(B) (Lukeiou) Fusiki Kateuthinsis Kefalaio 2 - Theoria-Askiseis

:
[ .
[ .
[ .
[ .
[
.
[ T
.
[ (W) (Q)
(U) .
[
P-V .
[ .
[ 1
.
[
.
[ .
[ U = 0 .
[ .
36. -
[ 2 .
[ Carnot.
[
, Carnot.
[ .
[ (Q) (U)
.
[ 1 .
[ .
[ .
N : -
, ,
nC v
nC v
nRT ln VB / VA
nRT ln PA / PB
PV ln VB / VA
nC p
P V = n R T
P2 V2 P1 V1
1
nC v
nC v
37.
1o /: Q = W + U

.
2o /: Kelvin - Planck

.
Clausius

.

(V > 0 ) W > 0 (V < 0 )
W<0.
(T > 0 ) U > 0 (T < 0 )

U < 0 .
Q > 0 ,
Q < 0 .

e =
Q Q
Q
W
=
=1
Q
Q
Q
Carnot
e =1
Tc
.
Th
Tc Q
=
Th Q
38.
. .
. CP CV .
.
() .
. U = N K = N
3 R
3
3
T = nRT = PV
2 NA
2
2
. 1
:
Q = W + U n C P T = P V + n C V T
n C P T = n R T + n C V T
CP = R + CV
3
3
. U = nRT U = nR
2
2
3
: U = nC V CV = R
2
5
, CP = CV + R CP = R
2
39.
5
R
cP 2
5
=
=
=
cV 3 R
3
2

V
W = PV .
.
. x
: W = F x
F = P A F .
W = P A x = P V V .
* 3
Qc
Qh
2
1
(. Boyle):
P1 V1 = P2 V2
(. Poisson):
P2 V2 = P3 V3
(. Boyle):
P3 V3 = P4 V4
(. Poisson):
P4 V4 = P1 V1
, :
P1V1 P2 V2 P3 V3 P4 V4 = P2 V2 P3 V3 P4 V4 P1V1
V
V2 V4 V3 V1
V
V2 1 V4 1 = V3 1 V1 1 2 = 3
V2 V4
V3 V1
V1 V4
(1)
40.
Q h = nRT1 ln
V2
V1
Qc = nRT2 ln
V4
V3
Qc = nRT2 ln V4 ln V3 Qc = nRT2 ln V3 ln V4 Qc = nRT2 ln

Qc = nRT2 ln
V3
V4
V3
V4
V3
V4 (1) Qc 2
:
=
=
V2
Qh
Q h 1
nRT1 ln
V1
Qc
nRT2 ln
.
. : W =
P2 V2 P1V1
1
1 .. ( Q = 0 )
P V PV
W = U = nC v (T2 T1 ) W = nC v 2 2 1 1
nR
nR
W=
Cv
( P2 V2 P1 V1 ) (1)
R
Cv
Cv
1
1
=
=
=
C
R Cp C v
1
p
1
Cv
(1) (2) : W =
(2)
P V PV
1
( P2 V2 P1V1 ) W = 2 2 1 1 .
1
1
. N.Poisson P, V, T.
i. : P1 V1 = P2 V2
ii. V, T:
41.
P1 V1 = P2 V2
nRT1
nRT2
V1 =
V2 1 V1 1 = 2 V2 1
V1
V2
iii. P, T:
P1 V1
nRT1
nRT2
1
1
= P2 V2 P1
= P2
P1 1 = P2 2
P
P
1
2
. ;
: ( )

(Q = 0 )
10 . W = U
W < 0 ,
U > 0 .
, ( ) .
42.
.
2003.
.. 68 - 71: 2.10, 2.11, 2.13, 2.14, 2.15, 2.16, 2.17,
2.18, 2.19, 2.27, 2.28
. 76 - 79: 2.57, 2.60, 2.63, 2.64, 2.65, 2.66, 2.70,
2.71, , 2.72
.

.. 51 - 56: 2.3, 2.4, 2.5,
2.6, 2.7, 2.8
.. 68 -75: 2.9, 2.10, 2.11,
2.12, 2.13, 2.14
. 61: 1
. 69: 1
.. 59 - 61: 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.7, 2.8,
2.9, 2.10
.. 77, 78: 2.12, 2.14
43.
1. .
.
.
:
:
U ( )
( ).
W ( )
( ).
Q
(), ().
Q 1
( ).
:
U
+
-
+
-
+
-
A B
44.
2.

W1 .
T1
V1 . -
W2
. V2 . :
.
.
. .
3
P , CV = R .
2
:
:
W1
(1)
A
:
P1 = P +
P2 = P +
W1 + W2
A
(2)
P1 V1 P2 V2
P V T
=
T2 = 2 2 1
T1
T2
P1 V1
3
: U = nCV = nR
2
U =
3
3 P1 V1
3 P V P V T
(T2 T1 ) = 1 1 2 2 1 T1 = ( P2 V2 P1 V1 )
2 T1
2 T1 P1 V1
2
(Q = 0 ) W = U
W=
3
( P2 V2 P1 V1 ) P1 P2 (1) (2).
2
3.
45.

( P0 , V0 ,T0 ) . ,
.
. (P) -
(V).
.
.
. .
: n3 1,1
:
.
P
3P0
P0
0 V0/3
. WAB
A
V0
V0
1
= n R T0 ln 3 = P0 V0 ln = P0 V0 ln 3 = 1,1 P0 V0
V0
3
V
2V
WB = 3P0 V0 0 = 3P0 0 = 2P0 V0 W = 0

3
3
Wo = WAB + W + W = 0,9 P0 V0
. :
5
5
5
1
Q = n Cp = n R T = 3P0 V = 3P0 V0 V0 = 5P0 V0

2
2
2
3
:
e=
W
0,9P0 V0
=
= 0,18 = 18%
Q
5P0 V0
46.
4.
R
,
2
.
V = 2VA ,
CV = 3
U A = 4,5 105 J U = 9 105 J ,

-V, P-V,
, ,
.
: R = 8, 314 S.I.
:

, -V :
=
= 2 = 2 =
U
2
=
= = = 2

-V :
47.
PB = 2PA
P =
VA
VB = VA
V = 2VA
TA
= 2
= = 2
(): WAB = 0
(): WB = n R TB ln
V
= 2n R TA ln 2
VA
(): W = ( VA V ) = ( VA 2VA ) = PA VA = n R TA
, : Wo = WAB + WB + W = n R TA ( 2ln 2 1)
(I )
, U = nCV ( TA T )
UA U = n
3R
3
(TA 2TA ) ( 4,5 105 9 105 ) J = n R TA
2
2
n R TA = 3 105 J .
, () : Wo = 3 105 ( 2ln 2 1) J
5.
.
: CV = 3 R / 2
48.
:
, = 1
Q C = Q + Q
QC
,
Qh

, Q h = Q AB + Q .
:
Q AB = nRT2 n
2V
= 2nRT n2
V
Q B = nCV (T 2T ) = nCV T
Q = nRT n
V
= nRT n 2
2V
Q = nCV ( 2T T ) = nCV T
, Qc = nCV T nRT n 2 Qc = nT (CV + R n 2 )

Q h = 2nRT n 2 + nC V T Q h = nT ( 2R n 2 + C V )
=1
6.
CV + R n 2
n2
R n2
R n2
=
=
=
3R
C V + 2R n 2 C V + 2R n 2
+ 2R n 2 1,5 + 2 n 2
2
5
,
3
.
6000J, :
.
.

. ,
100 / s.
, =
:
.
:
W=
49.
(5P0 P0 ) ( 2V0 V0 ) = 2P V
2
Q = nCp ( TA T ) =
P0 V0 =
5
5
5
nR ( TA T ) = ( P0 V0 2P0 V0 ) = P0 V0
2
2
2
2 ( 6000 ) J
2Q
=
P0 V0 = 2400J
5
5
, W = 4800 J
. :
3
3
U AB = n CV ( TB TA ) = n R ( TB TA ) = (5P0 V0 P0 V0 ) =
2
2
= 6P0 V0 = 6 2400J = 14400 J
3
3
U B = n CV ( T T ) = n R ( T T ) = ( 2P0 V0 5P0 V0 ) =
2
2
= 4,5P0 V0 = 4,5 2400J = 10800 J
.
.
WO N
= W = 100 4800 Watt = 4,8 105 Watt
t
t
7. Carnot 300
1200 4500 J.
.
:
:
=1
2
= 1 0, 25 = 0,75
1
(Q . = Q h )
:
W
W 4500J
Qh =
=
Q h = 6000 J
Qh
0,75
50.
8.
,
.
Q AB = 60 J :
.
;
. ;
.
Carnot
.
: CV = 3 R / 2 , ln 2 = 0,7 .
:
3
5
. CP = CV + R CP = R + R CP = R ,
2
2
P V = n R P V = n R .
Q AB
:
5
5
5
Q AB = n CP = n R = 2P0 V = 2P0 ( 2V0 V0 ) = 5P0 V0
2
2
2
P0 V0 =
QAB 60
= J = 12 J
5
5
, W = =
( 2P0 P0 ) ( 2V0 V0 ) = P0 V0
2
12 J
= 6J
2
. VA = P V = 20 V0 TA = T U = 0 .
1 ..:
Q = W + U = W = =
. : e =
Carnot :
30
V0 = 18J
2
W
6J
=
= 0,1 = 10%
Q 60 J
TC = TA = T =
Th = TB =
51.
2P0 V0
nR
4P0 V0
nR
2P0 V0
TC
1 1
= 1 n R = 1 = = 50% .
eC = 1
4P0 V0
Th
2 2
nR
9.
( P0 , V0 ) ( P0 / 2, 4V0 ) .
. ( P0 , 2V0 )

( P0 / 2, 4V0 ).
. ( P0 / 2, V0 )

( P0 / 2, 4V0 ).
. - .
.
.
: CV = 3R / 2, ln 2 = 0,7 .
:
.
52.
3
5
. Cp = CV + R Cp = R + R Cp = R ,
2
2
P V = n R P V = n R T .
Q
:
5
5
5
Q = n Cp T = n R = P0 V = P0 ( 2V0 V0 ) =
2
2
2
5
= P0 V0 = 2,5 P0 V0
2
Q
:
Q = W = n R T ln
4V
VB
= P0 2V0 ln 0 = 2 ln 2 P0 V0 = 1, 4 P0 V0
V
2V0
( P V = n R T P0 2V0 = n R T )
Q = Q + Q Q = 2,5 P0 V0 + 1, 4 P0 V0 = 3,9 P0 V0
Q
:
3
3
3 P
Q = U = n CV = n R T = P V0 = 0 P0 V0 =
2
2
2 2
3 P
3
= 0 V0 = P0 V0
2 2
4
Q
:
5
5 P
5 P
Q = n Cp = n R = 0 V = 0 ( 4V0 V0 ) =
2
2 2
2 2
=
5 P0
15
3V0 = P0 V0
2 2
4
3
15
Q = Q + Q Q = P0 V0 + P0 V0 = 3 P0 V0
4
4
Q > Q .
10.
n=
53.
2
mol
R
A PA , VA = 2m 3 ,TA = 200K

- . VB = 2VA CV =
3R
( R = 8, 314 S.I.)
2
. .
. P-V.
.
U AB
.
UB
. B

4,157 10 21 J .
.
.
: n2 = 0,7 .
:
. ,

, . U
. , = .
.
54.
U AB nCV ( TB TA )
=
= 1
U B nCV ( TA TB )
. : PA VA = n R TA PA =
. Gay-Lussac :
. Charles :
KB =
. e = 1
VA VB
=
TB = 400K
TA TB

=
= 105 N / m 2 .

3
3
K B TB
kTB , K A = kTA
=
K B = 8,314 1021 J
2
2
K A TA
Qc
Qh
= 1
QB + Q
Q B
Q AB = nCp ( TB TA ) =
2 5
R 200 = 1000 J
R 2
QB = nCV ( T T ) =
2 3
R ( 200 400 ) = 600 J
R 2
Q = nRTA n
11.
2R 200
= 2 105 N / m 2
R2
VA
880 J
= 400n2 J = 280 J . e = 1
= 0,12 12%
V
1000 J
.
.
5
=
3
2 = 41 .
.
P-V ()
. : PB = 16P
55.
. : ( ) = 2 ( )
.
.
: n2 = 0,7 .
:
. m
m = . . =
V
V = . .
.
.
:
R T

M

.
:
PV = nR T P =
. Boyle : PB V2 = P0 V1 (1) P V1 = P0 V2
V
(1) (2) : = 1
V2
2 =
2 = 41
( 2 ) .
(3 ) .
m
m
1 =
.
V2
V1
m
m
= 4 V1 = 4V2 (3) : = 16 PB = 16P
V2
V1
56.
1
2
. 0 = 2
( ) ( 4 )
3
1
0 = 1 2 ( ) (5 ) . (4) (5) :
3
1
1
2 2 (A ) = 1 2 ( ) 2 ( ) = 4 2 (A ) ( ) = 2 ( ) .
3
3
= = 2 = = 1 ( ) = () ( ) = ( ) .
: () = 2 ( ) .
. () = 2 ( )
3kT2
3kT1
=1
T2 = 4T1
m
m
: Q AB = n CV ( T2 T1 ) Q AB = 3n CV T1
Q B = n R T2 n
V1
4V
= 4nRT1 n 2 = 8nRT1 n2
V2
V2
Q h = Q AB + Q B = 3nC V T1 + 8nRT1 n2

: Q = nC V ( T1 T2 ) Q = 3nC V T1
Q = n R T1 n
V2
V
= nRT1 n 2 = 2nRT1 n2
V1
4V2
: Q C = Q + Q = 3nC V T1 2nRT1 n2
Cp
1+
CV
(6 ) .
CV + R
=
CV
R
R
= 1
CV
CV
CV
1
=
R 1
CV =
R
R
3
=
= R
1 5 1 2
3
:
3nC V T1 + 2nR T1 n2
3C + 2R n2
=1 V
3nC V T1 + 8nR T1 n2
3C V + 8R n2
e =1
QC
5
3
CV = R :
3
2
Qh
=1
3
3 R + 2R n2
9 + 4 n2
12 n2
=1
=
0, 42
e =1 2
3
9 + 16 n2 9 + 16 n2
3 R + 8R n2
2
1.
57.
,
1 4 3 , -
Q143 = 100 J
W143 = 83,6J . 1 2 3 ,
Q123 = 110 J ;
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
2.

. ,

,
P V.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
58.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
3.
Q 7/2 W.
.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
4.

A ( PA , VA , TA ) :
: VB = 4VA .
: T = 4 .
. : P V
. Q, U W.
5
PA , VA = .
3
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
59.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
5.
2
mol He , R
VA , PA = 2atm TA = 300K .
,
. R = 8,314 (S.I.) :
. P V .
. ,
, .
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
6.
2
mol , 75R
, VA = 16 L , PA = 0,5atm n=
TA . ,
VB = 2L .
. .
. .
. P V .
60.
.
.
: =
5
R = 8, 314 ( S.I.)
3
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
7.
V1 = 10L , .
, . .
: n2 0,7 .
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
8.

,
.
61.
4 , 2V
T1 ,
4 V. N
.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
9.
3
mol R
.
. P T .
. P, V
, PA = 1atm VA = 0, 2m 3
. ,

. : R = 8,314 ( S.I.) P, V.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
62.
10.
.
m2
, :
. VB = 4VA ,
V = 106
WA B = 3 103 J .
. V .
. .
:
. () - ( P V ).
. V .
. /

.
.
, e = 0,538 .
5
3
R CV = R .
2
2
...........................................................................................................................
: Cp =
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
11.
O e1
e 2 . ;
63.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
12.
, .
T1 = 600K
,

. .
: n2 = 0,7 =
5
.
3
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
13.
.
: TB =
TA
4
64.
: T =
:
. P V .
3
. CV = R , n2 = 0,7 .
2
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
14.

TA = 400K , PA = 4 105 N / m 2 VA = 103 m 3 .

:
. ,
VB = 2 103 m 3
. ,
V = 3, 2 103 m 3 P = 105 N / m 2 .
. ()
P V .
. .
.
.
.
.
: =
5
3
CV = R .
3
2
...........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
65.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
15.
:
. 1,
P1 = 3 105 N / m 2 V1 = 4 103 m 3
2, V2 = 3V1 ,
. 2 3 ,
. 3 T1 ,
1.
3
n = mol , R R
J / (mol K ) , :
.
- ( P V ) .
U12
.
U 2 3

.
. Carnot

.
.
, W31 = 1318 Joule .
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
66.
1
5

3
Q = 10J . (W) (U) :
. W = 6J , U = 4J ,
. W = 4J , U = 6J ,
. W = 8J , U = 2J ,
. W = 5J , U = 5J .
2. :
.
.
.
. .
3. :
. 2P V = 3U
. 3P V = 2U
. P V = U
. P V = 3U
4. 50%
Carnot ,
.1. =
1
( ) 4
:
e=
Tc
=1
Th
. Tc = 1
Th
. Tc = 1
Th
Tc 1
=
Th 3
67.
5.
.
1. U = W
2. Q = U + W
3. Q = U
.
.
4. Q = W
( 25)
20
5
3
. C P = C V + R , CP = R , CV = R
2
2
=
5
.
3
. Carnot .
. P V , V T .
( 25)
30
.
:
:
:
W = 300J W = 200J . :
68.
. Q AB
. W
U AB
.
U A
( 25)
40
, V = 5 103 m3
m2 A

:
PA = 4 105 N
: ( PB = 2PA )
:
: .
5
3
. P-V.
. , , , .
.
.
. .
: n2 = 0,7 =
( 25)

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:

(T > 0 ) U > 0 (T < 0 )

Qc = nRT2 ln V4 ln V3 Qc = nRT2 ln V3 ln V4 Qc = nRT2 ln

WB = 3P0 V0 0 = 3P0 0 = 2P0 V0 W = 0

Q = n Cp = n R T = 3P0 V = 3P0 V0 V0 = 5P0 V0

U A = 4,5 105 J U = 9 105 J ,

, Qc = nCV T nRT n 2 Qc = nT (CV + R n 2 )

Q h = Q AB + Q B = 3nC V T1 + 8nRT1 n2

: Q C = Q + Q = 3nC V T1 2nRT1 n2

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