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RESHIMAH #8
Divrei Yemei Chayei Admur Hazokein
Copyright © 2010
by
Kehot Publication Society
770 Eastern Parkway / Brooklyn, New York 11213
(718) 774-4000 / FAX (718) 774-2718
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ISBN 978-0-8266-5068-9
Manufactured in the United States of America
xzq` oa xfril` miige dpg oa le`y miig ici lr qetcl okede xcqp
d"a
xacÎgzt
a"yxedn x"enc` w"k zcledl dpy miyinge d`n e`lni ea ,h"lrad oeygxn s"k z`xwl
Ð (`"ryzÎ`"xzk) 1 r"p
d"dllwevf v"iixedn x"enc` w"k z`n oneid zeniyx ly 2 'g zxaeg xe`l miìven eppd
.3 "owfd x"enc` iig ini ixacZ Ð r"if n"bap
.daizk zpekna dwzrdn dwzrp dniyxd
.v"iixedn x"enc` w"k zniyxn wlg od zeizeà epneqy zexrdd
mday v"iixedn x"enc` w"k iazke zegiyl mipeiv (` :eptqed mipiirnde micneld zlrezl
minyx (c ;xzei zeihxta oiprd yxtzp mday mitqep zexewnl zenewn i`xn (b ;4 oipr eze` àed
'iy (a"yxa) aiil oxd` 'x z"dxd zkixra df lk Ð zeniyxa mixkfend miyi` lr miitxbeia
.oiwq`x
e`x `ly v"iixedn x"enc` w"kn zeniyx i"gz yiy `"e`kl dywaa ep` mipet ef zepncfda
.ea 'ielz miaxd zekfe ,"miciqgd xve`Z zkxrnl (xifgdl n"r) mglyl ,oiicr qetcd xe` z`
"miciqgd xve`Z zkxrn

`"ryz'd ,oeygxn `"i
l"f h"yrad ly `lelidÎzewlzqdl dpy miynge miiz`n
.i.p ,oilwexa
x"enc` w"k ycewÎzexb` zxcql dpeekd ,(mzq) ycewÎzexb`l l"end zexrda oiievy mewn lk :zillk dxrd
.v"iixedn x"enc` w"kl dpeekd (mzq) "epiaxZ azkpy mewn lke .v"iixedn
.xtqa zeniyxd l"iyk d"i` eqtceiy micenrl dpeekd Ð "000 'r lirlZ ;"000 'r onwlZ oiievy mewn lka
*
a"eike zerh oewiz e` dxrd ìdy efi` mdl yi mày zeniyxd i`xewe icnel lkl mipet ep` ef zepncfda
© oxrhqi` 770 ,"miciqgd xve`Z zkxrn zwlgn ,c"ag iciqg zceb` ziixtql mglyl `p
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.r"p a"yxedn x"enc` w"k z`n oirne qxhpewl "èan" zeidl dxen` dzid ef dniyxy 2 dxrd d 'r onwl d`x (1
zaha dxyr .b"pxz dkepg axr) a zxaeg .f"qyz ixyz bi xe`l d`vi (b"pxz oqipÎhay .a"pxz zahÎixyz) ` zxaeg (2
zxaeg .("a"txz elqk h"i ixn`n" qxhpewa) g"qyz elqk c"eiÎh Ð (b"qxz oeygÎixyz) b zxaeg .f"qyz elqk ci Ð (b"pxz
ote`) e zxaeg .h"qyz xc` dk Ð (b"nwz wqpin Ð lecbd gekie) d zxaeg .g"qyz dkepg z`f Ð (e"pxz hayÎzah) c
w"yr Ð (`tex oerny 'x ciqgd) f zxaege .h"qyz oeiq c"ei Ð (ipy xec ,oey`x xec ,c"ag zeciqg zecqizda zelylzydd
.r"yz g"n s"k
.dxrda 6 'r dlkydd zrepze v"vd qxhpew d`x (3
zeclezd xtq zkixrl xywa oiihypvilb 'iy g"`x g"dxdl r"if x"enc` w"k iazkn d`x Ð zexrdd zkixr ote`l (4
:epìyp epizeax ly
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owfd x"enc` iig ini ixac
[2owfd x"enc` iig ini 1 ixac]

.c"qa
dyecwd ezcear lkae ,`"rif n"bap d"dllwevf w"dxd x"en`` w"k 'id oxcqe ìavn
mipiprde y`xa wlg egwl zepizne xcqd dpd llkd zepwqr ipipra oiae zepaxd ipipra oia
enr ewenipe enrha epte` lr xac xac mipwezn eycw ci zgzn mi`vei eid llkd zepwqra
devn ixneye dxez iaagn l`xyi ipa epig` zexcy lka aeh ika lawzne zrce mrh aeha
.dxezd zvaxde zecdid wefiga dti`ye dbltn lcad ila
b"qxz zpya x"en`` w"k ced eazk mihyd lgp z` dwyde `vei 'd zian oirne xn`nd
mihweln miwxte c"ag iciqg rfbe c"ag iciqg oia azka enqxtl xe` ivitn zxagl epzpe
.3 c"ag iciqgn mpi`y devn ixneye dxez iaagn oia mb mqxtl xn`ndn
icinlz liaya cegia 'id xy` 4 dltzd qxhpew lr ycegn ite` el yi oirne xn`nd
ef alay dcearae zeciqgd zxez cenila miwqerd miciqgd liayae mininz iknez zaiyi
la` ,dyrz lè xeqe dyre mewa ,mipte` ipya alay dcear ipteè ikxc mzexedl dltz
i"tr miig zegxeà zillk d`xed èd `l` c"ag iciqg liaya cegia epi` oirne xn`nd
.miinei meid miiga devnde dxezd
zepaxd zkxcd ztwyd zcewpn e`vene ycewa eceqi dltzd qxhpew ,zexvw zelna
w"k zeniyxa (dyn 'xd w"k) eizece` d`xZ :52 'r (f"yz 6 'r dlkydd zrepze v"vd qxhpew t"r Ð myd (1
."(qetca `vnp) owfd epax c"r x"enc` g"en .dxrda
(h"yz) `"g mipebipd xtqa eqtcp ef dniyxn mirhw qxhpewl "èanZ zeidl dxen` dzid ef dniyx (2
oerny zec` ,`"hily x"enc` w"k zeniyxn :mye) an 'r zpya qtcpy r"p a"yxedn x"enc` w"k z`n oirne
zepwqr) yhieeàeil Ð c"agZ zxaega .(*wcwcnd oirne qxhpewd ik zeidlZy ,dzligza yxetnk ,b"yz
owfd x"enc` zeclezd xtqa .(`"iyz ,z"dw) "(zixeaiv gxkda dpd ,llkd zepwqr mrhn dreci dcna e`ven
dpnn miax miwlg eqtcp oiihypvilb 'iy g"`xd zkixra zepwqr ly illkd avnd z` Ð ok`n © hp`wra
© Ð x`zl
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.cere .(208 'r `"g k"yz mgpn zxez) ."oirne qxhpewl èane aizp xiì
b"qxz lel` i"g ;a`Îmgpn bk oneid zniyx d`x (3 "mei meiZd oeilb lr w"ika x"enc` w"k zniyxa okè
.(jliè 56 'r oirne qxhpew) oirnl èanZ lel` fkl mbztd ly exewn z` oiiv ely
. . micinlzd liaya . . ozipd . . dltzd qxhpewZ (4 ."(w"dn)
miyye ze`n yy mitl` zyng zpy ,zah zlgza ,oirne qxhpewl "èanZk ef dniyx dqtcp `l lretl
ycewÎzexbà d"ke .(qxhpewdl epiax zncwd) "dìxal ycegn zillk dxiwq) zxg` dniyx dqtcp dnewnae
qtcp c"txz ,`pliee qetc dltzd qxhpewa .bky 'r b"g `xecdnZ dze` dpkn okle .(b"qxz lel` cr q"xz zah
w"dxd x"enc` w"k ly oey`x qxhpew :dy`xa ."èanZd ly "`nw
zniyx mb d`xe .q"xz g"n r"if n"bap d"dllwevf xe`l z`vl dxen` dziid ef dniyxy d`xp la`
.21 'r xrpl jepg Ð "eqtcpy eiazkne eixn`n eixtqZ cq sirq b"yz gqtd bg zgiya yxetnk ,dtewz dzeà
xrc :(91 'r b"yz zegiyd xtq .` ,glz b"g c"ewl)
g"g ycewÎzexb`) "g"gipZ zldpd l` epiax azkn d`x (* oerny xteke likyn mrc orbree xetqd zekix`
. . c"ag ildà dpibpd zaiyg zniyxl rbepdaZ :(hlwz 'r oiil` xr qèe xrhen`f orn`p xryl`t ` Ð xrhen`f
l`dhprilil oerny xzzqnd likynd xetq . . ily oneida uaew mrc oi` hliivxrc hxree Ð hk`xhrbqie` h`d
lv` Ð zery dfi` lr Ð ze`xl lkei . . c"ag ipebip zec` .iyily lkid "xe`d zlylyZ
."`"hily y"nnxd b"dxd ipzg ,z"dw) z"y'd uiiw zegiyd xtqa x"enc` w"k zxrdae
v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei e
,miny z`xic dbdpda zeaeh zecne zevne dltz dxeza 'd zceara dceard ikxca d`xeda
zbdpd zegxà zillkd zepwqrd ztwyd zcewpn e`vene ycewa eceqi oirne xn`nde
.dxezd i"tr aehd zxigaae zeaeh zecna dbdpda zillk d`xeda c"ag iìyp
* * * *
,oey`xd epia` w"k cedn llkd zepwqra zlaewn dhiy mdl yi c"ag iìyp w"k ced
.`ltp gxeà dcqi xy` owfd x"enc`
:5 eycw ixac dfe
© fi` hlree xryicxr xrc oi` jie` l`xyi mr xrc ,6 uxà cg` ieb l`xyi
ocpeax`t
© l`xyi mr xrc oe` ,zeinyb zeipgex oet hk`n
zeinyb oet hk`n © z"iyd ,cg` 'd hin
ixqend cnrn mr rexf iaely mikled l`xyi mr ly ilklkd avnd ipipr dpd okl .zeipgex
.l`xyi mr ly
x`zl gxkda dpd ,7 llkd zepwqr mrhn dreci dcna e`ven oirne qxhpewd ik zeidle
x"en`` w"k ced ly ezeìyp inia llkd zepwqr ly illkd avnd z` Ð ok`n © hp`wra
© Ð
dyecwd ezcear z` jixrdl izpeek oiè ,hxta oirne qxhpewd zrted onfae llka w"dxd
Ð mipy yng Ð mipy ylye miraxà Ð llkd zepwqra w"dxd x"en`` w"k ced ly
raye ,`"rif n"bap d"dllwevf y"xdn w"dxd x"enc` eia` w"k ced iiga Ð a"nÎg"lxz
oiè ,zillk dxiwqa mb s` ,ezeìyp inia Ð s"xz oqipÎ8 b"nxz ixyz Ð dpy ivge miylye
.oirne qxhpewl èane aizp xiì `l` df ixn`n
miycwd ycw cr 9 [ycw] ixxda dzceqi c"ag iìyp w"k ced zepwqr ik zeidl mpn`
cr mipy dpeny oa ezeid f`n dpy miyyk jyna dcqi xy` owfd x"enc` w"k ced zhiy
zian dnglne drxtd ilizta dxefye zepey 10 zetewzd .oic `nlr iiga oexg`d eycw mei
dtewzdn zillk dxiwq i"dfra zzl gxken ippd ,Ð milikynd Ð uegne Ð micbpznd Ð
ced zetewzn ok ixgè ,èdd onfa ixqende ipxezd avna zillk dxiwq lr sqep ,ìdd
.zexvw zexiwqa c"ag iìyp w"k
* * * *
,l`xyi ipax eid ,11 ecqed ixg` hxtae ,zevx`d rax` cre cqep mxh mb mcwne f`n
xeavd ipipr lka xeacde drcd 'id mcal mdle ,xecd ibidpn ,miny z`xie dxezd ilecb
mrl rbepd xac lka mixyde jlnd iptl miavizn eid dcrd ixiga zebef mr mde ,llkde
.ilklkd eavna oke ipxezde ixqend ecnrna l`xyi
ilecb l`xyi ipaxn lecb wlg dpd ,12 c"kwz zpya ,zevx`d rax` cre lhay zrn mpn`
209 'r a"g zepexkfd xtq d`x .t"x'd zpya (11 .2 dxrd lirl d`xe .lel` fk "mei meidZa wzred (5
zrcZ xtq seqa "micedid zcerzZ xn`n mb d`xe .jliè .`k ,fi `Îminid ixac .bk ,f aÎlèny (6
.(h"pxz ,yh`wpen) "mipeapl jliè bky 'r .dk 'r f"g ycewÎzexb` d`x (7
zenvrnd oia oilet ly dzwelg zligz zeawr (12 .(jliè 4 'r oirne qxhpew)
Ð c"kwz zpya Ð ipletd oehlyd dxed dze` zeaaeqd .b"nxz ixyz bi wlzqp y"xdn x"enc` w"k (8
.zevx`d rax` cre wexit lr .` ,ft mildz t"r (9
.zetewza ,oic :l"ve` :zetewzd .oic (10
f v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei
cibnd axd epxen eycw mewn `lnne h"yrad epxen zhiy cbp welgl e`vi d`xide dxezd
.13 l`xyia dgxw eyr dfa xy` ,yhixfrnn
¨
edpyne 14 o`qlrcprn dllegn xy` zipilxad dlkydd zrxv rbp dhytzd ìdd zra
dagxzp dlkydd zti`ye miny z`xia dreci dcna ebdpzd 15 lfiee wcwcne oylad
elflfie zeiyrn zevn meiwa lwdl eligzd df mre mipaxd ler z` mdilrn ewxtie l`xyia
.l`xyi ibdpna
ixqend eavn lr d`xide dxezd ilecbl xrve db`c mxb zevx`d rax` cre ly elehia
onfa 'id xy`k `giwt `pira mibidpne mirex ilan Ð r"l Ð mi`lt cxi xy` i"ag` ly
lr ycwd zeldw ly dkxcdde dgbydd ler qinrdl dxezd ilecb ehilgie ,cred meiw
xzk qnred `pliee xirae ,mdizeayen zenewne mdixrl dxezd ilecbn dlebq icigi
.r"p `"xbd ezepe`b ced lr dbdpdde dkxcdd
cwy dpy ynge miylyke Ð t"z oqip e"h clep Ð mipy raxè mirax` oa f` 'id `"xbd
ezeninze ez`xi ezxez Ð 16 r"lrna zery mixyr Ð denk oi`n zblten dcnzda ecenila
lawl gxked df lka ,zepaxa elitè ,zeìypa utg `l ezepzepr lcebny sè ,ezpne` eid
.eit lr mikzgp eidi miixwird mipiprd xy` c"a`xd ziae dldwd zkxcd zxhr
inlyexie ilaa `xnbe dpyn `xwna d`ltpd ezeìwae dxeza ezepe`b lceb cal ,`"xbd
xy` exnà ,rcne dnkg ade` 'id ,xqene xwgn dlaw ixtq lke ,yecwd xdfe miyxcn
zeidl mda lecb jxev yi dxezle dxezd iwnrna md zelkyende 'irahd mircnd lk iyxy
epzxezl zekxvp zenkgd lk ,`yicw 'ineta `lbxne dxezdn mixa` od zenkgd lk
ryz el oexqgi zenkgd ix`ya zerici mc`l exqgiy dn itk ik ,17 da zelelke dyecwd
.18 ecgi zecnvp dnkgde dxezd ik ,dxezd znkga zeci
,`"xbd ly dyecwd ezcra jezd icenrn '` dzid eznkg zx`tze l`xyi zxcd
dpekzd znkga rbi envra .dxezd zrici lr sqep l`xyia dnkg zeaxdl c`n 19 rbrbzde
icka ycewd oeyll zene`d inkgn dnkg ixtq dnk wizrdl evie cere dpibpe dètx
`vnpe mznkg 'i` epzne`l el`yi xy` mine`l oe`y xeqie l`xyi mr oia zrcd daxzy
.llgzn miny my
dnkg ziy`x xy` ,ez`xi zcn dpwa mc` lk z` ccn ezeninze ezwcv lceba `"xbd
rxe`ne ,mircnd zrici ly 'il`da aegzd uewd z` d`x `l z`fld ezepzepr awre 20 'd z`xi
fÎc"lwz zepya ,`plieea mipievnd dxez ipa zcra dlkydd gexl xry gzt c`na aivrn
ycewd oeyll mebxza "qecilw`Z xtql dncwda (18 .a ,hw oixcdpq t"r (13
dn ìan (n"wz ,b`d (aelwyn wiy jexa 'x ici lr .e"nwzÎh"tz .o`qlrcprn dyn (14
mc`l xqgiy dn itk :g"lwz zpya `"xbdn rnyy .d"qwzÎe"tz .lfiee uxid ilztp (15
zeci d`n el xqgi df znerl ,zenkgd ix`yn zerici g"e` r"eyl exeìal `"xbd ipa zncwd d`x (16
.cgi micnvp dnkgde dxezd ik ,dxezd znkga .fw 'r a"g v"vd x"enc` ycewÎzexb` .(b"qwz ,ee`lwy)
.rbiizde :l"ve` (19 .jliè 48 'r e"yz zegiyd xtq
.i ,ìw mildz (20 z`tZ xtql dncwda `"xbd mya àen jk (17
.ee`lwyn l`xyi 'xl (e"vwz ,ztv) "ogleyd
v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei g
mdxa` 'x oe`bd epa ceake 21 l"f xkyyi 'x oe`bd eig` ceak zervn` i"r r"p `"xbd inia
.22 r"p
:xacd dfe
xkyyi 'x oe`bd eig` ceak eicinlz iptl lecbd exrv z` r"p `"xbd riad mipya zeax
zicedi ztyl ewzrp `l dxez iyneg dyng xy` lr l"f mdxa` 'x oe`bd epa ceake l"f
.ytp lkl deyd xac 'idiy xceqn oteà dpadd lw xeìa mr Ð yici` Ð zxaecnd
zenkga dagx drc ilra eid dnevrd mzepe`b lr sqep ,l"pd epae `"xbd ig` mipe`bd
blten g"z `vnp oilxaa xy` rnydae .ziztxve zifpky` ziplet ztya mixacne zepey
dynga exga dxexa dtya fpky` oeyll dxezd iyneg dyng z` mbxzy zevna xidfe
Ð adlp ciqgl k"g` 'idy 23 lifiin r"p dyn 'x oe`bd mb mdipia Ð micinlzd ixiga
.mwizrdle ,dxez iyneg dyngd mbxzn g"zd ly epwpw lr zedzl oilxal meglyie
mebxzn zepeilb daxd ewizrie dpy lr xzei oilxaa eakrzd migelyd micinlzd
r"p oe`bd ceak l` edelldie mdipira og `vn mebxzd ,l"pd mipe`bd l` meìaie dxezd
erawie xtq ircei axwa mevitie zewzrd zexyr dnka ewizrdl dxezd ipal ozip ezeyxae
.oendd iptl miaxa cenil ipnf
¨
xe` ddk xy` z`f cal dpd ,xtq irceie dxezd ipa axwa o`qlrcprn ly enebxz zvtd
mipievn zepexyk ilra dxez ipa zexyr dnkl xiarn xybl mb 'id deife dxezd zyecw
zty cnlzdl oilxral mdilbx zzkl wqpine wqixa wvelq ee`lwy ¨ `plieea yxcnd izaa
yilaix onlf oinipa 'x ,24 wiy jexa 'x mdne ,dqcpde dpekzd dètxd znkge fpky`
¨
wcwcnde Ð 28 zixad xtq lra Ð 27 `plieen 'il` qgpt 'x ,26 ìli`n dypn 'x ,25 ee`lwyn
. `paec dnly 'x rcepd
29
¨
dyrie wecwcd znkg epa mr cenliy o`qlrcprn el rivd oilxaa `paec y"x 'idyk
.eziaa ceaka dgexè ìpqk` lr sqep ahina exky ozie enebxz lr xeìa
¨
o`qlrcprn ¨
ly enebxzl exeìa z` xenbie o`qlrcprn ziaa wcwcnd el ayi dpyk
¨
ihxtd eyekx èd mebxzd xeìa dpd mdipia xaecnk la` o`qlrcprn ipira ce`n ahiie
¨
z` dpwie enr xytzi onf dfi` cer eziaa c"yx akrziyk ik dew o`qlrcprne c"yx ly
. xeìad zekf
30
* * * *
.(a"twz ,`pliee) dypn itl` q"gn .`"vwzÎf"kwz (26 .f"qwz xhtp (21
.`"twz xhtp (27 .h"qwz xhtp (22
.f"qwz ,èewlf .f"pwz ,oixa (28 .jliè ek 'r .dxrda ì 'r onwl d`x (23
.b"rwzÎg"vz (29 ,b`d) dxyi jxc .(f"lwz ,oilxa) minyd icenr q"gn (24
Ð "dtexzl milrZ mcxhqnà qtcp g"lwz zpya (30 qecilwe` xtq mbxzne .(c"nwz ,b`xt) dcnd dpw .(h"lwz
.(`paec ly) xeìade (o`qlrcprn ly) mebxzdn `nbec .257 'r g"yz zegiyd xtq d`xe .18 dxrd l"pd
dyng Ð "mely zeaizpZ oilxaa qtcp b"nwz zpyae sqkd riab iriab q"gn oilaix onlf oinipa 'x (25
.xeìade mebxzd mr dxez iyneg .(g"pxz ,`yxèe .c"qwz ,ee`lwy)
h v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei
31 ilztp 'x v"dxd mqxetn zten yiè ciqgd recid oe`bd ly ecinlz 'id `paec y"x
.r"p h"yrad epxen icinlzn cg` 32 `paec xirc c"a`x
xira xbd dgnen `texl reqpl edevri mi`texde c`na ilztp 'x v"dxd dlg ìdd zra
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gly Ð 34 d`ltdd lra Ð 33 qgpt 'x v"dxd oe`bde Ð oiinc hxetwpxtl dkenq Ð jàite`
©
ipipr xnbyke .jàiteà ezay ini lk eynyle p"xbd ly eycw ipt lawl eicinlzn dnk
xy` eycw ipt z` xgyl envra t"x b"dxd rqp ezial xefgl el xizd `texde dètxd
hxetwpxt zldw l`xyi zcr z` cakle 35 n"pr hxetwpxta ely daiyid z` xwal lièi
.exewaa
,jxcd lnrn gepl micg` mini dny akrzie oilxa jxc rqp ,36 ezial p"xd v"dxd xfgyk
xtqie oilxaa ezaiyi zec` exenl y"xd xtiq ab` jxc ,eynyn 'id `paec y"x ecinlze
¨
ecinlzl r"p p"xd oe`bd xn` dn epl rcep `ly sè ,enebxze o`qlrcprn zece` lr mb el
¨
xy` ercia ,`plieel rqie o`qlrcprn zia z` c"yxd afr mihren mini xeark j` ,c"yxd
xkyyi 'x oe`bde ,38 wecwcd cenil z` miaagn 37 laiit `bxy ixe` 'x oe`bd epzge `"xbd
og `vni xy` dew ,39 wecwcde oeyld zpekz t"r dxezd lr extq z` xag `"xbd ig`
.dxezd lr exeìa z` qitcdl mdipira
40qrlrqrR 'x recid xiabde ,zeti mipt xaqa mipe`bd eicinlze `"xbd z`n lawzp c"yx
¨
eigè 42 oif`lèen miig 'x mipe`bde lecb ceaka eziaa ìpqk` el ozp 41 `"xbd ly eaexw
.44 exeìa lr mdizenkqd epzp 43 rlrnlrf 'x
¨
yxtl c`n cwey 'idy eilr ecedn ozp oe`bd xy` oif`lèen onlf 'x mqxetnd oe`bd
oiaiag ,exeìae c"yx zec` lr azk ,mweic zilkza minebxzd lr cwye eheytk `xwnd
hytd jxca mikledd mipencwd miyxtnd lkn hwl xy` cngpd exeìa ixac c`n ilr
miìap lr mb mixeaig xagl zexyt`d el zzle `paecn mkgd z` wfgl xxern eznkqdae
.miaezke
ipt lr cakpe `"xbd ly epini ci 'idy 45 laiit l`wfgi 'x axd ,`pliee xira mixyin cibnd
.ezligza .f"lwz xii` 'i xhtp (31

"mipn`pl dtyZ d`x Ð qrlqrt edil` x"a sqei 'x (40 "'ipaxe `paec xirZ eizece` d`x Ð .e"hwz zpyn (32
.my "'ipaxe `paec xirZ .136 'r (`"nxz ,`pliee) .24 'r (a"qxz ,`w`xw)
.` ,k (d"lxz ,`yxèe) "my iyp` zeclezZ d`x (41 c"a` a"lwz zpyn .uieexed ield qgpit 'x w"dxd (33
.n"kae d"qwz fenz 'c mipy c"r oa xhtp .oiinc hxetwp`xt
.`"twzÎh"wz (42 .(817 'r hxetwp`xt zldwl zepexkfd xtq)
.g"nwzÎf"hwz .onlf dnly 'x (43 dpey`xl qtcp zeaezk q"nr d`ltd xtq (34
135 'r "mipn`pl dtyZa eqtcp zenkqdd gqep (44 .f"nwz ,jàiteà
oifeleen miig 'x i"zk mvra dnkqdd meliv .jliè .oiin xdp lr = (35
rlrnlrf 'x i"zk mvra dnezgd dnkqdd melive .28 'r .24 'r "'ipaxe `paec xirZ d`x (36
fh oeilb "l`xyi xe`Z uaewa oiiycpen i"xd i"r enqxet ` ,dn .a ,l (a"pxz `pliee) "edil` zeilrZ d`x (37
ly ihìf`d oeìfena cp`lcixt sqe`n Ð jliè apw 'r .(dpey`xd ezy`n ezeclia `"xbd ozg 'idy ,mye)
inelvz zwlgna enelvze ,bxeaxhta mircnl 'incw`d "dnly zxepnZ xtq xaig laiit `bxy ixe` 'x (38
.milyexia zine`ld 'ixtqay i"dzk edil` zxc` yexit mr qtcpe dxeqnd lr "lilk zgpnZe
zeclez) "mc` zeclezZ xtq xagn .b"vwzÎe"hwz (45 .z"dr `"xbdl
.(43 dxrd l"pd rlrnlrf 'x ly eiig (g"txz ,milyexi) "edil` zgpnZ xtq d`x (39
v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei i
eizeyxca giked ezeyixt lceba mqxetne eznkgl zncewd dlecbd ez`xia exec ilecb lk
mr `xwnd cenill mizr erawiy yexcie `xwnd cenila mihrnn xy` lr dxezd ipa z`
.dxzqp dnkg ceqi lr dxeza mipt ilbn 'ifdd ilran ewgxzie hytd c"r miyxtnd
dciwya da ebdie ycwd oeyl zricil mixirvd dxezd ipa zweyz dxabzp ìdd zra
me`pl oeyld inkg zecire onfl onfn xcqn 'id `"xbd ig` xkyyi x"xd oe`bde dnevr
.mixirvd zeal z` aidldy dn mixirvd iptl dgaya
xdv xtq lra Ð 46 rprd onlf dnly 'x yiyid recid wcwcnd gkep 'id zecired zgà
iazkl dfr dad` gexa xacie oeyld zxez lr me`pie ,`plieea f` gx`zdy Ð 47 daizd
.eazkp da xy` dtyd cenla cewyl eirney ldw z` xxerie ,ycwd
aezkl eqpie oexyk ilra mdipiae "ycw zty iade`Z mixirv zxag dcqep ìdd zra
dpd f`ne dxexa dtya milecb mixetq aezkl egilvdy cr zepey zevilne mixiy mnvra
.`hill oilxa zlkyd dapbzd
* * * *
epxen xy` b"wz zpya 'idy rxe`nd z` dlawa erci yhixfrnn cibnd axd icinlz
:mdl xtqie `yicw ìxagd eicinlz iyiywl `xw r"p h"yrad
el ozie blten ocnle miwl` `xi eny mgpn 'x m"zq xteq 'id fpkyà mixrd zgà
dlawa oin`n izla ezeidle `xnbe dpyn `xwn enr cenlie miaeh miyeg lra oa z"iyd
drxl df lrt yecwd xdfd lr dxq xaice ,qb xeaica mb zeaexw mizrle eala dze` dfane
.dpen` ipipra xrpd lr
èaie exir z` afr dxez cenll wwezyn dpy dxyr mizy oa mezid epae n"x znyk
mhtn n"qde dxezd cenil lr sqep mircn x`y mb cenll wyg mye fpkyà zxg` xirl
l`xyia dgxw dyrie zeafek zerca l`xyi z` ziqdl xga ea ik ecia gilvne eze`
eicinlzne epnn lvpi epkxc t"r ekxc fgì xy` lke ,ezxezae 'da mixtek cinrdl
.eicinlz icinlze
¨
icinlz ipwf dpd ,o`qlrcprn ly enebxz zvtd zec` lr Ð e"lwz zpya Ð rnydae
biq zeyrl ickae exeìae mebxzd cenil cbp e`vi cibnd axd icinlze h"yrad epxen
mxby i"yxt mr wx j"pz ecnliy miciqgd lr gibydl al eniyie wecwcd cenill ecbpzd
.micbpznd zcrn dxezd ipa dpgna lecb yrx
* * * *
dpekz dètxa ,mipey xtq izaa cenll fpky`l mirqepd mixirvd eaxzp dpyl dpyn
zepexyk ilra eid maex ,cere cere oeyld znkge dpibpd znkg dthde xeacd znkg
mircna zelecb zerici yekxl egilvde dlecb dcnzda mdicenila ecwye milecb
xtq izaa d`xed zenewn mdl zzl meaxwie xtqd iza inkg z` eìltdy mdne miirahd
.mzclen ux`l exfg x`yde dlecb zexikya
.b"vz ,oilxa (47 .e"wzÎf"nz (46

ì v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei
ex`yp xirfn hrn dpd mircne zenkga dlkydd xzka mixzken eày micinlzd
lwdl eligzde mz`xi z` mdn dccy dlkydd dpd maexe zevne dxez ipipra mzeninza
.Ð èdd onfd jxr itl Ð drx zeaxzl e`viy mdne ,zeiyrn zevna
x`ya rcnd ilrae dcyde fegnd ixrn mixr dnka zeaeh zepedka exczqp mi`texd
xrepde l`xyi ixirv z` lirxdl mal lk z` epzie zelecbd mixra exczqp maex dpd zenkgd
exga maexe miny z`xi ly zilha eqkzp mdiyrn jygna zeyrl ickae dlkydd iperxfa
.micinlzde mixedd ipira og e`vn fpky` ixcqe iqenipa elbxedy itle zecnlnd zk`lna
dweyzd zexabzd lre llka jepgd jldn lr `hile oileta f` erityd dlecb drtyd
.dlkydd zxia fpkyà f` erxi`y zerxe`n ipy ,hxta ycwd oeyl cenll mixirvd axwa
ef zipkz it lry 48 lfiee uxid ilztp wcwcne uilnd jxry miclil xtq zia zipkz .`
.ìxhqeè fpkyà xtq iza dnk f` ecqep
xacle aezkl cenll oilxa icili mixar mipkeze miqcpdne mi`tex mihilwxt zceb` .a
.xar ztya
* * * *
oilete ìvilba zeciqgd iìyp mr dtepz zngln milikynd ekxr Ð e"lÎc"lwz Ð f`n
©
mdiìype c"ag iciqg zcre xzqlt iazke zepiyln zelilra ,`hile `pi`xweè oildèe
milikynd on dfn xarn elaq 49 dk ,mdizebltnl miciqgd iìyp x`y znerl miltka elaq
.micbpznd on ipyd xarne
dazkp daexay micbpznd zextqe milikynd zextq z` `xewd y`x zexry dpxnqz
.d"a `xeaae dxezd zyecwa mixteke l`xyi zc i`peye milikyn icia
h"yrad epxenn zeciqgd ini ixacl mribda dpd minid ixac iazek mipeixehqidd mb
.xyeide zn`da micbea md oexg`d xec cr r"p
xyei iwg mdl yi ,hlree xrhpe` ic Ð dhn ixc Ð migvexde miapbd mb ,xen` oixne`
,oald z` exigyie xegyd z` epiali mhra xy` minid ixac iazek ok `l ,mnrh itl
.xev yinlgk miwfg mihpnewec ceqi lr lkde ,mgex jldne mvtgk
lhan dèapd xdeh z` llgnde dxezd zyecwa xtekd 50 uhrxb xn mipeixehqidd ia`
ezeà zend mqa 51 eax` lrx z` miyi ipertvke xenb lehiaa zeciqgde dlawd znkg z`
exeag ik uhrxw mya edepk wcvae extq seqa zeciqgde dlawd zec` lr xvwd xn`nd
.l`xyi znkga ìd dx`nn zrxv
dpd èd mb 52 aepaec xn milikynd ihepga hhgne mihpneweca wcwcnd oeixehqidd
.dxeye dxey lkn zvavan miciqge zeciqgl ez`py
ipipre ze`ltp ixetq ly ltxr jezn ,r"p h"yrad epxen zecleza exetq z` èd ligzn
.eqx` :l"ve` (51 .(a"nwz ,oilxa) "znè mely ixacZ eiazkna (48
.a"yzÎ`"kxz .aepaec oerny (52 .ik :l"ve` (49
.`"pxzÎg"rwz .uhrxb yxid iav (50
v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei ai
dfgna `l` `xap `le 'id `l 53 in yi` exvie e`xa xy` cibdl xyt`y cr zeldz ly ceak
ik ,l`xyi 'x eny xy` yi` 'id h"yrad xy` oin`dl èd gxken epea`cl la` ,ipeinc
h"yrad Ð licadl Ð ly exec oa èdy Ð 54 oenin dnly xwegde xteqd dpd egex zexnl
.55 eilr cirn Ð
t"r l`xyi ini ixac azekl mb dne ipepia yi`l mb xyeide zn`da dqb dciba df oi`d
.zexye`n zecerz iwecwc
dày onf lkae zr lka dpd mdicinlz icinlze milikynd icinlz l`xyi ixteq lk
ze`xdle mdiìyp ceake zeciqgd zxez ceak z` litydl mdilr aiag mcil zepncfdd
.ilklkde ixqend l`xyi llk zaehl mzceare mkxr herin lr ravà
© © © xi`n wrev `xep mrfae eizty lr svw svya
gekiea xy` 57 ìkexkk 56 oà`là
©
iletltae yiakr ixew zei`xa df gikene 58 r"p h"yrad epxen szzyd `l mihqiwp`xtd
ipa xy` 59 (?) ze`xdl r"p h"yrad epxen ly eceaka hrnl icka cegia èd df lke ,lad
.ezxeze l`xyi zpen`l cegia rbepd dfk xacl epinfdl ez` eaygzd `l exec
xy` lkl mqxetne recid xacn dcazi edenk it`xbeilaa © mkg xy` oeifa i`cke
`l` df oiè 62 r"p h"yrad epxen ixyewnn eid 61 g"x oe`bd 60 my`xae gekieda mitzzynd
.epexb jezn zxacn mdiìype miciqgd zeciqgd z`pyy
eidi mixyi miyp` ici lr mdiìype zeciqgd icbpzn milikynd zextq xwazyk
.mzelilre mdixwy cra mler oe`xce zetxgl mdixteq
* * * *
dxezd zyecw lr mnvr xeqnl ald ixiaè zrcd itiwz ,63 mler ipzi` c"ag iìyp
zeciqgd qp z` ewifgie mcnrn lr wfg ecnr 64 epnz `l ik z"iyd icqga dpd zevnde
.ziwl` dxeaba
mdne Ð milikynd mr dnglnd zifga c"ag iìyp ecnr 65 dpy ynge mixyr d`nk
cr zrce dnkg zevrena Ð micbpznde milikynd mr dletk dnglna dpy ynge mirayk
iigc `pli` itpr zeciqgd zhiy iptl jxa rexkl mdicbpn mdi`pey lr exabzd xy`
.hxta c"ag zeciqg zhiye llka r"p h"yrad epxen
yeaifrn l`xyi 'xe ,hxet`tx g"x aealc dpicn axd .xy` :l"ve` (53
."'eke uhieelfìn ax xra 'xe ,ax xilf`xe ,my lra .`"qwzÎ(jxrl) b"iwz (54
.i"gzy dwzrda d"k (59 132 'r (b"lyz aia` lz) oenin dnly iig d`x (55
my iyp` zeclez .my "owxetde zectdZ d`x (60 .jliè
.69 'r (d"pxz ,`w`xw) .a"yzÎf"lxz (56
'x z"ey xagnd lra .hx`t`tx odkd miig 'x = (61 .cere .jliè 306 'r "ziwp`xtd drepzd zeclezZ (57
,bxranrl) miigd xkf .(`"kxz ,bxranrl) odkd miig dn 'r a zxaeg "minzdZ) zeciqgd zea` xn`n d`x (58
.`"lwz fenz bi xhtp .(e"kxz "minzdZ Ð dfipbd iazkl my oiivne (000 'r lirl .[` ,r]
c"ewl) e"pxz a`Îmgpn fk oneid zniyx mb d`x (62 xtq .140 'r e"vxz zegiyd xtq .[a ,hrx] ck 'r e zxaeg
.(jliè 000 'r lirl .jliè ` ,ctwz c"g gekied c"r oicnr awri 'x y"n d`xe .h"t `"g zepexkfd
.` ,ì d"x t"r (63 ,`pehl`) "owxetde zectdZ q"eqa mihqhiwpxtd cbp
.ak ,b dki` (64 exgap f`Z :(a ,hk) "rilc`ta `xep iyrnZa (h"kwz
.q"xz zpy jxrl cr (lirlck) e"lÎc"lwzn (65 [?mixgapd] mixxapd eid micedid on ,cv lkn dyly
bi v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei
oiprzdl eligzd mdipinl l`xyi ixteq xy` 66 dpy mirax`k e` ynge miylyk df
,mdiìype zeciqgdl zegayze zeldz ixiy mixnfn dnk mdne mdiìype zeciqgd zhiya
miltpzn cere wcvae znà mcxna miwifgn xakrde xifgd xyan minhetnd micg` wxe
.mdiìyp ceake zeciqgd zxez lr aeh mixacnd mdixag lr
oeirx eaxwa uvepzd cli epcera dpd dcyd adeè xtkd cili owfd x"enc` w"k 67 ced
eia` zfegà eayiizp xy` ` mdia ihilt z` axwy lecbd aexiwdn d`xpk dnc`d zcear
¨ zeaiaq Ð iryhex ilria Ð 72 oal oirn 71 jexa 'x
mditk ribin qpxtzdl mccerie rpfìl
.mzxfra zeidl eia` ceak z` xxerie obae dcya
l"ixd xiabd za mr jczydl mikqd oikeciyd zperl owfd x"enc` w"k ced ày oeikne
ìpecpl gihady Ð jrlcprx Ð adfd ilwy mitl` zyng xy` i`pza ,wqarhieen 73 l"bq
ecvn zeaxrzd mey ila evtgk mda zeyrl Ð owfd x"enc` w"k ced ly Ð ezeyxl xeqni
ceak ezirx znkqda dpd Ð 74 j"wz zpya Ð ezpezg xg` dpey`xd dpyae .l"bq l"ixd ly
evxy zegtyn zveawl adf ilwy mitl` zyng jqa eped z` xqn ,75 `pxrhq zxn zipaxd
owfd epiax epwf w"k ced xy` y"xden x"enf`` epa w"k cedl xtq wcv gnv lra x"enf`` w"k ced (`
mb eid mdipiae mipcnle `"xi eidy ezeclia eia` zfegà eayiizpy mdia iyxebn gaya xtql daxn 'id
bltene `lten qcpdn 'id ezepe`b lr sqep oiihybiprwn iav awri 'x mdn cgè dnkge dxeza miblten
ecnl Ð wcv gnv lra x"enc` xtq Ð 68x"enf`` w"k ced zeidae dpibpa `ltp yeg lrae dpekzd znkga
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69a"i oak f` ède yhieeàeiln xra xkyi 'x oe`bd mr eceniln xfgyke dpekzde dqcpdd znkg v"ix
v"ixd ig` a"x eia` zfeg`l dkenqd dfegà ayiizd ìdd zra .v"ixd mr dxiwgd cenila xeriy el raw
dlawa iwa 'id la` ipepia 'id z"tbay sè oiihybiprw xirn mdia iyxebnn èd mb eny 'il` mgpn 'x
xtiq y"xden x"enf`` w"k ced .dninz dpy jyn epiax w"k mr cnle i"zka l"fix`d iazk elv` eide
x"enc` epwf w"k cedn lawy wcv gnv lra x"enf`` eia` w"k ced ycw iazk oia xy` x"en`` w"k cedl
zezay g"x inie zeclende zetewzd ipnf mr Ð l"wzÎe"hwz Ð dpy dxyr yng jyn lr gel 'id owfd
¨
x"enc` w"k ced ly eycw ci azk ,rpfìla micixid ini mb eid mipey`xd mipy yng e` ylyae micrene
dreci dcn Ð hihrt zcna wexi rava ar xiip milr miylyk ,xyr oa 'idyk excqe exag xy` owfd
.70f"kxz lel` 'g meia dzidy dtixyd zrya ca`pe ,aedv xer jxekn Ð zeciqg ixn`n iwizrnl
.p"ye .(000 'r lirl) Ð (zncewd dxrd d`x) q"xz f`n dpeekd d`xpk (66
xtq .000 'r onwl) z"iy'd sxeg dniyx d`x (70 .ef dniyx zaizk onfl cr
.p"ye .(395 'r z"iy'd zegiyd fiz r"q e"g ycewÎzexb` deeyd Ð oldl àda (67
zepexkfd xtq .c"kt `"g iax zia Ð ezece` d`x (71 d"yz zegiyd xtq .fp 'r h"g ycewÎzexb` d`xe .jliè
b"yz .79 'r z"y'd uiiw zegiyd xtq .jliè i wxt `"g .131 'r .78 'r
oneid zniyx mgpn zxez .117 'r d"yz .153 'r .151 'r :hay f "mei meidZn xirdle .o`k xqgy d`xpk (68
.cere .ìy 'r (b"vxz) .`nx 'r (a"vxz) dqcpdd znkg cnl dpy ryz oa owfd x"enc` zeidaZ
'r lirl) e"pxz oeygÎxn 'k oneid zniyx d`x (72 ezeida .dpy dxyr yng lr gel xcq Ð xyr oa .dpekzde
150 'r a"yz zegiyd xtq .(jliè 87 'r h"yz n"dq .000 ycgd yecw zekld miaxa cnly oncfp xyr mipy oa
.78 'r d"yz .jliè mdici ,cnrn ezeà eidy ,mipe`bd e`vn `le ,m"anxdl
.k 'r onwl d`x (73 ."yxcnd ziaa mdilbxe
.(000 'r lirl) 69 dxrday dniyx d`x (74 .dpy ryz oa x"enf`` w"k zeidae :o`k l"ve` f"tre
.(jliè a"rq ,cp) c"kt `"g iax zia Ð dzece` d`x (75 zecqizda zelylzydd ote`Z Ð oneid zniyx d`x (69
l"q (h"qyz ,z"dw) "ipy xec ,oey`x xec ,c"ag zeciqg
v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei ci
izae miigx oipale dcear ilke g"rae dnc` ighy zepwl liaya dnc`d zceara xczqdl
.mizytle xnvl dehn
w"k ced ly etqka `pieec xdp jxe`l wqarhiee xirl jenq exczqp milecb miaeyi
zeaegxae miweeya gex ly zeqpxtd z` aefrl miaxa yxec 'id onfl onfne ,owfd x"enc`
,ynega dxezl mizr reawl mxxerne aeyid ilra z` xwan 'ide ,dnc`d zceara xczqdle
.`xnbe dpyna epiad `ly miheytd zaehl dcbè yxcn
* * * *
¨ ¨
,l`xyia dyè yi` lk ik ,77 qrcìerièed ¨ © ¨ jlnd cwt ìdd zra
lkl 76 iwqee`hìp`R
lecb myex dyry xac . zleblebd qnn edexhti ,dnc`d zceara xczqdl eci aezki xy`
78
.dnc`d zceara exczqd ,mireaw izla miwqrn miqpxtzndn miaxe l`xyi zeldw lka
oipra wxe ,fegnde jltd ixra zinewn dcear daexa dzid ìdd zra zixeaivd zepwqr
,zeipepxè miqnd zlhd e` ldwd ipic swez enk ,dpicna mixbd l`xyi llkl rbepd illk
dlynnd iciwt lv` zinewn dcear wx eid dlklke xgqnd ipipr zahda mipiprd aex la`
.ihxtd myekx eid zexiird aex xy` miliv`d zexvga minrtle
l`xyi axwa dlecb dlenrz dyr wqarhieea owfd x"enc` w"k ced ly ezay zepya
©
micedid l` ielb oeiyx 79 'ipyd `pixrh`wri zixqwd dpzpyke .dnc`d zceara xczqdl
ldpn owfd x"enc` 'id Ð h"kwz Ð 'izeaiaq mixrae Ð c"kwz zpya Ð `bixa ayiizdl
zvrae ,mikxc zyxt lr oeln izaae zexria ,miaeyia exczqi micedid xy` ,dagx dlenrz
`bixl `pieec xdpa meliaede zeceqtx exywe zexrid zaihga ewqrzd daxd dpd ,eycw
.fpkyè 81 ìqexR mr xgqn ixywa 80 mipyd xakn dcnry
h"yrad epxen zhiy z` zrcl gkep ,yhixfrna dpey`xd mrta owfd x"enc` 'idyk
zeter lecibe obd leaia ,xtkd ziyrzae dnc` zceara l`xyi ly 82 ezqpxt ilk xaca r"p
wqarhieel yhixfrnn ekxca akrzd ,ezial xfgyk dpd ,xnv dehne mibc civa ,zendae
xary miaeyiae .dnc`d zceara exczqi l`xyi ipay ,exar mewn lka dlenrz zeyrl
ly mzciwy lr xxer mye dt .mipad jepig avne ,ipxezde ixqend mavn z` zrcl oiprzd
.miheytd miyp`d zaehl xtq irceie dxez ipa
iheyt z` mipier eidy micbpznd ipe`b icinlzn eid dxezd ipa xy` mipey miaeyiae
epyiy lrt xirfn hrn wxe ,mdnr gkezn 'id mixeae ux`d inr zenya mze` mipkne i"pa
gex mda gitne mccern 'idy z`f cal dpd el` mixwnae miheytd miyp`d l` mqegi z`
oa myl gelyl lczyn 'id Ð mdil` dxezd ipa qgi rex lbxl Ð mzeltyn mccerl miig
aeh qgia mdil` qgizne miheytd mr oiprzn 'idy Ð miciqgd zbltnn oaenk Ð dxez
.eize`ved e` ,eyekx zeqkecd iqkece oilet iklnn oexg`d Ð 1732Î1798 (76

.1729Î1796 (79 .`hil ly dlecbd
.mipy dnkn :l"pd zxaega (80 lkl :2 dxrday "yhieeàeilÎc"agZ zxaega (77
.ìplet :my (81 .mixyd
.mzqpxt ieti xaca :my (82 ,ezqpkda ielz epi`y oteà cig` mekqa lhend qn (78
eh v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei
sc cenila dxez ircei eyrp miheytdn daxdy aehd eixt z` ozp mipy dfi` jynay dn
.zetqeze i"yxt mr `xnb
* * * *
dzpicn ixry dgzt f`n wxe oilet zpicnl dleaba ìqex zpicn dzyr dcgein zxnyn
ini Ð mireaw mipnfa mdizexegq z` ìadl fpkyè oilet ixgeq iptl Ð g"tz zpya Ð
mi`yx eid `l mzexegq z` xeknl wx evxy elè ,ìqex zexegqa silgdl Ð micixid
laex ,sqkd zerahnn yilyk wx miey eid dlynnd zexhye Ð adfe sqk zerahn ìvedl
minrt cixid onf ìqex zlynn draw a"wz zpyn dpd Ð xiip laex dylya dlr sqk
dxinya xebq leabd 'id dfd onfd zelkke ,uiwa miycg ipye sxega miycg ipy ,dpya
.dlern
mb erci `ly mdne rcne dnkg ipipra ,mixenb mixea eid ik s` ,'ipfexe ìqex iliv`
iaehe mc` iade` eid la` ,axre izya zecerze dfeg ixhy lr minzeg eide aezke `xw
zelecbd mixra mixc eid ik mdicar mixk`d mr mdiciwt zbdpdn erci `l md ,al
micexh eid mdizefeg` l` xvw onfl mià eidyke ,mc` ipa zeweptza mdini lk miweqre
,mdiciwt ci ly miwqrd ikldnl mb al eny `le ,c`n mdilr aed`d wgyn ,zeig zciva
z` miyiprn eid mixtkd iypè micard mr mdiciwt zbdpd rex xac mdl rcepyke
.mdizexynn mze` mixiarn e` mdiciwt
mipaà mixwi xzeid mixacd zepwl miaxn eide micixid z` mixgeq eid miliv`d
83
t"r eid el` mixgqne ,mwexe bxe` dyrn ,zikekf ilke adf ilke sqk ilk ,zeilbxne zeaeh
.dfa miaeh xzeid mipne`d eidy micedid icia aex
mirceie oaè ur zyexgae adfe sqk zyexga mipne`de mixgeqdl erivd miliv`d
mdl minlyn eide dpicna akrzdl adfe sqk itxeve sqke adf ihege iyna mewixe dbixà
dpy lka miayiizn eid micedi zegtyn zexyr dnk dpd dfk oteàe mzexegq xear ahina
z`xia dbdpdne dxezd cenln exxwzp h`l h`le zelecbd mixra maex ,ìqexa dpye
.miny
* * * *
leabd z` mixaer micedi zegtyn eid n"n ,ahid xeny 'id oilete ìqex oia leabdy s`
al iaeh eid miqexd ik .sqk oi` mpg e` zhren dpzn cra leabd ixney miciwtd oeiyxa
mayen ewizrd micedi zegtyn dnk dpd dfk oteàe ,mei iywe iprl mingxa miqgiizne
©
mihiig ,mixlcpq ,mipne` maex .`lehe ¨ ¨ ,wqprll`nq
lìx` ¨ iklta ìqex ixrl oilet ixrn
la` .ilklkd mavna miaeh miig xcqa exczqp xvw onf jynae Ð xrkrla Ð gt iyxge
.onfl onfn cxi ipgexd mavn ,df znerl
,zepey zecebè zexag mdl eid oileta mzclen uxà eidyk 84 dpd miheytd miyp`d
lkl 'id zelecbd mixrae .dnecke mildz zxag ,mew inikyn zxag ,wcv ilret zxag enk
.dl`d :l"pd zxaega :dpd (84 .mipa`k :l"ve` (83

v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei fh
,mixlcpqde minezgpd ,mihiigd q"pkdia ,wcv igaf q"pkdia enk ,cgein zqpkd zia dxag
ixeriy rneye xeaiva meia minrt 'b lltzdl à 'ide zexagd zg`l xag 'id cg` lke
eid dxezd zricia miheyt eidy sè .w"ya yxcne reayd zyxte aixrnl dgpn oia dcb`
.devn ixneye iaagne miwl` i`xi
dfi` wx mixc eid daxd zenewnae ,mzxeag dcxtzp ìqex ixrl mayen ewizrdyk la`
h`l ecxi okle ,dpicnd igxf` ,micedi mpi` zegtyn mitlè ze`n oia micedi zegtyn
mdipa mb dne ,dpicnd ibdpna bdpzdle zevna lwdl eligzie ixqend mavnn h`l
.jpgne jixcn mdl zeid ilan ,mixkpd oia eaxrzdy hrnk ìqexa mdl eclepy mdizepae
wx mdl 'id zephwd mixra la` ,micnlne mipax ,zeiqpk iza mdl eid cer zelecbd mixra
`ll elcbzp mipade ,'id `l a"ey mb dpd mixtkae .cnlnde `xew lrade ofgd ède a"ey
dxezd zkxae oilitzd zkxa mikxan devn xa eyrpy mixrpd eid zeaexw mizrle ,dxez
.dltzd xecqa `xw erci `ly iptn dt lra
* * * *
x"enc` w"k ced 'id ziniptd ìqex ixra micedid ly ixqend mavna oiprzdy oey`xd
iptl miaxa cenil ixeriy mdl xcqle ìqex icedi z` xwal micgein mixiv gly xy` owfd
.miphwd liaya mixcg cqile dcbè yxcn `xnbe dpyn `xwna milecbd
.epnfae ezra izlawy itk 85 oneida izeniyxn zg` dniyx `nbecl wizrdl ippd dfae
xirl ze`qxt dxyr yngk jenqd `pieewrilel xtka 'id oilete ìqex zpicn oia leabd
¨
wqprl`nq xirl zkledd jlnd jxca Ð uegle xtkdne oilet zpicn miptle xtkdn ,ìpcex
.ìqex Ð
zpicna la` ,`hil zpicna mherine oilet zpicna micedid ayen xwir 'id ìdd zra
inrn maexe micedi ly zeccea zegtyn wx eid Ð wqprl`nq ¨ jlta Ð ziniptd ìqex
iyp` eide dnc`d zcearl zeqgiznd zek`lna dnecke zegtpd zk`lna miwqerd ux`d
.xtk iig eig Ð ìdd dpicn lagae ìdd zra Ð mixrd igxf` mbe ,xtk
¨ ¨ ¨ xirn a`f opgei 'x owfd x"enc` w"k ced iciqgn cg`
ocnl dxev lra 'idy w`c`x`d
zxez zricia dagx drc lra ,zetqeze i"yxt mr t"ra zezkqn dnka iwae blten
zexvgae mixtka lkex ewqre zeaeh zecn lrae dcear lra dplek lr dlerde ,zeciqgd
.dwcvl mipebd minekq yixtn 'ide geixa qpxtzne zefeg`d ilra mipec`d
jlta leabl xarn exgqn xaca ekldn dyriy owfd x"enc` w"k ced el xn` mrt
¨
.ìqex zpicna wqprl`nq
¨
hxta wqprl`nq jlte dqb dpicn ìd llka ìqex zpicn xy` erci oilet icedi lk
cr jk lk enybzp dnd mbe dny 86 zexb micedi ly zecg` zegtyn wxe mieb eaex dpd
.ìdd ux`d igxf`k eid mdiig zegxè mdiyealna ik mxikdl xyt` i`y
zxenz ik ,xzeia eaivrd df ekelid la` ,owfd x"enc` w"k ced xack dyr f"ix ciqgd
.mixb :my ycewÎzexbà (86 e"g ycewÎzexbà milw miiepiya qtcp onwl àd (85
.jliè gnx 'r
fi v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei
¨ ¨ ¨
l`xyi ipa daxd `ven 'id w`c`x`de wqarhiee zeaiaqay mixtka xaer 'idyky df
ybet 'id minrtle dxeza wqere mlv` oqk`zn 'ide mikxc zyxt lr oeln izae mixtka
zgà zaey e` ezial w"y lr xfeg 'id aexd lre miciqgd elib ipaa mbe dxez ipaa mb
.miciqgd elib ipa zaiqna zexiird
¨
mixea miyp` zaiqna wqprl`nqa bbg zereayd bge miycg dyngk jld df ekelida
mekq Ð sqkd xexv z` ez` ìaie owfd x"enc` w"k cedl lel` ycega àyke ux`d inre
giexn 'id xy`n xzeie yng it Ð df ekelid jxca giexd xy`n dwcvl yixtdy Ð lecb
mixea zaiqna 'idy xard lr eytp xna jaie eavn lr c`n xnxnzie Ð mincewd eikelida
ly laga dlgzak xegql el xizdle ef dyw dcearn exhetl eytp lr opgzie ux`d inre
.micedi
z"iyd ,87 aizk utgi ekxce eppek xab icrvn 'dn ,zeyw owfd x"enc` w"k ced edprie
xnì xy` edn mcè ,mlyei Ð 'd jxc Ð ekxc xy` utg 'zi èdy itl xabd 88 ikxc opekn
.utg ippi` dfae utg ippd dfa
blyd zeidle ,dlgzak leabl xarn ekelid z` f"ix ciqgd dyr aey zekeqd bg xg`
mlv` oqk`zdy micedide ,xzeie miireayk zenewn dnka akrzdl gxked lecb xewde ax
dxezd ipic z` mdl zexedl mzia ipa mre mdnr ggeyl eal lr myie mzk`lnn miiept eid
.daeyz ilra dnk el eid xak sxegd jynae el gilvd 'de ,zeaeh zecnl mze` xxerle
xy` dlecbd ezcearn al aehe gny 'id oqip zligza owfd x"enc` w"k cedl àyke
x"enc` w"k ced ìved owfd x"enc` w"kl ìad xy` dwcvl ezqpxt 89 znexze ,da gilvd
.mdd zenewna micnln ze`ved lr owfd
¨
wqprl`nq jltl mgly xy` miyp` dnk mya owfd x"enc` w"k ced `xw gqtd xg`
zeldw my ecqepy cr 90 mipy yly exar `le f"ix ciqgd z`xed t"r mixtke zexiirl
.dwcv ly zecqene dliah iza licadle zeiqpk izaa ,micnlne mia"ey mipaxa mixceqn
zpya Ð ziniptd dzpicn ixry z` ìqex zlynn dgztyke 91 dpy mixyrk exar dkk
¨ ¨ oildèe
ze`ne ,ìqexl egtqp ìl`c`te ¨ `hil zpicn lk xy` oileR zwelg ixg` Ð c"pwz
mavn lr e`ltzd ziniptd ìqex ixrl mayen ewizrd dxez ilecb daxd mdipiae zegtyn
dxez iblten mipaxe zeiqpk iza ewifgdy mdixag xtqna zephwd zeldwd ly ixqend
.mignen micnlne
* * * *
eid mdipzge mdipay `hil igxf` eid dxezd ilecb ziniptd ìqex ixrl mixbdnd aex
mipwfd mdixedl mdiazknae dycgd dpicnd xgqa xidfn cizr 92 inl efgie milecb mixgeq
avnd z` milldne migayn eid dxez ly dldà miig zegxà exczqde `hila ex`ypy
.ìqexa zeldwd ly ipxezd mbe ixqend
.mipy ylyk wx exaryke :my (90 .bk ,fl mildz (87

.oldl rnyn jk .b"nwzÎb"kwz = (91 .icrvn :my ycewÎzexbà (88
.enl :l"ve` (92 .znexzae :my (89
v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei gi
mixyrk jyna owfd x"enc` w"k ced ly dyecwd ezcearl zeced mdl à df lky erci lkd
zepexg`d mipy xyra mb dne micgein mixive migely ici lr Ð b"nwzÎb"kwz Ð dpy
mci lre mdae ziniptd ìqexl mayen ewizrd miciqg zegtyn daxd dpd b"pwzÎb"nwz
.mixrpe mixirvl cenil iza ceqie dxez zvaxda owfd x"enc` w"k zlert beg dagxzp
micbpznd ly zedeabd zexitql miaxewndn eidy `pliee i`vei mixbdnd mi`hild
zpyc mxgd hxtae mcw inin mdiìype miciqgd z` etcx xy` zeticxd z` ercie
xy` owfd x"enc` w"k mìype miciqgd ly mgaya mdixkne mdiaexwl eazk ,93 a"nwz
ik mzedn lr dcirn zek`lnd ilra ikkeza miny z`xie dxez zvaxda 'ixetd mzcear
ilecb zlebq lke c"a`xd enr ezè oe`bd epxene dnly dpenàe znà miwl` i`xi md
.mxg mdilr elihd dxezd ipick mixac xexiae zecr ziab `la xy` mhtyna erh dxezd
mxen icinlz Ð miciqg mi`xwpd miyp`d zbdpd z` Ð eazk Ð mièx epgp`y itke
dwcvd lr mytp mixqene dxezd zagae miny z`xia Ð rpfìln ¨ cibnd oe`bd maxe
mdilr devi ok ik daigae zefixfa z`f miyer dpd ,gex dkpe ipr lkl dlecb dage dadà
.zeaexw mizrl mdil` gleyy micgein mixiv i"re eizexbà maxe mxen
¨ licpef 'x ,mixbdnd cg`
ixg` jexk 'id la` ,dxezd zricia ipepia 'id ik s` ,eny slèe
zegily xac lk miiwl eytpe eal lka oezpe xeqn 'id cegiae `"xbd icinlz dxezd ilecb
oia 'id èd ,zegilyd zg` miiwl liaya okzqp minrt dnke miciqgd lr zeticxl rbepda
ekldy Ð 94 migvex Ð mi`pwd zxeagn cg` 'id mbe a"lwz zpyc mxgd z` mqxtl mirqepd
eqgizd micbpznd zexitqae a `"nwz zpya recid oic wqtd z` miiwl oìvpieey© xirl
.miciqgd zticxa dlecbd ezcear llba daig ly qgia eil`
* * * *
©
`l dlenrzd zceara uxn ilra mdne oìvpieey xira miciqg ly dxeag dzid xak d"lwz zpya (a
©
miigix iza ,oeln iza ,zefeg` daxd eid oìvpieey lilba ik zeidle ,daiaqda mb `l` `teb xira wx
mzixa iyp`n miciqgdl mdl eid ueaiwe ayen lka hrnk dpd geixa eqpxtzd mleke milecb `l miaeyie
©
xyè miciqgl eidp oìvpieey lilba miaeyid lk xy` micbpznd zxiaa rcep jxrl mipy izyk jynae
©
.oìvpieeya miciqgd zxeagn dà dlenrzd
¨
zra xy` a`lwy ,wqpin ,`plieec micbpznd icre oia mixac ztilga ìxhe `lwyd dkx` dpy ivgk
¨
a`lwye ¨
wqpin icbpzne a`lwyae wqpina c"ag iciqg ly zenly zecr eid xak Ð `"nwzÎn"wz Ð ìdd
ribdyke mtcxl mb dne miciqgd zcr lr cbpzdln mdici ekyn xak mday mipeznde mzerha exikd xak
©
.dfl enikqd `l oìvpieey xira c"ag iciqg htyna `pliee cre zrvd mdil`
miciqgd lr mxg lhei ik yexcl etiqed cere `pliee cre zrvd z` elaw wvelqe wqixa icre mpn`
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mìype `pi`xweè `hil zpicn zelilba xy` c"ag iciqg lr cegiae mdy mewn lka llka mdiìype
¨
.rpfìln cibnd
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xyr dyngk zewlna zewldl oìvpieey iciqg ly mhtyn ekxre c"ia exgae daiyil qpkp `pliee cre
.mdnr mikqie r"p `"xbd l` mhtyn xac z` erivie yi`
fi 'r `"g owfd x"enc` ycewÎzexb` mb d`x (94 'r `"g (l"yz ,milyexi) "micbpzne miciqgZ d`x (93
d`xe .54 'r c"txz zegiyd xtq .ekw 'r .biw 'r .jliè .330
.158 'r c"yz zegiyd xtq
hi v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei
¨
daiaqa wqprl`nq ¨ licpef 'x ly ezay jxrl mipy izy exaryk
jlt ìplri xira slèe
dxezd zaigae l`xyi zadà zeaeh zecne miny z`xia mzbdpd z` d`xe miciqg ly
avp eipirle miciqgd zcr z` scx zeax mipy jyna xy` lr edexqi eizeilk xqen dpd
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aezkie miciqgd draxà minwpznd oia 'id èd mby oìvpieey xira zegivxd ly dfgnd
miciqgd z` scx xy` lr oewz el xcql eywaie miciqgd zbdpdn el xtqie `"xbd l`
©
oi` ik eazkn z` miiqie ,hxta oìvpieeya miciqg drax` zgivxa szzyd xy` lre llka
miwicvd ly iwpd mc z` llebi dlrn ly c"iaa htynl ecnrae oexg`d enei z` rcei mc`
.`plieec c"iade cred ildpn iy`x lr devnd iaagn
¨ licpef 'x ly eazkn cegiae micbpznd iazkn
icbpzn ibega lecb myex eyr slèe
miciqgd zcr lr mxg elihi ipelt meia xy` ,iyinge ipyae dìxwd zrya zezay yly efixkd bedpk
mbe crepd mewnd l` eèai ,mixcge z"z ,zeaiyid ipa lky efixkd c"a`xde `"xbd mrhne mdiìype
.zkd i"r llgznd g"z ceaka myd yeciwc devn liaya mcenln elhai miyextd
dyngke dlecb daiyie zeiqpk iza drax` mdl eidy dnly dcr eid xak ìdd zra xy` `pliee iciqg
.dfl al eny `le ytp oeieya dfxkdd z` elaw ,oeira `xnb cr iwcxc libn mixrpl mixcg xyr
eglyiy lilbd lkl mixiv gelyl ehilgie dtiq`l miciqgd eqpkp oìvpieeya © dfxkdd xac rnyda
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miyngk mikled oìvpieey mpgnny ericeie mxgd zlhd meia ecgi crezdl `plieel xiv ayene ayen lkn
.creind meil `plieel yi`
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miàd miciqgde oìvpieey ©
iciqg mr `pliee iciqg ecrezi xy` meid xcq zipkz ekxr oìvpieey iciqg
meil àl dyixca a`lwye ¨ ¨ ¨
wqpin ,wv`l`Ra c"ag iciqg ly mifkxnl mixiv egly ik ,zelilbd ix`yn
.zelegnae xnf ilka xira dxcdp dkeldz ekxri cgi mleke labend
mitl` dnk ly dlecb dveawl eid `pliee iciqg zcrl etxhvpyke yi` ze`n ylyk eà creind meil
ecinrde Ð mitl` zxyr lr xzei eidy mixryn Ð mxgd z` fixkdl creind mewnl ldwd uawdae yi`
zianet dkeldza miciqgd e`vi ìdd drya dpd ,lhiwe zilha shrzd c"iade mixegy zexp dniad lr
97lifiin dyn 'xe Ð 96c"a`xd ozg Ð 95ikcxn jexa 'x mipe`bd ,zay icba miyaeln mlk ,zepgn zepgn
dldwd icakpn cere l`tx ipa mig`d mixiabde Ð ldwd on`pe xteqe `"xbd ly wize cinlz 'idy in Ð
dnedn idze mlewl ux`d rwaze dgny ipebip exnfie mizlvne zexvevg mitez mdicia xnf ilke my`xa
oteà ,dkeldzd dfgna ze`xl evx c`n daxd daxde ,mxgd zfxkd z` renyl micrepd ldw jeza dlecb
.mxgd fixkdy c"iad lr mb xic` myex dyry dn ,xtqn izn wx ex`ypy
rcedae ,miccvd ipyn dxabzp zwelgnde miciqgd cbp 'ielb dnglna micbpznd e`vi f` ipn
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dzin oic epc oìvpieey iciqgn dà Ð mxgd zetixg z` dlhay Ð dkeldzd zvr ik micbpzndl
¨ licpef 'xe oìvpieey
.oicd igelyn cg` 'id slèe © iciqgn drax`l
Ð x"zrd z`veda .k"xz ,`pliee z`veda) jliè 126 'r Ð .wqiexaàn ikcxn jexa 'x g"dxd b"dxd (95
.((jliè 138 'r .jliè 31 'r a"yz zegiyd xtq d`x Ð dkexà ezece`
ly wize cinlz .(f dxrd onwl) d"wz zpya clep (97 xtql zetqed) e"pxz xii` .e"pxz oqip Ð epiax zniyx
dxrd onwl) owfd x"enc`l xywzd a"lwz zpya .`"xbd ik d"c mb d`xe .(jliè 413 'r z"iy'dÎe"yz zegiyd
zxcd zpya `"pn ck d`x 't w"yr 'e meia xhtp .(ì 'r e"qxz jyndl zetqeda qtcp) e"qxz l`xyi xrp
zegiyd xtq .(000 'r onwl) xq`nd zniyx d`x .[c"xz'd] .(atwz
.k"xz ,`pliee z`veda) 246 'r "dpn`p 'ixwZ .5 'r a"yz 000 'r onwlc c"eqid ly epzg lèny 'x oe`bd (96
,milyexi) "lèi zpynZ .(jliè 245 'r Ð x"zrd z`veda oneid zniyx .my a"yz zegiyd xtq d`x) i dxrdae
.dr 'r w"dxà c"ag zeclez .jliè dp 'r (`"yz "dpn`p 'ixwZ) `"pwz zah `k xhtp .(zncewd dxrday
v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei k
dlrdy dn mix`lRnrfw`© ze`na `hil iagxn lka miazknd z` enqxt miciqgde ,`pliee
.wvelqe wqixa `pliee icbpzn ly mt` oexg
* * * *
wlgae dphwde dlecbd oileR zpicn lka zeciqgd dhytzp xak Ð d"pwz Ð ìdd zra
© ìl`c`t
wqarhiee iklta dhytzp c"ag zeciqge ,ìvil`be ¨ ¨ oildèe
¨ zpicn ,hen`fn
© lecb
© ¨
èe`hl`te ¨ jltn lecb wlge lilbde `pliee aeld`ne
aebipixryh iklte `pee`w ¨
© ©
wlgy zrcl micbpznd egkep xake ia`x`qia ¨
zpicnn lecb wlge o`qxrge ¨ ©
alq`pixh`wri
,c"ag iciqg ìyp zglvd lr mt` dxg cegiae miciqgd zbltnl qpkp l`xyi mrn lecb
oglyd ,zeng zeèewn ,dhigy ly oikqd zfgyda eipewz zlawe ,owfd x"enc` w"k ced
.dltzd xecqe jexr
liarh 'x ly etzey ,l"bq l"ixdnl ipiny xec 'id owfd x"enc` ly epzeg l"bq l"ixd
ewqr ligpde ,oileR zpicna sxy oii ziiyrzl xkegd 'idy ,98 wqarhiee zldw cqiin aicp
zexkde mikldn el eid el` eiwqr ilbxle ,oexg`d lbq l"ixdn cr eixg` eizexecl df
¨ ¨
zefeg`d ilran daxde eiciwte rcìeriièed mb dne dxiad xira dlynnd zexitqa
¨
eza ozgl rpfìln ielird epa z` gwle jexa 'x mr l"bq l"ixd jczydyke ,oileR iliv`
xzqpae dlbpa oe`b èdy caln xy` owfd x"enc` w"k ly eny mqxtzp dxdn cr dpd
zegwel eizepibpn xyè 99 dqcpdde dpekzd znkga cegiae mircna lecb èd dpd xwgnae
.al
w"k ced my mqxtzp mci lry zerxe`n ipy erxi` ezpezg ixg` miycg ipy xeark
zepwqrd ceqil daexn zlrez ìady xac ,mircnd inkga dlebq icigi oia owfd x"enc`
.owfd x"enc` w"k ced dl oeekzd xy` zixeavd
* * * *
:'` rxe`n
iza eid `l` oileRa Ð ohrhiqxreeipe` Ð mideab xtq iza eid mxh cer dpd 100 ìdd zra
© © mya e`xwpe ihxtd mpeayg lr miwifgn eid dpicnd ikiqp xy` mihxt rcn
.rinrc`w`
© jiqpd zfegà ,el`k zeinrc`w`
,`plieel jenq 101 leeifc`x © © yly eid `hil laga
xRripc xdp seg lr hrxwrv jiqpd zfegàe wqarhieel jenq iwqpiqwry jiqpd zfegà
102
©
ipletd mrd ik ,jenp 'id oileR zpicna ìdd zra mircnd avn .icìle ¨
`pee`xaec oia
© © mixende ,zenkga rbiil lbeqn 'id `l ,entya lqlqne 103 d`pd
.miztxv eid qinrc`wà
.`Z :dxrda my b"deyae ."el elki `le xird oec` ipira a"g my d`xe .flÎe"lt `"g zepexkfd xtq d`x (98
mrc oetZ mb d`xe ."yny dkenl dètx .a ,ynyd oery .c"wt
.(qetca `vnp) a wxt "sied qp'iax oyhieeàeil ield wifii` wgvi 'x g"dxd azkn .` dxrd d`x (99
.1734Î1790 (101 .306 'r "zexe`nd ipyZa oiihytr
"`tex oerny 'x ciqgdZ Ð epiax zniyx d`x (102 mxkZa epiax zniyx deeyd Ð onwl xteqnd (100
.p"ye .(000 'r lirl) jliè g 'r (r"yz ,z"dw) ixacZ Ð epiax zniyx d`xe .jliè 9 'r 4 oeilb "c"ag
.d`bd :l"ve` (103 f`n ...Z :[a ,biy] av 'r e zxaeg "minzdZa "miciqgd ini
eceak lcb zerecid zel`yd izy z` epax w"k xzt xy`
`k v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei
¨
zery dxen reaw 'id oenx`d xvgae xètn oenx` 'id wqarhieec rcìeriièed¨ zfegà
zeryd dxen oi` ziyingd cr 'ipyd dryn xy` miizpyk dfe Ð xrbiif oef Ð yny ly
¨
mixeqrt`xR ¨
,mipey minkg rcìerièed¨ oinfd xake ,104 zeryd ipnf z` oiivn
¨ ¨
zldz rcìerièed © ©
ipf`l ribdyke ,dcigd z` xeztl rcei mdn cg` oiè qrinrc`w`dn
xwal ezfeg` l` epzg mr àiy dywaa l"bq l"ixd l` edpyn gly l"bq l"ixd ly epzg
dryn zeryd z` dxen èd oi` recn dcigd z` xeztl ecia dlri ot zeryd dxen z`
.ziyingd cr 'ipy
yi meid ,zeyxl rcezz l` 105 l"fg zvr ik exnà reqpl oìn owfd x"enc` w"k ced
zeghade zexvtd aex xg` j` dxez lehia icil àie zxg` dl`y xgnle ef dl`y mdl
.xacl mikqd eceniln lhal epnn eyxci `l xzei xy`
¨ ¨
ie`xk da xacl lekie dpicnd zty oiady s` ,rcìerièed zfeg`l epzeg mr àyk
.mdipia uilnd 'id epzege Ð yici` Ð zicedi dtya xacie zipletd dtya xacl oìn
wiqtn 'idy zeryae dxen 'idy zerya minrt drax` e` dyly zeryd dxen z` wcayke
:xn` zexedl
oi` mippr caln dpd fè mc` lk y`xa èd ynyd meid rvnà xy` 106 cenlza `zi`
mixac epncfiy xyt` f` zehpl ligzn ynydyk jliè mixdvn la` ,wiqtnd xac mey
¨
dfeg`n hqxìee xyr yng e` xyr mipyk wgxna dpd ezrcle ,ynyd iew z` miakrnd
elcb zepexg`d mipyd izy jyna dpd ghae zepli` milcb ey`xae deab xd yi dnexcl ef
ynyd iew z` ,ziyingd cr 'ipyd dryn ,el` zery ylya miakrn mdabae zepli`d
dxenl ynyd iew miribn aey èdd mewnn dhep ynydy oeikne ,zeryd dxena ze`xdln
.zeryd
¨ ¨
mipyn wgxna zenewnd z` xwal cgein xiv gelyl xnìe c`na lrtp rcìerièed
¨ xyr dyng cr xyr
zepliè deab xd my `vnp m` ze`xle dfeg`d ly dnexcl hqxìee
.ey`xa
qcpdn iwqpiywrq jiqpd ly rinrc`wà © © iy`xd dxen ,irqx`n © x`qrt`xtd
¨ ¨ mpn`
lkde micedid md i`lt mr ,xnìe owfd x"enc` w"k ced ixac z` l`l myie wgy ,mqxetn
rcei opbd jexa ,cenlzd zeètx t"r ze`txl rcei `texd bilrf ,cenlzd xtqn mircei md
zefeg`d ilra z` zenxl ji` rcei xeqxqd lieepfe ,cenlzd t"r dnc`d z` aihdl ji`
.cenlzd t"r k"b zeryd dxenl miribn ynyd iew ji` rcei df jxaè ,cenlzd t"r
.rcna mixdiznd z` rcebd ofxb èd ztend ,zepizna aiyd x"enc` w"k
¨ ¨
Ð x"enc` w"k aiyd Ð `l ,x`qrt`xRd l`y ,mkly cenlzdn mbzt èd df mb m`d
© mkgd ly enbzt edf
mexl eribd `ly rcna mixdiznd lr `yp xy` 107 ipeid qepil`b
.ddab
* * * *
.i"n `"t zea` (105 dryl eribdae :(my "c"ag mxkZ) epiax zniyxa (104
.` ,cv migqt d`x (106 'id `l ziyingd dry cr meid ivg xg` ivge ziriaxd
.(i"wzz `"c zexecd xcq) iax inia ig (107 .onfd d`xn zeryÎdxend
v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei ak
¨
micg`l rxe`nd z` xtq dziad xfgyke l"bq l"ixd all erbp x`qrt`xtd ¨ zeviwr
,mdd zenewnd z` xwal erqi mnvra mdy exn` mde ,mzvr z` l`yie mixkpd eixknn
xzeia zedeab zepli` ey`xae deab xd e`vn x"enc` w"k xn`y wgxna xy` 'id oke
zepli`d z` zexkl miyp` exkyie l"bq l"ixdl mb dfn dne`n xtq ilal mdipia ehilgie
.xdd y`xn mideabd
¨ ¨
xvgay zeryd dxen ik rcìerièed epec`l riced dfeg`d ldpne mini dfi` exar
`ltzie ziyingd cr 'ipyd dryn mb opewzk zeryd z` ze`xdl xfg oenx`d
¨ ¨
xvgay zeryd dxen xy` miaxa rnyp lewde miciwtl xtqie xacd lr c`n rcìerièed
.epewzl xfg epenx`
z` eìad xdd y`xn zepli`d z` ezxk xy` l"bq l"ixd ixknl drenyd dribdyke
¨
zepli`d z` ezxk mz`xed t"r xy` rcìerieed iptl cirdl èdd xdl jenqd xtkd iyp`
zian zxye`ne minid mzeà daezk dcerz mz` eìad mnvra mde èdd xddn mideabd
w"k ly eny mqxtzp fè èdd xddn zepli` jke jk f` ezxk mixk`d xy` xtkd zeciwt
.rcnd inkg oia x"enc`
x"enc` w"k al xdeha wenr zxgp cenlzd lr irqx`n © x`qrt`xRd
¨ ¨ brl xy` brld
iciwt lr miztxvd mixend ly mzrtyd ze`vez ,drxd ipt mcwl ji` zeaygn aeygie
micedid xy`k ik `vnie ,mzxeze micedil dnhyna zefeg`d ilrae miliv`d lre dlynnd
qqazi dfa dpd dnc`d zceara ewqrie weyd xgqne zexqxqa gexd zeqpxt z` eafri
.ilklkd mcnrn
* * * *
© © mixend y`x iyfbp`l
rny z` hrxwrv jiqpd ly rinrc`wà © rc x`qrt`xtd
¨ ¨ renyk
wqr envra èdy s` dpd ,dqcpdde dpekzd znkga x"enc` w"k ced ly eznkg lceb
deabd q"dia cinlz cer 'idyk Ð rny xy` mipy zeax df la` mignvd irah znkga
¨ ¨
f` ipne ,ziqcpd dcig ,my dqcpde oeaygd znkgl x`qrt`xtd ¨ ¨
z`n Ð 108 `pàx`qa
,dze` xzet oiè f` dazk xy` itk dcigd z` mdl d`xn èd miqcpdn mr eybtda
erqn z` dyr dqcpdde dpekzd znkga blten wqarhieea lbq xiabd ozg ik ernyke
.wqarhieel
© © inkg oia myex dyr iyfbp`l
rinrc`w`d © rc yiyid wip`hàd
© ¨ ¨ ¨
x`qrt`xtd ly ezìa
renyk ,elv` oqk`zdy xird y`x ziaa eipt lawl eàie iwqpiywry jiqpd ly
dcigd oexzt ywal iyfbp`l© rc x`qrt`xtd
¨ ¨ ly eèa zxhn z` irqx`n © x`qrt`xtd
¨ ¨
lr eze` giked lbq l"ixd ozgn Ð rci `le eze` mb l`yy mipy dfi` dfy Ð ziqcpdd
xirv icenlz ixar itn ircn gwl renyl èal gixhdl minkg ceak eceaka lflif xy`
.cenlzd on aèy eizerici lk xy`
©
.dne`n edpr `l micedid z` oier irqx`ny © rc
ercia iyfbp`l
.mxtqnl 1257 zpya cqep (108

bk v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei
© rc x`qrt`xtd
iyfbp`l ¨ ¨ ik ericedl lbq xiabdl eiciwtn cg` z` gly xird xy
elawl epzg lkei izn lèye dqcpdd znkga bltend epzg mr ze`xzdl cegia à yiyid
.eil` èaie egixhdl utg eppi`y aiyd x"enc` w"k ,ze`xzdl
¨
el eidy mixtqnd mr zexiipd mpn` ,zipletd dtya ezl`y z` rivd x`qrt`xtd¨
¨ ¨
xwal x`qrt`xtd àyk iyilyd meiae dl`ya wnrzd x"enc` w"k ced ,ziztxv miaezk
Ð iztxvd licprn dyn yi`de ,dcigd z` x"enc` w"k xzt epzeg ziaa x"enc` w"k z`
© xrc licprn dyn
z` wizrd lbq l"ixd ly exgqn ziaa zepeayg ldpn 'idy Ð fievp`xt
.ziztxvl w"dln x"enc` w"k ly eazk
¨ ¨
ixigan dnk 'ilr erbie elnr xy` ziqcpdd dcigd oexztn c`na lrtzp x`qrt`xRd
ìady dn eixkn lk iptl elldie x"enc` w"k ly egaya xtqie dexzt `le dqcpdd inkg
.dnc`d zceara micedid zexczqd xaca x"enc` w"k ly dlenrzl daexn zlrez
* * * *
zepizna 'id zeyrl hilgd xy` lke xaic xy` lk ,x"enc` w"k 'id oievn oxcqe ìavn
wfgd epevxe ezrc sweze ezpia agex .dwenr Ð bpearlxrai` Ð zeppeazd ixg` zxceqn
ilina ode ìnyc ilina od eznkqde ezhlgdn xeg` bq `l ezepwf cr ezeclin ,lidan 'id
.llkd zepwqra `nlrc
ezeyrl eycw zrca hilgdy xace xac lk xy` x"enc` w"k cedl el 'id iceqi xac
mze` mbe ,dfn erci zrcl mikixv eidy el` wxe ,lecb ceqae xzqa dyrp 'idi llkd ipipra
.i`ygae rpvda eidi mdipipr lk xy` x"enc` w"k ced xidfd
©
micedide Ð a"lwz zpya Ð dpald ìqex z` 'ipyd `pixrh`wri zixqwd dyakyn
micedi zegtyn dnk wizrdl x"enc` w"k lczyd gxf` htyna ekf yeaikd ixr iayei
z` erci mdilra xy` zefeg` ildpne zepne` ilrae llka mipey mixgqna miwqr ilra
.hxta mzbdpd aihe mxyi
cegia dqpxt ipipra zrc ixa mikxa` maex b miyp` xyr mipya xga x"enc` w"k ced
xy` dlynnd zecqen iciwte mipfexe mikiqp miliv` mr zexkida eèai mwqr ilbxl xy`
.llkd zepwqrl dpt oa` cqi dfa
'x ,mdn cg` zè dkelnd xira mixiv xyr mipyl dcear zipkz xciq x"enc` w"k ced
i"r l`xyi ly mzaehl zeax mipy jyn ecar mde dbltnd y`xl xga ,sxev awri mdxa`
.dlynnd zecqen iciwte mikiqpd mr zexkidd
dyn lèny 'x ciqgd epaa x"enc` w"k ced xga awri mdxa` 'x ciqgd xhtpyk
.ax uxn lrae ezrca siwze lecb mkg 'id n"yxd ,eia` mewn ze`lnl
* * * *
sqei jexa ,a`f mdxa` ,wqpinn a`f 'ilcb ,wqpinn awri mdxa` 'x :mde dryz wx epl mircep mdn (b
¨ © ¨
,ee`yh`d`xn ¨
lèny 'il` 'x ,`pqicn dyn xraec 'x ,a`lwyn ¨ ¨
dyn miig 'x ,wgvi licpef 'x ,ee`qixàn
.wqarhieen ikcxn 'xe
v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei ck
oileR ,`hila zexiirdn zeax zepelz eà ,oilet yeak ixg` dpyk ,109 c"pwz zpya
©
drxd mzrtyd ze`vez eid df lky oipwe xgqn ipipra l`xyi mr lr ,`pi`xweè dphwd
micedid z` èpyl zefeg`d ilrae miliv`d icli z` ekpg xy` miztxvd mixend ly
.mdilr lilrdle
y`x Ð n"yx xciq zepelzd xac lr miciqgd llkd ipwqr ly i`ygd crel rceda
uilndl liv` e` ofex m` ,exkn lv` lczyi cred ixagn cgè cg` lk xy` Ð dbeltd
zexiipd cra akrl iniptd xy zeciwt zia iciwt mr mixaca àle l`xyi mr lr aeh
.iniptd xyl myibdl xdnl ilan l`xyi mr lr zepelza mikltd ixyn milawznd
©
`pixrh`wri ¨
dklnd xvga daexn drtyd el dzidy iwqxinàeil jiqpd z` dti xikd n"yx
.milawzn eixac oi` xy` d`x eaal oea`cl la` dfa jiqpd mr xaic daxde 'ipyd
¨ ¨ xyd z` xikd a`lwyn
lra 'idy 110 oiwnìh`R ¨ wgvi licpef 'x ciqgd cred ixagn cg`
.micedid lr aeh uilni xy` xyd lr i"fx rityie zixqiwd lr daexn drtyd
¨ ¨ xyd zrtyd
micedid lr zepelzd z` xwal glyz zixqiwd xy` dlired oiwnìh`R
`l micedid xyè xac oiane i`xg` yi` glyiy iniptd xyl dzcewt z` ozze ,xz` lr
©
z` oegale yexcle xewgl `pi`xweè dphwd oilet `hil lagl rqie ,eilr ritydl elkei
mewn lkae mdipia mixb mdy migxf`d l` mqgie micedid ly mdiig zegxè mxgqn ikxc
df erqn zè ,xtqa lkd meyxie zefeg`d ilra miliv`de dkelnd ixy mr xaczi eèa
.miizpyn xzei `l jyna dyri
zecn lrae rx yi`l mqxetn 'idy Ð oihiwip epbql zixqwd zcewt z` xqn iniptd xy
xga oihiwipe mcwda lretl dxkfpd dcewtd z` ìadl Ð l`xyi `pey 'id cegiae zezgyp
©
.111 oiee`yfxrc iqexd xteqd z` ef zek`lnl
©
oexyk lral mqxetn 'id enyy ìqex ixteq oia cgeind cg` 'id oiee`yfxrc xteqd
.zixqwd xvga aeyge c`na l`xyi `pey 'ide zextqa
©
dyn xraec 'x ciqgde `pqicl jenq cg` dfeg` lra lv` oiee`yfxrc jpgzd ezeclia
©
lra iptl n"cx uilnd minrt dnke ezial à 'id oiee`yfxrc xrpde ìdd dfegà f` xb
©
z` n"cx wizrdyk zeax mipy ixgè ,dyer oiee`yfxrc 'idy zecli dyrn lr dfeg`d
©
mrt ybt ,mixteqd cg`k lecb xak enye mizpia mqxtzp oiee`yfxrce bxeaxrhrtl exebn
.eziaa exwal edywaie ezecli inia xkfpe exikde n"cxa
©
el gikeie mze` ez`pye micedil eqgi zec` lr oiee`yfxrc mr n"cx xaic minrt zeax
iziid jenk eid micedid jig` lk m`Z el dper 'id cinz la` ,micedid zelrn z` zezeà
."m`pey iziid `l zegtd lkl e` made`
* * * *
©
zk`lna eci z` ze`lnl iniptd xy z`n xgap oiee`yfxrc xteqd xy` xacd rcepyk
.1739Î1791 (110 .i"gzy dwzrda d"k :oileR yeak ixg` dpyk ,c"pwz (109
.1743Î1816 (111 ¨ ¨ xyd mr xaic lcpef 'xy onwl y"n itl
yi Ð oiwnìh`R
¨ ¨
.1791 zpya zn oiwnìh`Rc ,xirdl
dk v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei
©
oiee`yfxrc z` n"cx xwia mdiig zegxè mxgqna micedid zece` lr dyixce dxiwgd
.xteqe mkgl ie`xd xyeia ef ezk`ln dyri ik eywal
©
Ð mrf miwitn eipt eid cinz xy` zexnl Ð ,aeh gex avna oiee`yfxrc z` `vn n"cx
xgap xiv zixqwd iptl iniptd xy ebivd eiptly meia xy` ernya n"cx ldap c`n dne
©
xwale `pi`xweè dphwd oilet `hila micedid zeayen z` xwal dzennex zcewt ze`lnl
xy` dgeha ìdy xn`ze ezxigan oevx dwitd xyè mdiig zegxè mxgqn mzbdpd z`
rcie 'igxf` zce dzc i`pey mrl zclend z` xekni `ly in ici lr dxqnp zek`lnd
mzeà dk`lne zepne` oipre xgqn lkn oeapd mr z` liabdl ez`vxd z` lklkl
.mdl ie`xd mnewn lr mecinri xy` zelabdd
©
jigè ,f`n ixikn dzè ,z`f zek`ln z` `ln` Ð n"cxl oiee`yfxrc xn` Ð gny alae
dpd ekxcn xefgiyk miizpy cera ik dleb ilk mkl eyr dxiad xira mixbd micedid
.dxiad xirn micedid z` yxbl 'idz ez`vxd xac ziy`x
©
el dzidy dgiydn cred ixagl xtqie oiee`yfxrc lv` exewian n"cx `vi dkcpe xayp
ixac elrt `l eilr xy` cg`d 'id 112 n"yx wxe c`n eavrzie enr eka cred ixag ,enr
©
zek`lnd xac rci `l yi` xy` (` :ehilgie ,eixiag lr elrty dlertd dze` oiee`yfxrc
©
elczyi cred ixag dpd zek`lnd xac miaxa rnyi m` mbe ,oiee`yfxrc lv` xewiad xace
x"enc` w"kl cgein xiv gelyl (a .dfl al eniyi `l xyè ezellka xacd z` lhal
©
epnn rny èd mbe aeha oiee`yfxrc z` xikn n"cx ik zeidle ,'ihxta avndn ericedl
.xrpqic n"cx 'idi x"enc` w"kl rqepd xivd xy` ehilgd zeyrl ezrca xy` lkk
* * * *
:'id bxeaxhta llkd ipwqr crel x"enc` w"k z`xed

©
eze` gelyle reqpl opekzn èdy Ð xy`n Ð oiee`yfxrc ly ezriqp xcq rcedl (`
.x"enc` w"kl cgein xiv i"r
.ezriqp onf ricedl (a
w"k ced .mdixkn i"r zeyrl elkei xy` lkk d`ld mzcear ekiyni cred ixag (b
©
ìvxi ezxifga xy` oiee`yfxrc ly zex`tzd xac lr cred ixag gex z` ribxd x"enc`
'dle ,gztnk xbeg lldzi l` 113 aizk eycw ci azka azke bxeaxrhrRn micedid z` yxbl
.mkxaie ,114 dreyid
el xciq xy` ezriqp xcq wzrd mipey mikxca biyd bxeaxrhrRl n"cx xfgyk
©
ayeg èdy onfd z` jxrle mewne mewn lka xwai xy` miyp`d zniyx mbe oiee`yfxrc
.x"enc` w"kl cgein xiv i"r egly lkde ezriqp z` zeyrl
.`l ,`k ilyn (114 .dyn lèny 'x = (112

.ì ,k `Îmikln (113
v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei ek
xgeq c wv`l`Rn
¨ ¨ onlf 'ixny 'x ciqgd cg` ,mixgeq miyp` miipya xga x"enc` w"k ced
zeilbxna xgeqd d ee`lwyn
¨ © iyna
ozp 'x ciqgd ipyde miyp icba zk`lna oneè hrn`qe
©
elczyi dnde oiee`yfxrc ly ezriqp xcq itl mrqn z` xcql mdilr evie zeaeh mipaè
xteqd xy` zefeg`d ilrae mixyd izaa Ð xgqn ikxc i"r Ð excgi mèa mewn lka xy`
©
mcia dlri mè ,rcedl 'idi xyt`y dn ab` jxca enk rcedle ,mze` xwai oiee`yfxrc
dne`n mdl rcei mè d`vedd lr eqegi `l eizeniyxn dwzrd biydl èdy mewn dfià
.xtqa enyxie eixea lr xac rcil elczyi gwi xy` cgey dfi`n
dnkgae ynn ytp zxiqna zegilyd xac z` e`ln ozp 'xe onlf 'ixny 'x miciqgd
©
df mre ,oiee`yfxrc ly eizeniyxn zepey zewzrd biydl mcia dlr zrc zevrenae
lr xac xac dpizpd ipnfe micgynd zeny mr rcedl mcia dlr xy` cgeyd itqk zniyx
.epte`
* * * *
© dpae 117 `pixrh`wri
yi` ezeidl dpd ,dkelnd `qk lr ayi 118 lree`R © zixqwd dznyk
119 mikiqpd my`xae mixyin iadeè zn` iyp` mikiqpa envr aaiq ,dgepn adeè aeh
mze` zwgxn dzid `pixrh`wri© ¨

zixqwd xy` el`k cere iwqxinàeil ¨ ¨ ¨
ee`wex`bl`c
.zezgyen zecn ilrae mirx miypà dxgae
dpicnd iyp` zaehl cewyie miaeh miypà lree`R© jlnd silgd dkelnd ixy z` mb
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gxf` zekfa cp`lxew icedi z` dkif dkelnd `qk lr ezelra ,micedid zaehl mb mdipiae
¨ ¨ ¨
dzid l`xyi iade` eidy ee`wex`bl`ce ¨
iwqxinàeil mikiqpd eirix xy` xen`ke
.l`xyi iiga ayep ligzd dycg gexe eilr daexn mzrtyd
xbeg lldzi l` x"enc` w"k ced ly eycw ixac z` aihid exkf llkd ipwqr cre ixag
ixac dpd dlynnd zexitqa dxeyd aehd gexa ik mdl 'id xexae dreyid 'dle gztnk
.miiwzdl miligzn x"enc` w"k ced ly eycw
xeqnie 97 lifiin dyn 'xe 120 xrwpriliee dyn 'x miciqgd z` eil` oinfd x"enc` w"k ced
erqie ie`xd xcqa xnegd z` xcql mdilr evie p"xe f"yx eìady xnegd lk z` mci lr
uaewnd xnegd mr ynzydl ji` dvr eqkhi mipwqrd cre mr cgi dnye bxeaxrhrtl
.l`xyi ly mzaehl ritydl elkei xy` miliv`de mikiqpdl eìvndle
.115yhieerip`n© onlf dnly 'x ciqgd ly epwf (c

¨ ¨ dnly 'x ciqgd ly eia` (d
.116o`fqrp`n
.17 'r .73 'r c"yz .168 'r z"y'd uiw zegiyd xtq d`x (115
'r e zxaeg "minzdZ Ð epiax zniyx ezece` d`x (120 .88 'r d"yz
wlg) jliè nwz 'r c"g ycewÎzexb` .[jliè a ,`rx] g a"yxedn x"enc` ycewÎzexbà epiax zniyx d`x (116
.000 'r lirl) xq`nd zniyx .(fenz gi "mei meidZa wzred .152 'r a"yz zegiyd xtq .cnx 'r c"g
h"vxz zegiyd xtq .(236 'r f"txzÎt"xz zegiyd xtq .1796 zpya (117
207 'r g"yz .110 'r .59 'r c"yz .58 'r b"yz .309 'r .1754Î1801 (118
.gy 'r .by 'r (b"vxz) oneid zniyx mgpn zxez .jliè dlkydd zrepze v"vd x"enc` qxhpew mb d`x (119
fk v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei
mèaae ,eehvp xy` lkk eniiw xrwpriliee dyn 'xe lifiin dyn 'x miciqgd
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i"r Ð xrpqic n"cxl rcepy itke ,dny oiee`yfxrc xteqd z` e`vn xak bxeaxrhrtl
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.exewia ceqi lr ez`vxd z` carn oiee`yfxrc dpd Ð fixkn
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z` yibie dklnnd zexitqa f` xxy xy` gexd avn mr aygzd `l oiee`yfxrc xxevd
l` ihxtd eazknae ,drx mzaic z` ìaie micedid ayen ixra exewia ceqi lr ez`vxd
eci z` zixqwd d`ln xy` itk ezcerze ezaeg z` `lin wcva xy` azk lree`R © xqiwd
.ezriqp mxh el dxn` xy` 'ixac z` wizrie
,miycg dylyk jyna Ð dgilvd xrwpriliee dyn 'xe lifiin dyn 'x miciqgd zek`ln
¨ ¨ ¨
xteqa xqiwd xrb ee`wex`bl`ce ¨
iwqxinàeil mikiqpd zxfra Ð ipy xc`Îhay
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iagxn lka l`xyi gexe ,yà dptxyz eize`vxd lk xy` xefbie dtifpa oiee`yfxrc
.drbxp dpicnd
oiihvd ezexrpa cer ,ezrca siwze alde zrcd agx eraha 'id lifiin dyn 'x ciqgd
onfl onfne dlecb dcnzda dzid ezciwy ,`ltp oexkfe dpade dxidn dqitz zepexyka
22 mdxa` 'xe `"xbd ig` 21 xkyyi 'x mipe`bd edeglyyke ,eizericia ielir xg` ielira dlr
oilxraa mye f jxra miyly oak f` 'id e oilxal miblten micinlz eirxn zfeg` mr r"p
dìxwa h zelild zeaxl minid lk weqr 'ide g ziwlhiè ziztxv zifpky` zety cnl
.mcewn d`x `l maexy xwgn ixtq maex ,mipey mixtqa
ipira og `ype ,filrd erahae minkegnd eixacae aehd ed`xna og `yep 'id n"xd
,el yexcd onfl mipey mixtq el eli`yie mixtq cwr iza mdl eidy oilxa ixiabn micg`
.minid lk bdp dkk ,`xwnl mixg` mzxenz el migley eid Ð xècd i"r Ð mxifgn 'idyke
ezevixge milrpd eizepexykae ldwd on`pe xteql dpnzp oilxan eaey ixg` mizpyk
i c"eqid zenin xy` egaya biltn 'id `"xbde dldwd ipipr lka miig gex gitd dlecbd
.ì ezenk 'id `l
iipa ,mdl xnè oilxal mzriqp mcew r"p `"xbd mze` jxa xy` dkxad xtqn n"xd 'id eini lk (e
zpicna izaaq xy` dpy mirax`k il dfe ìd zpkeqn zkll mippekzn mz` xy` jxcd ik izrci `p dpd
mkz` jxai ,eiykr hxtae f"der ibeprzl jyen xnegd 'id df lka dxezd ilecb f` da eid oiicre fpky`
.mkxnyie z"iyd
.d"wz zpya clep (f
.zety cenll cgein oexyk lra 'id (g
.el mihrn r"lrnd zery c"k eid oilxaa ayiy onfay xne` 'id èd (h
.121mikeqkqde z"cd ixcq xcqne oikn 'idy `piice `xtq dcedi axd (i
zpya `plieea ealk sqei 'x recid oe`bd 'idyk ik ,c"ag iciqgn xak èd n"xdy rci `l `"xbd (ì
dldwc `piice `xtq dcedi Ð c"eqi lehih mrc oarbrb iyp` zeclezZa eizeclez .a"kwz xc` ck xhtp (121
hvixwrbqie` fi` *davn oiif sie` jie` ,`pliee `yicw mrc :33 'r a"yz zegiyd xtq d`xe .(jliè ` ,h) "my
.`pliee w"wc c"eqi x"xden axd lehih xrc xfril` x"dena `cedi x"xd aicp oe` oe`b ohqeèeà©
.`pliee dldz xira l`xyi zcr ldwc `piice `xtq
z`veda) 119 'r "dpn`p 'ixwZa dwzrp davnd gqep (* ¨ zeaeh rprciiyx`t oe` zewcv rqiexb rpiif ailev
qèe
.(124 'r Ð x"zrd z`veda .k"xz ,`pliee mi` orn h`d¨ dldw xrc o`hrb
¨ ¨ dcedi 'x oe`bd
h`d
v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei gk
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dzyr oiee`yfxrc xxevd zaygn xiardl zelczydd zec` bxeaxhta n"xd ly ezaiyi
lvè dìxwa ocwye zepey zety oiane rney ,zelkyen ade` ezeidl ik ,eilr fr myex
dnkg siqedy dn ,dny eizezr aex dlan 'id mixtq cwr iza eid bxeaxht ipfexe ikiqp aex
.eznkg lr
* * * *
mbe miyng oak eizepy xgana ède ,c`na eilr daeh egex dzid ezial n"xd aeyk
dagxda xtiq ,zrcd ztiwze ald zagxda erahke ,ozi` 'id zeipgexae zeinyba eavn
xrwpriliee dyn 'x ciqgd edpyne èd dyr xy` zelczydd xac lr zeihxtae
ze`xed t"r sxev dyn lèny 'x ciqgd my`xae bxeaxhR iciqg llkd ipwqr zetzzyda
.x"enc` w"k ced
d`cede llda dgnye dzyn mei dyrz dldwd xy` erivd miciqgd `pliee zldw ixag
oexkfl dldwd qwpta mipwqrd zenye eihxtl rxe`nd lk z` aezkle oepgz xnel `ly
,drvdd cbp eid micbpznd zbltn dldwd ixag mpn` ,devn zcerq zeyrle mler
epiad miciqgd zcr lr mday mipeznde micbpznd ilecb alay `pihd z` mrcia miciqgde
.micbpznd mdixagl enikqd rx lretd l` gkdn `pihd z` ìvedl leki dfk xac xy`
,oqip ycega mini dfi` ,bgd mcew èdy onfd mr aygzd ilan c"ag iciqg zcr mpn`
lkl ericeie ,dgnye dzyn meil cren eraw ,gqtl zepkda micexh eid mlekk maexe
wqpin zelilbl mb ricedl erqp ai miacpznd miciqgd ikxaè ,lilbd lka miciqgd
¨ ¨
ziaae ,`plieel miaeyide zexiird lkn miciqg daxd eà labend crenle ,wv`l`Re
zetiqè zecirel cgein lecb sixv 'id exvgay Ð q'l`tx xi`n 'x ciqgd qpxtd
125
.dbibgd dniiwzp Ð miciqgd
¨ ¨ ¨
w`c`x`dn n"nxd w"dxd z` lawiy `"xbd l` miprehdn cg` 'id ,122adlp ciqg xak f` ède `"lwz
123
zpya n"nxd w"dxd eidyke eixg` ekynp n"xd mkezae mipievndn dnke ,oei`xl owfd x"enc` w"k zè
.zeciqgd cenla cewyie 124x"enc` w"k cedl n"xd xywzd (mxgd zfxkd mxh) a"lwz
xeza aekxl acpzn 'id miciqgd igxtn èdy ine qeq mixkey eid cgein xiv ze`veda unw ornl (ai
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.hrt`hy
'r lirl) b"pxz oqip bi Ð oneid zniyxae ."mikxc zyxt xtq .` ,elx a"g c"ewl) e"vxz hay dk zgiya (122
oe`bd iaxe ixenZ :ealk i"xd xn` h"lwz zpyay (000 sqei 'x mr dpey`xl ybtp f"dc`y (60 'r e"vxz zegiyd
mipy dpeny lr xzei dfe ,mipe`bd oe`b èd `pfìln ¨ :112 'r b"yz zegiyd xtqae .*`"lwz oeyg ycega ealk
."exikdl izikf xy` mev hprd`p ¨ oreerb oiey fi` ealk sqei 'x ielird oe`bdZ
w"dxd eidyke :l"ve` :n"nxd w"dxd eidyke (123 ¨
mrc orxèerb fi` xr iee mcew xra`¨ Ð `"lwz Ð o'iax
.f"dc` w"ke n"nxd oet onf xrc oreerb mi` à © j`p¨ fi` qr .ciqg `© qp'iax
my .ciw 'r `"g owfd x"enc` ycewÎzexb` d`x (124
oia 'id b"nwz zpyay xirdl yi mb .(dlz 'r .t 'r
"dpn`p 'ixwZ) `paec dnly ly xeìad lr minzegd 'r c"yz zegiyd xtq) c"yz dcerqa z"gny zgiya (*
.(97 dxrday zeiecreezd mgpn zxez) c"kyz z"gny mei zgiyae (43
mxk .(` ,br) e"kt ` wlg iax zia :ezece` d`x (125 my c"yz zegiyd xtqa la` .h"kwz :(124 'r `"g c"kyz
zegiyd xtq mb d`xe .jliè 35 'r ` wlg 4 oeilb c"ag ,elx) 'a jxk c"ewl oiire myexd o`k drh d`xpkZ :dxrda
.54 'r c"txz ."jliè e"h ze`n (`
hk v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei
dln ,epte` lr xac xac ,eihxt lkl rxe`nd xac z` xtqie n"xd cnr dzynd zrya
miaeqnde ,x"enc` w"k z`xed t"r mipwqrd zlert z` yibcie ,dlibnd z` `xewk dlna
x"enc` w"k i"r z"iyd zreyie dxifbd xac xy` cg` dt ehilgie zcgein daywda erny
.mdizeayenl miciqgd izcr lkl glyeie xtqa azki miciqgd ly llkd ipwqre
i"r z"iyd zreyie dxifbd c"r hxetn azkn jxr gv oeyl lrae xidn xteq 'idy n"xd
mixiv i"r x"enc` w"k z`xed t"r bxeaxhta c"ag iciqgn llkd ipwqre x"enc` w"k ced
zeayen lkl meglyie zewzrd ze`na azknd z` ewizrie `pliee iciqg zcra micgein
dribd drenyd xac xy` l`xyi zeldw lkae ,ìvil`be © ìpinex zpicnl mb miciqgd
ced z` mikxane migayn Ð miazknd z` enqxt miciqgd ik Ð 126 micedil oeyye dgny
.zlcbzne zkled miciqgd zcre miciqgd ilbc lr migtqp mitlè ze`ne x"enc` w"k
* * * *
x"enc` w"k ced mìype c"ag iciqga mgeld micbpznd cre ixag l` drenyd dxcgyk
zelilbn mdixag z` mb epinfde `plieeay c"ag iciqg erawy dgnye dzynd xac lr
ecrezie mt` dxg zeldwd lkl mixfeg miazkn mb gelyl eyry lecbd meqxtde miwegx
.miciqgd zehytzd cra xevrle mceak livdl zeyrl dn zck dvr qkhl
¨
aezkiy yhiee`niig rhp xqiwd urei mya xgaend olawd xiabd l` zeptl (` :ehilgie
xyè micedid lr aeh eal xy` lree`R© xqiwd ly egaya micedid lkl ielb xfeg azkn
¨
z` xqiwd lha iwqxinàeil ¨
jiqpd ly ezrtyde Ð yhiee`niig ly Ð ezelczyd t"r
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zeigxf`d htyn z` wfgie ìqex icedil miliabn miwg zeyrl oiee`yfxrc zervd
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.rpfìln cibnd mìype miciqgd lr mxg lehiy `"xbd z` xxerl (a . micedil
127
rqp ik ,eziaa ede`vn `l mgex zxenl la` ,rhp 'x xiabdl dcakp zek`ln gly cred
© mikiqpd cg` mr
128 e"pwz xii` c"k Ð illk azkn cred ixag ekixrie mzial exfgie fix`Rl
ìqex zpicn iayei micedid z` d"awd riyedy dlecbd dreyzd z` miaxa ricedl Ð
©
xqiwd urei xic`d xiabd zelczyd ici lr oiee`yfxrc xxevd zeaygnn mlivdl dxic`d
¨
.iwqxinàeil ¨
cqgd yi` jiqpde yhiee`niig rhp zegayza llednd mqxetnd olawd
xy` cala ef `l dpd lirlc Ð ipy xc` seq Ð drenyd dnqxtzp xak ik zeidl mpn`
'a Ð mazkna wvelq cre z`f cer dpd micbpznd icrea elit` al eny `l cred azknl
ipyk df xy` ixg` (` dfk xfeg azkn enqxt xy` lr `plieec creed z` giked Ð oeiq
rhp xiabd olawd xy` ixgè (a eihxt lkl xacd zyxt z` zkd dnqxt miycg
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Ð zah ycga erqnn xfg oiee`yfxrc ¨
xteqde xard oeyg xn ycga cer rqp yhiee`niig
.xii` c"kc cred azkn z` yigkdl enqxty df g"x axrn zkd cre azkna aezkk
* * * *
yi j` ,i"gzy dwzrda d"k :e"pwz xii` c"k (128 .fi ,g xzq` t"r (126
©
,f"pwz oeyga dzn 'ipyd `pixrh`wri zixqwdy xirdl 'r c"ig .236 'r b"ig "l`xyi zeclezZ xtq d`x (127
jelnae dzen xg`l (lirl xèznk) 'id dlvdde geixde 'r `"g owfd x"enc` ycewÎzexb`l l"end zexrd .4
© dpa
.'ixg` lree`R .hnz
v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei l
miciqgd zcr lr ala `pih mdl dzid micbpznd ilecbay mipeznd mb xy` dpyk df
.hxta yilfiin n"xd on`pde miciqgd dldwd ixag lre llka
:xacd dfe
wiy jiprd oe`bd oa Ð 129 qrfiix qgpt 'x ìxwznc Ð qgpt 'x ciqgd oe`bd el ayi mrt
epa lr `pih eala dzidy s` oe`bd eiaè ,ciÎazk xtqa c`n wnrzie 130 a`lwy¨ w"ca`
.dxez iyecga enr ryrzydl ade` 'ide c`n exwiin 'id df mr la` ciqgl 'id xy` lr
t"xd gtqp f`ne ,oeibda 'id ecenil xy` 131 ea lk sqei 'x oe`bdl wdaen cinlz 'id t"xd
ikcxn 'x mipe`bd mr cgi cnel 'id Ð zepey`xd mipya Ð rpfìla ¨ eayiae miciqgd zcrl
dn ipeibd oteà cenll siqed ,oeibd ilra eidy Ð x"enc` w"k ced ig` Ð 132 dyn 'xe
.c`na 133 y"dxd oe`bd z` ìltdy
,el mze`xdl ywaie eiyecig edf gha xy` ayg bi ciÎazk xtqa wnrzn epay d`xyk
.xtqd lr eiyecig z` zelrdl ligzd seq seqy ze`xl dpdp èdy exnà
evitdle xtqd z` qitcdl 'id ie`xy xnìe epal xtqd z` d"xd xifgd mini dfi` xeark
.`ltp oteà èd oexg` qxhpeway zepe`bde zeki`d ax la` zenkd hrn èdy s` miaxa
eqitci fè exagn my z` xikfi `l eznkqda xy` i`pza wx dfl mkqen èdy t"xd orie
my z` xikfd ilan 134 eznkqd z` aezkie ,dfl mikqd d"xd yiyid oe`bde epeayg lr
.ci epeayg lr eqitcd t"xde xagnd
d`vedd lk dxknp xake miycg dylyk exar `le 135 miaxa i"nez mqxtzp xtqd
.mixltnfk` mitl` drax`k
èdy xn` xtqd mipt lr ,egayie ea oiirie `"xbdl edelld `plieel xtqd ribdyk
oe`b i`ce exagne dxi`n zepe`b èdy xn` oexg` qxhpewd lre ipe`b oteà xceqn
èd exagn xy` 'id wiqt `lc `lw .l`xyi izaa dpit lka `vni df xtqy devnle ipeibd
¨
`pliee zeldw zetzzydae ,eny z` xizqd ezwcve ezepzepr lcebly a`lwy ipe`bn cg`
¨
. ìdd dpya minrt izy cer qtcp a`lwye
136
sè ,x"enc` w"k ced ly èd z"z zekld xtqd xy` rcep xacde xzeie dpy dxar
dlbpa lecb oe`b 'id dlawe zeciqga ezepe`b calny x"enc` w"k lr c`n aed` 'id t"xd ciqgd (bi
`ly enqxtl c`na utge z"z zekld z` f` azk x"enc` w"k ced .xeviwd ade` blten oxcq 'id xwirde
.dax devn xacl gily 'idz dkfz m` el xnè eci azka ewizrdl t"x ciqgdl xqne exagn èd in erci
.dldwd zeqpkdl ozp exigne qetcd ze`ved z` mly dax dgnya (ci
.zncewd dxrday dniyx d`x d`x .d"twz zpy jxra yhieeàeila xhtp (129
.122 dxrday e"vxz zegiyd xtqe c"ewl d`x (131 ixn`nl zetqed .(a ,r) e"kt `"g iax zia Ð ezece`
.000 'r lirl mzece` d`x (132 xtq .p"ye .`vw 'r l"f t"xd zegpd Ð owfd x"enc`
.wiy jiprd 'xd = (133 .p"ye .4 'r e"yz .126 'r my .jliè 55 'r e"vxz zegiyd
.c"pwz oqip '` mein ìd dnkqdd (134 (h"qyz ,z"dw) "wqpina lecbd gekieZ Ð epiax zniyx
.c"pwz ,ee`lwya qtcp (135 .(000 'r lirl) `k 'r
Ð owfd x"enc` ly dkldd ixtqZ d`x (136 w"ca` wiy lèny x"a jiprd jepg axd oe`bd (130
.jliè 1 'r (n"cyz ,c"ag xtk ,z"dw) "'itxbeilaia .h"qwz zpya xhtp .h"iezd lral iyiy xec .ee`lwy
`l v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei
xtqna eh iriax mrt edeqitcd daigd lcebn la` xtqd z` epw mcewn mb miciqgdy
ìqex oiay zepicnde e"z w"dàe ìqexl zekenqd zepicnd iagxn lka edevitie fh lecb
.e"z w"d`l
ef xy` mxnà micbpznd s` oexg z` dlrd z"z zekld xtqd xagn my znlrd xac
,x"enc` w"k ced mìyp itpk zgz zepicnd z` yeakl miciqgd ly zeleagzd zg` ìd
.df xear `pih mala mdl dzid micbpznay mipeznd oia dxezd ilecb mbe
* * * *
iwlg 'cd lkn i"zka fi zekld iqxhpew dnk miciqgd oia minqxetn 'id xak ìdd zra
gqep mb x"enc` w"k ced z`n miwxta mixceqn gi mixn` ihewl iqxhpew dnke ,r"ey
ly mipewiz ipipr x`y mb hi icnl mqxetn 'id xak x"enc` w"k ced z`n 137 ycgd dltzd
xy` ,minqxetn eid xak 138 zeng zeèwne dhigy ly oikqd zyihl enk x"enc` w"k ced
micbpznd cre ixag s` oexg dlrd dreyide dxifbd oipr meqxt lr sqep ecgi mlk
llka miciqgd lr mxga z`vl siqeiy `"xbd z`n eyxcie mìype c"ag iciqga mingeld
.`hil zpicn z` eyakie hrn cer ik ,hxta mìype c"ag iciqge
xy` qrlrqrR sqei xiabd lrt lecb iyewa wxe miciqgd lr mxg lihdl oìn `"xbd
`"xbd `vi oeiq ycgl 139 iriyzae ,miciqgd zk zec` lr ielb azkna ezrc z` mqxti
141 eaala 'd z`xi xyè dpeki l`xyi mya xy` in lk lrZ azek eixac jezae 140 ielb azkna
."zrbn l`xyi iciy mewn cr mripkdle zeticx ipin lka mtcxle mtcdl lhen
axwa `"xbd azkn dyry lwd myexd z` mipe`bd eicinlze `"xbd iaxewn e`xyk
lr ecinrd xy` lr cred ixag z` egikeie `"xbd ceak leflf lr c`n exrhvp micedid
.xen`d ielb azkna z`vl `"xbd z` gixkdl mzrc
ìad xii`c azkndy z`f caln ik mdilr daeh mgex ìdd zra `plieea miciqgd zcr
ipy cer aiyedl miciqgd icia dlr xy` z`f cale gilvd `l oeiqc azkne eiazekl oelw
dyy eid dldwd iqpxt xyr mipy oiae ,xakn mdl 'idy drax`d lr sqep ,dldwa miqpxt
.i"zka miqxhpewa uetp f` cr 'idy x"enc` w"k ly extq qtcp f` dpd ,miciqgd zcrn
142 `pky mely 'x g"dxd mitzeyd l"end mr dfeg eyr xtqd l` miciqgd zweyz lcebn
.c"pwz zpya qtcp el`k (eh

.sl` xyr dyngk (fh
.'eke zeaexrz zetxh ,dhigy 'hpew ,oipdpd zkxa 'hpew ,ziviv qxhpew (fi
.ìpz myd sqep qtcpyke cal mixn` ihewl `xwp i"zka (gi
.mixecqd zepeilb lr azka mipewizd eidy (hi
.(my 1 dxrd d`x Ð oeiq g"x jix`za ,mye) 'r lirl) ci 'r "wqpina lecbd gekieZ mb d`x (137
.eaala rbp :my (141 .(000
w"dxd iciqgn ,gp 'x mqxetnd g"dxd ly epa (142 .(000 'r lirl) e sirq 69 dxrday dniyx d`x (138
eia` eilr zena .(ux`d ixt lra) w`c`x`dn n"nxd .p"ye
ezece` d`x .jpgzpe lcbzp mye ezial owfd epiax egwl .dàd dxrd d`x (139
.(jliè a ,gp) c"kt `"g iax zia jliè 183 'r `"g "micbpzne miciqgZa qtcp (140
v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei al
ik ,143 r"p ikcxn x"dene ,wcv gnv lra x"enc` w"k ced ly eiaè x"enc` w"k ced ozg
drax`ke ,miciqgd zeayen lkl cgein xiv i"r eglyi qetca exnbiy miqxhpew dyng lk
micbpzndn daxde lilbd liaya mitl` ipyke ,`plieea milawn eid mixltnfk` mitl`
.miqxhpewd z` i`yga micnel eid mipeznd
¨
jxca mikled miciqgd xy` zrcl gkep èd mb dpd oif`lèen miig 'x xic`d oe`bd
'id onfl onfne ,èy zelilr `l` epi` mipy zexyr jyna mdilr exn`y dn lke xyid
,micbpznd crea enewn z` afre miciqgd l` axwzp zeiniptae ìpzd iqxhpewa oiirn
cred ixage yelg `"xbdy drenyd dhytzpy `"xbd ceak leflf eal l` rbp xzeiae
.ezricia `ly `"xbd mya mixacn qrlrqrR sqei my`xae
* * * *
© igxf`n cg` `plieel à a"pwz zpya
l`xyi 'x ly ecinlz cinlz 144 eny oerny hen`f
cv lr j"pza iwae wecwca rprd onlf 'x ly ecinlz cinlze dqcpde dpekza 145 uiytil
c`na edeaxwie `"xbd oa mdxa` 'xe `"xbd ig` xkyyi 'x mipe`bd ipira og `ype `ltd
.`plieea z"za j"pz micnlnd lk lr illk gibyn xeza eze` excqie
eywia mbe c`na ecaik `"xbde miwl` `xi opaxn àxev ly `lhvià xzzqd oerny
milikynd on èd df oerny xy` xryl leki `l yiè 146 'il` wecwc extq z` xwal
.dlkyddl zeytp zeyrl 'id epirn lke mixzqpd
xaky el`n mipievn zepexyk ilrale mdizepexyk itl z"zd icinlz z` xcqn 'id èd
geha 'idyke i"yx 'it lr mitqep miyexita j"pz cenil xciq daiyia `xnb cenll e`vi
mirqepy dpèza fpky` ixrn zg`l driqp xcq mdl xcqn 'id eqxà mze` lirxd xaky
¨ ©
.wqixae o`bx`nqe wvelq ,wqpina zeaiyid zg`l dnd
xceqn xcqa ezcear jiynd dke milecb minekqa mb xfer 'id xzeia mipievn mixirvl
mixacn eid `le aln egkyp erqpy oeikn xy` miipr ipaa xgea 'id aexd lre ,ax uxnae
.mzece`
,dlkydd itpk zgz oìadl zeytp ccevl xzzqnd ziqnd ,oerny car mipy rax`k
zepexykd ilra micinlzd oian xgea 'id dpy ivg lkae ,xceqn xcqae dlecb zevixga
zrtyd zgzy xtqd izal mgley 'id 147 dxez mewnl dleb ied ly dyern zeninzae
z` jneze xzqa likyn 'idy ,qrlrqrR sqei zlef yiè ,oilete ìvilba milikynd
.edpd zerca iytg ik oernya ea cyg `l mbe rci `l milecb minekqa milikynd
axrzn 'id `ly zeidle miciqgd ixigal speg 'id `plieea oerny ixebn zepy jyna
,xc`c hxetwpxt) l`xyi gvp q"gn (*a"lwzÎq"z) .ee`lwyn uieexed ield lèny x"a ikcxn 'x (143
.uiytil èd ezgtyn myy ep`vn `l j` .(`"wz 2 dxrd l"pd ycewÎzexb`) l`dhprilil oerny (144
.b"vwz `pliee dpey`xl qtcp (146 l`dhprilil mgpn x"c xteke likynd ly eaq .(b"deya
.c"in c"t zea` (147 5 'r dlkydd zrepze v"vd qxhpew dkexà d`x Ð
.` ,`lz b"g c"ewl) 2 dxrday gqtd bg zgiy .jliè
.(jliè 91 'r .83 'r b"yz zegiyd xtq .jliè ` ,glz
miwqetd zeclez .690 'r (f"nxz `yxèe) l`xyi zqpk (* .4 'r c"yz zegiyd xtq
.453 'r (a"txz ,`yxèe) uyen`fn l"bq ield dyn x"a l`xyi 'x èd ile` (145
bl v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei
zercd iwelga dlidwd ipipr dnka mipiad yi`k 'id minrtle ,miciqgde micbpznd aixa
y`xa micnerd al z` aepbl mkgzd xzeiae ,miciqgde micbpznd dldwd iqpxt oia eidy
ycewd oeyl iaagne wecwc ilra mzeidle lifiin dyn 'xe 95 ikcxn jexa 'x miciqgd zcr
y"xd z` cakn 'id 148 mixiy aezkl dyleg el 'idy lifiin dyn 'x oe`bde ,eze` miaxwn eid
.mifexga wxt rcei 'idy
miciqgd oia x"enc` w"k ced ly dltzd gqep hytzp xak ìdd zra dpd xen`k
gqepl xzei mi`zn èdy d"lyd ly minyd xry xeciqa miepiyd eazky mdn ,137 i"zka
zepeilb lr owfd x"enc` ly dltzd gqep z` miazek eid aexd lre owfd x"enc` w"k ced
.mda milltzn eidy fpky` gqep mixeciqd
lr micbpznd s` oexg siqed miciqgd liaya cgein gqep oipr zellky s` dpde
dtepn èd owfd x"enc` ly dltzd xeciqa wecwcd xy` eced cg`k mlk la` miciqgd
z` owiz dpd gqepd z` dpiy `ly zelitzde miheitd mzeà mb ik ,zetp dxyr ylya
.wecwca mipe`bd z` mb ìltdy dn oeyld zxdhe wecwcd iwg i"tr cewipd
'ide owfd x"enc` w"k ced ly dltzd xeciq z` gayne lldn 'id xzzqnd oerny
wqr el oi` ik dne`n cibdl ezlekia oi` mixenfnd xcqe gqepd oipra ik 'ineta `lbxn
,wiecn eznbec oi`y `ln dta xnel leki èd wecwcd iwgl rbepy dna la` ,zexzqpa
.oeyld zxeze wecwcd znkg z` micnel miciqgd oi` xy` lr ezdinz z` ìaie
* * * *
eà mdixgè ,milikynd zeticxe zenglnn elaq xy` mipey`xd eid ìvil`b © iciqg
ilikynn micg` ik dzid xacd zaiq ,mipexg`dn eid c"ag iciqge oilete oildèe ¨ iciqg
oinipa 'xe ,129 wiy qgpt 'x ,ealk sqei 'x mipe`bd c"ag iciqg ixiga mr epncfp oilxa
¨
c"ag iciqg ik zrcl milikynd egkeie 150 bivRiil icixia ee`lwy iciqgn cere 149 wvrlwn
zilbpd dxeza mdizerici lceb lr sqep xzqpae ziwl` dxiwg zricia dagx drc ilra md
gexe uxn ilra miyp` miyexc mgvpl ickae ,zecnd oewze alay dceara miwqer df mre
.ax
©
,`pi`xweè `hil iciqg mr megll milikynd erbie elnr Ð e"pwzÎ`"pwz Ð mipy yngk
zricie wecwcd cenil 151 gxkd zece` lr xxerl miciqgd zeayen zenewnl mixiv egly
mi`xew eid `l q"pkdial mià eidyke mdn ewgxzd mèa mewn lka la` zixard dtyd
eid aexd lre on` eixg` epr `l yicw xnel aiegn mdn in 'idyke dxezl zelrl mze`
.miciqgd ly zeiqpkd izan mze` miyxbn heyt
erqp xy` mixzqpd milikynd mdixiv z`n milikynd fkxna elawzpy zericid ilbxl
zegiyd xtq .cnx 'r (a"vxz) oneid zniyx mgpn zxez "dyn zxiyZ extq ee`lwya qtcp g"nwz zpya (148
.258 'r g"yz .127 'r .97 'r c"yz .127 'r .124 'r b"yz xryd sc oeyl) "mixvw mizaa zevn b"ixz lr xy xy`Z
.p"ye .(xtqd ly
.my g"yz zegiyd xtq mb d`x (150 xtq .(` ,`r) e"kt `"g iax zia Ð ezece` d`x (149
.zxag :zewzrdd 'à :gxkd (151 'r a"g ycewÎzexb` .jliè 6 r"q mely zxez zegiyd
.jliè `"lq c"vxz gqtd bg zgiy .bly 'r e"g .ry
v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei cl
,mkxca me`vn xy` ze`lzde dlkyddl zeytp zeyrl c"ag iciqg zeayen zelilbl
`l` miciqgd oia dne`n elrt `ly cal `ly ,mrnynk mheyt miyexibe mitecbe zetxga
k fieerp`R
¨ xira dxw xy` dlidand drenyd zvtde miciqgd zecbpzd ici lry z`f cer
ekiynd `le mzxnyn z` eafrie dvnyl eidp wecwcd ixtq 152 ixagn micbpznd oia mb dpd
oerny lr milikynd fkxnay dlenrzd cre qinrd ,dlkydd zaehl dlenrzd z` d`ld
¨ xira mìype miciqgd zxia z` mb xwaie miciqgd zeayen z` xwaiy
zelkke .rpfìl
jldn z` xikd xak xy` oerny .mgvple ,miciqgd mr megll ji` d`vxde g"ec ìai erqn
èd ik ,envra xriy xwgn ipipra `pliee iciqg mr ryrzyd zeax minrte miciqgd gex
ilbxle ,dlenrzd cre zrvd z` law ,ezk`lna gilvi ik dewe dxen`d zegilyl mi`znd
z` yrie onfd seq cr miycg dyly jynl dyteg law Ð eilral xn` ok Ð dgtyn ipipr
.miciqgd zxiaae miciqgd zeayen z` xwal erqn
* * * *
¨
ced mya rpfìln azkn lifiin n"xe n"ax mipe`bd miciqgd elaw lel` ycga jxrl
dltzd xeciq z` aagne miny `xil eze` mix`zn mdy oerny yi`d xy` x"enc` w"k
ccevl milikynd gilye xzzqn likyn znà edpd eze` ìltne x"enc` w"k ced ly
mcia dlriyke eicrv z` xenyle lbxl eilr al eniyie ,dlkydd jlenl mxiardl zeytp
.èd xy`k etevxt z` elbi if` ska eytzl
lr ritydy mdipian miqpxt ipy cer `pliee zlidwa aiyedl miciqgd egilvdy zrn
dlecb zlrez ìad xacdy sè ,elek lilbd lka mb `l` `plieea wx `l mgex znxd
xzei mipekp minekq eqpkp xak oey`xd ycgae miciqgd zelczyd cvn zeldwd zeqpkda
,c`n dxabzp d`pyde mitixgd micbpznd al z` ai`kd `teb df la` ,mcewn libxd lr
dfy zwelgnd dgwlzd aey ik cr dxecnd lr ony etiqed x"dl ixacne likx iklede
.dhwyy mipy ylyk
my`xae miciqgd cbp mingeld cre ixag izaa yxg ilbxn aiyedl miciqgd ehilgie
.mgeld cre y`xa micnerd zcire dzid eziaay qrlrqrR sqei xn
'id èd ,qppd jexa l`lva gilvd cegiae daexn zlrez miciqgdl dìad ef dhlgd
ivge xer ivg ,miizty lxr ,jgebne mz yi`k 'id ed`xny sè qrlrqrR zxn zgtynn
'id oeekzn `la el`ke xac jezn xac oiane mkg 'id znà la` ,ekxi lr rleve oab ,yxg
zaehl lbxne qrlrqrR xnl milawznd miazknd z` `xewe lkd rney ,`vn zr lka `vnp
.miciqgd
¨ ¨ ày micnlnd cgè oeira `xnbl xcg ecqi fieerp`Ra

miyexit mr j"pz mdnr cnel 'id ee`wl`fn ¨ (k
xtq izaa cenll mdl zeyxdl mdixed z` eywai xy` micinlzdl cnlnd xn` onf dfi` xaryk .mipey
micinlzl zecerz epzp mcenil wg micinlzd exnbyke ,mixend y`x 'id xnekde xira 'idy mixkp ly
lka dvetp drenyde mzc z` exinie oeiqpa cenrl elki `l micinlz ipye ,epzp `l micedile mixkpd
¨ ¨ cnlnd znyà ik lilbd
.mzc z` micinlzd exind ee`wl`fn
.iaagn :l"ve` (152

dl v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei
.qrlrqrR xnl eazkn zwzrd 'id oerny ly eceq geztl oey`xd gztnd
¨
miciqgd ayen ixra erqnn oeayge oic xqene `w`xwa zrk èdy ricen èd eazkna
lawzp Ð dleg 'id mini dfi` Ð reayk dny eakrzd ixgè zeciqgd zxiaa xwia xyè
xdfay `wepi èddk ea gixd Ð lezida azk Ð xyt` ,ea xikd seqale ìypd lv` oei`xl
ik xikd `l df z` la` ,mei ezeà oiltz gipd `l ède ,y"w e`xw `ly gixdy 153 yecwd
dpald ìqex ixra exarae myn rqp dlil ezeàe milikynd gily èdy xikd èdy m`
.mdixvanl xecgl dlriy xryl cake c`n cr ìd dwfg miciqgd zcnry d`x
ilra eplk Ð azek èd Ð epgp` ik myaekl ji` dlenrz xcqe dvr miqkhn eixage èd
ycwp ilra e` xzke jyicwp ilra m` epl ìd zg` `k 'idi `le epiè 'id `ly dricd
.dxe` oxwa mcinrdl mikixve dnd zepyep iwifgn cg`k mlk ik ,154 jvixrpe
dn lk ik mircei mziid ip` izi`xy dn mzi`x ele mixivd mixtqny dn mzrny ele
ie`xy dn ohw wlg mb eppi` 'ifdd ilra z` mivgele miwirn `plieec mingeld cre ixagy
¨
.dkexà lkd xtqi `plieel àiyke rpfìln iaxd iciqg 'ifdd ilral zeyrl
xtqln xdfiy jexa l`lva lr eevie z`fd zxb`d z` èxwl eldap n"nxde n"axd
.dlecb zepiznae zerce zevrena epipr lklkie dzec` èdy inl xaclne
* * * *
qrlrnext lwifii` 'x eaexw ly egay z` oerny itn n"nxde n"axd erny zeax minrt
mr jczyde oeyld zxez aagne wecwcd znkga iwae sixg èdy wv`lR xira ayeid
oeyle wecwc mdipa z` cnll egexn mdilr rityde mdly fielwa lltzne miciqg zgtyn
¨
èd eèa mewn lka dpd wv`lRl mikenqd mixr dnka miwqr lrae xiyr ezeidle ycewd
.mdilr egexn rityn
'x xgeqdl aexw xeza y"xd oernl èaie ytgzi y"p`n cg`y n"nxde n"axd evriizie
exga ef dxhnle mdil` mìaie oerny iazk lk z` mipenhna ytgie qrlrnext lwifii`
©
.oìvpieey xirn Ð xrkrla xrc linlrf 'x Ð ggtd aiil onlf 'x ciqgda
miazke zeniyx zexb` ,ci iazk zeliag zeliag ìaie ezegilya gilvd aiil onlf 'x
xtq mb eirceine eixknn law xy` 155 zè eirceine eixknl oerny azk xy` z`n zewzrd
ipenhna oenh 'id xy` lkn ,zipeie ziztxv ziwlhi` ,fpky` oeylae ycwd oeyla dlkyd
.n"nxe n"axl l"fxd ìad oerny
©
.y ,157 ficpin ewp`xt iytg .c ,ielqxa .n ,156 likii` wgvie 15 lfiee oia miazknd ztilgn
.d"a `xead zeìvna dxitkd ezpeek (`k
uitdl dxhnl dl dnyy milikyn ly dxeag ,("sq`ndZ .` ,etw b"g (153

dtya yeniyd z` aigxdle icedid mlera dlkyd .(a ,bl) g"it `"g iax zia mb d`x (154
ielqxa lcpn mgpn ,lkii` wgvi ecnr dy`xa .zixard .z`f :zewzrdd 'à :zè (155
.xrcprlcixt lieepfe oerny mig`de zxagZ bxaqbipwa dnwed 1782 seqa .1756Î1804 (156
.1713Î1792 (157 zrd azk z` xe`l dìvedy) "xar oeyl iyxec
v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei el
cg` èd oerny xy` zrcl egkep 160 xrcprlcixt mig`d ,159 oitil .n ,158 `cpil .a ,54 oeniin
dlkydl zeytp zeyrl dlenrzd zcear envr lr gwle dlkydd zrepz y`xa micnerd
.`plieec dxezd ixcge zeaiyid icinlz ixiga oian
e`vn cid iazk oia
ixra milikynd zldpd zgz xy` xtqd izaa cenll oerny glyy mixirvd zniyx (`
©
.bxraqbiprwe ieqqrc ,ielqrxa oilxae fpkyè ìvil`bae ¨
`w`xw ©
`yxèe
zelrn ihxta gly xy` micinlzdn cgè cg` lkl ozp xy` zecerzd wzrd (a
.d`ld micenila mxcql ji` drvde elv` ecnly dn d`vxde mdizepexyk
Ð mixiv i"r Ð bxraqbiprwne oilxan laiw xy` mitqkdn d`vede dqpkdn g"ec (b
.qrlrqrR oec`d cakpd mxag z`n ezeyxl eqpkp xyè
z`xeda micinlzd ixen oiae epia miazkn zetilge micinlzd avnn zehxetn zerici (c
dxewnn dwizrd ìteqelitd icenila lig eyri xy` ornl zipeie ziztxv zetyd cenil ipipr
rxd oir mik`lna mipin`ne zca miwec`dn milezid ixtq ,e`xwi xy` mixtq zniyxe
.zrcn mixrapd micnlnd mda eyixydy zexrad z` maln xewr ornl zerx zegexe micy
xteke milikynd ilecbn cg` èd xy` oerny ly etevxt z` hilad df axd xnegd
oziqdl zeninz zeytp ccevl oievn oexyk lrae minkg ixac lr birlne zevne dxeza 'da
.dlkydd jlenl oxiardle ogicdle
miaxa mqxtl ie`xd xcqa ewizrd xzeia mivegpd z` ,miazkd z` exciq n"nxde n"axd
lvpzdl mb sè yigkdle mipt cinrdl eilbx zè eici z` `vni `l xy` oteà `vn zrl
.c`n el xwid eceak lwie rleai qrlrqrR xnl mbe
* * * *
meve d"x iniae ekxcn oerny xfg d"xra ik n"axl jexa l`lva riced 'ilcb mev meia
xy` z` rnyy dn n"nxle n"axl xqn jexa l`lvae qrlrqrRe oerny ecrezd 'ilcb
w"k mr el 'idy oei`xd zeceè miciqgd zxiaa exewia zece` qrlrqrRl xtiq oerny
eizebdpde eizeltze ìypd zxez ,eigè ìypd ipa mikiqpd mr ezgiye owfd x"enc`
dad`d miciqgd igxte mixirvd iig ,mdizegiye mcenil mzltz miciqgd ipwf zbdpd
.miciqgd oia mixxeyd dwfgd zrnynde xcqd deg`de
rny miciqgd zxian ze`qxt mirax` miylyk dwegxd wqarhiee xirl ribdyk cer
zxcda ceakd zxcd lr `ltzie ,161 opax ikln o`n ,jln zixwa dyrpd lk zece` lr daxd
162 l"ixdn oe`bd mya eze` mi`xewy eigè ìypd ipan cg` mya mixikfn miciqgd ycw
z` ,zeaiz iy`xa wx yexita mny zxkfd ila epxen 163 xèzd mi`xew ìypd ipa lk zè
.`"rq ,aq oihib d`x (161 iyxec zxagZl etxhvdy mipey`xd on .1759Î1849 (158
ìqexa) yhiee`pìa ax aiil dcedi 'x w"dxd (162 .156 dxrd l"pd "xar oeyl
'r lirl ezece` d`x .dcedi zix`y q"gnra .(dpald (d"xz `pliee) "ytpd oeaygZ q"gn .1826Î1749 (159
.000 .xrhp`l`q i"xd zvr i"tr Ð
.xèza :l"ve` (163 .156 dxrd lirl d`x (160
fl v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei
axd epxen Ð `"gxden mi`xew ipyd z` Ð 164 xraec 'x axd epxen Ð c"xden mi`xew xekad
ckp z` mb Ð 166 dyn 'x axd epxen Ð n"xden mi`xew iyilyd zè Ð 165 mdxa` miig 'x
eze` miìltne Ð licprn mgpn iax Ð n"nx mya mi`xew 168 ray oak yy oak xrp 167 ìypd
.dlecb d`ltda oievn oexyk lrae ielirl
zeceb` ik `vnie zeyxcn izae zeiqpk iza daxd xwa wqahieea ddyy minid zylya
mdipia miltltzne Ð mikxekn izla Ð miqtcp miqxhpewa micnele miayei zeceb`
miwqer cg`k mleke mitetv micner mixirvde miayei mipwfd ,`ziixe`c `gzixa
.mcenila
qetcl xqnpy xak `l df xy` ìypd ly exeagn wlg dnd miqxhpewd ik el rcep
169
©
qitcnd mr dfeg eyr max zxezl miciqgd ly mzweyze mpe`nv lcebne `hiee`lq xira
miqxhpew mitl` dyngke mzqtcd itl miqxhpew miqxhpew xtqd z` mdl glyi xy`
.lilbde xird liaya elawzp
.erqnl `vi mxh cer `pliee xira mb d`x el`k miqxhpew
exnby miciqg zveaw my `vnie mixdvd ixg` ziyingd drya qpkp cg` zqpkd zial
mgl xkka jexre zeihpelà dqekn inexcd ogly ,devn zcerql mippekzne dgpnd zltz
.171 zeqeke sxy oii weawa ,170 miwexi migiha` dfi` ,migeln mibc ipye gln
y`x èd d`xpke ,eny ongp 'x ,agx gvne miipivx mipt lra ,miciqgd ipwfn cg`
.oglyd l` eayie ìxagd x`y mdici elhp eixgè ,dlgz eici lhp ,mldpne miciqgd
iexy ip`y izayd oglyd l` ipepinfd xtqa oiirne ipetvd lqtq lr ayei ipe`x xy`k
ybè mzgnya ,mzeyxa ,szzy` wx dne`n merhl leki ipiè ia` ly h"vìl ziprza
.oglyd dvwa ayè
lk ecnr eixgè eznew `ln cnr ongp 'xe zeqekd z` `ln miciqgd ixirvn cg`
zia zgtynle epiaxe epixen epipec`l miigl ,xnìe ,iayenn izcnr ikp` mbe miaeqnd
dpti xy` lkae epiaxe epixen epipec` miycwd ycw aal zel`yn z` z"iyd `lni ,epiig
zpn lr ,epiaxe epixen epipec` zxeza dwacl miciqgd epig` lkle epl z"iyd xfrie gilvi
,'d oevx èdy epiaxe epixen epipec` oevxl mipezpe mixeqn zeidle miiwle zeyrl xenyl
ly dkxad xac z` z"iyd miwi xyè miigl zkxaa edrx z` yi` ekxaie on` epr mlke
.mlew xiya epzp ok ixgè ,ongp 'x
zglvd lceb lr miciqgd zxian rnypy zeycgdn xtql ongp 'x ligzd obpl exnbyk
¨
zeytp eyr xrwvrlw oinipa 'xe qrfiix qgpt 'x ,milecbd zexe`nd xy` ,cegiae a`lwy iciqg
.micbpznd ly zeqgeind zegtyne micneld ixiga ixirv oian zeciqgd zxezl zeax
.(aqx 'r c"g .irvn`d x"enc` w"k (164

d"c Ð a ,l f"r i"yx .d ,ì xacna r"aiz d`x (170 .p"ye .33 'r h"txz zegiyd xtq Ð ezece` d`x (165
.giha` .jliè p 'r onwl ezece` d`x (166
Ð (orbpiixax`t) zecreezd ly milk`nd zece` (171 .v"vd x"enc` w"k (167
zecqizda zelylzydd ote`Z epiax zniyx mb d`x .211 dxrd onwl d`x (168
.(000 'r lirl) f"q "ipy xec ,oey`x xec ,c"ag zeciqg qitcndl epiax w"k riced . . e"pwz lel` idlyZ (169
ycewÎzexb`) "extq z` qitcdl eznkqd z` `hiee`lqc
v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei gl
cibnd yecwd eaxe exen lv` 'idyk cer Ð ongp 'x xn` Ð epiaxe epixen epipec`
rqpyk 174 mrte ,cibnd axd ly epa 173 yecwd j`lnd mr 172 `zexaga cnel 'id yhixfrnn
mr dlbrd lra àyke ,ezell yecwd j`lnd exag jld ezial epiaxe epixen epipec`
dptie ,dvegd x"encè yecwd j`lnd `vi ,reqpl epiaxe epixen epipec` z` zgwl ezlbr
,cxrt qie` oxree orl`f¨ iif fia cxrt ic qiiny xnìe dlbrd lra l` yecwd j`lnd
onf jyn dfi` cer akrzie xfg dlbrd lra l` yecwd j`lnd ixac z` x"enc` renyk
iif fia cxrt ic qiiny ,b"rad l` yecwd j`lnd ly ez`xedn xy` exnà yhixfrna
.`xead zceara dycg jxc el gzt cxrt qie` oxree orlree
elew xiya ozie zehdel eipt ongp 'x ,eilr mihian miaeqnd lke xacln wqt ongp 'x
.df oebip obpl md milibxy d`xpk Ð jyenn lewa eixg` epr miaeqnd lke
* * * *
epixen epipec` cnl xy` dycgd jxcd z` xàl mikixvy ongp 'x xn` obpl exnbyk
:xnìe ,yhixfrna miptln mipy ynge miylyk b"rad l` j`lnd ixacn epiaxe
mie`x dyly `xfr oa` axd 'ite ,miliqk ebl haye xengl bzne qeql hey 175 aizk
zxezl micbpznd dnd qeq Ð ongp 'x l`y Ð mzekdl mikixvy dylyd md ine ,mzekdl
milikynd dnd miliqke f"der zeinybn mibprznd d`pd ilra dnd xeng ,zeciqgd
¨
.'ilic zke o`qlrcprn d`nehd zea` ia` ly eizeclez mivxyd
zeciqg cnel epiè qeq èdy in ,mxcqk mayeg ,miliqkde xengd ,qeqd ,dl` dyly
d`x `l qeqd dpd ,qeq myd mrhe ,qeqk edpd zeciqgd zxezl cbpn èdy in hxtae
miyp`d dnd ok .miny yiy zrcl ey`x z` diabd `l mlern ik ,176 minyd z` mlern
.miny yi my`xl lrnny zrcl mivtg mpi`y
iweptza mytp ze`z mi`lnnd mixeng zpiga zg`d ,zezkd izy miyrp el`d miqeqn
mixzend mixac mb xy` 177 qxhpewda azek x"enc` xy` mixzend mixaca dlgz ,f"der
,edl sicr `xzidc `gke ,xeqi`d l` mi`vei xzidne xenb rx md de`za mze` miyer m`
.dligzkl mlv` md jexr oglyay caricad iwqte
.cre mlerl mxkfe mny gni mixtekd miliqkd milikynd md 'ipyd zke
qeqd z` ahenl mxifgdl icka el` dyly mr bdpzdl epilr ji` epcnln aezkde
dhiyn edf ,cxrt `© fi` 178 qr f`© oqiee l`f
¨ xr ,qeq èdy rci ik cr heya zekdl mikixv
sirq b"vxz elqk hi lil zgiy .enx 'r (a"vxz) oneid f"g ycewÎzexb` .(a ,a) `"t `"g iax zia d`x (172
xtq .nz 'r c"ig .fpwz 'r yix c"g ycewÎzexb` .dk .cere .222 'r .198 'r g"yz zegiyd xtq .jliè erw r"q
.118 'r `"g zegiy ihewl .117 'r f"yz zegiyd cibnd axd oa j`lnd mdxa` 'x w"dxd (173
.(bzn :mye) b ,ek ilyn (175 'r b"g ycewÎzexb`) d"lwz zpya wlzqp .yhixfrnn
r"q e"g ycewÎzexb` .96 'r a"yz n"dq mb d`x (176 .f"lwz ixyz ai wlzqpy `zi` zenewn dnkae .(bqw
.jliè fky zpya clepy ,8 'r `"g (1914 ,`yxèe) ic`ln axd xtqa
.f wxt ìpz (177 .`"nwz zpya wlzqpe `"wz
.xr :l"ve` (178 'r lirl) f"txz ohw mixet Ð oneid zniyx d`x (174
zniyx mgpn zxez .(152 'r f"txz zegiyd xtq .000
hl v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei
,ezeiqeqn `vi xy` cr zekdl mikixv qeqd z` xy` ycig yecwd j`lnd mpn` ,dpey`x
¨ xr fia mi` orqiiny
.cxrt qie` oxree l`f
dpey`xd jxcd ,zeciqgd zxezl micbpnd mr bdpzdl mikixvy ji` md mikxc ipy
x"enc` cnly dycgd jxcde ,miqeq mix`yp md zeciqgd cenil `la xy` mdl ze`xdl
ipipr micbpndl xiaqdle xàl mikixvy èd dlbrd lral yecwd j`lnd ly eycw ixacn
.mzexran e`vi ik cr `xead zceare dxezd cenil
z` melal oqxe bzn zzl mcnll mikixv mal zee`z ixg` mikynpy el`c xengl bzne
.zelewe xzid z`xed ila dxezd ipic t"r bdpzdle mdizee`z
la` ,bzne heya dpwz mdl yi oiicr de`z ilrae micbpznd ,el` mibeq ipy dpde
oi`y xeqi` rlead qxg ilkke dpwz mey oi` mdl dpd y"ni mixex`d milikynd ,miliqkd
mdl oi` mze` lirxd dxitkd qx` xy` mixex`d milikynd dnd ok ,dxiay `l` dpwz el
wfg sprn lwnd èd haye edfe .mzpwz idef mlerd on mzxarde mzxiay wxe dpwz mey
.l`xyi leab lrn mwigxdle mzekdl miliqk ebl
* * * *
rbx ,ongp 'x ixac renyl ultzi iale gzxi iawr mc dpd ikpè mlew xiya epzp md
ixnè mzxezl micbpnd mixn`na mdilr xihndle axw mz` gibdle cenrl izxn`
dnd zrc iipr ik ,bidpne `xead minyd là mdizepeinc lk z` l`l minyd miteqeltd
rbxk j` ,ixfekde dxend ly zizcd dxiwgdn mb zrce zevrena gkezdl erci `l ghae
epytp ièpy efld dxeagd z` mipt xikdl xwi ikd dxwnd z` ikixrda df lr izhxgzp
raya hiadle elld mixead itn `veid dbd lk renyl ipf` zehdle dtl ci miyl un`zè
.mdiqenipe mdiig zegx` lr mipir
oey`xd jxca epipiay miqeqd z` mikn epgp` ,eixac z` ongp 'x jiynd obpl exnbyk
miwqer ep` oi`y itl 'ipyd jxcl miyexcd oiif ilkd epl oiè dnd miqeq ik mdl xn`l
¨
cenila miwqerd a`lwy iciqg la` ,iednl irack dltzd zekixà alay dcearae cenila
x"enc`y qrfiix qgpt 'x hxtae zekixà alay dceara miwqere dciwya zeciqgd zxez
èd ik egayn x"enc`y wvrlwn oinipa 'xe ,180 dtih ca`n epi`y ceq xea èd ik 179 egayn
xriif oet cxrt ic orRrly qiex`© ipyd jxca ìd mzcear md dpd 182 sixge 181 ownr
.hiiwyicxrt
zerxe`n dnk xtqie d`pd lral cbpznn zelylzyd inrha jex` xaqda ongp 'x xàie
mixetq dnke miciqgd oeinc ixt `l` mpiè mceqi xwya xy` el`k i`cea mdne mipey
.epipt dzqk drife eplk epwzy ik cr mikgebn dk eid
`zepviln xal `xeq` `zepvil lk 'igaa mdy mnvra mixtqnd exn` el`d mixetqd lr
.(97 'r) 149 dxrday c"yz zegiyd xtq d`x (181 lirl) ak 'r "wqpina lecbd gekieZ zniyx d`x (179
dxrday oneid zniyxe gqtd bg zgiy d`x (182 .p"ye .(000 'r
.l"pd .h"n a"t zea` t"r (180
v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei n
mdizepibpn ik cgkl oiè mlew xiya epzie miigl ezy aeye 183 zxzeny dxf dcearc
.al zegwel
uxt 'x ,jly `wl`nxìd © oz uxt xnìe miaeqnd cg` l` ongp 'x dpt obpl exnbyk
¨ © z` xiqie eraek z` mixd
'x sqeie ,dlrnl 'ite oglyd lr dgipie ey`x lrn `wl`nxìd
on cg`l dptie dniyxd z` aezkz dz` miig l`lva xnìe miaeqnd '` l` dptie ongp
xdfd xnìe miig l`lva 'xl dptie eice hr xiip àd dyn 'il` eil` xnìe mikxa`d
miycwd ycwl `xwnl dnipt ycwd l` àez ef dniyx ik zexf zeaygn `la dnz daizka
.epiaxe epixen epipec`
* * * *
xeikd l` jlie oglyd on miig l`lva 'x cnr daizk ilke xiip dyn 'il` jxa`d ìadyk
izyk azk dpkd xgè enewna ayie eraek zè exebg z` owzie mabpie mtytyie eici lehie
lkzqne 184 `wneq `zè `xeig lfè c`na mipivx eid eipt wx izi`x `l azk dn ,zexey
.ongp 'x ipta
inekqe miyp` zeny ekezn `xwie aezk oeilb ìveie ca jixkz ecba qikn ìved ongp 'x
©
`wl`nxìda ogipd zerahnd z` .adf zerahna laex sl` lr xzei dlry mznexz sqk
e` drax` cer dpd ezniyx z` ongp 'x zelkke minxezd zeny z` azk miig l`lva 'xe
zerahnd zè mdizenexz inekqe minxezd zniyx z` mi`xew ezenk eyr miyp` dyng
.zepeilb dyng e` drax` `ln dke azek g"axe `wl`nxìda © mipzep
g"axe `wl`nxìd© l` dpzie adf rahn ongp 'x ìved zeniyxd z` `xwl exnbyke
mb eide zerahn ylyn ezgt `l maex ,miaeqnd x`y ezenk eyr eixgè eny z` azk
ìved exez ribda ik xzeia ipìltd cgè ,adf ly zerahn ryz e` yng epzpy el`k
mizye mrt mze` dpn xy` ongp 'x ci lr xeqnie adf zerahn daxd ìveie ca ztihr
'xa izlkzqd .adf jilcprx zerahn a"r a`f opgei x"a `liia oa licpef miig g"axl xnìe
mexzi dfk ipre mi`lehn eilrp mda dwxfp daiy xy` miheyt micba shernd licpef miig
.dfk lecb mekq
cg` cil exqnie ca wya eniyie `wl`nxìdn© ewixd dnexzd sqe` z` exnbyke
lxeba mikefde dnexzd z` liaedl lxeba dkfi in itlw eyrie xfril` dnly 'x miaeqnd
.dyn megp 'x mipwfd cgè licpef miig 'x eid
* * * *
¨
q"pkdal izqpkp .meid zevg ixg` zery izyk reayl ipyd meid 'id rpfìll izàyk
milltzne oilitze zilh oiicr mithern miyp` ipyd xcga iz`vn dpde ìypd xvga xy`
dnirpa mixnfn mleke y"w zekxa xne` dfe dxnfc iweqt xne` df ,dxnfe dxiy lewa
micg` lltzdl exnbyke ,mzltz z` exnby cr 185 jxr zery ylyk ,dcxv ravà mikne
© © exfg micgè `xnbe dpyn ecnl micgè mildz ixenfn exn` mdn
miìap j`lhiR`w
.jx` :l"ve` (185 .a ,dk dlibn (183

.a ,gp n"a d`x (184
`n v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei
zt elkìe mdici elhpe ex`yp micgè mdl ekld micg` exnbyke dt lr miaezke
.mixdvd zpiy oeyil milqtqd lr eakyie f"ndxa ekxaie min ezyie glna 186 dxegy
zveaw iz`vn Ð ìypd xvga xy` lecbd q"pkdial mixcg dyly ik Ð ipyd xcga
y`xa ayei ìypd ig` 162 l"ixdne ,`peirl `xnb cenila miwqere miayei mikxa` miyp`
daxde `"ayxe m"anxa `xnba d`ltp zeìwaa dxeìae ìbeqd mdl xiaqne xàn oglyd
.mikxa` miylyk eid ìdd dveawa .mipexg`d ixtqn
izi`xy miqxhpewd mze` ecnl yi` dylye mixyr ,mikxa` zveaw dayi iyilyd xcga
mipt lra jxa` oglyd y`xa ayi myl izqpkpy drya ,wqarhieea zeiqpkd izaa micnel
.zcgein daywda eixacl erny micnerde miayeid lke xzeia mipivxe zexi`n
lk`y in zece` lr xacnd ìypd xtqn ipinyd wxta ecnly `yepd lr 'id eixac okez
oi`y dltzae dxeza ìdd dlik`d gka 'ied z` cearl miny myl rced `la xeqi` lk`n
èd mixeq`d mixacl de`znd x"dvide dltzde dxezd zeizeà yalzn lk`ndn zeigd
.oi`xkep oicyn cy
zepvile zelledc zexiarn dàd d`nehd oia lcadd z` jxa`d xiaqd jex` xeìaae
zene` zenkg cenil zxiarc d`nehd oiae ald z` mi`nhnd milha mixace gexd zeqb
mda ewqry o"anxde m"anxd lr uilnn èd eixac jyndae gend z` ze`nhny mlerd
.`xead zcearl mda ynzydl erciy
mixeìad eid aexd lr ik mirneyd lr lertl ick mda eid eixac xy` cgk` `le
el yi xy` ìypd ly xekad epa èd jxa`d xy` izrcep k"g` ,ipeibd gexa mixaqdde
.yi` dynge mixyrk dzk lkae zezk izy mr reaya minrt ipy cenll reaw xeriy
* * * *
zlgz a"i sc miizqne oey`x wxtn ligzn mipey`xd miqxhpew dyly izipw èdd meia
micg` mb ,izbyd itl ax oeira mdilr izxar mini dylyk jynae ,187 ixiyrd wxt
mipiprdn dnk lre d`lde ipnn eid mipiprd `yep ik sè ippiadl dxfrl il eid mipwfdn
lye y` ly mpdibd iyper ,dltze dxez i"r miyrpd micegide zepeilrd zexitqd ixèza
oeyld iwg itl udebnd oepbqde dxexad dtyd xiyrd oeincd la` iaxwa izwgy ,bly
.fr myex ilr eyr uxnp xevwa
ecnle x"cndiaa mayia ìypd ipa x`y z` mb xikdl icia dlr mini dylyk jyna
.mayen mewnl mdil` ybp mikxa`dn e` mipwfdn in 'id miccea mixwnae envrl yi` yi`
daygna xzei wnrzn 'id ecenil zryae ,zecicad z` d`xpk ade` ,`"gxden irvn`d
mlr 188 dxyr yng e` dxyr rax` oak xirv n"xden ohwd eig` mle` ,eita xacn xy`n
xy` eilr mixneè ,gkezdle xacl ade` ,envr zxkde dnkg miwitn eipte mipir dti filr
mixwre ixfek ,dxend z` rcei xake xwgnd znkga oievne `cenlz `leka iwa xak èd
(f"pwz ,`hiee`lq) ìpzd xtqc dpey`x z`veda (187 'r d"yz .136 'r z"y'd uiiw zegiyd xtq d`x (186
.a cenr ,ai sca ligzn i wxt .106
.ek dxrd d`x (188
v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei an
`ld ,ipaiyd ,wecwcd znkg cnl m` eizl`yyke ,edenk oi`n èd oxkfe oqtz ik dt lra
iè j"pzd zeaiz yexit mircei oi` f`y ,189 dcnll `ly xyt` jiè èd dxeza revwn
.dltza oeekl xyt`
* * * *
iaxd lv` oei`xl lawzdl àd lk ,miciqgdl mdl yi micgein mixèze mipey miqenip
.xzeie reayk mnvr mipikny yie mini dylyn zegt `l dpkd jixv mdly
zery dfi` dpd oei`xl mzqipk meiae daygnd zxdhae ytpd oeayg dxwira ìd dpkdd
,zevg oewz xcqa xwirde dxeza miwqere q"pkdia ixcgn cgà cgi mivawzn mcew
iwnrn ze`veid zegpàe 'ikaa mildz ixenfn mixneè dpeeka milltzne dlecb zexixna
.ald
mlv` `xwpd oei`xl lawzdl dkfy in z`va xy` miciqgdl mdl yi cgein qenip
oebip mdl yie 191 dxdhd legn e` 190 zecigid legn mlv` `xwpd legna mi`vei zecigi
.sk l` sk mikne mipbpn x`yde legna mi`vei zecigid ilra ,192 df legnl cgein
dltz ipebip ,mipey mixwnl micgein mipebip mipbpne dnd dpibp iade` 193 miciqgd
mze`l mini`zn mipebipd dpd aexd lre .zecrezd ipebipe dcerq ipebip ,cenil ipebipe
xiy :mde xic` myex ilr eyry mipebip dylyd cegiae ,rneyd lr myex miyere mipiprd
,194 daeyzd oebip `xwpe zeppeazdd xiy ,194 mig` zad`c oebipd mpeyla `xwpd ,zecrezdd
.ycwnd oebip `xwpe zecigid xiy
el`k olek ,zeaa ynga ède wqarhiee xira dpey`x izrny ,mig` zad`c oebipd z`
dlibd mnexzn àal àan ,ytpd zevilre dfilr zenirpa zettlne zewypn zewagn
.ytpd zeybxzd dnr dzè
zefkxzde 'inybd zhytd xxern lew èd `nw àa .zeaa yly ly èd daeyzd oebip
lew Ð ziyily àae dnevr zexnxnzda zeilk xqena xxern lew ,'ipy àa ,daygnd
.ziaal dywaa aexiwe megip irebrb ,mingx ipepgz ,dhxg xxern
zexxern ,jyenn oezn lewa zepey`x zeaa izy .zeaa yng ly èd zecigid oebip
àae ,gehae jx lewa dewze dcez drian ziriaxe ziyily àa .zewnrzde zeppeazd
itl micid zdabde lbx zrepz xxernd ybxzne filr lewa gexd une` zran ziyingd
.oebipd zrepz itk ,milbxd zewitc
w"yvene iyyd meil xe` ,reaya zelil ipy mixerp zeidl miciqgd dnd mibdep
zecrezda miwqer minrtle miwqete `xnba miwqer zevg cr aexd lr ,dxeza miwqere
b"yz zegiyd xtq .wz 'r g"g ycewÎzexb` d`x (192 zeclezd xtq d`xe .52 'r e"vxz zegiyd xtq d`x (189
.p"ye .my f"yz .122 'r .8 'r (f"pyz .f"yz ,z"dw) y"xdn x"enc`
Ð "zecigid oebipZ ligznd rhw seq cr o`kn (193 xtq .152 'r .38 'r a"yz zegiyd xtq d`x (190
.2 dxrd l"pd mipebipd xtqa wzred .p"ye .110 'r f"yz zegiyd
.my b"yz zegiyd xtq mb d`x (194 :c"kq (e"qyz ,z"dw) mixfegd ini ixac d`x (191
."lvprh miycwdÎycwZ
bn v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei
,gihaè dpiab e` zepefna gepiwe y"ii qek lr miigl zkxaa edrx z` yi` mikxan ,mirix
.zeciqga mzxez cenila miwqer dltzd onf cr zevg oewz mixcqny xg`le
* * * *
iz`vn ìypd xvgay q"pkdial mixdvd ixg` ziyyd drya iyingd meia izqpkpyk
.cenila gvpnk zeybxzda lelv cli lewe lebira micner miyp` zveaw
dcen 'qezd ,riax lebird lr xzi raexn dnk xiaqn cli lew rnyè ip` mb ipf` hè
'qezd `peqklà `yneg ixze `zn` `reaixa `zn` lkc la` rwxwa oiae swida oia i"yxl
`ven dz` my xne`y dkeqc oey`x wxta dlebr dkeqc ìbeqa yxtny i"yx lr wleg
.oeekn oeaygd oi`y 195 o`ke my xneè miyneg ipy 'qez reaixay dn` lkl
'qezd ik xneè eilr 'qezd zeltpzdn i"yx z` livd inr ecnla x"enf`` w"k mpn`
cinrd i"yxe xeivda gkenck oeaygd znkg t"r xy` dcicnd iwg lr mdixac ecinrd
.xeqz `lc zevn t"r minkg exryy jk lr eixac
ckp n"nx ède eizepy jxr itl zrvenn daeba ohw cli izi`x eletlt z` xnbyke
cegiae dcyd z` èd ade` ik ,dcya liihl enr zkll egihad mikxa`d cg` xy` ìypd
xefgi dlgzny enr dpzd jxa`d .ìypd epwf clep my xy` xirl dkenqd dfeg`d zecy
oiaexira mixr inegz zcicnc ìbeqd xfge ef reaya cnly dpexg`d ìbeqd dze` miaxa
.196 oixarn cvik wxta
* * * *
mr ob ,mici agxe lecb xvga cner ,197 iaxd ly ezxic z` miciqgd mi`xew ok ,lkidd
.xvga mipey mipipae wxi ly obe zepli` zexey
'ilr eab lre dn` dxyr mizyk agexe zen` ynge mixyrk jxeà zia èd lkidd
dxicd ,dqipkd xcg wqtda zexic izyl welg ziad .ziad agexk dagxe dn` mixyrk
ocr ob el mi`xew miciqgde ohwd q"pkdia l`nyne ,ìypd ly ihxtd epern ìd oinin
xcg wqtda mixcg ipy 'ilra .zecigil qpkdl mikixvy miyp`d mikgn mye ,198 oezgzd
miciqgde ,zecigil miyp` zlaw xcg ipyde ìypd ly zecceazdd xcg èd cg`d ,èand
.oeilrd ocr ob el mi`xew
eze` ze`xl xyt` il rcepy itke ìypd z` ze`xl icia dzlr `l reayd ini jyna
`xew envra èd aexd lr ,oezgzd ocr oba dxez xne`y dryae dxezd zìxw zrya wx
.dliahd zial jledyk zay axrae ,199 dxeza
iziide zgcwd ileg ipzfg` xwa iyyd meia izpyn izcnryk la` ,zay axrl izikig
ipevigd xcgd mi`xew eid miciqgdZ :197 dxrday .(` ,fp) oiaexirae (` ,g) dkeqa = (195
mi`xew eid dhnl ipevigd xcge ,oeilrd r"b Ð 'ilrda .my oiaexir (196
eid Ð zeriawa epax zaiyi mewn Ð xcgde .oezgzd r"b zegiyd xtq d`x Ð owfd x"enc` ly ezxic c"r (197
."giynd lkid mi`xew .p"ye .1 'r e"vxz
.(000 'r lirl) eh 'r "wqpina lecbd gekieZ d`x (199 xtq .dxr 'r h"g .ary 'r a"g ycewÎzexb` d`x (198
.p"ye .99 'r e"vxz .164 'r `"vxz .jliè 16 'r g"txz zegiyd
e"vxz zegiyd xtqae .(38 'r) 190 dxrday a"yz
v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei cn
inq ipwydy ìpqk`d lra ly elnrl zecede ,zelil ylye mini dyly dleg dhna lhen
meia izcnr ,rifdl ick zekinyae micbaa ipqkie unega ixya z` sytyie mipey `txn
dylegd iptn ilbx lr cenrl izlki `le izhnn Ð reayl ipyd meia Ð iilgl iriaxd
.oeilrd ocr oba iaxd z`n lawzdl ily oei`xd xez ribd iriaxd meiae
* * * *
elewe xcegde wfgd ehan ,yi`d ipt dfgnn cgte `xen ilr ltp iaxd xcgl izqpkpyk
ippd iwcxc cnln izxnè izrbxpe izvn`zd rbxk j` ,jvtg dn dl`ya jyennde xic`d
mixaece il micbpn micnlnd ixage wecwcd iwege illk t"r icinlz mr cnel ippde ixira
dltzd xeciqn 'i`x izàdyke ,oeyld zxez mb micinlzd mr cnel ippd xy` lr dxq ilr
ywan iziide ,dne`n epr `l wecwcd illk t"r wiecn èdy x"enc` w"k ly ycgd gqepa
illk t"r cenll xacd aeh ik dcrl il zeidl dviln azkn ici lr zzl miaxd zaehl
.j"pz ecnli xyè dpekp dìxwa miclid z` libxdle wecwcd
xnìe eipir z` gwtie ey`x z` 'iabd k"gè mirbx dyngk eizerexf lr oryp ìypd
t"r dlecb zexidfa l"v r"enye y"w hxtae mixenfnde dltzd iheit zxin` xy` xacd ok
.dlecb zexidf mikixv oeyld zxeze wecwcd znkg cenill rbepda la` wecwcd iweg
lkidc zelkidd ipy oiae ,cenile cenil lkl micgein zelkid mpyi `riwxc `zaizna
.dkldk `ly dxeza mipt ilbn lkid yi oeyld zxez lkide wecwcd znkg
dlrnln miig dl ae`yl dlila eznyp zelra dpd meia wqer mc`dy cenild ezeà
200
znkg lkid zxenze drez ìdy oncfn minrtle dlila èdd lkidl dler dnypd dpd
z`fle dkldk `ly dxeza mipt dlbn lkidl zqpkp ìd oeyld zxez lkid e` wecwcd
.oeyld zxeze wecwcd znkg cenila xdfil mikixv
eipir z` gwtie ey`x 'iabd k"g` dlgzak eizerexf lr oryp aey xacl xnbyk
ippd .c`n cr dlecb dcxg wgvi cxgie 202 weqtd z` icinlzl yxtn ip` ji` 201 ipl`yie
.dniz oeyl èdy i"yxay oey`xd yexitk aezkd z` Ð izipr Ð yxtn
el dgezt mpdibc yxcnd mya i"yx yexitk jicinlzl yxtn jpi` Ð ipl`y Ð recne
.eizgzn
dne llka dcb` ixaca mittexd zewepizd zegen z` 203 ze`lnl oi`y Ð izayd Ð izrc
xryl mb wepizd lkei `ly dna xzei cere dnecde mpdib enk micigtnd mixaca mb
xzei df cinz ea dxrea zgwlzn y` xy` agxde lecbd mpdibdy xyt` ji` el dywie
ex`yi eia` mr eyre ,wgvi ly excga qpki dpy ynge miyng ze`n yng mitl` zyngn
.y`d jxgi `l mdicbaa mb s` miiga
.eizgzn el dgezt mpdib d`xy Ð cer ipl`y Ð yxcndl el oipne
y"ewla wzrp oke ,2 dxrday zeclezd xtqa (203 .a"it `"xc iwxt d`xe .h ,c"it x"a d`x (200
.ze`ldl :my .20 dxrdae 91 'r h"ig y"ewl d`x (201
.bl ,fk zeclez (202
dn v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei
oey`xd èd df xn`n m`d aiydl izleki `l oaenk ik ,dne`n izipr `le izwzy
.cenlzde yxcnd ly iàd inbzte ixn`na
dpr eyre ,204 dz` in edel`y wgvie wgvil eyr qpkpy drya ,xn` wzey ippdy d`xyk
dxenb dxikna awril dxekad z` xkn xak `ld ik ,xwy ède ,204 eyr jxeka jpa ip` eia`l
z` lhaie eyr xwy xy` xwyd lr dcxg wgvi cxgie dfn rci wgvie ,fer swez lka oick
.eizgz el dgezt mpdib ixd oxwy èdy oeikne ,dlecb dcxg cxg dfne ,dxezd ipic
eipir z` gwtie ey`x z` 'iabd k"g` dlgzak eizerexf lr oryp aey ,xacl dlkyke
dpd miyp` lawn èdy drya ekxc ok ik Ð oglyd lr ecnry zexpd ipyn cg` xp gwie
lkzqie xpd z` 'iabie Ð oglyd lr migpen xdfe yneg xtqe zewlec zexp ipy meia elit`
:xnìe ia
© `© fi` orn f`© hb`f
mipa xiarn fi` orn oree ,xrhen`f ¨ orn oe` xrpliee `© fi` orn oree
zeytp dnk ,eizgzn dgezt mpdib fi` ,cnln `© fi` orn f`© hb`f¨ orn oe` dlkydd jlenl
.oeaeyi `l 'ià lke zepinl zqtzp xacd ok ,jcxna cner jpde zca`
* * * *
ik xird z` aefrle ìpqk`d l` zkll xdnè oeilrd ocr ob excg z` aefrl izxdn
lr megizndy epigelyn dnkl eyry enk il eyri `ly iz`xie gta izltp xy` izi`x
.eicinlz z` dwlnd cnlnk ewlie miqpknd z` ecixede oglyd
dyy dyngk dpd ,mpeyla oezgzd ocr ob ohwd zqpkd zia z` izxary oeikn mpn`
cibdl xzenl .zecigid ilra legna z`vl xvgay zqpkd zia l` ipeagqie ipexhr mikxa`
z` aefrl izvtg ylye minrte zgcwd zlgnn yelg oiicr iziid mbe izeybxe icgt z`
oebipd zrepz itl dad` jezn itxra dkn mdn cgè dwfga ia efg` ipky la` lebird
.lvrlt xrhet mlv` `xwpd zerixe daig jezn ixegà iweya qipkd minrt dnke
cr izikg dcrxe ligae ily ìpqk`l izkld rax` lr lgefk dpd legnd xnbpyke
xak oeaygd z` Ð ìpqk`d lra liaya oglyd lr zerahn dfi` izgpde xgyd xiìy
lr dxwnd z` izkxae dlbr xekyè dqxtk jenqd xtkl jlè ivtg z` gwè Ð izrxt
.ixa` lka mly izhlnp xy`
* * * *
¨
aeall reqpl izxdne ee`bipxryhe ¨ iklta irqna iziyr zereay dyyk
wqpin aild`n
z`f cal dpd miciqgd zcr xy` zhxetn d`vxd mdl izxqne epixag mr izpncfp myy
zipkzae mkegn 205 miqkha zexiird z` miyaeke mikled dnd lfxa ilbx lr micner xaky
.mixcr mixcr mdixg` xdep micedid oende xceqn
dlgza xy`n z`y xzia mxgd z` ycgl mikixv lkd zlgz xy` ehilgd epixag
cixgi dfk mxg xy` mdil` axwznde mdnr szzynd lr mxgd xneg z` lihdl xwirde
ipira mgix yiàdl dkelnd xirl miyp` gelyle ,mdil` axwzdln xeg` ebeqie oendd z`
.qiqkha :l"ve` (205 .al ,my zeclez (204

v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei en
,l`rnyi zpicnl dpicnl ueg gleye ax oenn sq`n èdy mìyp z` oiyldle dlynnd
©
,wp`xt ixage iav izay ixag eyry enk micedid lr jelnl `vi lecb mekq seqìyke
xzeiae dlynnd ibega drtyd ilra miyp` mìypl el yi xak xy` epixag dnd mirceie
mixendn dnk ici lr egilvi ik dnd miewn f"ka la` miliv`de mikiqpd ibeg oia
.dlynnd ixy iciwte miliv`d mikiqpd izaa mi`vnpd miztxvd mibebctd
dyexc epiè mxgd qteh z` oerny ìad dpd oiady itk xy` n"axl xn` jexa l`lva
.mingeld cre mr xacd xcqi qrlrqrR xny i`ceae `"xbd znizg wx
micnerd miciqgd zcrn dlebq icigin dtiq` n"nxde n"axd e`xw daey w"yvena
ik ehilgie xtekd oerny ly epipr lk z` mdl ericeie micbpznd znglnn dpbdd y`xa
deqn z` erxwie miazkd xac enqxtie ericei mye izax dtq` dldwd cre `xwi q"ndega
.dlkydd jlenl l`xyi icli z` xiarnd oerny ipt lrn zeriavd
`"xbd ik xird lka drenyd wxak dhytzd f"pwz zpy t"kdei zxgn iyingd meia
zeyrl xfb sè oe`bd xizd df mxg t"r xyè y`xa mìype miciqgd lr xeng mxg fixkd
el 'idi xy` zè ,mpgi `le mdilr lengi `l yi`y deve mleray zerxd lk miciqgdl
.cenrd lr gzni mdnr `yne rbn
meia eae micbpznay mipeznd z` mb `l` cala `pliee iciqg z` wx `l 206 xirqd mxgd
raye miray oa owf èd xak ik `"xbd zricia `ly fxked mxgd xy` drenyd dhytzp
xn my`xae miciqgd cbp mingeld cre wx xzeia egk yz t"kdei ziprzne dpy ivge
.ak dlebq icigi cnrna wxe dnkyda mxgd fxked df mrhne wcwcnd oernye qrlrqrR
ìved Ð f"pwz Ð ixyz ycgl xyr mipy meia Ð mxgd zfxkd zxgnl Ð iyyd meia
:'ixexte `pliee iayei micedid lkl ielb fexk q'l`tx xi`n 'x ciqgd èdd ycegc qpxtd
itn xy` xxazp `l ik exy`l o`nnd v"ciadn xy`zd `l miciqgd lr mxgd fexk ik (`
mrhne zianet dtiq` `dz q"ndegl oey`xa iriaxd meia xyè (a .`vi ciqgd oe`bd
.dtiq`d l` àl dlrne devnÎxan miclie miyp miyp`d lk lr lhed dldwd
iqpxt z`n ielb xfeg azkn `pliee iciqg ekxr meia ea miciqgd lr mxgd fxkedy meia
eglyie '` sirq dldwd fexka lirl xen`d `yepa Ð micbpzndn micg`n mb Ð dldwd
¨
.miaxa mqxtl eywaie wqpine a`lwy ©
wqixa zeldwl Ð orhrt`hy Ð micgein mixiv
¨ wqarhiee ,oìvpieey
rcep dzr df ik eazk aild`ne © ¨
a`lwy wqpina miciqgd zcr lè
df ,fexka dnd miricen ezece`y eixiage yi`d icia minezg zexbè miazkne miazk t"r
mixend dxen xeza eneyl edelcb xyè zeaeh ciqgd oe`bd ez` xac xy` ,oerny yi`d
,j"pzd cenila oeibd lrae wecwcd znkga blten ezeidl `pliee xira mixcge zeaiyia
mziqdle ,dxezd ceniln mgicdl zeytp ccevl milikynd gilye xenb qxewit` èd
z` `"xbd axiwy aexiwdne mxgd fxked ezricia m` xxal dlr `l `"xbd ly oexg`d enei cr (ak
.miciqgd lr mxg fxked xy`n rci `ly 'id xkip `plieeay miciqgd iqpxt
.cirxd :zewzrdd 'à (206

fn v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei
xtq izal mixirv daxd gly `plieea ayeiy mipyd zrax` jynae dlkydd cenill
© milikynd
.drx zeaxzl e`vi xak mdn daxde fpkyè ìvil`ba
v"ciad cnrnae dldwd mrhn dfxked xy` izax dtqà q"ndegl oey`xa iriaxd meia
lr dnd micirny lewa efixkie dxev ilra miyp` ipy ecnr dcrd icakpe dldwd itelè
zeaiyid icinlz z` gicdl milikynd gily èdy wcwcnd oerny 'x lk ita `xwpd yi`d
© milikynd ly xtqd izaa cenll zkll mze` ziqne ceniln
mlv` yie ,fpkyàe ìvil`ba
mdilr ìvedy minekqde e"pwzÎa"pwz mipyd zrax` jyna ziqdy micinlzd zniyx
ci azka aezk exn`y dn lke mdixac mipky dxeng dreaya raydl mipken md xyè
dreaya qrlrqrR xn z` riaydl dnd miyxece eixiag i"zkae gicne ziqnd oerny
.xtekd oerny ly zearez dyrndn rceid èdy cibi `l m` dxeng
dldwd ixneyn mipy dpd zedez mipira dke dk dpet epcerae drenyd lr ldap oerny
oia xrqd ik ldwd edenbxi `ly Ð mcin wngzi `ly Ð edeaaq miciqgd igxtn micgè
Ð zeaiyidl mdipa z`v zrn onfd lk xy` micinlzd ixedn miaxe lecbe jeld mitq`pd
zglvdn zericida engpzd dnde dne`n mdn erny `l Ð ziqnd oerny mdl xn`y itk
zekinqe epxen zecerz xzka mixhern mze`xl eewe oerny mdl xqn xy` cenila mdipa
z` eylz Ð l`xyi llkl `xfl eidy Ð milikynd gta eltp mdipa xy` ernyyke minkg
zia zllil dktdp dtq`de mxay lr eppew Ð micinlzd zen` Ð miypde mdiy`x zexry
.zexawd
dylyk jynae ,mxgd xac z` gikyd xtekde ziqnd oerny mr rxe`ndn yrxd
lke oerny ly epernn egwly zexbi`de zeniyxd miazkd zìxwa v"ciad wqr zereay
ly ezelczyd el dlired `le ,dlern dxinya dldwd `lka xeq` oerny 'id onfd jyn
Ð fea ly dkeldza xirdn a"a mr eglyl ehtyn uxgp oeygxn rvnàe qrlrqrR oec`d
xaerd ldwd lke 207 "rpewZa meia zery yly mini dyly ecnr ixg` Ð ìdd zra bedpk
.eipta ewxi
xtekd oerny zield oicd wqt miiwzp oeygxn ycgl dylye mixyra iyingd meiae
.fea ly dkeldza xird on a"ae
* * * *
oa mdxa` 'x oe`bd zè llka micbpznd zcra eicakn z` eailrd oerny irezrz
xag xeza qrlrqrR sqei 'x xiabd uexgd owqrd lr xegy mzk egipde hxta `"xbd
.l`xyi zcr ldwa dvnyl eid xy` oilxa ilikyn
zayl leki 'id `l Ð f"pwz Ð bgd iniae meil mein rxbed `"xbd ly ezeìxa avn
.xiwd l` eze` zwzexe exèv lr dpezp dzid zg` lfxa ,milyexi) "cenlzd znizg ixg` oiyperdZa (207
lkyk dltz zrya de`xl bven `hegd 'id "rpewaZ zgà :"rpewZa dcnrdd yper x`zn 31 'r (a"txz
,oaenk ,cegia Ð lkde ,zqpkd zial qpkpe `vei ldwd zqpkdÎziaa aex t"r Ð zqpkdÎzia xecfextay zeptd
,eipta miwxei mb e` ea miqlwzn eid Ð miaaeyd mixrpd ef dpta .lfxa iqt ipy "otec i`veiZ eid Ð xiray lecbd
.efn dlecb xzei zyea jl oiè zepezpd ,lfxa ly ze`lylye `hegd z` micinrn eid
zlyly cer .lfxad iqt lr eze` zewzex eid ,eici lr
v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei gn
¨
zcgein zxnyn eyr oif`lèen miig 'x xic`d oe`bd my`xae miwdaend eicinlz .dkeqa
sehr 'id meid aex dpd df mre dhna lhen onfd aex 'id bgd xg` xy` oe`bd z` ynyl
lr zeltzd lltzn èdy envrl oin`d `l ezeyilg lceb cvne ze`xn edk eipir ,z"eha
.dlna dln enr elltziy opgzn 'ide xcqd
ely mireawd mixeriyd lka `qxibn 'inet wqt `l dlecbd ezyleg mr aygzd ilan
itk ecrena yi` yi` ycwd zxnyna ewifgd mipe`bd eicinlze ,dt lra xzqpae dlbpa
.elxeba dlry
dvr qkhl dldwd iqpxte v"ciad qpkp ezeìxa zeyilga `"xbd ly eavn rcepyk
lltzdl xeava mildz zxin` lilbae `plieeay zeiqpkd iza lka reawl fixkdl ehilgie
.eizepye eini jixìe oe`bdl dètx z"iyd glyiy
dltza miaxa mildz zxin` eraw lilbde `plieea c"ag iciqg ly zeiqpkd izaa mb
cre my`xae micbpznd oia miwec`d ipira og `vn `ly dn ,`"xbd mely cra mipepgzae
.miciqgd mr mgeld
¨
cg` ly devn zcerqa szzydl oif`lèen miig 'x oe`bdl oncfp minidn cgà
208 'ihpa g"xbd ipira daygp dgny lrad ia` ly ezyxce `paec dnly 'x icinlzn
t"r l"fg ixn`n xàn 'id eizeyxcae enrh bt xy` owf c"yxd 'id ìdd zra ,zepinl
ziaa ayiyk milikynd zxeagn law xy`n mi`lk iperxf eid mdae xwgnd zeceqi
¨
209 c"yxd ly exeìa lr enikqdy dl`n eid f"yxbd eigè g"xbdy zeidle ,o`qlrcprn
.dfn lecb xrva g"xbd 'id egaya ebiltde

* * * *
elqk 'k meia dxnbp ezqtcdy Ð mixn` ihewl xtqd lawzp f"pwz zah yceg zlgza
,dgnye dzyn mei erawe `plieea c"ag iciqgl dlecb dgny 'idze ,`pliel Ð 210 f"pwz
xacd rcepyk xgnle ,ezyleg lcebl minrt izy `"xbd slrzp èdd dlila xy` oncfpe
d`ced zcerq eyr md xy` mdilr dac miciqgd cbp mgeld cre ìved `"xbd zetlrzdn
ixtq xtqn dpwe xird z` qrlrqrR sqei xiabd yirxd xzeiae `"xbd ly ezyleg lr
mixn` ihewl xtqd z` sexyl oe`bd mya efixkd mgeld cre ixag sexivae mixn` ihewl
.q"pkdia xvga
,sxype qnxp ycwd xtq z` ze`xl lecb ikd ma`k mr aygzd ilan `pliee iciqg zcr
dldwd ixage miciqgd ildpn zcewt mdilr dtwz ik mipezn zeidl evn`zd miaxa dpd
micbpznd zcrn daxd ipira og `vny dn z`fd dlapd dyrn lr biladl miciqgdn
¨
.oif`lèen g"xbd ipira cegiae
©
raw dpd oiee`yfxrc xxevd xvd zaygn lhal x"enc` w"k ced cia z"iyd gilvd f`n
.llkd zaeh ipipra wqrziy y"p`n cgein cre x"enc` w"k ced
© oerny
ji` elkpzd dninz dpy jynae ehwy `le egp `l milikynd eixiage ihen`fd
.jliè aqx 'r c"g ycewÎzexb` d`x (210 .'ihpk :l"ve` (208
.h 'r lirl d`x (209
hn v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei
ex`zi bxaqbiprwe oilxa ilikyn ik ehilgie ,miciqgd zcr mr dtepz znglna megll
exxerie dxfend mzbdpd zè miciqgd zhiy z` ztxve fpky` oeyla mikex` mixn`na
zzk z` xral ìqexa dlynnd ixy ibeg lr erityi mdy ztxve fpkyà micnlnd z`
.micedid axwn miciqgd
* * * *
cyg ly qgia Ð mnrh z` epiy mideabd mixyde mikiqpd mdixikny bxeaxhRa c"ag iciqg
ci ik epiad micedid oia zebltnde zezkd ipipra mel`y xy` zepey zel`yne Ð mdilr
.dpyk mdilr xar dke erci `l edyrn dne èd in la` miciqgd zrxl zlret dxzqp
ciqgd ly dkeqa miciqg zveaw dl dayi g"pwz zpy q"ndegl ipya oey`xd meia
edekxa okeqn 'id `"xbd avn ik zeidle ,daèyd zia zgnya egnye q'l`tx xi`n 'x qpxtd
dwrva miciqgd mr mgeld cre ixagn micg` evxtzd mizpia ,miaxa jxay in zkxaa
'ield zryae dlecb 'ixexry eyrie Ð e"g Ð df lr migny mzè qqeb `"xbd epxen xy`
dpyke ,dnwp zreay erayie zelidan zereny miciqgd zcra mgeld cre ixag evitd
.c`n egny milikynd eixiage qrlrqrR sqei 'x xiabde mnnf ewitd xy` cr dfa ecar
* * * *
xy` ,mipt izya llkd zepwqr zceara daexn zlrez ìad x"enc` w"k ly exq`n
ecnr miciqgd oiane x"enc` w"k ced mìype miciqgd zedn z` exikd dlynnd ibega
.l`xyi ly zilklkd mzaeha cewyl mnvr eqipkde llkd zepwqra ax oexyk ilra
eipa w"ke zipaxd ,epiax zia ly mzeìxa lr c`n lrt x"enc` w"k ced ly exq`n
mipern eidy aygzd ilan dpd ,211 mipy dpeny oa f` 'idy n"nxd eckp mb sè eizepae
ly dxaw lr zexawd ziaa mixwane xeava mildz mixneè minid lk miprzn eid milege
.212 bk d`l dxeac zxn x"enc` w"k ced za
xaw lr mildzd lk xnel dxyra mikled eid mei lka xy` xtiq wcv gnv lra x"enc` w"k ced (bk
ced ly exq`nn dyrnd xetq 'id epkeze irvn`d x"enc` w"k ced azky gqepd z` mi`xew eide en`
,p"wz d"x ly d"x axra e` h"nwz d"x ly d"x axra owfd x"enc` ly oey`xd exq`n :mipy dpeny oa (211
ìd z`f wx ,xexiaa zrcei dpi` ìd mb ik dcibde x"enc` clep f"tle ,h"pwz zekeq ly bg exqà 'id
v"dxd ixg` oey`xd myd 'id èd ik xexiaa zrcei zgiy mb d`x .(`"pwz d"x axr) p"wz lelà wcv gnvd
xii` '` [. . .] wlzqp] w`c`x`dn licprn mgpn x"xd .cere .(243 'r `"iyz n"dq) d"vxz t"yg`
dpr w"dxd x"en`` w"k .iax zia icilil ozipy ,[g"nwz mikix`z epivn wcv gnvd x"enc` zcled zpy zece`
w"k ipwf w"k zcled zpy xac lr xexiaa rny `l ik ,il hk (2) .(h"nwz d"x axr) g"nwz lel` hk (1) :mipey
x"enf`` w"k eia` w"k la` ,wcv gnv w"dxd x"enc` axr) p"wz lel` hk (3) .(p"wz d"x axr) h"nwz lel`
dpy dxyr mizy oa ik el xtiq y"xdn x"enc` w"dxd .(`"pwz d"x
wcv gnv x"enc` w"dxd x"enf`` w"k eia` w"k 'id "minzdZ) a"xrz hay 'b Ð epiax ly oneid zniyxa
zlgzd ayeg 'ide ,g"`cae dlbpa aezkl ligzdyk xtqna miwteqn eid miciqgdZ :([` ,hkw] dk 'r b zxaeg
mei ik oaen dfn `ld ,`"qwz zpyn dpy dxyr mizyd oa 'id m` ,wcv gnv w"dxd x"enf`` w"k iig zepy
.h"nwz zpy ly dpyd y`x axra èd ezcled zpye ,ivge dpy raye miray e` ,dpy ivge mipy yye miray
."d"x axr h"nwz zpya clepZy ezligza "mei meidZa ,dwax zxn zipwcvd zipaxd izpwf in` w"k z` izl`ye
b"pwz ixyz 'b dwlzqp .f"kwz zpya dclep (212 clep wcv gnv x"enc` w"dxd x"enf`` w"k ik dxnè
.(000 'r lirl d`x) m` èd wtqd xy` dl izxn` ,h"nwz dpyd y`x axra
v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei p
dyelg dzid ìd mb ik s` Ð x"enc` w"k ced m` Ð 213 dwax zipaxd ,`zaqd dpwfd wxe
w"ya .jfd dlkyae hweyd dgexa dzrc sweza mlek gex z` zwfgn dzid df lka dperne
Ð `zaqd dxn` xrv aexne dylegn minrt irvn`d x"enc` w"k ced slrzd glyie
jia` `vi df reaya xy` dk a` il cibd xy`k 'idi ok xy` ck iy`x iiga ip` zrayp
.exq`nn
reqpl el exiziy yxce ek x"enc` w"k ced oa dyn 'x w"dxd ybxzn 'id mlekn xzeie
Ð ikp` ,fk xq`ndn eia` z` ìvene gilvn 'id zewcevd eizeprha ik el xexae ,bxeaxhRl
lk z` gvpn iziid dpetz ilae ,envra xqiwdl mb aizp il qltn iziid Ð oreh 'id
.mibxhwnd
ezia ipan yi` ài `l ,gk eqib zlef xy` dwfg dzid x"enc` w"k ced zcewt mpn`
reqpl mdl eyxi ,hk cgeind cred ixag xy` el` zlef erqi `l miciqgdn mb ,bxeaxhRl
.`l zn`d xexiaa xefrl l bxeaxhRl
* * * *
ipyd meia xy` Ð `"qwz ixyz i"g q"ndegc ipy 219 'a meia Ð zennexd zcewt dribdyk
ericezy mkilr mixfeb (dt lr mi`xew eid c"ad ixag zeny z`) c"ad epgp` aezk 'id seqae x"enc` w"k
mey dyri `l xq`ndy ecra dltze dpx e`yi xy` h"yrad eaxe exenle cibnd axd eaxe exenl epixrv
.lka gilvie dnx cia `vi xyè ezeìxa lr myex
dzid xzeiae `xnbe dpyn mb dcnle yxcne j"pza dìwa dzid ,dlecb zipcnl dzid ìd (ck
.xqen ixtq cenll dcinzn
.r"p jexa 'x w"dxd ozeg 214mdxa` 'x oe`bd (dk
.xwgne g"`ca dlbpa enr cenil ipnf raw envra eia` w"ke milidan eizepexyk ,215n"wz xc` clep (ek
¨
x"enc` w"k eakr libxk rpfìll `plieen lifiin n"xd ciqgd àyk Ð f"pwz Ð jxra f"h oa 'idyk (fk
zepexyk lra n"xd w"dxd zeidae ziztxve ìqex zty n"xd epa z` cenliy miycg dfi` jyn lr
geha 'id ,zetyd zrici zahdl mivegpd mixtq zìxwa rewy 'ide onf hrnae dti cnlzd c`na mipievn
.gvpi ezrc zetiwzae epeyl zwlga xy`
¨ l`xyi 'x (gk
.216w`f`w
.217c"ewl 'ir (hk
Ð bxeaxhRa cgi epncfi `ly `xi 'id eicinlzn dxyr iptn xn` exq`nn `viyk x"enc` w"k ced (l
dpeekde hree`q¨ ipiihd z` mitxey eid dyecwd mzcearae Ð 218xrwyh`R` ¨ ¨ rlrkin 'x ayg dxyrd oia
.dxiay `le xexia
.zn`d xexia i"r `"k zewchvd i"r `l 'id ehtyn zekf xy` xn` x"enc` w"k ced (`l
d`xe .cere .dxexa dtya xaic `ly dfk liba 'id d"nwz a"g .`"kt `"g zepexkfd xtq Ð dzece` d`x (213
.dp 'r onwl .f"lwt .`lwÎl"wt
.(` ,ep) c"kt `"g iax zia ezece` d`x (216 .jliè b"it `"g zepexkfd xtq Ð ezece` d`x (214
` ,fi `"g c"ewl) b"vxz elqk hi lil zgiy d`x (217 .`"lwt a"g .f"pt .jliè g"it
.(jliè Ð mipey mikix`z epivn ezcled zpy zece` (215
.p"ye .137 'r f"yz zegiyd xtq Ð ezece` d`x (218 ote`Z epiax zniyx .fh 'r f"g ycewÎzexb` d`x
96 'r a"yz zegiyd xtqae .fkw 'r g"g ycewÎzexb` xec ,oey`x xec ,c"ag zeciqg zecqizda zelylzydd
.h"yrad iiga clepy jliè xtq .150 'r c"yz zegiyd xtq .(000 'r lirl) g"lq "ipy
lg `"qwz ixyz i"g) 'b meia :l"ve` :'a meia (219 zay zgiy .74 'r (f"yz ,z"dw) y"xdn x"enc` zeclezd
.('b meia zpyay 80 'r e"vxz zegiyd xtq d`xe .u"gxz daeyz
`p v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei
¨
oeayg lr Ð hq`Rd zakxn mr dkelnd xirl erqn dyri ixyz ycgl draxè mixyr
dylye ,mpg enr erqie eynyl dvxiy in z` miyp` ipy enr zgwl lekie Ð dlynnd
w"k ced xy` n"xd w"dxd un`zd dpd ,mkxc lr mze` eeli ,migxf` icbaa miciwt
.al enr epgwi x"enc`
dceze z"iyd cqga ,`yicw 'ineta `lbxne xirvd epa z` aagn 'id x"enc` w"k ced
oievnd exkf xy` bl enya `xwp èdy inn xyr it mipievn zepexyk lra èd dyn 'zi el
.cl cr icr ipnn yeni `l c`n c`na
xq`n dzid dpey`xd Ð h"pwz zpya Ð 222 zncewd iabl ef driqp zepiihvd lkl rcep
z`xwpe lfxa igta dqeknd dxegyd dakxna edeaiyedy dpey`xd rbxn xzeia cake dyw
miliige ,mze` miaaeq axg itely ilbx lige Ð orbèe ¨ ax`hy© xrc Ð dl "zend zlbrZ
lk z` mineià migixan eide ,mze` miaaeq my`xa heicxqe miqeqa miakex axg itely
driqpe ,dgev lewa milline miwreve dkeldzd xg` mivx eidy miclie miyp miyp` ldwd
eid el Ð hq`R
¨ Ð oeln lkae dgeexn hq`Rd¨ zakxna driqp ,ceak zxcd ly driqp dzid ef
miype miyp` ze`n eid dakxnd dxary mewn lkae gepl cgein xcg x"enc` w"kl mipzep
.gl eze` mikxane fl x"enc` w"k ced ycw ipt milawn
ixyn cgè ,bxeaxhRl x"enc` w"k ced à ixyz ycegl dpenye mixyr iyyd meia
xvga mizadn cg` l` enr mirqepd zè eze` ìaie eycw ipt z` mcw iniptd xy zeciwt
.mzxyl ixkp licadle ixar zxyn mdilr evie hl hree`q
¨ ipii`h
©
minrt dyly xeaiva lltzdl bdep x"enc` eia` w"k ced ik xydl cibd n"xd w"dxd
,ef dyixc z`lnl leki `l xy` lr èd xrhvny edpr xyd ,aixrne dgpn zixgy meia
mdig`n milica zeidl mikixv ,228 mdnr ày ipyde ède eia` w"k ced ,mlek dpd xyà
.ef driqp zec` xtiq zeax (al

.r"p jexa 'x 221ia` 220dyn 'x oe`bd (bl
.ez`n law daxd (cl
.223zen htyna mpecl micreind (dl
.driqpd zeakxn selige dgepn mewn (el
.glne mgla mi`vei eid mixtka mixkpd mb (fl
.oey`xd mrtn xzei cer dlrzi ik (gl
xnbp mipy izy jynae 224hree`q¨ rpi`h mya `xwp ee`lee`R`xhrR
¨ © xvan 'id oey`xd xq`na (hl
`xwp 225ipyd xcpqkl` iniay df èd Ð hree`q¨ rpi`h `xwpe dpy mixyr jyna edepay lecbd oipad
¨
.227hq`Rrxw ¨ © ¨
iwqiee`lee`R`xhrR `xwp oey`xde Ð 226riprlrch`¨ riyhrxh
(dxrda (` ,ai `"g c"ewl) b"vxz elqk hi zgiy) xtq .avÎ`"vt zepexkfd xtq Ð ezece` d`x (220
.zi`yg dvren = (224 .cere .jliè 58 'r z"y'd uiw zegiyd
.1818Î1881 (225 .ly epwf eia` :l"veè .i"gzy dwzrda d"k :ia` (221
.ziyilyd dwlgnd = (226 "mei meidZ .jliè ny 'r b"g ycewÎzexb` d`x (222
¨ © ¨
Ð 'iqex ixqiw y"r) ee`lee`R`xhrR xvan = (227 .h"it `"g iax zia .elqk fk
© xrhrR
.(lree`Re eid zen htynl l"x mipecipe zekln iaiiegn (223
,zxynd dyn sqei 'x èd ile` :mdnr ày ipyde (228 miphw miawp mr) lfxa iqha zeqekn zelbra mikilen
.dniyxa oldlc dni` lihne lidan ,xegy 'id mdly ravde (xie` liaya
v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei ap
dny elltzi mdipia wiqtn mezq lzeky cg`d oernda xy` el rivd n"xd .mixard
zery dfi` xearke ,dxeza dìxwde dltzd z` rnyi xy` miphw miwcq eyri lrnne
.ok dyrp
etzzydy zecire mixyrn xzei eppekzd Ð eilqk f"kÎixyz g"k Ð miycg ipy jyna
ipipre izc xwgna epiprzd mdn daxde zepey zelkyena dlkyd ilra mipey miyp` oda
.oixcdpqd ipnfa l`xyi ini ixace dlaw
¨ `pii`hd
azekd cgein xteq 'id dcire lka hree`q © xvgay zexicd zgà eid zecired
zxaecnd dtya minrt dnk dper 'id x"enc` w"k ced ,lk ihxta zeaeyzde zel`yd z`
xàn 'id x"enc` w"k ced zeyxae ,ìqex oeyla mbxzn 'id n"xde ycwd oeyla minrte
.mi`znd xaqda eycw ixac z`
dplek lr dlerde xceqnd exeaicae oeznd eqenipa dtid ed`xna mixyd ipira og `vn n"xd
.dti oepbqa ziztxvd dtya aehd exeac mze` ìltd xzeiae gvd dpicnd zty oepbqa
l`xyi ini ixac zricia daexn dlkyd ilra mixnek ipy eid dyixcde dxiwgd ixy oia
zpen` zece` xacl enkgzde zcd ipipra mdizel`y eid aexd lre ,cenlzd inkg inia
dribt 'idz dfe Ð ilily oteà mdl zeprl x"enc` w"k ced gxkei xy` oteà mixvepd
onfed `l ik exnà el`k zel`y lr aiyn 'id `l x"enc` w"k ced mpn` Ð mzpen` ceaka
.izc gekiel
ligzd mipy ylyk df xy` izc oipra mb dne migekie ade` 'id eraha n"xd mpn`
ztya licadle ycw oeyla mixtq dnk biyd lifiin n"xd ciqgd ici lre ,n dfa oiiprzdl
w"dzkn mdizei`xe mzpen` cra mdizeprha iwa 'ide mzpen` iyigkne iwec` ztxv
'id Ð zecired xg` Ð zihxtd ezgiyae ef zepncfda ynzyd dpd ,mdizeprh lehiaae
.mixnekd ipy mr gkezn
xiyr edpd df mre ,`ltp gxeà mzpen` ixwir rcei n"xd ik zrcl egkep mixnekd
© © Ð mixnekd ipwfn cg` l` edelldie zewfg ikd mdizeprh lehiaa zeax zericia
x`k`f
©
Ð owfd xnekd Ð ède ,mzpen` cenila wqere zixeaiv dcearn yextd Ð iwqc`hyp`xw¨
zricia `ly Ð owfd xnekd z` n"xd xwia minrte eil` Ð mixnekd i"r Ð n"xd z` oinfd
.n"xd ly ecv lr 'id oegvpde enr gkezde Ð x"enc` w"k ced
x"enc` w"k ced ipira og e`vn x"enc` w"k ced zeprh lr eizexaqde n"xd ixeìa
envr zlrn zxkdn àd ,xidid erah zhlada exeac oepbq j` ,xyid lkye mday oeibda
.f"r egikeie x"enc` w"k ced ipira d`xp `l c`n
x"enc` w"k cedl dpzip dyteg ,229 dkepgc 'b elqk f"k '` dyixcde dxiwgd ini zelkk
¨ xirn ze`qxt xyrk (n

à 'id onfl onfne uexg ilezw xnek 'id mldpne milezw mixifp zia 'id rpfìl
¨
oke mdizebltnl mixvepd zpen` zricia n"xd oiiprzd f`ne weyd xkka mèp 'id uiwd ipnfae rpfìll
.mite` lr cenrl oiprzd zepen`d x`y zece`
(dkepgc 'd xp) meia eay mixne` miciqgd on dnk :84 `vi f"dc`y 222 dxrday "mei meidZa mb d"k (229
xy` mixne` yie ,ipyd mrt lecbd epiax w"k zyteg 'id 'r mely zxez zegiyd xtqa .dkepgc 'ba ipyd exq`nn
bp v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei
ik bxeaxhR dkelnd xira Ð r"rl ipnf Ð ezxic rawi xyè ihxt oernl ezxic wizrdl
micedid aex xyè oievn ìavn èd x"enc` w"k ced xy` zrcl egkep dlynnd ixy
x"enc` w"k ced ly ezrtyde dpicnd iagxn lka mdiìype miciqgd zcr ixg` mixdep
.miciqgd zebltn x`y iìyp lr mb dlecb
* * * *
bdpzdl x"enc` w"k cedl dxenb dyteg zzl dlynnd ixy zrvd xy` lree`R © jlnd
'idi eayen wx ,dlgzak Ð x"enc` w"k ced z`n Ð ez`n dxceqnd dbdpdd fer swez lka
.envr oeayg lr bxeaxhR dkelnd xira Ð hlgei xy` cr ipnf Ð
iycg exar dke ,dgnye dldv miciqgd zcre `n ihxt oerna xczqd x"enc` w"k ced
w"k ced oa n"xd w"dxd el dyr df onf jyna ,an lree`R
© jlnd zxiht cr oqipe xc` hay
mikiqpd mipfexd izaa Ð c"ag iciqgc llkd ipwqr cre ixag i"r Ð zexikd x"enc`
dlan 'ide mdl xy` Ð mihxtd Ð mixtqd cwr iza z` xwal mdipira og `ype miliv`de
zepenà dxitkde dpen`d ixtq mdipiae ,eze` epipry mixtq zìxwa zekex` zery dny
.c`na eze` oiprn 'idy zepey
¨
mr n"xd ybtp c`n wec` ixvep Ð ee`xaef © © Ð bxeaxhR ipfexn cg` ly eziaa
ic`wx`
,mzpen` ixwr lcad zece` lr eà oiprl oiprne wize ilezw ìxhqe` zlynn gk à
hxtie mzpen` ipa irah lcada xzeiae mzpen` ixwr lcada df `yep lr m`p ekxck n"xde
dyry dn mixvepd ipdk zbdpd rex znerl mdizeixfkè 231 mihièfrid ipa irezrz z`
¨
.ilezwd xyd lr rx myexe ee`xaef lr mirp izla myex
* * * *
¨
gekieda szzydl exewiaa ecakl ee`xaef ofexd z`n onfed n"xde onf jyn xeark
.eliabd xy` crenl bn zihxtd ezltz zia odk z`n jexrd
zewizrd zezcd `yep lr sixg me`p m`pe gekieda szzydl drvdd z` law n"xd
,mqxite mdxa` oin`dy cegid zpen` lr me`pl licbde 232 mdxa` inia à`vd zpenà
,mditelg itelge mditelg ,zepen`d zelylzyd zece` ahegn oepbqa xac xceqn xcqae
¨ aegx (`n
.12 xtqn iwqprqrpfèe
¨ aegxa ezakxna lree`R
epelga cnr x"enc` w"ke iwqprqrpfèe © jlnd xar gqt axr lecbd zaya (an
© `l` epiè epnn jln ced xq ik xnè ea lkzqd rqep ede`xyke
Ð gqt ly '` lil Ð dlilae ,weiliee`R
.230edewpg
.miihxt dltz iza mdl eid bxeaxhR ipfexn daxd (bn
mdxa`y reci :h"kt b"g mikeap dxen d`x (232 ewifgd mze` mb xy` `pliee iciqgl jiiy 'id df
wx del` oi`y mzrce da`vd zpenà lcb d"r epia` mdipyac l"ie :74 dxrd 413 'r d"kg y"ewlae .dqitza
c"t dxf dcear m"anxdl zeipynd yexitae .miakekd .mheytk mb dle`b ipipr eid
mdxa` `viy dne`d mde mia`v z`xwpd dneà :f"n Ð epiax ly oneid zniyx Ð miiepiya Ð d`x (230
zlwlewnd mzxaqe mzerh lr wlge mdipian d"r epia` .83 'r mely zxez zegiyd xtq) f"qxz zeny w"yven
oicakne oilcbn eide dnkgd on eala midl`d ozpy dna .(000 'r lirl
.mdl opi`y zelert mda oiqgine miakekd .(zexvpa blt) mireyid zk = (231
v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei cp
mda oi` l`xyie dyn zcn ewizrdy dn zlef xy` zezcd iwwegn ilad zezeà d`xde
.mc` ipa zezc ody zexezd ix`y lr ziwl` zc ìdy dxezd zlrna xacie ,dne`n lk
mixvepd zxez iwecè dnkgd ilecb mb xy` oteà miaeqnd lr fr myex dyr me`pd
lr mala dx`yp dlecb `pih la` ,dne`n lk epr `le mdilbxe mdici e`vn `l mdizce
,mzpen` ixwir lhal dfk oteà me`pl dyr aeh `l ik mzrc z` eriad micgè ,n"xd
ze`x ilra itl` ,dpr n"xd .lazd iyp`n lecb wlgl yecwd lr mb xacl rpn `l xyè
.cg` xer lr dne`n etiqei `l mixer sl` la` ,dèxd cg`n zlrez ìadl mileki
* * * *
dniiwzpy dcired zyxt z` 233 `lRriln cn ikcxn 'x ciqgd exknl xtq ee`xaef
¨ ofexd
,mzce mzpen` zxeza rcnd ilecbn dnk oinfde izc gekie jxr ezltz zia odk xy` eziaa
© ¨ ©
lr Ð 234 `pee`lqèe`xR Ð mixvepd zpen` zlrn zece` lr ezrc riad mdn cg` lke
caeknd zecleza mixacnd micedid ly w"dzkn miweqt dnk exàie milezwd zpen`
zlrna my iaewp mlek yi` mirax`k eid mitq`pd .ea dpen`de eizegiye ezxez mdly
ilecbn mipyi mixtqa miwfg zeceqi lr zcqein ezrc riad cg` lke dlkydde dricid
.mipencwd minkgd
iwl` `xa xy` oey`xd yi`d ly 235 epa inin jex` me`pa ezrc riad dn xirvd oia`xd
©
miqenipa mipey mililè miakekle gxil ynyl cearl mc` ipa eligzd yep` enye l`xyi
cr 236 dpy mitl` ipyk jynp dke miphwe milecb zewl` mibeq ipin dnk mdl eide mipeyn
lr m`pe .237 cg` lÎà oin`dl mrd z` cnile cg` lÎ` wx yi ik ricede mdxa` mwy
ixwr xàie zinlyende zixvepd zc erawe miyp` ipy eà ik cr zepen`d zelylzyd
z` miyxtnd 'iqpkd inkg zerh z` gkeie l`xyi zce dyn zxezn ewizrd xy` mdipic
.mixvepd zc wwegn lr w"dzk iweqt
c`na eybxzp maexe mirneyd lr lecb myex dyre dgv dtyae aeha xèan 'id me`pd
dribd zcde dpen`d oealr la` ,dne`n el eyr `l ene`p ixg` ik sè .me`pd okez lr
©
dlriy cr etxi `le ,xirvd oia`xd mr gkeezdl mnvr oikdl miczrzne maal wnerl
.egvpl mcia
* * * *
¨
zepivx z` oiade wec`d ee`xaef ofexd ly ezexnxnzd lceb z` d`x ikcxn 'x ciqgd
.bxeaxhRa ezxic rawy mipy yngk dfe lecb xiab 'id (cn
.xirvd iaxd xnelk ,dyn 'x z` e`xw jk (dn
.b"nyz `xwie t"y .f"lyz ¨

iax zia Ð ezece` d`x Ð .o`qlrhiit ikcxn 'x (233
¨ ¨ ¨ mixvep = (234
.miqw`c`hx` c"g c"ewl) a"vxz elqk hi zgiy .(` ,cr) e"kt ` wlg
.epa oa :l"ve` (235 ihewl) ak sirq c"vxz gqtd bg zegiy .(a ,hnyz
g"nwzz'` Ð mdxa` .d"lx zpya clep yep` (236 d`xe .cwz 'r g"g ycewÎzexb` .(` ,alw `"g mixeaic
.(zexecd xcq) .`"lyz awr t"y .c"iyz daèyd zia zgny zegiy
.jliè `"d `"t f"r 'ld m"anx d`x (237 t"yg` .e"lyz Ð y"dgc 'a meie miyecw t"y à t"y
dp v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei
¨
aefrl ywaie ee`xaef ixac z` dyn 'xl xtqie dfn zeidl zelekiy ze`vezd zè oiprd
.dfa zekexkd zerxd ze`vezd z` el xiaqie Ð gex igekiee Ð df ekxc z`
.x"enc` w"k cedl oiprd lk z` xtiq n"xd lr myex eyr `l eixac xy` ikcxn 'x ciqgd
,zn` èd dyn cibd xy` lk ik ikcxn 'xl cibdl lièie c`na xrhvd x"enc` w"k ced
Ð dyecwd ezgiy z` jiyndl siqeie Ð dreyid 'dle ze`vezd lr xrhvn ippd la`
ìxagd ipwfn dxyr dtiq`l 240 etq`zp 239 b"nwz zpya `plieea efixkd xy` mxgd 238 ixg`
,r"p `"xbd ciqgd lr dlaw t"r en izin` mxg lihdl ehilgie ,cibnd epxen icinlz `yicw
ìxagdn mipy .ezenk t"dkl l"v dxyrdn cg` xy` mdl epre ,minya dl`y eyre
cgè ,ilv` cnre 242 yly oak f` 'id dyn ipa ,fn izivx `le mdnr szzydl il` eà `yicw
'd rnyi `l ,izxn` .epnn mkl 'idi Ð epnn mi`xi mz`y leligd ,znerxza xn` mipydn
.dreyid 'dle
* * * *
mikiqpde dlynnd ixy aex xy` rci ezekln `qk lr ezelra 243 xcpqkl` xqiwd
m`py xy` ztxv icili qrinrc`w`d© © lka xy` micnelndn mirtyen miliv`de milecbd
.micedid mb mdipiae ìqex zpicn iayei minrd lk ly mzrc aexiwe og `vne ytg Ð
,micbpzn miciqg ,micedid axwa opyi zebltn yly xy` ercia xcpqkl` xqiwd
xy` fer azkne x"enc` w"k cedl dxenb dyteg ozp (` .mlek z` axwl eal my ,milikyn
zyly gly (a .bxeaxhRa ezxic rawi ik el rivie ezpeazk miciqgd zcr ezcr ldpl lkei
yly mdae (g"xe w"yn ueg) oxcqk mei mirax` miprzn yi` a"r ly c"a ,dlawd t"r izin` mxg (en
leg ixacn zexidfe dliah .mei lka mireaw mildz ixenfn mr zcgein dltze zevg oewiz mikxer zewqtd
izyk dlil cerae dxeza dlild lk miwqer miprzn mcera mirax`d ziprza ziaxr zltz xg` ,w"dla mb
oirweze minrt dyly mxgd gqep z` `xew c"ad oia lecbde ycewd oex` oigzet xgyd zelr iptl zery
dgpn milltzne dpeeka milltzne milaehe mila`k ux`d lr miayeie milrpnd z` mivlege z"xyz
.mine glna zt milkeè dlecb
(` :minrt dyly eyr ok ,dlrnl ìdy enk eznyp yxyn mxgend z` mizxek l"x dfk mxga (fn
dnypd zx`d z` l"x mizxekyke ,ìgxt oa ryedi 'x ly ecinlzl (b .xg` Ð ryil`l (a .hap oa mraxil
e"g dfk myd lelg lre .ezc z` xini mxgend xy` l"x gxkda dpd dnypd ly dzenvre dyxyn sebay
mrpny x"enc` w"k ced lr oileR iwicv zenerxz dzid df xeare mikqdl x"enc` w"k ced leki `l
.241dkf xy` mizekfd oia Ð mxg lihdln mrpn xy` Ð z`f ayg x"enc` w"k cede izin` mxg lihdln
.zebetd oi`n mlbx sk jxcn lk lr xtq) `"vxz ixyz zegiy d`x Ð onwl àda (238
zpya dzid dtiq`dy ,my `"vxz zegiya (240 mgpn zxez .279 'r (r"yz ,z"dw z`ved) `"vxz zegiyd
e` a"nwz :my c"vxz t"dg zgiya .h"nwzÎg"nwz `"lq c"vxz gqtd bg .(jliè erw 'r oneid zniyx
zegiyd xtqa .(hqy 'r a"g ycewÎzexb` d`xe) b"nwz .jliè 80 'r e"vxz zegiyd xtq .(` ,nw `"g c"ewl)
oia 'idy my ycewÎzexbà .d"nwz uiw :my e"vxz cqw 'r c"ig ycewÎzexb` .u"gxz daeyz zay zgiy
.h"nwzÎe"nwz mipyd .jliè
.174 'r `"vxz zegiyd xtq d`x (241 xywa 'id dtiq`dy ,my c"vxz t"dg zgiya (239
.ek dxrd d`x (242 Îzexbàe .miciqgd cbp `plieen d`viy dyw dxifbl
.1777Î1825 (243 ix"enc`l mdipt micbpnd eny ìdd zra :my ycew
mze` mixwec eide ,oildèa l"vf cibnd axd [i]cinlz
v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei ep
xizdl milikynd zywa `lin (b .mdipir ze`x itk mwlgl `pliee zldwl milwy mitl`
.mixkpd xtq izaa cenll l`xyi iclil
x"enc` w"k ced ayi Ð a` mgpn 'iÎixyz g"k Ð mini dxyre miycg dryz
¨ `pii`hd
zeid jynae ,ihxt oerna miycg draye hree`q © xvga miycg ipyk ,bxeaxrhrRa
.llkd ipipr z` xciq bxeaxrhrRa w"k
© xirl bxeaxhRn dyn sqei 'x mzxyne epae x"enc` w"k ced rqp mini drax`
icìl
¨
miyxt ipy mr x"enc` w"k cedl zzl iwqxinàeil jiqpd cakzd xy` dceak dakxna
iyyd meiae ,zeakxn raxà miaxewnd miciqgdn enr mirqepde ezeell miqeqa miakex
¨ jlt ,244 icìl
.aild`n © xirl à `"qwz `"pn ycgl xyr drax` ,engp zay axr
* * * *
© xira x"enc` w"k ced ayiizdyk
epa lr qinrde llkd zepwqra ezcear z` wfig ic`l
zexiird lkl micgein mixiv glyie llkd zepwqra dlenrzd xac z` ldpi xy` n"xd
dnc`d zceara wqrzdle miaeyiae mixtka zeayizdd zece` lr xxerl dpald ìqexa
.dcarl rwxwd lr miayiiznl xefrl icka cegia sqk irvn` sqè ,aeyide xtkd xgqnae
z`n dkinz x"enc` w"k ced lrt bxeaxhRa xy` c"ag iciqgc llkd ipwqr cree i"r
dpald ìqexa dnc`d z` cearl rwxwd lr eayiizdy micedi zegtyn ze`nl dlynnd
© ¨ ee`lq`pixrh`wri
micnln xcqn 'id x"enc` w"k cede ,èe`hl`Re © ¨ © ©
iklta `pi`xweàe
iza licadle zeiqpk iza ,d`xed ixene m"iaey oke ,llkd ipipr ldpn n"xd epa i"r mdipal
.zengd zeèewnd z` owz xak ik Ð dliah
* * * *
n"xd w"dxd rqp minrt dfi` dpd df jynae 'ixet dceara mipy xyr exar dk
.ecia gilvd z"iyde llkd zepwqra mivegp mipipr ilbxl bxeaxhRl
excqiy bxeaxhRa c"ag iciqgn llkd ipwqr cre lr x"enc` w"k ced cwt `"rwz zpya
¨
l`xyi ipa epig`l zeayene o`qxrg jlta dnc` ighy epzpiy dlynnd ibega dlenrz
xeza dnc`d zcearl jxhvnd lke g"rae dyixgn ilka dxfr ozz mbe dny ayiizdl
.zeipepxè miqnn exhti zepey`xd mipy yng xyè mipy xyrk jyna mlyl dèld
zecqenl dywa iazk ekixrie x"enc` w"k ced zcewt z` eniiw llkd ipwqr cre ixag
ziztxvd dnglnd gex ilbxl j` ,dfd xaca dlynnd ixy lv` elczyie dlynnd
.dlenrzd f` dwqtp a"rwz zpya dxrzqdy
* * * *
gvpi m` xy` eleln xexa exnà dnglnd xaca dyecwd ezrc z` deg x"enc` w"k ced
© © ¨ gvpi màe ixqend mcnrna migeha micedid eidi ìqex jln
zepind daxzz 245 hx`R`pà
.246 zexwtdde
¨ ¨ © ly dgtyn my (245
.o`rl`R`p zelylzydd ote`Z Ð oneid zniyx d`x (244
.`pwÎpw 'r `"g owfd x"enc` ycewÎzexb` d`x (246 f"lq "ipy xec ,oey`x xec ,c"ag zeciqg zecqizda
zxez zegiyd xtq .jliè flx 'r `"g irvn`d x"enc` .(000 'r lirl) my ak dxrdae
fp v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei
ila ìqex zpicn iagxna xy` micedid lk l` ycw zexbà x"enc` w"k ced dptie
mpenna dlynndl xefrl ecnri cg`k mlk xy` iprk xiyrk ,heicdk odkk ,dbltn lcad
al eniyz lè mkaal jxi l` mzè 'wd ezxb` z` miiqie .mdl xy` lkae mzceara
.ìqex jln cv lr 'idi xenbd oegvpd ik `peyd ly miipnfd zepegvpdl
* * * *
© exebn mewn z` aefrl owfd x"enc` w"k ced dvx `l mipipr dnk iptn
inia icìl
¨ ¨ © lig xaryk la` ,dpald ìqex icedi ly mgex leti `ly y`xl lkle ,dnglnd
o`rl`R`p
aefrl owfd x"enc` w"k gxked ze`qxt miyelyk encwzd cg` meiae `pifrxra xdp z`
© eayen xir z`
.icìl
epan ueg ,enr ez` mixcd ezgtyn ipa lk z` ,enr ez` gwl owfd x"enc` w"k ced
f` 'idy l"ixden w"dxd eigè `lle` xira epzeg ziaa f` 'id xy` dyn 'x w"dxd xirvd
¨ © xira eziaa
.miciqgd ilecbn yi` dxyrk ez` erqie Ð wqarhiee jlt Ð yhiee`pì
xird ipal dev 247 erqp mxhae ,zay axra dlecb zexidna dzid exebn xirn ezriqp
dne`n lk xi`ydl ilan dnecke milqtqe zepgley zehn ziad ilk z` mnvrl egwiy
¨ © Ð milcpqe ,oyein elay mipyi micba elitè ezxica
ziad on exrai miiela Ð lrt`hp`R
ixtq z` eptie ezxic z` etxyi xirl eqpki `peyd ligd iyp` xy` `wgec zry 'idi mè
.ezia ci lr xy` zqpkd zian dxezd
eqpkp miztxvd lig dpde xird z` owfd x"enc` w"k afr xy` zrn zery yly exar `l
¨ ¨ Ð llekd ax Ð iax orxbd ly epernl yxc àvd ixyn 'è xirl
el e`xie yhiee`kexà
`xie eixg` miakex dxyrke eqeq lr srie owfd x"enc` w"k ly ezxic my mewn aegxd z`
.q"pkdia z` sexyl evie c`na sevwie xrea ziad ik
* * * *
¨ ¨ © cwt f`n
ced dev 'iqex leab lr cner epcer ezeida eizeàv ixy y`x z` o`rl`R`p
miyi xy` yilfiin dyn 'x ciqgd oe`bd ,milecb xzeid eixyewnn '` z` owfd x"enc` w"k
¨ ¨ © zeàv ixy gex ikldl eal
dxyn lawl lczyd ziztxvd dtya xacn ezeidle o`rl`R`p
zehlgd zrcl lkei xy` ornl Ð 248 a`hy © ©
l`xrpb Ð dnglnd zldpd zeciwt ziaa
.'iqex zeàv ixyl meìvni xy` mipn`p mixivl xeqnie ,mdizeàv ixyl `peyd zecewte
zty ircei miyp` ixg` eytg `plieele `paewl eqpkie 'iqex leab z` miztxvd exaryk
miiceqd zewlgnd zgà daeh dxyn yilfiin dyn 'x ciqgd mb `vn f` dpd ztxve 'iqex
¨ ¨ © zldpd zgz ziy`xd àvd zeciwt ly
.249 eèlina eilr qnred xy` z` `lnie ,o`rl`R`p
da xacie ziztxvd dtyd z` rci xy` Ð owfd x"enc` w"k ced oa Ð 250 dyn 'x w"dxd
.illkd dhnd = (248 f"txzÎt"xz zegiyd xtq) xq`nd zniyx .203 'r mely
xtq .jliè biy 'r b"g ycewÎzexb` d`x (249 .jliè 170 'r `"vxz zegiyd xtq .(000 'r lirl .232 'r
Îzexb`l zexrde zexewn .jliè 111 'r f"txz zegiyd .(177 'r `"g a"pyz zegiyd xtq) a"pyz ayie t"y zgiy
.cpz 'r `"g owfd x"enc` ycew .cere .(jliè a ,dn) ak wxt ` wlg iax zia
t"y zgiy .238 dxrday ycewÎzexb` d`x (250 elqk hi zgiy .my `"vxz zegiyd xtq d`x (247
.(213 'r zeiecreezd mgpn zxez) z"iy'd miavp .(jliè a ,bi `"g c"ewl) c"q b"vxz
v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei gp
zkxrn iztxvd àv dpg myy ìexc xirl `lle` xirn eayen z` Ð dryl Ð wizrd zegv
xirl xir oia zeaizpde mikxcd ihxt lkl ìqex zepicn ly zetnd zeciwt ziae 251 mixiizd
xy` dpgne dpgn lkl zephw zetn migley eid myne ,milgpe zexride xtkl xtk oiae
©
mci lr xfr mbe zeciwtd zia ixy mr rrexzie .a`hy ©
l`xrprbd zcewt itk zkll mdilr
elbx xy` z`n ìqexe oileR `hil oeyla miaezk mixiizd eìad xy` miazk dnk zwzrda
xy` lk mdl mixtqn miaeyide mixtkd iyp` eid sqk zpzn xeara ik ,miaeyie mixtka
axde extq xy` z` Ð ìqexe oileR `hil oeyl Ð mdizepeyla miazek eide mz`n el`y
.mipn`pd mixivdl mixacd z` xqn n"xd 'wd
* * * *
¨ ¨ © lgd aà dryza
xyr mipyk jynae ,ìqex leab z` xar elige ezngln z` o`rl`R`p
¨ ¨ © zeàv ekld `"pn `"k iyingd meiae ,`yxè
o`rl`R`p ¨ wqarhiee ci lr elig 'id xak mei
© z` ezgtyne owfd x"enc` w"k afr dlil cera `"pn a"k zay axr meiae `yx`n
icìl ¨
© ©
.ìqex mipta xirl xirne xtkl xtkn reqpe jeld eklie ,`pq`xw xird lv` xtka ezayie
miraxè d`n ,b"rwz 253 zah ycegl dpeny cr a"rwz 252 `"pn ycegl mipye mixyrn
254
Ð a"a mr mdn Ð yi` miylyk mnr mzè ezgtyne owfd x"enc` w"k ced 'id ,255 mini
.`priiR xtkl eà xy` cr milhlehn miciqgd ilecbn
zeàv eaqd xy` oennyde oaxegdn owfd x"enc` w"k cedl eribd zelidan zerici
¨ ¨ ©
mexira ex`yp i"pan zegtyn itlè dpald ìqexa miaeyide zexiird lka o`rl`R`p
¨ iklta dpd df znerle ,mdizeqpxtne mdizan lk xqegae
àv lig `pliee wqarhiee `pee`w
¨ ¨ ©
l`xyi zepaa mdipir epzp xwtd iig miigd mdicewte micedid mr rrexzd o`rl`R`p
.c`na owfd x"enc` w"k z` xrivy dn mirxn zecerql mpinfdl
jlta rweeriinrf xtka mzeida elqk ycegl ixiyra `vie zyxt gn zay i`vena
¨
reewq`na ¨ ¨ © ly ezltn 'idz ef reaya xy` x"enc` w"k ced xyia ,eeàn`h
o`rl`R`p ¨ ©
.xard d"xa elig lre eilr d`xy dn miiewie
cr xtkl xtkn erqie rweeriinrf xtk z` eafr elqk ycegl xyr cgà oey`xd meia
ycgl xyr dynga iyingd meiae .dny ezayie `weeriqri xtkl eà iriaxd meia xy`
ezltnl miigl zezyl owfd x"enc` w"k ced xn` hn ziprzd xg` ziaxr zltz xg` elqk
.r"if v"v w"dxd x"enc` w"k ced ixetiqn (gn

.256`yicw `xag ixagn '`k elqka e"ha dprzn 'id x"enc` w"k ced (hn
.24 dxrd 35 'r f"hg y"ewl d`x (253 .milbxn = (251

.draxè d`n :zewzrdd 'à (254 ely ycewÎzexb`) v"vd x"enc` zniyx d`x (252
.mini miraxè d`n jxrl dpeekd (255 sirq b"vxz elqk hi zgiyae (`ky 'r `"g (n"yz ,z"dw)
"e"vi 'ipf`l w"wc `yicw dxag ly qwptZa (256 'r f"txzÎt"xz zegiyd xtq) xq`nd zniyx d`xe .c
epilr eplawZ :(wxì eipa `"eeii oeikxà dwzrd) zniyx .170 'r `"vxz zegiyd xtq .(000 'r lirl .232
cg`y xirdle ."elqk e"h dpye dpy lka zeprzdl ,c"ag zeciqg zecqizda zelylzydd ote`Z Ð epiax
meyl lawl `lyZ èd l"pd `yicw dxag ly zepwzdn ixacZ qxhpew .(000 'r lirl) d"q "ipy xec ,oey`x xec
owfd epiax okè ,"x"ryeda e` elqk e"ha `"k w"ga mc` .(000 'r lirl) biÎa"iq (e"qyz ,z"dw) "mixfegd ini
.i"wz elqk e"h w"gl lawzp .89 'r b"yz zegiyd xtq .eqz 'r c"g ycewÎzexb`
hp v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei
¨
ipa avn lr dkaie xrhvie èewq`nn edegixad meidy ezpenè l`xyi zc xxevd ly
.dhiltd xzi z` efeaie ellyi miztxvd zeàv xeara xy` dpald ìqexa mixbd l`xyi
* * * *
rebxn e`vn my mewn ,rpriR xtkl zelbr miyiyk eà zah ycgl dpenya iyiyd meia
daxde milecb mizae zexvg ze`n ylyk Ð ìdd zra Ð eae lecb rpriR xtkd ik ,hrna
lkl dwqde zexic epzie al iaeh eid xtkd iypè axwl e`vi mixabd ik miept eid mdn
.sqk oi` mpg miàd
dxfr xcql mikixv ik xn` rpriR xtkl mdil` mielpde ezgtyne x"enc` w"k ced àyk
yxcpd onf lre `peyd lig mixaere exar my jxc xy` miaeyie zexiira mixbd i"ag`l
lke` ikxv ixigne zexicd xry zelrdl `ly ickae dphwd ìqexa ezgtyne èd xczqi
¨
.ipn`xae beyhprnrxwa yhic`da© zexiir ylyl ewlgzi ik dyecwd ezrc ytp
zexkfpd mixrl reqpl irvn`d x"enc` w"k ced dy`xae cg`d ,zeiek`ln yly xcqie
© ¨ ikltl reqpl mdxa` miig 'x w"dxd epa w"k dy`xae 'ipyd ,257 mdizexic xcql
èe`hl`R
z` zepal liaya dpald ìqex ixb i"ag`l dvegpd dkinzd lr ritydl o`qx`ge ¨
¨
cre xcql wqarhieel reqpl ee`lwyn wiy qgpt 'x ciqgd dy`xae ziyilyde ,mdizepaxeg
ly avna mcinrdle miqxdpd z` jenzl dnae ji` yexcd xnegd lk uawi xy` dkinzd
.dqpxt
dxabzp meil meine owfd x"enc` w"k ced dlgp zah ycgl xyr dpenya ipyd meia
'd zpya zah ycgl draxè mixyr oey`x meil xe` zeny w"yvenae ezylege ezlgn
© ¨ jlt yhìc`d
.èe`hl`R © © xirl zexawl laede wlzqp dìxal ylye miray ze`n yng
llkd zepwqr z` llkye x"enc` w"k ced dpa Ð a"rwzÎa"iwz Ð dpy miyiyk jyna
ligpie ,dwcve g"nb ,p"iqna dcear ,dxezd zvaxd ,l`xyi zad` ,micenr drax` lr
.llkd zepwqra dagx dlqne dlelq jxc eixg` c"ag iìyp erxfl
‚ Û ƒ
`r 'r a"g .("weyhprnrxwa dxic epl èvnl ipgly ik 'r 'r `"g irvn`d x"enc` ycewÎzexb` d`x (257
ycewÎzexb`) e"pxz oeiq ck oneid zniyx d`xe .jliè o`kl il` z`fd drxd drenyd il` ribd meiaeZ) clx
miavp t"y zgiy .(000 'r lirl .jliè awz 'r a"g mbe . . ezewlzqd zrya zeidl izikf `l ik ,wevprnixw
.(jliè 212 'r zeiecreezd mgpn zxez) z"iy'd 'id ik ezewlzqd zrya 'id `l mdxa` miig 'x icici ig`
jxca iziid ipèZ) cnx 'r .("mei ezeà iec yxr lr lhen
úîùð éåìéòìå ïåøëæì
ä"ò ìãðòî íçðî ìàøùé ø"á òùåäé íééç 'ø ç"äøä
øãà 'ä èééöøàé
ä"ò íéøôà 'ø úá úéãåäé úøî åúâåæå
ïåùç 'ä èééöøàé
ùéîòùô
ä"ò óñåé åäéìà ø"á øéàî ïøäà 'ø ç"äøäå
ïåùç 'è èééöøàé
ä"ò åäéøîù 'ø úá ìèàî àãééøô úøî åúâåæå
èáù âë èééöøàé
øòáà
◆
íãëð é"ò ñôãð
ùéîòùô 'éù éëãøî 'ø ç"äøä
,!7IA8C6-gfagij!
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Divrei Yemei Chayei Admur Hazokein

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owfd x"enc` iig ini ixac

[2owfd x"enc` iig ini 1 ixac]

.ezligza .f"lwz xii` 'i xhtp (31

.b"vz ,oilxa (47 .e"wzÎf"nz (46

.eize`ved e` ,eyekx zeqkecd iqkece oilet iklnn oexg`d Ð 1732Î1798 (76

.dl`d :l"pd zxaega :dpd (84 .mipa`k :l"ve` (83

.mipy ylyk wx exaryke :my (90 .bk ,fl mildz (87

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:'id bxeaxhta llkd ipwqr crel x"enc` w"k z`xed

.`l ,`k ilyn (114 .dyn l`eny 'x = (112

mze` zwgxn dzid `pixrh`wri© ¨

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.iaagn :l"ve` (152

.d"a `xead ze`ivna dxitkd ezpeek (`k

uitdl dxhnl dl dnyy milikyn ly dxeag ,("sq`ndZ .` ,etw b"g (153

.(aqx 'r c"g .irvn`d x"enc` w"k (164

.jx` :l"ve` (185 .a ,dk dlibn (183

.qiqkha :l"ve` (205 .al ,my zeclez (204

.cirxd :zewzrdd '`a (206

.dfn lecb xrva g"xbd 'id egaya ebiltde

.ef driqp zec` xtiq zeax (al

¨ xirn ze`qxt xyrk (n

.b"nyz `xwie t"y .f"lyz ¨

.r"if v"v w"dxd x"enc` w"k ced ixetiqn (gn

.24 dxrd 35 'r f"hg y"ewl d`x (253 .milbxn = (251

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