4 ,

:
.
.
.
.
Le Chatelier.
N
.
.
Kc.
k
N Kc = 1
k2
k1
A 2(g) .
: 2A (g) + B(g)
k2

N K c =
k1

k1 k1
k 2 k2

A 2(g) :
: 2A (g) + B(g)
k2

1o

k1

: 2A(g)
A2
k
2

(g)

k1

A 2(g)
2o : A 2(g) + (g)

k2

p.
N : p = Kc(RT)n
N Qc Qp.
N Q c Qp c
Kp , :
. .
. , .

76.

:
.
, .
:
.
, , .
:
,
.
.
.
:
: .
: .
(),
, .

100

: :

100
. =

,
.
:
% =

 -
1

77.

:

=
100

, .
Le Chatelier:
(, , ),
.
Le Chatelier,
, .
,
.
M :
, . , , ,
: SO2(g) + NO2(g)
SO 3(g) + NO (g)
SO 2 2 SO 3 .
SO 2 2 SO 3 .
:
, .
,
2, 2 3, 2(g) + 32(g)
2 3(g), = 22 Kcal

.

.
:
:
. .
.
mol .
mol ,
mol . ,
, :

78.

2(g) + 32(g)
2 3(g)

, .
, .
, .
Kc:
: (g) + B(g)
(g) + (g), Kc :

Kc =

[] []
[] []

Kc .
Kc .
:
, c.
, c.
, :
(g) + B(g)
(g) + (g), > 0
, Kc
.
c
. , , c. :
c 2, H2 NH3 :
Kc =

[NH 3 ]
. : 1/2 2(g) + 3/2 H2(g)
NH3(g)
[N 2 ]1/ 2 [H 2 ]3/ 2

[NH 3 ]2
= c 2 . : 2(g) + 3H2(g)
2NH3(g)
[N 2 ][H 2 ]3
c
.
:
K c =

[CO][H 2 ]
[H 2 O]
1
Kc =
[Cl2 ]

C(s) + H2O(g)
CO(g) + H2(g) K c =

PCl3(l) + Cl2(g)
PCl5(l)

 -
1

79.

Kc
. , :
(mol/L)( + ) - ( + ). .
Kc .
Kc, .
Kp:
,
.
: (g) + B(g)
(g) + (g)
p p
Kp =
p p
Kp , c.
c p :
: (g) + B(g)
(g) + (g).
p p
p : K p =
p p

:
p A V = n A RT p A = c A RT : pB = cBRT, p = cRT, p = cRT
p :
Kp =

p p

p p

(c RT) (c RT) c c
=
(R)[( + ) ( +)]
(c RT) (c RT) c c

c c
= K c : p = c (RT)n n = + - ( + )
c c
n = 0, p = Kc.
Qc Qp:
: (g) + B(g)
(g) + (g),

p p
[] []
Qc =
, Qp =
[] []
p p

. Qc = Kc Qp = Kp, .
. Qc Kc Qp Kp, .
:
. Qc < Kc Qp < Kp, .
. Qc > Kc Qp > Kp, .

80.

.
:
. 133: 16
. 134: 18, 19
. 135: 23, 24, 25, 26
. 136: 29, 31, 33, 34

. 137: 36, 38, 39, 41

. 138: 42, 44, 45, 47, 49
. 139: 50, 52, 53
. 140: 54, 55, 56, 58

. 7 8
(
, )
:
(7 )
. 148: 2
. 149: 3
. 151: 4
. 154: 1
. 156: 3, 4

:
(7 )
. 162: 1, 3, 5
. 163: 7, 8, 9
. 164: 10, 11
. 165:

(8 )
. 173: 2
. 175: 3
. 177: 4
. 179: 5
. 181: 6
. 184: 1
. 187: 3
. 190: 5
. 192: 7
(8 )
. 198: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6
. 199: 7, 10
. 200: 13, 14, 15, 16
. 201: 18, 19
. 102:

 -
3

81.

1.

5,6 gr CO 1,2 gr 2. To
5 atm. E

: CO(g) + 3H2(g)
CH4(g) + H2O(g),
4 atm, . ) )
)
H2 . ) Kp .
: MrCO = 28, MrH2 = 2.

:
Y mol CO 2 :
nH2 = mH2/ MrH2 = 1,2/2 = 0,6 mol
nCO = mCO / MrCO = 5,6/28 = 0,2 mol
mol :

mol :
: nA = 0,2 mol + 0,6 mol = 0,8 mol
. . .: nT = (0,2 - x)mol + (0,6 - 3x)mol + xmol + xmol = (0,8 - 2x) mol
mol , :

n A pA
0,8mol
5atm
=

=
x = 0,08mol
n T pT
(0,8 2x)mol 4atm

82.

. ... :
nCO = (0,2 - x)mol = (0,2 - 0,08)mol = 0,12 mol

nH2 = (0,6 - 3x)mol = (0,6 - 3 0,08)mol = 0,36 mol

nCH4 = x mol = 0,08 mol
nH2O = x mol = 0,08 mol
. A CO H2
, , 0,2 mol CH4. H :

molCH 4 .. 0,08mol
=
= 0, 4 0, 4%
molCH 4 ..
0, 2 mol

. mol K... : nT = (0,8 - 2x)mol = (0,8 - 2 0,08)mol = 0,64 mol

2 ... :
nH
0,36mol
p H2 = 2 pT =
4atm = 2, 25atm
nT
0,64mol
. K... :
n
0,12mol
pCO = CO pT =
4atm = 0,75atm
nT
0,64mol
n CH 4
0,08mol
p CH 4 =
pT =
4atm = 0,5atm
nT
0,64mol
nH O
0,08mol
p H 2O = 2 p T =
4atm = 0,5atm
nT
0,64mol
p :

Kp =

pCH4 p H2O
pCO p H 3

2.

: Kp =

0,5 0,5
0,75 (2, 25)3

= 0,029

CO(g) + H2O(g)
CO2(g) + H2(g),

Kc 4 C. ,
C, 2 mol CO, 2 mol H2O, 4 mol
CO2 H2.
. 2 mol CO 2,6
mol H2. CO2 .
. 1 mol H2O, 2 mol CO

 -
3

83.

2 mol 2. CO2 .
:
x mol 2 V L.
Kc CO(g) + H2O(g)
CO2(g) + H2(g) :
4
x
M M
[CO 2 ][H 2 ]
V 4 = 4x x = 4
Kc =
=V
[CO][H 2 O] c = 4, : 4 2
2
4
M M
V
V

4 mol H2.
. CO () 2 (),
. , ...:

X.I. c, :
4+
1, 4 +
M
M
(4 + )(1, 4 + )
V
V
=4
= 4 = 8,8 = 1
2
2
(4 )(2 )
M
M
V
V

= 8,8 mol < 2, = 1.

mol CO2 .. :
nCO2 = (4 + )mol = (4 + 1) mol = 5 mol.

. 2, CO H2,
:
nCO = 2 mol + 2 mol = 4 mol
n2 = 2 mol + 1 mol = 3 mol

84.

n2 = 4 mol + 2 mol = 6 mol

Y Qc :
4
6
M M
[CO 2 ][ 2 ] V
V =2
=
Qc =
4
3
[CO][ 2 ]
M M
V
V

Qc < Kc, .
,
..:

..
c, :
4+
6+
M
M
(4 + )(6 + )
V
V
=4
= 4 = 12 = 2/3
2
3
(4 )(3 )
M
M
V
V

= 12 mol < 3, : = 2/3 mol.

, mol CO2 :
nCO2 = (4 +)mol = (4 + 2/3) mol = 14/3 mol

3. H2 I2. C :
2(g) + 2(g)
2HI(g)

40% H2 .
. Kc Kp C.

 -
3

85.

. 1 2
,
1/2 80% H2.

:
. x mol H2 x mol 2.
.. , 40% 2
60%, 0,6x mol.

..:

V L , .. :
0, 4x
0, 4x
1, 2x
M, [I 2 ] =
M, [HI] =
M
[ 2 ] =
V
V
V
[HI]2
c .. : K c =
:
[H 2 ][I 2 ]
2

1, 2x

1, 22
V
Kc =
= 9 .. n = 2 (1 + 1) = 0, Kp = Kc = 9
=
0, 4x 0, 4x 0, 42
V V

. : 1 = k1[H2][I2]
: 2 = k2[]2
:
1 = 2 k1[2][2] = k2[]2
k1

k
k
0, 4x 0, 4x
1, 22 x 2
1, 44
= k2
0,16k1 = 1, 44k 2 1 =
1 =9
2
V V
k 2 0,16
k2
V

80% 2,
20%, 0,2x mol H2.

86.

80% 2:

:
1 = k1[H 2 ][I 2 ] 1 = k1

k 0,64x 2
0,8x 0,8x
1 = 1 2
V V
V

(1)

:
2

k 2 0,16x
0, 4x
2 = k 2 [HI] 2 = k 2
2 =
V2
V
2

(2)

(1) (2) :

1
=
2

4.

k1
k2

0,64x 2
V 2 1 = k1 4 , k1 = 9, 1 = 9 4 1 = 36
2 k 2
2
2
k2
0,16x 2
V2

10 L 0,8
mol SO3, 0,8 mol SO2 0,2 mol O2 327 oC,
: 2SO3(g)
2SO2(g) + O2(g).
527 oC,
2 mol .
. Kc 327 oC.
. 2SO3(g)
2SO2(g) + O2(g)
.
. 527 oC.
. Kc 527 oC.

 -
3

87.

:
Kc : c =

[SO 2 ]2 [O 2 ]
[SO3 ]2

. 327 C.
[SO3 ] =
[O 2 ] =

n SO3
V

n O2
V

0,8mol
= 0,08M
10L

[SO 2 ] =

n SO2
V

0,8mol
= 0,08M
10L

0, 2mol
= 0,02 M
10L

: c =

0,082 0,02
0,082

= 0,02

. mol 327 C : n. = (0,8 + 0,8 + 0,2)mol = 1,8 mol

527 C mol, , mol. : 2SO3(g)
2SO2(g) + O2(g) .
. 527 C :
PV = nRT

P=

n .RT 2mol 0,082L atm / mol K (527 + 273)K

=
= 13,12atm
V
10L

.
327 C 527 C:

mol 527 C 2 mol, :

(0,8 - 2x + 0,8 + 2x + 0,2 + x)mol = 2 mol 1,8 + x = 2 x = 0,2

88.

.. :
nSO3 = (0,8 2x)mol = (0,8 2 0,2)mol = 0,4 mol
nSO2 = (0,8 + 2x)mol = (0,8 + 2 0,2)mol = 1,2 mol
nO2 = (0,2 + x)mol = (0,2 + 0,2)mol = 0,4 mol
.. :
[SO3 ] =

nSO3
V

nO2

0, 4mol
= 0,04 M
10L

[SO 2 ] =

nSO2
V

1, 2mol
= 0,12 M
10L

0, 4mol
= 0,04 M
V
10L
Kc :
[O 2 ] =

c =

5.

0,122 0,04
0,042

= 0,36

127 C ,
CO2 2 atm.
527 C, CO2 CO :
C(s) + CO2(g)
2CO(g)
.. 5 atm, :
. p .
. .
.
60% v/v CO 527 C;

:
mol C x mol CO2.
..:

127 C CO2, n. = x mol.

 -
3

89.

PV = nRT 2V = xR(127 + 273) 2V = 400Rx (1)

527 C CO2 CO. T mol
: n. = (x + 2)mol = (x + )mol
:
PV = nRT 5V = (x + )R(527 + 273) 5V = 800R(x + ) (2)
(1) (2) :

2V
400Rx
2
x
=
=
x = 4
5V 800R(x + )
5 2(x + )
:
nCO = 2 mol
nCO2 = (x )mol = (4 )mol = 3 mol
T mol : n. = nCO2 + nCO = (3 + 2)mol = 5 mol
. CO2 CO :
n CO2
n
2mol
3mol
PCO = CO P =
5atm = 2atm
PCO2 =
P=
5atm = 3atm
n .
5mol
n .
5mol
Kp : K p =

PCO 2
22 4
, : p =
=
PCO2
3 3

. , CO 2x mol = 8 mol CO.

H :
mol CO
2mol
=
= 0, 25 25%
=
mol CO 8mol
. P , 60% v/v CO.
, mol , : XCO = nCO/n. = 0,6 CO2 = nCO2/n. = 0,4
:
pCO = XCOP = 0,6P pCO2 = XCO2P = 0,4P
p : K p =

PCO 2
4
. , : p =
PCO2
3

4 0,62 P2
4 0,36P
1, 6
=
=
atm
: =
3
0, 4P
3
0, 4
1,08

90.

1. x mol
mol .
: (g) + 3B(g)
(g), = 20 KJ.
100 KJ. :
. x, .
. T Kc , 10 L.
. .
............................................................................................................................
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 -
4

91.

2. V PCl5. 1 C
: PCl5(g)
PCl3(g) + Cl2(g).
H 3 atm p 1 C 1.
. PCl5.
. 5,25 atm ,
, PCl5.
. PCl5 V
2 C, 2 > 1, PCl5
60%. .
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

3. H : SO2(g) + NO2(g)
SO3(g) + NO(g)

Kc = 3 . 3
mol SO2, 3 mol NO2 11 mol SO3 .
. mol
.
. 1mol SO2 3 mol SO3
. mol
.

92.

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

4. 2 2
24,6 L 227 oC, :
2(g) + 3H2(g)
NH3(g), N2 H2 5
atm. p .
: R = 0,082 Latm/molK
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
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 -
4

93.

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

5. 1300 C :
CO(g) + H2O(g)
CO2(g) + H2(g), Kp = 4 102
CO(g) + 1/2 O2(g)
CO2(g), Kp = 106

Kp : H2O(g)
2(g) + 1/2 2(g)
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

6. 1 L 4 mol N2O4

NO2 oC, , : N2O4(g)
2NO2(g).

. Kc .
. t1
,
t2 . mol
.
. ,
0 t, t > t2.

94.

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

7. CO2

: C(s) + CO2(g)
2CO(g), Kp = 4/3 atm. C 1 mol CO2. 5 atm. N :

. .
.
50% v/v CO2 ;
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

 -
4

95.

............................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

8. 10 L 0,5 mol H2 0,5 mol 2,

448 oC. :
H2(g) + I2(g)
2HI(g), Kc 64.
. p .
. .
. HI , 0,2 min.
. , 727 C.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
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96.

............................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

9. 2L NO O2

227 oC, : 2NO(g) + O2(g)
2NO2(g).

9,3 g/L 10,25
atm. :
. H .
. Kc , 227 oC.
. .
: ArN = 14, ArO = 16, R = 0,082 Latm/molK.
............................................................................................................................
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 -
4

97.

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

10. (COCl2)

327 oC : COCl2(g)
CO(g) + Cl2(g).

P. 5 atm 327 oC Cl2 40% .
:
. .
. .

............................................................................................................................
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98.

1
. ;
( 5)
...........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
. Le Chatelier.
( 5)
...........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
. c p :
A(g) + B(g)
2(g) + (g);
( 5)
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
. :
Qc .................... c .
Qc < c, .................... Qc > c,
....................
( 5)

 -
5

99.

. ;
.
. .
. Kc.
. : S2(g) + NO2(g)
SO3(g) + NO(g), : Kc = Kp.
. .
. CuO(s) + H2(g)
Cu(s) + H2O(g),
.
( 5)
...........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
2
. Kc : A(g) + 2B(g)
4(g) 0,125,
c :4(g)
(g) + 2(g) :
. 0,125

. 0,125

. 8

. .
( 5)

................................................................................................................
. : 2SO2(g) + O2(g)
2SO3(g), = 45 Kcal. O
mol SO3 , :
. .
. .
. 2 .
. e .
( 5)

................................................................................................................
. :
CH4(g) + H2O(g)
CO(g) + 3H2(g), > :
. .
. .
. e (V, , ).

. CO.
( 5)

100.

.................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
. : 2A(g) + B(g)
3(g) + (g).
,
;
. [] = []
. [] = []
. [] < []
. [] < []
( 5)

.................................................................................................................
3
. : COCl2(g)
CO(g) + Cl2(g), > 0, c = 5
1, P1.
. 1 P1, Kc :
CO(g) + Cl2(g)
COCl2(g) .....................
. 2 > 1 P1, Kc :
CO(g) + Cl2(g)
COCl2(g) ..................... Kc.
. 1 P2 > P1, Kc :
CO(g) + Cl2(g)
COCl2(g) ..................... Kc.
( 15)
. V
x mol 24 mol NO2, x > ,
: 24(g)
22(g), > 0.
t1

, .
. .
[NO 2 ]2
. t1 t2
[N 2O4 ]
.
( 10)
...........................................................................................................................
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 -
5

101.

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4
V 3 mol N2 x mol H2 127 oC
. : 2(g) + 32(g)
2NH3(g)
mol . :
. x mol 2
. .
. 4 L c p .
. 2 2 200 C, ,
.. mol
7.
1. 200 C;
2. .

( 25)

102.

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