Professional Documents
Culture Documents
.YO
FREDERIC W. MADDEN,
;
M.R.A.S.,
j
MEMBER OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY OF LONDON ASSOCIE ETRANGER DE LA SOCIETE R.OYALE DE LA NUMISMATIQUE BELGE HONORARY MEMBER OF THE NUMISMATIC AND ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY OF PHILADELPHIA FELLOW OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY OF MONTREAL
;
WITH
279
<V
A VX\
V
'.-..,-.,.
LONDON:
TRUBNEK
& CO., 57 and 59,
1881.
All rights
reserved.
SEZN BY
LUDGATE
HILL.
PRESERVATION
SERVICES
DATE..
PREFACE.
The
following work
may be
my
1
" History
of the
as
it
New
It
Testaments,"
embracing
does nearly
in
that volume, as
is
well as the
additional
information
corrections
so
" Supplement."
further
that I
enriched by
the
critical
gained from
all
papers
on the
subject
have been
able to obtain,
that the "History of the Coins of the Jews," from the earliest
of Jerusalem
is
times
to
the
destruction
and
the
building
of
iElia
Capitolina
by
order of the
It
is
Emperor Hadrian,
to
brought up
that
to the
much
be
regretted
no
thorough
collection
of
as Dr. in their
Churchill
cabinets
Eev.
S.
S.
Lewis
have
many
rare
The
late
the
may
be expressed that
of the
formed
by the Eev. H.
home
the British
Museum.
publication
illustrated
entitled,
Since
described
the
of
my
original
work,
of
the
the
late
M.
de
Saulcy
has
and
the
interesting
coins
towns of Palestine in a
Sainte."
3
handsome book,
fore
" Numismatique
all
de
the
la
Terre
It
was therehas
unnecessary to include
advisable
to
these
in
present
Colonial
volume,
Coins
but
it
been
thought
originally
retain
the
first
" Imperial
edition,
of JElia
Capitolina,"
relation
produced
in
my
these
having a more
intimate
with the
1
vol.
xiv. pp.
281-316;
IV
PREFACE.
Great
historical
attention
has
has,
been
paid
to
the
chronology
of
all
periods,
and
an
commentary
purely
A
or
The
"
Appendices
in
with
the
the
" Weights
mentioned
in
the
Bible,"
coins
list
the
of of
Money
the
New
Testament,"
evidence of the
Coins,"
the Eevolts,"
works and papers in connexion with Jewish Numismatics published since 1849,"
which,
it is
hoped, will
in
be of
much
The woodcuts
From my "Jewish From
the
work can be
as
follows:
247
the "Numismatic Chronicle," kindly lent by the Council of the Numismatic Society, fifteen
of
late
all of
an asterisk (*)
liberality of
..............
.
1 1
Makiug
a total of
...
279
The Plate
of
Alphabets
has
been
lithographed
Son.
principally
from
my own
Day and
I
In concluding these
returning
prefatory
to
remarks,
those
gladly
my
warmest thanks
all
me
so
much
friend
valuable assistance,
mentioned
my
indefatigable
the greatest
Mr.
II.
;
A.
Grueber, Assistant in
Department
late Scholar of
of
Coins
Museum
the
Downing
Cambridge;
College,
Eev.
;
John's
Cambridge
arc,
Eev. A. H. Sayce,
Herod Philip
2.
(1)
(2)
II.
No.
(3)
Agrippa
I.
with Claudius;
(-1)
Agrippa
and Agrippa
II.
and
(5)
Agrippa
PREFACE.
V
of
Queen's
College,
S.
Oxford,
and
Deputy Professor
Comparative Philology
the
Eev.
S.
Cambridge
;
Mr. A.
H.
C.
Neubauer,
M.A.,
Sub-Librarian,
Bodleian
S.
Library,
Oxford
the
Kev.
Eeichardt of Damascus;
and Mr. G. A.
It is
Mr.
W.
W. Yaux,
M.A.,
F.E.S.,
Secretary
B.A.S.;
also
with
much
the
in
my
the
Austin and
for the
Sons
for
bestowed
upon
printing
of
the
work,
efforts
and
to
able
manner
and
seconded
my
make
PEEDEEIC W. MADDEN.
Brighton College,
July, 1881.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER
Early use of Silyer and Gold
BEFORE THE ExiLE
as a
I.
..........
CHAPTER
II.
The Invention
of coined money.
The
17
CHAPTER
Writing
III.
24
CHAPTER
IV.
The Money employed by the Jews after their return from Babylon until the Revolt under
the Maccabees
..........
b.c.
b.c.
43
Simon Maccabjeus,
141
b.c.
..... ....
V.
135
CHAPTER
61
John Hybcanus
I.
135 106
b.c.
106
....
II. re-established, b.c.
67
74
81
Judas Aristobulus,
b.c.
b.c.
105.
D. Alexander Jann^eus,
E. Alexandra,
E.
b.c.
b.c.
105
69
.
b.c.
78
83
91
78
b.c.
John Hyrcanus
II. b.c.
b.c.
69
b.c. 63.
92
G. Abistobulfs II.
69
b.c.
John Hybcanus
57
63
c.
57.
93
Alexander
II.
63
b.c.
H. John Hyrcanus
I.
II. re-established
B.C.
a second time,
B.C.
b.c.
47
b.c.
40
95
40
37
99
Ylll
CONTENTS.
....
b.c.
CHAPTER
VI.
105
4.
A.
B.
C.
Herod
I.
37
b.c.
105
Herod
Archelaus, b.c. 4
b.c.
114
118
Herod Antipas,
I.
a.d.
40
D. Herod Philip
E.
F. G.
122
a.d.
Herod Philip
II. b.c. 4
I.
34
123
Herod Agrippa
a.d.
37
a.d.
44
a.d.
129
a.d.
41
48
139
H. Agrippa
48 a.d.
100.
139
CHAPTER
Coins struck by the Procurators of Judaea
VII.
170
a.d. a.d.
a.d.
a.d.
14
173
14
37
a.d.
176
41
183
41
a.d.
a.d.
54
183
54
68
185
CHAPTER
Money struck during the First Revolt
I.
VIII.
188
of the Jews
a.d.
a.d.
67
68 69
198
II.
206
206
III.
a.d.
CHAPTER
Roman Coins struck
in Palestine and at
IX.
of Jerusalem
207 207
A. Reign of Vespasian
I.
II.
Rome
B.
Reign of Titus
I.
II.
Rome
219
225 225 229
C.
Reign of Domitian
I.
II.
CONTENTS.
IX
CHAPTER
MONEY STRUCK DURING THE SECOND REVOLT
I.
X.
PARE
II.
Tear
......
2
.
230 233
241
CHAPTER
Imperial Colonial Coins struck at Jerusalem
XI.
247 249
Hadrianus,
a.d.
136
138
a.d.
128
136
a.d.
251 138
252 252
138
161
a.d.
139
161
256
257
Marcus Aurelius,
a.d.
161
180
II.
,
a.d. 161
175
169
258
a.d. 161
164
161
259 259
261
a.d.
176
180
169
194
261
Commodus,
a.d.
180
192
.
262 263
Pescennius Xiger,
a.d.
211
.
263
263
217
217
a.d.
264
215
217
264
265
211212
A.D.
DlADUMENIANUS,
Elagabaxus, a.d.
217
218.
265
267
218222
Severus Alexander,
a.d.
222
235
a.d.
235
270
in the East
.
270
271
271
238244
Trajanus Decius,
a.d.
272
CONTENTS.
a.d.
.
249
.
Valerianus,
Arab Coins
........ ............
.
251
....
. .
TAGF.
27-4
a.d.
253
260
A. Weights
B.
C.
1).
Money
in
the
New
E.
of
since 1849
APPENDICES.
285
289
311
.314
317
in
connexion
INDEX
325
ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.
Tage
21, note 6.
M.
T. de
La
Museum
legend
. .
He
says,
"The
.
is
China
from
B.C.
215 to a.d.
I
300
The
the weight of
is
the period.
have a copper coin of the same time with a legend of the same kind but another weight.
222 grains,
MS.
communication).
In June, 1880, a Hebrew inscription was discovered by Mr. Schick, a German architect at Jerusalem,
in our
literary journals
(Prof.
Sayce,
"The Athenaeum,"
12th
March,
1881, p. 364; Mr. Neubauer, Colouel Wan-en, and Mr. Walter Besant,
"The Athenaeum,"
M. Halevy,
pamphlet
"The Athenaeum,"
entitled,
cf.
"The Athenaeum,"
"The
in
ancient
is
Hebrew
The
inscription
in sis lines,
and
of the purest
Hebrew.
Prof. Sayce points out that the Yau, the Zain and the Tsadhc are
stone.
more archaic
of the
on the Moabite
The form
of
Moabite alphabet, nevertheless resembles that of the early Hebrew gems, as well as of the Nimrud lion weights (8th
first identified
like the
Tsadhe presents a form from which the forms found on the Moabite
the
case
of
stone and in later inscriptions are derived by dropping the loop, and in
{Zain,
the
g,;
Moabite,
J:
Tsadhe, Q^,;
Moabite,
|^.).
Twenty
letters of the
twenty-two occur
in the
new
inscription
is
it
to the
"age
of
Solomon, when great public works were being constructed at Jerusalem, more especially in the neighbourhood of the Tyropceon
valley"
(p.
7).
(p.
15),
comparing Isaiah
viii.
6,
suggests that
to increase the
Mr. M.
W.
Shapira
Uzzi:ili
The Athena;um," 16
built
King
who
is
The
p. 112).
ii.
two Jewish
from the work of Signore Visconti, taken from the newly-discovered catacomb at
to.
Pome
(p.
455, note)
The
11.
Gesenius,
pi. xxviii.
12.
Gesenius,
"Mon.
Phcen."
pi.
xxx.
and 32
30 (Turin),
Page
41,
Column
note
1.
13.
Gesenius, "
Mon. Phcen."
pi. v.
Page 103,
Page 125.
Eeland, "
De
Spoliis Templi,
II., formerly in
the collection of
the late
M. de Saulcy
in
p.
my
a
text
(cf.
"Num.
Chron."
M.
The
the obverse legend correctly on account of the bad preservation of the coin, but after careful examination he considered that
should
be read
(y<
CGBACTQJ KAICAPI,
my
text (p. 126
;
known
.
piece.
IB.
have shown in
Temple and the legend 01 AinilOY T. De Saidcy Table, p. 128), the " year 12 " really coincides with a.d. 8-9.
.
assigns
note 4.
t.
v. p.
103,
No.
1,
read
t. vi.
The Rev.
.J
3)
4) described
now
in the collection of
Mr. Lewis.
Page 228,
line 2.
away beyond
" where
it
I.
EARLY USE OF SILVER AXD GOLD AS A MEDIUM OF EXCHANGE AND COMMERCE AMONG THE HEBREWS BEFORE THE EXILE.
The
earliest
mention in the Bible, after the Flood, of the use of the precious metals occurs in the
rich in cattle, in silver,
'
history of
and in gold."
Though
bullion,' yet
is
we
He
that
that
is
silver),
The
first
actual
related
transaction of
that
commerce
is
the purchase
by Abraham
Cave
of
Machpelah.
It
is
"Abraham weighed
Soki/aov
(7pt?*l) to
Ephron the
shekels
of
silver,
four hundred
3
silver,
(inb/ *QV>
presents,
LXX.
or
of
ifj.7r6poi<;)."
Silver
and
gold as
medium
of
commerce, or of
4
tribute,
may
is
also
the Midianites, 5
the Phoenicians, 6 the Egyptians, 7 the Syrians, 8 the Assyrians, 9 and the Arabians. 10
Abimelech,
king of Gerar,
of
lay,
said
to
silver."
11
The Lords
of
the
Philistines
persuaded Delilah to
of
out
wherein the
12
great
strength
(t|D3
Samson
she
on
the
promise
" eleven
hundred
of
silver,"
which
money
silver)
afterwards received. 13
conspiracy by hiring
'
to
form his
taken
and ten of
of
silver
silver
of
Baalberith;
which
Micah
and then
restored,
to
The purchase
by the
and
who
"
it
spicery
down
to
proves
that
*
silver
was
recognized as
10 12 1
medium
x.
exchange from
ix. 9.
"Gilead
Gen. Gen.
Gen.
xiii.
2; xxiv. 35.
Gen.
18;
xvii. 13.
10; 2 Chron.
is 15
3
4
xxiii. 16.
Judges
xvi. 5.
ix. 4.
Judges
Judges
xvi. 18.
xvii. 2-4.
xx.
xvii.
16;
11.
Judges
xvi.
5,
Kings
iv.
21;
Judges
2 Chron.
5 7
Kings
x.
29
Chron.
i.
1"
i "lis le vendirent pour uu vil prix, Gen. xxxvii. 25, 28. Koran xii. 20. pour les derhams comptes." " Le prix etait vil, a cause- de L'excea d'alliage que contenait
xxxvi. 3.
]a
;
Kings
v. 5,
23.
pen nombreux.
Comptis, e'est a dire monnaie, ou de son manque de poids. En efret, on avail Thaliitudc di- peser les sonnnes
1
qui atteignaient
once et de compter
au-dessous
1
MADDEN
'
'
to
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
Egypt"; from which country Solomon purchased
1
chariots for
"600
By
all
men and
the
cattle, 2
provisions,
and
fines
standard of the
the
current
value of
silver.
7
said
of
8
Temple, 6
9
the
sacrifice of animals,
to the seer.
The
tribute rendered
10
'
gifts
or 'presents,'
was
by
year.'
12
13
equalling a
the
The monuments
payment.
in
of
of
Egypt
show the
III.
early
(circa
use
B.C.
of
the
precious
for
this
tribute
The
to
annals
slaves,
Thothmes
cattle,
1591-1565)
record
king,
addition
of
corn,
precious
stones,
bars
constant
form
and weight,
as
was
afterwards
the
among
of
'
received
to
'
amounts
the
solid
gold
or
and
Ten,
silver,'
which are
is
calculated
according
l&
special
Egyptian weight,
'
TJten
which
The
gold
and
silver
was
also
in
de ce poids "
p.
(II.
Sauvaire,
vol.
xv.
229).
which had
sold
to
pay a
fixed
sum
also
"every
ii.
p. 37).
year."
Separate
talents,
cities
contributed, Nineveh
30 talents,
Calah 9
etc.
(Prof. Sayce,
for having
weighed
p.
62, Bagster
&
one ounce of
is
tale,
which
"Records
x. 14
;
way
. .
of
.
payment.
Kings
" Le derham
II est notoire
le
nom
14
15
Blacas,
vol.
i.
Anterieurement a ce Khalife,
forme
d'un
noyau de datte
et
avait a
pp.
vol.
16
inscription.
ment
le
... En somme, le derham est lexicologiquenom donne a une monnaie ronde en argent. Dans le
la jurisprudence,
173-175; Lenormant, "La Monnaie dans 1'Antiquite," Evans, " Ancient British Coins," p. 18. i. pp. 216-219 Birch, " Trans, of Roy. Soc. of Literature," vol. ii. p. 100;
langage de
au poids de
1
cette monnaie.
Le dinar
"
229, 230).
i.
Kings
'
x.
29
2 Chron.
17.
The Chronicler
Solomon " out
(2
Chron.
ix.
of all lands."
etc.
The
hundred
chariot
'
probably includes
horses, harness,
Six
" Records of the Past," vol. ii. pp. 17-58; De Rouge, "Rev. Arch." 1860, p. 297; Chabas; "Notes sur un poids Egyptien" " Recherches sur les poids, mesures, in the " Rev. Arch." 1861 et monnaies des anciens Egyptieus," Paris, 1876. The earliest payments, purchases, and even salaries in ancient Egypt appear to have been made or paid in TJtens of copper (Lenormant, "La Monnaie dans 1'Antiquite," vol. i. p. 95),
;
would equal about 80 (see Appendix A. Weights). In the reigu of Marduk-idin-akhe (b.c. 1100), king of Babylon, "a chariot with its team of horses " sold for " 100
silver shekels
showing that
and a
full
at a very early date barter had been superseded, system of sale and purchase established.
grains,
for-
weights of silver."
the Past," vol.
silver
ix.
Menant ("Eecords
of
105) add in
Mr.
it
Harris
of
may
The mina
?
Alexandria,
bought
is
who
being equal to 9, the 360th part would be 6d., and the price of
the " chariot and team "
2 3 5
7
at Thebes,
2 10*. Numb.
4 c 8
! !
Can
45
ii.
this
be correct
xiv. 26.
;
iii.
seq.
6,
Deut.
28
nual
\os<q.
Exodus
1
xxi.
xxii.
Exodus xxx.
13, 15
xxxviii. 26.
xviii.
Levit. v. 15.
Numb.
iv.
iii.
45 seq.;
2
9 10
11
Sam. 2 Sam.
1
ix. 7 seq.
viii. 2,
6;
;
Kings
cf.
21
x.
25
Kings
xvii. 3, 4.
known
Desert.
as
Serpentine of
the top of
the
it is
2 Chron. xvii. 11
Herod,
Chron.
iii.
89.
Upon
12
Kings
x.
25
ix.
24.
Tiglath-Pileser II.
O
shall presently
lumps or
bricks, 2
though generally in
the form of
'
rings,' to
which I
About
B.C.
king in his
stead,
to
tribute
of
of
silver
and a talent
Similar
of gold."
lumps
or
ingots
were
employed
for
payments
in
Assyria,
different
but
not
rings. 4
Assur-nasir-pal,
of
silver,
when invading
silver,
from
kings
"4 manehs
10 manehs of
tribute. 5
20 talents of
placed
silver,
gold, 100
talents of
II.
articles
of
The
inscription
by Shalmaneser
objects, the
6
in the British
Museum
records,
amongst other
delivery of
silver
and
gold,'
and
The records
show that
tribute
talents
of silver, 20 talents of gold, 3000 talents of copper, and 5000 talents of iron." 7
Pul, king of
Assyria, 8
king of
(b.c.
talents of
silver,"
the mighty
men
of
of wealth, of each
of
man 50
shekels of silver,"
as
also took
from
Israel,
of Judah, in
B.C.
and from
in
Hoshea,
king of
whom
730,
the
In
B.C.
" render
him
but
into
Sabaco), king of
among
Smith has read "belonging to the sun" ("Proceedings Soc. Ant." 2nd series, vol. i. p. 242). Upon the side of it is engraved
the following legend
:
whom
ttWTIS
I
Kat
v.
^|^
Benhadad
"Records
of the
The employment
Prov.
xi.
1
;
of weights of stone
11
Micah
vi.
11, etc.).
The Romans
lapis (Plin.
12).
also
made use of a kind of black stone called Lydius H. xxxiii. 8; cf. Chabas " Rev. Arch." 1861, p.
1
N.
an Ahab (Akhabbu) in Bc 854 in the inscription has occasioned much discussion, and the late G. Smith came to the conclusion ("Assyrian Canon," " Ahab who assisted pp 154> 189) 190) 198 ) that ne jther the Benhadad," northe "Jehu, son of Omri," are the "Ahab, king of T sra el," or the " Jehu of the Bible " but the identifications
Past," vol.
.
iii.
p. 99).
The mention
are
now
"Die
Keilinschriften
;
From
traffic in
" KeilinAlte Testament," Giessen, 1872, pp. 97, 107 scariften und Geschichtsforschung," 1878, pp. 356-371; cf.
umj<las
prof R aw illson(
i
Bible Educator,"
vol.
i.
p. 127).
LXX.yKwavav jxiav
21,
24),
Kings xv.
19, 20.
Xpvariv;
5()
weighing
"Die Keilinschriften und das A. T." pp. 121-133; " Keilinschriften und Geschichtsforschung," pp. 422-460 cf.
9
;
Testament, which presuppose with certainty the currency of See pp. 8 and 14, single pieces of metal according to weight.
s.v. Talent.
Corresponding to the
ap^vpa.7
"Assyrian Canon," pp. 76, 183. Prof. Rawlinson, however, does not hold this view, but considers that Pul, who is not mentioned in the inscriptions or the Canon, was a pretendi r to the Assyrian crown, and never acknowledged, at Nineveh
Smith,
(" Anc. Monarchies," vol.
10
ii.
(Polyb. x. 27, 12) and Uteres argentei atque aurei (Plin. xxxiii.
3, 17).
3 4
p. 123).
Josephus ("Antiq."
1
the
sum
raised as
'
fifty
6
6
Lenormant, " La Monnaie dansl'Antiquite," vol. i. p. 112. Rev. J. M. Rodwell, " Records of the Past," vol. iii. p.' 71. "Yahua son of Khumri " [Omri] (Dr. Hincks, "Dublin
drachms' per head (kuto. KHpaXh" SpaxP"* irivT^Kovrd), which Cf. Madden, " Supplement to Jew. Coinage" in is incorrect.
Univ.
vol.
ii.
Mag."
p.
"Anc. Monarchies,"
bas-reliefs repre-
105
"Records
The
Kings xv. 18; 2 Kings xii. 18; xvi. 8; xviii. 15. Smith, "Assyr. Canon," pp. 117, 123; Rev. J. M. Rodwell, " Records of the Past," vol. V. p. 43; Prof. Rawlinson, "Bible la 2 Kings xvii. 3. Educator," vol. i. p. 141.
1
"
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
it,
B.C. b.c.
723,
and besieged Samaria, which was eventually taken by his successor Sargon 1
Sennacherib,
in
b.c.
721.
701,
of
according to his
own
account, 2
received
gold and 800 talents of silver," sums stated in the Bible as " 300
3
and 30
talents of gold."
In
precious
spite,
however, of
the
absence of
coined
money 4 and
5
the
constant
payment
of
the
metals
by weight, trade
transactions
"In
of
and
its
merchants
the
had
connexions
as of
far
as
India
and
possibly
Tartessus
on
West.
The commerce
in
;
Tyre
and
the
Sidon
had been
ruined
of
by the
the
interests of
mercantile classes
of
Nineveh, like
capital, 6
Edward
III.
in
our
own country
to
and
the
conquest
of
by Sargon, secured
Mesopotamia
to
Assyria the
passage
the
Euphrates
and
the
high road
satrap,
'
from
Palestine.
Carchemish,
became a
all nations,
Maneh
of
Carchemish
leased,
with which
details into
"The King
p. 125;
.
of Assyria," 2
Canon,"
2
Kings xvii. 6; Smith, "Assyr. Oppert, " Records of the Past," vol. vii. p. 28.
"mention
to
of coined
money,"
my
phrase in
scholars,
question
Sir II
"Bampton Lec;
misinterpreted by Assyrian
tures,"
1859,
141;
;
Dr.
Hincks, in
and Babylon," p. 143 Smith, " Assyr. Talbot, "Records of the Past," vol. i. Rodwell, " Records of the Past," vol. vii.
3
money
5 6
transactions
coined metal.
2 Kings
xviii. 14.
is
Rawlinson, "Bampton Lectures," " Anc. Monarchies," vol. ii. p. 164; "Bible Educator," vol. i. p. 188; "Speaker's Commentary," vol. ii. "Nineveh and Babylon," p. 145; Vans, p. 99; Layard, "Nineveh and Persepolis," p. 498), but in all probability the
1859, p. 412;
Mabog
So
247),
or Hierapolis
("Anc.
Mon."
vol.
ii.
p.
67
vol.
iii.
p. 49).
p.
also
("Bible Educator,"
vol.
iii. ii.
p. 67).
p. 88),
opinion of Brandis
is
He
the former of
whom
has
now
the
101) that the two amounts are identical, or nearly so, for 800
site at
Assyrian
fiftieths of
5-61
grammes [86-6745
4488
grammes [69,339-6 grs.], while 300 Jewish silver shekels of 14-55 grammes [224-7975 grs.] yield 4365 grammes [67,439-25 grs.]. Multiplying in each case by 3000, the Assyrian talent will be 16830 grammes [260023-5 grains], and the Jewish These two talents talent 43650 grammes [674392-5 grs.]. multiplied by 800 and 300 respectively give the following
totals
:
modern Jerabl&s ("The Academy," Sept. 16, 1876, p. 291; Nov. 4, 1876, p. 454; Aug. 16, 1879, p. 124). Schxader (" Keilinschriften und Geschichtsforschung," 1878, pp. 222225) has fully examined the question, and seems inclined to accept
this latter identification.
Assyrian
grs.].
[202,317,750 ,, ]. Mr. Head is inclined to think (compare Brandis, pp. 100, 160) that the Assyrian silver talent was somewhat lighter, equalling
,,
Jewish
13,095,000
Mr. Head ("The Academy," No. 394, Nov. 22, 1879, p. 376) is good reason to suppose that the "maneh of Carchemish" is identical with the Babylonian silver mina of It about 8656 grains Troy = 561 grammes (Brandis, p. 100). was the weight which the Hittites used in their commercial
7
transactions
and having a siglos or -^th of In this case 800 talents would equal 13,080,000 grammes [202,086,000 grs.], and would still more nearly agree with the Jewish amount. 4 " Payment might still be made in kind, but more ordinarily in bars of the three chief metals which were weighed, though mention of coined money also occurs" (Prof. Sayce, "Encyc.
grs.],
Cilicia, Pamphylia, Lydia, and the name was given it in from the other heavier silver mina of
about 11,225 grains used in Phoenicia. The shekel of the weight of Carchemish (173 grains) was superseded along the western coasts of Asia Minor, as well as in Thrace, by the shekel
Cilicia
(224 grains) of the Phoenician mina of 11,225 grains, but in and Cyprus it held its own against its rival down to the
Brit."
9th ed.
s.v.
Babylonia,
vol.
iii.
p.
192).
As
to the
"maneh
of
number
of
attesting witnesses,
of
modern lawyer.
and diplomacy
in
;
The
and
place as the
Assyrian
contract-tablets
1
are
frequently
accompanied
of
by
docket
the
Aramaic
of
stating
of
the documents
the
girl
Some
Thus we
an unfortunate
to
by her
marry her
it
to
8s.,
but marriage,
would
seem, raised her price, as the contract could only be annulled by Nitocris, or her heirs, three
of
whom
B.C.
are named,
of
90. 3
Another
one
tablet,
May,
G92, and
by seven
house
'
witnesses,
its
of
with
woodwork and
the city of
Nineveh, near the houses of Mannu-ci-akhi and Ilu-ittiya, and of the markets,' to an Egyptian
astronomer,
the house
too
who
paid one
their
maneh
of
silver,
or 9, for his
purchase. 4
of
attached
possess
nailmarks instead of
their
poor to
seals of
own.
The
contract was
signed in the
B.C.
judges.
709,
^,
we have
^
three Israelites,
known to the Phoenicians by the collective term "the cities" and to the Assyrians by the name
of that
particular
/'"
"~^\
Syrian
city
were more immediately connected Sir Henry Rawlinson, " Bilingual Readings," J.R.A.S. 1864,
n.s. vol.
i.
in use
(cf. "king's weight," fpftn |3X 2 Sam. xiv. 26), and the "maneh of the great goddess of Nineveh and Arbela" (cf. the "shekel of the sanctuary,"
etc.),
weights
(Rawlinson,
p.
219,
As for the "weight of the country" (NplX *T 2 Be zi arqd), which occurs on so many of the lion weights in the British Museum, Sir H.
Rawlinson suggests
note)
{op.
cit.
pp.
219, note,
226,
word arqd may mean Assyria, and thinks that the Chaldaean word Np~lN was not substituted for NXIX {earth, Jer. x. 11)
that
the Phoenician
Some
my
right T\yO
'
"Jewish Coinage" (pp. 259-264) to Asshur-izir-pal, b.c. 880 (Nos. 8 and 13), and to Shalmaneser II., b.c. 850 (Nos. 4, 5, and 9), but the reading of the name of Asshur-izir-pal on Nos. 8 and 13 has been corrected to Shalmaneser ("Ninth
Report of the Warden of the Standards," 1874-75, pp. 45, 46), and as to the attribution to Shalmaneser II., Sir H. Rawlinson is of opinion {op. cit. p. 244, note) that " the lion
weights are connected in a continuous chronological
that the
series,
one maneh
;
'
on base of lion to
left
"pD HJD
'
one
on base of lion to right X. Cuneiform inscription, "Palace of Shalmaneser, king of multitudes, king of the country of Assyria, one maneh of the king." The woodcut (where
of the king'
maneh
marked with
name
of
Asshur-natsir-pal,
hut
really
<T*f-
jT *r/-
>X- Shalmaneser
(Prof.
and
MS.
communication).
'
On No.
Shalmaneser whose name they bear must be the king who intervened between Tiglath-Pileser II. and Sargon." The
weights
B.C.
33D
1
Sinab, or
two-thirds of a
maneh
(Rawlinson,
op.
cit.
consequently
Tiglath-Pileser II.
See
Chapter
III.
"Writing."
"
(Prof. Oppert,
727-722 [Nos. 4, 5, 8, 9, 13), Sargon, b.c. 722-705 (No. 15), and Sennacherib, b.c. 705-681 (No. 12). No. 8 ["Jewish Coinage," p. 261] (Handle lost) on side of lion to left on side of lion t<i
10),
745-727 (Nos.
Shalmaneser
IV.
b.c.
" 16 drachmes
of silver
" Ten mines of silver" (Opport, op. cit. p. 116). " One mina of the king, of silver" (Oppert, op. cit.
p. 113).
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
M. Oppert
being
thinks, sold
to
as
sale
by a Phoenician
for
27/ any
retractation
or
annulment of the
to
subject
penalty of
230
or thereabouts, 2 part of
which was
the
sale
go
to the
slaves,
Some twenty
failed to appear
years later
we hear
of
3
of
seven
among them an
for
Israelite,
27
and sign
silver,
his
name. 4
Besides
of
these
deeds
let
of sale,
we
find other
documents in which
iron,
metal are
four per
in
;
11th of Si van,
b.c.
and in a third
case, the
26th of
Iyyar,
month
interest." 5
So too among the Phoenicians, the great merchants of antiquity, did the precious metals
largely circulate. 6
The paintings
of
Thothmes
and
The
tribute that
Thothmes
at this time
7
;
the
Syrians were
it is
and
certain
under
of
Egyptian
metals,
the
Phoenicians
must have
largely
developed
the exchange
goods,
of their
between
Babylonia,
Syria,
much
king
the
own
prosperity. 8
At
the time of David, friendly relations were established between the Phoenicians and the
of
men
for of
the
construction of
erection
temple. 11
The building
still
who
Hiram
12
;
and the
of 120
latter,
amounts respectively
and 420
is
There
frequent mention in
the annals
and
records of
'
tribute
'
Phoenicians.'' 4
" 3 mines of silver " (Oppert, op. cit. p. 114). " 10 mines of silver, one mine of gold" 140 with 90
it away, and they consequently made "silver anchors" in place of those that they had brought with them
unable to carry
(Aristot.
silver,
3
230
(Oppert, op.
cit. p.
114).
"3 manehs
i.
of silver"
(Prof. Sayce,
*
" Eec.
late
of the Past,"
cit.
vol.
5
p. 139).
"De Mirab. Auscult." 147 of. Diod. v. 35 Kenrick, "Phoenicia," p. 211; Max Duncker, "Hist, of Antiquity," trans, by Abbott, Bentley, 1877, 1879, vol. ii. pp. 85, 86).
; ;
Mr. G. Smith acquired " a collection of tablets, consisting of the cheques and deeds, of a great banking firm which flourished at Babylon from
Prof.
Sayce,
op.
cit.
p.
138.
The
Brandis, p. 93;
Max
vol.
i.
p.
304
8
vol.
ii.
Herod,
2
1
i.
1.
Sam.
v. 11
Kings
v. 1.
'"
Sam. Sam.
Kings
v.
11
xxii.
Chron. xiv.
end of that of Darius Hystaspes," which " were found by some Arabs deposited in a number of earthenware jars which served the purpose of our modern 'safes' " (Prof. Sayce, "Babylonian
Literature," p. 67).
n
12
Chron.
2; xxix. 1-9.
;
2
;
vii.
12, 13
3.
Kings
cf. x.
v. 5
vii.
13
Chron.
xxii.
10
13
2 Chron.
1
ii.
28
11
" 450
talents," 2 Chron.
" And Tyrus did build herself a stronghold and heaped up silver as the dust, and fine gold as the mire of the streets" cf. Ezek. xxvii.). The quantity of silver obtained (Zech. ix. 3
6
;
viii.
18.
u Smith, " Assyrian Canon" passim; "Records Past" passim; Max Duncker, "Hist, of Antiq."
pp. 271, 308 seq.
of
vol.
the
ii.
AVe have thus seen that in Egypt, Assyria, Phoenicia and Judaea, the metals 'gold and
silver
'
silver
'
by weight
'
medium
and
it
exchange
probable
among
the
Hebrews.
enforced,
that
did
the
Egyptians, 2
to see that
just.
is
made
not probable
nor
is
it
likely
transaction of
it
business.
is
recorded
that the
and
set
it
beside the
that kept
the
money
that
Lord."
and "put
1
it
in the bags. 7
" Thou
[Heh. 'a
.
8, 12,
ix. 3.
13;
vii.
17,
21, 26;
viii.
36; Esther
17;
2
iii.
12;
viii.
9;
J3N1
thou
and just weight" (Deut. xxv. 13, 15) "just balances, just weights " [Heb. stones ] (Levit. xix. 36) " a false balance is an abomination to the Lord" (Prov. xi. 1
' '
3 Gen. xxiii. 16; Exod. Kings xx. 39 Jer. xxxii. 9, 4 2 Kings xii. 9, 10.
;
xxii.
Sam.
xviii.
12;
10, etc.
cf. xvi.
11
Amos
39,
viii.
5;
3.
Micah
jnS
vi.
11, etc.).
xxiv. 8, seq.
gazophylacium.
;
Cf. 2 Chron.
Vulg. area.
See
Appendix
" Denkmaler," Abt. iii. lib. Greeks and Romans had public weighers
2
Lepsius,
No.
The
3).
B. x.
reads " put up in bags and told the money," but may have preceded 'the placing in bags.' It has been proposed to alter the text. "For WSi) 'and they bound up,'
6
called
respectively
The A. V.
telling
'
(vy6(TTaTai (Artemid.
ii.
the
'
represented have the form of a lion and a 'Crouching antelopes' also occur (Wilkinson, "Pop. Acct. of Anc. Egyptians," vol. ii. p. 148). The Assyrian and
'
suggests
Houbigant would read IpS'l and they poured out,' while Ewald nyi 'and they emptied,' which is the form used in
' '
in the form of lions (see p. 5, Such too is the form of the bronze talent weight found at Abydos (engraved and published by Mr. F. Calvert in "Arch. Journal," 1860, Sept. pp. 199, 200; De Vogue, "Rev. Arch." Jan. 1862, N.8. vol. v. pp. 30-39; Levy, " Jud. Miinzen," p. 153 Poole, art. 'Weights' in Smith's " Diet, of
note
11" (Rawlinson, "Speaker's Com." vol. iii. p. 63). The Chronicler simply says and emptied the chest.' 7 The use of the bag or purse is of frequent occurrence in
2 Chron. xxiv.
' ' ' '
the O. T. (Gen.
Isa. xlvi. 6; cf.
xlii.
35
Kings
Job
in a
xiv. 17).
;
Mic.
vi. 11
talent of
the
Bible,"
vol.
iii.
p.
1731;
Madden,
"Jew. Coinage,"
or
pp. 271-272;
NSD3 1 NnnD
'pnpS
pans "approved"
" found
correct
bag and one change of garment was about as much as one man could carry (2 Kings v. 23), and it may be that sometimes weighing was avoided by the sealed bags containing a certain weight of silver
as the seal remained
bound up
"money " ("Controle en presence desconservateurs de l'argent," De Vogue). The satrap mentioned is probably one of the "magistrates who
of the weights
Tobit ix. 5), and so long bag or purse probably the amount marked thereon. This custom
(cf.
unbroken the
'
'
'
'
had control
the
name
of the great
and measures, as at Nineveh, also in king " and the silver mentioned is either
;
among
the
Thothmes III.
as a
(circa B.C.
(xxviii. 6)
"
pour
well-known form
of that metal
and
148
this
is
confirmed by
'pure
them"
i.
(Wilkinson,
;
"Pop.
149),]
The Eesh on the back of the lion has not been satisfactorily explained. As to the words pLDX and N^HD, see Levy, "Jud. Miinzen," p. 153 note and " Speaker's Com."
Vogue,
vol.
iii.
Acct. of Anc.
Egyptians,"
vol.
p.
vol.
ii.
p.
brought by the conquered nations tributary to the Egyptians, a form in which tribute appears to have been brought by Jehu
vol. vi. p.
278
cf.
Ezra
v.
vi.
and the
Israelites
as
represented
on the
black
obelisk
of
'
8 In the large
total of
1
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
603,550 half-shekels, accumulated by the contribution of each Israelite to
the Tabernacle,
was
to be paid
as the
give
The
mentioned in Persian
to
was
that
was
by the
which
it
now
exists.
(Herod,
iii.
94,
95,
98,
102-105),
and of which a
There
125).
were merely occasional pieces, struck more for vanity sake than for
real utility, but the
In the Vedas, as discovered by Prof. Wilson and pointed out by Mr. Thomas (" Internat. Num. Orient." vol. i. parti, p. 33; cf. p. 25), mention is made of " ten purses " of gold, identified by
number
amid Akbar's reserved treasures, and the continuity of their issue by succeeding kings, seems to indicate that they were
consistently designed to serve for the purposes of larger payments,
in one hundred pound Marsden, p. 641 217 No. dlvi Prinsep, " J. A. S. Bengal," 1838, p. 415. Large pieces called tankas of gold and silver, ten and twenty times heavier than the current mohur and rupee, were ordered to be struck in a.d. 1617 by the Emperor Jahangir. and bore the date of the succeeding year (Sir H. Elliot, "Hist, of India," vol. vi.
'
'
the curious
little
red bays
filled
amount
money?), each tied up in a bit of cloth, is current as coin at eight Rupees the Phetang" Trail, "As. Pes." xvii. p. 24], which still figure in the Trans -Himalayan commerce with Northern India"; and the custom (several centuries b.c.) of employing bags with fixed and definite quantities in each may be gathered from a passage in the Mahabharata (Wheeler's ed. "a thousand bags, each containing a p. 179, London, 1867) thousand pieces of gold" (Thomas, op. cit. p. 38). Thevenot, in his account of the " Money, Weights, etc., of
into Phetangs (covered
notes,
Purchas,
i.
ii.
"
Syracusan medallions,"
485-478) and Dionysius (b.c. 406-367), commonly called and the large gold pieces of the
silver),
in
They
drachms of "Hist, de
'
many
in the other,
and
if
they conclude for a certain that there are some false Abassis
Mon. dans l'Antiq." vol. i. p. 7; "Gazette des Beaux Arts," May, 1877, p. 437), answered the same purpose as In the later a 'bag containing 100 or other number of coins.
la
which they are never out, for each scale ought most exactly to weigh alike. They then put the five-and-twenty of the one scale into the other, which by that means contains fifty, and that number makes the Toman, afterwards they count no more of the money, but only filling up the empty scale of the balance, until it weigh as much as the other wherein the Toman is counted, and when they find that both scales weigh not alike they examine the pieces."
fail
;
in
Roman
totally
unknown
pieces of
previously.
Constantius
II.
(a.d.
323-337)
21); (Cohen,
(a.d.
issued
56
solidi
(Cohen,
Nos.
1,
6,
8,
10).
of Justinian I.
527-565) weighs 36
laender,
"Die Miinzen
i.
Justinians," pi.
Sabatier,
"Mon.
The Institutes of Akbar (a.d. 1593) show that there were always " ready in the palace large sums in dams, every thousand
which is kept in bags" (Gladwin, " Ain-i-Akbari," i. 3; Thomas, op. cit. p. 33 " Pathan Kings of Dehli," p. 421).
of
;
Gregory of Tours (" Hist. Francorum," coins of a pound weight vi. 2) mentions having seen gold (72 solidi), sent by Tiberius II. (a.d. 578-582) to Chilperic. Most of these pieces have the legend GLORIA ROMANORVM. They are clearlyo< coins but veritable medallions (cf. Lenormant,
Byz."
vol.
p. 176).
Sauvaire records (" Journ. Asiat." 1880, vol. xv. p. 428) that a badr is a purse containing 10,000 dirhems, and that it is
M.
i.
pp. 10-14).
money in this manner. A (De Gayangos, "Hist, of the Mob. dyn." ii. p. 469, n. 16). The badrah is ... a bag containing 1000 or 10,000 derhams or 7000 dinars (Tadj el-'arous, iii. p. 35). See page 1, note 16.
still
Museum,
'talega'
= 1000
dollars
"Rom.
Medallions in Brit.
as it should
Mus."
1874, p.
;
101),
low weight,
issued as a quarter of a
very probable that large gold coins, such as that of the Baetrian king Eukratides (b.c. 185), weighing 2593-5 grains
It
is
'bags' or 'purses.'
423):
"
It
is
Exod. xxxviii. 26. 2 Exod. xxx. 13, 15. 3 Neh. x. 32. 4 1 Sam. ix. " When in Sam. ix. 8 we are told, as 8, 9. something not at all uncommon, that the servant who accompanied Saul had a quarter-shekel in his pocket, this shows that the traffic in such pieces of silver was very widely spread
'
See p.
3, note 1.
GOLD MONET.
There
as of
is
KING
of
MONET.
no positive mention of the use of gold money among the Hebrews, though gold,
we have
gold
Abraham,
if
we exclude
of
2
Oman, and
1
the
first
by Naaman on
passage
reads
his
Israel.
As
the
to
the
the parallel
'
"fifty
silver";
and
for
second,
as
the word
shekels
'
occurs in
'
many
in
has also
supplied
shekels
'
others
similar
also
kind, 4
and
as
'
weight
'
is
no doubt
intended, the
'pieces.'
word understood
in this case
would
probably be
the
shekels
in preference to
silver in the
passages,
"They
lavish
gold out of
gold,
balance,"
or
"Wisdom ....
6
neither
silver
be
weighed
employed for personal ornaments 8 and for objects in connexion with the Temple. 9
It
is,
however,
case
of
probable
that
to
system
the
of
or
was
in
of
use.
The
Rebekah,
whom
her
servant
Abraham
and
gave " a
weight,
[shekels]
two
10
bracelets
hands
of
ten
weight,"
proves
that
the
ancient
so as
Hebrews
to
made
their
jewels of
a specific weight
know
monev.
jewels
or
That
rings
are
the
is
Egyptians
kept
their
bullion
in
where they
represented
is
weighing rings
illustrated
of
gold
fact
and
silver, 11
and
further
by the
of
silver
of
the
of
Israelites
having
at
their
exodus
from
and
jewels
gold"
12
and
spoiled
the
2 Kings v. 5.
5 Is. xlvi. 6.
7
means of exchange in Britain (Dickinson, " Num. Chron." o.s. vol. xiv. p. 64), in Ireland (Hoare, N.C. o.s.vol. xvii. p. 62), and among the Norwegian sea-kings (Dickinson, N.C. o.s.
in use as a
vol.
viii.
Shakspere ("Measure for Measure," act ii. scene 2, Isabella loq.) is therefore mistaken in speaking of " skekels of the tested
gold."
p.
208)
also
;
in
Interior
Africa
xi.
(Dickinson,
;
N.C.
201
cf. viii. p.
215;
p. 161
xvi. p. 168);
in Arabia
;
xli.
42
Judges
1
viii.
26
cf.
Kings
x. 1G,
Num.
iii.
vii.
14,
20, etc.;
is
9.
only
2 Chron. 0. T.
and India (" silver rings " Dickinson, N.C. o.s. vol. and in China (copper and iron), where the money "consisted simply of round discs of metal with a hole in the centre" (Williams, N.C. o.s. vol. xvi. p. 44). Mr. Vaux's
viii.
p. 217),
in
existence of rings as a
is
medium
of
exchange
....
money
xxxviii. 24).
p. 150).
12
"Wilkinson's
7. The woodcut of the rings is from "Pop. Acct. of the Anc. Egyptians," vol. ii. p. 149. The hieroglyphics signify "gold" and "white gold," viz. " silver." These rings remind us of the Hebrew expression for
II
See woodcut on p.
j>3.
Exod.
Keli,
xii.
35
cf.
Exod.
in
iii.
22
xi.
The word
be found
;
v3
in
rendered
"jewels"
A. V.,
may
1
also
the
talent H33,
~'
<p6oi$es
xp v
iov
>
found in Egypt, which certainly mast have served as a medium of exchange, and not as jewels (Brandis, p. 82). Gold rings were also
Sam. vi. 8, 15 and Ezek. xvi. 17. The LXX. translate by (r/ceuTj and the Vulg. by vasa (except in Numbers, where simply auri is put). That "vessels" are probably intended by the word "jewels" seems likely from the employment of the word "vessels" for
;
Gen. xxiv. 53; Numbers xxxi. 50; 2 Chron. xx. 25 xxxii. 27 ; Job. xxviii.
17,
MADDEN
10
Egyptians."
1
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
So,
too,
it
the
children
of
Jacob
Their
when
money
Vulg.
they
is
went
to
purchase
in
Egypt
was
an
;
"annular
currency." 2
SeafMol
described
as
"bundles
money"
to
(PjD3 rflTTC
LXX.
found
tov
upyvplov;
[full]
ligatce
3
pecunice),
and
when
returned
them
was
to
be
"of
weight."
It
was
therefore of
in
a form capable of
from the
the
in
tithes
passage
to the
Deuteronomy, 4
where
shalt
directions
given
as
to
the
payment
of
thou
turn
it
money and
bind up the
shall
money
The
thine
the
choose."
account of the
of the
of
affords another
instance
employment
of jewel
the spoiling of the Midianites that they carried the whole of their wealth in the forms of jewels,
chains, bracelets, rings, earrings
and
tablets. 6
of gold
of
at Jericho. 7
still
more
made
in the case of
Job,
addition to a "piece of
Xpvcrov Kal aarj/xou
;
LXX.
tct palpa-yjiov
Now, had
the
intended as
the same
representing money,
him
article,
and that
in
connexion with
piece
and
it
gifts in
v3 (LXX.
Josh.
vi.
i.
a-Kevri;
(ctkutj
;
of all nations
as
in
24
Ezra
7, 1 1
viii.
27
Is. lii.
x.
25
special
to the
Besides
which
xii. 35,
treatise or Massictoth
Mr. Conder
xxxix. 33;
xlii.
viii.
25
Exod.
Num.
xxxi.
50;
3.nj
Sam.
10),
Mr. Conder
iv.
The phrase
rendered
quotes a "cognate
word"
;
ni?30
(2
Chron.
21,
LXX.
Hebrew
' '
of captivity " or
" vessels
;
wandering"
(JlVlS
LXX.
cf.
vii.
by "stuff" (Gen.
xxxix. 33; both,
xxxi. 37;
<XKtvri
;
of money.'
3 5
21.
LXX.
(Gen
in
xlii.
2.5; last
LXX
(vv.
ayyeia [vessels];
passage
27,
Vulg.
saccos),
though
for
6
7
Numbers
Josh.
vii.
xxxi. 50, 51
21.
Judges
3,
viii.
this
-quoted
25,
"sacks,"
latter
xliii.
is
pb
other
words
(v.
occur
See
p.
note
and Appendix
A.
nnnN
27),
and the
"Weights,"
8
s.v.
Talent.
employed
DT3 signifies
"a
it is
ring."
Though
translated
"earrings"
Mr. Conder ("Bible Educator," vol. iii. p. 178) supposes from the fact of the weight of the gold (16,750 shekels, or, as he writes, 17,000 aurei) taken from the Midianites (Num. xxxi. 52), and from the dedication by David of the "vessels of gold, of silver, and of brass" to God (2 Sam. viii. 10, 11) it being
illegal to dedicate any vessels not specially
the face'
earring for 47 of the same chapter, and nose-rings are evidently intended in Prov. xi. 22 Is. iii. 21 Ezek. xvi. 12.
1
''
expressly designated as
"an
in verse
In
is
this
latter
(cf.
Num.
xxxi. 50)
signifies
an earthough
made
and
may
or
may
the word
tli e absence of any reference to money, that means coin. Moreover, that if "vessels" had been intended, it would have been written in the plural, kelim. But the vessels might have been melted down and then dedicated with the " other silver and gold that David dedicated
of
God and
from
in Judg.
viii.
Jeeli
also
seem
to
mean "ear-drops
or
pendants"
(Kitto,
Job.
11
other terms occur in the 0. T. which have been thought to signify 'money.'
is
first
the
Kesitah (HD^'p).
in the
by Jacob
Shalem (LXX.
ercarbv dfivwv
Vulg.
coition
aijnis
A. V.
;
"piece of
money");
(2)
again mentioned
3
(LXX.
name
trial
dfjbvdhcov e/carbv
Yulg. centum
novellis ovibus
A. V. "piece of silver");
and
(3)
as the
of the piece of
money given
to
at the
end of his
(LXX.
dfivdSa /xiav;
From
LXX.
of " lambs,"
it
has by
that the
a lamb or a sheep.
forward in a
paper in
in
the
for
1837-1838. 5
The
however, that
till
are quoted
silver
of
un-
determined
silver
size,
just as
the
The confusion
the
text
of
the
LXX.
that
|"I323
in
Gen. xxxi.
41, the
words
D*Jft
TT\W
(A. V.
" ten
Vulg. decern
vicibus,
LXX.
SeKa d^ivwv,
which looks
made
and
a mistake for
it is
/xvcov.
The
real
probably connected
with
the
" he or
it
LXX.,
and the
by the Egyptians,
so
Assyrians,
The second
argenteus
;
is
fiTUN
LXX.
6/3o\6$ dpyvplov;
Vulg. mtmmus
A. V.
"a
so
from
*"DX,
"to
collect,"
may
be the same
as
the
ni5
(Gerah).
LXX.
o/3o\o?.
the
Vulg. argent um
A. V. "piece of silver"). 13
1
3 6
:
19.
2 4
,0
Comp.
t3tJ'|5
(unused root)
'to divide
xxxiii.
it
equally.'
From
Copenhagen, 1824.
6 Madden, "Jew. Coinage," p. 6. Num. Chron." o.s. vol. ii. p. 248. Htissey, "Weights and Money," p. 194, note; Rev. E.
"Lex."
ntS^p)
it
s.v.
Kesitah.
2.
i.i
Root k*uS
1.
a justo deflexit,
i-
iniquus.
separavit.
3.
viii
...
!_!.
distribuit.
Hence ^ \
V-.".
n R g r l)1( Smith) Diet, of the Bible," s.v. Money; Madden, " Jew. Coinage," p. 7; ef. Wilkinson, " Pop. Acct. Hussev, " Weights and of Anc. Egyptians," vol. ii. p. 151 -u ' ', ,, f? ... Lepsius, " Denkmaler," Abth. m. 111. 39, Money," p. 194
;
'
aliis
\,,.
'
3"
e tc.
12
1
;
Sam.
ii.
36.
" mercator
" Freytag.
Heb. 31
LXX.
lxvii.
30
Vulg. 31.
12
The word
silver "
V*l,
off.
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
from Y)1, "to break in
pieces,"
of
broken
latter cases
A
tuum.
curious passage
is
,
that
The Hebrew
crov,
translated
^aXuuv
to
Gfesenius
understands the
interpretation,
word fiwTli
as
here
money;
but
this
is
a very improbable
brass
or
latest
metal introduced
into
On
[ntrrp]
"Gresenius
understands by
it
money, like
it
the
but there
feeble
is
seems to give a
is
turn to the
to the gifts
33)
they were of silver or gold, but they should be poured out as base
an interpretation which
Fiirst understands
by
it
'Thy shame
shall be
poured forth'
to be the
same
as that of
rVOTFl
Thy whoredoms
shall be profuse,
and
without restraint.
(for
He
or lower part
which he
is
'
refers, gives
so the lower
it
part
of
This
quite
gratuitous,
and not
so is
to
make
the words
forth
May
not Neehoslieth
designation of
what
is
worthless,
This suggestion
all
seems to be
brass
28
(cf.
Ezek. xxii.
18)
is
used to
signify
There
is
viii.
27
cf. 1
Esdras
viii.
57),
where mention
aicevr] j(a\icov
is
made
of
LXX.
arlXftovTos
lit
ev yjpvaiw;
Vulg. vasa
like
ceris
aurum).
vii.
to is
45
nBTti;
;
LXX.
-)(a\.Ka;
6 (77p ntt
!"l3
LXX. yakKov
referred to
to
(TTiXfiovTos
cf.
Ezek.
i.
7;
of
LXX.
It is
the
by Ezra
term
the
priests
"more
precious
than gold"
a/cein]
^pvaov
/cpeiTTOva),
4
he also
employs
Kpel-TTova
for the
eXeyov).
(^aX/cbs ov tov
xpvaov
It will
be
noticed
that
the
Vulgate has
translated
the
term
in
Kings
vii.
45 by
" Lex."
Kitto,
TV^m.
'
4
" Antiq."
xi. 5, 2.
vii. 5, 3.
" Cyc.
ORICHALCUM.
aurichalcum,
13
Accordiug
certs
Aurichalcum
dicitur,
quod
et
splendorem
aun
et
duritiem
i.
possideat
viii.
{*7l2\JFi,
Ezek.
4,
27
2) to be
compounded
HO
brass
but
the
Chaldee
word NT?ft
is
translated
by the LXX.
but
it is
^Xe/crpop, 5
by the Yulgate
electrum,
and in
four
amber "
6
is
intended.
is
is
the
Latinized
form of the
of
3HVD nKTO
who
adds,
Ezra
viii.
and
so does Pliny, 9
"Nee
reperitur
effoeta tellure."
In the time of Julius Caesar two new coins were struck of " yellow brass," called
sestertius
and
1
dupondius.
10
From
the
golden colour
of
the
metal
doubtless
arose
the
orthography
" Hym." v.; Hesiod, 114; Horn. 122; cf. Plautus, "Cure." 1, 3, 45; "Miles " Pseud." 2, 3, 22 Glor." 3, 1, 64 double distilled gold ' a fabulous metal. H. T. Eiley's Trans, ed. Bohn, vol. i. p. 103, 2 " note. Orig." xvi. 19.
Plato,
"Critias,"
"Scuto,"
ver.
'
mentioned in Greek or Roman literature except by Lampridius (in " Alex. Sev." 25) who says that Alexander Severus "Alexandri habitu numnios plurimos figuravit etquidem electreos aliquantos,
;
disi.
covered
p.
(cf.
Num."
n.s.
1856, vol.
" Hieroz."
Gesenius,
ii.
p.
877
seq.
88 seq.;
"Lex."
i.
'
ed.
Tregelles,
s.v.
?J2KTI.
Gesenius
viii.;
Eckhel,
xxiv,
xxv),
though
says,
" As in chap.
[Ezekiel]
connexion 7?p
nCTD
smooth
be
(3
is
shown
as
u^D
Y*yQ
i/jj}^t
&L
and
and to have been " amulettes preservatrices " (Longperier, "Rev. Num." 1868, pp. 309-336, pi. x.-xiii.; Lenormant, "Essai," vol. i. Mr. Thomas ("Internat. Num. Orient." vol. i. part i. p. 41). p. 44) mentions that Apollonius of Tyana observed "that the Indian money was of orichalcum and bronze purely Indian and
BACIAEYC AAEZANAPOC,
f Herodotus,
&K((p6os (Herod,
6
50).
Plin.
" Ubicunque quinta argenti portio "Nat. Hist." lib. xxxiii. cap.
electrum vocatur."
Roman and Median coins " on which passage M. Priaulxadds, "The Indian money is {ih-q K^Ko^evfievn. metal refined, prepared, and the Roman Kexapay/j.eu-q, stamped; " and Mr. Thomas suggests that the orichalcum may refer to the nickel pieces of Agathocies and Pantaleon. Dr. Flight (" Num.
not stamped like the
;
4.
The
analyses
89)
made by
the
Due
vol.
viii.
an interesting
p. 22, note
1
ChafterII.
.]
Num."
1856, p.
The
Chasmal has been thought by some to be the same as the metal known among the ancients as " Corinthian brass," supposed to be
an alloy discovered at the burning of Corinth by Lucius Mummius, B.C. 146, by the melting and running together of various metals, especially gold and bronze (Plin. "Nat. Hist." xxxiv. 2, 3), but
this latter idea is considered incorrect, as
artists
any Greek writer in which the word tfKeKTpov is used as a metal is in the "Antigone " of Sophocles (1038), while rbv npbs ^dpSeaiv jj\(KTpov Kal rbv 'I</8<k2>c
earliest passage of
.
. . .
Xpva6v are placed in apposition, the former evidently referring to the "pale gold" of the Pactolus, of which the coins of Cyzicus, Phocaea, and other neighbouring states were probably made. Certain coins of Syracuse seem to have been made of a
metal of about four-fifths gold and one-fifth silver (Mommsen, "Hist, de la Mon. Rom." ed. Blacas, vol. i. pp. 286, 287;
whose works
were composed of
refined bronze.
this valued
of this
7
s.v. Aes). It was probably a highly In later times the Jews possessed vessels made metal (Joseph. " Vit." 13). See Appendix B. III.
Kitto,
" Cyc.
Offic."
Chron." n.s. 1874, vol. xiv. p. 26), and the gold coins of the Bosphorus after a.d. 200 appear to have been composed of a mixture of gold and silver (Mommsen, vol. iii. pp. 25, 294). But money of electrum is nowhere
B. V.
Head,
"Num.
8
D
"De
20.
xxxiv. cap.2;
Virgil
("2En."
xii.
87) and
"enchaleum."
Appendix
B. VI.
14
" au nchalcum."
NUMISMATA OEIEXTALIA.
The
true
derivation
would
seem
to
be
from
opo?
and
^aX/cos,
namely,
mountain-bronze. 1
fine
brass ('yaXKoXl^avov)
is
mentioned
in
Revelation
3
(i.
15
ii.
18).
The Vulgate
.
This Gesenius
offered. 3
From
the
of
the
it
seems evident,
4
firstly,
that
if
the
Egyptians,"
that
money
money.
this
and secondly,
nowhere in
in
there
any mention
add
to
coined
Nor
do
the
It
is
passages
true
that
Joshua,
of
Judges,
silver"
and
Job
is
our
at
knowledge on
subject.
it
a " piece
(miJX)
mentioned
as expressive of
coin.
The reigns
of
prosperity
in
Jerusalem as stones,
that
It
is,
of
in the days of
Solomon;" 6
is
certain
there were no
under an
authorit)', before
the
of
Exile.
probable
that
the
Hebrews
case, it is
employed pieces
and
this
being the
many
when
8
re-issue.
that
Shaphan the
scribe
came
to
King
Madden, "Jew. Coinage," pp. 299, 300. Bochart observes that in his time the French called " brass " arched by corruption
1
preserved in the
from the Latin aurichalcum, and at the present time they still For an analysis of this designate "brass-wire" fil a"archal. metal see Pinkerton, "Essay on Medals," vol. i. p. 106; Mommseu, " Hist, de la Mon. Eom." ed. Blacas, vol. iii. p. 38,
note.
2 3
Museum, that this king coined silver and gold money. The word kaship he translated "money" from 2!iTl kasheb, "to compute or to account," from the same root as C]D3 kaspa, "silver," and the word rikkati "coins or pieces of stamped money" from Upl "to strike metal with a hammer so as to
spread
it
"Lex."
vv. Brass
But
that
this theory
p. 17, note 4.
of.
1
p.
for lamina of metal. Mr. Dickinson (" Num. 123), especially on the ground
late
it
D^pl
vii.
22
Kings
iv.
coined
also
money had
Sam. ii. 36. 6 1 Kings x. In 2 Chron. i. 15, 2 Chron. ix. 20, 27. 21, 27 the words " and gold " are added. 7 " A fixed weight to single pieces so as to adjust their value as Without this acceptation many of the biblical money. cf. 2 Kings xii. 5) would be passages (especially Gen. xxiii. 16
; . .
. ;
would
well
silver
graduated to
weights.
n.s. vol.
i.
who examined
difficult to rightly
understand;
had been at once recognized at such, whether in the unwrought form or through certain characters inscribed on the pieces " (Dr. Levy,
pieces of metal of a definite weight, but also, that they
"
Jiid.
Munzen,"
pp. 9, 10).
Scrip-
ture
.... we
of
money
in
word rujgati not with J?p~l but with the Chaldee $031, which was probably in its origin an ingot of metal used instead of money, translated in Prov. xvi. 11 "just weight," and interpreted the words rir/f/ati la rusi as "in solid bullion," though he admitted that the passage was difficult. As to the words kaspa va zipar, "silver and copper," it is uncertain whether
they refer to the weight of the metal given to the proprietors for their lands, or to the material of the tablets on which the
title-deeds
not coined
yet in weighed
certain
standard"
(Soetbeer,
"Das Gold
der
iii.
Gegenwart," Heft 144, p. 535; cf. Movers, " Phoeniz." Brandis, p. 78, note 5). See pp. 3 and 8. 1, 33 Mr. Fox Talbot ("Trans, of Boy. Soc. of Lit." vol. vii.)
;
were
written
(cf.
"Num.
Chron."
n.s.
1864,
Kings
xxii. 9
15
the
"Thy
l
;
LXX.
it
money
into the
hand
of
them
that do
the
521-485),
off,
who melted
the gold
and
which,
when
full,
were
off as
broken
a mass.
When
necessity required. 2
NOTE.
The
translated
general
expression
for
silver
and money in
the
Old
Testament
but
is
f|D3
keseph,
by
2;
the
xvii.
LXX.
13;
apyvpiov,
and
by
the Yidgate
;
argentum,
sometimes pecunia
ii.
(Gen.
xxiii.
xiii.
xxiv. 35;
Exod. xxi.
of
xxii.
6;
xiv.
xii.
26;
4;
"HID? *Q5?,
probata
16;
LXX.
8o/clfj,ov
i/xTropoK
Vulg.
moneta publico).
In
one
passage (Isaiah
vii.
23)
the
word
silverliags
is
employed
in
the
Authorized
LXX.
o-iXo?,
slclus).
in
the
Hebrew and
in
in
Gen.
Lev.
v.
;
xxiii.
15,
16;
xxx. 13,
47, 50
;
24 gold shekels)
43, 49,
15
xxvii.
3-7,
xviii.
;
Num.
Josh.
iii.
13,
ix.
19,
25,
31,
37,
55,
61,
67,
86;
16;
xxi.
;
vii.
21;
1
;
Sam.
8;
;
xvii. 5,
7
vii.
(brass
1
;
and iron
xv.
shekels)
2 Sam. xiv. 26
16 (brass shekels)
2 Chron.
iii.
xxiv. 24
2 Kings
;
20
Chron. xxi. 25
(gold shekels)
(gold shekels)
Nek.
v.
15;
x.
32;
is
Jer. xxxii. 9;
Ezek.
iv.
Amos
29
viii.
5.
It
xvii.
xxii.
19,
29; Judg.
2-4,
10
2 Sam.
xviii.
11,
12;
Kings
vii.
x.
Chron.
32,
16. 38,
i.
17;
50,
and in connexion
56, 62,
68, 74,
with
"gold"
Judg.
in
Num.
x.
14,
20,
ix.
26,
15,
44,
80, 86;
viii.
Kings
16
2 Chron.
'Margin A.V. ''melted" or "poured out"; so LXX. The same word is employed in Ezek. xxii. 20, 21, in the sense of "melting" metals (Gesenius, "Lex."
and Vulgate.
ed. Tregelles, s.v. T]ri3).
2
3 Mr. Aldis Wright, in his edition of the " Bible Word-1 k" which was commenced by the Rev. J. Eastwood (Macmillan,
1866),
says,
is
like
the
G.
[German]
of
Silverling
Tyndale's
Herod,
iii.
96.
Alexander,
after
the
battle
of
Arbela
found at Susa .30,000 talents (say 11,500,000), of which the greatest portion was in uncoined gold and silver, the Diodor. xvii. 66 Arrian, iii. remainder in Darics (Curt. v. 2, 1 1
(n.c. 331),
;
;
and at Persepolis 120,000 talents (say 27,600,000) of Diodor. xvii. 71). In modern gold and silver (Curt. v. 6, 9 times the Persians converted the gold and silver into bars, so as to remove them if required (Janbert, " Voy. en Armenie et en
16, 19),
;
and in Coverdale's of Judg. i\. I. is found in Luther's version." The Rev. E. Venables (" liible Educator," vol. iv. p. 210) adds "that the same word is used in Cranmer and Tyndale for the money stolen by Micah from his mother (Judg. xvii. The kuen hundredth syluerhjnges.' " 2, 3), 4 For ee mj a more extended account of these pa 'Supplement to Hist, of Jew. Coinage' in "Num. Chron." N.S.
version
xvi. 5.
Acts xix.
19,
The German
silbcrling
'
Grote,
" Hist,
of Greece," vol.
p.
193
"
16
NTJMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
The word
Hebrew.
xxxvii.
been
always
ix.
supplied in
the
A. V. for
the like,
vi.
word
understood
(Gen.
in
the
The rendering
28;
xlv.
"a
4;
thousand," or
xvi.
"of silver"
xx. 16;
viii.
22
1
j
Judg.
12,
5;
2 Kings
25;
Song
of
Solomon
11;
Hosea
iii.
2;
Zech.
xi.
is
13).
no doubt that
in
the
word understood in
in
all
these
(2
cases.
v.
The
5).
same word
In
is
supplied
connexion with
of
as
"gold"
only one
passage
gold,
Kings
several other
passages
;
similar
kind in connexion
is
with
the
A. V. supplies
silver,
the word
as
and
a similar expression
is
and
there
not
much doubt
that a weight
intended, the
word understood
in this passage
also
The word
aTaOfiLov,
7p?
is
generally translated
siclus,
by the LXX.
but sometimes
of
hihpa)(jjbov
or
aUXos,
sometimes
stater,
the
common name
the
The various
divisions
of the shekel:
xxiv.
rfj
Gen.
22;
LXX.
hpayjn]
Yulg.
duo
sicli;
Exod.
26
LXX.
or
ice<pa\f}
In Exod. xxx.
sicli).
15, the
expression
7pETl rVXHti
(J^Tl,
LXX.
Sam.
tfpiav rov
ix.
BiSpdyyMov
Yulg. dimidium
Rebah,
quarter
shekel
LXX.
TerapTov
aU\ov
dpyvplov
Vulg.
quarto,
xxx. 13;
obolus).
Num.
47
xviii.
16
Ezek.
the
tertia
xlv.
12
LXX.
6f3o\6<;
Vulg.
Third part
Zvhpdyjiov
;
of
shekel
32Heb.
the
33;
LXX.
(2)
Tpvrov
-rov
Vulg.
pais
sicli).
to
(3)
be
the
mentioned:
shekel
of
(1)
shekel;
the
shekel of
|3K).
(EH/PH 7p#)
and
the
king's weight
(^SH
The
" shekel of the sanctuary " or " holy shekel," a term generally applied to the silver shekel,
(Exod.
xxxviii.
24),
the Temple.
The
the Assyrio-Babylonian
maneh
of
the
king as marked on
as well as in Nineveh,
was considered
fifteen-stater
102,
103).
or
standard
struck
times in
Syria
Jewish
shekels
were
standard.
[See
1
Appendix A.
22 the
LXX.
has xp v(r
instead of SiSpaxinov,
apyipiov
or
&pyvpos.
The reason
for
CHAPTER
IT.
money
is
question which
Egyptian money,
silver,
was probably
till
it
was introduced
In Assyria
have been
when
by the Persians
commemorating grants
money
specified by weight,
to
earlier
introduction of coined
of
6/3e\i<rKoi,
'
money
or
'
by Pheidon, king
of
Argos, there
was a currency
(Spa-^fiJ]).
spits
'
skewers,' six
Colonel
but
it
seems
as
being used
Homeric
fashion.
This
likely
from the
of a considerable size. 9
2
*
and
vS/xur/ia.
and
this latter
for " money " are was called apyvpiov from word was itself sometimes used to
It
See
Sir
Chapter
G.
Egyptians
I., p. 9 and woodcut. Wilkinson says that the papyri state that the had unstamped copper money called "pieces of
"money"
brass," which, like the gold and silver, was taken by weight,
as
with " money " were derived from ipyvpos and not from xpva6s, KaTapyvpSw " to bribe with money," hpyvpanoifioi " moneychan^fi>,"op7i;poKoiri(TT7iporap7iipoK07roj''acomei''" argt ntarius;
the
150).
Ftolemies
(" Fop.
4
Acct.
iv.
of
Anc.
3rd
Egyptians,"
5
vol.
ii.
p.
Herod,
pp.
166.
711,
Rawlinson,
Herod,
vol.
i.
"App."
710,
\.\
apyvpoxoiros apyvpoKoiru
vi.
ed. 1875.
6
conjhnt
xvii. 4)
;
A. V. "founder," Jer.
29
etc.
cf.
Judges
Coined money
is
but
apyvpo8r]KT]
"a
money-chest";
traffic
was carried
on by
with
oxen.
"The
pTn-pdry}! or
apyvpoiT<i)\T)s
"a
money-dealer,"
pp. 73. 174). however, one example of the employment of xpvoSt in .33schylus, 0S '' ' Apijs (Twi.La.Toiv (" Agam." 436, see Hussev, 6 xP v ra P- c"P
'
"La Monnaie dans l'Antiquite," vol. i. [See Appendix li. ix. Money-changers."] There is,
arms of Diomed are worth nine oxen, those of Glaucos are worth The tripod, which was the first a hundred ("II." vi. 236).
prize
twelve oxen
at
the
woman
captive, skilled in
. .
"App."),
four (" II." xxiii. 702-705). brought to Ithaca, she was purchased by Laertes for twenty
oxen
("Od."
i.
431),
p.
them"
(Gladstone,
TaKavrovxos iv pixy SopJr, ver. 437). Xpr'j/uaTa signifies all that is needful for the employments of life, especially property, money (cf. Pindar, " Isthm." 1!. v. 17). tiS/ua/ia from v6/jlos, anything recognized by established law, hence current coin (cf.
122, 279
xix.
247
269;
"Od."
iv.
129;
viii.
393;
ix.
202, etc.),
Demosth. "contra Timocrat." ed. Didot, p. 367; Aristoph. Xub."247). [See Chapter VI. sect. F.] The word occurs on coins of Seuthes I. king of the Thracian Odrysae, B.C.
xpwov,
ffell.
KOMMA
"Num.
Chron."
p.
203;
"Num.
124, and
i-
Ran." 726)
striking
of
EV0A KOMMA
coin of Seuthes there
money," hence that which is struck coin; a "the money oi Seuthes." On another
is
the legend
JEV0A APTVPION
"the money
xx. p. 151
.
ol
Seuthes" Dr. Birch, "Num. Chron." 0.8. vol. In Dion Cassius (liv. 26) the triumviri monetales
of metal (copper) issued at Agrigentum, having for type, a crab, eagle, etc., and on their bases '.'. .'., ami are suggested to be " Coin-weights (?)" representing the Tetras, Trias, ami Wexas ("Cat. of Greek Coins in British
Mn
9
urn,
Rawlinson, Herod,
"App."
p.
715.
;?
18
There are two accounts relative
struck in xEgina, the other that
its
NUMISMATA OEIENTALIA.
to the invention of coined
money,
it
was
first
The
is
that
of
the
Parian marble.
iv Alylvr)
This states
eiroiriaev,
'.40' ov
<
Sav 6 'Apyelos
....
avecrKevaae
vo/iia/Ma
dpyupovu
ev$e/caTo<i
wv
a<p'
'HpaKkeowi?
But the
was not
text of
first
Pheidon stamped
in iEgina, but
silver
it
he was the
who
done
did so
and that
at
he struck them an
earlier
is
not
said
that
this
also
elsewhere or
date,
nor does
it
money
before
Pheidon. 4
for him,
5
Ephorus expressly
and the inference
that
Pheidon employed
people of
the
at
iEginetans
this time
to strike
money
that the
Argos were
stamping money, and that the iEginetans had made some progress
has
the
art. 6
This
supposition
attributes a coin
Pheidon
hence
king of Argos
known iEginetan
from their
coins,
marked with a
style of
an
earlier date.
and
seem
The reason
not
coins
conclusively,
conjectured
that
"
it
would
the
-ZEgineta3
to
impress
the
is
who
says,
first
nation to introduce the use of gold and silver coin," 8 a statement confirmed
If
by
earliest
Chinese coins
(?),
(?)
called
pu
coins,
made
to
represent
anterior to Gyges,
any of these dates were correct, Pheidon would of course be king of Lydia. Weissenborn ("Beit, zur
p.
a fork
and
been
made
rs.c.
ii.
2218!
213).
(Dickinson,
"Num.
Griech. Alterthuinskunde,"
18,
Jena,
1862, vol.
p.
They must be included in the age "the Egyptian and Arabian bought
emendation of Pausanias proposed by some former critics, altering the "8th Olympiad" of Pausanias into the "twenty-eighth," thus showing that Pheidon cannot have flourished earlier than
B.C.
cup which he used, or the ring and what commodity he wanted, the Chinese did the same with his copper knife, fork, and spoon" (Dickinson,
silver
600
(cf.
Herod,
p. 315,
op. cit).
2
"Numismata
Hellenica,
seq. vol.
Appendix";
i.
"Num.
Chron."
202
and certainly not to justify so grave BM alteration in the number of Pausanias." Curtius ("Griech. Geschichte," vol. i. pp. 206-209) adopts the proposal of "Weissenborn, to which also Lenormant ("La Mon. dans l'Antiq."
i.
" very
vol.
p.
129) has
given
some
prominence.
In
this
case
The date of Pheidon according to the marble is b.c. 895, which when reduced to the dates of Eratosthenes will give B.C. 869 (Clinton, F. H. vol. i. p. 247). The testimonies of
viii. p. 358) and Pausanias (vi. 22, 2) Olympiad which Pheidon celebrated (which according to Pausanias was the 8th) was omitted in the Elean register, and as no Olympiads were registered before that of Coroebus, it is manifest that this 8th Olympiad was B.C. 748 The account of Plutarch (" Amat. Narrat." 2) (Clinton, I.e.).
to Gyges.
;
p.
7)
supposes that
Head ("Num. Chron." " Internat. Num. Orient." vol. i. Pheidon "some time before the
Ephorus
(ap.
Strabo,
Herodotus
5
(vi.
"E<popos
8'
iv Alylvri
&pyvpov irparov
lib.
viii.
Koirr\va'i
(pr)<nv
{mo
QelSavos.
6
p.
of his reign
Oxford, 1837.
Bockh ("Ad. Corp. Inscr. foundation of Syracuse, B.C. 734. Grcec." No. 2374), Miiller (" iEginetica," p. 63), and Clinton
(I.e.)
Ko!
vS/xio-fia
eV<fyacTO
ko!
olvtwv
inX-hdi)
7
v6fj.io-/j.a
Alyivaiov.
xii. 10.
place
of
42
seq.
v6fuafj.a -^pvaov
Greece,"
vol.
p.
avffpwiraiv
tuv
i]p.us
i8/u.ei>
i.
koX
App."
p. 711)
Herod,
94.
19
Lydian
origin,
Histoiy
is
certainly in favour of a
in
argued by
2
Prof.
Rawlinson,
it
short
essay on the
respective
the
is
now
is
that he
it
may have
On
may
be said that authority and probability are alike in favour of a Lydian rather than a
the invention."
4
Grecian origin of
it is
at
satisfactory conclusion,
necessary to examine the coins of these respective countries that have been preserved to us.
It has
Lydia,
or the silver
JEgina,
careful
it
is
difficult
to decide
at
first
the
most
ancient, yet on
little
for
early coins of
Lydia are
more
seem
and 'money proper'; whilst the coins of .ZEgina, though more irregular in form, are
reverse
is
opposed
the
type
in
produced by the coin-die, yet unknown at the time of the fabrication of the eledrum of Gyges."
The
earliest coins of
(b.c.
of
Gyges
and Ardys
700-637).
;
They were
the other
of
two kinds
one
for
the
Ionian
towns, weighing
224
grains.
the
6
the
others
square
'
together
'
with
which appear
two
staters."
The
stater here
represented
is
a specimen
of the former,
at Sardes.
Weight.
Obverse.
Plain
[ttjpus fasciatux).
Reverse.
1668
running: to
left.
i.
(Brit.
Mus.
Madden,
ix.
"Jew. Coinage,"
p.
Head, " Internat. Num. Orient." vol. Chron." n.s. 1875, vol. xv. pi. vii. No. 1.)
12;
part
iii.
pi.
i.
No.
1.
"Num.
Pollux,
83;
ef.
8-10.
it
a standard
2 3
" App."
p.
700
seq.
di
Completely national ami sin juris, hut as the proof of his assertion
graof
is
to be only a
appear
in his
out, it is impossible to
dation
maximum weight
say
1
bow
far his
views
may he
vol.
i.
correct.
Rawlinson, Herod,
"App."
p. 712.
Chron."
vol.
i.
part
p.
vol.
coin;
i.
252; "Internat. Num. Orient." Lenormant .' l.a Mon. dan- I'Antiq." 130) seems however to disagree with the idea that the
p.
7).
Mon. dans I'Antiq." vol. i. pp. 132-1.34. 6 Head, "The Coinageof Lydia and Persia," in the " Internat. Num. Orient." vol. i. part iii. p. 11 "Num. Chron." s.>.
"Hist, de
la
;
1875, vol.
7
w.
p.
256.
fox on the reverse, which on other specimens
The supposed
20
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
The next period extends from the
accession of
Sadyattes
ceases,
Croesus
in B.C. 068.
About
b.c.
and
staters
of
comparatively
called
Weight.
248
Obverse.
Reverse.
Incuse square,
Head
of lion to left
Mus.
Madden,
the
its
"Jew. Coinage,"
p.
12;
Head,
n.s.
"Internat.
vol.
Num.
pi.
Orient."
vol.
i.
part
iii.
pi.
i.
No. 7;
"Num.
Chron."
1875,
xv.
x.
No.
8.)
On
and in
accession
of
Croesus
(b.c.
electrum
place
silver
is
a stater of
Weight.
125
Obverse.
Fore-parts of lion and bull facing
Reverse.
parts.
each other.
(Brit.
Coinage,"
p.
12;
Head,
n.s.
"Internat.
1875,
vol.
Num.
pi.
Orient." vol.
x.
i.
part
iii.
pi.
i.
No. 10;
"Num.
Chron."
xv.
No.
1.)
This coin was issued at Sardes, and the lion and bull facing represent the
Arms
of that city. 3
As
207
to -ZEgina, it has to
680
(previous
the time of
of
which the
stater
weighing
Milesian
grains, the j,
the
the place
M. Lenormant
a
("
Mon. Boy. de
la
Hor. "Odes,"
fHaaadpa or
symbol of the Lydian Dionysus, whose name Bassarens (of. i. 18, 11) is perhaps connected with the word
j3oo-(rapis,
where money originated (Brof. "Num. Chron." n.s. 1870, vol. "Num. Chron." n.s. 1875,
Curtius,
trans,
by
x. p. 110).
vol.
xv.
p.
257;
"
Internat.
3
Num.
Orient." vol.
i.
part
iii.
p. 21.
a fox.
("Num. Chron."
a
n.s.
1877,
vol.
Delphi (Herod,
Cybele, the
50;
cf.
84),
and the
lion
was sacred to
M. Lenormant
is
merely the
and who
chariot
iii.
is
rough unworked surface of the metal within the incuse depression." Head, opp. cit. The attribution of this coin to Miletus (Brandis, p. 394), and its supposed great antiquity, it having
1
all
Greek
coins,
" Bhiloct." 391-402; Virg. " ^n." ("Num. Chron." o. s. vol. ii. p. 216) that all of these coins that have been discovered have been found within a radius of thirty miles from Sardes.
by
(Soph.
111-113).
Borrell
says
Head
Head,
"Num.
Chron."
21
silver coins
by the
(?).
first
Greek
by Pheidon about
B.C.
669
These pieces
the
emblem
of
fr(k**^"fik%
and
of trade
and
the earliest
a rude
incuse
stamp.
Gradually the
rude
stamp
gives place to an
compartments
by
raised
lines,
one quarter
as
to
being
five
again divided
by
and
diagonal
shortly
line
so
form
compartments, 2
for
after
the
letters
AIT or AITI
AITINHTON
a
are
introduced into
a dolphin
figure of
On
the
specimen
boustrophedon
an
THN?]
may
on the reverse.
fairly
then be
first
idea
of
impress and
the invention of
a reverse design
may
as
fabrication
of
their
and copper.
is
Iron
money by
probability this
money
consisted of
coin, attributed
us.
A
the
nickel coinage
identified.
was
Mr. Thomas
but does
of
five
concurs in the
not
visible
letters,
concur in
the
lot 58,
Ilcrnueus.
;
The
the
title
Raja
been
(Dickinson,
.
"Num.
cit.
Chron." n.s.
1862, vol.
is
exceptionally adopted
Tradata.
a
Since this
Hernucus'
coin
second
has
published with
vol. p. 216.
woodcut
n.s.
is
is
of the obverse
Pollux,
vii.
106.
i.
("Num. Chron."
" Bars
used
in
certain
attribution
later
made.
also
Another iron
but smaller
of iron Africa.
used in
is
and of
copies
date,
Iron
money
Japan
lor small
values,
hut
from the mint has been The use of pure iron coins in civilized
issue
is
the
cli'
apness
"l
tie-
m<
t;il
and
lo e
the Northern districts of and sixth centuries a.d. It is to he remembered that the Chinese were in the habit of coining iron cash, and have been imitated by the Japanese, who have an irim coin of the value of about one hundredth part of a farthing, principally used for almsgivings and offerings to the gods
of
Bui
it
is
(J. "White,
"Num.
Chron."
n.s.
171-176).
might still he alloved with other metals for the coining oi pence" Trot.. I, rons, "Money and the Mechanism of Exchange,"
p. 43, 1876).
6
See note
In
5.
the
province of
Kordol'an,
in
the
cities
iron,
not unlike
Its
called
near
in
the
possession of Sir T.
Douglas Forsyth,
about
i.
2\>/.
(A.
T.
Eolroyd,
"Num.
Qasshahshah. Chron."
o.s.
sent
British
me the following description of it, which was Museum. Obv. In Arian letters Mdhdrajana
Eorse
to
1839,
vol.
p.
210).
At Loggun
Is
thin
plates of
iron are in
made
[dirajasa
of the
tradalasa Herama\yasa.
righl
the
wi
are equal
value to
in
in rottola
Hera
king's
':)
name not
in
clear).
Rev.
letters
peculiar
device
"Travels
Africa
in
the midst
of
1822-1824,"
p. 237).
22
NUMISMAT.V ORIENTALIA.
(circ.
b.c.
246),
by Euthydemus
to
(circ. B.C.
225).
but owing
the
difficulty
of
melting
Tin
is
it,
and the
to
cost
of
making
the
coins,
from
(b.c.
circulation. 3
said
by Dionysius
tyrant
of
Syracuse
406-367), 3 and some of his bronze coins are supposed by M. Six to be mixed with a
quantity of
5
certain
tin
aud
to
to.
There
is
the Digest
of
tin
of of
false
tin
coins.
Some
years
since there
was discovered
Lyons a number
pieces
6
considers
to
have been really issued for circulation, and probably after the expedition of
tin
British
to
tin coins,
cast in
wooden
known
to
tin
exist,
tessera?.
True
coins,
however,
exist,
name MEMOIC,
Glass
in
Gaul, 10 and
in
by the kings
Egypt under
1
the
Upper Empire, 12 under the Byzantine monarchs, 13 and perhaps under the Arabs. 14
At
vol.
Gen. Cunningham, "Num. Chron." n.s. 1868, vol. viii. Dr. Flight, 1868, vol. viii. 282 1873, vol. xiii. p. 188 E. Thomas, " Internat. Num. Orient." vol. i. part. i. p. 305 Nickel is only used as an alloy. p. 43, note 5, p. 44, note 1.
p.
; ; ;
Ava
Danga were
in
circulation for
ii.
"Num.
Orient."
p.
806
Num. Journ."
60
S. B. [? Birch],
8
"Num.
Chron."
owe which amounts to as much as 20 per cent., while the mass of metal, or upwards of 77 per cent., is of pure copper, a proportion which differs but little from the 5 aud 10 centime pieces of Belgium, which consist of
The
analysis
these coins
qualitate,"
p. 34, 1701.
9 10
11
Num."
1861, p. 407.
p. 253.
Chapter
I., p.
Garrueci
may have
Gen. Cunningham thinks nickel was procured from China, and may be intended under the names of " white iron," " white or silvery brass," as recorded by Quintus Curtius (" Vit. Alex." ix. 8) and by Crinagoras (" Antholog. Grseca," Lips. vi. 261). Dr. Flight observes that it formed a very constant constituent
of
Lenormant,
British
"La Mon.
Museum.
dans l'Antiq."
leaden
p. 211).
is
A
in
of
Macedon
" In 1635
tutenag,
were used for change, at the rate of a farthing a piece, in Massachusetts. At the present day it is still current in Burmah, being passed by weight for small payments" (Prof. Jevous,
bullets
In
p. 44).
Num."
1861, p. 412.
p. 413.
when
the price
of
German Government have chosen the same and five pfennig pieces of its new monetary
S.L.Poole,
perier,
" Rev.
"Num. Chron. "n.s. 1872, vol. xii.p. 109; LongNum." 1861, p. 413, note; Lenormant, " La Mon.
vol.
i.
system (Prof. Jevons, " Money, etc." p. 50). 2 Prof. Jevons, " Money, etc." p. 48.
3 4
dans l'Antiq."
("Num. Chron."
but see Lenor-
Aristot.
"
Num.
ix. 79.
p.
29;
1877, vol. x. p. 98) to of opinion that they are standard coin weigh Is
Mr. E. T. Rogers objects "J.R.A.S." n.s. 60 these glass discs being considered coins, and is
p. 214, note 3.
;
;
and be
is
supported
mant,
5
"La Mon.
" La Mon. dans l'Antiq." vol. i. p. 213. 7 Evans, " Auc. Brit. Coins," p. 123. "The kings of England often coined tin. In 1680 tin farthings were struck by
6
by DeGoeje ("The Academy," 5 Feb. 1876, p. 196), who translates " The weights for money the Arabic of Mokaddasi as follows {sandj, from the Persian seng = stone) are made of glass, and bear the same stamp as the ordinary pounds, viz. the name of
:
He
render
counterfeiting
more
difficult.
Tin
ball-pence
and farthings were also issued in considerable quantities in the Tin coins were reign of William and Mary (1690 to 1691). formerly employed among the Javanese, Mexicans, and many other peoples, and the metal is said to be still current by weight in the straits of Malacca " (Prof. Jevons, "Money, etc." p. 44).
Vienna " had come already to the conclusion that the so-called glass coins were in reality weights, and that he held the testimony Mr. J. G. Chester ("The of Mokaddasi to be decisive." Academy," 5 Feb. 1876, p. 123) is opposed to Mr. Rogers' theory, but remarks that "these glass roundels are often found
in the weight-boxes of the drug-sellers in the bazaars of Cairo
and elsewhere."
23
money
is
was
also in use in
China in
a.d. 692. 4
In
later
times
the
leather
money
were
was
more
prevalent.
Under William
I.,
king of
Sicily
(1154-116G),
Sicilians
of
leather
is
The
specimen that I
in 1574,
have seen
that struck
by the town
of
and an example
It
is
of a sequin in
rarity.
leather of
also
in
the British
Museum.
of
of
great
Leather
money
6
is
said
to
late as the
reign
(1689-1725).
Wood and
are
also
money," and moulds of haked clay of gold and silver coins of different countries, belonging
principally to the middle of the fifth
century
B.C.,
to
comme
celle
des billets de credit dont la loi autorise dans certains pays l'emission par des
particulieres." 8
institutions
At the
little
Seneca, v. 14.
* Aristides,
p. 145,
imaginary money of account, consisting of 100 copper copecks (Prof. Jevons, " Money, etc." p. 71).
mean that they did not actually make coins of leather,' but exchanged skins of animals 'with each other (Eckhel, " Doct. Num. Vet." vol. i. p. xxi). " In the traffic of the Hudson's Bay Company with the North American Indians furs, in spite
to of their differences of quality
Num. Vet." vol. i. p. xx. Lenormant, " La Mon. dans l'Antiq." vol. i. p. 216. 9 In 1851 more than 1000 tons of cowries were brought from the East Indies to Liverpool, to be exported thence to the West
7
and
size,
oil.
In the British
of exchange
....
and even
had become
common among
money
3
of
the Indians, the skin was commonly used as the account" (Prof. Jevons, "Money, etc." pp. 20, 21).
slice of
central
same purpose
Suida.s, 8.V.
aaadpia.
memorial was presented to the Chinese Empress Tset'ien, which the following words occur: " The treasuries were emptii d, si ildiers and horses exhausted, and envoys despatched in yearly and monthly succession, till money was made of leatln r, and coins reckoned by the string," etc. (S. W. Bushell, M.D., " Early History of Tibet," translated from the Chinese, in
in a.d. 692, in
all nations,
The value
"used
to be about
is
5000
a penny.
Among
place of cowries and white teeth were exchanged for red teeth,
somewhat
J.
G.
Pfister,
p. 52.
and
money was
" bars
of silver
marked off by divisions, but not otherwise separated, which marks indicated numeral values (Sir E. Bayley, com. to Mr. E. Thomas). Sir E. Bayley added that the word Ruble means " to
cut."
Straw money, consisting of small mats, called libougos, woven out of rice straw, and worth about \\d. each, circulated until 1694 in the Portuguese possessions in Angola. Salt circulated in Abyssinia, Sumatra and Mexico" (Prof. Jevons,
.
.
"Money,
etc."
pp.
24-29).
of
CHAPTER
III.
WRITING.
The
the
ancient
Hebrew
character
is
acknowledged
deejfly,
to
as,
or an offshoot of
Phoenician.
it
Without
entering
therefore,
the
Writing,
will
at
is
and
it
is
not
therefore
surprising
Western Nations.
of
the
number
symbolic
assigned
of
figures used to
to
syllables,
forms devoted
to the sixth
representation of
(circ.
words.
its
The use
object
of
is
dynasty
B.C.
2200),
and
Egyptians
are
spoken of as the
states
instructors of
that
letters
to
1.
That
2.
That
originated in Babylon.
3.
That
it
an early
1.
home.
Paravey, Salvolini, Charles Lenormant, and more recently Halevy have endeavoured to
that
5
prove
the Phoenicians
derived
this
their
alphabet
lies
immediately from
serious
the
Hieroglyphics, but
De Rouge
1
theory
open to
objections,
This date
is
"
taken from Mr. Poole's calculations (Smith's where the first dynasty and
so that
by the
to
the accession of
Menes is assigned to b.c. 2700. Lepsius has placed the commencement at b.c. 3892, and Bunsen 200 years
but according to Poole
to exist
(I.e.)
MS. communication
later,
a
The formation
is
The
earliest Hieratic
writing
known
at Paris,
is said to be on the papyrus of M. Prisse d' Avenues, which has been published by M. Chabas in the " Revue It is supposed to be of the Archeologique " (vol. xv. p. 1). It was assigned by the Rev. Mr. Heath, in the sixth dynasty.
1855).
3
Pliny,
4
cf.
ver.
220-224
v.
12;
56.
Prof.
104,
Rawlinson
takes
1870,
"Monthly Review" (July, 1856), to who was one of the Shepherd Kings
Mr. Poole
p.
is
p.
term
'
Phoenician,' and
would prefer
late
Mr. Deutsch.
p. 3) prefers
175
14).
is
Shemitie.'
Hieratic writing
may be
assigned,
it
certain that
not of a
Eiseulohr has
in the
"Revue
de
1'
25
that the
Phoenicians
by
selecting a certain
number
In
and
support of his
b.c.
600)
'
[Plate,
col. 4],
known
Papyrus
which
is
and hence
he concludes that they probably borrowed their alphabet during the sojourn of the Shepherd
Kings in Egypt. 2
here
taken.
3
many
The geographical
sea- faring
the
known
character as a
barter
their
commercial and
wares, and
of
it
nation,
Egypt
to
feel
sensible of
the necessity
to
less
complex
medium than
says, 4
the
Egyptian
to
alphabet
give
us
afforded
in
order
maintain
brief
their intercourse.
Sir
the
is
real
solution, in
but
precise words.
He
.
"The
Phoenicians.
of
the
Hieroglyphic
(upwards
a
2500
years
before
Phoenicians,
5
struck
out
idea
of a simple
to
and regular
5
alphabet."
This
Greece
form
of writing
by the primitive
mode
of
writing
in
Egyptians in causing them to adopt the more perfect phonetic system of the Demotic writing,
which in
1
its
This
is
Rouge
2
(I.e.)
is
of
sufficiently striking to
warrant us
general
place.
The
About
b.c.
Roman
Shepherds,
3
by the Phoenicians and its De Rouge, has been most elaborately worked out by M. Francois Lenormant in his great work entitled "Essai sur la propagation de 1'Alphabet Phenicien dans 1'ancien Monde," vol. i. Premiere livraison,
derivation from the
The invention
was invented in Phoenicia must then be limited to the sense in which Tacitus says that the Phoenicians had the credit tanqimm repererint qum acceperant." (J. Peile, art. "Alphabet," in " Encyc. Brit." 9th ed. vol. i. p. 607.)
the same time among the Syrians and Phoenicians a method was developed, just as in Egypt the hieratic writing grew up beside the hieroglyphic. This cursive writing of the Western Semitic nations has not, however, arisen out of
cursive
"At
1872; vol.
1873.
to the
i.
Prof. Sayce
Seconde livraison, 1873; vol. ii. Premiere livraison, (MS. communication) has called my attention
of
Egyptians.
abbreviated
of
corrispondenti
own
the
Egyptians.
of
;
the
hieratic
which copies are given of all the known forms of the Hieratic characters with reference to the papyri on which each form is
found, adding that
the mixture
given by Levi,
right."
5 4
"the forms found in the 'Papyrus Prisse,' make it plain to every one that De Rouge was
In Rawlinson's Herodotus, 3rd ed.
vol.
ii.
p. 313.
Egyptians did not rise was abandoned, and then for the first time an alphabet was discovered." (Max Duncker, " Hist, of Antiquity," trans, by Abbott, vol. i. p. 281; cf. Dr. Tylor,
G " Early Hist, of Mankind," 3rd ed. p. 102.) See Page 29. ' The earliest instance now existing of Demotic writing is dated B.C. 665 (Brugsch, " Grammaire Demotiquc," p. 4), but
Gesenius and
Ewald both
are of
vol.
i.
p. 24).
characters and
it
was
26
2.
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
It
must
not,
many eminent
in another direction
as the true
the origin of
the
mother of the characters employed in very ancient times in Syria and Mesopotamia.
this
view, and
chiefly
on the following
and Babylonian
The
earliest
specimens
of
this cursive
character
now
in the British
this theory
Museum, 6 and
But on
Kenrick 7 justly
and
same
the Phoenician.
it
reference
these
" It
has
been
suggested, and
is
legends
may
be in the cursive Assyrian alphabet, which would then have been subsequently adopted
by the Phoenicians," but that these cursive characters on undoubted Assyrian monuments, though
allied to
them, are
still
different,
seems peculiarly
is
on
suggests
that,
the
Persian
common
alphabet with
Phoenicians.
Lastly, Sir
G.
"Wilkinson
maintains
10
that the ancient Assyrian letters "could not have been the origin of those used in Greece."
3.
The theory
that
the
Phoenician
home
is
one only of
and yet
" the
it
has
of
its
probabilities.
In
support
view
it
is
important
note
that
names
;
the
Phoenician or
Hebrew
letters are
not
some object
though
cases
be
For
and
(so
if
we
find that
these
and
the
succeeding
when
in
their
most
primitive forms
far
as
known),
present
1
similarities
with the whole or a portion of the objects by the names of which they
ii.
2 3 4 5
"Bilderund Schriften," 1819, vol. " Gram. Syr." 1827, p. 61. " Biblical Criticism," vol. i. p. 25. " Jiid. Miinzen," 1862, p. 140.
p. 147.
("Hist, of Antiquity," trans, by Abbott, vol. i. p. 281) that the Phoenician alphabetic writing was in use in Babylon side by
side with the
corresponding'
circ.
Another exponent of this view has recently come forward in Dr. Deecke("Zeitschriftd. D.M.G." 1877, vol. xxxi. pp. 102-116), and his theories were accepted in the "Academy Newspaper"
(No. 267, 16th June, 1877).
Prof. Sayce has, however,
shown
Nineveh. But he is which has been frequently published (Layard, " Nineveh and Babylon," 1853, p. 60l"; Norris, "J.R.A.S." 1856, vol. xvi. p. 217; Madden, "Jew. Coinage," 1864, p. 265; Smith, in " Rec. of the Past," vol. v.
(?
Merodach
b.c.
1050) found at
mistaken,
as
this
duck-weight,
("
p.
91;
Chisholm, in
of the
Warden
of
utter
The
latter
was again
"30manehs. The palace of Irba- Merodach, king 7 " Phoenicia," 1855, p. 164.
6 9
of Babylon."
demonstrated to be weak and improbable by the Rev. Isaac Taylor and Prof. Sayce ("The Academy," No. 274, 4th Aug.
1877).
6
Art.
Encyclopadie."
See
Chapter
I.
p. 4, note 7.
Prof.
Max Duncker
states
10
ii.
27
for
there
is
the letters."
idea
It
may
be
" that
the
Phoenicians,
the
first
from the
Egyptians,
useful alphabet," 2
alphabet,
letter
of the
took
it
of
representation of
an ox (or of
Which
thus
It
of
these theories
is
any
certainty, but
much can
be ventured, that the Phoenician alphabet was not derived from the cuneiform.
letters of the
Hebrew alphabet
of
any
refer to
that
and
this
called
Caphtor
or " Greater
Phoenicia "
in
any
case, if
claim to being
disseminators."
inscription
existing 7
is
that
Diban, in
August, 1868, by the Rev. F. A. Klein, of the Church Missionary Society [Plate,
account of
its
its
col. 2].
The
unfortunate destruction, and the history of the recovery of the greater portion of
pieces,
have frequently been published, together with various versions of the inscription. 8
On
" Writing," "
Dr.
J.
Evans, "
its
Origin," a lecture
Alrlis
Wright,
iii.
art.
in Smith's
Diet, of the
March
15, 1872,
Bible," vol.
p.
1790.
Prof. Rawlinson,
p. 109; Dr.
3
W.
Evans, op.
eit. p. 9. Prof. Sayce, " Trans, of Soc. of Bibl. Arch." 1876, vol. v.
7 The absence of Phoenician writing non-monumental is well known, but M. de Vogue has published (" Syrie Centrale Inser. Semitiques," p. 131; cf. Lenormant, "Essai," vol. i. 93, note) a papyrus which is said to be positively p.
p. 30.
This paper
found at
Hamah
Phoenician.
8 Clermont-Ganneau, "La Stele de Dhiban," in the " Rev. Arch." 1870, pp. 184, 357; Ganneau et de Vogue, "Inscription de Mesa, Roi de Moab," Paris, 1870 Derenbourg, in the " Journal Asiatique," 1870 Deutsch, in the " Times," March 3, 1870; Dr. Ginsburg, "Moabite Stone," 1870, 2nd ed. 1871;
; ;
and
at Ibreez in Lycaonia.
They
first
Hamathite hieroglyphics, we can well understand new alphabet the names of the objects represented by the characters they had hitherto employed. In this case the names given to the letters of the Phoenician alphabet would have been derived from the Hamathite
or
their applying to the letters of the
inscriptions."
The
Hittites
possessed
peculiar
system
of
hieroglyphic
From
undertaken on the
site of
Carchemish,
number
decipherment of the character in which they are written (Prof. Sayce, " The Bible and the Monument-,'" in Eyre and SpottisWOOoVs " Aids to the Student of the Bible" ).
4
Prof. Rawlinson, in the " Contemporary Review," vol. xv. p. 9G, Aug. 1870; Dr. "W.Wright, in the "North British Review," Oct. 1870; Prof. Davidson, in the "British and Foreign Evangelical Review," Feb. 1871 Edward Thomas, in the " Num. Chron." sr.8. 1871, vol. xi. p. 202; Rev. W. Pakenham Walsh, "The Moabite Stone," Dublin, 1872; F. Lenormant, " Essai sur la Propagation de P Alphabet Phenicien dans l'ancien Monde," vol. i. pp. 128, 144, Paris, 1872 Captain Burton and Tyrwhitt Drake, "Unexplored Syria," vol. i. p. 335; " Our Work in Palestine," "Palestine Exploration Fund," p. 253, 1873; Prof. Rawlinson, in the "Bible Educator," vol. i. p. 124, MM. Neubauer, Schlottmann, Nbldeke, Schrader, 1874;
; ;
Evans, op.
Prof.
eit. p.
10.
" Introduction to the Science of Language," " The Bible and the Monuments," in Eyre and vol. ii. p. 168 Spottutwoode's "Aids tothe Studentof the Bible"; "The History I Writing," a Lecture at the London Institution, 12 Feb.
5
Sayce,
;
Moabite Stone
the
is
"The
Moabite
it
31.
He
in
"Records
also
of the
a
Past"
(vol.
Levy
printed
translation
1G3).
'
28
It
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
commemorates the successes
of
of Mesha,
Israel,
who was
either
son or grandson
in
With
of view,
respect
to
the
date,
the
inscription
was
at
once,
from
pala^ographical point
earlier,
recognized as
inscriptions,
(b.c.
even
or
lion-weights
9]
of
745-681),
2
[Plate,
col.
3].
"With this
itself
well agrees, as
the reigns of
about
b.c.
853-841. 8
letters
Of the twenty-two
twenty-one
The
it
may
word
i.
A\_f\arotli?
iii.
Kings
4-27.
name),
De Vogue,
"Eev.
Arch." n.s. 1868, vol. xvii. pp. 432-439, pi. xiv. ef. Lenorraant, " Essai," vol. i. pp. 128, 142, pi. ii. col. 3. The teth does not
occur on the gems published by de Vogue, as given by Lenormant
[see note 5].
who lived in the former half of the eighth century b.c. In any case M. Clermont- Ganneau, who is preparing a critical memoir on these monuments (which will doubtless give further
the words
explanation of
(?
soken
(?
inhabitant),
Qarthadachat
On
a sardonyx
now
at Florence
is
the figure of a
'
Carthage), the position of the sanctuary of Baal-Lebanon, tob and other queries), comes to the conclusion, and thereby confirms
the remarks of
man
'pyi^N^
Of Abibaal.'
king
It has
to Abibaal,
M. Renan about the pahcographical rank of these may claim the second place immediately
word 2\2 Tob, but
and father of the Hiram of the Bible (De Luynes, xiii. No. 1; cf. Max Duncker, " Hist, of Antiquity," trans, by Abbott, vol. ii. p. 264), but on no sure grounds. Another gem found at Khorsabad, and probably
of Tyre,
Moabite stone."
been explained.
"Num.
The
3
engraved at Tyre or Sidon, bearing the inscription 'pjmajj, is on the contrary considered to give a certain date, Khorsabad having been built circ. b.c. 721, and to be a monument of the
eighth century b.c. (De Longperier, "Journal Asiatique," 5 ser.
vol. vi. p.
monuments
These would be the dates derived from the Assyrian canon and (see Smith, "Assyrian Canon"; Schrader, "Keilinschriften, etc." Max Duncker, "Hist, of Antiquity," trans. by Abbott, vol. ii. pp. 114, 115, 234, 239, 249). The Bible
;
dates
422
vol.
i.
p. 143).
918-897;
Ahaziah,
b.c.
897-896;
Several fragments of brass containing a Phoenician inscription were discovered many years ago at Cyprus. The attention of M. Kenan having been called to them by Dr. Euting, the former published them with an illustrative plate (" Journal des Savants," 1877, p. 487). Recently M. Clermont- Ganneau has
4 The Moabite Stone clearly disproves the statement of some that the original Shemitic alphabet contained only " sixteen letters
'
(cf.
Plin.
"Nat. Hist."
1
vii.
56;
Dr. Donaldson,
"The New
Cratylus," p.
70),
and shows the worthlessness of tradition on this by inscriptions (J. Peile, "Encyc. Brit."
609).
made a
i.
p.
The occurrence
of the Sainech
was
the conclusion that they all formed part of the same vase of bronze, which had been purposely broken into pieces at some 1880, pp. 502Reconstructing the form he has arrived at the following 17 April,
:
("The Athenamm,"
by Simonides (b.c. 530), doubt that the Samceh on this stone, or on the Phrygian rocks [see page 30], was the prototype of the
is
Greek Xi
complete inscription
Greek
XL
of
the
Moabite
nKnrrmp pDi
pnb bynbi b])2^> ;rv tn ibo conn -uy pD 3D ?n ntrra np&ro ns pnS n nc'-irrrnp
am
.
*jin
porary Review," Aug. 1870, pp. 104-112), and by Dr. Ginsburg (" The Moabite Stone," 2nd ed. 1871, pp. 29, 30). 6 It has been maintained by several scholars (Ginsburg,
[mention of a vow, name To Baal-Lebanon, his lord i.e. and rank of the author] (? and) soken of Qartbadachat, servant of Hiram, king of the Sidonians, has given it [or, he has given it '] to Baal-Lebanon, his lord, in excellent brass [or
'
.
did
'
in
'
']
H
.
.
tob, soken of
Qartbadachat
the
and 1 This letter is rare in Phoenician, Gesenius ("Script. Linguaeque Phoen. Mon." tab. i. cf. p. 80) only giving three examples, and Lenormant ("Essai," vol. i. pi. ii. col. 3) only two, in his "Premier type
in lines 10
;
word A\t\aroth,
? 'it' P]
.'
contains
name
of
Hiram, king of the Sidonians or the Phoenicians,' and it has been conditionally attributed by M. Clermont- Ganneau to a Hiram (for several Phoenician kings might have borne this
la Phenicie propre," but these latter cannot In the Due be accepted with any certainty [see note 2]. " Prinsep's Essays " de Luynes' Alphabets, in Thomas's (vol. ii. p. 166), under Phoenicia Proper, in all nine alphabets,
paleographique de
29
of
early alphabets
and
Nora
col.
in
Sardinia
to
which may be
already
alluded,
placed
of
Esmunazar
have
propre,"
[Plate,
styled
4],
which
have
and
several
which
been
3
by
M.
de
Lenormant
de
" Deuxienie
type
paleograpkique
4
de
Phenicie
transition
l'ecriture Phenicienne."
With
that
few,
" the
respect to
the
introduction
of
letters
into
Greece,
it
is
asserted
in
by Herodotus 5
the
Phoenician
so
letters
were
adopted,
but with
still
some
variation
letters
shape
as
of
and
present use,
calling
first
the
Phoenician,
justice
required,
after
name
that
of
those
who were
of
the
to
introduce
them
into
all
Greece."
Prof.
Sayce
that
writes
it
" the
names
the
letters
end in
of
a,
showing
must
have
been
brought into
the
Greece
of
not
by the Phoenicians
since
Tyre
aleph
and
is
Sidon,
but
by
of
the
Aramaeans of
not
of
Gulf
Antioch,
the
of
emphatic
characteristic
Aramaic,
disclose
Phoenician.
origin,
Even
J"V3>
the
fcJJ'H,
names
DJ5,
the
letters
in
the
Hebrew alphabet
and
their
Aramaic
conclude
etc.,
being perfectly
rather
Aramaic,
we may
therefore
that
in
the
alphabet
was
introduced
by
As
to
to
unknown
were
first
the
Greeks
the
time
of
Hesiod
the
first
and
Homer
(tire.
B.C.
850-776),
and
period of
of
Olympiad
(b.c.
776),
by Dr. Ginsburg.
The forms
(b.c.
the Greek
inscriptions of
620),
do not
differ
materially from
the
on
the
Moabite
and
it
would
therefore
seem probable that the Phoenician alphabet was altogether taken over by the Greeks n about
exhibits it:
(c)
The Races
" Hist,
of
Syria," in Eyre
Punic war
it
(b.c.
all
it
the following
lists till
the second
to the
7
p. 116.
Esmunazar.
early
In
1871, p. 30.
is also Arama;an monuments. It is curious that the In the first ten alphabets given by Rose (" Inscript. Grace. Vet." p. xv.) there are jive gaps. The Phrygian alphabet has no 0, though the Carians naturally retain it in their early Greek inscriptions in Egypt [see page 30, and Plate, cols. 6, 7, 8]. It is also absent in Lycian (Sir C. Fellows, " Discoveries in Lycia," p. 443, 1841). Mr. Sharpe in "Appendix B." p. 452, remarks, "The Lycians must have copied [?] the Greek alphabet before it contained the long vowels H and Q, or the consonants 0, ]~, <J), vj/, which have no
all
9 Franz, " Elementa Epigraphices Grsecae," pp. 51-59; Eirchhoff, " Studienzur Geschichte des Griechischen Alphabets,"
p.
49
10
Prof. Rawlinson,
plate, lines 5
and 6
plate.
" With
supposed,
as
generally
his
8],
though Kirchhoff, who makes the form JV| in early Greek alphabet the equivalent of Tsadhe [Plate, col.
says [op.
(*)
cit.
cf. p.
was at
first
denoted by
(b.c.
M,
Melos, Crete,
pi. viii.
etc.
620-460), but
to
" Essai,"
2 3
(iii.
vol.
i.
Gesenius,
pi. xiii.
No. 41
Lenormant, he.
cit.
written in
perfluous
its
shorter form ), in consequence of which the suin his theory (p. 30,
V|/
"Essai,"
bis) is
Ti.
vol. i. pp. 129-131, pi. iii. A special plate added, giving the pateographieal evidence of coins,
Mr. Thomas
duced the
letter
Plate,
col.
5)
has intro-
l'rnm
r.
(vol.
ii.
pp. 106-
As
to the
Greek
;
op. cit. p.
110
or Vi ^ ^ as Deen considered (Rawlinson, Ginsburg, " The Moabite Stone," 2nd ed. p. 30)
vol.
i.
p.
145;
v.
58.
evidently
derived
of
Bibl.
Arch."
p.
vol.
v. p.
63;
"The
this is doubtful,
eidental.
30
b.c.
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
900 or
B.C.
800
[Plate,
cols.
7,
I.
8].
2
From
B.C.
the inscriptions
656), but
at
Abusimbel, generally
attributed to
(t>,
(circ.
by some
that of
v|/
Psammetichus
introduced
;
II.
(circ.
B.C.
590),
we know
that
the
double
still
4
letters
X and
col.
were
deficient
in the
6].
eventually
incorporated letters Z,
Z and O, and
of
[Plate,
that
But
recently
Mr.
the
theory
the
earliest
Greek
alphabets are more likely to have been taken from the Phrygian
alphabet,
as
existing on
B.C.
920, than
its
now admitted
context,
and
ventured to say that these archaic Graeco-Latin records were expressed in, pro tanto, the same
letters as the coincident Biblical text of the
Aramaean stone
and yet
it is
so,
identities
follow on,
till
and there
is
to the
exclusion of the
stands as the
redundant t3 = 0,
we reach
the inevitable
Aryan Y, which,
in
this case,
primitive Greek
alphabet
to
of
sixteen
7,
8,
e,
1,
k,
A,,
fi,
v,
o,
ir,
p,
a,
r and v."
In
calling
attention
of
the
in
supposed
the
absence of
the
D
22.
on
he
the Moabite
says,
7
stone,
and the
cases
certain
final
absence
of
the
Phrygian
21
inscriptions,
" In
these
the
letter
as
of
equivalent to 300,
as such the
and adopted
it
into their
own
that this
numerals of the Egyptian, which the Phoenicians perhaps suggested to the Latins.
So much
letters, that
we
find in
Hebrew
the
Jl
Tau=400,
and where the current Hebrew adds a second 5 p (=3 f) the T\ grows into 500. " The missing of the Aramaean writing regains its place in the accepted Greek
scheme under
the
Phoenician
influences,
letter
to
which
it
was
so
largely
indebted,
and from
1
So
also the
Hebrew
of
yod=l
constant
in
the Greek
series
of
numbers.
The
Greek
where
of
it
scheme
amalgamation
number
revised
of 90,
had
to
supply a figure P
revived
as
inconsecutive
to
and
inconsistent
or
as
the
equivalent
its
the
six,
in
order
perchance
fixed
retain
i
bring
its
back the *) = R to
100,
the
of
succeeding
to
ancient
function as 200,
letter
and the
to
its
coincident value
300,
from
which,
it
as
the twenty-first
to
of
order
of notation,
ought never
cit.
Rawlinson, op.
pp. 109,
112;
porary Review," Dec. 1878, p. 63. 2 Rawlinson, Herod, vol. ii. p. 44, note 3; Kirchhoff, op. cit. pp. 40-42. p. 381
;
art.
p.
274, note;
vol. 39,
*
Alfred
1880 (Prof. Sayce, MS. communication). Thomas, "J.R.A.S." n.s. 1878, vol.x. p. 363; Kirchhoff, op. 5 "J.R.A.S." n.s. 1878, vol.x. *.p. 35. pp. 361-372. 7 6 op.cei.p.362. "Indian Antiquary," Sept. 1878, p. 228.
31 numbers
40
50
:
ABrAEfZH[0]IKAMNZOn^0p STY
1
Numerical power
10
20
30
60
6,
70
80
["The normal
tricities
(Phrygian)
alphabet
of
,
is
% and
w.
The
eccen(in
of the original
definitions
and
the
tentative transliteration);
the
r]
is
formed
by the addition
E."
Thomas, "J.R.A.S."
n.s.
For
informs
the
copj
that
of
is
this
(Plate,
col.
5)
am
who
will
me
he
preparing an
Alphabetical Table,
which with
commentary
more
on the Assyrian
9],
contemson
Bereg-berud,"
and
of " Hudraqi'a,
Hur-b'ad."
that
On
all of
these the
of
idiom
is
stated to be
standing
the forms
the letters
are
absolutely
5
identical
with
those
on the
gems
stone.
in
great
B.C.
number
at Nineveh,
there appears
special
col.
10].
published by Sir H. Rawlinson, 6 to which M. Lenormant has added 7 several other examples
from
bricks
and
gems,
including the
lion
of
Abydos,
in the
first
published by
M. de
:
Vogiie. 8
1.
The
This
the
by
to
Egyptian sculpture
[Plate,
col.
11].
of
considered by
Gesenius 9
have
been
executed
by
a Syrian
to
the Egyptian
de
JBtacas,
worship.
in
2.
The papyri
Due
now
the British
Museum, and
others
[Plate,
col.
12].
first
vestiges
of final
letters
earliest final
Lamed.
The
monument, but
and
the
square
Hebrew.
The age
of
the
Carpentras stone
De Vogue, "Mel.
The
Sir
v.
:
1..
Chapter I.
in
p. 7, note 2.
After these
may
Asia
letters
wanting,
the
B.C. 648).
H.
cf.
No.
4
Minor by the satraps of the Persian Empire (Due de Luyncs, "Essai sur la Num. des Satrapies, etc." 1846; Waddington, " llev. Num." 1860, pp. 432-455 "Mel.de 1861, pp. 1-22
;
;
Eawlinson, op.
p. 240,
pi.
No. xv.
cf.
Levy, op.
pi.
cit.
30; De Vogiie, "Rev. Arch." n.s. 1868, No. 24. 5 Rawlinson, op. cit. p. 228, pi. Nbs. ix,
xvii;
6 1 cf.
vol. xvii.
xv.
Lenormant, "Essai," vol. i. pp. 218-223), and the inscription found by M. Marietta in the excavation of the Serapeum at Memphis (Lenormant, "Essai," vol. i. p. 223; Planche x). The teth occurs on this
et de
Num.
xii,
xiii,
xiv,
xvi,
monument.
10
Levy, op.
vol.
cit. pi.
Nos.
2, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12.
9 " Mon. Phcen." p. 232. Dr. Lindsay Alexander in Kitto, " Cyc. of Bibl. Lit."
s.v.
187-228.
i.
" Essai."
pp. 205-208
De
"Aramaic Language"; cf. Levy, " Zeitschrift d. D.M.G." Madden, "Jew. Coinage," p. 313. xi. p. 67 " Madden, he. cit.; Lenormant, "Essai," vol. i. p. 229.
;
32
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
to the reigns of
3.
The Palmyrene
[Plate,
in
col.
13].
These
to
are
generally
in
Aramaic
and
Greek.
M. "Waddington,
his
voyage
Syria,
obtained copies of
by M. de Vogue,
B.C.
a.d.
On
Nun
occurs. 2
We
The
from the
now
pass
among
the Hebrews,
example of
this
alphabet
may
B.C.
4
century
[Plate,
col.
14],
by the
shekels
(b.c.
late
(b.c.
Dr. Levy
and M. de Vogue.
[Plate,
cols.
These characters
16],
141-135)
[Plate,
15,
on
the
coins
the
Asmonaean
of
family
135-37)
col.
17],
and were
col.
6
later
adopted
during
the Revolts
the Jews
(a.d.
in a.d. 135.
as
to the
The
researches of Lenormant,
who
and
"VViner
of "ancient
Hebrew"
as the general
introduction personally
monumental or in
it
but
by no means proves
that
Inscriptions
from the Haaran exhibit an alphabet degenerated from the Palmyrene, dating from the first half of the first century a.d. (De Vogue, " Rev. Arch." n.s. 1864, vol. ix.
2
The
inscriptions
p.
The 284; Lenormant, "Essai," vol. ii. pp. 98-103). Nabathcean inscriptions and coins, the alphabet of which is a variety of the Hauranitic, date from B.C. 60 to a.d. 105 (Lenormant, " Essai," vol. ii. pp. 116-129, pl.xv; cf. De Vogue,
" Rev. Arch."
n.s.
3 Zeitschrift " Siegel und d. D.M.G." vol. xi. p. 318; Gemnien mit aramreisehen, phconizischen, althebraiischen, himjarischen, nabathaischen und altsyrischen Inschriften," Breslau, 1869. One of the seals published by Dr. Levy (" Zeitschrift d. D.M.G." vol. xi. p. 320), which is preserved in the British Museum, is said to bear the name of Jonathan, son of Mathathias," and Levy has suggested that it may be the seal of one of the Maccabees. But this is very doubtful.
' '
1865, vol.
xi.
planche
i.).
The
Sinaitic
by Mr. Forster to have been written by the Israelites during their wanderings (" Israelitish authorship of the Sinaitic Inscrip." 1856; "Sinai photographed," 1862),
inscriptions, supposed
are,
no doubt, as
fifth
p.
314)
of a Christian age,
have elsewhere stated ("Jew. Coinage," and extend, probably, from the
of
"Rev. Arch." n.s. 1868, vol. xvii. p. 445, planche xvi. Lenormant, "Essai," vol. i. p. 179, seq. The second form of the Samecli is added from the Larnaca gem, which is of rather later date (Lenormant, op. eit. pp. 180, 186). 5 This coin-character was undoubtedly the earliest alphabet of the Hebrews (Gesenius, " Geschichte der hebncischen Sprache,"
;
cf.
second to the
p.
"Essai," vol. ii. Aramaean (Levy, "Zeitschrift d. D.M.G." xiv. pp. 363-484), and Prof. Palmer, who has made careful drawings and studied the inscriptions on the rocks themselves, has decided (Major Palmer, R.E., " Sinai,
century a.d. (Lenormant,
the
inscription
is
p. 145).
(see
106).
The idiom
reality
History from the Monuments," S.P.C.K.) that they are "in nothing but another phase of that Semitic alphabet
Lenormant, unanimous on this point, M. de Saulcy stands alone in his exceptions, considering ("Rev. Arch." n.s. vol. xi. pp. 137-153, 398-485; 1872, p. 2) the
in
;
"Rev. Arch."
vol.
i.
319-341
" Essai,"
p. 179
cf.
p. 283), are
[si
whose forms appear alike in the Hebrew, Arabic and Greek. They seem to constitute an intermediate link between the ordinary Hebrew and the Cufic or old Arabic," and dissenting from Beer's view that they are the work of Nabathsean pilgrims, Prof. Palmer writes, "they must be attributed as a whole, not to pilgrims of any country, but rather to the commercial
and
il
p. 34].
As M. de Vogiie
eit.),
" Aujourd'hui
un
le conteste,
pas
ou on ne l'enseigne," and De Wette concludes his chapter on Writing (" Manuel d' Arch, hebrai'que," 4th ed. 1864, 278) as follows, " Les opinions des savants du temps
cours d'hebreu
passe
. .
.
l'ecriture
primitive
curiosite
community who inhabited, or at least colonised, the peninsula The during the first few centuries of the Christian era."
inscriptions are very
n'ont
plus
aujourd'hui
qu'un
cf.
interet
de
historique."
6
commonplace, such as
rested here," etc.
'
'
passed this
"Essai,"
vol.
i.
pp.
281-296;
way," "
son of
33
The
inscriptions on
the
coins of
from those of the Maccabees, for the old Hebrew language was
Syro-Chaldrean was spoken by
all.
1
dead and
The
earliest
is
almost
the ten
commandments
This
monument
is
attributed
letters
to a period preceding
the reign of
Justinian
I.
(a.d.
developed
codices.
it
cursive
the Samaritan
The resemblance
surprising
that
so evident
between
called
Samaritan
and the
it
is
not
the
first
latter
was
beyond
all
acquired by the
Samaritans from the Jews, but was modified after their separation.
It will
be seen that
all
the coins
excepting
Teth, Samcch,
and Pe.
The curious
Zain,
^f
new form
of
Vau}
his
The
though
may
J" on the coins of Eleazar, are probably a be found in the table of Asaria de Rossi, 5
as
who
gives as
authority the
work
of
a coin-letter
to
till
by de Vogiie. 7
in
the
Samaritan form of
the same
letter
found
MSS.
will
also
be
noticed that
Zain and Samech are wanting in the Samaritan alphabet from the Nablus stone; and the Teth
has been incorporated from another monument, the description of which
is
given by Rosen. 8
etc.,
Owing
to the
last
the
character
square
Hebrew,
no necessity
to enter into a
long discussion of
the various
that
have been
that
introduced.
Hebrew, which
general use
gradually developed
till
itself
the first
century
before
Christian
Renan,
op.
cit.
p.
211;
Lenormant,
d.
"Essai,"
vol.
i.
mother,
Palmyrene and square Hebrew are not a daughter and a but two sisters, "sorties d'une meme souche, qui se
10
Rosen,
"
Zeitschrift
D.M.G."
vol.
xiv.
There are also some remarks on this stone by pp. 605-634. Prof. E. Rudiger.
Lenormant, "Essai,"
in Smith's
vol.
i.
p.
298;
cf.
"Writing,"
"
p. 1795.
" Geschichte der Judischen Munzen," p. 141, Madden, "Jew. Coinage," p. 310. According Breslau, 1862 tn Wilson The lands of the Bible," vol. i. p. 75) the modern
3
Levy,
Samaritans
4
still call
'
Ebreni.
5
6 7
See Chapter VIII. " Coins of Eleazar." In his " Meor Enajim." c. 56.
It
" Renouvelant avec beaucoup d' esprit et de verve daus la polemique," writes Lenormant ("Essai," vol. i. p. 211), " une vieille opinion abandonnce depuis cinquante ans par la science, on a voulu faire remonter jusqu'au temps recule' des rois de Juda l'usage do l'alphabet hibraique cine, que nous persistons a regarder, avec Kopp, Gesenius, De Wette, Hupfeld,
Ewald,
et tous les hebraisants de la France, de
would be desirable to ascertain who this author was. "Rev. Num." 1860, p. 280, seq. See Chapter VIII. 8 " Zeitschrift d. D.M.G." vol. xiv. he. cit. plate, No. 2. 9 It has usually been considered that the square Hebrew was derived from the Aramaean modified by the Palmyrene, but
M.
xvii.
l'Allemagno et
de l'Angleterre,
chrctiennc.
comme
Mais
ou
trois
degrcs
l<
Si
done
il
Lenormant
i
is
of opinion
("Essai,"
the
vol.
i.
p.
278, planche
an
la
Hebrew
and
proceeds
the
dam
directly
papyrus,
that
de l'Euphrate pendant
la
premiere
portion du septieme
34
NUMISMATA OIIIENTALIA.
The monuments
1.
of
known
to
exist
are
at
as
follows
The
inscription
on
so-called
tomb of Saint
Saulcy,
Jacques
first
Jerusalem
[Plate,
col.
20].
This
tomb was
discovered
by M. de
rise
published by
to
M. de Vogue, 2 and
Ilaniah,
to the
discussion
an epitaph of
eight
persons of
sons of
the
Joseph,
the
Haniah.
De Vogue,
its
partly
from
of
its
architecture
B.C.
;
De
reading the names of the father and grandfather as Jaddua and Jonathan, instead of
Joseph
this
of
the
high
it
priests,
prefers
to
carry up
is
age to
B.C.
255
is
and
of these
is
true
that
the
monument
iindated,
there
is
the
more
correct.
Ilaram-esch-scherif
at
This
lie
Jerusalem. 5
conjectures that
stones,
in three
languages,
to
any foreigner
to
which
to
it
well
agrees.
above
the
of a
tomb
situated
the
north-east
of
Jerusalem on
the
road
to
the
This
discovered,
inscription,
which
only the
commencement
7
of
the
first
8
two
lines
exists,
was
and M. de Saulcy.
It is posterior to the
first
century a.d.
*4. Inscription
from
the
so-called
Tomb of
Kings
at
Jerusalem.
sarcophagus
which was
discovered
by M. de Saulcy in
It
is
Tomb
of
him
to the Louvre.
in
two
lines,
one in
queen
estranghelo Syriac,
Hebrew nrO^ft
it
iTTC or
of
or princess. 9
M. de Saulcy would
les
assign
to
the
time
kings of
Judah, 10
sieele
conjectures laborieusement
1'
p.
150
5
6
de Saulcy,
;
edifice s'ecroule
398-485
n.s.
vol.
1865,
ii.
vol.
xi.
pp.
p. 169.
"Voyage en Terre Sainte," vol. ii. p. 12. One of these stones with a Joseph. " Antiq." xv. 11, 5.
;
moment
ne laissent pas,
See
Greek inscription has been recently published by M. ClermontGanneau (" Rev. Arch." n.s. vol. xxiii. pp. 214-234 290-296,
planche
x.).
7 " Rev. Arch." n.s. 1864, vol. ix " Le Temple de Jerusalem," p. 151. 8 " Voyage en Terre Sainte," vol.
9
p. 32, note 5.
these
am indebted to the work of M. Lenormant for the list of monuments (" Essai," vol. i. pp. 260-277), and have marked with an asterisk (*) those not mentioned in my " Jewish
I
No. 3
ii.
p. 207.
its
publication.
ix. p.
The Hrc^D
to
or
rDTO
"Rev. Arch."
" Rev. Arch."
n.s.
1864, vol.
(Lenormant, "Essai,"
reads
p.
263).
Coinage,"
3 4
p. 318, note 6.
"the queen," or "the princess (Lenormant, " Essai," vol. ii. p. 8).
de Vogiie,
"Rev.
320
10 " Annales de philos. chret." vol. xlviii. " Voyage en Terre Sainte," vol. i. p. 385.
408-415;
35
the
inscription dates
suggested
that
from
the
first
and
relates
to
queen of Adiabene.
as
70.
As
this
sarcophagus was
inclosed
in one
the
caves
which
served
charnel-house
letters
The
are
Via Portttcnsis at
to
Rome
of
and
in
all
probability
its
correct
date
may
be
assigned
the
first
half
century a.d. 2
* 5.
Epitaphs
of the
Karaite
Jews of the
Crimea
[Plate,
col.
21]. there
is
the
authenticity of which
not
in
the
;
Crimea.
most
of
them were
paper and
conveyed
of
to
Petersburg
published eighteen
the
oldest
These are
305,
first
all
a.d.
960.
30,
89,
179,
197,
262,
369,
625,
678,
It
will be
In the
i.e.
nine,
as given
by Chwolson, three
Tribes,
2.
The
exile,
the captivity
of
B.C.
the
ten
5
;
from
era
whom
the
the
Jews
is
of
the
Crimea
pretend
to
have
descended,
is
696
The
after
;
creation
3.
B.C.
3911, to which
to find
and
or
The
era of the
Matarchians
the
or
Taman)
creation,
among
Jews,
b.c.
3760,
to
which 240
M. Derenbourg
carres
An
which was
"Les
inscriptions
magnifiques en
caracteres
qu'on a
da Musee Parent," p. 24), ("Journal Antique," June, 1868, p. 539) Jairi (Lenormant, " Essai," vol. i. p. 264).
3
"IW
^EITO theca
cet
alphabet.
Comme
il
est
une habitude deja bien longue de certain que les individus pour
etc
lesquels ces
eleves appartcnaient
a.
Dr.
Strack
:
has
ein
maintained
(" Firkowitsch
und
seine
Entdeckungen
Grabstein den
Hebr. Grabschriften
der
Krim," 1876) that none are genuine; but Ewald ("Hist, of Israel," vol. iv. " App." p. 299) writes, "I may remark that
the attempts to reject these inscriptions as spurious, like that to
cast suspicion on the
leur
ancienne
systeme graphique
achemine vers
bordee par la
MSS.
is,
of the
Bible, seem to
me
entirely groundless."
There
however, a
mer Noire. Le nom d' Aschourit (riHl^'X, Assyrienne) que lo Thalmud donne a. cette ecriture se justifie done parfaitement
lorsqu'on on pense que les dix tribus furent eminences en captivite
((inline
i
MSS.
[see
No.
15].
" Achtzen Hebraische Grabschriften aus der Krim," in the " Mem de l'Aead. Imper. des sciences de St. Petersburg, " 1865. Xiubaucr has also published them, "Aus der Petersburger Bibliothek. Beitrage und Dokumente zur Geschichte des Karaerthums und der Karaischen [iterator, " 1866.
5
par
le
roi
d'Assyrie
aussi
les
:
docteurs
ajouteut-ils,
explication
du mot a*ehourit
(les
'
st
Israelites)
de Babylone
(DHDy n'pyf
7320)."
Jews were
Chwolson,
op.
cit.
Bosanquet,
"Synchronous
hist,
of
A-yriaand Judaja,"
vol.
iv.
in
;
pp.
6,
27-30
in
iii.
between the fourth and seventh centuries a.d., the Crimean in intercourse with the Jews of other lands, and consequently that their alphabet during this period underwent
the same changes
as observable
"MSS.
Biblical,"
vol.
" Cyc.
the
first
of
Bibl.
Lit."
ed.
p.
271
Davidson,
i^
Alexander,
pp.
1167-1169.
]><
Both
Bosanquet
and
i.e.
three inscriptions,
(Aldis
disputed
of
Smith's
"Diet,
the
\.i..
<;.
:;o.
s:i.
Wj-de
Bible," vol.
vol.
i.
vol.
ii.
pp.
think
that
the dates
p. 30).
36
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
Most
of the inscriptions bear one date
;
some,
The
same
is
date.
The alphabet
simple
that
dot.
of
a.d.
and
a.d.
30.
The yod
a.d.
nearly a
The
197,
daleth
epitaph of
2
89,
of
a.d.
369.
The
inscriptions
from Jewish
A,
In
the
s
At Rome and
escaped
Naples.
seventeenth
century Bosio
has
discovered a Jewish
all
catacomb
research,
situate
in
the
Via
Portuensis.
illustrated
subsequent
has
are
been specially
by the Abbe
Grreppo. 4
of
The
inscriptions
from
this
catacomb
or
now
of
divided
between
preserved
the
in
Museums
the
Rome
the
Museum Kircherianum
and that
of
Museum
St.
Antiquities
;
" Collegio
Romano,"
the
" Cloister of
Paul "
and
Rome
both
of
Naples
are
Bourbon."
They
Hebrew
5
when
in
visiting
in
of
I860,
and
by
the
Rev.
J.
W. Burgon
to the
7J?
(now
Dean
of
Chichester)
1861,
whom
1
paid special
attention
Hebrew
readings,
of
~]
which generally
most
D1 7 fc?
consist of
is
the words
Ol
CHE?.
One
the
interesting
an
epitaph
in
^V
representation
of
it
is
here given. 7
'
NAWnAPHlOPIOCYIOCTOYBlA
bapzaaPujna. &hicsstpositvstv'biasbarzaha
&&
RONA^TPMCORlVSfiLlVS TVBIABARZAHAROf\rA ^
^EvOd&e
/cetTat
Tou/3i5?
f5ap^\_aapw~\va
et
ical
Ilaprjyopios
viof Tovftia
Bap^aapwva.
Sic
1
est
positus
Tubias Barzaliarona
;
Parecorius films
3
Tubice
Barzaharona.
1632,
i.
726 of the exile and 2,-702 of the exile = a.d. 6 Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,^000 of the creation, 785 of the exile = a.d. 89; 4090 of the creation = a.d. 179, etc. No. 9, 4536 of the creation, 4385 of the era of Tamatarka=A.D. 625, etc. These dates are confirmed by the Karaite MSS. (see No. 15). 2 M. Lenormant has given a special plate (planche xvi.) to these inscriptions, dating from a.d. 6 to a.d. 369, and also (pi. xv. cols. 13 and 15) the alphabets of some of the later Karaite epitaphs, dating a.d. 625 and a.d. 719, which are very valuable contributions to the history of square Hebrew. A Karaite tombstone brought from Djuffet Kalea, in the Crimea, now in the British Museum, has been published by Dr. Lbewe
Nos.
1
"Roma
Sotteranea,"
1659, vol.
p.
= a.d.
30
Subterranea,"
p.
236.
monument
Bosio, op.
cit. p.
142.
4 "Notice sur des inscriptions antiques tirees de quelques tombeaux juifs a Rome," 1835. 5 "Essai," vol. i. 1873, pp. 264-267. 6 "Letters from Rome," 1862, pp. 168-174; Madden, "Jew.
W.
from Rome,"
p.
166, and
it.
am
The
date
is
wanting.
Mr. Murray
"
37
p!"lT
est le
*)T\],
nom
propre
^2 rVilD
'
Tobie
de Zaharon.'
to naprffopio*;,
Ce dernier vient de
he
says,
la
is
racine
splenduit,
et doit
signifier splendidns."
As
that
it
" la
nom
corame celui de
Burgon remarks on
!
"Surely the
this
title
in Greek
Hebrew
is
striking
circumstance
Observe
that
Jewish epitaph
l
commemorates the
their father.
How
we thereby reminded
any
which
of
(2
Sam. xix.
one
is
37),
a sentiment
suspect
(sufficiently
people
of
nation),
!
led
to
was
peculiarly
prevalent
among God's
ancient people
similar,
but do not
appear to have
The names on
a.d.
as
their
date.
The symbols which accompany them are usually the seven-branched candlestick (sometimes
repeated twice), the
(Blessing
of oil;
EYAOTIA
or
Benediction)
circles
which
to
be intended
as
" Passover
loaves."
The
principal titles
;
irarrip avvaycoyr)^,
sometimes
;
TVp>
mother
yepovaidp^rj^
gerousiarch
or chief elder
synagogue
5
ap%i-
ypafMfj,arv<;,
chief scribe;
and dpx<ov,
B.
ruler,
curiously
applied
etc.
to
Nicodemus.
-At
Venosa,
Lavcllo,
In September, 1853,
the
loculi
at
or niches
of
which
in
Greek are
either
"They have
that
the seven-branched
;
and a
pigeon with
in
an
olive-branch
to
show
the
whilst four
that
Hebrew
inscriptions
indicate
the
dead had
become Christians.
misspelt,
been noticed" that "at Lavello there were found some Hebrew
the
last
century,
of
and
other
1854
at
Oria."
is
The
existence
numerous
Jews
and Calabria
in
the fourth
century
proved by
of
many contemporary
398
:
records,
of the
Emperor Honorius
the year
superstitiones It
is
much
least
as
far
as
am
1.
Burgon,
This
is
Burgon, op.
translates
cit.
pp. 167-170.
5 6
Cf. Ni/coStj/xos
....
3
4
new word.
correctly.
Burgon
See
it
"'
and doubtless
Chapter
V.
i.
p. 158.
38
aware.
I
is
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
cannot therefore now,
in
18G4,
assign any
exact
date
1
to
them,
hut
it
hardly possible that they can be later than the seventh century a.d.
In 1859 a Jewish catacomb, containing nearly 200 inscriptions, was discovered in the
Yigna Randanini, on the Via Appia, about two miles from Rome, nearly opposite the church
of
St.
Sebastian. 2
It
has
been
described
by
the
Padre Garrucci. 3
The
inscriptions
are
generally Greek,
The
is
candlestick,
to
Part of the
catacomb
said
be of
and part
In 1866
Vigna Cimarra,
on the
on
the
*7. Inscriptions
synagogues
[Plate,
col.
22].
attributes
number.
them
to
the
commencement
of
the
third.
from
Byblos.
discovered
by
M. Renan
in
the midst of
the
ruins of
Byblos
but
its
alphabet
points to the
commencement
of
as
its
date.
*9. Inscription
[Plate,
col.
23].
M. de Saulcy discovered an
El-Aksa
He
states
that
it
must
unless
to
Jerusalem by the
Julian the
Emperor Hadrian,
assign
at
it
to
;
the
time
of
Apostate,
it it
when he designed
anterior
to
the
Temple
by
Jerusalem
9
the siege
Jerusalem
to
Titus.
it
to
and
consider
is
to
monument
of
the
middle
of
the
fourth
century a.d.
Its
alphabet
1 Since this was written a paper has been published by Prof. G. Ascoli, entitled " Iscrizione inedite o mal note greche, latine, ebraiche di antichi sepolehri giudaici del Napoletano," being
"Catacombs,"
Antiq."
vol.
i.
in
Smith's
and
p.
301.
Transactions of the
Fourth International
Prof. Ascoli
" Geography
p.
vol. iv.
examines
first
the
Hebrew
sepulchral
75
"
p 184).
;
first
Jewish cemetery at Rome, which and fourth centuries a.d., and, secondly,
pp.
Hebrew inscriptions of the eleventh or end of tenth centuries, and points out that the inscriptions of the Jewish cemetery of Venosa belong precisely to the intermediate epoch. 1 have not been able to see a copy of this work, and am
the
Dec. 1865, "Journal Asiatique," Dec. 1864, pp. 531-540 561-569; cf. de Saulcy, "Rev. Arch." n.s. vol. ii. Frankel, " Monattschrift fur Geschichte und pp. 69-73; Wissenschaft des Judenthums," April, 1865; Geiger, "Jiidische 8 " Mission dePhenicie," Zeitschrift," third year, p. 230. p. 193.
9
"Voyage en Terre
Sainte," vol.
ii.
p. 325.
This inscrip-
Rev.
W.
II.
Withrow,
"The Catacombs
of
Home,"
1877,
" Cimitero
Scoperto recentemente in
must not be confounded with another one, which was also found by de Saulcy under the El-Aksa, and of which he has given a woodcut (" Voy. en Terre Sainte," vol. ii. p. 327), bearing a dilapidated text "trace au pinceau sur le trumeau faisant face a, la coloune monolithe," and "peint en rouge."
tion
Vigna Randanini," Roma, 1862. 4 J. Parker, C.B. "Photographs," Nos. 1160, 1161.
The alphabet
Papyri, and
B.C. (cf.
of this inscription
is
its
date
may be
39
The
cols.
24, 26].
These
and are
preserved in
nature,
Museum.
by
They have
at
inside
them long
in
Chaldaoa.
inscriptions
of
a cabalistic
their
later,
probably
written
*
Jews
Babylon
or
As
regards
B.C.
date,
Layard conjectures
third century
3
or
and
century
earlier
a.d.
the
century a.d.
of
On
;
the earliest
of
them there
5,
is
no
as
strict
use
as
of
final
and no separation
words
whereas on No.
final
letters
well
This fragment of a
is
Hebrew
of
inscription,
the
epitaph
of
a person
named *VNft
to
(Mair),
preserved in the
Museum
Aries.
It
is
considered by Lenormant
be of
the fourth
century a.d. 5
*12. The inscriptions from the countries of the Visigothic Kings [Plate,
col.
25].
These consist of the trilingual inscription, Hebrew, Latin, and Greek, discovered at Tortosa
in
Spain; 6
of
Narbonne, which
dates
is
in
Latin, but
of
in
words 7X"lD^
D17EV
The former
is
the
sixth or beginning of
8
seventh century
a.d.,
the latter
Another monument,
inedited, of
mentioned by Lenormant.
It is the
Museum
of
The
cols. 27,
28].
These
dated,
inscriptions,
now
in
the British
other
Museum,
a.d.
916-917.
The forms
of
(1),
{]),
(T),
and J"
letter
The
peculiar
on the
later
of
these
to
be of Himyaritic or Ethiopic
origin.
MS.
of the Jesuits.
by Montfaucon u
in
the
Lamentations of Jeremiah, preserved in the Library of the Jesuits, at the College of Louis-le-
1853,
pp. 509-526;
Madden,
p.
569
Derenbourg, "Journal
2
3
vol.
p.
142; " Zeitschrift d. D.M.G." 1855, ef. " Jahrbuch fur die Geschichte der
vol.
ii.
Le Blant and Renan, op. tit. p. 348. Heiss, " Monnaies dcs Wisigoths "
in
C. F. Keary,
"The
n.s.
the
"Num.
Chron."
xviii. p.
250.
p. 318.
s('iiiitii|i](s,"
the
s
6
"Zeitschrift d.
n.s. vol.
ii.
D.M.G."
pp. 345-350
Renan,
p. 22.
40
NUMISMATA ORIENTAL! A.
Alphabetum Jesuitarum. 1
Its
Grand, and for this reason has been designated by the name of
date
may
The
15. Early
MSS.
2
earliest
existing
Hebrew MSS.
are preserved
in
the
Imperial Public
Library at
St.
Petersburg,
collection of
Library are
at Odessa.
now
The
Hebrew MSS.
MSS.
of
this
described
by Pinner
have
as formerly preserved
collection
dates,
according to
different
The
Biblical
MSS.
consist
the'
of
fragments of
Pentateuch
points,
earliest
vowel points.
in
The
on
Roll
in
containing
the
Karaite
synagogue
|
at
Tschufutkale
|
Crimea.
The
inscription
as
follows
XpTDtD Wish
NjntD&tD
H5
EHplPI
uniW?
"Dedicated
[by the
[i.e.
hbpto
rivh
hi^x b
of
Synagogue]
here to the
Tamatarka
Phanagoria, the present Tainan on the Peninsula of the same name] formerly
Thamirake, in the year 4400 of the Creation, 1185 after our Exile."
From
Jews
each
other
it
is
in the
Crimea made use of two eras calculated from the Creation, which
151
years, so
from
that
we must add 89
years
to the
one,
and 240
to the other, to
which
only 89
b.c.
years are
date
to be
added,
i.e.
a.d. 489.
The other
is
reckoned from
corresponds
to
696, the
of
the
captivity
of
the
Ten
Tribes,
1185
a.d. 489. 4
is
mentioned;
1335 of the Exile=A.D. 639; 1460 of the Exile = A.D. 764; 4541 of the Creation
=a.d. 781
of
= a.d.
was
798;
1501 of the Exile and 4565 of the Creation=A.D. 805, in which year this Roll
tribe of
stolen
by the Gothic
recovered
newly-converted Chazars.
This inscription
very ancient.
1
Kopp,
des
1866.
Cf.
" Bilder uud Schriften," vol. ii. p. 275. 2 For the account of the Hebrew MSS. was indebted
in
in this Library, as
Dr. Davidson, "Supplement to art. 'Manuscripts Biblical,'" in Kitto's " Cyc. of Bibl. Lit." ed. Alexander, vol. iii.
p. 1167.
3
1864 to Dr.
W.
altcsten
me
to
make an
Nov. 1863, from Prof. Chwolson of St. Petersburg ("Jewish Coinage," p. 316). Prof. Chwolson has since briefly aUuded to them in his " Achtzehn Hebraische Grabschriften aus der
W. Wright
this
considers
as suspicious, for Thamirake is a well-known town, situated out of the Crimea, a little westward
inscription
Krim,"
in
the
"Mem.
de l'Acad.
Imper.
des
Sciences de
Taman.
The
earliest
St. Petersbourg,"
"Aus
der Peters-
MS.
cit.)
to the
burger Bibliothek.
subscription
MSS. OF
41
There are
843;
= A.D.
= A.D.
848,
is
etc. 1
Among
the
MSS. formerly
Odessa, described
by Pinner,
one
containing Isaiah,
Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the later prophets, and bearing the date a.d. 916.
corresponds in date to one of the sepulchral inscriptions from
Of
this one,
which
Aden
[see
No. 13],
Pinner has
instead
of
below
2
the
practice
which
has
been assumed
indicate
Babylonish origin.
The
opinion
of
Dr.
is
M. Heidenheim, 3
a
codex
of
that
the
or
MS.
of
the Prophets
in the
British
serious
Museum
attention.
{Add.
It
is
4708)
the
sixth
eighth
century,
I conclude this
my
of
cognate
Alphabets, which appeared in his Article on " Sassanian Inscriptions " in 1868.
MD
RN
H E B RE W
AB xs
G
a
HW"Z
n
i t
Kh
IKLMNSPTs EShTl
'
3^
V\ A
3
5
fi
r\
DUCDELUYNES' NUMISMATIC
PHCENICIAN.
OLD SYRIAC.
rC.S^
P 3
J
.1
00
O
1
*4
.4
=0
^_
J
09
&
P
^
j
.X.
h\
RABBINICAL
HEBREW.
CHALD/EO
PEHLVI
>
TDP
SASSANIAN
PEHLVI.
JJ
m
peh lvi
type.
j^-3^-3
*
*
ip<
J
;
n
;
^
"Deutsche
-c
oi
e_
*=j
-v ? *>
u^
p e rs a n
n a s k'h
aT
>
c
tD
^^Jfuu-Vs
M Ayin = ^.
;
^
d.
Hebrew
Teth =\
p Koph = o
Tsade, and
^ Sin.
of opinion
p.
551)
number are purely imaginary compositions written at a recent date by some Karaite Jew (cf. Lenormant, "Essai," vol. i.
p. 277).
2
and Dr. Ginsburg has written a paper (" Trans, of Bibl. Arch." 1876, vol. v. p. 129) on " The Babylonian codex of Hosea and Joel, dated ad. 91G, compared
478),
published an alphabet
(" Zeitschrift
[See Xo.
5.]
Yierteljahrsschrift,"
vol.
i.
p.
259, edited by
Pinsker,
" Einleitung
in das Bahylonisch-hebriiische
Punk-
Dr.
M.
Ileidenheim.
He
EXPLANATION OF PLATE.
Column
Egyptian
Phoenician
>
Hieratic,
circ.
B.C.
" Essai,"
vol.
i.
pi.
i.
and
3.
i)
4.
>
Moabite stone, b.c. 853-841; from Rawlinson, "Contemporary Review," August, 1870. Engraved gems, 8th century b.c; from De Vogue's plate of gems, "Rev. Arch." n.s. 1868, vol. xvii. pi. xiv. and Lenormant, pi. ii. col. 3. Esmunazar, king of Sidon, B.C. 600 from Madden, " Jewish Coinage," 1864;
;
;
Due
de Luynes, "Mem. sur le sarcophage et 1' inscription funerairc d'Esmunazar," 1856; "Journ. Asiatique," May, 1856; also in Thomas's " Prinsep's Essays," vol. ii. p. 166, pi. xia. col. 3.
;
by Mr. Thomas,
cf.
;
Kirchhoff,
cf.
Griechischen Alphabets," p. 35
Various,
from Rawlinson, " Contemp. Review," August, 1870, after Boeckh and Rose, and inedited inscriptions in the British
b.c 650-500
;
plate.
Aeajlean
10.
11.
Lion weights, b.c 745-681 from the weights; the letters wanting supplied from the bulls of Sargon, circ. B.C. 648 Madden, " Jewish Coinage." Assyrian contracts, 7th cent. B.c from Lenormant, pi. ix. col. 3.
; ; ;
Carpentras stone,
? 1st
"Jewish Coinage";
Gesenius,
Papyri, 1st century b.c; from Madden, "Jewish Coinage"; " Mon. Phcen." pi. xxx (Turin), xxxi and 32 (Blacas).
13.
Palmybene
B.C.
a.d.
257;
from Madden,
8th and 7th
n.s.
"Jewish Coinage";
b.c
Gesenius,
"Mon.
Phcen."
14.
pi. v.
Old Hebeew
Engraved gems,
" Rev. Arch."
cent,
Shekels
)
j
a^,
b.c 141-135
from the
coins.
18.
19.
Samaeitan.
Asmona^an family, b.c 135-37; from the coins. a.d. 66-70 from the coins. Two Revolts a.d. 132-135 Nablus stone, a.d. 527; from Madden, "Jewish Coinage"; Rosen, "Zeitschrift d. D.M.G." vol. xiv. p. 622.
from Lenormant, pi. xv. col. 1. from Lenormant, pi. xv. col. 3. Kefr-Bereim, 2nd and 3rd cent. a.d. from Lenormant, pi. xv. col. 7. El-Aksa, 4th cent. a.d. from Lenormant, pi. xv. col. 9. from the bowls, Madden, Bowls from Babylon, 4th and 5th cent. a.d. "Jewish Coinage"; Layard, "Nineveh and Babylon," pp. 512-526, 1853.
1st cent. B.C.
;
;
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25. 26.
from Lenormant,
7th
cent,
pi.
xv.
col. 11.
Bowl
from
;
Babylon,
Layard,
a.d.
a.d.;
Madden,
"Jewish
Coinage "
27.
28.
op. cit.
from the stone, Madden, "Jewish Coinage." 916; from the stone, Madden, "Jewish Coinage"
;
29.
Modern.
1
ANCIENT ^REEK.
brygiBH Hocks
utDog.intu.
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29
CHAPTEE
IV.
THE HONEY EMPLOYED BY THE JEWS AETER THEIR RETURN EROM BABYLON UNTIL THE REVOLT UNDER THE MACCABEES.
In the
first
(b.c.
538), l
return of the Jewish people to Jerusalem for the purpose of building the Temple (Ezra
Nearly
of
fifty
thousand persons
offered
ii.
responded to
for
this
decree,
and on
set
it
their
arrival,
its
"the
chief
It
is
the
fathers
freely
the
house
of
after
God
their
to
up
unto
in
place."
of
recorded
(Ezra
69)
that
"
They gave
ability
the
treasure
the
fivai;
work three
Cod. Alex. year
of
score
gold
(D^ilWYl, Darkemonim ;
of
silver."
LXX.
Bpa^id<;
(b.c.
Yulg.
537)
solidos),
and
five
thousand pound
the
In the
second
to
Cyrus
the
foundation
of
Temple was
commenced, shortly
be
who
frustrated the
Jews
(Ezra
iv.
5).
This was
son of Hystaspes.
An
with
(E^mCriX, Akhasverosh),
of
identified
B.C.
Cambyses,
the
son
and
successor
Cyrus,
five letter
who came
months, but
addressed to
the throne in
529,
and
seven
6).
years
and
the result of
the communication
not
given
(Ezra
iv.
Another
who
to
says,
Cf. 2
Chron. xxxvi.
22,
23.
Namely,
his
first
year at
iv. p.
("Antiq."
Astyages,
x.
11,
4),
of
42,
but
known
the
date is determined by the canon of Ptolemy. no need to suppose that the Jews regarded the reign of the kingdom of Persia as commencing two years later (b.c. 536), for the prophetic round number seventy years need not baw been fulfilled exactly. The captivity commenced b.c. 605 The Dan. i. 1 2 Kings xxiv. 13; 2 Chron. xxxvi. 6, 7). decree of Cyrus was issued b.c. 538, in the sixty-eighth year
"This
There
is
'
'
Some
(Dr.
Mill,
"Evangel. Acct.
the
Birth
and
Parentage of our Saviour," pp. 153-165, 1842) have considered this Darius to be Darius Nothus (b.c. 424-405), but the
after.
The foundations
iii.
of
the
(Ezra
8), in
arguments advanced for this view are by no means satisfactory. Moreover, if Darius Nothus be meant, Zerubbabel and Jeshua must have reached the age of a hunched and fifty or a hundred
Bnt if we accept the view that Astyages the Mede was the " Darius the Mede" of Daniel, and was left at Babylon (b.c. 538-536) as viceroy whilst Cyrus pursued his conquests, the Jews, being in constant intercourse with him, would
the captivity."
ally give
and thirty years at least, as they were still living in the second (Ezra iii. 8, v. 2) and even in the sixth year of Darius (Zech. iv. 9). See on this question Rev. H. Browne, in Kitto's " Cyc. of Bib. Lit." ed. Alexander, s.v. Darius, and Kawlinson, " Speaker's Com." vol. iii. p. 399 " Bible Educator," vol. iv.
;
him the
title
of king, and
hi-
death b.c. 536, which was that of their restoration, as the frst
Rawlinson, op.
Ahasuerus.
cit.,
Dr.
Cotton,
Smith,
"Diet, of the
year of Cyrus fVaux, "Hist, of Persia," S.P.C.K. pp. 80, 81). h< lab Dean Milman (" Hist, of the Jews," vol. i. p. 415), as
I
De
many
"t
i.
unch
of
is
"Cyc.
of).
of Bibl.
Ezra, Book
s.v.
and
his existence
Ezra, Book
44
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
who
of
killed
by Darius Hystaspis
after
short
reign
the house of
God
" ceased
unto the
second
year
(b.c.
520)
v.
of
Darius,
king of
to
Persia"
again
Cyrus,
(Ezra
iv.
7-24).
Then the
letter
work
was
recommenced
Darius,
(Ezra
1-2),
to
soon
the
be
of
opposed.
Another
if
was
written to
calling
attention
v.
decree
and
asking
search
the building
was
to
be
continued (Ezra
6-17).
Darius
immediately ordered
to
be made in
the "house of the rolls" for the decree of Cyrus, which was found at
Achmetha (Ecbatana,
Ezra was
vi.
1).
Darius then issued a new decree for the advancement of the building, which
to
the
commandment
of
the
God
of
Israel,
and according
2
to the
commandment
Persia.
And
the house
was
(b.c.
516-515) of
king" (Ezra
vi.
3-15).
About
went up
words:
to
the reign of
Artaxerxes (Longimanus
3 ),
Ezra
Jerusalem with a special commission from the king, the decree including the following
all
"And
is
all
the free-will offering of the people and of the priests, offering willingly for the house of their
God which
lambs, with
in
Jerusalem
that
their
meat-offerings
is
altar of
the bouse of
thy brethren
and whatsoever
the
shall seem
to
thee
and
to
do with
4
the
rest
of the
and
gold, that
do after
the
of your
God"
(Ezra
vii.
On
1
Ezra's arrival at Jerusalem he committed the treasure to the care of the priests, " and
iii.
Herod,
61-78.
s.v.
Bawlinson
Artaxerxes).
est
and
Cotton
(op.
cit.)
only twenty-one.
Some,
as
Michaelis,
Jahn,
etc.,
advocate
J.
Nicholson (Kitto,
De
Saulcy (op.
cit. p.
27)
Xerxes.
priest
thinks the
name Artakhchachta
faux.
From the fact that Eliashib, grandson of the highJeshua, who accompanied the first colony under Zerubbahel
xii.
" Cyc.
2
Book
of)
not
(Nehem.
1-10;
cf.
Ezra
ii.
2, iii.
2),
when Nehemiah
says
"There
is
some
difficidty,"
iii.
Professor
Rawlinson,
impossible
the Artakhshashta of
(" Speaker's
Com."
vol.
"
in the conjunction
Ezra
as
iii.
(vii.
1)
and Nehemiah
(op. cit. p. 42)
(ii.),
It
is
De
Saulcy
supposes.
iv.
1014),
J.
Nicholson (Kitto,
vol.
iii.
Bawlinson
opposed the
(i.e.
building.
The Artaxerxes
of
ch.
vii.
(" Speaker's
note 11).
4
Com."
p.
408
seems to be meant
Cf.
<'
Esdras
viii.
16.
Xldvra re
fiovAr) ef
apyvpov koI
al
was
'
built
and finished
'
by
xP u(ro
koL
fxira.
rwv
db~eA<piii>
to
Artaxerxes' commandment.
Still, as
Artaxerxes contributed to
5e$o/j.ei>a
Upa
crKtiri
imvoiav
Ao/3j)s,
vii. 20), and promoted the he might be thought to deserve mention, together with Cyrus and Darius, as one of those who helped forward the completion of the work." Cf. J. Nicholson
ravra wpoae^pydarj,
ya(o(pv\aKiov.
same by
voiovnevos
Joseph.
"Antiq."
xi.
5,
1.
This
seems to show that Josephus understood that full permission was given to the Jews to turn the metal in their hands to whatever Josephus gives the name of the king who use they chose.
granted
the
is
generally considered to
commission
as
Xerxes,
instead
of
Artaxerxes
be Longimanus.
over Persia,
Three kings of the name of Artaxerxes ruled Longimanus (b.c. 465-425), Mnemon (b.c. 405-
Longimanus.
This passage of Ezra was the one upon which M. de Saulcy founded his new theory, and ascribed the emission of the shekels
and half-shekels, usually attributed to Simon Maccabaeus, to Ezra (" Etude Chron. des livrcs d'Esdras et de Neheniie," 1868,
DRAMS OF GOLD.
weighed unto them the
silver
45
even the offering of the house of
all Israel
vessels,
our God, which the king, and his counsellors, and his lords, and
offered
;
six
hundred and
;
and
silver vessels
an hundred
and
of gold
an hundred talents
yjyva-ol yiXioi;
also
LXX.
and two
gold" (Ezra
26, 27).
ii.
1),
it,
Nehemiah,
visit
and having
at
once,
v.)
register of the
it is
came up
at
the
first
" (Nehem.
5),
in
which
stated that
the fathers
(0' 31fi.3*n,
,
to the treasure
Darkemonim;
priests'
LXX.
garments.
And some
of
gave
to
the treasure
the
LXX.
'xpvaov
i/o/xi'cr/^aTo?
thousand
of silver.
And
twenty thousand
ypvaiov;
priests'
vii.
("Essai,"
vol.
i.
p.
186),
and
("Num.
and advocated by Lenormant English readers by Chron." n.s. 1874, vol. xiv.
laid before
am of opinion that the views set forth by M. Six and Dr. Merzbacher give as convincing proof of the correctness of the attribution of the shekels and half-shekels to Simon Maccaboeus
as
But more recently Lenormant has restored these coins without any explanation to Simon Maceabseus ("La Mon. dans l'Antiq." 1878, vol. ii. pp. 28, 29, 155), and views of dissent as to their attribution to Ezra have been expressed by M. Six and Dr. Merzbacher (see Madden, "Xum. Chron." n.s.
1879, vol. xiv. pp. 13-15 The former numismatist
.
See
12.
p. 50, note 1,
*
and Chapter V.
'
See
Chapter
I. p.
De
calls
Saulcy (" Esdras et Nehemie," 1868, pp. 52, 55, 70) this king Mnemon, and assigns Nehemiah' s visit to JeruB.C. 384.
salem to
3
("Xum. Chron."
n.s.
1877, vol.
:
xvii. p.
1.
238) urges the following reasons for the old attribution 2. The name of the These coins have not the carre crcux.
is
For an explanation of the amount of gold, silver, and garments contributed, as stated by Ezra and Nehemiah, see Eawlinson ("Speaker's Com." vol. iii. p. 448); Lord A. Hervey (Smith, " Diet, of the Bible," s.v. Nehemiah).
This register
is
town
followed by an honorary
title
similar
to
that in
=
Ezra
(ii.
1-70).
The
not adopted at Sidon till about B.C. 120, at Tyre till about B.C. 140, and at Bybh.s till b.c. 176-164. 3. The date is expressed
Tirshatha or "governor"
article
,T
:
'
bv a numeral preceded bv the initial oi the word ]"I3C and , ,-,, ,, _, jj , and the word T\V added to ciphers do not appear till n.c. 368
,
Nehemiah
.
(vii.
65,
70),
is
'
is
ite
is
same weight
4. The shekels have the Ptolemy V. Epiphanes (b.c. 204son Ptolemy VI. Philometor (b.c. 164-146).
Nehemiah though
called Tirshatha in
also
Nehem.
14;
26).
viii.
9;
x. 1.
of
in
Ezra
cf.
ffaggai
i.
The
which
14
ii.
2, 21),
the latter in
Nehemiah
Tirsatha
is
he discusses "the age of the shekel" ("Zeitsch. fur Xum." 1877, vol. v. pp. 151-172), and many of the arguments are
similar to those advanced
by M.
Six.
Especial prominence
is
when
the
manner
in
which
autonomous coinage in Asia developed itself; whilst the passage in Ezra is rejected p. 158, after Gratz), as belonging to a record,
istorical value of which is more than doubtful. Without, however, attempting to discuss this last statement, I
a Persian word from tarsuta, the past participle of tars, "to fear" (Rawlinson, "Speaker's Com." vol. iii. p. 424). Lord A. Hervey (Smith, " Diet, of the Bible," s.v. Nehemiah) is of opinion that the Tirsatha in Ezra ii. 63, and Nehemiah vii. 65, 7<*. is Nehemiah, as we are expressly told in Xehenu'ah \iii. 9, and that it i~ certain that what is related in the two firstx. 1 named paa^-es happened in the time id' Nehemiah, and not in liut see Rawlinson's note ("Speaker's Zerubbabel. thai ol
;
Com."
vol.
iii.
p. 445).
46
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
To the above-quoted passages from Ezra and Nehemiah may be added the statement
of the
the house of
" And
the house of God, of gold five thousand talents and ten thousand drams (D'OIDTIX Adarkonim
LXX.
xpvcrovs
Vulg.
solidos),
and of
silver ten
thousand
(1
talents,
talents,
talents of
iron"
Chron. xxix.
of
Though
"Darkemon,"
the origin
the words
"
is
in
stater is intended.
The
of
name
of
Hystaspes
to,
(CW7).
In
consequence
the
alluded
late Dr.
Levy thought
that
from
^T\1, " to
bend the bow," from which was formed a noun fDTT, or with the Aleph
that
prefixed,
the
is
itself
from the
dara,
fDT7,
for
the
Mem
a
Gesenius suggested
the
Persian word
likely derivation,
as the
any particular
as it does
as
early as
the
first
538, Ezra
ii.
69),
suggested
by the name
558,
he was the grandfather of Cyrus, as stated by Herodotus, 6 when the combined armies
appeared
to the
Jews
office,
as the actual
he was There
the kingly
while Cyrus
are,
to this theory, 8
and
But
314
;
1 Darius is in old Persian Daryavush, a form well represented hy the Hebrew CJTT] Daryavesh (Bawlinson, Herod, vol. iii.
who
cf.
I.
others (Rev. J.
p.
M.
of
Fuller,
vol.
vi.
p.
p. 544).
2
pp.
3
19,
20,
note ;
Madden,
"Jew.
p3"}TNsays
Aristophanes
"no
small
and
the
Lexicon
of
Coinage," p. 19.
4
" Lex."
is
Harpocration
importance.
With
respect
28)
to
Gesenius'
derivation,
llawlinson
It
may he
that
" the
no evidence of the existence of any such root in ancient Persian, and that perhaps it is better to connect the term with Darius. Mr. E. Thomas ("Num. Chron." n.s. 1868, vol. viii. p. 286) writes, "The Persian
(Herod,
vii.
that there
purporting that the coin was older than the time of Darius
Hystaspis, and took
'king'"
Alexander,
I7
(Rev.
s.v.
its name not from him but from dara, H. Browne, Kitto, " Cyc. Bibl. Lit." ed.
Darius).
origin
of
<
the word
,
'Darius'
,
is
clear
,
in
.
the verb
t
^li-iiJ
,,
,,
Bashtan,
,,
imperative^
Bawlinson, Herod,
dar.
The whole
One
of the titles of
justice."
The
God
is
J J\J
is
^^m
vol.
i.
p. 405.
Med(j
elongated on
p. 544).
5
Herod,
vol.
iii.
See note
Dan.
ix. 1, xi.
1.
by the Bev. J. M. Fuller, joint editor with the late Archdeacon Bose of the book of " Daniel " in the " Speaker's Com." (vol. vi. p. 310, seq.), and three identifications are more specially selected, (1) with Cyaxares II. (2) with Astyages, and (3) a theory expounded by M. Quatremere ("Mel. Hist."
discussed
;
too Ee'plou -narpos, a\\' arp' erepov Tivbs TraKaiore'pov /3a<nA.e'o!s Schol. on Aristoph. " Eccl." 602; Harpocration avotxaae-qaav. and Suidas, s.v. AapetKos. This passage is condemned by Mr.
"Mem.
sur Darius le
Mede
et Balthasar,"
p.
372)
with
the
who
Orient." vol.
i.
part
iii.
p.
22) as
" un-
p.
i.
510;
p.
worthy of credit," and the statement of Harpocration, as perhaps derived from the romance of Xenophon (" Cyrop." v. 2, 7),
of the East,"
of Babylon (cf. Des Vignoles, Lenormant, " Man. of the Anc. Hist. Mr. Fuller rather inclines to this 490).
1.
THE DARIC.
yet
it is
47
difficult to
1
account for the names of these coins under Cyrus, unless from a king by
name
" Darius."
in
to
of a similar
it
name were
question
if
current
Cambyses, and
Darius Hystaspis,
is
in
the reign of
2
521-485),
who
issued
new
coinage
of pure
till
gold,
stater does
been in vogue
the
reign
Xerxes 3
(b.c.
485-465), under
whom
it
is
specially mentioned. 4
Croesus 5
may have
continued
in
circulation
7
from
and
after
if
the capture of
Sardes in
B.C.
554
to the time
the coinage,
so
the Lydian staters would be those alluded to during the reign of Cyrus. 8
There
is,
difficulty in
Artaxerxes
Longimanus (Ezra
27
Nehem.
vii. is
72) are
specially
we
mentioned
under
Xerxes,
the
of
Longimanus,
at
this
period
and Greece.
;
his
soldiers
10
and half-darics
(fjfuSapeitcd)
appear to be
by Xenophon.
1
The resemblance
also be noticed,
of
the word
it is
dram
to the
if
Greek Spaxp-v
The taking
to
of
Sardes,
according to
to
common
account,
is
may
is
though
a question
the
Hebrew word
the equivalent of 8paxM> as Ewald has suggested (quoted by A. von Werlhof in preface to Cavedoni's " Bibl. Num." vol. ii.
p. xvii),
and as the
late
M.
Num."
p.
Hussey ("Weights
Volney (" Recherches surl'Hist. Anc." vol. i. pp. 306-309) and Heeren ("Man. of Anc. Hist." 1840, p. 478) to b.c. 557. Rawlinson (Herod, vol. i. p. 336 scq.) gives good reasons for the date b.c. 554. 7 B. V. Head, " Metrolog. Notes on Anc. Electrum Coins"
assigned
b.c.
546.
According
and Money,"
consider the
183) writes,
"It
we may
Greek
word drachma
also,
like other
words
in the
vii.
from
are forms
of Xerxes
Greece 2,000 talents of silver and 3,993,000 daric staters, which together would equal nearly five
his
to
on
way
Aopeios
fj.(V
TdTov
v6fiio-fia
eVdi|/oTo.
yap XP V0 10V KaSapciraTov a.we^rjaa'! is to SvvaruiHerod, iv. 166. Grote (" Hist, of
374)
has
Grote (" Hist, of Greece," vol. iv. no confidence in the estimate of the wealth of
Greece,"
is
any reason
name
Pythius, but other private individuals are recorded as possessing enormous riches. Haman offered Xerxes 10,000 talents of
(p. 165) Darius was the first Persian But Herodotus only states that Darius coined gold of superior quality to any winch had been known before Rawlinson, Herod, ad he.). The staters given to Drmocedes by the wives of Darius for saving the king's life
Jews (Esther iii. and Tritanta?chmes, satrap of Babylon, is said to have received as revenue an artaba of silver daily, which has been estimated (Sir G. Wilkinson in Rawlinson's Herod, i. 192) at
9),
about 1| bushels.
10
(Herod,
3
iii.
XlpoaaiTovai 5e
oil
fxia-Ohv
Kvpos
inrtaxv^'irat
r]p.i6\iov
irairt
hwaeiv
Com."
of
p. 475).
til.
(Kitto,
" Cyc.
is
it,
" Allah."
i.
3, 21
None
Bibl. Lit."
Alexander,
Persian
4
Ahasuerus),
"Nor
half-darics have
come down to
us.
Mommscn
perhaps,
authority
unimportant to add
of
i.e.
that
Norberg
asserts,
on
the
native
historians,
Bahman,
Acad.'
5
iii.
Opuscula
vii.
218)."
Herod,
28.
hi Mon. Rom." ed. Blacas, vol. i. p. 12) if, indeed, Xenophon meant to indicate a coin hy the term iifxihaptuc/iv that they must be the quarter-darics, wi ighing about 66 grain-, struck by the satraps, and especially by those of Tyre. Mr. Head
de
The
staters of Croesus
were known
in
Greece as early as
(" Int.
Num.
Orient."
vol.
i.
part
a
iii.
557-556.
apiece to
mean
sum
rpiij/ti
of
money
equivalent to
Delphiana for the satisfactory answer he had obtained from the oracles (Herod, i. 54).
the
and a
half,
comparing
the
ordinary
way
of
48
The Persian
daric
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
may
be thus described
Obverse.
Reverse.
An
right a spear,
or sometimes an arrow. 1
The ordinary
drachma;. 2
are
rare
3
daric
weighed
about
130
grains,
and
was
equivalent
to
20
Persian
Double darks, weighing 257 grains, or thereabouts, are in existence, though they but there
is
of
crraTrjp
Bapeucos,
or
Bapeitcos,
to
more common.
With
in
all
reference to
probability
be understood
as
to
say that
darics
were current in
We
in the left
or
"knob"
is
and
arrow
the right,
as
represented on the
may be
among
the
4,
12)
the spears
by the passage in Ezekiel (xxxix. 3), "I will smite left hand, and will cause thine arrows to fall out of thy right hand," which alludes to the destruction of Gog, prince of Meshech (cf. fiCj} "OEJ.'O A.V. "them that draw the
illustrated
employed had a round knob formed from the wood of the shaft.
bow,"
nations Moschi
19), and Tubal identified with the northern and Tibareni (Ezek. xxvii. 13 xxxii. 26 vol. iv. p. 215). The term Eawlinson, Herod, vol. i. p. 676 Gog or Magog (Ezek. xxxviii. 2, 3 Gen. x. 2 1 Chron. i. 5)
Is.
lxvi.
(cf
Joseph.
"Antiq."
Lit."
s.v.
i.
6,
by
Magog). In the cuneiform inscriptions we find side " Birighudu, a chief of the Madai" (Media), " Sariti and Pariza, sons of Ga-a-gi, a chief of the Saka" (Scythians), whom Mr. G. Smith ("Hist, of Assurbanipal," The Scythians were very skilful in p. 97) identifies with Gog.
side
with
bow
(Herod,
i.
73
iv.
132)
mythically they
;
The dagger (4-yx f 'P^ l0V ) or short sword used by the Persians was generally suspended from their girdles (Herod, vii. 61), and was usually called o/cu'dicijs (vii. 54; cf. iii. 118, 128; iv. 62, ix. 80, 107; "Acinaces," Hor. "Odes," i. 27, 5). This aKivaxtis Josephus ("Antiq." xx. 8, 10) compares, as to the length, with the small sword (i<pl8tov) used by the robbers (Si/capioi) in the time of Festus, which was somewhat curved, and in this respect differed from the Persian a/ciea/njs, which was straight (cf. Rawlinson, Herod, vii. 54). 2 It has usually been considered that the Daric was equivalent to " 20 Attic drachms," but the passage in Xenophon ("Anab." i. 7, 18) appears to show that it is the Persian drachm of 86 45 grains that is referred to (Queipo, " Essai sur les Syst. Met." vol. i. p. 300 Head, " Int. Num. Orient." vol. i. part iii. Lenormant, " La Mon. dans l'Antiq." vol. i. pp. 147, 150). p. 29
-
were supposed to be its inventors (Plin. vii. 56 cf. Herod, vii. 64), and are said to have been specially famous as mounted bowmen (nnroTo^Tai, Herod, iv. 46). The Persian youth was instructed in three things, " to ride, to draw the bow (To|eveiv), and to speak the truth" (Herod, i.
Mommsen
Bom." ed
Blacas, vol.
i.
p. 9)
Mr. Borrell informed me of the nine (" Jew. Coinage," p. 272). Mr. Head [pp. cit.)
publishes twelve.
[?
Greek]
some
figures, interpreted
The bow they used appears to have been of a very large 61; Xen. "Anab." iii. 4, 17). The darics themselves were known as to|<Stcii, at least so Agesilaus (b.c. 399-394) called them when he said that the Persian king had driven him away by means of thirty thousand "archers" (Xen. "Hellen." iv. 2; Plut. "Ages." 15; " Artax." 20). The Persian cavalry carried bows (Too$d/j.avTts t' f;S' linro0a.Tai Herod, vii. 84). JEsch. " Pers." 26
136).
size (Herod, vii.
;
M. Ch. Lenormant (" Rev. No. 3) to Artaxerxes Longimanus. A (pi. isecond has a monogram composed of the letters No. 4), supposed to indicate the town of Chalcedon. Mr. Head thinks it probable that the double darics were not royal Persian coins, but were struck in small quantities at some Greek city or cities, perhaps in the Western portion of Asia Minor, as is evident from the Greek letters and symbols which occur upon
is
Num."
1856, p. 16,
XAA
The
is
specially alluded to
by
them, such as
<J)|
Herodotus
X,
1?,
etc.
THE SirAOS
would be
MHAIKOS.
49
and therefore as translating the
terms employed in his documents, whatever they were, into terms that were in use in his
own day."
Besides these gold Darics, there was a silver coin circulating in Persia, called the IMyXos
M-qSiicos, or SiyXos.
Mention
is
"But
me
cf.
had taken
apyvptov
besides
v.
forty shekels
(D vpw' PlDD
LXX.
twenty
to
SlBpa-^jia
Vulg.
siclus
Nehem.
15;
is
x.
32).
Of these
a
coin of
silver pieces
went
to
In Xenophon there
2
mention of
this
name, said
#
and 84*37
is
B.C.
420)
in
from keeping
up the
sacred
solely
many
aspirants,
that
who were
of
by Malachi.
In the reign
the
425-405),
of
throne
Egyptians
(b.c.
:
expelled
king of their
own,
Arnyrtaeus
414).
subjection
to
the
Persians
marched
it is
through
impossible
Judaea
to
II.
and
though
Jews
not
remained
in
faithful
the
Persian
sway,
some measure
of
sufferers
from
(b.c.
this
intrusion.
Artaxerxes
vigorous
Mnemon,
to
the
son
Darius
Nothus,
405-359),
made
its
efforts
restore
its
the
Persian
in
course
along the
this
coasts of
the
Jews.
With perhaps
of
this
exception
(circ.
they enjoyed
b.c.
reign
king.
At the time
invasion
at
373)
John,
Joiada
and
Jerusalem.
He
whose claims were favoured by the Persian governor Bagoses, who promised
the nomination
to the
for
him
priesthood.
quarrel
ensued, and
Jesus was
in
slain
by
his
to
brother.
who came
extorted
great
indignation
way
into the
Temple.
He
then
fine of
Com."
vol.
iii.
p. 271.
ical
rnj.tofi6\ioi>
'Attikovs.
'
Anab."
i.
5, 6.
1'hitarch
(" Cim."
10)
mentions
gold.
silver darics,
apparently
in contradistinction to the
Al
occurs in the
list
of
i. The "thousand pieces of gold" p. 14). xp" a(l0L ) given by the Ephesians to Timotheus for his dedicatory hymn to Artemis (Alex. jEtol. ap. Macrob. "Saturn." v. 22) were, most probably, darics, though they might have 4 Malachi i. and ii. been staters of Philip II. of Macedon. s Joseph. " Antiq." xi. 7, 1. These "fifty drachms"
ed.
Blacas, vol.
{(riyXoi
Mommsen, "
Hist, de la
Mon. Horn"
(Sixmos
veinitKoina)
50
In the year
b.c.
NUMISMATA OFJENTALIA.
336, Alexander, the son of Philip of Macedon, ascended the throne.
In the
same year Darius III. Codomannus ascended the throne of Persia in the place of Arses (son
of Artaxerxes III. Ochus),
and the
overthrow of
the
The
not
battle of
Empire
but
Alexander,
all
advanced
into
Phoenicia.
With
Angry with
it
the obstinate
resistance
success
violate
which
this city
and took
of
in B.C. 332.
city
After his
to
here he advanced
his oath of
the high-priest
the
which
had refused
fealty
to Darius in favour of
king of Macedon.
At Sapha he was
he recognized the
met by a solemn
likeness of
procession, headed
by Jaddua the
to
high-priest, in
whom
a person
him
in
was due
to It
to Divine interposition,
sacrificed
him with
is
reverence,
is
and afterwards
open to
to
have
is
in
the
Temple.
Whether
story
true
or not,
doubt.
certain,
by some means
the
1
or
other,
was led
the
for
abandon his
intention
of
punishing
privileges
the
Jews,
his
that
reign,
Jews
were
allowed
enjoyment of
regret
many
died
considerable
(b.c.
during
and
when he
324).
At
and copper.
by Pollux
and the
silver
duced by Alexander the Great, instead of the Phoenician and iEginetan standards, which were
largely used in Macedonia and Greece, except at Athens and Corinth.
this period struck in Palestine
Of the tetradrachms
of
two specimens are extant in the Paris and Gotha Museums, struck
Scythopolis (Bcth-shan) in Samaria was a town of
first
at Scythopolis and
Sycamina.
considerable
it
From
this
it
may
At
be
a
inferred
later
that
Scythopolis
had
considerable
of
commerce
with
these
maritime
cities.
number
"
silver daries."
Xitto ("Hist, of
Palestine,"
vol.
i.
p.
"Jewish Coinage," Chron." n.s. 1865, vol. v. p. 192); but De Saulcy afterwards abandoned this theory, and assigned their issue to Ezra. This view, though of more value than the
contested by most numismatists (Madden,
;
pp. v-ix
"Num.
permitted the Jews to enjoy the laws of their foreand to pay no tribute on the 7th year (Joseph. " Antiq." xi. 8, 5), and further to hold Samaria free from tribute (Joseph. "contra Apion," ii. 4), a privilege offered at a later time to Jonathan by Demetrius I. The attribution by De Saulcy to the high-priest Jaddua of
1
He
itself to
the present
fathers,
2 For an account of the coinages of Alexander the Great, see " Numismatique d Alexandre le Grand," 8vo., with admirable plates and tables 4to., by L. Miiller. Copenhagen, 1855. 3 Aecho, now called St. Jean a" Acre. It was named Ptohmais after one of the Ptolemies, probably Soter.
1
51
inhabitants. 1
to
Sycamina
Paleestinse.
Alexander
in
the
it
collections
of
Vienna,
Berlin,
Paris,
initials
1011, and
that city.
considerable
number
of coins
seem
to
have been
After the death of Alexander the Great, his large possessions were divided
generals.
among
his
The scope
the
of this
work
amongst
cause of
them.
Until
Jews
fell
Soter
they had
much
complaint in consequence of their country lying between the two great kingdoms
of Syria
and
Egypt, and
of
liable to
Under the
first
Seleucidse the
same system
Seleucus
to
town
to
Jerusalem,
and was
I.
probably a place of
Nicator, took
this date that
great
commercial importance.
The
312, and
it
is
from
It
seems very
with
the
names
of the Seleucidoe,
of
So also under the Lagidse we find the money of the Egyptian kings retained
on the
of his
old
Ptolemy
;
I.
it
and Paphos
and
was not
till
gained their independence that any national Jewish coinage was struck and adopted.
be necessary to give a short epitome of the events which led to their autonomy.
About
city
B.C.
320
Ptolemy
I.
Soter
it
made an
attack
upon
if
Jerusalem,
and
won
the
to offer sacrifice.
Palestine
of
Asia,
with
whom
the
Under the
under
prosperous
gifts
Philadelphus,
treated
in
who
not
only
made
settled
many
his
costly
to
the
temple
Jerusalem, but
the
Jewish colonists
respects
in Alexandria
with
great
toleration,
and
placed
them
many
is is
on
level
with
Greek
ii.
18, 3.
may he
a matter of doubt.
Kiiv_ ~ of Syria in the British Museum," by Mr. Percy Gardner (1878, pp. xxix-xxxiii), the writer remonstrates against ndi in v to discover the names of mints in many of the monograms occurring upon their coins, urging that the utmost caution
allowing that
A>
conjunction
Ascalon,
questions
if
ASK
d, as
has been
done by Mullcr
52
subjects. 1
NUHISMATA ORIENTALIA.
Under the moderate government
of
II.,
land
set
among
out
for
who
an
Egypt
farming of the
royal taxes,
and he
so
pleased
was appointed
collector of
etc.,
which
new
rival
now
a
appeared.
Antiochus III.
East,
Philopator,
though at
B.C.
first
successful,
he was
defeated in
Raphia,
near Gaza, in
217.
of
It
was
after
is
this
visited Jerusalem,
and
the high-priest
said
or from
his
fulfil
unlawful purpose
the
in
nearly senseless
In revenge
for
this
he
instituted
reinstated
them
When
a child of five years of age, Ptolemy V. Epiphanes, Antiochus III. the Great took advantage
of this state of to
affairs,
divide
the dominions
Ptolemy.
Philip,
however, was
shortly
after
engaged in war
with the Romans, but Antiochus obtained complete possession of Palestine and Ccele-Syria by
his victory over
Paneas,
B.C.
198, in consequence of
which
through the aid of the inhabitants, who drove out the Egyptian
at the
conquered
a
To
was
also continued
In
B.C.
Demetrius.
His
act
was
He
offei'ed to
the king
440
talents of
yearly tribute,
he would
invest
him with
the
high-priesthood,
and 150
Joseph. "Antiq."
xii. 2.
to the
Jews by Ptolemy
I.
I.
This privilege had also been granted Soter (Joseph. " Antiq." xii. 1), and
xii. 3,
Ileliodorus
was
killed
and
i\v
'Eirwvvfiov
by Seleucus
2
1).
He
also allowed
them
country, and issued a decree that no one should come within the
limits of the
xii. 3, 4).
apxvs a.p-n-a(oix4vris vrrb aWorpioiv, /3affi\tvs There is evidently a oIkcios &<p9r\ (" De Reb. Syr." 45). connexion here meant between the aorist passive b<p9rivai and
tpaivo/xai ('Eiri(pav7i<;).
let
signification, to
Maccab. x. 1). Appian gives a curious reason for the adoption of this name. On the murder of his brother Seleucus by Heliodorus, who seized the kingdom, Antiochus, who was on his way to Rome, was
3
Epiphanes
"
illustrious
"
[Nobilis
Scott,
parody of
avrbv
and was also called Epimanes (madman) in Epiphanes, on account of his wicked deeds. KuAel
opdw).
lie
xal
'Eirifj.avi],
ovk
"E.Tn<pavri,
Sio
-ras
7rpaeir
(Polyb.
v. 4
x. 10).
assisted
by Eumcnes
II.
and Attalus
II. kings of
Tergamus, to
53
more up
"
if
he miglit
have a licence to
set
him up
them
of
Antiochians."
Gra;cising
This
offer
was immediately
accepted
hy Antiochus,
and Jason
to
'
set
about
the Jews.
;
An
again to cause
the Jews
become uncir-
cumcised
'
the service of
celebrated
in
sacrifice of
by the
high-priest
Jason, was
In
in his honour.
The prosperity
yet
in
the
A
the
as
some
for
say, brother of
of
Menelaus, being
by
and by bidding
the
to the
office,
more
than
Jason
by three hundred
to
fly.
;
to
gain
for
himself
compelled
To get the
and
all
difficulty
other
his
possession of
some
of
the
of
Temple.
at
This act of
act
so
whose indignation
the
of his safety,
who demanded
justice of
Justice
to escape
On
guilt,
again and
by
his
continual exactions,
slew
to
him
he had
act,
When
Antiochus
justify their
through the agency of Ptolemy Macron, the king's favourite, was enabled
cause, to secure their execution,
and
In
B.C.
170 a second war broke out between Ptolemy VI. of Egypt and Antiochus,
which the
latter
was
successful.
About
this
by the
false
rumour
his
of
the
Jerusalem,
caused
the
of
expulsion
1
of
brother
Menelaus,
former
dignity.
The
approach
v.
Maccab.
iv. 9.
:
15
[see
iv.
'Apyvpiov Spaxubs rpiaKoalas Vulg. didrachmas, 2 Maccab. 19. (For the discussion on the number of and the identification
of these
"Num.
Jud."
pp. 26, 27; Madden, "Jew. Coinage," pp. vii, 233; " Suppl." in "Num. Chron." n.s. 1870, vol. xvi. p. 126.) Drachms are
also mentioned in 2 Maccab. x. 20, (tttAkis Si fivpidSas 5pax/ucis Vulg. didrachmis in 2 Maccab. xii. 43, us apyvpiov Spax/J-as
;
Maccab. x. 40, 42, where Demetrius I. (circ. B.C. 153) offers Jonathan 15,000 shekels (LXX. <tIk\os apyvpiov; Vulg. siclus argenti) a year towards the work of the temple and a release of 5000 shekels, are repeated by Josephus ("Antiq." xiii. 2, 3), who substitutes
v.].
Appendix
The passages
in
correctly.
54
Antiochus,
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
however,
with
large
army,
forced
him
to
flee,
and he
afterwards
perished
miserably in Sparta.
of Jason
to persuade
was made on a
the
made
great
rejoicings,
when
the
rumour
of
his
death
reached
Upon
and
first
this
Antiochus
it
took
the
Jerusalem by
golden
altar,
seven-branched candlestick,
shew-bread,
the
step
sacred
vessels,
and
1800
talents.
This
to greater of
deeds of
Two
to
sent of
Apollonius, his
chief
collector
city,
tribute (dp^tov
cj)opo\oyla>i),
Jerusalem,
in
the
guise
peace
he entered the
the Jews.
still
and
the
the
inhabitants
edict
of
Jerusalem
who were
of
true
their
religion
fled
to
mountains.
An
empire
to
profess
but one
Many
the
Jews,
;
fearful
of
the
penalty
which
would
entail
The Temple
Olympius,
the
rite
of
circumcision
sacrificed
the
Law
burnt
moreover, a great
all
sow was
on
burnt-offerings
and
the liquor
sprinkled
When
His
five
persecution
had continued
afflicted
the
Joannan,
called
Caddis
Simon,
called
Thassi
Judas,
Maccabaeus
Antiochus IV. especially venerated Zeus. 2 Maccab. vi. 2. In b.c. 174 he commenced the completion of the temple of Zeus Olympius at Athens (Polyb. " Reliq." xxvi. 10; Livy, xli. 20), and associated the worship of Zeus with that of Apollo at Daphne, erecting a statue of the former god resembling that whilst at by Pheidias at Olympia (Amm. Marcell. xxii. 13, 1) Antioch he built a magnificent temple for the worship of Jupiter
1
;
Hebrew Commonwealth,"
vol.
i.
p. 319) that it
was because
The surname
of Maccabaeus
is
said to
have
letters
:
M, CH, B,
I,
Capitolinus (Livy,
xli.
20).
Exodus
(xv. 11)
r\W D^K"3
the gods
The temple on Mount Gerizim was ordered to be dedicated to Vulg. Jupiter, the defender of strangers (LXX. Zeus EeVios
;
like
unto thee,
Lord,
among
vi. 2).
xii.
The avawtxov Up6v of Josephus furnishes a singular agreement with the words "Ye worship ye know not what" (John iv. 22). of Our Lord A coin of Antoninus Pius, struck at Neapolis Syriae, probably represents this temple (Akerman, "Num. 111. of N. T." 1846,
:
more probable to suppose that the name was derived from the Hebrew i"QpO "a hammer," and adopted on account of his glorious victories, as in a similar manner in later times the name of Martelyias given to Charles This for his brilliant victories over the Arabs (733-737). family is usually called the "Maccabees'" but " Asmtmmans'''' or " Hasmonceans" is the proper name of the family. The derivaones')."
It seems, however,
Chashmon
(|DKTI, 'AcranwaZos,
Gesen. "Thes."5343.),great-
29; De Saulcy, "Num. de la Terre Sainte," 1874, p. 248, No. 3, pi. xiii. No. 1). As to the epithet EeVios, which was given to Zeus as the supporter of hospitality and the friend of Virg. strangers (Plut. " Amat." 20; Xen. " Anab." iii. 2, 4 ".En." i. 735, etc.), it is explained in the A.V. of 2 Maccab. vi. 2, by the clause " as they did desire (atoj iriyxavov,
p.
;
grandfather of Mattathias, seems the most correct (Rev. B. F. Westcott, Smith's "Diet, of the Bible," s.r. Maccabees),
d. Jud." I.) derives the name from DDn temper steel," so that, as Dr. Westcott remarks (he. cit.), it but this explanation becomes a synonym of " Maccabee "
Herzfeld ("Geschich.
"
to
Vulg. prout erant hi) who dwelt in the place." 'as they were' Ewald, after 2 Maccab., supposes ("Hist, of Israel," vol. v. 298, note 6) that the name was connected with the p.
;
Dr. Leathes considers (Kitto, " Cyc. of Bibl. Lit." ed. Alexander, vol. iii. p. 2) "fanciful and groundless." s.v. Maccabees,
vol.
iii.
is
bo
also
A varan
(or
Savaran)
"When
Mattathias
to
sacrifice
on an idolatrous
altar (tov
auSpa tov
dvay/cdfyvTa sons
Maccab.
living,
tov o~TpaTi]<y6v
ftaaiXecos, Joseph.),
came
to
were
and
attempted to
down
Jew
preparations
for
the
required
sacrifice,
hut
slew the
king's
commissioner
Mattathias and
from their hiding-places, and headed by Mattathias marched through several of the Jewish
cities.
The obnoxious
altars
officers of
Antiochus
that
his
slain.
his victorious
when
finding
he called his sons together, and after having conjured them to continue valiant and to show
themselves
men
Law, he
said
" Behold I
know
Simon
p.
xxviii),
and
1'hist. et la
geog. de la Palestine,"
"
le
mot
iv,
comme
was applied to Judas as the extinguisher of the Pagan worship; " whilst the Dean himself writes [op. cit. vol.iii. p. 306)
tation erronee du
sar'
mot
o-apafiiK, et
^x Dy
a.
"If
name of the Hammer,' Maccab name of the ancestor of the family Asmon possibly also commemorated in the original Hebrew name of the book which described his fame The Avenging Rod of the Prince of the Sons of God' [Sarbath sar Bene PI]"
received the
'
"Judas ....
am'
el,
la fois
grand pretre et chef de la nation il repond au sar bane el dans le titre donne par Origene," adding that the word ~W in the
'
adding in a note, " this seems the most probable explanation." Various interpretations have, however, been ventured of the words 2apP7)02,apBave eA (cf Ginsburg, Kitto, "Cyc. of Bibl.Lit."
.
vogue at this epoch (cf. Aha, a doctor of the third century, and to R. Jonathan, "Essai," p. 48, note), and the Maccabees would probably have applied it to themselves before laying claim to the dignity of "|?0 " king."
sense of irpoo-TaTrjs or arpaTTiySs
in
was
ilTOn
*1B>,
Nehem.
ii.
8,
a title given to R.
For
o-ap/3r]0
M. Derenbourg
proposes to read
o-a<papfiri9
Maccabees, Books
vi.
25) 1. ha
2. bii
X>)
nB>mX> History
The Sovereignty
JV3 "ISD, and the title of the work would be bii *J3 X* JTO 1SD Book of the family of the prince of the people of God, which would resemble the name given to the first book of Maccabees by
the Halachbt gedoltt (seventh century),
Scroll of the house of the
also called (Ginsburg,
i.e.
thesonsof God,
115)
;
33
"W CaiC
the sceptre)
Asmonceans ("Essai,"
cit.)
of the prince of the sons of God, i.e. of Simon, who is called "prince" (<rrpaTTty6s) in 1 Maccab. xiii. 42; xiv. 47 (Ewald,
loc.
1
the
Asmonceans
" Hist, of Israel," vol. v. p. 463, note 3) 3. bit *12 "IB> IV 3 X> Prince of the temple, prince of the children of God, Princeps templx (i.e. pontifex maximus), Princeps jiliorum I)ei (i.e. dux
;
\X31Ctrn ? )1t5>K"l /. Asmonceans; \X31CCn rblQ Scroll of the Asmonceans. There is, however, no doubt that the original Hebrew title is
;
is
of opinion (Smith,
"
Diet, of
"Sap^fl
p.
dpx'fpf'5
iv
2.apafj.e\,
Maccab. Maccab.
xiii.
42,
27,
xiv.
;
Sa/WaieA
is
All
He
first
" Comm. de fide libr. Maccab." p. 173) 4. The chastising rod of those who are opposed
"GeschiehtedesVolkesIsrael,"vol.i.p.265);
Sorriness
'331D
3X>
God
(Herzfeld,
reading.
Dr.
Ginsburg
(loc.
cit.)
inclines
to
the
5. bti
'J3"1D
D31D
(v Sapa/teA
apxifpews avvaywyris f*.eyd\Tis Upeuv 1 Maccab. xiv. 27, 28), which hnvr been interpreted " in the fore-court of the people of
CI*
History of the princes of the sons of God. Josephus ("Antiq." xii. 6, 1) gives the names of the five sons as " Gaddes, Matthes, Macealiicus, Auran, and Apphus." Dean Stanley ("Jewish Church," vol. i p. 305) interprets the
explanation
1
i i
God" bx
vol. v. p. 336,
ba
note 6),
"The "The Lucky"; Thassi (after Grimm, ii. 266 on " 1 Maccab. ii. 1-5), "The Burst of Spring" or " The Jewel Avaran, "The Beast-sticker," and Apphus, "The Cunning."
names as given
in
1
Maccabees
(ii.
Holy"
or
God"
Cf. Levy,
in
" Jahrbuch
M. Deren-
56
is
NCMISMATA ORIENTALIA..
a
man
him alway
he
shall be a father
unto you.
;
As
sons
for Judas
Maccabseus,
captain
in
his
let
him be your
and
died,
and
the
battle
of
the people."
'
167),
Judas
immediately took
the
army
had
of
Antiochus
root
entrusted
management
of
the war
his
general
Lysias,
out the strength of Israel and the remnant of Jerusalem, and to take
away
their
memorial
lot."
4
from that
place,
and
of
But the
Bethzur,
deserted
forces
this
general were
to
at
and Judas,
Temple.
returning
Jerusalem,
war,
in
165,
repaired
his
the
dishonoured and
He
then waged
conjunction
with
brothers
Jonathan
and
Simon,
to
against
the
Iduma:ans,
Philistines
from Galilee
already been
who
still
had
remained faithful.
who had
repulsed
to
heard of the defeat that his generals had suffered, and hastened back
His
threat, that
he would
for
common
burying-place
of
the Jews,"
was not
of
much
avail,
on
Maccab.
site of
ii.
65
seq. ;
xii. 6, 3, 4.
The
was he Maccab.
' '
suggested that
it
may
from Jerusalem, and the latter two For this question, and also that raised by the miles further. description of the tomb in 1 Maccab. (xiii. 27-30) and Josephus ("Antiq." xiii. 6, 6), see Mr. Grove's art. Modin, in Dr. Dr. C. Sandreczki is of opinion Smith's " Diet, of the Bible."
The former
is
fifteen miles
El Medyeh occupies the site of Modin, and that the roektombs near here called Kuburel Yahud " Tombs of the Jews " are the remnants of the Maccaba:an mausoleum (" Quarterly Statement of Palestine Exp. Fund," Jan. -March, 1870, p. 245). Mr. Neubauer also thinks ("La Geog. du Talmud," p. 99) that Modin may be recognized in the village of El Medyeh, as it stands on a height, and the tomb of the Maccabees was built
that
captives). So sure announced the sale (2 viii. 10, 11), and many (" a 1000," 2 Maccab. viii. 34) merchants of the country .... took silver and gold very much, with servants (waiSas, ?ire8as fetters, as Joseph. "Antiq." xii. 7, 3), and came into the camp to buy the children of Israel for slaves" (1 Maccab. iii. 41). 5 At Elymais 'EKufxats ['EAu/xe's Cod. Alex.'] iv rfj UepalSi 7roA.i5, 1 Maccab. vi. 1, 2; Joseph. "Antiq." xii. 9, 1 at Persepolis, 2 Maccab. ix. 2. For the discrepancy, see Kitto,
captives
at
talent
(90x2000
= 180,000
of
success
that he
publicly
" Cyc.
6
related
by
.(Elian
("Var. Hist."
xii.
women
if
used to examine
Tas irarpaas
els (1
to 8ewpt7o~dai
inrb
iravroiu
t5>v
vKeSprwv
t^p BaKaaaav
but
if
Maccab. xiii. 29). Josephus ("Antiq." xii. 10, 6) calls Judas " high-priest of the nation," and says that he was elected by the people after the But in the Maccabees (1, ix. 52-57), an death of Alcimus. authority most to be depended on, we find that Alcimus did not die till after Judas Maccabams, and that Alexander Balas conferred the high-priesthood on Jonathan, the brother of Judas indeed Josephus elsewhere (" Vit." 1) says (1 Maccab. x. 20) that "iliejirsl of the sons of Asmonaeus, who was high-priest,
3
;
common
tb
iroAvai'Spltp ddipai).
We
find apparent mention of cemeteries for the people in the Old Testament (rd<pov tuv oiSiv rov Aaov, 2 Kings xxiii. 6
;
HVTJua. vl&v
Kaov avrov, Jerem. xxvi. 23; LXX. xxxiii. 23). In Ezekiel also we read, " I will give unto Gog a place of
(nvyuf'toii)
graves
of
CS
the passengers on
the
east of
the
sea;
shall they
ver. 15).
bury Gog and all his multitude" (xxxix. 11; cf. In the sixteenth verse of the same chapter, the name
is
35, 36.
of the place
is
to
take place.
(!"l3JIOn
had determined to hold a sale of the Jews when captured, so as to obtain 2000 talents due by him to the Eomans, and Nicanor, one of his generals, undertook to obtain the sum by selling 90
"They
shall
call
name
of the
city
Ilamonah "
[multitude];
LXX.
noAvdfSpioy).
JUDAS MACCABEUS.
his
57
he could
(b.c.
way he was
stricken
and,
before
execute his
164).
2
purpose,
died in
the hundred
confidant
His was
only
his
son Antiochus V.
Eupator,
regency,
at
who
and
also
nine
I.
years
Lysias
and
Philip
now
contended
for
the
Demetrius
Rome,
the
former of
whom
were
defeated,
the
brother
of
Judas
Maccabacus,
met
the
his
death
elephant,
upon which he
falling
thought
king
might
and
stabbing
to
it,
was
crushed
by
the
the
animal
upon him.
sent
Lysias
to
Jews,
and accordingly he
Judas promising them peace, and giving them permission to live according to the laws
of their fathers.
upon
it
entering
immediately
broke
his
word,
and
to
be
He
also
took
away the
high-priest
Menelaus, and
death,
as
returned
to
all
Antioch.
the
By
persuasion
of
Lysias, Menelaus
to
was put
to
the origin of
also
mischief
the
king,
and Alcimus,
against
who was
Philip,
fell
high-priest.
Antiochus
into the
who had
king,
arrived
diately
put
to
death.
To
this
new
Jews
came,
and
support
the traitor
party and
victory,
to
capture
Judas
but
it
was
defeated
of
by the
valiant
sent
Maccabee.
After
this
fame
the Romans,
an
Roman
it
league
and readily
affecting to
bestow what
was not
in
their
power
to give. 5
Maccab. ix. 9). In his agony he is is meet to be subject unto God, and that a man that is mortal sin mid not proudly think of himself, as if he were God " (ver. 12), further vowing to make "the Jews, whom he had judged not worthy so much as to be
1
" Eaten
of
worms"
(2
"It
were the Greek forms of the Hebrew names Jachin, Jakim and 4 1 Maccab. viii.; Joseph. " Antiq." xii. Eliakim. 10, 6. 5 " A Demetrio cum descivissent, amicitia Romanorum
petita,
facile tunc
primo omnium ex Orientalibus libertatem receperunt, Romanis de alieno largientibus" (Justin, " Hist."
....
all
and
Athens"
(tot.
(ver.
15),
even offering to
is usually supposed to refer to Demetrius I. embassy sent to Rome by Judas Maccaboeus, but Dr. Merzbacher (" Zeitsch. f. Num." 1878, vol. v. p. 310)
to the
17).
loathsome
p. 588),
disease Pheretima, Queen of Cyrene (Herod, (Plut. "Sull."36; Pliu. " Xat. Hist." vii. 43,
(Joseph.
205); Sulla
;
etc.)
Herod
33,
I.
Mendelssohn (in Ritschl's" Acta Soc.phil.iii 2 "Lips.vol.v.p.287), and Grata (" Gesch. d. Jud." vol. iii. p. 451) dissents from this
opinion, assigning the context to Demetrius II., and the embassy
to It
"Antiq."
I.
xvii.
6,
5;
"Bell.
Jud."
i.
Agrippa
"Antiq." xix. 8, 2 see Chapteh VI. Sect. I'. Galerius Maximian (Euseb. " II. E." viii. 16), and Maximin (Euseb. " H.E." ix. 10; Lactant.
(Acts
xii.
23;
;
Joseph.
5);
Rome
is
to that sent by
Simon
(eire. b.c.
or
nothing said about Demetrius I. in the whole of this book, with the exception of the passage (xxxvi. 1) relating to Antiochus VII.:
the Jews is shown in his remarks on Antiochus: "Rex Antiochus, demere superstitionem et mores Gracorum dare adnixus, quominus tetemmmn ynilrm in " Hist."
i
in
his views
v. 8).
'
by the substitution
Antiq."
xii. 9, 7).
of
"
frut re
for patre.
These
58
But
after
in the
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
mean
time,
by
a second
in
killed,
a valiant resistance,
the year
1G1.
Modin.
while Alcimus
the leader of
the
national
party,
was
reinstated
as
high-priest.
This
latter
did
not live
attack of
paralysis,
whilst
a
short
pulling
respite.
down the
wall of
the
the
sanctuary.
the Seleucidan
who pretended
Both
of
these rivals
had written
asking his assistance, but Alexander Balas conferred upon him the highpurple
priesthood,
letter,
"brother
to
and friend."
those
of
as
Jonathan
did not
accept the
offers
of
Alexander and
not regarded
reject
Demetrius,
sincere.
2
splendid
by
Jonathan
in
battle
soon
after
took
between
victory,
Alexander
and
Demetrius,
Jonathan,
which the
latter
was
killed.
On
obtaining
his
and professing
to
3
among
chief friends
The son
of Demetrius,
who was
also called
and
for
laid siege to
Alexander
Demetrius.
applied
assistance
to
who
declared
in
favour
of
Alexander then attacked Ptolemy, who was killed in the Alexander Balas being
slain
battle,
proposed to take the citadel of Jerusalem, but Demetrius summoned him to Ptolemais, and
the former, offering
to
talents,
nearly
all
the liberties
to
Antioch.
But when he
all
thought
he
was
sufficiently
powerful
on
his
throne,
if
he
sought to retract
he
him
Jonathan
Maccab. x. 18-20. Demetrius offered to release the Jews from all tributes, crown taxes, etc., in Judoea, Samaria, and Galilee, and from the
1
the governor of Samaria under Antiochus VII. Epiphanes, twice so styled (Joseph. "Antiq."
(.uepiSapx/o) occurs in Joseph.
is
xii.
5,
5).
"Antiq."
(1
xv. 7,
special
payment
of
5000
silver
shekels;
and
to
contribute
15,000 shekels of silver towards the work of the Temple. Josephus (" Antiq." xiii. 2, 3) gives different figures, and says "drachms" [seep. 53, note 2], Jerusalem was to be " holy and
who went up
4
Esdras
i.
viii.
28).
"a
Jonathan
free"
and many other immunities were to be Alexander the Great granted to them (1 Maccab. x. 25-45). had formerly granted the Jews the same privileges as regards Samaria (Joseph. " contra Apion," ii. 4). 3 ^Tparriyhv duo in ct partieipem princiKa\ MepiSdpxw
(see
Chapter
V.),
Joseph. "Antiq."
xiii. 4, 4).
',
pnhm
(1
Maccab.
x. 65).
The
title of
Mcridareh, or governor of
Apollonius,
LXX.
and Josephus.
Jonathan the same "order" (1 Maccab. \i. 58; Joseph. "Antiq." xiii. 5, 4), and Demetrius II. made it unlawful for any but Simon to wear it (1 Maccab. xiv. 44). Fibulce aurees were frequently given as military rewards (Vopisc. "Aurel." 46 cf. Treb. Poll. " Claud." 14).
;
DEATH OF JONATHAN.
friend.
59
king;
Diodotus
(or
Tryphon),
general of
the former
son
the
whom
Tryphon,
now
the
that his
crown from
VI.
himself,
doubtless
was
always
his
intention.
He
Jonathan.
With
this idea,
came out
to
men.
a
Tryphon was
force,
afraid
while
was
at
the head
of
so
large
and by
going
protestations of
invited
him
Ptolemais,
protection.
On
entering the
and
all
those
143).
of
Tryphon
and two
his children
let his
The money and the hostages were sent by Simon, but Tryphon did not
him
at
Bascama
in Gilead.
At
a subsequent
period
at
the
by Simon
Modin.
;
1 1 Maccab. xii. 1, 3, 4 Joseph. " Antiq." an alliance is said to have been made (1 Maccab.
xiii.
5, 8.
also instructed to
whom
xii. 2,
5-23
Joseph,
loc.
cit.).
5.
GENEALOGICAL TABLE,
SnOWIXG THOSE MEMBERS OF THE ASMOX.EAX FAMILY OF WHOM THERE ARE EXTAXT
COIXS.
Mattathias, d.
li.c.
167
d. B.C.
Joannan, 161
d. b.c.
Simon, 135
Eleazar,
d. b.c.
Jonathan,
d. B.C.
163
143
Judas,
d.
John Hyrcanus
I. d. B.C.
106
Mattathias,
d. B.C.
b.c 135
135
Judas Aristobulus
d. b.c.
I.
= Alexandra
(Salome)
1
Antigonus,
d. b.c. 105.
105
69
John Hyrcanus
II. d. b.c.
31
Aristobulus II. d.
B.C.
49
II. d. B.C.
49
Antigonus,
d. b.c.
37
Mariamne = Herod
d. b.c.
I.
Aristobulus.
d. b.c.
29
family for continuation,)
35
Alexandra,
Sect. E.
CHAPTEE V
SIMON THE MACCABEE EIRST STRIKES JEWISH COINS.
When
great
the
Simon, the
last
of
the
five
brothers,
army
to invade Judaea,
in
place
of
of
his
brother
Jonathan,
and out of
his
private fortune
wages
large army. 2
fall of
the garrison at
Syria,
we have
seen,
put
Jonathan
and on his arrival there "dealt deceitfully with the young king Antiochus and slew
3
him."
Disgusted with the cruelties of Tryphon, Simon espoused the cause of Demetrius
him,
received
kings, as
II.,
and
the
following reply:
"King
Demetrius
the
elders* and
5
nation of
sendeth greeting
the
golden crown
and the
robe
Maccab.
xiii.
8.
Antiochus VI. "captain {(npaT-qySs) from the place called the Ladder of Tyre {R&s-en-Nakh&rah) unto the borders of Egypt "
(1
Maccab.
10, 6).
1
xi.
xiii. 5,
4;
cf.
"Antiq."
31.
i.
xii.
Maccab.
xii.
Maccab.
1
xiii.
TlptafivTepot ([cf.
&pxopra
KalTrptafivTepoi,
Maccab.
4, 9).
20]
[see
on the word
"On
under Sect.
B.
vii.
33:
35
xiv.
20; Joseph.
The
i.
Hyrcanus
6
The
title of
yepovo-idpxvs occurs on a
Jewish
irpetrQvTepot
inscription (see
Chapter
is
III. p. 37).
(Saii/r)v (1
mentioned in
Maccab.
xii.
2 Maccab.
10;
Thy
Maccah.
cf.
1
xiii.
II
and
\i. 27.
calls the
37).
x.
The
;
(n4<pauos
Maccab.
y<
senate
himself
yepouaia (Joseph.
applies
" Antiq."
to
xii.
3,
3),
and
at
Josephus
Alexandria
29
xi.
35
Maccab.
ar
the
same name
1).
ol
the
elders
to the king.
(xxii.
vii. 10,
17,
Josephus
calls
v.
21
xa\
(TTecpaviTrjs
("Antiq."
ol
xii.
'!,
3).
twv viae
The pahri
Version
1
or
/Sal's,
the Authorized
in
Ueael), but as
it
were
The
"scarlet
xiii.
robe"
and
is
was of the wpecrlivTepoi and fyxovTes, may have included perhaps some who were not members of the Sanhedrin (Afford, ad he). The I. XX. frequently u<e the same
ytpouaia. comp<>-cd a-
Maccab.
51,
7N1C
iv.
*33 "^pT
xii.
Porphyry palm-trees"), is in all probability an Egyptian word. (" De Abstincntia," iv. 7), speaking of the Egyptian priest, savs, Koi'tt) Sc auTOis eV twc <riraSiV<ov rov (poivtKus. as KaAoDtn
Pais, lireirKeKTo.
It
t'Sn^ ^pi
ires,
iii.
1G, 18;
29
21
was probably
splendid
oi
Lent.
if
tie-
tine.
Though the Sanhedrin probably existed at Moses, the name avviUptov originated under the Macepremacy in Palestine ("quod ad staturn Macedonia?
-i
golden
palm-twigs as symbols
\. p.
The
H it
li
int.
,/,*,*
vocant," Livy,
xiv. 32,,
.
and
occur
words to 0aia riiv <poivUav (A. V. "branches of palm-trees") <i>o?^| is the usual word for "palmin John xii. 13.
(cf.
when
branch"
Maccab.
x. 7
xiv.
Rev.
vii
62
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
received,
we have
our
to
make
officers to
we have
granted.
And
day,
whatsoever covenants
shall be
it,
we
stand
your
As
for
also
any oversight or
which ye owe
us,
fault
this
we
forgive
and the
it
crown tax
shall
and
there were
any other
tribute
paid in Jerusalem,
let
no more be paid.
And
be
look
who
are
to
be in our court,
of the
2
them be
enrolled,
and
let
there
"
away from
Israel
Israel, in the
143-142),"
began
to
write in
and contracts, 'In the first year of Simon the and leader of the Jews.' " 3 Several cities of Judaoa were also
Gazara,
by Simon,
and
after
a three
to
years'
siege
the citadel
(aKpa)
last,
Jerusalem was
taken,
the
capitulate
from famine.
seventy-first
At
142),
branches of palm-trees, and with harps and cymbals and with viols and
because
(
there
was
destroyed
sent
great
to
enemy out
of
Israel."
About
of
year
A.s.
172
= b.c.
141) Simon
Numenius
graciously
Rome
with
great
shield
gold of
a thousand
pound weight. 5
He was
of
known
in Judaea
day
of
the
month
the
Elul
(Aug.-Sept.)
being the
third
year of
Simon
of
the high-priest,
brass,
tables
and
set
upon
Maccab.
xiii.
30-40.
(1
"'
Maccab.
xiii.
41) issued
= b.c.
and before the despatch of an embassy 141-140; 1 Maccab. xiv. 24); whilst in another statement (1 Maccab. xiv. 36, 40) the decree of Demetrius is said to have been issued after these events (see
1
Maccab.
xiii.
51),
(
to
Home,
a.s.
172
= n.c.
below, "
3
On
Jews in Alexandria and other cities (Joseph. "Antiq." and according to Strabo (Joseph. " Antiq." xiv. 7, 2) he appears to have been an independent ruler. It is employed by Lucian as a title inferior to that of king ("AaavSpos .... iirb tov Qeov 2f/3a<TTou avrl idvdpxov fiacriKshi avayoptiBeis, " Macrob." sect. 17; ed. Didot, p. 642). The "ethnarch" in Damascus, under Aretas, king of Damascus (2 Cor. xi. 32), in a.d. 38, was probably a Jewish officer and Damascus at this time formed part of the kingdom of Petra, and not of the
to the
xix. 5, 2),
;
Maccab.
41-42.
Ka\
Kol iip^aro
Kabs
'l<rpa.7)\
ypa<pziv
iirl
iv
reus
avvypatpais,
avvaKKayixauiv,
''Etous
irpwrov
apx^piuspLeyaKovKal (TTpar-qyov Ka\ ^yovfiivov 'lovSaluv. Josrphus -ays, " In the first year of Simon the benefactor and
^,1/j.wvos
Maccab.
xiii.
49-51
xiv. 33,
34
cf.
Joseph.
" Antiq."
xiii. 6, 7.
Simon xiii. 6, 7). " ethnarch " in 1 Maccab. xiv. 47, and xv. 1, 2. M. Dereubourg considers ("Essai," p. 67, note) that the term (Bvdpxvs as applied to Simon is the translation of DJ?n "It?, or the
also called
The embassy to Sparta and the connexion of the Spartans with the Jews, is according to Grimm (" Exeget. Handb. z. d. Apok.") Mendelssohn (" Elm Mus." 1875, vol. 30, decidedly made up
5
Maccab.
xiv.
(i
Maccab.
xiv. 16-23),
abbrevation of 'PN D]l "IB*, and so confirms his view respecting the interpretation of the word aapafxiK (see Chapter IV. p. 54
p.
imi'iir
Nasi (WtJO) at the time of the first Asmonaeans rests on no historical authority. Hyrcanus II. was also high-priest and "ethnarch" (Joseph. "Antiq." xiv. 10, 12, 3, 4 [see under Sect. H. Hyrcanus II. re2, 3, 5-7, 12 established] ), and Augustus bestowed this title upon Archelaus after
notel).
of
;
He adds that
the
name
pp. 299, 300) is inclined to consider them An embassy had a strange interpolation in the original text.
v.
Num."
(1
Maccab.
xii. 2,
1].
Sparta),
by
"Antiq."
Sect. B.].
"Bell. Jud."
ii.
6, 3) [see
Chapter VI.
" the very obscurity of Sparta at this time making extremely unlikely that any forger would invent such an
This titlewas also used as the designation for the magistrate allowed
incident."
"
63
with
letters
in
Mount
Sion. 1
Numenius
returned
to
Judaea
in
B.C.
130,
from
Lucius, Consul of the Romans, to various kings and nations in favour of the Jews. 2
Palestine
it
thus,
attained a degree
till
of
prosperity
that
"
their
fruit.
ground in peace,
and the
sat
all
earth
in
trees
the
field
their
the streets,
communing together
of
good
things,
and
cities,
the
glorious
of
and warlike
munition,
so
apparel.
He
and
in
all
manner
world.
that his
in
honourable
the
end
the
sat
He
made peace
the land,
and
Israel
man
under his
fray them.
Neither was
fight against
them
all
Moreover,
searched
beautified
"
he
out the
;
strengthened
those
of
his
people
that were
the law he
and
every
contemner
of
the
law and
wicked
He
and
all
What
In the year
dates
I.),
140
Demetrius
II.
was
taken
Sidetes,
prisoner
by Arsaces VI.
son of
(MithriI.,
king of
Parthia,
the second
to
Demetrius
letters
the
Jews,
granting
renewed,
the
to
him
a
still
more
favourable
addition
:
former
to
privileges
but
of
considerable
was
made,
as
he
the
accorded
the
Jews
right
coining
money
the
"
King Antiochus
of
Simon
:
high-priest
and prince of
certain
to
his
nation,
and
to
people
the
of
Jews,
greeting
fathers,
Foras-
much
purpose
as
is
pestilent
it
men
of
have
I
usurped
the
kingdom
it
our
and
my
my
challenge
again, that
may
restore
to the
that end
foreign
soldiers
together,
and prepared
war,
meaning
destroyed
thee
all
also
it,
may
;
cities
in the
kingdom
desolate
now
me
1 1
Maccab.
xiv.
25-28.
15-24.
question ouly in
tint
209,
Maccab.
1.
xv.
as
fifteenth century
Roman Consul
persons.
B.C. 136.
C:ilvus,
'ihraros 'Pwfialwv)
is
and Hurl. 2759, fifteenth century). In the given as L. Calpurno (sic), and in the latter
L. [Lucius]
is
Junius Philus,
2.
who was
consul
in
From
This date
consul in
too late.
142.
3.
MS.
B.C.
Cn. or
M.
Popillius Lsenas.
This
last identi-
reading L. CaVpwrnio
authority for
Valerius
Berne (end of the ninth or beginning of the tenth century), the is distinctly given, and there is thus no
Cn.
There
is,
(Madden,
in
"On
fragment
of
MS.
of
Maximus
Fasti Capitnlini
hi--
("Chron.") aa edited, gives Cn. Piso, whilst the " are detective. Valerius Maximus 'lib. i. 3),
epitomizer, as given in
portion of the text supplied from the Epitome of Julius Paris," in the "Trans, of the Roy. Soc. of Literature," vol. viii. n.s.
also in Kitto,
or rather
many
" Cyc.
of
Bibl.
I, it."
Lucius).
Cempf
(ed.
II y em
am
I.,
and
am >
II.
MSS.
writer,
read
The
nt
from an examination of
British
the
MSS.
(22) of
Cf. 1
Kings
iv.
25; Micah
4
iv.
1
Zechariah
siv.
iii.
10;
[saiah
Valerius in the
inserted
xxxvi. 16.
Maccab.
8-15, 25.
64
they
granted.
(/ecu
NUMISMA.TA ORIEXTALTA.
I
give thee
aou
!
leave
also
KOfM/xa
to
coin
ISiov
money
vo/xia/xa
for
rf)
thy
country with
an(l
thine
own
stamp
iireTpe-tyd
iroi^aai
let
as
concerning
them be
and
be,
free
and
all
and
thee.
fortresses
that
thou hast
be,
built,
keepest
to
in thine
And
thee,
if
anything
or
shall
owing
the king,
this
Furthermore,
honour
known throughout
refuge,
to
that
Simon had
afforded
not receive
them, but
brake
all
the
covenants which he
message
cities
had made with him afore," and sent Athenobius with the following
tower that
is
"
Ye
in
of
my
realm.
Now
therefore
deliver
for
ye
...
or else give
me
3
them
hundred
talents of
and for
;
the
harm
will
that ye have done and the tributes of the cities, other five hundred talents
fight
if
not,
we
come and
against you."
Simon refused
to agree
to all
these
proposals, but
sent one
cities of
army
to
into Judaja
under Cendebaeus, and the aged Simon confided the management of the war
sons,
his
two eldest
Judas
and John.
Cendebajus was
put to
flight,
were
killed.
It
w as
r
to the
aged Simon
to
While
to
taking
tour with
his wife
and two
sons,
his
Jericho, at the
Doch.
his
tw o sons (Feb.
r
135).
He
then wrote
to
assist
him
in
1 De Saulcy ("Eev. Arch." 1872, p. 5), while recording the Latin text (Vulgate) of this passage, which runs " et permitto
the reading of the Complutensian edition (1522), and that of Grabe (Oxf. 1707). Other cursive MSS. have various readings,
a! e'Wo-Tpeifai/ aoi
ko!
tibi facere
ISiov v6^ia^a,
tibi
which he transpercussuram
cureaTpt^dv aoi
The number
it
of
cursive
MSS.
into
Latin,
'
proprium numisma,"
hut he omits to
text
in
is,
'
et
permiserunt
facere
only six of
would seem that these give the plural form, and none of the cursive
work was
sixteen, so that
The
MSS.
On
his
1744).
" Aunales Regum et rerum Syri.e " (p. 82, Vienna, Thanks to the kindness of Dr. Babington and Mr.
iirhp^d
Oxf.
aoi,
and so
is
Grueber, I
am
MS.
is
readings.
it
1857)
said to read
but Cardinal Mai's edition is considered very faulty (Dr. Davidson, Kitto, " Cyc. of Bibl. Lit." ed. Alexander, s.v. Greek Versions)
moreover, Tischendorf, in his edition (2 vols. 8vo. 5th ed. 1875), reads iireTpetya, and knows nothing of lovba'iKSv for the generally
received iSiov.
the English edition of the " Five Books of Maccabees" (Oxf. The majority of MS. authority thus favours the reading 1832).
koX eVeVpe^a aoi, and, indeed, the plural form, as de Saulcy himself allows, seems to be " singulieremeut boiteuse."
s 3
1
I
Certain cursive
MSS. have
7, 2,
Maccab. xv. 2-9. Maccab. xv. 27, 28, 30, " Bell. Jud." i. 2, 2. 3
;
31;
Joseph.
" Antiq."
xiii.
65
John, who, being fore-
country.
He
to
also
sent
some men
to
Gazara
to
kill
warned, was
those
enabled
frustrate
1
his
brother-in-law,
and
to
destroy
to slay him.
difficulty, as
Simon Maccabeus
till
is
said
to
the right of
coining
the
fourth year of
his
government
"
all
The
1
shekels at present existing bear dates from years 1 to 5; the half- shekels from years
If
to
4.
A.s.
170
= b.c.
"fifth
year" would be
174
= b.c.
139-138.
But the
by
139-138, 5
the
right
a.s.
they date
coinage in
174 = b.c.
first
contradiction
third year a.s.
to
statement
that
6
Simon's
was
A.s.
172=b.c. 141-140.
recently submitted
that the supposed
1st,
to severe
and
critical
examination by
the
principal
of
account from
the
acts
chapter
xiii.
1,
to
chapter
24;
2nd,
the
shortened
memorial
a.s.
of
Simon,
as
given
in
first
chapter xiv.
real
170 = b.c.
year
of
government of
so recorded
Simon,
a.s.
172 = b.c.
tables
141-140
brass.
the
first
official
one,
by the people on
of
Assuming
this
to
be the
Eupolemus,
in
corroboration of his
following
the reign of
Simon Maccabseus
1
Bi 2
;
11.
cf.
Joseph. "Antiq."
xiii. 7,
4;
8,1;
breaking
of
the treaties,
;
lie
of
silver
and
but
now
of the
Joseph. "Antiq."
1
;
xiii. 7, 4.
Maccab. xv. 27 Madden, " Jewish Coinage," p. 40, note; ' Num. Chron." n.s. 1866, p. 60. It was at one time thought [Madden, op. eit.) that Simon commenced the issue of coins in 143, and that in b.c. 140-139 (his fourth year), on the
IMaccab. nil. 41, 42. 1 Maccab. xv. 6, 10. 7 " Die Zeitrechnung dor Sckel," Numismatik," 1878, vol. v. p. 'I'.ri.
6
Maccab.
xiv. 27.
in
the
"Zeitschrifl
fur
66
A.S.
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
B.C.
170
142
(?
Jan.-April).
Simon
obtains,
by
resolution of a popular
assembly, the
his brother.
offices
and honours
of
Siege of Gazara.
171
142-141.
Conquest
of Gazara.
172
141.
Death
of
Antiochus VI.
1
and one
to
Demetrius II.
at
II.
Upon
is
Demetrius
[From now
real year
to
April,
140,
the
third
= the
year.
first official
year.]
From
,,
First
official
(April) 173
)
140
,,
139.
138.
Second
official
II
>)
174
175
139
138 137
Third
official
year.
II
II
M
J
J
,,
Fourth
Fifth
official year.
II
II
176
177
,,
official
official
year. year.
II
II
}J
Sixth
If then the
first official
:
B.C.
B.C.
N
2
i
First
year
,,
Second
Third
,,
T n
Fourth
Fifth
,,
= = = = =
for
141-140.
140-139.
139-138.
138-137.
137-136.
See p. 62.
AOPi
cannot
be
admitted
(De Saulcy,
pp.
" Recherches
34, 35,
Paris,
The
ZHP
n.c.
AOP
which bear dates between (b.c. 146) and TOP (b.C 140), show that it was in 140 that Demetrius II. was taken prisoner. The date (Miounet, v. p. 554), which is probably a wrong reading
coins of
II.,
Demetrius
Seleucides,"
1871).
3 The death of Simon occurred in month called Sahat " (1 Maccab. xvi.
a.s. 177,
14), or
"
in the eleventh
67
complete series of shekels
A
As
Dr.
when
discovered,
give a
a.s.
174
= b.c.
1
139-138,
isles
of the sea,"
and can,
when he
now
in confinement) to
many
her,
i.e.
about
a.s.
173=b.c. 140-139,
the second
official
year
of Simon's
first
government.
year.
A.
Simon
Maccabeus,
b.c.
141-b.c. 135.
Obvebse.
Reverse.
M.
6.
"Shekel
a pellet
of
2
nCnp St^W
rod).
Jerushalem hedoshah,
Israel."
"JerusalemtheHoly."
i.e.
(De Saulcy,
"Xum.
Jud."
pi.
i.
No.
p. 43,
No.
1.)
OlS VERSE.
Reverse.
JR.
4.
^ptyn $PI
Chatei
;
nBHp DSBT)*i
A
shekel."
A cup or chalice
letter tf,
i.e.
on either
;
numeral
"year
1."
pi.
i.
No. 2
p. 43,
No.
2.)
'Airi
tuv
vfi<r'j>v
tv]5 0aAc<r<77)s.
Maccab. xv.
1.
is
impossible.
As regards the
on either side of the cup, on the --hekels of the first year, Dr. J. Evans is
pellets
The golden
stones
chalices of the
(Joseph.
" Antiq."
pellets,
tin.'
2,
10;
those
Ecclesiasticus
1.
9).
probably intervened between the issue of the shekels of the first and of those of the succeeding y< :trs (Madden, " Suppl. to Jew.
Coin." in
as
well
of
as
round the
are
tops
oi
shekels
other
years,
intended
to
"Xum.
Chron."
but
if
68
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
Obverse.
3.
Reverse.
JR.
6.
^tn&l ^p&,
nE^npn D vJ^l^V
rod).
Jerushalaim
Tia-lcetloshah,
"Jerusalem theHoly."
$&
(for
y^ty
Shenath2)
year 2."
(De Saulcy,
"Num.
Jud."
pi.
i.
No. 3
p. 43,
No.
3.)
Obverse.
4.
Reverse.
JR.
4.
Sp^n ^H,
y&,
i.e.
"Half-shekel."
A cup
or
PlCnpn
DwIT,
chalice,
A
;
the letters
No. 4
p. 44,
No.
4.)
Obverse.
JUL. 6.
Reverse.
HETlpn
A
No. 5
;
cf.
De
Saulcy,
pi.
i.
No.
5.)
^f^
^,'dL
Obverse.
6.
Reverse.
M.
4.
7pB>n ^n,
y$,
i.e.
"Half-shekel."
;
cup or
HBTlpil DvBTl**
chalice,
A
sr.s.
the letters
(Coll.
of
p.
2G8,
pi.
vi.
No.
C,
('.linage," p.
No. 6;
Merzbacher,
a.
"
Zeitscbrift
Num."
iii.
p.
190,
No.
pi.
iv.
"Hamburger
iu Frankfurt
M.")
69
Obverse.
7.
Reverse.
M.
6.
SNX"
A central device
ii.
(?
Aaron's rod). 1
the letters
(Coll. of
~W (&r*l"JT3B5f,
also
"year 4."
p. 269, pi. vi.
Rev. H. C. Reichardt,
"Num. Chron."
p. 45,
No.
7.)
Mr. Reichardt
above, but weighing
in
possesses a
copper
shekel of the
It
same
size
as
the
the
neighbourhood of a village called Beit-Sakarieh, about three and a half hours' ride
S. \V.
of Jerusalem. 2
Obverse.
T. 8.
.-It.
Reverse.
4.
^p^fi
*5flT "Half-shekel."
Acup
or chalice,
A
Madden,
plated.)
TFOBO
who
"
J ear 4 -"
me
an impression;
coin
is
of Rev. S. S. Lewis,
kindly sent
"Num.
Chron."
n.s.
13.
This
Obverse.
*9.
Reverse.
M.
6.
A
5)
nCnpn
A
iiSt d*?BHTi
HE?
(for
iTHM?
Shenath
"year 5."
of
Rev. S. S. Lewis,
"Num. Chron."
n.s.
p.
322
The
reverse
is
engraved
in
Farrar's "Lifi
oJ
Christ,"
1 Ahout January, 1874, a hoard of a hundred shekels wire found near Jericho, some of which were purchased by the late Mr. Tyrwliitt Drake and forwarded to England, and the remainder
thai
Appendix E. No.
1, 2, 3,
56).
They are
b;
M. Ganneau. They had been deposited in an earthen pot, rot which had in some manner been secured with lead,
seal
with a
are engraved,
afford
no ground
for suspicion,
and 4, five of which bear thedate*. Halt-shekels of the "year 3," and shekels oi the " year 4 " are not so uncommon as they were in 1861. Specimens have been recently sold by Messrs. Sotheby, Wilkinson and Hodge ("Cat. of Greek coins consigned from Constantinople," Nos. 225, 226 and 226*, April, 1880). 2 Cavedoni considered (" Nuovi sopra le Ant. Mon. Giud."
()
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
The mode
of -writing
D ,tyVV instead
of D7fc?Vl*j
the fortress
constituted a second
necessitated
2
employment
of
the
supposition
has
may
be found in
;
five
6).
Dvtt^T
(1
Chron.
is
iii.
2 Chron. xxv. 1
xxxii. 9
2,
vi.
Jer. xxvi. 18
Esth.
ii.
v.
11
Ezra
iv.
8).
is
The Rev.
T. E. Espin writes, 3
tihtfiD)
"It seems evident that the original and proper and the form DvEPTV belong
to the silver age of
pointing
the
D/B^T*
the older
The pointing
Hebrew language.
way
of honour;
as out of
p.
\T\W
formed
referring
(cf.
470)
to the
suggest
afterwards."
The
"Holy"
right of
at
is
expressly stated
to
it.
6
that
it
should
of
St.
The
asylum was
city,"
7
granted
retains
In the Gospel
in
its
Matthew
it
is
called
and
titles
El-Kuds,
" the
this
appellation
present Arabic
name,
b}^
The
of
holy
(lepd)
many Greek
from
taxes,
cities,
It is
sense.
The type
considered,
of
the
obverse
of
the
silver
shekels
and
half- shekels
has
been
usually
and probably
a
pot,
pot of manna.
therein
"
And Moses
lay
it
said
unto
Aaron, take
Lord,
to
and put an
for
omer
full
of
manna
this
and
the
4,
up before the
pot
is
be
kept
;
your
generations." 9
xpvcrovs
;
In
cf.
passage
ix.
manna
called
Zinzeneth
(H3X3X
LXX.
aTdjj,vo<;
Hebrews
ardfxvos
%pvai)),
word
vessel
most probably
derived
from
HV (=p5)
"to
protect,"
had a
cover.
Now
has no cover. 10
was a
flat
one, or
at this time
been suggested
pp. 11, 12) this piece to be Vanima di tm Siclo cPargento suberato. Merzbaeher possesses one of the " year 3." Reichardt's coin is
Isaiah xlviii. 2;
iii.
lii.
1;
Dan.
ix.
24; Nehem.
1
xi.
1,
18;
Joel
6
17.
'IepoucraArjju ^t&>
him as "plated" {pp. cit., Madden, "Jew. Coinage," pp. 45, 46, 48), but it is said to be of "copper, partly covered with red oxide" (Reiehardt, "Num. Chron." n.s. 1864, vol. iv. p. 175). A woodcut is given of it in the " Wien Numism. Monatsheften," ed. Dr.
the same as the one spoken of by
Kal
ayia
/cal atpeifievr],
cf.
xv. 7;
Kal
iAtvdtpav, Joseph.
6
xii. 2, 3.
7 i)
ayia
Matt.
iv.
5;
xxvii.
53;
tt6\is
tj
ayia,
Rev.
8
xi. 2.
Egger, 1866.
1
On
and
on those of
Cavedoui,
"
Gesenius (" Thes." quo apparet, duo ilia scribendi genera eodem tempore usitata fuisse, et, utrum optatuni sit, illis certe
Saulcy,
p.
De
vol.
ii.
p. 12.
LaodiceaandSeleucia,
9 I0
629) concludes,
"Ex
Exod.
xvi. 33.
is
vol.
ii.
n R.
S. Poole, Smith's
71
of
the
vessel
may
represent
'
of
the
furniture
the
Temple, such
as,
perhaps, a chalice.
that there
is
Cavedoni
and Levy
to the
states
chalice
similar
to
of
The
reverse type
that budded.
"And
behold
the rod of
Aaron
for
the house of Levi was budded, and brought forth buds and bloomed
4
it
a hyacinth or
lily."
lily,
5
"I
will be as the
dew unto
Israel,
Obveese.
1.
' '
Reverse.
JE.
*SPI
|V ll^JO? Ligullath
Zion."
Zion,
"The redemption
of
one-half."
Two bunches
of
filled
Xo. 6
p. 47,
No.
8.)
Obvebse.
Revebse.
M.
of
6.
y2"l
XD1K
redemption of Zion."
one quarter."
Two
bundles
An
Ethrog.
branches (Lulal).
(De Saulcy, " Xum. Jud."
pi.
i.
Xo.
p. 47,
Xo.
9.)
'
Bibl.
Xum."
is,
vol.
i.
p. 29.
Eosea
pi.
xiv.
6;
cf.
Isaiah Nxvii. G;
szxv.
1.
Cavedoni'e
p. 138.
iii.
"chalice"
S.
De Rnh
Xumbers
xvii.
howevex, conclusive
Lit." ed. Alexander,
(cf.
11.
Poole, Kitto,
" Cyc.
of Bibl.
s.v.
Ark
of the Covenant).
72
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
Obverse.
3.
Reverse.
M.
5.
|VX rfaS>
" The
redemption
of
tfTlX
rtiE>
Zion."
jewels.
A
;
bundle
two
Ethrogs.
"Num.
Jud."
pi.
i.
No. 8
p. 47,
No.
10.)
Obveese.
Reverse.
VTMS T\^>
No.
3,
Same type
as
cup or chalice, ornamented with jewels, parcovered with the countermark of an elephant.
(British
tially
Museum.
Madden,
"Num.
Cbron."
Obverse.
5.
Reverse.
1D1K
fourth year."
;
An
Ethrog
cup or
chalice.
alone, as
upon No. 2
stalk upivards,
3 and 4.
ein Rheinlande,"
v. p. 343.)
1865, p. 290;
Madden,
"Num.
Chron."
n.s.
1865, vol.
As
to the correctness of
the attribution
we
are
Doubts
as to these
same age as the shekels and half-shekels have been expressed by numis-
them
the
First
Revolt,
writer. 4
The most
recent
student
felt
able
to
classify
them with
them
an uncertain age." 5
existence of one of
The discovery
"year
six,"
of
a shekel of
the
possible
the
all
has done away with the theory that in consequence of Antiochus "breaking
(1
covenants"
Maccab.
xv.
27),
the
silver
coinage
ceased
in
the fourth
year,
and was
These/mi on these coins is formed sometimes sometimes &). " Num. Chron." o.s. 1857, vol. xx. p. 12; De Saulcy, "Rev. Num." 1864, p. 377; cf. Madden, "Num. Chron." n.s. 1866, vol. vi. p. 51 1875, vol. xv. p. 305.
2
W,
ii.
p. 31,
J. Evans,
Rome, 1865.
4
See
Chapter YIII.
cit.
Num."
1877, vol.
iv. p.
364.
by a copper one
copper
curious
but
should
it
may
have
be
observed,
that,
coinage
that
been
introduced
the
fourth
year
of
Simon,
yet
is
of the fourth
existence.
But whether
or
not, their
Simon Maccabncus
assignment
4),
Seleucidan
period
seems to
which
countermarked with an
It
elephant.
Now
the
elephant
I.
was a
was adopted
as a coin-type
by Seleucus
Nicator, who,
whom
he had
hundred elephants. 1
He was
by Demetrius
I.
Poliorcetes,
elephants."
The type
on
the
coins of
II. Callinicus,
and on those of
500 elephants,
Apameia
in Syria, at
The
famous
selection of
the
it
was
as a product of Palestine, 4
and
it
may
The palm-
branch, in conjunction with the myrtle, the willow, and the Ethrog (citron), represented the Festal
Israelite
was
"And
of
goodly
trees,
of thick trees,
days."
According
tied
tradition
in
the
7
myrtle
(1"QJ?
Spy)
and
willow,
palm-
branch,
together
a bunch,
teft.
s
('j'nnX = "H!"I
"y H2)
Ethrog
in the
close
by
it
2,
where the bunches are on the obverse, and the Ethrog on the
the reverse of
the
is
also
on
No.
5.
This fruit
is
only found
alone on
for instance,
the
taking
of
the
by
Simon, 9 and
dates
on
the
purification
of
1
the
Temple by
Judas
Maccabaous. 10
and other
fruits
on
No.
to the offerings of
mount
to
of
the Temple,
the
court
of
each
the
1
person
was
compelled
to
take
upon
his
shoulder,
and proceed
12
Temple,
Strabo, p. 721.
E.kt(pai>Tdpxvs-
where
he
was
met
by the Levitcs
singing.
Should
cf.Neb.em.
these
types
not
be
viii.
15.
Tlut. " In
Dcmetr." 25.
II.
ias,
Mai
means
Strabo, p. 752.
1143).
xiii. 4.
"Judaea rero inclyta est vel magis palmis." Plin. X. " Bxubi .nit Bruges nostrum ad morem praeterq
:
Maccab.
xiii.
51
cf.
John
xii.
13.
See p. 62.
imam
ix. 1,
et palnue."
4, 1.
Tac. "Hist." v. 6;
TT.
cf.
Joseph.
" Antiq."
i"
ii
% Maccab. x. 6
],,,
;
sea.
2; xiv.
rodian
families, of the
12
jxyj 2 Jeremiah vi. 9. an account of these offerings, see Smith's " Diet, of the
the
Revolts,
Bihle "
s.v. First-fruits,
n oi Jerusalem.
MADDEN
10
NUMISMATA ORIEXTALIA.
intended
prosperity
in peace,
to
festivals,
of
"Then
the peace
their
1
and
did
they
till
ground
increase,
and the
B. John Hyrcanus
I.
b.c.
135
2
b.c.
10G.
of high-priest,
fled
and made an expedition against Ptolemy, his father's and brother's murderer, who had
to
It
assassination
between
them, for
against the
immeJews.
the
flight
of
Ptolemy, Antiochus
undertook an expedition
As he came with
surrender,
and was
consequently closely
Jerusalem.
offered of
Famine would
soon
have
compelled
him
to
The
feast
John
sent to Antiochus,
which Antiochus
not
only
granted,
the
sacrifices. 3
make terms
agreed
of
permanent peace,
the
conditions,
cities
which
Antiochus,
contrary
to
the
wishes
of
his
generals,
on
up
their arms,
which
Three
bordered upon
Judaea,
hundred
talents
of
silver.
hundred
talents
sent, 4 for
Hyrcanus preferred
Jerusalem.
this latter
135.
However, a league of friendship was made between them, and Hyrcanus admitted
city,
Four years
and
Antiochus, though at
in b.c. 129.
1
was eventually
slain
by the enemy
to recover
Maccab.
another Ilyrcaims
of Tobias,
(LXX.
in 2
2).
"TpKavos
The reason for the adoption of the name of Hyrcanus by John is uncertain. In the Arabic book of Maccabees (xx. 1-3)
2
mentioned
xii.
(" Antiq."
4,
on account of his slaying a certain man who was called Hyrcanus. Eusebius ("Chron." lib. ii. ed. Mai, 1818, p. 359) and Sulpicius Severus ("Hist. Sacr." ii. 26) say that he adopted it in consequence of a lib. victory gained over the Hyrcanians. John had accompanied Antiochus VII. Sidetes into Parthia, and a trophy was erected at the river Lycus (in Assyria) to commemorate the victory
it is
said that
he received
it
Bible,"
and Madden,
s.v.
"Cyclop,
of
Bibl.
Lit."
ed.
Alexander,
Hircanus.
over
the
Parthian
general
(Joseph.
"Antiq."
xiii.
8,
4).
the north by the Caspian Sea, and would thus be at no great Josephus, however, gives no explanation
xiii. 7,
3 For these concessions he is said to have been favourably compared with Antiochus Epiphanes, and called Evo-f&ris, "the pious" (Joseph. "Antiq." xiii. 8, 2). Josephus also gives him ("Antiq." xiii. 10, 1) the title of Swr^p. 4 Josephus records ("Antiq." vii. 15, 3; xiii. 8, 4; "Bell. Jud." i. 2, 5) that Hyrcanus, in order to pay this money, opened the tomb of David, and took therefrom 3000 talents of silver, Herod also opened the tomb, but probably found only ornaments (Joseph. " Antiq." vii. 15, 3 xvi. 7, 1). The story, however,
;
name ("Antiq."
"Bell. Jud."
in
1
i.
2, 3),
John
is
Maccabees.
and There is
is
rather improbable.
JOHN HYRCANUS
his independence,
I.
cities.
become Jews.
making
a league
of
them,
the alliance that had been concluded with Simon was again renewed. 1 the Syrian
dissensions, consequent
from his captivity in Parthia, and his re-establishment on the throne about
130
and
alliance
Alexander Zebina,
till
128, but
years elapsed,
B.C.
at length
he
laid siege to
city
he destroyed entirely in
his
life
109.
at
His
rule
towards
of
was not
so
successful
home
as
abroad, for
there were
constant
at
disturbances
first
attached
the
former party,
with
He
B.C.
10G.
God worthy
of three privileges
the
of
Of the reign
issued in copper. 4
It seems
commence
accession.
The
siege of
Jerusalem by Antiochus
when
visiting Jerusalem
is
132 and 131, struck coins there in his own name, of which
the following
a description
2.
xiii. J),
Sidetes (Joseph.
"Antiq."
xiii.
8,
2;
vol.
the time of
("Antiq."
I.
xiv.
10,
passage
that
is
corrupt, Clinton, F.
H.
and
(Ewald, "Hist,
and
2),
ethnarch
of
eit.
the
p.
Jews"
(Joseph.
"Antiq."
5;
cf.
Simon died in Feb. B.C. 135, consequently the first year of Hyrcanus I. ended in Feb. b.c. 134. We also know that Hyrcanus II. succeeded Alexandra in Ol. 177, 3, Hortermo et Melello consulibus, b.c. 69 (Joseph. "Antiq." xiv. 1, 2).
Allowing
then one
year
to
Ewald, p.
The
xiv. 8.
p. 31
405, note 3; p. 496, note 6). decree of the Roman Senate given by Josi ph.ua ("Antiq."
')
Judas Aristolndus
11, 3;
(/3<x<nAeu<ras
i.
ifiavr6v, Joseph.
"Antiq."
xiii.
"Bell. Jud."
3, 6),
to
Hyrcanus
letter
II.,
and thought
bj Li
\\
in
to belong to
same
ri -<
as
the
Hyrcanus I., would really seem to he the written by the Consul Lucius to Simon
p.
twenty-seven years to Alexander Jannacus, b.c. 105 to 78 (/8acnA6u<ras tT-q eiTti ko.\ ukoo-i, Joseph. " Antiq." xiii. 15, 5
;
"
69
Hell.
Jud."
i.
4, 8),
to Alexandra, B.C.
78
to
;
Maccabaeus [Sect. A.
i
26,
Sect. H. Hyrcanus II. wrong place in hishistnry. Eusebius (" Chron.") and Sulpicius Severus ("Chron." ii. 2) assign to John Hyrcanus a reign of only twenty-six
63, note 2;
ii~i
-1-1
ilhy
Jim -phusin
years;
tie
\ieon
Ivvia., Joseph. " Antiq." xiii. 16, 6 Jud." i. 5, 4), we obtain a term of thirty years (Feb. B.C. 135 to end of b.c. 106) for the reign of Hyrcanus I. 3 " Antiq." xiii. " Bell. Jud." i. 2, 8. 10, 7 4 The sudden cessation of the striking of silmer by the
(BaaiAevo-ao-a %tt\
"
Bell.
eV ?tit( tt)s
(tJjv
diroAoycos,
"Antiq."
HpiaTuv
7
.
\x.
10),
tkirty-cne
evl
apxhv
a! to.
SiotKrjad^fUos
tov
10,
rp6nov
Ztzctiu
ko\
TpiaKovra,
"Antiq."
Kara
xiii.
and
th, ,t ,/.//,,;,
years of reign
Asmonsean family i> remarkable. It may be that the striking was considered less of a prerogative. Such was lie case in India. Babur and Humayun would not put tie u mark on their copper coins (Thomas, " I'atlu'm kings of Dehli."
of copper
p.
apxh" KaAAiirra SioiKTjrras eV Tpta'tv /fa! rpiaKovra 6'Aois inaiv. "Bell. Jud." i. 2, 8). We have two certain dates to calculate from. We know thai the first year of Hyrcanus L
tV
383),
silver
and
p.
5
and Akbar's mints define the limited mintaud the large range of copper (Thomas,
n.s. 1872, p. 9.
of gold
op.
128).
Antiochus
VII.
"Rev. Arch."
76
NUAIISMATA ORIENTALIA.
Obverse.
Reverse.
M.
Lily.
BI1P
(De Saulcy, " Num. Jud."
pi. iii.
(a.s.
182=b.c.
) 131.
p. 67.)
Nos. 13, 14
After the
death
of
Antiochus, ia
B.C.
129, and
on the
conclusion
of
the
treaty with
alliance with
Obverse.
1.
Reverse.
^E.
3.
J)^
Two
cornua-copia},
urnm
iraniScn]
i-e.
DHinran
pmm
of the
(Formerly in the Cab. of the late Mr. Wigan; Madden, "Jew. Coinage," p. .57, No. 3 cf. De Saulcy, " Num. Chron." n.s. 1871, " Num. Jud." pi. xx. No. 3 Merzbacher, " Zeitschxift fur Num." 1876, vol. iii. p. 195, No. 26.) p. 237, No. 1C
;
The following
(2)
varieties occur
A
pmm
yr\
(3)
A pmm
nn pan
<n
(4)
A
pmrv
pan
n nam bi
Tin*
nam
"?
ru pa mn nam
D
(De Saulcy, "
Num. Chron."
No.
19.)
n.s. 1871,
(De Saulcy,
op. cit.
No.
18.)
(De Saulcy,
op. cit.
No.
17.)
p. 237,
A specimen
Museum
appears to be undated (" Cat. of the coins of the Seleucids," p. 7o, pi. xx. No. 14).
WORD
*!"!
77
A
.
(6)
A
^un pan
sn p
.
Sn:
No. 12.)
(Merzhacher, op.
m
iii.
nam
"Num. Jud."
pi.
iii.
....
(De Saulcy, " Num. Jud."
pi.
cit.
DHin
No. 30;
cf.
De
Saulcy,
No.
11.)
is
the
initial
letter
of
II.
the
name
of
Alexander, 12 8.
B.C.
1
relates
to
the
Zebina in
B.C.
probably in circulation
"With respect
to
about
B.C.
124
the
word
"12!"!
[%
Nuntiorum gnarus,
"Is qui
Deum
cognoscit," Freytag
it
from
Reichardt
explains
man," in contradistinction
preferred
a
to so to
many
high-priests
it
who
of
were "illiterate
Juifs."
3
men";
whilst
De
Saulcy originally
interpret
Cavedoni,
of
however,
cannot understand 4
why
title
king
of
Jewish
descent
and
the lineage
" friend
of the
Jews."
He
says, " It
p.
4G2).
called himself $i\e\\T]v (Joseph. " Antiq." xiii. 11, 3), but I of Jewish origin called himself
<I>i\.oiov8aios.
Therefore, I
gens,
consider that
we must read
Vechebcr,
i.e.
societas,
natio,
populus,
and that these coins were struck In a similar manner are found in
20),
3,
its
king John.
viii.
Judas Machabams
sutnmus
et fratres ejus
populus (to
(ical
TrXrjOos)
Judceorum, and
in
Maccab.
xii.
Jonathas
sacerdos et gens
Judceorum
tation,
to
means a
and that
if
Jews were meant, the form would be Wehajehudim, and not Wecheber hajehudim.
the
Also among
denoted by
Phoenicians
(viz.
the
inscription of
Marseilles), the
eTaipelcu
(Societies) are
... In
mentioned in the
side stand the
Senate,
and by their
the Curia?.
is
Romans
As
the Suffetes
accordingly equivalent
the
and Elders
(ytpovTes)
or
Senators.
edicts,
'
...
The
3
So
now among
Jews
is
there
De
8aulcy,
p.
"Num.
13.
"Rev. Arch."
("Bibl.
w.B.
1ST-',
Cavedoni's
lettei
Num."
p. .382.
"Num. He
p.
p.
84;
"Rev. Num."
n.s.
1864, vol.
i\.
that this
aa?
1877,
4
86)
and that it denotes a coron a aurea, cannot be accepted (Madden, "Jew. Coinage," p. 57).
2
page 78.
"Bibl.
Num."
vol.
ii.
p.
II.
"
Jiid.
Miinzcn,"
p. 50, note 3.
78
Jews.'
NUMISMATA OBIENTALIA.
"
J
Cavedoni
further
in
suggests
that
it
7ro\irevfj,a
'IovSaicov,
which occurs
a well-known
decree
its
Jews
of
Berenice
in
the Cyrenaica, 3
of opinion
and that
Senate
we
find
on
.
the
.
coins,
besides
the
governing
body the
iepecov
DTliTn
xiv.
"HPI "
Patriciat,
(1
that
iii.
is
(1
Maccab.
28), or
Maccab.
to
unreservedly accepted
Obvekse.
7.
Reverse.
JE. 3.
31PP
Two
nana
mS-un
rrma
.cnra
i.e.
jron
pirn
of the
p. 54,
No.
1.)
The following
(8)
may
be found
prnm
tin jron
*n
pmm
n:n jron
m
;
prune*]
-am b cmn
f.
;
n
1876,
-nm
h
De
nm
(Merzbacher, op.
Sauley, op.
cit. cit.
nam nn nmn
(De Sauley, op. cit. No. 10; cf. "Num. Jud." pi. iii. No. 1 (sic) "Qill; pi. iii. No. 6,andxx.No. 1 (*ic)"13nni; Levy, "Jud. Miinzen," p. 50, note 2; Madden, " Jew. Coinage," p. .34, note 2.)
(Merzbacher, "Zeitschril't
vol.
iii.
Num."
No. 14 cf. De Sauley, "Num. Chron." n.s. 1871, vol. xi. p. 237, No. 12.)
p. 193,
xiii.
42,
mention
yzpova'ia.
2
3 4
made
whom
the
tation,
" The governor and leader of the Jews." This interprehowever, has not met with the support of either Dr.
p. 122) or
was composed (see p. 61, note 4). " Nuovi studi sopra le antiche monete Giudaiche," pp. 13, 14. "Corpus Inscr. Grac." No. 5361 cf. 2 Maccab. xii. 7.
;
See
Chapter VI.
p. 643,
Sect. B. Archelaus.
Ewald ("
Gott. gel.
vol.
ii.
Anz." 1855,
more
Num."
'
("On) would be
'
pretation of the
in justice to
"On
as
correctly rendered
its
by
' '
as
"On
is
used in
"On may
been above given, that this works of either Geiger or Derenbourg, still doubts if the rendering of "QH by " Senate" will become the accepted version
of this
Mr. Eeichardt, whose inter" doctor " or " learned man " has writer, though not having seen the
or commander."
This
agrees with
the words of
Maccab.
I.
79
(13)
pmm
pan n nam Sn
:n
(12)
uimn*
[n
ami*]
pan
n p[an p
(**)
cna]ni Si:
[*]nn*n
naai bnu]
*nn*
tann*
(Merzbacher, op.
cit.
n
No. 15
bis.)
(De Saulcy,
op. cit.
No.
(14)
mm
[jinan
(w)
[mm*
(16)
mm
djh
(*w)
p
n
('<o
pan p
? ?
pan
[p]
V-nn
cit.
nmn
(Merzbacher, op.
nnnn b imn
"Num.
;
No. 17 Aw.)
(De Saulcy, op. cit. No. 6; cf. No. which in the third line reads Dill.)
8,
(Reichardt,
vol.
ii.
in
Chron." n.s. 1862, cf. Reichardt, No. 4 Egger's " Wien. Num. Monatsh."
p. 270,
De
7.)
Saulcy,
"Num.
Jud."
pi.
iii.
No.
(i7)
mm
nnn p
(*<o
(is)
in*
()
in*
nan pn
i
an
.
\:r\
rfen
ym
n
-inn
}
.
na
.
p
.
am
....
No.
*m
De Saulcy,
Jud."
pi.
o/>.
('c
cit.
No. 7;
5,
cf.
"Num.
(Merzbacher, op.
cit.
p.
cit.
194,
No. 20;
3.)
(De Saulcy,
Jud."
line
pi.
op. cit.
iii.
No. 5;
2,
cf.
"Num.
iii.
Nos. 4 and
giving the
in
De
Saulcy, op.
No.
reading in third
name
as |31i"P Jehonan,
(.sic)
and reading
{sic)
?"Un.)
third line
rbl and
"till.)
(20)
in*
(21)
in*
(22)
cm*
[n]
m
Tin
pn
pan pn
i
pni
p
('c )
yun
man
frnttn
an
[n
pa n nam
m
Icy, op. cit.
?m
cit.
No .2.)
(Merzbacher, op.
No.
22.)
cit.
No
23
23
(24)
na
\t\
(sjc)
bnyn
eft.
Xo.
4.)
(De Saulcy,
op. cit.
No.
1.)
so
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
Obverse.
25.
Reverse.
Tvto cornua-copise, between -which a poppy-head.
M.
3.
Din*
narona vvrbxi
n^nmn
D*["ll]
Sun pan
Rosh
pain*
Cheber
Hakhohcn
'
'
Haggadol
Hajehudim,
p. 58,
No. 4
cf.
De
Saulcy,
pi.
iii.
No.
3.)
The following
(26)
varieties occur
(27)
(28)
in*
n pan p
E>s*n
nan pn
n y-un
|
pan pn
an 'run n nan b>
-in*
Snj
*n
nnn
nan
^k
Num."
;
*nn
(De Saulcy,
in*n
(Mcrzbacher,
1876, vol.
"Num.
"
Zeitschrift
p.
cit.
f.
(De Saulcy,
op. cit.
No.
13.
iii.
191,
No. 10
14.)
cf.
De
Saulcy, op.
No.
(29)
in*
(30)
in*
[plan
pn
an pn bnjn rn
nann
*n
(Reichardt,
ann p&n
wrw
HI
ii.
n
p.
"Num. Chron."
p. 269,
No.
3.)
(Reichardt, in Egger's
ef.
" Wien Num. Monatsh." 1867, Merzbacher, op. cit. p. 192, No. 13.)
106
interpretation of the
word t?Nn
[{Ju\j
"
Caput
gentem."
Freytag.]
is
as
full confirmation.
woodcut there
Dr. Merzbacher suggests ("Zeitschrift fur in this line. wreath surrounding the legend, which is perhaps likely.
Num."
1876, vol.
iii.
81
two cornua-copioo
the Seleucida;
first
on the occasion of
marriage with
an
Egyptian
coins
of
met with on
Zebina
type
(b.c.
128-122).
occur on
a unique
tetradrachm of
I.
Cleopatra,
B.C.
and the
Balas,
of
150. 4
The
on
the
above-described
coins
Hyrcanus
I.
5
probably
coins
origin
of
If the
with
the
this
two cornua-cojjia)
originated
Alexander
6
II.
it
Zebina,
then
John Hyrcanus
made
j\,
and
helps
it
to
king,
unless indeed
denotes the
The
itself
John
Hyrcanus. 7
coin with
The small
Hebrew
8
inscription within
A.,
was
first
assigned by
9
Abbe Cavedoni,
to
to his father
(year
30),
and not
L.
(year
1).
C.
Judas Aristobulus,
b.c.
100
b.c.
105.
Immediately after the death of John Hyrcanus, Judas Aristobulus 11 succeeded, and in addition
to the priest-hood, took the title of king, this
being the
to
first
His mother,
the
government
by
will,
wished to reign, but Aristobulus put her in prison, and caused her to be starved to
death.
He
of this expedition,
On the golden octrodrauhms of Arsiuoe, wife of Ptolemy Philadelphna (b.c. 279). 2 R. S. Poole, Smith's " Diet, of the Bible," s.v. Money. Mionnet, vol. v. p. 83, Nos. ::;i). ;:;i Onnlner, "Cat.
1
;
" Nuovi
Studi
sopra
le
antithe
Monete
Giudaiche,"
p. 13.
' Cf. Merzbacher, " Zeits. f. Num." 1876, vol. iii. p. 195. Josephus gives him the Hebrew name, Judas, as well as the Greek one, Aristobulus (" Antiq." xx. 10, 1).
12
ol
Museum,"
p. 82.
E. 8. Poole, he. at. The coin referred to, which is in the Museum, was strui a1 Sycamina in a.s. 187=b.c. 125. Eckhel, "Doct. Num. Vet." rol. iii. p. 233; Gardner, * Coiiis of the Seleucids, " p. 67.
Joseph. "Autii|."
xiii.
11,
xx. 10,
1;
:.
3,
1.
pwvwr)
(chap.
th^^to
Cotton),
ed.
the
Maccabei
ph. Antiq.'
uii. 9, 3.
-
!" Xlli
10,
ii.
l.
Roman Senate
21,
p.
note
13;
Levy,
"
Jiid.
Straho
(lib. xvi. 2,
however, contains a decree of the which John Hyrcanus is styled kin-, whilst 40, ed. Didot, p. 649) asserts that Alexander
title.
Munzen,"
p. 60, note
p. GO.
Jannx-us
first
1 j
82
illness
NEMISMATA OEIEXTALTA.
forced
him
to
return
to
Jerusalem, and
intrigues
of
he
resigned
the
command
was
to
Antigonus,
the
it
who, being
calumniated
to
by the
the Queen
after,
and
others,
assassinated
Jerusalem.
Not long
is
in remorse
for
his of
lie
received the
name
of
^iXeWyv 2
title of
(lover
the Greeks).
the
From
reign of
Judas Aristobulus
title
his
coins
are
of
great rarity,
Obverse.
i.
Eeveese.
m.3.
(*o
Tin*
la.
tirp
Two
Syrian
lanvVi
wnan
hiam^iS
nhin*
(**)
unwn
nam hbi pa
jm*
Jews,"
of the
p.
62
De
Saulcy, "
Num. Jud."
pi.
ii.
Nos.
1,
2.)
nine*]
(3)
Tinra
(4)
mm
"U
hn pa
*n "nan
[Til
isn
pa
Si
pa n
Si
nam
in*
nam
TliTPI
(Merzbacher, " Z.
f.
Num."
No.
1876, vol.
iii.
(Eeichardt, in Egger's
"Wien Num.
108;
cf.
(De Saulcy,
baclier,
op.
cit.
No. 24;
cf.
Merz:
p. 196,
31.)
Monatsh."
Saulcy,
1867,
p.
De
op. cit.
No.
No. 32
"Num.
Chron."
n.s. 1871,
Eeichardt, op.
cit. p.
109.)
No.
25.)
xiii.
11, 3
"
Bell.
Jud."
i.
3, 6.
Joseph. "Antiq."
xiii. 11, 3.
nmra
(6)
"nn^
3
(7)
mrr
3
pa
n ttt
^n
[n]
. .
p3
*tpi
PI
pa n
nam 77
nann hi
la
n
(De Sauley,
op. tit.
No. 23.)
(Merzbaeher, op.
tit.
No.
36.)
(De Sauley,
op. f.
No. 22
ef.
No.
21.)
(8)
"nn*
0)
tin*
(io)
_
nrv
n;
pa n nam
op. tit.
pa
(*o
S^n
pa
n iani
*ian
i
(De Sauley,
No.
20.)
(De Sauley,
op. w*.
No.
26.)
(Grotefend,
"Jalirb.
d.
Vereins
f.
Alter
;
Madden,
"Num.
Chron."
N.8.
1865,
vol. v. p. 343.)
p3
Kohcn
1
on Nos.
1,
la and 10,
there
little
is
THJ
a
717,3
D. Alexander Janx^eus,
b.c.
105
b.c.
78.
eldest
(called
of
the
three
surviving
brothers
of
Aristobulus,
when
he
of Aristobulus,
whom
act
made king by
her,
who
was
in-
disputed his right to the throne, leaving the other to lead a private
to
His
first
lay
siege
to
the cities of
Ptolemais
(Acre),
Dora,
Stratonis
The
habitants of Ptolemais
at the
king of Cyprus,
who
entered Palestine
great
battle
p.
De Sauley, "Num. Jud." p. 84; "Rev. Num." 1857, 290; Cavedoni, " Bibl. Num." vol. ii. p. 19, note 11 Levy, "Jud. Miinzen," p. 55; Eteichardt, Num. Chron." n.s.
1
;
1.
ii.
p.
270
fend,
op.
tit.
p.
;
Madden, " Jew. Coinage," p. 62 Grote291; Madden, "Num. Chron." n.s. 1865,
:
vol. v. p.
:
343
Mr
or
p. 63)
that the
" he
3
it
word h'Oi may be compared with the Arabic root was illnstrio
Jo
1
calls him Alexander Talmud under the name of Jannai (W), and his coins give us the names of "Jonathan," or " Jehonathan." The proper form is *J*, as the Aleph is oiilv a mater lectionis, as for instance the biblical name (1 Chron. But 3< or is ii. 28, 44; iv. 17) is written later \SOK\ " Only an abbreviation of }J"DV The name ''XV means a " Teach r in the Talmud (Gitlin, 60a; Levy, "Jud. Miinzen," p. 115,
Luke
iii.
Joseph us also
(Joe. tit.).
He
is
known
in the
^W
JJ^cf.
note 1).
4
'\avvaios
Alexandra.
i.
"Antiq."
xiii. 12,
"Bell. Jnd." i. 4;
84
Alexander was
totally defeated,
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
rtolemy
tlien
overran
all
barbarous cruelty of
Cleopatra,
the
conqueror.
his throne,
had
not
her son
kingdom, sent
of Zeno, he
baggage.
In these
at
home
as
high-priest,
rushing at him with their palm-branches, and pelting him with the Ethrogs (citrons).
outbreak was soon quelled, and
years of
prisoners,
civil war,
This
several
six
thousand of
decided
killed.
After
he
gained two
victories,
he massacred during a banquet eight hundred, with their wives and children, in
of his
the
presence
" the
concubines.
In
consequence
of
his
cruelties
the
Jews
to
surnamed
Syrians,
him
Thracian."
cities
that
had belonged
the
Idumaeans, and
in
Phoenicians
"
fortress of
Pagaba,
left
Peraea,
he
took
to
excessive
to his
which
soon
caused
his
death.
He
the
Queen Alexandra.
is
Of the reign
logical
frO'lIT
of
a large
number
of
coins,
arrangement
Jehonathan,
of
somewhat
difficult.
There are
coins,
names
of
and regal
re-struck
of
two
distinct
types,
bearing the
it
name only
proved
jrOliT Jehonathan. 3
pontifical
Many
it
coins occur,
is
that
the
coinage was struck over the regal coins with the flower,
is
but as
of jrO*
only
name
pontifical coins
(b.c.
78-40),
who immediately on
Alexandra, and
the Pharisees.
herself
(for
;
the death
his
by
his
mother
hands of
who with
The
is
mother
the management
is
of affairs pretty
much
in the
difficulty of
this
arrangement
exist)
the
fact
of
Alexandra
it
now
certain
that some
the flower
1
so that
had Hyrcanus
p. 247.
them on those
vol. xi.
De Saulcy ("Num. Chron." n.s. 1871, See p. 8G, No. 1. p. 239) quotes two examples of these re-struck coins
Is this correct ?
GO;
"Num.
p.
Chron." n.s.
1865,
p.
205;
1874,
ix.
"
Zeits. fiir
Num."
II.
is
1876, vol.
called
iii.
pp. 201-206.
(*JO)
in
306; De Saulcy, "Rev. Num." 1864, vol. " Rev. Arch." n.s. 1872, p. 17. p. 384 3 De Saulcy (" Rev. Arch." n.s. 1872, p. 16) is mistaken stating that coins of these types have the name written ]T\'j*
vol. xiv.
;
Hyrcanus
Jtmnai
_
the
Talmud
^^
mL Jw]
.,
._
it
is
always *roin\
FIRST COINAGE OF
bearing the type of the star [Third Coinage].
ALEXANDER JANNiEUS.
is
S5
Moreover, he
described as a
'
made high-priest,
inactive temper
At
might
to
be
by order
real
of
the
Pharisees,
of
who were
affairs,
" permitted
do
the
everything,"
administrators
of
public
and had
all
succession
of
types seems
to
forbid
mother's death,
The
coins
:
of
Alexander
Jannseus
appear,
therefore,
to
be
capable
of
the
following
arrangement
1.
flower.
2. Pontifical
on No.
1,
with
JJ"0*
the
name
jrO*
and
and fn31!T.
star.
First
Coinage.
Obveese.
1.
Reverse.
M.
"
'.).
"1*723PI
]^31^
Jehonathan Hammelelc.
BA2IAEQS AAEZANAPOY
Alexander),
(of
the
kinis
half-opened flower.
round a
circle,
within
which
Num. Jud."
pi.
ii.
"Jew. Coinage,"
p. 66,
Nos.
and
2.)
Obverse.
-'
-I-"-
Revebse.
2.
A
ii.
flower.
round
palm ?-branch.
IT.
(Coll. o\ U. v.
C.
!:
ii
nardt,
"Nam. Chron."
pi. vi.
No.
.3;
p. 66,
No.
3.)
i.
" Anti.|."
\iii.
16, 2.
i.
.Tusijil).
" Antiq."
\iii.
i.
16, 2.
5, 2.
5, 1.
86
NUMISMATA OEIEXTALIA.
The
title of
"king," occurring in Hebrew and Greek, which had been bestowed upon him
1
by Salome Alexandra,
Pharisees, and
its
shows
that
his
these
coins
were
with
struck the
before
his
quarrel
with
the
adoption on
coins, coupled
2
The
is
very similar
to that
on the reverse of a
Gryjjus (or
of
Hook-nosed), and
the anchor
is
may
The type
probably
may
to his
to
B.C.
have been
struck
at
Jerusalem
in
Second Coinage.
a.
RE-STRUCK PONTIFICAL
COIN'S.
Obverse.
iE.
circle
Reverse.
BAIA
Two
cornua-copia?,
according to the
Num."
Obverse.
2.
Reverse.
M.
ZANA. Two
cornua-copiae. 6
No.
2.)
Joseph. "Antiq."
xiii.
12, 1;
"Bell. Jud."
i.
4, 1.
The
Cavedoni, "Bibl.
pi. Hi.
Num."
10.
vol.
ii.
p.
Num
Talmud frequently names this king as "]?!3il *K3*, Jannai Hcbnmdek " the king Jannoeus " (Levy, " Jiid. Miinzen," p. 59, note 2). See p. 81, note 12, under Sect. C. Judas Aejstobulus. 2 The small _<E coin, with head on obverse, and star on the
and engraved by me (" Jew. Coinage," p. 68, note 5) as a coin of Alexander Jannm-us, perhaps issued by him during his quarrel with the Pharisees, is omitted, as I now
reverse, published
etdeGlyp."
4
No.
Joppa,
(Joseph.
" Antiq."
5 6
15, 4).
See p. 76.
BA2IAEOS
AAEZANAPOY
de
l'Acad.
des
;
(or portions of
on the same
served
at
Marseilles
(Barthelemy,
" Mem.
believe
it
De
Saulcy,
"Num.
a cornu-copia; on the reverse, is published by Dr. Merzbacher ("Zeits. fur Num." 1877, vol. iv. p. 365, pi. iv. B.), who is
also of this opinion.
Jud."
series.
p.
87;
Levy, "Jiid. Miinzen," p. 59, note 3; Madden, p. 68, note 5), is probably one of this re-struck
87
Eeveese.
H" ahove the two cornua-copiee.
3.
M.
IIAE
fxb
-inn
Traces of a laurel wreath.
(De Saulcy,
op. eit. pi. xvi.
No.
3.)
Obteese.
T.
4.
Eeveese.
.E.
AEZA
jny
Two
eomua-copia?.
n jron
mm
"Within a laurel wreath.
Si:
(De Saulcy,
No.
4.)
Obteese.
5.
.-E.
Revek-i:.
AAE
in
One
of the
two
cornua-copice.
p
i
ni hi)
it
Within
a laurel
wreath.
(De Saulcy,
op. cit. pi. xvi.
No.
5.)
Obteese.
6.
.-]:.
Eeveese.
Two
.
cornua-copise
AN.
pan
Six
(<o
m
nn
a ()
(De Saulcy,
"Mel
de
Num."
1877, p. 8G.)
88
/3.
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
Obverse.
i.
Reverse.
je.
3.
mna
nambn
nw
nmn
Two
cornua-copia?,
..
[Mnmn nam
nn^n
pan pr
' '
7b*An
JTalclcohen
Jonathan
"Num.
Jud."
pi.
ii.
p. 69,
No.
1.)
The following
(2)
varieties occur
(&)
(3)
p:v
n pan
(4)
an
py
in
pa
bn*
o/. clt.
Sn^n
m
>n
(De Sauley,
bnj
m
n.s.
n nam
No. 40.)
a
1871,
n na
(De Sauley,
"Num.
Chron."
(De Sauley,
op. <
No. 41.)
No. 39.)
1 less incorrect legends,
COINS
Obverse.
1.
Reverse.
M.
3.
1j-|>
Two
anina
nnam
nrr
i-e.
JcUnathan
"Jeho-
nathan the high-priest and the Senate of the Jews," within a laurel or olive wreath.
(Formerly Cab. of the late Mr.
Wigan
"Num.
1
Madden, " Jew. Coinage," p. G9, No. 2 cf. De Sauley, " Num. Jud." Chron." n.s. 1871, vol. rvi. p. 238, No. 31.)
;
pi.
ii.
No.
1 1
De
Sauley, "
Num. Jud."
pi.
ii.
Nos.
3, 4,
cf.
f.
Num."
1876, vol.
iii.
p. 206,
Nos. 59-61.
COTNS OF
jfiJIIT.
89
The following
(2)
varieties occur
in*
(3)
(4)
in*
an p:
Snjn
*n
^n p:
Sn:n
.
antrm
Sn:n
*n
p
n.s.
p
No. 28.)
p
Num." 1876, vol. iii. De Saulcy, op. cit.
pi.
ii.
nam
nam
op. cit.
nam
nn
(De Saulcy, " Num. Chron."
vol. xvi. p. 238,
DH
1871,
(De Saulcy,
(Merzbacher, "Zeits.
p. 198,
f.
No. 27.)
No. 44
cf.
No. 29;
"Num.
Jud."
No.
13.)
(5)
(6)
n^n*
Snj
{-)
win*
n:
3n p:
i
pa
pa
S
n
Snj
*
p
No.
n nani
*nn*
am
*nn*
nan
D*nn
cit.
D
30.)
(De Saulcy,
op. cit.
No.
32.
(De Saulcy,
op. cit.
No.
33.)
nam*
n;
(9)
an p3
(io)
vr
pa am Si
*nn*
ojd. cit.
m p
am
No.
34.)
na
S
No. 35.)
am Sin nm
(De Saulcy,
op. cit. op. cit.
(De Saulcy,
(De Saulcy,
op. ct^.
(11)
(12)
in*
(13)
airv
pap
am
in*
(De Saulcy,
op. cit.
n^n
p
n*
No. 38.)
pan
i
p
pi.
nj (o
an Sin
d
Sin^n
?n*na
No. 37.)
(De Saulcy,
op. ci7.
ii.
No.
14.)
:m*
is)
in*
(16)
pan
p
. .
nn pa
nan
sn
Sn:n
*n
p
p
(**o
Sin
p
S
No.
n*n n
nam
bit.)
nm
;
*nn
(Merzbacher, op.
cit.
No. 41
(Merzbacher, op.
cit.
43.)
(Merzbacher, op.
No. 45 cf. De Saulcy " Num. Jud." pi. ii. No. 12.)
'r.
12
90
NTJMISMATA OEIENTALIA.
(17)
in*
Dn pi
bmn p
*m
(De Saulcy,
"Num.
is
Jud."
pi.
ii.
No. 10
p. 70,
No.
3.)
said
by De Saulcy
to
be complete
that of
if
correctly
engraved by
De
the
reconciliation of
Third Coinage.
Obverse.
JE.
3.
Reveese.
|?}n
frOl!"!''
Jehonathan Hammelek,
BASIAEfiS
AAEZANAPOY
round an
anchor.
Within the
inter-
"Num. Jud."
pi.
ii.
No. 9
Madden
Jew. Coinage,"
p. 67,
No.
4.)
after
it
was
The
;
by some numismatists
p. 89
" wheel" (De Saulcy, " Num. Jud." Poole, Smith's " Diet, of the Bible," s.v. Money), and
which numismatists have hitherto hesitated to designate as anything more definite than "a star," is in reality the leading This novel view of the import of the device type of " the sun."
has been freely adopted by Mr. Gardner in his article on " Ares as a sun-god, and solar symbols on the coins of Macedon and
by Eckhel (" Doct. Num. Vet." p. 477) as "a star," an opinion adopted by Levy (" Jiid. Miinzen," p. 58) and Cavedoni (" Bibl. Num." vol. ii. p. 22 ef. Madden, "Jewish
;
Coinage,"
p.
68),
who
suggests
that Alexander
may have
"there shall come a star out of Jacob " (Numb. xxiv. 17). But been recently demonstrated by Mr. Thomas in his it has
paper
Thrace" ("Num. Chron." n.s. 1880, vol. xx. p. 59; cf.pl. Nos. 16, 17). In this case the supposed " star " on the coins of the Jewish kings, who so readily embraced Greek types, may be See p. 109, note 2. preferentially designated as "the sun."
2
(year
fi)
" On the
cf.
Indian
Swastika and
n.s.
its
Western counterxx. p.
vol.
P.
pi.
iii.
parts"
("Num. Chron."
the
figure
1880,
vol.
29, pi.
i.
ii.
No.
Monarchies,"
pp.
161,
87; Sestini, " Mus. Hed." P. iii. p. 118, Cavedoni, "Bibl. Num." vol. ii. p. 21, note 13;
fig. 6, p.
p. 70, note 8)
163),
that
largely
employed
by the Greeks,
ALEXANDRA.
91
E.
Alexandra,
b.c.
78
b.c.
69.
to place a share
authority in
the
Acting upon
succeeded
the
defunct king had pursued him with an implacable hatred, honoured his
veneration,
memory with
the highest
and decreed
first
to
him
him.
Her
act
was
to
II.,
make her
the
and weakest
son,
Hyrcanus
II.,
high-priest
but
who was an
active
She consistently
left
management
the
who,
their
abusing the power bestowed upon them, put to death or threw into prison
many
to
of
former enemies.
In
b.c.
70
Alexandra
fell
ill,
and Aristobulus
II.
resolved
to
attempt
seize
the
government.
king, and
in a short time
told
to
obtained possession of
towns.
The
Pharisees, frightened,
left
the
dying
the
queen
what
but Alexandra,
continue
II.
effect
whatever
She died in
69, after
There
as
is
Queen Alexandra,
possession
known
in 1854.
It has
" Diet,
p.
of
71,
Biog."
note)
s.v.
Balome;
Al<
cf.
Madden,
.'),
"Jew. Coinage,"
that
Janmeus (Joseph. " Antiq." xiii. 10, 1. 6), must not be confounded with Salome (also called Alexandra^, the wifeof JudasAristobulus(Joseph. "Antiq."
\andra, the wife of Alexander
xiii. 12,
1
;
called Salome in the Talmuds (inO ?^, pyobc, HVO^; cf. SaAa^iw, a daughter of Herod, Joseph. " Antiq." xviii. 5, 4 Derenbourg, " Essai," p. 102, note 2); and as the Talmuds pass
1
"
Bull.
Jud."
i.
4, 1),
probably stated
the sister of
if
the
y.rtrs
t)
the
office
of
ytyovws Mryxavev grij.Joseph. "Antiq." xv. 6, 3) when he was put to death by Herod, in B.C. 31, and consequently must have been born in b.c. Ill, before the death of Judas Aristobulus
i" B -c 105.
Ab-bet-dm
(KtW,
i
under
the
Nasi
President)
whom
he eventually
1867, vol.
succeeded (Derenbourg,
p. Ill vol.
3
" Essai,"
cf.
p. 96).
iii.
M.
de Saulcy, however,
who
pi. iv.
No. 20
f.
Num."
p. 204,
1876,
note;
married his brother's widow, though she was fifteen years his senior, proposed ("Rev. Arch." N.8. 1872, p. 16) to alter the text of Josephus, and to read seventy years instead of eighty
iii.
Madden,
"Num.
1865, vol.
if
v.
doubtful
(4/SSo^Koira instead of oy5o4)KovTa), thus making the birth of Hyrcanus II. to have taken place in b.c. 101, four years after the accession of Alexander Jannasus in b.c. 105. This seems
Alexandra,
Mr. Condor ("Bible Educator," vol. iii. p. 100) as one of is not a piece of Alexander Jannams (Madden, "Num.
Chron."
n.s. 1874, vol. xiv. pp.
309-310).
92
NXJMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
Obteese.
iE. 3.
Reverse. an anchor.
BASIAIS.
AAEZ AN A. round
Hebrew
a
(Cab. of the late Mr.
J"|
(Tau)
is
discernible.
Wigan
p.
72
cf.
De
Saulcy,
pi. iv.
No.
13.)
visible,
of
De
Saulcy
may
1
not be
to
The
T\
(Tau)
may
or
the
title,
K)lj?ft.
F.
John Hyrcanus
II. b.c.
69.
On
wishes
the
death
of
Alexandra, in
nine
B.C.
69,
John JEIyrcanus
II.,
the high-
years, 3
mother
raised
to flee for
three months
life.
5
he
kingdom
and
2
3
" Jud. Miinzen," p. 61. Cavedoni, " Bibl. Num." vol. ii. p. 23. Joseph. "Antiq." xv. 6, 4; xx. 10,
Levy,
(p. 84)
many mouths"
as years,
1.
have already
pointed out
John
Hyrcanus II. (b.c. 78 dating from the accession of his mother, Alexandra to b.c. 40) all the coins both re-struck and not re-
name and
title of
blin ]rOn
}I"I3\
which,
Jannams, his
makes Aristobulus,
The statement that Hyrcanus 6, 4. months" is contradicted by another, which in b.c 63, to have reigned "three years and as
npbs
priori
many months"
foots,
rots
"six years and six months." This agrees well, as Aristobulus was sent prisoner to Rome by Pompey in B.C. 63, and six years and six months back from this date would bring us to B.C. 69, as the date of the accession of Aristobulus, and would thus be in accordance with the statement that Hyrcanus II. held the government only three months (Lewin, " Fasti Sacri," p. 10). It may be that Josephus has confounded "Aristobulus" with " Antigonus," who reigned just "three years and three months " ("Antiq." xx. 10), for Dion Cassius (xlviii. 26) calls " Antigonus " by mistake "Aristobulus" (Lewin, op. cit.). A statement of Josephus, of the time of the reign of Hyrcanus II.,
tends to
xx.
10),
of his reign
B.C.
66.
Another
6, 1).
after the
G. Aristo-
passage gives "three yearsand six months " (" Antiq." xiv.
bulus
6
There
is
it is
stated
"Bell. Jud."
i.
6, 1.
ARISTOBULUS
II.
JOHN
HYRCANUS
II.
RE-ESTABLISHED.
ALEXANDER
Reverse.
II.
93
prnir).
in the
ASIAEQS
Anchor within
a circle.
ftn
(=*|Tton
Ma the
No. 47
f.
Madden,
"Num.
iii.
Chron."
1874, p. 310
Num."
1876, vol.
p. 207,
No. 62.)
G.
Aristobulus
II.
II.
b.c.
69
b.c.
63.
John Hyrcanus
re-established,
II.
b.c.
b.c.
63
b.c.
57.
Alexander
The peace
that
63
b.c.
57.
had been
effected
of
Herod
his brother
him
to death,
and ultimately
Aretas
induced him to
would doubtless have been taken had not Scaurus, Pompey's lieutenant, whose assistance
Aristobulus had purchased for 400 talents, in spite of the similar offers of his brother, arrived
at the scene of
to raise
the siege. 1
In
B.C.
2
63 Pompey himself
their
Pompey
of
declared in
favour of
getting
Hyrcanus, for he
Judaea
saw, in this
for the
weak
prince, the
means
sooner or later
possession of
to Jerusalem.
Romans.
Aristobulus
refused to abide
by
to
this decision,
aud
fled
offered
him a
large
sum
money.
Gabinius was
sent on to Jerusalem
resistance,
Pompey threw
after
Aristobulus into
a
short
siege. 3
person
sons,
Aristobulus
2
and his
two
Alexander
II.
and
to Pounpey for a time, but Pompey's departure from Asia, Scaurus invaded Arabia Petrsea, but withdrew on Aretas paying three hundred talents This (Joseph. "Antiq." xiv. 5, 1; "Bell. Jud." i. 8, 1). event is commemorated on a silver coin (Cohen, " Med. Cons." pi. i. ^Emilia, No. 1), struck in the curule a.'dilcship of Scaurus and his colleague, Publius Hypsaeus, in b.c. 58. On the obverse is the legend M. SCAVR. AED. CVR. {Marcus Scaurus
after
him a present of a golden vine of the was so beautiful that it was called repnwK-fi "The Delight"; aud Strabo, according to Josephus ("Antiq." xiv. 3, 1), had seen it in the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus at Rome. It is said to have borne the inscription,
Aristobulus had sent
It
" the
cit.
gift of
how
this
lor.
Havercamp).
in
field
the exergue
REX ARETASi
and
in the
"was
EX
S.C.
tb''
i
a camel
by the
bridle,
olive.
The
by an
ceremony of doing homage by the subjects of Alexander Jannams as a symbol of Palestine;" and that "according to the passing observation in Pliny ('Nat. Hist.' xii. 25) it was carried through Rome in Pompey's great triumph." Herod I., when
he rebuilt the Temple, bung
in
Bom."
ii.
p.
"Antiq."
of
xv.
11,
3;
"Bell,
conquered by
Pompey
Jud."
3
v. 5,
Tac. "Hist."
v. 5, 5).
See
Chapter X.
much
Pompey
entered the
"Holy
94
Antigonus,
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
were
sent
to
Rome,
II.
but
to
Judasa.
diadem. 2
But Alexander
coming
it
II. fortified
Gabinius
to the assistance of
councils, one at
Jerusalem, one
one
at
Amathus, one
at
him
governed by an aristocracy.
B.C.
and
his son
In
B.C.
54 Crassus
surprised to
find
(omro
5;
S'ouSec
iJAoij
iv
auTw,
the
title
REX
;
(as
this is
an
"inde volgatum nulla intus deum effigie vacuain sedem et inania arcana," Tac. "Hist." v. 9; cf. Dion Cass, xxxvii. 16); but in the Temple he saw the golden table, the candlestick, etc., and 2000 talents of sacred money (Joseph. "Antiq." xiv. 4, 4; "Bell. Jud." i. 7, 6 cf. Tac. " Hist." v. 9 Livy, " Epit." 102); hut he took nothing from
Joseph.
"Bell. Jud."
imitation)
made submission, not to Plautius, but to Pompey himself (Mommsen, "Hist, de la Mon. Rom." ed. Blacas, vol. ii. p. 495). Bacchius is totally unknown,
moreover,
but
to
whom
chief of the Jewish persuasion Aulus Plautius dictated laws (Eckhel, " Doct. Num.
p.
Vet."
278).
it
Si'
evae0etav,
Fam."
p. 115,
Joseph.
"Antiq."
28),
xiv.
4,
Hierosolymis, victor ex
illo
4;
"at
Cn.
Flaceo,"
Jerusalem.
contenting himself
with laying
tribute
on
title
"
si
vero, qua; de
me
Modena, 1854) that Bacchius was the name of Silas, tyrant of Lysias, which was a small town taken by Pompey in his victorious march from Damascus to Jerusalem (Joseph. "Antiq." xiv. 3, 2), but he later gave up this opinion, and says, "it is clear that it is the Greek name fiaKiceTos, and this name is not connected with any Hebrew form of the period" ("Rev. Num." 1863, p. 205).
i
quam
ii.
ii.
t^v
p.cv
rod
bonam meis
Ep.
ix.
putissimis
quarum
lib.
zOvovs irpoGTaaiav
"
Epist. ad Atticum,"
"Antiq." xx. 10
B.C. 40),
irptoTots d
is
cf. xiv.
4,
"Bell. Jud."
i.
7, 6.
The
The
late
Pompey seems
Pompey."
incorrect.
1
great
importance to
the
"Antiq." xx.
10).
The
among
His reference
oration
"Pro Flaceo"
is
forty years {jfarrapaKovra) in another passage ("Antiq." xv. 6, 4) should be read -riaaapa koX (Ikocti (Lewin, " Fasti Sacri,"
The Due de Luynes has suggested ("Rev. Num." 1858, p. 384) that Aristobidus, who was brought to Rome and compelled by Pompey to follow his triumphal car (Appian,
"Bell. Mith."
117),
is
The nine years referred to are those in which he pp. 9, 52). held the high-priesthood during the reign of his mother
Alexandra, and the whole passage tends to prove that he could
only have governed for "three
months"
See
Judceus
under Sect. F.
3
Hyrcanus
"Med.
A gain was the Temple entered and this time remorselessly plunall its treasures,
Cons."
pi. xxxiii.
Plaulia, 6).
Upon
dered of
up
to
Pompey.
Jew on
his
name in Hebrew could not but he cf. 1 Chron. v. 31 fioKKi, Numb, xxxiv. 22
;
Bucehi
(fiaicx'p,
vi. 36 [A.V. vi. 5,51]) Bucchiahu (QovKias Alex. jSokkicis, 1 Chron. xxv. This 4, 13), of which the Romans would have made Bacchius. opinion, however, is not likely, and in any case we ought to find
;
or
HTp^
money, which Pompey had not touched [see p. 93, note 3], and 8000 talents of gold, besides a huge gold ingot of the weight of 300 minoo, each weighing two and a half [Roman] pounds (worth say 15,000 gold shekels = 30, 000 iro\\>v ovti fivpiaSwv See Appendix A. s.vr. Pound and Talent), which had been given to Crassus by the high-priest on condition that he would touch " Bell. Jud." i. 8, 8). nothing else (Joseph. " Antiq." xiv. 7, 1
That there was so much wealth accumulated is not surprising, considering that all Jews contributed (Joseph. "Antiq." xiv.
JOHN HYRCANUS
returned to Rome.
Julius
II.
95
liberty
;
but
by some
of
Pompey's
friends,
H.
Hyrcanus
etbnarcb. 1
authority,
Galilee.
John Hyrcanus
II.
II.
b.c.
47
b.c.
40.
Antipater,
procurator
2
of
Judaea,
and gave
to his
two
Phasael
and Herod,
On
account of some
feeble
severities
committed
by Herod
government,
he
was
summoned by the
Jew,
In
B.C.
43 Malichus,
be poisoned,
who had
in
received
much
to
and Herod
Malichus.
revenge,
B.C.
governor of
Syria,
murdered
In
under Hyrcanus.
In
B.C.
40,
on the invasion
fell
of
by Pacorus, the
him
cut
off, 3
in order
to prison
for
Seleucia in Babylon,
where he remained
till
He was
death,
at first treated
to
when upwards
following
seventy or
The
coins
have been
attributed
by M. de Saulcy
Hyrcanus
to
John
Hyrcanus, and
7, 2).
I.
See Sect. B.
Hyrcanus
I. p. 75,
note
1.
Other
and the provinces in the name of the Jews led to the interference of Flaccns, who prohibited its exportation from Asia (" aurum, Judsorum nomine, quotannis ex Italia, et ex omnibus provinciis, Hierosolyma exportari soleret, Flaccus sanxit edicto, ne ex Asia exportari liceret." Cic. " In Flacc." 28), thereby showing that these religious offerings actually affected the markets of the Middleton, world Milman, " Hist, of the Jews," vol. ii. p. 50
;
" Antiq."
xiv. 8, 13-19,
21 These concessions were most frequently purchased 12, 5, 6). from the Romans with money, cf. the statement of Claudius
Lysias, the chief captain of the
St.
Paul
Roman guard
I this
;
at Jerusalem, to
i.e.
sum obtained
cf.
freedom,"
the
"Life of Cicero,"
xvi. 6,
1
p.
83.
;
Cf. Joseph.
"Antiq."
xiv.
10,
8;
2-7
xviii. 9, 1
Dion Cass. lx. 17). 2 The mother of Phasael and Herod was named Cypros [see Genealogical Table Chapter VI.]. Four other members of the Herodian family bore this name (Joseph. " Antiq." xviii. 5, 4)
citizenship of
(Acts xxii. 28
Joseph.
"Antiq."
i.
10,
cf.
12,
2-4;
(1),
d.
of
Herod
I.
by Mariamne, m. Antipater;
(2),
wife of
"Bell. Jud."
10, 3.
The
made on the
which an Hyrcanus is also called " high-priest and ethnarch," is inserted in Josephus (" Antiq." xiv. 8, 5) under the reign of Hyrcanus II., but the decree is
motion of
a Tjueitu Valerius, in
very inconsistent in
the
it is
its
dates,
Roman
letter written
its
contents to
evident Josephus,
who omits
in the
and grandd. of Phasael; (3), d. of No. 1, m. No. 3. Derenbourg (" Essai," p. 210, note 1) says, " ce nom, tiro probablement son origine de "ID3, Syr. ]J2)QO, Kvwpos (rj), nom du henne, qui, comme 'la fleur de lis' (Susanne, nju'lti'), a etc employee comme nom de lenime." 3 Joseph. " Antiq." xiv. In another passage (" Bell. 13, 10. Jud." i. 13, 9) it is said that Antigonus " bit them otf with his
I.
Agrippa
;
Alexas
(4), d. of
lave inserted
it
wrong place
p. 34)
own
s
teeth."
Alexandra,
96
were probably struck in
b.c.
NCMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
41, as
by Antigonus on
bis
Obverse.
1.
Reverse.
JQ.
large flower, of
large
to right a
bud and
to left a leaf.
palm
above, in
;
two
parallel lines,
|pdpi
beiow
snnb-n
flp|W
lira
Eeverse.
M.
Same
type.
Same
*
ttiirv
'nn pan
iii.
vrorn
tin
1874,
xii. p.
vol. xiv. p.
313
f.
Num."
It
is
impossible
to
attribute with
coins
that were
issued in imitation of tbe coinage of Alexander Jannaous, probably during this period, some
of
to
Alexander
II.
But Alexander
II.
was never
either
king, and tbe only possible time during which be could have struck
(in
b.c.
money was
when
57) he
or during the
when he succeeded
in inducing the
Jews
I
to
revolt
have therefore decided to classify these small pieces under the bead of " Uncertain
struck between the period after the death of Alexander Jannaeus, in
B.C.
coins
78,
and the
40."
Obverse.
*1.
Reverse.
.
M.
ZA
round
circle,
jl"0V
(=H3
jI"0V)-
Th e sun with
six
Num. Chron."
;
Merzbacher, "Zeits.
Num."
1876, vol.
Madden, " Num. Chron." n.s. 1872, iii. p. 208, No. 67.)
vol. iii. p.
2;
5,
2; "Bell. Jud."
8, 2.
6, 2, 3
"
Bell.
Jud."
i.
8, 7.
UNCERTAIN
COINS.
B.C.
78
B.C.
40.
97
This coin has been supposed by Mr. Reichardt either to have been struck by Hyrcanus II.
after
his
restoration,
B.C.
47-40,
or
by Alexander
also
II.,
whose
Jewish
name,
like
that
of
It
his grandfather
would
letters
EA
certain.
Obverse.
*2.
'
Reverse.
.
.
..2.
...
AAEEANA
tit. p.
Type
as No.
1.
(?)
CjmxSty]
;
\_A~\lexadras G[aiot].
circle.
The
175, No.
Madden,
1874, p. 311
Merzbacher, op.
cit.
p. 207,
No.
65.)
Obverse.
*3. JE. 2J.
Reverse.
BA
1
QS
AAEEANA. OY
op. cit. p. 175,
Kty
"7j?y
Alelcxadr.as.
circle.
cit.
Type
as No.
(Coll. of
rays, within a
beaded
Rev. H. C. Reichardt,
No. 2
Madden,
op. cit.
Merzbacher, op.
p. 208,
Obverse.
4.
Reverse.
M.
as
2.
1.
The
sun.
No.
cit. p.
De Saulcy
states
that
many
of
these
small
coins
traces of
Hebrew
letters impossible to
another pDlH,
and on
Vljn
These readings
Reverse.
as No.
1.
5.
Lead.
ASIAEOS.
Type
Traces of
Hebrew legend
jron
(De Saulcy,
iSru
cit.
....
No.
80.)
"Num. Chron."
Obverse.
No. 42
Merzbacher, op.
p. 214,
Reverse.
6.
Lead
ANAPOY.
(De Saulcy,
Type
as No.
I.
?V A = 7*1JD
within a
No. 69.)
circle.
characters on this coin and on No. 1 (comp. seem to be similar to the "nail-headed" letters usual on Parthian coins (Thomas, " Num Chron." n.s. 1870, vol. x.
1
The Greek
3)
No.
pi. iv.
4, 5.
On
the
first
piece (No. 3;
A NTI.
retrograde
The
p.
142, note).
MADDEN
13
98
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
Obverse.
7.
Reveese.
anchor.
2.
3.
BASIAEf)
Num. Jud."
AAEZANA. An
pi. iv.
rays, within
headed
circle.
No. 11
No.
Merzbacher, op.
cit. p.
213, No.
Obveese.
8.
Reverse.
M.
3.
BASIA.
AAEZA.
pi. iv.
An
No. 12
anchor
;
(?).
rays, within
headed
circle.
No.
Merzbacher, op.
cit. p.
Obveese.
9.
Reverse.
Traces of legend.
BASI.orBASIAEY.
.
or seven rays,
BA-
or
AE
as
or
BAI
1.
OY
or
BAI
Nos.
within headed
AOY.
Type
No.
(De Saulcy,
"Num.
Jud."
pi. iv.
2,
6-8
xx. 4, 5
Merzbacher, op.
cit. p.
Obveese.
10.
Reverse.
JE.
large flower.
The same
flower.
Traces of
Hebrew
legend, also
or ? {?).
(?SYNEAPION
cit. p.
"Num.
Chron."
No. 46
Merzbacher, op.
214,
No.
83.)
The same
flower
may
be
found
on some
2),
of
the
coins
of
John
II.
1).
Hyrcanus
re-
and
Obveese.
11.
Reverse.
outside, traces
JE.
of
Anchor within a
circle;
field ?
HP
abo ve,
B] A
below,
Hehrew legend
(De Saulcy,
No. 58
44
Merzbacher, op.
cit.
p. 214,
No.
81.
Obveese.
12.
Reverse.
traces of letters.
JE.
SametypeasNfo.il;
(De Saulcy,
Y BACI
op. cit. p.
and
The
doubtful,
of
last
two coins
are assigned
by De Saulcy
to
Herod
I.,
but
the
attribution
is
though they somewhat resemble pieces that have been restored to him
I.
(see coins
Herod
No.
21).
ANTIGONUS.
Obverse.
13.
99
Reverse.
JE.
Traces of
Hebrew legend;
in the field a
AAN
(BASIA ANTI??).
Large
circle,
within
star?
(De Saulcy,
op. cit. p. 245,
Merzbacher, op.
cit.
p. 212, p. 74.)
De
reserve.
I.
Amtigonus
(Mattathias), b.c. 40
b.c.
37.
II.,
his father
B.C.
and
his elder
Rome by Pompey
among
as prisoner.
In
55 he escaped with
followers
his countrymen.
War
;
and
his father
Rome
set at liberty
His endeavour, in
B.C.
kingdom with
the help of
his brother-in-law,
the
Parthians,
whom
women
if
he would
assist
to restore
him
to the throne.
successful,
Jerusalem was
Judaoa, 1
now
After
long
was re-taken
the
Roman
Herod
to Sosius,
who, after insulting him and calling him in derision Antigone, took him chained to Antony. 2
at the instigation of
mode
of treatment the
"
Bell.
Jud."
i.
i.
14, 4.
Cons."
p.
p. 203,
who
(?)
and
2 3
18, 2.
i.
Cass. xlix.
attribution
vol.
ii.
is
very
429)
who
ad of
it;
says that
"he was
Coins of
Vaillant
("Num.
Ant.
Fam."
p.
oculis integras in
ZA
Clir"};
'
quas ipsissimis
vidimus.
An
Z A.
be-
urbem
C.
SOSIVS
IMP.
Trophy,
arguunt? Josephus, Bell. Jud.' lib. 2, cap. 22 [ii. 18, 9], Zabulon Galilaea) civitatem nominat, de cujus pulcritudine sic ait quippe domus habebat similiter ut apud Tyrum et Sidona et Berytum aodificatas.' Sosius in ea pro
in
qua cusus
est
'
M.
The
p.
(Brit.
Mus.
cf.
Cohen,
"Med. Cons."
p.
pi.
lxvii.
No.
2.)
letters
ZA
have been
ii.
monetam signare potuit. Moris erat per iuitiales urbium nomina designare." Though I have not been able to discover any other "family" coins with initial letters of Cities, as the Lasi words of Vaillant would lead us to expect, it is
c\i ivitu^ iinpi iisis
litteras
(Bcger,
"Th. Brand."
;
much more
likely
;
that Zabulon
it
586
s.v. Sosia,
1397
Cohen,
"Med.
was the place at which these was " a strong city of Galilee " aud "of
]00
NUMISMATA OEIEXTALIA.
From
we
learn that
Mattatliiah,
Reverse.
to
JE.
large flower, of
MTUl^
TVPt,
PI
|PDPl; below,
the
inn T13
ttpi
-opipi
forming
legend
him pin
rrnna mttatudh
M. de Vogue, De
Saulcy,
is
some
of
John Hyrcanus
to
II.,
year of
his
reign,
41 [Sect.
II.],
have
accession
to the throne in
40.
similar
Obveese.
*2.
Reverse
^.5.
JV
Wl
priest
S"IJ
jPD
the
PlTim
a wreath.
and
Two
1."
cornua-copiae,
(Coll. of
between which
"year
Rev. H. C. Reichardt,
"Num.
vol. iv. p.
177; Madden,
"Num. Chron."
Obverse.
*3.
iE.
5.
Reverse.
a wreath.
...
[A]NTITONO[Y] round
Tl "DPI 7
Two
cornua-copia?,
between
which
(Coll. of
%W,
i.e.
"year 2."
Rev. H. C. Reickardt,
op. cit. p.
177
Madden,
struck
in
the
first
twT o years
reverse.
of
the
reign of
Antigonus,
B.C.
40 and
admirakle beauty," and, as Vaillant has recorded, " kad its houses built like those of Tyre, Sidon and Berytus" (Joseph. On other specimens, with 18, 9). "Bell. Jud." ii.
the type of an eagle, the letters
Tke
interpretation,
reserve.
ZA
on the
and Titus
[see
Chapter. IX.].
COINS OF ANTIGONUS.
b.c.
101
1
39.
Coins of
the
first
year were
published
The
coins of
Antigonus
Obverse.
4.
Reverse.
M.
5.
[BACIAJEOC ANTITONOY
round
a wreath.
TVflflb, OflniPttjl "OP! \t\ST\ " Mattathias the high-priest and the Senate of
the Jews."
p3l
Two
;
cornua-copipe.
p. 284, note
p.
77
De
of
Saulcy, "
Num. Jud."
pi. v.
No.
1.)
The
compared
reverse
all
legend
is
adopted
from
the
the
corrections
cabinet,
De Vogue, who
and
is
carefully
the
available
It
examples in
at the
French
arranged in
very
unusual manner.
the
commences
bottom of the
left
under
cornua-copiae, then
at the second
8.
Some specimens
of the coins of
Obverse.
5.
Reverse.
, ,
JE. 4.
BACIA60C
H 7"U fPD
. .
!"lTin[ft]
"Mattathias high-priest.
leaf.
." Cornu-copioo
on either side a
(De Saulcy,
"Num.
Jud."
pi. v.
No. 6;
cf.
De
Saulcy,
"Num.
ii.
Obverse.
6.
Reverse.
JE. 3.
Wreath
much
[B]ASIA[EOS
lines
;
A]NTI[r]ONO[Y]
in
two
Btraighl
obliterated).
No
legend visible.
filled
with
Num.
ii.
p.
fii,
pi.
ii.
No.
1;
p. 70
"Num.
Jud."
pi. v.
No.
2.
'
Num."
vol.
ii.
p. 25.
102
After the
first
NUMISMATA ORIEXTALIA.
publication of this coin in
my
my
In
opinion,
justice,
itself,
coin.
he
still
his
attribution
is
correct.
remarkable as being
the only specimen of the coins of Antigonus which has a Greek inscription on the same side
as the cornu-copiae.
Obveese.
7.
Reverse.
in three lines
JE. 3
IAEQ. ANTITONOY,
(De Saulcy,
Anchor.
Legend,
if
within a wreath.
"Num.
Ckron."
No. 49.
Obveese.
8.
Eeveese.
M.S.
riTin. The
table of
shew-bread?
Type (candelabrum)
off
the coin.
(De Saulcy,
op.
cit.
p. 244,
deux traverses horizontales, qui relient jusqu'a l'evidence que l'objet represente ici n'est qu'une table.")
writes,
les
"
les pieds
by M. de Vogue
first
;
money
of
the
Caliph
Abd-el-Melik, 3 are
Vogiie.
The following
Obveese.
9.
Eeveese.
M.
3.
Four
and
bunches
of flowers
i.
and V
= BAS.
ANTIT.).
M. de Saulcy
this
has, however,
coin to be
The type
as
here represented
6),
may
be compared
with that on
similar
some
is
the
coins
of
on which a very
form
and
fruit."
It
to
given of No.
8,
of its type as the " table of shew-bread " can only be received with reserve.
"Num.
Chron."
2
n.s.
1865,
vol.
v.
p.
207;
1874,
"Num.
Traces de
legende
la periode qui separe la conquete Musulmane de remission des premieres monnaies nominales du calife Abd-elMelik." " Rev. Num." n.s. 1860, p. 291, pi. xiii. No. 8
salem pendant
illisible.
Provenant
p. 231,
Woodcut, No.
3.
de Syrie
Elle
me
De
Saulcy, op.
cit.
p. 244.
THE
These coins give the
stick
SE YEN-BRANCHED CANDLESTICK.
103
This candle-
seven-branched candlestick.
was taken from the temple of Herod by Titus and carried in triumph before the conqueror,
the
as
represented on
2
arch of
to
Titus; 1
the
but
was now
all
changed,"
perhaps
foot
alluding
hippocampi or
figured
on
its
base,
and in
probability the
artist.
Representations
of
the
candlestick
occur in
the
Jewish
on
Christian
glass
lamps, 4 and
on a sepulchral Christian
Mattathias
with
the
coins of
Mattathia*
De
Spoliis
Templi," 1710.
It also
See
Chapter IX.
De
Rossi,
"
Inscr. Urb.
2
3
"Bell. Jud."
vii. 5, 5.
art.
1985,
Chapter
III. p. 36.
may be
seen on a bas-relief
That the object is the Jewish candlestick has been questioned by Martigny (op. cit. s.v. Candelabres des Juifs), who
engraved.
asserts that it has never
morte," pi. xlvi.). 4 Martigny, " Diet, des Antiq. Chrct." s.v. Candelabres des Juifs Dr. Babington, art. "Lamps " in Smith's and Cheetham's
;
" Diet,
of Christ.
Antiq."
vol.
ii.
p. 922.
'
:8
sc Emc
U3 ,-H
CO
firsthu.
after
11
gc-.g.j
13
Felix,
of
p1
o o H H M W
<
a R~
M
1.
~
<<
n
Acts, xxiv.
< -6
Dnisilla,
bn
24.
a
00
S>
-H
1). xii.).
ii.
XXV.
ifO S
<
>-
-P.
.
hs
pa
ui ON h3
c *S
x P:3-P 5
C3 C3
cs
3-g
g
of
,H
Shim
H
-
ts
cts
w o W o
1-1
o
P5
_ S
.41
a rP
EP-.
-
^ "-' ^3ll
03
-fj
<,
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T3
CD
g 9 B
12 K-2
bo
fl<
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^^Stq| ^3
00 -
!s.
a
CD
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lO
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=13
~-^-
Hi pq
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oT
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tt,
C3
acq
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ft
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<to
CD
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cn
CD
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CO
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CD
CD
:.*.-
nd
w
P < i P o Ph p W p w H P C
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^H^ 8.3
1
daughtt
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trarcli,"
king
ll *1
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c8
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pq
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p ~
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c
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s > a m _, -g o s * ^ p ^ p
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CO
C3
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C^
3c.g
_g
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o w
P
pa <i
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^5
s o S".
\J3
W^Ph
CO
t-
03
:p
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_P
03
pq
P
c5
^
1
o-^
it
U CD
3_S-^
*K1
p O H O O W
2
iw-
dea
er
Mi
-P
^1
CD
Sd
o-a ^
^=Seq O
>
S-
p
CO
3 JP
"
<M
b3 Scoh
rf Ph
IP
-
iH*^ H^
C3
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s ^
td
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ft
P
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03
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5i.
lT '>
CHAPTER
YI.
A.
Herod
I.
b.c.
37
b.c.
4.
Herod on
a friend
ascending the
throne,
after
the
death
of
Antigonus,
killed
all
the
members
of
said to
of the high-priests."
This
to the
Alexandra, he
was obliged
his wife
to cancel,
;
on
the
Mariamne
him
to be
drowned whilst
The year
after
the
defeat
of
Antony
at
the battle
of
Actium
(b.c.
31)
his
;
Herod had an
kingdom, soon
who made
him
in
Gaza, Joppa,
etc.
and in
B.C.
23
Herod's
life
series
of
bloodshed.
The aged
visit
Hyrcanus,
the
grandfather of
his
Herod
I.
is
not
1
called gives
great
on
his
coins.
Josephus
may
day,
In that case
it
only contained
(" Antii|."
xviii. 5,
him the
title of great,
but Ewald
("Hist, of Israel," vol. v. p. 418, note 4) suggests that this surname is only intended to mean elder, to distinguish him from the younger Herod (Antipas), and compares the cases of 'EAicias 6 tiiyas (Joseph. "Antiq.'' xviii. 8, 4) and Agrippa the Great
(Joseph.
who
calls
himself Maharag'a
and
in fact
Agrippa, at any
not called
Antiq." xx.
6
5, 2), is
absolutely
&
peyas,
but,
as
on the coin,
fiiyas /3o(riAei/s."
"Alltiq."
9),
xvii.
2,
2;
xviii.
5,
1,4; xx.
5,
2;
cf.
Jost, in his " Geschichte des Judenthums " (p. 319, note), in speaking of " the tyrannical government of Herod, whom history
called,
" Yit."
in contradistinction to
as
it
and to Agrippa II. The title "Agrippa the Gnat" is confirmed by coins on which (see under Sect. he is styled BASIAEY P. Agrippa I. No. 2); but if, says Ewald, Agrippa I. was so iated " because he once more ruled over all Palestine in its wider extent, it would have been still easier to give Herod a
(the title
Great)
were in derision, the Great," says, " Perhaps this arises from a mistaken translation of N3"l,
METAS
which may also mean the elder.'''' He does not, however, say from what source he obtains this word (cf. Madden, "Jew. Coinage," p. 82, and Art. Herodian Family, in Kitto's "Cyc.
of Bibl. Literature," ed. Alexander).
2
3, 1
2, 4,
Upta tuv
title
MET AD)
this
surname
14
maudbn
10
and Mariamne,
to
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
whom
fell
by the extirpation
family,
races,
Caesarea
Stratonis
to
he established Olympic
fifth year.
be celebrated every
him,
he
thus
fine
subjects
from
he
erected.
He
built a
temple of Augustus at Panium (afterwards Caesarea Philippi) and a temple at Samaria, which
Sebnste.
He
of
also built
Gaba
in Galilee,
and Heshbonitis in
different
Peroca,
besides several
other
towns, which
members
in the
of
Phasaelis
plain of
it
Jericho, after
his
brother
He
friend
on
the
coast, calling
Agrippias
or
Agrippeum,
after
Agrippa.
His grandest
in the
rebuilding of
the
Temple
at
(b.c. 20).
God
of
Israel, did
not win
for
him the
people, as
is
proved by the
eagle,
revolt,
which took place shortly before his death, when the Jews tore down the golden
he had fastened
to the
which
it to pieces.
On
his deathbed
he gave instructions
whom
at his
1
funeral,
and
about the same time he ordered the massacre of the infants at Bethlehem.
Thus exasperated
in torments,
by endless
atrocities, the
B.C.
Herod died
From
coinage.
the large extent of Herod's dominions, and the immense wealth that he bequeathed
to his kindred
and
to strangers,
we should
that
Though Josephus
says
he
to
his
3
sister
Salome
five
hundred thousand
and
iirt<Ti]fi,ov),
and
Matt.
See
ii.
M.
W"alcker,
Chapter IV.
Upon
killed
|A
instead
of
AC.
11,
These
5;
he proposes
He
was soon
|A[ MNE i* c ]-
They
XI.
6, 3)
"Bell. Jud."
ii.
"Antiq." xvii. 10, G, 7; "Bell. Jud." ii. 4, 2, 3 cf. Tac. "Hist." v. 9). Upon his death another, one Athronges, set himself up for king, but was eventually defeated by Archelaus
and the Romans (Joseph,
3
of Archelam, and as according to De Saulcy {op. eit. Types iv. and v.) Archelaus struck coins also at Ascalon, some with the
letter
loc. eit.).
(for
0vopxou),
all
Salome the cities of Jamnia, Ashdod, and Phasaelis (Joseph. "Antiq." xvii. 8, 1), which was confirmed by Augustus, who added thereto the royal " Bell. Jud." ii. 6, 3). palace of Ascalon (" Antiq." xvii. 11, 5
to
;
Besides this
authority of Archelaus.
nerod
ii.
(De
of
Types
are
and
iii.
No.
1).
None
attributions
alluded to in
De
Num.
et
d'Arch." 1869, vol. iii. pp. 253-258, Type iii. No. 2) that the following coin was issued by Salome on receiving the gift of the palace Obv. Head of Augustus. Rev. Two cornua-copioe between them AC. He considers that this attribution is
;
1874, p. 178).
Salome,
who
M. Ambivius
Julia,
("Antiq."
xviii.
2,
2;
"Bell,
Jud."
9,
1).
COINS OF HEROD
silver,
I.
107
1
silver,
and to others
of
five
millions,
we must conclude
to certain free
cities,
the
coinage
to
gold was
silver
strike
the
Republic
cities,
as
Alexandria,
a
Pompey had
from the
already
forbidden
coinage
to
be
struck in
to
be employed. 4
So in Judsea we
copper
coinage only
in
when
I.
most
part, are
borrowed
of the
Asmonaean
Obyeese.
1. JS..
Revebse.
infield
6.
BASIAEOS HPOAOY,
left
to left a
palm?-branch.
L. T (year
3),
and in
field
to
right
the
monogram
(De Saulcy,
P
_
"Num.
Jud."
pi. vi.
Xo.
p. 83,
No.
1.)
Obyeese.
2.
Reyebse.
a star;
JE.
6.
on
The same
as
Xo.
1.
either side a
pi. vi.
No. 2
p. 83,
No.
2.)
1 Joseph. "Antiq." xvii. 8, 1. According to Zonaras ("Aunal." 1. v. c. 16) Herod coined gold and silver money from the silver and gold he cut off the rich furniture, and from the vessels, which he took to assist the people suffering by famine in Judaea and Syria. Josephus ("Antiq." xv. 9, 2) relates his cutting the gold and silver off, but leaves out the words eit v6ni(TiJ.a, which are inserted by Zonaras. The silver money left by Herod must have been in denarii, and probably there
p. 23; Mommsen, "Hist, de la Mon. Rom." ed. and De Witte, vol. iii. p. 283). The small gold pieces of Amyntas, king of Galatia, said to have been struck under the authority of Antony (Mommsen, op. cit. pp. 300, 311), have been proved to be forgeries (L. Meyer, Num. Zeits. de Vienne," vol. iii. p. 437 Lenormant, " La Mon. dans l'Antiq." vol. ii.
vol.
vi.
Tilacas
'
'
p. 122).
Under the Empire the kings of the Uuspluirus coini-d, by special permission, a kind of gold (Lenormant, op. cit. vol. i.
202
*
;
is
in the account of Josephus. one exception to this rule under the Republic in the case of Coson, prince of Thrace, who, in B.C. 42, was permitted by
2
much exaggeration
There
is
p.
vol.
ii.
Num. Vet."
vol.
i.
p. lxxi.
The coining
196).
of
silver
money was
etc.
which
his
name appears
in full in
Cappadocia,
1
(Lenormant,
op. cit. vol.
i.
ii.
p.
Greek letters
Lucius Iirutus
KOSQN and in
thejleld the letters l_. B. for Consul n.c. 509 (Eckhel, " Doct. Num. Vet."
Mommsen,
108
The
a
object represented
on.
1
NUMISMATA OPJENTALIA.
the obverse of
these coins has been generally considered to be
helmet
with
cheek-pieces,
but
Levy
follows
the
opinion
of
Cavedoni, 3
that
who though
upper part
of
now
in
the
severed from
a
the cheeks
are
not
the
bell-shaped cover
is
They
are,
however,
4
intended.
it
On
an
the
altar,
reverse
is
tripod,
on which Levy
it.
a vase, whilst
Akerman 5
describes
as
The
Herod
illustrates his
as
he probably
the the
adopted
it
Seleucidae,
is
a connexion of
Cavedoni
thinks
that
the object on
the reverse
is
which the
of
Holies, especially as
on
the
top
of
may
also
refer to
event.
of
the
star allude
probably to
Herod's victories, or to the woods of palm which abounded in Judoea, and from which Herod
received a large revenue
9
though
to
the
to
the
year
of
Rome
718
;
(b.c.
it
3G),
to
b.c.
37,
the
actual year
of
the
capture of Jerusalem
but
may
of
when he
(b.c.
King
Romans
or
in
714
40),
and
would be 716
third year
(b.c. 38),
of
is
Antigonus in
of
when
the
would be
crux
B.C.
35.
monogram
also
jp
is
the
ansata,
employed not
the
sign
of
only
on Egyptian
but
on
Assyrian monuments,
as
and M. Raoul-Rochette. u
life,
in support of
his suggesis
De
be a
Saulcy, 15 however,
monogram
value and
composed of
T and
P, suggesting that
;
it
may
mark
of
TPlxoXkov
p.
and with
sopra
14
this
view I
am
disposed to agree.
p.
Akerman,
o.s.
"Num.
vol.
111.
of
New
Testament,"
3;
"Num.
Jud."
le
18;
cf.
" Le Princ.
Oliron."
p. 127.
2
3 4 5
viii.
is
p.
135;
De
Saulcy,
"Num.
Quest, riguardanti la
15
Num.
Dr. Babington
"Num.
p.
291;
"Bibl.
Num."
111.
vol.
ii.
p. 27.
"Bull. Arch, de l'Athen. Franc." 1855, p. 74. 1864, p. 390 16 From Wilkinson's "Popular account of the Ancient
p.
"Num.
of
New
Testament,"
3;
"Num.
ii.
Chron."
p. 6G.
Egyptians,"
vol.
i.
p. 277.
Sir G.
Wilkinson {he.
cit.)
says,
" The
Num. Chron."
ii.
curious fact
connected with
in later times
that
the early
"
Bihl.
Num."
vol.
p. 27.
Christians of
xvi. 12.
Egypt adopted
it,
it
which was
Uvpilov.
Ilor.
Thuribulum, Levit.
ii.
prefixing
to inscriptions in the
"Epist."
2,
184.
See
Chapter VII.
486.
10
11
Zech.
iv. 2, 3, 12.
scriptions headed
vol.
iii.
p.
12
"Num.
"
Bibl.
Jud."
p. 128. vol.
i.
and numerous inby the tau are preserved to the present day in See Madden, early Christian sepulchres at the great Oasis." " Christian Emblems on the coins of Constantine I. etc.," in
same manner
as
13
Num."
p.
50
vol.
ii.
p.
27
" Nuovi
studi
"Num.
290-307.
COINS OF HEROD
I.
109
Obverse.
3.
Reverse.
JE.
4.
BAIAfil
38?
'
HPfiAOY.
field to left
I
helmet
The Macedonian
shield,
2
with cheek-pieces.
In
f (year
surrounded by rays.
3= B.C.
or B.C. 35?);
monogram
No. 3
I.
cf.
De
Saulcy, "
Num. Jud."
pi. vi.
No.
3.)
emblems
of
the
helmet and
of
his son
Macedonian
kings, but
crest
Pyrrhus, although
kingdom.
I.,
The great
Herod
of
and especially on
on
a denarius of
those of Archelaus,
seen on
5
the head
of
Macedon,
probably with
tail
reference
the helmet of
which
fell
right
to
Macedonian descent a
little
hazardous, and
pas
du
monnaies antiques?"
It
may be mentioned
name
Obverse.
4.
Reverse.
a
M.A.
caduceus.
winged
38?
_
field to left L.
V (year
3 = b.c
or B.C. 35 ?)
monogram .p
Museum.
Madden,
n.s.
'
'Jew. Coinage,"
p. 87,
No.
5.)
The specimen
ii.
Madden,
"Num.
BACIAEfiC
("Num. Chron."
The
piece given
vol.
111.
v.
of
1862, vol.
2
p. 65).
Mr. Gardner, in his paper on " Ares as a sun-god, and solar symbiiK nil coin-. <>i Thrace and Macedon " ("Num. Chron." n.s.
shield
N. T." Mionnet
p. 486),
p.
3;
"Num.
Chron."
p.
135),
from
iii.
(vol. v. p.
Num. Vet."
p. 86,
vol.
1880, vol. xx. pp. 54, 55), shows that "the whole Macedonian is of astronomical pattern, and belongs specially to a deity
No. 4), with the supposed date |, has probably been misread, aud the
and published by
(" Jew. Coinage,"
me
worshipped as the sun"; and the interior device of this shield on the coins of nerod I. is identical with that adopted as
who
the
(TPixa\Kov).
Indeed,
De
Saulcy
possesses
one of
p. 291),
is
(Gardner, op.
3
iv.
No.
15).
An example of this coin in the collection of Reichardt (" Num. Chron." n.s. 1864, vol. iv. p.
the monojiTam
and so 1 "Bibl. Num." vol. ii. p. 28. s Cohen, " Medailles Consulages,
G
monogram ("Rev. Num." 1857, does Dr. Babington (Madden, "Jew. Coinage,"
pi. xxvi.
rjs
p. 87).
Mareia, No.
5.
184)
is
without
'
rrj
X a TV
'
8ia7rpein;s
(KarepvOev eiaT^Ktt
-p
>
and as
it
p. 291.
110
NUMISMATA ORIENTAL! A.
De
Saulcy
lias
at
Jerusalem two
specimens of
this
rare coin,
the
Une pomme
de
;
de
dans
le
champ, a droite
et
a gauche,
deux
grands neurons
en
forme de ."
On
one of
example of No.
4.
Obverse.
Reverse.
cacluceus
M.4.
(Coll. of
BASIAEOS HPOAOY. A
Rev.
II. C.
D.M.G."
"Num. Chron."
p. 90,
ii.
p. 271,
No.
7,
pi. vi.
No.
15.)
Obverse,
5.
Reverse.
Aerostolium.
M.
3.
BASIAE[Q]S HPfiAOY.
monogram Jc
No.
55.)
This coin
is in all
D.M.G." 1857,
"Num.
Chron."
n.s.
1862,
vol.
ii.
"Jew. Coinage,"
No.
16).
Obverse.
6.
Reverse.
to the right.
JE. 4.
No
legend.
Helmet
No
p. 91,
legend.
;
Two
De
cornua-copiae.
No. 19
cf.
Saulcy, "
Num. Jud."
pi. vi.
No.
4.)
this
coin
is
Jewish
I.
or
Reverse.
iE. 3$.
tripod.
cit.
HqOJ('c) in the
No. 10
;
field.
(Reichardt, op.
p. 90,
No. 18
"Num.
Chron."
No. 54.
De
Saulcy,
"Num.
Jud."
p. 129.
COINS OF
HEROD
I.
Ill
Obverse.
8.
Reverse.
floral
JE. 4.
offerings
A
;
'
letters
indistinct)
within which X.
p. 88,
(Coll. of
Dr. Babington,
"Num.
vol.
ii.
p. 6.3,
No.
G.)
Obverse.
9.
Reverse.
JE. 2 J.
rude tripod.
Dr. Babing-ton, op.
cit.
[BACIAGQC] HP.UA[OY].
No.
2, pi.
ii.
Portion of wreath.
7.)
(Coll. of
No. 3
p. 88,
No.
Obverse.
10.
Reverse.
.E. 2i.
Tripod.
BACIAGWC HP
at the base (De Saulcy,
;
within which X.
No.
52.)
"Num.
Chron."
Obverse.
11.
Reverse.
M.
3.
Tripod.
B AC
AG
53.)
Y.
Wreath opening
at the
(De Saulcy,
No.
The
in
the
middle of three of
which (Nos.
8,
and 10)
is
probability the
Obverse.
12.
Reverse.
M.
4.
A helmet?;
BASIA
C HPCXIOY
Chron."
(sic)
round
wreath,
of Rev.
H. C. Reichardt, " Zeits. d. D.M.Cx." 1857, pp. Madden, "Jew. Coinagi ," p. 90, No. 17
;
155,
156;
"Num.
ii.
p.
271, No. 9;
This
coin
is
probably the
same as Nos.
8,
and
10.
is
most likely a
1
tripod.
Comp.
of Archelaus (Nos. 5
2
and 9, p. 102), and coins and 6, p. 116). De Saulcy, "Bull. Arch, de l'Athen. Franc." p. 74;
p. p.
88.
19)
Cavcdoni
terpretation,
112
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
Obverse.
13.
Reverse.
,
JE.
3.
BACI.
HPWA.
round an anchor.
Two
and
cadueeus
crossed
saltier-wise
(Caverloni,
Akerman).
p. 88,
pi.
xx.
No. 6
cf.
No. 7
pi. vi.
No. 5
No.
8.)
The type
of
the
may
at the
It
may
extensive improve-
ments
to several
maritime
cities.
The type
of
the double
cornu-copiGD
The following
Obverse.
14.
Eeverse.
M. 3 HPWAOY).
OC HPWA. (BACIAEOC
round an anchor.
(De Saulcy, " Num. Jud."
pi. vi.
The same
as No. 13.
No.
p. 89,
No
9.)
Obverse.
15.
Eeverse.
M.
3.
[BA]D.
(De Saulcy,
The same
cf.
as
No.
13.
p. 89,
No. 6
xx.
No. 10
No.
10.
Obvehse.
16.
Eeverse.
in field to right of
M.
3.
HP (HPWAOY),
(De Saulcy, "
The same
as
No.
13.
anchor.
Num. Jud."
pi. vi.
No. 8
p. 89,
No.
11.)
COINS OF HEROD
I.
113
Ira
Obverse.
17.
m
Reverse.
JE.
3.
BACI.
HP.
(retrograde),
round an
The same
as No. 13.
anchor.
(De Saulcy,
"Num.
Jud."
pi. xx.
No. 9
p. 89,
No. 12.)
Obverse.
18.
Reverse.
The same
as No. 13.
No. 9
p. 90,
No. 13.)
Obverse.
19.
Reverse.
anchor
JE.
3.
H PWA. round an
(De Saulcy,
The same
letter
as No. 13.
N.
p.
"Num.
Jud."
pi. xx.
No. 8
90,
No.
14.)
Obverse.
20.
Reverse.
circle.
JE.
No
legend
anchor within a
(De Saulcy,
The same
as
No. 13.
No.
57.)
"Num.
Chron."
Obverse.
21.
Reverse.
circle.
JE.
BACIAEY
within a beaded
An
on
pi. iv.
Nos.
9,
10
p. 75,
No.
2.)
me
to
Alexander
II.,
but M. de Saulcy
has obtained at Jerusalem another example of these pieces on which he thought he could read
BASIA EYC H
llerod.
1
. .
-,
and
if
he
is
correct
in
the
letter H,
In any case I
am
not
1
now
Num. Chron."
No. 56.
15
114
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
1
Obverse.
22.
Reverse.
JE.
3.
BACIA
HPUA.
Jud."
on
either
No
legend.
An
side of a cornu-copia).
(De Saulcy,
"Num.
pi. vi.
Nos. 10,
11,
12
p. 112.)
first
instance assigned
by De Saulcy
to
to
Herod
I.,
but Cavedoni, 2
Chalcis, the
Herod, king of
did
not occur
on
5
any other
that
purely Jewish
pieces are
coin.
But
as
it
has
been
clearly
established
by De Saulcy
these small
always
found at Jerusalem,
it is
and
as
there
is
an invariable rule
do not
out of the
only, out of
I
M. de Saulcy's remarks. 6
De
also
Saulcy found a reason 7 for a live symbol (the eagle), from the fact of Herod having
placed a large
great
gate of
to,
the
and even
the sedition
to
which
his
B.
Herod Archelaus,
b.c.
a.d. 6.
Herod Archelaus,
disinherited
;
the
son
of
Herod
I.
and
Malthace,
but in the
to
final
arrangement he was
brother
Antipas.
been
assigned
his
elder
as
Archelaus
until
would
that
not
accept
the
title
of
" king,"
though
10
saluted
such
a
by the army,
sedition
after
title
should
at
be
confirmed
by Augustus.
he
quelled
Shortly
killing
after
the
Passover,
which
by
3000 persons,
which he
"Num.
Joseph,
set
out for
3 <
5
"Bibl.
Num."
vol.
ii.
p. 35.
'
Jud."
he.
p. 131.
6, 2
;
* 9
"
Bell.
Jud."
i.
33, 2.
"Antiq."
8,
viii.
7,
5;
Levy,
"
i.
Jiid.
1864,
p.
388;
"Num.
Miinzen,"
10
p. 132.
2,
Chron." n.s. 1871, vol. xi. p. 248. 6 " Num. Chron." n.s. 1865, vol. v. p. 206; 1875,
"Bell. Jud."
33,
9;
ii.
1.
COINS OF
HEROD ARCHELAUS.
and
opponents, 1
Judaea,
that, if
115
and was appointed
Samaria,
quickly
followed
by
3
his
(or
brother
ruler
of
Antlpas
the
other
by
and
Augustus
several
title
Ethnarch
nation),
and
Idumsea,
cities
the
steps
of
his to
father,
committing
many
cruel
deeds,
Augustus
to
frequent murmurs,
Rome, and
in
was banished
to
Vienne,
in
Gaul,
to
Roman Empire,
be
administered by Procurators.
This prince
is
called Archelaus
by
St.
'HpcoSrjs 6 IIaXatarlvo<i
by Dion
Cassius, 5
proof
that
he
also bore
name
of "
Herod "
in
common with
who
other
members
the
of
the Herodian
family, and as
he
bore
title of
be
attributed
to
him with
certainty.
He
only "
of
The types
are
somewhat similar
and
some
Asmonaean princes.
Obveese.
1.
Reverse.
.35.3.
H PU).
to the left of
an anchor
60 ji (0NAPXOY)
with a gem.
No.
1
;
in
an
oak
wreath,
adorned
pi. vii.
p. 92,
No.
1.)
De
new examples
of
this
coin,
8
obverse legend
HP ^ O Y distributed
Obveese.
2.
Reverse.
of a ship; above,
M.
3.
HP. round
?).
the
prow
0N.
4
a trident (?
pi. vii.
Nos.
2, 3,
p. 92,
No.
2.)
There
is
probably
allusion
to
his
journey
in
the
*
6
Lib.
lv.
57.
first
numismatist
Test."
who
p.
restored
to
the
himself a kingdom,
citizens
HPWAOY G0NAPXOY
of
Herod
though
message after him, savin::, we will not have this man to reign ! " Luke xix. 12-27). See Chapter V. p. 62, note 3.
3 lie is called fSavtAevs by Josephus (" Antiq." xvii. 9, 2), and the verb j8a<7<Aeufi is used in St. Matthew (ii. 22). Antipas, who was only tetrarch, is called 6 0a<riAeis (Matt. xiv. 'J Mark vi. 14, 22, 25 27); and the tetrarch;/ of Lysanias is called by Josephus /WiAeiai/ it\v Avaaviov ("Bell. Jud." ii.
;
Archelaus
("Num.
111.
New
1846,
4),
Dr. Kitto had already suggested, in 1841, the probability of coins with the title ethnarch belonging to Archelaus (" Hist, of
Palestine," p. 716).
7
have already alluded to the coins struck at Ascalon, ami APXOY), attributed by De ( =
0N
Saulcy to Archelaus.
See Sect. A.
Herod
I.
p. 106, note 3.
11, 5).
"Num. Chron."
No.
61.
116
NUMISMA.TA ORIENTALIA.
With
suggested,
that
it
1
respect
to the
trident
De
Saulcy has
from an examination
is
HPWA.
Obverse.
3.
Reverse.
JE. 4.
HP. a double
Rev.
II.
cornu-copiae.
vol.
ON.
ii.
a galley.
No. 11
;
(Coll. of the
p. 271,
p. 93,
No.
3.)
Obverse.
4.
Reverse.
M.
2*.
HPW.
PP)M
a double cornu-copioe.
,,
G0N
PA X
cit. p.
above a galley,
all
within a garland.
(Coll. of the
271, No. 12
p. 93,
No.
4.)
Obverse.
5.
Reverse.
cornu-copiae, united
2
M.
4.
HPW.
a double
filled
NA.
with fruit
;
(?),
bunches
within a
on deck a tower
crescent
(?),
near the
bow
in field,
all
and two
letters
above
(NX ?).
circle of dots.
(Coll. of
Dr. Bahington,
"Num.
Chron."
ii.
p. 66, pi.
ii.
No. 4
p. 93,
No.
5.
Obverse.
6.
Reverse.
but traces of an
as
ill-
JE. 4.
Legend
illegible,
Legend
and
illegible.
sail
;
Galley of
five
oars,
with mast
formed A.
double
cornu-copiae,
No.
5,
near the
bow
in field crescent
and two
but no dotted
circle apparent.
letters
cit. p.
above (NX?).
p. 93,
(Coll. of
66, pi.
ii.
No. 5
No.
6.)
An
De
6,
obtained at Jerusalem by
Saulcy,
G0NA (P)XO.
. 3L
on the
3 4
left side of
the obverse. 4
" Num. Chron." n.s. 1871, vol. xi. p. 250, No. 63. Comp. coins of Antigonus (Nos. 8 and 9, p. 102) and a
No.
59.
ii.
p. 66, note.
coin of
Herod
I.
(No.
8, p. 111).
COINS OF
HEROD ARCHELAt S.
T
117
Obverse.
7.
Reverse.
M.2.
HP.
Type
unintelligible.
(British
PC NX
in
two
lines.
No.
7.)
The
word
letters
three coins
the
60NAPXOY.
6,
2
suggests
further
.
and X on No.
Saulcy,
these
but gives no
specimen of
published by
De
the
U)A.
a as
cornu-copige."
The types
anchor, 3
of
the reverses of
to
coins,
has
already
been
noticed
regards the
cities of
bear reference
seaport
Coesarea, Sebaste,
ratified
were
conferred
will. 4
upon
him
by Augustus,
when
the
latter
the
main
points
of
Herod's
Obverse.
8.
Reverse.
M. U.
HPUAOY. A
a grape leaf.
G0NAPXOY. A
caduceus.
which hangs
and cheek-pieces
in field to
left
small
(De Saulcy,
"Num.
Jud."
pi. vii.
p. 94,
No.
8.)
Obverse.
9.
Reverse.
M.
3*.
The same
as No.
eOH PXOY
pi. vii.
(sic).
No. 8
No.
9.)
Orverse.
10.
Reverse.
of grapes
M.
3.
[HP]WAOY.
Bunch
with
[G0NAPXOY.]
5
;
Ilnornamented caduceus."
pi. vii.
No.
p. 95,
No. 10.)
564) from
le
This piece
of
is
given by Mionnet
I)c
(vol.
v.
p.
(lie
3 *
" Num. Chroa." n.s. 1871, vol. xi. p. 249, No. 60. Alexander Jamueus, p. 86; Eerod I., p. 112. " Bell. Jud." ii. 0, 3. Joseph. " Antiq." xvii. 11, 4
;
Collection Chamillard.
know what
has
become
and only gives an imperfect representation from a Bimilar example in the collection of M. Ed. Delessert.
it,
118
The helmet and
caduceas seem
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
to bear allusion to his
I.
1
also
Cavedoni
considers
and
Felicity.
C.
Herod Antipas,
b.c.
a.d. 40.
of
Though
" the
will,
originally left of
him,
yet
in
the
3
final
arrangement of Herod's
married
I.
was
named
"Tetrarch
Galilee
and
Peraea."
He
first
the
daughter
of
Aretas, king of Arabia Petraaa, but while on a visit to his half-brother Philip
he persuaded his
wife
Jewish law.
loss.
Upon
this
have
whom
as cruel, tyrannical
and unscrupulous. 5
He
enlarged and adorned several places in his dominions, restoring Sepphoris and Betharamptha,
Tiberias, in
honour of the
Emperor
Tiberius, with
whom
go to
Rome
to obtain
the
title
I.,
Caius, opposed
this request,
He was
consequently
where he eventually
This
called
Herod by
St.
Matthew,
St.
Mark,
St.
and
title
Tetrarch?
when
the trial was adjourned on account of the absence of Agrippa; and a second hearing in Gaul, in the presence of Agrippa himself. The trial having been adjourned from Bains
to Lyons,
2 3
vol.
i.
p. 58.
"Antiq." xvii. 8, 1; 'Hp^S-jjs & TtTpapxyi, rtTpapxovvTos Acts xiii. 1 is. 7 Luke iii. 19 Antipas had stealthily ttjs YaMXaias 'HpdSov, Luke iii. 1. "that fox," Luke xiii. 32) followed his brother (comp.
Matt. xiv.
; ; ;
"Bell. Jud."
(E. S.
vol.
i.
9,
6) the place of
It has also
been suggested
a
Matt.
ii.
22.
;
town
is
Lugdunum Convenarum,
Matt. xiv. 9
Luke
iii.
19
xiii.
31.
town
ix.
John the Baptist (Matt. xiv. 3-12; Mark vi. 17-29; Luke 9), and it was to Antipas that our Lord was sent by Pilate
for
6
7
on the right bank of the Garonne, at the foot of the Pyrenees, now St. Bertrand de Comminget, as a town on the frontier like this would satisfy both passages of Josephus.
of Gaul, situated
9
examination (Luke
Joseph. " Antiq."
xxiii.
6-16).
;
The
title
xviii. 2, 3
;
"
Bell.
vi.
Mark
9,
;
1.
part of a province.
Tetrarch properly means the prince of a fourth Thessaly was divided into four tetrarchics,
ix. p.
6 $ao-i\d<s
'Hp^Sijs,
Mark
vi. 14.
and
Philip
I.
8 Mr. Lewinisof opinion ("FastiSacri,"p. 261) thatthebanishment of Antipas to Spain was decreed, not at Baise, in a.d. 39, and states that the probability is, as was but in Gaul in a.d. 40 commonly the case in audiences before Caligula, there were two hearings; one at Baioe, when Agrippa's envoy was present, and
;
confirming the
will
of
Herod
The title was by Augustus, when Archelaus had half (two Ethnarch (see Chapter V.,
430).
II.
into
two
ii.
tetrarchies (Joseph.
6,
Jud."
and Antipas and Philip the remaining half divided "Antiq." xvii. 11, 4; "Bell, Both Antipas and Philip are called Tctrarchs 3).
COINS OF
HEROD ANTIPAS.
119
Obverse.
1.
Reverse.
JE.S.
HP.
TGTPA.
(HPWAOY TG;
TIBGPIAC
in
two
TPAPXOY.)
Palm-branch.
(Cab. des Medailles, Taris
p. 97,
No.
1.)
Obverse.
2.
Reverse.
uE.
6.
HPUAOY
In
field L.
branch.
Palm-
TIBGPIAC
No. 16
in
two
" Tresor,"
pi. lis.
p. 97,
No.
2.)
Obverse.
3.
Reverse.
M.
4.
HPW
TPAPXOY.
(De Saulcy, "
Same
TIBGPIAC
in
two
Num. Chron."
No.
74.)
This piece
is
Reverse.
.
4.
M.
Z.
WAOY
TG
Same type
and date.
(De Saulcy,
op. cit. p. 254,
No.
75.)
Obverse.
5.
Reverse.
Infield J
.... T withm p u
p. 272, pi. vi.
,
M.2.
L.
H[PW]AOY. A
(year 33).
2
palm-branch. 1
a laurel wreath.
Madden, " Jew. Coinage,"
No.
,,
Ar
(Coll. of
Num. Chron."
>-.s.
1862, vol.
ii.
No. 5
p. 98,
5.)
in
the
New
Testament
(see
Table at commencement of
1)
this
Chapter,
kingdom
see
p. 104).
was
also a tetrarch,
References to the "Tresor" are to Ch. Lenormant's " Tresor de Numismatique et de Glyptique. Numismatique des
'
tV
ii.
11, 5
but
" Antiq." xviii. 6, 10; xx. 7, 1 cf. xix. 5, 1). Herod I. was made tetrarch of Juda;a, together with his brother Phasael, " Bell. Jud." i. 12, 5). by Antony (Joseph. "Antiq." xiv. 13, 1
;
Mr. Utting.
120
NUMISMATA OEIENTALIA.
Obverse.
6.
Eeveese.
M.
4.
HPWA[OY
In
field L.
TeT]PAPXOY.
Palm-
TIB6PI AC
in
two
branch.
AA
(year 34).
pi.
("Tresor,"
"Jew. Coinage,"
p.
98,
No.
3.)
De
appears
Saulcy
to
(op. cit.
p. 254,
Nos. 76, 77) publishes two examples of this coin, one of which
similar to No. 2.
be
large
piece
is
also a
specimen a
size larger.
Obverse.
T.
7.
Reverse.
M.21.
In
HPOAOY TETPAPXOY.
field L.
Palm-
Tl
BE PI AC
in
two
branch.
AZ
(year 37).
(Leake,
"Num.
Hell." p. 40
p. 98,
No.
4.)
Obverse.
8.
Reverse.
JE.
4.
TPAPXOY.
date.
TIBGPIAC
No.
78.)
in
two
(De Saulcy,
On
on the
the
year 43,
the
title
TGTPAPXOY
is
the
palm
on
all
other pieces
it
is
on the right.
Obverse.
9.
Reverse.
M.4.
L.
HPWAOY...
(year 38).
Same
type.
Infield
TIBC PI AC
in
two
lines
within a wreath.
AH
(De Saulcy,
op.
cit.
p. 254,
No.
79.)
De
to a.d. 34-35.
There
is
no reason
why
am
in
on the
obverse,
and type a
large
palm,
the
reverse
un254,
this coin,
tion,
which
is
De Saulcy
(op. cit. p.
Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge (Dr. Churchill "Cat. of a selection from Col. Leake's Greek Coins," p. 12, No. 76, 1867). 2 See Table at end of Section E. A piece with no legend
the
Babington,
No. 80) among coins of Antipas, but with the qualifying words, " Cette piece est-elle d'IIerode-le-Tetrarque ? Je me garderai
bien de l'affirmer."
121
as
which,
1
by Antipas
in
honour of
the
Roman Emperor
33,
Tiberius.
supposed to be the carina communis, and to bear reference to the adjacent Lake of Gennesareth,
or
Sea
of
Tiberias. 2
The years
33-34.
34
and 37 of his
reign
3
correspond
to
it
a.d.
29-30,
in
a.d.
a.d. 30-31,
and
first
a.d.
that
perhaps
was
29-30, the
live in
title
year of which
the
we
Galilee, in
is
town
of
Tiberias, of
On number
is
5 the
Tetrarch
initial
omitted,
final
and
instead
of
TIB6PIAC
letters
the
name
abbreviated, and
the
T and
Siloam,
given.
village
of
near Jerusalem.
Obverse.
10.
Re VERSE.
Palni-
M.
5.
HPQAHC TGTPAPXHC.
In
field L.
branch.
MT
(year 43).
pi.
("Tresor,"
"Jew. Coinage,"
p. 99,
No.
6.)
Obverse.
11.
Eeverse.
^.4
branch.
In
field L.
Palm-
rAlfi
KAICAP.
TEPMANIKO
in
four lines
within a wreath.
p. 99,
("Tresor,"
pi. lis.
No.
7.
The
Doct.
Num. Vet."
1
A
.
coin of the
Emperor Claudius,
EAPOE KAAYA
13).
"Ann.
de la
L.lf
(year
Rev.
PLC
in
two
Felix [see Chapter VII.]. M. de ("Num. de la Terre Sainte," p. 334; Soc. Franc;, de Num." 1869, vol. iii. p. 267) a of Claudius, struck at Tiberias Obv. No legend.
M.
proves
tetrarch Antipas.
On
dominions to Agrippa
his death, in a.d. 44,
government
[see
Sect.
F.].
In the
first
"Antiq." xx.
a.d.
8,
4;
"
and a.d. 54, i.e. during the reign of Claudius, Tiberias was under Roman control. The date L.IT (year 13) can only refer to the
Bell.
Jud."
ii.
13,
2),
consequently between
44
Head bare. Rev. TIB L. in two lines within a wreath, and the date [_. (year 33 of the era of Tiberias) is assigned by him to a.d. 53. As, however, his coin is said to be en tresmauvais etat de conservation, it may be that his reading is erroneous, and that the piece is a similar one to that in the collection of Mr. Reichardt. That Claudius was a benefactor to Tiberias may be assumed from the fact that on the coins of Trajan and Hadrian struck at this town the surname occurs (De Saulcy, op. cit.).
AT
AT
KAAYAieON
2
Cavedoni,
"
Bibl.
Num."
vol.
ii.
p. 34
cf.
Joseph. "Bell.
Imperial year,
i.e.
la Tilu'riadr," in the
iii.
"Ann.
de la Soc.
may be found on
Num."
1869, vol.
p. 270.
16
122
Obverse.
12.
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
I
Reverse.
IE. 5.
tree
HPQAHE TETPAPXHE. A
an
orange-tree
fig;
in
four lines
or
laden
with
fruit
in
field to left
ETC,
to right
MT
(year
43).
;
De
Saulcy,
p. 92.)
Obverse.
13.
Reverse.
M.
branch
4.
;
HPOAHS TETPAPXHC.
in field L.
Palm-
fAlO KAIIA.
TEPIV1.
SEB. within
a wreath.
MA
(year 44).
(Eckhel,
vol.
iii.
and Galland.)
The
earliest
known
The
coin of
33),
in a.d. 29-30.
MT
39-40.
coin
has,
however, been
This
has
by Eckhel
MA
(year 44).
39. x
late
been
condemned on
more
strict
examination of the
researches
2
)
which
that
I
a
have
coin
been
aided
this
by
date
the
Mr. Lewin's
really
valuable
seems
to
prove
with
might
have
I.
been
issued.
Herod
in the
3
fourth
year
I.
of
40)
and
of
Agrippa
Caligula
had
Tetrarchy
therefore
a.d.
conferred
upon him
a.d.
a
4
few
days after
fourth
if
the
arrival
at
Rome,
and
about
April
37.
The
that
to
year
would thus
be
comprised
after
between April
April a.d.
40,
40
is
and April
a.d.
41,
so
shortly
there
(year
the issue of
L.MA
44), whilst
on his
trial.
D.
Herod Philip
Herod
5
I.
Herod Philip
the daughter of
I.
of
I.,
Simon the
high-priest.
He was
by
whom
he
Herodias,
vol.
iii.
p.
486;
Madden,
No.
n.s.
8e al
tV 'HpiiSov
irpo<rei\ri<p(is,
8,
2.
Herod Agrippa
xviii. 6, 10.
1,
"Fasti Sacri,"
p.
p.
xiii
p.
Section E.
4
1592;
3
268,
No.
1610;
Madden,
"Num.
Chron."
Joseph. "Antiq."
xviii.
5,
i.
th rpuriav &pas,
t< TtrdpTtp
28, 4;
HEROD PHILIP
her
country, 1
I.
I.
123
her
half-uncle
divorced
herself
from
him
Herod
and
married
Antipas.
Herod
Philip
will of
Mariamne
by
Doris. 2
my
4
Akerman
to this Philip,
and that
Glyptique "
confounded
the
two Philips,
one of
and
attempted
to
make some
printed.
5
distinction
between them.
to
Unfortunately,
8,
my
now
references
was wrongly
The
reference
may,
therefore,
be
is
as
give
passages
in
full
from
the
made
to Philip I. laid
Matt. xiv.
3:
brother
Philip's
Mark
Luke
vi.
17
" For
upon John
for he
19
" But
Herod
[Antipas]
the
tetrarch,
being
reproved
by him
for
Herodias
There
then,
three
passages
I.,
in
which
allusion
II.,
is
made
to
a Philip
of
brother
of
as
Philip
Herodias,
there
no
doubt
that
they allude
to
former
6
of
the
and distinguish
him
Herod Philip
Herod in Josephus.
I.
is
called
Philip
in
the
passages of
the
gospels
Of
this
no
coins.
E.
Herod Philip
of
II. b.c. 4.
a.d. 34.
Herod Philip
II.
Herod
I.
and Cleopatra
(Iepoao\v/j,iTi<;),
The marriage
of Herodias
was unlawful
still
first,
and
thirdly,
by her
first
"Ann. de la Num. Soc. Franc." 1869, vol. iii. p. 264), who, commenting on the two remainiug passages quoted by me, feared " qu'il n'y ait eu lu une confusion de noms." 6 There isamistake in the art. Herodias (in Smith's " Diet, of
the Bible ") by the Rev. E. S. Ffoulkes.
It
is
who was
4
;
the Jewish law to marry his brother's wife (Levit. xviii. 16,
xx.
21
Alford,
Eitto's
Matt.
xiv.
Madden,
art.
Jlerodian
/.in
2 3
4
" Cyc.
30, 7.
" Herodias first married Herod surnamed Philip, another of the sons of Mariamne and the first Herod, and therefore her full under This should read, "Herodias first married Herod surnamed Philip, the son of another Mariamne and the first
Herod, and therefore her half-uncle."
It
is
" Num.
111.
of X.
T." 1846,
p.
18
o.s.
1845, vol.
5
viii.
pp. 133-162.
The question drew forth some remarks from De Saulcy in 1872 ("Note sur les Mon. de Philippe le Tetrarque," in the
" her paramour (Antipas) was indeed less of a blood relation than her original husband;" but this is again a mistake, as the relationship was just the same (see our Genealogical Table at
commencement
of this
Chapter on
p. 104).
124
his half-brothers, Archelaus
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
and Antipas, brought up
at
Rome.
lie received
as his
share of
the
kingdom the
was
Zenodorus.
He
is
New
is
I.
Testament, 3 and
must not be
previous
confounded
with
Herod
Philip
of
whom
an
account
given
in
the
section.
He
married Salome,
Philip
and Herodias.
4
He
Caesarea Paneas,
as Csesarea
Philippi,
and bestowed
the
name
of Julias of
daughter
Augustus. 5
death.
He He
here
fine
monument, in
which
his
remains
a.d. 34),
life
were
enjoyed
of
reign
of thirty-seven years
(b.c.
and
showed himself
to
be a person
moderation and
peace
in
the
conduct of his
mildness.
and
left
equity and
As he
to the
Roman
coins
province of Syria.
the
not
shadow of
doubt that
certain
bearing
legend
(J)IAinnOY
TETPAPXOY
the
coins
of
M. de Saulcy having,
this
publication
in
of
my
" Jewish
Coinage,"
at
carefully studied
Paris, 6
prince
which
exist
the
" Cabinet
de Medailles "
shall
be
able
to
lay
before
my
readers
more
complete
description
my
to
former book.
I have, however, the pleasure of
him
at that time.
1 Joseph. "Antiq." xvii. 1, 3; "Bell. Jud." i. 28, 4. Josephus, in " Antiq." xvii. 8, 1, calls Philip 'ApxeAaou o5eA<p<
tetrarch are
is
a description.
Obv.
ZHNOAQPOS [TETPAPXHS
Head
of Zenodorus,
to left,
I
(apxiepeus)].
KA
tov Z-qvoSwpov \eyo/J.eyov,
6
;
(Ne'oj Kaitrop)
L Z II
.
Head
Mus.
2vv
tici
yue'pei
;
oXkov
Joseph.
behind, a countermark.
Brit.
M.
" Antiq."
ofaou to
xvii. 11, 4
cf. xviii. 4,
ical /ie'pr)
Trepi 'Id/xviav,
"Bell. Jud."
ii.
6, 3.
In B.C. 36 Auranitis,
been struck between b.c. 30-20, or probably between b.c. 30-27, The as in this year Octavian assumed the name of Augustus.
date
|_.
Trachonitis,
Zn
(year
87)
will
consequently
Cleopatra, but after her death, in b.c. 30, they were farmed out
to Zenodorus or Zeno,
commencing
Lysanias "
(oIkos
Avaavlov,
"Antiq."
xv.
10,
1;
"Bell.
Jud." i. 20, 4). In b.c. 24 all these districts were taken away from Zenodorus on account of his robberies and given to Herod (Joseph, he. cit.), with the exception of Paneas, which
together with
Num. Vet." vol. iii. p. 497). The title of "tetrarch and high -priest" also occurs on the coins of Lysanias I. of Chalcis (Barthelemy, " Man. de Num. Anc." p. 281, Paris, 1851).
3 4>iAi7T7rou
4
TfTpapxovvTo^, Luke
t)
iii.
1.
Kaio-dpeta
Mark
viii.
27.
ii.
Oulatha
formed
the
i.
"house
p.
vol.
61;
in
6
iii.
4, 6
"Bell. Jud."
9, 1
" Vit."
71, 72.
20,
on the
;
Some have identified this Bethsaida Mark viii. 22, and Luke ix. 10, iu
(see
"
.
Bell.
.
.
20, 4
rerpapxlav
Bethsaida),
but there
is
-7reTpi((, Dion Cass. liv. 9). An inscription is extant which has been held to show (J. Hogg, "On the Scriptural names of Baalbec," in the " Trans, of Roy. Soc. of Literature," n.s. vol. vii. [tirage a part pp. 28-32]) that Zenodorus was son of the tetrarch Lysanias, who was put to death by Antony in b.c. 36, and perhaps half-brother of the second Lysanias, tetrarch of Abilene (Luke iii. 1). Coins of Zenodorus the
and many think that there was really only one Conder, Bethsaida (Major Wilson, " Bible Ed." vol. iii. p. 170
question,
;
"Handbook
"
S.
to
the
p.
Bible,"
Matthew,"
123;
p. 441, etc.).
6
"Notes
sur les
mon. de Philippe
le
Tetrarque," in the
iii.
" Ann.
de la Soc. Franc, de
Num."
1869, vol.
p. 264.
COINS OF
HEROD PHILIP
II.
125
Obteese.
1.
Reverse.
.
M.
A.
ICAPI
ACTU.
Head
of
OiAinnOY TET
n.s. 1875, vol. xv. p. 53,
Tetrastyle
temple;
Augustus
IB (year 12).
(Madden,
Num. Chron."
No.
1.)
rare
coin
is
in
the possession
of
the
Rev.
it.
"W. Wright,
of
21,
who
me
to publish
me
Obverse.
2.
Reverse.
of
M.
4.
KAICAPI
Head
Augustus
to
OiAinnOY TET...
between the columns L.
p. 264,
Tetrastyle
IS (year 16).
loc. cit.
temple
Num."
1869, vol.
iii.
No.
No. 2
Coll. of
Eev. H. C. Eeichardt.)
This
("Doct.
is
as
that
published
Num.
p.
490)
and Mionnet
(vol.
date
L.
KS.
Obverse.
3.
Reverse.
M.
4.
IE
PI.
Head
of
Augustus,
[OUAinnOY TETPAPXOY.
between the columns L.
frontal of the temple is
? ?
Tetrastyle temple
bare.
The summit
of the
crowned by a
A (reversed).
(Coll. of
De
Saulcy, op.
cit.
No.
5.)
Obverse.
4.
Reverse.
M.4.
laureated
SEBA.
;
Head
OlAintmOY
TTPAXO[Y]
(sic).
Tetrastyle
!'.>)
(De Saulcy,
op. cit.
" Tresor,"
pi. lx.
No.
No.
126
This
the
is
NUMISMATA OKIENTALIA.
perhaps the
1
same piece
respect
to
as
that
published
by Mionnet
on the neck,
(vol.
v.
p.
567) with
is
date L. K0.
that
it
"With
is
the
countermark
of
M. de Saulcy
the
of
opinion
rather the
initial
the
name
of
Philip
of
Bathyra,
is
Zamaride, 2
Rev. H. C. Reichardt.
there
is
a countermark of a star.
Obverse.
5.
Reverse.
M.
4.
SEBASTOY KAISAPO.
No. 3; "Tresor,"
pi. lx.
Head
of
OIA-[TE]TPA-PXOY.
between the columns L.
Tetrastyle
temple;
AT
(year 33).
loc. cit.
p. 101,
No. 2
"Num.
Chron."
No.
4.)
Obverse.
6.
Reverse.
IE. 4.
OlAinilOY T6T
Tetrastyle
temple;
Head
right,
bare
before
it
AZ
(year 37).
branch of laurel.
(Madden, "Jew. Coinage,"
p. 102,
No.
3,
late
Mr. "Wigan.
The
coin
now belongs
No.
5.)
to
M.
le
Comte Cahen
d'Anvers;
De
Saulcy, op.
No. 4; Madden,
"Num.
Chron."
loc. cit.
From
at present
II.,
as
known, are
L.
IB.,
L.
IS.,
L.
10.,
L.
AF~.,
and
L.
AZ.
F.
W. Madden.
8- 9
F. de Saulcy
IB 12 corresponds to a.d.
IS
16
,,
,,
12-13
A D. 11- -12.
j
,
I 19
15-16
14- -15.
AT33
,,
,,
29-30
33-34
28- -29.
32- -33.
AZ37
1
,,
! ,
on the authority of De Saulcy (op. cit.) that the coins 4, with the dates |$ and |_. 10 are said to be the same as those published by Eckhel and Mionnet with the date L. KS (ye ar 26), and by Mionnet with the date [_. At the same time there is no reason why coins (year 29). hearing these dates should not have been struck by Philip II.
It
is
(cf.
p.
Nos. 2 and
Section).
2 A most rare and interesting coin of this prince is published by De Saulcy in the "Num. Chron." n.s. 1871, vol. xi. p. 1G0. He also attributes another specimen to Jakim ('la.Keip.os) his
K0
father.
COIXS OF
It will be seen that
HEROD PHILIP
II.
127
by De Saulcy, and a
result.
my
table
how
I IB
Of these
coins,
those
bearing
the
dates
and
IS
were struck
AT and
AZ
With
De Saulcy
has raised
an objection,
to
the
following effect:
"Pour
celle
nouvelle de la mort d'Auguste ne fut parvenue a Philippe le tetrarque, qui d'ailleurs comptait
sa
XIX
annee depuis
le
printemps de l'an
14
et
d'Auguste."
This theory of
De
Saulcy might be of
some value
if
the date 10 were struck between a.d. 14 and 15, was positively certain
pieces to have been issued between a.d. 15-16, and
effigy
As
regards the
place of issue of
II.,
De Saulcy
is
strongly opposed
to the supposition
that
they were
struck
Philippi,
to that built
near
Panium by Herod
at
Julias,
and dedicated
ancient
to Cassar. 1
He
is
of
opinion
that
they were
probably issued
is
the
fine
Bethsaida,
now
at
is
it
Tell-hum.
Here,
2
however,
difficulty,
certainly
"Bethsaida," but
Tell-hum?
some allusion
to a portion of the
tomb
built
by Philip
of
The
effigy
the
it
Roman emperor on
suggested
a
3
these
coins
of
the
Mosaic Law.
But
has been
that
this
infraction
of religion, in
is
the
national
Law
in order
to flatter
Bell.
also
Jud."
been
i.
21. 3.
The
ruins
of
Tell-hum have
identified
221).
Its actual
p. 124, note 5.
et de
Glyptique," p. 126.
in Palestine,"
by Palestine Explor.
II.
Years op Antipas.
Years of
Philip
II.
Remarks.
B.C.
4
1
Death
2 3 4
5
of
Herod
I.
in
March,
b.c. 4.
2
A.D.
1
o-2 1
r
2-6 5-7
6
7
"
5-10
8 9 10
11
Banishment
of Archelaus.
8-H
12 L. IB 13 14 15 16 L. IS 17 18 19 L. 10
Death
of Augustus,
August
20
8-21 9-22
21
26
_27 ot 28
5a-29 26
27 ~31
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31
Ar
3~35
00
AA
L.
3b
L
-
34-37
35-fo
April
AZ AH?
32 33 L. 34 35 36 37 L.
Ar
AZ
Death
of Philip II.
" "
36~40 37 38 *i
Agrippa
I.
3q-42
40
41
_43( ETO. ^ - Mf
1
44 **
i_
L
MA
Mr
Antipas banished to Gaul early in a.d. 40, and in the fourth year of Agrippa I. holding the Tetrarchy of
Philip II.
HEROD AGRIPPA
I.
129
F.
Herod Agrippa
at the latter
I.,
a.d.
37
b.c.
a.d. 44.
Herod Agrippa
I.
was born
end of
11,
of Aristobulus
I.,
surnarned
the Great.
short
time before
Herod
I.
he was living
at
Tiberius,
and Claudius,
Drusus
unable
the elder. 1
to
live
at
poverty,
and
became
to
he
left
Borne
the
and
went
Judaea,
of his
and
sister
shortly
after
governor of
Tiberias,
through
instigation
difficulties,
with
Antipas,
he
returned
to
seek
an interview
with
Tiberius,
became
In
an
and
thrown
a. d.
into 37.
I.
2
prison,
where
he
remained
till
the
16th
of
March,
Agrippa
was immediately
set
at
liberty,
conferred upon
him the
tetrarchy of Philip
to take
II.
of
" king."
possession of his
new kingdom,
envoy,
title,
in
the second
title
year of the reign of Caius, Antipas hastened to Borne to ask for himself likewise the
of " king."
This,
;
however,
was
opposed,
first
by Agrippa's
and
secondly
into
by
exile
Agrippa in person
in Spain
[see
of
was sent
Section
40,
the
and
a.d.
Persia,
to
Agrippa
I.
In
40 Agrippa
was
at
Bome
5
in
high
up the
Emperor's
On
empire.
the
24th of
January,
a.d.
41,
Caius
was
slain,
and Claudius
succeeded to the
For
the
services
rendered
by
Agrippa
I.
in
negociating
between
the
Senate
and
Claudius, the
of
new Emperor on
II., 6
him
Lysanias
1
xviii. 6,
xviii. 7, 2. xviii. 8,
2 1
els
Joseph. "Antiq." xviii. 6, 3-9. &ic\8ovoi>v fiivTOi ou TroWiiv i]n(puv ixerairffi^iafifvo^ avrhu Thv oIkov .... f ha S rb SidSnun irtpnie-qat rrj K((paKfj,
7-9. 1;
"
Bell.
another
passage
Josephus
says
that
Caius
11, 5.
In
this
it
him
Joseph.
" Antiq."
xviii. 6,
ii.
9, 6.
it.
MADDEN
17
130
Agrippa
I.
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
now
kingdom
of his grandfather,
Herod
I.
He
country.
Agrippa
loved
to live
at
Jerusalem,
desire
and was a
strict
observer
of
the laws
of
his
Influenced by a
strong
for
cruelty,
he
" stretched forth his hands to vex certain of the Church." son of Zebedee, and cast Peter into
prison,
He
the
elder,
also.
no doubt with
him
jailors
by the angel
in
building,
of the Lord. 2
Agrippa
I.,
like
his
grandfather Herod,
3
displayed
great
taste
and
especially
Berytus.
In
a.d.
at Caesarea in
festival
honour of
of the
Emperor
Claudius, and to
make vows
At
this
number
The people
of
Tyre
it
all
stated
that
Agrippa
of
it
rupture worthy
theatre
saluted
in
notice
had taken
place.
On
the
second
closing
the
silver.
On
address
to
the
people they
him
as a god, for
which he did not rebuke them, and he was immediately seized with
substantially with
this
it
that
given
in
to
the Acts
the
I.
and the
ill
disease.
The
owl,
which on
occasion
appeared
to
Agrippa
as
the messenger of
tidings,
though on a former
had appeai*ed
him
as a
messenger of
the
good news, 10
the Acts.
12
is
converted by Eusebius, 11
who
professes to quote
Josephus, into
angel of
The death
of
Agrippa
I.
took place
three
years over
his age,
all
Judaea.' 3
life
and the
seventh
them
to it
and
*
years
6, 1. 7, 5.
Acts
1-19.
3
4
Acts
xii.
20.
add that M. Ernest Renan (" Les Apotres," p. 251) is of opinion that the symptoms recorded hy Josephus suggest that Agrippa I. was poisoned, and that what is said in the Acts about
the equivocal conduct of the Phoenicians
that they took
6
Joseph. "Antiq."
1.
note
See Chapter IV. p. 57, xix. 8, 2. The Roman emperors were very fond of assuming to
title of
themselves the
out ("
" God,"
as I
Num. Chron."
2toA?V
T<j! ttjs
ep5u<xa,ueo9 e|
apyvpov
Trenoirnxlv-qv truaav,
Josephus;
his edicts
commenced, Dmninus et Deus noster hoc fieri jubet (Suet. " In Dom." 13; Dion Cass, lxvii. 13). Caligula assumed the
exclaiming,
eTs
eVSuo-afieeos
7
ead^ra
fiaaiXiKTiv, Acts.
Ka.Tf(TTpc\f/i>,
Josephus
title,
xolpavos terra,
efs
/Sao-iXeus
(Suet.
"In
yei>6/j.evos
s 9
<TKaK-nK60pwTO9
Acts.
Calig." 22;
Kvptos
Nero is called 6 cf. Homer, "Iliad," ii. 204). by Festus (Acts xxv. 26), and Elagabalus was hailed as
Aurelian styled himself on his
Bov^ava
10
xviii. 6, 7.
coins
and
as
SOL
Cams.
" H. E."
1!
ch. 10.
also
'EirdTa&v avrbv
xii. cit.
23.
For an
The term
of
ed. Ileinichen.
Pergamus,
my
I
article in the
iii.
p.
556
Alford, in
8, 2.
loc.
may, however,
COINS OF
HEROD AGRIFPA
I.
131
Claudius Caesar [a.d. 41-44], in which time he reigned over the fore-mentioned countries and
also
to them, as also
writes, "
He had
then
(at
his
death) reigned
2
three years
41-44], as he had governed his tetrarchies three other years [a.d. 37-40]."
may
be taken as correct
Death
1st
of Tiberius.
Caligula.
I.
April, a.d. 37
38
39
Agrippa
year
2nd
3rd
4th
40
41
Agrippa
I.
Death
of Caligula.
Claudius.
Agrippa
I.
receives Judaea
and Samaria.
5th 42
43 44
6th
7th
Death
of
Agrippa
I.
in the
summer
of a.d. 44.
From
passage
of
first
quoted
correct
to
govern,
Claudius annexed
the
kingdom
to
the
province
Herod Agrippa
I.
Obverse.
1.
Heveese.
Umbrella.
M.
4.
BACIAU)C ArPinA. 6
stalk
in the
right and
left,
L.
S (year
6).
pi. is.
No. 8
p.
104
G.)
De
Saulcy, "
Mem.
de la Soc. Franc;, de
Num."
8, 2.
ii.
de
Num."
Jud."
11. 6.
hut comes to the conclusion that Agrippa died some days before
the seventh year of his reign
*
kgrippa himself,
c.
Cainm,"
11),
in a.d. 40 ("Apud Pbilonem leg. ad enumerates the gifts of Caligula, ^x a p' <rw A""
was terminated.
xii.
"Ann."
2
;
23.
daviAt'iav,
xP a s
(the tetrarchy
of
Philip
in
Joseph.
\tyonfvqv
Sect.
6
xix. 9,
"
Bell.
Jud."
ii.
11, 6.
See
tV
ra\iAaiav (Tvvdtyas (the tetrarchy of Antipa.s in a.d. 40). le Chron. de la vie et des mon. des rois juifs
I
name
vol.
ii.
written
ATPinriA
p.
on these
coins as given
493) and by
ipa
Let
d'
"Mem.
de la Soc. Franc.
Num."
p. 35).
132
Besides the date L.
coins
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
S
(7),
(year
L.
G),
the
following
states
2
dates
on
similar
L.
(5),
L.
(8).
Woodcuts
3
the dates
Saulcy,
and
L.
were published by
me
in
M. de
casts
of
these
pieces, persisted
in
maintaining
that
6).
there
4
is
no coin of Agrippa
I.
of
this type
Mr. Reichardt, the owner of the coins in question, has suggested the following explanation,
" Eckhel
and Cavedoni
I.,
assert
that
if
coin
of
the
year 9 does
seven years.
of
Now,
these eminent
men have
we have
Roman
princes
who only
1st
one day of
the
'
year for
a whole year,
fol.
commencing
So
if
year on
the
of
Rosh ha-shanna,'
2b).
one
king ascended the throne the day before the 1st of Nisan, that one day would have been said
to be
the
first
year
of
that
king's
reign,
1st of Nisan,
it
said
therefore,
though
only
reigning for the space of seven years, might put the ninth year on his coins, as
may
be seen
by the following
1
table
vol.
iii.
p. 493.
ii.
est, sur
ce point,
pleinement
Num. Chron."
p. 105.
p.
272
justifie
par
les chilfres.
A la
Coinage,"
3 4
"Num. Chron. "n.s. 1865, vol. v.p.207; 1875, vol.xv.p. 64. De Saulcy wrote (" Mem. de la Soc. Franc;, de Num." 1869,
:
le
regne de
parait
p. 45)
"A
les dates
|_.
H.
|_.
me
pour
toujours inexplicable
ne manqueut pas
lisibles.
C'est
d'un
yeux,
bonheur
inoui',
et
a Jerusalem
"
(cf.
De
Saulcy,
mes
I have again
mes mains,
je n'ai
collection of Dr.
[_.
jamais eu la chance d'en rencontrer un seul qui ne m'offrit la Mais cela ne me sufflt plus pour declarer que ces date |_. S.
monnaies doivent etre eonsidereescornmesuspectes." He therefore examines the question if Agrippa II. could possibly have struck any of these coins, especially the one with the date [_.
(year 9),
pieces could
and certainly satisfactorily proves that none of these by any possibility have been issued by Agrippa II.
by Mr. Reichardt, and these dates are certainly perfectly clear and distinct but to settle the question, the coins themselves must be submitted to Mr. Reichardt informs me that he has critical investigation. recently acquired a coin of Agrippa I. whose date is quite different -^-. He writes, from any previously known. The form is
L.
and L.
and
a ^ so casts furnished
am
De Saulcy
dit
consequently concluded
lettres
can it stand This sign can certainly not be intended for S for ? If so we have a coin of the fourth year. However, I am
'
' ;
>
" Josephe
en toutes
que
le
regne
I"
The engraver may have been . . . a Jew, and for some unknown reason adopted this form for the
not certain of this reading.
numerical sign of
6
dans
le
haut par
Nous avons prouve plus cours de sa septieme annee. les ehifi'res qu' Agrippa Ier avait rec,u le titre de roi pour
de Philippe en avril 37.
II est
A"
n.s.
;
1862,
vol.
ii.
p.
272
Madden,
la tetrarchie
mort vers
le
mois
"Jew. Coinage,"
p. 65.
p. 105
"Num.
Chron."
d'avril 44.
Que Ton
s'y prenne
comme Ton
voudra, Josephe,
COINS OF AGRIPPA
Agrippa was made king by Caligula
790
u.c.,
I.
133
before the
Nisan
a.d. 37,
from
791
2nd
38 39 40
41
3rd
4th 5th
6th 7th
792 793
794 795 796 797
42
43
44
8th
9th
when Agrippa
might
exist
H (year
8),
(year
in
is
9),
at Berlin, nor
the
British
Museum, nor
I.
De Saulcy now
(|_.
S)."
The type
of
the
above
that
I.
has puzzled
many
numismatists.
to the
offered.
the
some reference
and that the ears of corn on the reverse alluded to the bread
that the umbrella
may
we
men and
Obvekse.
2.
Reverse.
JE.
5.
KAICAPIA
Female
OIAOKAICAP.
with diadem
(" Tresor," pi.
Ix.
Agrippa
I.
to right,
figure
holding
rudder
and
(?).
cornu-copiae.
;
No. 3
Madden, " Jew. Coinage," p. 106 De Saulcy, " Mem. de la Soc. Franc, de Num." 1869, Madden, " Num. Chron." n.s. 1875, vol. xv. p. 66, No. 2.)
;
p. 27,
No.
On
1
reference to
my
"Jewish Coinage,"
it
p. 105. vol.
iii.
"
Jiid.
Miinzen,"
i.
p.
81.
See Rawlinson,
p.
493;
Cavedoni,
archies," vol.
p. 495.
"
liild.
Num."
p. 61.
134
the words
tion,
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
CGBACTO AIMENI,
1
as the editor of
was unahle
De Saulcy now
AIMENI, which
is
corroborated
by the
The legend
KAIIAPIA
observed
the
coins
of
will
be
that
METAS
as
occurs
on
the obverse of
i
this
coin. 3
5
On
is
another piece,
the
title
struck at
Its
and Mionnet,
there
METAA02.
follows:
Obverse.
Reverse.
JE.4.
of
AN0HAIQN BASIAEYS
cornu-copiae.
AI~PinnA.
Double
to left; before, L.
E (year
5).
De
que
pour
[le]
Saulcy has not a very high opinion of this coin, and adds, 6 "
II
mot absurde
l'ethinque
it
MEI~AAO ne
[
soit
pas
le
resultat
bien
If
this
que
? l'ethnique]
ANOHAION
a.d.
ne
soit
de
la
meme
facon."
to
genuine,
or
to
must have
coin
41-42.
De Saulcy
does not
7 8
allude
the previous
title
Sainte."
I.
The
OIAOKAICAP
occurs only
It
this coin
is
CGBACTQ AIMENI
Illustrations of
(cf.
"Numismatic
was restored by Gabinius ("Antiq." xiv. 5, 3; Jud." i. 8, 4), and eventually given by Augustus to Herod I. ("Antiq." xv. 7, 3), who changed its name to Agrippias ("Antiq." xiii. 13, 3; "Bell. Jud." i. 4, 2)
4, 2).
It
"
Bell.
p. 107).
" Num. de la Terre Sainte," p. 116. Caesarea, originally " Strata's Tower," was built by Herod I. It was called Casarea Palestine or Kairrdpeta 2e/3a<rWj (Joseph. "Antiq." ryi. The harbour was named ^.tftao-Tos Kifj.i)v (" Antiq." xvii. 5, 1). " Bell. Jud." i. 31, 3). It was considered in the Talmud 5, 1 (Neubauer, " Geog. du Talmud," p. 92) as "the capital of
2
De
Agrippeum (" Bell. Jud." i. 21, 8), in honour of his Marcus Agrippa [see Sect. A. Herod I., p. 106]. It formed part of the dominion of Agrippa I., who possessed the whole kingdom of his grandfather Herod I., and who may therefore have issued the coin described in the text. The city was destroyed under Gessius Florus ("Bell. Jud." ii. 18, 1), but it appears to have been existing under the name Anthedon
or
friend
Tacitus (" Hist." ii. 79) speaks of it as " Judtea and Josephus (" Bell. Jud." iii. 9, 1) as " a very great city of Judaea" (fity'iarr) tt)s 'IouScu'as inJAis). After the destruction of Jerusalem it became the capital of Jud;ea. It was the residence of Felix and Festus (Acts xxiv. 27 xxv. 1), and Agrippa I. died there (Acts xii. 19). Its site has been
kings."
caput,'"
at the time of Julian (Sozomen, "Hist. Eccles." v. 9). A few autonomous coins with the name ArPinilEQNj as also some Imperial pieces of Elagabalus and Severus Alexander have been published (De with the name Saulcy, " Num. de la Terre Sainte," pp. 234-236).
AN0HAONOC
art not Ctesar's
See p. 105, note 1, under Sect. A. Herod "Lett. Num: Cont." t. v. p. 103, No. 1.
I.
friend" (ovk T0IAO John xix. 12). The title <pl\os to0 Kaluapos was one of honour frequently given to tributary kings (cf. Joseph. "Antiq." xiv. 10,2; Bockh, "Corpus
Comp. "Thou
TOY KAISAPOS
364
;
" Suppl."
;
vol. viii. p.
see
2124,
is
2130,
etc.),
p.
108
6
7
"
Num. Chron."
"Mem.
Anthedon was a city on the coast of Palestine, not far from Gaza, and was included amoug the cities taken by Alexander Jannams (Joseph. " Antiq." xiii. 13, 3; 15, 4 " Bell. Jud." i.
;
" a loyal supporter of the Emperor " " well-affected to Caesar" (Canon "Wcstcott, "Speaker's Com." N. T. vol. ii. p. 271 Alford, ad he). See coin of Agrippa I. under Claudius, No. 1.
technical sense, signifying
;
COINS OF
HEROD AGRIPPA
I.
UNDER
CAIUS.
135
Herod Agkippa
I.
vxder Caius.
Obverse.
Reverse.
1.JE.5.
SEBA:>T.
Head
BA Ar
De
Saulcy,
("Tresor,"
pi.
lx.
No. 4;
"M6m.de
la Soc.
Franc, de
Num."
1869, p. 27,
No.
1.)
The
published
attribution of
1
this
coin
to
the
reign of
Caius
is
uncertain,
Head
of
Caius.
BASIA.
ATPinnA
l~.
Emperor with
Struck at
la
Caesarea Panias.
not published by
De
Saulcy in his
Numismatique
de
Terre
Sainte."
De
records
assisted
that
my
I
original
description
incorrect,
and
not
decipherment,
which
have
above
given.
The
cast
of
this
coin
has
me.
Obverse.
T.
2.
Revebse.
M.
7.
Legend
illegible.
Bust
to
left,
NOM
BASIAEQS ArpinnA
infield.
Emperor holding
sceptre
laureated.
in quadriga to right.
(Collection of the Rev.
E.
C. Reichardt.)
The
of
letters
NOM.
|$
king Agrippa."
letters
Indeed,
after
this
very
faintly, the
is
NOM, which
or
am
in
There
legend
corroboration
of
interpretation
coins
of
Domitian
with
later.
the
AVG.,
which
Cohen,
Num. Vet."
vol.
iii.
p. 491.
"MM.
cd.
Nos. 323-334.
136
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
Obverse.
3.
Reverse.
M.
\\.
TAIQ KAI
Head
of Caius to the
BASIAE
(retrograde).
left,
laureatetl?
pi.
("Tresor,"
lx.
No. 5;
p.
109;
De
Saulcy,
"Mem.
No.
de la Soc. Franc, de
2.)
Num."
1869, p. 27,
loc. cit.
Obverse.
4.
Reverse.
M.
II.
Head
of Caius.
holding a
roll.
p. 109,
from Eckhel,
;
vol.
iii.
De
Saulcy,
69,
" Mem. de
3.)
la Soc.
Franc, de
Num."
Madden,
"Num.
Chron."
loc. cit. p.
No.
Eckhel
however,
is
of
opinion
that
this
coin
was
struck
at
Caesarea
description
Panias.
of
It
does
not, this
appear to be
his
alluded to
by De
Saulcy in the
the coins of
town
in
" Nuniismatique
de la Terre Sainte."
Herod Agrippa
I.
under Claudius.
(" Tresor,"
pi. lx.
No. 6
p. 109.)
(Reicbardt,
"Num.
Zeits." "Wien,
1871,
p.
83;
Madden,
Obverse.
1.
Reverse.
M.
The
8.
Two
an
which
is
Yictory.
COINS OF
HEROD AGRIPPA
I.
UNDER CLAUDIUS.
:
]37
As
1-
AHMM
CYMXIA
ATPinnA
after
2[ti/j-S]
(<n/w.a X fa)
T[oS]
rig. la
AHMM
PQMAION
BACMM
CYM
"
ArPinnA
[>V
<tHKAHTON
Num.
KAHTON
Mem.
de la Soc. Fran9. de
XI
"
AY
HM POMAIQN
1869, p. 27,
No.
4).
4.
AHMM
PQMAIWM
XAM'"]
"
'
KM CYAAOXM
tit.).
AY[0]
BALM'a] ArPinA[>
lUyaf]
KAHTON
[for
KAEITON]
5.
(Reichardt, op.
[*ia]|A
'
BACMW] ATMriA [^
'(?
'
tV M]
KAHTON
iii.
rhv
>]HMW
"
PQMAIWW
'
KM'
EYMMM IX AHMM
6.
XI
')
AY
p. 449,
Wien).
PQMAIQM
T (Madden, [ 'M?]
AY|>oS].
BACMM
difficult
ATPinA
[<rw]KAHTON
'
"Num.
Which
allusion
to
of
these
six
readings
is
correct
coin,
(if
any
are),
it
is
to
say. 1
Without
one can
I.,
only
make out
that
some
connexion
between Agrippa
alliance of
the
Roman
oaths,
people,
Agrippa
I.
Herod's kingdom
him, and a
2
league made,
confirmed by
Forum
Obvebse.
2.
Reverse.
M.7
pi. lx.
C KAICAP C
No.
7
Head
ATP inn A
temple
;
Two
figures
-within
distyle
seated.
p. 27,
Madden, " Jew. Coinage," p. 110; De Saulcy, "Mem. de la Soc. Pranq. de Num." 1869, Madden, "Num. Chron." he. cit. p. 76, No. 2.)
No. 5
This coin probably represents a ceremony taking place in the temple of the god
Gaza.
eight
Mama
;
at
We
St.
temples,
the
Sun,
of
Yenus,
Apollo,
of
Proserpine,
and
of
Hecate
that
found
pp.
my
papers
1879,
"Num.
xix.
inner
circle
HM POMAIQN
.
'
'
CYM
5,
1.
'
XI
Chron."
pp.
n.s.
1875,
vol.
xv.
in
AY.
2
69-76;
i-
vol.
20-21.
An
electrotype
"OpKid
k avTtZ
Dr. Babington'8 collection, and one of the best that I have seen,
.
to
^ive
the following
words and
letters;
outer circle
/ifcrris
3
"Acta Sanctorum,"
vol.
vol.
iii.
p.
655,
quoted by Eckhel,
BAE ATPinA
MADDEN
KAHTON ...
A';
p. 450.
18
138
which
is
NUMISMATA OPJENTALIA.
called
Hieron,
or
of
the Priests, 1
say, is
that
of
Fortune of the
city,
called
Tu^elov,
the
be
more
glorious
than
god.
existence
is
They
also
call
Marna
states
2
the
rain-producing
is
they
say
Mama
3
Jupiter."
in
Stephanus
also
" there
temple of
is,
the Cretan
Jove among
them, which
Mama,
to
that
born in Crete
(KprjTar/evrj) ."
much doubt
that
there was
at
Gaza a
temple dedicated
Mama, who,
Revebse.
El~ll
M.
II.
Head
of Claudius.
BASIAE. ATPin
wreath.
110
TIBERIEQN
De
Saulcy,
3.)
within a
Num. Vet."
vol.
iii.
p. 492,
Franc, de
Num."
from Vaillant Madden, "Jew. Coinage," Madden, "Num. Chron." loc. 1869, p. 27, No. 8
;
p.
" Mem. de
la Soc.
cit. p.
78,
No.
Tiberias
was
the
to
name
Agrippa
of
I.
the
city
built
on
the
Lake
of
Gennesareth
by Herod
Antipas.
of
It
came
in a.d. 40,
when Caius
conferred upon
him
the dominions
Herod Antipas.
This piece
is
not alluded to by
De
Saulcy
in
his
la
Terre
Sainte."
Herod Agrippa
I.
and Agrippa
II.
Obveese.
Eeveese.
*M
Agrippa
AEYC AT
I. to
Head
of
Agrippa
In the
B.
loc. cit.
II.
field,
Num."
"Jew. Coinage,"
p. Ill
"Num.
Chron."
p. 78.)
1 De Saulcy, who quotes this passage ("Num. de la Terre Sainte," p. 209), gives this sentence as " celui qu'on appelait
in a distyle
"Num.
de la Terre Sainte,"
Herion
3
(^Hpoiou
title
(?)
ou 'Hpcuov
(?)
de Junon)."
In rda.
pp. 216-222, pi. xi. No. 4), and on other coins of Gaza there is a Phoenician mem, evidently the initial of the Phoenician name
of the
The
ZEYS KPHTATEN HS
Talmud
(JO)
god Marna.
De
{op. cit. p.
210,
Imperial coins of Crete (Eckhel, " Doct. Num. Vet." vol. ii. p. 301). 1 Marna is identified with the Syrian mar ("10), found scores
of times in the
in the signification of
Arahic
It
suffix
na
for
instead
of
the
Chaldee
on this subject, which was pointed The passage, which is out to him by M. Francois Lenormant. taken from the fragment of Damascius (ed. Euelle, p. 97, Fragm. 3), runs as follows: 16 re bvofjia^ofitvov, io-riv tv0i7a
'6
means
therefore
eV
avTTjs,
fj
fier'
Baal (^3), and consequently a fit Syriac rendering of Jupiter ("Jewish Chronicle," Feb. 9th, 1866). On several of the coins of Hadrian struck at Gaza there is the
another
legend
name
avTT)v
....
"
irapa
Tafaiois toC
Ai6s,
and
De
Saulcy adds,
" on
du
'
mem
notre
phenicien, initiale du
seigneur.'
fAZA MAPNA,
Hekod
Antipas.
AGRIPPA
II.
139
David Bosanquet.
of
described
it
There
is
woodcut given of
it,
and
it
Antiochus IV.
Ejjiphanes,
Callinicus
king of Commagene, on which his two sons (BASIAEQ2 YIOl) Epiphanes and
are
represented
on
at
horseback. 2
Tiberias.
3
Agrippa
I.
appears
is
to
have
entertained
4
this
Antiochus
Sestini,
5
similar
6
coin
described
piece
is
by Mionnet
in
froin
of
and
Anthedon-Agrippias.
This rare
the
collection
M. A. Parent. 7
The date
a.d.
L.
refers
to
Agrippa
8
I.
of
Agrippa
I.
would
be
38-39.
of
that that
was seventeen
years of age on
issued he
the death
father in
of
a.d.
44,
so
the
time
when
this
coin was
Gr.
a.d.
41
a.d.
48.
There are no coins of Herod, king of Chalcis, struck in Judaea, 9 those given
to
him
in
my
having,
as
we have
seen
(under Sect. A.
Herod
I.,
restored to
Herod
I.
He
the
died in a.d.
Claudius.
48
10
and
his
to
his
nephew Agrippa
II.
by
Emperor
II.
Agrippa
II.,
a.d.
48
a.d.
100.
Agrippa
father's
II.
was
a.d.
the
44,
son
of
Herod Agrippa
I.
and
of
Cypros.
age,
At
the
at
time
of
his
death,
in
years
and was
Rome, being
At
first,
Agrippa
to
to
succeed his father in the kingdom, but being persuaded that he was too young
the
cares
undertake
of
large
kingdom, he
decided
to
11
commit
the government
of
Agrippa
Cuspius Fadus.
fell
a.d. 48,
and
the 25th of January, a.d. 49, the uncle of Agrippa II., Herod,
King
"Catalogue of Coins
in
De
On
Saulcy,
9.
"Mem.
de la Soc.
8
Franc, de
himself
Num."
9,
1869,
1.
* 5 8
p. 27,
No.
Num. Vet."
vol.
iii.
'>
he
calls
B ASI AE YZ
"Doct. Num.
Joseph. "Antiq." xix. 8, 1. " Suppl." vol. viii. p. 3G4, No. 21.
HPQAH^ 0IAOKAAYAIO2
Vet."
vol.
iii.
(Eckhel,
p. 492).
;
"Lett.
Num. Cont."
t. vi.
p. 103,
No.
2.
>
I. p.
134.
"
ii. ii.
11, G.
11,
(i.
140
three
sons
:
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
Aristobulus,
whom whom
he
had
(the
by
his
first
of
Joseph
(nephew
of Herod),
and
of
of
Olympias
daughter of Herod
by Malthace)
Bernice, his
the
and Bernicianus
and Hyrcanus,
both
wife
niece (daughter of
of
Agrippa
Agrippa
I.).
Claudius set
aside
children
and conferred
kingdom
Chalcis on
II.
Four years
a.d. 53), took
later Claudius,
from Agrippa
II. the
kingdom
of
Chalcis,
thereof
On
the 13th October, a.d. 54, Claudius died and Nero succeeded him.
in the
first
Nero
year of
his
king of Chalcis, the government of Lesser Armenia, and bestowed upon Agrippa
part of Galilee, the cities of Tiberias and Tarichece, with Julias, a city of Peraea, and fourteen
villages near
it.
3
About
equivocal
in
a.d.
60,
Agrippa
II.
sister
concerning
the nature
of
whose
intercourse
with each other there had been some grave animadversions, resulting
Cilicia,
to
marry her 4
paid
soon
visit
to the
Roman
to
was before them that Paul made his famous speech which
"
ironical
Thou
wilt
persuade
me
be a
After the
decease
to II.
of
Festus,
a.d.
61, 6
this
Albinus was
time
that
sent
Judaea as Procurator,
according
to
Josephus, 7
it
was about
it
Agrippa
much
Coesarea-Philippi, calling
Neronias, in
The
first
Jewish war commenced in the second year of the government of Gessius Florus
states
9
that
the twelfth
year of
Nero was
is
Agrippa
II. is
of
Claudius commenced 25th of January, a.d. 48, and ended 25th of January, a.d. 49.
1
Joseph. " Antiq." xx. Joseph. "Antiq." xx. Joseph. "Antiq." xx.
5,
7,
2; "Bell. Jud."
1;
ii. ii.
12, 1. 12, 8.
persuade
'
me
off-hand to he a Christian
(cf.
eV
b\lyu>
iii.
'in brief,'
3),
2
3
"Bell. Jud."
iu
lew words,'
'tout
4; "Bell. Jud." ii. 13, 2. In this last passage Josephus mentions Abila, but it had already been given to Agrippa II. by Claudius (see note 2). * Joseph. "Antiq." xx. 7, 3. Cf. Juvenal, "Sat." vi. 158. 5 The Authorized Version (Acts xxvi. 28) has " Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian" (see Conybeare and Howson,
8,
d'un coup.'
6
'
It cannot
mean
See
Chapter VII.
9, 4.
1.
8 9
apxV
" Life
St.
ii.
p. 367, note;
T. Lewin, "Life of
Ne'pojcoj yytfiovtas,
Paul,"
p.
ii.
178,
p.
note
Com." N.T.
vol.
520).
Dr. Jacobson,
'Aprf/xiutov
nrjuSs.
Joseph.
"Bell.
to
Jud."
ii.
14,
4.
The
ii.
"You
are trying to
alluded
corresponds
to
April
II.
141
13th of
55.
Consequently the
year of
and
a.d. 66.
month
of
Agrippa
II.,
we
shall find
April of the
is
first
from which
Agrippa
II.
could not be the eighth of Claudius, which was included between 25th of January, a.d. 48, and
" in
the ninth
year,"
instead of
" in
was,
however,
took place,
taken
as
II.
four years.
This
we have
shown, about
the
commencement
commenced
49
for
that would
give
us a.d.
the
commencement
of the reign of
Agrippa
II. at Chalcis.
Were we
passage,
then to retain the words of Josephus "in the eighth year of Claudius" in one
in
eighteenth
year of
Agrippa," instead of
"the seventeenth."
25th January,
8th year of Claudius
A.JJ.
49
Agrippa
-
II. succeeds
a.d. 48.
1
1
9th
10th
;>
;>
)>
!)
11th 12th
j y
>>
>)
>)
13th
;;
>)
_ _2 50 3 _51 -4 -'32 - 5 53 6
54
2
3
4
5
13th Octoher,
1st
year
!>
of
Xero
>>
2nd
3rd 4th oth
6th
7th 8th
>J
)>
!)
>)
- 55 -8 56 5710
7 9
,
6 7
8
J J
tt
_J_n
10
11
>>
;>
J J
>>
})
>>
9th
))
jt
10th
11th
12th
jj
>>
>>
I)
12 13
14
15 16
17
April, a.d. 66 ('ApTe^Kri'ou
fir\v6s)
ii.
14, 4.
General Table
142
All circumstances considered,
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
it
the words
of
eighth year of Claudius," to " the ninth year of Claudius," and to assume that the ninth year
of
Claudius,
i.e.
between January,
Chalcis.
a.d.
49,
and January,
a.d.
50,
was the
first
year of
Agrippa's
reign at
This era
after,
in a.d. 53.
The seventeenth
year of Agrippa II. would in this case correspond to the twelfth year of Nero. 1
About February,
a.d. 53,
commenced the
of
The
kingdom
Agrippa
I called
it
in
my
"Jewish Coinage,"
the addition was
De
when
made
to his territory.
Whether Agrippa
II. did
commence counting
In
the
conducted the
In
month
siege
of
Artemisius (April
Iotapata,
of
May),
fifth
67,
he entered
the
Galilee,
days'
took
on the
of
day
of
67. 3
July),
in the
thirteenth
year
the
reign
Nero, a.d.
On
Vespasian returned to
taken.
4
Ptolemais, and
Shortly
after Vespasian
to Caesarea-Philippi,
where
which
cities
II.,
the
sake
the
Agrippa," as Josephus
of
says.
Tiberias
7
and
Taricheae
yielded
on
8th
Gorpiaeus
II. 8
(August
September).
many
of the prisoners to
Agrippa
to
Agrippa
his assistance.
II.
to
sling-stone. 9
October),
a.d. 67.
No
to Titus.
place
in Galilee
About February,
a.d. 68,
Vespasian
then returned to Caesarea, where he heard of the death of Nero and of the accession of Galba. 13
Vespasian immediately sent his son Titus to Galba, to receive his commands as to the Jewish
war
Agrippa
13
II.
accompanied him.
On
their
way, at
the death
II.
of Galba
and Agrippa
De
Saulcy
("Mum.
lie
la
Soc.
Franc, de
Num."
1869,
iii.
iii.
9, 1-4.
9, 7.
See Madden,
5
6
7
Chron." n.s. 1875, vol. xv. p. 105, note. The Rev. H. Browne, writer of the article " Chronology," in Kitto's " Cyclopaedia of Biblical Literature" (e'd. Alexander), referring
Agrippa II. to his uncle's dominions and to the passage in Josephus (" Bell. Jud." ii. 14, 4), says that "for eTCTaKcu8tKa.Tov we must read eVfeaicaiScKaToe " but if any
to the succession of
;
"Num.
10, 10.
cit.
8
9
1,2, 3.
I0
iv. 7, 3.
iv. 8, 1.
alteration should be
made
it
should
n
13
iv. 9, 2.
Table shows.
15, a.d.
"
iii. iii.
7, 3. 7,
vol.
p. 52).
36.
OTHO.
VITELLIUS.
DATE
During
143
year
(a.d.
69)
left to
ninety- five
and
Vitellius,
five
who was
and
in
Gaul,
slain
was
on
chosen
emperor. 3
He
reigned
only
eight
months
and
days,
was
December 22nd,
a.d. 69.
fifth
day
of
the
month
Daesius
(May
June),
a.d. 69,
marched against those places which were not yet overthrown, and
but Herodium, Masada,
Machaerus, and Jerusalem. 4
left
After
these
successes,
Rome and
Of the
election of Vespasian,
it
is
According
to the testimony of
Tacitus, 6 Vespasian
at
Alexandria on
Judaea,
nonas Julias),
7
and shortly
after, before
July 15
idus Julias),
through
all Syria.
Suetonius
Jul.,
by Tacitus (July
relates
9
considered
to be
the
correct
all
one. 8
Josephus,
on the other
that
Caesarea,
Vespasian
indignant, and
with death
the
if
Upon
this
he wrote
Alexander,
governor
of
from
on
a.d.
46
to a.d.
48
been
procurator
Judaea
),
asking
his
support,
which Tiberius
a.d.
Alexander
Kalends of July,
69, is considered to
destruction
of
Jerusalem,
Agrippa
II.,
who
resided at
of
Rome
after
the
destruction of
of
Jerusalem,
is
said
to
11
have
the praetorship
and an accession
territory
from Vespasian.
100. 12
He
Rome
Emperor Trajan,
line.
a.d.
Agrippa
was the
last
2; Tac. "Hist." i. 10; ii. 1, saw Otho or Vitellius who succeeded him, I cannot say, and he returned to Syria to join Ye-pasian some time in a.d. 69 ("Mox per occultos suorum nuntios excitus ab urbe Agrippa, ignaro adhuc Vitellio, celeri
1
iv. 9,
2,
4.
Whether Agrippa
II.
p.
56
"
Bell.
Jud."
iv.
10, 1-6.
10
See
Chapter VII.
navigatione properaverat."
-
Tac.
" Hist."
ii.
81).
made a general
v.
1,
See
Chapter VIII.
69 (Tac.
6),
entered
;
Home
"
before
of tbe army under and was present at the Jud." vi. 1, 3).
ii.
Eist"
*
91
Suet.
Vitell." 11).
iv. 9, 9.
iv. 10, 2.
7
" Milman, "Hist, of the Jews," 4th ed. 1866, vol. Mason, in Smith's " Diet, of Biog." vol. i. p. 78.
lJ
p.
394;
UapeAa&e
tV apxV
iirl
KAauSi'oo,
r)ir)0r)
5e
Hepui/ot,
"
IIi~t."
ii.
79-81.
" Vesp."
G.
Kal ti
paWov
144
NUMISMATA ORIFNTALIA.
ACRIPPA
II.
Obverse.
Reverse.
M.
4.
BACIAEW.
"Num.
ArPinnOY.
Head
of
L.
(year 10).
An
anchor.
Agrippa
(Reichardt,
Chron." n.s. 1864, vol. iv. p. 178; Madden, "Num. Chron." 1875, vol. xv. p. 110; Chron." n.s. 1862, vol. ii. p. 274; Madden, "Jew. Coinage," p. 115; and De Saulcy, "Mem. de de Num." 1869, p. 28, A. No. 1.)
Reichardt,
"Num.
la Soc.
Frane.
Remarks on
the
of the
to a.d.
58-59.
of the "
kingdom
of
is
published
this coin,
II.
counted the
father's
death
ment
at once
till
Claudius, in a.d. 53 (being the tenth year of his, Agrippa's, reign), bestowed
title of
king, on which
occasion
to cause coins to
that I
of
his
reign
till
he
succeeded his uncle Herod, king of Chalcis, at the close of a.d. 48.
Phot. " Cod." 33. Trajan, when in Germany, was adopted by Nerva in a.d. 97 (Victor, " Epit." p. 370 Plin. " Paneg." c. 8). Nerva died three months after, January 25, a.d. 98, when Trajan succeeded him. In a.d. 99 Trajan returned to Rome. His third year of government will therefore be a.d. 100. Froelich (" Reg. Vet." p. 95) is also of opinion that Agrippa II. died about a.d. 100. He says "Enimvero ... ex alio Josephi
;
inter paucos illos utique prater pancos, intra saeculum obiere Agrippa II. fuit, quern vo-rarov (postremum) Herodiadum
;
...
qui
itaque post
igitur circa
annum
cen-
De
Saulcy
(p.
("Num.
de la Terre
Mr. Lewin
deducimus
100,
Agrippam
("Fasti Sacri," p. 356, No. 2111) assigns his death to a.d. 99. Tillemont (quoted by Eckhel, " Doct. Num. Vet." vol. iii. I do not know on what p. 496) places his death in a.d. 93.
authority.
1
posteris,
avvefiT),
Trk^v bxlyuv,
Herodes
"Num.
Chron."
ii.
p. 274.
si
"Jew. Coinage,"
p. 115.
COINS OF AGRIPPA
II.
145
inclined
to
Of the four
think,
as
different
dates
to
piece
could be assigned,
am
thought in 1864, * that the year 10 refers to the tenth year of the "Chalcian
reason, that
the right of
to,
Agrippa
all
II.
as in
the next
and in
future
was issued
as
late
as
a.d.
62-63, a.d.
64-65,
70-71.
this opinion is purely conjectural.
Still,
Agrippa
II.
Obverse.
1.
Reverse.
of
iE.
6.
Legend
;
lost.
Head
Nero
to the right,
Eni-BACIAE-ArPinn-NEPO-NIE(NpmW)
within an olive crown.
laureated
("Tresor,"
pi. lx.
No. 13
p.
116,
No.
De
Madden,
"Num.
Chron."
loc. cit. p.
112, No.
1.)
Obverse.
2.
Re verse.
of
&.
4.
NEPQN.
Head
Nero
to the right,
type.
laureated.
("Tresor,"
pi. Ix.
No. 14
2.
p. 116,
No. 2;
De
Madden,
"Num.
Chron.
loc. cit.
No.
De
Saulcy adds that he cannot see on this coin, as I had formerly given, the word
C6BACTOO-
Obverse.
3.
Reverse.
. .
M.2$.
NEPQN
KAI
Head of Nero
to
type.
Museum
p. 116,
No. 3
De
Madden,
"Num.
Chron."
loc. cit.
No.
3.)
"Jew. Coinage,"
References, except
p. 116.
Soc. Franc, de
stated, are to
Num.
et
d'Arch."
p.
26
seq. Paris,
when otherwise
of the
De
Saulcy's
paper,
Agrippas," in the
"Mem.
de la
Madden, " Supplement to Hist, of Jewish Coinage," Chron." n.s. 1875, vol. xv. p. 101 seq.
in
19
146
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
Obverse.
4.
Reverse.
M.Z.
NEPONIAA
KAICAPI ArPinA.
Al
TOY
KAIK.
Two
hetween them a
De
caduceus.
;
Madden,
"Num.
Chron." he.
cit.
No.
4.)
Obverse.
5.
Eeverse.
JE. 3.
BACIAGOC
(&)
MAPKOY ArPinnOY.
117,
ETOYC A
the
TOY
within
a circle,
and around
).
i.
Hand
monogram
(KC = KAI CK
De
No. 5; " Tresor," pi. lx. No. 15; Cavedoni, "Num. Bibl." [Italian work], pi. Coll. of the Rev. H. C. Reichardt.) Madden, "Num. Chron." he. cit. No. 5
; ;
No. G
Obverse.
6.
Reverse.
M.
3.
XAAKOYSroundadot.
(British
ET. RK.
Anchor.
p. 120,
No.
6.)
Remarks on
Nos.
the
name of Nero.
1,
i.e.
2,
and 3
are
undated.
is
Nos.
ETOYC A
TOY
KAIOs,
Nos.
also
VI."
at
1,
3,
and
were
struck
Csesarea-Philippi,
town,
as
a.d.
we have already
60-61.
all
No.
name
of
which
learn
it
was
struck.
In
II.
probability
it
was
also
issued at
Neronias.
From
this coin
we
that
Agrippa
of Marcus
De
Saulcy,
les
(p.
48) says
;
"
II
n'y a
XI. de
l'ere
de Chalcis se repartit
sur
annees 59 et 60
l'an
VI. de
jolies
annees 60 et 61.
II.
UNDER NERO.
147
:
monnaies d'Agrippa
ici
question,
comme
le croit
annee
d'Agrippa II."
Nos.
It
1,
2,
also classed
by De Saulcy
to
A.r>.
60.
la
may now
II.,"
de
royaute definitive
II. received
dAgrippa
from Nero
to
commence
when Agrippa
It will be
of
XII.),
it
la
royaute definitive"
a.d. 61. 1
as I called
will
be
found
described
in
their
De
II"
but
commencement
the
of Agrippa's era of
from
a.d.
55.
But the
although
era
coins,
with or
struck
the
without
at
name
are
Nero, above
assigned
?
described
(Nos.
to
to
5),
undoubtedly
Neronias,
not
by De
Saulcy
the
special
of Neronias,
but to
era of Chalcis.
is
And why
XL, which
De Saulcy
also
possibly belong
to
an era the
but
of
is
if
the coins of
commencement
am
still
"year VI."
in loco.
4
As
to
No.
6,
has been
assigned by Cavedoni
it
to
Agrippa
II.
He
of
says,
"The
II.,
year R K,
that
is
26,
Agrippa
coincides with
a.d.
73
[read
a.d.
74],
at
remained of the Temple, but this small piece of money might very well have served for the
offerings
to
reign of
not
improbable, as
the type of
which year he
"unknown
terra-
in
2
3
name from
Cf.
Ca-sarea to Neronias
may
n
s.
receives
ETOYC A
(11) is
drachms
vol.
reign of
Nero
Madden,
"Num. Chron."
p.
Prof.
Mommsen
281; Madden, "Jew. Coinage," p. 118, note 8). is of opinion (" Num. Zeits." vol. iii. p. 449,
"
.
Bibl.
Num."
of
vol.
ii.
p. 39.
it
jjj. s
TOY
thai
may belong
Commagene.
vol.
iii.
KAI C^
it
i-
(6)
maybe
t<i
referred to
p.
The proposal
cf.
the "sixth yearoi Agrippa II.," dating from the era commencing
in a.d. 61, and therefore that
99;
"Handbook
equivalent
it
a.d.
';.
For
PK =120
"Num.
may
be reckoned from an
Chron."
148
the anchor
is
NUMISMATA OEIENTALIA.
of
common
occurrence on
the
I.,
and
may
even he found on a
name
Emperor
(p. 144).
supposed by Sestini
since,
case,
'
to indicate rather
the
name
of
name
of
a coin,
says
this
2
writer,
we ought
to
have
XAAKON
is
and not
XAAKOYI
(on
in the nominative
but Eckhel
that
of
^aX/covs
authority of
Pausanias, 3 who,
speaking
the people
Pharae
the
call
left
it
bank
of the
Kamadtza, near Prevezo*), says that they have a country coinage and
eTTi^copiov,
chaleus (vofiia/xa
KaXelrat
Be
^a\roO?
to
vdfiia/j,a).
word
xaX.Kov'i
on
name
Agrippa
II.
Obverse.
1.
Reverse.
JE.
8.
{sic).
and
(British
No.
Museum: Madden, "Jew. Coinage," p. 121, No. 1; cf. "Tresor," pi. The specimen published by De Sauley, p. 28, C. No. 1, has the 1.
lxi.
No. 1;
"Num.
Chron." he.
cit. p.
114,
obverse legend
AYTOKPA. OYECI1A.
CGBACTO.)
1!
VERSE.
Reverse.
ETOY.
HI
BA. AfPinriA.
Type
as
No.
1.
countermark on neck.
(" Tresor," pi.
lxi.
No. 3
Madden, "Jew. Coinage," p. 122, No. 3 De Sauley, potin and not M. Madden, " Num. Chron." loc. cit.
; ;
p. 29, C. p.
115,
is
of
2 3
iii.
p.
286.
22.
s.v.
*
5
Phara?.
Another specimen of this coiu is in the Hunter Museum. Three other coins are known with the word xoAkoOs on them,
and they probably belong to Antioch in Syria (Pelleriu, "Lettre," ii. pi. iv. 2; Hunter, pi. 68). Two of them have on the obverse a female head and one a male laureated head (perhaps Nero); two of them have the date AIP and all three have on the reverse a quiver and bow (Eckhel, "Doct.
Num. Vet."
vol.
iii.
p. 286).
COINS OP AGRIPPA
II.
149
Obverse.
3.
Reverse.
-E.
8.
AYTOKPA. OYECIIACI
Type
as No.
Paris;
1.
Type
as
No.
1.
ACTQ.
cf.
De
AYT
AP!
Madden, "Jew. Coinage," p. 122, No. 4, from an impression received from M. Cohen; Madden, "Num. Chron." loc. cit. No. 3 a second example in Paris has the obverse legend C6BACT., and on the reverse a crescent above the right arm of the goddess; a third in the British
;
Museum
reads
Obverse.
4.
Reverse.
0YECI~1ACI. KAICAPI
1.
p.
ETOY.
KZ BA. ATPinnA.
arm
;
Type
as No.
1.
of the goddess.
(" Tresor,"
No. 4;
p.
29, C.
No. 4
Madden,
"Num.
Chron."
Obverse.
5.
Reverse.
JE.
7.
AYTOKPA.
Type
as
;
OYECnA
1.
{sic).
Type
as No.
1.
ACTO.
Tresor,"
No.
pi. lxi.
No. 5
Madden, " Jew. Coinage," p. 123, No. 6 De Saulcy, p. 29, C. No. 5, who adds entre mes mains porte AfPinnA " Madden, " Num. Chron." loc. cit. No. 5.)
;
>
"
TJn exemplaire
coin,
De
p.
125, attribue
No.
5,
above
described]
de
Vespasien.
('
Tresor,'
pi.
No.
6,
avec
K0
BA.
150
The No.
in
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
3
to
specimen
the
British
Museum.
on
it
either
of
TITO
of
or
OYEC.
that
Nor can
it
anything certain be
gathered
of
Titus.
from
the
portrait,
though
was
in
opinion
was
more
of
L.
like
the
face
Moreover,
the
this
felt
corroborated
(pi. lxi.
my
6),
similar
coin
being
obverse
engraved in
legend
No.
The
the
of
clearly
|_.
drawn
reverse
legend,
which
is
given as
K0
it
BA.
so obscure,
is
quite
impossible to
type,
distinguish
any portion
i.e.
of
with certainty.
that described
The
given by
reverse
that described
is
to
the
right,
holding wreath
the type
De
Saulcy (No. 5)
is
the goddess
with modius.
Moreover, there
should not exist, as
no reason
why
coins of
Titus with
the date L.
K0, or ETOY.
K0
we
Remarks on
the Coins of
the
name of Vespasian.
De
Saulcy's
Arrangement
(p.
49).
No.
1,
definitive,"
in the
month
of July,
No.
2,
ETOY.
HI,
year 18 of
ETOY. KS
it
of
Vespasian
but
cannot be dated
74-75.
is
definitive," but
of Chalcis,"
and represents
a.d.
No.
4,
dated
ETOY. KZ
(year 27),
also dated
of Chalcis,"
in a.d. 75-76.
No.
5,
ETOY. KO
(year
29),
dated from the same era, and was issued in a.d. 77-78,
De
dates.
Saulcy also observes that the two groups are distinct in the manner of marking the
My
known
Arrangement.
I
No.
De
that
1,
date
ET. Al
(|_.
I
(year
14).
Similar
coins
of Titus (L.
A) and Domitian
loco.
may be remarked
titles
till
of Autohrator and
after
Scbastos,
suppose that
it
the death of
II.
UNDER VESPASIAN.
to
151
which
it
could possibly be
his
and
it
more than
likely
as
a.d.
father
in
the
tribunitian power,
in
Syria to be
to participate
am
not,
however, of
De
In
a.d.
68,
accompanied
Titus on
their
way
to
Rome to receive orders from Galba about the prosecution of the On the road they heard of the death of Galba and of the accesII.
Otho,
continued his
journey to Rome,
Titus returned
to
father.
Did Agrippa
II.
return to
and could he
?
In any case
Domitian,
it
seems to
me
coins
Titus,
and
with
the
name
of
Agrippa
should
have been
issued at
the
very moment
elected Emperor,
time.
in
a.d.
70,
and
matters were
II.
more
settled
in
Rome, Vespasian
is
said to
with additions to
of
and I
am
of
therefore
the more
XII.,
the coins
their
Domitian
and
to
which I
shall
allude in
of
proper place,
II.
standard
an
era
to
which many of
the
coins
Agrippa
may be
Assuming
this
to
be the case,
I
the coins
of
Vespasian, Titus,
L.
were struck in
a.d. 74-75.
the expression
the
word "year"
2.
ET.
HI
and L.
(year
18).
No.
coins,
Date ETOY.
according to
This
belongs
to
the
same
era
as
the
previous
and,
3.
my
theory,
78-79.
No.
Date ETOY.
KS (year
agree with
De
reckoned from the " Chalcian era," and that the coin was issued in a.d.
No. No.
4.
5.
KZ
(year
27).
(year 29).
Eckhel,
vol. vi. p.
351.
after their
2 3
"In
fact," he writes,
may be
iii.
mentioned
that
Prof.
Mommsen ("Num.
is
Zeits." vol.
Wien)
of opinion,
iii.
and
so
divus
Vespasianus
Num. Vet."
vol.
p. 495), that
earth."
I do not,
the coins of Vespasian and Titus, with the years 2C, 27, and 29,
Madden,
"Num.
Chron."
152
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
AGR1PPA
II.
TlTXJS.
Obverse.
1.
Reverse.
M.
Head
7.
AYTOKP
CAP
TIT.
CCBAC.
L.
IA BACI. ATPinOY.
standing
to
left,
holding
corn
and
cornu-copiae.
(De Saulcy [from
his
own
collection], p. 29, D.
" Tresor,"
work
is
No.
lie
adds,
lxi.
"No.
No.
2.
2 de
attribue
pi.
The drawing
. .
"Tresor"
AYTOKPA. OYEC
Chron." he.
cit. p.
CEBACTO.
De
Saulcy's attribution
is
correct;
Madden,
"Num.
119,
No.
1.)
Obverse.
Reverse.
.
* o
M.
Type
as
CCB.
L.
IA
BAC.
ATPinn.
right, holding a
p.
(Reiihardt,
83
seq.
Wien
cf.
No.
2.
De De
Saulcy, p. 29, D.
vol. v. p. 572,
No.
2, describes a variety
IA.
BAC. ATPinOY.
The
coin
is
also published
by Mionnet,
No. 110;
lxi.
No. 7;
Saulcy publishes a
3.)
Obverse.
a.
Reverse.
^.
as
AYTOK
No.
1.
KAIC.
CGBACT.
Type
ET.
HI
BA.
ATPinnA.
Type
as
No.
2.
(Coll. of the
Eev. H. C. Eeichardt.)
.. .
COINS OF AGRIPPA
II.
TITUS.
153
Obverse.
4.
Reverse.
M.
7.
AYTO
1.
ACTOC.
Type
ETOY.
10
BA.
ATPinnA.
as No.
left,
com and
(Madden, "Jew. Coinage," p. 124, No.
legend
1,
comu-copife.
in Paris;
;
De
who
AYTOK ....
Obverse.
KAIC.
CCBACTOC
Madden,
"Num. Chron."
Reverse.
5.
ETOY.
K.
BA.
ArPin
Victory
walking
to
No.
v. p.
(Mionnet, vol.
p. 123, note 3
loc. cit.
No. 4
Collection of the
ETO.
K.)
Obverse.
6.
Reverse.
M.
7.
ETO.
KS
BA.
ATPinnA.
Type
as
No.
5;
Type
as No.
Wigan
;
British
Nos. 10, 11
De
Museum; Madden, "Jew. Coinage," p. 125, No. 2; cf. "Tresor," Madden, " Num. Chron." he. cit. No. 5.)
;
pi. lxi.
Obverse.
7.
Reverse.
M.
as
Type
ETO.
a
KS
B.
TPinn
the
Type
as
No.
5;
No.
crescent above
crown.
(De Saulcy,
p. 30,
D. No. 5
Madden,
"Num. Chron."
loc. cit.
No.
6.)
Obverse.
8.
Reverse.
M.
6*.
AYTOKP. T
1
KAICAP CGBAC.
ETO.
KZ
BA.
ATPinnA.
Type
as
No.
5;
Type
as No.
(Mionnet, vol.
"Jew. Coinage,"
p. 126, note 3
"Num.
Chron."
loc. cit.
No.
7.)
MADDEN
20
154
Obveese.
9.
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
Reyebse.
L.
M.
Type
K0
p.
BA. ArPinnA.
Type
as
No.
5.
No.
1.
("Tresor,"
p].
ki. No. 6
125
he.
cit.
No.
8.)
Obveese.
10.
Reveese.
M.
as
7.
AYTOK
1.
CEBACTU.
:
Type
Type
as No. 5.
No.
(British
Museum
p. 125,
he-
cit. p.
121,
No.
9.)
have
is
already
a
10,
No. 9
certainly
No.
10
may
be a Vespasian.
Remarks on
the
icith
the
name of
Titus.
De
in a.d.
Satjlcy's
Arrangement
(p.
50).
No.
1,
69
2, 4,
of 79],
Agrippa."
No.
with the same date, but a different type, belongs to the same year.
No.
with the
date
ETOY. 10
struck in
a.d.
73-74.
De
in
we should read KO
later, as
(29),
ETO.
7,
10,
are
in
existence.
ETO.
KS (year
26),
74-75.
De
the
corresponds to a.d.
80-81, and that one might attribute these coins to that year after the death of Vespasian.
He
however adds that the existence of coins of Vespasian with the same date makes him
last
hypothesis.
COINS OF AGRIPPA
II.
155
My
I
Arrangement.
have
given
2.
Nos.
HI
and
2.
!A
for
(year 14).
under
Vespasian
my
No.
reasons
assigning
the
date
a.d.
74-75
to
Nos.
and
3.
No.
Date ET.
(year
18).
4.
Date ETOY.
10 (year
19).
reasons the coins with these dates would have been struck in a.d.
78-79 and
Saulcy.
79-80.
No.
5.
Date ETO.
or
ETOY. K
a.d.
(year 20).
to
Not mentioned by De
The
must be assigned
and
Date ETO.
KS
(year
26).
No.
No.
Date ETO.
L.
KZ
(year 27).
KO
(year 29).
No. 10.
5,
ETOY. K0
(year 29).
may
10),
previously
II.,
adopted by me,
not issued
struck
till
of Titus, with
Agrippa
were
the death
of
Vespasian
in
a.d.
79,
on the
era
at
the
might have been issued on the " Chalcian era " during the lifetime of
De
I
Saulcy gives no coins whatever to the era of the " tetrarchy of Philip."
am now
disposed
to
accept
coins
of
my
to
the
ETO. KS ETO. KZ
L.
(year 26)
will
a.d.
therefore represent
a.d.
74-75.
(year 27),
29),
75-76.
(year 29),
a.d.
K0
(year
or
ETOY. KO
77- 78. 2
Agrippa
II.
Obveese.
1.
Reverse.
M.
4.
AOMITI
:
KAICAP.
Head
of
L.
IA
the
BAC.
left,
ATPinOY.
De
Victory standing to
Domitian
(British
writing on a shield.
;
Museum
cf. "Tresor," pi. lxi. No. 12 p. 127, No. 1 " Num. Chron." he. cit. p. 123, No. 1.)
;
Madden,
Table
II. p. 324.
156
Obverse.
2.
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
Reverse.
M.
AOMITIANO.
Type
as
No.
1.
ETOY.
HI
BA.
AfPinriA.
Type
as No.
1.
H. C. Reichardt.)
Obverse.
3.
Reverse.
M.Z
pi. lxi.
KAICAP.
No. 13
;
Type
as No.
Galley.
Madden, " Num. Chron."
(" Tresor,"
128, No. 2
De
loc. cit.
No.
2.)
Obverse.
4.
Reverse.
JE.
AOMITIANOC KAICAP.
1.
v. p.
Type
as
ETO.
Kl~
BA.
ATPinriA.
is
Victory
standing,
No.
(Mionnet, toI.
p. 131, note 9
"Num.
Chron."
loc. cit.
Obverse.
5.
Reverse.
Bust of Doniitian
aegis.
p. 128,
ETO.
KA
BA.
ATPinnA.
Victory flying to
with
right.
(" Tresor,"
pi. lxi.
No. 14
No. 3
De
loc. cit.
No.
4.)
Obverse.
G.
Reverse.
M.
No.
4.
1.
Type
as
ETO.
AK
BA.
ATPinnA.
Victory
standing
and writing
on shield.
("Trevor,"
pi.
In
lxi.
No. 15
p. 128,
No. 4
De
5.)
Chron."
loc. cit.
No.
De
.ays,
" Je doute
COINS OF AGRIPPA
7.
II.
157
iE.
similar piece.
In
field,
to right, a star.
p.
("Tresor,"
pi. Ixi.
No. 9
129;
loc. cit. p.
124, No. 6
Obverse.
8.
REVERSE.
M. AOMET. TEPMA.
Type
as No. 1.
E. No. 4
;
O.
KA
BA.
ATPinnA.
cit.
Type
as No. G.
(De Saulcy,
p. 30,
No.
7.)
Obverse.
9.
Reverse.
M.
as
4$.
1.
Type
ETO.
KA
BA.
ATPinnA
E.
within a wreath.
Xo
(British
Museum:
"Jew. Coiuage,"
p.
129,
No. 5;
cit.
De
8.)
Saulcy, p.
30,
No. 6
Madden,
"Num.
Chron.
he.
No.
Obverse.
10.
Reverse.
M. H.
as Xo. 1.
pi. lxii.
AOM6T.
No.
1
KAIC. rRM.
Type
ET.
KE BAC. ATPin.
Palm-tree.
("Tresor,"
p. 129,
is
No. 6;
No.
9.
similar piece
given by
De Saulcy, p. 30, E. No. 7; Madden, "Num. Chron." De Saulcy, p. 30, E. No. 5.)
Obvebse.
11.
Reverse.
F.
DOMI-
EI1I S.
BA.
C.
ArP.
in the field,
TIAN
XII.
Type
as
Xo.
1.
the other
AVGVST.
"Descriz.
d.
del
p.
Mus. Hederv."
55; Madden,
t. iii.
p. 120,
No. 10;
loc. cit.
Mionuet, Suppl.
viii. p.
380, No. 5;
De
Saulcy,
"Num.
Chron."
No.
10.)
Obverse.
12.
Reverse.
F.
DOM. AV.
1. vol.
iii.
SALVTI AVGVST.
KS.
Altar.
S.C.
Elll
Xo.
p.
494
loc. cit.
No.
11.)
158
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
Obverse.
13.
Reverse.
F.
M.
IM.
CA.
xTi.
D.
VES.
Head
aegis.
DOM. AV.
EI
!!
BA. ATPI.
caduceus.
Two
In
cornua-copiae;
field,
between
GER. COS.
of
Domitian to the
them a
ET.
KS.
At
foot
right, laureated,
with
of the cornua-copiae, S. C.
;
Wigan
British
;
p.
130,
No. 8;
cf.
"Tresor,"
loc. cit.
pi. lxii.
No.
De
No.
12.)
Obverse.
14.
Reverse.
M.
as No. 13.
Em
p. 130,
BAC. ATPI.
KS.
pi. lxii.
In
field,
S.
C.
In exergue
ET.
(British
Museum
No. 9
cf.
" Tresor,"
loc. cit.
Nos. 4 and 5
13.)
De
p. 125,
No.
Obverse.
15.
Reverse.
M.
No.
1.
5.
AOMITIAN.
Two
KAICAP.
Type
as
Victory standing to
countermarks.
and writing
on shield.
("Tresor,"
pl.
Lxii.
No. 2
p. 129,
No. 7;
De
who
states that
he has a
specimen with
other varieties the legend
Madden,
"Num.
Chron."
cit.
No.
14.
De
E. Nos. 8
(?),
9,
10, 12,
().
There
Obverse.
16.
Reverse.
M.
No.
1.
AOMITIANOC KAICAP.
pl.
lxii.
Type
as
Two
1G
cornua-copia?.
("Tresor,"
No. 6;
p.
No. 10;
De
Madden,
"Num.
loc. cit.
No.
15.)
COINS OF AGRIPPA
Obvehse.
17.
II.
159
JE.
AOMITIANOC KAICAP.
" Nuniismatische
Type
as
O* .YOT3 AliniqiA
.AS.
Type
as No. 15.
No.
1.
(Reichardt,
loc. cit.
No.
16.)
Obverse.
18.
Ee verse.
.
M.
to right.
lxii.
rEPM A N
Bust of Domitian
ETO.
AA
(?)
BA. ArPinnA.
Victory walking
to right.
No. 7
p. 132
De
Mionnet, Supp.
loc. cit.
viii.
p. 380,
No.
6,
AOMET.
KAIC.
rPMANI
Madden,
"Num.
Chron."
No.
17.)
Obverse.
T. 19.
Reverse.
J. 2.
lxii.
TO
8
AOM.
18,
Type
as
No.
1.
BA.
ATP.
ET.
;
EA
I.
within a crown.
p. 132,
No.
it is
No. 12
De
Saulcy,
p.
32, E.
No.
who
AOM
Num. Chron."
loc. cit.
No.
18.
The
H. C. Reichardt.
Num. Vet."
vol.
p.
BACI.AfPin. T. A.)
Obverse.
JE.
(tie)
Reverse.
7.
ETOY.
EA BA. ArPinnA.
Turreted female
TEPMANI.
No.
1.
standing to left on the prow of a vessel (?), holding in right hand ears of corn
a cornu-copiae.
(?)
and
in left
(British
Museum
ii.
p. 32,
E. No. 19
Madden,
"Num.
cit.
p. 126,
No. 19.)
Obverse.
21.
Reverse.
.
JE. 5*.
AYTOKP.
1
CAP TEPMANI.
Chron."
n.s.
;
Victory marching
Type
(Coll. of
as No.
Rev. H. C. Reichardt,
"Num.
1862, vol.
ii.
p.
275;
Do
Madden,
"Num.
Chron."
No.
20.)
160
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
NAME OF
DoiIITIAN.
Obverse.
22.
Reverse.
to the right.
p. 132,
loc. cit.
M.
2.
ET.
No. 11
;
AA.
De
Cornu-copia;.
;
("Tresor,"
pi.
No.
21.)
Remarks on
the
De
a.d.
Saulcy's
Arrangement
(p. 51).
No.
is,
1,
69,
on
3,
No. No.
era.
4, 5,
6,
by De Saulcy.
No.
Nos.
KA
(year 24).
8,
7,
9,
AK
or
KA
on
(year 24).
to
On
It
Nos.
and
is
No. 5
within a wreath
again
to
all
the
title of
Germanicus occurs.
(p.
necessary
here
;
quote
le
De
Saulcy's
own words
52)
il
" Mais
certain
ici
se
Domitien porte
titre,
a,
titre
de Germanique.
Or
est
que ce
la
presence de ce
a
qui
seule
pu
nous
faire
comprendre
des
titres
Autokrator
Sebastos,
du vivant de son
pere.
entreprit
que
cette conduite
flatteur,
un
il
peu inconsideree
lui
valut
un blame
Quelque
et
y en avait suremeut en Syrie, aura profite de cela pour faire donner a Domitien un
qu'il n'avait pas merite,
titre
No.
9,
list
(p. 30),
under E.
point to the
printed
;
No. 6, is not alluded to by him in his remarks (p. 52). The whole of the numerical references in De Saulcy's paper, from this
No.
8,
end of the paper (pp. 52-54) are incorrectly No. 6 should be No. 7, No. 7 should he and so on up to No. 19, which should be No. 20.
for instance,
II.
UNDER DOMITIAN.
a.d.
1G1
72-73 of the
ET.
KE
(year
25),
is
given to the
same
era,
in
to a.d. 74-75.
KZ
We
KA
to
thus
i.e.
have,
says
a.d.
De
Saulcy,
Domitian an uninterrupted
series
of
coins
from
KZ,
from
72 to a.d. 76.
No. 11, with date ET.
KE
(year 25)
The date
of
these coins
is
fixed
by the
coins
The
of
have been
But
says
De
Saulcy
(p.
53)
" Que
elle
ne rentrc
annee represente
et
celle
ville.
On
la,
d'abondance
ville la
du caducee, qui
dont
monnaie
mais
e'est
N'avons-nous pas en
effet
meine type
Or,
si
la
piece etait de
a,
l'an
60
l'in-
dont
le
point de depart a
pu coincider
avec cette inauguration, serait precisement l'an 86, annee du douzieme consulat de Domitien.
On
a.
cette solution,
ncrai,
qu'4 la condition qu'on m'en offrira une plus probable et plus naturelle.
la
presence de la formule
S.
C,
la pretention
de
(p.
en face de
Domitien,
la date L.
KE
a.
(l'an xxv.)
e'est-a-dire
Fan 86 de
de
l'ere
de Neronias."
AA
it
(year 31).
doubtful.
that
if
The
is
date
may
be
AA
(34).
in
II'
De Saulcy
a.d.
says
79-80;
is
if
[read 85-86].
xxxiv.
issued
the correct
a.d.
according to
the
in
in
Autokrator
De
AA
is
102
Nos. 19, 20, 21,
NUMISMATA ORIENTALLY.
with date
ET. or ETOY.
EA
(year 35),
De Saulcy
considers
to
have
a.d. 83-84.'
AA
(year 34).
De
Saulcy in his
list
(p.
is
not alluded
by him
in his remarks.
My
No.
Arrangement.
No.
1.
Date
L.
(year 14).
I have given,
2.
under Vespasian,
my
18).
No.
3.
19).
78-79 and
a.d. 79-80.
Date ETO.
6,
Kl~
(year 23).
7,
8,
9.
Date ETO.
AK
or
KA
(year 24).
No. 10.
Date ET.
KE
(year 25).
Date ET., ETO. or ETOY. KS (year 26). Date ETO. KZ (year 27).
No.
4,
With
the exception of
ETO.
Kl~
(which
is
doubted by
De
Saulcy,
to
but for no
" Chalcian
specific reason),
De
coins
the
them
in a.d. 72-73.
This attribution
of
so early a
is
made notwithstanding
that there
era,
are
no
coins of
date
title
that
AK
or
It
KA
is
the
Gennanicus occurs.
quite true, as
De
with Mucianus against the Germans, 3 and numismatists have not been wanting
coins bearing
in assigning
the
title
title of
assumed the
certainly
at
Rome.
at
But
these
coins
have in
title
all
cases
been misread.
There are
no coins issued
Rome
it.
with this
earlier
without
The
coins of
Domitian struck
De
Saulcy
is
No. 18, but that he positively assigns Nos. 19, 20, and 21 to the "era of Chalcis." I have failed to discover the distinction which led to this opinion. z Cavedoni (" l'rinc. Quest, riguardanti la Num. Giud." " Nuovi Studi sopra le Ant. Mon. Giud." p. 16, note
of
;
tenable.
5) thinks that the coins of Agrippa II. and Domitian with the type of Victory standing writing on a shield, as also the coins withthe legend 10 A?, A^
p.
25,
note
Eckhel (" Doct. Num. Vet." vol. iii. p. 441) considers the coins with the legend IOYAAI A? Ai were struck in some Greek city; and De Saulcy (" Num. de la Terre Sainte," p. 79) is of opinion they were certainly struck in Palestine, and probably at Csesarea. See Chapter IX.
EAAOKYI
YAA
EAAOKYI
were probably struck at Nicopolis in Juchica. Nicopolis was founded after the capture of Jerusalem in a.d. 71. It was formerly called Emmaus, and when Judsea was put up for sale,
Titus assigned this place for the habitation of 800 men whom he had dismissed from the army (Joseph. " Bell. Jud." vii. 6, 6).
Suet. " Dom." 2 Tac. " Hist." 68, 85, 86. See Eckhel, " Doct. Num. Vet." vol. vi. p. 396. Martial (Lib. ii. "Epig." 2), as Eckhel has observed, who was most fulsome
3
;
Domitian
was worthy
dedication
The same
poet, in the
eighth book,
title
is
gives
Dacicus,
but this
not found
He
and
is
|A
(U),
AK
(24),
"Num.
Chron."
KS
COINS OF DOMITIAN
roborate this.
163
The
title
1
TEPM.
first
Is
it
then at
all
and
in Syria only
coins
?
it
of
Domitian would
I think not.
will be necessary to
my
opinion, to
corroborate
De
Saulcy's arrangement,
Vespasian and Titus with the dates Kl~ and KA, and these at present have not
been discovered.
To what
Here
is
the difficulty.
coins
of
Agrippa
I
II.
and
which I
shall
presently
allude,
assigned these
the
and in
these coins,
AK
the
and
KA
(24), exactly
in
title of
Germanicus by Domitian.
raised
against
to
my
attributions
is
is
this,
that
title
on the coins
of
Ccesar,
me
to
only the
and
Domitian succeeded
Empire
is
in a.d. 81.
De
EA
(35)
to
For I
Scbastos.
At
a.d.
AYTOK. AOMITIAN02
IMP DO
84
4
;
. .
L. Al
(year 11)
82-83
3
;
CAESAR
or
CAESAR
IMP.
L.
KAICAP and
kingdom
the
date
P ZNP
(year (157)
109)
a.d.
5
and
at
a.d.
93
and Domitian
may
be mentioned
II.,
(1)
that the
to
of
Chalcis, at
it
was taken
was given
still
a.d. 74-75,
of Vespasian,
and
(2)
that
under Domitian
was added
to
the
received the
I
name
of Flavia?
am,
therefore,
inclined
to
think
that
Though,
after the
Jewish war, Judaea, Galilee, and a great part of Idumoea were wasted,
the dominions of Agrippa II. were for the most part respected, 8
of
the Jewish tribute with the utmost severity, 9 and allowed the most
Eckhel, op. cit. vol. iv. p. CO. " Jew. Coinage," p. 131.
7 8
vii.
7,
1.
Eckhel, "Doct.
Num.
Vet."
vol.
iii.
p.
265.
ii.
'
4
De De De
Saulcy, "
Saulcy, Saulcy,
p.
400.
12.
de la Terre Sainte,"
p.
276.
"Num.
"Dom."
1G4
horrible atrocities to be
NUMISMATA OEIENTALrA.
committed,
1
it
seems
likely, as
we
possess coins of
left in peace.
Agrippa
II.
and
Agrippa
II.
was
The
to
a.d.
latest dated
Jewish coin,
" Chalcian
ET. or ETOY.
falls,
EA
is
by De Saidcy
83-84 of
the
era,"
in
my
much doubt
that
in
this year
The
my
(23)
KT
or
= a.d. = a.d.
= a.d.
83-84.
(24)
84-85.
AK
KE
KS
(25) (26)
85-86.
KZ
have shown
my
reasons for
disagreeing with
these
coins
to
the
my
original theory as to
their arrangement.
I am,
however, able to
make another
suggestion.
De
Philip."
commenced
KT
>>
>>
a.d.
76-77.
a.d.
77-78. 78-79.
79-80.
M
>>
) J
a.d. a.d.
!!
and would
all
to
There
still,
however,
Germanicus, and I
am
We
1
may now
pass on to examine the curious and important coins of the 12th consulship
of Domitian.
Suet, in he.
s
Dion Cass,
p.
1.').').
th
CONSULSHIP OF DOMITIAN.
1G5
No. 11.
No.
12.
Date ET.
KE
(year 25).
Same
type.
No.
11,
with
the
date
ET.
KE and with
;
legend
SALVTI AVGVST.,
1
is
puhlished,
as
also
by De Saulcy,
and
is
passee
le
the notice of
when
I issued
my
KS
(year 26).
should
to
Mionnet (No.
piece from the
It
is,
we must
correct
Wigan
therefore, necessary to
conclude with
De
mitian extended over two years (25 and 26) of the era of the town in which these pieces
were struck.
\Ve have already
A.i.
seen
that
the date of
all
these
coins
is
fixed
by the
Cos. XII. to
II.,
86, that
De
Saulcy, in
shows that they could not belong to any of the eras of Agrippa
that he therefore assigns them to a special " era of the town of Neronias," commencing about
a.u. 60-61.
corroboration
of
this
theory would
5
seem
to
be found
in
the
remarkable
coin
of
Domitian published by
De
Saulcy.
The following
is
the description
Reverse.
Obverse.
IMP.
CAE.
. .
DIVI
.
VESP.
XII.
F.
DOMITIAN.
of Domitian
to
MONETA
the
left,
(CAES)
(?)
AVGV.
S.P.
Deity
to
AVG
COS.
Head
left a
comu-copia)
and
left,
ET.-KS;
below S. C.
(The S
is
The
letters S.
P.
Paiu'o,
and are
coins
taken to be the
De
1
Saulcy
gives
woodcut
of
this
rare
2
coin,
differs
considerably
"Eeg. Vet."
p. 111.
from
"
Num.
p. 494.
"Num. "Num.
Herod."
1G6
his
description.
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
On
the
obverse
is
the
the
word CAE.
coin
it
is
CAES.,
to
and
the
legend
the
stops
at
AVG.
on the
Whether COS.
reverse
these
XII.
on
is
impossible
say from
is
cut,
whilst
De Saulcy
two
has queried,
drawn quite
P. ?
?
distinctly.
With
Can they
I suppose,
not have
letters of
the word
AVG VST.
however,
there
is
and
attribution. 1
In these circumstances there seems much probability in De Saulcy's argument, that the
coins
of
Agrippa
II.
XII.
were struck at
place to that of
different
the other coins of Agrippa II. and Domitian (Nos. 10 and 15), also with the dates
ETO. KE
to
De
" era of Neronias," he has not assigned, and for very good reasons,
pieces issued under
at this town.
For the
is
absence of
account,
name
adds,
of
3
Agrippa
"ce
que
II.
on this coin of
Domitian,
c'est
De
Saulcy
unable
n'a
to
but
he
nous
II.
pouvons
affirmer,
que
jusqu'ici
on
pas
retrouve
une
seule
piece
d'Agrippa
le
posterieure
cette
date.
Aurait-il
nom
as
le
royaume dAgrippa
of
In
my
till
coins
Agrippa
II.,
at
were
issued
96.
It
that
these coins
of
II.
were struck at
Tiberias,
coin
of
Trajan
and,
secondly,
because the
in
if
cornua-copise also
on the
coins
of
this
it
Emperor
issued
as
this
town. 6
But
the
by De Saulcy,
would seem
this
supported.
Be
it
as
a.d.
it
may, there
is
not
the
slightest
doubt
to
that
struck in
86,
7
the
" era
Neronias,"
or
to
the
"era of Tiberias."
1
had hoped
to ohtain
ET.
IS.
This should be
ET.
Head
that
[year
la Terre Sainte,"
who
in his turn
had
p. 336,
7
"Num.
"Tresor,"
Mionnet,
129;
vol. v. p.
Madden, "Jew. Coinage," p. 131; rig. la Num. Giud." p. 16, note. De Saulcy, " Num. de la 484, No. 56
;
"era of Neronias" and the " commence at the same time (see the Table). It may be that all the coins assigned by me to the "era of Tiberias" were really struck on "that of Neronias." If De Saulcy has read a coin of Marcus Aurelius Ccesar correctly,
It will be observed that the of Tiberias
" era
it
The
description in
Mionnet
(vol. v. p.
is
in-
would appear that the name "Neronias" was borne by it was abandoned on Aurelius succeeding to the Empire ("Num. de la Terre Sainte," p. 316).
Csesarea Panias up to his time, but
II.
UNDER DOMITIAN.
to
1GT
II.
is
certain
that
this
town belonged
Agrippa
from
time
when
it
was given
it
to
him by Nero
till
his
diately
on his decease
Roman Empire,
to
Trajan being
and 81
of
Tiberias, corresponding
a.d.
On
the peculiar legends on these coins various surmises have been made. 2
the letters S.
De
Saulcy, 3
i.e.
in speaking of
C,
may
(or
AVGVSTI)
4
Rome
it is
in the 10th
and on
Whether
;
impossible to say
but
it
would seem
as if to
he was constantly
be made for his
No. 17.
Date ETOY.
K0
(year 29).
it
known
to
De
Saulcy; had
it
been,
to
According
to a.d.
my
arrangement
it
may
81-82
of the
"era of Philip"
No. 18.
Date ETO.
AA
(year 31).
It
may
either belong
(?).
to
a.d.
of Tiberias," or to a.d.
ET.
and
ETOY. EA
to a.d.
(year
35).
These
may
either
(?).
belong
to
Date ET.
AA
(year 34).
De
either to a.d.
It
may
Tiberias,"
the
"era of
Philip "
may
be com-
struck at Neronias.
II.,
In order
I
may
have drawn up a Table showing the various proposed arrangements, which I trust will
assist
much
most
difficult,
many
of the dates.
De
Saulcy, "
Num.
Eckhel,
p.
4'J5;
Madden,
"Jew. Coinage," p. 130. Num. de la Terre Sainte," p. 316. 4 Cohen, "Med. Imp." 2nd ed. No. 420.
;
5 "Annum diemque ultimum jam pridem suspectum vitse AdoUscentulo habebat; horam etiam, necnon et genus mortis. For some Chaldaei euncta pncdixerant." Suet. "Dom." 11.
peculiarities of this
in the
"Num.
would-be " God and Lord," see Chron." n.s. I860, vol. vi. p. 200, seq.
my
paper
Era of
II.
Kingdom
of Agrippa.
Era of Neronias.
I.
Death
of Herod, king of Chalcis, in the 8th year of Claudius; Agrippa II. succeeds at close of a.d. 48.
'
Chalcis taken
II.
He is appointed to Tetrarohy of
when 12th year
Death
Philip,
2
3
58 59_
9 10
11
ETOTC
AI
TOT KAI CK
(and *fl)
60 61"
62"
63_ 64_ 65 66"
67 68"
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
6
7
10
11 12
Twelfth year of Nero; Agrippa II. Jewish war begins. Capture of Jotapata. Surrender of Tiberias
17th year of
13 14 15
l
Vitellius.
20
69_ 70_ 71 72"
21
16
14
15
'
Emp.
ia Domitian
Caes.
Domit. expedition
[Conquest of Jud;ea.
22 23
24 ETO.
|
17 18 19
(
9
10 11
16 17 18
73 25 ET. 74
Aristobulus, son of Herod, king of Chalcis, was about this time still king of Chalcis.)
(
v AK
Domitian
Ca3s.
20
...
12 13
KE Domitian
Cass.
21
26
J
22 23
24
20
14
75
76 77
j
Kr
Domitian
Cses.
21
15
28 29 ETOT.
22 23
24
16 17
18
K0
Vespasian Aug.
25 26
78'
30
Death of Vespasian.
Titus.
I
80
81
'
31
ETO.
AA
Domitian
Caes.
27
28 29 30 31 32
33 34 35 36 37 38 39
25
26 27 28 29
19
Death
of Titus.
Domitian.
82
,s:;
20
21
EA Domitian
Cses.
22 23
24
84
[Imp. and
36
! '
30
31
867
XII. (twelfth consulship)
of Domit.
37 38
ETO.
AA
Domitian
Caes.
25
26
32 33
34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41
|ET KECos.xn.Dom.Aug,
I
87'
39
ET.KrCos.xii.Dom.Aug
27
40
41
Death
of Domitian.
Nerva.
95 96_ 97"
Death of Nerva.
Trajan.
42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51
28 29 30
31
40
41
42 43 44 45 46 47
42 43 44 45
32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
Note.
The queries placed against certain dates in my arrangement do not mean that the reading
COIXAGE OF AGRIPPA
II.
MY ARRANGEMENT.
Chalcian Era.
Era of the
Tetrarcuy of
1'hilip II.
Era of Tiberias
or
Era of
Neronias.
Kingdom
of Agrippa.
REMARKS.
Death
_44
of
Herod Agrippa
I.
45 46
48 "49
_50 51 52 ,53
Death of Herod, king of Chalcis, in the 8th year of Claudius; Agrippa II. succeeds at close of a.p. 48.
Chalcis taken
II.
He is appointed to'Tetrarchy of
when
1
Philip,
_54 55
8 9 10 L.
11
2th year of Claudius was comI pleted, ahout February, a.d. 53. Death of Claudius. Nero. Agrippa II.
receives
^56 "57
I
_58 _59
(j;
(and -ft)
12 13 14
15
60
61
"62 63 64 65 66 67 68
16 17 IS 19 20
21 9
Twelfth year of Nero 17th year of Agrippa II. Jewish war begins. Capture of Jotapata. Surrender of Tiberias
;
Vitellius.
22 23
24
10
11
Vespasian Emp. Titus and Domit. Ccesars Domit. expedition in Gaul and Germain/. [Conquest of Juda.
72
73
12 13
|
25
26
(
ETOT. Kr Vespasian
ETO.
Aug-.
14
Kr
Titus Aug.
74
I
14
(
IA Domit.
Aristobulus, son of Herod, king of Chalcis, was about this time still king of Chalcis.
Caes.
27
I
23
ETO. Kr Domit.
Cses.
15
15
75 76
28 J"
( (
24
ETO.
ET.
Domit. Cses.
Cses.
. .
16
16
ETOT.
77
':
KE Domit.
17
(
30
fi f ? ET.,
ETO. or ETOT. Kr
[Domit. Caes.
78
18
is
(
31
27 28 29
30
31
ETO. KZ Domit.
Caes.
...
32 33 34 35
19
79
19
Death
of Vespasian.
Titus.
20
21
80
"81
ETOT. K0 Domit.
ETO.
Cses.
21
...
Death of Titus.
Domitian.
"82
^83
AA
Domit.
Caes.
22 23 ETO.
KT Domit.
[
Cses.
...
22 23
84 36 37 38
39 32
24
ETO.
*t
Domit.
Caes.
Caes.
...
24
33 34 35
36 37 38 39 40
41
?
?
25 ET.
ET.
KE Domit.
KZ
25
Cos. xii. Dom. Aug, 26 J (ET.KrCos.xii.Uom.Aug
AA
Zb
,,|ET.,
\
ETO. or ETOT.
Kr
27 ETO.
of Domit.
*87
27
40
41
ETOT.
ETO.
K0
Domit. Caes.
Cses.
...
42 43 44 45
28 29 30
31
89 "90
"91 "92 "93
AA
Domit.
46
17
42
43 44
16
EA Domit.
Caes.
48 49
51
[Imp. and
32 33 34 35 36
37 38
46 47
Death of Domitian.
Death of Nerva. Death of Agrippa
Nerva.
Trajan.
II. in 3rd
39
yearof Trajan
is
22
CHAPTEE
VII.
Ox
6,
Judaea was
made a Roman
man
of the
first
life
and
of
the
year
a.d.
9,
or
the
commencement
in
of
a.d.
10,
Coponius
does not,
him
as
the
government.
that
He
office,
we
find
procurator of Judaea at the death of Augustus in a.d. 14, 3 and that Tiberius, on his accession,
sent Valerius Gratus
to succeed
him
in
a.d. 15. 4
This Quirinus
St.
is
"Antiq."
Pilate
is
xix.
Luke
2).
2;
xx.
5,
1;
"Bell. Jud."
3,
1)
ii.
11,
6).
called
("Num. Chron."
late
7, note)
1865, vol.
v.
p.
208,
("Antiq."
used
xxiv.)
xviii.
that
the
p.
(" Principali
in
the
New
;
Testament (A.V.
xx. 20
;
tiyendv (Lat. presses), and this term is " governor ") of Pilate
cf .
that I should have written Quirinitts and principally on the authority of an inscription given by Marini ("Atti e Monumenti degli Arvali," pp. 782, 787), and I showed that no reliance could be placed on it as regards correct orthography moreover that there was another inscription, certainly authentic, having the form Quirinus, and that Quirinus was the correct Latin form of Cyrenius. The arguments pro and con of these inscriptions, and their importance as regards " the taxing of Cyrenius," have
Questioni,"
(Matt, xxvii. 2
;
Luke
Luke iii.
1)
and not
Quirinus,
been carefully collected together by Mr. W. R. A. Boyle (" The Inspiration of the Book of Daniel," p. 573, seq. London, 1863),
is
The Roman Imperial and of Festus (Acts xxvi. 30). Joseph. cf. government is called Tjye/j.ovla (Luke iii. 1 "Antiq." xviii. 6, 9). The word A occurs on a coin of Nero struck at Perperene in Mysia (Eckhel, " Doct. Num. Vet." vol. ii. p. 474; vol.iv.p.243),andthe title Ell ITPOIIOY is found only once in the whole series of Greek Imperial coins on a coin of Vespasian struck in Bithynia in genere (Eckhel, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 404; vol. iv. p. 249). A specimen of this coin is in the British Museum. It was coined by L. Antonius Naso, who may perhaps be identified with Antonius Naso, a tribune of the pnetorian troops, a.d. 69 (Tac. " Hist." i. 20
;
HTGMONI
Luke
8),
viii.
3,
for
p. 1142).
both afford internal evidence that their authority and general correctness are not to be depended on. Cf. Dr. Meyer (" Krit.
Matt. xx.
Cf.
and
in
Gal.
iv.
i.
it
is
translated
"tutor."
4,
Joseph.
"Bell. Jud."
;
30,
5;
"Antiq."
ov
xvii.
2;
Exeg. Komm. iiber das N.T." vol. ii. p. 222, Gottingen, 1844) and Alford (" Greek Test." Luke ii. ver. 2). 2 Joseph. " Antiq." xviii. 1, 1 "Bell. Jud." ii. 8, 1. The
;
2 Maccab.
3
xi. 1
xiii.
xiv. 2.
i(f>'
57) teal
TeAeuTo
The proper Greek and many of the procurators are so called by Josephus (Cumanus, " Antiq." xx. 6, 2; Felix, "Antiq." xx. 7, 2 "Bell. Jud." ii. 12, 8; 8, 5 Florus, "Antiq." xx. 11, 1), and the office iTriTpowriC' Antiq. "xx. "Bell. Jud." ii. 12, 1); on the other hand Josephus 5, 1;
(Joseph, passim; Tac.
xii.
"Ann."
is
54).
{mrpo-wos,
"Antiq." xviii. 2, 2. * Joseph. "Antiq." loc. cit. It seems probable, as also Mr. Lewin has observed ("Fasti Sacri," p. 150, No. 1033), that Augustus employed the same policy as regards the tenure of
KaTo-ap.
office of
Joseph.
proprietors (Dion
them
and
Coponius was appointed in a.d. 6, his term of three years would end in a.d. 9 his successor, Ambivius, would be recalled
;
xx. 8,
11;
9,
1)
calls
Gratus, Festus
in a.d. 12,
15.
171
Pilate
Yitellius,
and sent
Rome
Yitellius then appointed a friend of his, Marcellus, to take charge of the affairs of Juda3a. 3
The death
on March 16th,
a.d. 37,
Marullus was then sent by the new emperor as procurator of Judaea, 4 and in the same
year Agrippa
I.
received the tetrarchy of Philip, 5 and in a.d. 40 Galilee and Perasa, 6 and on
in
a.d.
41, Judaea
a.d.
I.
of Lysanias II. 7
41 by Claudius,
who succeeded
to the
empire in this
when
the
kingdom
of
of
a.d.
Agrippa
was
I.
Herod
I.
In the summer
44 Agrippa
Roman
father's
knight,
Agrippa
II.
kingdom. 8
a.d.
In
46 Tiberius Alexander
retain his appointment, for in the eighth year of the Emperor Claudius (a.d. 48) Ventidius
procurator. 10
quarrel having
arisen between
who
Rome
to
the Emperor.
Agrippa
6uch
II.
was
at this
effect that
rrj
'lovtiaia,
I1<jvtios 8e
;
Joseph.
" Autiq."
xviii. 2, 2
cf.
xviii. 6,
10;
"Bell. Jud."
ii.
9, 6.
xviii. 7, 2.
Jud."
*
ii.
9,
'-'.
Chapter VI.
8
See See
yero.
Joseph. "Antiq."
xviii. 4, 2.
The
recall is a matter of
controversy.
Clinton ("F.
R."
vol.
ii.
Chapter VI.
9
p.
236), adopting Lardner's opinion ("Credibility," vol. i. pp. 94-96, 371-377), thinks that Pilate's tenth year ended in September or October, a.d. 35. Norisius (vol. iii. pp. 516-517)
it
Joseph.
"Antiq." xx.
5,
2;
"Bell. Jud."
ii.
11,
6.
places
at the
this latter
view
is
taken by
Alexandria and nephew of Philo (Joseph. "Antiq." xviii. 8, 1; xx. 5, 2). Alexander, the father, appears to have been
the same as Alexander Lysimachus the Alabarch,
Mr. Lewin ("Fasti Sacri," p. 172, No. 1160; p. 247, No. 1493). The arguments pro and con are of too lengthy a nature to be
produced here.
De Saulcy ("Num.
Another of
his sons,
(Joseph.
6).
5, 2),
("Bell. Jud."
officer
ii.
11,
5)
gives the
same
title to
Jucundus, an
i.
74).
He
was the
first
Gessius Floras.
Mr. Lewin
Marcel/us
(" Life of
Paul,"
vol.
i.
p.
25
Agrippa
l0
II.),
so the
have been left without a governor until the arrival of Marullus. I, miner (" Credibility," vol. i. p. 92) is of opinion that there was no procurator between the removal of Pilate and the reign of
Agrippa.
xx. 5, 2.
"
Bell.
Jud."
xx.
ii.
12,
1,
Cumanus
12, 1-7.
Herod
2,
" Joseph.
"Autiq."
6,
1,
3;
"Bell.
Jud."
ii.
1*70
JI
-t
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
The period
of the actual dismissal of
Cumanus and
is
difficult
to
determine.
(a.d.
removal of
successor;
states
2
Cumanus
whilst
in
the
3
twelfth
year of
of
Claudius
in
a.d.
and
names Felix
as
his
Tacitus
speaks
Felix
joint
that
procurators,
Cumanus having
ttoWwv
Galilee
"
Forasmuch
as
know
of many
years
(e'/c
to)v)
a judge
cepted as positive proof of the correctness of the statement of Tacitus, 5 and the
"many
years"
still
probably extend from a.d. 52 to a.d. 58, the year when Paul was speaking.
procurator under
Taricheao and
Judaja.
7
Felix was
Julias of
Nero,
gave to
Agrippa
II.
Persea,
rest
Tiberias
Galilee
in
a.d.
55,
made Felix
procurator
over
the
of
Tbis
sent
In
a.d.
Roman
sub
procurators,
ad
eo
bellum
ortum."
Antonius Felix
(Tac.
"Hist."
v.
9);
;
Claudius
Felix,
is
considered by
Mr.
(Suidasin KXavSios).
xii.
;
Acts; Tac.
"Ann."
Conder
to
Suetonius {Joe. cit.) says that he 54 Suet. " Claud." 28). was the husband of three queens. According to Tacitus ("Hist." v. 9) he married [first) Drusilla, the granddaughter of Antony and Cleopatra. It is known that he married Drusilla, the sister Of his third wife nothing is of Agrippa II. (Acts xxiv. 24). known. 2 Joseph. "Antiq." xx. 6, 3 "Bell. Jud " ii. 12, 8. 7, 1
; ;
"In
in
Evangelistas ad
Damasum
as
the
decisive
against
9 ,n
it.
9, 1
(Smith's
further ap-
"Ann."
xii.
54.
pointments, and
may be
made
According to Suetonius ("Claud." 28) and Victor ("Epit." Lugd. Bat. 1648, p. 3G1) it would seem as if Felix had held
a military command,
Csesariensis, to
which Galba
perhaps
of
the
title of
Cumanus. Whiston, in his note to the passage of Josephus ("Bell. Jud." ii. 12, 8), throws doubts on the statement of Tacitus, and Mr. Lewin ("Fasti Sacri," p. 297, No. 1777)
considers
"Hist."
ii.
He
59).
was shortly
after, together
" a palpable error." 6 Lewin, " Life of St. Paul," vol. ii. " Fasti p. 159, note 87 Sacri," p. 316, No. 1865. 7 Joseph. "Bell. Jud." ii. 13, 2. "With respect to Abila,
it
;
9,
5; 11,
"Bell. Jud."
ii.
14, 2.
mentioned in
"the
gift of
Nero," see
14, 1;
Chapter VI.
8
9;
"Bell. Jud."
here
ii.
Acts
xxiv.
xxv.,
xxvi.
The
dates
given
are
wholly at
This writer
Nero,
vol.
iv.
p.
27 seq.)
"Hist." v. 10. 13 The Jewish war broke out in the second yew of the government of Florus and the twelfth year of Nero (Joseph. "Antiq." xx. 11, 1). The twelfth year of Nero, which, as we have seen under Sect. H. Agrippa II. (Chapter VI. pp. 140-142), corresponded to the seventeenth year of Agrippa II., was current between the 13th of October, a.d. 65, and 13th of October, a.d. 66, and it was in the month of April, a.d. 66, that the war began (Joseph. Florus was therefore made procurator "Bell. Jud." ii. 14, 4).
before April, a.d. 65.
12
The
fixing of the
. .
LIST OF
173
The
list
A.D.
A.D.
1st
Pr icurator Coroxius
..
6-1
10
9
2nd
Marcus Ambiyius
12
13
10
3rd
;>
Axxius Bufus
12
. .
14
15
J3
4th
j j
Valerius Gratis
15
..
25 26
5th 6th
7th
jy
Pontics Pilate
M.iRCELLUS
..
26-!!
36
>>
3637
3741
King
.
>>
Marullus
[Agrippa
I.
of Judaea 41
44.]
4446 4648
8th
9th
>>
Cuspius Fadus
>j
Tiberius Alexander
10th
11th
,,
Yextidius Cumanus
)>
j j
n
>
Albixus 2
Gessius Florins
a.d.
G a.d.
14.
struck
in
Judaea
Archclaus, do not exhibit any sign or symbol that might be offensive to the religious feelings
of
Roman custom
curators, as
Sabinus,
who
is
called
by Josephus ("Antiq."
for
xvii. 9, 3),
of
Albinus,
a-
and again Bell. Jud." ii. 2, 2) "the procurator of Syria," has by some been counted among the procurators. It has been suggested by the Rev. Dr. Farrar (Kitto's " Cyc. of Bibl. Lit." ed. Alexander, i.v. Procurator) that the passage in Josephus ("Antiq." xviii. 2, 2), in which it is stated that "Tiberius tent Valerius Gratus to be procurator," is probably the
Caesar's steward
(eirlrpoiros)
"
Syrian affairs,"
reason
[fifth
for
It
this,
as -ntn-mAs [suit) has been read ni^xitToi would seem, however, that Sabinus was only a
I.
vol. i. p. 1010), and by me ("Jew. Coinage," was high-priest during the interim before the arrival He assembled the of Albinus (Joseph. "Antiq." xx. 9, 1). Sanhedrin and brought before them James the brother of Jesus and other Christians. For this be was deposed, alter a rule ol The words " brother of Jesus" are supposed to three months. be interpolations (Rev. F. Meyrick, Smith's "Diet, of the Bible," vol. i. p. 925; J. E. Ryland, Kitto's "Cyc. of Bibl.
135), but
until affairs
Lit."
ed.
Alexander, vol.
p. 158, note 9).
ii.
p.
459;
el.
Madden,
"Jew.
were
settled.
Coinage,"
See
Chapter VIII.
174
of abhorrence to the Jews, 1 yet
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
they forbore from placing such emblems on the coins. This
may
be accounted for by the coins being under the surveillance of the Emperor and Senate,
into,
thought that they could introduce the forbidden symbols without the matter getting to the
ears of the Emperor.
recall.
The
a plant, the
name
of
The
dates
during the
reign of
2
Augustus are
in b.c. 27.
a.d.
1U-
1st year,
a.d. 6-7.
Obvebse.
1.
Reveese.
ear of
M.
3.
KAICAPOC.
An
com.
A
No.
1
In field,
(Madden, "Jew. Coinage,"
p. 136,
;
to right
and
left,
L.
Ar
1.)
(year 33).
"Num. Chron."
No.
M. de Saulcy
states
that he
is
one in the "Cabinet des Medailles" at Paris, 4 the other which was formerly in the Collection
of
the late
6
so
published by myself. 5
stated
that he
possesses
Joseph. "Antiq."
xviii. 3,
"Bell. Jud."
ii.
9, 3.
" Rev.
Mommsen, "Hist,
iii.
de la
Witte, vol.
p.
p.
326, note
138; " Num. Chron." n.s. of the type employed during the reigns of Augustus described by Cavedoni (" Bibl. Num." vol. i. p. 65, No. 1; vol. ii.
39,
iii.
Mon. Rom." ed. Blacas and De 3; Madden, "Jew. Coinage," 1875, vol. xv. p. 176. The coins
paper
read
Num." 1853, pi. xi. fig. 3, and p. 193 note. De Saulcy wrote that the Cabinet des Medailles
In
this
at Paris
AT,
it might be fancied that one could but owing to the bad preservation of the piece it
p. vol.
No.
1;
p.
40;
cf.
Eckhel,
|_.
"Doct.
(year 30)
Num. Vet."
and
|_.
p. 497)
AA
end
See
Table
at
was doubtful if this reading could be received. The engraving however clearly shows AT. 5 "Jew. Coinage," p. 136, No. 1. 6 "Num. Chron." n.s. 1862, vol. ii. p. 274; 1876, vol. xvi. Mr. Reichardt further states that he possesses a coin p. 316.
with the date
A6
(35)
a.d.
8-9.
Cf.
Madden,
"Jew.
AND RUFUS.
175
a.d.
12
a.d.
a.d. 9-10.
Obverse.
2.
Reverse.
as
JZ.
3.
No.
1.
Same type
L.
as
No.
In
field,
to right
and
left,
AC
p.
1
;
(year 36).
(Formerly
Mr. Wigan
136, No. 2;
De
Saulcy,
"Num.
Jud."
cit.
p. 138,
2.)
pi. viii.
No.
De
Saulcy,
"Num.
No.
Madden,
"Num.
Chron." he.
No.
This coin
issued
at
the
latest
at
the
commencement
a.d.
13
a.d. t-
15'
A.D.
12-13.
Obverse. Reverse.
as No.
I.
3.
M.
4.
Same type
L.
as No. 1.
In
field,
to right
and
left.
A0
(year 39).
(De Saulcy,
"Num.
Jud."
p.
139, pi.
viii.
No. 2
iii.
Sainte,"
p. 72, pi.
No. 2
Madden, "Jew. Coinage," p. 136, No. 3; Madden, " Num. Chron." he. cit. No.
;
De
3.)
Saulcy,
"Num.
de
la
Tern
This coin
of
a.d.
at
the end
12.
176
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
A.D.
13-14.
Obverse.
Reverse.
as No.
1.
4.
2E. 4.
Same type
L.
as
No.
1.
In
field,
to right
and
left,
(year 40).
;
p.
139, pi.
viii.
No. 3
pi.
Saiute," p. 72,
iii.
No. 3
De Saulcy, Madden, " Jew. Coinage," p. 136, No. 4 Madden, " Num. Chron." loc. cit. No. 4.)
;
"Num.
de la Terre
A.D. 14-15.
Obverse.
5.
Reverse.
as
JE. 4.
No.
1.
Same type
L.
as No.
In
field,
to right
and
left,
MA
p.
;
(year 41).
Wigan
137, No. 5;
De
Saulcy,
"Num.
Jud."
p.
5.)
139,
No. 4
De
Saulcy,
"Num.
No. 4
loc. cit.
No.
These
two
coins
were
undoubtedly
struck
by Annius
14.
Rufus,
who was
superseded
The type
of
the palm-tree on these coins commemorates the groves of palm for which
I.
derived a
large revenue. 1
(pp.
The
Cavedoni,
reject
six
coins
my
I
"Jewish
Coinage"
139-141),
at
after
Sestini
and
are
now
distrusted
their
attribution
the time,
and now
finally
their
REIGN OF TIBERIUS,
Augustus
died
the
a.d.
14 a.d.
the
37.
19th
of
August,
a.d.
1st,
14, 2
lie,
and
27,
"
Anni
Augusti," which wo
the
1 to
this emperor.
The new
18
1
(L.
to
from
a.d.
14-15
2,
to
a.d.
31-32.
p. 108.
2
ii.
184. See
Chapter VI.
XIV. Eal.
Sep/. (Suet.
"Aug."
100).
177
computed from the 19th
of
almost certain
Kal.
that
a.d.
the
14,
August
(xiv.
Sept.),
the death of
(v.
Kal.
Jul),
a.d. 4,
of
a.d.
15
25
a.d,
26-
14-15.
Obverse.
Reverse.
1.
M.
3.
IOYA.-CEB.
(?) in
two
lines within
Two
cornua-copiae,
above, L.
Jud."
p. 102, pi.
p. 73, pi.
iv.
iii.
A
;
(year 1)
"Num.
No.
p.
150
De
183,
Saulcy,
"Num.
de la Terre Sainte,"
No. 5
"Num.
Cbron."
loc. cit. p.
No.
1.)
Cf.
p.
liii,
and
p.
monuments, or
to be
coins, is a trace of
s.v.
Jesus Christ,
calculated
met with."
p. 1074) says,
"The
rule of Tiberius
may be
either
from the beginning of his sole reign after the death of Augustus, a.u.c. 767 [a.d. 14], or from his joint government with Augustus, i.e. from the beginning of a.u.c. 765 [a.d. 12]. In the latter case the fifteenth year of Tiberius [Luke iii. 1] would correspond with a.u.c. 779 [a.d. 26] " and Dr. Farrar considers ("Life of Christ," illustr. ed. App. p. 735) "that there is good ground to believe that St. Luke dates the year of the reign of Tiberius from his association with Augustus as joint emperor in a.u.c. 765 (a.d. 12)."
;
With respect to Dr. Thomson's and Dr. Farrar's theory, one which has been adopted by Norisius, l'agi, Ussher, Lardner, Hales, Greswell, and others, Clinton ("F. R." vol.ii.p. 237) writes, "they have no other reason for selecting that particular year [a.u.c. 765=a.d. 12] as the epoch than because it is adapted to their
own dates for the With reference
it
coins,
KAIAP EBAT02
vol.
iii.
(Kitto's
i.
" Cyc.
p.
of
Bibl.
Lit." ed.
515)
of
on the contrary
'
Num.
Vet."
p.
277)
whilst
other genuine
"
St.
Luke's
the
date
'
fifteenth
Tiberius
(iii.
1)
coins of Tiberius,
EM
A
for
interpreted
by
constant
rule
of
the
Imperial
annals
ZM (+7),
i.e.
a.d. 16-17,
same month
it
of a.d.
29.
Re-
with the
p. 278; I
is
letter \~ for the third year of his reign (Eckhel, op. cit.
cf.
or 29.
Taken
1
in
either a.d. 28
may add
of
Lewin, " Fasti Sacri," pp. Iiv, 154, No. 1044). that Mr. Lewin (" Fasti Sacri," p.
liii)
ginning either
Nisan or
opinion
of
Tiberius
as
beginning
in
tin.'
The
epoch
by three years than the death of Augustus, which, from the sixteenth century downward, has found favour with many learned men, will not bear examination it is unknown to
;
own
day,
and that no single case has ever been or can be produced in which the Tears of Tiberius were reckoned in any other
manner."
23
178
This
attribution
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
coin
was
at
one
to
4
time
ascribed
2
by De Saulcy
to
Judas
it
Aristobulus,
but
the
was objected
3
by Cavedoni,
did not
at
who
first
considered
that
should be attributed to
Julia Augusta.
De Saulcy
above
which, however,
he now concurs. 5
The
that
it
piece
is
described
appears
of
to
be
the
6
in
the
British
that
Museum,
and
presume
read
the
from a careful
I
7
examination
piece
itself
De
Saulcy has
date
L. A.
may remark
that he describes
I
IOYA. CEB.
L.
(?),
whilst
clearly
his engraving
IOYA AC
the coin
two
lines.
The date
A
it
is also is
given.
It
is,
however, uncertain
how
may
be truly described, as
in a very
The most
is
i!~ .,'
within a
L.
(very
possible
that
this
coin
may have
a.d.
been struck
still
in office
a.d.
15.
may add
would be desirable
find
2nd year, a
d.
15-16.
Reverse.
lines within a laurel
Obverse.
2.
2E.
3.
KAI-CAP
Bibl.
in
two
Two
cornua-copiffi,
between which L.
B (year
2);
wreath.
(Cavedoni,
p. 142,
above TIB.
"
Num."
De
vol.
i.
p. 66,
No. 11
vol.
ii.
p. 48,
No.
1,
No. 3;
Saulcy,
"Num.
No. 6; Madden,
"Num.
184,
No.
2.
Specimens also exist in the Cabinets of Dr. Churchill Babington and the Rev. H. C. Reichardt.)
Obverse.
3.
Reverse.
lines
M.
4.
IOYAI A
in
two
within a wreath.
Ear
of
corn;
in field,
to
right
and
left,
L.
(year 2).
(De Saulcy,
"Num.
Jud."
p.
141, pi.
viii.
No. 7;
pi.
iii.
p. 142,
No. 2;
No.
De
3.)
Saulcy,
"Num.de
la
Terre
Sainte," p. 73,
No.
loc. cit.
pi. iv.
No.
1.
De
Saulcy here
(?)
'
'
and
I() r
IOYAA BAIA.
Mr. Poole
ii.
(Art.
Money
in Smith's "Diet, of
the
Bible," vol.
p.
413), as I have
Coinage," p. 150, note 3), adopted De Saulcy's opinion only as a " probable attribution," and describes the coin under " copper
2 "Bibl. Num." vol. ii. Antigonus (?)." p. 48, No. 5, p. 50. 3 Madden, "Jew. Coinage," This Julia is the mother p. 150. 4 " Rev. Num." 1857, p. 297. of Tiberius and not the wife. s " Num. de la Terre Sainte," p. 73.
6
Op.
cit.
"'
Op.
No.
5.
179
Reverse.
comua-copise,
right
M.
and
3.
KAI-CAP
in
two
in field, to
L.
V (year
3).
;
;
Babington, (De Sauley, " Bull. Arch, de l'Athen. Fran?." 1855, pp. 5, C Reichardt, " Num. Chron." n.s. 1862, vol. ii. p. 274 " Num. Chron." n.s. 1862, vol. ii. p. 67, pi. ii. No. 6 Madden, " Jew. Coinage," p. 143, No. 5 De Sauley, " Num. de la Similar coins in the British Museum and Terre Sainte," p. 73, pi. iii. No. 8; Madden, "Num. Chron." loc. cit. No. 4. former Wigan Collection read (*' c ) BE
; ;
POC
Obverse.
5.
Reverse.
iE.
3.
triple
lily;
in field,
to
right
and
left,
L.
(year 3).
(De Sauley, " Num. de
Terre Sainte," p. 74,
No. 9. This variety was unknown Num. Chron." loc. cit. p. 185, No. 5.)
pi.
iii.
till
published by
De Sauley
Madden,
Obverse.
6.
Reverse.
M.4.
IOYAI A
"Num.
Jud."
in
p.
two
lines within a
viii.
wreath
date as No. 5.
;
(De Sauley,
142, pi.
Sainte," p. 74,
pi.
No. 8; Madden, "Jew. Coinage," p. 142, No. 4 De Sauley, iii. No. 10; Madden, "Num. Chron." loc. cit. No. 6.)
"Num.
de la Terre
Reverse.
a vine-leaf.
JE.
3.
TIBEP[IOY] above
KAICAP
L.
above a diota; in
(year 4).
pi.
iii.
field, to
p. 145,
No. 8;
De
Sauley,
"Num.
No. 11;
Madden,
"Num.
Chron."
loc. cit.
No.
7.)
Obverse.
8.
Reverse.
Diota
;
M.
3.
IOYAIA
]).
above a vine-leaf.
;
in field, to right
and
left,
L.
A
la
(year 4).
Terre Sainte,"
No.
Madden, "Jew. Coinage," p. 144, No. 7; De Sauley, " Num. de Madden, " Num. Chron." loc. cit. No. 8.)
;
180
Eckliel
(year
later
1).
1
NTJMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
and Cavedoni
3 2
describe
De Saulcy
5
gave them both (Nos. 7 and 8) to the "year 1"; but a few years
4
he corrected
Cavedoni
8,
A and
as
|_.
A, and
the legend
IOYAIA
wreath.
8
He
states
that
Mionnet
by Mionnet
having the
wreath,
but above
is
vine-leaf.
(year 4)
one
to
for
these
coins.
The
date
10
piece
|_.
Augustus
by Cavedoni,
with
similar
type
No.
and
the
(year 30),
L. A, and should be ascribed to Tiberius. has suggested n that the diota on these coins may probably represent one of the Cavedoni
wine-cups, which
Augustus presented
to the
Temple
at Jerusalem,
and
which in the First Revolt was melted with other sacred utensils by order of John of Gischala. 12
Obverse.
9.
Reverse.
in three lines within
M.
4.
TIB KAI-CAP
" Num. Jud."
la
[IOY AIA.]
L.
palm.
In
field, to
right and
left,
a wreath.
(De Saulcy, p. 143, wanting in these descriptions.
pi. viii.
(year 4).
p. 144,
No. 3 [read
9]
No.
6.
De
IOYAIA
De
is
Saulcy,
" Num. de
De
Saulcy,
14
la
cit.
p.
186, No. 9.
Examples sometimes
2.)
Eckhel
incorrectly.
13
and
Cavedoni
cite
this
coin
with
the
date
L.
(year
1),
but
probably
iE.
3.
reverse as *No.
;
9.
Date L.
(year 5).
;
Madden, " Jew. Coinage," p. 146, No. 10 No. 10 De Saulcy, " Num. de la Terre Madden, " Num. Chron." loc. cit. No. 10. The piece published by Eckhel, " Doct. Num. Vet." vol. iii. p. 497, and Cavedoni, "Bibl. Num." vol. i. p. 65, No. 8; vol. ii. p. 49, No. 2, with the legend IOYAIA C is probably misread, and the letters C should be [_. 6. Cf. De Saulcy, "Num. Jud." p. 142; Madden, "Jew. Coinage," p. 145, No. 9.)
p. 143, pi. viii.
;
No. 3
vol.
i.
iii.
p. 498.
2 3
4
'
Num."
vol.
p. 65,
No. 5
vol.
ii.
p. 47,
No.
2.
10
11
6 > *
"Num. Jud." pp. 140, 141, pi. viii. Nos. 5, 6. "Bull. Arch, de l'Athenceum Francais," Jan. 1855, pp. 5, 6. " Bibl. Num." vol. i. p. 65, No. 4 vol. ii. p. 47, No. 1. " Bibl. Num." vol. ii. p. 47, note.
;
" Bibl. Num." vol. i. p. 65, No. 2 Madden, "Jew. Coinage," p. 139. " Bibl. Num." vol. ii. p. 49.
'Att(x (to S'ouSe
irtfi(p6VT<tii'
vol.
ii.
p. 39,
No.
3.
13
ruu
virh
Trjj
yuvaiKOs
avrov
13
a.Kparu(p6pwv.
vol.
i.
"
Bell.
Jud."
vol.
v. 13, 6.
iii.
p. 498.
67, 68.
14
"
Bibl.
Num."
vol.
p. 66,
No. 10
ii.
p. 49,
No.
1.
181
6)
(year
6).
De
L.
Saulcy
the
reading,
4
and
is
convinced
the
date
should
be
(year
am
of
his
opinion.
7th year,
a.d.
20-21, to
10th year,
a.d.
23-24.
to
No
coins of
these years
have been up
M.
3.
reverse as No. 9.
;
Date L.
(year 11).
;
No. 4
No. 11 Madden, " Jew. Coinage," p. 146, No. 12 Madden, " Num. Chron." he. cit. No. 11. A piece formerly
De
Sauley,
" Num. de
la
Terre
in the late
|_.
A I.)
of
this
The
Cavedoni,
6
coin
is
type
with the
date
L.
(year
14),
published
by
Eckhel 5
and
De Saulcy
ans,
He says: Jerusalem. On ne
de cette reapparition qu'en admettant l'arrivee en Judee d'un nouveau procurateur, desireux
de rendre
hommage
quite
;
l'empereur regnant.
la
Or Valerius Gratus
fut
remplace
par Pontius
Pilatus en l'an
It
is
26 de J.-C, dont
true,
first
as
De
in
Saulcy
of
that
Pontius
Pilate
in
to
a.d.
fall
26
in
the
portion
the eleventh
year of
Tiberius does
however, happen
as
this
year,
but
the
year a.d.
24.
Moreover, though
is
no
coins have
yet
no reason
of
similar
why
exist.
Eckhel 7 and
date
L.
Cavedoni 8 have
9).
9
both
published
pieces
type
No.
9,
with the
(year
This coin,
12th
therefore,
year,
a.d.
25-26.
this year
No
1
coins
of
up
to
" Doct. Num. Vet." vol. iii. p. 497. " Bibl. Num." vol. i. p. 65, No. 6 vol. ii. p. 47, No. 3. 3 J'Num. Jud." p. 142; "Num. de la Terre Sainte," "
;
vol.
iii.
p. 498.
;
P4
Cf. "
Jew. Coinage,"
p. 146,
No.
11.
Num." vol. i. p. 66, No. 10 '" Doct. Num. Vet," vol. iii. p. 498. 8 " Bibl. Num." vol. i. p. 66, No. 10 a See my note in " Jew. Coinage," p.
Bibl.
"
vol.
ii.
p. 49,
No. No.
vol.
ii.
p. 49,
1.
147, note 3.
182
NUMISMATA OMENTALIA.
a.d.
26
3
a.d,
36-
No
up
16th
year,
a.d.
29-30.
Obverse.
Heveese.
L.
IS (year
12.
M.
16).
3.
TIBEPIOY KAICAPOC
"Num.
IOYA1A KAICAPOC.
together.
Three ears
of corn
bound
Simpulum.
Jud."
p.
(De Saulcy,
1,
2;
Madden,
pi. iv.
"Jew. Coinage,"
No.
5.
p.
147,
No. 13;
De
date
Saulcy,
Saulcy,
144,
pi.
ix.
No. 3; Madden,
"Jew. Coinage,"
147,
with the
p.
doubtless read
Chron."
loc. cit.
De
Saulcy,
"Num.
de la Terre
Sainte,"
75;
|_. S, Madden,
"Num.
have given
really
coins of
exist. 3
the
same
types,
with
the
dates
L.
and
L.
A.
Julia,
29.
Obverse.
13.
Reverse.
Lituus.
M.
3.
[TIBEP]IOY KAICAPOC.
Jud."
p.
L.
(De Saulcy,
"Num.
Madden, "Jew. Coinage," p. 149, No. 14; No. 6 Madden, " Num. Chron." loc. cit. No.
;
De
13.)
Saulcy, "
Num.
de la Terre
17th
14.
year,
a.d.
30-31.
reverse as No.
ix.
M.
3.
13,
is
L.
IZ (year 17).
la
(De Saulcy,
"Num.
146, pi.
No. 6
iv.
149,
Terre
No. 7
Madden,
"Num.
2
Chron."
loc. cit.
No.
14.)
" Doct.
Num. Vet."
vol.
iii.
p.
498.
3
"
Bibl.
Num."
vol.
i.
p. 65,
3.
No. 9
vol.
ii.
p. 49,
No.
3.
See
my
183
J. 3.
is
L.
;
IH (year 18).
No. 8
Madden, " Jew. Coinage," p. 149, No. 16 Madden, " Num. Chron." he. cit. No.
;
De
Saulcy,
"Num.
de la Terre
15.)
Cavedoni
[_.
(year
11),
from
Sestini
Pilate after
the death of Julia, the mother of Tiberius, the strong weakness Tiberius
is
29,
known
to
a.d.
36
a.d. 37.
REIGN OF CARTS
(Caligula), a.d.
a.d.
37 a.d.
37
a.d.
41.
41.
In
all
probability
as
in April,
a.d.
37,
Agrippa
I.
and in
a.d.
40 Galilee and Persea, and struck coins in his own name as king. 5
REIGN OF CLAUDIUS,
a.d.
41 a.d.
a.d.
54.
44
a.d. 46.
Agrippa
considered too
I.
reigned
till
the
summer
of
a.d.
44,
when he
died,
and
his
son
being
young
to undertake the
No
1
coins, have,
however, been discovered that could have been issued during his procuratorship.
2.
7.
"Bibl.
"Descr.
2
3
TIBEPIOY KAITime
most
cars
CAPOC
of corn
6
Rev.
AYTOKPATOPOC.
stalk.
Madden, "Jew. Coinage," pp. 148, 149. 1 Joseph. "Antiq." xviii. 6, 9; Suet. "Tib." 69. Cavedoni (" Bibl. Num." vol. ii. p. 48; cf. Madden, " Jew. Coinage," p. 150) has supposed that the following coin, taken from
JE.
But
it is
likely of
Chapter VI.
p. 129, Sect. F.
Hekod
-. i:
i-i-a
J.
184
NTJMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
a.d.
46
a.d. 48.
No
coins
up
a.d.
48
a.d. 52.
No
coins
up
to the present
time discovered.
a.d.
52
in
a.d. 60.
we have
seen,
a.d.
52,
of
Claudius, but
13th
year,
a.d.
53-54.
Obverse.
Reverse.
.
1.
M.
KAICAP re
Two
IT
AIA AT Pinni NA
in four
lines
within
a wreath.
"Num.
Jud."
p.
Sainte," p. 76
No. 9; Madden, "Jew. Coinage," p. 151, No. 1; De Saulcy, Madden, " Num. Chron." loe. cit. p. 190, No. 1.)
;
"Num.de
la
Terre
This
It
coin
is
is
that
M. de Saulcy has
ever seen.
was formerly
the
Wigan
Collection.
Reverse.
JE.
4.
Tl.
Two
L.
palm-branches placed
14).
below,
IA (year
"Num.
(De Saulcy,
Jud."
p.
No. 10;
No. 9
p.
152,
No. 2
De
Saulcy,
"Num.
de la Terre
Sainte," p. 7G,
pi. iv.
loe. cit. p.
185
represent
Those
two
coins
are
probably
l
the
only
ones
which
the
family name
of
Agrippina
Groecarum,"
Julia.
2
Cavedoni
is
which
dedicated
IOYAI[AI]
his
53 or 54.
Ccesars.
Reverse.
round
two
Palm-tree; above,
to right
shields
and
left,
L.
;
IA (year
De
No. 11
p. 152
Saulcy,
" Num. de
la Terre Saiute,"
No. 10
Madden,
"Num.
Chron."
loc. eit. p.
191.)
REIGN OF NERO,
a.d.
54 a.d.
68.
(continued).
Obverse.
Reverse.
M.
4.
L.
G KAICAPOC.
p. 150,
Palm.
pi. ix.
NGP UNO C
Madden, "Jew. Coinage,"
p.
No. 12;
153;
De
Saulcy,
"Num.
de la Terre Saiute,"
77,
pi. iv.
No.
11.
N6PONOC [sometimes
pi. iv.
3
4
retrograde] and
;
NPU)N,
De
Saulcy,
"Num.
192.)
Jud."
pi. ix.
Nos. 13, 14
" Num. de
la
Terre Sainte,"
loc. cit. p.
p.
" BibL Num." vol. ii. p. 52, note. No. 3610. Quoted incorrectly by me in "Jew. Coinage," 152, note 9, from "Gruter" (Cavedoni, "Principali Questioni,
vol.
iii.
Num."
vol.
i.
p. 66,
p. 498 No. 14
p. 52.
etc.," p. 7).
24
186
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
This coin M. de Saulcy has assigned to Porcius Festus.
a.d.
No
coins
up
a.d.
60
end
of
a.d. 61.
No
up
a.d.
62
a.d. 61.
No
up
a.d. G6.
No
up
Table
is
appended
'
Dates on
Coins of Procurators.
Actual Years
of
Remarks.
Procurators.
May, A.D.
2-33
35 36 37 38 39 40
l.
L.
Ar
2 l\> Coponius
Archelaus banished.
Judoea becomes a
Eoman
province.
3)
1
L.
AC
A0
2
3 L. L. L.
1
Ambivius
41
A.D
14 15"
1st vear of Tiberius
M MA
A?
B r
2
3
Eufus
19th August, a.d. 14, death of Augustus. Augusti." Accession of Tiberius.
End of "Anni
2nd
L. L. L.
L. L.
still
in office.
Valerius
2
3
A
e
4
.
. f
(Valerius Gratus
L.
1A
10
11
n
2
3 L. IsL. IZ
L.
Pontius Pilate appointed towards the Gratus deposed. end of a.d. 26.
16th 01 17th
o"* 18th
4
5
Pontius
Pilate
IH
{{ 19th of 20th
*t-21st
6 7
^-22nd ,- 23rd
37 38_
-1st year of Caligula
1,
1
Marcellus
March
16th,
Caligula.
Marullus procurator.
Marullus
Claudius began to Jan. 24th, a.d. 41, Caligula killed. Marullus recalled. reign the next day.
,
41
Jan. 25th 41
,.
Agrippa
I.
king of Judaea.
44 3rd \\4 th
a
5th 46 -6 47 'th 48
a
.,
1
,,
I)
\\
1
Cuspius Fadus
Tib. Alexander
49-8th 50-9th
2 3
sV10th
Cumanus
Death of Herod, king of Chalcis. Ventidius Cumanus Agrippa II. succeeds Herod. procurator.
^-1 lth
53- 12th 54 13th ) 14th yearof Claudius .- \ 1st year of Xero.
L. ir L. IA
n
2
Felix procurator.
Death
Nero.
)>
Felix
5<H n ?
59
oth
th
L.
1
61
fi9 8th
2
'
1
Festus
Festus procurator.
u Albinus
;;
Albinus procurator.
Gessius Florus procurator. 17th year of Agrippa II. Jewish war commences.
S-^th
Florus
J
CHAPTER
VIII.
JEWS.
stated, 1
64,
proved even a
many
suitable
only a
These insurrections were always quickly subdued, and the Jews only postponed
independence
to
time.
It
The conduct
was owing
hostility
of
Florus
in
to certain
events
happening
parties
laid
at
Cocsarea,
to
that the
into
direct
with Pome.
the
Two
several
claim
the
city,
The claim
Jews
of
former findin
ing
favour
with
the
Romans,
and
the
of
religion
Cajsarea,
of
the
having
been
instances insulted
by the inhabitants
the
into
open
rebellion.
Florus, instead of
hastening to Cassarea to quell the flame of the war, further insulted the
seventeen talents from the treasure in the Temple,
We
ensued,
of
the
made
avail.
to the Jews,
entreating
them
made
of
It
was
of
no
Hitherto
it
Poman Empire
4
refused to do
6, 2;
massacred the
ii.
Roman
See
Chapter VII.
is
"Bell. Jud."
12, 6).
4,
He
styled
by
St.
Paul as "expert in
the
customs and
3),
irpoo-Tarrjs
iii.
among
i.
Jews"
(Acts xxvi.
and
9) calls
New
[see
Chapter IV.
p. 55, note],
"Antiq." xviii. 5, 3, 6a.vp.aTos a^iuTaTov). 3 'S.Tparriybs .... iraTs 'Avdvov [read 'Avai/iou] tov apx'eptats, He is not Joseph. "Antiq." xx. 9, 3; "Bell. Jud." ii. 17, 2. the same as Eleazar, son of Ananus, high-priest under Gratus, see p. 190, note 4). This a.d. 15 (Joseph. " Antiq." xviii. 2, 2
;
Paul was " God shall smite thee, thou whited wall" (Acts xxiii. 3). He was the son of Nebedanis, and was appointed to the high-priesthood by Herod, king of Chalcis, in
This Ananias
the high-priest before
said,
whom
St.
tried,
and of
whom
he
Roman
officer,
who had
the
command
and Levites employed to keep watch over the tov Upov is spoken of by St. Luke " The priests that v. 24). (xxii. 4, 52) and in the Acts (iv. 1 kept the door" (2 Kings xii. 9; xxv. 18) are mentioned by Josephus (tovs (pvAao-aovTas to Upov yyefiSvas, "Antiq." x. and when, before the taking of Jerusalem, the gate of 8, 5) the Temple opened of its own accord, those who kept watch in the Temple ran and told the captain (Spct/tuWes b"oi tov 'Upov
Temple.
OTpaTr)yos
In a.d. 52 he and his son Ananus [see note 3] were sent bound to Rome by order of Quadratus to answer charges brought against them by the Samaritans, but were soon released ("Antiq." xx. C, 2; "Bell. Jud." ii. 12, 6). He appears to have been high-priest with Jonathan, who was killed by order He must of Felix ("Bell. Jud." ii. 12, 6; "Antiq." xx. 8, 5).
have been deposed just before the departure of Felix to Rome ("Antiq." xx. 8, 8), but from his wealth obtained great influence
at Jerusalem
("Antiq." xx.
9, 2).
He
was eventually
killed at
17, 9).
4).
<pvAaKes tfyyttAav
vi. 5, 3).
Ananus,
(Joseph.
ii.
office
He must
ELEAZAR
of
189
was
the war he
Judas of Galilee,
whom
he eventuharassed
ally defeated at
Beth-horon hy Simon,
son
of
Gioras,
encamped
at
Scopus.
it;
attempted
to
break
into
the
Jews.
the
completely defeated.
The part
which we are
treating,
known
of
him.
Already in these early struggles had Eleazar, the son of Simon, 3 signally distinguished
himself
among
when he returned
Yet
as
to
he was of a tyrannical
the office of
governor of the city was not granted to him, but this post was given jointly
The
Zealots, however,
voted to Eleazar, for the " want of money, and the artful tricks used by him, brought
about, that
public affairs."
Galilees
Generals were also chosen for the provinces, and amongst them, for the two
r
and the city of Gamala, Josephus the Historian, w ho afterwards assumed the name
of Flavius.
He
fulfilled
his
arduous duty with great prudence and energy, and was conrival
tinually
Gischala.
with
all their
ingenuity
failed
to
Romans
and
at last,
after
a.d.
a
67,
On
Vespasian,
chains,
treated
him with
considerable
distinction.
In quick succession
the
cities
of
Tiberias, Taricheac,
also
were captured.
After the
fall of
flattering
man
of
subtle
enmity,
is
justify the
correctness
the
Historian's
views,
it
is
personal
antipathy
may have
between
Jud."
ii.
at Jerusalem
"Dell.
ii.
17, 2.
of
Gorion (Joseph.
Gorion,
lie
2
3
20,
of a high-priest, he
was
still
of priestly
1).
was
slain at the
commencement
of
"
Bell.
Jud."
iv. 4,
iy. 6, 1).
190
the
factions
NU1TISMA.TA ORIENTALLY.
and
their
leaders,
to
the fall of
the
Galilaean cities.
The
still
fugitives
from these
were very
Moderate
Gioras,
party,
who were
son of
who had
Gallus.
previously distinguished
the overthrow of
bandits,
the
his
Romans under
abode
at
Cestius
He
had,
in
consequence,
with
taken
up
Acrabattine,
but an army having been sent against him by Ananus, he retired and leagued himself with
the robbers (Sicarii
1
possession of
Affecting to join the party of Ananus, John of Gischala was in frequent correspondence
who continued
mercilessly to oppress
make them
victims
extortions.
enemies
more deadly
2
seemed
of
it
was not
till
and
Gamaliel,
the son of Ananus, had long and eloquently harangued them, that they were moved, and that
The
result
was a
civil
war
in the city,
of
Simon,
soon entered,
making the
contests of
the
factions
more dreadful.
was
slain,
4
Ananus, against
whom
larly directed,
At length most
of the
to
Idumasans
left
cease
subdue
it,
another enemy
of Gischala,
As
had,
cruel, as relentless as
John
he was, however,
collected
The
man
of
less
ability.
He
walls
Sicarii were so
kavrov 5iop0aW<r0ai,
cit.).
Ilis
not
much
different in length
acinaces,
but
somewhat crooked and like the Roman sicce (Joseph. "Antiq." They used to murder people in the daytime, and iu xx. 8, 10). the midst of the city, with these weapons, which they concealed
under their garments. Jonathan the high-priest, in a.d. 57, was slain by them, and they were so cunning, that when those they had stabbed fell down dead, they themselves took part in the indignation against the murderers ("Bell. Jud." ii. 13, 3).
!
was the celebrated Jewish doctor, "the Beauty of the Law," and grandson of Hillel. He it was who pleaded the cause of St. Peter and the other Apostles (Acts v. 34-40), and was the preceptor of St. Paul (Acts xxii. 3). He is said to have died eighteen years before the destruction of Jerusalem, nis son
Simeon, of
city.
* Ananus was the last of the five sons of the high-priest Ananus (or Annas, St. John xviii. 13 Joseph. "Antiq." xviii.
;
whom we
They are called |1pHpD and JHp^D " Jiid. Miinzen," p. 85, note).
2
3
in
the
Talmud (Levy,
9.
perhaps President of the Jewish Sanhedrin (seep. 194). He was a friend of John of Gischala, and attempted to persuade the
high-priest Ananus, and Jesus, son of Gamala, to get rid of Nevertheless, Josephus speaks Josephus (" Vit." sect. 38 seq.).
of
him
"as
of
a very noble
others
in
family,
of
the
sect
of
the
had held the high-priesthood ("Antiq." He was accused xviii. 2, 2 4, 3; 5, 3; xix. 6, 4; xx. 9, 1). before Agrippa II. of the murder of James the brother of Jesus, and deprived of the priesthood (Joseph. "Antiq." xx. 9,1). [See Chapter VII. p. 173, note 2.] He must, however, in the constant changes have been re-appointed, as we find him high-priest and governor of the city (" Bell. Jud." ii. 20, 3), and, with Jesus, son of Gamala, the most esteemed of the
2,
1),
all
of
whom
knowledge of the laws of their country," and holds him up as "a man and capable of restoring great wisdom and reason, of public affairs, by his prudence, when they were in an ill posture" (hwa.fx.ivis re -irp6.yfia.Ta KaKas Ktifxtva (ppovrjo-(i rfj
Pharisees
excelling
the
accurate
iv.
3,
7,
9).
He
is
said
to
have
John of Gischala against Josephus ("Vit." sect. 38 seq.). His speech to the people is given in Josephus (" Bell. and his death, together with Jesus, the son Jud." iv. 3, 10) of Gamala, in "Bell. Jud." iv. 5, 2.
;
191
of
from within.
Milman, 1
" those
Mho
of
by John,
those
who
fled,
massacred by Simon."
in
The party
John,
Jerusalem,
and the
enter
the
city,
within
its
walls.
Accordingly Simon
granted them " his lordly protection " and entered Jerusalem. 2
joyful acclamations and hailed
that
The
people,
It
upon
this,
made
time
him
as
their deliverer
and preserver.
was about
this
Galba, after
the death of
T JS ero,
was saluted
as
The German
Rome.
legions
then
set
up
Vitellius,
general Vespasian.
at
Vitellius
was
killed,
advisable
to
prosecute the war against the Jews, but despatched his son Titus to effect the conquest
of
the capital of Palestine, and so complete the subjugation of the entire country.
In the city there were now three great factions, headed respectively by Eleazar, John of
Gischala, and
Eleazar
still
John
the
of
north of
the
worthy of remark,
in
in
wended
their
way
thither,
were interrupted by the stones and arrows which the contending parties were discharging at
each other.
John
at
last
scarcely to
be
wondered
at,
that
made many
At
last,
in the spring of
join
in
opposing their
common enemy.
first
the
work
of
the the
siege.
wall
Still
more deadly
work
in
the
city,
to
legions of
The dearth
of
provisions,
" History of the Jews," 4th ed. 18G6, vol. ii. p. 312. It is not known whether he entered Jerusalem during the second year, but we do know for certain that he entered it
1
"Nam
v.
pervicacissimus
quisque
duces,
illuc
perfugerat,
exercitus."
eoque
Tac.
seditiosius agebant.
Tres
in
totidem
of
" Hist."
text
is
L2.
The
alter
o&tojj
corrected
liekkcr's
edition
(Leipzig,
1831).
iv. 9, 12.
102
had been
frightful,
suffering,
NUMISMATA OKIENTALIA.
had
at
last
ended in famine.
The
details of
this
part of
little
When
renewed.
at
length taken
of
soldier thrusting
flames.
fearful carnage
soldiers, as
Roman
of
slaying indiscriminately
all
who came
in their way,
was unbounded.
Gioras, fled for
his
The two
Romans.
leaders,
John
of
Gischala, and
Simon son
John,
of
pressed
was spared.
Simon son
Gioras was less fortunate, and to complete the triumph of Titus was carried to
at
Rome, exhibited
fell
Thus
"the whole of
to
it
was
so
thoroughly laid
it
up
no one visiting
would believe
it
may
De
of
Simon.
The
of
late Dr.
this period,
to Eleazar, son of
Simon
Simon,
ko.)
[i6vos
iKoKaad-q.
2
Josephus says that 97,000 were carried captive during the war, and 1,100,000 perished during
1.
cf.
it
i.
p.
1025;
ii.
of.
"Hist,
of
the
Jews,"
4th ed.
1866,
vol.
p. 380).
vi.
9,
3), hesides
the 40,000
who were
Jud." vi. 8, 2). These numbers amount to 1,237,000. It is certain that Josephus has much exaggerated, and that, taking the extreme, there may have been 60,000 or 70,000 in the city when Titus came against
" Num. Jud." p. 153, pi. x. Nos. 1, 2. liiblische Numismatik," vol. ii. p. 53. 5 Madden, "Jew. Coinage," p. 180, Nos. 1, 2. 6 " llev. Num." I860, p. 280scj.pl. xiii. Nos. Madden, "Jew. Coinage," p. 161 seq. ' " Jiidische Miinzen," p. 88 seq.
4
"
1,
2,3,4;
193
the
and Ananus
(?).
All
coins
not
re-struck
To
by Dr. Levy
I860,
2
in 1862,
myself in 1864, 1 M.
De
Saulcy, in
raised
and having
came
classifications
The
pieces of
All the other coins without exception belong to the second revolt, that of
Bar-cochab.
3.
The
coins of
whom
Bar-cochab put to
up
because he saw in
4.
him
a rival.
of
The
coins of
II.,
the Sanhedrin,
Simon
III.,
son of Gamaliel
contemporary of Bar-cochab, who did not dare treat this holy person as
name
of
title
whom
6.
they reveal the true name, a name which historians have not transmitted to
As
to the
anonymous
issued for an
by the
priestly body.
Garrucci
of
on this
legends
arranging the
coins
follows
A. Coins
Revolt
at
with
the
DW
of
TW,
W^
for
rmn and (?) |VX tbxh and the rm, and (?) plX TW* B. Coins
the
"2
year written
of
length JTIX
rDP,
D^tMT
the
rVni"l7
first
INIE^
1111117
and the
C\
With
this
classification I concurred,
T\2X&)
usually attributed to
5
Simon Maccabaous. 4
Coins of
Eleazar
the
the priest
title
(2)
(N^J)
the
of
Israel;
(3)
Coins of
;
Simon,
(4)
without
"Prince
Israel,"
and with
legend
and
D^T.
1
Second Revolt.
D/SMl*
1111117.
He
to
thus nearly reverts to the original arrangement advocated by the late Dr.
Levy and
myself, in
which most
Revolt,
of the coins of
*2V?
were assigned
star
the
First
but
he
adds
certain
pieces
(the
tetradrachms
with
bearing
Madden, "Jew. Coinage," p. 161 seq. "Rev. Num." 1865, vol. x. p. 26 of tirage a pnrt ; ef. Madden, "Num. Chron." vs. 1865, vol. v. p. 210*^.; De Saulcy, 'Num. Chron." n.s. 1871, vol. xi. p. 250; cf. Madden, ' Num. Chron." n.s. 1872, vol. xii. p. 1.
1
3 4
"DissertazioniAreheologichedi varioArgomento,"voLii.p.31.
"Num.
pp. 304-309.
5
p.
36; 1875,
vol. xv.
i.
pp. 219-237
1877,
MADDEN
25
194
this
NUAIIS1TATA OEIENTALIA.
legend)
which
preferred
to
consider as belonging to
Bar-cochab.
Dr.
Merzbacher
title
may have
unknown
motive, the
Israel on
his
later
coins,
name
"
the
time
The theory
of M. de Saulcy that
2
contemporary of Bar-cochab,
letter addressed to
me
in
all,
"There
late
Dr. Levy,
who
in a
is
Eleazar of
Modaim
is
('y'lftn
struck
coins.
Wherever he
mentioned in
the
Talmud he
is
always
represented as a kind of half- saint, able to subdue his enemies rather by prayer than by the
sword, and to
this
may be added
Thora was from
(cf.
Synhed.
fol.
!"IT
22, b)
(1p V 73 !"0ntJ07
in
3TO)
to
say, the
its
commencement written
This
strange contradiction
The
late
Dr.
Levy
attributed certain
4
coins
to
of
Gamaliel
I.,
on the
authority of
" Sabbat
:
bourg
as follows
" Josephus
to
15 a."
Nasi
is
contested
by M. Derenbirth,
Vita,' 38)
illustrious
the
sect of
the
who seemed
the
to
distinguish
themselves
not to be depended
upon, and that Simon, though having a seat in the Sanhedrin, was certainly not president.
III., the
son of Gamaliel
II.,
and he has
the patri-
fixes the
commencement
first
of
The
1
late
that
"it
is
See
Chapter X.
by M. Derenbourg ("Essai,"
hundred years."
list
of Modaim (Midrasch " thy uncle (Chabib)R. Eleazar," whom he killed whilst praying at Bethar (Gittin, 57a). "Elle explique cependant la presence a Bettar de ce E. Eleazar qui
nephew of Eleazar
destruction of the Temple, during- one " Jiidische Miinzen," p. 125. The following of the presidents of the Sanhedrin is given by Dr. Christian D.
onEchaii.
2)
Wtfy'PX'TpUn
Alexander
I., b.
: Hillel
I.,
the
;
Great
(b.c.
30 a.d.
I., 6.
10);
jouaitautremeutun role
3
"Num.
vol.
v.
p.
345.
The Padre
Garrucci("Mon. delle due Rivolte," in the "Diss. Arch, di vario Argomento," vol. ii. p. 39) says " But the Thalmud does not attribute to this Eleazar any command in Bethar, and only says that that Rabbi prayed God not to judge that city, which rives no sufficient evidence to those who would make him head
:
Simon I. (a.d. 30-50); Simon II., A.Gamaliel I. (a.d. 50-70); Jochanan, b. Zakkai, founder of the school of Jamnia (a.d. 68-80); GAMALiELlI.of Jamnia, A. Simon II. (a.d. 80-116) Simon III., Jehudah I., A.Simon III. b. Gamaliel II. (a.d. 140-163); Gamaliel III., b. Jehudah I. (a.d. 193-220), (a.d. 163-193) in whose presidency the Sanhedrin was transferred from Jamnia
Simon
Gamaliel
to Tiberias.
5 6 7
of the revolt
1 una ymtr\ bubo* vmtn bbn pine nun vzb mtr, i.e. "Hillel and Simon, Gamaliel and Simon occupied the
\mmn
"Essai," p. 270, and note 3 p. 199, note 2. "Essai," pp. 424, 270. In letter of 0ctober 23rd 1865 addressed t0 me ("Num.
;
'
>
vol. v. p. 346).
195
Israel,'
which bear
;
the
this
inscription
7X*lty fcTCJ
jtyfit?,
Simon,
prince
of
to
Simon
III. Nasi
for
into
Ben-Cosiba,
Nasi,'
held
its
Jerusalem, at Janinia (Jabne), and afterwards in Uscha, and there can be no doubt that
its
Nasi, never
revolt."
The new
city built
this
fact,
Romans beaten
(750^ rHNj?
is
JIPIX TtiW).
2.
3.
7117
taken
(Q7tW
KlTtS).
Among De
one which
origine
a,
is
deserving of
ample consideration.
He
writes, 5 "
Comment ne
style,
pas donner la
meme
de types, de
f rappees
de
taille,
la
raison
que
les
sur
des
flans
surtout
anciennes et Remis-
s'est
"
And
les
un
seul
une
eclipse continue de
soixante-cinq
reproduit
avec une
identite
tous
points
de vue,
sans
en
excepter un seul, qu'il soit a priori impossible de discerner les produits des deux fabrications
"
De
where
if
he was speaking of a
settled
government
flourished, but
make
use of the
old dies
which
it
is
possible
first
If the
revolt lasted
how
is
it
are to be attributed to
1
Where
M. Derenbourg ("Essai,"p.
"There
is
no
historical
hedrin moved to Jamnia on the commencement of the insurrection at the end of the reign of Trajan, and that
it
moved
Bar-cochab
Dr. Ginsburg says (Art. Sanhedrin, in Kitto's " Cyc. of Bibl. Lit." ed. Alexander), " R. Jochanan, b. Zakkai, transferred the seat of the Sanhedrin to Jabne or Jamnia (a.d. it was thence transferred to Usha {Kethuboih, 49 68-80) broke out.
;
'
M. Renan
Jews struck
coins
b),
Gamaliel II., b. Simon II. (a.d. 80-116), conveyed back to Jabne and a^ain to Usha to Shafran under the presidency of Sim.,n III., b. Gamaliel II. (a.d. 140-163) to Beth-shearim and Sapphoris, under the presidency of JEHrDAH I. the Holy, *.
;
during the First Revolt (" L'Antechrist," p. 273; " Contemporary Review," July, 1879, p. 600), but does not believe that
in possession of Jerusalem.
See
Chapters
X. and XI.
8
163-193; comp. Kcthuboth, 103 b ; Mda, 27 a), and finally to Tiberias, under the presidency of Gamaliel III., b. Jehudah I. (a.d. 193-220)." See p. 194, note 4. 2 See Chapters X. and 3 XI. "Essai," p. 431, note 2. * The late Dean Milman ("History of the Jews," 4th ed.
Simon III.
(a.d.
" It was never doubtful," says Dr. von Sallet (" Zeitschrift 110), "to my numismatic
De
Saulcy's
view
is
right,
that
in
spite
of
all
counter-arguments, in
of the
spite of
names
are
on some of
these
coins,
with
196
NTJMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
In view of the conflicting statements given above
it
to
is
to
shall be assigned.
to
The question
the
first
to be solved
what
revolt
and what
to the second ?
The
first
from April
May,
years,
a.d. 66, to
August
September,
a.d. 70.
a.d.
The second
and a half
commencing
in the spring of
132
135.
The
nnx n:&
A.
and
in cipher
DW IW WW KW
No
3
date,
'B>
with legend
thm
T\)irb. T\)irb.
bfcW*
date
(1)
TwHX?
\J
(2)
with no
and
Now
there
is
no
is
re-struck coins
seem always
D/CIT WllT?
with
the
or
7N*1^ nVUr?*
It would be of importance
ascertain if
any of
the
coins
etc.
legend
7NIC* H/NJ/
time not one
Up
years
to the present
In assigning
these
coins (excepting
those
of
the
and 3
to
at
length) to the
of
this
present
itself
any student
after
I
the positive
still
opinion
which
am
inclined to attribute
revolt
the
coins
A, and
to the
though
arrangement
is
here adopted,
it
is
by no means
certain
there
is so little to
first
guide, so
much
to guess.
Bar-cochab was called
'
an Eleazar at the known and as the coins prove, 'Simon') may with more difficulty be proved as coiner all these coins resembling the denarius (and also the tetradrachms) must indisputably belong to one period. It is unexampled and impossible in the numismatics of antiquity that coins which fully resemble each other in style, and are so like
insurrection, whilst
is
insurrection several
;
name of 'Simon' are known to us name Eleazar been repeated at the time
are,
in
of
therefore,
even
De
Saulcy has
each other that they could be mistaken one for the other, should have a space of sixty years between them;" and again (op. cit.
p.
who
coined under
we can Bar-cochab."
112),
"
am
of
How
to explain Eleazar,
who
coined
Madden, "Num. Chron." n.s. 1879, vol. xix. pp. 3-7. Madden, " Num. Chron." N.s. 1879, vol. xix. p. 18.
is
That
197
Revolt.
The following
TABLE
Year.
I.
Month.
i ear a.d.
Events.
April,
j
May,
I.
66
Second month
of
fifth
of
Roman.
("Bell. Jud."
14, 4).
May,
Feb.
67 68 68 69
Vespasian conducts Jewish war. Vespasian enters Gadara. Vespasian enters Jericho.
II.
May,
January,
April,
left to factions.
69
and
first
month of
May,
January,
69)
70 70 70 70
Factions.
I
IT.
May,
August,
September,
vi. 4, 5).
vi. 8, 5).
TABLE
1st year.
II.
From May,
coins
of
66, to
May,
of
67.
The
Elcazar,
and
copper
coins with the six-stringed and five-stringed lyres, and the coins of
issued.
2nd year.
From May,
of
67, to
May,
68.
In consequence
the
coinage, and
iv. 3,
the
3),
factions
already existing in
small
only the
copper coins
of the year " two " were struck, and these in tolerable abundance.
3rd year.
From May,
68, to
May,
69.
which arc
infinitely rarer
to stich an
mencement
4th year.
of January,
69, that
From May,
69, to
May,
70.
to the
No
coins
fell
factions
It eventually
198
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
I.
a.d.
GG, to
May,
a.d. 67.
a.
Eleazar,
Obverse.
1.
Reverse.
bsrw rbxb
tion of Israel."
nnx rwA
shmath
AcUfh
Vase
in field
to right a
palm-
Liggullath Isr[ael~\,
branch.
(De Vogiie, "Rev. Num." 1860,
p.
p.
282, pi.
xiii.
No. 1;
162, No.
1
;
Madden,
"Num.
Chron."
350,
No. 2
No.
Num."
1877, vol.
iv. p.
No.
Obveese.
Reverse.
2.
M.
vb--yr\
4.
i.e.
Eleazar Hakkohen,
hoar*
rhxh nn
n:B>,
"Knt
year of
ti
redemption of Israel."
" Eleazar the Priest" backwards in two lines on
either side of a palm-tree.
cluster of grapes.
Nos.
3,
p. 90,
vi.
No. 24
p. 43,
No.
No. 3
No. 2
Merzbacher, op.
The Vau
in this
word
is
worthy of
notice, as
it is
not found
upon the
earlier coins.
On most
word
is
on No. 4 and on Dr. Evans's coin, described below, be a Van, this form of the word would also occur on some of
the copper.
way |rDn,
but
if
the
curious
letter
109
Obverse.
Reverse.
rh -iS
*3.
JE. 4.
as
!N"o.
2.
H1-DT
Eleazar
HaUohen,
"-I
"Eleazar the Priest," in three
side of a palm-tree.
(Coll.
lines
on either
of
Rev.
n.s.
1864,
;
vol.
iv.
p.
179.
The
;
30
Merzbacher,
No.
91.)
Obverse.
Reverse.
y? NT
T.4.
J. 4.
as ~No. 2.
3JTtl
Eleazar
HaMohen,
on either
n
"Eleazar the Priest," in three
side of a palm-tree.
(Cab.
des Medailles,
lines
Paris;
De
Saulcy,
"Num.
Jud."
p.
pi.
xiii.
;
No. 7;
1800,
pi.
siii.
No.
163
Merzbacher, op.
p. 351,
No. 90.)
This
is
the priest,"
447
They
3 H
i.e.
Eliashib ITahkohcn.
n
But the supposed Nun
Yod
is
is
an Ain, and
the Shin
is
certainly part of
in
clearly Resh,
and as
shown both
De
Saulcy's and
it is
De Vogue's
plates,
most probably
pi.
i.
No.
JHDPI or
jiTt3i"l,
plate of Alphabets, p.
The
Simon
written plene on some of these coins, proves the late date of them, a critical argument of which the authors are probably not
the Just, high-priest" during the reign of I'tolemy II. I'biladelphus (b.c. 285-247) but these coins bear only the legend
;
1880,
p.
118).
See
200
a
NCMISMATA ORIENTAL!" A.
;
Van
to
whom
In any case
is
not a Beth.
There
is
another specimen of the copper coin of Eleazar in the Collection of Dr. Evans,
letter.
He
writes to
me:
my
Eleazar,
It is
which I am inclined
to
think
may
be
transliterated
thus
The question
on the
is
letter,
and the
J".
The former
it
is
much
like the
Yod
in
W
am
reverse.
The
i.
latter differs
No.
5.
It
may
Van; but I
my mind
on the subject."
From an examination
of
Dr. Babington,
:
am
>- K
m--51
n
The
on
D-like letter
is
- -1
3,
but the
J",
which
4,
is
very distinct
is
this coin, is
2
more puzzling
it
is
somewhat similar
to
the ^F on
No.
and
probably
also a Van.
We
next
come
to the
piece which
to
Ananus son
of
Ananus,
It
}n3n
"ITJ^K.
De
18.
piece published
are alone wanting to give the complete sense "Eleazar the hir/h
p. 87,
No.
3) has the
Jp")
2J1
n^~I
_
,
-|2 ?
3 " Jiid. Miinzen," Madden, "Jew. Coinage," p. 182 p. 99 where I have suggested the probability of its being a coin of 4 " Diss. Arch." vol. ii. p. 38, note 1. Eleazar.
6
_
forming, according to
'
"Num.
Chron."
i
No.
4.
_ De
'
6
,
p. 230, note.
COINS OF ELEAZAR
AND SIMOX.
201
In
all
probability tbe two Cheths are two Heths, and tbe legend
may
be thus transliterated
n a
as
- n [p
on No.
2.
ft.
Obverse.
5.
,51.
Eeveese.
Eleazar
;
4.
jmm
tltf]^
Vase
HahJcohen,
in field, to right,
Xum."
xiii.
Xo. 2
p. 162,
Xo. 2;
cf.
Madden,
"Xum.
vol.
vi.
p.
43,
bis.)
De
Saulcy,
"Xum.
Jud."
Xo. 7; Merzbacher,
Xo. 88
De
ogiie considers
this
manufactured in imitation of a
genuine one, and thinks that the forger has copied the two sides from two different coins, one
of Eleazar's
and one of Simon's, taking the obverse from one and the reverse from the
it
other.
were
at peace,
coins.
De
Saulcy 2 attributes
assures
to
M. de Vogue now
all
him
In
probability the
De
Vogiie
is
which
is
Sallet. 3
1 Levy ("Jiid. Miinzen," p. 135) suggests that the vase and palm-branch, which types occur also on coins of Simon Barcochab (Chapter X.), bear some connexion to a ceremony in the Temple, with the sprinkling of water, which took place
" Rev. Xum." 1865, vol. x. p. 25, tlrar/e a part. Merzbacher, " Zeitschrift fur Xum." 1877, vol. iv. p. 350.
Sallet
Von
note),
("Zeitschrift
identifies
fur
Xum."
1878,
vol.
tin:
v.
p.
Ill,
who
the
is
genuine coin
in
with
place.
cast
above
Saulcy,
every day, but on the seventh day of the Feast of Tabernacles was solemnly celebrated with illuminations. A golden pitcher, filled with three Log (a Log equals the contents of
ris
the same
p.
Cf.
De
eggs.
"Thes." s.v. fy, was filled from the spring of Siloam, and when the priests arrived with it at the "WaterGate,
Geeen.
He records the No. 9. existence of a false piece cast from Xo. 9. Both formed part of a female's necklace, consisting of ten Jewish coins, purchased
"Mel. de
Xum."
1877,
91,
in Syria.
they blew jubilant strains, etc. Cf. Ginsburg, Kitto's " Cyc. of Bibl. Lit." ed. Alexander, s.v. Tabernacles, Feast of.
26
202
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
dSbTV.
Obverse.
6.
Eeverse.
Tetrastyle temple,
of the Beautiful
M.
7.
EWN
Jerusalem.
TO*^
nSfroS M"IN
TtiXP,
redemption of Israel."
Ethrog and
"Num. Jud."
;
p. 158,
pi.
xi.
No.
p.
91,
No. 25
;
p.
164;
No. 5
Merzbacher,
No. 111.)
The
coin of
the
in
second
year of
l
similar
type,
is,
but with
as I
the legend
published by
the star
me
my
book
from De Vogiie, 2
it is
The type on
sidered
shekel and
on others struck by Bar-cochab 4 was at one time con"Beautiful Gate of the Temple,"
6
by Cavedoni 5
to represent the
an opinion which
Jewish
9
containing the
rolls of
sacred books.
With
does not agree, as in the glass vessels of the Catacombs, though the book-case takes the form
of a Temple, the books are plainly visible inside; 10 whilst
of Cavedoni, that the type
it
had occurred
to him, independently
Gate.
On
this
point
Dr.
Babington writes to
I
me
" I was
led
to
this
opinion by a mere
accident.
saw
at
Cambridge a model
of Jerusalem executed
it,
by Herr
published a lithographed
of
which I have
that I fully supposed that his model and lithograph had been constructed from the coin, and
"Jew. Coinage," p. 165. "Rev. Num." 1860, p. 287, note ; cf. De Saulcy, Jud." pi. xi. No. 3. 3 "Num. Chron." n.s. 1875, vol. xv. p. 317. 4 See Chapter X. Nos. 19, 20, 37, 38.
1
t)
XiyofjLivi) 'npaia,
Acts
iii.
'H 'Clpala
"Num.
7tuat)
7
iii.
10.
8 9
10
p. 65.
ii. iii.
"Bibl.
Num."
vol.
i.
p. 34.
di figure in
oro," tab.
v.
SOLOMON'S
at
v.
c.
PORCH
all
203
lie
told
me
the
that he
'
knew nothing
5,
in the
key
to
the
plan,
to
Josephus,
Wars,' B.
3,
besides Acts
2."
Dr. Babington
occur on
the
further
shekels of
suggests
the
that
object
does not
first
year, but
Mr.
colonnade
is
represented
similar
manner on
4
Antoninus Pius.
The
the
of the Feast
of Tabernacles.
Jewish war. 5
8.
Obverse.
Reverse.
^NW
7.
rbxtth
HI-IK
TW,
"First
year
of
M.
10.
NW]J
Simon Nasi
Israel,
" Simon,
"Num.
Jud."
p.
1G5, pi.
;
xiii.
No. 8;
p. 176,
1
;
No.
Madden,
"Num.
No. 6;
Merzbacher,
No. 92.)
The
Gate
is
tain
Chapter X. Nos.
12;
19,
20,
37, 38.
3
s.v.
Dr. Bialloblotzky, Kitto's " Cyc. of Bibl. Lit." ed. Alexander, Temple; Alford, in Acts iii. 2; Dr. Jacobson, "Speaker's
toI.
ii.
John
x.
23;
Acts
iii.
11;
v.
v. 5,
11, 3;
xx. 9, 7;
"Bell. Jud."
1, 2.
Mr. Lewin, however, does not p. 371). " Life ("Fasti Sacri," p. 240, No. 1462 of St. Paul," vol. i. p. 29 vol. ii. p. 133) with the Eastern gate of Corinthian brass, greatly excelling those which were
i:
Cum." N.T.
ritateto identify
it
< Akerman, "Num. 111. of the New Test." 1846, p. 29; Donaldson, " Archit. Numismatica," 1859, No. xxxiii. p. 11G; De Saulcy, " Num. de la Terre Sainte," pp. 244-274, plate xiii.
No.
s
1.
only covered with silver and gold, and having doors of immense
height,
ii.
19,
1,
2.
left
The
ethrog (JVinN),
which required on closing twenty men for the task (Joseph. "Bell. Jud." v. 5. 3 vi. 5, 3), and this gate is in all probability that called in the Talmud the "gate of Xicanor," (Fergusson, " The Temple of the Jews," 1878, p. 108).
;
it will
be noticed,
(see
is
placed on the
if
on
to
p.
which they
were carried
vol.
ii.
Chapter V.
Num."
p. 66).
204
Another specimen
NUMISMATA OEIENTALIA.
of this rare coin
It
1
is
in
the British
Museum.
The handles
of
the vase
that
the form
of
the Vau
is
>f
and not
as originally
supposed by
De
Saulcy.
Obverse.
Reverse.
|w -&b>
8.
biotr
Simon Nasi or Sisi
Israel,
rbah
nnft*
row.
" First
t t
of th
JE. II.
K*
&&
redemption of Israel."
Vine-leaf.
"Num.
Jud."
p. 38,
Jiid.
Miinzen,"
p. 98,
No. 31
p. 177,
No. 2; Garrucci,
op. tit. p. 352,
No.
Madden,
"Num.
Chron."
No. 2; Merzbacher,
No.
93.)
on this coin there are two Schins instead of a Schin and a Nun,
states that a
it
is
perhaps derived
;
from
tfE'B*,
whence
in
KaOoSrjyrjaco
described
and
figured
as
by De
of
Saulcy,
also
reproduced by
than
a
and
by
myself, 5
a "
coin
first
nothing more
the
badly-preserved
specimen of
the
year "
for
on a close examination of
letter
piece,
can
be deciphered.
it
This
proper
subjoin a
woodcut of
and
its
description.
Another
is
cit.
p. 352, note 1) as
3 4 5
pi. xiv.
Miinzen,"
p. 98,
p.
"Jew. Coinage,"
"Jew. Coinage,"
p. 176, note;
"Num.
Chron."
n.s. 1875,
205
Obverse.
He VERSE.
*JE.
II.
Same
as
No.
8,
but reading
J^KO
Nasi.
htcw rbxk
of the first
[n]nx
(ja*
*]"V2
letters
aro
two
of the last
of
are
linked together),
"First year
Vine-leaf.
the re-
demption of Israel."
Obverse.
9.
Reverse.
M.
6.
7^1
\WW
Stwn
[Nasi
'tP
nSN^ nn
of
ItiPi
Israel."
"First
year
of
Is]rael,
Palm-branch
the
redemption
Lyre
with
six
within a wreath.
(British
strings.
p.
178,
No. 1; Garrucci,
p. 38,
No. 8;
;
Madden,
cf.
p. 44,
pi. xi.
vol.
xv. p. 319,
No. 3; Merzbacher,
op. cit. p.
353, No. 94
De
Saulcy,
I-^MN
Obverse.
10.
Reverse.
M.
as
4J
WW]
bv^W
[Israel~\,
Same type
with
No.
9.
le
Comte Cahen-d'Anvers
No. 4
;
p. 178,
No. 2
Madden,
"Num.
Chrou."
Merzbacher,
of
the
this coin
Merzbacher,
suggest
the
of
reading
the
^H? 2C,
of
making the
complete
suggestion
legend 7X"ltJ^
cannot
UTO
3J>,
" Second
year
deliverance
Israel."
But
this
" Zeitschrift
fiir
1873, vol.
i.
p. 231,
No. 94
bis.
20G
legible specimen,
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
I have
been proved
bearing the
to
at
present
title of
known
to exist. 1
II.
Coins of the Second Year, May, a.d. 67, to May, a.d. 68.
Obverse.
11.
Reverse.
M.
4.
DW HMV Tear
Jud."
p. 154, pi. x.
1
;
two."
A
;
vessel
JVX
[rflYTTlj
leaf.
"Num.
No.
;
No.
1 Levy, " Jiid. Miinzen," p. 100, No. 31; Madden, "Jew. Coinage," Madden, " Num. Chron." n.s. 1866, p. 44, No. 9 1875, vol. xv. p. 320.)
;
p. 180,
III.
Coins of the Third Year, May, a.d. 68, to May, a.d. 69.
Mm*?
Obverse.
12.
Reverse.
M.
4.
&y?&
"Num.
;
J-0&?,
vessel
as the coins of
x.
;
No. 2
No. 2; Levy, "Jud. Miinzen," p. 100, No. 35; Madden, "Jew. Coinage," 1875, vol. xv. p. 320.) Madden, " Num. Chron." n.s. 1866, p. 45, No. 10
;
p. 180,
The
coins of
the "second" and "third year" are classed by Dr. Merzbacher 2 as "coins
of an undetermined age."
The
vessel with
fluted
is
considered
by Cavedoni 3
manner
IV.
a.d. 69, to
May,
a.d. 70.
No
1
coins. 6
tried to ohtain
have
this coin,
in
v. 13, 6.
again, but
my
efforts
have not
of
Dr. Merzbacher
the
{op. cit.
p.
been successful.
fourth
"in.
year
Obv,
JDlIIN ntJlC
Rev.
"Zeitsehrift
fiir
Num."
ii.
(? ''V)
Vase
"Bibl.
Num."
vol.
p. 55.
xii. 2, 10.
authenticity.
not appear to be
satisfied of its
CHAPTER
COINS STRUCK IX PALESTINE
IX.
At
the
commencement
of
a.d.
the
Law
of the Jews,
all of
to
adorn
triumph.
successful
triumphal arch was also erected, on which these trophies were sculptured. 1
of
The
termination
the
great
glory of
the
Flavian race,
Juclaicus,
on account of their
is
Jewish nation. 2
of
The magnificence
the
of
the
triumph
fully
recorded
by
representations
done to
such
Titus
as
did not
the war,
as
if
they
present."
Vespasian and
followed
4
admiration.
A.
Reign of Vespasian.
Coins struck in Palestine.
I.
Obverse.
1.
Reverse.
N.
Head
IMP.
of
CAES.
VESPASIANVS
A^G.
VICT. AVG.
a
left,
holding
De
Saulcy, "
Num.
By
it
as
instead of
7".)
For
shewbread,
3 4
"
Bell.
Jud."
'fairov
vii. 5,
etc., see
Reland, "
Dc
i.
Spoliis
p.
Ka\ rbv
5,
est.
Suet.
oi/b"
" Dom."
2.
Tb
toG 'IouScukoC
8.
See
Chapter
V. p. 93, note
3.
208
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
Obverse.
*2.
Reverse.
M.5%.
Head
IOYAAIAS EAAWKYIA2.
a palm-tree (?) on
which
fastened a shield,
whereon she
(Coll. of the
is
inscribing a legend.
Rev. H. C. Reichardt,
"Num.
ii.
p. 114,
Madden, "Jew.
Coinage," p. 183;
De
Sauley,
" Num. de
No.
2.)
IOYAAIAI
EAAWKYIA
suggests
2
De
more probability
II.
Coins struck at
Rome
Gold and
Silver,
Obverse.
1.
Reverse.
M.
Head
IMP.
VDAEA
No.
1
(in exergue).
(British
2nd
ed.
No. 225.)
2.
JR.
in silver.
p. 184,
No. 2
2nd
ed.
No. 226.)
JR.
IMP.
TR.P.
M.
Page 162,
note 2.
"Num.
(iii.
26),
"and
ii.
sit
The
coins of
an apt
illustration of
upon the
ground.'''
Cf.
Lament,
3.
209
Obverse.
3.
Reverse.
as
^R.
No.
1.
IVDAEA
(in
exergue).
hands bound
Museum
p. 184,
No. 3
2nd
ed.
No. 229.)
Obverse.
4.
Reverse.
Ar TR
IMP.
.
as No. 3.
Head
ed.
No. 230.)
JR.
in silver.
(Cohen, No. Ill
;
2nd
ed.
No. 231.)
Obverse.
6.
Reverse.
JR.
IMP.
P.
IVDAEA DEVICTA.
p. 184,
Judaea,
standing to left
TR
Head of Vespasian
(British
Museum
2nd
ed.
No. 243.)
Obverse.
7.
Reverse.
Al.
IMP.
as
No.
6.
Head
No. 5
ed.
No. 212.)
8.
A7
The same
coin in gold.
(Cohen, " Suppl." No. 24, from Sehellersheim
;
2nd
ed.
No. 241.)
Obverse.
Reverse.
No
legend.
Palm-tree.
On
Head
of
standing in
military dress,
left foot
on helmet
on
p. 181,
ed.
No. 644.)
27
MADDEN
210
10.
NUMISMATA OMENTALIA.
JR.
The same
coin in silver.
(Madden, "Jew. Coinage,"
p. 184,
ed.
No. 645.)
Obverse.
T. 11.
Reverse.
N.
IMP. CAES.
DE IVDAEIS.
Trophy.
Dr. Babington
Cohen, No. 76
2nd
ed.
No. 139.)
12.
JR.
The same
coin in silver.
(Cohen, No. 77
;
2nd
ed.
No. 140.)
Obverse.
13.
Reverse.
JR.
Mil.
1 1
Head
2nd
ed.
No. 141.)
Obverse.
14.
Reverse.
N.
Head
EX
2nd
ed.
S.C.
trophy
;
Victory
standing
to
left
erecting
No. 143.)
15.
JR.
The same
coin in silver.
(Cohen, No. 78
;
2nd
ed.
No. 144.)
The
72 or 73.
The following
Reverse.
16.
TRIVMP. AVG.
Head
of
Vespasian
to
the
right,
behind, a flute-player.
2nd
ed.
No. 567.)
211
Brass Coins.
Obverse.
1.
Reverse.
JE.
P.
I.
IMP.
IVDAEA
side a
CAPTA.
Jew
Palm-tree;
on
the
left
M. TR.P. P.P.
Head
of Yes-
back
on the
right,
Jewess seated on a
S.C.
(British
weeping.
In exergue
Museum
p. 185,
No.
2nd
ed.
No. 232.)
Obverse.
2.
Reverse.
M.
I.
IMP. CAES.
P.P.
IVDAEA CAPTA.
Same type
as No.
1.
TR.P.
COS.
III.
185,
No. 2
cf.
2nd
ed.
No. 233.
Obverse.
3.
Reverse.
as Xo.
1
JE.
I.
IVDAEA CAPTA.
side
Palm-tree
his
on
the
left
Jew
;
standing,
his back
before
arms
differ
on various
examples).
h
In exergue S.C.
No. 234, where the obverse legend
is
Museum
p.
185,
as
No. 3
2nd
ed.
given
IMP.
CAESAR,
212
Obverse.
4.
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
Reverse.
JE.
I.
Same legend
left,
as No. 1.
Head
of Ves-
IVDAEA CAPTA.
2nd
Same type
as No. 3.
pasian to the
laureated.
(Cohen,
70,
cf.
ed.
No. 235.)
Obverse.
Reverse.
as Nos.
1
M.
and
2.
IVDAEA CAPTA.
side
Palm-tree;
his
tree,
;
on
the
left
Jew
standing,
hands
fastened
before
him
shields
on the
right,
Jewess seated on
another shield
;
shield,
and leaning
left
arm on
in field to left
(British
Museum
p. 186,
No. 4
cf.
2nd
ed.
Obveese.
6.
JUL. I.
Reverse.
as No.
1.
IVDAEA CAPTA.
side
Palm-tree;
;
on
the
left
a
;
before her,
his
shields
Jew
back
;
standing,
his
behind him,
In exergue S.C.
;
Museum
p. 186,
No. 5
2nd
ed.
No.
238.)
21.
Obverse.
7.
Reverse.
as No.
1.
iE.
I.
IVDAEA CAPTA
tree
;
(sometimes
left
side,
IVDEA).
Palmstanding
on
the
Vespasian
placed on a helmet
on the right,
In exergue S.C.
No. 239.)
p. 187,
ed.
Obverse.
Reverse.
M.
COS.
II.
III.
IMP. CAES.
VESPASIAN. AVG
to the
IVDEA
CAPTA.
cuirass
Palm-tree;
on the
;
left
side
Head
of
Vespasian
right
shields,
and
helmet
on
the
left
right,
laureated.
arm on
In exergue S.C.
;
(British
p. 187,
No.
cf.
No. 308
2nd
ed.
Obverse.
9.
Reverse.
M.
II.
Same legend
left,
as No. 8.
Head
of
Ves-
as No.
pasian to the
laureated.
(Cohen, No. 312
;
2nd
ed.
No. 247.)
Obverse.
10.
Reverse.
as No. 8
2E. II.
IVDAEA CAPTA.
No. 8; Cohen, No. 310; 2nd
ed.
S.C.
Palm-tree
on the
left
by armour.
p. 187,
No.
24.5.)
Obverse.
1
Reverse.
as
1.
JL. II.
No. 8
IVDEA
Trophy; on the
;
right
Judaea
in exergue S.C.
214
NUMISMATA ORIENTAL! A.
Obveese.
Eeveese.
M.
I.
IMP.
CAESAR
()
VESPASIANVS
COS.
III.
IVDAEA DEVICTA.
right, placing left foot
AVG. P.M. TP
P.P.
Head
of
the letters
S.P.Q. R.
which
is
attached to a palm-tree.
to right Judaea seated on
At the
foot of
palm
ground.
In exergue
S.C.
(Formerly in the Cab.
of
the late
Mr.
G. Eastwood:
p.
188,
No. 9;
cf.
Cohen,
No. 266;
2nd
No.
142.)
The
in a.d. 71.
Obveese.
13.
Eeveese.
M.
COS.
IT.
IMP. CAES.
P.P.
;
VESPASIAN. AVG.
of
IVDAEA CAPTA.
seated.
Palm-tree;
on
on
left
side
VIII.
Head
Vespasian to the
right, Judaea
right, laureated
(British
beneath, a globe.
:
In exergue S.C.
Cohen, No. 309
;
Museum
p. 188,
No. 10
cf.
2nd
ed.
No. 240.)
The
reverse of
this
coin
is
8,
Obveese.
14.
Eeveese.
M.
I.
AVG. P.M.
of Vespasian
Palm-
TR. P.P.
COS.
VIII.
Head
and helmet
on the
right,
left
a
;
Jew
standing,
before him,
helmet and
(Formerly in the Cab. of the late Dr. J. Lee; Akerman,
shield.
In exergue S.C.
"Num.
1846
;
New
pi.
No.
2,
Chron." o.s. vol. viii. p. 155, pi. No. 2; Madden, " Jew. Coinage," p. 188, No. 11.)
"Num.
Illustr. of the
215
The following
coin
is
who
un
petit bronze."
Obverse.
15.
Kevekse.
VESPASIANVS AVG.
of Vespasian to the right,
of
M. TR.P.
;
Head
laureated
beneath, a globe.
(Cohen, No. 313
;
2nd
ed.
No. 224
p. 189.)
Obverse.
16.
Reverse.
M.
I.
IMP. CAES.
P.P.
VESPASIAN. AVG.
III.
VICTORIA AVGVSTI.
to right, foot
S.C.
Victory
standing
P.M. TR.P.
COS.
Head
of
Ves-
on helmet, writing
OB
CIV. SER.
seated weeping.
Obverse.
17.
Eeverse.
^E.
I.
Same legend
left,
as
No.
16.
Head
of
as
No. 16.
Vespasian to the
laureated.
(Cohen, No. 490.)
Obverse.
18.
Eeverse.
as
JE.
I.
No. 16
VICTORIA AVGVSTI.
right, foot
S.C.
Victory standing to
2nd
ed.
No. 625.)
Obverse.
19.
Reverse.
M.
I.
Same legend
left,
as
No.
16.
Head
of
as No. 18.
Vespasian to the
laureated.
(Cohen, No. 492
;
2nd
ed.
No. 626.)
20.
JE.
I.
The same
COS.
ed.
II.
(=
a.d.
70).
2nd
No. 627.)
Obverse.
_'l.
Reverse.
M.
I.
IMP. CAES.
III.
as
No.
18.
Vespasian to
2nd
ed.
No.
628.)
216
Obverse.
22.
NL'HISMATA ORIENTALIA.
Reverse.
No.
16.
JE.
I.
Same legend
as
Head
of
VICTORIA AVGVSTI
right, foot
S.C.
Victory standing to
2nd
ed.
No. 629.)
Obverse.
23.
Reverse.
JE.
I.
IMP. CAES.
P.P.
P.M. TR.P.
COS.
VICTORIA AVG.
OB
CIV.
SER. on
2nd
ed.
No. 591.)
Obverse.
24.
Reverse.
JE.
I.
Same legend
left,
as
No. 23.
Head
of
as No. 23.
Vespasian to the
laurcated.
(Cohen, No. 486
;
2nd
ed.
No. 592.)
They were
VICTORIA AVGVSTI
Obverse.
25.
Reverse.
JE. IT.
IMP. CAES.
VESPASIAN. AVG.
to
VICTORIA AVGVSTI
seated.
S.C.
Victory to the
left,
COS.
III.
Head
of
Vespasian
the
right,
which
Jew
laurcated.
Obverse.
26.
Reverse.
S.C.
JR. I.
IMP. CAES.
Nil.
Vespasian to
at his feet
Jew
behind, a palm.
2nd
cd.
No. 479.)
There are some small hrass coins of Vespasian struck in a.d. 71, 72 or 7?, having the type of a palm, which may hear reference 360-364 2nd ed. Nos. 351-354, 356).
;
217
B.
I.
Reign of
Titus.
Obteese.
1.
Reveese.
IT.
IMP.
T.
CAESAR VESPASIANVS.
IVDAEA DEVICTA.
Victory standing to
the
Head
CAES.
is
round
shield
which
at-
tached to a palm.
(Cohen, "Med. Imp." No. 45, from the " Cabinet de France," who thinks that it was struck at Cnesarea of Cappadocia 2nd ed. No. 119 Madden, "Jew. Coinage," p. 190, No. 1 De Saulcy, " Num. de la Terre Sainte," p. 79, No. 1, does not agree
;
;
with this attribution, the style and fabric persuading him that
described
it
it
was issued
By
error he has
as
JE
instead of
J?\
Obteese.
2.
Reveese.
JE.
Head
of
IOYAAIAS EAAWKYIAS.
of
which,
to
the
left,
"Num.
Jud."
pi.
;
x.
Nos. 3 and 4
p.
189, No. 1;
De
Saulcy,
"Num.
de la Terre
pi. v.
No.
1,
who
Obverse.
3.
Reverse.
JE.
Head
of
IOYAAIAS EAAQKYIAS.
left side
Palm-tree;
on
the
left foot
on
p. 190,
No. 3; De Saulcy,
"Num.
HADDEN
28
218
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
Obverse.
4.
Reverse.
M.
Head
of
IOYAAIAC EAAWKYIAC.
p.
Victory writing on a
189, No. 2;
4.)
De
Saulcy,
"Num.
Jud."
pi. x.
No. 5
De
Saulcy,
" Num. de
la
Obverse.
Reverse.
M.
AYTOKP.
[TITOS] KAISAP.
Head
of
IOYAAIAS EAAWKYIAS.
writing
Victory standing to
NIKH
KAIS. in three
lines
on a round
la
pi. v.
No.
2.
is
engraved
AYTWKP.
Pellerin,
shield.
De
M.
Six of
Amsterdam
to
A YT. KAIC.
word
is
on the
shield,
first
word ought
be
[\|
E KH
I
De
NIKH.
Which
correct
?)
Obverse.
6.
Reverse.
M. AYTOKPA. TITOS
Head
KAII.
IEB
A(?)
Elll
M.
SAAOYrAHN(?)
Num.
De
est,
des
Pas de doute
elle
le
Quel
est
le
nom
de Marcus Salugdinus
remarks: "On
at a
piece,
on
obverse
is
the legend
AYTOKPA. TITOS
with a cuirass
KAISAP
beneath
("
Titus to
.
the right.
appears to be
it
M.
SAAOYIAHNO
and a
2) as
palm-tree
is
on the
left,
shield
on the right.
given by Mionnet
Supplement," V.
p.
Bithynia.
Elll
SAAOYIAHNOY I1POKAOY
iv.
p.
12.
GOLD AND SILVER COINS OF TITUS STRUCK AT ROME. ANOYI1AT., but no mention
is
219
made
16).
The
coin belonged to
to the British
Museum."
II.
Coins struck at
Rome
Gold and
Silver.
Obverse.
Reverse.
N.
POT.
T.
No
legend.
Palm-tree;
on the
left
side
Titus
Head
left
foot
on helmet;
Museum
p. 191,
No. 2
2nd
ed.
No. 391.)
Obverse.
2.
Reverse.
1.
M.
Same legend
as
No.
Bust of Titus
to
Same type
as
No.
1.
No.
2nd
ed.
No. 392.)
Obverse.
3.
Reverse.
JR.
T.
CAESAR
IMP.
VESPASIAN.
Head
COS.
V.
Jew
of Titus, laureated.
(Cohen, No. 27, from Mionnet; 2nd ed. No. 63, from Cat. de
M.
Rollinpere, 1811.)
Obverse.
4.
Reverse.
JR.
J.
CAESAR
IMP.
VESPASIANVS.
TR. POT.
VII.
COS.
VI.
Jew
kneeling, holding
Head
a trophy.
2nd
ed.
No. 330.)
220
Obverse.
5.
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
Reverse.
as No. 4.
(Cohen, Xo. Ill
;
M.
TR. POT.
2nd
ed.
VIII.
COS.
VII.
Same type
as No. 4.
No. 334.)
Obveese.
6.
Reverse.
M. IMP. TITVS CAES. VESPASIAN. AVG. P.M. Head of Titus to the right,
laureated.
(Cohen, No. 80, from Caylus
TR.
P.
Villi.
IMP.
XI III.
COS.
VII.
4.
(with or
of.
2nd
ed.
No. 273.)
7.
/R.
The same
coin in silver.
(Cohen, No. 81
;
cf.
2nd
ed.
No. 274.)
Obverse.
8.
Reverse.
as
^R.
No.
6.
TR.
P.
Villi.
VII.
PP.
Same
type as No.
(Cohen, No. 82
;
2nd
ed.
No. 295.)
Brass Coins.
Obverse.
Reverse.
M.
I.
T.
1VDAEA CAPTA.
and
parazonium,
;
Palm-tree
on the
left side
Head
of
Titus to the
and
placing
left
foot
on
helmet
In exergue S.C.
(British
p. 191,
No.
ed.
No. 113.)
221
A
ton,
Is
Head
to
right,
CAPTA]
1,
but instead
his
Obverse.
2.
Reverse.
M.
TR.
II.
P.
IVDAEA
CAPTA.
S.C.
Judaea,
seated
on
laureated.
p. 191,
ed.
No. 116.)
The second
consulship
of
Titus corresponds to
coins
of
a.d.
72-73,
after
the
Mr.
be
Akerman has
to
fact,
may
attributed
the
Vespasian,
that
of
says,
"If
this
could
our
third
honour of
Obverse.
3.
Reverse.
JE.
I.
IMP. T. CAES.
P.
VESPASIAN. AVG.
III.
Palm-tree
on the
;
left
side
P.M. TR.
P.P.
COS.
Head
of Titus
Jewess
seated
on arms
on
the
right,
Jew
before
(Madden, " Jew. Coinage,"
p. 192, No. 3; Cohen,
him two
;
No. 191
2nd
No. 107.)
Obverse.
4.
Reverse.
F.
JE.II.
T.
TR.
P.
IVDAEA CAPTA.
arms
;
Palm-tree; on the
left side
COS.
VT.
CENSOR.
;
Head
of Titus to
the
right, laureated
arm on
left
knee.
In
exergue S.C.
(British
p. 192,
No. 4
cf.
No. 190
2nd
ed.
No. 117,
cf.
No. 118.
"
Num. Chron."
"Num.
111.
of the
New
222
NUHISMATA ORIENTALIA.
Obverse.
2E. II.
Reverse.
4.
Same legend
as
No.
IVDAEA NAVALIS.
side
Palm-tree;
on the
left
arms
In exergue S.C.
(Akerman, " Num. Chron."
o.s. vol. viii. p.
162
Num.
111.
of the
New. Test."
Cohen,
vol.
i.
p. 365, note ;
This remarkable, and, according to M. Cohen, assez extraordinaire coin, was published some
years ago by
M. Dumersan,
was found
of
the " Cabinet des Medailles " at Paris, in the " Numismatic
in France,
Journal."
It
and was
at that time in
the possession of
of
it
:
M. Leys, a
M. Dumersan
known on the
and Titus
but Judcea Navalis was, until the discovery of this example, unknown.
;
The Jews
which
but, I think, I
War
9),
that
when
famine,
villages.
sought
refuge
by
sea,
the
Romans having
and committed
towns and
They
piracies
on
and Egypt.
the
Jews
fled
Soon after
this
the Lake of Gennesaret, their barks being unable to cope with the warlike vessels of Vespasian.
To
first,
as is well
Mr. Akerman, in an
but they were speedily
editorial note,
made some
this coin,
whom had
seen
authenticity.
M. Dumersan further
says, that " this curious coin illustrates that of a large brass example of
Roman
warrior
is
No
coin
IVDAEA CAPTA
is
given in Cohen,
seen that a coin of Vespasian with this type exists with the
is
and there
2
\o\.
j.
p. 88.
J- de P. 1837, p. 317.
223
Museum
palm."
also
with only the legend S.C. and the type "Titus standing, his right foot on the prow
(?)
and spear
at his feet
to the left, a
Mil.
TR. POT.
COS.
II.
= a.d.
73.
There are
also
NAVAL IS. 5
Obverse.
Reverse.
M.I.
TR.
P.
IMP
P.P
T.
IVDAEA CAPTA.
a
COS. VIM.
Jew
;
standing,
hands tied
;
behind his
right,
back
behind
hint
shields
;
on the
In
Museum
p. 194,
No. 6
2nd
ed.
No.
114.)
Obverse.
Reverse.
as No. 6.
M.
II.
Head
IVDAEA CAPTA.
le
S.C.
Same type
as No.
6,
of Titus to left.
(Cohen, " Suppl." No. 33, from Cab. of M.
No. 115.)
Obverse.
Reverse.
as
M.
(British
I.
No.
("..
Same type
32,
as No. 3.
is
Museum
p. 195,
cf.
by
error given as
COS. V.
Cohen, No. 238 2nd ed. No. 234. Cohen, Nos. 502-506; "Suppl."
;
that
it
of
commemoration at a
exist,
later
Nos. 91-93;
2nd
ed.
ed.
period.
Marcus Aurclius
struck at
Gadara,
032-639.
Nos.
n. No. 552 "Snppl." No. 96; 2nd ed. Nos. 636-638. In the account of the triumph of Vespasian and Titus it is said that at one part of the procession there "followed a great
5
with the legend and the type a Trireme (Eckhel, " Doct. Num. Vet." vol. iii. p. 348; vol. iv. vol. vi. p. 330 Mionnet, vol. v. p. 326, No. 38 p. 445 De Saulcy, "Num. de la Terre Sainte," p. 299, No. 2); from which it maybe assumed that a Naumachia was celebrated under
; ; ;
NAYMA. TAAAPEON,
tliis
Kmjicror on
tin-
bike ol
(Icniir-an-tli
(Madden,
"Num.
number of shipi" (iroAAal 8e Ka\ vfcs (Uovto. Joseph. " Bell, Jud." vii. 5, 5). This naval victory was of such importance
Chron."
224
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
Obverse.
9.
Reverse.
as No. 6.
M.
I.
IVD. CAP.
Palm-tree;
on the
left
side a
Jew
back
before
him
shields
on the
right,
In exergue S.C.
p. 195,
of.
2nd
ed.
No. 111.)
Obverse.
Eeverse.
6.
M.
I.
Head
of Titus
IVD.
CAP.
Palm-tree;
on
the
left
side
on the
right, a
Jew
and
left;
before
him
a helmet
and
(British
shield.
;
In exergue S.C.
;
Museum
p. 195,
No.
2nd
ed.
No. 110.)
Obverse.
11.
Reverse.
as
M.
I.
No. 10
IVD.
CAP.
Palm-tree; on the
left
side a
Jew
to
standing, his
the tree
before
him
a shield
and helmet
on
In
field to left
p. 196,
No.
10.)
09 k 25
Reverse.
as
No. 10.
IVD. CAP.
in the field.
Same type
as
No.
8,
(British
p. 196,
No. 11
cf.
Cohen, 2nd
ed.
No. 109.)
Coins of the eighth consulship were struck in a.d. 80, the year before the death of Titus.
There
is
without a date.
Obverse.
13.
Reverse.
DIVI
to
VESright,
IVD. CAP.
Palm-tree;
on the
left side
Judaea
the
seated on shields;
on the
right, a
helmet and
laureated.
two large
S.C.
(British
shields.
In
field
to left
and right
p. 196,
ed.
No. 112.)
Obverse.
14.
Reverse.
CAES. VESPAS. [or VESPASIAN.] IMP. PON. TR. POT. COS. II. Head of
T.
Titus to the right, laureated.
(Cohen, No. 313
cf.
AL
VICTORIA AVGVSTI.
foot
S.C.
Victory standing,
AVG.
on a
No. 312
2nd
ed.
cf.
No. 383.)
It
was struck in
a.d.
72 or
a.d. 73.
C.
Reign of Domitian.
Coins struck in Palestine.
I.
Obverse.
*1.
Reverse.
M.
Head
4J.
of
IMP.
DOMIT.
AVG.
GERM.
VICTOR AVG.
iv. p.
Atrophy.
Domitian
(Coll. of
Rev. H. C. Reichardt, " Num. Chron." The " Cabinet de France" possesses a similar
181
De
Saulcy,
"Num.
de la Terre Sainte,"
;
p. 80,
No.
1.
VICTORIA AVG.
KADDBH
29
226
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
duplicate of
this piece
c'est
le
may also be found at the British Museum. De meme specimen qui aura ete cede au Musee." I
time
that
Saulcy writes,
find,
however,
at
the
this coin,
that a separate
somewhat similar reverse type may be found on a coin of Marcus Aurelius struck
2
at
JFAia Capitolina,
and a similar trophy forms part of the type of another coin of Domitian
which I
Obverse.
2.
Reverse.
..11.
No
legend.
left,
Head
of
laureated.
De
Saulcy,
"Num.
3.
Another specimen
in
De
Mr. Reichardt
also has
an example.
p.
My description
cf.
incorrect,
"Jew. Coinage,"
197;
De
Saulcy,
"Num.
Jud."
pi. x.
No. 6;
cf.
Cohen, 2nd
No. 756, who gives the obverse legend as and describes the figure on the reverse as " Victory " ?)
IMP.
DOMITIANVS
Reverse.
Head
of
No
legend.
to the right
Domitian laureated.
and standing on a
at
and 2
before
"Num.
de la Terre Sainte,"
p. 81,
No.
2,
cf.
Cohen, 2nd
ed.
No. 759
Obverse.
4.
Reverse.
existed.
JE.
Legend
effaced, if
any
~No legend.
left,
holding in
" Num. de
la
This remark
is
("
Num. Chron."
is still
H. who
C. Reichardt
writes,
p. 220,
No.
1.
1;
" The
"Num.
coin of
coin
in
my Cabinet,
to the British
Museum
has been in
my
possession."
227
M. de
3), for
extremely interesting.
In a former paper
of
I gave a
account of Domitian's veneration for the goddess Minerva, and in commenting on the fine
Museum 2
suggestion that the figure supporting the shield was a " Jewish slave,"
the victory over the Jews.
4
to
this
specimen
coins
of
occurs on
Roman
Domitian. 5
may
I.
of Minerva,
'Adi'ivy
and
<y\ a uK(07rL<:
of frequent occurrence in
Homer.
coins
There are
some
other
of
by De Saulcy
to
Their description
is as
follows
Obverse.
1.
Reverse.
XVI. CENS.
P.P. P.
Palm-
Head
of
Domitian to the
with
fruit.
2nd
ed.
No. 277
who
adds,
"
De
is
Saulcy,
" Num. de
la
Terre Sainte,"
No.
5.
Bought
in Palestine.
On two
specimens in
De
neck of Domitian.)
Obverse.
2.
Re verse.
M.
II.
GERM.
IMP.
XXII.
COS
S.P.P.P.
Victory
P.M. TR.
XII.
Head
of
Domitian to the
walking
right, laureated.
(De Saulcy,
"Num.
de
la
6,
Bought
at Jerusalem.
He
"Med.
IMP. XXIII. COS. XVI. CENS. P. P. P. and that two IMP. XXIII instead of IMP. XXII cf. Cohen, 2nd ed. No. 298.) 9
reads
i
vol. vi. p.
265
;
seq.
" Cette
;
4, pi. xviii.
2nd
ed.
No. 184,
singuliere
d'abord
elle
medaille
romaine
de
22 e
la 12 e puis-
The
vessel
the
VICTORIA NAVALIS
1
as
commemorated on the
au
lieu
que sur
les
IVDAEA
N AVALIS
imi,
'-
5).
;
No. 255, from Welzl, tf No. 256, Nos. 507-509, JE. Ill 2nded. Nos. 605, 606, 521-524, 679. Madden, "Num. Chron." n.s. 1865, vol. v. p. 102; 1866, " Orat. pro Milone," iii. 8. ' rol. vi. p. 276, note 85.
;
;
17 e consulat et la
15 e puissance
tribunicienne.
La
de la Judee, et
n'etait
il
est
pas tres au
Domitien."
ed. p. 496.
Cohen,
"Med. Imp."
xviii.
227, etc.
228
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
After the total destruction of Jerusalem, Titus resolved to leave there as a guard the tenth
legion,
it
stationed before.
This was evidently considered a great honour, as we read in the same passage of Josephus
that Titus expelled the twelfth legion from Syria for having given
way
to the
Jews under
Cestius.
countermarked
coin,
to
have
Obveese.
J&.
Surface very
Reverse.
Traces of a head
much
rubbed.
letters
and the
letters
BAC.
In the middle
A ES
hardly visible.
a galley.
(De Saulcy, " Num. de
la
pi. v.
No.
3.)
may remark
letters
by De Saulcy the
letters
BAC
nor can I perceive any traces of the dolphin under the pig.
The
BAC
are
supposed by
the
De
CCBACTHNQN,
a legionary emblem.
Its origin
may
3
4
and
it
is
not likely,
as
some have
supposed, that
was adopted
as
last visit to
Jerusalem (November,
1869), which
may
be thus described:
Obverse.
Reverse.
M. Head
letters
On
the
letter
of the legend
cheek a
square
countermark,
give
containing
three
the
X which
the
elements
la
pi. v.
No.
4.
vii. 1, 2, 3.
Tacitus ("Hist." v.
1)
2
3 4
says
succeeded to the
command
in Judaea of the
"iEn."
lib. viii.
43.
and fifteenth legions, to which he added the twelfth from Syria, and the third and twenty-second from Alexandria. Cf. Joseph. "Bell. Jud." v. 2, 3.
fifth, tenth,
Madden, "Jew. Coinage," pp. 21), 212. and coin of Antoninus Pius, No. 17.
See
Chapter XI.
229
the
M. Clermont-Ganneau has in Ms
collection
a piece
of Domitian with
of
mark on
is
the neck.
The
field
reverse has
SEBA^THNQN, and
Astarte.
In the
OP.
fifteenth
"When he
back to Pannonia.
M. de Saulcy quotes
a curious piece
Trajan,
countermark
XV
soit
BOT He adds,
"II
me
venue
se
faire
le
contre-marquer en Pannonie;
depot de la
piece
is also
j'aime
mieux
ou.
croire
que
le
ceutre
de recrutement, ou mieux
XV
legion, resta
en Syrie,
peut-etre la
The same
described
by Mionnet. 4
II.
Obverse.
Reverse.
IVDAEA CAPTA
S.C.
CENS. POT.
P.P.
Head
of
Domitian
to
p. 197
Cohen, 2nd
ed.
No. 318.)
1.
vii.
5, 3.
"Num.
de la T. S." p. 84.
Vol.
v. p.
'
CHAPTER
X.
JEWS.
always
tells
the
accession
of
of
Julius
Caesar,
the
Jews,
when
at
peace,
had
enjoyed
us
of
amount
liberty,
and
many
the
corresponding privileges.
Josephus
some
Roman
franchise at
Ephesus,
and of
others,
Procurator Florus,
illegally
who being
of
to
citizens,
were
Nero,
;
the
cross
'
before
his
" In
the time
of
their
ideas on
created
4
The
first
revolt
the Jews was immediately followed by a tribute being imposed upon them by Vespasian. 5 the accession of Nerva, the
many
and clemency
Of
a
we
possess
numismatic records.
is
The
reverse
legend, on
FISCI IVDAICI
CALVMNIA SVBLATA,
of
The hatred
the Jews to
Rome was
so
intense
was taken
to revolt,
though they had boasted of " Judaea capta " and " Judoea devicta,"
were always obliged
country.
to
keep
a.d.
an
effective
watch
over
the
subdued
in
In the year
insurrection
115,
the
Parthian expedition, a
Jewish
in
to
broke
out,
where the
In
the revolt at
in
"Antiq." xiv. 10, 13. See p. 95, note 1 great grief at his death (Suet. " Ctes,
Many
his effigy
coins of Doniitian found in Judaea and Samaria have stamped with a countermark containing the portrait of
of
Nerva or
benefactors
Trajan,
money ("Antiq."
vi.
xvi. C).
(De
ipsum
Saulcy,
people as
p.
339;
"Bell. Jud."
ii.
14, 9. 11.
Leuormant,
"La Mon.
Antiq."
vol.
ii.
p. 390).
"Usque jam
"Non
fiscum
Judaicum,
seu
dici, sed
dederunt."
ed. 1868, vol. vii. p. 379.
Eomans,"
5
6
See
Appendix
B. II. 2.
"Prater
ad
est, ab eodem fiscali debito solvendo immunes in postremum mansisse, quicunque se haud erant Judoeos professi nee inde pro Judneis in fiscales tabulas relati." Eckhel, " Doct. Num. Vet." vol. vi. p. 405, after Spanheim, " Diss, de
sublatam, hoc
pnest. et usu
II. 2.
num. Antiq."
vol.
ii.
p. 500.
See
Appendix B.
Suet.
"Dom."
12;
cf.
Derenbourg, "Essai,"
p. 333, note.
231
last
the island.
put
down, and the Jews were not allowed to approach the island
driven
there
and even
to
if
they should be
by
stress
of
weather,
they
were
immediately put
natives,
death. 1
At
Cyrene,
the Jewish
residents
of
whom
have perished miserably, but they were eventually subdued by Martius Turbo, who afterwards
turned his attention to Egypt, where the
Roman
prefect
had been
by
The
of
insurrection in Meso-
potamia was
soon
(a.d.
117)
suppressed by Lusius
2
Quietus, a
man
At
first
he made promises
to the
but having visited Judaea in a.d. 130 or a.d. 131, 3 he seems to have formed the design of
2 Euseb. " Dion Cassius, lsviii. 32. H. E." iv. 2. In my " Jew. Coinage " (p. 212, note 5) I published and engraved the two following coins of Hadrian struck at Rome, stating that they commemorated the defeat of the second revolt of the Jews, and that they were struck between a.d. 136 and a.d. 138.
1
Obverse.
-EI-
Reverse.
III.
P.P.
Rust
Hadrian standing
holds a patera and a
of
the right,
bare,
who
:
cuirass.
box
In exergue S.C.
(British
Museum:
cf.
Obverse.
Reverse.
to the right, bare.
Same
legend.
Head
of
Hadrian
IVDAEA
fa
exergue).
Hadrian standing
to right before a
;
female (Judaea),
who
on the
on the
left side of
towards Hadrian,
(British
S.C.
Museum.)
is
This, however, as Cavedoni (" Principali Questioni," etc., p. 20) has pointed out,
an
error, as
Hadrian
vol.
i.
131 (Clinton,
ii.
"F. R."
p. 118).
Moreover, the
type of Judaea offering the accustomed sacrifice to Caosar though only shortly before, the revolt broke out.
17, 2)
232
rebuilding
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
Jerusalem
but
of
to
under
the
name
1
of
to
Jehovah,
Jupiter
Capitolinus.
Circumcision,
forbidden.
the
reading
of of
the
Law,
and
not
the
observance
realized,
the
Sabbath were
strictly
The promises
to
Hadrian
being
renewed
vigour.
An
the
birth
announcement
leader
was was
made
that
the
long-promised
son
of
Messiah
star,"
had
the
come.
stories
The
told
name
of
his
new
bore
Bar-cochab,
of
" the
and
were strangely
significant
his
future
importance.
put forward were looked upon with favour by the Rabbi Akiba, whose
caused the Jews to place reliance upon his opinion
:
had
" Behold," he
said,
when
the
the party of
Bar-cochab were laying their plans for the re-establishment of their nation, " Behold the star
that
shall rise out of
Jacob
the days of
At
the
commencement
and Akiba,
by the
command
Judaea,
the Rabbi,
said
owing
to
great reputation of
numerous, there
is
no question.
The pretensions
course no favour with the Christians, and for the scorn with which they regarded his impious
claims,
to cruel persecutions.
Upon
the
arrival in
Palestine of Julius Severus from Britain, in a.d. 134, the rebels were in possession of fifty of
the strongest castles, nine hundred and eighty-five villages, 4 and probably of Jerusalem
itself. 5
At
last,
after
a warfare of
Roman
troops
and the great skill of Severus almost brought the revolt to a termination.
The
city of Bethar, 6
of
Chapter XI.
2
on
its
ruins (Scaliger,
"Animadv.
Hist."
in Chron.
216;
quod vetabantur
to
Fabricius,
"Ad
k. t. A.
Dionis
lxix.
12-14),
Eusebius
mutilare genitalia."
3
"Hadr."
which the
Rabbi Johanan ben Torta replied, "Akiba, the grass will have grown out of thy jaws before the Messiah appears" Ben-kosiba was, however, at (Derenbourg, " Essai," p. 425).
first
only a robber and a murderer, but the name Bar-cochab or Ben-kokaba, which he had assumed, as though he were a star from heaven, and light bringing prosperity to the Jews (us e obpavov <pu(TTrip auToTr KaTeX-q\v0ds) gained him a reputation
,
(Euseb.
"H. E."
a lie"
iv. 6).
"son
p.
of
(Jahn,
(ttjs it6\<euis els ip^fxiav rov and again, says that the war ended by the taking of Jerusalem, of which one stone was not left upon another (iis fiA]Ti \i8ov eVl \i0ov acpe6r)i>cu, "Chron." I., quoted in the note to Sturz's ed. of Dion Cass. vol. vi. p. 667). St. Jerome also mentions this fact (" Usque ad extremam subversionem, qua3 sub Hadriano aceidit quando Cochebus dux Judieorum oppressus est, et Jerusalem usque ad solum diruta est," Dan. ix. 27, and " Post quinquaginta annos sub Hadriano civitas in mterno igne consumpta est," Ezek. xxiv. 14), and the historian Appian writes positively that the city was destroyed
'iouSaiW,
"
II.
E."
iv. 6),
y Vespasian
o-vto7s
(tV
^yio-T-nv
*6mv
196).
Dr. F. Lebreeht
Die fragliche Stadt im Hadrianisch. jiidischen Kriege," etc., Berlin, 1877) and considers Bar-Eozeba was the real name of this rebel, and that he was so called from the city Kozeba in Such a view is not, however, probable (cf. Rev. C. H. Judasa. AVrin-ht "Zechariah," p. 164, note). "Koziba fut le nom du pere s'il s'agissait comme on l'a avance, de la ville de Kezib (Ecdippa) nominee en Chaldeen Keziba, on dirait Bar Koziba, comme ou (lit Bar Kochba mais on rencontre tout aussi bien ben que bar" (Derenbourg,
;
Kcn-eW^e), i/ioO. and again in his own time (ko.1 'ASptavbs adBis " Syr." 50), which seems to leave no doubt that the insurgents were driven out of Jerusalem, and that the new city, as far as erected, was destroyed. M. Eenan, however, is of opinion (" The last
Jewish Bevolt " in the "Contemporary Review," July, 1879, was never hemmed in by the insurrection, P- eo ) that &&> Dion Cassius and that the rebels never reached Jerusalem.
(
lxix -
14 )>
wno mentions
of
See
Chapter XI.
It
is
"Essai,"
*
The
situation
Bethar
site
is
Dion Cass.
It
was
ever
in
" H. E."
iv.
6).
Its
233
after
still
it
the
135,
insurgents, but
1
repeated onsets
2
by the
scenes
Romans,
of
and Bar-cochab
killed.
The usual
of
cruel
repeated.
The exasperation
against
the
Romans
their
fury
was
especially
directed
the
scholars
and
of
cruel
torments, and
while torn in pieces with red-hot pincers, continued to cry, " Hear,
Lord
is
our
God
the Lord
is
God
alone "
!
[On
see
Chapter VIII.
p. 192.]
a.d. 135.
I.
Obverse.
l.
Reverse.
m.4.
iy:D?
DWlT nftHnS.
"The
;
deliverance of Jerusalem."
Levy, " Jiid. Munzen," p. 93, No. 26 Madden, " Jew. Coinage," p. 167, p. 162, pi. xii. Nos. 4, 6 De Saulcy, " Num. Chron." n.s. 1871, p. 251, No. 64, publishes a specimen a fleur de coin Garrucci, p. 33, No. 3 No. 1 Merzbacher, " Zeitschrift fur Num." 1877, vol. iv. p. 359, Madden, "Num. Chron." N.s. 1875, vol. xv. p. 322, No. 1 No. 119 cf. De Saulcy, " Mel. de Num." 1877, p. 90, Nos. 3 and 4.)
; ;
;
("Holy City," pp. 209-213), and it is now called Bcitir. Mr. A. Neubauer, who has examined the opinions of many scholars ("La Geog. du Talmud," pp. 103-113), considers that it was
in the
maintains
that
Dr. F. Lebrecht
from the words " aratum templum" that Hadrian, in accordance with the custom among the Romans to draw a plough over a destroyed city (Hor. " Od." i. 16), had ordered the ruins of the city to be ploughed over by Rufus, and the first coins struck in the colony in a.d. 136 represent Colon driving two oxen. See Chapter XI. The fact receives illustration from
the words of
arabitur, etc."
2
corruption of
to the
Yeter, a
(iii.
12),
Vetera, the
in
name given
Roman
camp
(cf.
erected
Sepphoris
1
"In
Rev. C. n. Wright, "Zechariah," p. 164, note). hoc mense capta urbs Bether, ad quam multa millia
lasted
Annio Rufo." Hieron. "in Zach." viii. 16, 17. Jerome here gives the name of the capturer of Bether as T. Annius Rufus. I have elsewhere ("Jew. Coinage," p. 202, note 2) pointed out that Cavedoni (" Iiibl. Num." vol. ii. p. 63, note 41
;
Num." vol. iii. p. 61) says that the war "four years" commencing in a.d. 132, and ending in August, 136, though in another passage (pp. cit. p. 63) he says "three years and a half," which accords with the statements of St. Jerome and Dion Cassius, and carries back the beginning of the war to the spring of a.d. 132 (Clinton, " F. R." vol. i. p. 122). 3 According to Dion Cassius, the number Salvador, ii. 577. of the Jews slain in battle was 580,000, and those that perished
Cavedoni ("Bibl.
cf.
etc., p.
("Iscr.
Burbul."
p.
65)
in
reading
Tineitu Rufus,
(an.
all calculation, so
14).
imThis
especially as
Jerome himself
in his
"Chronicle"
vol.
i.
XVI.
(an.
who
perished
Roman
Rufus.
whilst
general
Tonus Rufus.
p.
Eusebius
118, an.
Chapter VIII.
2148, quot.-d
writes
132)
gives
mention
is
made
Tieinius
adds
that
VaUarsi
Milman (" Hist, of the Jews," 4th ed. 1866, vol. ii. p. 429) writes T. Annius or Tynnius, called by the Rabbins Tyrannus or Turnus Rufus, the Wicked (cf. Derenbourg,
Turanmus Rufus,
in St-v." 1G).
"Essai,"
to
p.
419).
It
is
curious
that
the
Roman
commander
whom
Jerome also mentions it in his Chronicle (an. v. Sev.), Judnicum it Samariticum helium ortum vel resumption. It cannot have been of any importance. The conjecture that this leader bore the name of Simon
1
committed by Titus bore the name of Terentiut Rufus (Joseph. " Bell. Jud." vii. 2, 1), and thus the two are perpetually confounded (Milman, loc. cit. cf. p. 434). It will be observed
;
rests only
'>
on the testimony of the coins (see p. 232, note 3). This word should be written JiyftC, but similar transpositions are frequent on these coins (Madden, "Jew. Coinage,"
30
234
Obverse.
2.
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
Reverse.
(sic)
JR.
4.
type.
Three-stringed
To the
left
the
letters
HMez.
(
De
Suulcy,
No. 65
Madden,
"Num.
No.
No. 2
Merzbacher,
120.)
De
JS o. 1.
the obverse of
this
piece
is
The
letters
HMCZ
AHMAPXIKHG 6ZOYCIAC
Obverse.
JR.
4.
Reverse.
)^W
On
?
f r (
[qS]^^
wreath.
the
lower
rim
traces
of
ISV.
IASASIAN
(De Saulcy,
(Vespasianus).
Jud." p. 162, No.
1
;
"Num.
pi. xii.
No. 3
Levy, "
loc. cit.
Jiid.
Miinzen,"
;
p.
105,
No. 36
cit. p.
p. 204,
No. 3
Merzbacher, op.
A
.
.
specimen
of
this
coin
i.e.
in
Berlin
Latin
inscription
should
be read
GVSTVS
V[ESP]ASI,
of
CAESAR; 2
a third
ANVS
P.M. TR.P.
COS.
Examples
known
Obverse.
4.
Reverse.
as
JR.
4.
No.
3.
Of
lT
3"Vnri7>
"The
deliverance of Jerusalem."
KAIC. NP.
TPAI.
(De Saulcy, "Num. Chron."
n.s. 1871, p. 252,
MAPX
No. 4
;
No. 67;
Madden,
"Num.
Chron."
loc. cit.
Merzbacher, op.
cit.
p. 358,
p. 204, note 3.
the Rev.
form^-| (Fan)
note 7),
in the
name
;
CAESAR
-
(Madden,
"Num.
27
cf.
p. 205,
and on some of the copper (No. 41 see De Saulcy, "Num. Jud." pi. xiv. Nos. 7, 8, 9; cf. Madden, "Jew. Coinage," p. 173, note 8). 1 Merzbacher, op. cit. p. 358.
Cavedoni,
Sestini,
4
p.
57,
No.
8 b,
from
Jud."
118,
No.
17.
Merzbacher, op.
p.
359;
De
Saulcy,
"Num.
pi. xii.
No.
5.
NO DATE.
(see
235
No.
2).
on
coin of
De
it
was found
at Djebel-Foureidis
at Jerusalem.
Obverse.
5.
Reverse.
as
/R.
4.
No.
3.
D^WV WOT?],
Vase;
round
"
Th e
deliverance of Jerusalem."
of
the
edge
the
coin
TITVS
CAES. VESP.
(Formerly in the Coll. of the late Mr.
Wigan
p. 205,
No. 2
Madden, "Num.
Chron."
loc. cit. p.
Merzbacher,
No.
15 bis.)
Obverse.
6.
Reverse.
M.
4.
D^T WltT?A
palm-branch.
359, No.
117.)
"The
deliverance of Jerusalem."
Bibl.
Num."
vol.
ii.
p. 56,
pi. xvi.
op. cit. p.
Obverse.
7.
Reverse.
as No. 6.
JR.
4.
deliverance of Jerusalem."
vol.
iii.
p.
471
Num."
vol.
ii.
No. 6
Merzbacher, op.
cit. p.
Obverse.
8.
Reverse.
as
JR.
4.
No.
3.
Around
' '
are traces of
(British
TIAN AVG.
(Domitian).
p. 205,
Three-stringed lyre.
No. 3
;
loc. cit.
No.
Merzbacher, op.
recall the
These' two trumpets are warlike emblems, and doubtless two silver ones made by order of Moses, for the
1-10; cf. Levit. xxv. 9); and "the holy trumpets," at the sound of which Cendebams was put to flight under Simon Maccabus (1 Maccab. xvi. 8). Originally there were only two
made, but seven were employed during the reign of David (1 Chron. xv. 24), and a hundred and twenty in that of Solomon
12), though Joscphus ("Antiq." viii. 3, 8) says Solomon made 200,000 according to the command of Moses. Their size on the coins confirms the account given of them by Joscphus ("Antiq." iii. 12, 6). The two trumpets are represented on the Arch of Titus (Roland, " De Spoliis Templi," See 1716; Lewin, "Life of St. Paul," vol. ii. p. 320). Nos. 16-18, 35, 36, and Appendix B. x. 1.
(2 Chron. v.
that
236
NCMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
OlSVEBSE.
9.
REVERSE.
^R.
4.
WtiW
Simon.
Cluster of grapes.
D^IT
No.
With,
Three-stringed lyre.
(Formerly in the Coll. of the late Mr.
loc. cit.
Wigan
British
pi. xii.
p.
;
170,
No. 6;
"Num.
cit. p.
Chron."
361.)
Xo. 7
cf.
p. 90,
No.
Merzbacher, op.
Obverse.
10.
Reverse.
as No. 9.
M.4.
of
\)tyl2i&] Simon.
Type
Traces
OPT[IMO] PR[INCIPI]
pi. xii.
(Trajan).
;
No. 2
105,
No. 37
p. 206,
No. 4
"Num.
Chron."
No. 8
p. 360,
fuller
1
on
A
it
JJ third
is
said
to
have
been
2
struck on a coin
Galba,
as
SER.
The Rev. H.
C. Reichardt published
, .
W>
&
htiW
*)th
I
''?,
which Levy
De Saulcy
my
this coin,
that
it is
decidedly false.
this coin is in the Collection of
Another example of
described
:
OliVERSE.
s
/IXli&* IT]
Reverse.
J?>
JR.
4. n.N [rOC], "Erst year of the \ff* redemption of Israel." Cluster of grapes.
noh
of Israel."
Three-stringed lyre.
Cavedoni,
" Bibl.
Num."
No. 38.
vol.
i.
pi.
i.
No.
Levy,
ii.
p. 276,
No.
20.
"Jud. Miinzen,"
2
p. 106,
4
i.
Miinzen,"
Cavedoni, "Bibl.
Num."
vol.
p. 24, note
14;
vol.
ii.
6 6
p. 57,
No.
7 b.
"Jew. Coinage," p. 174, No. 15. " Rev. Num." 1865, vol. x. pp. 4 and 23 tirage a pait.
NO
DATE.
Reverse.
237
Al.
4.
as
Xo. 9
D7C1T
p. 360,
(Coll. of
cit.
Obverse.
12.
Reverse.
as
M.
4.
No.
9.
deliverance of Jerusalem."
p. 208,
;
No. 10;
he.
cit. p.
324, No. 9
Merzbacher, op.
cf.
De
Num."
1877, p. 90,
and De Saulcy,
"Num.
Jud."
Other examples of
Obverse.
13.
Reverse.
Simon.
Cluster of
M.
4.
Traces of
Wfi&
D7
nW"!7> "The
Yl~l.
deliverance of Jerusalem."
grapes.
Of the
palm-branch.
or
remains
YflAT. A.
Museum
from Electrotype in
These
letters
signify
[TPA]IAN[OC]
CB[ACTOC]
rP[MANIKOC] AA[KIKOC]
l
and
YI~1[ATOC] A, " Trajan Augustus, Grerinanicus, Dacicus, Consul for the fourth time."
Obverse.
14.
Reverse.
Simon.
Cluster of
JR.
4.
VEJT
(Coll. of
(for pJflbJJP)
D7BH
Mill"!?, "
The deliverance
grapes.
A
M.
de
palm-branch.
;
Vogue
De
Saulcy, "
Num. Jud."
pi. xi.
No. 5
Merzbacher, op.
cit.
De
letters
|1
is
perfect,
W?
He
adds that
not
pure
silver,
but
piece, the
original of
which would
A
1
by Mr. Reichardt
as there
is
vol.
iii.
p.
A on the
side
wanting
feel
grapes, and the other letters on the side with the palm.
2
Van and Nun a suggestion on which I do not competent to give any opinion. For Mr. Conder'fl interletters
Num.
11.
No.
cf. "Mel. de Num." 1877, p. 91, Jud." p. 161 "With respect to the legend yOK>, which has hitherto
;
pretation of the
word Shetno
iii.
as
"coin"
or
"money"
(" liible
Educator,"
name
of
"Simon," De
read the
Saulcy ("Mel. de
first letters
Num."
1877,
p.
89)
prefers to
word Sehemda, the prayer commencing, " Bear, (t Israel, Jehovah is our God," etc., and prescribed by the Talmud to be said night and morning by every Israelite, since there was no reason for the abbreviating the name {ic/towioiin.
of the
" Handbook to the liible," pp. 67, 69, 75, 178, 181), sec Madden, " Supplement to Hist, of Jew. Coinage," in "Num. Chron." n.s. 1874, vol. xiv. pp. 292-303; 1876, vol. xvi. pp. 230-233, and APPENDIX E. of this work,
vol.
p.
176
"Num.
Chron."
238
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
Obveese.
Reverse.
Simon.
Cluster
*15.
M.
4.
yfcW
(for
WW)
U?&) niinS,
peace "
(?).
"Ifor
the
redemption
(?)
and
of grapes.
(Coll. of
palm-branch.
324, No. 10.)
Rev. H. C. Reichardt
Madden,
"Num.
Chron."
loc. cit. p.
this
was the
first
coin issued
for
by Bar-cochab, immediately
the Second
Revolt,
when
again,
Israel
Roman
yoke,
redemption
procured by
Simon Bar-cochab."
so. 1
do not agree with Mr. Reichardt' s reading, and have already said
that
this
I cannot
help
thinking
coin
(as
well
as
No.
14)
is is
one
above
which
D/ClT
JTnri7, as
it
has
every letter of
on
it
except two
D/EJ^PV]
Win /.
Obverse.
16.
Reverse.
Cluster of
grapes.
M.
On
4.
py[|bB>]
Simon.
the edge
TR
(Trajan).
p. 162,
pi. xi.
;
deliverance of Jerusalem."
(De Saulcy,
"Num.
Jud."
No. 7;
cf.
Miinzen,"
p. 106,
cit.
Coinage,"
p. 206,
No. 5
325, No. 11
Merzbacher, op.
p. 361,
No. 123.)
Obverse.
17.
Reverse.
as
]S o. 9.
^R. 4.
D^CIT
Two
No. 6
;
rYnri7> "
trumpets.
;
l'
ne deliverance of Jerusalem."
(British
Museum
p. 207,
loc. cit. p.
326.)
Num. Chron."
n.s.
1864, vol.
iv.
p.
NO
DATE.
239
On
the obverse of
this coin
are
clear
traces of
the
z^^p%^
,
Trajan,
and
on
the
reverse
an
arm holding
a
of
coin
Trajan, issued
which
this
Reverse.
Cluster of
grapes.
&
4.
J
f2W Simon.
. .
/&)
fiVlPl/i
"The
deliverance of Jerusalem."
. .
I
P.M. TR.P.
COS.
No. 5
Two
cf.
trumpets.
MO
V. P.P.
(De Saulcy, "Mel. de Num." 1877,
p.
,
;
PRINCI.
Merzbacher, op.
cit.
p. 361.)
This piece was not struck over the same coin as No. 17, but over one of the numerous
denarii,
Another example of the type of the two trumpets has on the obverse
APICTO CB.
and
of the
Obverse.
19.
Reverse.
dS^IT*
rmnS,
"
The deliverance
of Jerusalem.'
(De Saulcy,
"Num.
Jud."
No.
Garrucci, p. 34,
No. 10
No. 4; Levy, "Jud. Miinzen," p. 94, No. 28a; Madden, "Jew. Coinage," p. 170, Madden, " Num. Chron." loc. cit. p. 326, No. 12 Merzbacher, op. cit. p. 357, No. 114.)
;
The
star
{son of a star).
Shekels of this type of the second year exist, which I shall describe in their proper place.
Obverse.
20.
of
Reverse.
right side
M.
7.
fog? (for
pyat? Simon) on
tb&TP
tetrastyle
temple,
showing a conventional
Temple
.
.
on
hit the
letters
T. <DAAYI
;
OY
helow,
Solomon's colonnade
(Coll. of
above, a star.
Rev. S.
S.
Lewis
No.
1.
Merzbacher, op.
cit. p.
^77, p. 91,
No. 6
el.
361 Xo. 5.
De
Saulcy,
" Mel. de
Num."
2
3
See See
p. 203.
240
NUMISMATA ORIEXTALIA.
This coin appears to be re-struck on a tetradrachm of Antioch, having on one side the
OAAYI.
OYESI1.
KAI.'
Obveese.
21.
Eeveese.
M.6.
WtiW
Simon.
Palm-tree.
dSb'IT rrnnS>
Vine- leaf.
Jiid.
(De Saulcy,
"Num.
Jud."
Munzen,"
cit.
p.
95,
p.
172,
No. 9; Garrucci,
cf.
p. 34,
xii.
No. 9
Madden,
"Num.
Nos.
1
Chron."
and
2.
loc.
p. 327,
No. 125;
De
Saulcy, pi.
Nos.
by De Saulcy,
"Num.
cf.
Chron."
No.
name Simon
De
Nun
never existed;
"Num.
Jud."
pi. xii.
No.
12.)
Obverse.
22.
Eeveese.
Simon.
M.
tree.
6.
)$)[&] (for
|lXHb&Jf)
Palm-
[D^lT HMnSli
salem."
;
" The
deliverance
of
Jeru-
In
Vine-leaf.
Letters
Wigan Madden, " Jew. Coinage," p. 209 De Saulcy, "Num. Jud." "Bibl. Num." vol. ii. p. 58, No. 13a; Levy, "Jiid. Munzen," p. 108, No. 41.)
No. 3
Obveese.
23.
Eeveese.
as No. 2 1
M.
4.
\sbWTC rtnrb>
No.
5,
of Jerusalem."
Cluster of grapes.
(De Saulcy, " Num. Jud."
p. 164, pi. xiii.
No. 4
cf.
rather smaller
;
Levy, "
Jiid.
Munzen,"
p. 95,
No. 29a
Madden,
No. 68,
loc. cit.
p. 172,
No. 10
Garrucci, p. 33,
No. 6
De
Saulcy, "
Num. Chron."
publishes a fine example of this coin with a small variety in the arrangement of the legend; Madden, "
Num. Chron."
No.
129.)
Eckhel, "Doct.
tetradrachm in the
Num. Vet." vol. iii. p. 288, Nos. Museum Kircherianum has the
traces of the
ii.
8, 10.
pp.
letters
Madden, "Jew. Coinage," p. 28, 29; "Diss. Arch." vol. ii. p. 34, No. 10).
2
171;
Garrucci,
p. 58,
Num."
vol.
74;
"Nuovi
Studi, etc.,"
Another example quoted by Cavedoni ("Bibl. Num." vol. No. 134) from Sestini ("Mus. Hed." t. iii. p. 117, No. shows traces of the bearded head of Zeus.
ii.
6)
YEAR
TWO.
241
has observed
1
De Saulcy
see
that
on
the
Jewish
coins
is
alwaj's
[?
generally
No.
25]
represented
with
seven palm-branches,
Obverse.
24.
Reverse.
M.
4.
ttyftty Simon.
Da^I^M
;
rt/> "
The deliverance
of Jerusalem.
Chron."
loc. cit.
p. 328,
No. 15
Merzhacher, op.
cit. p.
Obverse.
25.
Reverse.
M.
4.
[Dj7tyn*
salem."
min 7,
;
"The
deliverance
of
Jeru-
palm-tree.
(Coll. of
Cluster of grapes.
Madden, "Jew. Coinage,"
No.
16.)
p. 173,
Rev.
II. C.
Reichardt, "
Num. Chron."
ii.
p. 276,
No. 19
No. 13
Madden,
"Num.
Chron."
loc. cit.
does not
consider
to
be genuine.
I have, however,
examined
it,
and
am
convinced of
its
authenticity.
II.
Year
2.
Obverse.
26.
JR.. 4.
Reverse.
(sic)
Wfc&
Simon.
Cluster of grapes.
7^|Nt?*
[nihnS
DC
"Second year
of the
deliverance of Israel."
(De Saulcy,
N". 2
;
"Num.
Jud."
p.
167,
Madden,
"Num.
Chron."
loc. cit.
p.
329, No.
Merzhacher,
No.
96.)
"
Num. Chron." n.s. 1871, vol. xi. p. 252. -Jud. Miinzen," p. 96; cf. Merzhacher, "Zeitschrift
iiir
Num."
1873, vol.
i.
p.
235; 1875,
31
242
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
OBVERSE.
27.
ReTEBSE.
26.
JR.
4.
Same legend
as TSo.
Cluster of
(sic)
^W
[flllinS
1W,
grapes.
(British
deliverance of Israel."
cf.
Palm-branch.
Merzbacher, op.
eit.
Museum: Madden, "Jew. Coinage," p. 168, No. 3; " Xum. Chron." he. cit. No. 2; No. 97 De Saulcy, "Mel. de Num." 1877, p. 88, No. 6, p. 92, No.
;
p. 35-1,
12.)
Obverse.
28.
Reverse.
Cluster
.
JR.
4.
WfcW
:
Simon.
of
grapes.
7**^
[filjinS
1W, "Second
On
(Berlin
NVS.
Num."
vol. xix. p. 16,
ance of Israel."
1878, vol. v. p. Ill, pi.
ii.
Palm-branch.
Museum
Von
Sallet,
No. 7; Madden,
"Num.
No.
1.)
Obverse.
Reverse.
Cluster of grapes.
(sic)
pyGME?
Simon.
^^>
[T^Tirh 1W,
liverance of Israel."
of the inscription
(Coll of Dr. Sepp, of
.
PAIAN. CEB.
vol. xix. p. 10,
:T.P.
No.
2.)
Munich; Von
114; Madden,
"Num.
No. 28 with
NVS
later
No. 29
is
super- struck
under Trajan.
Reverse.
as
Obverse.
30.
JR.
4.
No. 26
7fcOtJ"
ItnnS IV,
"Mel. de Num."
verance of Israel."
(Berlin; Merzbacher, op.
cit. p.
Three-stringed lyre.
p. 89,
354, No. 98
De
Saulcy,
No.
7.)
Obverse.
31.
Reverse.
within
a
(sic)
M.
4.
ft
(f r
jiyfiC) Simon,
^tftJM
wreath.
(De Vogue, "Rev. Num." 1860,
pi. xiii.
;
deliverance of Israel."
No. 6;
Palm-branch.
p. 208,
No. 9;
cit.
No. 3
Merzbacher, op.
ii.
lis.
cf.
Reichardt,
1862, vol.
p. 277,
No.
25.)
YEAR
TWO.
243
Obverse.
32.
Reverse.
Simon,
JR.
4.
yfct? (for
WV)
"Num.
;
within a
{sic)
XW
No.
cit.
[T\)]"\rh
1&>
No.
wreath.
(Coll. of
p.
verance of Israel."
Chron."
n.s.
Rev. H. C. Reichardt,
1862, vol.
ii.
p. 276,
16S,
No. 4
Madden,
"Num.
Chron." he.
p. 330,
No. 4
Merzbacher, op.
Obverse.
33.
Reverse.
JR.
4.
yB>
(for
itw rb *axh
read
hxw nnnS
Chron." he.
cit.
wreath.
Yase and
(De Sauley,
"Num.
Chron."
"Num.
No.
5.)
Obverse.
34.
Reverse.
Simon, within a
JR.
4.
y?
(for
WfcW)
"Num.
S^X"
ii.
of the deli-
wreath.
(Coll. of
p. 168,
verance of Israel."
Chron."
n.s.
three-stringed lyre.
Madden, "Jew. Coinage,"
op. cit. p. 355,
Rev. H. C. Reichardt,
;
1862, vol.
p. 277,
cit.
No.
No. 8;
No. 5
"Num.
Chron." he.
p. 331,
No. 6; Merzbacher,
No. 101.)
Obverse.
35.
Reverse.
Simon, within a
[Sn")]Jm [JlllinS
JR.
4.
Jfc{y
(for
WfcW)
1W,
object.
wreath.
verance of Israel."
Two
trumpets;
between
them an oblong
(Coll. of
Rev.
II.
C. Reichardt,
"Num.
Chron."
n.s.
cit.
1862, vol.
ii.
p. 276,
p. 207,
No. 7;
he.
No.
Merzbacher,
No. 100.)
Obverse.
3G.
Reverse.
Simon, within a
JR.
4.
yi2W
(for
WW)
"Num.
cf.
bNh]E
ii.
'
wreath.
(Coll. of
verance of Israel."
Chron."
n.s. 18G2, vol. p. 277,
Same type
as
No. 35.
p.
Rev. H. C. Reichardt,
208, No. 8
variety given
Num."
8.)
'
^NX"
De
Sauley, op.
p. 91,
Nos. 7 and
Hint
in the collection of
Canon Tristram.
and Oct. 31, 1874), with the erroneous reading ^Nlt/" ?ptJ> (cf. Evans, " The Academy," Nov. 14, 1874; Madden, "Suppl. to Jew. Coinage," in "Num. Chron." n.s. 1874, vol. xiv. p. 295
;
Rev.
bWsW
&
(sic)
rrb y&.
p. 71
Two
trumpets.
This piece
is
Mr. Conder appears to have reproduced it again, more correctly read, in his " Handbook to the Bible " (pp. 75, 181, pi. iv. No. xxi.), as a specimen of the See Appendix K, quarter shekel given by Saul to Samuel
1875, vol. xv. p. 325, note 66).
! !
Co. 1874;
"The Academy,"
Sept. 19,
244
NTJMISMATA ORIEXTALIA.
IS
VERSE.
Reverse.
Tetrastyle
T. 37.
M.
7.
dSeTI*!*
Jerusalem.
below, Solomon's
colonnade
(Coll. of
; '
above,
;
-|-.
Dr. Babington
cf.
p. 165
'Num. Chron."
317
Num."
who shows
1873, vol.
De
Saulcy,
"Num. Jud."
;
No.
3, is
incorrect
Merzbacher,
"Zeitschrift fur
Num."
;
p.
234
1876, vol.
iii.
pi. v.
No. 112
1877, vol.
iv. p.
Herr Infante
of Seville
Coll. of Dr.
Chapter XL),
1864-1867.
He
informs
me
that in the exergue under the Temple, on his specimen, can distinctly he read the part of a
Roman
NO.)
Obverse.
38.
Reverse.
Tetrastyle temple,
of the Beautiful
M.
Gate nade
No. 8
7.
|WE> Simon.
Temple
year of the
deli-
above, a star.
(De Saulcy,
;
"Num.
Jud."
No. 4;
p. 94,
No. 284;
;
p. 171,
Madden,
"Num.
Chron."
loc. tit. p.
331, No. 9
Merzbacher, op.
p. 353,
No.
95.)
Obverse.
T. 39.
Reverse.
7^< "lE,,
,
M.
8^.
WftW
of the deliver-
ance of Israel."
(Berlin;
vase.
iv. p.
Num."
1873, vol.
i.
p. 232,
No. 4;
1876, vol.
iii.
No. 102
1877, vol.
355,
No. 102.)
See
Chapter VIII.
See
Chapter V.
p. 73
Chapter VIII.
p. 203.
"
YEAR TWO.
245
Obveese.
40.
Eeyeese.
Simon.
Palm-tree.
JE.
6.
Vine-leaf.
Gamicci,
p. 34,
(De Saulcy,
"Num.
Jud."
'
No. 6
No. 11
No. 16
Madden,
Num. Chron."
loc. tit.
No. 10
Merzbacher, op.
tit.
Obveese.
41.
Reverse.
Stmow.
Palm-tree.
M.
6.
I^yty
(for jlJfibBO
foamy* trvnnfo
^>
;
Second y ear
of the deli -
vcrance of Israel."
(De Saulcy,
Vine-leaf.
;
"Num.
Jud."
cit.
Merzbacher, op.
pi. xv.
p. 355,
No. 106.
"Num. Chron." he. cit. No. 11 p. 173, No. 12 Varieties of Nos. 40 and 41 occur, De Saulcy, " Num. Jud." pi. xiv. Nos. 7 and 8;
71-73
;
Nos. 1-4;
"Num.
Chron."
Merzbacher, op.
cit.
107,
108.)
Obveese.
42.
Peveese.
Palm-tree.
^{Jf,
IE. 4.
Dt'B'YT Jerusalem.
"Second
year
"
Cluster of grapes.
(Coll. of
Gamicci,
No. 17
vol.
cit.
ii.
p. 277,
;
No. 26
p. 173,
No. 14
No. 12
Merzbacher, op.
p. 357,
Obveese.
? 43.
Reverse.
Outline of a head,
.
JE.
Hebrew
inscription ?
AEK.
laureated ?
(Vienna
;
Merzbacher, op.
tit. p.
Another example
in
on the reverse.)
1
is
(sic)
the Briti>h
p.
Mum
urn in Farrar'a
is
"Life
Christ"
(illustr. ed.
De
("Num. Jud."
xi
No.
2), also
'pK'W,
instead of 'p&OB"
De
;
Saulcy,
"Num.
Chron."
n.s.
legend
may
"The
1871) vol
On examining
2 53,
No.
73)
all
letters
blW
are
HP
read
is in reality
V.
^31^,
and
may be
246
Besides the type of
the
NUHISMATA ORIENTALIA.
palm and
its
date-tree,
we
find
its
cluster as well as
leaf.
The
it
afforded
at
is
celebrated in
many
first
passages of Scripture.
it
grow that
the building of
the
and
at the building of
is
the Sidonians.
to
At
by the prophets. 4
The people
of
often
was introduced
at
hung thereon
a leaf, a berry, or
its leaf
a grape-cluster (of
distinctive
grape and
became a
xiv. 7, etc.
Isaiah
v.
x.
1.
2
3 4
10, 15.
7.
Cf.
Mischnah Middoth, 3, 8; Levy, " Jiid. Miinzen," p. 134. Joseph. " Antiq." xiv. 3, 1; xv. 11, 3; "Bell. Jud." v.
;
v. 11,
22
xxviii. 7
Hos.
iii.
1, etc.
5,
v. 5, 5.
See
Chapter
V. p. 93, note 2.
CHAPTEK
XI.
the
second
of
revolt
the
that
more idea
of
establishing a
as
capital,
building a
new
city
on the
the
name
of
with his own family name of JElius that of Jupiter Capitolinus, and erecting a temple to this
deity's
said
2
honour on the
site
He
is
also
to
afterwards identified
is
with that of the sepulchre of our Lord, and a representation of the same
given on certain coins of Antoninus Pius,
tetrastyle
3
supposed to be
temple,
but
is
it
is
question
if
really
temple, 4
reside there.
It
said that
6
gate leading to
as
command,
affirm
but
the
its
an
insult.
that
swine was
"a
fitting
emblem
of
its
founder, of
the lewd
worship of
Emperor."
colony
10
The date
Merivale
1
the
it
actual
to
a.d.
foundation
133.
of
the
is
matter
that
it
of
controversy.
till
Mr.
13G
assigns
states
was not
a.d.
is also
12. Seep. 232 and p. 248, note 10. Hadrian have erected a statue of himself ("Pbi quondam erat templum et religio Dei, ibi Dadriani statua et Jovis idolum collocatum est." Hieron. "Comm. in Esai." ii. 8; Chrysostom, " Orat. iii. in Judicos " Niceph. " H. E." iii. 24). The Bordeaux Pilgrim ("Itin. Hieros." p. 591) says there were two
p. 177, note 2;
Madden,
op. cit. p.
s.v.
217; Jerusalem
ii.
W. Aldis "Wright,
;
Smith's
of the
of
Hadrian
(cf.
s.v.
Jerusalem, in Smith's
Besant,
s.v.
W.
Sepulchre,
ii.
Venus is no proof of its having been erected by Hadrian (Euseb. "Vit. Const." iii. 26; Socrat. " H. E." i. 17; cf. i. 9; Sozomen, " H. E." ii. 1). 6 " In fronte ejus porta;, qua Bethlehem egredimur, gut sculptus in marmore prominens significans Romanic potestati subjacere Judaeos " (St. Jerome, Euseb. " Chron." ed. Scaliger,
vol.
p.
437.
temple
of
was
existing
at
the
time
of
Constantine,
but
there
1658, an.
Hadr. xx.
Cassiodorus,
"Chron."
in this
1729,
vol.
i.
p.
1881
Col. C.
Warren, "The Temple or the Tomb," 1880, p. 43. 4 Madden, "Jew. Coinage," p. 217; De Sanlcy,
la
Chapter,
coin of
"Num.
de
Terre Sainte," p. 89, Nob. 13, 14; see in this Chapter Lntoninus," Nos. 13, 14. A very similar type occurs
2).
5
Salvador,
ed.
1868,
vol.
p. 212, note 4,
9
Merivale, "Hist, of the Romans," 177; cf. Madden, "Jew. Coinage," for examples of coins quoted in this sense.
ii.
583;
p.
viii.
Hi^t. oi the
Romans under
viii.
10
Jerusalem.
248
tliat
NUJIISMATA ORIENTALIA.
Hadrian, on celebrating his Vicennalia, bestowed the name upon tbe
city,
which date
l
is
by M. de Saulcy
in bis "
Numismatique Judaique."
137.
He
writes as follows:
"Nous
lisons
edit.
dans
la
liber
posterior,
insere
au
Thesaurus
Temporum,
Scaliger,
et
168),
XX.
et
(annee
;
20 d'Hadrien),
celle
CXXXYII.
M&
a
ab ^Elio Hadriano
Venise,
condita, etc.
et
:
dans
de Cassiodore
(M. A.
Chronicum,
1729,
t.
i.
pp. 361
362)
Severus et Sylvanus.
est,
civitas,
id est Hierusalem,
ab iElio
Hadriano condita
determinee
a-dire
J.
;
etc.
La
fondation de la
qu'apres
que l'insurrection de
Bar-Kaoukab eut
ete
etouffee
dans
le
sang
(137
de
C.)."
Tbis year
be accepted
but
as
conclusive,
for,
in
the
first
place,
tbe
XX.
Hadrian
is
not
CXXXYII.
CXXXVL,
"Severus
tbe
year a.d.
as those
et
139,
the
mentioned
" Severus
IV.
Silanus,"
though
be
intended for
" Siloga et
who were
first
CXXXVII.
Saulcy be
is
for
CXXXVL,
in bis
for
me,
showing tbat M.
Eusebius
.zElia
de
correct
Chronicon of
may
a.d.
words:
"2152
It
Abraham), 20
as tbe year
(of
Hadrian):
ab JElio Hadriano
to
is correct,
by
"With
respect
the Chronicon of
full of mistakes.
Cassiodorus,
9
it
is
carelessly compiled
and
The
of
actual
commencement
to
of
city
Dion Cassius
131, in
colony
to Jerusalem,
P. 158.
and came
from 'Egypt.
" Num. de la Terre Sainte," p. 83. Cf. p. 85. 3 Clinton, " F. It." vol. ii. p. 186. 4 The compiler of the "Chronicon Paschale " lived in the rcisjn of Heraclius and ended his "Chronicon" in A.n. 630.
2
* 9
ln
E." vol. ii. p. 219. Ramsay, Smith's "Diet, of Biog." s.v. Cassiodorus. 'Es Si to 'l(poo-6Avfia iroAiv ainov avrt ttjs KaraaKcMpeiaris
Prof.
Tip
Clinton, " F.
.ZElia
Capitolina
is
a.d.
5
Hadrian was
seq.
in
179
"Num.
Chron."
n.s.
Dion Cass. lxis. 12. Zitivii&r). Jerome (Euseb. "Chron." ed. Scaliger, 1658) under "Hadrian an. XX." says, " Jiuteorumque nonnulli a Tito JElio filio
ovre fiiKpbs out' bXiyoxp^vws
This
is
of course incorrect.
249
Eusebius, on the other hand, places the foundation after the close of the Jewish war in
a.d.
135
l
;
proper/// explains
to
mean
that the
new
city JElia
From
a.d.
(1)
that a colony
;
was sent
to
Jerusalem in
(2)
that
was destroyed;
and
(3)
that
it
was not
rebuilt
and completed
a.d.
136, in which
year
first
struck.
Hadrianus, 5
a.d.
136-138.
Obverse.
1.
Reverse.
M.W.
Bust
IMP. CAES.
Hadrian
TRAIANO HADRIANO.
laureated,
in the exergue
;
COND.
behind
of
to the right,
with
paludamentum.
(De Saulcy,
"Mum.
Jud."
pi.
xv.
No. 5
p. 212,
la
Terre Sainte,"
No.
1,
pi.
v.
No.
5.)
Obverse.
2.
Reverse.
. .
^E.II. IMP.
HADRI
Head of Hadrian,
COND.
Turreted figure
standing
to
left
in
CAP.
;
of Rev.
213, No. 2
H. C. Reichardt, "Num. Cliron." N.8. 1862, vol. Reichardt, " Num. Zeitechrift Wien," 1869, p. 81,
Hadriani 19 Judaicum
ita ut e Judieis
ii.
p. 114,
iii.
No. 40,
1
;
pi.
iii.
No. 5
pi.
No.
De
Saulcy,
"Anno
2
3
4
"F. R."
Tom.
See
ii.
vol.
i.
p. 118.
bellum
in I'al;i'stina
post
p.
289.
p.
clades tot vix quisquam sospes evaserit. Ex hoc tempore accessu quoque ad Hierosolyma interdietum est eis, primum Dei voluntate
Chapter X.
232, note 5.
of
list
am
deinde
Eomannnim
jussionibus
lib.
ii.
ed.
M. de
"Numis-
Milan, 1818). Mai, p. 384. O'utu Srj T7)S 7roAea>s eli tprinlav rov 'Ioi/SeuW c8vovs i\8ova-qs r] fxeTtTreiTa. avaruaa 'Pwfj.a'iKr)
" Numiamatiqne
Judai'que,"
my "Jewish
ir6\is
r^v
iirtuvvn'iav
auni|/a<ra
(Is
rr\v
32
250
No. 1 was doubtless struck in
founder (conditor) Hadrian.
NUJ1ISMATA ORIENTALIA.
a.d.
136,
after, in
the
new
city
by
its
The type
Obverse.
3.
Reverse.
M.
I.
IMP.
Bust
of
CAES.
Hadrian
TRAI.
HADRIAN.
in
the
exergue
CAP.
;
Jupiter
AVG.
before
him
with paludamentum.
(De Saulcy,
pi. xv.
No. 6
p. 214,
No. 3
De
Saulcy,
"Num.
de la T. S." p. 85,No.
3.)
The
figures
on
the
reverse
are
probably
Juno
and
Minerva, 2
and
the
whole type
reminds us of the fine brass coins of Vespasian representing the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. 3
De Saulcy
Juno that
of the town.
Obverse.
4.
Reverse.
M.
III.
IMP.
CAES. HADRIAN.
AVG.
of the
Sun
to the right,
Head
of Hadrian, laureated.
(Mionnet,
vol. v. p.
517, No.
3,
from Yaillant
De
Saulcy,
" Num. de
la T.
S."
p. 85,
No.
4.)
Obverse.
5.
Reverse.
M.
III.
IMP.
HADRIANO.
Bust of Hadrian
(De Saulcy,
p. 85,
"Num.
5.
Jud."
pi.
xv.
No. 7;
Madden,
"Jew. Coinage,"
p.
214,
No. 4;
De
|
Saulcy,
"Num.
de la T. S."
No.
Vaillant,
AVG.
1
and
See
Chapter X.
"
Bibl.
p.
Cohen,
ed.
Nos. 486-
Cavedoni,
Num."
;
vol.
p.
C9
Madden, "Jew.
1865, vol. v.
493.
Coinage,"
p. 103.
214, note 7
"Num. Chron."
n.s.
251
The Roman
ensigns,
Herod
I.,
who had
who
placed a golden eagle over the great gate of the Temple, 1 and against
Pontius
Pilate,
introduced the
Eoman
a.d.
128-136.
Reverse.
M.
IMP.
CAESAR HADRIAN.
(De Saulcy, "
Bust of Hadrian,
of Sabina.
laureated.
Num.
M. de Saulcy
died
states that
title of
Augusta in
these
a.d.
126,
two
years
before
Hadrian in
136
that
therefore
pieces
were struck in
On
a.d.
137,
struck at
fled
Jerusalem before
to
this
city
became a
left
Roman
coins.
colony.
He
of
adds that
Bar-cochab having
Bether in
a.d. 135,
and
the
Romans masters
The
them
striking there
Imperial
pieces, therefore,
colonial.
It
title
may
be assumed that
De
Saulcy obtained the date a.d. 126 for Sabina receiving the
it
of
one year
earlier,
at the
same
of Pater Patriae?
till
a.d. 128,
is
of opinion
De
a time.
6
Saulcy then states that Sabina died two years before Hadrian.
presume,
is
it
This, I
If,
if
however,
the dates
1
PES (166=a.d.
xvii. 6, 2
;
PZZ
i.
(16.7=a.d. 135),
33,
PZH (168=a.d.
136), and
PZ0
(169
1.
See
Chatter VI.
'
Num. Vet." vol. vi. p. 515) gives a similar quotation from Eusebius under " an. XII. Hadr. U.C881=a.d.
that Eckhel ("Doct.
Joseph. "Antiq."
xviii.
3,
1;
"Bell. Jud."
ii.
9, 2, 3.
See
Chapter VII.
'
p.
173.
his
(ciai>
ex o,, ra )' which was destroyed during the first revolt by who seems to have been greatly
("Antiq."
i.
viii.
7,
5;
Rev.
Com."
vol.
part
i.
"Doct. Num. Vet." vol. vi. p. 515. " F. R." vol. i. p. 114. 6 " Quando quidem etiam Sabina uxor non sine fabula veneni Victor dati ah Hadriano defuncta est" ("In Hadr." 23). (" In Epit."), however, states that she was driven to kill herself Hadrian died on the (ad mortem volwn.ta.riam compulsa est).
4
"Anno
10th of July, a.d. 138 (apud ipsas Baias periit die sexto Limn,)
Jul i arum
earlier
Spart.
"in Hadr."
25),
quoted by Clinton,
"F. R."
vol.
p.
114).
may mention
would be previous
252
a.d.
NUMISMATA OMENTALIA.
137),
l
KA
(21=A.D. 136
?),
are in existence,
they prove in any case that she was living in the autumn of a.d. 136, or a.d. 137. 3
is
that
De Saulcy
to
gives
be Imperial.
it
was founded
and
if
this
new
colony,
and be therefore
Obverse.
Reverse.
M.
II.
Legend
obliterated.
Bust
of
Hadrian to
IMP.
T.
of
AEL. CAES.
Antoninus Pius
;
ANTONINVS
P.P.
Head
p.
xx. No. 11
215
De
Saulcy,
"Num.
This piece must have been issued in a.d. 138, between the adoption of Antoninus Pius,
Antoninus Pius,
a.d. 138-161.
Obverse.
Reverse.
P. P. P.
to
M.U.
IMP.
ANTONINO AVG.
Bust
of
Antoninus Pius
at his feet a
pi. xv.
No. 8
ii.
No.
De
Saulcy,
"Num. de
la T.
S."
p. 86,
No.
1.)
Eckhel, "Doct.
Num. Vet."
is
vol.
p.
522.
The
era of
Amisus
usually supposed to
commence
ii.
in
the dates.
of
would be no means of explaining many of Eckhel amongst others especially alludes to a coin
a.u.c. 721 (b.c. 33), but a coin of iElius Verus with the date
KB
(22).
Clinton (" F.
E."
vol.
i.
p. 349),
show that the era was not commenced till a.u.c. 722 (b.c. 32). The twentyEckhel, "Doct. Num. Vet." vol. vi. p. 520. first year of Hadrian was really a.d. 137, but if the Alexandrian dates were not counted in a particular manner (Eckhel, op. cit.
by saying, " In those accounts which extend Hadrian's reign to twenty-two years or upwards there is either a corruption in the text or an error in the writer."
p. 126) corroborates this
3
viii. p.
250)
253
On some
is
down.
Reverse.
Obverse.
2.
JR.
T.
AEL.
ANTONINO AVGVSTO.
Bacchus
standing;, holding
Head
grapes and
thyrsus;
at
his
feet
panther.
(Mionnet, " Suppl." vol.
viii.
p. 361,
No.
5, after
Yaillmit ;
De
Saulcy,
" Num. de
la
Obverse.
3.
Reverse.
JR. II.
IMP.
ANT.
Head
of
Antoninus
between them an
No. 6; De Saulcy,
"Num.
3,
Jud."
pi.
xvi.
"Num.
from a specimen
in his
own
IMP.
ANTONINO AVG.
P. P. P.)
Obverse.
4.
Reverse.
JR. II.
[IMP
ANTONIJNVS AVG.
P.P.P.
CO.
A[E.
C]A.
The
Dioscuri
standing,
each
right, laureated,
holding a spear.
No. 5
p. 217,
No.
De
Saulcy, "
Num.
Obverse.
5.
Reverse.
JR. II.
IMP.
ANTONINVS AVG.
P.P.P.
right, laureated,
No. 6
p. 218,
No. 8
De
Saulcy,
" Num. de
la
5.)
254
NUMISMATA OEIENTALIA.
Obverse.
Reverse.
6.^.11.
of female (? Faustina)
p. 218,
No. 9
De
Saulcy,
p. 87,
No.
6.)
Obverse.
7.
Reverse.
.
M.
HAD. ANTONINVS.
LO
(')
AE. CAP.
Bust of Serapis
to the
Head
right.
7,
"Num.
de
la
from
his Collection
Obverse.
8.
Reverse.
M.
of
II.
IMP. AEL.
HAD.
ANT
;
Head
Same type
as
No.
7.
Antoninus Pius
(De Saulcy,
"Num.
Jud."
No. 9
p. 215,
No. 2
De
Saulcy,
" Num. de
la T.
S."
p. 88,
No.
8.)
Obverse.
9.
Reverse.
of
M.
II.
Same type
as No. 7.
"Num.
Jud."
9.
pi. xvi.
No.
cf.
p.
216, No. 3;
De
Saulcy,
"Num.
de la
IMP. T. C.
AEL. ANTO.)
Cavedoni,
after
Pellerin,
wished
L.,
to
attribute
this
coin
to
T with
De
Saulcy, 2 and a
Commodus has
1
"
Bibl.
Num."
vol.
ii.
p. 70.
p. 298.
255
Reverse.
M.
T.
AEL.
ANTONINVS AVG.
i.
Head
Bust
of Serapis to left.
(Yaillant,
"Num.
Col." pars
p. 165, la
who reads
COL. AELIACAP.;
who
No. 3
De
Saulcy,
" Num. de
by Mionnet, No.
Obverse.
11.
Reverse.
M.
AVG.
IMP.
P.P.
v.
ANTONINO
"Num.
Same type
as
ISTo.
7.
(Mionnet,
vol.
517,
No. 7;
De
Saulcy,
11,
who
is
Obverse.
12.
Reverse.
P. P. P.
M.
II.
IMP.
ANT. AVG.
Head
him a
flying eagle
in the exergue C.
C.
paludamentum.
(Coll. of
Rev. H. C. Reichardt,
"Num. Chron."
n.s.
1862, vol.
ii.
p. 114,
No. 41
p. 216,
No.
De
Saulcy
"Num.
who
2,
adds that Mr. Reichardt has published and engraved this piece in the
No.
M P. ANT. AVG.
P. P. F.
IMP.
G.P.P.P.)
Obverse.
Reverse.
P. P. P.
M.
II.
[ANTJONINVS AVG.
Bust
Female
town) standing
paludamentum.
(?),
and in
left a spear,
(?)
;
in
the
C.A.C.
;
"Num.
Jud."
pi. xvi.
No. 3
p. 216,
No. 5
De
Saulcy, "
Num. dela
Obverse.
14.
Reverse.
P.P.
Astarte(?) standing, holding in the right hand a
M.
Head
T.
of
AEL.
ANTONINVS AVG.
and
the
C.A.C.
iii.
(Yaillant,
"Num.
Col." pars
i.
p. 7
166;
;
Eckhel,
" Doct.
Num. Yet."
p.
vol.
;
p.
442;
Mionnet,
vol.
v.
p.
518, No.
13;
" Suppl."
No.
217
De
Saulcy, "
Num.
256
Obverse.
15.
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
Reverse.
P.
M.
Bust
3.
of
IMP.
ANTONINVS AVG.
C.A.C.
stola.
Three
females
standing
clothed
in
the
right, laureated,
with paludamentum.
(Mioimet,
" Suppl."
vol.
viii.
p.
3G1, No. 8;
p.
De
Saulcy,
"Num.
de la T. S."
No.
15.)
Obverse.
16.
Reverse.
. .
M. ILL
of
ANTONINVS
Young
bust
who
reads
I
ANTON NO
I
CA.
He
No.
16
with
IMP. CAES.
ANTON
pi. xvii.
it is
NO,
;
K.A.C.
De
It
Saulcy,
is
No. 2
p. 220,
No. 2
but he suggests
it
may be an
Elagabalus.
doubtful
an Antoninus Pius
De Saulcy,
"
Num.
Reverse.
M.
III.
IMP.
CAESAR ANTONINO.
De
Saulcy, "
Bust
Boar walking
K.A.C.
"Num.
Num. Jud." p. 175; Madden, "Jew. Coinage," p. 218, No. who considers the attribution to be doubtful.)
10;
De
Saulcy,
a.d.
139-161.
Obverse.
1.
Reverse.
M.
II.
IMP.
T.
AEL. [A1NTONINVS
right,
IMP.
AVRELIVS CAESAR
C.A.C.
(?)
Head
P. P. P.
"Num.
Jud."
pi. xvi.
No. 8;
The
Madden, "Jew. Coinage," p. 219; De Saulcy, "Num. de la T. S." " Suppl." vol. viii. p. 362, No. 10, is rejected by De Saulcy.)
p. 90,
No.
1.
257
Re verse.
of
M.
bare.
VS AVG. Head
Antoninus Pius,
VERVS
2,
S (CAES).
Head
of Aurelius, bare.
Xum.
Marcus Aurelius,
a.d. 161-180.
Obverse.
1.
Reverse.
ANTONINVS
Trophy.
AVG.
"with
Bust
paludamentum.
Num. Jud."
pi. xvii.
No.
p. 220,
No.
De
Sauley,
" Num. de
la
1.)
Obverse.
2.
Reverse.
p. 3G2,
No.
12,
from Froelich;
"Num.
2.
Obverse.
3.
Reverse.
M.
Head
IMP.
COL.
AEL. and
in the exergue
CAP.
Jupiter
of Aurelius, laureated.
hand a
De
Saulcy, "
Num.
Obverse.
4.
Reverse.
M.
III.
CAESAR.
"Num.
Head
of Aurelius
Head
Rev. H. C. Reichardt,
Reichardt, "
vol.
iii.
ii.
Num.
Zeitschrift "Wien,"
pi.
No.
De
No. 42; Madden, "Jew. Coinage," p. 220, No. Saulcy, " Num. de la T. S." p. 91, No. 4.)
Obverse.
5.
Reverse.
M.
II.
andELT.
IMP. CAES.
ANTONINVS
Bust
of Serapis to left.
AVG.
Head
of Aurelius, laureated.
viii. p.
Saulcy,
"Num.
5.)
33
258
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
Obverse.
6.
Reverse.
M.
II.
M.
ANT.
IMP. C. TR.
Head
of
Same type
as No. 4.
No.
No. 3 No.
De
Saulcy,
" Num. de
la
T. S." p. 91,
No.
6,
who
queries
if
it is
vol. v. p. 517,
IMP. C.
I~.
AE. AV.
(*), or
M.
ANT.
IMP. C. TR.P.)
Obverse.
7.
Reverse.
.
M.
M.
AV.
AN
AVG.
Head
of
left
cornu-
la
7,
from
Obverse.
8.
Reverse.
. .
M.
M.
AVREL. ANT.
Bust of Aurelius
COL.
AIL.
(fie)
CAP.
hand a
Jupiter seated to
spear,
left,
to the right.
holding in left
the right
(Coll. of
;
at his feet a
p. 404.)
winged
M. Hoffmann
De
Saulcy, "
Num.
de la T. S."
II. a.d.
161-175.
Obverse.
1.
Reverse.
M.
Legend
obliterated.
Head
of
Aurelius,
VSTI[NA]? PIA.
Bust
of
Faustina II.
laureated.
(De Saulcy,
"Num.
1,
from
his Collection.)
Obverse.
2.
Reverse.
M.
bare.
AVR. AN-
Head
of
Aurelius,
A VST
Head
of Faustina II.
la
2,
259
Faustina
Obverse.
JE.
II.
a.d.
161-164.
Reverse.
IMP.
CAES.
L.
AVG. VERV.
(British
Bust of
FAVSTINA AVGVSTA
tina II.
C.
A.C.
Bust of Faus-
cuirass.
Museum
De
Saulcy, "
Num.
de la T. S." p. 92.)
a.d.
161-169.
Obverse.
1.
Reverse.
AVG.
pi. xvii.
No. 4
p. 221,
No.
De
Saulcy,
"Num.
de la T. S." p. 92,
No.
Mionnet, vol.
v. p.
519, No. 19, gives a variety with the busts of Aurelius and Verus both laureated.)
Obverse.
2.
Reverse.
L.
2E.
M.
AVR. ANTONINVS
viii.
VERVS.
other.
Saulcy,
Same type
as
T
]N o.
1.
No. 14
De
2.
.)
On
Museum
is
AES. AVG.
VER.
Obverse.
3.
Reverse.
JE.
I.
IMP
ANTONINO ET VERO
COL. AEL.
CAP.
in
Jupiter seated ?
tctrastylc temple.
or
the
town standing
both laureated.
(De Saulcy,
X". 3
"Num.
;
Jud."
pi.
xvii.
No. 5;
p. 221,
No. 2;
De
Saulcy,
"Num.
de la T. S." p. 93,
Mionnet,
vol. v. p. 519,
No.
AVG.
it
iter
VERO
260
Obverse.
4.
NUMISMATA OMENTALIA.
'
Reverse.
IMP.
human
on a river-god.
In the exergue
(Mionnet, " Suppl." vol.
viii. p.
De
Sauley, "
Num.
Obverse.
5.
Reverse.
M. II. IMP. CAES. ANTONINO ET VERO AVG. Busts of Aurelius and Verus facing each
other, hoth laureated.
left,
pi. xvii.
No. 6
p. 221,
No. 3
De
Sauley, "
Num.
Obverse.
6.
Reverse.
M.
II.
IMP.
L.
Same type
as
No.
5.
CAES.
VERVS.
Aurelius and
(Vaillant,
"Num.
Col." pars
i.
p. 196
De
Sauley,
"Num.
Obverse.
7.
Reverse.
L.
M.I.
IMP.
CAES. ANTONINVS ET
of Aurelius
Same type
as No. 5.
VERVS.
Heads
p. 363,
No.
De
Sauley,
" Num. de
la
7.)
Obverse.
\.
Reverse.
.
.
M.
Heads
IMP. CAES.
of Aurelius
ANT.
VERVS AVG.
AEL. CAPI.
Same type
as Xo. 5.
(British
De
Sauley,
"Num.
!G1
Obverse.
9.
Reverse.
M.
II.
IMP.
ANTONINO
left
both laureated.
(De Saulcy, " Num. Jud."
pi. xvii.
9,
No. 7
p.
222, No. 4
De
Saulcy, "
Num.
de la T. S." p. 94,
No.
who
IMP. CAES.
ANTONINO,
etc.)
a.d.
176-180.
Reverse.
[rie)
M.
IMP.
ANTONINVS ET CVMODVS
Busts of Aurelius and
Bust
of
AVG.
Commodus
facing
S."
p. 94, pi. v.
No. 6
Madden,
"Num.
Chron."
n.s.
on a specimen in
the British
Museum De
Saulcy reads
ANTONINVS ET COMODVS
P.F.)
Lucius Verus,
a.d.
161-169.
Obverse.
1.
Reverse.
.
. .
M.
I.
S.
L.
AVREL. VE
Head
in the exergue
CAPITO.
The
the group
pi. xvii.
No. 8
p. 222,
No.
De
Saulcy, "
Num.
de la T. S."
p. 95,
No.
1.)
262
Obverse.
2.
NUMISMATA ORILNTALIA.
Reverse.
M.I.
Head
of
Verus to
COL.
A.
CAP.
Rev. H. C. Eeichardt,
"Num.
Chron."
n.s.
;
1862, vol.
ii.
p. 115,
;
p. 222,
No. 2;
p. 82,
De
pi.
Num."
Saulcy,
1864,
pi. xvi.
No. 11
Num.
Zeitschrift
Wien," 1869,
No. 4
De
" Num. de
la T.
Obverse.
3.
Reverse.
M.
Legend
effaced.
Legend
3,
effaced.
Bust
of Serapis to right.
from
his Collection.)
Commodus,
A.D.
180-192.
Obverse.
Reverse.
[P]?
F.
M.
IMP. CAES.
ANT[ONINVSCOMMODVS]
Commodus,
laureated.
CO. A. CA[P.]?
I.
AV. CO.
A.
AVG.
Head
of
The Emperor on
"Num.
also
be found on
the
coin
of
of
Elagabalus
to
(No.
the
3).
This coin
title
Commodus
is
proves that
Commodus gave
of the coins
name
Commodiana
the
colony, a
that
continued on most
to
end of the
series (Valerian,
a.d. 253-260.)
The reason
remember that
Herculea,*
his
for
Commodus
so
calling
it
is
this
madman
called himself
Commodus Romanus
Commodiana
Commodianum, 5
the
Roman
people themselves
Commodianus, 6 and
-ZElia
Rome
itself
Colonia
so
Commodiana, 1 we
that
may
in
safely
Capitolina
to
be
named, or
those
jEI. Lamprid.
" In Com."
8.
*
Op.
cit. 8.
The
title
2
4
Op.cit.\~.
Op.
Op.
cit.
12.
COL.
469, 470).
L.
AN. COM.
(Colonia
Lucia
vol.
iii.
Antoniniana
p. 127,
6.
6
Commodiana).
cit.
Nos.
15.
263
Pescexnius Niger,
Obverse.
J.
a.d. 194.
Reverse.
NIGER
IVS.
AVG
P.F.
The genius
left,
of
Head
of
holding in
in left a spear, or on
head
la T.
S." p. 95,
pi. v.
No.
7,
Septimius Severus,
Obverse.
a.d.
193-211.
Reverse.
M.
II.
IMP. L. SEP.
SEVERVS AVG
Head
The genius
of the
of Severus, laureated.
human
head, and in
foot
on a
(Vaillant,
"Num.
Col." pars
ii.
p. 3
De
Saulcy, "
Num.
1.)
Julia Domna,
a.d.
173-217.
Obverse.
Reverse.
JE.ll.
IVLIA
DOMNA.
Bust of Julia
Domna
CO.
A[EL.] CAP.
town seated
COM.
to left,
P.F.
The genius
of
to the right.
the
cornu-copiaD.
(Coll. of
Num. Chron."
p. 83, pi.
ii.
p. 115, No. 44
p.
8,
223
Reichardt,
restores the
No. 5
De
Saulcy, "
Num.
de la T. S." p. 97,
No.
who
two specimens
in his Collection;
1 For the coin of Severus with Greek legends attributed by Mionnet (vol. v. p. 520, No. 24 cf. De Saulcy, " Num. Jud."
;
p.
223,
De
Saulcy, "
Num.
p.
182)
to
sElia Cqpitolina,
264
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
Caracalla,
a.d. 211-21i
Obverse.
1.
Reverse.
M.IL
IMP
TON.
pi. xviii.
Bust of Caracalla to
Legend
effaced.
Head
of Serapis to right.
No.
cf.
No. 2
p.
224
De
Saulcy, "
Num.
de la T. S." p. 97,
No.
cf. p.
98,
No.
3,
who
attributes,
radiate.)
Obverse.
2.
M.
... ANTO
Bust of
Caracalla,
Figure
facing,
right
arm
laureated.
la
4,
a.d.
215-217.
Reverse.
M.
IMP.
ANTONINUS
cuirass,
:
PIVS
AVG. GER.
right, laureated,
IULIA AUG.
Augusti
et
M.
AUG.
ET CA.
Bust
of
{Mater
MAX.
(Coll. of
Castrorum.)
Julia
Domna
with the
holding a javelin.
to the right.
1864,
pi. xvi.
M. A. Parent
De
Num."
No. 12
1865, p. 55
"
Num.
No. 2
The
Severa].
in
a.d.
rounded
instead
of
the
usual
is
worthy
of
notice
first
[see
coins
of
Aquilia
The
title
Mater Castrorum
(/^VTrjp r<av
aTpaToirehwv) was
174 after the victory gained by Marcus Aurelius over the Quadi.
coins.
2
This
is
confirmed
by her
The
title also
occurs on the
inscriptions. 4
Roman
coins of Julia
Domna and
is
Julia Mamaea, 3
to
MHT[^]
and
STP[aT07re'SaH/]
is
said
occur
on
Domna, struck
at Paltus, in Syria, 5
2
3
1
Dion Cass. lxxi. 10; Jul. Capit. " in Aurel." 26. Eckhel, "Doct. Num. Vet." vol. vii. pp. 79, 81. Eckhel, "Doct. Num. Vet." vol. vii. pp. 196, 288 Cohen, " Suppl." Gruter, "Inscr." p. 265, 2; Orelli, " Inscr." Nos. 953, 955, etc.
; ;
De
Saulcy,
p. 55, note.
Sestini,
"Lettere,"
t.
v.
p.
66;
Eckhel, "Doct.
Num. Vet."
Num. Vet."
2G5
Geta,
a.d.
211-212.
Obverse.
1.
Beverse.
JE.U.
P.
SEP. GET.
left,
CASAR
(tie)
AVG.
COLONIA
P.
FELIK
(*).
bare,
with paludamentum.
Bacchus standing
grapes and a spear
bunch
of
(Coll. of
p.
Rev. H. C. Reichnrdt,
224
;
Reichardt,
"Num. Chron." us. 1862, vol. ii. p. "Num. Zeitschrift Wien," p. 84, pi. iii. No.
is
115, 6
;
No. 45,
Saulcy,
pi.
iii.
No. 6;
De
"Num.
The same
reverse type
1).
l
De
Saulcy inclines
to doubt the correctness of the attribution, but Mr. Reicbardt has stated
the obverse
is
in
a fleur de coin
in the
'
leaving
to Geta.
The engraving
of
this piece
Xumismatische
Obvebse.
2.
Eeyerse.
of Geta, bare.
M.
Legend
effaced.
Head
C.
AEL. KOM.
seated,
P.F.
and looking to
Num.
de
la
2,
Reverse.
JE.
M.
COL.
AEL. CAP.
COMM.
Jupiter
seated
in
CAES.
Diadumenian, bare.
(Mionnet, vol.
v. p.
De
Saulcy, "
Num.
de la T. S."
p. 99,
No.
1.)
Type
similar to
3).
In
all
is
probability the
coin of
the .same
after Gessner
to
Hadrian
"Num.
Jud."
"Num.
Chron."
n.s.
cf.
Madden,
Chron."
n.s.
"Suppl."
No.
cf.
De
Saulcy,
"Num.
p. 187.
PL
xci.
No.
38.
MADDEN
34
206
Obverse.
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
Reverse.
M.
C.
M.
Head
Diadumenian, bare.
holding in
the
right
hand a human
two
Victories,
"Num.
Col." pars
ii.
p.
G9
De
Saulcy,
"Num.
2.)
Obverse.
Reverse.
M.
II.
M. OPEL.
DIADVMENIANVS.
right, laureated,
in the exergue
to
left
Bust of Diadumenian to
paludamentum.
with
in
and
in left a spear,
(?).
helmet
on either
(De Saulcy,
side,
1
;
"Num.
Jud."
pi.
xviii.
No. 6;
p. 225,
No.
De
Saulcy,
"Num.
de la T. S." p. 100,
No.
Mionnet,
vol. v. p. 521,
at the
Obverse.
4.
Reverse.
.
.
M.
II.
M. OP.
to
DIADVM.
Bust
of
COL.
Head
of Serapis to right.
Diadumenian
mentum.
with paluda-
pi. xviii.
No. 7
p. 225,
No. 2
De
Saulcy,
"Num.
4.)
Obverse.
Reverse.
M.
Bust
II.
of
M. OPE. D
Diadumenian to the
NIANVS
right, laureated,
C.
to right,
left
;
with
in
paludamentum.
(De Saulcy, "
Num. Jud."
pi. xviii.
No. 8
p. 225,
No. 3
De
Saulcy, "
Num.
5.)
267
Reverse.
C.
iE.
of
M. OP.
DIADVMENIANVS
Bust
Scrapis
cestus,
standing,
Diadumenian, laureated.
and in the
(Mionnet, vol.
v. p.
521, No. 27
De
Saulcy,
" Num.
tie
la T.
6,
who
suggests that
it
may be
5.)
Obverse.
7.
Reverse.
C.
M.
of
M. OP.
DIADVMENIANVS
to the
right,
Bust
-with
P.F.
Sorapis standing
Diadumenian
laureated,
arm
;
raised,
paludamentum.
(Coll. of
hand a spear
1865, p. 55
;
in the field
M. A. Tarent: De
Num."
"Num.
dela T. S."
p. 100,
No.
7.)
Elagabalus,
Obverse.
1.
a.d.
218-222.
Reverse.
&.
AEL. CA.
Remus. He
adds that
The wolf
suckling
Romulus
and
radiate.
1,
from
his Collection.
it
if
the word
Another specimen
COL.
ever
M.)
Obverse.
2.
Reverse.
M.
II.
... A.
ANTON
pi. xviii.
I.
Head
of
Elagabalus
Same type
as
Wo.
1.
No. 3
No.
de
la T.
S."
p. 101,
No
3.)
Obverse.
3.
Reyebse.
IMP. CM. AVP. {tie) ANTONINVS 2E. IT. AVG. Bustof Elagabalus to the right, laureated,
with paludamentum.
COL. AVP.
P.F.
(*)
AEL. CAP.,
as No.
1.
Same type
(Coll. of
Rev.
'-'
.
II.
C. Reichardt,
"Num.
Chron."
>r.s.
vol.
ii.
p. 115,
iii.
pi.
iii.
No. 7;
p. 226,
4.)
No.
Reichardt, "
Num.
Zcitschrift
Wien," 1869,
p. 84, pi.
De
Saulcy, "
Num.
T. 8."
p. 101,
No.
The
reverse type of these coins is similar to that on coins of Lucius Vcrus (No. 1).
?
The
Commodus.
2G8
NUMISMATA OEIENTALIA.
Obverse.
4.
Reverse.
M.
II.
ANTONINVS.
pi. xix.
Bust
of
Elagabalus
Naked
figure, standing,
No. 3
De
Saulcy, "
Num.
Obverse.
5.
Reverse.
M.
Head
II.
AVR. ANTONINVS A
pi. xviii.
Bust
of
Serapis to
(De Saulcy,
"Num. Jud."
No. 4
No. 4
De
Saulcy,
"Num. delaT.
G.)
Obverse.
6.
Reverse.
. .
M.
Head
IMP.
P.F.
Same type
as
5.
;
(Mionnet, vol.
De
Saulcy,
" Num. de
cf.
pi. xviii.
No.
5.)
Obverse.
7.
Reverse.
M.
...ANTONINVS.
Bust
of Elagabalus,
CO. A
No.
Same type
as No. 5.
laureated.
(De Saulcy, " Num. de
la T.
S."
p. 101,
8,
Obverse.
Reverse.
M.
II.
IMP. C. M.
AVR. ANTONINVS.
in the
exergue
Head
of
left in tetra-
hand an uncertain
and in
left
of the
on either
side,
a Victory standing on a
globe.
(British
Museum
as
p. 227,
No. 5
De
Saulcy, "
Num.
Same type
3).
269
Reverse.
Elagabalus
.E. II.
Rev. H. C. Reichardt,
vol.
p.
116,
;
Reichardt, "
Num.
Zeitschrift
Wien," 1869,
No. 8
No. 47; Madden, "Jew. Coinage," p. 227, No. 6; De Saulcy, " Num. de la T. S." p. 102, No. 10.)
Obverse.
10. JE.
Reverse.
C.
IMP. M. AVR.
radiate.
Same type
as
No.
8.
who
Obverse.
11.
Reverse.
of Elacabalus.
M.
AR. ANT.
Head
COL.
102,
in exergue
AN? KA.
Jupiter seated
la
T. S."
p.
No.
12,
from
his Collection.)
Obverse.
12.
Reverse.
cuirass.
;
M. AN
in the exergue
ANT.
(?
Antoniniana).
human head
in right hand,
and in
(De Saulcy,
"Num.
Obverse.
13.
Reverse.
M.
MR.
I.
Same type
p. 102,
as
No. 12
in the exergue
CAP.
S."
No.
14,
from his
Collection.)
Obverse.
14.
Reverse.
M.
Bust
of
IMP.
C. M.
AVR.
ANTONINVS.
Jupiter
standing to
in the
la T.
S."
p. 102,
No.
15,
from Ancienne
Wtgan.)
Obverse.
15.
Reverse.
C. A.
M.
IMP. C. M. A.
ANTON
CA. COM.
P.
FEL.
The genius
of the
Elagabalus, laureated.
town
an uncertain object, holding in the right hand an uncertain object, and in the
is
left
a spear.
She
behind her
before her a
Roman
standard.
At
S."
p. 102,
Probably the
same type
as
that
found
on a coin of
Trajanus
Dccius
(No.
8)
and
270
16.
NTJMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
JE.
III.
The
to be
coin
doubtfully
ascribed
of
to
Antoninus Pius
(p. 256,
"No.
16)
is
considered
by
De Saulcy
Elagabalus
("Num.
a.d. 221.
Reveese.
M.
ACULIA SEUOERA
Severa to
left.
(sic).
Bust of Aquilia
COL.
A. CG(?) P. F.A.
Turreted
female bust
to right.
la T.
S."
p. 103,
The rounded U
Julia
instead of
is
also
employed on
this coin.
See coin of
Caracalla
and
Donma.
Severus Alexander,
Obveese.
a.d.
222-235.
Reveese.
M.
II.
IMP.
CM...
right.
DROS.
"Num.
de
Bust
of
Severus
... CAP.
Bust
of Serapis to left.
Alexander to the
(De Saulcy,
la T.
S."
p. 103,
Mam^a and
Obveese.
Severus Alexander,
a.d.
222-235.
Reveese.
M.ll.
Busts of Mamsea,
to
and in
a sceptre.
la T.
S."
p. 103,
Uranius Antoninus
Obveese.
1.
Reveese.
M.
II.
IMP
ANTONIN.
COL.
A.
C.C.
P.F.
(Colonia
Mlia
Capitolina
Antoninus to the
right, laureated,
Commodiana Pia
Felix.)
Quadriga facing, on
mentum and
cuirass.
which
is
la
the
exergue
uncertain
la T.
?."
p.
104, pi. v.
No.
9,
cf.
v. p. 48.)
271
Reverse.
JE.
...
P.M.
AVG.(f)
ANT.
Ctron."
Head
of
COL.
A. C.C.
P.F.
Jupiter in a quadriga.
Rev. H. C. Reiehardt,
"Num.
ii.
p. 109,
who
p.
attributes
it
to Caracalla
De
Saulcy, "
Num.
de la T. S."
104.)
The
existence of coins of
Gordiaxus
Obverse.
Reverse.
II.
M.
Bust
of
C. P.
FELIX.
Bacchus
facing,
a panther
(?).
(De Saulcy,
"Num.
The
Sale
coin of
Gordian, supposed to
be struck at
.ZElia
Capitolina,
and described
in
the
pro-
been examined by
De
Saulcy,
who
nounces
to
Tranquillina,
a.d.
241-244.
Obverse.
Reverse.
of
M.
NA TRANQ.
Bust
Tranquillina
COL. A
palm
to the right.
in the right
;
hand a patera
left,
(?),
and
in the left a
in field to
from
a vase.
(De Saulcy,
"Num.
de la T. S." p. 105,
pi. v.
No.
11,
his Collection.)
The
attribution
of
this coin
to
iElia Capitolina
is
occurs also on
coins
and
Ilostilian
favours
it,
and metal do
the assignment.
1
"
Num.
272
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
Obverse.
1.
Reverse.
M.I.
... Q.
Head
No.
No.
De
Saulcy,
"Num.
de la T. S."
p.
105,
Mionnet,
vol. v. p. 521,
p. F.)
Obverse.
2.
Reverse.
C.
of
(Vaillant,
"Num.
Col." pars
ii.
p. 191
De
Saulcy,
"Num.
2.)
Obverse.
3.
Reverse.
M.I.
Head
of
seated
at his feet
;
an eagle.
"Num.
No. 2
228, No. 2
vol.
ii.
De
Saulcy,
"Num.
de la T. S." p. 106,
Mionnet,
vol. v. p. 521,
;
Num."
and at
cf.
Obverse.
4.
Reverse.
M.
II.
Bust
of
Trajanus Decius
to right.
;
No. 3
No. 3
De
Saulcy,
" Num. de
la T.
S."
p. 106,
No.
4.)
273
Reverse.
.
M.
II.
Q. TR.
DECIVS
AVG. Head
L.
KAP. COM.
to right.
P.F.
town
ii.
Num. Chron."
p. 116,
;
No. 48
p.
229
5.)
Reichardt.
"
Num.
No. 9
De
Saulcy,
"Num.
Obverse.
6.
Reverse.
M.
IMP.
Bust
of
P.F.
Turreted head
with
stola
on the chest.
Num.
Q.
CAP. COM.
Obverse.
7.
P.F.
Reverse.
M.ll.
Head
of
DEKIVS
(V)-
left,
and in her
;
left
hand a
cornu-copiae.
p.
(Coll. of
Num. Chron."
ii.
p. 116,
;
No. 50
229
Reichardt,
" Num.
Zeitsehrift
Wien," 1869,
No. 11
De
Saulcy,
"
Num
de la T. S."
p.
107, No. 8/
Obverse.
8.
Reverse.
C.
of
MES.
Q.
TRA.
COA.
of
(*>)
P.F.
The genius
the
right
Trajanus Decius to
the
standing,
foot placed on
an uncertain
object, holding in
At the
la T.
S."
p.
107
No.
9, pi. v.
No.
10,
from
his Collection.)
This type
Saulcy
is
is
also
l
(No. 15)
in
1).
De
C. of
of
opinion
the
coin
to
of
similar
type
is
the
collection
the Rev.
H.
coin
Reichardt,
attributed
by him
Trajanus Decius, 2
certainly
misread,
and
is
Reverse.
M.
AVG.
IMP.
Bust
C.
of
MES.
Q.
TRA.
DECIVS
P.F.
The Emperor
each other
a spear.
his
sons,
facing
and
shaking hands.
(De Saulcy, " Num. de
la
No.
16,
Wien, 1871.)
" Num. de
Obv.
.
la
7.
.
N. T. C. Q. TR.
Rev.
Laureated head
standing,
vase.
to the right.
Astarte,
No. 10;
ct.
staff in
her
left; Victory,
35
274
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
A.D.
249-251.
Obverse.
1.
Reverse.
Jupiter(?) standing to
hand a
;
spear,
and in
left,
(?),
that
of
Etruscus
radiate,
both
with
human head
(?)
in field
to
paludamentum.
pi. xix.
No. 4
p.
230
De
Saulcy,
" Num. de
la T.
I.)
Obverse.
2.
Reverse.
M.ll.
COL.
AEL.
KAP.
COMM.
Military
figure
De
Saulcy,
"Num.
2.)
Obverse.
Reverse.
.
M.
Bust
I.
C.
The genius
of
the
town,
holding
in
the
left
right
hand a human
;
head
(?),
and in the
standard,
a spear
in front a
Roman
column.
and
behind
Victory
on
At
two handles.
(Coll. of
Rev. H. C. Reichardt,
"
iv.
p.
182
" Num.
No.
Zeitschrift "Wien,"
1.)
1869, p. 87,
pi. iv.
la T.
S."
p. 108,
275
LTostilian,
coin of
is
which
in his
is
"
Numismatique Judai'que."
same,
There
not
much doubt
is
the
the
and
it
legend
not
COL. A EL.
Decius (No.
as given
may
Obverse.
2.
Reverse.
M.
of
C.
VAL. QVINTVS.
II.
Bust of Hostilianus,
OL. A EL. KA
radiate.
(Coll.
human
De
Rev.
"Num.
Zeitschrift "W~ien,"
iv.
No. 13;
Saulcy,
"Num.
de la T. S."
p. 108,
No.
2.)
Valerianus,
a.d.
253-260.
Obtekse.
1.
Eeverse.
. .
JE.
... LICI
VALERIA
Head
COM.
left,
P.
FELIX.
of Valerianus.
to
holding in
hand an
uncertain
object,
and in
left a cornu-copiae.
(De Saulcy,
"Num.
1,
Obverse.
2.
Reverse.
.
JE.
M. A.
VALER ANVS.
Bust of
C.
AE.. CO.
in right
P.F.
Figure seated to
object,
left,
holding
left
hand an uncertain
and in
cornu-copiae.
(De Saulcy,
"Num.
2,
in a.d. 260,
and died
in
No
1
later coins of
Roman Emperors
2
3
4
"Suppl." vol. viii. p. 3G3, No. 19. " Suppl. ad IJanduri Num. Impp."
P. 186.
p. 28.
That the Emperor Valerian suffered the grossest indignities at the hands of the Persian monarch has been a generally receivi d
opinion (Gibbon, " Rom. Emp." vol. i. p. 406), but Mr. Thomas has shown (" Sassanian Inscriptions," p. 64, Triibner, 1868) that none of the bas-reliefs give any countenance to the loose accusation of Western writers regarding the severity of treatment or wanton humiliation of the Roman emperor on the part of
wliil>t the
The inscription on the sculptures has been ably treated by Mr. Thomas ("Sass. Insc." I.e.). The subject is represented on many of the rock sculptures in various parts of Persia (Km
Porter, pi. xxi.
;
Flandin,
pi.
18,
53; Thomas,
p. 408).
to
The
refer
bas-relief at
considered by
Mr. Thomas
mission of
the
one occasion only is Valerian represented in chains, few Persian authors who notice the capture relate that Sapor took advantage of the engineering skill of his captive and
Sapor.
On
himself ("Sass.
vol.
xii.
of
62; "Num. Chron." n.s. 187'_\ woodcut showing the curious head-dr Sapor has been given by Mr. Thomas in both papers.
p. 58).
AEAB
COINS.
ordinary course
in
for
Jerusalem,
on their
poor and provide the smaller change needed in the public markets, of which class the following seem to be still-extant specimens
:
Obverse.
1.
Reverse.
Five-branched candelabrum}
of
God."
typical
;
of their conquest of
Jerusalem
p. 291, pi.
xiii.
No.
p. 231.)
This piece
is
considered by
M. de Vogue
to
la
Musulmane de
l'emission des
Abd-el-Melik."
has,
Mr. Thomas
however,
suggested
to
me
that
it
is
more
likely to
(a.h. 18
= a.d.
he
is
^y>j A^sr*
"
f
Mohammed
f.
[is
Num."
p. 231,
woodcut No.
3),
by De Vogue (" Rev. No. 8 Madden, "Jew. Coinage," which is described by him as follows
is
also published
;
scriberet, et decern
xiii.
Osman
Afan
:
f.
epigraphe
Deus
ed.
eclidit."
;
Makrizi,
cf.
Traces de legende
0. G. Tychsen, Rostochii, 1797, pp. 77, 79, 80 Thomas, " J.R.A.S." o.s. 1850, vol. xii. p. 279, note 2.
judicia, quis primus
f.
read by
De Saulcy *
AN
(for
BASIAEOS ANTITONOY),
numos
percusserit.
Judex
est,
and the coin has been restored to Antigonus, whilst the so-called "four trees" probably represent bunches of flowers or fruit. See Chapter V. p. 102, No. 9.
2
Abulhassan
Muhammed Almawardi
:
auctor
Omarem
quarum
f. Alchettab f. m. perspecta drachmarum diversitate, aliae sc. Tiberienses IV Baglienses VIII alia; scil.
;
de pecunia
Arabum gentilium
respectu
Magrebbinse
vel meliorem
(Mauretanica?)
dixisse
:
Ill
Danekis
Iemenenses
eleemosynse,
in
Islamismo
Daneko constabant,
vel
attende ad usualium
et collato
drachmarum
Bagliensium
Abubeker Alzaddik (Justus) fel. mem. Cui succedens Abu Hafes ejus successor intemeratam servavit. Omar b. Alchettab f. m. ./Egypto Syria et Iraka expugnatis, de pecunia nihil constituit, sed earn statu suo usque ad annum
Hegirae
viliorem conditionem,
et Tiberiensium
ejus, scil.
drachmarum XII Danecorum pondere, dimidium negat tamen Abu sex Danecorum drachmas elegisse
;
Muhammed
malec
f.
XVIII,
chalifatus sui
Vlllvum,
esse
jussit. * *
Tunc
:
temporis
Omar i. m. ipsas eas drachmas ad sculpturam persicam earumque formam, eo tamen discrimine cudi fecit, ut partim Muhammed est legatus Dei ; partim laus sit Deo ; partim Omar, iis innon est Deus nisi Deus unicus, et in lemmate
: :
:
f. AbdalAlgottan in tractatu suo de mensuris et ponderibus, hoc Omaris fel. mem. propositum fuisse, propterea quod in numorum
Hassan,
f.
Abulhassan Ali
f.
Muhammed
suorum
loc. cit.
titulo nihil
mutasset."
147
Thomas,
277
name
Mr. Thomas
of Yezdigird, the
sortie
last
640-1), that
of
is,
<^
**uJ
B'ism'illah
Arab manipulation.
in
one of
can
be
examined
the
British
Museum, and
it
may
Obverse.
2.
Reverse.
[is
i.
iLW
Jj-:,
x^s-*
"Mohammed
the]
Apostle of God." 2
Right ur.kJi "Palestine," left \1>\ " Aelia." Half -moon over the letter pp helow
;
with a sword.
fig.
Num.
cccvi.
De
5.)
No. 6
M. Reinaud snr quelques points de la NumisMadden, " Jew. Coinage," p. 230 Tiesenhausen,
;
" Monnaie
Obverse.
3.
Reverse.
[is
2.
^E.
(<dll
J%->)i "A**^"*
"Mohammed
iv.
the
Apostle of God"].
No. 7
p. 231.)
These
a.d.
two
coins
have
to
hitherto
been
assigned
either
to
Abdalmalik
(a.h.
65
86 =
684-5705), or
seems
Mua'wiah
(a.h.
latter attribu-
tion
infinitely the
more probable,
Mua'wiah
is
specially noted in
first
the traditions of
the Arabian
authors as
it
which he was
sword,"
and
many
incidental advances
upon
1
this model.
o.s. 1850, vol. xii. p. 280.
p.
" J.R.A.S."
377, notes.;
Madden,
"Num.
vol. xii.
On
p. 5.
M.
some
col-
"Mohammed"
is
remarkable coin
in the
letters
Jena
" Jew. Coinage," p. 230, note 6). ' " Moawiah quoque dcnarios imagine sua
nitos
and
percussit."
Makrizi,
Gibbon,
the definite
e.
ed.
Tychsen,
81;
cf.
Thomas,
its
" J.R.A.S." o.s. 1850, vol. xii. p. 286, note 6 Baron Marchant," Paris, 1851, pp. 14, 15
de Longperier;
note
j*z-
(See also
4,
De
Saulcy,
ii
Lettre, p. 52 and p. 56
Tiesen-
hausen, p.
No.
22.)
"Rom. Emp."
ed.
Smith,
278
NU3IISMATA ORIENTALIA.
On
in a.h.
up
Jerusalem,
by
Heraclius,
who had
visited
it
in
16 = a.d.
637, and
by Mua'wiah from
a.h. 52
= a.d.
horses. 8
672-678, in which year he concluded terms of peace with Constantine IV. Pogonatus,
of
and
fifty
Arabian
second peace was soon after (a.d. 716) again purchased by Abdalmalik on terms
to
far
more favourable
the
Roman Emperor
II.
360
slaves,
and 360
Arabian horses
equally divided
the
Khalif
in
expelling
the
however, of long duration, and Justinian II. in a.d. 691 was entirely defeated by the Khalif.
There
is
little
coins
are
copied
Emperors
occurrence
pieces
in circulation at Jerusalem
and Constantinople.
Their type
the
may
(Y)
is
of frequent
or
(T)
be found.
Copper
40
The
nummi
4
were
the
introduced by Anastasius
whilst
cursive CO
came
in
into
use under
Tiberius
578-582)
5
.
variations
the weight of these coins, ranging from 334 grains to 48 grains, has
been commented on by the late Dr. Finlay, and the practice of marking the copper coins
of
the Eastern
I.
letters
indicating
their
value
continued
till
the
time of
Basil
(a.d.
867-886)
of
The
bears
of
coinage
Abdalmalik
as
(a.h.
65
86 = a.d.
see.
684-5
705)
is
slightly
<
different
and
longer
legends,
we
is
shall
presently
The modified
cross
upon a pedestal
four steps
on his coins
doubtless
a degradation of
have
was
this Khalif
who
erected over
known
as the "
Dome
the Rock,"
in
which
is
colonnade.
This inscription
itself
to
Arabic scholars. 9
On
this
:
question
insert
Rev.
M. Hawtrey,
s.v.
" Cyc.
p.
of
Bibl.
Lit."
ed.
Sabatier,
Alexander,
Jerusalem, vol.
522;
W.
Aldis Wright,
is
"The Temples
Rock"
is
Smith's "Diet, of the Bible," s.v. Jerusalem, vol. i. p. 1016. 2 Finlay, " Greece under the Romans," 2nd ed. 1857, p. 472.
5 5
6
unnecessary to
9
vol. i. pi. xxii. Nos. 13-15. Jews," 1878, pp. viii. 219-224. It enter on the question whether the "Dome
all.
of the
Saracenic at
Finlay, op.
Sabatier,
cit. p.
475.
vol.
i.
"Mon. Byz."
cit. p.
pi. ix.
Nos. 3-7.
Sabatier, op.
Nos. 1-4.
Finlay, op.
" Quarterly Reports, Palestine Exploration Fund," 1871, pp. 122, 164; cf. De Vogue, " Le Temple de Jerusalem," p. 84 seq. Col. Warren, "The Temple or the Tomb," 1880, pp. 115, 212-213.
Prof.
Palmer,
279
Jerusalem there
many
of
has appeared a tendency to ignore the incidental testimony of the Arabian conquerors.
witnesses, at all events,
sion
These
had nothing
revered
to
site
to conceal
they
tell
us frankly
how they
what
took posses-
of
the,
to
them,
what
they
found existing
and
lines
they
changed.
the Khalif
Their
own
traditions were, so
say, based
on parallel Semitic
and
when
Omar
first
recognized in their
own
" black
There
is
conflict of
creeds
in
the
way
in
which the
of
a
of
new
religion
conscientiously
worshipped at the
shrine
the
many
should
Muhammad
while
lest
carefully
his
abstaining from
zealous
praying
directly
the limits of
the
existing
shrines,
so,
over-
successors
make
action
a plea
for
annexation
and
he spread his
a
:
name
of the
Mimhar
of
Omar.
the texts of
"a.h. 16
(a.d.
637).
Upon
him marched
asked him
many
Among
il
other places
which they
sat
visited,
^
.
MS
o], and
Omar
might
down
in
the midst of
When
the
Omar
told the
him
a place wdiere he
;
Then
taking
[
thence,
the
for
Patriarch
to
went with
him
into
not.
Con-
etantine's church
last
[
T
.J^.;-W-< i
*j~\,
and
laid a
mat
him
At
he w ent alone
,1. <L~.-~\
to
the
steps
which were
at
the
east
Constantine's church
to
in-
J^k^
of
them."
singular reserve,
in
his
own
creed.)
Continuing the casual narratives of his Arabic authors, Ockley goes on to say
is
" There
him
a place where
he might build
Mosque
for
the celebration of
the
Muhammadan
lay, 3
service;
him the
place
which
he
slept
upon when
Catherwood's plan, reproduced by De Vogue. Elmacin, Golius's notes upon " Alferganus," p. 137. D'Herbelot's account of these transactions varies slightly.
avec
il
des Chretiens.
la place oil le
Le Patriarche
jette"
lui
monstra
la Pierre
de Jacob, et
bati, sur
laqueUe
lea
Chretiens avoient
d'ordures
.
.
beaucoup
premiere
61ev6e
la
Mosquee de Jerusalem" (D'Herbelot, edit. 1G97, s.v. Omar). Under the head of " Cods," a.h. G2G = a.d. 1228-9, he adds
:
280
(Gen. xxviil.).
NUMISMATA ORIENTAL! A.
Now
the
it
stone
dirt,
as
much
as
he could of
in his vest,
to
remove
it.
new temple
in
to the
Muhammadan
(faith).
But notwithstanding
all
(the
;
as
they also
to
short
series of
incidental
site,
;
notices
is
that
and
alterations
he
effected,
in consequence,
one of which
so
own mural
dated in a.h.
72=a.d. 691.
Ockley's
Abdallah (Zobier)
still
sent
and
enlarged the temple of Jerusalem, so as to take in the 'stone into the body of the church,'
to
make
M. de Vogue,
in
his
elaborate
(Paris,
1864), has
Plate
xxi.
fils ?
Tout ce qui
est
dans
appartient
169).
3
"A
On
cipate
le serviteur
l'ait
de Dieu
Abd
et
[Allah-el-Imam-al-Mamoun], prince
soit
l'annee 72
que Dieu
pour agreable
content de lui
Amen."
care to anti-
first
M. de Vogue took
any immature
as to its authenticity,
substitution of the
= a.d.
813218 = 833)
tiles,
reign-
= a.d.
691
when
ou
the original
of
the normal
"The Muslims
in the
'
'
Theoph.
dome de
lieu
la pierre
de
etoit bati le
also Tabari, 0. T. F.
ii.
Oxon, 1658, pp. 364-5, text and Latin translation. 3 " Le mot coupole traduit imparfaitement 1' expression arabe
goubbeh, qui designe non seulement la calotte hemispherique ou
i.
p. 430, vol.
p. 477, vol.
vol.
i.
iii.
412
pp. 109,
mais aussi, par extension, recouvcrt par une coupole " (p. 85).
coupole,
1'
ensemble du monument
281
import,
in
the
masonry
of
the
building
had
the
no historical meaning or
potentate,
ruling
when
later repairs
clear or obvious,
embodying
the context of
are
in
reproduced with evident care, both as regards colour and the forms of the letters of the Kufic
legends, than that the words included in brackets [in the present transcript] were later insertions,
fitted in
The two
tiles in
question
differ,
colour,
and the
itself.
letters
fall in satisfactorily
M. de Vogue,
for instance,
The forms
of the Kufic letters, in the authentic portion of the inscription, are identical
less
superfluous
(c)
God
" as a prefix
to the distinctive
name
or
title.
In a.h. 76=a.d. 695 there was a general suppression, on the coinage, both of the
title
The
title
text of
the inscription
Al
Khalifah, a designation
if
it
he followed Al Mahdi in
stood alone. 2
This, however,
is
affecting,
though
this
not
the
place
to
continue,
more
at
large,
subject
we have
the
result
common
labours in
the
magnificent
of
in
idle,
Abdalmalik
inscription.
i
We
;
indebted
our
US!
early pioneers,
Marsdcn,
"Num. Orient."
p.
Frahn,
27,No xxiii. Baghdad, Baghdad, a.h. 166, Mamun, a.h. 207, 31, a.h. 159, p. 1*, a.h. 163; Mdmun, "Catalogue of the Arabic Coins in the
i.
M,pp
<
J^ &J
~ *U\
<M
Juc
&\
L*
A.n. 216.
^^^y^\
ce n'est sur
m. de Vogue appends
tnig
i nscr j pt ion
-
B.
J
M."
S. L. Poole, vol.
pp. 51-91.
The commencement
of
Mamun's own
standard inscription,
i es
Le nom d
a posterite
A i Mamoun
si
on the several gates of the Mosque, is reproduced below. The adherence of the opening terms to the tenor of the original record
of Abdalmalik, in the interior of the dome,
is
consistent, but
it
in a.h.
150],
Mdmun
the
Khalifah on
it,
who
is
non content de glisser son nom dans les un lieu beaucoup plus apparent, sur i es entrees memes de la mosquee celles des quatre portes qui n ont pas &g rcman i e es ont leur linteau recouvert de feuilles de bronze, sur lesquelles sont estampes, en beaux caracteres au-dessous, se trouve l'inscripCO ufiques, des versets du Coran t j on suivante [i.e. supra] repetee deux fois a chaque porte."
et pourtant,
mo saiques
>
il
from Baghdad."
36
madden
282
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
also
for
verbatim English
The The
historical contributions of
this
full
text
are, as
might be expected,
than the professions of the Muslim faith as formulated and accepted at this date.
tenor
of
the
declaration
is
continues
"Say,
is
he
is
the
one
. .
God,
.
the
is
Eternal;
He
but
neither
begetteth
nor
begotten, and
there
no one
.
.
like
Him
There
no god
to
God, and
same or
faith,
Apostle of
here
God"
to
the
we begin
and a
in the
son of
the
Apostle of God,
believe in
and
He
it
cast
over Mary,
spirit
from Him.
Then
here
is
God and
.... and
from
Him
The proclamation
God,
is
consistent
in
itself,
be a servant of
to
who
is
not for
God
from Him.
If
.
He
.
He
Be, and
it
is.
God
;
my
who
To conclude
this
note,
later
issues
system of accepting
his
the
probably earliest
production
new
die
under the
reconstruction
of
the
Moslem
Coin of Abdalmalik.
p.
289
Tiesenhausen,
pi.
i.
fig.
7.
Obverse.
Copper.
Reverse.
Modified cross
<|>
Khalif
raised
.
upon a pedestal
of four steps,
Imam.
with ^j*sr
.
Emessa
to the right,
and a
star
Legend, ^j^^stW
j^\ lL^L^Ij^
&&\ A-*!
For,
on the
Legend,
is
left.
<dl!
J^ Sa.s" ajo-j
<$]j|
V\
<JU.
There
is
Commander
of the Faithful.
Muhammad
the
Prophet of God.
1
" This year Ahdalmalik caused money to be corned (Ibn Al Athir) this was the first coinage of their own that was ever in use among the Arabians; for before they used to trade with Greek or Persian money. The following was the occasion of Abdalmalik used to commence the letters which his so doing. he sent to the Greek Emperor with these words, 'Say, God is
2
Ockley, p.487.
would send him some coins with such a mention of their prophet upon them that he would not very well like. Abdalmalik was angry at this, and said, A curse upon their coins and from that time began to make money of his own," etc., etc. See also " Makrizi," ed. 0. G. Tychsen, 1797, pp. 84, Gibbon, ch. Hi.
' ' ;
;
85 [see
p. 283, note 2]
Muhammadan
is
Whereupon the Grecian Emperor sent him word that he had made certain innovations in his style of writing, and therefore requested him to alter it, or else he
with the date of the Hejirah.
Subhi Bey, " Zeitschrift D. M. G." 1863, p. 41. 3 M. de Saulcy identifies this sword with "l'epee que porte ici le Khalife n'est tres probablement que le glaive que doit ttnir tout imam lorsqu'il prononce la Khotbah."
COINS OF ABDALMALIK.
LATE
JELIA.
283
in
M. Tiesenhausen
No.
8, pi.
1,
gives an
example of a
gold under
p.
9,
= a.d.
695.
in
Tbe
Kbalif's
name and
tbis instance
wholly omitted.
Tbe
re-
Obverse.
<d!l
Beverse.
J^ *s *Jc~>
but God alone.
<d!l V\
dt!U.
There
is
no god,
****J
In the
Muhammad is the
Prophet of God.
name of God
It
may
be noticed that Abdalmalik confided tbe minting of his coinage to a Jeic named
Somair. 2
as
4
late
as
Adamnanus 3
(a.d. 697),
and
is
Reference
is
made
to
M.
Adamnanus was
and died
in
la
Nuniisrnatique
I. 2
Beige,"
serie,
t.
iv.
p.
325-6,
pi.
xv.
He wrote a work
No.
" Draclimamm autem conflator fuit quidam servus Judrrus, dictus Somair, unde drachma; Somairiee appellate sunt, quarum typum monetalem Abdalmalec ad Hedsjadsjum misit cum mandate, ut eum drachmarum cudendarum caussa ad omnes magnas civitates
in tractibus extraneis ablegaret," etc.
French bishop, who, on his return from the Holy Land, was wrecked on the west coast of Britain, and was entertained for a time at Iona (" Encyc. Brit." 9th ed. s.v. Adamnan). For "the travels of Bishop Arculf in the Holy Land," see "Early
Travels in Palestine," ed.
4
pp.
Makrizi,ed. 0. G.Tychsen, For an account of the Jews under the Khalifs, see Milman, "Hist, of the Jews," 1866, vol. iii. p. 117 seq.
8.5,
1847.
86.
W.
Aldis
Wright,
i.
"Diet, of
the
Bible,"
s.v.
Jerusalem, vol.
p. 1015.
APPENDICES.
A.
WEIGHTS.
The
on
subject of
several
Hebrew weights
details.
is
important
Some
opinion
that
reliable
information
is
to
be
obtained in
Hebrew
literature,
silver
the
which are
prove
that
the
Rabbinical
[see
distinction
and the
later
shekel
is
altogether fallacious
Appendix E. No.
Though specimens
of Assyrian, Babylonian,
Egyptian, and Greek weights have been discovered, 2 no Judaean weight has ever come to
light. 3
BEKAH
occurs
(WE
(mil).
This word
Chapter
I.
GERAH
the shekel.
LITRA.
-roth
part of
Chapter
I.
See Pound.
fiva;
Vulgate mina).
"A
3
portion or part";
Conder,
vol.
iii.
p.
69,
etc.
see
now
in the British
Museum "
(" Ninth
R. S. Poole, art. "Weights," in Smith's " Diet, of the Bible " Madden, " Jew. Coinage," pp. 249-294 J. Brandis, " Das Miinz- Mass- und Gewichtswesen in Vorderasien." Berlin, 1866, pp. 43-53, 597 A. S. Murray, "Num. Chron." N.s. 1868, vol. viii. p. 57;
pp.
2, 4, 5,
Museum"
H. W. Chisholm, " Junth Annual Report of the Warden of the Standards for 1874-1875," pp. xxxiv, 44-53; Pietro Bortolotti, " Del primitivo Cubito Egizio," Modena, 1878-1879, p. 207 seq. See also the articles by Mr. B. V. Ilead "On the Origin and
Development of the Greek Weight Systems" in the "Num. Chron." n.s. 1875, vol. xv. pp. 245-297, and "On the Weight Systems in Use for Gold and Silver in the Earliest Times " in the " Inter. Xum. Orient." 1877, vol. i. part iii. pp. 1-7.
(the hill of the Jews) Tel el yahoudeh J mina ? Weight 1567 grains." On inquiry from Mr. Grueber, of the British Museum, I find that the Jewish origin of this weight (P) is very
doubtful, that
it is
much more
no inscription, but came from " Tel el yahoudeh " with many other objects, and that Dr. Birch is of opinion that it is certainly
In all probability it is a simple bar of silver which served for melting purposes. Dr. Birch cannot fix any
not a weight.
date to
it,
but
it
286
times called stater
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
standard
all
word owing
its
origin
to
was employed by the Egyptians, Phoenicians, Hebrews, and Greeks, has the same meaning
in the language of
these
to
nations.
The weight
of
the
of
golden
targets
made by Solomon
ix.
for the
Temple are
stated
[shekels']
16), whilst
amount
It
(manchs, 1
Kings
x.
17).
100
the
shekels, but it
Hebrew
l
word
shekels
and
it
written
in
Macedonian
period,
and
that
one
should
understand
the
passages to
mean
use
of
among
the Greeks.
The
passages,
is
calculation
not
That
manehs
ii.
in
explained satisfactorily.
in
Sixty
equalled
[Shekel
Talent.]
v.
Ezra
69
Nek.
(1)
vii.
71,
72
(1
comp. 1 Esdras
45.
POUND.
this standard,
Mva, mina
it
and
Airpa,
called stater
standard and
shekel
equivalent
word
libra
or
as,
among
The
and
the
or
Romans.
the
Hebrew maneh
of
gold
equalled
2J
Utrce.
libra
consequently 2J
fiftieth
grains;
as
the
was the
part
of
[Shekel].
The word
SHEKEL
(7pty), a
weighed, especially the metals, and hence became the term usually employed for a piece of
silver of
fixed
value.
Cf. stater
" standard."
ten
The gold
[see
shekel, as
in Josephus,
Pound], a very
;
ten
darics
the
equivalent of
gold
shekels,
he must mean
double darics
No
gold
Fifteen shekels of
grains, 5
H.
C.
Reichardt,
see
"Num. Chron."
n.s.
1864,
vol.
iv.
p.
394;
2
cf.
Ginsburg, in Kitto's
iii.
" Cyc.
of
Bibl.
Lit."
ed.
pp. 183-185.
The
Alexander,
vol.
p. 769.
weigh
Vjfiia-v.
as follows
'H Si fiva
irap' tijuv
" Antiq."
Ti6H
Sbcke1, Year
l
xiv. 7, 1.
3 4 5
Museum. De Saulct.
...
Antiq."
iii.
8,
10
comp.
Num.
2184, 212-3
108-2
219-3
109-6
215
214-4
...
218
vii. 14.
Brandis, p. 95.
215 J
219-3
109-6
...
?
the weights of the shekels and half-shekels in different collections, and of the coins issued during the revolts
full table of
991
2205, 2132
..
225,
2263
.. ..
213
105
is
1877, vol. v. pp. 173, 174; and for the weights of Jewish coins in the collection of the Rev.
"
Zeitschrift fur
Num."
220
i
..
217
... ...
...
209
95
Berlin,
218$
HEBEEW WEIGHTS.
Talent].
50 or 60 shekels equalled a maneh
;
287
or
3,600
3,000
shekels
equalled
talent.
Chapter
I.]
TALENT
kvk\os, circus.
x. 3
;
(133),
properly a
"circle,"
"globe,"
circle,"
1
1
hence
ii.
Judges
viii.
Sam.
36
1 Chron. xvi. 3;
26).
The
largest
Hebrew weight
for metals.
First occurs
in
Exod. xxv. 39, "a talent of pure gold" (111b 31T 133;
LXX.
in
many
27;
2 Sam.
;
xii.
30;
4,
Kings
7
;
24;
xx. 39;
;
14;
xxiii.
33;
Chron. xix. 6
xxix.
2 Chron. xxv. 9
1
xxvii. 5, etc.).
x.
It is specially
spoken of as
"talent of
Kings
ix.
14;
10,
etc.);
"talent of
silver" (tjp3
133;
;
Kings
22, etc.);
LXX.
1
raXavrov
Yulg.
^aX/cov
talent um
;
plumbi)
Exod.
xxxviii.
29;
Vulg.
talentum
Chron. xxix. 7;
in
raXavrov cnSijpov;
talent
of
silver
bound up
man
was in some
[See
by the
Chapter
p.
7,
note 7.]
The Hebrew
these
talent
Of the
talents
current in
to the
countries, the
we
find
it
in
use
among
the Israelites.
In
Nineveh, as well as in Palestine, besides the weight talent of the king of 3600 sixtieths of
the maneh for valuing precious metals, a special reckoning was
made by
talents of
3000 gold
and
silver units
but when
it
to
to the talent is
when
to
is
a deviation was
was limited
50 instead of to 60 units.
The sum
are reckoned
the talent
went
to the maneh,
which
is
corroborated from the fact that the taxes for persons of various
a
age and
sex
commence
a
p.
at
maximum
p.
point of
50
shekels
(Lev. xxvii.
3,
16),
vii.
and that
[See
wedge
3,
of
1,
21). 3 to
note
and
10.]
Among
the ancient
have
It
is
called
erroneously by
Dean
Stanley
("Sinai
and
Palestine," p. 488) "a coin or piece of money." The word is also used topographically, mostly with the article "Ila-Cieear,"
(Stanley,
loc. cit.)
xix. 17, 25, 28, 29; Deut. xxxiv. Authorized Version "plain."
3),
and rendered
17; Nehem.
the "
iii.
v. 1, 10)
says,
"a
(2)
for the
oasis
which
xiii.
round" stood
some words are omilt ed, and the passage ought to be read as in Joshua, "two hundred shekels of silver and a wedge of gold of fifty shekels weight."
(tikAous SiaKocriovs), but in all probability
288
been three different kinds of
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
talents,
talents of
Brandis,
p.
103)
TROT WEIGHT.
Eng. grains.
e
lbs. oz.
VALUE
IN MONET.
dwts. gra.
640
9
a.
d.
weig
the
a ent
_
= =
"of The
2.
king"
gl0499 4
.
= = = = = = = =
158
2
17 11-4
6-99
Themaneh
shekel
talent
...
15174-99
=
=
60)=
252-9165
=10
131
2 2
7 12
12-9165
=758749-5
(252-9165 x 3000)
Themaneh
shekel
...
= = = = =
12645-825
252-9165
674392-5
=( 252-9165 x
of the weight
maneh
= 50)= =
= 50)=
8 14 13-5
6
6000
100
2
21825
10 12-9165 117
3.
The
silver talent
...
Themaneh
The holy
shekel
...
11239-875
= =
19 16-5
8
400
6 13 2 4 8
111
7-875
224-7975=
=
" of the king "
8-7975
The
latter
identical, the
talent
weighing other materials than the metals ("Absalom's hair after the king's weight," 2 Sam.
xiv. 26).
The weight
of 9
-
"holy"
8),
silver shekels
(2247975x9) thus
l
"weight"
1
silver
equals that of
gold shekel,
2.
troy],
grains
[114iVlbs.
equalling
450,
132 grains)
at
as
troy],
3
and equalling,
per
oz. troy,
As
to
is
supposed
to
;
to
gold
shekel,
to
the
grains, it
is
impossible
but in
The amounts
of
talents
David had
and a
gold
thousand
(1
thousand
3,
of
to
which
he
talents of
Chron. xxix.
4),
besides
ditional offerings of
troy,
and gold
at
73s. per
ounce and
would
give, as
-roth of
the immense
sum
of
939,929,687.
6
Solomon
is
Kings
x.
14
silver,
would be equivalent
cf. 4
6
sum more
Madden, "Jew. Coinage," p. 287. 2 Smith's " Student's O. T. History," 1876, 3 Poole, op. cit.; cf. Madden, op. cit.
in
p. 599.
6
'
Chapter IV.
p.
45, note 3
vol.
p. 542.
MONET
than the revenues of
IN THE
NEW
TESTAMENT.
289
the whole Persian Empire under Darius, which have heen calculated at
But
as
if
we
gold,
and 15
talents of
silver
silver,
It
is,
however,
difficult
hazard any-
these
corruption.
is
also
made
in
talents
(1
Maccab.
xi.
28
xiii.
16,
19
2 Maccab.
iii.
11
iv.
8, etc.)
B.
MONEY
IN THE
NEW
TESTAMENT.
New
iii.
I.
Money
in
general:
for
silver
[money] in the
Testament
6
;
is
apyvpos,
i.
argenfwn,
James
v.
3),
xx. 33
1 Pet.
18).
Money
1.
*
is
rendered as follows
licava,
[ti/u?)
Mark
"
xiv.
11;
Luke
ix.
;
3;
xxii. 5;
Acts
vii.
16
"a sum
[sc.
of
money," pretium
argenti]
pecunia,
20.
In Matt. xxvi.
9,
the phrase
is
iroWov
apyvpiov]
much [money],"
mutto [argento]).
2. XaX/co*;, aes,
3.
(Mark
vi.
8;
iv.
xii. 41). 3
Xpr)p,a,
pretium, (Acts
37
pecunia,
viii.
18,
20
xxiv.
26)
(cf
meaning "
silver,"
Acts
viii.
20).
aes,
4.
Kepfia*
(John
ii.
15).
:
x.
iii.
:
9; James
v.
3).
i.
2. Xpvai'ov,
18).
II.
Tribute [money]
is
This expression
tion of
1.
New
two
and
(2)
The sacred
Rawlinson, Herod,
Brandis, p. 98.
St.
iii.
95.
XAAKOYS
2
3
120;
and
it
Luke
also occurs
(their gifts).
itself [see
In ver. 4
tls
on some coins of Antioch ("Jew. Coinage," See under VI. Farthing (KoSpdvrrts).
4
p. 121).
under X. Treasury].
3.
Kep/iaTrrV}i.
MADDEN
37
290
The sacred
xxx. 13, 16
above,
;
NUMISMATA ORIENTALTA.
tribute
or
payment
of
the
" atonement
half
shekel
(Exod.
xxxviii. 26),
and was originally levied on every male of twenty years old and
first
when
numbered.
demanded annually
the repair of
the Temple
service of
x.
God" was
one-third
32).
half-shekel,
The amount
tribute
to
the
St.
Matthew
(xvii.
"And
(ra
BlSpa)(jj.a)
came
Peter and
said,
He
saith,
Yes."
as the
to
that
the term
common name
St.
the coin which was equal in weight to the shekel, and I have
now
add
that Josephus, in
to,
Matthew does ra
rod BiBpd^fxov, as
as equal
may
to
which drachm
was equivalent
the
quarter of
half
of
Ephesus a
little
earlier
than
the time
Josephus,
APAXMH, and weighing 56 grains, the exact weight of the Roman denarius, and also others with AIAPAXMON, weighing 113 grains, its double. 6 St. Matthew then continues (vers. 25, 26), "And when he [Peter] was come into the house, Jesus prevented him, saying, What thinkest thou, Simon ? Of whom do the kings of
the earth take custom or tribute (reXr)
or of
rj
k^vctov
Of
their
own
children,
strangers
Of
strangers.
children free."
The
TeXo? was
It
harbours, etc.
The term
also
occurs in
Romans
xiii.
7.
New
it
According to Rabbinic rules (Mishna, " Shekalim I.") was proclaimed on the 1st of Adar, began to be collected T on the 15th, and was due at latest on the 1st of J\ isan
1
"O
reo-crapas.
6
" Antiq."
iii.
8, 2.
(Rev. E.
Tribute).
2
3
of
the Bible,"
s.v.
Chapter
I.
t>
re SlSpaxM-ov
e/c<x<rrois
Trdrpiov,
9,
1.
Chapter
I.
Monnaie Romaine," ed. Blacas and occurs on The word copper coins of Byzantium (Eckhel, " Doct. Num. Vet." vol. ii. on copper autonomous coins of p. 27), and Rhodes as well as on large brass coins of Tiberius, Nerva, and Trajan struck in the same island (Eckhel, op. cil. vol. ii. pp. C04, 605 Madden, "Jew. Coinage," pp. 235, 239).
Hist, de la
p.
Mommsen, "
de Witte, vol.
iii.
307.
APAXMA
AIAPAXMON
"
TRIBUTE MONEY.
THE
CIVIL TRIBUTE.
to
291
emperor, to which I
shall
The
the
Roman
lest
presently allude.
St.
Matthew concludes
and
cast
(ver. 27),
"Notwithstanding,
fish
we should
cometh up
;
to the sea
that
first
opened his mouth, thou shalt find a piece of money (araTrjpa, staterem)
unto them, for
me and
thee."
The
or
stater
here mentioned was an Attic tetradrachm, and at that time equal to a shekel
I shall
Hebrew didrachm.
more
fully advert to
it
Many
Jerome,
a
civil
and
Origen, and
have
1
payment
as
one,
which
exemption "
was
of
not.
That
it
tribute
is
whom
?
"
" lest
it
we
the
should offend them," which shows that the Jews willingly paid the tribute
generally
civil tax,
2.
indeed, respect
was not
enforced
by
law,
earliest times,
being in
this
unlike
am now
xii.
about to enter.
;
The
(rcrjvaos, census,
Matt. xxii. 17
to vofuafia tov
tributum,
/crjvcrov
numisma
;
census,
tribuia,
Matt. xxii. 19
/oji/o-o?,
tributum,
Mark
14
<popo<;,
Luke
xx. 22
(popoi,
Luke
xxiii.
2).
The
civil tribute,
to the
Roman
Roman
province.
capture of Jerusalem and destruction of the Temple, Yespasian ordered the Jews, in whatever
country they might be, to pay the sum of two drachma to the temple
of
Jerusalem. 2
severity,
3
Of
this
fact
On
of this
emperor
4
may be found
IVDAICI
CALVMNIA
Dion
Cass. Ixvi. 10), but
;
SVBLATA.
1
(a.d. 135)
Hadrian renewed
was again burnt during Dion Cass. Ixvi. 24), and
Alford,
" Greek Test." in he. For full particulars of this "Notts on the Miracles," p. 379, 8th ed.
To"r
uirov
StJttot'
"Vesp." 8;
1866.
1
"Dom.
<p6pov
oZaiv
irav
'IouSai'ois
iirefiaKe,
Svo
SpaxP-as
eKatTTov
K(\(i(Tas
ava
eros
eis
rb
KairtTwAtov
6; Plutarch, " Poplic." 15 Eutrop. vii. 15). A representation of this Temple may be seen on the coins of Vespasian (Cohen,
;
Bell.
Jud."
vii.
6,
%0r)
6.
Kal an'
Ixvi. ".
etceivov SiSpaxp-ov
Nos. Nos.
Dion Cass.
The
tnuislcr of
403-410; 2nd ed. Nos. 486-493), of Titus (Cohen, 269-272 2nd ed. Nos. 242-215), and of Domitian (Cohen, No. 466 2nd ed. Nos. 533, 534). 3 " Judaicus lUius ,/rn -hisume actus est." Suet. "Dom." 12.
; ;
See
Rome was
"Bell.
logical
p. 230.
Suet.
"Vitell."
re-built
15;
Joseph.
of
Jud."
iv.
11,
4).
It
was
Suet.
which Zaccbiens
wo
by order
Vespasian (Tac.
"Hist."
iv.
53;
292
the
(a.d.
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
tax
and made
it
very heavy,
and even
as
late
as
the
reign
of
Alexander
Severus
This
civil tribute
was paid in
(Srjvdpiov,
denarii.
"Shew me
19),
And
St.
they brought
(xii.
unto
him
penny"
a penny
Matt.
that I
xxii.
Mark
15),
"Bring me
penny"
Him,
(Srjvdpiov)
may
see
it,"
and
in St.
Luke
(xx. 24),
"Shew me
(Brjvdpiov).
"And He
Caesar's.
;
saith
unto them,
saith
Whose
is
this
Then
He
unto them, Render therefore unto Caesar, the things which are
(Matt. xxii. 20, 21
;
Caesar's
cf.
Mark
xii.
16,
17
Luke xx.
The
title of
Caesar
was common
to
all
the
Roman
inscriptions,
whilst the
is
name CAESAR
is at
length.
The
a specimen of
shown
to our
Lord.
The
reply,
"They
KAISAP02) may
also be illustrated
by
Ambivius
is
time,
on which
simply
the
first
objected to
4
called also
Yet, in
spite of
our Lord's express statement, the Jews falsely accused him to Pilate of
(<p6povs) to
Caesar" (Luke
xxiii. 2).
The
in St.
Krjvao'i, (xii.
as
have above
stated,
6
was the
poll-tax.
Indeed, in one
MS.
the passage
Mark
and
for Krjuaov.
state purposes.
The
(popos
cpopos
ktjvo-os
The
<popos,
kings
35).
etc.,
(1
Maccab.
x. 29),
is
also
employed
Maccab.
x. 31
xi.
It
was, however,
distinct
from
re'\o<?,
which, as
shown above,
tov
a
7
kind of
octroi,
and
is
TeXo? (Rom.
xiii.
7).
-rrtpiov-
(ri'as.
quam
Acts
The word KpaKaiov, meaning a sum of money, occurs in xxii. 28, "With a great sum (iroWov Kpa.\aiov) obtained
freedom."
It means, in classical authors, the capital as
I this
part 2, p. 571.
" Ka\ viiv 'lovSalwi/ SiSpaxHov avroh (8C. 'Pu/j.alots) rtXovvrwv. Origen, " Letter to Africanus," ed. de la Rue, vol. i. p. 28.
opposed to interest or income (Liddell and Scott, s.v. KMpaAaios), and in this latter sense may be found in the LXX. (Lev. vi. 5
;
Numb.
7
v.
7; A.V. "principal.")
<popa
3 Chapter VII. pp. 174-176. For further information about the denarius see later under IV. Penny.
The words
and
<p6pot,
signifying
brought
(i.
in as rent or
tribute,
are
employed
& Takikdios.
Acts
v.
ii.
37;
8,
1.
Joseph. "Antiq."
xviii.
1,
6;
xx. v. 2;
5
"Bell. Jud."
aviip.
96; cf. ii. 13) for the tribute of Greeks to Athens. The Rev. Dr. C. Bigg,
Thucydides
(i.
of
rauAuWTTjs
"Antiq."
xviii. 1, 1.
96,
Rivingtons,
1868),
says:
"When
the
"
293
tax
xiii.
subject
cf.
to
another
xi.
called
"
crown tax
xiv. 4).
arecpavov ov oxpeiXere,
Maccab.
xiii.
39;
x.
29;
1
35;
37; 2 Maccab.
It
piece of
money
The
standard
gold,
word
(comp.
stater,
from
means
and was
principal
a a
coin
of
certain
weight,
and hence
to
a
of
shekel
and pondo),
silver.
term applied
gold
by the Greeks
were
those
those
of
coins
electrum,
and
The
earlier
staters
2
of
Croesus
(Kpoicreloi),
first
the
Persian
Darics
(oTaTr}pe?
AapeiKoi,
AapeiKol),
and
the
Athens.
The
the
and second
appear
always
to
have
been
didrachms
of
Perso-Euboic,
and
third
a didrachm of
The
staters of
Croesus,
earliest
gold
coins that
came
is
to
which weight
of
less
stater.
The electrum
staters of
(o-Ta-n/pe? Kvfytcrjvoi,
Kvfyicqvoi).
They
5
consist of
28 Athenian
drachms, 6 whilst the stater aureus of Athens, of pure gold, weighing 133 grains troy,
current
at
was
20
(20:133:
28:186 +
or
of
Cyzicene
stater).
The
silver
then
186+
didrachm
;
of
tion in Greece
those of
Lampsacus
of
of
Phocsea,
etc.,
and those of Philip of Macedon, and Alexander the Great, who issued them
of the Daric.
are,
of
suffering
and
680
on the Eginetic standard (208 grains) on the Phocaic standard (256 grains) b.c. 600 and
; ;
informed
<t>6pos,
me
that
"
<popi
is
a general
the
money
of
Croesus,
who
abolished the
electrum coinage,
the
first
commonly
it is
in the
many
passages
difficult
became universal about b.c. 568. Cf. Head, " The Coinage of Lydia and Persia," in " Intermit. Num. Orient." vol. i. part iii.
pp. 10-21.
4
See
The employment
of the
is
new word
<tuvto|is
expressly ascribed to
(Ilarpoc.
s.v. ;
Cat." p. 245. See Head, " recent find of Staters of Cyzicus and Lampsacus," in "
T. Burgon,
Chapter "Thomas
II. p. 20.
On a Num.
the celebrated orator, B.C. 378 Grote, " Hist, of Greece," vol. ix. p. 327).
1
2Te<f>a><iT7)s
<p6pos.
Joseph.
in
Palestine
"Antiq." was
xii.
3,
3.
The
T7js
called
&pxuv
See
Chapter
V. p. 61, note 5.
See
Chapter IV.
Chron." n.s. 1876, vol. xvi. pp. 277-298; and "Additional Notes on the same find," 1877, vol. xvii. pp. 169-176. 4 Demosth. "in Phorm." p. 914. 6 According to Lenormant (" Essai," vol. i. pp. 152, 196), they were current at Athens at 32 drachms. Head ("Num. Chron." n.s. 1876, vol. xvi. p. 295) puts them at 37, but
Herod, i. 54. Mr. B. V. Head ( " Metrological Notes on Ancient Electrum Coins," in ' Num. Chron." n.s. 1875, vol. xv. p. 25s attributes certain staters to Lydia before the time of Croesus, probably about b.c. 720, struck on the
Babylonic standard, the stater weighing 167 grains, which was
ultimately superseded by a purr
lt"1i! stater of 126 grains, issued on the Euboic standard, and which was most likely the prototype
M.
Six objects
ing
("Num. Chron."
(see
172),
remarks of Head in same vol. p. 176). 7 11. S. Poole, Smith's "Diet, of the Bible," t.v. Stater. 8 Electrum staters of Lampsacus, weighing 235 grains, have recently been discovered (Head, op. cit.)
;i11mu
9
up to 30
Thucyd.
iv.
p. 1019.
294
The
stater is thus
NUMISMATA ORTENTALIA.
always a didrachm.
in later times applied
to
as
commonly
called octadrachms
stater
of the Ptolemies.
was
first
and then
to the
At
second
Orontes,
be equal to a Phoenician
didrachm,
and
to
four
denarii
of
the
weight
of
that
period. of
During the
first
and
centuries
of
the
silver
currency
of as
of Palestine
denarii
consisted
of
tetradrachms of Antioch on
their
Tyre,
etc.,
and
Roman
the
quarter
the
weight.
The Attic
stater
stater,
standard
coin of
system, and
St.
no other
was
Palestine at
this time.
The
stater in the
Gospel of
Matthew
was, therefore, a
tetradrachm of pure
silver.
The great
cities of
either
ceased
to
strike
tetradrachms or debased
to strike tetradrachms
Antioch continued
the
third
century, but
gradually depreciated
It
of
their
was carried
of Hadrian.
far
as
to
by the time
Other
cities,
if
first
century, struck
them
of
money
impossible.
On
says
3
:
Gospel of
of
St.
Matthew
has
is
the
Evangelist
already been
alluded to
by Mr.
Poole.
He
The
silver
staters,
and Roman
denarii of
Had two
the receivers of
and no doubt the ordinary coin paid was that miraculously supplied."
The didrachm
stater, are
of
Tyre and
the
Phot.
s.v.
cTar-fjp;
Hesyeh.
s.v.
yXavKes AavpiaiTiKui.
See some
"Remarks on
Money,"
p.
R.
3
S. Poole, in the
"Num.
of
Chron."
passages referred to by
18) cannot
Smith's
"Diet,
the
Bible,"
Stater;
Madden,
p. 239.
Dr.
Arnold,
(iii.
however,
in
a note to
:
Thucydides
"
('
the passage
in
of
crar-hp.
Probably
dates
PZQ
(169
= a.d.
the
43) and
P'iA
the silver stater or tetradrachm, and not the gold stater, which
Antioch
(though
coinage
commenced
the
time
of
was equal
Athen.'
i.
to
twenty drachma;
(see
Bockh,
'
Staatshaushalt. der
Hell.' v. 2, 22) the
is
M. Antony and
head of Nero.
p. 16, 22).
So in Xenophon
speaking of
The Tynan
era
comof the
menced
in B.C. 126,
Museum
who
following dates:
stater a
man
(49=b.c. 77),
MO
(99
MO
THE PENNY.
The
is
295
is
here given
tetradrachm
is
Augustus,
the
stater
struck
that
at
Antioch, 1
and
St.
specimen
of
was found by
Peter in
the fish's
mouth
[see
under V. Piece of
Silver'].
two persons
for our
Lord and
IV.
Penny
15;
(h-qvapiov, 2
denarius,
vii.
xx. 2,
9,
vi.
10,
13;
xii.
xxii.
19;
vi.
Mark
6).
vi.
37;
xii.
xiv. 5;
to
Luke
41;
35;
xx. 24;
at
John
7;
5;
Rev.
According
Pliny, 3
that
its
silver
was not
coinage
coined
Pome
till
a.u.c.
B.C.
but
Mommsen i
doubtless
of the
proves
the
actual
till
The
denarius
received
at first equivalent
to
sixteen
on the reduction
however,
still
weight of the
The
soldiers,
asses. 5
There
appear
till
to
probably lasted
denarii
to
B.C.
the Republic
the time of
and up
to
the pound
were issued.
From
Nero
to
that
Septimius Severus
a.d. to the
the
1
accession
of
of
Caracalla in
215 he
pound,
new
which 60 or 64 went
made
tin.
of baser
was
little
or
Diocletian
The
:
On
this point
Mommsen
(op. cit.
vol.
iii.
p.
eras
1st,
2nd, that of
its
autonomy
64)
3rd,
Pompey
Actium
at
Pharsalus
31).
(b.c.
4th, that of
the hattle of
est fausse, et ne se trouve dans aucune source ancienne. Cette expression derive du rescrit de Valerien (Vopisc. " Aure-
(b.c.
This coin
lian," 9), ou
il
centum; mais
cette
(AN)
a.d.
2
HS
cit.
12)
interpreted
ANTI X
.
**
Antioch.
of the
N.T."
"Bonosus," 15), e'est a dire l'assignation d'une somme en monnaie de cuivre ou plutot une somme qui n'est pas enoncee en monnaie d'or ou d'argent (see
ou
aeris
decies
HS
(Vopisc.
Mommsen,
iii.
II
ne peut etre
ici
Matt.
3
*
Mark
xii.
15;
Luke
name
of the coin,
"
que du billon."
applied
to
however,
ed.
sometimes
i.
the
(" Sat."
7,
vol.
6
p. 28.
" (capita
" In
militari stipendio
datus."
assibus
Plin.
"Nat.
et
nummus
or libella
(Mommsen,
iii.
animam
Tac.
107).
The
vol.
iii.
expression
to
rent."
"Ann."
For an
explanation
of
the
(Mommsen,
7
;
"
soldier's
6
7
note
Plin.
xxxiii.
Mommsen,
Ynpiscus,
4),
pp. 154-155),
" Bonosus,"
" Probus,"
*
elsewhere (Vopisc.
mark
evidently
iii.
indicate
(Mommsen,
in the
p.
294).
"
296
NUMISMATA ORIEXTALIA.
good
silver
at
60
to
the pound. 1
exist
He
also
issued
at
96
to
the the
pound, and
specimens
XCVI
with
stamped on
them.
Constantine
Great
made other
alterations
which
continued
variations to the
denarii
of
Hercules,
Rome
with
for
denarius;
but
under the Imperial rule they bore the titles and effigies of the reigning Caesar.
denarius
9,
in
Palestine
at
the
time of
our
ages,
5
Lord
and
(Matt. xx. 2,
It
was
also the
s.
pay
of
the term
is
still
preserved in our .
d.
There
is
silver
New
Testament
[see
were
at
this
time identical
V. Piece of
Silver.]
The
"
tribute
money payable by
under
xxii.
the
Jews
to
the
a representation
is
given above
II.
Tribute [Money]
(2),
19
Mark
xii.
15
V. Piece of Silver
&pa%p,rj, (1)
Two
New
(1)
drachma;
first
(2)
The
occurs in St.
Luke
xv. 8,
"Either what
woman having
ten pieces of
silver
(&paxjAa<; he/ca), if
diligently
till
she find
as
she lose one piece, doth not light a candle, and sweep the house, and seek "
it ?
The drachma,
and the
1
have previously
if
stated, 6
was
at
this
latter
had almost,
A
it
and that coins were issued at sixty to the pound is proved by the law of the emperors Valentinian II., Theodosius I., and Arcadius in a.d. 384 (" Cod. Theod." xv. 9, 1), in which it is forbidden to distribute to the people silver pieces heavier than sixty to the pound
on
the figures
21),
the sign )(, indicating the value but though he thus identifies the pieces in the edict, he says that the value cannot be deter;
mined, as one
in the
is
"nee majorem argenteum minimum fas sit expendere, quam qui formari solet cum argenti libra una in argenteos scxaginta
dividitur."
Cf. J. Friedlander,
Mommsen,
"De
v.
la sign.
desLettres
OB."
627;
See p. 295, note 8. 6 Different IV. Penny. See under II. Tribute Money (1) weights have been assigned to the drachma, varying from 68-2
vol.
iii.
" Hist, de
Mon. Eom."
p. 106.
Cohen,
"Med. Imp."
Hist, de la
vol.
p.
387;
vol.
vi.
p.
grains to 66-5.
Col.
-
p.
21) assigned
Madden,
3
"Num. Chron."
Mommsen, "
?
"But
111.
Gen. Cunningham
("Num. Chron."
value
mean
thee
5
wilt thou a
Akerman,
"Num.
the
New
Testament,"
p.
8.
He
says,
"The
finite
According to the edict of Diocletian, issued in 301, as interpreted by the late Col. Leake (Lond. 1826), the maximum of
the wages of the agricultural labourers was twenty-Jive denarii, but Mommsen (" Das Edict Diocletians De pretiis Rerum Vena-
is
it is
not only a
but
it
is
continually divisible by 2,
as a finite
articles
lium," Leipzig, 1851) has shown that though the price of and of labour is given in denarii, it is impossible to
is
all fix
Y S-th of an obolus. It also number of 112 grains for 10 oboli, and fixes the Phoenician drachma at 56 grains, the Macedonian drachma at 112 grains, and the Hebrew shekel at 224 grains, all in whole
to 0-7 of a grain, or
down
numbers."
"
PIECE OF SILVER.
THE
FARTHING.
:
297
(2)
of
silver "
(rpidicovTa
xxvii. 3, 5, G, 9).
passage
silver,"
Zechariah
(xi.
12,
13),
translated
in
the
Authorized Version
shekels of
triginta
"thirty [pieces] of
silver,"
LXX.
(rpidicovTa
is
dpyvpovs, Vulg.
argenteos),
silver
light
observable that
Matthew
as
current
but
tetradrachms of
the Attic
at
standard of
Greek
cities
of
Syria and
already
Phoenicia.
we have
is
seen that of
It
3
therefore most
St.
as
to
the
"thirty pieces of
Many
made on
this question
but
it
is
to
be observed that the Syriac version omits the proper name and
merely says "the prophet"; hence a copyist might have inserted the wrong name.
B.
The
price of
of silver"
(dpyvplov
accurately rendered
in
the
New
Testament.
Two
1.
'
Roman
5
as or assarius.
Dr. Eadie, in Kitto's " Cyc of Bibl. Lit." ed. Alexander,
Zechariah.
2
I!
i
"Diet,
the
Bible,"
Piece
of
Silver.
s. v.
St.
Paul,"
vol.
ii.
p.
27),
equal to
2s.
ihd.
of silver, or about
money (Parkhurst,
s.v.
1829,
1875,
3
1
apyvpiov).
xlvi;
p.
says
"Lexicon to X. T." ed. Rose, Davidson ("New Testament," the same thing, but gives the equality
Dr.
as 2s. Gd.
See
15) reads,
were Roman denarii, Greek town probably drachma; =1875" (Dr. Jacobson, Speaker's "Com. N. T." vol. ii. p. 482). The Attic drachm by gradual reduction became equal to the Roman denarius, and by this time was wholly or
Attic drachms of the value of 9|rf.
1770."
"In
If they a
but iar-qoav should certaiuly be rendered "they weighed" as in Zech. xi. 12 and other passages,
for thirty pieces of
silver,"
almost superseded by
it.
It
is
true that
Nero
issued
pieces
APAXMH
(see p. 290),
answering to the
lleb.
,\>V},
weight of the denarius, so that in any case the value would not
The parallel passage in St. Luke (xxii. 5) is rightly given as "they covenanted" {avvi&tvro), that in St. Mark (xiv. 11) as " they promised" {lin)yyei\avTo).
N. T."
Luke
madden
38
298
In
St.
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
Matthew
is
x.
to the
two
(or five)
a farthing
in
St.
asse
veneunt
and
Luke
Ou^i
irevTe
arpovOia
ircoXelTat,
veneunt dipondio
The
dipondius, or dupondius,
to two asses. 1
From
the fact
that
the Vulgate substitutes the word dipondius for the two assaria of the
Greek
text,
it
is
single
coin
is
This idea
is
by the copper
coins of Chios.
upon
or
AYO, and
ACCAPIA TPIA.
These two
HMYACCAPION
of
OBOAOC.
latter
The
to
late
"The Coinage
:
the passages of
" I
was
alluded
cannot
says
five
decide
(vi.
whether Polybius
He
pay
of
Roman
soldier
was two
obols.
We
know
it
asses,
of
denarius of the period cannot have been less than 64 grains troy.
of that weight.
Junia, 63 5
-
This gives
Roman
pay.
an iEginetan
but
if
put
at
14
5,
only
gives 29
grains of
Greek
which
is
great
perhaps
intelligible loss
on the exchange of
to
Roman
to
But
-
we suppose
pay of a
that
it
Polybius to refer
the
75, the
Roman
soldier
2L5
grains of
silver.
Greek
This
is
silver,
when we know
was equivalent
" I find
it
32 grains of
to
Roman
to
quite inadmissible.
also impossible
He
tells
us
(ii.
15, 6) that an as
was
a
equal to half
an obolos.
Now
if
we
Roman
weighed
soldier
equivalent to
36"25 grains of
to
have
-
72"5.
But
if
we reckon
to only
the obolos at
-
26 750,
53
5.
I cannot see
decussis,
2
my way
in this dilemma."
of these coins see
gttadrussis,
disappear
De
I.
the
75).
p. 303.
The word
Vitruvius
oboti ;
OBOAOC
(lib.
iii.
Meta244).
300
("Jew. Coinage,"
Romaine,"
Augustus,
(prichalcum
Blacas and
Witte, vol.
p.
Under
brass
however,
yellow
sestertius
see
Chapter
13)
called
dupondius, while the as continued to he struck in was of the same weight as the dupondius (Plin. "Nat. Hist."
xxxiv. 2;
and Lucian, who was born about a.d. 120, speaks of the common occurrence (olSa yhp rhv Xa^KOv, o0o\bu, u; olada, irapa rwv KarairK(6vTUV (Kao-rov " Contempl." ed. Didot, p. 133). ix\(ywv.
obolus of copper as a coin of
3
p.
299;
"Handbook
"Num.
Roman Numismatics,"
299
now
try to offer
some solution of
this
question,
l
my
are
:
The words
of
Polybius
The
foot-soldiers
3
receive
as
pay two
oboli
day,
the
Now
sixteen
his
He
pay
of the
sum
for
the
or he has reckoned
it
at
asses,
third part,
which would
From
weigh
less
(the half)
is
was the
confirmed
would seem
as if
by
Vfe learn from the passage of Polybius that the pay of the
the drachm or denarius, which, taking the denarius as ten
asses,
was one-third
of
who
says that
it
soldiers, 3
would give 3^
60
:
asses
a day.
63, or
is
59 grains
say
those at 62,
coins.
The
third of this
would be 20 grains of
silver.
it
How
was
does
Taking
grains (or as
after-
wards reduced to
10),
two obols of the Attic standard would equal 20 grains, or the pay of a
hardly likely that Polybius
of
-
Roman
The
soldier.
It
is
is
speaking of an
iEginetan obolos of
14'2 grains,
denarius
bi-uncial
to
asses,
but
afterwards, in
the
dictatorship of
Fabius Maximus,
soldiers
sixteen
uncial asses}
In order
therefore
that
should
not
and
as
their
in asses, it
asses,
was
ordered that the denarius paid to them should always be held as ten of the old
as
and not
ten of
the
new, so
uncial
that
they
still
received
denarius, for
change
sixteen
asses.
In
all
probability, therefore,
tetrobola,
Polybius, he
and not
as iEginetan hemidrachms.
P. 243;
cf.
Madden,
Farthing.
in
Maecab.
iii.
and
Alexander,
p.
Hussey ("Weights and Money," 145) has not arrived at any satisfactory conclusion. 2 'O+uxio./ 5' oi p.iv ir(C,o\ \ afi0dvov<n ttjj fotpas Svo ofloAovs,
s.v.
Esdras
vi.
iv.
56.
As wages
usc(i
f or
or reward generally,
found iu
Rom.
The word
hjj.e
/uto-dSs (Ileb.
.
"Ob'
y ul
(Ileb.
v
merces )
;
wageg or
.
; n Gen xxx
28> 32
ol
Be Taliapxoi SnrAoiv,
12.
oi
5'
Imrcis
Spaxriv.
daily
" Reliq."
vi.
xxx j. 7 g; Exod.
xxii.
iii.
and
.
1
39,
it
Two
obols
i
day
was
the
>> o\ it t> -ci i<i Ihe pay for labour in t Lucian s (Lucian, " De Electro, 3). " Epist. Saturn." 21), or as time was four obols (" Tim." 6 much as the centurion got in the time of Polybius. Put the pay of the soldi, r was doubled by Julius Cajsar (Suet, in
i
fii
pay of a rower
TnO
\ uljr.
'
pecwiin) r
Mica h
in
iii.
11
'
and i
(Ileb. ^.
?1'2
'if-
; '
Vul o13
^
and merces)
lt
is
Job
New
3
' .1
it
Luke
x.
Tim.
v.
18;
"Ann."
liv.
17;
Plin.
"Nat. Hist."
Penny.]
xxxiii.
3;
Dion Cass.
it
" In
Domitian
increased
still
datus."
xxxiii. 3 [see
more by adding three aurei annually (Suet, "in Dom." 7). As the soldier also received allowances of corn, the word for pay (stipendium) is called by Polybius btywviov, and so it is designated by St. Luke (iii. 14), and by Josephus (" Antiq." xii. 2, 3).
* " Q- Fabio Maximo Dictatore, asset unciales facti placuitque denarium xvi assibus permutari." Plin. "Nat. Hist."
xxxm.
3.
300
The second passage
clay's
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
of
living
was
as
half
and
to
that
this
was equal
to
the fourth
asses
part
of
the
obolos. 1
Consequently an
was equal
half an
obolos,
making four
equal to
two
obols,
or
show that 3j
that
bi-uncial asses
was
here
sum
paid
to
the
soldier,
and there
is
not
much doubt
Polybius
is
It
one-twelfth of the drachm, and the as one-tenth of the denarius, exactly the same proportion
as the franc
and the
shilling.
Polybius
suggest
themselves
in
this
second passage of
was equal
From
was equal
part of
this statement
to
half
as,
an obolos or four
to
the
was equal
the
chalcous,
from which,
as
St.
Mark
(xii.
42) says
that
the
lepta,
the chalcous.
Now
which
is
included between
Corinth),
3
220 and
b.c.
140
fall of
have above
stated,
Q. Fabius Maximus,
years, perhaps
up
to
B.C.
still
B.c.
154
had a
But
154 and
B.C.
134 the
as is wanting,
being
the semis
B.C.
weighing
about
133'4
grains,
8P5
to
grains, whilst
between
134
and
B.C.
from 116
76 grains. 5
In
agrees
this
semis,
then,
we seem
the
to
It
(if
in
weight with
dichalcon
it
existed) of
four
Its
quadrans,
moreover,
should
But
to assume, as
B.C.
154each
chalcous,
-
the
two
lepta
of
Mark
equalled
to
me
of
be
quite
proved.
Many
changes
bes
the
Roman
and
it
copper coinage
b.c 114
till
were
introduced between
grains,
6
and
104, the
mean
four dodrans
as of
278
was not
C. Blasio
and C.
3 4 5 6
2 " 'H/itaa-a-apiov, rovro 8' eVri TeVapToc juf'pos o/SnAov. "Ilist." ii. 15, 6. Polybius was born about B.C. 210, and died about b.c. 129 (Clinton, " F. II." vol.
p. 119).
Mommsen, " Hist, de la Mon. Rom." vol. iv. pp. 31, 32, pi. xxiv., Mommsen, " Hist, de la Mon. Rom." vol. iv. p. 37, pi. xxvi. Nos. 6, Mommsen, "Hist, de la Mon. Rom." vol. ii. pp. 76, 348 vol. iv. p.
;
xxv. Nos.
7
;
2, 3.
pi. xxvii.
Nos.
2, 3, 4, 8, 9.
501
By
the
lex
Papiria in
B.C.
89,
an
to
to
consequently
we
weighing
an ounce
(b.c.
84-74) the
issue of
About
to four
b.c.
copper equal
asses,
grains,
of
two
asses,
of one
sestertius
as,
as,
and of half an
grains)
as.
long.
(396"3
yellow
metal
whilst
the
was
struck of copper, the other denominations being the semis and the quadrans, the former of
latter
under Trajan. 2
his
Augustus and
successors
that
we must
look
for
the
quadrans mentioned
by
St.
Mark.
The
assarion of the
New
coins,
One
of
TAA
proves that
of Decapolis.
They were
or ^aX/covs.
series,
(1)
having the name of the town and the date of the era of Antioch, and
the emperor in
Latin, and
letters S.
C.
Museum
In
my
"Jewish Coinage"
302)
as of
was mistaken. 5
intro-
>Vhen the
duced, the
sestertius
as,
which
very
rare, 6
became the
did not
and the
as
averaged about
grains,
it is
As
therefore
clear
that
Mommsen, "Hist, de
M'immsen,
"Hist, de
xxxiv.
la
Mon. Rom."
vol.
iii.
pp. 33, 34
"Jew. Coinage,"
pp.
299,
302,
hi
Mon. Rom."
p. 302, notei,
vol. iv.
p 83,
pi.
See
The
as of
Nero
is
excessively rare.
No
specimen exists in
the liritish
Museum
See under Kohpa ct^s, and VII. Mite. Madden, "Jew. Coinage," p. 302.
(Mommsen, "Hist, de h Mon. Rom." 86; pi. xxxv. No. 5), though M. de Witte does not know where it is now is, and so is unable to record its
p.
Cavedoni ("
Iiibl.
Num."
vol.
i.
p.
weight.
a,s,
302
these
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
cannot be the
as,
sestertius,
Ko&pdvTns.
(1)
farthing"
(icoSpdvTrjv,
quadrantem, Matt. v. 26), and (2) "she threw in two mites, which
make
ean
/coSpdvTTjs
est
quadrans,
Mark
xii.
42).
The
quadrans, or fourth
part of the
Roman
as,
was
at
B.C.
62, it
was
Roman
brass coin. 2
Palestine
in
Roman
coins
Under Vespasian
;
there are
whilst the
to
exist, 3
small
pieces
weighing
-^aXKovi;, of
which no example
in
the
is
known
The
^aX/covs of
Agrippa
weighs 23 grains.
the as and other changes, the
the weight of
quadrans of
may
be
small coins of
the
farthing of
the
New
Testament.
VII. Mite
(XeiTTov,
minutum,
Mark
xii.
42
Luke
xii.
59
xxi. 2).
seven, it is said,
went
to
is
not at
all likely,
down
According
Svo, 6
St.
e'crrt
Mark
(xii.
42)
it
is
stated,
"two
lepta,
which
is
quadrans" (Xeina
KoSpuvrr)?).
The explanation
Luke
(xxi. 2).
The woodcut
represents a sestertius ;
the as
is
of the
same
New
equalled the
vo/Mlo-fiaTos Kovaopoivrriv
Roman
Tb AeirrSTaTov rov x a ^ K0 ^
vol.
iii.
Zk&Xovv.
la
The Jewish
made
and
Mommsen
is
(" Hist, de
Mon.
Rom."
p.
35,
note)
is
of opinion that
of
made
its
Empire are
insufficient to
prove
according to Jewish nDp")3 or nt01"l2 was the eighth part of the assar or Jewish as (Buxtorf, "Lex. Talni." s.v. "VDX), and as the Evangelists have understood this word HDIID to be the lepton,
as
;
Roman
rather contrary
it
p. 301, note 2.
theory
pi.
2;
p.
Hunter,
lxviii.
But this that the quadrans equalled Svo Xeina.. not tenable (Madden, " Jew. Coinage," pp. 296-302 Kitto's " Cyc. of Bibl. Lit." ed. Alexander, s.v. Mite).
follows
is
;
286;
Madden, "Jew.
;
4
5
It pp. 146, 147, 148, and under VII. Mite.] to notice that Schleusner ("Lex. N. T." s.v. KoSpdvTris), after
(KoSpavrris),
and
IX.
Money-
changers.
THE MITE.
These words of
St.
303
the cause of
much
controversy.
as well to recapitulate
offered.
The
late
Mark meant
to
say one
money
and
e'o-n
instead of o iari
quaz
sunt.
tcoBpdvT7)<;,
est,
and not
Moreover, from
other passages
it is
the
same
words of our
are
ecr^arov
Lord in
XeiTTOv.
tiro
St.
Matthew
says
26)
are
ea-ycvrov
tcoBpdvTrjv,
and in
Luke
(xii.
59)
Finally,
Cavedoni,
lepta
as
would
bring the
result,
that
among
-
the Jewish coins in the time of our Saviour, some must have existed of the weight
a
little
of 15 44 grains, or perhaps
more
know
none."
I did not in
my
Mark
in
1865 I received a
:
letter
confirming
to
my
conclusions from
xii.
" In reference
the passage,
there
is
which
is
common formula
See
of
Mark and
and case
et
other places of
the
New
\_koX
Testament.
eTredrjicev
est, filii
Mark
iii.
number
of the
eis
words preceding
imposuit
Cavedoni's opinion
not
it
in
the
by
6 iari, but,
certain
equal in
value
to
(like dacrdpia
may have
is,
been
one
coin.
should
be inclined to
draw
this
inference from
eari.
There
of course, one
more
St.
3
inference, that
among
the
readers contemplated
I
passage,
by
Mark."
that
have
stated
earlier
General
(to
Cunningham
has
found
no
difficulty
in
the
after
inclined,
but
which
is
careful study I
of
am
quadrans; but he
are
speaking
is
a time between
220 and
B.C.
period
we
now
considering
about
a.d. 60,
when
much reduced
to
by
St.
Mark was
Jewish
any but Jewish coins into the Holy Place, and for
this
Temple
in order to give
may
1
"
Bibl.
Num."
s.v.
vol.
p. 7G.
(acrirdpiov).
"Jew. Coinage,"
Alexander,
p.
297;
Kitto's
ed.
Mite.
304
of
NUMISMATA OEIENTALIA.
the Herods, which weigh from 15 to 18 grains, are the pieces in question, and the half of
or
lopton. 1
Perhaps,
in
the same
way
as
we know
was reduced
to
would be a quadrans.
pieces, of
But
it
is
am now
inclined myself
pieces of
to
Bvo XeirTa
[sc.
vo/j.lafMaTa~\,
"two small
and in
money,"
meaning the
money then
extant,
o e'o-u Kohpavrr]^
;
has been added to show that the quadrans was then the smallest
the parallel passages of
xii.
struck
(to
this case
"
till
last
mite"
59),
and
"till
farthing"
may
It is impossible
to
fact
this
the Empire,
the time of
which
still
retained the
name
of
'xaktcovs,
the
lepton of
the Seleucidae
Talent
(tliXclvtov,
talodum).
in
who owed
lord
ten
thousand
who
pence
in
his
his fellow-servants
(denarii)
and
(2)
2.
Pound
is
(fjbva,
mna).
This word occurs in the parable of the pounds (Luke xix. 13-25),
its
which
very similar in
talent
The Greek
At
of
which 60 went
to the
Hebrew
New
Testament to express this
27,
class.
Tpavrefm;?,
from
rpdire^a,
table,
The word
AeirriJs
occurs as au adjective in
Gen.
xli.
4.
sensus
" Dubium autem videtur esse, utrum horum verborum unumquodque minutum, an simul utrumque esse quadrantem. Euthymius singula minuta singulos quadrantes
sit,
xii.
42) says,
"Mark
adds
'6
i<rri
KoSpdvT-m
iiiisse
putat,
;
quae
opinio
validissima
(v.
videtur
26)
posse
ratione
showing that at this time no real coin of Beza considered 8 eVn KoSpavT-qs the name of lepton existed." a marginal quotation which has crept into the text, and Wassenburgli that there is no means of getting over the difficulty of the passage but by expunging the words (Bland, "Annotations to New. Test." Madden, " Jew. Coinage," p. 297). Maldonatus (a Jesuit writer of great repute, who flourished about 1562-72),
Eoman
readers,
confirmari
nam quod
Matthoeus
quadrantem, Lucas (xii. 59) dicit quadrans et minutum idem slut." 4 See Appendix A. 5 The Athenians called money-changers apyvpanot&oi. In fact, all the terms in connexion with money were derived from
dpyvpos or apyvpiov, and not from xp va & s
p. 17, note 1.
-
See
Chapter
II.
Num."
vol.
i.
p.
80,
note
58),
"
MONEY-CHANGERS.
a
305
money-changers in Matt. xxi. 12
;
word which
xi.
is
tables "
(mensce) of the
Mark
2.
15; John
15,
Ko\\v/3i<tt7]<;,
ii.
numularius,
Matt. xxi. 12
Mark
xi.
15
A.V.
from
ko\\vj3o<;.
Kep/j.aTiaT7]$,
A.V.
" changer of
Kep/xa,
money "
numularius,
John
ii.
14,
from
Kepfiari^co,
"money,"
aes,
John
ii.
15.
TpaTTetyrr)*;
for the
banker at Athens.
They were
Rome, who must be distinguished from the mensarii or mensularii and the
state
who
seem
all
latter of
whom
name
their
in
cases correctly.
From
As
their
trapezitce
ofioXoaraTcu,
from
rpdire^a,
"a
table,"
so
French "banquier,"
his business.
derived from the French banc, a bench, on which the person sat to do
2.
The
origin of the
is
doubtful.
Its
meaning
is
also obscure.
3
Sometimes
as
it is
money"
5
or
"rate of exchange,"
sometimes
" small
6
Cicero,
"a kind of money." In the former sense it is mentioned by 7 " The Emperor Augustus was upbraidingly told by and by Suetonius, who writes
coin,"
or
Mark Antony
business
Some
on
said [at
father
the
same
whilst Cassius of
Thou
art a
lump
of thy mother's
meal, which
Aricia,
1
Je^m^
<n\*.%.Kn
= npy>ipnuniftnl
From
this
comes Spbn
2 1
iii.
'ApyvplovaWayi,,
9
;
cf.
vii.
33.
291).
Die phoenicische Gestalt dieses Wortes erkennlich in 6 vvv k6\\v(}os aKKay-fi Pollux (. 170; n6\\vf3ov \ elrT 6v ti vofiifffidriov, 0. 72. Die Consonanten sind da X ^^<pos
fjjj
money-
Griechen
so
unhorbar
und
unsprechbar,
wie
6pl X a,
changer
1 5
is
called
verandert worden.
nDSn."
Prof. Smith
,
Scott, s.v.)
adds
Pollux,
Ka\ KoKKv0ov,\eirr6y ri
ElSos
,.
" The n
Arabic
not
and so would
votiifffj.aTos,
Hesychius,
,
s.v.
The
scholiast on Aris-
toph.
:
("Pax"
coin
. (loos
n j Prof.
"kind
*>r
\V
This rough equal Greek x< a "d gi ye X^ Kv(P s as transcription. souud, according to Lagarde, the Greeks could not catch or
Robertson
i.
'ta'i'
^ 6
Smith has kindly sent me the following note on the word ; .,,_ .. ,. ,, T n. k6\Kv&os, from 1'rof. de Lajrarde s work (" Orientaha, j ;, ii it n j ttt_ 27, Separatabdruck, from vol. xxvi. of " Abh. K. G. d. Wiss. p. r 1
.
,. "Nam
,
Rcnere nummoruin
collubo est
7
Collybus esse qui r potest, cum utantur omnes uno ... _? Tr . ,, ... ,, ,, ~ " bed certe ? " In Verr. m. (8, 181
,.
',,
,
zu Gbttingen") "5)711
II.
[i.e.
intensive
xii.
41,
14;
Eegn. B.
12,
20 [2 Sam.
20].
yn
,.
,,
satis.
,,^ "
m
.
i,pist.
ad Att.
,.
,,
xn.
6.
MADDEN
39
306
The emploj meut
r
NTJMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
of
the
three
different
in
few lines
is
worthy of
notice.
'
and here
inscription
it
seems
itself,
also to
mean
the
money exacted by
by Bockh
as
The
whose date
is
given
of
previous to
b.c.
167,
appears to
record a decree
made by an assembly
one
vrjaicoTcov)
at Tenos, to set
up a
statue
to
Timon, because whilst some demanded 105 drachms of Tenos for 100
[tw^] ttcoXov^vtoov virep e/caT^bv
ical
drachms of Rhodes
airaiTovvTwv] etcarbv
their
Bpa^wv
ov/c
\_eXarTov
irevre
Bpa^cov
tcou T[rivia>v\
he
is
having
to
pay any
is
agio (\_aKo\\\v(3unov).
Mr. Conder
of
opinion
that
the
2
koXXv{3o<;
payment
for
exchange.
He
suggests
that
as
"there
Ohaldoean word
Nj?p
to,
(pitch),
from
the half-shekel.
'
The word
*)5,3
is
translated
pitch
'
in
xxi. 30."
throw light on
this question
is
that in Theo-
by Liddell and
Scott,
and from
it
The passage
fiopov rov K
elf
rrjs
is
as
follows:
Eupf/aOat
ical
Be
fyaai
vvv
dfielvco
ical
ttoXv
t?}?
irporepov
ware
fir)
KaOdpaeccs
p,kjxiKTai.
dXXa
apyvpou
top ararrjpa
e'
ow
yvcopi^ovai to Kadijtcov.
Theophrastus
is
here speaking of
the touch-stone,
a
by means
of
which
for
it
is
possible
it
to
is
alloy contained in
coin,
gold or silver
stater,
which purpose
it,
but
only the
smallest
division of
a KpiQr), the next a tcoXXvfios, the next a TerapTTi^bpLov, and the next an rjfuwfioXos,
is
proper,
i.e.
the alloy."
" a
The word
tepid/}
grain,"
as
The
KoXXvftos
is
The The
is
the half-obol.
From
this account
--rs
General Cunningham
is
of
is
opinion
"which was
of
an
weight of a grain of
the
husked barley
later
"
'
adding
mea or
Jewish obol of
2
3
vol.
iii.
p. 180, noie.
"Frag.
II.
De
Lapidibus,"
46,
ed.
"Num.
MONEY-CHANGERS.
11 "2
grains
consist
307
was therefore 0*7
of
of
16 barley-corns,
each,
of
which,
an
English
grain."
~\7tt6v
would be equal
being the \
TTaprri[i6piov
obol of
2*8
grains,
and the
rjfiuof3o\o<;
piece
of
5'6
silver piece
and the \
be the
I
would thus
silver equivalent of
Talmud 2 the
collybus
3
was equal
in
it
value to
a copper-
a silver obolus,
corn,
-
seems to make
-r6
be equal to
of an obol, or
9 6
- - of
the drachm. 4
The
its
k6\\v/3o<;, if
minted as
coin
is,
coin, coincided
it
with the
all
an obol
being a
silver
that
is
not at
probable, as
we know
same
the
word
tc6Wvj3o<;
would be applied
/cepfia,
to the
3.
The word
from
iceipa>,
"to cut
is
off,"
is
It will be
to Kepp.a.
called Kepfiarl^co,
itself
Kep/u.ara. 5
Money-
The money-changers
sat
in
the
courts of
for
the Temple
money
of the
Jewish, as
The
/co&pdvT'n<;
New
the
8
smallest
money
this
to
was in
probability
quadrans weighing
30 grains.
the
advanced
it,
sense
of
term,
in
;
their
increasing
and on which
interest
to
Luke
To lend on usury
Levit. xxv. 36, 37
20),
;
(toko?)
xxiii.
and appears
to
have
been
practised during
was considered an
s.v.
Money-changer.
word 3?p
says,
is
s Hussey, "Weights and Money," p. 50. The late Dr. Finlay ("Greece under the Romans," 2nd ed. 1857, p. 538, note 3) speaks of the smaller copper coins of Justinian I.
(
"The
change
{collybus)
or
the loss in
changing a coin
;
an
A D
-
527-565)
by the
name
K4 Ptia,
adding that
they
are
Num."
1858, p. 364
generally rare.
6
'
Coinage," p. 241).
"I)a,Munz-MassundGcwichtswescninVordcrasien,"p.292.
Theophylact
(Archbishop
of
Olympiod. "in Plat." lt has bce n suggested (Lord A. Hervey, Smith's "Diet, of
Bible," vol.
Bulgaria,
a.d.
1071)
says,
tlle
" KdAAujSosAc'yeToi rb Mnrbu vdpitrpa "EAAt,, b voZwov (nummum) ivopiCouai," evidently alluding
*V
*Pjua?
to
the
&
8)
Nehemiah, Book of) that the Temple (Nehem. are perhaps the prototypes of the money-changers in the
ii.
p.
490,
s.v.
vessels of the
Temple.
auriftces ;
(2
They
cf.
are designated
iti
the
I.
XX.
ol
Xa\(cs
(Vulg.
nummus
iii.
or libella
(Mommsen,
vol. iv.
in. 432).
In the
"Hist, de
p.
la
Mon. Rom."
pp. 107-109,
165;
Tim.
8
iv.
Ill,
pi.
sxlxqua.
No. 9). and being one-twelfth of the See under IV. Vemy.
xl.
silver
mentioned.
308
abomination (Prov.
cf.
NL'MISMATA ORIENTALIA.
vi.
I,
1
xi.
15,
etc.;
Ps. xv. 5
Jer.
xv. 10
Ezek.
xviii.
13
xxii.
12
ii.
usury
yards,
" Restore I
pray you to them even this day their lands, their vineyards, their olivealso the
hundredth part of the money, and of the corn, the wine, and
v.
the
oil,
that ye exact of
them" (Nehem.
12).
11),
to confirm
their promises
by oath
(ver.
In the
" hoping for
New
Testament period
not objected
to,
provided
it
was done
35
cf.
Matt. v. 42).
in the
The
vicious
by the money-changers
their
one, for
our Lord,
when he overthrew
have made
7;
it
tables,
exclaimed, "
My
house shall be 13
;
a
11).
xxi.
Mark
17;
Luke
xix.
46;
cf.
Is.
lvi.
Jer. vii.
X. Treasury, or Treasure:
This term
is
New
Testament as the translation of
Ta^otyvkaiciov, gazophylacium,
(Mark
xii.
41, 43;
Luke
xxi. 1;
John
viii.
20),
from yda,
" a treasure,"
^^
9
which occurs in
this sense in
Acts
viii.
27,
employed frequently
1
;
in the
iii.
v.
17;
;
vi.
vii.
20
2
;
Esther
[LXX. ya^vXaKiov]
3
iv.
Chron. xxviii. 11
[LXX.
^aK^cov;
of
Vulg.
cellar iorum~\).
The
officer
the treasures
cf.
the
21;
treasurer
was
it
named
2,
5
*)3T3
(Ezra
i.
LXX.
Taapap-qvos;
is
Vulg. Gazabar ;
Ezra
vii.
pTlil, Dan.
iii.
3).
Gaza
not occur
not
Hebrew but
;
Persian word. 4
"
in
inscriptions
but there
can
be
little
doubt that
existed,
*~*"~|, Originally the pronunciation was probably rather ganza than ^yy*"|^-y or ^|y*~ yyy y gaza, the Persians being in the habit of inserting the sound of n before the dentals d, I, and
z,
it.
As
the
practice,
f
*~~y
they naturally
supplied
(Esther),
and
expressed
the
Persian
^y^y^^T
or
for
(W*"
YYY
by
genes
T.13
for surety
is
il3"iy
from
2~\]}
"to
"a
Q,
Greek appa&wv
deposit.
2
2 Cor.
i.
money
22;
T[^
ganja.
" Gaza,
sic Persse
aerarium
^vocant."
Persae
5
Comp.
Fr. arrhes.
xi. 5, 1) in
" pecunia
p.
regia,
quam gazam
mentioned in this chapter uses the word yao<pvAa.Kiov for the "king's treasury."
424.
309
gizbdr
Ml
( J aza b&ra,
literation
follows
closely."
This treasury-chamber
charity-money for the repairs and other uses of the Temple, and
Agrippa
I.
hung up
the
golden chain which had been given him by Caius in exchange for
Dr. Lange, in commenting on the
5
:
"
The
sacrifice
tell
fund
is
The Rabbis
brazen
(JTHSC, 'trumpets,' certainly not because the chests were trumpet- shaped, but because
cast into
the
the
at
the
top and
narrow below).
They
stood
for
in
the
outer court of
the
'
women.
Ileb.'
'
gifts
the Temple.
for
Lightfoot,
tribute
pointed
sacrifice)
Temple-tribute
;
and
the
sacrifice
(that
is,
the
four chests for free-will offerings, for wood, incense, Temple decoration, and burnt-
offerings.'
"
expression,
The
"
when thou
2),
doest
trumpet
[//,?;
aakTriar]^
vi.
money
Ta^ofyvXdiaov
xiv.
for
" treasury,"
is
also
x.
(1
is
Maccab.
used for
49
2 Maccab.
v.
18),
but in Nehem.
and
xiii.
4,
5,
it
the house of
God
(Heb. 113^7),
xii.
Neh.
iii.
30
44,
and in Neh.
in the house of
God"
(Heb. iT|B>}).
for the " chest " in
money
(2
is
Hebrew by
(2
and by the
LXX.
i/3o)t6?
Kings
xii.
9,
10),
Hebrew
1
LXX.
J
i
\j^Ganjibdr
"q>_
Parvez nomine
{jr^y
1
-S iXi^S Ganjban J
^
is
in the
iew that alms were P ut into certain trumpet-shaped alms-boxes Temple called yao(pv\a.Kta, distinct from the yao<pv\d.K tov
^y, {ganj
gau)
noti
,i
"
I
(Viillers'
Diet.).
,,,!.
is
"thesauri custos,
'
or
J^frf
to
.^^.S
./.,. Ganjdar,
J
'
Luke xxi. 1 (of. Reland, " De Spoliis Templi," Some trumpet-shaped objects occur on the coins of ^ ,,,,, ,, T ,, Bar-cochab (Madden, "Jew. Coinage," pp. 207, 208; "Num.
.
" a treasurer."
vol. xv. p.
325
ChapterX.
Nos.
7,
16-18,
not,
35,
to consider
vincing,
be explained as a
vol.
vi.
neighbours (Rev. J.
p. 247).
3
M.
Fuller,
See
7
Chapter X.
note under
two No. 7.
made by Moses.
Cf. Joseph.
"
Bell.
Jud."
6,
v. 5, 2.
1.
coffer in
*
5
vi. i. 2) has this word for the small which the Philistines put the golden mice and emerods when they carried away the ark (1 Sam. vi. 8, 11, 15, Heb.
" Com. on
St.
Mark,"
vol.
iii.
p.
T31X,
(
LXX.
.
6e/j.a,
Vulg.
capsella).
It
is
xii
xiii
2 9) for the
"bag "
9
carried
;
by Judas
Foi
19.
The
li.
late
s.v.
Rev.
Antiq."
Sac."
A. Haddan (Smith's " Diet, of Christian Alms), quoting from Le Moyne ("Not. in Var.
iii.
W.
^a
(treasure)
cf.
B^iXiov,
Tim.
vi.
See
Chapter
I. p. 7.
310
The Hebrew jllN
(Gen.
1.
NUHISMATA OEIENTALIA.
is
also
into
26), rendered
by the LXX.
It
is,
however, most
is
/a/3a>T6?
which
employed in
LXX.
paper
l
the covenant"
(Ileb. TO.T\)
see
my
"On
the
Noah and
an
Ark."
2.
by Josephus.
It
is
apparently
derived
|3"1p, korban.
it
This
latter
word
tart,
New
Testament (Mark
11),
4
where
is
explained, Kopftav, 6
gift.
freeing themselves from the ministration to God, are to give thirty shekels
if
woman,
fifty
man.
The same
author, quoting
is
lit.
"a
gift,"
but employed in
Moses
(cf.
Lev.
ii.
1,
unbloody
sacrifices,"
(LXX.
Bcopov
Swpov,
7rpoa<popd).
7
:
Minha
has
meanings.
With
respect
to
Korban,
the
"
The
which rather
communion
it
or covenant between
As
(Eph.
to Saypov in the
New
v.
Testament,
23,
principally
means "gifts
v.
is
11),
"sacrificial
ii.
gifts"
(Matt.
to
24;
(Rev.
viii.
4;
Heb.
it
1;
xi.
4),
"gifts
of
God
to
man"
Scopa,
8),
"of man
1),
man"
one
xi.
10), but to
also used of
gifts to the
"treasury"
ra
(Luke
xxi.
and
in
case
appears
mean
the
"treasury
itself"
(et?
Luke
xxi. 4).
&r/cravp6s, thesaurus.
ii.
3.
11;
xiii.
52).
As
45
;
the
(Matt.
vi.
19,
iv.
20
7
;
xii.
35
ii.
xiii.
44
xix. 21
26).
l^iitf,
Mark
x.
21
Luke
vi.
xii.
is
33
xviii.
22
2 Cor.
Coloss.
Heb.
xi.
The word
used
in
the
LXX.
and
Hebrew
meaning
either
God
for
Temple or
Kings
1
vii.
51; Neh.
x. 39;
xii.
44 [treasure],
;
12, etc.). 8
" Num. Cliron." n.s. I860, vol. vi. p. 209 and in Smith's and Cheetham's " Diet, of Christ. Antiq." s.v. Money. 2 Tbv Upbv 0-qaavpbv, KaAeirai Be Kop/3apas. "Bell. Jud." ii.
9, 4.
3
Kal
ol
tw
&e<2,
Supov Be toCto
cti/ialvtt koto.
5
iv. 4, 4.
fJL(dep/xr)vev6fievos
i.
22.
responding one
xv. 5),
is
not easy of
interpretation
Gift.
7
"Cyc.
Alexander, and
s.v. Sacrifice.
Rev. H.
W.
Phillott, Smith's
"
s.v. 0ri<ravp6s.
C.
In
justification of
to the First
by Dr. Levy,
" It
as
published
my
"Jewish Coinage,"
it
will
well
known
that
is
to
be
found in
all
the
Jewish writings subsequent to the Bible, even to the end of the Talmud, excepting the well-
known passage
traditional
in
the
book of Maccabees.
to coins of
On
the
other
hand,
many
quotations in that
the time of
Let us consider
we have found no
we
read with reference to the redemption of the second tithe (Ma'aser Sheni,
1,
5)
2
:
mphti dwb
money
of
Snx
in
wa
p^y
How
it.
up,
*..
'The
is
nor by a
not
possession.'
is
this
to
be
understood
When
if
with
it
and
redeem with the money that was current in the time of earlier kings.
"The
passage of
the
Sheni,
1,
2)
runs
thus:
in!SE>
V22
yhv nax
rtTttn
*a*x
nVjil,
'm
i.&
'Bip
*mw
*b
as
vn hbnn u*k
those of
xi*?vj
p pw
C^
well
Ben-Kosiba, cannot be
given in a certain case
used for
by R. Ime,
"
salt-sea
(i.e.
'sea' in general).'
The
Babylonian
Gemara
(Baba
Kama
97b.)
quotes
the
aforesaid
Thosiphtha,
in
pp. 329-333.
" Jiid. Miinzen," pp. 126-131 Madden, " Jew. Coinage," A resume of Dr. Levy's researches is given by M. de Sanlcy in the " Rev. Num." L865, pp. 9-12, tirage-a-part. 2 cannot take any notice of the corrections of It. Bliaa Wilna, in the sadly critical state of the text of the Thosiphtha
'
;
he often
falls into
mistakes, as
lie
"We
and by so doing is often led into errors." 3 " nij?01 ought certainly to be read instead of DWDOl, is clear from the other Talmudic passages quoted further on."
ai
312
the
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
following
|K
manner:
WiTD rW
instance, with
lS
VH TX*3
i.e.
ITttttCV
MW n^H
Sy j^PlO
pSSnD
that
MHWm
if
it
money
of
former kings.'
"
Now, even
has been
much
it
certain, that
that a
remainder of
currency.
was
still
extant after the post-Mishnaitic times, but had even at that time no
But what
are
we
to
i.
2)
D^D
of
pit!*
'"1
1BK.
In
this
place
mention
is
made
of
sum
prescribed
in
the Kethuba of
to the opinion of
some
scholars,
might be composed
On
also
point
it
is
remarked by R.
in this case.
2
mJ^nD, and
as well as
Jerusalem-coins
is
were
sufficient
Moreover,
we
are
in
the
dark as to what
the
first
kinds of coin,
to the
yet this
much
is
Jerusalem-coins, did
not belong
proper currency.
We
also
to
arrive at
a decided
50
a.
Aboda
Sara
!^Dt3>
52
*'
'
b.).
Thus
says
*jfi&
NS^
fiO*nfltD
Wp3
D vB'TV 7ty
Trajanus on account of the types of Jerusalem which were struck upon them.'
is
not
easy to be
explanation.
understood.
it,
as
follows, until
we
the
get a
silver
better
Trajan,
it
well
known,
called
in,
in
the
year a.d.
a
107,
Roman
him,
4
new coinage on
value
account of
the
profit
to
of
full
weight and
and stamped
it
"We must
in
now assume
Palestine,
that
many
to
coins
were certainly
time
of
current in Jerusalem,
and especially
with
the
belonging
the
the
Jewish
Revolt
under
Nero,
legend
to the
Holy Temple.
and
the
In the
thus
work
of
Restoration
of
Trajan, these
coins
"Peculiar,
although unfounded,
i.
is
Lightfoot's
sunt,
opinion
('
Opp.
omn.'
p.
452),
'
Ita
dicti
quod
ejusdem
cum moneta
1
Ilierosolymitana,
non cum
, that Hadrian (Trajan was an adopted name and N3 ^' = 2f3o(7T(5s) profaned holy coins of Jerusalem, probably intended for building the Temple, and stamped his own name Hadrianus Trajanus
"
,
Sebastos thereon.
'
is,
"IsitnotpossibletoreadnVD ?t"|| ni:3n 111*3113 Wybo Neronian denarii of the Jerusalem Chiefs'? This coni.e. iecture certainly seems somewhat hazardous, yet it is at any rate
'
doubt
meant
4
Temple."
" Cf.
text.
[" Hist, de
p. 31.]
Rom. Miinzwesens,' p. 758, seq. Mommsen, la Mon. Rom." ed. Blacas and De Witte, vol. iii.
its
rWVW
vho 'a
denarius of Nero.'
was not
and that
it
was
especially
" Gratz
(iv. p.'
'
EXTRACTS FROM THE TALMUD ON THE COINS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND REVOLTS.
profaned were turned into re-coined, well-polished, smooth coins
block to the Jews, and they would gladly not
(Ezekiel
arisen
to
vii.
1
313
22) come
a coinage.
'
For the
we hold
'with
Gratz
"with
regard
of
the words
Hadrianus Trajanus
is
in
name
usually called on
of
struck by him.
The
its
rendering -which
we have given
through
On
this
point
R.
Osija
says,
'they would
have
'
abstained
(which, as
to
of
Jerusalem
Raschi teaches
holy),
and thereupon
after
an objection
this
we turn back
we
are of
opinion that
no other coins could well be meant, than those which were struck in the
said,
2
bear
the legend
'
coins are
manner
In
are
by 'The Money
of Danger,'
'Money
of
is
connected together as
money
of the First
and
Jerusalem-money
2)
'
'
there
is
Talmud
identical
(Ma'aser
Sheni,
other.
1,
Money
of
Danger,'
of
which must
is
therefore
be
considered
with
the
As
the
time
Ben- Kosiba
is
called
"TtDC
/S
Revolt
b.
called
thus the
Mishna (Kethub.
9,
jft)
9)
R. Simon
Gamliel says
her
thenceforth
bill of
(TTN! rODDn
the
is
woman
can redeem
!""I3DD,
Kethuba,
divorce.'
Here evidently
meant by
i
the First
so active a part."
" So
we must
The name
'
N3C
means
"It
is
passage (Kama, 97
4),
and Chaldee 'to smooth, to polish, to brighten, to clean;' thence also KSE? and NS'tt' (in Syriac), even, bright This (cf. Bernstein, "Lex. Syr. ad chrestom." Kirsch. s.v.). signification holds good for those coins which came bright horn. the Mint whilst, according to the old common meaning rubbed,' that is when the stamp was no longer intelligible, there was no reason to reject the coins, as the superscription was illegible."
in the Syriac
'
D^CIT
^CV
JDOO
19, 1. But why the H33D *?C 711170 that no profit could be gained by it, was thus rejected, the commentators on the Talmud do not make clear neither can we assign any reason for it."
;
40
D.
We
have
given in
the previous
may
some of the passages he has selected from the Talmud, from which many
Jewish coins have probably been made.
1
the
counterfeit
"It
is
well
known
stamped
coins, as well as of
to the
3
Kuthami
blessed the
whom
is
the invention
coins
(rtO'^'Ift,
may
be ascribed; Abraham,
of
whom
it
And
I will
make
of
therefore
it is
And what
the
are
these
like ?
An
other.
After him
comes Joshua, of
his
on the one
said
in
the
all
vi.
'
27), 'So
his coins
buffalo
went
the world.
and a
the
on the
of
his
to
according
to
His glory
is
like
firstling
bullock,
and
(1
his
horns
the words
coins
side,
'And
the fame of
lands,' so
staff
'
also his
went over
the world.
And
A
it
on one
is
Song
iv.
4),
Thy neck
Lastly, Mordecai, of
whom
is
For 'Mordecai
So
was great in the king's house, and his fame went out throughout
coins are also attributed to him.
side,
the provinces.'
How may
other.
this
they be described?
Sackcloth
We
may compare
b).
with
passage
'
in
the
?
Talmud (Baha
Kama, 97
1
How
(SHD^ IHT^
words:
moneta
(coin)
moneo, resounding
:
again
and monitum (remembrance), both from in pO'JIO (see Beer, 'Das Leben
'
Ueber die Ueberreste der Babyloniscben and 73 comp. Gutschmid, Die nabathaische Landwirthschaft und ibre Geschwister,' in the Zeitschrift der deutsch. Moro-enl. Gesell.' xv. p. 42." 3 " The interpretation of the Midrasch rests upon a play upon
'
;
'
Cf. also Isid. Abraham's,' p. 209). De Orig.' xvi. 17, moneta, quia monet, ne qua fraus in metallo vel pondere fiat ' therefore also derived from a kind of Midrasch, instead of from
'
;
315
holy
city,
vtt^T a?).
other.
side,
on the
a
is
And how
of
our Patriarch
Abraham ?
youth and
maiden on the
;
other.'
Whereupon Raschi
is
Isaac
man on one side, and Old man and woman, that adds, and Rebecca.' ....
old
'
An
the
for
passages,
which,
in
a
in
the fabrication of so
great
quantity
of
false
Jewish
coins, that
when we
the
last
1
century assert
that they
of
authentic
Jewish
coin
in
any
cabinet.
But
that
originals
these
accordance with
the
judgment
some
we must
deny.
We
Talmud
mere Greek
him the
'
the assertion
is,
moncta,'
is
the
and Roman
they could.
coin of
This
is
also the
the
What
is
the
Jerusalem
'
which
far
nVJtjTty'n* JliyJD,
which was
already not understood, endeavours to extract some meaning from the types found on Imperial
Roman
"
coins,
and thus originated the fancy that a coin of Jerusalem had been
these
coins
;
seen.
The
fabricators of
have on
it
the
The
Abraham
Obvekse.
Reverse.
nrpn
|pt
nbirai Tira
its
commentators. 3
as,
'
On
for
instance,
one
with
the
"pftn PlQT-C
i3!ll
"l/fti"!
TH,
i.e.
King
David and
his son
'
&1pn,
i.e.
King Saul
s
own
money was
"
still
current
remembrance, reputation,
Kb^lJS TH^)-'
monitum
implied.
his
head,
the
1 " Rasche, ' Die Kenntniss antiker Miinzen, ' p. 40." [Also Pinkerton, in his " Essays on Medals," vol. i. p. 291, " Hebrew
2
'
illustrations
;
of
this
'
kind of
coin,
; '
see
Hottinger,
'
Cippi Hebraici
J
'
Froelich,
ii.
Annates Syriao
intended
to
Leusden,
Philo-
and brass coins with the Samaritan characters are generally fabrications of modern Jews the admission of but one of them is rightly esteemed to be a disgrace to a cabinet "]
shekels
;
"The
Rebecca.''
'
316
words *|7j3n
should
Pl/b/ty*
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
'The
the
other
'
side,
represent
the
Temple
Solomon's
Even the
3)
:
03 by DnriX Wrbtt
as coin types.
~f?
rPrV iih
is
' ,
Thou
shalt
have no other Gods before me,' are found head of Christ, and the name ^C*
'
Yery frequent
Jesu
i.e.
DTlSx
uk&S NS
"]Sd
FPP&
in peace,
God
made man.'
less
are or
made
with more or
of
skill,
either
from authentic
original
coins
of
the
Jews,
from
descriptions
them.
no
inconsiderable
in
II.,
copying
old
is
it,
original
faithfully
coins,
had
also
in
shekel
of
Simon
of
the
is
year
also
and
this
copied
old
of
from
an
original
specimen.
The
inscription
copied from
the
and
is
in
Hebrew
them
goes
writing.
as
The
back
other
as
current
shekels
have
square
writing.
One
7pt?
far
has
the absurd
inscription,
TH
'Shekel
of
David, which
written
round a
tree, at
the sides of
letter
&
(short for
?pC ?).
i.e.
The other
has
a vase with
three-fold
in,
the
letters
are
brought
of
D^YTO TQD
(?)
btiW
tat?
P11JT,
'The Lord
is
is
Israel's guardian,
King
Glory
in
Jerusalem.'
num,"
The most
pi.
i.
frequent, however,
very
is
" Other similar coins, such as those of Adam and Eve, Cain they are found in the writings and Abel, we pass over here
1
;
Ven. 1761, 2
vols. fol.).
above specified."
[This legend
is
is
King came
(Rev.
p.
in peace
C.
;
W.
and being made the light of men, He lives King, " Early Christian Numismatics," 1873,
;
"
shown by their being cast, not struck, in addition to their bearing modern Hebrew characters (cf. Madden, " Num. Chron." n.s. 1866, vol. vi. p. 186, note 58).] 2 " Finder, Die Becker'schen falschen Miinzen beleuchtet,' [Cf. T. J. Arnold, " Becker's Forgeries," p. 27, No. 127."
sufficiently
'
or, 104 A. Way, in the same volume, pp. 297, 298) "Jesus Nazareuus Messias Deus et homo simul" (A. Way, The Rev. R. Walsh, in his "Essay on op. cit. p. 299). ancient coins, medals and gems, as illustrating the progress of Christianity in the early ages" (1828), considers (p. 10) that "the very circumstance of the head of Christ wanting a nimbus of glory, is a presumption amounting to a certainty, that it was not fabricated after the seventh century, at which time that symbol
in
"Num.
By
Chron."
iii.
p. 246.
Smyrna, which I have no hesitation in stating which Mr. Lewis also concurs, though it must be added that the owner is convinced of their They consist of a shekel and half-shekel of the genuineness. " year 2" and a shekel of the " year 3," weighing respectively
of
Mr. Whittall
of
of sanctity
was adopted as a distinctive mark of sacred persons, was considered impious to depict them without it." But putting on one side this and other descriptive nonsense, as given by Mr. Walsh, there is no doubt that these medals were made
and
it
54j
grains,
Apart from their thinness and small weight, the lettering is very bad, and on the shekel of the "year 3" the legend reads from
left to right
,
after
the description
of
Christ in
the
apocryphal
letter
of
Lentulus to the
Roman
Senate
(Fabric.
?rrw?Q
A
np-ntrn.
Test." pp. 301, 302; see Didron, "Christian Iconography," ed. Bohn, 1851, vol. i. p. 246) about the middle of the sixteenth century, by Italian artists, by the order of some admirer of our
Saviour, and perhaps even
large silver coin, the size of a five-shilling piece, bearing the legends of the shekel of the " year 4," and weighing 368
grains,
it is
by order
of
John
is
Pico, Prince of
a beautiful gold
whom
there
Museum (cf.Kbhler, "MiinzBelustigung." vol. vi. p. 357, Nuremburg, 1734). Many similar medals were also made at this period ("Museum Mazzuchelliacoin with his portrait in the British
Col. Warren considers it at Jerusalem about the year 1874. to be a copy of some coin or token, specimens of which do not now exist. The lettering on this piece is not only very bad, but
very peculiar.
genuine, but I
I believe that
to consider it
am
WORES ON JEWISH
large silver
piece (cast) with
317
Pltmpn
which
will
on one
side,
and on the
other,
round a
vessel,
from
issues
smoke,
7X~C^
/p&
'
Shekel of
Israel.'
deceived
by
is
so
bungling a performance
signs, the
mark
of forgery."
E.
LIST
1849. 2
(1849).
C.
Cavedoni,
nelle
"Numismatica Biblica
Scritture,"
in
o "
sia
Dichiarazioni delle
di
Monete Antiche
Morale
et
Memorate
2 (1850).
Sante
the
Memorie
in the
Religione,
di
di
Modena.
etc.,
"Mem.
Rel." III.
x.
pp. 5-59;
293-335;
pp. 5-25.
Modena.
German
in 1850.
in 1855.
volume
at
Modena
les
3 (1853).
F. de Saulcy,
"Sur
gouverneurs Romains de
in the "
la Judee, depuis
p.
Revue Numismatique,"
J.
186.
4 (1854).
o.s.
Rev. H.
Rose,
"On
the
Jewish Shekel,"
in
the
"Numismatic Chronicle,"
found a ready
already alluded to
correct copy
&
Co.,
27,
Oxendon
time of our Saviour, for 30 pieces of which he was betrayed by Judas Iscariot" (Evans, "Num. Ohron." o.s. 1859, vol. xx.
p. 8, note2).
The genuine example of "one of the the thirty" has been (Appendix B. p. 297). The legend of the "thirty pieces of silver" paid to Judas occurs among some short pieces at the end of the MS. of Elias of Nisibis in the India Office, London. They were made by Terah and descended to Isaac, came to rharaoh, were sent by
"One
of the thirty,"
edited
J. C.
The
its
ultimate
discovery are fully described (pp. 343-348), and it is stated to have been of the size of a crown piece (see p. 316, note 2). The
representation of the coin on the cover, and on the title-page of
this
first
year of
Simon Maccabams
cup
is
p. 67), the
141-140; see Chapter V., totally different from that on the genuine coins
(b.c.
Pharaoh to Solomon, and after many adventures were sent by king Abgarus to Jesus with the seamless coat. Our Lord paid them into the Treasury of the Temple, from which tin were taken to be given to Judas (Prof. "W. Robertson Smith, review of Prof, de Lagarde's " Praetermissorum Libri duo," 1879, in the "Academy," Nov. 20, 1880, p. 369).] * Though my Catalogue does not commence till 1849, I must allude to the late J. Y. Akerman's "Numismatic Illustrations of the Gospels and of the Acts of the Apostles," published in 1846, which are also printed in the "Num. Chron." o.s. vol. viii. p. 133 aeq. and vol. ix. p. 17 seq. This work is illustrated with 30 excellent woodcuts and a plate.
\
78*18*
?pt^
is
very bad.
318
5 (1854).
NUMIS3IATA ORIENTALIA.
F. de Saulcy, " Rcchercbes sur la Numismatique Judaique."
Paris.
at
In
this
work the
assigned
to
the time of
p.
50,
and Nos.
40, 50.
G (1855).
in the
C.
Cavedoni, "Appendice
Eel." III.
alia
Postilla
all'
Appendice,"
"Mem.
xviii. pp.
Modena.
Translated into
German
in 1856.
7 (1855).
F. de Saulcy,
"On
p.
and "Postilla
all'
cit.
No. 73,
p. 177.
Naples.
5.
9 (1855).
gel.
Anz."
pp. 641-655, and in the " Konigl. Gesellsch. der Wissensch. zu Gottingen,"
v.
26.
heil. Schrift
Hannover.
This
is
German
and
2.
At
on
11 (1856).
Hannover.
an excellent
This
German
translation
of
Cavedoni's
works, No.
6.
It contains
preface
by the
Translator.
12 (1857
).
Memoire
in the
de M. l'Abbe
"
Modena, 1855,"
Revue Numismatique,"
is
This
6.
13 (1857).
Rev.
II. C.
Iu
this year
"Op.
copy.
which was published as a separate work. I have not seen a (See "Notizie intorno alia vita ed alle opere di Monsignor Modena, 1866.) Celestino Cavedoni," p. 85, No. 178.
"U'ORKS
319
in the
14 (1858).
C.
Numismatica Giudaica,"
Naples.
Saulcy, No. 5.
De
15 (1859).
John
Evans,
"Review
o.s.
of
vol.
De
Juives.
Saulcy's
'
Numismatique
Judai'que,' "
in
the
xx. p. 8.
(1860).
M. de Vogue,
" Monnaies
Eleazar,"
in
the
"Revue Numismatique,"
p. 280.
17 (1862).
Breslau.
18 (1862).
of
in the "
Num. Chron."
Chron."
C.
n.s.
vol.
ii.
p.
64.
19 (1862).
in the
./Elia
Capitolina,"
"Num.
Rev. H.
p. 268.
n.s.
vol.
ii.
p.
114.
20 (1862).
vol.
"Num. Chron."
See No. 13.
n.s.
ii.
21 (1863).
C.
le antiche
Monete Giudaiche,"
Modena.
pp. 161-192.
This
is
review by Cavedoni of Dr. Levy's work, No. 17. See No. 35.
Translated into
German
in
1866.
22 (1863). 23 (1863).
p.
R.
S.
328.
To the
paper I
called
attention
in
the
"
Reader "
of
December
12th,
24 (1864).
"
F.
W. Madden, "On
n.s.
name
of Simon," in the
Num. Chron."
F. TV.
vol. iv. p.
25
1864).
Madden, "History
of Jewish Coinage
and
of
Money
in the
Old and
New
Testaments."
26 (1864).
Rev.
II.
C.
etc.," in
the
"Num.
Chron."
n.s. vol.
p.
174.
27 (1864).
du
intitule
vol.
'History of
370.
a
Jewish Coinage,'
par
F.
W.
Madden,"
in
the
"Rev.
Num."
28 (1865).
the
n.s.
ix. p.
F. de
M.
J.
de "Witte
sur
la
Numismatique Judai'que,"
in
"Rev. Num."
is
vol. x. p. 29.
This
a continuation of
No. 27.
320
29 (1865).
F.
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
W. Maddex, "Remarks
C.
in
Reply
to
the
New
Observations
v.
on
Jewish
Numismatics by M.
30 (1865).
Num. Chron."
x.s. vol.
p.
191.
Dr.
L.
W.
the
p. 289.
W. Maddex,
Chron."
x.s.
"Additional
342.
Observations
on
the
Jewish
Coinage,"
in
"Num.
vol. v. p.
varieties published
by Dr. Grotefend.
riguardanti
la
Cavedoxi,
"Le
Principali
Questioni
Numismatica
Giudaica
"Op. Eel."
II. v. pp.
112-119, 177-191.
This
is
a review of Madden' s
33 (1865).
p.
31.
Rome.
34 (1866).
F.
W. Maddex,
vi.
"Num.
Chron."
x.s. vol.
p. 36.
This paper
Garrucci.
gives
the
classification of
the
coins of
the
35 (1866).
A
C.
fiber
von
in
the
" Munzstudien,
herausgegeben
von
H.
Grote,"
vol.
v.
pp. 9-37.
This
is
German
3G (1866).
the "
in
Dr. Egger."
37 (1866).
la
le
Numismatic Chronicle.
x.s. vol. v. p.
M. Alexandre Bertrand,"
"Revue Archeologique,"
32G.
C.
38 (1867).
Rev. H.
Reichardt,
vol.
iii.
"On
Num. Monatshefte
in
p.
103,
seq.
Rev.
Johx
Kexrick,
"Jewish
Coins
and
Hebrew Palaeography,"
the
This
is
40 (1868).
Paris.
It
is
de
Saulcy,
et
de
Nehemie."
in
this
publication,
as
p. 44,
note 4)
5,
that
De
50.
See Nos.
and
1
Dr. Merzbacher ("Zeits. f. Num." 1876, vol. iii. p. 185, note 1) calls attention to a work by A. Hager, entitled, "Die I have not seen it. Miiuzen der Bibel " (Stuttgart, 1868), but adds that he only names it to warn people from using it.
321
Chronologique de
the " Memoires
Paris.
la
Vie
de
la
et des
Agrippa
matique
42 (1869).
F.
et
Agrippa
II.," in
Societe
et d'Arclieologie," p. 26.
le
Francaise
de
Numismatique
et
d'Arclieologie,"
2nd
part,
p.
253.
"Note
p. 262.
" Nuniisniatique
de Tiberiade," in op,
p. 266.
Paris.
These
three
articles
are
dated March,
1872,
"Annuaire"
43 (1869).
for 1869.
iElia
Capitolina,"
in the "
Wien.
44 (1870).
F.
W. Madden, "Money,"
C.
in
Literature,"
ed.
Rev. H.
I.
und
Jun.),
p. 83.
Wien.
46 (1871).
Th. Mommsen,
"Zu den
Jahrgang
Miinzen Agrippas
(Jul.
I.
und
II.," in
the "Numismatische
Zeitschrift," Dritter
Dec),
p.
449.
Wien.
a,
47 (1871).
Jerusalem
"Num.
Chron."
n.s.
48 (1872).
This
is
F.
W. Madden,
"Jewish Coins,"
in the
"Num. Chron."
vol. xii. p.
1.
49 (1872).
sur
la
propagation de
1'
l'ancicn
monde."
Paris.
at present
Of
this
vol.
i.
Premiere livraison,
1872
In
it
vol.
i.
i.
(vol.
by M. de Saulcy
the
shekels
and
half-
unconditionally adopted.
50 (1872).
"Revue Archeologique,"
to Ezra, as set forth in
1872, p.
Saulcy's
1.
The
attribution of
the shekels,
[see
etc.,
is
De
and Nehemiah"
writes
:
No. 40],
suis
De Saulcy
mes doctes
" C'est
moi qui
dans
vrai,
et
l'crreur
est
tout entiere
adversaires."
51 (1873
Dr.
Etjgen Merzbacheb,
"De
siclis,
nummis
Bcrol.
322
52 (1873).
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
Dr. Eugen Merzbacher, "Jiidische Aufstandsmiinzen aus
fiir
der
Zeit Nero's
und
Numismatik,"
vol.
i.
p.
219.
Berlin.
53 (1874).
F.
W. Madden,
Conder,
vol.
ii.
of
the
Bible," in
the
"Sunday
at
Home,"
54 (1874).
F. R.
Educator,"
238,
pp.
278,
380;
vol.
iii.
69,
96,
97,
175,
177,
180, 222,
27, 180.
55 (1874).
Paris.
56 (1874).
"The Academy."
Mr.
F.
Anonymous
September
;
article
letters of
J.
September 12
October
letter
letter
of
19
letter of
Dr.
J.
Evans,
24
letter of Dr. J.
This correspondence
note 1), to the
principally relates, as
I have already
mentioned (Chapter V.
p.
69,
hoard of Jewish shekels found near Jericho, which Mr. Conder attempted
;
to
W.
Besant
vol.
iii.
and Dr.
Dr. Merzbacher
Num."
57 (1874).
"The Athenaeum."
12,
Letter
to the
of
Mr.
F.
R.
Conder on
"Hebrew Metrology,"
December
and answer
that the
ever used any other coin shekel than that weighing 220 grains.
note 3.
Brandis, p.
104,
See Appendix A.
58 (1874).
F.
W. Madden,
Num. Chron."
"Jewish Numismatics;
the Old
281.
being a
Supplement
to the 'History of
and
New
vol. xiv. p.
59 (1875).
F.
W. Madden, "Jewish
Numismatics,
etc.," in the
"Num.
Chron."
n.s. vol.
xv.
Review
of
Parts
I.
and
II.
of
my
papers
on
10, p. 381.
The
of the
" extraordinary nature of his unfounded assertions," and of the " dogmatic, authoritative
WORKS ON JEWISH
323
unless controverted. 1
See Chapter X.
61 (1876).
vol.
p.
Nuniisrnatik,"
p.
141.
Berlin.
iiber alt-Hebriiische
62 (1876).
Miinzen, I.," in
the "Zeitschrift
Num."
of
vol.
iii.
p.
183.
Berlin.
63 (1876).
of
F.
W. Madden,
"Num.
"Jewish Numismatics;
and
45,
New
81,
Testaments,'
published in
1864," in the
Chron."
vol.
xvi.
pp.
and 177.
It
is
full, as
showing the
"Mr. F. R.
'
Mr. Conder might just as well argue that \i (a garden) and 333 (a thief) are the same because they have two letters alike, or that our English cat and cattle are identical, because the first syllable of the second word is identical with the first word. "Again, another word occurring in these inscriptions is
' ' ' '
Hebrew
shekels
("Bible Ed."
vol.
iii.
p.
176).
we meet with the word lyCC or 13yCt\ which numismatists take for \}]}W (Simon), the name of the prince, or at least the
But this simple Mr. Conder. According to him, it is not a noun proper, but a verb, yet not derived from 1"2"' (he has heard), but from some nondescript word which means coin.' And he has the boldness to find this coin in Gen. xxiii. 15, which he renders, 'My lord, the land is worth to me four hundred shekels of silver,' instead of, as in the Anglican version, My lord, hearken unto me, the land is worth four hundred shekels of silver.' Now the Hebrew word in the rendering of which (given by us in italics) Mr. Conder differs from the Anglican version is ^yOC, a root which occurs hundreds of times in the Bible, and never, as is clear from the contexts, has or can have any other signification save that of
person, by or for
whom
to the deliverance,' viz. from the oppressor. and consistent rendering does not find favour in the sight of the ingenious Mr. Conder. Some other meaning must be found for it, and this he discovers in Exodus xxxii. 16. In this verse the tables on which the commandments were written are described. The words are, And the writing was the writing of God, graven (ni"in) upon the tables.' It will be
'
nnn ?,
1
meaning,
Now
this obvious
'
~>,
all
'
under discussion in the inscription of the shekel, and that in the verse quoted, rendered 'graven' are alike. This is quite sufficient
evidence for Mr. Conder that the meanings of the two words are
'
and that consequently the word under discussion does deliverance,' but graven or stamped.' That the two roots may have different vowels and may be derived from different roots does not seem to have occurred to our etymologist. Yet such is the case. The former is an abstract noun with the
identical,
not mean
'
'
formative
111
Hebrew and
pronounced
meaning
is
to
is
rvnn
to
the latter
(to
and the
It
is,
Children of
Heth,
mn
akin
Enn
this
root in
by Mr. Conder, 'is worth to me,' it must have the same meaning in verse 13, part and parcel of the same conversation. Its rendering therefore, according to Mr. Conder, must be, And he (Abraham) spake unto Ephron in the audience of the people of the land, saying But if thou wouldest only be worth to me, (instead of hear me,')
'
'
This
is
a noun
found
over and over again in the Bible, derived from the root ^>N3 (he redeemed), the signification of which is ascertained beyond all
doubt, and which being synonymous with
support.
Jinn
gives
it
powerful
money
it
is
And
again in verse
'
11,
'
'Nay,
field
my
lord,
worth
(instead of
hear me,')
the
this chapter
allow
But Mr. Conder has a pet theory. This must be established by hook or by crook. This theory happens to be incompatible with the ascertained meaning redemption.' This theory requires some Hebrew word that might be made to mean
'
must give the word yDC if he wishes to how did he come to discover what escaped the sagacity of all ancient and modern translators of the Bible, as well as the most industrious and critical lexicographers ? Because the Talmud in some few places mentions a certain coin which it designates DtfNOC or D1B>, therefore, Mr. Conder argues, the Biblical yJOti' must be identical with the rabbinical DC, and this again with the word lysii' found on the ancient Hebrew shekels.
'cycle.'
Now
may be
and may therefore mean which as known comes from a Greek word which has an
By therefore ascribing to the noun TVX) the meaning of the fictitious rbi, Mr. Conder's hypothesis may be triumphantly established. What matter whether true or
analogous signification.
not? Facts must bend to theories. So Mr. Conder has prov. q.e.d., and the 'Bible Educator' has become the medium of
il
new
original discovery."
324
64 (1877).
F.
NUMISMATA ORIENTALIA.
de
Saulcy,
"Description
in the
de
quelques
de
monnaies
judaiques,
(Jan.
nouvelles
et
insuffisamment connues,"
Nuniismatique "
in
April), p. 85.
65 (1877).
J.
P.
Six,
"Observations
238-239.
monnaies
Pheniciennes,"
the
"Num.
Chron."
In
this
paper M. Six defends the old attribution of the shekels to Simon Maccabaeus.
60 (1877).
in
" TJntersuchungen
vol. iv. p. 350.
iiber
alt-Hebraische
Miinzen, II.,"
Num."
Berlin.
is
This paper,
in
continuation
of
No. 62.
67 (1878).
f.
Dr.
von
Sallet,
110.
"Die Silbermiinzen
des Barcochba,"
in
the
Zeitschrift
Num."
the
vol. v. p.
Berlin.
iiber
68 (1878).
in
Num."
vol.
'
v.
p. 151.
Berlin.
is
Age
of
the Shekel,'
in
continuation
of
No. 66.
IV.,"
69 (1878).
in
iiber
alt-Hebraische Miinzen,
the
Num."
to
vol.
'
v.
p.
292.
Berlin.
This article
devoted
the
Chronology of
the
Shekel,'
and
is
continuation
of
No.
70 (1878).
68.
F.
to
W. Madden, "Money
the
and Weights
of the Bible," in
"The Queen's
with
the
Printers'
Aids
School
Student
of
the
Holy
Bible,"
incorporated
(1880)
"Sunday
71 (1878).
F. Lenormant,
In
this
l'Antiquite," vol.
155.
Paris.
shekels
without a word of
explanation and
72 (1879).
F.
W. Madden, "Rare
p.
or
"Num.
Chron."
13.
67,
63,
and 71.
"A
Handbook
to
the Bible."
In
this
to
volume the Messrs. Conder reproduce some of the statements already referred
classification
coins.
to
199.]
have simply to
is
attention
the
unsound.
See
"The Athenaeum,"
1879,
1880.
The reviews
of
13,
this
1879,
respect
misleading.
INDEX
A.
Alphabet communicated to Greece, 25, 29. Alphabets, table of, from Mr. Thomas's
I., 77.
v\.
letter
on coins of Hyrcanus
Abassis, Sn.
of,
Ambivius, Marcus, coins of, 175. Amyutas, king of Galatia, gold coins of
forgeries, 107. Ananias, high-priest, 188.
279-282; coins
Abu-simbel, inscription
at, 30.
Adarkon, 15, 46. Aden, inscription on stones from, 39. -E_nna, whether cuius tir>t struck in, 18
earliest coins of, 20.
_/,<'</
Annas or Ananus, high-priest, 173.,190. Anthedon, named Agrippias or Agripcoin of, 134 peutn by Herod I., 106
; ; ;
called
late occurrence of the name, 283. Agrippa 1. See Herod Agrippa I. Agrippa II., 139 date of the first year of reign of, 140-142 date of death of, 143w. coin of without the name oi Emperor, 144, 145; coins of with or without the name of Nero, 145-147 takes the name Marcus, 146 coins of with the name of Vespasian, 148-151 coins of with the name of Titus, 152; ;
134. Antigonus, king of Asia, 51. coins Antigonus (Mattathias), 99 100-102. Antiochus III. the Great, 52. Antiochus IV. Epiphanes, 53. Antiochus V. Eupator, 57. Antiochus VI. Epiphanes, 59, 61.
;
Assyrian canon, 3nn 28. Astyages, king of Media, 46. Augustus, 173. Aurelius, Marcus, coins of, struck at jElia Capitolina, 257-258. Aurelius, Marcus, and Faustina II., coins of, struck at iElia Capitolina, 258. Aurelius, Marcus, and Lucitis Verus, coins of, struck at iElia Capitolina, 259-261. Aurelius, Marcus, and Commodus, coin of, struck at iElia Capitolina, 261. Aurichalcum, 12-14. Azariah (Uzziah), king of Judah, 3.
,
of,
B.
Babylon, inscription on bowls from, 39. Babylonia, only clay tablets found in,
fied
of
money speci-
Herod Antipas.
of,
of, 94;;.
struck at .iElia
155
miiis
cit
with the
;
name
of
Domi-
tian,
155-167
coin of
without the
Capitolina, 252-257. Aquilia Severa, coin of, struck at iElia Capitolina, 270. Arab coins, 276-283.
name of Domitiau, 160; era of kingdom df, 111. 117, 150, 154, 160, 161,
168.
Aramaean monuments, 31. Archelaus. See Herod Archelaus. Archer, type of, on Darics, 46, 48.
'Apyvpiou, 11, 17m.
Bagoses, Persian governor, 49. Bags, 7, In. BaiVrj or #ai's, meaning of, Gin. Bar-cochab. See Simon Bar-cochab. Bar-cochab, the name, 23 1. Bars of gold, silver and copper, 2, 3, 3,
17.
Ahasuerus.
See Xerxes.
of,
APTYPION
"Apyvpos,
all
Akbar, large medals of, 8. Alexander. See Jannaeus. Alexander the Great, coinage of, 50. Alexander Balas, 58. Ali Hinder II., 93. Alexander, Tiberius, 143, 171. All \andra (Salome), 91 coin of, 92. Alphabet, Egyptian, 25. Phoenician, 25, 27, 29. Cuneiform, 26. ,, Greek, 29. Phrygian, 30. Aramaean, 31. ,, Palm] n ne, 32. ,, Ancient Hebrew, 32. ,, Samaritan, 33. ,,
;
money derived from, 17. Axetas, coin of, 93. See Judas. Aristobulus. Aristobulus II., 93. Aries, inscription at, 39.
Arsaces VI.
Beautiful Gate of the Temple, 202, 203, 239, 244. BeJcah, or J shekel, 16, 285. Bethsaida (Julias), 124, 127. Brass money (?), 12. Byblos, inscription from, 38.
C.
I.),
(Mithndates
king of
Caesarca Philippi (Panias), 124. Caesarea of Samaria, 34. Caius (Caligula), 183. Cambyses. See Ahasuerus. Candi lnhriim, the seven-branched, Jewish, 36, 102.
1
Parthia, 63.
Artaxerxes = Smerdis, 44. Artaxerxes Longimanus, 44. Artaxerxes 1. Mhemon, 49. Asmomeans, derivation of the name, 5 n. Asmoiiiean family, genealogical table of, 60. Asmonaean princes, coins of, 67-103. Assariun ol the New Testament, 301.
1
I
only
day
commemorating
,,
grants of
money
J2G
Carchemish, 4, Ann.. Tin. Carpeutras stone, 31. Catacombs, Jewish, inscriptions from, 36. Cavedoni, Monsignor, on the coins of
the First Revolt, 192. Chalcis, era of, 144, 145, 146, 147, 150, 151, 155, 161-164, 168, 169. X=XoA.koCs on coins of Herod I., 111. XuXkovs on coin of Agrippa II., 146, 147. Cheber, meaning of the word, 61m., 77. Claudius, coin of,struek at Tiberias, 121m. Claudius, 183. Coinage under the Seleucidaj and Lagidoe, 51. Coined money, invention of, 17. Coins of the Asmonoean family, characters
on, 32. Coins of the Revolts of the Jews, characters on, 33. Coins of the First and Second Revolts,
INDEX.
De Vogue,
Comte,
on inscription of
Abdalnialik, 280-281.
Diadumenian, coins of, struck at iElia Capitolina, 265-267. Diodotus (or Tryphon), 59.
Ai'Spaxuov, 16, 290, 294. Domitian, name of, on coins of Agrippa II., 155-167; coins of, 225-229. Domna, Julia, coins of, struck at .ZElia Capitolina, 263, 264. Apaxfiri, 16, 290, 296, 297, 299. Drachms mentioned in The Maccabees, 53m. Drams of gold, 43, 45-49. Duck weight of Irba-Merodach, 26m.
Garrucci, Padre, on the coins of the First and Second Revolts, 193. Gaza, temple of the god Mama at, 137138. Gerah, ^jth part of shekel, 16, 285. Gerizim, temple on Mount, 54m. Germanicus, the title on coins of Domitian,
160-164.
Gerousiarch. the title, 37, 61. Geta, coins of, struck at iElia Capitolina, 265. Glass coins or weights, 22. God, the title of, assumed by Jewish
of, 1.
of, 3m., 10.
E.
Eagle, on coins of Herod
I.,
114.
generally used for ornaments, 9. ,, ingot in Temple, value of, 94m. ,, Gordian III. Pius, coin of, struck at
.ZElia Capitolina, 271. Gratus, Valerius, coins of, 177-181. Great, the title, on coins of Herod Agrippa I., 133-134. Greece, introduction of letters into, 29. Gyges and Ardys, coins issued during reigns of, 19.
Capitolina, 261, 262. interpretation and rliissification of Jewish coins,199, 237m., 243m., 322, 323, 324. Coponius, coins of, 174. Copper coins of "year 4," 71. Copper coins, early, types on, 73. Copper only allowed to be struck in
Ear-ring, 10. 'Hye^wv, 170m. Egypt, use of precious metals in, 2. Egypt, no coinage till introduced by
Persians, 17.
Egyptian weighers,
Elagabalus,
coins
7.
Judaea, 107. Cornua-copiaj, two, type of, 81. Coson, prince of Thrace, gold coin of, 107. Counterfeit Jewish coins, 314-317. Crassus enters the Temple, 94m. Cretan Jupiter, the, 137. Crcesus, coins issued during reign of, 20. Crown tax, 61m, 293. Cumanus, 171, 172.
struck at .ZElia Capitolina, 267-270. El- Aksa, inscription on column under, 38. Eleazar, letters on coins of, 33. Eleazar, son of Ananus, 188. Eleazar, son of Simon, 189. Eleazar of Modaim, uncle of Bar-cochab,
of,
Hadrian, coins
,
251.
194m. Eleazar and Simon, coin of, 201. Eleazar, the priest, coins of, 198-201. Electrum, 13m, 19, 20. Elephant on coins of the Seleucidas, 73.
of,
struck at
of,
251-252.
Engraved
Ensigns,
stones, 32.
Cuneiform writing, 26. on lions, 5m. ,, on ducks, 26. ,, Cypres, name borne by several members of Herodian family, 95m. Cyrenius, governor of Syria, 170m. Cyrus, king of Persia, decree of, 43. Cyrus the younger, 47.
Roman,
173, 251.
'E7T<=Tp6^a,
D.
Epiphanes, meaning of, 52m. 'EiriTpoTror, 170m, 173m. Esmunazar, king of Sidon, monument 25 29. Ethrog, or citron, 71, 73, 203, 239. Ethnarch, 62m. Eukratides, large gold piece of, 8m. Ezra, issue of shekels ascribed to, by Saulcy, 44m.
of,
struck at .ZElia Capitolina, 252. Harara-esch-scherif, inscription of, 34. Hauran, inscriptions from the, 32m. Hebrew alphabet, letters of, 28, 33. the most ancient, 32. ,, ,, square, introduction of, 33. ,, various monuments of, 34-41. Hebrews, use of precious metals among
, , ,
the,
1.
De
Etruscus and Hostilianus, coins of, struck at .ZElia Capitolina, 274. Herod I., tetrarch of Jud;ca, 95. Herod I., 105 the title of Great, 105m.;
Herennius
Dams,
,, ,,
,,
8m.
of, 46.
Daric, derivation
the, 47, 48. Double, 48.
Persian drachms, 48. the half, 47,, the silver, 49. ,, Darius the Mede, 43, 46. Darius Hystaspis, 46. Darius II., 49. Darkemon, 43, 45, 46. David, tomb of, opened, 74m.
=20
Farthing, the, 297. Faustina II. and Lucius Verus, coin of, struck at iElia Capitolina, 259. Felix, 170w., 172; coins of 184-186. Fergusson, Mr., opinion on inscription of Abdalmalik, 27S. Festus, 170m., 172, 186.
,
coins of, 107-114. Herod, King of Chalcis, 139. Herod Agrippa I., 129 receives the title of King, 129; death of, 130; date of the reign of, 130-131 coins of, without the name of Emperor, 131 dates on coins of, 132 coins of, with the title "Great," 133-134; coins of, under coins of, under ClauCaius, 135-136 dius, 136-138. Herod Agrippa I. and Herod Agrippa II.,
; ; ;
;
Demetrius I. Poliorcetes, 73. Demetrius I. Soter, 57. Demetrius II. 58 decree of, to Simon, coins of, 66m. 61 Demotic writing, 25. Derenbourg, M., on the coins of the First and Second Revolts, 195.
,
; ;
Flowers or fruit, trays of, on coins of Antigonus, 102 on coins of Herod I., Ill; on coins of Archelaus, 116.
;
coin
of,
138.
of,
118m.;
Fox
Herod Archelaus, 114; coins of, 115-118. Herod Philip I., 122. Herod Philip II., the tetrarch, 123;
125-126; dates on coins of, 127; era of, 155, 164, 167, 168, 169. Herodian family, genealogical table of,
coins of, 104.
G.
Gabinius, 93, 94, 96. Gadol or Galul, 83. Galba, 142.
coins of
the
INDEX.
Hezekiah, explanation of the tribute paid
by, 4m. Ilieratic writing, 24. Hieroglyphic writing, 24. llittitt- or Hamathite inscriptions, 27m. Holy, the title, on shekels, 58m, 70. Homer, no mention of coined money in,
17/'.
32:
Maccaboeus. See Judas, and Simon. Maccabneus, meaning of, 54n. Macedonian helmet on coins of Herod 107-109.
247-275.
Hoshea, king of
Hostilianus,
Israel, 3.
at
iElia
named iElia Capitolina, 247. ,, Jesuits, alphabet from MS. of, 39. Jewel currency, 9. Jewish Numismatics, list of works on, published since 1849, 317-324. Jewish war, date of commencement of first, 140. Jews, return of the, to Jerusalem under
Cyrus, 43. of gold contributed by the, 94m. sale of, by Antiochus IV. Epiphanes, ,, 56m. John of Gischala, 189, 190-192. Jonathan Maccabocus, 58. Josephus, the historian, 189. Judrea divided by Gabinius into five
, ,
I.,
Macedonian
109.
shield
on coins of Herod
I.
<
Hyrcanus
:
John, 74 reason for adoplength of reign of, tion of name, 74m. 'iit. coins of, 76-81. Hyrcanus II., John, king, 92; coin of, 93; reign of, 92m., 94m.; re-established, 93 re-established a second time, 95 death of, 95 re-established, coin of,
; ; ; ;
amount
struck at ^Elia Capitolina, 270. Maneh, 285. IManeh of Carchemish, 4, 4n. Manufactured materials used for money,
23.
Marna (= Jupiter)
, the god, at Gaza, 137. Mattathias, five sous of, Joannan, Simon, Judas, Eleazar, and Jonathan, 54 meaning of their Hebrew names, 55m. Mattathias and his family, 55.
96.
councils, 94.
Judma capta
of,
of,
Moabite,
105-169.
24.
,,
,,
,,
,, ,, ,,
,,
type, earliest representation 99m. Judtea Ifavails, coin with legend, 222, 227. Judas Aristobulus, 81 coins of, 82, 83. Judas Maccabiuus, 57. Julia Agrippina, 185. Judges, inscription on tomb of the, 34. Julia, mother of Tiberius, coins bearing the name of, 182. Jupiter Hospitalis, temple on Mount Gerizim dedicated to, 54m. Jupiter Olympius, temple of Jerusalem dedicated to, 54.
;
Menelaus, high-priest, 53. Meridarch, 58m. Merzkacher, Dr. E., on the date of the silver shekels, etc., 65 on the coins of the First aud Second Revolts, 193.
;
Moabite stone, 27. Modin, site of, 56m. Money, brass, 12.
,,
,,
,,
what people first coined, 17. used by Jews after return from
Babylon, 43 seq. used by the Jews under Alexander the Great, 50. used by the Jews under the
Seleueida?
,,
,,
,, ,,
,,
,,
tomb of St. Jacques, 34. Haram-esch-scherif, 34. tomb of the Judges, 34. tomb of the Kings, 34. epitaphs of Karaite Jews,
35.
,,
of,
,,
MSS.
of,
35. 40.
and Lagidse,
51.
,,
permission to coin
granted to
Simon, 64.
,,
,,
in the New Testament, 289-310. piece of (stater), 10, 293. of account, 304.
of,
,,
,,
,,
Visigothic
Kelt or "Jewels," 9w. Kesitah, 10, 11. King, first assumption of the title, 81m. Kings, inscription on tomb of the, 34. KrfAA.i//3os, the, 305. A, on coin of Seuthes, 3m. Korban, 310.
277.
KOM M
N.
'ii.
alphabet
of
Nabathamn inscriptions and coins, 32m. " Nail -headed letters" on Parthian and
Jewish coins, 97m. Nero, 185 name of, on coins of Agrippa II., 145-147. Nero aud Britannicus, Ca'sars, 1S.">. Neronias, name given to Cresarea Philippi (Panias), by Agrippa II., 140, 146, 165-167; era of, 147, 161, 165-169 coin of Domitiau struck at, 165. Xerva, coin of, with legend FISCI
; ;
Jesuits, 39.
,,
MSS.
Jehu, king of Israel, 3. Jerusalem, mode of writing the word. 70. coins struck at, by Antiochus, ,, VII., 76. capture dH, 191, 192. ,, capture innemorat,, mg the, 207-229. whether captured by Bar,, cochab, 23
i
number of, in original Shemitic alphabet, 28m. Levy, Dr., on the coins of the First and Second Revolts, 192, 194. Lion weights, 5m., 7m., 26, 31. Lilra. See Pound. Lucius, Consul, 63. Lulab or bunches, 71, 73, 203, 239. Lydia, whether coins first struck in, 18. Lydia, earliest coins of, 19. Lysanias, the tetrarch, 124m.
Letters,
IVDAICI
CALVMNIA SVB291.
|_ATA,2:;o,
of, struck at iElia Capitolina, 263. NOM'^f". the word, on coins of Herod
Agrippa
I.,
135.
O.
M.
Obelisk of Shalmaneser II., 3.
fD
'O&e\t<jK0i, 17.
328
Omar, the Khalif, coins
Onias, 52, 53. <), eh alcmn, 12-14. Otho, 143.
>
INDEX.
of,
276-277.
Silverling, 15m.
192-197.
struck
coins
during
the,
,,
,,
,,
230-246. coins with no date, 233-241. coins with date year two, 241-245.
Ring money,
9.
Palmer,
Prof.,
on inscription of Abdal-
Rings in Egypt, Britain, Ireland, Norway, Africa, Arabia, India, and China, '.hi. Roman medallions, gold and silver, 8m.
Simeon, son of Gamaliel, 190, 194. Simon Bar-cochab, coins of, 232-245. Simon Maccabauis, 6 1 right of coining money accorded to, 63 table of years of government, 66 coins of, 67. Simon, son of Gioras, 189, 191, 192. Simon Nasi, coins of, 203-206. yOK* on coins of Simon Bar-cochab, 237m. yQtJ> Mr. Condor's interpretation of, 323.
; ; ;
Smerdis.
See Artaxerxes.
3.
Palmyrene
inscriptions, 32.
first
Rome, embassies
Roman
Senate, decrees of, 63m., 75m., 95m. Rufus, Annius, coins of, 175.
Penny,
the, 292,
295-296.
S.
Pheidon, king of Argos, supposed inventor of coinage, 18 king of Argos, 17 date of, 18m.
; ;
Philip I. See Herod Philip I. Philip II. See Herod Philip II. <t>IAOKAICAP. the title, on coins of Agrippa I., 134, 136.
OIAOKAAYAIO?.thetitle,oncoins
of
Phoenicia, use of precious metals in, 6 no coins discovered in, earlier than
of, 24 seq. engraved gems, 28, 32. inscription from Cyprus, 28. ,, Phraates IV. (Arsaces XIII.), 95.
Sadyattes, coins issued during reign of, 20. Salome. See Alexandra. Salome, sister of Herod I., coins issued by, 106w. Samaritan alphabet, 33. Sandrocottus (Chandra-Gupta), 73. Sanhedrin, presidents of, 194m. Sanhedrin, flittiugs of, 195m. Sardes, coins issued at, 20 date of capture of, 47m. Sargon, 4, 5m. Sargon, cylinder of, 14m. Sayce, Prof., "On trade Transactions in Assyria," 4. Seleucus I. Nicator, 51. Seleucus IV. Philopator, 52. Senate, Jewish, 61, 78. Senate, Roman, decree of, under Lucius Calpurnius Piso, 63m.
;
Roman general, coin of, commemorating defeat of Antigonus, 99m. Sparta, embassies to, 59n., 62m. Star = Sun, 90m. Star, 84. See Sun. Stater. See Money, Piece of. Sim on Asmomean coins, 90, 92, 97, 98. Syracusan medallions, 8m.
T.
Table, genealogical, of Asmoncean family
60. genealogical, of Herodian family, 104.
to illustrate the coinage of
, ,
,,
Herod
,,
Antipas, and Herod Philip II., 128. to illustrate the coinage of Herod
Agrippa
,,
II.,
168-169.
coins of,
of,
42.
of,
Platinum
coins, 22.
rioA.uai'Spioi',
meaning
56m.
;
enters the
Pound, 286. Procurators of Juda?a, 170 list of, 173. Prophets, MS. of, in British Museum, 41.
I. Soter,
51.
Senate, Roman, decrees of, 63m., 75m., 95m. Senate, Roman, decree of, under Lucius Valerius, 95m. Sennacherib, 5m. Severus, Septimius, coin of, struck at ^llia Capitolina, 263. Severus Alexander, coin of, struck at .^lia Capitolina, 270. Shalmaneser II. and IV., 3, 5m. Shekel, various divisions of, 16. Shekels, 1, 9, 15, 16, 286, 288.
,,
,,
,,
illustrating
the
coinage of
the
half, 8, 16.
,,
,,
V. Epipbaues, 52. VI. Philometor, 53, 58. Ptolemy, governor of Jericho, 64. Ptolemy, king of Cyprus, 83. Ptolemy Mennaeus, 99. Purse or bag, 7m. Pythius, wealth of, 47m.
,,
and i shekels
,,
year
,,
,,
1,
67.
2, 68. 3,
68.
,,
4, 69.
Shekel, year 5, 69. Shekels and h shekels, silver, remarks on the date of, 65. Shekels, silver, types of Aaron's rod and
Talent, Hebrew, 9m. Talent, 287. Talents, incredible amounts of, mentioned in the Bible, 288. Talmud, the, on the coins of the First and Second Revolts, 311-313. Tan or sign of life, 108. Tell-hum, P identification of, 127m. Temple, Samaritan, 54m. Temple of Jerusalem dedicated to Jupiter Olympius, 54. Temple of Jerusalem entered by Pompey, 93m. by Crassus, 94m. Teth, absence of letter, on most monuments, 28, 30. Tetrarch, the title, 118. Thera, Greek inscriptions of, 29. Thomas, Mr. E., theory as to origin of Greek alphabet, 30 table of alphabets, Note on the inscription of Abdal41 malik, 279-283.
; ; ;
P.
Revolt, First, of the Jews, history of,
188-192.
,, ,,
,, ,, ,, ,,
,,
,, ,,
,,
Shekel, copper, of "year 4," 69, 73. Shekels, copper, types of, 73. Shekels and ^ shekels, weights of, 286m. Shells, beads, etc., used for money, 23. Shemitic alphabet, origin of, 24 seq. Shew-bread, table of (?), on coins of Antigonus, 102. 217A.0S MrjSiKo's, 49. Sicarii, the, 190. Silver, early use of, 1. amount of, left by Herod I., 106. ,,
,,
Thothmes
III., king of Egypt, 2. Tiberias, fouuded by Herod Antipas, 118. coin of Agrippa I. struck at, 138. era of, 144, 166-167, 169. ,,
Tin
coins, 22.
Tirshaiha, 45.
Titus,
II.,
Tomb
34.
Jacques,
inscription
on,
230-233.
INDEX.
of the Judges, inscription on, 34. of the Kings, inscription on, 34. Trajanus Decius, coins of, struck atiElia
329
W.
Tomb Tomb
Capitolina, 272-273. Tranquilliua, coin of, struck at iElia Capitolina, 271. Treasury, the, or Treasure, 308.
Tribute money 1. The Sacred Tribute, 289-291. 2. The Civil Tribute, 291-293. Tribute, silver or gold, 2-6. Trumpets, two silver, 235, 238, 243, 309.
U.
Uncertain coins struck between b.c. 78 and B.C. 40, 96-99. Uranius Antoninus, coins of, struck at .Elia Capitolina, 270-271.
Uten or Ten, 2.
3.
Valerian, coins of, struck at .iElia Capitolina, 275. Valerius Maximus, MSS. of, 63. Verus, Lucius, coins of, struck at iElia Capitolina, 261-262. Vespasian and Titus conduct the Jewish war, 142. Vespasian, election as Emperor, 143 name of, on coins of Agrippa II., 148-151 coins of, 207-216. Vine, golden, 93. Vine, cluster and leaf on coins of the Ee volts, 246. Visigothic kings, inscription from countries of, 39. Vitellius, 143. Von Sallet, Dr., on the coins of the First and Second Revolts, 195m. Vulnirari III., 3.
;
"Worms,
Writing, 24-41.
X.
Xerxes =Ahasuerus of Esther, 47.
Z.
Zenodorus, the tetrarch, coins of, 124. Zeus, Olympios, Xenios, and Hellenios, 54k. Zeus, worship of, 54m.
THE END.
42