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com - Phone:0948249333

Trang 1

MC LC
PHN I: CU TRC THI TUYN SINH I HC MN VT L CA B GIO DC V
O TO ..................................................................................................................................................... 4
I. PHN CHUNG CHO TT C TH SINH [40 cu] ......................................................................... 4
II. PHN RING [10 cu] .................................................................................................................... 5
PHN II: CC DNG TON THNG GP ........................................................................................... 5
CHNG I. DAO NG C. ................................................................................................................. 5
I.i cng v dao ng iu ha. ........................................................................................................ 5
Dng 1: Nhn bit phng trnh dao ng. ....................................................................................... 5
Dng 2: Xc nh li , vn tc v gia tc ti thi im t bit trc. ................................................ 6
Dng 3: Vn tc v gia tc cc i. ................................................................................................... 6
Dng 4: Vn tc v gia tc ti v tr c li x bit trc. ................................................................. 6
Dng 5: Xc nh thi im vt i qua v tr bit x (hoc v, a, W
t
, W
, F) ln th n ................... 6
Dng 6. Bi ton tm li , vn tc dao ng sau (trc) thi im t mt khong thi gian At. Bit
ti thi im t vt c li x = x
0
. ...................................................................................................... 7
Dng 7: Cho phng trnh dao ng. Tm khong thi vt i t v tr c li x
1
n x
2
theo
mt tnh cht no . ......................................................................................................................... 7
Dng 8: Qung ng v s ln vt i qua li
*
x t thi im t
1
n t
2
. ...................................... 7
Dng 9: Tm tc trung bnh ca vt trn mt on ng xc nh t thi im t
1
n thi im
t
2
......................................................................................................................................................... 8
Dng 10: Tnh qung ng ln nht v nh nht vt i c trong khong thi gian 0
2
T
t < A < . 8
Dng 11: Lp phng trnh dao ng ca dao ng iu ho. .......................................................... 8
Dng 12: Lin quan n th dao ng. ........................................................................................ 10
II.Con lc l xo. ................................................................................................................................... 10
Dng 1: Tnh ton v chu kh v tn s ca con lc l xo. .............................................................. 10
Dng 2: Chiu di ca l xo trong qu trnh dao ng ................................................................... 11
Dng 3: Xc nh lc n hi v lc hi phc ca l xo. Thi gian nn hay dn trong mt chu k
ki vt treo di. ............................................................................................................................. 11
Dng 4: Nng lng ca con lc l xo v dao ng iu ha. ........................................................ 12
Dng 5: Vit phng trnh dao ng ca con lc l xo. .................................................................. 12
Dng 6: Ct ghp l xo. ................................................................................................................... 12
Dng 7: Kch thch dao ng bng va chm .................................................................................... 13
Dng 8. iu kin ca bin dao ng. ........................................................................................ 13
III.Con lc n.
.................................................................................................................................... 13
Dng 1: Tnh Tn s gc, chu k, tn s khi bit di l, gia tc g. ............................................... 13
Dng 2: Lp phng trnh dao ng ca co lc n ........................................................................ 13
Dng 3: Nng lng ca con lc n. ............................................................................................. 14
Dng 4: Bi ton con lc vng inh v mt pha .......................................................................... 14
Dng 5: Lc cng dy treo v vn tc vt nng. ............................................................................. 14
Cm nang luyn thi i hc - Bin son: Nguyn nh V - Email: nguyendinhvu@thuvienvatly.com - Phone:0948249333

Trang 2

Dng 6: Bn thin chu k ca con lc n theo nhit . ................................................................ 15
Dng 7: Bin thin chu k ca con lc n theo cao v su. ................................................. 15
Dng 8: Chu k ca con lc n khi chu thm ngoi lc. ............................................................... 15
IV.Dao ng tt dn, dao ng cng bc. S cng hng. .............................................................. 16
Dng 1: Bi tp v dao ng tt dn, s cng hng. ..................................................................... 16
V.Tng hp dao ng. ......................................................................................................................... 16
CHNG II. SNG C HC ............................................................................................................... 18
I.i cng v sng c. ....................................................................................................................... 18
Dng 1: Bi ton v chu k, tn s v bc sng trong qu trnh truyn sng. ............................... 18
Dng 2. Phng trnh sng ti mt im. ........................................................................................ 18
II.Giao thoa sng. ................................................................................................................................ 19
Dng 1: Phng trnh sng tng hp ti mt im. ........................................................................ 19
Dng 2: Xc nh s cc i v cc tiu quan st c. ................................................................. 20
Dng 3. Bi ton v ng trung trc. ........................................................................................... 21
III.Sng dng. ...................................................................................................................................... 22
Dng 1. Tnh ton v sng dng. ..................................................................................................... 22
IV.Sng m. ......................................................................................................................................... 23
Dng 1. Tnh ton v sng m. ........................................................................................................ 23
CHNG III. DNG IN XOAY CHIU. ........................................................................................ 24
I.i cng v dng in xoay chiu. ................................................................................................. 24
Dng 1. i cng v dng in xoay chiu. .................................................................................. 24
II.Dng in trong on mch ch c in tr thun, cun cm hoc t in. .................................... 25
Dng 2. Dng in xoay chiu trong on mch ch cha mt phn t. ......................................... 25
III.Mch in R-L-C ni tip. ............................................................................................................. 25
Dng 3. i cng v mch RLC ni tip. ..................................................................................... 25
Dng 4. Cc bi ton v bin thin v cc tr trong mch RLC. ..................................................... 27
Dng 5. Bi ton hp kn (hp en) ................................................................................................. 30
IV.Cc thit b in. ............................................................................................................................. 30
Dng 5. My pht in xoay chiu - ng c in v my bin p. ............................................... 30
CHNG IV.DAO NG V SNG IN T. ................................................................................ 31
I.Mch dao ng LC. .......................................................................................................................... 31
Dng 1. Cc bi ton v chu k v tn s. ........................................................................................ 31
Dng 2. Vit biu thc in tch, in p v cng dng in trong mch LC ......................... 32
Dng 3. Nng lng ca mch dao ng LC. ................................................................................. 32
II.Sng in t. .................................................................................................................................... 33
CHNG V. SNG NH SNG .......................................................................................................... 34
I.Tn sc nh sng. ............................................................................................................................... 34
Dng 1. Tnh ton v hin tng tn sc nh sng.
......................................................................... 34
II.Giao thoa nh sng. .......................................................................................................................... 35
Dng 2. Tnh ton v giao thoa vi nh sng n sc. .................................................................... 35

Trang 3

Dng 3. Giao thoa vi nh sng hn hp, nh sng trng. .............................................................. 37
CHNG VI. LNG T NH SNG .............................................................................................. 38
I.Hin tng quang in. ..................................................................................................................... 38
Dng 1. Tnh ton v hin tng quang in ngoi. ........................................................................ 38
II.Mu nguyn t BO. .......................................................................................................................... 39
Dng 2. Mu BO v quang ph ca nguyn t HIR. ................................................................. 39
III.Tia X. .............................................................................................................................................. 40
Dng 3. Bi ton v tia X ................................................................................................................. 40
CHNG VII. HT NHN NGUYN T .......................................................................................... 40
I.Cu to ht nhn. ............................................................................................................................... 40
Dng 1. Bi tp v h thc Anhxtanh. ............................................................................................. 40
Dng 2. Xc nh cu to ca ht nhn ........................................................................................... 41
Dng 3. Tnh bn knh, th tch, khi lng ring ca ht nhn. Tnh s ht, t l phn trm ng
v. ..................................................................................................................................................... 41
Dng 4. Tnh ht khi, nng lng lin kt v nng lng lin kt ring. ................................. 41
II.Phng x.
.......................................................................................................................................... 41
Dng 1. Tnh lng cht cn li, phn r, cht mi to thnh. T l phn trm gia chng. ..... 41
Dng 2. Tnh tui ca mu phng x. .............................................................................................. 43
III.Phn ng ht nhn.
......................................................................................................................... 43
Dng 1. Vit phng trnh phn ng ht nhn. ............................................................................... 43
Dng 2. Tnh nng lng ca phn ng ht nhn. Tnh lng nhin liu tng ng. ................ 43
PHN III. PH LC .................................................................................................................................. 44
I.Cc h thc trong tam gic vung. .................................................................................................... 44
II.H thc trong tam gic thng. ....................................................................................................... 45
III.Gi tr ca mt s gc c bit. ...................................................................................................... 45


Trang 4

PHN I: CU TRC THI TUYN SINH I HC MN VT L CA
B GIO DC V O TO
I. PHN CHUNG CHO TT C TH SINH [40 cu]
Ch Ni dung kin thc S cu
Dao ng
c
-Dao ng iu ho
-Con lc l xo
-Con lc n
-Nng lng ca con lc l xo v con lc n
-Dao ng tt dn, dao ng duy tr, dao ng cng bc
-Hin tng cng hng
-Tng hp hai dao ng iu ho cng phng, cng tn s. Phng php
gin Fre-nen
-Thc hnh: Chu k dao ng ca con lc n
7
Sng c

-i cng v sng, s truyn sng
-Sng m
-Giao thoa sng
-Phn x sng. Sng dng
4
Dng in
xoay chiu
-i cng v dng in xoay chiu
-on mch in xoay chiu ch c R, L, C v R, L, C mc ni tip. Cng
hng in
-Cng sut dng in xoay chiu. H s cng sut.
-My bin p.Truyn ti in nng
-My pht in xoay chiu
-ng c khng ng b ba pha
-Thc hnh: Kho st on mch RLC ni tip
9
Dao ng
v sng
in t
-Dao ng in t - Mch dao ng LC
-in t trng
-Sng in t
-Truyn thng (thng tin lin lc) bng sng in t
4
Sng nh
sng
-Tn sc nh sng
-Nhiu x nh sng. Giao thoa nh sng
-Bc sng v mu sc nh sng
-Cc loi quang ph
-Tia hng ngoi, tia t ngoi, tia X
-Thang sng in t
-Thc hnh: Xc nh bc sng nh sng
5
Lng t
nh sng
-Hin tng quang in ngoi. nh lut v gii hn quang in
-Thuyt lng t nh sng. Lng tnh sng - ht ca nh sng
-Hin tng quang in trong
-Quang in tr. Pin quang in
-Hin tng quang - pht quang
-S lc v laze
-Mu nguyn t Bo v quang ph vch ca nguyn t hir
6
Ht nhn
nguyn t
-Cu to ht nhn nguyn t. Khi lng ht nhn. ht khi. Lc ht
nhn
-Nng lng lin kt, nng lng lin kt ring
-H thc gia khi lng v nng lng
-Phng x
-Phn ng ht nhn
-Phn ng phn hch
-Phn ng nhit hch
5
T vi m
n v m
-Cc ht s cp
-H Mt Tri. Cc sao v thin h

Trang 5

Ch Ni dung kin thc S cu
Tng 40

II. PHN RING [10 cu]
Th sinh ch c lm mt trong hai phn (phn A hoc B)
A. Theo chng trnh Chun [10 cu]
Ch S cu
Dao ng c
6
Sng c v sng m
Dng in xoay chiu
Dao ng v sng in t
Sng nh sng
4
Lng t nh sng
Ht nhn nguyn t
T vi m n v m
Tng 10
B. Theo chng trnh Nng cao [10 cu]
Ch S cu
ng lc hc vt rn 4
Dao ng c
6
Sng c
Dao ng v sng in t
Dng in xoay chiu
Sng nh sng
Lng t nh sng
S lc v thuyt tng i hp
Ht nhn nguyn t
T vi m n v m
Tng 10
PHN II: CC DNG TON THNG GP
CHNG I. DAO NG C.
I.i cng v dao ng iu ha.
Dng 1: Nhn bit phng trnh dao ng.
Phng php:
a.Xc nh A, , e
a cc phng trnh v dng chun nh cc cng thc lng gic.
so snh vi phng trnh chun suy ra : A, , e..
b.Suy ra cch kch thch dao ng :
Thay t = 0 vo cc phng trnh
x Acos( t )
v A sin( t )
= e +
= e e +

0
0
x
v
Cch kch thch dao ng.

c.Ch :
Phng trnh chun : ( ) ( ) ( )
2
cos ; sin ; cos x A t v A t a A t e e e e e = + = + = +
Mt s cng thc lng gic :
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
sin( ) cos ; cos cos
2
sin cos ; cos cos
2
x A t A t x A t A t
x A t A t x A t A t
t
e e e e
t
e e e e t
| |
= + = + = =
|
\ .
| |
= + = + = + = + +
|
\ .


Trang 6

Cng thc:
2
2
2
2
T
f
T
f
t
t
e
e t
e
t
= =

Dng 2: Xc nh li , vn tc v gia tc ti thi im t bit trc.
Phng php.
+ Mun xc nh x, v, a mt thi im hay ng vi pha cho ta ch cn thay t hay pha cho vo cc
cng thc : . ( . ) x Acos t e = + ; . .sin( . ) v A t e e = + ;
2
. . ( . ) a A cos t e e = +
+ Nu xc nh c li x, ta c th xc nh gia tc biu thc nh sau :
2
. a x e =
+ Ch : - Khi 0; 0 v a > > : Vn tc, gia tc, lc phc hi cng chiu vi chiu dng trc to .
- Khi 0; 0 v a < < : Vn tc , gia tc, lc phc hi ngc chiu vi chiu dng trc to .
Dng 3: Vn tc v gia tc cc i.
Phng php.
1.Vn tc trong dao ng iu ho.
'
. .sin( ) cos( )
2
v x A t A t
t
e e e e = = + = + + ;
+ v
max
= eA x = 0 ( Ti VTCB )
+ v
min
= 0 x = A ( Ti hai bin )
2.Gia tc trong dao ng iu ho.
' " 2 2
. . ( . ) . a v x A cos t x e e e = = = + =
+ a
max
= e
2
A x = A ( Ti hai bin )
+ a
min
= 0 x = 0 ( Ti VTCB )
+ a lun c hng v VTCB. A lun ngc du vi x
Dng 4: Vn tc v gia tc ti v tr c li x bit trc.
Phng php.
1. xc nh vn tc ti mt im trn qu o, ta lm nh sau :
- Ti v tr vt c li l x, vn tc l v, ta c :
.sin( )
. . ( )
x A t
v A cos t
e
e e
= +
`
= +
)

.sin( )
. ( )
x A t
v
Acos t
e
e
e
= +

= +

Bnh phng hai v, cng v vi v, ta c:
( )
( )
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2
( )
v A x
v
v
A x A x
v
x A
e
e
e
e
= + = +
= +

- Ch : + v > 0 : vn tc cng chiu dng trc to .
+ v < 0 : vn tc ngc chiu dng trc to .
2. xc nh gia tc ti mt im trn qu o, ta p dng cng thc:
2
. a x e =

2 2
2
4 2
a v
A
e e
= +
- Ch : + a > 0 : gia tc cng chiu dng trc to .
+ a < 0 : gia tc ngc chiu dng trc to .
Dng 5: Xc nh thi im vt i qua v tr bit x (hoc v, a, W
t
, W
, F) ln th n
Phng php
-Vi x
*
, A, e v bit, gii phng trnh ( ) ( )
*
*
cos cos cos
x
A t x t
A
e e o + = + = = .
Ta c hai nghim: ( )
2 (1)
2 (2)
t k
k Z
t k
e o t
e o t
+ = +
e
+ = +


Trang 7

-Nu vt chuyn ng theo chiu dng th chn nghim (2), gii tm t v bin lun gi tr ca k vi lu
l 0 t > . Nu vt chuyn ng ngc chiu dng th chn nghim (1), gii tm t v bin lun gi tr ca k
vi lu l 0 t > .
Lu : Ta c th da vo mi lin h gia DH v CT . Thng qua cc bc sau
* Bc 1 : V ng trn c bn knh R = A (bin ) v trc Ox nm ngang
*Bc 2 : -Xc nh v tr vt lc t = 0 th
0
0
x ?
v ?
=

-Xc nh v tr vt lc t (x
t
bit)
* Bc 3 : Xc nh gc qut = MOM'

= ?
* Bc 4 :
0
T 360
t ?
= A
.
2
t T

e t
A A
= =
Dng 6. Bi ton tm li , vn tc dao ng sau (trc) thi im t mt khong thi gian At. Bit
ti thi im t vt c li x = x
0
.
Phng php
Cch 1:
* T phng trnh dao ng iu ho: x = Acos(et + ) cho x = x
0

Ly nghim et + = o vi 0 o t s s ng vi x ang gim (vt chuyn ng theo chiu m v v
< 0) hoc et + = - o ng vi x ang tng (vt chuyn ng theo chiu dng)
* Li v vn tc dao ng sau (trc) thi im At giy l

x Acos( )
Asin( )
t
v t
e o
e e o
= A +
= A +
hoc
x Acos( )
Asin( )
t
v t
e o
e e o
= A
= A

Cch 2: Dng ng trn. nh du v tr x
0
trn trc Ox. K on thng qua x
0
vung gc Ox ct ng
trn ti hai im. Cn c vo chiu chuyn ng chn v tr M duy nht trn ng trn. V bn knh
OM. Trong khong thi gian At, gc tm m OM qut c l . t o e = A > V ' OM lch vi OM mt
gc , t ' M k vung gc vi Ox ct u th l li cn xc nh.
Dng 7: Cho phng trnh dao ng. Tm khong thi vt i t v tr c li x
1
n x
2
theo mt
tnh cht no .
Phng php

2 1
t

e e
A
A = = vi
1
1
2
2
s
s
x
co
A
x
co
A
v (
1 2
0 , t s s )
Dng 8: Qung ng v s ln vt i qua li
*
x t thi
im t
1
n t
2
.
Phng php
V t duy: C trong mt chu k:
+Vt i c qung ng 4A.
+Vt i qua li
*
x bt k 2 ln (khng tnh n chiu chuyn ng).
Cch lm:
-Tnh s chu k dao ng t thi im t
1
n t
2
:
2 1
t t
n m
T
= + trong n l phn nguyn cn m l phn

thp phn. C hai kh nng:
*Nu m = 0 th:
-Qung ng i c .4 S n A =
-S ln vt qua
*
x : 2 N n =
*Nu 0 m= th:
-Qung ng vt i c l: .4
du
S n A S = +
-S ln vt qua
*
x l: 2
du
N n N = + .
tnh S
d
v N
d
ta lm nh sau:
A
-A
x1 x2
M2
M1
M'1
M'2
O
A
A

Trang 8

Thay t
1
v t
2
vo phng trnh dao ng v vn tc xc nh cc li v vn tc tng ng:
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
Acos( ) Acos( )
sin( ) sin( )
x t x t
v
v A t v A t
e e
e e e e
= + = +

= + = +

(v
1
v v
2
ch cn xc nh du)
-Biu din cc v tr x
1
, x
2
v cc vc t vn tc
1 2
; v v tng ng trn trc Ox. T x
1
ta k mt ng
song song vi Ox theo hng ca
1
v

i qua x
2
cho n khi chiu ca ng k cng chiu
2
v . Khi
chiu di on v c chnh l S
d
.
Lu :
-Chiu di qu o: 2A
-Qung ng i trong 1 chu k lun l 4A; trong 1/2 chu k lun l 2A
-Qung ng i trong l/4 chu k l A khi vt i t VTCB n v tr bin hoc ngc li
Dng 9: Tm tc trung bnh ca vt trn mt on ng xc nh t thi im t
1
n thi im
t
2

Phng php:
-S dng cng thc:
tb
S
v
t
=
A

Vi S l qung ng (c xc nh dng 8) v At l khong thi gian c tnh
2 1
t t t A = .
Dng 10: Tnh qung ng ln nht v nh nht vt i c trong khong thi gian 0
2
T
t < A <
Phng php.
-Vt c vn tc ln nht khi qua VTCB, nh nht khi qua v tr bin nn trong cng mt khong thi gian
qung ng i c cng ln khi vt cng gn VTCB v cng nh khi cng gn v tr bin. S dng
mi lin h gia dao ng iu ho v chuyn ng trn u. Gc qut A = eAt.
-Qung ng ln nht khi vt i t M
1
n M
2
i xng qua trc sin (hnh 1)
max
2 sin
2
S A
A
=
-Qung ng nh nht khi vt i t M
1

n M
2
i xng qua trc cos (hnh 2)
min
2 1 cos
2
S A
A | |
=
|
\ .

Lu : + Trong trng hp At > T/2
Tch '
2
T
t n t A = + A
trong
*
; 0 '
2
T
n N t e < A <
Trong thi gian
2
T
n qung ng lun l 2nA. Trong thi gian At th qung ng ln nht, nh nht
tnh nh trn.
-Tc trung bnh ln nht v nh nht ca trong khong thi gian At:
max min
max min
;
S S
v v
t t
= =
A A
vi S
Max
;
S
Min
tnh nh trn.
Dng 11: Lp phng trnh dao ng ca dao ng iu ho.
Phng php :
* Chn h quy chiu : - Trc Ox
- Gc ta ti VTCB
- Chiu dng .
- Gc thi gian
* Phng trnh dao ng c dng : x =Acos(et + ) cm
* Phng trnh vn tc : v = -eAsin(et + ) cm/s
* Phng trnh gia tc : a = -e
2
Acos(et + ) cm/s
2

1 Tm e
* cho : T, f, k, m, g, Al
0
A
-A
M
M
1
2
O
P
x x O
2
1
M
M
-A
A
P
2
1
P
P
2
A
2
A

Trang 9

- e = 2f =
2
T
t
, vi T =
t
N
A
, N Tng s dao ng trong thi gian t
Nu l con lc l xo :
nm ngang treo thng ng
e =
k
m
, (k : N/m ; m : kg) e =
0
g
l A
, khi cho Al
0
=
mg
k
=
2
g
e
.
cho x, v, a, A
e =
2 2
v
A x
=
a
x
=
max
a
A
=
max
v
A

2 Tm A
* cho : cho x ng vi v A =
2 2
v
x ( ) . +
e

- Nu v = 0 (bung nh) A = x
- Nu v = v
max
x = 0 A =
max
v
e

* cho : a
max
A =
max
2
a
e
* cho : chiu di qu o CD A =
CD
2
.
* cho : lc F
max
= kA. A =
max
F
k
. * cho : l
max
v l
min
ca l xo A =
max min
l l
2
.
* cho : W hoc
d
max
W hoc
t
max
W A =
2W
k
.Vi W = W
max
W
tmax
=
2
1
kA
2
.
* cho : l
CB
,l
max
hoc l
CB
, l
mim
A = l
max
l
CB
hoc A = l
CB
l
min.

3 - Tm (thng ly < ) : Da vo iu kin ban u
* Nu t = 0 :
- x = x
0
, v = v
0

0
0
x Acos
v A sin
=
= e

0
0
x
cos
A
v
sin
A
e
= ?
- v = v
0
; a = a
0

2
0
0
a A cos
v A sin
= e
= e

tan = e
0
0
v
a
= ?
- x
0
=0, v = v
0
(vt qua VTCB)
0
0 Acos
v A sin
=
= e

0
cos 0
v
A 0
sin
=
= >

?
A ?
=

- x =x
0
, v = 0 (vt qua VTCB)
0
x Acos
0 A sin
=
= e

0
x
A 0
cos
sin 0
= >

?
A ?
=

* Nu t = t
1
:
1 1
1 1
x Acos( t )
v A sin( t )
= e +
= e e +
= ? hoc
2
1 1
1 1
a A cos( t )
v A sin( t )
= e e +
= e e +
= ?
Lu : Vt i theo chiu dng th v > 0 sin < 0; i theo chiu m th v < 0 sin > 0.
Trc khi tnh cn xc nh r thuc gc phn t th my ca ng trn lng gic
sinx =cos(x
2
t
) ; cosx = cos(x + ) ; cosx = sin(x +
2
t
).
Cc trng hp c bit :
Chn gc thi gian t = 0 l :
lc vt qua VTCB x
0
= 0, theo chiu dng v
0
> 0 :Pha ban u = /2.
lc vt qua VTCB x
0
= 0, theo chiu m v
0
< 0 :Pha ban u = /2.
lc vt qua bin dng x
0
= A :Pha ban u = 0.
lc vt qua bin dng x
0
= A :Pha ban u = .

Trang 10

lc vt qua v tr x
0
=
A
2
theo chiu dng v
0
> :Pha ban u =
3
t
.
lc vt qua v tr x
0
=
A
2
theo chiu dng v
0
> 0 :Pha ban u =
2
3
t
.
lc vt qua v tr x
0
=
A
2
theo chiu m v
0
< 0 : Pha ban u =
3
t
.
lc vt qua v tr x
0
=
A
2
theo chiu m v
0
< 0 : Pha ban u =
2
3
t

lc vt qua v tr x
0
=
A 2
2
theo chiu dng v
0
> 0: Pha ban u =
4
t
.
lc vt qua v tr x
0
=
A 2
2
theo chiu dng v
0
> 0: Pha ban u =
3
4
t
.
lc vt qua v tr x
0
=
A 2
2
theo chiu m v
0
< 0 : Pha ban u =
4
t
.
lc vt qua v tr x
0
=
A 2
2
theo chiu m v
0
< 0 : Pha ban u =
3
4
t
.
lc vt qua v tr x
0
=
A 3
2
theo chiu dng v
0
> 0 : Pha ban u =
6
t
.
lc vt qua v tr x
0
=
A 3
2
theo chiu dng v
0
> 0 : Pha ban u =
5
6
t
.
lc vt qua v tr x
0
=
A 3
2
theo chiu m v
0
< 0 : Pha ban u =
6
t
.
lc vt qua v tr x
0
=
A 3
2
theo chiu m v
0
< 0 : Pha ban u =
5
6
t
.
Dng 12: Lin quan n th dao ng.
Phng php.
1.Cho th dao ng tm phng trnh.
- th ca li (x), vn tc (v) v gia tc (a) bin thin iu ha theo hm sin v cos vi chu k T, cn
th ca ng nng v th nng bin thin tun hon theo hm sin v cos vi chu k
2
T
.
-Tm bin dao ng da vo gii hn trn trc tung.
-Tm chu k dao ng da vo s lp li trn trc thi gian hoc vo khong thi gian vt nhn gi tr
no .
-Tm pha ban u da vo gc thi gian.
2.Cho phng trnh, v th: V th ca hm s lng gic hc trong mn ton
II.Con lc l xo.
Dng 1: Tnh ton v chu kh v tn s ca con lc l xo.
Phng php.
-Tn s gc:
k
m
e = ; chu k:
2
2
m
T
k
t
t
e
= = ; tn s:
1 1
2 2
k
f
T m
e
t t
= = =
-iu kin dao ng iu ho: B qua ma st, lc cn v vt dao ng trong gii hn n hi.
-Cc t s:
2 2 1 1 1
1 1 2 2 2
T m k f
T m k f
e
e
= = = .
-Chu k tnh theo s dao ng N thc hin c trong thi gian At l:
t
T
N
A
=
-Chu k ca con lc l xo theo gin (nn) ca l xo v tr cn bng.
+L xo dao ng thng ng khi vt VTCB:
0
mg
l
k
A =
0
2
l
T
g
t
A
=

Trang 11

+L xo dao ng trn mt phng nghing c gc nghing :
0
sin mg
l
k
o
A =
0
2
sin
l
T
g
t
o
A
=
-Lin quan ti s thay i khi lng vt nng.
+Trong cng khong thi gian t, hai con lc thc hin N
1
v N
2
dao ng:
( )
2
2
2
2 2 1
1 2
2
2
m N N k N
f f
t m t m N
t
e t
| |
| |
= = = = =
| |
\ .
\ .

+Thm bt khi lng Am:
2 2
1 1 2 1
2 2 1 1
f m m m
f m m
e
e
| | | | A
= = =
| |
\ . \ .

+Ghp hai vt:
2 2 2
3 1 2 3 1 2
m m m T T T = =
Dng 2: Chiu di ca l xo trong qu trnh dao ng
Phng php.
-Chiu di t nhin ca l xo l
0
l .
*Khi con lc l xo nm ngang:
+Lc vt v tr cn bng, l xo khng b bin dng,
0
0 l A =
+Chiu di cc i ca l xo:
max 0
l l A = +
+Chiu di cc tiu ca l xo:
min 0
l l A =
*Khi con lc l xo b tr thng ng hoc nm nghing mt gc , vt treo di:
+ bin dng ca l xo v tr cn bng:
0
.sin mg
l
k
o
A = , nu t thng ng th
0
0
90
mg
l
k
o = A =
+ Chiu di l xo ti VTCB: l
CB
= l
0
+ Al (l
0
l chiu di t nhin)
+Chiu di li x:
0 0 cb
l l x l l x = + = +A +
+ Chiu di cc tiu (khi vt v tr cao nht):
min 0 0 cb
l l A l l A = = +A
+ Chiu di cc i (khi vt v tr thp nht):
max 0 0 cb
l l A l l A = + = +A +
+Kt hp ta c:
max min max min
;
2 2
cb
l l l l
A l
+
= =
Dng 3: Xc nh lc n hi v lc hi phc ca l xo. Thi gian nn hay dn trong mt chu k ki
vt treo di.
Phng php.
1. Lc ko v hay lc hi phc F = -kx = -me
2
x
c im: * L lc gy dao ng cho vt.
* Lun hng v VTCB
* Bin thin iu ho cng tn s vi li
ln: F = k|x| = me
2
|x| .
Lc hi phc t gi tr cc i F
max
= kA khi vt i qua cc v tr bin (x = A).
Lc hi phc c gi tr cc tiu F
min
= 0 khi vt i qua v tr cn bng (x = 0).
2. Lc n hi l lc a vt v v tr l xo khng bin dng:
( ) ( )
0 dh
F k l x mg kx = A + = +
C ln
0 dh
F k l x mg kx = A + = +
* Vi con lc l xo nm ngang th
0
0 l A = nn lc ko v v lc n hi l mt (v ti VTCB l xo
khng bin dng).
* Vi con lc l xo thng ng hoc t trn mt phng nghing
+ ln lc n hi c biu thc:
* F
h
= k,Al + x, vi chiu dng hng xung
* F
h
= k,Al - x, vi chiu dng hng ln
+ Lc n hi cc i (lc ko): F
Max
= k(Al
0
+ A) = mg kA + = F
Kmax
(lc vt v tr thp nht)
+ Lc n hi cc tiu:
* Nu A < Al F
Min
= k(Al - A) = mg kA = F
KMin

Trang 12

* Nu A Al F
Min
= 0 (lc vt i qua v tr l xo khng bin dng)
Lc y (lc nn) n hi cc i: F
Nmax
= k(A - Al) (lc vt v tr cao nht)
Dng 4: Nng lng ca con lc l xo v dao ng iu ha.
Phng php.
C nng:
2 2 2
1 1
W W W
2 2
t
m A kA e = + = =
Vi
( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 os2
1 1 1
W sin ( ) Wsin ( ) .
2 2 2 2
c t
mv m A t t kA
e
e e e
+
= = + = + =
( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 os2
1 1 1 1
W ( ) W s ( ) .
2 2 22 2 2
t
c t
kx m x kA m A cos t co t kA
e
e e e e
+ +
= = = + = + =
Lu : Dao ng iu ho c tn s gc l e, tn s f, chu k T. Th ng nng v th nng bin thin
vi tn s gc 2e, tn s 2f, chu k T/2
- ng nng v th nng trung bnh trong thi gian nT/2 ( neN
*
, T l chu k dao ng) l:
2 2
W 1
2 4
m A e =
-ng nng v th nng bin i qua li cho nhau, khi ng nng ca con lc c gi tr gp n ln th nng
ta c: ( )
2
1
1 W
2
t
n kA + =
( )
2 2
1 1
1
2 2 1
A
n kx kA x
n
+ = =
+

-Trong mt chu k c 4 ln W W
d t
= , khong thi gian gia hai ln lin tip W W
d t
= l
4
T
t A = . Khi
W W
d t
= th
2
A
x = .
-ng nng ca vt khi vt i qua v tr c li x:
( )
2 2
1
W W W
2
d t
k A x = =
Dng 5: Vit phng trnh dao ng ca con lc l xo.
Phng php.
-Chn h quy chiu thch hp: chiu dng, gc ta , gc thi gian.
-Tnh e:
2
2 f
T
t
e t = = ;
max ax ax
2 2
0 max
m m
a v a
k g v
m l v A A
A x
e = = = = = =
A

-Tnh A:
2
max max 2 ax min
2 2
2
2 2
m
v a l l chieu dai quy dao v E
A x
k e e e
= = = + = = =
-Lp h:
( )
( )
cos
sin
x A t
v A t
e
e e
= +
= +

-Xc nh iu kin ban u lc t = 0 th
0
0
?
?
x
v
=
thay vo h trn ta c:
0
0
cos
sin
A x
A v
e
=

-Gii tm .
-Nu gp bi ton cho cc gi tr x,v ti thi im t bt k. Mt trong nhng cch gi n gin l ch cn
thay cc gi tr x,v, t vo h
( )
( )
cos
sin
x A t
v A t
e
e e
= +
= +
ta s tm c .
Dng 6: Ct ghp l xo.
Phng php.
1. Ghp l xo:
* Ni tip
1 2
1 1 1
...
k k k
= + + cng treo mt vt khi lng nh nhau th: T
2
= T
1
2
+ T
2
2

Trang 13

* Song song: k = k
1
+ k
2
+ cng treo mt vt khi lng nh nhau th:
2 2 2
1 2
1 1 1
...
T T T
= + +
2. Mt l xo c cng k, chiu di l c ct thnh cc l xo c cng k
1
, k
2
, v chiu di tng
ng l l
1
, l
2
, th c: kl = k
1
l
1
= k
2
l
2
=
-Nu bit k
0
ca mt l xo c chiu di ban u l
0
th ta c th tm k ca mt on l xo c chiu di l
c ct t l xo theo biu thc:
0
0
' .
'
l
k k
l
=
Dng 7: Kch thch dao ng bng va chm
Phng php.
Bn mt vt m
0
vi vn tc vo vt M gn vi l xo ang ng yn:
-Va chm n hi:
0
0 0 0
0
0 0
2
;
M m
m v m M
v v v
m M m M
= =
+ +

-Va chm mm:
0 0
0
'
m v
v
m M
=
+

Dng 8. iu kin ca bin dao ng.
Phng php.
-Vt m
1
c t trn vt m
2
dao ng iu ho theo phng thng ng. m
1
lun
nm yn trn m
2
trong qu trnh dao ng th:
1 2
2
( ) m m g g
A
k e
+
s =

-Vt m
1
v m
2
c gn hai u ca l xo t thng ng , m
1
dao ng iu ha.
m
2
lun nm yn trn mt sn trong qu trnh m
1
dao ng th :
1 2
2
( ) m m g g
A
k e
+
s =

-Vt m
1
t trn vt m
2
dao ng iu ha theo phng ngang . H s ma st gia
m
1
v m
2
l , b qua ma st gia m
2
vi mt sn. m
1
khng trt trn m
2
trong
qu trnh dao ng th :
( )
1 2
2
m m g
g
A
k

e
+
s =

III.Con lc n.
Dng 1: Tnh Tn s gc, chu k, tn s khi bit di l, gia tc g.
Phng php.
-Tn s gc:
g
l
e = ; chu k:
2
2
l
T
g
t
t
e
= = ; tn s:
1 1
2 2
g
f
T l
e
t t
= = =
-iu kin dao ng iu ho: B qua ma st, lc cn v o
0
<< 1 rad hay S
0
<< l
-Cc t s:
2 2 1 1 1
1 1 2 2 2
T l g f
T l g f
e
e
= = = .
-Chu k tnh theo s dao ng N:
t
T
N
A
=
-Trong cng mt khong thi gian t, hai con lc thc hin N
1
v N
2
dao ng :
( )
2
2
2
2 2 1
1 2
2
2
l N N g N
f f
t l t l N
t
e t
| |
| |
= = = = =
| |
\ .
\ .

-Thay i chiu di ca con lc:
2 2
1 1 2 1
2 2 1 1
f l l l
f l l
e
e
| | | | A
= = =
| |
\ . \ .

-Ti cng mt ni con lc n chiu di l
1
c chu k T
1
, con lc n chiu di l
2
c chu k T
2
, con lc
n chiu di l
1
+ l
2
c chu k T
2
,con lc n chiu di l
1
- l
2
(l
1
>l
2
) c chu k T
4
. Th ta c:
2 2 2
3 1 2
T T T = +
v
2 2 2
4 1 2
T T T = .
Dng 2: Lp phng trnh dao ng ca co lc n
Phng php.
m
1
m
2
m
1
m
2

Trang 14

-Tnh e:
2
2
g
f
l T
t
e t = = =
-Tnh S
0
:
2 2
2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0 2
. ; ;
v v
S l S s
gl
o o o
e
= = + = +
-Lp h
( )
( )
0
0
cos
sin
s S t
v S t
e
e e
= +
= +

-Lc
0 0 0
0 0 0
cos
0 ?
sin
s s S s
t
v v S v
e
= =
= =

= =

Dng 3: Nng lng ca con lc n.
Phng php.
-ng nng ( )
2
0
1
cos cos
2
d
E mv mgl
o
o o = =
-Th nng ( ) 1 cos
t
E mgh mgl
o o
o = = vi ( ) 1 cos h l
o
o = ( chn mc th nng khi vt v tr cn
bng)
-C nng ( )
0 max max
1 cos
d t d t
E E E mgl E E o = + = = =
-khi gc nh
0
0
10 o s th ta c th vit
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
mg
E m S S mgl m l
l
e o e o = = = =
-V tr m ng nng gp n ln th nng
0 0
;
1 1
S
s
n n
o
o = =
+ +

Dng 4: Bi ton con lc vng inh v mt pha
Phng php.
- cao ca con lc vng inh so vi v tr cn bng:
( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 cos ; 1 cos h l h l o o = =
V c nng khng i nn:
1 1
1 2
2 2
1 cos
1 cos
l
h h
l
o
o
= =

-Chu k ca con lc vng inh:
1 2
2
T T
T
+
= vi T
1
l chu k ca con lc ln (
1
l ), T
2
l
chu k ca con lc nh (
2
l ).
-S trng phng ca hai con lc: Hai con lc dao ng vi chu k khc nhau T
1
v
T
2
. Khi vt nng ca hai con lc cng qua v tr cn bng v chuyn ng cng chiu th ta ni xy ra
trng phng. Khong thi gian t gia hai ln trng phng lin tip c xc nh:
1 2
1 2
TT
t
T T
=
hoc
( )
1 2
1 t nT n T = = + vi n l s chu k n lc trng phng m con lc ln thc hin, 1 n + l s chu k con
lc nh thc hin trng phng.
Dng 5: Lc cng dy treo v vn tc vt nng.
Phng php.
*Vn tc ( )
0
2 cos cos v gl
o
o o =
-Nu
0
0
10 o s th c th tnh gn ng
( )
2 2
0
v gl
o
o o =
-Khi vt qua v tr cn bng ( )
max 0
2 1 cos
VTCB
v v gl o = = v nu
0
0
10 o s th
2
max 0 0
v gl S o e = =
*Lc cng dy treo ( )
0
3cos 2cos mg
o
t o o =
-Khi qua v tr cn bng ( )
max 0
0 cos 1 3 2cos mg o o t o = = =
-Khi n v tr bin
0 0 min 0
cos cos cos mg o o o o t o = = =

Trang 15

-Nu
0
0
10 o s th c th vit
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 0
0 max 0 min
1 1, 5 1 ; 1
2
mg mg mg
o
o
t o o t o t
| |
= + = + =
|
\ .

Dng 6: Bn thin chu k ca con lc n theo nhit .
Phng php.
Gi T
1
l chu k dao ng ca con lc ng vi nhit t
1
, T
2
l chu k dao ng ca con lc ng vi nhit
t
2
. Ta c: ( )
2 1
2 1
1 1
2
T T T
t t
T T
o A
= = vi l h s n di ca dy treo con lc.
-Mt ng h qu lc dng con lc ni trn th: Nu T > 0: ng h chy chm li, nu T < 0: ng h
chy nhanh ln.
-Lng sai lch thi gian t trong khong thi gian t l:
2 1
2
t t t
ot
A =
Dng 7: Bin thin chu k ca con lc n theo cao v su.
Phng php.
*nh hng do cao:
-Gi T
1
l chu k dao ng ca con lc mt t, T
2
l chu k dao ng ca con lc cao h. Ta c:
2 1
1 1
T T T h
T T R
A
= = , vi R l bn knh tri t (R = 6400km)
chy nhanh ln.
.
cao
h
t
R
t
A =
*nh hng ca su:
-Gi T
1
l chu k dao ng ca con lc mt t, T
2
l chu k dao ng ca con lc su h. Ta c:
2 1
1 1
2
T T T h
T T R
A
= = , vi R l bn knh tri t (R = 6400km)
chy nhanh ln.
.
2
sau
h
t
R
t
A =
*Mun cao h ng h vn ng nh khi mt t c nht t
1
th: ( )
1 2
2
h
t t
R
o
= .
*Lu : Bi ton lin quan n bin thin chu k nh ca con lc n dng cng thc:
2 2 2 2
cao sau
dh dh dT dl dg dt
T l g R R
o
= + + + Vi dT,dl,dt,dh l cc bin thin nh ca chu k, chiu di, gia tc,
nhit , cao.
Dng 8: Chu k ca con lc n khi chu thm ngoi lc.
Phng php.
Khi con lc n chu thm cc lc khc nhu lc in trng , lc t, lc qun tnh, lc y c-si-mt, . . .
lc ny con lc s dao ng vi chu k mi v c v tr cn bng mi.
-V tr cn bng mi c phng dy treo trng vi phng ca trng lc hiu dng:
hd
P mg F = +
-Chu k mi 2
hd
l
T
g
t = . Trong g
hd
l gia tc hiu dng
hd
g g a = +
*Lc in trng khi vt nng nhim in q t trong in trng E.
-in trng thng ng:
+Nu
2
0
: 2
hd hd
hd
q E
l T g P
F P P P F g g T
q E m T g P F
g
m
t
| |
= + = + = = =
|
+
\ .
+


Trang 16

+Nu
2
0
: 2
hd hd
hd
q E
l T g P
F P P P F g g T
q E m T g P F
g
m
t
| |
= = = = =
|

\ .

-in trng nm ngang:
2
2 2
2 hd
hd
P P F qE
F P g g
m m m
+ | |
= = = +
|
\ .

0
2
2
2 2 2 cos
cos
hd
l l l
T T
g
g
qE
g
m
t t t o
o
= = = =
| |
+
|
\ .
vi tan
q E
F
mg mg
o = =
*Lc qun tnh khi con lc t trong thang my hoc trn xe chuyn ng c gia tc a. ngoi trng lc
P vt cn chu thm lc qun tnh
qt
F ma = .
-Chuyn ng nhanh dn u a v ( v c hng chuyn ng)
- Chuyn ng chm dn u a v ( v c hng chuyn ng)
+Nu t trong thang my 2
hd
l
g g a T
g a
t = =

+Nu t trong xe chuyn ng ngang
2 2
2 2
2
hd
l
g g a T
g a
t = + =
+

*Lc y Acsimet lc ny lun thng ng hng ln, biu thc F DgV = , vi D l khi lng ring
ca cht lng hay cht kh; V l th tch ca phn cht lng hay ch kh b vt nng chim ch.
Trong trng hp ny 2
hd
F DgV l
g g g T
DgV
m m
g
m
t = = =

IV.Dao ng tt dn, dao ng cng bc. S cng hng.
Dng 1: Bi tp v dao ng tt dn, s cng hng.
Phng php.
1.Dao ng tt dn.
-Lin h gia gim c nng v gim bin :
E A
E A
A A
~
-Vt nng trong con lc l xo dao ng tt dn vi bin ban u A, h s ma st . gim bin
sau mi chu k l:
2
4 4 mg g
A
k

e
A = =
- tnh c thi gian v qung ng t lc kho st (vt bin) n lc dng li ta lm nh sau:
+Tnh gim bin sau mt na chu k:
1/ 2 2
2 2 2
2
c
F A mg g
A
k k

e
A
A = = = =
+Xc nh s na chu k vt thc hin c, l gi tr N nguyn tha m biu thc:
1/ 2 1/ 2
1 1
2 2
A A
N
A A
| | | |
s s +
| |
A A
\ . \ .

+Thi gian ca dao ng:
2
T
t N =
+Qung ng i c: ( )
1 1/2
2 . S N A N A = A
2.S cng hng.
-iu kin c cng hng l:
0 0 0
; ; f f T T e e = = =
V.Tng hp dao ng.
* lch pha gia hai dao ng: ( ) ( )
2 2 1 1
t t e e A = + +
*i vi hai dao ng iu ha cng phng cng tn s th
2 1
A =

Trang 17

Nu A > 0 dao ng 2 nhanh pha hn dao ng 1
Nu A < 0 dao ng 2 tr pha hn dao ng 1
Nu ( ) 2n n Z t A = e th hai dao ng cng pha, khi
max 1 2
A A A = +
Nu ( ) ( ) 2 1 n n Z t A = + e th hai dao ng ngc pha, khi
min 1 2
A A A =
Nu ( ) ( ) 2 1
2
n n Z
t
A = + e th hai dao ng vung pha, khi
2 2
1 2
A A A = +
Nu lch pha l bt k th
( )
2 2
1 2 1 2 2 1
2 cos A A A A A = + +
Pha ban u ca dao ng tng hp
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
sin sin
tan
cos cos
A A
A A

+
=
+

-Khi mt vt tham gia ng thi ba dao ng iu ha cng phng cng tn s. m phng
trnh dao ng tng hp, ta s chn 2 dao ng c bit tng hp trc, s c bit y c la
chn theo th t u tin sau: cng pha, ngc pha, vung gc. Sau mi tng hp ci dao ng cn li.
-Khi mt vt tham gia ng thi nhiu dao ng i ha cng phng cng tn s:
( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 2 2
cos ; cos x A t x A t e e = + = + , nhng gia chng khng c s c bit v bin hay s
lch pha nh nhng trng hp xt trn. Lc ny tm A v th tt nht ta dng cng thc tnh
nhanh tng qut sau:
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
cos cos cos
sin sin sin
x
y
A A A A
A A A A

= = + +
= = + +

Khi
2 2
x y
A A A = + v tan
y
x
A
A
=
Nhng cn ch rng ly nghim ng ca , ta cn cn thn xem du ca A
x
v A
y
nh sau:
Nu
0
0
x
y
A
A

>
`
>

)
thuc gc phn t th nht ca vng trn lng gic.
0 0 0
; ;
0 0 0
x x x
y y y
A A A
II III IV
A A A

< < >

e e e
` ` `
> < <

) ) )

-Khi mt vt tham gia ng thi nhiu dao ng iu ha cng phng cng tn s:
( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 2 2
cos ; cos x A t x A t e e = + = + , cn tm li , gia tc, th nng ca vt ti thi im t no .
Gp bi ton ny, khng nht thit phi tm phng trnh ca dao ng tng hp, lm nhanh ch cn
thay gi tr ca t vo tng phng trnh dao ng thnh phn s thu c gi tr i s ca chng, cui
cng tnh tng
1 2 1 2
; x x x a a a = + + = + + , vv.
-Nu gp bi ton cho phng trnh dao ng thnh phn th nht v phng trnh dao ng tng
hp. Tm phng trnh dao ng thnh phn th 2. Ta nn lm nh sau:
Vit: ( )
1 2 2 1 1
' x x x x x x x x x x = + = = + = + ri tng hp nh cch thng thng.
*S dng my tnh Casio gii bi ton v dao ng tng hp.
a.Tm dao ng tng hp.
-a my v radian hoc (thng nht theo bi, a cc phng trnh dao ng thnh phn v cng
hm ca cos hoc sin)
-i vi my Casio 570MS:

-i vi my 570ES:

Trang 18

b.Tm dao ng thnh phn.

CHNG II. SNG C HC
I.i cng v sng c.
Dng 1: Bi ton v chu k, tn s v bc sng trong qu trnh truyn sng.
Phng php.
-Lin h gia chu k, tn s v bc sng: .
v
vT
f
= =
-Lin h gia s gn sng khi sng truyn i v bc sng:
+Khong cch gia hai gn sng (nh sng) lin tip l
+Khong cch gia n gn sng (nh sng) lin tip l ( ) 1 n
- lch pha dao ng gia hai im M, N bt k trong mi trng truyn sng cch ngun O ln
lt l d
M
v d
N
: 2
M N
d d
t
A = , Nu hai im M, N nm trn cng mt phng truyn sng th

2 2
MN d
t t

A
A = =
+Hai dao ng cng pha 2 ( )
M N
k d d k k Z t A = = e nu cng phng truyn sng th
( ) d k k Z A = e
+Hai dao ng ngc pha ( )
1
2 1 ( )
2
M N
k d d k k Z t
| |
A = + = + e
|
\ .
nu cng phng
truyn sng th
1
( )
2
d k k Z
| |
A = + e
|
\ .

+Hai dao ng vung pha ( )
1
2 1 ( )
2 2 2
M N
k d d k k Z
t
| |
A = + = + e
|
\ .
nu cng phng
truyn sng th
1
( )
2 2
d k k Z
| |
A = + e
|
\ .

Dng 2. Phng trnh sng ti mt im.
Phng php.
-Phng trnh dao ng ti ngun O: ( ) ( ) cos cos 2 cos 2
O
t
u A t A A ft
T
e t t
| |
= + = + = +
|
\ .

-Phng trnh songs ti M cch O mt on x:
+Nu M dao ng tr hn O:
cos ( ) cos 2 2 cos 2 2
O
x t x x
u A t A A ft
v T
e t t t t

| | | | | |
= + = + = +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

+Nu M dao ng sm hn O:
cos ( ) cos 2 2 cos 2 2
O
x t x x
u A t A A ft
v T
e t t t t

| | | | | |
= + + = + + = + +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

-Bi ton xc nh li dao ng ca im M ti thi im t:
+Xc nh qung ng sng truyn trong khong thi gian t: . S v t = .
+Nu qung ng sng truyn S nh hn khong cch t ngun ti M th li ca M lc bng 0.
+Nu qung ng S ln hn khong cch t ngun ti M th vit phng trnh dao ng ti M sau
thay t vo phng trnh dao ng ca M tm li .

Trang 19

-Bi ton xc nh lo dao ng ca im M sau (trc) thi im t mt khong At, bit li thi
im t l x
0
: Lm nh phn dao ng iu ha.
II.Giao thoa sng.
Dng 1: Phng trnh sng tng hp ti mt im.
Phng php.
a.Tng qut cho hai ngun c lch pha bt k.
-Gi s phng trnh sng ti hai ngun cng phng S
1
, S
2
cch nhau mt khong l l:
( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
cos ; cos u a t u a t e e = + = +
-Phng trnh sng ti M do hai sng t hai ngun truyn ti:
1 2
1 1 2 2
cos 2 ; cos 2
M M
d d
u a t u a t e t e t

| | | |
= + = +
| |
\ . \ .

-Phng trnh sng tng hp ti M:
1 2 M M M
u u u = +
2 1 1 2 1 2
2 cos cos
2 2
M
d d d d
u a t

t e t

+ + A ( (
= + +
( (

-Bin dao ng ti M:
2 1
2 cos
2
M
d d
A a

t
A | |
= +
|
\ .
vi
2 1
A = .
-Ti M l cc i giao thoa nu
2 1 2 1
cos 1 ( )
2 2
d d d d
k k Z

t t t

A A | |
+ = + = e
|
\ .

-Ti M l cc tiu giao thoa nu
2 1 2 1
1
cos 0 ( )
2 2 2
d d d d
k k Z

t t t

A A | | | |
+ = + = + e
| |
\ . \ .

b.Hai ngun dao ng cng pha:
2 1
0 A = = hoc
2 1
2 ( ) k k Z t A = = e
2 1 1 2 1 2
2 cos cos
2
M
d d d d
u a t

t e t

+ + ( (
= +
( (

-Bin dao ng ti M:
2 1
2 cos
M
d d
A a t
| |
=
|
\ .

2 1 2 1
2 1
cos 1 ( )
d d d d
k d d k k Z t t t

| |
= = = e
|
\ .

2 1 2 1
2 1
1 1
cos 0 ( )
2 2
d d d d
k d d k k Z t t t

| | | | | |
= = + = + e
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

c.Hai ngun dao ng ngc pha:
2 1
t A = = hoc ( )
2 1
2 1 ( ) k k Z t A = = + e
2 1 1 2 1 2
2 cos cos
2 2
M
d d d d
u a t
t
t e t

+ + ( (
= + +
( (

-Bin dao ng ti M:
2 1
2 cos
2
M
d d
A a
t
t
| |
= +
|
\ .

2 1 2 1
2 1
1
cos 1 ( )
2 2 2
d d d d
k d d k k Z
t t
t t t

| | | |
+ = + = = + e
| |
\ . \ .

2 1 2 1
2 1
1
cos 0 ( )
2 2 2
d d d d
k d d k k Z
t t
t t t

| | | |
+ = + = + = e
| |
\ . \ .

d.Hai ngun dao ng vung pha:
2 1
2
t
A = = hoc ( )
2 1
2 1 ( )
2
k k Z
t
A = = + e

Trang 20

2 1 1 2 1 2
2 cos cos
4 2
M
d d d d
u a t
t
t e t

+ + ( (
= + +
( (

-Bin dao ng ti M:
2 1
2 cos
4
M
d d
A a
t
t
| |
= +
|
\ .

2 1 2 1
2 1
1
cos 1 2 ( )
4 4 2 2
d d d d
k d d k k Z
t t
t t t

| | | |
+ = + = = + e
| |
\ . \ .

2 1 2 1
2 1
1 1
cos 0 2 ( )
4 4 2 2 2
d d d d
k d d k k Z
t t
t t t

| | | | | |
+ = + = + = + e
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

*Ch :
-Khong cch gia hai cc i lin tip hoc hai cc tiu lin tip l
2
.
-Khong cch gia mt cc i v mt cc tiu lin k l
4
.
-Hai cc i lin k th dao ng ngc pha nhau.
Dng 2: Xc nh s cc i v cc tiu quan st c.
Phng php.
1.Xc nh s cc i v s cc tiu trn on S
1
S
2
(l khong cch gia hai ngun).
-Gi s S
1
, S
2
cch nhau mt khong l .
-S cc i xc nh bi: ( )
2 2
l l
k k Z

t t
A A
+ < < + e s gi tr nguyn ca k l s ng
(im) cc i qua S
1
S
2
.
-S cc tiu xc nh bi:
1 1
( )
2 2 2 2
l l
k k Z

t t
A A
+ < < + e s gi tr nguyn ca k l s
ng (im) cc tiu qua S
1
S
2
.
b.Nu hai ngun kt hp cng pha.
-Gi s S
1
, S
2
l l
k k Z

< < e s gi tr nguyn ca k l s ng (im) cc i
qua S
1
S
2
.
-S cc tiu xc nh bi:
1 1
( )
2 2
l l
k k Z

< < e s gi tr nguyn ca k l s ng (im)
cc tiu qua S
1
S
2
.
c.Nu hai ngun kt hp ngc pha.
-Gi s S
1
, S
2
-S cc i xc nh bi:
1 1
( )
2 2
l l
k k Z

cc i qua S
1
S
2
.
-S cc tiu xc nh bi: ( )
l l
k k Z

< < e s gi tr nguyn ca k l s ng (im) cc tiu
qua S
1
S
2
.
d.Nu hai ngun dao ng vung pha.
-Gi s S
1
, S
2
-S cc i xc nh bi:
1 1
( )
4 4
l l
k k Z

cc i qua S
1
S
2
.
-S cc tiu xc nh bi:
1 1
( )
4 4
l l
k k Z

+ < < + e s gi tr nguyn ca k l s ng (im)
cc tiu qua S
1
S
2
.

Trang 21

2.Tm s ng dao ng cc i v khng dao ng gia hai im M, N bt k.
-Tnh
2 1 2 1
;
M M M N N N
d d d d d d A = A = , gi s
M N
d d A < A
2 2
N M
d d
k k Z

t t
A A A A
+ < < + e , s gi
tr nguyn ca k l s ng (im) cc i qua MN.
-S cc i xc nh bi:
1
( )
2 2 2
N M
d d
k k Z

t t
A A A A
+ < + < + e , s
gi tr nguyn ca k l s ng (im) cc i qua MN.
b.Nu hai ngun dao ng cng pha.
-Tnh
2 1 2 1
;
M M M N N N
M N
d d A < A
N M
d d
k k Z

A A
< < e , s gi tr nguyn ca k l s ng (im) cc
i qua MN.
-S cc tiu xc nh bi:
1
( )
2
N M
d d
k k Z

A A
< + < e , s gi tr nguyn ca k l s ng
(im) cc tiu qua MN.
c.Nu hai ngun dao ng ngc pha.
-Tnh
2 1 2 1
;
M M M N N N
M N
d d A < A
-S cc i xc nh bi:
1
( )
2
N M
d d
k k Z

A A
< + < e , s gi tr nguyn ca k l s ng (im)
cc i qua MN.
-S cc tiu xc nh bi:, ( )
N M
d d
k k Z

A A
< < e s gi tr nguyn ca k l s ng (im) cc
tiu qua MN.
Dng 3. Bi ton v ng trung trc.
Phng php.
1.Phng trnh ca im M nm trn ng trung trc.
-Xt hai ngun sng S
1
v S
2
dao ng vi phng trnh ( )
1 2
cos u u A t e = =
-Phng trnh dao ng ti M c dng:
2 1 1 2
2 cos cos
M
d d d d
u A t t e t

+ ( (
=
( (

-V
1
1 2
2
2 cos
M
d
d d u A t e t
(
= =
(

2.Xc nh s im dao ng cng pha (ngc pha) vi ngun trong on
IC bit trc.
-Xt im M e IC th lch pha gia ngun v im M l
1 1
2 2
0
d d
t t

(
A = =
(

a)S im dao ng cng pha.
-Ti M l im dao ng cng pha vi ngun th
1
1
2
2
d
k d k t t
= = vi k Z e
-T hnh v ta c:
1
AI d AC AI k AC s s s s gii h bt phng trnh ny tm s gi tr
nguyn ca k chnh l s im ao ng cng pha vi ngun trn IC.
b)S im dao ng ngc pha.
-Ti M l im dao ng cng pha vi ngun th ( )
1
1
2 1
2 1
2
d
k d k t t
| |
= + = +
|
\ .
vi k Z e
-T hnh v ta c:
1
1
2
AI d AC AI k AC
| |
s s s + s
|
\ .
gii h bt phng trnh ny tm s gi
tr nguyn ca k chnh l s im ao ng ngc pha vi ngun trn IC.
S
1 S
2
M

I

d
1
d
2


Trang 22

c)S im dao ng vung pha vi ngun.
-Ti M l im dao ng vung pha vi ngun th
( )
1
1
2 1
2 1
2 2 2
d
k d k
t
t
| |
= + = +
|
\ .
vi
k Z e
.
-T hnh v ta c:
1
1
2 2
AI d AC AI k AC
| |
s s s + s
|
\ .
gii h bt phng trnh ny tm s gi
tr nguyn ca k chnh l s im ao ng vung pha vi ngun trn IC.

3.Xc nh v tr M gn nht nm trn ng trung trc ca hai ngun dao ng cng pha (ngc pha)
vi ngun.
-Xt hai ngun sng S
1
v S
2
dao ng vi phng trnh ( )
1 2
cos u u A t e = =
-Phng trnh dao ng ti M c dng:
2 1 1 2
2 cos cos
M
d d d d
u A t t e t

+ ( (
=
( (

-V
1 2
2
2 cos
M
d
d d d u A t e t
(
= = =
(

- lch pha ca m so vi ngun
2 2
0
d d
t t

(
A = =
(

a)im M dao ng cng pha vi ngun khi: 2 ( ) k k Z t A = e
-Vy ta c:
2
2
d
k d k
t
t
= =
-Do M nm trn ng trung trc ca S
1
S
2
nn
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 2
S S S S S S
d k k
> > > . Gii bt

phng trnh ny tm gi tr nguyn nh nht ca k
min
t tnh c
min min
. d k =
b)im M dao ng ngc pha vi ngun khi: ( ) 2 1 ( ) k k Z t A = + e
-Vy ta c: ( )
2 1
2 1
2
d
k d k
t
t
| |
= + = +
|
\ .

-Do M nm trn ng trung trc ca S
1
S
2
nn
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 1
2 2 2 2 2
S S S S S S
d k k
| |
> + > >
|
\ .
Gii
bt phng trnh ny tm gi tr nguyn nh nht ca k
min
t tnh c
min min
1
2
d k
| |
= +
|
\ .

III.Sng dng.
Dng 1. Tnh ton v sng dng.
1.Bi tp v iu kin c sng dng.
a)Hai u dy c nh.
-Chiu di dy phi tha mn: ( 1, 2, 3, )
2
l k k
= = vi k l s b (bng) sng, s nt l 1 k + .
-S b sng k t l vi tn s f:
1 1
2 2
2 2
k f v
l k k
f k f
= = =
-Bc sng di nht
max
2l = khi k = 1 (ch c mt b sng).
-Chiu di v tn s cc tiu ca dy c sng dng:
min min
( 1) ( 1)
2 2
v
l k f k
l
= = = =
b)Dy c nh mt u, mt u t do.
-Chiu di dy phi tha mn: ( ) 2 1 ( 1, 2, 3, )
4
l k k
= = vi s bng bng s nt bng k.

-Tn s do dy n pht ra (hai u c nh nn hai u l nt sng): ( 1, 2, 3, )
2
v
f k k
l
= =
S
1 S
2
M

I

d
1
d
2


Trang 23

-Chiu di v tn s cc tiu ca dy c sng dng:
min min
( 1) ( 1)
4 4
v
l k f k
l
= = = =

-Tn s do ng so pht ra (Mt u bt kn, mt u h nn mt u l nt sng, mt u l
bng sng): ( ) 2 1 ( 1, 2, 3, )
4
v
f k k
l
= =
-Mt si dy ni vi ngun in xoay chiu c tn s f, dy t trong khong gia hai bn ca
mt nam chm hnh ch U th dy s dao ng vi tn s f.
-Mt si dy thp cng thng, t gn u mt nam chm in thng, nu dng in qua nam
chm c tn s f th dy s dao ng vi tn s 2f.
2.Cc bi ton v khong cch v thi gian.
-Khong cch gia hai nt hoc hai bng lin tip th bng na bc sng.
-Khong cch gia mt nt v mt bng lin k th bng mt phn t bc sng.
-Khong cch gia hai nt sng hay gia hai bng sng bt k: ( 1, 2, 3, )
2
BB NN
d d k k
= = =
-Khong cch gia mt nt sng vi mt bng sng bt k: ( ) 2 1 ( 0,1, 2, 3, )
4
NB
d k k
= + =
-Thi gian gia hai ln dy dui thng lin tip l
2
T
t A =
-B rng mt bng sng l 4a.
-Hai im i xng qua nt sng lun dao ng ngc pha.
-Hai im i xng nhau qua bng sng lun dao ng cng pha.
-Cc im trn dy lun dao ng vi bin khng i nn nng lng sng khng truyn i.
3.Bi ton v phng trnh sng dng trn si dy AB.
a)u B c nh (nt sng).
-Phng trnh sng ti v sng phn x ti B: cos 2
B
u a ft t = v ( ) ' cos 2 cos 2
B
u a ft a ft t t t = =
-Phng trnh sng ti v sng phn x ti M cch B mt khong d: cos 2 2
M
d
u a ft t t
| |
= +
|
\ .
v
' cos 2 2
M
d
u a ft t t t
| |
=
|
\ .

-Phng trnh sng dng ti M:
' 2 cos 2 cos 2 2 sin 2 cos 2
2 2 2
M M
d d
u u u u a ft a ft
t t t
t t t t

| | | | | | | |
= + = + =
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .

-Bin dao ng ca phn t ti M: 2 cos 2 2 sin 2
2
M
d d
A a a
t
t t

| | | |
= + =
| |
\ . \ .

b)u B t do (bng sng).
-Phng trnh sng ti v sng phn x ti B: ' cos 2
B B
u u a ft t = =
-Phng trnh sng ti v sng phn x ti M cch B mt khong d: cos 2 2
M
d
u a ft t t
| |
= +
|
\ .
v
' cos 2 2
M
d
u a ft t t
| |
=
|
\ .

-Phng trnh sng dng ti M: ( ) ' 2 cos 2 cos 2
M M
d
u u u u a ft t t
| |
= + =
|
\ .

-Bin dao ng ca phn t ti M: 2 cos 2
M
d
A a t
| |
=
|
\ .

IV.Sng m.
Dng 1. Tnh ton v sng m.
hng php.

Trang 24

-Cng m ti mt im cc ngun mt khong r:
2 2
. 4 4
E E P
I
S t r t r t t
= = =
-Mc cng m t mt im:
+Theo n v ben (B):
0
( ) lg
I
L B
I
=
+Theo n v xiben (dB):
0
( ) 10lg
I
L dB
I
=
+Cng m chun:
12 2
0
10 W/ I m
=
-Tnh cng m ti mt im khi bit mc cng m L ti :
10
0
0
10lg 10
L
I
L I I
I
| |
|
\ .
= =
-nh lut bo ton nng lng
2
1 2 2
1 1 2 2
2 1 1
I S r
E I S I S
I S r
| |
= = = =
|
\ .

-Ta c:
2 1 2
2 1
0 0 1
10lg 10lg 10lg
I I I
L L
I I I
= = Tc l khi cng m I tng (gim) 10
n
th mc
cng m L s cng thm (tr i) 10 ( ) n dB .
CHNG III. DNG IN XOAY CHIU.
I.i cng v dng in xoay chiu.
Dng 1. i cng v dng in xoay chiu.
Phng php.
1.Tnh ton v dng in xoay chiu.
a.Biu thc in p tc thi v dng in tc thi:
u = U
0
cos(et +
u
) v i = I
0
cos(et +
i
)
Vi =
u

i
l lch pha ca u so vi i, c
2 2
t t
s s
+Nu 0 > th u nhanh pha hn i.
+Nu 0 < th u chm pha hn i.
+Nu 0 = th u cng pha i.
b.Dng in xoay chiu ( ) ( )
0 0
cos cos 2
i i
i I t I ft e t = + = +
* Mi giy i chiu 2f ln
* Nu pha ban u
2
i
t
= hoc
2
i
t
= th ch giy u tin
i chiu (2 1) f ln.
c.Cng thc tnh thi gian n hunh quang sng hc tt trong mt chu
k khi t in p u = U
0
cos(et +
u
) vo hai u bng n, bit n ch
sng ln khi u U
1
.
-Thi gian n sng l:
4
s
t

e
A
A = Vi
1
0
os
U
c
U
A = , (0 < A < t/2)
-Thi gian n tt l:
2 4
t
t
t
e
A
A =
-T s gia thi gian n sng v tt trong mt chu k:
4
2 4
s
t
t
H
t

t
A A
= =
A A

d.in lng chuyn qua mch in trong thi gian t t
1
n t
2
.
-Cho mch in c dng in chy trong mch vi phng trnh ( )
0
cos
i
i I t e = + . Trong
khong thi gian t t
1
n t
2
in lng chuyn qua mch l ( )
2
1
0
cos
t
i
t
q I t dt e = +
}

2.S to thnh dng in xoay chiu - Sut in ng cm ng.
U
u
O
M'2
M2
M'1
M1
-U
U
0
0
1
-U
1
Sng Sng
Tt
Tt

Trang 25

-T thng qua khung dy c din tch S gm N vng dy:
( )
( ) ( )
0
cos , cos cos NBS n B NBS t t | e e = = + = u +
vi
0
NBS u = l t thng cc i qua cun dy.
+i vi mt ng dy c t cm L th Li | = , vi
2
7
4 .10
N
L S
l
t
= ; trong N l s vng
dy, l l chiu di ng dy, S l din tch tit din ca ng dy v l t thm ca mi trng ( trong
chn khng v khng kh 1 = ).
-Sut in ng trong khung dy ca my pht in:
( ) ( )
0 0
sin sin cos
2
d
e NBS t E t E t
dt
| t
e e e e
| |
= = + = + = +
|
\ .

vi
0 0
. E NBS e e = = u
-Cc gi tr hiu dng:
0 0 0
; ;
2 2 2
I U E
I U E = = =
II.Dng in trong on mch ch c in tr thun, cun cm hoc t in.
Dng 2. Dng in xoay chiu trong on mch ch cha mt phn t.
phng php.
1.nh lut m cho cc on mch.
a.on mch ch c in tr thun:
0
0
;
R R
U U
I I
R R
= =
b.on mch ch c t in:
0
0
. ;
C C
C c
C C
U U
I U I Z I
Z Z
= = = vi
1 1
2
C
Z
C fC e t
= =
c.on mch ch c cun cm thun:
0
0
. ;
L L
L L
L L
U U
I U I Z I
Z Z
= = = vi 2
L
Z L fL e t = =
2.Biu thc dng in v in p.
a.on mch ch c in tr thun: ( ) ( )
0 0
cos cos ( )
i R R i i u
i I t u U t e e = + = + =
b.on mch ch c t in.
-Cho ( )
0 0
cos cos ( )
2 2
i C C i u i
i I t u U t
t t
e e
| |
= + = + = =
|
\ .

-Cho ( )
0 0
cos cos ( )
2 2
C C u u u i
u U t i I t
t t
e e
| |
= + = + + = =
|
\ .

c.on mch ch c cun cm thun.
-Cho ( )
0 0
cos cos ( )
2 2
i C C i u i
i I t u U t
t t
e e
| |
= + = + + = =
|
\ .

-Cho ( )
0 0
cos cos ( )
2 2
C C u u u i
u U t i I t
t t
e e
| |
= + = + = =
|
\ .

3.H thc c lp.
-Vi on mch ch c t in C hoc ch c cun cm thun L th ta c h thc:
2 2
0 0
1
i u
I U
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ . \ .

4.Ghp cc linh kin.
Cch mc in tr thun R T in C Cun cm thun L
Ni tip
1 2
R R R = +
1 2
1 2
1 1 1
C C C
Z Z Z
C C C
= + = +
1 2
1 2 L L L
Z Z Z L L L = + = +
Song
song
1 2
1 2
R R
R
R R
=
+

1 2
1 2
1 2
C C
C
C C
Z Z
Z C C C
Z Z
= = +
+

1 2
1 2
1 2
1 1 1
L L
L
L L
Z Z
Z
Z Z L L L
= = +
+

III.Mch in R-L-C ni tip.
Dng 3. i cng v mch RLC ni tip.

Trang 26

Phng php.
1.Tnh tng tr, in p v cng dng in qua mch.
a.Tng tr ca mch RLC.
-Theo cu to:
( )
2
2
2 2
1
L C
Z R Z Z R L
C
e
e
| |
= + = +
|
\ .

-Theo nh lut m:
0
0
U U
Z
I I
= =
b.in p v dng in.
-nh lut m:
0
0
;
U U
I I
Z Z
= =
-Gia cc in p c mi lin h:
2 2 2
( )
R L C
U U U U = + hoc ( )
2
2 2
0 0 0 0 R L C
U U U U = +
2.Vit biu thc cng dng in v biu thc in p.
-Tnh tng tr Z.
-Tnh lch pha gia u v i: tan ?
L C L C
R
U U Z Z
U R

= = = ch ch ly
2 2
t t
s s
a.Cho biu thc cng dng in ( )
0
cos
i
i I t e = + vit biu thc in p.
-Tnh
0 0
. . . 2 2 U I Z I Z U = = =
-Tnh
u i
= +
-Vy biu thc in p: ( ) ( )
0 0
cos cos
u i
u U t U t e e = + = + +
b.Cho biu thc in p ( )
0
cos
u
u U t e = + vit biu thc cng dng in.
-Tnh
0
0
2
2
U U
I I
Z Z
= = =
-Tnh
i u
=
-Vy biu thc cng dng in: ( ) ( )
0 0
cos cos
i u
i I t I t e e = + = +
3.Cng hng in.
-Khi R const = ; mch c L, C hoc e(f) bin thin. Nu thy trong mch c mt trong cc du
hiu nh:
2
1
;
L C
Z Z
LC
e = = ; u hai u mch cng pha vi i; . . . th s kt lun trong mch c cng
hng in v s dng cc du hiu cn li suy ra biu thc cha n cn tm.
4.on mch c kha K.
-Khi kha K m th dng in chy qua on mch mc song song vi kha.
-Khi kha K ng th dng in chy qua on mch mc ni tip vi kha.
*c bit kha K mc song song vi C hoc L, khi ng hay m th I
ng
= I
m
.
+Kha K mc song song vi C: ( )
2
2 2 2
0
2
C
dong mo L C L
C L
Z
Z Z R Z Z R Z
Z Z
=
= + = +

=

+ Kha K mc song song vi L: ( )
2
2 2 2
0
2
L
dong mo L C C
L C
Z
Z Z R Z Z R Z
Z Z
=
= + = +

=

5.Bi ton v lch pha.
a. lch pha gia in p u v dng in i:
-p dng:
0 0
0
tan
L C L C L C
R R
U U U U Z Z
U U R

= = =
+Nu
L C
Z Z > th 0 > : u nhanh pha hn i.
+Nu
L C
Z Z < th 0 < : u chm pha hn i.
+Nu
L C
Z Z = th 0 = : u cng pha vi i.
-Ch c th s dng gin vc t tm lch pha.

Trang 27

b. lch pha gia hai in p:
2 1
A =
-Hai in p cng pha th
1 2
0 tan tan A = =
-Hai on mch AM gm R
1
L
1
C
1
ni tip v on mch MB gm R
2
L
2
C
2
ni tip mc ni tip
vi nhau m c c im
AB AM MB
U U U = + th u
AB
, u
AM
v u
MB
cng pha nn:
tan tan tan
AB AM MB
= =
1 1 2 2
1 2
L C L C
Z Z Z Z
R R

=
-Hai in p lch pha nhau
2
t
th:
2 1 1 2
tan . tan 1
2
t
A = = =
-Hai on mch AM gm R
1
L
1
C
1
ni tip v on mch MB gm R
2
L
2
C
2
ni tip mc ni tip
vi nhau c in p lch pha A :
+Vi
1 1
1
1
tan
L C
Z Z
R

= v
2 2
2
2
tan
L C
Z Z
R

=
+Vit
2 1
2 1
1 2
tan tan
tan
1 tan . tan

A = A =
+

+Nu
1 1 2 2
2 1 1 2
1 2
tan . tan 1 1
2
L C L C
Z Z Z Z
R R
t

A = = = =
-Trng hp lch pha gia hai in
p l bt k th dng gin vc t gii.

5.Cng sut tiu th ca mch in xoay
chiu.
-Cng sut tc thi p ui =
-Cng sut ta nhit
2
( ) P R r I = +
-Cng sut tiu th cos P UI = vi cos l h s cng sut.
-i vi mch in RLC ni tip th h s cng sut:

( )
2
2
2
2
cos
R
L C
U R RU
P RI
U Z
R Z Z
= = = =
+

Dng 4. Cc bi ton v bin thin v cc tr trong mch RLC.
Phng php.
1.Cc bi ton lin quan n cc tr ca cng sut.
a.Nu , R U const = , thay i L hoc C, hoc ( ) f e . Tm iu kin
max
P .
Cch lm: T
( )
2 2
max 2
2
L C
L C
U R U
P P P Z Z
R
R Z Z
= = = =
+
hay
2
1 LC e = (Lc ny trong
mch xy ra cng hng v h s cng sut cos 1 = )
b.Nu , , , L C U const e = . Thay i R, tm R
max
P .
Cch lm: T
( )
2
2
2
L C
U R
P
R Z Z
=
+
dng bt ng thc Csi cho
2 2
max
2 2
L C
L C
U U
P R Z Z
Z Z R
= = =
. Lc ny h s cng sut ca mch

2
cos
2
=
c.Mch R - r - L - C khi c R bin i.
*
( )
( )
2 2
max
2 2
AB L C
L C
U U
P R r Z Z
Z Z R r
= = + =
+

*
( )
( )
2
2
Rmax
2
L C
U
P R r Z Z
R r
= = +
+

d.Mch R L C khi R bin i c hai gi tr
1 2
R R = cho cng sut c cng mt gi tr
max
P P < .

Trang 28

Cch lm: T
( )
( )
2
2
2 2
2
2
0
L C
L C
U R
P PR U R P Z Z
R Z Z
= + =
+

-Theo Vi-t:
2
1 2
1 2 L C
U
R R
P
R R Z Z
+ =

-khi R bin i c hai gi tr
1 2
R R = cng sut c cng gi tr
max
P P < . Gi tr ca R cng sut
cc i l
2
1 2 max
;
2
U
R R R P
R
= = .
e.Mch R r L C khi R bin i c hai gi tr
1 2
R R = cho cng sut c cng mt gi tr
max
P P < .
Cng theo Vi-t ta c:
( )( ) ( )
2
1 2
2
1 2
2
L C
U
R R r
P
R r R r Z Z
+ + =
+ + =

2.Mch L R C c C bin i. Bi ton tm C :
a.
min max max max max max
, , , , , , cos
R L RL AB
Z I U U U P cc i, u
R
cng pha vi u
AB
. . .?
Tt c cc trng hp trn u lin quan ti cng hng in, chng u c kt qu
L C
Z Z =
b.
max
?
C
U =
Cch lm: Dng phng php i s hay phng php gin vc t u cho kt qu:
2 2 2 2
max
;
L L
C C
L
U R Z R Z
Z U
Z R
+ +
= = v
2 2 2 2 2 2
ax ax ax
; 0
CM R L CM L CM
U U U U U U U U = + + = ; khi
RL AB
U U v U
AB
chm pha hn i.
c.
max
?
RC RC
U U = =
Cch lm: Trin khai
RC RC
U IZ = ri dng phng php o hm kho st, cui cng thu c
2 2
max
0
RC C L C
U Z Z Z R = hay Khi
2 2
4
2
L L
C
Z R Z
Z
+ +
= th
ax
2 2
2 R
4
RCM
L L
U
U
R Z Z
=
+

d.
2 2
RL L
U I R Z = + lun khng i vi mi gi tr ca R (mch c R gia L v C)
Cch lm: Bin i i s thu c ( ) 2 2
C C L C L
Z Z Z Z Z =
e.
RL RC
U U (C R gia L v C)
Cch lm: Dng biu thc
1 2
tan . tan 1 = hoc v gin vc t , cui cng ta c:
2
.
L C
Z Z R =
f.
RL RC
U U v ;
RL RC
U a U b = = . Tm , ,
R L C
U U U .
Cch lm: T ( )
( )
2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
.
L C R
L
R L L C L
C
R C C L C
U U U
U a
U U U U U a
U b
U U U U U b
=
| |
+ = + = =
|
\ .
+ = + =
v . .
R C L
a b
U U U
b a
= =
C th dng gin vc t s cho kt qu nhanh nht.
g.Khi C thay i, c hai gi tr C
1
v C
2
cho lch pha gia i v u l nh nhau hoc , I P khng i th:
1 2
2
C C
L
Z Z
Z
+
=
h.Khi C thay i, c hai gi tr C
1
v C
2
cho lch pha gia i v u l nh nhau hoc , I P khng i.
Tm C c cng hng in. Phng php gii: Bin i ton hc, thu c:
1 2
1 2 1 2
2 1 1 1 1
2
CC
C
C C C C C
| |
= + =
|
+
\ .


Trang 29

i.Khi C thay i, c hai gi tr C
1
v C
2
l cho hiu in th trn t trong hai trng hp bng nhau. Tm
C hiu in th trn t t cc i th C phi tha mn:
1 2
2
C C
C
+
=
3.Mch C R L c L bin i. Bi ton tm L :
a.
min max max Cmax max max
, , , , , , cos
R RC AB
Z I U U U P cc i, u
C
tr pha
2
t
so vi u
AB
. . .?
L C
Z Z =
b.
max
?
L
U =
Cch lm: Dng phng php i s hay phng php gin vc t u cho kt qu:
2 2 2 2
max
;
C C
L C
C
U R Z R Z
Z U
Z R
+ +
= = v
2 2 2 2 2 2
ax ax ax
; 0
LM R C LM C LM
U U U U U U U U = + + = ; khi
RL AB
U U v U
AB
nhanh pha hn i.
c.
2 2
RL L
U I R Z = + cc i (R gia L v C).
Cch lm: Dng phng php o hm ta thu c:
2 2
max
0
RL L L C
U Z Z Z R = hay khi
2 2
4
2
C C
L
Z R Z
Z
+ +
= th
ax
2 2
2 R
4
RLM
C C
U
U
R Z Z
=
+

d.
RL RC
U U (C R gia L v C)
Cch lm: Dng biu thc
1 2
tan . tan 1 = hoc v gin vc t , cui cng ta c:
2
.
L C
Z Z R =
e.Khi gp bi ton L bin thin, c hai gi tr L
1
, L
2
cho cng mt cng dng in, hoc cng sut
tiu th trong hai trng hp bng nhau, hay cho cng ln ca s lch pha gia u v i th bao gi ta
cng c h thc:
1 2
2
L L
C
Z Z
Z
+
=
f. Khi gp bi ton L bin thin, c hai gi tr L
1
, L
2
cho cng mt cng dng in, hoc cng sut
tiu th trong hai trng hp bng nhau, hay cho cng ln ca s lch pha gia u v i. Tm L c
cng hng in th bao gi cng thu c:
1 2
2
L L
L
+
=
g.Khi gp bi ton L bin thin, c hai gi tr L
1
, L
2
cho cng mt hiu in th trn cun dy. Tm L
hiu in th trn cun dy t cc i th
1 2
1 2 1 2
2 1 1 1 1
2
L L
L
L L L L L
| |
= + =
|
+
\ .

4.Mch R L C c tn s f thay i. Tm f :
a.
min max max max max max
, , , , , , cos
R L RL AB
Z I U U U P cc i.
L C
Z Z = hay
2
1 1
2
f
LC LC
e
t
= =
b.
C C
U IZ = cc i?
Khi
2
1
2
2
L R
f
L C
e t = = th
ax
2 2
2 .
4
CM
U L
U
R LC R C
=

c.
L L
U IZ = cc i?
Khi
2
1 1
2
2
f
C
L R
C
e t = =
th
ax
2 2
2 .
4
LM
U L
U
R LC R C
=

d.Thay i f c hai gi tr
1 2
f f = , bit
1 2
f f a + = th
1 2
I I = , hoc
max
P , hoc
max R
U ?

Trang 30

Cch lm: Ta c
( ) ( )
2
2 2
1 2
1 2 1 1 2 2
1 2
1
.
2
cong huong
L C L C
Z Z Z Z Z Z LC
a
e e e
e e t
= =
= =

+ =

e.Mch RLC, khi e thay i c hai gi tr
1 2
e e = l cho in p trn t in l nh nhau. Xc nh gi
tr ca e in p trn t in t gi tr cc i. Khi e tha mn h thc:
( )
2 2 2
1 2
1
2
e e e = +
f.Mch RLC, khi e thay i c hai gi tr
1 2
e e = l cho in p trn cun cm l nh nhau. Xc nh
gi tr ca e in p trn cun cm t gi tr cc i. Khi e tha mn h thc:
2 2 2
1 2
1 1 1 1
2 e e e
| |
= +
|
\ .

Dng 5. Bi ton hp kn (hp en)
Phng php
1.Da vo lch pha
x
gia in p hai u hp kn v dng in trong mch.
a.Hp kn 1 phn t.
-Nu 0
x
= : Hp kn cha R
-Nu
2
x
t
= : Hp kn cha cun dy thun cm L
-Nu
2
x
t
= : Hp kn cha t in C
b.Hp kn cha 2 phn t.
-Nu 0
2
x
t
< < : Hp kn cha in tr R v cun cm L
-Nu 0
2
x
t
< < : Hp kn cha R v C
-Nu
2
x
t
= : Hp kn cha cun dy thun cm mc ni tip vi t in C c
L C
Z Z >
-Nu
2
x
t
L C
Z Z <
-Nu 0
x
L C
Z Z =
2.Da vo in p.
-Nu
X Y
U U U = l L v C
-Nu
2 2
X Y
U U U = + l:
Rnt C
Rnt L

-Nu
X Y
U U U = + X v Y cha cng mt phn t (cng R, cng L hoc cng C)
IV.Cc thit b in.
Dng 5. My pht in xoay chiu - ng c in v my bin p.
Phng php.
1. Tn s dng in do my pht in xoay chiu mt pha c p cp cc, rto quay vi vn tc n
vng/giy pht ra: . ( ) f n p Hz = . Nu tc quay ca rto n l vng trn pht th
.
60
n p
f =
2.T thng gi qua khung dy ca my pht in u = NBScos(et +) = u
0
cos(et + )
Vi u
0
= NBS l t thng cc i, N l s vng dy, B l cm ng t ca t trng, S l din tch
ca vng dy, e = 2tf
3. Sut in ng trong khung dy: e = eNSBcos(et + -
2
t
) = E
0
cos(et + -
2
t
)
Vi E
0
= eNSB l sut in ng cc i.

Trang 31

4. Dng in xoay chiu ba pha l h thng ba dng in xoay chiu, gy bi ba sut in ng
xoay chiu cng tn s, cng bin nhng lch pha tng i mt l
2
3
t
hay v thi gian l
1
3
chu k

1 0
2 0
3 0
os( )
2
os( )
3
2
os( )
3
e E c t
e E c t
e E c t
e
t
e
t
e
= +
trong trng hp ti i xng th

1 0
2 0
3 0
os( )
2
os( )
3
2
os( )
3
i I c t
i I c t
i I c t
e
t
e
t
e
= +

My pht mc hnh sao: U
d
= 3 U
p
My pht mc hnh tam gic: U
d
= U
p

Ti tiu th mc hnh sao: I
d
= I
p

Ti tiu th mc hnh tam gic: I
d
= 3 I
p

Lu : my pht v ti tiu th thng chn cch mc tng ng vi nhau.
5.Cng sut ca ng c khng ng b ba pha: 3 cos
p p co nhiet
P U I P P = = +
-i vi ng c khng ng b mt pha th
2
cos cos
co nhiet co nhiet
P UI P P P P P P UI rI = = + = =
6.Hiu sut ca ng c: 100%
co
P
H
P
=
9. S bin i in p v cng dng in trong my bin p
-Gi U
1
, I
1
, N
1
, P
1
ln lt l in p, cng , s vng dy, cng sut ca cun s cp. U
2
, I
2
,
N
2
, P
2
ln lt l in p, cng , s vng dy, cng sut ca cun th cp.
-Ta c
1 1 1 2 2 2
; P U I P U I = = vy hiu sut ca my bin p:
2
1
100%
P
H
P
=
-Trng hp l tng 100% H = :
1 1 2 1
2 2 1 2
U E I N
U E I N
= = =
10. Truyn ti in nng i xa
-Gi P l cng sut cng truyn ti t ni sn xut n ni tiu th; U l in p ra my bin p;
I l cng dng in trn ng dy.
-Ta c cos
cos
P
P UI I
U
= =
-Cng sut hao ph trn ng dy:
2
2
2 2
os
P
P RI R
U c
A = =
-Thng xt cos 1 = khi
2
2
P
P R
U
A =
- gim th trn ng dy ti in: . U I R A =
l
R
S
= l in tr tng cng ca dy ti in (lu : dn in bng 2 dy)
-Hiu sut ti in: .100%
P P
H
p
A
=
CHNG IV.DAO NG V SNG IN T.
I.Mch dao ng LC.
Dng 1. Cc bi ton v chu k v tn s.

Phng php.
-p dng:
0
1 1
2 ;
2
T LC f
LC LC
e t
t
= = =

Trang 32

-Lp t s:
2 2 2 1 1
1 1 1 2 2
.
T L C f
T L C f
e
e
= = =
- Do
0
0
0
1 I
Q LC
e = = nn chu k c th tnh theo
0 0
0 0
2
2
Q I
T f
I Q
t
t
= =
B t ghp: Mch c L v C
1
c tn s f
1
; mch c L v C
2
c tn s f
2
.
+ Khi C
1
ghp ni tip C
2
th
2 2 2 1 2
1 2 2 2 2
2 2
1 2
1 2
1 1 1
; ;
nt nt
nt
f f f
T T T

= + = + =
+

+Khi C
1
ghp song song C
2
th
2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 2 2 2
1 2
1 1 1
; ;
ss ss
ss
T T T
f f f
= + = + = +
Ghp cun dy: Mch c L
1
v C c tn s f
1
; mch c L
2
v C c tn s f
2
.
+ Khi L
1
ghp ni tip L
2
th
2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 2 2 2
1 2
1 1 1
; ;
nt nt
nt
T T T
f f f
= + = + = +
+Khi L
1
ghp song song L
2
th
2 2 2 1 2
1 2 2 2 2
2 2
1 2
1 2
1 1 1
; ;
ss ss
ss
f f f
T T T

= + = + =
+

-Khong thi gian gia hai ln lin tip in tch (in p) trn mt bn t c ln cc i l
2
T

Dng 2. Vit biu thc in tch, in p v cng dng in trong mch LC
Phng php.
a.Gi s bi cho phng trnh: ( )
( )
0 0 0
0
0
0 0
os ( );
2
os ( )
os ( );
i I c t A I Q
q Q c t C
Q
u U c t V U
C
t
e e
e
e
| |
= + + =
|
\ .
= +

= + =

b.Gi s bi cho phng trnh: ( )
0 0 0
0
0
0 0
os ( );
2
os ( )
os ( );
2
L
u U c t V U I
C
i I c t A
I
q Q c t C Q
t
e
e
t
e
e
| |
= + =
|
\ .
= +

| |
= + =
|
\ .

c.Gi s bi cho phng trnh: ( )
( )
0 0 0
0
0 0 0
os ( );
os ( ) 2
os ( ); .
C
i I c t A I U
u U c t V L
q Q c t C Q U C
t
e
e
e
| |
= + + =
|
= +
\ .
= + =

Dng 3. Nng lng ca mch dao ng LC.
Phng php.
-Nng lng in trng: ( )
2 2
2 2 0
1 1
W cos
2 2 2
C
Q q
Cu t
C C
e = = =
-Nng lng t trng: ( )
2 2 2
0
1 1
W sin
2 2
L
Li LI t e = =
-Nng lng in trng v nng lng t trng bin thin vi chu k
2
T
v vi tn s 2f.
-Khong thi gian gia hai lin tip nng lng t trng v nng lng in trng bng nhau l
4
T
.
-Khi nng lng in trng gp n ln nng lng t trng (
C L
W nW = ) th dng in tc thi, in p
v in tch c tnh theo biu thc:
0
0 0
; ;
1 1 1
I n n
i u U q Q
n n n
= = =
+ + +

-Nng lng in t:
2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0 0
2 2
0 0
W W W W W ;
2 2 2
L C LMax CMax
Q LI CU LI CU
C L
C U I
= + = = = = = =

Trang 33

-Tnh nng lng in, nng lng t:
( )
( )
2 2 2
0
2 2 2
0
1
W
2 2
1
W
2 2
L
C
C
Li U u
L
Cu I i
= =
= =

-Tm gi tr cc i I
0
, U
0
:
2 2
0 0
2 2
0 0
C C
I U i u
L L
L L
U I u i
C C
= == +
= = +

-Tnh nhanh gi tr tc thi u, i, q
T
( )
2 2
2 2
0
0 0
1
i q
q LC I i
I Q
| | | |
+ = =
| |
\ . \ .

T
( )
( )
2 2 2 2
2 2
0 0
0 0
2 2 2 2
0 0
1
L L
u I i U i
i u C C
I U
C C
i U u I u
L L
= =
| | | |

+ =
| |
\ . \ .

= =

-Mch dao ng c L, C v c in tr r. Cng sut cn cung cp duy tr dao ng ca mch:
T
2 2 2
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
2 2 2 2 2
Q LI CU Q U Q C C
I U I
C L L LC LC
= = = = = =
Cng sut hao ph;
2 2
2 0 0
. . .
2 2
hp
U Q C
P rI r r
L LC
= = = vy cng sut cung cp:
cc hp
P P =
II.Sng in t.
Phng php.
-Cho L, C. Nu dng mch lm mch chn sng trong my thu v tuyn in th thu c sng
in t c bc sng:
8
2 ( 3.10 / )
c
cT c LC c m s
f
t = = = = .
-Cho L, cho C bin thin t C
1
n C
2
. Hi nu dng lm mch chn sng trong my thu v tuyn
in th my thu bt c sng trong khong:
1 2
2 2 c LC c LC t t s s .
-B t ghp: Mch c L v C
1
c tn s f
1
; mch c L v C
2
c tn s f
2
.
+ Khi C
1
ghp ni tip C
2
th
2 2 2 1 2
1 2 2 2 2
2 2
1 2
1 2
1 1 1
; ;
nt nt
nt
f f f
T T T

= + = + =
+

+Khi C
1
ghp song song C
2
th
2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 2 2 2
1 2
1 1 1
; ;
ss ss
ss
T T T
f f f
= + = + = +
Ghp cun dy: Mch c L
1
v C c tn s f
1
; mch c L
2
v C c tn s f
2
.
+ Khi L
1
ghp ni tip L
2
th
2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 2 2 2
1 2
1 1 1
; ;
nt nt
nt
T T T
f f f
= + = + = +
+Khi L
1
ghp song song L
2
th
2 2 2 1 2
1 2 2 2 2
2 2
1 2
1 2
1 1 1
; ;
ss ss
ss
f f f
T T T

= + = + =
+

-Mch chn sng ca mt my thu v tuyn in c L v C. bt c sng
1 2
s s th phi
mc thm mt t xoay nh th no, c in dung trong khong no?
Ta c
2
1
2 min 2 2
2 2
2
2
ax 2 2
4
2
4
4
b
bM
C
c L
c LC C
c L
C
c L
t
t
t

t
= =


Trang 34

*Nu C
bmin
v C
bMax
< C th t xoay phi mc ni tip vi C v
min
min min
min
ax
ax
.
.
tx
b tx
tx
txMax
bM txMax
txM
C C
C C
C C
C C
C C
C C

*Nu C
bmin
v C
bMax
> C th t xoay phi mc song song vi C v
min min min tx b tx
txMax bMax txMax
C C C C
C C C C
+ =
+ =

-Mch chn sng ca mt my thu v tuyn in c L v C. bt c sng
1 2
s s th phi
mc thm mt cun dy nh th no, c t cm trong khong no?
Ta c
2
1
2 min 2 2
2 2
2
2
ax 2 2
4
2
4
4
b
bM
L
c C
c LC L
c C
L
c C
t
t
t

t
= =

*Nu L
bmin
v L
bMax
< L th cun dy phi mc song song vi L v
min
min min
min
ax
ax
.
.
d
b d
d
dMax
bM dMax
dM
L L
L L
L L
L L
L L
L L

*Nu C
bmin
v C
bMax
> C th cun dy phi mc ni tip vi C v
min min min d b d
dMax bMax dMax
L L L L
L L L L
+ =
+ =

CHNG V. SNG NH SNG
I.Tn sc nh sng.
Dng 1. Tnh ton v hin tng tn sc nh sng.
Phng php.
-Tn s l i lng c trng cho sng. Mu sc nh sng ph thuc tn s f. Khi truyn trong
cc mi trng khc nhau: tn s nh sng khng i nn mu khng i. V chit sut khc nhau nn
vn tc khc nhau dn n bc sng, khong vn thay i.
-Lin h gia chit sut tuyt i v vn tc truyn sng.
+Chit sut tuyt i:
c
n
v
= vi
8
3.10 / c m s = l tc truyn sng trong chn khng.
+Chit sut t i gia hai mi trng:
2 1
21
1 2
n v
n
n v
= =
-Do tia lch t hn so vi tia tm nn: n
< n
da cam
< . . . < n
tm
m
> v
da cam
> . . . >
v
tm

-S ph thuc bc sng nh sng trong mi trng:
+Bc sng nh sng trong chn khng:
0
c
f
=
+Bc sng nh sng trong mi trng c chit sut tuyt i n:
0
v
f n
= =
Mu nh sng Bc sng (m) Mu nh sng Bc sng (m)
0,640 0,760 Lam 0,450 0,510
Cam 0,590 0,650 Chm 0,430 0,460
Vng 0,570 0,600 Tm 0,380 0,440
Lc 0,500 0,575 Cn nh lm bi ton v mu sc


Trang 35

-nh lut khc x nh sng:
2
21
1
sin
sin
kx
t
n n i
n
r n n
= = = vi
2 1
1 2
n v
n v
=
-iu kin c hin tng phn x ton phn:
+nh sng i t mi trng chit quang hn sang mi trng chit quang km.
+Gc ti phi ln hn hoc bng gc gii hn phn x ton phn
gh
i i > vi
2
1
sin
gh
n
i
n
=
-Lng knh:
1 1
2 2
1 2
1 2
sin sin
sin sin
i n r
i n r
A r r
D i i A
=
= +
= +

Ch :
+Khi gc ti i v gc chit quang A u nh th:
( )
1 1 2 2
;
1
i nr i nr
D n A
~ ~

+Lng knh trong iu kin gc lch cc tiu D = D
Min
th tia l v tia ti i xng nhau qua mt
phng phn gic ca gc chit quang A, tc l
min
1 2 1 2 min 1
; 2 ;sin sin
2 2 2
D A A A
i i r r D i A n
+
= = = = =
-Thu knh: Tiu c ca thu knh:
1 2
1 1 1
1
TK
MT
n
f n R R
| || |
= +
| |
\ .\ .
. Trong :
+R
1
, R
2
l bn knh cc mt cong ca thu knh (R > 0 cho mt cong li; R< 0 cho mt cong lm;
R = nu l mt phng).
+
TK
n v
MT
n l chit sut ca cht lm thu knh v chit sut ca mi trng ni t thu knh.
-Cng thc thu knh
1 1 1 '. .
; '
' '
d f d f
d d
f d d d f d f
= + = =

-Chm sng ti song song vi trc chnh ca thu knh hi cho chm sng l i qua tiu im
chnh ca thu knh.
II.Giao thoa nh sng.
Dng 2. Tnh ton v giao thoa vi nh sng n sc.
Phng php.
1.Bi ton v khong vn, v tr vch sng, vch ti.
-Khong vn
D ai
i
a D
= =
-V tr vn sng:
k
s
D
x k ki
a
= = vi 0; 1; 2; 3; k =
-V tr vn ti:
1 1
2 2
k
t
D
x k k i
a
| | | |
= + = +
| |
\ . \ .
vi (0, 1);(1, 2);(2, 3);(3, 4); k =
-Xc nh xem ti v tr M cch vn trung tm mt on x
M
c vn sng hay ti: Xt t s
M
x
i
nu
kt qu l mt s nguyn th ti l vn sng, nu kt qu l mt s bn nguyn th ti l vn ti.
-Khong cch gia hai vn sng hoc hai vn ti lin tip l i.
-Khong cch t vn sng n vn ti lin tip l
2
i
.
-Khong cc gia N vn sng hoc ti lin tip l (N - 1) khong vn.
-Khong cch gia cc vn.
+Cng pha: Ax = x
ln
- x
b

+Hai pha: Ax = x
ln
+ x
b

2.Bi ton v s vch sng ti.

Trang 36

-Xc nh s vn giao thoa quan st c trong trng giao thoa: gi PQ l rng ca trng
giao thoa.
*Cch 1:
+Xt t s
2
PQ
p q
i
= + vi p l phn nguyn cn q l phn thp phn.
+S vn sng quan st c 2 1
s
N p = + vn.
+S vn ti quan st c
2 0, 5
2( 1) 0, 5
t
p khi q
N
p khi q
<
=

+ >

*Cch 2:
+S vn sng:
. .
( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
s s
D PQ PQ PQ D PQ a PQ a PQ
x k x k k k Z
a a D D

= s s s s s s e
+S vn ti:
( )
1 1 . 1 . 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
t t
D PQ PQ PQ D PQ a PQ a PQ
x k x k k k Z
a a D D

| | | |
= + s s s + s s s e
| |
\ . \ .

*Xc nh s vch sng ti gia hai im M v N bt k trn trng giao thoa:
+S vch sng:
N s M N M
D
x x x x k x
a
s s s s
+S vch ti:
1
2
N t M N M
D
x x x x k x
a
| |
s s s + s
|
\ .

+Nu M, N nm cng pha vi vn trung tm th x
N
v x
M
cng du.
+Nu M, N nm khc pha vi vn trung tm th x
N
v x
M
khc du.
Ch : Ngoi cc php tnh c bn nu trn, cn mt s cch tnh nhanh khc:
-S vn sng, vn ti trn on MN, vi hai im M,N trn trng giao thoa nm hai bn so vi
vn sng trung tm:
+S vn sng: 1
s
OM ON
N
i i
( (
= + +
( (

+S vn ti: 0, 5 0, 5
t
OM ON
N
i i
( (
= + + +
( (

-S vn sng, ti gia hai im M,N (M v N khng ri vo vn sng) trn trng giao thoa, nm
cng mt bn so vi vn sng trung tm:
+S vn sng:
s
OM ON
N
i i
( (
=
( (

+S vn ti: 0, 5 0, 5
t
OM ON
N
i i
( (
= + +
( (

-Ti M v N u l vn sng: 1
s
MN
N
i
= + v 1
t s
N N = +
-Ti M v N u l vn ti:
s
MN
N
i
= v 1
t s
N N = +
-Ti M l vn sng, ti N l vn ti: 0, 5
s t
MN
N N
i
= = +
3.Bi ton v s thay i khong vn do thay i khong cch hoc mi trng.
-Th nghim Young thc hin trong mi trng c chit sut n th ta c: ' '
i
i
n n
= =
-Nu mt trong hai khe Young b chn bi mt bn mt song song c chit sut n, b dy e th cc
vn (k c vn trung tm) dch chuyn mt on
( ) 1 n eD
x
a
A = trn mn v pha c bn mng

-Nu chn c hai khe bng mt lng knh c gc chit quang nh , chit sut n th cc vn dch
v pha y ca lng knh mt on ( ) 1 . x n Do A =

Trang 37

-Ngun sng S pht nh sng n sc chiu vo hai khe Young tnh tin trn ng vung gc vi
trc i xng mt on y th vn trung tm di i mt on
0
'
D
x y
D
= vi D l khong cch t ngun S
ti mt phng cha hai khe Young.
4.Bi ton v hiu quang trnh. iu kin c vch sng, ti trn mn.
-Hiu ng i:
2 1
ax
d d
D
=

-Vn sng l v tr hai sng kt hp gp nhau v tng cng ln nhau.
iu kin: k d d =
1 2
) ( Z k e
-Vn ti l v tr hai sng kt hp gp nhau v trit tiu ln nhau.
iu kin:
|
.
|
\
|
+ ' =
2
1
1 2
k d d ) ( Z k e '
Dng 3. Giao thoa vi nh sng hn hp, nh sng trng.
Phng php.
1.Tm v tr vn sng trng nhau ca hai bc x.
Khi hai vn sng trng nhau :
1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 1 2 2
1 1
s s
D D k b
x x k k k k
a a k c

= = = = = (phn s
ti gin)
C th vit:
1
2
k bn
k cn
=
v v tr trng nhau
1
trung
D
x bn
a
= hoc
2
trung
D
x cn
a
=
Cho x
trng
nm trong vng kho st:
2 2
trung
PQ PQ
x s s hoc
M trung N
x x x s s ta s c s gi tr
nguyn ca n, t bit c s vch trng nhau, v tr trng nhau.
2.Tm v tr vn ti trng nhau ca hai bc x.
Khi hai vn ti trng nhau: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
1 2 1 1 2 2
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2 2
t t
D D
x x k k k k
a a

= + = + + = +
( )
( )
1
2
2 1
2 1
2 1
k
b
k c
+
= =
+
(phn s ti gin)
C th vit:
( )
( )
1
2
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1
k b n
k c n
+ = +
+ = +
v v tr trng nhau ( ) ( )
1 2
2 1 2 1
2 2
trung
D D
x b n c n
a a

= + = +
Cho x
trng
2 2
trung
PQ PQ
x s s hoc
M trung N
3.Tm v tr vn sng ca bc x ny trng vi vn ti ca bc x kia.
-Khi vn sng ca bc x ny trng vi vn ti ca bc x kia, ta c:
1 2 s t
x x =
( )
1 2 1 2
1
2 1
2 1
2 2 1 2
D D k b
k k
a a k c

= + = =
+
(phn s ti gin)
C th vit:
( )
( )
1
2
2 1
2 1 2 1
k b n
k c n
= +
+ = +
v v tr trng nhau ( ) ( )
1 2
2 1 2 1
2
trung
D D
x b n c n
a a

= + = +
Cho x
trng
2 2
trung
PQ PQ
x s s hoc
M trung N
4.B rng vng quang ph: ( )
D T D T
kD
x x x
a
A = =
5.Bit ta im M trn mn, hi c nhng bc x no cho vch sng hoc vch ti khi giao thoa
vi nh sng trng.

Trang 38

+Nu ti M c cc vn sng
. .
s s
s T D
a x a x D
x k
a kD kD
= = s s gii tm k ( k Z e ), thay
ngc tr li tm .
+ Nu ti M c cc vn ti
. . 1
1 1 2
2 2
t t
t T D
a x a x D
x k
a
k D k D

| |
= + = s s
|
| | | |
\ .
+ +
| |
\ . \ .
gii tm
k ( k Z e ), thay ngc tr li tm .
CHNG VI. LNG T NH SNG
I.Hin tng quang in.
Dng 1. Tnh ton v hin tng quang in ngoi.
Phng php.
1. Nng lng mt lng t nh sng (ht phtn)

2
hc
hf mc
Trong h = 6,625.10
-34
Js l hng s Plng.
c = 3.10
8
m/s l vn tc nh sng trong chn khng.
f, l tn s, bc sng ca nh sng (ca bc x).
m l khi lng ca phtn:
2
.
hf h
m
c c
= =
2. Hin tng quang in
a.Hin tng quang in ch xy ra khi:
0
s (gii hn quang in) hay
0
f f >
b.Cng thc Anhxtanh:
2
0 ax
2
M
mv hc
hf A
Trong
0
hc
A l cng thot ca kim loi dng lm catt
0
hc
A
=

0
l gii hn quang in ca kim loi dng lm catt

0max
v l vn tc ban u ca electron quang in khi thot khi catt
f, l tn s, bc sng ca nh sng kch thch (
c
f
= )
T:
( )
( )
( )
( )
0max
0
2
0max
0
2 2
0 0
2
0
0
0
2 2
02 01
2 1
2 1 2 1
2 2 1 1
1
2
1 1
2 2
1 1
2
2
h
h
Max Max
Max
h
Max Max
h h
eU hc
v
m m
hc hc hc
A mv eU
hc hc hc
A mv mv
mv hc
U
e e
m v v
e U U
h
f f f f

| |
= =
|
\ .
= = =
= + = = +

| |
= =
|
\ .

= =

c. dng quang in trit tiu th U
AK
s U
h
(U
h
< 0), U
h
gi l hiu in th hm:
2
0 ax
2
M
h
mv
eU
Lu : Trong mt s bi ton ngi ta ly U
h
> 0 th l ln.
d.Xt vt c lp v in, c in th cc i V
Max
v khong cch cc i d
Max
m electron
chuyn ng trong in trng cn c cng E c tnh theo cng thc:

2
2 0
ax 0 ax ax ax
0 0
1 1 1 1 1
2 2
Max
M M M M
mv hc
e V mv e Ed hc V
e e


Trang 39

e.Vi U l hiu in th gia ant v catt,
A
v l vn tc cc i ca electron khi p vo ant,
0max K
v v = l vn tc ban u cc i ca electron khi ri catt th:
2 2
1 1
2 2
A K
e U mv mv
f.Hiu sut lng t (hiu sut quang in):
0
n
H
n
Vi n v n
0
l s electron quang in bt
khi catt v s phtn p vo catt trong cng mt khong thi gian t.
g.Cng sut ca ngun bc x:
0 0 0
n n hf n hc
P
t t t

h.Cng dng quang in bo ho:
bh
n e
q
I
t t
bh bh bh
I I hf I hc
H
P e P e P e

i.Bn knh qu o ca electron khi chuyn ng vi vn tc v trong t trng u B:
, = ( ,B)
sin
mv
R v
e B
Xt electron va ri khi catt th
0max
v v =
Khi sin 1
mv
v B R
e B

k.Tn s ca chuyn ng quay ca electron:
2
e B
f
m t
=
Lu : Hin tng quang in xy ra khi c chiu ng thi nhiu bc x th khi tnh cc i
lng: Vn tc ban u cc i v
0Max
, hiu in th hm U
h
, in th cc i V
Max
, u c tnh ng
vi bc x c
Min
(hoc f
Max
)
II.Mu nguyn t BO.
Dng 2. Mu BO v quang ph ca nguyn t HIR.
Phng php.
-Tin Bo:
cao thap
hc
hf E E

-Bn knh qu o dng th n ca electron trong nguyn t hir:
2
0 n
r n r = , vi: 1, 2, 3, 4, n = ;
11
0
5, 3.10 r m
= l bn knh Bo ( qu o K)
-Khi tm qu o th dng h thc:
2
2
1 1 0
1 1
2
2 2
2 2 0
r n r
r n
r n
r n r
= | |
=
` |
=
\ .
)

-Nng lng electron trong nguyn t hir:
2
13, 6
( )
n
E eV
n
Vi 1 n = cho lp K; 2 n = cho
lp L; 3 n = cho lp M; . . .
-Nng lng ion ha l nng lng cn thit a electron t qu o dng trng thi c bn
ra xa v cng:
1
1
hc
E E
=
-S mc nng lng
+Dy Laiman: Nm trong vng t ngoi.
ng vi e chuyn t qu o bn ngoi v qu o
K
Lu : Vch di nht
LK
khi e chuyn t L K
Vch ngn nht
K
khi e chuyn t K.
+Dy Banme: Mt phn nm trong vng t
ngoi, mt phn nm trong vng nh sng nhn thy.
ng vi e chuyn t qu o bn ngoi v qu o
L . Vng nh sng nhn thy c 4 vch:
Vch H
o
ng vi e: M L
Vch lam H
|
ng vi e: N L
Laiman
K
M
N
O
L
P
Banme
Pasen
H
o
H
|
H

H
o
n=1
n=2
n=3
n=4
n=5
n=6

Trang 40

Vch chm H
ng vi e: O L
Vch tm H
o
ng vi e: P L
Lu : Vch di nht
ML
(Vch H
o
)
Vch ngn nht
L
khi e chuyn t L.
+Dy Pasen: Nm trong vng hng ngoi
ng vi e chuyn t qu o bn ngoi v qu o M
Lu : Vch di nht
NM
khi e chuyn t N M.
Vch ngn nht
M
khi e chuyn t M.
-Mi lin h gia cc bc sng v tn s ca cc vch quang ph ca nguyn t hir:
13 12 23
1 1 1

= + v f
13
= f
12
+f
23
(nh cng vct)
-Khi electron chuyn ln trng thi dng th n, tm s vch quang ph c th pht ra:
Cch 1: V s mc nng lng, v cc vch c th pht x ri m.
Cch 2: Tnh tng cc s nguyn c t 0 n (n-1).
Cch 3: Tnh
( ) 1
2
n n
N

=
III.Tia X.
Dng 3. Bi ton v tia X
Phng php.
-C ch pht tia X: Cc electron thot khi catt b in trng
mnh tc dng, tng tc chuyn ng nhanh v ant, p vo i m cc
(ant), mt phn tng tc vi cc nguyn t ca cc ny lm pht ra tia X
hay cn gi l tia Rnghen.
-Theo nh l v bin thin ng nng, bin thin ng nng
ca electron bng cng ca lc in trng nn ta c: W W
dA dK AK
eU =
-Mt khc theo nh lut bo ton v chuyn ha nng lng, ng nng ca electron khi n i
catot (anot) s chuyn thnh nng lng ca tia X v lm nng i catot, nn:
W
dA X X
X
hc
Q hf Q Q c
= + = + = + .
-Nu ton b ng nng W
A
ny chuyn ha thnh nng lng ca tia X (khng c phn nhit
lng lm nng i catot, Q = 0) th lc o nng lng ca tia X l ln nht:
max
W
X dA
c =
-Hay:
max
min
. .
X AK AK
hc
eU eU c
= = vy:
min max
.
;
.
AK
AK
eU
hc
f
eU h
= =
CHNG VII. HT NHN NGUYN T
I.Cu to ht nhn.
Dng 1. Bi tp v h thc Anhxtanh.
Phng php.
-p dng cc cng thc:
+Khi lng tng i:
0
2
2
1
m
m
v
c
=

+Nng lng ton phn:
2
2 0
2
2
1
m c
E mc
v
c
= =

+Nng lng ngh:
2
0 0
E m c =

Trang 41

+ng nng tng i ca vt: ( )
2 2
0 0 0
2
2
1
1
1
K E E m m c m c
v
c
| |
|
|
= = =
|
|
\ .

+nh l v bin thin ng nng:
2 1
K K A =

+Cng ca lc in trng u tc dng ln mt in tch: A qEd =
Dng 2. Xc nh cu to ca ht nhn
Phng php.
-p dng cng thc: Ht nhn
A
Z
X c:
+A nuclon
+Z proton
+(A Z) notron
Dng 3. Tnh bn knh, th tch, khi lng ring ca ht nhn. Tnh s ht, t l phn trm ng
v.
Phng php.
-Bn knh ht nhn:
1
15
3
1, 2.10 ( ) R A m
=
-Th tch ht nhn:
3
4
3
V R
t
=
-Khi lng ring ht nhn:
hatnhan
m
V
=
-S ht trong m gam cht n nguyn t:
A
m
N N
A
= vi
23 1
6, 02.10
A
N mol
=

Dng 4. Tnh ht khi, nng lng lin kt v nng lng lin kt ring.
Phng php.
- ht khi ca ht nhn
A
Z
X : . ( )
p n X
m Z m A Z m m A = +
-n v khi lng nguyn t:
27
2
1 1, 66055.10 931, 5
MeV
u kg
c
= =
-Nng lng lin kt ca ht nhn
A
Z
X :
2 2
W . . ( ) .
W . ( ) .931, 5( )
lk p n X
lk p n X
mc Z m A Z m m c
Z m A Z m m MeV
( = A = +

( = +

-Nng lng lin kt ring:
W
lk
A
c =
-Ht nhn c nng lng lin kt ring cng ln th cng bn vng. Nhng ht nhn bn c s
khi A trong khong t 50 n 95, ht nhn bn nht c 8,8
MeV
nuclon
c = .
II.Phng x.
Dng 1. Tnh lng cht cn li, phn r, cht mi to thnh. T l phn trm gia chng.
Phng php.
*S nguyn t cht phng x cn li sau thi gian t:
0
0
( )
.
2
t
t
T
N
N N e
*S ht nguyn t b phn r bng s ht nhn con c to thnh v bng s ht (o hoc e
-
hoc
e
+
) c to thnh:
0 0 0
( )
1
1 (1 )
2
t
t
T
N N N N N e

*Phn trm s ht cn li:
( )
0
1
2
t
t
T
N
e
N

= =

Trang 42

*Phn trm s ht b phn r:
( )
( )
0
1
1 1
2
t
t
T
N
e
N

| |
A
|
= =
|
\ .

*Bng tnh nhanh (S ht phng x ban u l N
0
)
Thi gian S ht cn li S ht phn r
N % N %
0 N
0
100% 0 0
1T
0
0
1
2 2
N
N =
50%
0 0
0
2 2
N N
N = 50%
2T
0 0
1
2 2 4
N N | |
=
|
\ .

25%
0 0
0
3
4 4
N N
N =
75%
3T
0 0
1
2 4 8
N N | |
=
|
\ .

12,5%
0 0
0
7
8 8
N N
N =
87,5%
. . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . .
*Khi lng cht phng x cn li sau thi gian t:
0
0
( )
.
2
t
t
T
m
m m e
Trong : N
0
, m
0
l s nguyn t, khi lng cht phng x ban u
T l chu k bn r

2 0, 693 ln
T T
l hng s phng x
v T khng ph thuc vo cc tc ng bn ngoi m ch ph thuc bn cht bn trong ca
cht phng x.
* Khi lng cht b phng x sau thi gian t:
0 0 0
( )
1
1 (1 )
2
t
t
T
m m m m m e
* Phn trm cht phng x b phn r:
( )
0
1
1 1
2
t
t
T
m
e
m

*Phn trm cht phng x cn li:
( )
0
1
2
t
t
T
m
e
m

*Bng tnh nhanh (Khi lng phng x ban u l m
0
)
Thi gian Cn li Phn r
m % m %
0 m
0
100% 0 0
1T
0
0
1
2 2
m
m =
50%
0 0
0
2 2
m m
m = 50%
2T
0 0
1
2 2 4
m m | |
=
|
\ .

25%
0 0
0
3
4 4
m m
m =
75%
3T
0 0
1
2 4 8
m m | |
=
|
\ .

12,5%
0 0
0
7
8 8
m m
m =
87,5%
. . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . .

* Khi lng cht mi c to thnh sau thi gian t

1 0 1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0
( ) ( )
1 1
1 (1 ) 1 (1 )
2 2
t t
t t
A A A
T T
A N A N A A N
m A e m m e
N N N A A


Trang 43

Trong : A, A
1
l s khi ca cht phng x ban u v ca cht mi c to thnh
N
A
= 6,022.10
-23
mol
-1
l s Avgar.
Lu : Trng hp phng x |
+
, |
-
th A = A
1
m
1
= Am
* phng x H
L i lng c trng cho tnh phng x mnh hay yu ca mt lng cht phng x, o bng s phn
r trong 1 giy.

0
0
( )
.
2
t
t
T
H
H H e N
H
0
= N
0
l phng x ban u.
n v: Becren (Bq); 1Bq = 1 phn r/giy
Curi (Ci); 1 Ci = 3,7.10
10
Bq
Lu : Khi tnh phng x H, H
0
(Bq) th chu k phng x T phi i ra n v giy(s).
Dng 2. Tnh tui ca mu phng x.
Phng php.
-Tnh tui theo s ht cn li :
0
0
2
2 .log
N t
N T
N
t T
N
= = ( nu t s
0
2
a
N
N
= th . t T a = )
0 0
1
ln( ) ln( )
ln 2
N N T
t
N N
= =
-Tnh tui theo khi lng cn li:
0
0
2
2 .log
m t
m T
m
t T
m
= = ( nu t s
0
2
a
m
m
= th . t T a = )
0 0
1
ln( ) ln( )
ln 2
m m T
t
m m
= =
-Tnh tui theo phng x thi im t:
0
0
2
2 .log
H t
T H
H
t T
H
= = ( nu t s
0
2
a
H
H
= th . t T a = )
0 0
1
ln( ) ln( )
ln 2
H H T
t
H H
= =
-Cn bng phng x ca hai cht phng x:
1 2 1 1 2 2
H H N N = =
III.Phn ng ht nhn.
Dng 1. Vit phng trnh phn ng ht nhn.
Phng php.
Xt phn ng ht nhn:
3 1 2 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
A A A A
Z Z Z Z
X X X X + + vit phng trnh phn ng ta p dng hai
nh lut sau:
-nh lut bo ton s nucln (s khi A):
1 2 3 4
A A A A + = +
-nh lut bo ton in tch (nguyn t s Z):
1 2 3 4
Z Z Z Z + = +
Dng 2. Tnh nng lng ca phn ng ht nhn. Tnh lng nhin liu tng ng.
Phng php.
1.Tnh nng lng ca phn ng ht nhn:
3 1 2 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
A A A A
Z Z Z Z
X X X X
a.Tnh theo chnh lch khi lng ca cc ht nhn trc v sau phn ng:
( ) ( )
2
0 0
( ) .931, 5 ( ) E M M c J M M MeV A = =
Trong :
1 2
0 X X
M m m = + l tng khi lng cc ht nhn trc phn ng.

3 4
X X
M m m = + l tng khi lng cc ht nhn sau phn ng.
Lu :
-Nu M
0
> M th phn ng to nng lng AE di dng ng nng ca cc ht X
3
, X
4
hoc
phtn . Cc ht sinh ra c ht khi ln hn nn bn vng hn.
-Nu M
0
< M th phn ng thu nng lng ,AE, di dng ng nng ca cc ht X
1
, X
2
hoc
phtn . Cc ht sinh ra c ht khi nh hn nn km bn vng.
-Phng x (ht phtn): Ht nhn con sinh ra trng thi kch thch c mc nng lng E
cao
chuyn xung mc nng lng E
thp
ng thi phng ra mt phtn c nng lng:

Trang 44

cao thap
hc
hf E E
b.Tnh theo ht khi ca cc ht nhn trc v sau phn ng.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2
. ( ) .931, 5 ( ) E m m m m c J m m m m MeV A = A +A A +A = A +A A +A ( (

Vi Am
1
, Am
2
, Am
3
, Am
4
l ht khi tng ng ca cc ht nhn.
c.Tnh theo nng lng lin kt ca cc ht nhn trc v sau phn ng.
( ) ( )
3 4 1 2
W W W W
lk lk lk lk
E A = + + vi
1 2 3 4
W , W , W , W
lk lk lk lk
l nng lng lin kt tng ng ca
cc ht nhn trong phn ng.
d.Tnh theo nng lng lin kt ring ca cc ht nhn trc v sau phn ng.
( ) ( )
3 3 4 4 1 1 2 2
E A A A A c c c c A = + + vi
1 2 3 4
, , , c c c c l nng lng lin kt ring tng ng ca cc
ht nhn trong phn ng
e.Tnh theo ng nng ca cc ht nhn trc v sau phn ng.
T nh lut bo ton nng lng ton phn:
( ) ( )
1 2 3 4 3 4 1 2
K K E K K E K K K K + +A = + A = + +
2.Xc nh ng nng, vn tc, gc bay ca cc ht.
+ Bo ton ng lng:
1 2 3 4 1 1 2 2 4 3 4 4
m m m m p p p p hay v v v v
+ Bo ton nng lng:
1 2 3 4
X X X X
K K E K K Trong : AE l nng lng phn ng ht
nhn.
2
1
2
X x x
K m v l ng nng chuyn ng ca ht X
Lu : - Khng c nh lut bo ton khi lng.
- Mi quan h gia ng lng p
X
v ng nng K
X
ca ht X l:
2
2
X X X
p m K
- Khi tnh vn tc v hay ng nng K thng p dng quy tc hnh bnh hnh
V d:
1 2
p p p bit
1 2
, p p

2 2 2
1 2 1 2
2 p p p p p cos
hay
2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 2 mv mv m v mm v v cos
hay
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
2 mK m K m K mm K K cos
Tng t khi bit
1 1
, p p hoc
2 2
, p p
Trng hp c bit:
1 2
p p
2 2 2
1 2
p p p
Tng t khi
1
p p hoc
2
p p
v = 0 (p = 0) p
1
= p
2

1 1 2 2
2 2 1 1
K v m A
K v m A

Tng t v
1
= 0 hoc v
2
= 0.
3.Tnh lng nhin liu khc nhin liu ht nhn tng ng, dng cng thc: . Q mq = vi q l nng
sut ta nhit (n v J/kg).
4.Khi lng Mt Tri gim i sau thi gian t khi bit cng sut ca bc x Mt Tri l P c xc nh:
2 2
. E Pt
m
c c
A
A = =
PHN III. PH LC
I.Cc h thc trong tam gic vung.
-nh l Pi-ta-go:
2 2 2
a b c = +
-H thc lng trong tam gic vung:
sin ; cos ; tan
Doi Ke Doi
Huyen Huyen Ke
o o o = = =
-H thc v ng cao:
2 2 2
1 1 1
a
h AC AB
= +
p
1
p
2
p
A
C B
H
a
b
c
h
a

Trang 45

-H thc v cc hnh chiu ca cc cnh:
2 2
. ; . ; . . AC CH CB AH HC HB AC AB AH CB = = =
II.H thc trong tam gic thng.
-nh l hm s cosin:
2 2 2
2 .cosA a b c bc = +
-nh l hm s sin:
sin sin sin
a b c
A B C
= =
III.Gi tr ca mt s gc c bit.
-Bng gi tr cc gc c bit:
-Vng trn lng gic :

- 3
-1
- 3/3
(iem goc)
t
t'
y
y'
x
x'
u
u'
- 3 -1 - 3/3
1
1
-1
-1
-t/2
t
5t/6
3t/4
2t/3
-t/6
-t/4
-t/3
-1/2
- 2 /2
- 3 /2
-1/2 - 2 /2 - 3 /2
3 /2
2 /2 1/2
3 /2
2 /2
1/2
A
t/3
t/4
t/6
3/3
3
B
t/2
3/3 1 3
O
Gc
0
0
30
0
45
0
60
0
90
0
120
0
135
0
150
0
180
0
360
0
0
6
t

4
t

3
t

2
t

3
2t

4
3t

6
5t

t t 2
sino 0
2
1

2
2

2
3
1
2
3

2
2

2
1
0 0
coso 1
2
3

2
2

2
1
0
2
1

2
2

2
3
-1 1
tgo 0
3
3
1 3 kx 3 -1
3
3
0 0
cotgo kx 3 1
3
3
0
3
3
-1 3 kx kx
A
B C
a
b
c

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Cm nang luyn thi i hc - Bin son: Nguyn nh V - Email: nguyendinhvu@thuvienvatly.

Cch kch thch dao ng.

= + trong n l phn nguyn cn m l phn

A = , Nu hai im M, N nm trn cng mt phng truyn sng th

> > > . Gii bt

= = vi s bng bng s nt bng k.

. Lc ny h s cng sut ca mch

trong trng hp ti i xng th

A = trn mn v pha c bn mng

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