A Note on the 'Twelve Mavals' of Poona District Author(s): Ian Raeside Reviewed work(s): Source: Modern Asian Studies,

Vol. 12, No. 3 (1978), pp. 393-417 Published by: Cambridge University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/312227 . Accessed: 25/09/2012 01:24
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ModernAsian Studies,12, 3 (1978), pp. 393-417. Printed in Great Britain.

A Noteon the 'Twelve Mavals' Poona District of

IAN RAESIDE Schoolof Orientaland African Studies, Universityof London A MAVAL1 is the generic name for one of the fertile river valleys which run east from the watershed of the Western Ghats in the Poona District of Maharashtra. They are called mavals only so long as they are fairly narrow and enclosed between the many spurs which run east from the summit crest of the Ghats and they end roughly at a line drawn northsouth just short of Poona city itself, so that the whole belt of country west of Poona, about 25 miles wide and 70 miles from north to south is often called 'the Maval'. The sub-district of Maval Taluka which lies north-west of Poona and through which run the main road and railway to Bombay, is only a small part of this area. It was in the Maval that Sivaji first established the power base which, after many vicissitudes, developed into the Maratha kingdom and the hardy mountain people who formed his guerrilla forces and raiding parties were known as mavale. The word probably derives from the Marathi verb mdvalanem'to set, of the sun or any other heavenly body', and so the Maval was originally just 'the West' if you happened to live in Poona. An alternative name for some of the higher and narrower valleys is khor.2 This much can be learned from many an obvious reference work and dictionary. A little further pursuit into purely Marathi works of reference will produce the phrase bard mdvalem-'the twelve mavals', and from this point matters become less clear-cut. The concept of the twelve mavals almost certainly dates back at least to the sixteenth century, to the period of Muslim rule when the area round Poona was successively under the control of the Nizamshahi dynasty of Ahmadnagar and the Adilshahis of Bijapur.3 Rajavade states that the oldest document in which he has seen the two words together was a sanada of Saka 1536
1 In Marathi mavala,plural mdvalem. Except in direct quotations from Marathi texts the word will be anglicized as maval, pl. mavals. 2 Marathi khorem, khorzm will similarly become khor, khors. pl. 3 Hiroshi Fukazawa, drawing on published Persian and Marathi sources, has described in some detail the organization of the Adilshahi territories, but there is no mention of mavals here. Hiroshi Fukazawa, 'A Study of the Local Administration of Adilshahi Sultanate (A.D. 1489-1686)', The Hitotsubashi III, 2 Journal of Economics, (I963), pp. 37-67.

393

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(1614) .4 The earliest history of Sivaji's reign, written in 1697, tells us that Sivaji came to Poona and 'seized the twelve mavals',5 while in the Ballad of Tanaji Malusare which was perhaps written not long after the events it describes (the capture of Simhagad in i670)6 come

the famous lines (bard mdvala bardmdvala punyakhalim junardkhalim'twelve mavals under Poona, twelve mavals underJunnar'.7 But which twelve ? The reference books normally supply a list derived from V. K. Rajavade which is as follows: List i (Rajavade)8 Andara mavala Nane mavala Pavana mavala Ghotana mavala Pauda khorem Mosem mava!a Muthem mava}a Gunjana mavala Velavanda mavala Bhora khorem Sivata(ra) khorem Hiradasa mavala Rajavade nowhere justifies this list but it is doubtless drawn up from his own vast experience of the seventeenth and eighteenth century Marathi documents that he devoted his life to collecting. However, if one looks at those documents which have been published, by Rajavade and others, one finds variations. In Volume 45 of Selections from the Peshwa Daftar is an incomplete,
4 V. K. Rajavade, Mard.thydncya itihdsdcim sddhanem (hereafter referred to as MIS), IV, 2nd edn (Poona, Saka 1845 (1923)), p. 74. The first edition of this volume of MIS (Poona, I900) is much rarer than the second and is not available to me. 5 'baramdvalem kdbfjakelim'.V. S. Vakasakara (ed.), Srf Sivaprabhucem caritra,2nd edn (Poona, I960), p. 5. This chronicle, usually referred to by Marathi historians as sabhdsaddcf bakhara,was translated by S. N. Sen, Extractsand Documents Relating to Madrdthd History: I. Siva Chhatrapati (Calcutta, 1920), pp. 1-154. 6 There is some doubt about this and the poem as we now have it may be eighteenth nasdvd',Bhdrata Itihdsa century. Cf. D. V. Potadara, 'Simhagada povdddsamakdlina Samsodhaka Mandala Quarterly (hereafter BISMQ), XIX, I (1938), pp. 13-16. 7H. A. Acworth and S. T. Saligrama, Itihdsaprasiddha va purusdnce strfydnce povdde, 2nd edn (Poona, 91 I), p. 24. The ballad of Tanaji is translated, very freely, in H. A. Acworth, Ballads of the Marathas (London, 1894), pp. I4-55. The twelve mavals under Junnar are outside the scope of this note. 8 Rajavade, MIS, IV, p. 75.

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undated but reasonably old document (mid-eighteenth century?) which lists the office holders (Deshmukhs and Deshpandes) of Poona and neighbouring districts and which begins with fragmentary lists of the territorial divisions set up by the Muslim rulers of the area and subsequently by Shivaji. Here we find under the heading 'I2 mavale':
List 2 (PD 45)9 I Nane mavala i Pona mavala I Paudakhora I Muthekhora

I I I I

Kanadakhora Gujana mavala Velhavada khora Hiradasa mavala

i Rohidakhora i Korabarase i Khedebare

II

I Tamhanakhora The lay-out is perhaps significant. It is as though the compiler had found the last name as an afterthought, having discovered that his list added up to only eleven. In another document, a list of territories supposedly sent to the Moghal emperor in 1719, there are further variants:
mavale List 3 (MIS 8)10 tarpha I2:

KarySt mavala Kanapakhorem Khedebarem Gunjana mavala Nane mavala Bhorakhorem June mavala Muthekhorem Savadakhorem
9 G. S. Saradesai (ed.), Selections from the Peshwa Daftar (hereafter PD), Vol. 45 (Bombay, 1934), No. I, p. 2. References to PD will be by volume and document number, and by page number only when the document is a long one. 10 MIS VIII.78, p. 103.

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Hiradasa mavala Siravala Rohidakhorem As against this an apparently older document of 1656 gives only eight maval districts: tarpha List 4 (PD 31)11 mavale: I Pona mavale I Nane mavale i Mose khora 5 Tamhana khore I Muthe khore I Rohida khore i Pauda khore I Kanata khore

Lists 2 and 3, although they come from documents that are somewhat dubious in status, undoubtedly represent an eighteenth-century shot at identifying the twelve mavals. Rajavade's List I we may take as his own educated guess, but other and later historians have produced other and possibly less educated guesses. Sen in a footnote lists: 'Rohidkhor, Velvand, Muse, Muthe, Jor, Kanad, Sivthar, Murum, Paud, Gunjan, Bhor and Pavan'12 while Vakasakara, expressing his indebtedness to Rajavade and to information supplied by 'the well-known historian Y. R. Gupte', emerges with a list of I2 mavals plus 7 khors.13 Upon inspection this turns out to be a conflation of Lists I and 3 and the attempted distinction between a maval and a khor is not valid. Although it seems likely that a khor usually implies a valley that is narrower and more enclosed than a maval, it actually occurs more frequently with most of the place names of the lists quoted above. Indeed, to anticipate in this matter the appeal to the documents which follows, only Nane Maval, Pavan Maval, Gunjan Maval and Hiradas Maval are consistently so named. The rest are khors. It seems then that the lists alone are not much help. Indeed, I am sure that the quest for the 'true' twelve mavals is largely illusory. Like
1 PD 31, 1933, 24, p. 20. The figure 5 put against Tamhana khore is meaningless except as a later alteration to bring the number up to the traditional twelve. 12 S. N. Sen, Siva Chhatrapati, p. 3. The identical list appears in G. S. Saradesai, Mara.thi riyasata, 2. Sakakarta Sivdjz (Bombay, I935), p. 26. In fact, I suspect that Sen has followed Saradesai but have not been able to check this in the first edition of the Rijyasata. 13Vakasakara, Srf SivaprabhScemcaritra, p. 5.

A NOTE

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397

ANDHRA LAKE

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Figure i. Villages of the 'Twelve Marlals'.

398

IAN

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-V

Figure 2. Approximate

extent of the Maval regions.

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CTWELVE

MAVALS'

399

so many other Indian categories (from the 64 arts to the eight signs of love) it is an ideal concept. Everyone will agree on about three-quarters of the members of the set, but the remainder is rather fluid and provides a rich field for stimulating argument. There is clearly considerable overlap between the lists that I have quoted so far, but the names are not always readily identifiable and each list has at least two suspect items. I propose therefore to abandon the search for the ideal twelve and by using published Marathi documents of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, identify and delimit as far as possible all the placenames that appear in the lists together with any other mavals and khors that are mentioned. This description will be far from complete, for it depends greatly on the hazards of preservation and publication which have left some districts much better covered than others, but it will, I hope, provide a framework into which further evidence can be fitted or substituted as it appears. The documents that relate to the mavals are published mainly in Rajavade's MIS, but there are also some in PD 31 and 45 and in the series Siva caritrasahityal4 and other publications of the BISMQ. A little information can also be gleaned from the village lists in the revised edition of the Poona Gazetteer,15 where some of the old territorial divisions are occasionally used in order to distinguish between two villages of the same name. The river valleys will be dealt with as far as possible in north to south order. Andhra Maval (List i) The upper valley of the Andhral6 river, most of which is now drowned
Siva caritrasdhitya (SCS), Aitihdsika pharasi sdhitya (APS) and Aitihasikasankfrna sahitya (ASS) are all three series of primary sources which were published partly in of the Quarterly (Traimdsika) the Bharata Itihisa Samsodhaka Mandala of Poona, and or Granthamdla the same institution. of partly in the Svfya Granthamdld the Puraskrta The vicissitudes of all the BISM series are extremely complicated and they are normally referred to by volume and document number only, as if they were all separate publications. Here, where any section referred to is embedded in the a is Quarterly, reference to the volume and part number of the Quarterly added in square brackets to aid identification. 15 Gazetteer Bombay State (later Maharashtra StateGazetteers), Revised of Edition,District Series Volume XX, PoonaDistrict (Bombay, 1954). 16 Spelt Andra in the Poona Gazetteer and in almost every conceivable way in the Marathi documents. In the spelling of the names of natural features I follow that of the Indian Survey I :63360 maps where possible. Village names are normally cited in the romanized form of the Poona Gazetteer lists, except that to avoid unis necessary diacritical marks the tilde is not used and anusvara recorded only when it is pronounced as a nasal consonant. Village names as shown on the I.S. maps are very approximate: e.g. Malaodi for Malavadi.
14

I.

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beneath the old Gibbs Lake, now Andhra Lake. Although it was clearly a maval in the nineteenth century, for the Gazetteer distinguishes, for example, Kondivade A.M. from Kondivade N.M. (Nane Maval),17 I have so far seen no Marathi documents which call it either a maval or a khor. It is usually simply tarphaandara.l8However, the documentation on Andhra is very defective. None of its villages are anywhere named, but obviously the border with Nane Maval came well up the Andhra river since Mfau and Nigade were both in the latter district.19 2. Nane Maval (Lists I-4)

The broad valley of the Indrayani through which the PoonaBombay road runs gently up to the Bhor Ghat at Khandala. In the PD 45 list, Nane Maval is said to contain 88 villages equally divided between the Garatada Deshmukhs and the Dalavi Deshmukhs, with each half again equally divided between two different lineages of Deshpandes.20 This arrangement seems suspiciously regular and unfortunately the names of the villages, though given in the original document, were not printed. There is confirmation, however, in an agreement of 1645 which lists the holdings of the two Deshpandes of the first moiety, here called Garavada and amounting to only twenty villages each.21 From these and other references it is clear that Nane Maval included not only the valley of the Indrayani at least as far east as Ambi,22 but the whole of its tributary the Kundali up to Jambavali and Thoran plus the lower reaches of the Andhra north to Maui and Nigade.
17 These old names do not seem to have been in use in the earlier British period when 'Mawul Talooka' covered not only the present Maval Taluka, called 'the mamlutdar's division', but also 'Moolsee petta' (see Paud Khor) which was 'the mahalkurry's division'. PapersRelativeto the Introduction RevisedRates of Assessment of into the Mawul Talookaof the PoonaCollectorate, Selections of from the Records the Bombay Government (hereafter Selections),n.s. lxx (Bombay, I863), pp. 7-9. In the later settlement reports (Selections, n.s. ccxi, 1887; dlxv, 1919) the names 'Andar Maval' and 'Nane Maval' reappear, presumably in response to persistent popular usage. 18BISMQ VIII.3, p. 124. An unpublished eighteenth century document in the archives of the B.I.S.M. (S. G. Jogi daptar, rumal i) leaves the name similarly unadorned: paudakhore, ndne mdvala, ddara,yekunua karydta mdvala, mosekhore, paca is mdhiia.A tarpha a subdivision ofaparagand (district); cf. Fukazawa, 'Local Administration of Adilshahi Sultanate', pp. 4I-2. A mahalais normally synonymous with a tarpha,but is a more general term, not used in the formation of proper names before the nineteenth century. For instance, one might say that tarphaPatas was one of the mahalas(revenue districts) of paraganai in Poona; cf. A. R. Kulkarni, Maharashtra the Time of Sivaji (Poona, 1969), pp. 148-9.

19See Nane Maval.

21 SCS VIII.

I, p.

[in BISMQ XXIII.2].

20PD 45. 1, pp. 4-5.

22

MIS XIV. 6-1764.

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The district takes its name from the village of Nane which is fairly central but seems to have no other distinction. It is described both as a
and as a tape24and is part of prdnta Maval.25 tarpha23 3. Pavan Maval (Lists I, 2 and 4)

The valley of the river Pauna26that runs south of Lohagad from a whole cluster of small tributaries around the hill-fort of Tung,27 and including the two larger but unnamed tributarieswhich run from the north-east of the fort of Tikona to join the main river lower down. There are not many published documents dealing with Pavan Maval and the few that give village names come mostly from the Sendpati DibhadeDaphtarabecause the Dabhades were given, or claim to have been given, the overlordship (saramokadami) Pavan Maval, Nane of
Maval and numerous other districts in I 7I o.28 Most of the names quoted

are, as one would expect, of villages in the Pauna basin,29but there are others30south of the watershed in the two valleys that run down
23 MIS XVIII.2I, p. 41-I675.
24 PD and tapeare often used 45. I, p. 4. In this part of the Maratha country, tarpha indiscriminately, while paragaanis rare. Tarphais the more general and vague term, rather like 'section', so that one could say 'the Dalavi Deshmukh's tarpha tarpha(or of On tape)Nane Maval', whereas a tapecould never be part of a tarpha. the other hand, it is dangerous to put too much faith in any of the Marathi documents on such niceties. Both editing and printing of the published texts are often suspect and in the cursive modiscript in which nearly all the original documents were written both tarpha and tape are abbreviated commonly to the character 'ta' plus various combinations of vowel signs. Similarly with the abbreviations for pranta,paragaznand petd, there are endless possibilities for confusion between the modioriginal and the printed page. 25maujejdbhola (tarpha)nademdvala ta. pra. (pranta)mdvala,BISMQ XXXI.2-3, 6i, P. 49-1720. 26 Pavna in the Poona Gazetteer and pavana,pona or paunain the documents. 27Tung is confusingly described in the Gazetteer (p. 686) as being in Bhor Taluka, whereas it is actually in Maval Taluka. This mistake is the result of inadequate revision, since at the time of the original Poona Gazetteer Tung was part of Bhor State.

28 BISMQ VIII.3,

Ddbhdde entirely devoted to the first part of the Sendpati Daphtara.No subsequent part has been published. Mr Frank Perlin has pointed out to me that 'overlordship' is a meant little more than the right to very inadequate translation since saramokadami take a small percentage of the revenue. 29 E.g. Adhale Budrukh, Bhadavali, Kothurne, Thugav, Urse. See esp. BISMQ XXXI.2-3, 49, 51, 56. The most easterly named villages are Parandavadi and
Candakhed

p. 124; BISMQ XXXI.2-3,

2I, p. 19. BISMQ XXXI.2-3

is

suggesting that the east limit of both Nane Maval and Pavan Maval corresponded roughly with the present border between Maval and Haveli Talukas. 30 E.g. Rihe (ASS.I.5, p. 30 in BISMQ IX.3), Savaragav (SCS V.937, p. I90 [in BISMQ XXI.i]) daksne,probably Dakhane (BISMQ XXXI.2-3, 48). The unpublished document mentioned in Note i8 also names Kasing and Khamboli as being under the control of the Ghare Deshmukhs of Pavan Maval.

(mouje cdndakhe.da ta. pauna-mavala pranta mdvala-ibid.,

35-17I9),

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to the Mula, the western being named on maps as the Walki River while the eastern contains the village of Javal and is Javal Khor. In effect, Pavan Maval had become a political rather than a geographical late region from the earliest period for which we have evidence-the seventeenth century. The probable reason is that the dominant fort of Tikona needed to control its own approaches on all sides. The PD 45 list divides Pavan Maval between the Ghare Deshmukhs and the Sinde Deshmukhs with 43 and 37 villages respectively, both tarphas being represented in all four subdistricts: tugi mavala, javala khore, valakz In khoreand pona mdvala.31 1750 Tung and Tikona with their dependent became part of the territory of the Pant Sachiv (later Bhor region State) in exchange for Simhagad32 and this was later known as the Paunmaval Taluka of Bhor State until Bhor was incorporated into Poona District in I949. Another section of Paunmaval Taluka in the nineteenth century occupied the upper basin of the Mutha, that is Muthe Khor (q.v.), the two halves being completely separated by Mulshi Peta of Poona District.33 With this rather complicated history, therefore, it is important to know with which stage of Pavan Maval one is dealing at any one time. 4. Tung Maval

Part of Pavan Maval (q.v.) and presumably the upper tributaries of the Pauna around Tung. However Silim, which is very close to Tung and is often mentioned as being the home village of the Silimkar Deshmukhs of Gunjan Maval, is always referred to as being in Pavan Maval rather than in Tung.34 5. Javal Khor A subdivision of Pavan Maval (q.v.), it is the valley of the stream
31 PD 45. I, p. 5. There is no mention in this document of the Dabhades, which may indicate that it is in fact late seventeenth century rather than eighteenth. 32 V. G. Ranade and V. N. Joshi, A Short History of Bhor State (Poona, I930), p. 20 and Map. 33 There seems to be no record of when Bhor State was formally divided into talukas on the model of British India, but it probably took place under the rule of the reforming Chimnaji Raghunath in the mid-nineteenth century. Muthe Khor was transferred to the Paunmaval Taluka of Bhor quite late on. Col. Godfrey in I896 refers to 17 villages having been transferred 'since the survey' (Papers Relating to the Original Survey Settlement qf the Prachandgad Taluka of the Bhor State, Selections, n.s. ccclxxxviii, I899, p. i). These must be the villages of Muthe Khor. 34 MIS XVII.2, p. 4.

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that rises near Katarakhadak and runs south-east to join the Mula near Ghotavade. Javal is on the right bank about half-way down. 6. Valaki Khor

A subdivision of Pavan Maval (q.v.), it is the river marked on maps as the Walki that runs from Kasing beneath Tikona south-east to the Mula near Paud.

7.

GhotanMaval (List i)

Unidentified and mentioned nowhere but in Rajavade's list. There are no villages called Ghotan in Poona District either in the Gazetteer or in the Mahdrdstragrama kosa.35Is it perhaps another name for Javal Khor derived from the village of Ghotavade at its mouth? 8. Paud Khor (Lists I, 2 and 4)

The upper valley of the Mula. The name is taken from the village of Paud, headquarters of the present Mulshi Taluka, previously Mulshi Peta before the incorporation of Bhor State. There are very few references to named villages in Paud Khor36 and the situation is complicated by all the headwaters of the Mula having been drowned in Mulshi Lake. From PD 45 there seem to have been three sub-districts: Girhare (perhaps Girhe)37 with 40 villages, Tamhanakhore with I2 and Korabarasa with 28, all controlled by the Dhamale Deshmukhs.38 Tamhan
35 N. G. Apate (ed.), Mahardstra gramakosa (Poona, Tilak Maharastra Vidyapith, vols, 1967). This publication is less useful than at first appears. The lettering on the maps is frequently unreadable, each taluka map is drawn to a different scale and there is no attempt at gridding. Furthermore, as D. V. Potadara complains in his introduction, many of the village names have been haphazardly transcribed back into Devanagari from Roman approximations, thus bearing little relation to their original form. 36 Dakhali (SCS V.939, p. I90 [in BISMQ XXI. ]); and ndndeda-both lagapauda unidentified (MIS XV.324, p. 349). In 1707 the Dabhades acquired from the Dhamale Deshmukhs in ta. paudakhore mdvalethe villages of ka. (kasaba)pauda, pra. and vadavdthara modade, yelabelf, nivakheda (BISMQ XXXI.2-3, I6, p. 15). The last two are now drowned in the lake, at the east end of its northern arm, yelabelzmay perhaps be Telabaila and modadeis undiscoverable unless it is a misreading for Manded. 37ddbhadedesdi ta. gire tamhanakhore (ibid., 39, p. 33); girhe tdmhanakhore yethila (ibid., 47, p. 39). desdipana

38 PD Phrases like 'controlled by' or 'under' such pp. 6-7. Cf. PD 31.81-2. 45.I, and such a Deshmukh should not be taken to imply any judgement on the powers

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Khor is the southern tributary, now the southern arm of Mulshi Lake, which rises near the villages of Tamhani Budrukh and Khurd.39 Possibly Korabarase was the northern arm and Girhe the main westeast valley down to Paud. It is highly aggravating that merely to save space, the names of the villages in PD 45. I were not printed. If living memory retains these old regional names they have yet to be recorded. Tamhan Khor (List 2)

9. Io.

Korabarase (List 2)

Both subdivisions of Paud Khor (q.v.). I . Muthe Khor (Lists I-4)

A small district which is again somewhat thinly documented. The PD 45 list gives it only I8 villages under the control of the Marane Deshmukhs and with no subdivisions.40 Only four of its villages are unambiguously named41 but from these it is clear that, as with Pavan Maval, Muthe Khor was a political unit rather than a simple river valley at least from around 700 onwards. Presumably it included the upper stretch of the Mutha down to its confluence with the Mose, but Ambegav, Ambavali and Uravade all lie to the north-east, on the shortest road to Poona but on land which drains north through Pirangut to the river Mula. This north-east prolongation of Muthe Khor explains the bulge of Bhor State around Pirangut, and this in turn is reflected in the course of the boundary at this point between the present Haveli and Mulshi talukas.
of the maval Deshmukhs. These no doubt varied widely in time, with the relative strength of the central government, and in place, according to the distance of their inamvillages from a well-garrisoned fort. From some of the tales in the family histories one has the impression that powerful families like the Jedhes or the Bandalas were at times as little subject to outside control as mediaeval barons. 39 Papers relatingto... Mulshi Petha of the Haveli Taluka of the Poona Collectorate,
Selections, n.s. cclxxiv, I893, p. 2. The 'mahalkurry's division' of Maval Taluka (see note 17) was transferred to Haveli Taluka in 1866-67. 40 PD . mdrane desamukha deha 18. ... 45.1, p. 7-ta. muthekhore. gambhirarda 41 Ambavali ta. pra. mavala-MIS XIII. 147-1719), (moujedmbavali muthemkhorem as a variant spelling), Ambegav and muravade (Uravade?) (MIS XVI.56, p. 64).

Bahuli (PD 3I.10, p. 6 and MIS XVIII.48, taking bhdvali,otherwise unidentifiable, Ambegav is also mentioned as one of the villages acquired by Nana Phadnis (ASS III.I84, p. 26 [in BISMQXXI.3]).

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12.

MoseKhor(Lists I and 4)

With Mose Khor the documentation becomes much more abundant.42 The two rivers which come together just above the head of Khadakavasla Lake are both called Mose,43presumably because the term Mose Khor has always embraced both river basins. The district was largely under the control of the Pasalakara Deshmukhs from the earliest and Baji Pasalkar was one of Sivaji's first supporters in the records44 Maval.45 Other villages in Mose Khor came under the Kadu Deshmukhs46and the PD 45 list shows an unknown number of villages and a major divided into three tarphas:those of the kada, the nivagane one further divided between five Pasalakara lineages.47 There is a document dated i651 which gives an almost complete list of the villages of Mose Khor similarly divided up between those of the Kadu, of the Nivangane and of the 'five sons of Lakhamai [Pasalakar]'.48 From this it seems that the Kadu villages were all on the left bank of the southern Mose between Ambegav Khurd and Gondekhal plus Kuran Budrukh. The Nivangane Deshmukhs had Kuran Khurd and a block round Ambi and Rule, plus a few villages much further west between Managav and Khanu. The rest, including the whole of the northern Mose valley belonged to the Pasalakara. On the east Mose Khor included Katavadi, Sangariin, Soniapirand Nigade, being roughly the boundary between modern Velhe Mahal and Haveli Taluka.49 There are a number of other casual references to the villages or the
42 The 43 The

is Moshi. 44Balaji Pasalakara in gaka 1561 (i639) was the member of a court or majalasa (MIS XVIII.7, p. 18). 45'In the Mawuls were three persons with whom Sivajee constantly associated; their names were Yessjee Kunk, Tannajee Maloosray and Bajee Phasalkar. The last was Deshmookh of Moosay Khora' (Grant Duff, Historyof the Marathas, rev. edn
(London, 1707).
47 PD 45. I, pp. 7-8. It is more than odd that in spite of all this detail Mose Khor is missing from List 2 which supposedly comes from the same document.

term Mose Maval is never found. text of the Poona Gazetteer anglicizes the name as Musa, but on the map it

46 bajirda

1921), Vol. I, p. 103).

ndaka kadudesamukha mosekhore (MIS XVI.36ta. ... pasalakarava tadnaj

There is a brief history of the Pasalakaras in SCS V.773, pp. I6-I7 [in BISMQ XVI. ]. 49 However, Jambali, Sangarun, Sonapiur and the completely detached outlier of Ambi are now part of Haveli Taluka, while Katavadi is in a protuberance of Mulshi Taluka east of the Mutha. The rulers of Bhor State hoped at one time to recoverJambali and Sonapuiras part compensation for land lost beneath the reservoirs of Bhatghar and Khadakvasla. Cf. Ranade and Joshi, Historyof BhorState, p. 83.

48 S. N. Josi, 'pdsalakaraghardnem', BISMQ VII.3o,

pp. 105-20,

lekha I, pp. 107-10.

406

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Deshmukhs of Mose Khor50 but strangely it is nowhere explicitly described as forming part of Subha Prant Maval. In I660 it apparently came under paragana Poona.51 13. Karyat Maval (List 3)

The region called karydtaor karyati mdvala is not a maval at all but the semi-upland region, broken by low hills, that lies west and south of Poona beneath the fort of Simhagad. It covers the lower course of the Mutha with its minor tributaries from the border of Mose Khor as far east as Kondhave and Undri which lie south-east of Poona city. To the north it stretches as far as the Mula including Mandavi, Ahire, Bhukfim, Lavale, Sius and Mahalunge. Being close to Poona it was always administered from the city so that there are several lists of its villages in MIS XVIII which is devoted to the records of the Poona Deshpandes.52 Although Karyat Maval was closely connected with the Maval region and at one time at least came under the same Jamidar it was quite The word karydta (Persian qaryat) clearly not one of the bard mdvalem.53 is in some regions synonymous with tarpha, but usually implies a somewhat smaller sub-district-in the case of Karyat Sasvad of ten villages only.54 Karyat Maval is normally credited with 36 villages,55 for although its area is quite large most of the northern half is uncultivated with only a few villages widely separated. It is described as a tarpha of paragand Poona.56 In short, the name should be understood not as 'the Maval called Karyat' but as 'the Karyat called Maval'--because it was on the Maval side of Poona. I4. Khedebare(Lists 2 and 3)

The valley of the Sivaganga with all its tributaries from Kalyan
306, 308; XVI.33, 36, 37, 40, 56; XVII.2, p. 5; 7, p. 12; XVIII.7, p. 8; ASS IX.47-8 [in BISMQ XXV. I-2]. 51 tapemusekhore paragaee . .. puner (APS II.34, pp. 73-4 [in BISMQ XVI.3]).
p. 137 [in
50 MISXV.270,

52MIS XVIII.2I and 38. See also SCS II.28I, pp. 275-9; ASS.I.I39, BISMQ X.4]; PD 31.62, 187. 53jamidara bira mdvale va karyati mdvala (PD 31.185, p. I7 I-1689). 54Fukazawa, 'Local Administration of Adilshahi Sultanate', p. 42.
55

p. 43; PD 31.185, p. 172.

56 ASS

deha pra.punepaiki 56; 36 ta. karyatamdvala(PD 45.1, p. 2). Also MIS XVIII.22,

pa. 1.I39 -695. Elsewhere one finds ka. mdvalata. khadakavdsale putnd (PD 31.21, p. I7-1654) as if Khadakavasale, which always seems to have been the chief village of the district, had given its name to a sub-district. In Peshwa times there are ta. signs of the modern name for the region taking over: moujekhadakavdsale haveli mdvala(ASS I. 7, pp. 17-1734 [in BISMQ IX.2]). karydta

A NOTE

ON THE

'TWELVE

MAVALS'

4o07

beneath Simhagad to its junction with the Gunjauni57 west of Umbare. Much of its course is now followed by the main Poona-Satara road, but before the opening of the Katraj pass in the mid-nineteenth century it was an isolated valley that commanded the southern approaches to the hill forts of Simhagad and Purandhar on either side.58 It also included the valley of the Mand river59 and the left bank of the combined Sivaganga-Gunjauni all the way to the Nira, Sarole being the most easterly village mentioned.60 South of Nasarapuir, where the western rim of the Sivaganga basin peters out, the river itself was the boundary with Gunjan Maval.61 Khedebare was controlled by the Konde Deshmukhs62 and, like the rest of the southern mavals, formed part of the territory granted to the Pant Sachiv at the beginning of the eighteenth century. Some of the northern villages were lost along with Simhagad in 1750 and this, together with the presence of various inliers,63 has produced the extremely tortuous boundaries between Bhor, Haveli and Purandhar Talukas which persist to this day. The name Khedebare presumably comes from its main village, the kasaba or market town of Khed-now called Khed Sivapur.64 The east bank of the Sivaganga from here to Kamathadi was the personal property of Sivaji's mother Jijabai.65 It is called variously a tarpha,66 a tape67and a petad68but never a maval or a khor. In 1716 it was obvi57Spelt also Gunjavani, Gunjvani etc. 58As Karyat Maval similarly covered the north approach to Simhagad, the two districts came under the same Havaldar in 17I7 at least (PD 31.187, p. I76).

59Devadi and Ketakavale (SCS 1.26-I638), Harigcandri and Kapuravaha!a (BISMQ XXX.3-4.72, p. 52-1784). 60 BISMQXXX.3-4, ibid. Sarole is actually an outlier. Other references to Khedebare villages are at ASS V.74, pp. 78-80 [in BISMQ XXIV.3]; ASS VII.32, pp.
633-5, pp.
214-17;

SCS III.624-629, pp. 207-212; 32-8 [in BISMQ XXVII.3-4]; SCS VII.3x; BISMQ XXX.3-4.i34, p. 97; 191, p- 140.

61 Umbare is in Khedebare (PD 45.7, p. 57). Nidhan and Sangavi Khurd, immediately west of the river, are Gunjan Maval villages (MIS XVII.7, p. 15). 62 MIS XVII.7, p. I3; ASS V.70, pp. 75-6 [in BISMQ XXIV.3]; PD 31.126;

PD 45.I, p. 9.

Kamathadi and Umbare-villages of Purandhar Taluka that were completely surrounded by Bhor State lands before 1949 and are still anomalies within Bhor Taluka unless there has been a recent rationalization of boundaries. Bhor hoped in vain to recover them in I909 (see note 49). 64Sivapur was a new quarter of Khed on the opposite side of the river, said to have been founded by Sivaji's mentor, Dadaji Kondadev: kasabakhedebdre sthali sivdpura tyd ed. pethavasavili(Sivachatrapatici kalamibakhara, V. S. Vakasakara (Bombay, I930), 9g kalam 21, pp. 40-3). 65 M. G. Josi, Konde BISMQ XXIV.2, pp. I 1-12. dedamukha, 66 MIS XVI.2; XVIII.4, 7; PD 31.69.
67 68

63 E.g.

MIS XVII.7,

p. 12.

MIS XVI.5; XVIII.42.

408

IAN

RAESIDE

ously part of subhdprdnta mJvale69as one would expect from its being part of the Pant Sachiv's fief.

I5.

Kanad Khor (Lists 2-4)

The heart of Kanad Khor is the river that runs north of the fort of Torna and joins the Gunjauni near Sakhar. It is called Kanand Nadi on the Indian Survey maps. Velhe, which is now the administrative capital of Velhe Mahal, lies about half way along it and the village of Kanand, from which it presumably takes its name, about two miles further west. Its 33 villages were under various branches of the Marala Deshmukhs70 and it is well documented-MIS XVI being largely
devoted to the papers of this family.71 Once again it is seen not to be

confined to the one river valley. It spills out over the watershed to the north by the Pabe pass and includes the villages of Khamagav,72 Kondagav and Ranjane73 in the valley that drains north to the Mutha west of Simhagad. On the south the Maralas had a hand in capturing Torna,74 later called Pracandagad, and although they did not necessarily control the fort itself75 their lands seem to have spread around it in the same way as happened with Tikona,76 and by I 734 at least they held Pasali and Senavadi south of the fort77and at the head of a stream which is also labelled Kanand Nadi on the maps.78 To the east Kanad
69 A is and dravfta. khedebdre officially notified khedebare mouje grant of land in kasabe to all the officials of subhd prantamavale(ASS VII.3I, p. 31 [in BISMQXXVII.3-4]). 70PD 45.1, p. 8; MIS XV.3o6. 71 See also: SCS IV.747-56, pp. 1o8-14 [in BISMQXIV.i & 3]; SCS V.946-50,

954, pp. 198-205, 209-10

72

[in BISMQ XXI.2].

MIS XVI.55, p. 60-1734. To be distinguished from Khamagav Maval (i.e. Karyat Maval) in the same valley but further downstream. 73MIS XVI.22, p. 38-1666. 74MIS XVI.27 -690. Torna was first taken by Sivaji in I646 but seems to have been lost and regained an indeterminate number of times between then and the departure of Aurangzeb's armies in I706. 75 Hill forts normally were commanded by havaldars or killedars from outside the district. They fed their garrison from the land immediately surrounding the fort (the gherakilla) and were frequently in dispute with the neighbouring villages over boundaries and encroachments (cf. MIS XVI.4o; XVII. 18-both relating to Torna).
76 77

See Pavan Maval.

MIS XVI.55; XX.266, p. 379-tora.nydkhale ahe. gava Senavadz kdnadakhordcd 78 It is hard to believe that both rivers were ever actually called Kanand. Probably both were referred to as 'the Kanad Khor rivers' by whoever supplied the cartographers with place-names. The nomenclature of these valleys seems to have defeated even the survey officers. In Papers relating to ... PrachandgadTaluka, Selections, n.s. ccclxxxviii, the description (p. 2) and the map are both wrong in different ways.

A NOTE

ON THE

'TWELVE

MAVALS

4o09

Khor's furthest villages were Katavadi, Kolavadi and Vinjhar,79 but south of the river it ended at Kondhavali80 and the border then ran west along the ridge that divides the Kanand from the upper Gunjauni (in Gunjan Maval) and turned south beneath Torna. This part of the divide between Kanad Khor and Gunjan Maval was preserved in the boundary between the Prachandgad and Rajgad Talukas of Bhor State and is well shown on the I.S. one-inch map 47.F.II. As usual, Kanad Khor is referred to both as a tarphaand a tape and it comes under the jurisdiction of mdmale rdara8l or of subha mdvale,82 or subhaprdnta mdvala,83 or mdmaleraira va bard mdvale.84 16. GunjanMaval (Lists i-4)

This is a large and ramifying district which holds over 80 villages and is spread over several river systems. It's heart seems to have been Murum Khor,85 the upper valley of the Gunjauni which runs from Hatve north of Rajgad to the eastern slopes of Torna and contains the village of Gunjavane which may be presumed to have given its name to the maval and to the river. In the early seventeenth century the name of the sub-division or petd was murumbadeva86 we are told that muruand madevawas the name of the mountain before Sivaji built Rajgad on it.87 Indeed Rajgad was still being called kile murumbadeva i657.88 in MIS XVII is full of the disputes and counterclaims between various
79 MIS XVI.5, 7, 22, 55. Vinjhar was somehow lost by Bhor State, perhaps going along with Simhagad, and still forms a prong of Haveli Taluka that reaches down to the river. 8oMIS XVI.55, p. 6i. 81MIS XVI.6, 7, 51, 78. Mdmalerdirawas the Nizamshahi district (mudmala) of Rairi, called Raygad after Sivaji had taken it and made it his capital in 1662 (Kolaba DistrictGazetteer, edn (Bombay, I964), p. 932.) In relation to the mavals the name is rev. used only in the Kanad Khor documents and once about Gunjan Maval (SCSIII.624, p. 207-I627), but it is strange that it does not appear in Fukazawa's list of Muamalas ('Local Administration of Adilshahi Sultanate', p. 43). 82 MIS XVI.38-I7IO. 83MIS XVI.2I, 60. 84 SCS V.947-I626 [in BISMQ XXI.2]. 85Although MIS XVII has the sub-title Murumakhorem-Silimakara desamukha, the name Murum Khor appears in only one late document (MIS XVII.2, p. 21796). 86 ta. (MIS XVI.2, p. I ); pa. murarhadeu (!) gunjanamdvalapra. (?) murumadeva petd murumadeu gunjanamdvala (MIS XVII.4, p. 7). Cf. (MIS XVI.5-I6I6); tape

also SCS III.624,

87

sake I562 ... ghetald (ASS 1.120 [in BISMQ Sivjrdjem . . . murumadevdcd dongara X.3]). In fact, it was not just a hill but already a fort-kilah murubadeva (APS 1.39I634). Elsewhere we hear that Rajgad was built on the sdhdm.rga parvata(SCS X.4I, p. 54 [in BISMQ XXXIV.3-4]) but this name seems implausibly Sanskritic.
88MIS XVII. Io, p. 22.

p. 207-1627;

SCS V.950, p. 203-1632

[in BISMQ XXI.2].

4IO

IAN

RAESIDE

branches of the Silimakara Deshmukhs, and between them and the Sindes and Coraghes whom they seem to have displaced.89 From the earliest share-outs90 it is clear that the Silimakaras had already spread far to the west, occupying all the land between the TornaRajgad ridge91 and the main line of the Western Ghats which here runs almost east-west for ten miles or more92-in other words the valleys named on maps as the (southern) Kanand Nadi and the Welvanda Nadi. They had all the north bank of the Velavand as far east as Kambare, after which Velavand Khor begins. Gunjan Maval's borders with Kanad Khor and Khedebare have already been defined. North of the Gunjauni it covered all the small tributaries round Vangani93 and Kurangavadi, and south of the river it ran as far as Mohari Khurd, overlapping Khedebare.94 One would have expected such a large area to have been divided up into smaller regions, but there is no trace of this in the documents of MIS XVII. The PD 45 list, however, mentions three tarphas: mavala and sivapatana.95The first is obviously the area vangin, bhutonde round Vangani, already mentioned.96 Bhutonde is three miles southwest of Rajgad in the high valley of the southern Kanand, so Bhutonde Maval might be one or both of the far western valleys. I cannot identify sivapatana.97 Gunjan Maval is called both a tarphaand a tape and is once referred It to as gunjana khore.98 is described or implied as being in subhdmdvale, mavala and subhdprdnta mavala.99 prdnta 17. i8. Murum Khor (Sen's list) BhutondeMaval

For both see Gunjan Maval. 91ExceptPasaliand Senavadi(see KanadKhor). 92 Karnavadi and Singapuractuallylie on the seawardslope of the Ghats. 93But not Kitavadi and Kolavadi(see Kanad Khor).
95PD 45. , p. 8. 89See esp. MIS XVII.2.

90MIS XVII.7-I637.

MIS XVII.7 and Io, also 12, 39, 40. It is not worthgivinga reference each one. for 96Vangani, like Vinjhar,was also lost by Bhor and is now a southernprong of Haveli Taluka. 97Unlessit refersto the area close to the Sivagangabordering Khedebare.
pp. 251-7; SCS IV.705, p. 57 [in BISMQXIII.

94All the villages mentioned and many more can be found in the huge lists of

99MIS XVII.22, 28, 29, 39. See also, on GunjanMaval generally,SCSII.25o-8,

].

98 MIS

XVII.21 -169o.

A NOTE I9.

ON THE

TWELVE

MAVALS'

4II

VelavandKhor (Lists i and 2)

The lower valley of the Welvanda Nadiloo which is now drowned in Bhatghar Lake since the completion of Lloyd dam in 1928. From a few stray references it seems that Velavand Khor's main village was Harnas which was a kasaba,101 and that it included the villages between Karindi and Narhe on the north bank and between Velavand village and Bare Budrukh on the south, plus Jayatapada which lies up a tributary valley.102 In fact it would probably be more correct to say that this tributary was the true head of Velavand Khor and that the river which joined it at Velavand, coming from Gunjan Maval territory, was once considered to be the tributary. In which case the name Welvanda Nadi, which the map ascribes to the stream which runs from the west between Kelad and Sangavi, probably has as littlejustification as the (southern) Kanand Nadi just north of it.103 Velavand Khor was controlled by the Dhora Adhalarav Deshmukhs. 104 It is called a tarphaofprdnta mdvalalo5 and once a petd.l06
20.

Sivatar Khor (Lists I and 4)

All we hear of this is that it was a tarpha(or a tape) and was represented by a khota,Yasavantarav Athagavkar, who appears twice as the member of a majalasain the early seventeenth century.107Known more commonly now as Sivataraghal,108 it is a triangular re-entrant in the main wall of the Ghats and its river runs west into the Savitri at Mahad. Since it is interlaced between Gunjan Maval and Hiradas Maval it is easy to see why it might have been included among the mavals but there is
100 named on the I.S. survey maps, but see below. So o10 ASS III.304, p. 59 [in BISMQXVIII.3]. In 1672 Harnas was important enough to be the site of a majalasa that met to settle a dispute about some villages downstream in Siraval (MIS XX.54). 102ASS III.304; MIS XV.277; XVII. . This last source, which Rajavade suggests is probably a late forgery anyway, also names kamarem, elsewhere (MIS XVII.7, but p. I5; 10, pp. 27-9) the two villages of Kambare Budrukh and Khurd are clearly included in Gunjan Maval. 103 See Kanad Khor and note 78. Col. Godfrey (Papersrelatingto ... Prachandgad, p. 2-see note 78) calls these respectively Kelad Khor and Pasali Khor. No doubt these are the local names but I have not found them in the documents. 104 MIS and gives Velavand XV.3o6; XVI.6i. PD 45. , p.9, spells the name dohara Khor 32 villages. 105 MIS 106 MIS XVI.62. XV.277. khotata. sivatarakhore 107yasavantardu atagdvakara (MIS XVI.2, p. I ); yasavantarau ... athaga.the (MIS XVI.5). 108 Kolaba Gazetteer, 963. p.

IAN

RAESIDE

no evidence that it ever was. Nor does it seem ever to have been under the rule of the Pant Sachiv and thus become part of Bhor State.109
21. Hiradas Maval (Lists i-3)

Hiradas Maval occupied the upper valley of the Nira. On the left (north) bank it included all the tributary streams, Bholavade, which is just across the river from Bhor town,110 Sangamnerlll and perhaps Sangavill2 at the bottom ofVelavand Khor and as far east as Alande1l3 and Ingavali where the last few miles of the Gunjauni river divided it from Khedebare. On the south bank it was much more restricted, stopping short of the stream on which lies Kari, the seat of the Jedhe Deshmukhs of tarpha Bhor.114 From here on was Rohid Khor. To the west Hiradas Maval extended over the watershed and covered the villages of Kund and Rajivadi. It is described once as a tarphaofprdnta Mavalll5 and was controlled by the Bandala Deshmukhs.116
109According to Rajavtade (MIS IV, p. 75) the Citragupta bakhara says that sivatara khoremwas controlled by Babaji Kondadev. I have not been able to pursue this reference. 110 ta. moujebholdvade hiradasamdvala najikakasabebhora(BISMQVII.30, 'pasalakara lekha5, p. I I6). gharanem', 111 This and other villages in Hiradas Maval not separately referenced can be found in G. H. Khare and N. K. Josi, 'bdndala eka BISMQXLIX, ghardncydci takarira', pp. 1-13. This long document, part of which consists of a distribution of villages made to members of the Bandala family in 1678, is the only major source of information published on Hiradas Maval. An unpublished document in the B.I.S.M. (S. G. Josi daptar, rumal 9/6) gives a few extra village names. Copies of this and of all other unpublished B.I.S.M. documents mentioned in this paper have been made available to me by Mr. G. J. Smith whose Ph.D. thesis, provisionally entitled 'Law and Justice in Maharashtra: 1750-I850', is nearing completion. 112 Unfortunately there are two Sangavis in Hiradas Maval. The Gazetteer lists five villages called Sangavi in Bhor Taluka and fails to locate them adequately. Sangavi Budrukh and Sangavi Khurd are both in Gunjan Maval, respectively five miles west and one mile south of Nasarapur. Sangavi Velvandakhore cannot possibly be 5-6 miles S.W. of Bhor and 24 miles by road at the same time, as described in the Gazetteer. This must be the Sangavi shown on maps three miles S.E. of Bhutonde and twelve W. by N. of Bhor, which would be about 24 by road. There remain, on the map, one Sangavi six miles S.W. of Bhor and another two miles N.E. These must be the ones attributed to Hirdas Maval in the Gazetteer. 113 MIS XVI.2, p. I I; SCS V.946 [in BISMQ XXI.2]. 114 Rayari was Hiradas Maval's most easterly village south of the Nira, on the stream that flows due north from Rairesvar and not to be confused with Ratiri (see note 8 ). 15 SCS V.774, p. I8-I741 [in BISMQXVI.3]. 116 MIS XV.3o6. For some reason PD 45.1 has no further mention of Hiradas Maval.

A NOTE

ON THE

'TWELVE

MAVALS4

4I3

22.

Bhor Khor (Lists I, 3 and 4)

This term is found nowhere in the published documents which invariably refer to Bhor as a tarphaof Rohid Khor (q.v.). 23. Rohid Khor (Lists 2-4)

Rohid Khor takes its name from the fort of Rohida which lies on a south-pointing spur south-west of the town of Bhor and was renamed Vicitragad under the Pant Sachivs. The region was a major territorial division at least from the I62os when it is usually described in the Persian documents as a kille (kilah) or a tape (tapah).117An undated (seventeenth century?) document which purports to give the history of the settlement of this area describes how 'the two Rohid Khors' were divided by the killedar of Rohida, Hakim (doni rohidakhornm) Sekh Akhu, between the Jedhe Deshmukhs of Kari who took tarpha Bhor and the Khopade Deshmukhs who had tarpha Utrauli.118 From the villages listed here and elsewhere it is clear that the Jedhe country was west of the Rohida spur on both sides of the stream, called Dul Oda on the I.S. maps, that runs down to the Nira from the plateau of Rairesvar, plus the Kari valley which is the next right-bank tributary upstream.ll9 This is tarpha Bhor tape Rohid Khor.120 The Khopade villages of tarpha Utrauli, also described as coming under kille Rohida or tape Rohid Khor,121 are in the basin of the stream named Ram Oda to the east of Rohida. The eastern ridge of this valley was the east boundary of Bhor State and is still the boundary between Bhor Taluka and Khandala Mahal of Satara District. However, Kanhavadi, in a triangle of Khandala Mahal which spills over the watershed, was in I717 still part of tarpha Utrauli.122 The north-east corner of Utrauli
117

XVI. I, p. 3. The text has ubhavali this must be a misreading. Elsewhere but the spelling variants utrauli,utravali,utaroli,utrolican all be found. 119 Rohid Khor is exceptionally well documented. See esp. S. G. JoSi, 'khopade desamukha', BISMQ VIII. 1-2, pp. 94-7; APS I.vii, 'karfjedhe', 34-47, pp. 38-55 [in BISMQ XII.4 & XIII.2]; APS II.v, 'ambadekhopade',20-28, pp. 23-34 [in
BISMQ XV.3-4]; SCS II.xi, 'kdrfjedhe desamukha', 198-239, pp. 204-40; SCS II.xiv, 'pdnavahdlakondhalakara', 249, pp. 250-I; SCS II.xxii, 'kdri mulave', 336-8, pp. 324-33; SCS V.iii, 'ambade khopade',760-2, pp. 4-5 [in BISMQ XV.4]; SCS XI.64-9, pp. MIS XV.266-324, 325-65; XVII.43-4; 36-40 [in BISMQ XXXVIII]; XX.264-5. There are major village lists at SCS II.2I8 and MIS XV.27I, 279, 307. 120MIS XV.295, 308, 343, 356 etc. 121 Cf. Exceptionally APS 11.22, p. 27 has tapeutravalikile rohi.dd. APS I.44-tapah

118MIS

APS 1.34, 36, 40, 44 [in BISMQXII.4

& XIII.2].

bhorkilah rohirah.
122

MIS XX.264.

414

IAN RAESIDE

was at Vadagav,123 2? miles east of Bhor, and beyond this, south of the Nira, came Siraval. Once again the conclusion must be that Rohid Khor was a political division from as far back as we have evidence and covered the two valleys that are dominated by Rohida fort.124 In the early Maratha period it was included within subha Maval.125 24. Siraval (List 3)

The paragand of Siraval lay downstream from Bhor on the Nira and mainly on the right bank south and east of Siraval town. It came under pranta Wai126 and its leading Deshmukhs were the Nigade family.127 There is no suggestion that it was ever considered part of the Maval and it probably got into list 3 by virtue of having been transferred to the Pant Sachiv in exchange for Simhagad.128 Siraval was made a municipality and became the headquarters of the Vicitragad Taluka of Bhor in the late nineteenth century. After the merger the territory reverted to Satara District and became, with a certain amount of tidying-up, Khandala Mahal.129
25.

Jor Khor (Sen's list)

The headwaters of the Krishna from its source near Mahabaleshvar to its junction with the Walkhil30just west of Dhom. In I649 it was given to one of the Jedhes,131 but I have found only one further mention of a Jedhe connection.132
MIS XV.307, p. 325. Fukazawa, 'Local Administration of Adilshahi Sultanate', p. 43, lists Bhor and Utrauli as parganas under Adilshahi rule, but I have found this word used only once and of the larger unit: paragane kile rohidd(APS 11.27-1665). However, since both Bhor and Utrauli are occasionally called tape (see note 121) I imagine that Fukazawa was generalizing from his conclusion that Tappa was normally synonymous
123
124

125 MIS with Pargana (ibid., p. 41). XX.264--I77. XV.340-I678; 126 MIS XV.306. But see note 145 for a discrepancy. 127 PD 45.1, p. 3. Documents relating to giraval can be found in SCS 1.9, 10, 21, 49, 55; SCS II.x, 'siravala deSapande', I86-97, pp. I98-204; MIS XX.53-62. 128 Ranade and Joshi, History of Bhor State, p. 20.
129

Wai (Papers relating to the revision survey settlement of 92 governmentvillages of the Wai Taluka of the Satara Collectorate, Selections, n.s. cclxx, 1893, p. I). 130 The Satara Gazetteer spells it Valki. On the Grdmakosamap it appears as vardaki 131MIS XV.335. nadi.
132

The rest of Khandala Mahal had previously been the Mahalkari's division of

dnandardva sajydsiva jedhe mokadama mouje velanga ta. jora khore pra. vdt. Velang is i

A document of I784 in the B.I.S.M. (Ghadani, rumal 46I/5) was witnessed by:

miles west of Dhom.

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'TWELVE

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415

In an undated list of the villages ofprdnta Wai, kasabajora is given in the division ofsamata murhe133 which seems to have included both valleys, the Walkhi and the upper Krishna. They are distinguished in another undated document as two tarphas,jora khoreand jdbula khore, the latter being the Walkhi valley in which lies the village ofJSmbali.134 Towards the end of the eighteenth century Jor Khor appears to have been detached from Wai and become one of the tarphasofsubhdprdntaJavali.135 The village of Jor was one of the acquisitions of Nana Phadnis.136 26. June Maval (List 3)

This is probably a misreading although 'the old maval' might mean anything, especially as List 3 omits several of the commonest names such as Mose, Pavan and Paud. 27. Savad Khor (List 3)

This is another mysterious name. In the conflated list supplied by Vakasakar it has been interpreted as sasavaea khorem137 which, if accepted is as inappropriate as Siraval. Sasavad, which is well east of the maval and once perhaps a pe.t,139 but never a khor or a region, is a karyata13s maval.

The wider region

It is to be hoped that the list given above contains all the regions that were contained within the Maval. It does not, of course, exhaust all the valleys and districts of the Western Ghats which have been given names ending in khor, for these can be found further north in Khed
133

Adilshahi Sultanate', p. 42. Murheis a Marathi word meaning 'mist' and by extension 'the misty part', the top of the Ghats where the clouds hang for weeks during the monsoon. It is the third item of Grant Duff's 'Mawuls, Khoras and Mooras'. 134 MIS XX. I76, pp. 246-50. 135ASS IX.78, p. 57-1763 [in BISMQ XLVI]. Subhd Javali was Sivaji's creation (PD 45.1, p. 2), centred on the land that he seized from the Mores of Javali, but to talk of subhd prdnta jvali in 1763 is probably a piece of grandiloquence on the part of the now much diminished kingdom of Satara. Javial or Jaoli remains the name of a taluka of Satara District, although the village from which it takes its name is now in Mahabaleshvar Mahal. 136 ASS III. 137 See above p. 396. i84, p. 266 [in BISMQ XXI.3]. 138 MIS XVIII.3-i6o8; 6, p. 17-1638; 44, p. 64-I706. 139 MIS XVIII.47--7Io.

MIS XX. I75, p. 230. For samata see Fukazawa,

'Local Administration

of

416

IAN RAESIDE

and Junnar Talukas and further south in Satara District. It might be helpful to end with a summary of the evidence for the wider territorial divisions of the area that can be gleaned from the documents that I have used. Under the Nizamshahi rulers of Ahmadnagar and their successors the Adilshahi kings of Bijapur mdmale riara included at the least Kanad Khor and Gunjan Maval (note 81) and the name persisted in persianized documents as late as I726.140 In tapah kanatakhora was kilah and in Gunjan Maval was the peta and kilah of murumadeva toranah,141 (notes 86-7). To the south-east was tapah and kilah rohirah-Rohida (notes, I 17, 12), and to the north-east was kile kondhdnd-later Simhagad.142

Under Sivaji's rule in 1656143 the maval tarphas (as given in list 4) and the tarphasof mdmalertira were separated but came under the same Sarsubhedar, who also controlled subhdceula-Chaul. From now on the term subhd prdnta Maval appears regularly and specifically in connexion with Nane Maval (note 25), Pavan Maval (note 29), Paud Khor (note 36), Muthe Khor (note 4I), Khedebare (note 69), Kanad Khor (notes 82-3), Gunjan Maval (note 99), Velavand Khor (note Io5), Hiradas Maval (note II5) and Rohid Khor (note 125). Rather surprisingly, perhaps, Mose Khor, though well documented, is not in this list and once in I66o it even appears to be a tape ofparagand Poona (note 51). Poona itself is almost invariably called a paragand, either unambiguously144 or by various dubious contractions (see note 24), and includes Karyat Maval (note 56) and various other tarphasfurther east. It comes under subhd Junnar,145 as also does paragand Siraval,146 but unfortunately several villages in tarpha Haveli are described as being in prdnta Poona.147 Finally, to add to the confusion, in the 1698 document which confers saramokadami rights on Khanderav Dabhade, the tarphas of Andhra, Nane Maval, Paud Khor, madha khorem (Muthe Khor?) and Paud Khor, and the paragands of Poona and Pavan Maval are all given as being in prdnta sarakarajunara.148
140MIS XVI.5 I
141

SCS V.950, p. 201-I632 [in BISMQ XXI.2]. 142Ibid; MIS XVIII.3, p. 2-I608. 143Assuming PD 31.24 to be authentic. 144 MIS XVIII.8, p. 2I1-642. 145ASS 1.139, p. 137-1695 MIS XVIII.37-i696. [in BISMQX.4]; 146SCS p. 200-1704. II.I9I, 147 SCS V.996, p. [in BISMQ XXII.3-4]; BISMQ XXVII. -2, 37, 285-1699

MIS XVIII.53-1732. p. 237-1762; 148 BISMQ VIII.3, p. 124.

A NOTE

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417

Further research is needed to make complete sense of all this, but provisionally one might guess that Prant Sarkar Junnar, being the old Nizamshahi name for the whole region that was ruled by Malik Ambar, persisted as a form of words long after it had any specific meaning; that Sivaji organized the highland territory that he conquered into the two Prants or Subhas of Maval and Javali, and that the original paragand of Poona, being cut off from Junnar which was still unconquered, was upgraded to a Prant.