2 ,

:
.
(H)
() .
,
.
.
(0).
( 0f ).


. 0 = 0f ( ) 0f ( )
( 0c ).
( n0 ).
, .
.
.
(Q = m c ).
(c) (C).
Lavoisier - Laplace,
Hess .
.
,
.
Lavoisier - Laplace,
Hess .

26.

,
.
(), , , .
,
.
()
: = . .
, (q).
(),
, :
=
, () (q)
.
:

.
, , :
. > . = . . > 0
, , , :
C(s) + H2O(g) CO(g) + H2(g) = + 129,7 KJ

C(s) + H2O(g) CO(g) + H2(g) -129,7 KJ

:

.
, , :

 -
1

27.

. < . = . . < 0
,
, , :
H2(g) + Cl2(g) 2HCl(g) = - 184,6 J

H2(g) + Cl2(g) 2HCl(g) +184,6 J

,
, q .
:
. .
. .
. .

.
, .
:
: P = 1 atm 760 mmHg
: = 25 oC = 298
: c = 1 M
(0),
.
(0f)
1 mol ,
. :
C() + 2(g) CO2(g), 0f = -393,5KJ
0f , (0).
: 0f ( ) = 0 0f ( ) 0
0 :

0 = f0( ) f0( )
, :
+ + , 0
0
0
0
0
: 0 = f ( ) + f ( ) - f ( ) - f ( )

28.

(0c)
1 mol , . :

C3 H8(g ) + 5O2(g ) 3CO2(g ) + 4H 2 O(l) , C0 = 2220KJ

, 0c .
(0n)
1 mol + 1 mol
, , . :

HCl(aq ) + NaOH (aq ) NaCI(aq ) + H 2 O(l ) , 0n = 57,1KJ

, 0n
.
0n ,
.
0n ,
0n .

.
, :
. : Q = mc
. : Q = (C + mc)
Q:
.
m:
.
c:
.
: .
C:
.

.
(c)
1 g 1 oC.
: cal g-1 grad-1 J g-1 grad-1.
(C)
1 oC
: C = mc.

 -
1

: cal grad-1

29.

J grad-1.

( ) Lavoisier - Laplace:
1 mol
1 mol
. :
C(s ) + O 2(g ) CO 2(g ) , 1 = 393,5J CO2(g ) C(s ) + O2(g ) ,2 = +393,5J
Lavoisier - Laplace .
, .
ess:
To
.
:

, .
:
Hess. ,
. , : ,
:
1 : , 1 2 : , 2. 3 : , 3.
: = 1 + 2 + 3.
:

30.

.
:
. 69: : 18, 19, 20
. 70: 26
. 71: 28, 30, 32, 33
. 72: 35, 36, 37, 38
. 73: 40, 41
. 3 4
(
, )
:
(3 )
(4 )
. 57: 1
. 79: 1
. 58: 2
. 80: 2
. 60: 3
. 82: 1, 2
. 63: 2
. 83: 3
. 64: 4
. 65: 5
. 66: 6
:
(3 )
. 71: : 1, 3, 4, 6
. 72: : 7, 10
. 73: : 12, 13
. 74:

(4 )
. 89: : 1, 3, 5
. 90: : 9, 11
. 91:

 -
3

31.

1. 200mL 3
0,5 300mL 0,5.
19 C, :
. O .
. H .
: o n
= 57,1 KJ/mol 4 KJ/Kg oC. 1 g/mL.
:
. mol 3 :
nHNO3 = c1 V1 = 0,1 mol nKOH = c2 V2 = 0,15 mol
1 mol HNO3 1 mol
, H3 .
,
:

VT = V1 + V2 = 0,2L + 0,3L = 0,5 L

3 :
cKOH = nKOH / VT = 0,05mol / 0,5L = 0,1 M
cKNO3 = nKNO3 / VT = 0,1mol / 0,5L = 0,2 M

32.

. , , 3:
1 mol O3, 57,1 J .
0,1 mol O3, Q J .
Q = 0,1 57,1 = 5,71 J
T 1 g/mL, 0,5 Kg.
:

Q = mc =

Q
5,71KJ
=
= 2,855 o C
o
mc 0,5Kg 4KJ / Kg C

. = 19 C.
= . . . = . + = 19 C + 2,855 oC = 21,855 oC

2.

3 g C, 24 g CH4 2,24 L H2 S.T.P.,

23,5 Kcal, 315 Kcal 6,9 Kcal . :
. C, CH4 H2.
. CH4.
. 14 g C CH4 152 cal
, .
.
: ArC = 12, rCH4 = 16.

:
.
1 mol C, 1 mol CH4 1 mol H2.
m
3g
= 0, 25mol
mol C : n C = C =
ArC 12g / mol
: 0,25 mol C 23,5 cal
1
mol C x; Kcal : x = 94 Kcal
C
1 = -94 Kcal/mol.
m CH4
24g
mol C4 : n CH =
=
= 1,5mol
4
MrCH4 16g / mol
: 1,5 mol C4 315 cal
1 mol C4 y; Kcal
y = 210 Kcal

 -
3

33.

CH4 2 = -210 Kcal/mol.

VH
2, 24L
= 0,1mol
mol H2 : n H2 = 2 =
Vm 22, 4L / mol
: 0,1 mol 2 6,9 cal
1 mol 2 ;Kcal
= 69 Kcal
H2
3 = -69 Kcal/mol.
. CH4 (f), :
C(s) + 2H2(g) CH4(g), f = ;
, :
C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g), 1 = -94 Kcal (1)
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l), 2 = -210 Kcal (2)
H2(g) + 1/2 O2(g) H2O(l), 3 = -69 Kcal (3)

:
(1) : C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g), 1 = -94 Kcal
(2): CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) CH4(g) + 2O2(g), 2 = 210 Kcal
(3) 2: 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l), 3 = -138 Kcal
:
C(s) + 2H2(g) CH4(g), f = 1 + 2 + 3
f = 1 + 2 + 3 = (-94 + 210 - 138)cal = -22 Kcal
CH4 -22 cal/mol.
. mol C mol CH4. :
mC + mCH4 = m. nC ArC + nCH4 rCH4 = m.
: 12 + 16 = 14 (4)
1
mol C 94 Kcal
mol C Q1 cal
Q1 = 94 Kcal

34.

1
mol C4 210 Kcal
mol C4 Q2 cal
Q2 = 210 Kcal
Q = 152 Kcal, :
Q1 + Q2 = Q, : 94 + 210 = 152 (5)
(4) (5) : = 0,5 mol = 0,5 mol.
mC = nC ArC = 0,5mol 12g/mol = 6 g mCH4 = nCH4 MrCH4 = 0,5mol 16g/mol = 8 g
6 g C 8 g CH4.

3.

CO 0c(CO) = -283 KJ/mol

NO2 0f(NO2) = + 35,375 KJ/mol.
. CO N2
2, ;
CO N2 12L 0,82 atm
127 C, 2.
. L 2 S.T.P. ;
. 2;
: R = 0,082 Latm/molK.

:
CO :
CO(g) + 1/2 O2(g) CO2(g), 0c(CO) = -283 KJ (1)
H 2 :
1/2 2(g) + O2(g) 2(g), 0f(NO2) = + 35,375 KJ (2)
. x mol CO y mol N2. ,
x y,
(1) (2):
(1) :
1 mol CO, 283 J.
x mol CO, Q1 J.
Q1 = 283x KJ
(2) :
o 0,5 mol 2, 35,375 J.
y mol N2, Q2 J.

 -
3

35.

Q2 = 70,75y KJ

, .
: Q1 = Q 2 283x KJ =

70,75y KJ

x 1
x 70,75
=
=
y 4
y
283

mol 1/4.
mol , :
VCO 1
=
VN 2 4
. , : nCO = nN2 = mol
E :
PV = n o.RT PV = (n CO + n N 2 )RT
0,82atm 12L = 2 mol 0,082 Latm / molK (127 + 273)K = 0,15 mol
: nCO = nN2 = 0,15 mol
(1) :
1
mol CO 0,5 mol O2.
0,15 mol CO mol 2.
= 0,075 mol O2
(2) :
0,5 mol N2 1 mol O2.
0,15 mol N2 mol 2.
= 0,3 mol O2
mol O2 : n2 = (0,075 + 0,3)mol = 0,375 mol
V2 = n2 Vm = 0,375 mol 22,4 L/mol = 8,4 L
. (1) :
1
mol CO, 283 J.
0,15 mol CO, Q3 J.
Q3 = 42,45 KJ
(2) :
o 0,5 mol 2, 35,375 J.
0,15 mol N2, Q4 J.
Q4 = 10,6125 KJ
: Q = Q3 Q4 = (42,45 10,6125)KJ = 31,8375 KJ
31,8375 KJ .

36.

4.

CH4 C2H6, 5 atm,

CH4 2 atm. To
40%.
Q = 8076 J
, :
2(g) B(g) + (g), = + 2692 KJ
. .
. L , S.T.P. ;
c: CH4(g) = 890 KJ/mol C2H6(g) = 1650 KJ/mol.

:
. x mol CH4 y mol C2H6.
:
= pCH4 + pC2H6 5atm = 2atm + pC2H6 pC2H6 = 3atm

mol, :
n CH 4
n C2 H 6

pCH4
p C2 H 6

x 2
=
y 3

(1)

CH4 :

CH 4(g ) + 2O 2(g ) CO 2(g ) + H 2 O(l ) , 1 = 890KJ

1 mol CH4 890 J.

x mol CH4 Q1 KJ.
Q1 = 890x KJ
C2H6 :
C2 H 6(g ) + 7 / 2O2(g ) 2CO2(g ) + 3H 2O(l ) , 2 = 1650KJ
1 mol C2H6 1650 J.
y mol C2H6 Q2 KJ.
Q2 = 1650y KJ
40%, : 0,6(Q1 + Q2) = Q 0,6(890x + 1650y)KJ
= 8076 KJ 890x + 1650y = 13460 (2)
(1) (2) : x = 4 y = 6
: 4 mol CH4 6 mol C2H6.
. 2 mol A 2692 J.
mol A 8076 J.
= 6 mol A
, VA = nA Vm = 6mol 22,4 L/mol = 134,4 L

 -
4

37.

1. 4 g S O2 SO2 25
J .
. SO2.
. 25,6 g SO2 8,96 L O2, S.T.P., SO3.
.
. S SO3.
. g S L O2 ( S.T.P.) ,
: S + O2 SO2
5 Kg H2O 40 C.
: 0f(SO3) = -297 KJ/mol, cH2O = 1 cal/g grad, rS = 32, ArO = 16.
.
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38.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

2.

H HBr, ,
C 13,8 cal/mol.
. 16,2 g HBr 0,2 mol HA
22,4 g KOH 5,52 cal. To o
; .
. g HBr 0,8 mol CaCO3 ;
: r K = 39, Ar O = 16, Ar Br = 80, Ar H = 1,
f(CaCO3) = -1207,5 KJ/mol, 1 KJ = 0,24 KCal.
............................................................................................................................
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.................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................

3. 22,6 g C S,
, CaCO3
CaO CO2. 400 g CaCO3, :
. : CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g).
. .
. (%) S.
: c(C) = 94 cal/mol, C(S) = 70 Kcal/mol,
f(CaCO3) = 288 Kcal/mol, f(CaO) = 152 Kcal/mol, ArCa = 40, ArC =

 -
4

39.

12, ArO = 16, ArS = 32.

.
............................................................................................................................
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4. CH4 C2H6 33,6 L S.T.P. CH4 0,4.

. % / ;
.
1,2 mol l2O3 Al 2.

C2H6.
CH4, C = -890 KJ/mol,
Al2O3 f = 1682,5 KJ/mol.
............................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................

40.

............................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................

5.

6,5 g C2H2 325 KJ. 2

Kg H2O 18 oC. :
. C2H2.
. H2O .
. C2H2.
: cH2O = 4,2 J/ggrad, H2O(l): f1
= 286 KJ/mol CO2: f2 = 394 KJ/mol. .
............................................................................................................................
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 -
4

41.

............................................................................................................................
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.................................................................................................................

6.

27 oC, 41 L
C2+1(g). To 4,6 g 9,2
g .
. .
. ,
;
. . :
i. .
ii. 2 Kg H2O 20 C,
.
: R = 0,082 Latm/molK, P0 = 0,12 atm
27 C, -1400 KJ/mol, cH2O = 4,2 J/
ggrad. H .
............................................................................................................................
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42.

............................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................

7. CO , 3/2.
, :
CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2(g) + H2(g)
. , 40 KJ 100 KJ,
.
.
20,5 L 27 oC. N :
i. .
ii. .
: rC = 12, ArO = 16, ArH = 1, R = 0,082 Latm/molK.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
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 -
4

43.

............................................................................................................................
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8.

: CH4(g) = 76 KJ/mol,
CO2(g) = 395 KJ/mol, H2O(l) = 286 KJ/mol,
C2H6(g) = 1650 KJ/mol. :
. CH4.
. H C2H6.
. CH4 C2H6
g;
: rC = 12, ArH = 1.
............................................................................................................................
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44.

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

9.

K CH4 ,
254 KJ, .
+4 J/mol 1650 KJ/mol, :
.
. , S.T.P.
. .
: 0c(C) = 394 KJ/mol, 0fH2O(l) = 286 KJ/mol, 0c(CH4) =
890 KJ/mol, ArC = 12, ArH = 1.
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 -
5

45.

1
. ;
( 5)
...........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
. Hess.
( 5)
...........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
.
; .
1. 2(g) + 1/2 O2(g) H2O(l)
2. 2(g) + 1/2 O2(g) H2O(g)
3. 2(g) + 1/2 O2(g) H2O(s)
( 15)
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................
2
. H CaCO3
:

46.

1.
2.
3.
4.

2Ca(s) + 2C(s) + 3O2(g) 2CaCO3(s)

Ca(s) + C(s) + 3/2 O2(g) CaCO3(s)
CaO(s) + CO2(g) CaCO3(s)
Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(aq) CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)
( 5)

. H :
2. calgrad1
3. Jgrad
4. J1grad1
1. gcalgrad1
( 5)
. :
................... 0f
................... ................... ...................
, ................... .
( 5)
. CO2(g) 393 J/mol,
CO(g) 110 J/mol.
1. ;
2. : 2CO(g) + O2(g) 2CO2(g)
( 10)
............................................................................................................................
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3
. H C2H4 +12 cal/mol C2H2
+52 Kcal/mol.
. : C2H2 + 2 C2H4.
. 10,4 g C2H2 11,2 L 2, S.T.P. , C2H4. .
: ArH = 1, ArC = 12, .
( 8+9)
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 -
5

47.

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............................................................................................................................
. 9 g C 2 g H2O 20 C. .
: 94 cal/mol, 1 cal/ggrad, ArC = 12.
( 8)
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4
22,4 L 2 Cl2 S.T.P.
. , NaOH .
4,48 L 2 S.T.P. :
. mol .
.
.
. A
5,6
C, ;
: HCl: 22 Kcal/mol, : 14 Kcal/mol -

48.

c = 1 cal/gK.
.
( 5+10+10)
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