Prof.

Michael Stafford Mercy College Presents

Origins of the Cold War

U.S.-Soviet Relations to 1945 Allies in World War II Postwar Cooperation the U.N Satellite States in Eastern Europe Occupation Zones in Germany Iron Curtain

coldwar

Uneasy peace between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. Competition for world dominance and global power. Fought on political and economic fronts rather than on military battlefields---------Even though the threat of war was always present. Defined Americas foreign policy from 1946 to 1989. It affected domestic politics and how Americans viewed the world and themselves. Constant state of military preparedness and arms race Propaganda war----Democracy vs Communism US policy: Support nations threatened by Communism

NAT O

Communistic Warsaw Pact

Communistic Warsaw Pact

The Bi-Polarization of Europe: The

map/cold war

Beginning of the Cold War

1950s

Democracy vs. Communism Bi-Polarization of the World

US, Allied Nations and Allied colonies.

Soviet Union/China and Allies..

The Cold War: Roots of the Conflict Soviet Expansion:

The Soviet Union occupied most of Eastern Europe by the end of World War II.

Satellite State

When a nation is under the control of another. Ex. Part of Germany was under the control of the Soviet Union. Other examples: Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria

The Iron Curtain

From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

Truman Doctrine [1947]

1. Civil War in Greece. 2. Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles. 3. The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressuresWe must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. 4. The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.

Marshall Plan [1948]

1. European Recovery Program.

2. Secretary of State, George Marshall

3. The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations that need it. This move

is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.

4. $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].

* The U.S. gave over $12 billion in aid to European countries between 1948 and 1952, helping to improve their economies and lessen the chance of communist revolutions.

map/cold war

1950s
Containment: Stop the expansion of Communism in Asia and Europe

US, Allied Nations and Allied colonies.

Soviet Union/China and Allies..

Soviet Union 1918 Berlin Blockade 19478

Eastern Europe 1946 China 1949 Korean War 1950 to 1953

CONTAINMENT
Marshall Plan Berlin Airlift NATO Korean War

Focus on Berlin

After World War II, Germany was divided into four zones, occupied by French, British, American, and Soviet troops.

Occupation zones after 1945. Berlin is the multinational area within the Soviet zone.

Soviet blockade: East Berlin

West Germany

East Germany

West Berlin In June of 1948, the French, British and American zones were joined into the nation of West Germany after the Soviets refused to end their occupation of Germany.

 In response, the Soviets cut off West Berlin from the rest of the world with a blockade.

Eventual site of the Berlin Wall

Berlin Airlift
President Truman decided to avoid the blockade by flying in food and other supplies to the needy people of West Berlin. At times, over 5,000 tons of supplies arrived daily.

Berlin Blockade & Airlift (194849)

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)

Military alliance to counter Soviet expansion.

United States Belgium Britain Canada Denmark France Iceland Italy Luxemburg Netherlands Norway Portugal 1952: Greece & Turkey 1955: West Germany 1983: Spain

NATO

Warsaw Pact (1955)

Soviet Union and satellite states rival alliance to NATO

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U. S. S. R.
Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia

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East Germany
Hungary Poland Rumania

Mao Tse Tung

Mao Tse Tung, defeats Chang Kai Shek in the Chinese Civil War.. China became a communistic country. Chang Kai Shak is exiled to Taiwan. Mao Tse Tung becomes the Communistic leader of China. US believed there was a communistic plot to rule the world
NATO

Chang Kai Shek

1950 to 1953, North Korea invades South Korea. North Korea was a communist nation and South Korea was a democracy. First war of containment policy to stop communism Police Action not a declared war President Truman leads United Nations. General Douglas MacArthur commands US and UN troops. Called forgotten war.

Truman vs. MacArthur

Truman fires General MacArthur when he advises Truman he would use nuclear weapons against the Chinese.

Stalemate by 1953. Pres. Eisenhower negotiated an end to war Divided at 38th parallel Communism contained Remains divided today

The world would now live with the threat of nuclear war.

Arms race between Soviet Union and U.S. who could build the most nuclear weapons. U.S. would use nuclear weapons as a deterrent Peace through strength
nuclear diplomacy
atomic bomb

The Arms Race: A Missile Gap?

} The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in 1949.

Now there were two nuclear superpowers!

Brinkmanship

Belief that only going to the brink of war would protect the U.S. from going to war with the Soviet Union.

U.S. would threaten mass retaliation with Soviet Union in order to try to get them to back off.

Suez Crisis

Egypts president Gamal Abdel Nasser tried to construct a dam on the Nile River. U.S. and Britain offered to pay for project but Nasser began communicating with Soviet Union and Recognized the Peoples Republic of China.

Eisenhower administration withdrew its offer.

Suez Crisis

In Response, Nasser Nationalized the Suez Canal making it under government control.

Before it was managed by the British and French and protected with British armed forces.
This threatened the flow of Middle Eastern oil to Europe.

Suez Crisis

Britain and France teamed up with Israel to try to get the land back without consulting the U.S.

President Eisenhower did not like this and refused to support them. As a result of lack of U.S. support, Britain, France, and Israel were forced to withdraw its troops.

Eisenhower Doctrine

Stated that the U.S. would use force to help any Middle Eastern nation threatened by communism.

CIA

Central Intelligence Agency- 1947

Intelligence gathering organization.

1953 helped install a new government in Iran and in 1954 same thing in Guatemala Both helped to place anticommunist leaders in power and also created long term resentment toward U.S.

The Race for Space

1957 Russians launch SPUTNIK I

Facts on Sputnik
Aluminum sphere, 23 inches in diameter weighing 184 pounds with four steel antennae emitting radio signals. Launched Oct. 4, 1957 Stayed in orbit 92 days, until Jan. 4, 1958

1957 Russians launch SPUTNIK I

Effects on the United States

Americans fear a Soviet attack with missile technology
Americans resolved to regain technological superiority over the Soviet Union In July 1958, President Eisenhower created NASA or National Space and Aeronautics Agency 1958 --> National Defense Education Act

Effects of Sputnik on United States

Atomic Anxieties:
Duck-and-Cover Generation

Atomic Testing:
Between July 16, 1945 and Sept. 23, 1992, the United States conducted 1,054 official nuclear tests, most of them at the Nevada Test Site.

Americans began building underground bomb shelters and cities had underground fallout shelters.

Cold War Technology

1948- Microwave 1946- Computer

1960Communications Satellite 1070s- Smoke Detector 1980s- Global Positioning System

1948- Hang Glider

1958- Nuclear Energy Plant

Red Scare was Americans response to the fear of Communism Senator Joseph McCarthy accused 205 US Govt. officials of being Communist. McCarthyism to destroy or assassinate ones character without proof and it ruined the careers of many Americans.

Became a witch hunt that led to Americans pledging a loyalty oath to the United States.
red scare

Soviets detonate their first atomic bomb.. The question is raised, where did they get the technology the bomb?

Ethel and Julius Rosenberg would be accused of giving away atomic bomb secrets.
Charged with espionage they would be found guilty and executed in 1953.
NATO

red scare3

1947 investigation led to prison sentences for contempt known as the Hollywood Ten.

Blacklisted: a list of persons who are under suspicion, disfavor, or censure, or who are not to be hired, served, or otherwise accepted.

McCarthyism

Claimed 205 communists working for State Department Attacked wealthy & privilegedpopular appeal Even Eisenhower wouldnt challenge him Army hearings in 1954 televised
McCarthy exposed as a

bully (reckless cruelty

The End
Relationship

between America and Russia remain tense to this day American/Russian joint space program Some cooperation on terror