Professional Documents
Culture Documents
S . A. Kass?m. “Optimum quantization for signal detection.” IEEE RFfrequency is varia.ble. Thekefore, intermediate-frequency
Trans:.Cornmu.n.. vol. COM-25. pp. 479-484. May 1977. (IF)or basebandfilteringwith frequencyup conversion is
H . V: Poor and J. B...Thomas, “Application of Ali-Silvey distapce mostly used. However, wben suchaspectrum-manipulated
measures in’the design of generalized quantizers for binary decision signal is translated up and passed through a nonlinear class€
systems,” ‘Ii5EE Trans.’ Commun., voi. COM-$5, pp. ‘893-900.
power amplifier, the required. sAectrum manipulation should
Sept . 1.977.
H . V.‘Pooiand Y. Rivani. “Input amplitude compression in digital pot be violated by the nonlinearities. In order to mitigate the
signal-detection systems,’‘ IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. COM-29, impahments, somenarrow-band digital modulation schemes
pp. 707-7t0, ,May’1981. with constant or less fluctuated. envelope property have been
T:‘.L. Lim, .
“Noncoherent digital
matchedfilters:
Multibit researched [ 81 -[ l o ] .
quantizatjon.” .\FEE Tians.Commun.. vol.COM-26.pp. 409-
4.19. Apr.1978. In thispaper,premodulation Gaussian filteredminimum
J. ‘Capon,“Ontheasymptoticefficiencyoflocallyoptimum shift keying (GMSK) with coherent detection is proposed as
detectors,” IRE Trans. Inform. Theow. vol. IT-7. pp. 67-71, Apr. an effective digital modulation for the present purpose, and
1961. its fundamental properties areanalyzedwith the aid of ma-
chine computation. The relationship
betweenout-of-band
radiation suppression and bit-error-rate (BER) performance is
made clear. Constitution of the modulator and demodulator
is then discussed. The superiority of this modulation is sup-
GMSK Modulation for Digital Mobile Radio Telephony ported by some experimental test results.
I .
DATA NRZ
LPF
FM MODULATOR
Fig. 1. Premodulationbaseband-filtered MSK.
,@
TABLE I
OCCUPIED BANDWIDTH CONTAINING A GIVEN PERCENTAGE
POWER
-
99 99:9 99.99
-.
N.
t
._ N
73
'E
1:;;
-20
Fig. 5 shows the machinecomputed results for dmin of the
GMSK signal versus BbT where denotesthe signal energy
per bit defined by
+
-40
-60
Eb =
T
:dT
I um(t>1 2 dt = - 1 u,(t> I* dt.
(4)
111. IMPLEMENTATION
A . Modulator
Furthermore, dmin is the minimum
value of the signal distance The Simple and easy method is to modulate the frequency
d between mark and space in Hilbert space observed during the of VCO directly by the use of baseband Gaussian pulse stream,
time interval from t l to t2 and d is defined by as shown in Fig. 1. However, thismodulatorhasthe weak
point that it is difficult to keep the center frequency within
the allowable value under the restriction of maintaining the
linearity and the sensitivity for the r e q ~ e dFM modulation.
Such a weak point can be removed by the use of an elaborate
PLL modulator witha precisely designed transfer character-
where u,(t) and u,(t) are the complex signal waveforms corre- istics oranorthogonalmodulator with digital waveform
sponding to the mark andthe spacetransmissions,respec- generators [ 141. Instead of such a modulator, anl2-shift
tively. binary PSK (BPSK) modulator followed by asuitable PLL
While the BER performance bound given by (1) is attained phase smoother, as shownin Fig. 7, is considered t o be a
only when the ideal maximum likelihood detection is adopted, prominent alternativewhere thetransfer characteristics of
it gives an approximate solution for the ideal BER perform- this PLL are also designed for the output power spectrum to
ance of GMSK modulation with coherent detection. satisfy the required condition.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. COM-29, NO. 7 , J U L Y 1981 1047
1---7--==5
1
LPF
FILTER
n
t vco
u
Fig. 7. PLL-type GMSK modulator. (b)
Fig. 8. Orthogonalcoherentdetectorfor MSK/GMSK. (a) Analog
B. Demodulator type. (b) Digital type.
Similar to the simple MSK or TFM system, the orthogonal FM
coherentdetectoris also applicable forthe GMSK system. MODULATOR ,
When realizing such an orthogonal coherent detector, one of GAUSSIAN FADING
the most important and difficult problems is how to recover LPF SIMULATOR
the referencecarrierand the timingclock. The mosttypical
method is de Buda's one [ 121. In his method, the reference
camer is recovered by dividing by four the sum of the two
discrete frequencies contained in the frequency doubler out- / A ATTENUATOR
put and the timing clock is directly recovered by their differ- 4
ence, Remembering that the action of the well-known Costas DEM ERROR RATE
loop as a carrier recovery circuit for BPSK systems is equiva- COUNTER
lent to thatof a PLL with a frequency doubler [ 151 , de Buda's Fig. 9. Block diagram of experimental test system.
method is realized by the equivalent one shown in Fig. 8(a).
This modified method can easily be implemented by conven- modulation Gaussian LPF having a variable bandwidth B b , the
tional digital logic circuits and its configuration is also shown PN sequence is put into the synthesized RF signal generator
in Fig. 8(b). In this configuration, two D flip-flops act as the having an external FM modulation capability. The frequency
quadrature product demodulators and both of the Exclusive- deviation of the RF signal generator is set equal to Af, =
Or logic circuits are used for the baseband multipliers. Further- ? 4 kHz, whichcorresponds to the MSK conditionforthe
more, the mutually orthogonal reference carriers are generated 16 kbits/s transmission. Then the GMSK signal of our choice
by the use of two D flip-flops, and the VCO center frequency is obtained as the RF signal generator output, and is trans-
is then set equal to the four timescarrier center frequency. mittedintothe receiver via the Rayleigh fading simulator
This configuration is considered to be especially suitable for [ 161. Predetection bandpassfilteringin the receiver is per-
the mobile radio unit which must be simplified, miniaturized, formed by the precisely designed Gaussian bandpasscrystal
and economized. filter. The bandpass-filtered output is demodulated by the
digital orthogonalcoherentdetectorshown in Fig. 8. The
IV. EXPERIMENTS regenerated output is fed into the error-rate counter for the
BER measurement.
A . Test System
Fig. 9 shows the block diagram of theexperimentaltest B. Power Spectrumand Eye Pattern
system where the carrier frequency and the bit rate are f,= Fig. 10 shows the measured power spectra of the RF signal
70 MHz and f b = 16 kbits/s, respectively. A pseudonoise (PN) generatoroutput when BbT is a variable parameter.It is
pulse sequence with a repetition period of N = (2' - 1) bits clearly seen thatthe measured results agree well with the
is generated by the 15stage feedback shift register (FSR) and machine-computed ones shown in Fig. 2. Moreover, GMSK
is used as a test pattern signal. After passing through a pre- with BbT = 0.25 is shown t o satisfy the severe requirements
1048 IEEE TRANSACTIONS
COMMUNICATIONS.
ON VOL. COM-29, NO. 7 , JULY 1981
BbT = 0. 5
B b T = 0. 2 5
B T = 0.5
b
4 14 6 128 10 16
E b / N O( d B )
BbT = 0 . 2 5
BbT = 0 . 2
I
I 1
0 0.5 1 .o 1.5 2.0
PREDETECTIONBPFBANDWIDTH : BiT
PI
w ACKNOWLEDGMENT
m
1 2 Hz The authors wish to thank Dr. K. Miyauchi, S. Ito, K. Izumi,
-c
...............& ....n:..........- and Dr. S. Seki fortheir helpfulguidance.They also are
grateful to Dr. M. Ishizuka and H. Suzukifortheirfruitful
discussions.
4 Hz REFERENCES
L,....
0. . -
Bettinger.
“Digital
speech
transmission for mobile radio
service,’’ Elec. Commun.. vol. 47. pp. 224-230. 1972.
,: J. S . Bitler and C. 0. Stevens, “A UHF mobile telephone system
t. \
using digital modulation: Preliminary study,” IEEE Trans. Vehic.
\ i Technol.. vol.VT-22, pp. 78-81. Aug. 1973.
\ i
\ j N. S . Jayant.R.W.Schafer.andM.R.Karim,“Step-size-
i transmittingdifferentialcodersformobiletelephony,” in Proc.
0 10 20 30 40
60 50 70 IEEE Int. Conf. Commun., June 1975, pp. 3016-30110.
D. L. Duttweiler and D. G . Messerschmitt, “Nearly instantaneous
AVERAGE Eb/NO (dB)
compandingandtimediversityasappliedtomobileradiotrans-
Fig. 15. Dynamic BER performance. mission,” in P r o c . IEEE Int.Conf.Commun.. June 1975,pp.
401 121101 15.
J . C. Feggeler, “A study of digitized speech in mobile telephony,”
presentedattheSymp. on Microwave Mobile Commun., session
model is assumed, dynamic BER performance isgiven by V-3, Boulder, CO, Sept.-Oct. 1976.
H. M.Sachs.“Digitalvoiceconsiderationsforthelandmobile
rm
radio services.’’ in P r o c . IEEE 27th Vehic. Technol. Conf., Mar.
1977. pp. 207-219.
K.HiradeandM.Ishizuka,“Feasibilityofdigitalvoicetrans-
mission in mobileradiocommunications,” PaperTech.Group.
IECE Japan. vol. CS78-2, Apr. 1978.
where I’ is the average Eb/NO and p ( y ) is theprobability F. G. Jenks, P. D. Morgan, and C . S . Warren, “Use of four-level
density function (pdf) of y given by phasemodulation for digitalmobileradio,” IEEE Trans.Elec-
rromagn. Compar., vol. EMC-14, pp. 113-128, Nov.1972.
P. K. Kwan. “The effects of filtering and limiting a double-binary
PSKsignal,” IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Svst., vol.AES-5.
pp. 589-594,July1969.
S . A.Rhodes,“Effectsofhardlimitingonbandlimitedtrans-
mission with conventional and offset QPSK modulation,” in Proc.
Substituting ( 5 ) and (8) into (7) yields IEEE Nat. Telecommun. Conf., 1972, pp. 20F/I-20F/7.
H. C . van den Elzen and P. van der Wurf, “A simple method of
calculating the characteristics ofFSK signals with modulation index
0.5,” IEEETrans.Commun., vol.COM-20,pp. 139-147, Apr.
1972.
R . deBuda.“Coherentdemodulationoffrequencyshiftkeying
with low deviation ratio.” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. COM-20,
where a is the constant parametergiven by (6). pp. 46-70, June 1972.
However, the dynamicBER performance in thefast Rayleigh H. Miyakawa e ta l . , “Digitalphasemodulationschemeusing
continuous-phase waveform.” Trans. IECE Japan, vol. 58-A, pp.
fading environment, where thetemporal variation effect of 767-774.Dec.1975.
the fading cannot be neglected, has not yet been theoretically F. de Jager and C. B. Dekker.“Tamedfrequencymodulation,a
estimated because thetrackingperformance of the carrier novelmethodtoachievespectrumeconomy in digitaltransmis-
recoverycircuit in such environmentcannot be analyzed. sion.” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol.COM-20.pp. 534-542. May
Fig. 15 shows the experimental test results of dynamic BER 1978.
R. L.DiddayandW. C. Lindsey.“Subcarriertrackingmethods
performance of the CMSK with BbT = 0.25 in the simulated andcommunication systemdesign,” IEEE Trans. Commun.
fast Rayleigh fading environment where the maximum Doppler Technol.. vol.COM-16.pp.541-550,Aug.1968.
frequency, i.e., thefadingrate f D , is a variable parameter. K.Hirade etal. “Fadingsimulatorforlandmobileradiocom-
For comparison, theoreticallyestimateddynamic BER per- munications,” Trans. IECE Japan, vol. 58-8. pp. 449-459. Sept.
1975.
formance in the quasi-stationary slow Rayleigh fading environ-