Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The Sixties
The Sixties
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The 60s
What was it like?
It was intense, man!
The times, they are a changin
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The 60s
The 60s
J.F.K.Timeline New Frontier Election
Uphill Battle
Cuba Berlin
Dont Go! Assassination
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Bay of Pigs
Castro takes over Cuba Jan. 1, 1959 For two years CIA tries to push Castro from power. April 1961, the CIA launched what its leaders believed would be the definitive strike: a fullscale invasion of Cuba by 1,400 American-trained Cubans who had fled their homes when Castro took over. The invaders were badly outnumbered by Castros troops, and they surrendered after less than 24 hours of fighting.
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The 60s
The 60s
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The 60s
Berlin
On August 13, 1961, the Communist government of the German Democratic Republic began to build a barbed wire and concrete wall between East and West Berlin. It primarily served the objective of stemming mass defections from East to West. U.S.S.R. demands the U.S. leave Berlin. In the summer of 1961, Kennedy met with Khrushchev to address Berlin, Laos, and disarmament. They found no solution to the Berlin problem. "Ich bin ein Berliner! June 26, 1963 in West Berlin.
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The 60s
Dallas
Dixon predicted the assassination of J.F.K. In the May 13, 1956, issue of Parade Magazine she wrote that the 1960 presidential election would be "dominated by labor and won by a Democrat" who would then go on to "[B]e assassinated or die in office I tried to warn him -- don't, don't go to Dallas ... November 22, 1963, Dallas, TX J.F.K. assassinted by Lee Harvey Oswald. "He didn't even have the satisfaction of being killed for civil rights . . . . It's it had to be some silly little Communist." Jackie Kennedy, on hearing that a leftist had been arrested for her husband's murder.
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Death of a President
Zapruder Film
The 60s
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The 60s
Martin Luther King Jr.
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The 60s
The Civil Rights Movement
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The 60s
Atlanta
Memphis
Birmingham
Chicago
Washington
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The 60s
Atlanta
Lunch counter sit-ins began in Greensboro, North Carolina. In Atlanta, King is arrested during a sitin waiting to be served at a restaurant. He is sentenced to four months in jail. After intervention by John Kennedy and Robert Kennedy, he is released.
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Birmingham
On Good Friday, April 12, 1963 King is arrested with Ralph Abernathy by Police Commissioner Eugene "Bull" Connor for demonstrating without a permit. On April 13, the Birmingham campaign is launched. During the eleven days he spent in jail, MLK writes his famous Letter from Birmingham Jail On May 10, the Birmingham agreement is announced. The stores, restaurants, and schools will be desegregated, hiring of blacks implemented, and charges dropped.
The 60s
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Washington
The March on Washington held August 28, 1963 is the largest civil rights demonstration in history with nearly 250,000 people in attendance. At the march, King makes his famous I Have a Dream speech. At the march, King makes his famous I Have a Dream speech. On November 22, President Kennedy is assassinated.
The 60s
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The 60s
Chicago
On January 22, 1966 King moves into a Chicago slum tenement to attract attention to the living conditions of the poor. On July 10, 1966 King initiates a campaign to end discrimination in housing, employment, and schools in Chicago. On November 27, 1967 King announces the inception of the Poor People's Campaign focusing on jobs and freedom for the poor of all races. King announces that the Poor People's Campaign will on demanded a $12 billion Economic Bill of Rights guaranteeing employment to the able-bodied, incomes to those unable to work, and an end to housing discrimination.
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The 60s
Memphis
Early March of 1968 Dr. King marches in support of sanitation workers on strike in Memphis, Tennessee. On March 28, King lead a march that turns violent. This was the first time one of his events had turned violent. Delivered I've Been to the Mountaintop speech. At sunset on April 4, Martin Luther King, Jr. is fatally shot while standing on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel in Memphis. There are riots and disturbances in 130 American cities. There were twenty thousand arrests. King's funeral on April 9 is an international event.
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The 60s
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Bobby Kennedy
The 60s
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The 60s
National Stage
Runs J.F.K.s campaign Becomes Attorney General
1968
Seeks Democratic Nomination Indianapolis
California
Wins Primary Los Angelis
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National Stage
The 60s
In 1960, Kennedy managed brother Johns presidential campaign. Bobby was made U.S. A.G. and became one of JFKs closest cabinet advisors. Bobby took on organized crime and made many enemies by doing so. When JFK was killed in 1963, Bobby resigned. A year later he ran successfully for senator of New York, with the ultimate goal of becoming a U.S. presidential candidate.
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On April 4, 1968, Bobby he takes his campaign to Indianapolis. He is scheduled to speak to a mostly Black neighborhood. Just prior to him going on stage he is told of Martin Luther Kings death. He is told not to go on stage with fears he cant be protected. Instead he goes on and gives an impromptu speech. Riots break out in 160 cities but not in Indianapolis. Two months later Bobby would also be gone.
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The 60s
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The 60s
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The 60s
Rolling Thunder
Tet
My Lai
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July 30, 1964, South Vietnamese commandos attack two small North Vietnamese islands in the Gulf of Tonkin. A spy ship, the U.S. destroyer Maddox,an air attack to draw North Vietnamese boats away from the commandos. The captain of the U.S.S. Maddox reports that his vessel has been fired on and that an attack is imminent. A retaliation against North Vietnam is ordered by President Johnson. American jets bomb two naval bases, and destroy a major oil facility. Two U.S. planes are downed in the attack. August 7, 1964, the U.S. congress passes the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, giving President Johnson the power to take whatever actions he sees necessary to defend southeast Asia.
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The 60s
February 13, 1965, President Johnson authorizes Operation Rolling Thunder, a limited but long lasting bombing offensive. Its aim is to force North Vietnam to stop supporting Vietcong guerrillas in the South. March 2, 1965, After a series of delays, the first bombing raids of Rolling Thunder are flown. April 3, 1965, An American campaign against North Vietnam's transport system begins. In a month-long offensive, Navy and Air Force planes hit bridges, road and rail junctions, truck parks and supply depots.
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Rolling Thunder
The 60s
Tet Offensive
January 30 - 31, 1968, On the Tet holiday, Vietcong units surge into action over the length and breadth of South Vietnam. By the end of the city battles, 37,000 Vietcong troops deployed for Tet have been killed. Many more had been wounded or captured. Casualties included most of the Vietcong's best fighters, political officers and secret organizers; for the guerillas. Tet is nothing less than a catastrophe. But for the Americans, who lost 2,500 men, it is a serious blow to public support.
The 60s
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The 60s
March 16, 1968, in the hamlet of My Lai, U.S. Charlie Company kills about two hundred civilians. The repercussions of the atrocity is felt throughout the Army. This event undid the benefit of countless hours of civic action by Army units and individual soldiers and raised unsettling questions about the conduct of the war. "This is what you've been waiting for -- search and destroy -- and you've got it," said their superior officer. Lt. William Calley, entered the village poised for engagement with their elusive enemy. Calley was said to have rounded up a group of the villagers, ordered them into a ditch, and mowed them down in a fury of machine gun fire.
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The 60s
Protests
Vietnam War
Final Tally
Nixon
Saigon
Peace Talks
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On Nov. 15, 1969, as many as half a million people attended a peaceful demonstration in Washington. Smaller demonstrations were held in a number of cities and towns across the country. The rally featured speeches by antiwar politicians, including George McGovern. It also included musical performances by Peter, Paul and Mary, Arlo Guthrie and Pete Seeger. Nixon was unmoved by the demonstration, later claiming that he watched sports on television in the White House as it happened.
War Protests
The 60s
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The 60s
Peace Talks
Numerous peace proposals were floated during the Vietnam War by both sides. The positions of the US-South Vietnamese and North Vietnamese made reaching a compromise difficult. The Paris peace talks began in 1968 but soon stalled, while Kissinger began secret talks with Le Duc Tho. The failure of the Easter Offensive saw Hanoi relax its position, leading to peace accords signed in Paris in 1973. Kissinger and Le Duc Tho were awarded the Noble Peace Prize for their role in drafting this treaty.
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The 60s
August 9 1974 Nixon resigns. Jan. 1975 begin a massive attack on the South violating the Peace Treaty apart. No U.S. retaliation. April the Northern army are at the gates of Saigon. April 29th U.S. helicopters begin a massive evacuation from Saigon. At 4:03 AM on April 30th At 4:03 a.m., two U.S. Marines are killed in a rocket attack at Saigon's Tan Son Nhut airport. They are the last Americans to die in the Vietnam War. At dawn, the last Marines of the force guarding the U.S. embassy lift off.
Saigon
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Evacuation of Saigon
Last to Leave
The 60s
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The 60s
In 15 years of fighting, nearly a million NVA and Vietcong troops are dead. A quarter of a million South Vietnamese soldiers have died. Hundreds of thousands of civilians had been killed. Almost 58,000 U.S. soldiers are dead, and over 1,000 are missing in action. Some 150,000 Americans were seriously wounded. The Vietnam War ended up costing the US around $584 billion.
Final Tally
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The 60s
OTHER SOCIAL MOVENTS The Anti-Vietnam Movement The Students Movement The Womens Movement The Gays Rights Movement The Environment Movement
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The 60s
ROOT OF THE PROTEST MOVEMENT
Supporters of these movements questioned traditional practices about how people were treated. This questioning inspired people to begin organizing movements to fight against injustice and for equal rights for all people. They did not use traditional methods of political activity. Instead of voting for a political candidate and then hoping that the elected official would make good policies, these protesters believed in a more direct democracy. They took direct actionpublic marches, picketing, sit-ins, rallies, petition drives, and teach-insto win converts to their causes.
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The 60s
The Changing Role of the Federal Government
By the 1960s, many Americans had come to believe that the federal government had the power and responsibility to protect them from unfair and unjust social forces. People began to pressure all branches of the federal governmentthe courts, Congress, and the presidentto provide remedies to the injustices that plagued the nation.
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The 60s
The 60s
Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young
Four Dead in Ohio
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The 60s
Student Movements
You say you want a revolution. Well, you know, we all want to change the world.
John Lennon
You don't need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows.
Bob Dylan
Clip art courtesy of Butterflies Are Free.com and
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Js Magic Galleries
The 60s
Composed mainly of white college students, the student movement worked primarily to fight racism and poverty, increase student rights, and to end the Vietnam War. At the core of the student movement was a belief in the idea that all Americans, not just a small elite, should decide the major economic, political, and social questions that shaped the nation. In a participatory democracy, citizens would join together and work directly to achieve change at the local level. The students hoped to give power to the people so that they could fight for their own rights and for political and economic changes. Students sat-in to protest restrictions on students rights to free speech and held rallies against the in loco parentis rules that allowed school officials to act like parents in setting curfews and dorm rules.
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The 60s
The prevailing view was that womens abilities in the workplace and public life were limited by their physical fragility and their roles as mothers. Women were expected to stay at home and to depend on men to provide their financial support. In 1963 The Feminine Mystique, by Betty Friedan, was published. The book encouraged women to work for change. Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed discrimination based on gender. In 1973 feminist lawyers won a Supreme Court decision, Roe v. Wade, in which the justices ruled that women had the constitutional right to choose to have an abortion
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The 60s
The gay rights movement had a dual agenda: to gain acceptance of homosexuality and to end discrimination against homosexuals. Activists sought to make homosexuality acceptable to the larger society and thus encourage gays to reveal their homosexuality. Then gay activists believed that they could work to end legal and social discrimination against homosexuals in American society through protests and lobbying. Most Americans in the 60s and in later decades did not believe that homosexuality was an acceptable lifestyle, often because of religious beliefs. As a result, gay activists successes in winning special legal protection similar to that won by blacks and women has been limited.
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Biologist Rachel Carson contributed to this awakening with her bestselling book, Silent Spring (1962). She detailed the use of chemical insecticides that killed birds, fish, and animals and endangered the human species. Televised coverage of environmental disasters, like the 1969 oil spill off the coast of southern California, further spread the alarm. In 1970 some 20 million Americans gathered for what organizers called Earth Day to protest abuse of the environment. In response, Congress passed the National Environmental Act in 1970. The act created the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to regulate environmental health hazards and the use of natural resources.
The 60s
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The 60s
Peace,Baby!
Flower Power!
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Flower Power
The 60s
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The 60s
Roots of the Hippie Movement
If you go back to the 1940's after World War Two. There had been two world wars and a depression in just thirty years. There began an anti-establishment movement. Using the written word they began to express their frustration , protesting what they saw wrong with the world. The poetry was not always just read but often performed to music. This is probably the source of the name given them, "The Beats". Coffee houses began to open. Places where they could meet and share thoughts. The phrase "I'm Hip" was used quite often by beatniks. Their talk was said to be hip. Some even called them "Hipsters". Thus the beginning of the Hippies.
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The 60s
University of California at Berkeley
It was the hippies that took the movement out of the coffee shops and on to the campuses around the country. Berkeley became the center of the movement. There were many protest and demonstrations staged on campus. Alternative cloths and drugs were sold everywhere (the area was often called Hashbury) and people made music on the streets and in the parks. Even a hospital was founded, the Free Clinic in which former military doctors cured ill people, often from drug abuse, for free. The term Freak comes from this hospital, first as a name for someone completely drugged who needed help, later as a self-description of the Hippies.
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The 60s
There were two major factors in the growth of the hippie movement. Music and Vietnam have to be considered in the equation. As the war escalated, more and more young people were going to Vietnam. It was a war that was considered unjust within the movement. Peace became a common goal and the ranks of the hippies swelled. The music took roots from the folk music of musicians coming out of the depression, such as Pete Seeger and Woody Guthrie. Singers like Baez, Dylan and Guthrie brought folk music into the sixties with protest themes against government oppression and war. Music festivals like the Newport Folk Festival drew large crowd of like thinkers where they could enjoy the music and share the common goals.
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The 60s
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The 60s
The Music
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The 60s
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The 60s
Hippies use music to express themselves emotionally, spiritually, and politically. Music can make a statement, give voice to a movement, even unite us. Without drugs it can get you high. With drugs..., well, let's just say, music can be a religious experience. So the sixties saw music becoming more than just entertainment. It was now music with a message. And the messages our poets sang helped us identify with important issues and events greater than ourselves. They spurred us to action. These songs had an impact on the consciousness of not just hippies but all society. One way or another they hit us deeply, made us think, made us dream, made us feel as one people.
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The 60s
1967 - Rock 'n Roll's greatest year! 1967 brought to our attention such phenomenal artists as Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, The Jefferson Airplane, The Grateful Dead, The Doors and The Moody Blues. The psychedelic San Francisco sound and the spread of LSD opened minds everywhere to new possibilities. Concept albums like Sgt. Pepper had us leaving our turntables on 33 instead of 45. Concerts like Monterey Pop were becoming huge happenings where the audience was part of the show. To be alive and part of this scene was something very special. It forever changed the face of music, society and our lives.
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Rock n Roll
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The 60s
Pete Seeger deserves credit along with Woody Guthrie and others for keeping traditional folk music alive in the U.S., They wrote and sang songs about ordinary folk and life in this country. Songs that we sang in school like "This Land is Your Land" and "If I Had a Hammer". These songs put subtle yet influential messages in our virgin brains, whose seeds would fruit in our teenage years. Puff the Magic Dragon - Peter, Paul and Mary (1963) A drug song or a fairy tale? Depends on who's listening. After all Jackie Paper needs his friend Puff to have fun, and don't forget the sealing wax Jackie! Blowin' in the Wind - Bob Dylan (1963) This early protest song opened people's minds to music with a message. Powerful, direct lyrics + simple folk music + Dylan = A new musical paradigm. This too, became an anthem for the Civil Rights movement.
Folk Music
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Eve of Destruction
Barry McGuire
The 60s
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The 60s
Rock n Roll
The British Invasion
Led by the Beatles the good boys of Pop, and the Rolling Stones the bad Boys of Rock. On February 9th, 1964, The Beatles with their mop top haircuts, made their first American television appearanceLIVEon The Ed Sullivan Show. A record setting 73 million people tuned in that evening making it one of the seminal moments in television history.
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The 60s
The Beatles
Ed Sullivan Show
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The 60s
marijuana-picture.com
The 60s
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The 60s
Woodstock Facts
The Food For Love concession was running low on burgers so it raised prices from 25 cents to $1. Festival-goers saw it as capitalist exploitation, against the spirit of the festival, so burnt the stand down. Hearing there was a shortage of food, a Jewish community center made sandwiches with 200 loaves of bread, 40 pounds of meat cuts and two gallons of pickles, which were distributed by nuns. Two people died at Woodstock - one man from a heroin overdose and a teenager in a sleeping bag who was killed when a tractor ran over him. The driver was never traced. Though the festival mood was anti-war, ironically the festival would most likely have turned to tragedy without the U.S. Army, who airlifted in food, medical teams and performers. The hippy crowd was told: 'They are with us man, they are not against us. Forty five doctors or more are here without pay because they dig what this is into.'
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The 60s
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The 60s
Seeking the Spiritual
"see the whole thing is a world full of rucksack wanderers, Dharma Bums refusing to subscribe to the general demand that they consume production and therefore have to work for the privilege of consuming, all that crap they didn't really want anyway such as refrigerators, TV sets, cars,and general junk you finally always see a week later in the garbage anyway, all of them imprisoned in a system of work, produce, consume, work, produce, consume, I see a vision of a great rucksack revolution thousands or even millions of young Americans wandering around with rucksacks, going up to mountains to pray, making children laugh and old men glad, making young girls happy and old girls happier, all of 'em Zen Lunatics who go about writing poems that happen to appear in their heads for no reason and also by being kind and also by strange unexpected acts keep giving visions of eternal freedom to everybody and to all living creatures. " Jack Kerouac
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The 60s
and the
The 60s
Communal Living
Great Spirit told me they will have no greed. We waited a long time to find white men without greed. But we knew there would come a time when we could get together as brothers." Rolling Thunder
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The 60s
Rejecting the Establishment
"The '60s are gone, dope will never be as cheap, sex never as free, and the rock and roll never as great." Abbie Hoffman "By and large, the past two generations have made such a colossal mess of the world that they have to step down and let us take over." Pete Townsend
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The 60s
In the '60s, radio, film, television, and books carry the essence of American pop culture. The best-selling books often reflect a society's most pressing concerns. The decade include To Kill a Mockingbird and Valley of the Dolls. But evenings spent with a good book are on the way out. TV is the new centerpiece. Color TV arrives in the early '60s and is embraced far more rapidly than the old black-and-white sets. By the end of the decade, 95 percent of homes have at least one TV. In '62, there are 6,000 drive-ins in the U.S.; a year later there are 3,550. Walk-in theaters also feel the change as more people choose to stay home and watch the three networks fight for ratings. The movie industry peaks in 1964 with the release of 502 films. Box office sales will continue to increase with ticket prices, but the selection of films is never again so varied.
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Pop Culture
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The 60s
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The 60s
Art & Literature-Psychedelic Art
Psychedelic Art:
Term used to describe art, usually painting, made under the influence of hallucinogenic drugs. It was particularly identified with the early 1960s, when the use of such drugs was at its height.
David M. Sokol: " Psychedelic Art " Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press, [04/01/2006], http://www.groveart.com/
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The 60s
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The 60s
Fashion
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The 60s
AS JFK Promised
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The 60s
The End
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