THE WORKS

OF

HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT.

VOLUME VIII.

HISTORY OF CENTRAL AMERICA.

VOL. III. 1801-1887.

SAN FRANCISCO:
THE HISTORY COMPANY, PUBLISHERS.
1887.
Entered according to Act of Congress in the Year 1887, by
HUBERT H. BANCRGI T,
In the Office of the Libraria of Congress, at Washington.

All Rights Reserved.

 CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME.

CHAPTER I.

LAST DAYS OF SPANISH RULE.

1801-1818.
PAGE
Popular Feeling in Central America Effect of Events in Spain Recog
nition of American Equality Representation in the Spanish Cortes
Delusive Reforms End of Saravia s Rule President Jose Busta-
mante His Despotic Course Demands in the Cortes Constitu
tional Guarantees Official Hostilit^r Campaign in Oajaca Revolu
tionary Movements in Salvador War in Nicaragua Conspiracy in
Guatemala Treatment of the Insurgents Disrespect to the Diputa-
cion The Constitution Revoked Royal Decrees 1

CHAPTER II.
INDEPENDENCE ACHIEVED.
1818-1821.
President Carlos Urrutia His Liberal Views Colombian Assaults
Spanish Constitution Restored The Gazistas, or Bacos The Cacos
1

Jose del Yalle Pedro Molina Liberal Institutions Extent of

the Political Government Ecclesiastical Administration Work of
American Deputies Party Excitement in Guatemala Urrutia Dele
gates his Powers Substitute President Gavino Gainza Chiapas and
Her Government She Secedes from Spain and Joins the Mexican
Empire Guatemala Declares for Independence Junta Gubernativa
Convocation of a Congress 2o

CHAPTER III.
UNION WITH M E X I C O.
1821-1822.
First Acts of Guatemalan Rulers Intrigues of Parties Their Evil Con
sequences Gainza s Intrigues Independence in the Other Prov
inces Rewards to Gainza Troubles in Salvador Dissensions in
Honduras Local Squabbles in Nicaragua Predilection for Imperial
ism- Costa Rica Neutral Condition of Various Sections Seceding
Districts of Guatemala Perplexities of the Junta Consultiva Itur-
bi le s Devices Military Pressure His Proposals Accepted Illegal
Annexation Protests and Resistance War Begins 42
(v)
vi CONTENTS.

CHAPTER IV.
CENTRAL AMERICAN CONFEDERATION.
1822-1825.
PAGE
Secession from Mexico Arzu s Campaign Prevarication of .Salvador
Filisola s Victory His Subsequent Course Liberal Triumph in
Costa Rica Honduras Favors Union National Independence Se
cured Labors to Organize a Nation The Constituent Assembly
Provincias Unidas del Centre de America Abolition of African
Slavery ProvisionalGovernment Moderados or Serviles Libe-
rales or Fiebres Aims of Parties Mexican Forces
Principles and
Retire- Seditions Begin Salvadoran Force in Guatemala Confed-
eracion de Centre America Fundamental Law- Finances Adjourn
ment of the Constituent Assembly tJO

CHAPTER V.
CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT.
1825-1830.

General Elections Meeting of the First Congress Manuel Arce,

Jose"

First President of the Republic Foreign Relations Arce s Pre

varications Conflict with Guatemala Party Bickerings Liberals
Quarrel with Arce He Joins their Opponents Bitterness Engen
dered President versus Guatemalan Rulers Arrest of Jefe Juan
Barrundia Riots at Quezaltenango Murder of Vice-jefe Cirilo
Flores Arce as Dictator in Guatemala War against Salvador Arce
Defeated He Gives up the Presidency, and Cannot Recover It
Bloody War of 1S2G-9 Morazan the Victor- Jose Francisco Bar-
rundia, Acting President Liberal Measures Peace Restored
Spanish Schemes
(
7 .)

CHAPTER VI.
C I V I L WAR .

1820-1838.
Revolution in Honduras Conservatives Invade the State Second Gen
eral Elections Francisco Morazan Chosen President Plots of the
Serviles Arce s Invasion from Mexico Occupation of Honduras
Ports by Exiled Rebels Spanish Flag Hoisted in Omoa, and Aid
from Cuba Salvadoran Authorities in Rebellion Third General
Elections Morazan Reflected Failure of Colonization Plans Rav
ages of Cholera Indian Revolt under Carrera His Early Life 108

CHAPTER VII.
DISSOLUTION OF THE REPUBLIC.
1837-1840.

Campaign against Carrera Several Departments of Guatemala in Re

bellion Jefe Galvez Deposed Carrera Takes Guatemala Murder
 CONTENTS. vii

PAGK
of Salazar Carrera Accepts Money to Leave the City Dictatorship
Offered Morazan by the Aristocrats and Refused Carrera s Second
Rebellion The Republic in Peril Morazan s Efforts to Save It
Nicaragua and Honduras Forces Invade Salvador Morazan Defeats
Them His Retreat to San Salvador He Embarks Is Refused
Hospitality in Costa Rica Goes to South America The Republic is

Dead Salvador at the Mercy of Carrera 1 27

CHAPTER VIII.
GUATEMALA AND HONDURAS.
1824-1840.
State Government of Guatemala Barrundia s Radicalism His Over
throw Vice-jefe Flores Assassinated in Quezaltenango Downfall of
the Liberals in Guatemala Aristocratic Leaders Exiled Jefe Mo
lina His Differences, Impeachment, and Acquittals Rivera Ca-
beza s Reforms Earthquakes Galvez Rule and its Benefits Party
Opposition to Him Indian Outbreaks Carrera Captures Guatemala
Galvez Resigns Subsequent Rule of the Aristocrats Guatemala
again Independent Honduras State Government Jefe Dionisio
Herrera Early Dissensions Comayagua Assaulted by Rebels
Morazan in the Field Honduras Secedes from the Central American
Confederation Federalism Rooted out of her Territory 145

CHAPTER IX.
SALVADOR, NICARAGUA, AND COSTA RICA.
1824-1840.
Salvador State Government Liberals OverthrownSecession from the
Union San Salvador as the Federal Seat of Government Guate
mala Imposes her Will Jefe Cafias and Comandante Malespin Nic
aragua s Early Troubles Siege and Bombardment of Leon Organ
ization of State Government Dissensions and Warfare Eruption of
Cosigiiina Secession from the Confederation Costa Rica as a Con
federated State Juan Mora s Administration Towns Bickerings
Settled Braulio Carrillo s Rule Final Secession from the Central
American Republic Prosperity of the State 1 65

CHAPTER X.
DISSOLUTION OF THE UNION.
1839-1852.
Interstate Dissensions Pacto de Chinandega Confederacion Centro
Americana Supremo Delegado Chamorro Hostility of Guatemala
and British Officials Arce Invades Salvador War of the Confeder
acy against Guatemala Helplessness of Chamorro End of the
Pacto de Chinandega Condition of the States Ferrera s Bad Faith
viii CONTENTS.

PAGE
Salvador and Honduras against Nicaragua Horrors of Leon
Vice-president Joaquin E. Guzman Honduras and Salvador at War
v
Guardiola s Vandalism- Malespin Overthrown Renewed Efforts
to Confederate Guatemala an Independent Republic Costa Rica
Follows Salvador, Nicaragua, and Honduras a Confederacy Its
Short Life Further Unsuccessful Attempts 186

CHAPTER XL
REPUBLIC OF COSTA RICA.
1841-1856.

Rule of Carrillo Continued its Overthrow

Plots for Invasion of Mora-
zan Change of Government Morazan s Policy Opposition Re
volts Morazan s Defeat and Death Satisfaction of the Oligarchs
Measures of the Victors New Constitution Subsequent Amend
ments Sedition Castro s Administration Costa Rica Declared a
Republic Recognition by Spain Relations with Other Powers
Boundary Questions with Nicaragua and Colombia President Juan
Rafael Mora His Repressive Measures 215

CHAPTER XII.
REPUBLIC OF NICARAGUA.
1838-1855.
State Government Director Buitrago s Conservatism British Aggres
sion Director Sandoval s Rule Internal Troubles Guerrero s Ad
ministration The Mosquito Kingdom Its Origin and History
Bubbles British Pretensions Seizure of San Juan del Norte Dip
lomatic Complications Clayton-Bui wer Treaty Nicaragua Recovers
her Own Relations with Foreign Powers An American War Ship
Bombards San Juan del Norte Pineda s Government Establish
ment of the Republic Party Dissensions Legitimists versus Demo
crats Chamorro and Castellon Civil War Death of Chamorro
Estrada Succeeds Him 238

CHAPTER XIII.
REPUBLIC OF GUATEMALA.
1840-1865.
President Rivera Paz Carrera s Course Pretended Sedition Dissolu
tion of theAssembly A Consejo Constituyente Created Carrera
Becomes President Attempt against his Life Revolt of Monter-
rosa Carrera s Despotism The Republic Established Relations
with Other Powers Revolution of the Mountain Constituent As
sembly Convened Carrera s Forced Resignation and Exile Liberals
Triumphant Their Squabbles and Disintegration The Moderado
Party Revolution of Los Altos Intrigues of the Serviles Presi-
 CONTENTS. ix

PAGE
dencies of Martinez and Escobar Causes of their Resignations
Paredes Recall of Carrera Deeds of Vengeance Carrera again
President Partial Restoration of Peace 264

CHAPTER XIV.
REPUBLIC OF SALVADOR.
1839-1865.

Malespin s Acts Lindo s Coup d Etat and Deposal Jefe Guzman

Revolt at Santa Ana President Aguilar The Bishop Expelled
Viteri s Alliance with Malespin and Honduran Oligarchs President
Vasconcelos British Hostilities Salvador s Relations with Foreign
Powers San Martin s Administration Destruction of San Salvador
President Campaign against Walker in Nicaragua Estab
Campo
lishment of the Republic Santin s Overthrow Presidency of Ge-
rardo Barrios War of Salvador and Honduras against Guatemala
and Nicaragua The Latter Victorious Barrios Flight Restoration
of Peace Duefias as President Barrios Subsequent Return His
Capture and Surrender by Nicaragua His Execution in San Salva
dor. . . 285

CHAPTER XV.
REPUBLIC OF HONDURAS.
1840-1865.
President Ferrera Revolutionary Movements Political Executions
Presidency of Juan Lindo New Constitution Lindo Overthrown
Belize Honduras Troubles with Great Britain British Occupation
of Tiger Island Bombardment of Omoa Bay Islands President
Cabanas War with Guatemala Pro
Guardiola s Assassination
visional Rules of Castellanosand Montes Alliance with Barrios
Unsuccessful War with Guatemala and Nicaragua Montes Deposed
Establishment of the Republic Jose M. Medina Chosen President
Amendment of the Constitution 309

CHAPTER XVI.
WALKER S CAMPAIGN IN NICARAGUA.
1855-1856.

Kinney s Expedition William Walker Joins the Democrats Failure of

his Expedition to Rivas Cholera Decimates the Legitimists at Ma
nagua Death of Munoz AValker s Victories at La Virgen and Gra
nada Execution of Minister Mayorga Walker s Convention with
Corral Provisional Government Organized President Patricio
Rivas Commander Walker Minister of War Corral
of the Forces,
Put to Death for Treason Recognition by Salvador and Honduras
Seizure of the Transit Company s Steamers Costa Ricans on the
War-path Havoc of Cholera 327
x CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XVII.
END OF FILIBUSTERING IN CENTRAL AMERICA.
1856-1867.
PAGB
Recognition of President Rivas by the United States Walker s Hostile
Attitude Flight of Rivas Walker Makes Himself President Alli
ance against Him Death of Estrada The Legitimists Accept Rivas
Costa Ricans and Nicaragnans in Rivas Destruction of Granada
It is Occupied by Allied Forces Walker Reoccupies Rivas Where
He is Besieged Successes of the Costa Ricans Failure of Lock-
ridges Expedition Surrender of Walker War of Nicaragua and
Costa Rica Commodore Paulding and Walker s Second Attempt
Walker s Invasion of Honduras, Capture, and Execution-^Govern-
ment Reorganized President Martinez Administrations 347

CHAPTER XVIII.
POLITICAL EVENTS IN COSTA RICA.
1856-1886.

Rewards to Walker Conquerors Reelection of Mora His Downfall and

s

Exile His Return, Capture, and Execution Montealegre s Admin

istration Violence of Parties Compromise on Jesus Jimenez His
Peaceful Rule President Jose M. Castro Charges against Him
His Overthrow Several New Constitutions Jimenez again Presi
dent His Arbitrary Acts How He was Deposed President Car-
ranza Other Temporary Rulers President Guardia s Despotism
Failure of his Warlike Plans His Death Administration of Pros-

pero Fernandez Preparations to Defend Independence His Sudden

Death Bernardo Soto s Peaceful Rule

CHAPTER XIX.
DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS IN SALVADOR.
1865-1885.

Rule Duenas His Conservatism Quarrel with Honduras

of President
The Latter Allied with Salvadoran Liberals Battle of Santa Ana-
Duenas Deposed His Impeachment, Release, and Temporary Exile
Santiago Gonzalez Provisional President Gonzalez Elected Chief
Magistrate Guatemala and Salvador at War with Honduras- -

Murder Mendez Earthquakes President Valle

of Vice-president
Trouble with Guatemala Exeunt Valle and Gonzalez Zaldivar .s

Long Rule Constitutional Changes Alliance with Nicaragua and

Costa Rica Resistance to Barrios Plan of Conquest Salvador Vic
torious Restored Peace Zaldivar Eliminated Revolution F.
M enemies Made President. . . . ."!):>
 CONTENTS. xi

CHAPTER XX.
DEMOCRACY RESTORED IN GUATEMALA,
18G5-1873.
PAGE
1 resident Cerna s Rule Partial Revolts Liberals in the Assembly
Cerna s Reelection Riots in the Capital Zavala s Course Crux
Rebellion, Defeat, and Death Arrests of Liberals Moderation of
the Government Revolution of Garcia Granados and Barrios
Plan of Patzicia Cerna Defeated and Overthrown Granados as
Presidente Provisorio Seditious Movements Quelled Abolition of
Priestly Privileges Prelates, Jesuits, and Capuchins Expelled
War with Honduras Barrios as Substitute President His Sever
ity Elections Barrios Chosen Constitutional President 41. ?

CHAPTER XXI.
RENEWED EFFORTS FOR CENTRAL AMERICAN UNITY.
1873-1885.
President Barrios of Guatemala End of Reactionary War Guatemalan
Progress War with Salvador and Honduras Barrios Successes
and Generosity to the Vanquished Constitutional Regime in Guate
mala Barrios Reflections His Visit to the United States Peace
ful Effort to Unite Central America Resort to Arms Alliance of
Guatemala and Honduras Barrios Attacks Salvador His Defeat
and Death- -His Plan Abandoned M. L. Barillas, Provisional Presi
dent of Guatemala Restoration of Peace 43 1

CHAPTER XXII.
HONDURAS AFFAIRS.
1865-1886.
National Flag and Escutcheon Order of Santa Rosa Medina s Long
Rule His Differences with Duenas, and Triumph War with Salva
dor and Guatemala Medina Defeated and Overthrown Celeo Arias
Succeeds Him His Liberal Policy He is Beset by the Conserva
tives His Former Supporters Depose Him Ponciano Leiva Becomes
President His Course Displeases Barrios, Who Sets Medina against
Him He is Forced to Resign Marco Aurelio Soto Made President
by Barrios Attempted Revolt of Ex-president Medina His Trial
and Execution Soto s Administration- He Goes Abroad His Quar
rel with Barrios, and Resignation President Bogran Filibustering
Schemes 453

CHAPTER XXIII.
POLITICAL AFFAIRS IN NICARAGUA.
1867-1885.
President Fernando Guzman Insurrection Misconduct of Priests
Defeats of the Insurgents- Foreign Mediation Generosity of the
 CONTENTS.

PAGE
Government President Vicente Quadra Inception of the Jesuits
Aims of Parties Internal and Foreign Complications Costa Rica s

Hostility and Tinoco s Invasion Presidents Chamorro and Zavala

More Political Troubles Jesuits the Promoters Their Expulsion
Peace Restored Progress of the Country President Adan Car
denas Resistance to President Barrios Plan of Forced Reconstruc
tion.. . . 470

CHAPTER XXIV.
INDEPENDENCE OF THE ISTHMUS.
1801-1822.

Administration under Spain Influence of Events in Europe and Spanish

America on the Isthmus Hostilities in. Nueva Granada Constitu
tional Government General Hore s Measures to Hold the Isthmus
for Spain MacGregor s Insurgent Expedition at Portobello Re-
establishment of the Constitution Captain-general Murgeon s Rule
The Isthmus is Declared Independent Its Incorporation with
Colombia Jose Fabrega in Temporary Command Jose Maria Car-
reno Appointed Intendente and Comandante General Abolition of
African Slavery 488

CHAPTER XXV.
DIVERS PHASES OF SELF-GOVERNMENT.
1819-1863.

Panama Congress Provincial Organizations Alzuru s Rebellion and

Execution Secession from Colombia and Reincorporation Differ
ences with Foreign Governments Crime Rampant Summary
Treatment of Criminals Riots and Massacre of Foreign Passengers
Attempts to Rob Treasure Trains Neutrality Treaties Estab
lishment of Federal System Panama as a State Revolutionary Era
Begins A Succession of Governors Seditious Character of the
Negro Population Revolution against Governor Guardia and his
Death Another Political Organization Estado Soberano de Pana
ma Liberal Party in Full Control Stringent Measures 510

CHAPTER XXVI.
FURTHER WARS AND REVOLUTIONS.
1863-1885.
Presidents Goitia, Santa Coloma, and Calancha Undue Interference of
Federal Officials Colunje s Administration President Olarte s En
ergy Enmity of the Arrabal s Negroes Short and Disturbed Rules
of Diaz and Ponce President Correoso Negro Element in the
Ascendent Conservatives Rebel, and are Discomfited Armed Peace
 CONTENTS. xiii

PAGE
for a Time Feverish Rules of Neira, Mird, Aizpuru, Correoso, and
Casorla Cervera s Long Tenure Temporary Rule of Vives Leon
President Santodomingo Vila Obtains Leave of Absence
Is Suc
ceeded by Pablo Arosemena Aizpuru s Revolution Arosemena
Flees and Resigns Outrages at Colon American Forces Protect
Panama Collapse of the Revolution Aizpuru and Correoso Im
prisoned Chief Causes of Disturbances on the Isthmus 532

CHAPTER XXVII.
CENTRAL AMERICAN INSTITUTIONS.
1886.

Extent of the Country Climate Mountains and Volcanoes Earth

quakes Rivers and Lakes Costa Rica s Area, Possessions, and
Political Division and Government Her Chief Cities Nicaragua,
her Territory, Towns, and Municipal Administration- -Honduras
Extent, Islands, Cities, and Local Government Salvador, her Posi
tion, Area, Towns, and Civil Rule Guatemala s Extent and Posses
sions Her Cities and Towns Internal Administration Isthmus of
Panama -Area, Bays, Rivers, and Islands Department and District
Rule The Capital and Other Towns Population Character and
Customs Education Epidemics and Other Calamities 560

CHAPTER XXVIII.
THE PEOPLE OF COSTA RICA, NICARAGUA, AND SALVADOR.
1800-1887.
Central American Population Its Divisions General Characteristics and
Occupations Land Grants Efforts at Colonization Failure of For
eign Schemes Rejection of American Negroes Character of the
Costa Rican People Dwellings Dress Food Amusements Nica-
raguan Men and Women Their Domestic Life How They Amuse
Themselves People of Salvador Their Character and Mode of
Living 587

CHAPTER XXIX.
THE PEOPLE OF HONDURAS AND GUATEMALA.
1800-1887.

Amalgamation in Honduras War of Races Xicaques and Payas

Possible
Zambos or Mosquitos Pure and Black Caribs Distinguishing
Traits Ladinos Their Mode of Life Guatemala and her People
Different Classes Their Vocations Improved Condition of the
Lower Classes Mestizos Pure Indians Lacandones White and
Upper Class Manners and Customs Prevailing Diseases Epi
demics Provision for the Indigent 608
xiv CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XXX.
INTELLECTUAL ADVANCEMENT.
1800-1887.
PAGE
Public Education Early Efforts at Development Costa Rica s Measures
Small Success Education in Nicaragua Schools and Colleges
Nicaraguan Writers Progress in Salvador and Honduras Brilliant
Results in Guatemala Polytechnic School Schools of Science, Arts,
and Trades Institute for the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind University
Public Writers Absence of Public Libraries Church History in
Central America and Panama Creation of Dioceses of Salvador and
Costa Rica Immorality of Priests Their Struggles for Supremacy
Efforts to Break their Power Banishments of Prelates Expulsion
of Jesuits Suppression of Monastic Orders Separation of Church
and State Religious Freedom 021

CHAPTER XXXI.
JUDICIAL AND MILITARY.
1887.

Judicial System of Guatemala Jury Trials in the Several States Courts

of Honduras Absence of Codes in the Republic Dilatory Justice
Impunity of Crime in Honduras and Nicaragua Salvador s Judiciary
Dilatory Procedure Codification of Laws in Nicaragua Costa
Rican Administration Improved Codes Panama Courts Good
Codes Punishments for Crime in the Six States Jails and Peniten
tiaries Military Service Available Force of Each State How
Organized Naval Expenditures Military Schools Improve
ments. . . . 038

CHAPTER XXXII.
INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS.
1800-1887.

Early Agriculture Protection of the Industry Great Progress Attained

Communal Lands Agricultural Wealth Decay of Cochineal
Development of Other Staples Indigo, Coffee, Sugar, Cacao, and
Tobacco Food and Other Products Precious Woods and Medicinal
Plants Live-stock Value of Annual Production in Each State
Natural Products of Panama Neglect of Agriculture Mineral
Wealth Yield of Precious Metals Mining in Honduras, Salvador,
and Nicaragua Deposits of Guatemala and Costa Rica Mints
Former Yield of Panama Mining Neglected on the Isthmus In-
cipiency of Manufactures Products for Domestic Use 650
 CONTENTS. xv

CHAPTER XXXIII.
COMMERCE AND FINANCE.
1801-1887.
PAGE
Early State of Trade Continued Stagnation after Independence Steam
on the Coasts Its Beneficial Effects Variety of Staples Ports of
Entry and Tariffs Imports and Exports Fairs Accessory Transit
Company Internal Navigation Highways Money Banking
Postal Service Panama Railway Traffic Local Trade of the Isth
mus Pearl Fishery Colonial Revenue in Finances of the Federa
tion Sources of Revenue of Each State Their Receipts and
Expenditures Foreign and Internal Debts 603

CHAPTER XXXIV.
INTEROCEANIC COMMUNICATION.
1801-1887.
Ancient Ideas on the North-west Passage From Peru to La Plata
Cape Horn Discovered Arctic Regions McClure s Successful
Voyage Crozier s Discovery Franklin s Attempts Finding by
Nordenskiold of the North-east Passage Projects to Unite the At
lantic and Pacific Oceans across the Isthmuses Plans about Tehuaii-

tepec Explorations for a Ship-canal Route in Nicaragua, Panama,

and Darien The Nicaragua Accessory Transit Company Construc
tion of the Panama Railway, and its Great Benefits Further Efforts
for a Organization of a French Company
Canal A
Ship-canal under
Construction across the Isthmus of Panama Difficulties and Expec
tations Central American Railroads and Telegraphs Submarine
Cables.. . 688