BIO-MAGNETISM

Anurag Chand
10607032
 OUTLINE

 INTRODUCTION
 BIOMAGNETIC THERAPY
 INSTRUMENTATION OF BIO-MAGNETS
 TYPES OF SQUIDS
 WORKING
 APPLICATIONS OF SQUIDS
 ADVANTAGES
 DISADVANTAGES OF MAGNETIC
MEASUREMENT
 Introduction
 Bio-magnetism is a new field of research
dealing with the measurement and
interpretation of magnetic fields produced by
organs or by magnetic contaminants of the
body

 Some examples are:

The bio-magnetic fields arising from iron-
bearing proteins in human liver.

Magnetic contaminants may be found in the

lungs and stomach
 BIOMAGNETIC THERAPY
 The healthy tissue produces a distinct negative, micro
voltage.
When trauma, stress or malfunction occurs, the
potential changes to a positively charged state.
The nervous relay system immediately transmits the
relay to the brain, which floods the problem area with
healing negative charges to correct the chaotically
charged area

 The metabolism process in each cell is dependent on

biopotential in this cell

 The negative field of a magnet is used to correctly

stimulate & create the healthy cellular charge state of a
strong negative potential. Hence the need for properly
designed biomagnetic field.
 Current in the body is not like current
through a wire. (A)
 It is expressed as current dipole (mA-m)
 A current dipole consists of a source
at the dendrite and a sink at the soma.
The distance between source and sink
determine he impact of current dipole
on the other dipole in the surrounding tissue.
 The total effect produces two current
patterns of opposite polarity, one outward
and the other inward, hence the
name ‘current dipole’.
 INSTRUMENTATION

 Super Conductivity Quantum Interference

Device (SQUID) is a magnetometer used to
measure extremely weak magnetic field.

 Threshold for SQUID: 10^-14 T

Magnetic field of brain: 10^-13 T
Magnetic field of earth: 2.5x10^-8

 SQUID is an assembly of
Josephson junctions within a
superconducting ring.
 The Josephson junction is composed of two
superconductors separated by a thin
insulating layer.

 Electrons can tunnel through the insulator. Hence

current crosses the junction across superconductor
despite insulator. This is Josephson Effect.

 There are two main types of SQUID

(1) Direct current (DC) –Two Josephson Junction used
(2) Radio Frequency (RF)- One Josephson Junction used
DC SQUID
 Phase changes with
changing magnetic field.

So does the super

current around the ring
and thereby voltage.
 The change in flux
crossing across the ring
is quantized.
The quanta of flux is
given by
 RF SQUIDS
 Uses only one Josephson junction .
 Less sensitive compared to DC SQUIDS
 Widely used due to less cost
 The RF SQUID is coupled to a resonant tank
circuit . As the SQUID operates the effective
inductance of the tank circuit changes and
thereby resonant frequency changes.
 Output voltage is sinusoidal with linear variation
in flux.
Structure of SQUIDs
 APPLICATIONS OF
SQUIDS
 MEASUREMENT OF IRON IN LIVER
The liver is a major site for iron which is
in the form of ferrinite and hemosiderin
protein which are paramagnetic
 PARTICLES IN LUNGS
Well-known examples of such particles
are asbestos fibers, coal dust
and metal aerosols.
 MEDICAL IMAGING

 Computerized Tomography (CT)

 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI)
 Positron Emission Tomography
(PET)
 MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY (MEG)
Measures the magnetic fields produced in the
brain by ionic current flow arising from neural
activity.

 COMPARISION OF MEG, MRI & PET

 MAGNETOCARDIOGRAPH (MCG)
Used for heart monitoring.

Heart produces a rhythmically

synchronized signal. This signal is
described by means of a current
dipole.

SQUIDS pick up the magnetic signal.

Signal is then amplified and
sampled and then fed to processor
ADVANTAGES OF MAGNETIC
MEASUREMENT
 Non- invasiveness
 Quick measurement
 Good spatial resolution.
 MCG exceeds the diagnostic value of
ECG.
 Magnetic field is less than distorted
by tissues than the electric potential.
 DISADVANTAGES OF
MAGNETIC MEASUREMENT
 Environmental noise
 Most effective solution is a magnetically shielding
room (MSR).
 Magnetic shielding: Mu metal
(high permeability alloy)
 Eddy current and RF shielding:
aluminum (high conductivity)
 FUTURE SCOPE
 A new program to image cancer and
tumors with SQUID sensor arrays
and super paramagnetic nano
particles is currently under
development.
 Biomagnetism also have a good
diagnostic value.
 REFERENCES
 I.P.Wiksow, Jr; “SQUID magnetometers for
Biomagnetism and Nondestructive Testing”:
Important Questions and Intial Answers. –IEEE
Transactions on Applied Super Conductivity Vol 5,
No:2,June1998
 Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation,
R.S.Khandpur
 www.biomagnetism.com
THANK YOU