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NITESH. Y N.

MAHESH

Mechanical Department
Sri indu college of engineering and technology
2nd Year
INTRODUCTION
 Cryogenics may be defined as
the branch of physics which
deals with the production of
very low temperature and their
effect on matter.
 It may also be defined as the
science and technology of
temperatures below 120K.
 The word “cryo” is derived
from a Greek word “kruos”
which means cold.
Through the advent of Boltzmann’s
statistical thermodynamics, which
explains temperature in terms of
microscopic structure and dynamics,
the entropy formulae was postulated
as,
S = kB ln W

Where, kB=1.38*10-23 J/K.


Boltzmann also found that the average thermal energy of a
particle in a system in equilibrium at temperature T can be
given,
E ~ kB T .
Consequently, a temperature of 1 K is equivalent to a
thermal energy of 10-4 eV or 10-23 J per particle.
Superconductivity
 Superconductivity is a phenomenon
occurring in certain materials generally
at very low temperatures, characterized
by exactly zero electrical resistance and
the exclusion of the interior magnetic
field(the Meissner Effect).
 Superconductors have peculiar
properties unlike normal materials.
 Helium is considered to be the most
efficient and widely used
superconductor.
 Helium-4 exhibit the property of
flowability from lower to higher
altitude at 2.2K temperature.
Cryogenic Heat Treatment
 This is a process of treating metals,
plastics, ceramics at temperatures
below 120K to their crystal structures
and properties.
 This increases their wear resistance,
and life of metals and plastics.
 They are used in the field of super
conductors, cryomicrobiology, and
space programs.
 Unlike other processes here permanent
coating is completely impart through
the metal surface. The symbol used to represent
cryogenic heat treatment
Deep Cryogenic Process
 Deep cryogenic treatment system and process
is capable of treating a wide variety of
materials, such as ferrous and non-ferrous
metals, metallic alloys, carbides, plastics
(including nylon and Teflon) and ceramics.
 The entire process takes between 36 to 74
hours, depending on the weight and type of
material being treated.
 The technology revolves around a sophisticated
processor and time-temperature software which
contains several ramp and soak phases, where
each phase catering to certain specific
characteristic changes in the material, resulting
in drastically improved performance and longer
useful life for both metal and non-metal
products.
In alloy steels:-
 In this process the alloy steels are
treated to convert the entire
austenite into a martensite matrix
such it changes the molecular
structure of the steel and forms an
entirely new, more refined grain
structure which partly relieves the
thermal stresses.
 The number of countable carbides
increase from 30,000 to 80,000 per
After deep cryogenic
square millimeter which forms a
heat treatment
“super hard” surface on the metal.
Before CI Processing After CI Processing

Comparative microphotographs (1000x) of steel samples show


the change in microstructure produced by the controlled deep
cryogenic process. Uniform, more completely transformed
microstructure and less retained austenite at right, is related to
improvements in strength, stability and resistance to wear.
*Cryogenics International's
Cryogenics International (CI) was granted a U.S. patent for its revolutionary new computerized deep
cryogenic treatment systems. Cryogenics International now makes dramatic cost savings and
increased productivity available to many people and industries around the world.
Methods to Produce Low Temperatures

 Magnetism produces low temperatures. When a


material is magnetized it becomes warm and cold
when demagnetized in controlled atmosphere thus
producing low temperatures.

 By compressing the gas, the gas is cooled releasing


heat and later allowed to expand producing ultra
low temperatures.
Advantages of Cryogenic Processing
The following properties are attained to
the materials treated:-
 Increases wear resistance
 Increases corrosion resistance
 Good dimensionality
 High strength
 Good quality
 Cost reduction in the material
manufactured
 Lower stress corrosion
Cryogenic heat treatment helps to reduce
the stored stress in the metal by creating
a unified bond between the crystals.
 This process is eco
friendly in nature
 There is no waste
deposition
 The nitrogen which
used in the process is
liquefied from the
atmosphere and later
released back into it
thereby creating no
imbalance to the
ecosystem.
APPLICATIONS OF CRYOGENIC
TECHNOLOGY
 The major application of cryogenics the
fractional distillation of air to produce
oxygen, nitrogen, and other gases.
 This process requires cooling the air to low
temperatures to liquefy the gases in it.
Natural gas, oxygen, nitrogen, and other
gases are often liquefied for storage and
transport because the liquid form occupy
lesser space than the gaseous form.
 The cryogenic technology can be used to
liquefy gases as Liquefied gases are used as
coolants in various industrial processes.
 Liquid nitrogen is used to freeze foods
quickly.
Cryogenics in Industries
 Cryogenics is used to produce super high strength steels, better
machinability, greater corrosion resistance, greater impact
resistance and lower stress corrosion.
 It improves the quality, dimensional stability and helps in cost
reduction.
 Several materials like 316SS, 410SS, 4142 CR-MO steel, S-2, M-
1 tool steel show improved corrosion resistance between 30% and
80% in highly corrosive environment of H2S.
 It is used for close tolerance machining with high quality finish.
 Treated copper electrodes serve 400% longer, milling tools, drill
bits, piston rings, exhibit 100% to 1200% increase in service life.
Dies after outlast non treated ones by 2 to 8 times.
 Cryo treated automobile engine components exhibit 50% to 200%
increase in service life.
 Ball and roller bearings show 200% to 700% improvement
in load and wear characteristics.
Cryogenically treated carbide tools performance increased
by 400%. Therefore the entire industry including tools and dies
significantly benefit from this technology.
Cryogenic Rocket Engines
Cryogenic rocket engines are one
of the important applications in the
field of cryogenics.
The higher thrust levels required
for a rocket engines are achieved
when liquid oxygen and liquid
hydrocarbons are used as fuel. But
at atmospheric conditions, LOX
and low molecular hydrocarbons
are in gaseous state. Therefore
these are stored in liquid form by
cooling them down using
cryogenics. Hence the name
Cryogenic Rocket Engines.
Cryogenic fuels
Cryogenics has made possible the
commercial transportation of
liquefied natural gas.
Without cryogenics, nuclear
research would lack liquid
hydrogen and helium for use in
particle detectors and for the
powerful electromagnets needed in
large particle accelerators.
Such magnets are also being used
in nuclear fusion research.
Cryogenic cooling is often used in space telescopes
that observe objects in infrared and microwave
wavelengths.
More efficient and compact cryocoolers allow
cryogenic temperatures to be used in an increasing
variety of military, medical, scientific, civilian, and
commercial applications, including infrared sensors,
superconducting electronics, and magnetic levitation
trains.
Cryogenics in biology
Cryogenic temperatures are also used in
cryobiology—the study of life and life
processes at very low temperatures.
 One such use in bio field is Cryosurgery.
Cryosurgery sometimes is referred to as
cryotherapy or cryoablation. It is a surgical
technique in which freezing is used to destroy
undesirable tissues.
 Liquid nitrogen, which boils at -196°C, is
the most effective cryogen for clinical use.
Temperatures of -25°C to -50°C can be
achieved within 30 seconds if a sufficient
amount of liquid nitrogen is applied by spray or
probe.
Other uses of cryogenics
IN SPORTS:-
Cryogenics are also used to treat
many types of sports equipment, the
most common being golf clubs.
Because cryogenics increases the
molecular density of treated
materials, it improves the
distribution of energy (in this case
kinetic energy) through the object.
The treatment also increases the
rigidity of the metal, which in this
case might affect the shaft of the
golf club. Combined, the increases
in kinetic energy distribution and
rigidity of the shaft make for a
longer and straighter drive.
Use in musical instruments:
Cryogenics is also used to treat
many types of musical instruments.
Because treated materials are denser,
the surface area of an object is
affected.
 Inside the instrument, the surface is
smoother than an untreated
instrument. This change in surface
characteristics changes the quality of
sound that the instrument can
produce.
 In most cases, a crisper, clearer
sound is achieved, especially amongst
the brass section of instruments. The
same type of effect can also be useful
in stringed instruments by treating the
strings themselves.
Future of Cryogenics
Cryogenic rocket engine which will be used by NASA for
its next manned moon mission.

ICICLES
CONCLUSION
From this presentation it can be concluded as
cryogenics can be applied to almost everywhere in
every field. It finds its application in military,
tooling industry, agricultural industry, aerospace,
medical, recycling, household, automobile
industry, cryogenics is found to improve the grain
structure of everything treated be it metal or plastic
or coils or engines or musical instruments or fiber.
This field could be put to many other applications
in various fields. Its reaches in the mentioned
industries hold a good chance of extension. Hence
Cryogenics proves to be very promising for the
future in this world of materials.
REFERENCES:

Websites:
www.scribd.com,
www.google.com,
www.hubpages.com.

Papers and Books:


•Research Paper on Cryogenic pumping System by, Ralph P. Hill. (U.
S. Patent no:4,704,876)

•Manufacturing engineering and Technology (4th edition) by, Serope


Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.

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