ximia.

qxd

9/17/08 5:30 PM

ximia.qxd

9/17/08 5:30 PM

10. 1.1 .
11.

1.2 (. 6, 7).
:

12.

CH3CH2CH3:
:
CHCH:

13. .
14. .
15. CH3CH=CH2

()
(2)

CH2=CHCH=CH2

(1,3)
()

16. : CH3CH3
: CH2=CHCH3
1: CHCCH2CH3
1,3: CH2=CHCH=CHCH3

ximia.qxd

9/17/08 5:30 PM

2:

17. CH3CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH=CH2 1

CH2=CHCH=CH2 1,3

18. ) CH3CH2Cl
)

) CH3CH2COOH
)

) CH3CH2OCH3
) CH3CH2CH2CH2OH

19. .
20. 1.4
21. .
22.
23. .
24. CH3CCH CH2=C=CH2
CH3CH2OH CH3OCH3
CH3CH2CHO CH3COCH3

ximia.qxd

9/17/08 5:30 PM

CH3CH2COOH CH3COOCH3

25. )
)
)
)
)

26. CH3CH=CH2:
: 2

CH3CH2CH2CHO:
: 21,3

CH3COOH: ( )
: 32

CH3OCH3:
CH3CH2COCH3:

27. .
28. .
29. C2H6: .
C2H4O2: .
C2H6O2:
.
C3H6: .
C3H6O: .
C2H5Cl: .

ximia.qxd

9/17/08 5:30 PM

30. ) CH3CH2CH2CH=CH2
CH3CH2CH=CHCH3

(1)
(2)
(21)

(31)

(22)

) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH

(1)
(2)

(3)

(21)

(22)

(32)

(31)

()

) CH3CH2CH2COOH

( )
( )

ximia.qxd

9/17/08 5:30 PM

) C4H6 .
:
:

CH3CH2CCH

(1)

C3CCCH3

(2)

CH2=C=CHCH3

(1,2)

C2=CHCH=CH2

(1,3)

31.

1.

CvH2v+2

CH4

2.

CvH2v

C 2H 4

3.

CvH2v2

C 2H 2

4.

CvH2v2

C 3H 4

5.

Cv2v+1OH

CH3OH

6.

CvH2v+1COOH

HCOOH

7.

CvH2v+1X

CH3Cl

8.

CvH2v+1CHO

HCHO

32. ) CvH2vO ( 3). r

, = 3.
C3H6O CH3COCH3.
) CvH2vO2.
m0 = 8mH 2 16 = 8 2 32 = 16

=2

C2H4O2 CH3COOH.

33. 1.3 1.4 .

34. 1.4 .

ximia.qxd

9/17/08 5:30 PM

35. )
)
)
)
)
, ,
, .

36. 1.5 .
37. 1.5 1.3 .
38. 1.5 .
39. 1.5 .
40. C4H8 C :
(4 12 + 8 1) gr C4H8 4 12 gr C

100

gr C4H8

x1; gr C

x1 = 85,71 % C
H C3H4 C
(3 12 + 4 1) gr C3H4 3 12 gr C

100

gr C3H4

x2; gr C

x2 = 90 % C
H C6H6 C
(6 12 + 6 1) gr C6H6 6 12 gr C

100

gr C6H6

x3; gr C

x3 = 92,3 % C
H C2H6 C
(2 12 + 6 1) gr C2H6 2 12 gr C

100

gr C2H6

x4; gr C

x4 = 80 % C
%
:
, , , .

ximia.qxd

9/17/08 5:30 PM

41. 1
grats ( mC = 80 gr mH = 20 gr)
80 gr

12 gr = 6,66 grats

grats
20 gr
mH
gratsH =
=
1 gr = 20 grats
A rH

grats
:
6 ,6 6
C: = 1
6 ,6 6
20
H: = 3
6,66
.. (CH3)v
mC
gratsC =
=
A rC

2
CxHy.
(12x + y) gr C 12 x gr C 1 y gr H

100
gr C

80 gr C 20 gr H
12x + y
12x
y
= =
100
80
20
:
12x
y
(1)
= 240x = y 80 y = 3x
80
20
C : H 1 : 3, . . :
(CH3)v

x (1) x
1
C : H = = .
y 3x 3

42. (1 ) :
2 ,4
0 ,2
C: = 0,2
= 1
1 ,2
0 ,2
0,2
0 ,2
H: = 0,2
= 1
1
0 ,2
6 ,4
0 ,4
O: = 0,4
= 2
16
0 ,2
.. (CHO2)v.

ximia.qxd

9/17/08 5:30 PM

43. CxHy.
(12x + y) gr CxHy 12 x gr C y gr H

100
gr CxHy

84 gr C 16 gr H
12x + y
12x
y
(1)
= =
100
84
16
E rCxHy = 100 12x + y = 100
(2)
12x
(2) 100
(1) = 1200x = 8400 x = 7
100
84
(2) 12 7 + y = 100 84 + y = 100 y = 16
.. C7H16.
().

44. Y Mr , :
pV=nRT
m
m
= V =
V

m
n =
Mr

m
m
p
1
p = R T = R T

Mr

RR
1,24 gr L1 0,082 L atm K1 mol1 303K
M r = M r =

p
1,1 atm
Mr = 28.
MrCvH2v = 28 12 + 2 = 28 14 = 28 = 2
.. C2H4.

45. 18 gr 2O 2 gr H

9 gr 2O

x; gr H

x = 1 gr H
mC = m mH = 4 gr 1 gr = 3 gr
3
0 ,2 5
C: = 0,25
= 1
12
0 ,2 5
1
1
H: = 1
= 4
1
0,25
.. (CH4)v.

ximia.qxd

9/17/08 5:30 PM

10

10

T 4 gr 5,6 L
T r gr

22,4 L
4
5,6
= 89,6 = 5,6 Mr Mr = 16
Mr
22,4
E Mr(CH4)v = 16 (12 + 4 1) v = 16 16v = 16 v = 1
.. CH4.

46. .
.
.
.
.
.

47. r (
1 atm = 760 mm Hg).
m
mRT
P V = n R T P V = R T Mr =
Mr
pV
L atm
1 gr 0,082 413 K
m ol K
Mr =
Mr = 188,06.
765
179
atm L
760
1 000
B grats
12,8
1 ,0 6
C: = 1,06
= 1
12
1 ,0 6
2,1
2,1
H: = 2,1
= 2
1
1,06
85,1
1 ,0 6
Br: = 1,06
= 1
80
1 ,0 6
.. (CH2Br)v
Mr(CH2Br)v = 188,06 (12 + 2 + 80)v = 188,06 94v = 188,06 v = 2
.. C2H4Br2.

48. 100 gr o, ( ), 83,333 gr

12 gr
x = 10 gr o

x; gr

ximia.qxd

9/17/08 5:30 PM

11

11

:
m0 = m mC mH = 10 gr 6gr 0,44 gr = 3,56 gr
grats:
6
C: = 0,5
12
0,44
H: = 0,44
1
3,56
O: = 0,2225
16

0,5
= 2,25
0,2225
0,44
= 2
0,2225
0 ,2 2 2 5
= 1
0 ,2 2 2 5

2,25 4 = 9
24=8
14=4

.. (C9H8O4)v
r(C9H8O4)v = 180 (9 12 + 8 1 + 4 16)v = 180 180v = 180 v = 1
.. C9H8O4.

49. . , . , . , . . . , . , . , . , . , .

ximia.qxd

9/17/08 5:30 PM

12

21. . , . , .
22. . , . , . , .
23. . 40 41 .
24. . 41 .
25. . 42 .
26. . . 43 .
. CH4 + 2Cl2 C + 4HCl

27. . 47 48 .
28. . . 49 .
. . 50 .
. . 56 .

29.

30. 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5
31. . 54 .
. 54 .

ximia.qxd

9/17/08 5:30 PM

13

. 54 .

32. . 57 58 .
. 59 .
. 59 .

33. . 59 .
34. . 59 .
35. CH3COONa + NaOH CH4
CH3CH2I + H2 CH3CH3
CH3CH2I + Na CH3CH2CH2CH3
CH3CH=CH2 + H2 CH3CH2CH3

36. ) CH3CH2COONa + NaOH CH3CH3 + Na2CO3

) 2CH3I + 2Na CH3CH3 + 2NaI
( )
) CH3CH=CH2 + H2 CH3CH2CH3
) CH3CH2I + HI CH3CH3 + I2

37. ) CH2=CH2 + HBr CH3CH2Br

) CH2=CH2 + H2O CH3CH2OH
) CH3CH=CH2 + HCl CH3CHCH3
I
Cl
Markovnikov.
) CH2=CHCH2CH3 + H2 CH3CH2CH2CH3
.2SO4

38. ) CH3CH2OH CH2=CH2 + H2O

160C

) CH3CH2Cl + NaOH CH2=CH2 + NaCl + H2O

) CH3CH=CH2 + Br2 CH3CHCH2
I
I
Br Br

39. . , . , . , . , .
40. . , . , . , .

13

ximia.qxd

9/17/08 5:30 PM

14

14

41. 1

42. ) HCCCH2CH2CH3
CH3CCCH2CH3

(1)
(2)
()

(21,3)

(31,2)

43. .
44. ) CvH2v+2
) CH3CH2CH2CH3 ()
()
) 2CH3CH2I + 2Na CH3CH2CH2CH3 + 2NaI

45. ().
,
.

46. (). Br2 , .

47. ().
CH3CH2CHCH2Cl + 2KOH CH3CH2CCH + 2KCl + 2H2O
I
Cl

ximia.qxd

9/17/08 5:30 PM

15

15

48. .
49. ) CvH2v
) CH2=CHCH2CH3

(1)

CH3CH=CHCH3

(2)
()

) CH2=CHCH2CH3 + H2O

CH2CH=CHCH2 + H2O

50. .
51. , Markovnikov.
52. A
HBr 1

2 CH2=CH2.

53. (CH3CH3)
(CH3CH2CH2CH3).
Pt

CH3CH2I + H2 CH3CH3 + HI

2CH3CH2I + 2Na CH3CH2CH2CH3 + 2NaI

ximia.qxd

9/17/08 5:30 PM

16

16

54. ) CH2=CH2 (CH2CH2)v

Ni

) CH2=CH2 + H2 CH3CH3
H+

) CH2=CH2 + H2O CH3CH2OH

) CH2=CH2 + HI CH3CH2I

2CH3CH2I + 2Na CH3CH2CH2CH3 + 2NaI

55. ) CaC2 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + HCCH

3HCCH C6H6
) CaC2 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + HCCH
HCCH + H2 CH2=CH2
) CaC2 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + HCCH
CHCH + HCl

Pt

56. ) CH3CH2I + H2 CH3CH3 + HI

2CH3I + 2Na CH3CH3 + 2NaI

CH3CH2COONa + NaOH CH3CH3 + Na2CO3

Ni

CH2=CH2 + H2 CH3CH3
) moles (C2H6):
m 2H 6
3
nC2H6 = C
nC2H6 = nC2H6 = 0,1 moles
M rC 2 H 6
30
C2H6:
7
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
2

1 mole C2H6 2 moles CO2

0,1 moles C2H6 x; moles CO2

x = 0,2 moles C2 (0,2 22,4)L = 4,48 L.

57. O CxH8. E MrCxH8 = 56,

:
MrCxH8 = 56 12x + 8 = 56 x = 4

ximia.qxd

9/17/08 5:30 PM

17

17

.. C4H8
(.. : CvH2v) , . , , .

58. ) CH2=CH2 + Br2

(1,2)
) moles 1,2 ,
moles .
m C 2 H 4 B r2
100
nC2H4Br2 =
nC2H4Br2 = nC2H4Br2 = 0,53 moles.
M r C 2 H 4 B r2
188
0,53 moles CH2=CH2.
170

) CH3CH2OH CH2=CH2 + H2O

H2SO4

1 mole CH3CH2OH 1 mole C2=CH2

x; mole

0,53 moles
x = 0,53 moles CH3CH2OH (0,53 46)gr = 24,38 gr

59. ) moles HCCH.

1 mole HCCH 22,4 L ( stp)
x1; moles

2,8 L

x1 = 0,125 moles CCH.

CaC2 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + HCCH

1 mole CaC2 1 mole HCCH

x2; moles

0,125 moles HCCH

x2 = 0,125 moles CaC2 (0,125 64)gr = 8gr CaC2

) HCCH + 2Cl2 Cl2CHCHCl2

1 mole HCCH 2 moles Cl2

0,125 moles HCCH x3; moles Cl2

x3 = 0,25 moles Cl2 (0,25 71)gr = 17,75 gr Cl2
) Ca(OH)2 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + 2H2O

1 mole Ca(OH)2 1 mole H2SO4

0,125 moles Ca(OH)2 x4; moles H2SO4

x4 = 0,125 moles H2SO4 (0,125 98)gr = 12,25 gr H2SO4.

ximia.qxd

9/17/08 5:30 PM

18

18

60. 7 gr 5,6 L
Mr gr

22,4 L

Mr = 28
rCH2 = 28 14 = 28 = 2
.. C2H4 .. C2=CH2
:
CH2=CH2 (CH2CH2)v
r = 56000 28 = 56000 = 2000
:
2000 CH2=CH2 (CH2CH2)2000
2000 .

61. ) CvH2v + H2 CvH2v+2

14v gr CvH2v

22,4 L

21 gr

11,2 L
14v
2 2 ,4
= v = 3
21
1 1 ,2
.. CH3CH=CH2 ()
) CH3CH2CH2Cl + NaOH CH3CH=CH2 + NaCl + H2O
3v
2

22,4 L CvH2v 18 gr 2

62. CvH2v + O2 vCO2 + vH2O

11,2 L CvH2v 10,8 gr H2O

2 2 ,4
v 18
= v = 3
1 1 ,2
10,8
( rH2O = 18)
.. C3H6.
100 L 20 L O2
500 L

x1 ; L O2

x1 = 100 L O2
100 L 80 L O2
500 L

x2 ; L O2

x2 = 400 L N2
:

ximia.qxd

9/17/08 5:30 PM

19

19

9
C3H6 + O2 3CO2 + 3H2O
2
9
1 L C3H6 L O2 3L CO2
2
10 L x3; x4;
x3 = 45 L O2
x4 = 30 L CO2
:
2: 100 L 45 L = 55 L
CO2: 30 L
N2: 400 L

63. ) moles C2H4 moles 2. :

28 + 2 = 62

2 = 62 28

22,4 + 22,4 = 112 22,4 + 11,2 2 = 112

2 = 62 28

2 = 62 28

22,4 + 11,2(62 28) = 112 22,4 + 694,4 313,6 = 112

291,2 = 582,4 = 2

2 = 62 28 2

2 = 62 28

=3

= 2

2 moles C2H4 3 moles H2.

) 62 gr () 2 moles C2H4 3 moles H2
15,5 gr

x 1;

x 2;

x1 = 0,5 moles C2H4 x2 = 0,75 moles H2

2, :
C2H 4

H2

C 2H 6

0,5 moles 0,5 moles 0,5 moles

() :
2: (0,75 0,5) moles = 0,25 moles
(0,25 22,4) L = 5,6 L
C2H4: 0,5 moles (0,5 22,4) L = 11,2 L

64. T aOH CO2, CO2 35 mL. mL

ximia.qxd

9/17/08 5:30 PM

20

20

CH4 y mL C3H6, + = 15 (1)

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
mL

mL
9
C3H6 + O2 3CO2 + 3H2O
2
mL
3 mL
+ 3 = 35 (2)
(1), (2):
+ = 15

= 15

= 15

+ 3 = 35 15 + 3 = 35 2 = 20

= 15

= 10

=5

= 10

= 5 mL CH4, = 10 mL C3H6.

65. mL C2H2 () mL CvH2v+2 (). :

+ = 12 (1)
26 mL CO2 (51 26)mL = 25 mL
2 . 2 (60
25) mL 35 mL.
5
C2H2 + O2 2CO2 + H2O
2
5
mL mL 2 mL
2
3v + 1
CvH2v+2 + O2 vCO2 + (v + 1) H2O
2
3v + 1
mL
mL v mL
2
A CO2 2 + = 26 (2) 2 :
3 + 1
2,5 + = 35 (3)
2
(1), (2), (3):

ximia.qxd

9/17/08 5:30 PM

21

+ = 12
2 + = 26

3 + 1
2,5 + = 35
2

= 12
2(12 ) + = 26
3 + 1
2,5 + = 35
2

= 12
24 2 + = 26

3 + 1
2,5 + = 35
2

= 12
( 2) = 2
3 + 1
2,5 + = 35
2

= 12
2
=
2
2
3 + 1
2
2,5 12 + = 35
2
2
2

= 12
2
=

2
30( 2) 5 + 3 + 1 = 35 ( 2)

= 12
2
=
2
2 = 6

21

= 12
2
=
2
=3

= 12
2
=
2
5
3 + 1
30 + = 35
2
2

= 12
2
=
2
30 60 5 + 3 + 1 = 35 70

= 10
=2
=3

10 mL 2 mL C3H8.

66. CvH2v + H2 CvH2v+2

10 mL 10 mL 10 mL
2 mL H2 10 mL .
1
2 + 2 2
2
2 mL 1 mL
(3v + 1)
CvH2v+2 + O2 vCO2 + (v + 1)H2O
2

ximia.qxd

9/17/08 5:31 PM

22

22

3v + 1
10 mL
2

10 mL

(3v + 1)
2 + (3v + 1) 10
VO2(1) + VO2(2) = 66 1 + 10 = 66 = 66
2
2
2 + (3v + 1) 10 = 132 2 + 30v + 10 = 132 30v = 120 v = 4
.. C4H8 . :
1) CH2=CHCH2CH3

(1)

2) CH3CH=CHCH3

(2)

3) CH2=CCH3

CH3

()

67. ) CH3COONa + NaOH CH4 + Na2CO3

) CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl
moles
moles
CH4 + 2Cl2 CH2Cl2 + 2HCl
moles
moles
rCH3Cl = 50,5 MrCH2Cl = 85, : 50,5 + 85 =
13,55 = 0,1 moles.
CH4 2x moles = 0,2 moles.
( )
0,2 moles CH3COONa 0,2 82 gr = 16,4 gr.

68. 2.8 .
69. . 60 .
70. . 60 .
71. . 61 .
72. . 62 .
73. . 63 .

ximia.qxd

9/17/08 5:31 PM

23

6.

)
.
) .
) 80 .
) 80 .
) 80 .
) 80 .
) 88 .

7.

C6H12O6 2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2

8.

83 .

9.

) CH3CH2CH2OH + O CH3CH2CHO (A) + H2O

) CH3CH2CHO + O CH3CH2COOH (B)

) CH3CH=CH2 + H2O CH3CHCH3 ()
I
OH
) CH3CHCH3 + O CHCCH3 ()
I
II
OH
O
) CH3CH2COOH + CH3CHCH3 CH3CH2COOCHCH3 + H2O
I

OH
CH3
(E)
(A):
():
(): 2

ximia.qxd

9/17/08 5:31 PM

24

24

():
():
H2SO4

10. ) CH3CHCH3 CH3CH=CH2 + H2O

I
OH

170C

H2SO4

()

) 2CH3CHCH3 CH3CHOCHCH3 + H2O

140C
I
I
I
OH
CH3 CH3
()

11.

H+

CH2=CH2 + H2O CH3CH3OH (A)

CH3CH3OH + 2O CH3COOH (B) + H2O
CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH
CH3COOCH2CH3 () + H2O
(A):
():
():

12. A 89
: :
:
: .

13. ) RCH2OH + 2O RCOOH + H2O

H+
) RCOOH + ROH
RCOOR + 2
+
H
) CvH2v + H2O CvH2v+1OH

) HCCH + H2 CH2=CH2
H SO

2
4 CH CH OH
CH2=CH2 + H2O
3
2

CH3CH2OH +O CH3CHO + H2O

14. O a 2,
1
C3H7OH + Na C3H7ONa + H2
2

15. ) .
.

C6H5OH + H2O
C6H5O + H3O+ ( )

ximia.qxd

9/17/08 5:31 PM

25

25

) , . .
C6H5OH + NaOH C6H5ONa + H2O

16. ) HCCH + H2 CH2=CH2

H+

CH2=CH2 + H2O CH3CH2OH

CH3CH2OH + 2O CH3COOH + H2O
HgSO

4
) HCCH + H2O
CH2=CH CH3CHO
H2SO4
I
OH

17. .

C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

H2SO4

CH3CH2OH CH2=CH2 + H2O

170C

vCH2=CH2 (CH2CH2)v
, ,
.

18. .. CH3CHO.
moles .
m C H 3C H O
22
nCH3CHO =
nCH3CHO = nCH3CHO = 0,5 moles
M rC H 3 C H O
44
CaC2 + 2H2O HCCH + Ca(OH)2
moles

moles
HgSO4

HCCH + H2O CH3CHO

H2SO4

moles
moles
= 0,5 moles, 0,5 moles CaC2
(0,5 64)gr CaC2 = 32gr CaC2.

19. 100 gr 50 gr
40 gr

x = 20 gr C6H12O6

100 gr 90 gr
20 gr

x 1;
x1 = 18 gr

x;

ximia.qxd

9/17/08 5:31 PM

26

26

moles
m
18
n =
n = n = 0,1 moles C6H12O6
M r
180
C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
0,1 moles 0,2 moles
gr
m = n Mr m = 0,2 moles 46 = 9,2 gr
moles
m
m
9 ,2
V = 11,5 mL.
E = V = V =
V

0,8 gr mL1

20. CaC2 + 2H2O HCCH + Ca(OH)2

moles

moles
HgSO

4
HCCH + 2
C3C

H2SO4

moles
moles
C3CHO + O CH3C
moles

moles

100 gr 60 gr
400 gr

x1 ;

x1 = 240gr
m
240
=
= = 4 moles
r
60
, 4 moles CaC2, o mCaC2 = nCaC2 MrCaC2
mCaC2 = 4 64 = 256 gr
100 gr CaC2 80 gr
x2; gr

256 gr

x2 = 320gr CaC2

21. C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

moles
V

2 moles
14
14
= V = 20L = 2,8 L = 2800 mL C2H5OH
100
100

m
= m = V m = 0,8 g/mL 2800 mL = 2240 gr
V
2240
m
n =
2 = = 24,34
46
M r
m = Mr = 24,34 180 = 4383 gr

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27

27

22. 100 L 12 L CH3CH2OH

25 L

x 1;

x1 = 3 L CH3CH2OH
( H2O CH3CH2OH)
, :
100 L 10 L CH3CH2OH
x 2;

3 L CH3CH2OH

x2 = 30 L
V = 30 25 = 5 L H2O.

23. moles :
m CH3 OH
6 ,4
nCH3OH =
= = 0,2 moles
M rC H 3O H
32
m C H 3C H 2O H
4 ,6
nCH3CH2OH = = = 0,1 moles
M rC H 3 C H 2 O H
46
m C H 3C H 2 C H 2C H 2O H
7 ,4
nCH3CH2CH2CH2OH = = = 0,1 moles
M rC H 3 C H 2C H 2 C H 2 O H
74
1
CH3OH + Na CH3ONa + H2
2
0,2 moles
0,1 moles
1
CH3CH2OH + Na CH3CH2ONa + H2
2
0,1 moles
0,05 moles
1
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH + Na CH3CH2CH2CH2ONa + H2
2
0,1 moles
0,05 moles
0,2 moles H2. To 2 , :
0,2 0,082 298
nRT
P V = n R T V = =
V = 5 L.
740
P

760

24. CvH2v+1OH.
MrCvH2v+1OH = 60 14v + 18 = 60 14v = 42 v = 3
C3H7OH
:

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28

28

CH3CH2CH2OH

(1)

CH3CHCH3
(2)

:
CH3CH2CH2OH + O CH3CH2CHO + H2O
()
CH3CH2CHO + O CH3CH2COOH
( )
CH3CHCH3 + O CH3CCH3
I
II
OH
O
()
E:
H+
CH3COOH + CH3CH2CH2OH
CH3COOCH2CH2CH3 + H2O

CH3COOH + CH3CHCH3 CH3COOCHCH3 + H2O

I
I
OH
CH3
H+

25. CH3COOH + CvH2v+1OH

CH3COOCvH2v+1 + H2O
Mr = 116 14 + 60 = 116 = 4
.. C4H9OH .
CH3

.. : CH3COOCCH3
I
CH3

26. CH3COOH + CvH2v+1OH

CH3COOCvH2v+1 + H2O
(A)
(B)
Mr = 102 14 + 60 = 102 = 3
() (), () .
2
CH3CHCH3 + O CH3CCH3 () + H2O
I
II
OH
O
()

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29

29

() CH3COOCHCH3
I
CH3
(
)
1
2
T (14 + 18)gr CvH2v+1OH 0,5 22,4 L

27. C2v+1OH + Na CvH2v+1ONa + H2

T 6,61 gr

1L
14v + 18
0,5 22,4
=
6,61
1
(14v + 18) 1 = 0,5 22,4 6,61 14v + 18 = 74,032
14v = 56,032 v = 4
.. C4H9OH r 74.

28. r:
Mr = 46 r = 44
moles moles . :
46 + 44 = 45 (1)
2 moles
aOH n = C V = 0,5 L n = 1 mole
L
CH3CH2OH + 2O CH3COOH + H2O
moles
moles
CH3CHO + O CH3COOH + H2O
moles
moles
n = ( + ) moles
CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O
( + )moles ( + )moles
E + = 1 (2)
(1) (2):
+=1

=1

=1

46 + 44 = 45 46(1 ) + 44 = 45 46 46 + 44 = 45

=1

= 0,5

= 0,5 moles

= 0,5 moles

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30

30

mCH3CH2OH = (0,5 46)gr = 23 gr

mCH3CHO = (0,5 44) gr = 22 gr

29. , ,
CvH2v+1CH2OH
CvH2v+1CH2OH + 2O CvH2v+1COOH + H2O
moles
moles
CvH2v+1COOH + NaOH CvH2v+1COONa + H2O
moles

moles

CvH2v+1COONa + NaOH CvH2v+2 + Na2CO3

moles
moles

1 mole ( stp) 22,4 L
x; moles

1,12 L
x = 0,05 moles
= 0,05 moles.
m
m
2,3
n =
Mr = r = = 46
r
n
0,05
rCvH2v+1CH2OH = 46 14v + 32 = 46 v = 1
.. C2H6O ()

30. , ,
CvH2v+1CH2OH. :
CvH2v+1CH2OH + 2O CvH2v+1COOH + H2O
1 mole 1 mole
2 moles .
(14 + 32)gr 14 gr
100 gr

18,7 gr
14
14v + 32
= 261,8 v + 598,4 = 1400 v = 3.
18,7
100
( 14 : 1 mole 2 2 moles 2 = 16 gr 2 gr =
= 14 gr)
.. C3H7OH .. :
CH3CH2CH2OH

(1)

CH3CHCH3

(2)

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31

11.

. , . , . , .
H2SO4

12. ) CH2=CH2 + H2O CH3CH2OH

CH3CH2OH + O CH3CHO + H2O
CH3CHO + O CH3COOH
HgSO

4
) HCCH + H2O
CH3CHO

H2SO4

13. ) CH3CN + 2H2O CH3COOH + NH3

) RCH2OH + 2O RCOOH + H2O
) 2CH3COOH + Ca(OH)2 (CH3COO)2Ca + 2H2O

3
) C6H5CH3 + O2
C6H5COOH + H2O

2
) C6H5COOH + NaHCO3 C6H5COONa + H2O + CO2

14. ) CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O

) 2CH3COOH + CaO (CH3COO)2Ca + H2O
) 2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 2CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
) 2CH3COOH + Mg (CH3COO)2Mg + H2
HgSO

4
15. CHCH + H2O
CH3CHO

H2SO4

CH3CHO + O CH3COOH
CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O

CH3COONa + NaOH CH4 +Na2CO3

16. 107

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32

32

17. ) CH3CHCOOH + CH3OH CH3CHCOOCH3 + H2O

I
I
OH
OH
) C3COOH + CH3OH CH3COOCH3 + H2O

) C6H5COOH + CH3OH C6H5COOCH3 + H2O

18. . , . , . , .
19. ) 3 ,
Br2 CCl4, Br,
.
CCl

CH2=CHCH2COOH + Br4 CH2CHCH2COOH

I
I
Br Br
)
2.
1
CH3CH2COOH + Na CH3CH2COONa + H2
2

20. 1 mole CH4 22,4 L ( stp)

x; moles

x = 1,5 moles CH4

33,6 L

CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O

moles

moles

moles

C3COONa + NaOH CH4 + Na2CO3

moles
moles moles
= 1,5 moles.
1,5 moles 1,5 60 = 90 gr CH3COOH
2 1,5 moles NaOH = 3 moles 3 40 gr = 120 gr NaOH.
( moles NaOH + = 2).

21. ,
1 L = 1000 mL.
100 mL 11,5 mL C2H5OH
1000 mL
x = 115 mL C2H5OH

x;

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33

33

m
=
m = V
V
m = 0,8 gr/mL 115 mL = 92 gr
m
92
n =
= = 2 moles.
M r
46
CH3CH2OH + O2 CH3COOH + H2O
2 moles
2 moles
CH3COOH :
mCH3COOH = nCH3COOH MrCH3COOH = 2 6 gr = 120 gr

22. moles CH3COOH moles C6H5COOH

rCH3COOH = 60 rC6H5COOH = 122 :
60 + 122 = 30,4 (1)
:
CH3COOH + KOH CH3COOK + H2O
moles
moles
C6H5COOH + KOH C6H5COOK + H2O
moles
moles
rKOH = 56, :
( + ) 56 = 16,8 (2)
(1) (2):
( + ) 56 = 16,8

+ = 0,3

60 + 122 = 30,4 60 + 122 = 30,4

= 0,3

= 0,3

(0,3 ) 60 + 122 = 30,4 18 60 + 122 = 30,4

62 = 12,4 = 0,2 moles

= 0,3

= 0,1 moles

0,1 60 = 6 gr CH3COOH 0,2 122 gr = 24,4 gr

C6H5COOH.

23. moles C2H4.

m 2H 4
5 ,6
nC2H4 = C
= = 0,2 moles
M rC 2 H 4
28

ximia.qxd

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34

34

H2SO4

CH2=CH2 + H2O CH3CH2OH

0,2 moles
0,2 moles
CH3CH2OH + O CH3CHO + H2O
0,2 moles
0,2 moles
CH3C=O + HCN CH3CHCN
I
I
H
OH
0,2 moles
0,2 moles
H+

CH3CHCN + 2H2O CH3CHCOOH + NH3

I
I
OH
OH
0,2 moles
0,2 moles
m = n Mr m = 0,2 90 gr = 18 gr
500 gr 18 gr
100 gr

x;
x = 3,6 gr
E o 3,6% w/w.

24. nNaOH = C V = 0,2 moles/L 1 L = 0,2 moles

m CH3 CO O H
6
nCH3COOH =
= = 0,1 moles
M rC H 3C O O H
60
aOH
CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O
0,1 moles 0,1 moles 0,1 moles
) ()
0,1 moles ( )
0,1 moles CH3COONa ( )

) CH3COONa + NaOH CH4 + Na2CO3

0,1 moles

0,1 moles 0,1 moles

L
CH4 0,1 moles 22,4 = 2,24 L ( stp)
moles

ximia.qxd

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35

35. ) CH2=CHCl ()
) C6H5CH=CH2
) CH2=CHCH3
) CF2=CF2
) CH2=CHCN ()
) CH2=C(CH3)COOCH3 ( )

36. )
37. )
38. .
( ).

39. ,
40. (). .
41.
.

42. .
gr
moles

gr
moles

43. rPVC = 2500 62,5 = 156250 .

44. ). -

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36

36

( ) .

45. ). Le Chatelier.
46. ). 1,4 .
47. r = 2000 Mr Mr = 2000 54 = 108000 .
48. ()
49. 22 = 4 (). r .
50. 202 = 400 .
51. , .
52. . .

53. ) r = 75
75 gr 14 gr
100 gr

x;
x = 18,66 %

54. CH3CH(NH2)COOH + HNO2 CH2=CHCOOH + N2 + 2H2O

448
moles
22400
448
n = = 0,02 moles
22400
m = 0,02 89 = 1,78 gr

448
moles
22400

Y
55. () .
56. () .
4,5 105
180

57. = 2500.

ximia.qxd

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37

58. C12H22O11
C6H12O6
(C6H10O5)v
C18H32O16

59. , ,
60. ()
1 mole 180 gr 2 44 gr
100 gr

x;
x = 48,89 %

61. C6H12O6 2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2 ( )

CH3CH2OH + O CH3COOH ( .. KMnO4)
CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH CH3COOCH2CH3 ()

62. 1 mole 1 mole Cu2O

1
Cu2O + O2 2CuO
2
1 mole
2 moles
m CuO
3,18
nCuO = = = 0,04 moles
M rC uO
7 9 ,5
0,02 moles (0,02 180)gr = 3,6 gr
50 mL 3,6 gr
100 mL

x;
x = 7,2 % w/v

63. 100 Kgr 15 gr

1000 gr

x;

x = 150 Kgr C12H22O11

m C 12H 2 2O 11
150 1000
nC12H22O11 =
= n = 438,6 moles
M rC 12 H 22 O 11
342
C12H22O11 + H2O 2C6H12O6
438,6 moles
2 438,6 moles = 877,2 moles
C6H12O6 2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2
877,2 moles 2 877,2 moles = 1754,4 moles

37

ximia.qxd

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38

38

mC2H5OH = nC2H5OH MrC2H5OH = 1754,4 46 = 80701,8 gr

m
m
80701,8
= V = = = 100877,2 mL
V

0,8
100 L 94 L
x1;

100,8772 L

x1 = 107,3 L

64. 10 gr :
70
: = 2,5 gr
28
50
: = 1,79 gr
28
: 4,29 gr
449
q = 2,5 4 + 1,79 4 + 4,29 9 = 55,8 Kcal

, , ,
65. , , .
66. (). .
67. (). .
68. ().
69. (), (). : 1/3/1 = 0,333 33,3 %
70. (), (), ().
71. CH2OOCC17H35

CH2OH
I
I
CHOOCC17H35 + 3KOH CHOH + 3C17H35COOK
I
I
CH2OOCC17H35
CH2OH

72. 1 L 0,1 moles Ca+2

40 L;

x1 = 4 moles Ca+2

x1 ;

ximia.qxd

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39

39

Ca+2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2Na+

4 moles 4 moles 4 moles
mCaCO3 = nCaCO3 MrCaCO3 = 4 106 = 424 gr
Ca+2 + 2RCOONa (RCOO)2Ca + 2Na+
1 mole
4 moles

2 moles
x 2;

x2 = 8 moles (8 306) gr = 2448 gr

73. ) ( ) ( ) ( ).
) .
) , .

74. .
75. ().

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40