5 ,

:

.
.
.

.
,
.
.
.
.

104.

:
() .
, () , .
:
. :
.

.
,
.
,
(CHCl3):
, C - H .
,
C - Cl .
, 1+, Cl 1 C 1 (1) + 3 (+1) = +2.
, CHCl3: ..() = +1, ..(Cl) = -1, ..(C) = +2.
. :
:
1. .
2. .
3. ..
a, ... .. +1
Mg, Ca, Ba .. .. +2

 -
1

105.

4. To (F) .. 1.
5. () .. 2. F2
.. +2 , .. 1
6. () .. +1, () .. 1.
7. .. .
8.
.
:
:
.

, .

,
.

:
.
.

,
,
.
:
, .
, .
, , :
. 2K + Br2 2KBr
. 2 + S H2S
:
. S 2, . .
. ,
.
:
. 2S
, .

106.

. () r ().
:
. .. 0 +1 () .. S 0 -2 (). .
0

+1 -2

H2 + S H2 S
. .. a 0 +1 () .. r
0 -1 (). .
0

+1 1

2 Na + Cl2 2 Na Cl

:
,
. . , ..
, .. .
, . , .. .
, .
, .
, .. .
, .
Cl2 ,
, :
2
Cl2.
:
: nO2 + HCl ...
nO2 HCl.
:
+
HCl

nCl2
+
Cl2
nO2

Cl
1 ( -1 0) n 2 ( +4 +2).

 -
1

107.

nCl2
Cl, Cl2
Mn, , Cl Cl2 2.
nO2 + HCl 1nCl2 + 1Cl2

. , 4 HCl Cl:
nO2 + 4HCl 1nCl2 + 1Cl2
:
nO2 + 4HCl 1nCl2 + 1Cl2 + 22
:
nO2 + 4HCl nCl2 + Cl2 + 22
:
:

.
0

+1 -1

: H 2 + Cl 2 2 H Cl
:
()
().
+2 -2

: 2 Hg O 2 Hg + O 2 ()
+5 -2

-1

2KCl O3 2KCl + 3O 2 ()

:
. :

.
:
Li, K, B, C, , g, l, Mn, Zn, Cr, Fe, Ni, Sn, Pb, H2, Bi, Cu, Hg, Ag, Pt, Au
0

+2

+2

: Fe + Cu SO 4 FeSO4 + Cu
,
.
+2.
0

+1

+2

: Cu + Ag NO 3 Cu( NO 3 )2 + 2 Ag

108.

. :

. ,
.
: + +
0

+1

+2

: Zn+ 2 HCl ZnCl 2 + H 2

3 2S4, , .
. :
, a, Ca, a
2.
: 2 + 22 2 + 2
, ,
.
. :
:
F2, O3, Cl2, Br2, O2, I2, S ...
.

.
0

: Cl2 + 2K Br 2K Cl+ Br2

:

( ),
10 , 229 237.

 -
2

109.

.
:
. 168: 15
. 172: 33, 34, 35, 36, 38
. 169: 18, 19, 20
. 173: 40, 41, 42, 44
. 170: 24, 25, 26
. 171: 27, 28, 30, 31, 32
. 9, 10 11
(
, )
:
(9 )
. 215: 1, 2
. 216: 4
. 217: 5
(10 )
. 238: 1, 2

(11 )
. 243: 1
. 244: 2
. 245: 3
. 246: 4
. 247: 5
. 250: 2
. 252: 4

:
(9 )
. 224: 1, 3, 5, 6
. 225:
(10 )
. 240: 2, 3, 4, 5
. 241: 6, 7, 8

(11 )
. 254: 3, 5, 6
. 255: 10, 12, 13
. 256:

110.

1.

400 mL KMnO4 1M 2 L HCl 2 M,

Cl2.
. KMnO4.
. Cl2 3,6 L PCl3. 227 oC :
PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
PCl5(g), = 28 cal

16,8 Kcal 20,5 atm.
1. Kc.
2. Kc .

:
. mol KMnO4 HCl:
n HCl = c 2 V2 = 2M 2L = 4 mol
n KMnO = c1V1 = 1M 0, 4L = 0, 4 mol
4

:
16HCl + 2KMnO4 5Cl2 + 2MnCl2 + 2KCl + 8H2O
:
16 mol HCl 2 mol KMnO4.
4 mol HCl x; mol KMnO4.
x = 0,5 mol KMnO4.
H KMnO4 0,4 mol, KMnO4
HCl . KMnO4 ,
.
. KMnO4 , Cl2
:
:
2 mol KMnO4 5 mol Cl2.
0,4 mol KMnO4 ; mol Cl2.

 -
3

111.

= 1 mol Cl2.
mol PCl3.
,
:

28 cal,
:
1 mol PCl3, 28 cal .
z; mol PCl3, 16,8 cal .
z = 0,6 mol PCl3.
.. :
n PCl3 = ( z)mol = ( 0,6)mol
n Cl2 = (1 z)mol = (1 0,6)mol = 0, 4 mol
n PCl5 = z mol = 0,6 mol
mol :
n . = n PCl3 + n Cl2 + n PCl5 = ( 0,6)mol + 0, 4mol + 0,6mol = ( + 0, 4)mol
,
:
PV
20,5atm 3,6L
PV = n o.R n o. =
=
= 1,8 mol
RT 0,082L atm / mol K 500K
n. = ( + 0,4)mol 1,8 mol = ( + 0,4)mol = 1,4 mol
: n PCl3 = ( 0,6)mol = (1, 4 0,6)mol = 0,8mol
1. c :
0,6
M
[PCl5 ]
3,6
=
= 6,75
Kc =
0, 4
[PCl3 ][Cl2 ] 0,8
M
M
3,6
3,6
2. , , c .

112.

3. 59 g Fe Cu 2SO4,
29,12 L S.T.P.
. .
.
HNO3 1/3 M, ;
: rFe = 56, ArCu = 63,5.
:
. x mol Fe mol Cu.
mFe + mCu = m. nFe ArFe + nCu ArCu = m. 56x + 63,5 = 59 (1)
:
2Fe + 6H2SO4( - ) Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O
Cu + 2H2SO4( - ) CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O
Fe :
2 mol Fe 3 mol SO2.
x mol Fe ; mol SO2.
= 3x/2 mol SO2.
Cu :
1 mol Cu 1 mol SO2.
mol Cu ; mol SO2.
= mol SO2.
O SO2 S.T.P. 29,12 L. :
n SO2 =

VSO2
Vm

29,12L
= 1,3mol , : + = 1,3 3x/2 + = 1,3 (2)
22, 4L / mol

(1) (2) x = 0,6 = 0,4.

0,6 mol Fe 0,4 mol Cu.
mFe = nFe ArFe = 0,6mol 56g/mol = 33,6 g
mCu = nCu ArCu = 0,4mol 63,5g/mol = 25,4 g
. :
Fe + 4HO3() Fe(O3)3 + O + 2H2O
3Cu + 8HO3() 3Cu(O3)2 + 2O + 4H2O

 -
3

113.

Fe :
1 mol Fe 4 mol HNO3.
0,6 mol Fe o z; mol HNO3.
z = 2,4 mol HNO3.
Cu :
3 mol Cu 8 mol HNO3.
0,4 mol Cu o ; mol HNO3.
= 3,2/3 mol HNO3.
2,4mol + 3,2/3mol = 10,4/3 mol HNO3.
3:
c=

n HNO3
V

V=

n HNO3
c

10, 4 / 3mol
= 10, 4 L
1/ 3M

10,4 L 3.

4. x
, x < . 0,3 mol M , 2SO4, 6,72 L S.T.P. 500
mL KMnO4, H2SO4.
0,1 mol, H2SO4
H2S 14,4 g .
x KMnO4.
: rS = 32.
:
2SO4 2(SO4)x. :
2 + xH2SO4 2(SO4)x + xH2
mol 2 :
VH 2
6,72L
=
= 0,3mol
n H2 =
Vm 22, 4L / mol
:
2 mol M x mol H2.
0,3 mol M 0,3 mol H2.
x = 2 , .. +2.

114.

x 2SO4 :
+ 2SO4 SO4 + 2
mol SO4 :
1 mol 1 mol SO4.
0,3 mol ; mol SO4.
= 0,3 : = 0,3 mol SO4.
x, SO4 KMnO4 :
:
10 mol SO4 2( - 2) mol KMnO4.
mol KMnO4.
0,3 mol SO4 ;
= 0,06( - 2), : n KMNO4 = 0,06( 2) mol (1)
2SO4 :
2 + 22SO4() 2(SO4) + SO2 + 2H2O
:
2 mol mol SO2.
0,1 mol mol SO2.
= 0,05 : n SO2 = 0,05 mol
2S SO2 :
SO2 + 2H2S 3S + 2H2O
To .
m
14, 4g
= 0, 45mol
mol S : n S = S =
ArS 32g / mol
:
1
mol SO2 3 mol S.
0,05 mol SO2 0,45 mol S.
= 3, +3.
(1) :
n KMNO4 = 0,06( 2) mol = 0,06(3 2)mol = 0,06 mol

Mn4 : c =

n KMnO4
V

0,06mol
= 0,12 M
0,5L

 -
4

115.

1.

nO2 .
,
6,72 L , S.T.P.
To
1 g H2. N :
. .
. .
: Mn=55, O=16, H=1, Cl=35,5.
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116.

2.

19,2 g.
10% w/w 4,48 L
STP. N :
.
. .
: =14, O=16, H=1, Cu=63,5, Zn=65.
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3.
+2 +4. 1,19 g
. 200 mL 0,02 . .
............................................................................................................................
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 -
4

117.

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4. 0,2 mol Ag 0,2 mol 3. ,

0,2 mol N2O4. 4 atm.
:
22(g)
N2O4(g)
p = 2. 3 atm.
. .
. .
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118.

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5. Fe - n 18,6 g 600 mL Cl
2M. To 600 mL Cl 1M ( ).
. .
. 600 mL 100
mL K2Cr2O7.
K2Cr2O7.
: Fe=56, Zn=65.
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 -
4

119.

............................................................................................................................
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6.

26 g 60% v/v SO2

40% v/v H2S. .
. (S) ;
. ;
. , nO4 0,2 M.
;
: 2 2S: -60 Kcal/mol -5
Kcal/mol , : -70 cal/mol,
ArS=32, ArO=16, ArH=1
............................................................................................................................
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120.

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

7. 6,2 g 100 mL HNO3 12 M,

.
. S.T.P. ;
. ;
. HNO3 2 M,

; 1.
: 3 = -40 cal/mol,
3P4 = -300 cal/mol, 2 = +8 cal/mol, 2 = -70 cal/mol, ArP=31.
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 -
4

121.

8. 35,1 g NaCl K2Cr2O7 0,2 , o H2SO4.

2 L,
COCl2. T 1000 oC
: COCl2(g)
CO(g) + Cl2(g), Kc
= 0,05. 0,1 mol CO,
:
. K2Cr2O7 .
. COCl2 .
: ArNa=23, ArCl=35,5.
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9.

x g S
3. . n 4,48 L
H2 S.T.P. Cl2
HCl. HCl

122.

400 mL KMnO4. :
. T x g .
. H KMnO4.
. O S.T.P. .
: ArS=32.
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 -
5

123.

1
. ;
.
( 5)

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.................................................................................................................
.
.

1. Na

. 0, -1

2. Ca

. 0, -1, +1

3. H

. 0, -2, -1, +2

4. F

. 0, +2

5. O

. 0, +1

( 5)

................................................................................................................

124.

. 2S + H2O2 S + 2H2O, 22 ....................

.................... .. = ..... .. = .....
nO2 + H2O2 + H2SO4 MnSO4 + O2 + 2H2O, 22
.................... .................... .. = ..... .. = .....
( 10)
. :
Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu
3Ag + 4HNO3() 3AgNO3 + NO + 2H2O
SO2 + 2H2S 3S + 2H2O
( 5)

................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
2
. :

. ...a + ...H2SO4()

. ...3() + ...P
. ...l + ...H2SO4( - )

. ...n4 + ...CO + ...H2SO4

. ...22 + ...
. ...S2 + ...22

( 12)

. ;
2 + Cl2 2HCl
. .
. .
. .
. .
( 5)

................................................................................................................

 -
5

125.

. : 422 + 23 4H2 + 5O2,

.
( 5)

................................................................................................................
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................................................................................................................
3
. 1,2 - :
. .
. .
F>C>H.
( 10)
. 20 g Al HNO3.
l 81% w/w
HNO3, S.T.P.
: rAl = 27.
( 15)

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126.

4
32,5 g Zn 2SO4. SO2
8,2 L
2 : 2SO2(g) + O2(g)
2SO3(g)

10 cal. 3
atm 227 oC. :
. .
. p.
: SO2 = 70 Kcal/mol, SO3 = 95 Kcal/mol
rZn = 65.
( 10)

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