:

()
= 1 () ( + 1)
.

[
.

.
,
, :

[ .
[ .
[ .

122.

: -

P ( ) .
. 1 P (1)

. P ( ) P ( v + 1) .
P ( ) .

, 0 , :
0 , :
= + , 0 <

, : .
= + 0 < ,
.
, .
0.

- .
- .
- ,
.
- .
- .
- .

 123.

- .
- .
- , * .
, * .
.
.
.
, ,
.
- , ,
.

, 0 . | . =
:





: |
, 0 , .

| |
1| , , | , *
|0 *
| | , *

124.

,, . :

|
|
|
|

| :
=
| :
|
|
| :
|( + )

| 0 :

:
/ / / ( + ) , ,
. .

1

.
i. x .
ii. x .

2
, , , x, y . | | ( x y ) | y

 125.

, , . :
 .
(i) | | ,
(ii)

(iii)

| , |

(iv)

| ,

| (  ) .

(v)

z0 ,

| | d | | .

| ,

| .
.

(i) | | , , , , ,

, 1 , 1

1 ,

 .

(ii) | | , , , , ,
| .

(iii) | , , , | .

(iv) | | , , , , ,
 (  ) | (  ) .

(v) | z 0 , z 0 . , | | | || |t| | ,
| |t1 .

126.

.
2003.
4.1

: 1
4.2

1, 2

: 1, 3, 5
4.3

: 1, 2, 5, 6

.


11:
:

3, 4

: 3, 4, 6
12:
:

1, 2, 4, 5

: 3, 4, 8, 9, 10

 127.

1. : 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + ( 2 1) =

:
P ( ) .
P ( ) = 1 ( 2 1 1) = 12 .
P ( ) 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + ( 2 1) = 2 (1).
P ( + 1) . (1)
2
1 + 3 + 5 + ... + ( 2 1) + ( 2 + 1) = ( + 1) (1) :
2
1 + 3 + 5 + ... + ( 2 1) + ( 2 + 1) = 2 + 2 + 1 = ( + 1) .
.

2.

( ) 2 + 4 + ... + 2 = ( + 1 ) 1

i. () P ( + 1) .
ii. ( ) ;

i. ( ) , :
2 + 4 + ... + 2 + 2 ( + 1) = ( + 1) 1 + 2 ( + 1) = ( + 1)( + 2 ) 1

( + 1) .
ii. , = 1 2 = 1 2 1 2 = 1 , .

3.

10 + 3 4 + 2 + 5 = 9 ,
.

() = 1 , :

128.

101 + 3 41+ 2 + 5 = 10 + 192 + 5 = 207 = 23 9 , (1) .

() 10 + 3 4 + 2 + 5 = 9

(1)

( + 1) .
: 10 +1 + 3 4( +1)+ 2 + 5 = 9
(1) :

( )

10 = 9 3 4 + 2 5 (2)

: 10 +1 + 3 4( +1)+ 2 + 5 = 10 10 + 3 4 + 2 4 + 5 =
= 10 (9 3 4 + 2 5 ) + 3 4 + 2 4 + 5 =
= 90 30 4 + 2 50 + 3 4 + 2 4 + 5 =
= 90 18 4 + 2 45 = 9 (10 2 4 + 2 5 )
= 9 = 10 2 4 + 2 5 .

4.

4.
:
, , , = + 1, = + 2 = + 3
= + + + = + + 1 + + 2 + + 3 = 4 + 6 , = 2 ( 2 + 3) ,
, = 4 + 4 + 2 = 4 ( + 1) + 2 4 2.

5.

925 + 259 8.

:
925 1 = (9 1) (924 + 923 + ... + 1) = 8 = 924 + 923 + ... + 1

259 1 = ( 25 1) ( 258 + 257 + ... + 25 + 1) = 3 8

= 258 + 257 + ... + 25 + 1 925 + 259 = 8 + 1 + 3 8 + 1
= 8 ( + 3 ) + 2 , 925 + 259 8 2.

6.
=

1 + ( 2 + 2)
.
4

 129.

:
= 4 + , = 0,1, 2 3.
1 + ( 2 + 2 ) 1 + 4 (16 2 + 2 )
1
=
= (16 2 + 2 ) +
4
4
4
=1 = 4 + 1 :

= 0 =

1 + ( 4 + 1) (16 2 + 8 + 1 + 2 ) 1 + ( 4 + 1) ( 4 + 3)
=
, = 4 2 + 2,
4
4

: =

1 + 16 + 12 + 4 + 3 4 (4 + 3 + + 1)
=
, = 4 + 3 + + 1
4
4

= 4 + 2 = 4 + 3 A .
= 4 + 1 , .

7.

64 32v + 2 8v 9 ` * .

:
(v) 32v + 2 8v 9 = 9 9v 8v 9 = 64
v = 1 (1) 9 91 8 9 = 64 = 64 .
(v) . :
9 9v 8v 9 = 64 9 9v 8v 9 = 64 9 9v = 8v + 9 + 64 ]

(+1) . :
9 9v +1 8 ( v + 1) 9 = 64

: x = 9 9v +1 8 ( v + 1) 9
x = 9 9 9v 8v 8 9
x = 9 (8v + 9 + 64 ) 8v 17
x = 72v + 81 + 9 64 8v 17
x = 9 64 + 64v + 64

x = 64 (9 + v + 1)
x = 64 = 9 + v + 1 ] 64 x .

8. 11 3

2v + 2

+ 26v +1 v ` * .

130.

:
P ( v ) 32v + 2 + 26v +1 = 9 9 v 2 64 v = 11
v = 1 (1) 81 + 128 = 209 = 11 .
P ( v ) .
9 9 v + 2 64 v = 11 9 9v + 2 64v = 11 9 9 v = 11 2 64 v ]

P ( v + 1) .
:

9 9 v +1 + 2 64 v +1 = 11

: x = 9 9v +1 + 2 64v +1
x = 9 9 9v + 2 64 64v
x = 9 (11 2 64 v ) + 128 64 v

x = 11 9 18 64v + 128 64v

x = 11 9 110 64v
x = 11(9 10 64 v )

x = 11 = 9 10 64 v ] 11 x .

9.. 10 7, 2, 5, 20.
. 525 19.
.
. ,, + 4 + 12 = 231 < 4
< 3 , , , .

. x 11 3 8 2.
x 88.
:
. = 10 + 7
= 10 + 6 + 1 = 2 (5 + 3) + 1 = 2 + 1 = 5 + 3 2 1.
= 10 + 5 + 2 = 5 ( 2 + 1) + 2 = 5f + 2 f = 2 + 1 5 2.
= 10 + 7 = 2 = 2 + 1 :

 131.

i. = 2 = 20 + 7 .
ii. = 2 + 1 = 10 ( 2 + 1) + 7 = 20 + 17 7 17.
. 525 = 19 + 0 < :
525

> 20
525 19 <

0 525 19 <
525 19 0
525

19

= 27 = 525 19 27 = 525 513 = 12 .

.

231 = 4 ( + 3 ) +

4 231 + 3

0 < 4

231 4 = 3 + 3 = 57
31 57

57 = 3 +
0 < 3

3 57 57 3

= 0

0 19

= 19 .
. :
x = 11 + 3 ( ) 8x = 88 + 24 :
x = 8 + 2 ( ) 11x = 88 + 22
x = 33x 32x x = 3 11x 4 8x x = 3 (88 + 22 ) 4 (88 + 24 )
x = 3 88 + 66 4 88 96 x = 3 88 + 66 4 88 96
x = 3 88 4 88 88 + 58 x = 88 (3 88 1) + 58 x = 88f + 58

f = 3 88 1 88 x 58.

10..

3 ( 2 + 5 ) (

( 2 + 5)
)
3

. 4 3 + 5 (

3 + 5
)
4

132.

. ( + 2 ) (3 + 1) (

3 + 1
)
+2

. ( + 1) (3 + 2 + 5 ) (

3 + 2 + 5
)
+1

:
. = 3 = 3 + 1 = 3 + 2 .
= 3 x = ( 2 + 5 ) = 3 (9 2 + 5 ) = 3f f = (9 2 + 5 ) 3 | x .
= 3 + 1 :
x = ( 2 + 5 ) = (3 + 1) (9 2 + 6 + 1 + 5 ) = (3 + 1) (9 2 + 6 + 6 ) =
2
3 (3 + 1) (3 2 + 2 + 2 ) = 3 = (3 + 1) (3 + 2 + 2 ) 3 | x .

= 3 + 2 :
x = ( 2 + 5 ) = (3 + 2 ) (9 2 + 12 + 4 + 5 ) = (3 + 2 ) (9 2 + 12 + 9 ) =
2
3 (3 + 2 ) (3 2 + 4 + 3) = 3 = (3 + 2 ) (3 + 4 + 3) 3 | x .

3 | ( 2 + 5 ) .
. = 4 + = 0,1, 2,3 x = 3 + 5 x = 3 ( 4 + ) + 5
x = 12 + 3 + 5 x = 12 + 4 + 3 + 1 x = 4 (3 + 1) + 3 + 1 = 4 + 3 + 1

= 3 + 1

= 0 x = 4 + 1 4 | x .
= 1 x = 4 + 4 x = 4 ( + 1) 4 | x .
= 2 x = 4 + 7 x = 4 + 8 + 2 x = 4 ( + 2 ) + 2 4 | x .
x = 4 + 10 x = 4 + 8 + 2 x = 4 ( + 2 ) + 2 4 | x .
4 | 3 + 5 = 4 + 1 .
. 3 + 1 = 3 + 6 5 = 3 ( + 2 ) 5
+ 2 | 5 , :

3 + 1
5
= 3
+2
+2

+ 2 = 1 + 2 = 1 + 2 = 5 + 2 = 5 = 1 = 3 = 3 = 7
. Horner :

3 + 2 + 5 = ( + 1) ( 2 + 3) + 2

 133.

:
:

11..

3 + 2 + 5
2
, + 1 | 2
= 2 + 3 +
+1
+1
+ 1 = 1 + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2 + 1 = 2
= 0 = 2
= 1 = 3 .
7 | 3 + 2 = 7 + 4 (. 7

4).
. 17 | 3 + 2 , 17 | 5 + 9 .
. , . 3, 5
5 | + 3 25 | 3 2 + 8 3 2 .
. , 3 | 2 + 3 | 5 + 3 9 | .

. 7 | 3 + 2 3 + 2 = 7 ( )
=

7 2
2
= 2 +
2 3 | 2 2 = 3
3
3
3

( ) = 3 + 2 :
= 2 (3 + 2 ) +

3 + 2 2
= 6 + 4 + = 7 + 4
3

. 17 | 3 + 2 : 3 + 2 = 17
=

17 3
2

= 8 +

2 | = 2 ( )
2

= 2 = 7 + 3

x = 5 + 9 x = 5 ( 2 ) + 9 (7 + 3 )
x = 5 10 + 63 + 27
x = 68 + 17

x = 17 ( 4 + )
x = 17 = ( 4 + ) , 17 | x = 5 + 9 .

3 = 5 +
, 0 < 4 3 = 5 ( ) 3 = 5
= 5 +

= , = 3 5

134.

x = + 3

x = + 3 (3 5 )

x = 10 15
x = 5 ( 2 3 )

x = 5 = 2 3 5 | + 3

5 | 3
5 | + 3

5 5 | (3 )( + 3 ) 25 | 3 2 + 8 3 2

3 | 2 +
3 | 2 (5 + 3 ) 5 ( 2 + ) =
3 | 5 + 3
3 | 2 +
3|
3 | 3 ( 2 + ) (5 + 3 ) =
9 |
3 | 5 + 3
3|

12.. :
i. 8 ( + 1) 1

ii. 12 2 + ( + 1) + ( + 3) 2 + 2

. x = 3 + 2 y = 5 + 4 :
i. x, y.
ii. 4 x 2 y 2 .
iii. x2 3 1.
. i. 128 4 + 6 2 7 .
ii. , , 8 2 + 2 2 2 .

. = 2
i. = ( + 1) 1 = ( 2 + 1) 1 = 4 2 + 4 =
2

4 ( + 1) * ( + 1) = 2 , .

= 4 2 = 8 8 = ( + 1) 1
2

* , + 1 ( + 1) = 2 (
)

 135.

ii. : = 2 + ( + 1) + ( + 3) 2 + 2
2

= 2 + 2 + 2 + 1 + 2 + 6 + 9 2 + 2
= 3 2 + 6 + 12
= 12 2 + 12 + 12

= 12 ( 2 + + 1) = 12 = 2 + + 1

12 2 + ( + 1) + ( + 3) 2 + 2
2

.i. x, y
x = 3 + 2
3 (5 + 4 ) 5 (3 + 2 ) = 2

y = 5 + 4

= 1 = 2
ii. : = x 2 y 2 = (3 + 2 ) (5 + 4 ) = 92 + 12 + 4 252 40 16 =
2

162 28 12 = 4 ( 42 7 3 ) = 4 = 42 7 3 4 = x 2 y 2

iii. : x 2 = 92 + 12 + 4 = 92 + 12 + 3 + 1 = 3 (32 + 4 + 1) + 1
= 3 + 1 = 32 + 4 + 1

3 x 2 1
.i. 2 = 8v + 1 v ( )
= 4 + 6 2 7 = (8 + 1) + 6 (8 + 1) 7 =
2

64 2 + 16 + 1 + 48 + 6 7 = 64 2 + 64 =
64 ( + 1) = 64 2 = 128 128 |

* , + 1 ( + 1) = 2
ii. , , 2 = 8 + 1 , 2 = 8 + 1 2 = 8 + 1
= 2 + 2 2 2

= 2 + 1 + 8 + 1 16 2

= 8 ( + 2 ) 8 |

136.

1.

:
1 + 3 + 6... +

( + 1) ( + 1) ( + 2 )
=
2
6

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

2.

( ) : 2 + 2 + 2 + ... < 2 (
) .
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

 137.

3.

1 = 2 +1 = 4 + :
i. +1 >

ii. < 3 = 1, 2, 3,...

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

4.

3 > 3 4 .
3

3 > 4 ( )

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

5. :

x x

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

138.

6.

:
.

1 2 + 2 5 + ... + ( 3 1) = 2 ( + 1)

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

7.

3.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

8. 3
.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

 139.

9.

2
i. 3 3 .

ii. 3 2 9 2 .
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

10.

, > 2 . 2 + 1
4 + 1 .
...........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................

11.

,, x = 2 x = 2 + 2

x
.
2

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

140.

12. 72
3 .
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

13.

4 + 1 = 3 ,

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

14.

>
2 .
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

141.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

15. , 5 + 3 2 1 .
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

16.

5 33 + 2 + 2 + 4 .

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

17. :

7 32 +1 + 2 + 2

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

142.

18. :

( + 1)
!
2

( ! = 1 2 3 )
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

 143.

1
, , . : | | , | ( + ) .
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
( 25)

20
:

3 5 17... (1 + 22

) = 22

+1

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
( 25)

144.

30
:

i. 2 2 +

ii. 2 2

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
( 25)

40
A , 5, 2
5 1 4. x
y 5 5 x 4 y 4 .
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
( 25)