0
N
(>0) .
. ... :
. =

E=k+U

1
1
1
DA 2 = m2 + Dy 2 DA 2 - Dy 2 = m 2
2
2
2

2 A 2 - y 2 = 2 = A 2 - y 2 = A 2 -

A2

3A 2
= 0, 2 3 m/s
4
. t=1 s :
=

x
y = 0,12 2 - S.I.
4
t=1s
x= . t=8m, :
0 x 8m

4. 1 2

=80 cm/s. -

2
y = A t

,
, :

y = 42 (8t - 4 )

y m t s.

r1 - r2 = 2 .

 6 1 .

. r1 r2 .
. : 0,3 s 0,6875 s t=0;
. t=0 1 ;
:
.
:

r -r
t r +r
y = 2A 2 1 2 2 - 1 2
2
2

t r +r
y = 2A2 - 1 2 (1)
2
T

y = 42 (8t - 4 )

r1 - r2 = 2

(2)

(1) (2) :

t
1
= 8t T = s f = 8 Hz
T
8
:

r1 - r2 = 2

r1 + r2
= 4 r1 + r2 = 8
2

(3)

(4)

(3) (4) : r1 = 5 r2 = 3
:

80
cm = 10 cm
=
f
8

:
r1 = 50cm r2 = 30cm
.
, t=0. 2

r2 30
=
= 0, 375 s
u 80
1 :
:

t2 =

t1 =

r1 50
=
= 0, 625 sec
u 80

. t = 0, 625 sec .
t = 0, 3 sec ,
y = 0 = -2 y = 0 .

6 2 .

t = 0, 6875 sec
:
y = 42 (8t - 4 ) y = 42 (5, 5 - 4 ) y = 43 = 0 = 0

. y = 42 (8t - 4 ) 4 = 42 (8t - 4 ) 1 = (16t - 8 )

= (16t - 8 ) 16t - 8 = 2 +
2
2

17
16t = 2 + 8 + t = + sec
2
8 32

t > 0, 625 sec : = 1, 2,...

1 =1, : t = 0, 65625 sec

5.

L = 102,5cm
.

8t (y, x cm t s).
5
.
.
.
4cm. .
.
.
. t 1 = T / 4
y = 8

t 2 = 3T / 4 .
.

.
:

2x
2t

T
x
y = 8 8 t
5

y = 2A

2A = 8 A = 4cm
2x x
=
= 10cm

5
2t
1
= 8t T = s

 6 3 .

x
t x

y = A 2 y = 4 2 4t
T

10

: = f = 40cm/s
. :
A o = 8
Ao = 4

x 1
x

5x

=
= 2

5 2
5
3
5

x
1
x
4

2
=

5
2
5
3

x = 10 3 (1)

x = 10 20 (2)

y-t
y = Ao t = 48t
(1), :
y-t

(2), :

y = Ao t = 48t

. : x =
0 x 102,5cm

205

< 20,5
< 102,5 <
10
2

: = 21 (0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 20)

. t =

y1 = 8
y = 8

T
4

x
x

8t y = 8
5
5
2

x
0 x 102,5cm
5

x = 0 y = 8cm .
d =

= 5cm .
2

t=

x
3
x
3
3T
y1 = 8 8 y1 = 8
4
5
16
5
2

6 4 .

y1 = 8

x
, .
5

. Ao,max = 2A = 8cm .

Uo,max = ,max = 64 cm / s .
U o = 2 ,max
U o =

U0
= 32
2

x
x
= 64
x 4
x
1
5
5
=
=

5 8
5
2

t
3
6
S.I. . t = 0
x = 0 , , .
. -

6.

y = 0, 2

x = 4m x = 5m .
.
x t = 6s .
. x = 9m
t = 8s .
. x = 1m x = 7m ;
:
t 2t
x 2x
. : 2A = 0, 2 A = 0,1m ,
=
T = 12s
=
= 6m ,
6
T
3

 6 5 .

y K = 0, 2

t = 0, 2 t = 0,1 t +
3
6
6
2
6

1

t = 0, 2 t = 0,1 t
3
6
6
2
6
. , :
:

y = 0, 2

. :

2
6 = rad
12
, :
= + = 2 rad
:
= t =

. = t =

2
x

0, 2 t

3
6

2
9

2
1
0, 2
8 =
0, 2 ( 1) ( 1) = m / s
12
3
6
12
2 60

. :

x = ( 2 + 1)

6
1 < x < 7 1 < ( 2 + 1) 7 0,16 1,83
4
= 0, = 1 , x1 = 1,5m x 2 = 4,5m .

6 6 .

7. (x=0) t=0
=40m/s. ,
.
, . ,
.
. ;
. .
. ;
. .
:
. : x = t = 40 0,125 = 5m =0,1s, =T=4m
. . t1 = 0,125s
t 2 = 0,525s .
. t1 t 2 :
2 ( AE ) = t = 40 0, 4 = 16m

( AE ) = 8m

x E = (8 + 5 ) m = 13m

. : 4T = 0,525 0,125 = 0, 4s
:

T = 0,1s , = = 4m

: y = 0, 2

x
20t
2

8.. . , n =

4 3
3

.
. T
n =

2 6
;
3

 6 7 .

:
.
.
.

.
=60.
:

1
3
=

n
4
<
3

2
=

. ==60
.
. , .
,
:
n
2
=
= 450
n
2
=60
.
=

6 8 .

1. t 1 = 9 / 20s .
xx
t=0
x=0. :
.
.
. .
.
P x=0,7m x=0,8m.
(2 = 10)
...........................................................................................................................
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6 9 .

2.

t = 0 ...
=0,3m. o ,
4m
0,2s .. .
. .
. B (x=5m)
i.
0,2 s, 0,9s 1,8s.
ii. .
. 0,45s 0,9 s.

...........................................................................................................................
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3. m = 0,2kg .
, ,
( ).
d = 0,1m ,
t = 0. ,

7 0 .

.

x =0,6m , t =0,2s.

=3m.
. K
... m.
. .
.
t 1 = 0,35s
(2 = 10)
...........................................................................................................................
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4. =0,3m x. , :
y= .t
-

7 1 .

x ,
t 1=1s.
. ,

.
. .
. t=2 s

x=1 m:
y, .
...........................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................

5.

1, 2
=1 cm f=2 Hz.

r1=32cm r2=48 cm 1 2.
=40 m/s. :
. .. ,
.
. 0,7s, 1,25 s.

7 2 .

.
;
...........................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................

6.
f=20Hz
. 160cm/s.

x=15cm.
. .
. , 20cm.
. (x=0)
135cm.
. , 30cm
x=0 , 1/160s;
( 2=10)
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

7 3 .

...........................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................

7. .
.
-

y 1 = 2 t + y 2 = 2 3 t 6
6
3
6
cm s. . 1,2m, .
. ;
.
P 0,1m
;
. 50% 1 2 ;
. x = 0, 3m ,
y=2 2 cm;
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

7 4 .

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...........................................................................................................................

8.
.
: c=3.108 m/s, =0,4
.
...........................................................................................................................
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 7 5 .

1
. .
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
( 5)
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
. . 3/2
:
1. /2 rad
2. 3/2 rad
3. 5/2 rad
4. /4 rad
( 5)
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
. , :
1. ..
.
2. .
3. Vmax=.,
.
4. =.
( 5)

7 6 .

. , :
1. n1 < n 2
2. 1 <
3. 1 > 2
4. 2 > 12
( 5)
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
E. A .
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
( 5)
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

2
. .
( 5)
. :
y,x cm, t s
1. y=2 . (x) . (t),
.
.
2. y=4 (2x) (2t),
y,x cm, t s
.
.
y,x cm, t s
3. y=3 (x/4) (t/4),

, .
( 10)
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

 7 7 .

2x
. =2A.
,
;
.
( 5)
...........................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................
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.
.
;
( 5)
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...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

3
t1
. (=2s)

7 8 .

. .
( 7)
. , :
t2 = t1+ 0,5s t3= t1+1s.
( 8)
. .
( 10)
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 7 9 .

4
xx. : y=A(t).
. :

. H , , .
( 7)
. N 1,1s.
( 7)
. N , t=0,9s x=0,5m.
( 6)
.
3/2.
( 5)
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8 0 .

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