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自然エネルギー世界白書 2011 日本語版
自然エネルギー世界白書 2011 日本語版
自然エネルギー世界白書 2011 日本語版
2011
NPO ISEP
21 REN21
REN21
REN21
NGOREN21
REN21
Sultan Ahmed Al Jaber
ivind Johansen
Kadri Nassiep
Adnan Z. Amin
Mahama Kappiah
ECOW
AS
ECREE
E
Rajendra Pachauri
Corrado Clini
Robert Dixon
Michael Eckhart
Mohamed El-Ashry
Saliem Fakir
WWF
Deepak Gupta
Manfred Konukiewitz
Hans-Jorgen Koch
Wolfgang Palz
Mark Radka
Peter Rae
Emani Kumar
Steve Sawyer
Bindu Lohani
David Hales
Ibrahim Togola
/
Pradeep Monga
Didier Houssin
Paul Mubiru
Nebojsa Nakicenovic
Piotr Tulej
Veerle Vandeweerd
Arthouros Zervos
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Rana Adib
Jonathan Skeen
Evan Musolino Rana Adib
Lily Riahi21
Lisa Mastny
: Rana Adib (REN21 Secretariat);
Dunja Hoffmann (GIZ);
Rita Ramanauskaite(European Biogas Association)
: Eric Martinot (Institute for SustainableEnergy
Policies);
Monika Zimmermann (ICLEI WorldSecretariat);
Maryke Van Staden (ICLEI Europe)
: Frederick Morse(Morse Associates);
Kurt Klunder (Klunder Consulting)
: Miguel Mendonca;
Davis Jacobs (IFOK)
: John Lund (Oregon Institute of
Technology);
Ruggero Bertani (ENEL Green Power)
: Carlos Gasco (IEA); Eric Martinot
: Lori Bird (NREL)
: Lau Saili (International Hydropower
Association);
Munof von Rudloff (Canadian Hydropower Association)
: Jodie Roussell
: Virginia Sonntag-OBrien(REN21
Secretariat);
Angus McCrone (Bloomberg NewEnergy Finance)
: Sven Teske (Greenpeace International)
: Ada Marmion (IEA)
: Janet L. Sawin; Jonathan Skeen and
Evan Musolino (REN21 Secretariat)
: Douglas Barnes;
Simon Rolland (Alliance for Rural Electrification)
: Werner Weiss (AEE INTEC Arbeits
gemeinschaft Erneuerbare Energie)
: Denis Lenardic (pvresources.com);
Gatan Masson (European PV Industry Association)
: Birger Madsen (BTM Consult/Navigant);
Shi Pengfei (Chinese Wind Energy Association);
Andrew Kruse (Southwest Windpower)
2011
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0.7%
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76
R7. 2008/2009
(2008/2009) 1
(2009)
18%
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2.7%
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physical energy contentsubstitution/equivalent primary
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2030 2040 2050
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REN21 EurObserv'ER, The State of Renewable Energies in Europe,
10th EurObserv'ER Report2011
www.ren21.net Renewables Interactive Map
77
R7 .
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REN21
78
R8. 2009
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EU-27
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RPS
R11
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Observ'ER
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6
REN21
Observ'ER, Worldwide Electricity Production from Renewable Energy
Sources: Stats and Figures Series. Twelfth Inventory Edition 2010
2010 www.ren21.net Renewables Interactive
Map
79
R8 .
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55%
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Bariloche Foundation
4
2010
REN21 Observ'ER, Worldwide Electricity Production from
Renewable Energy Sources: Stats and Figures Series, Twelfth Inventory Edition 2010 2010
www.ren21.net Renewables Interactive Map
1
80
R9
EU-27
EU272020
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2015100MW
2015170MW
20155.1MW
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20151200MW
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20121020MW
2020500MW
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2020800MW
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202014%
2007201278.7GW
2007201210.5GW
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2017150010.5GWth2022200014GWth
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20222000
2025255MW
20259500MW
2025810MW
2025870MW
2025500MW
81
R9
20131500MW
2020500MW
201623GW
202016%
20104.8GW202014GW530203053GW
2015600MW2020600MW
2015300MW2020300MW
3050MW
2012
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20151000MW
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550002000
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201220137%15MW
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950
75450030
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201220133MW
201220131MW
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2016200130TWh
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20305%
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203010.6GW200320134.5GW
2030188500
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20209548MW
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2020250MW
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82
R9
201220077.4%735GWh
201542MW
201250.035GWh
20131GWh3100MW500MW
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203043TWh
205014%
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2013100MW20151GW20192.5GW
202215.7GW
20121300MW
201610MW2020100MW
202038GW35GW3GW
202010GW
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201155MW201695MW2022500MW
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201115MW
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2017188MW
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REN21
www.ren21.net Renewables Interactive Map
83
R10FIT
1978
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1993
1994
1997
10
1998
11
1999
14
2000
14
2001
17
2002
23
2003
29
2004
34
2005
41
2006
46
2007
56
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69
2009
80
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84
2011
85
87
FIT
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1993
2008
IEA Global Renewable Energy Policies and Measures 4
84
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//
1983
1994
1996
1997
1998
1999
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15
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18
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44
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2007B2.52015B20E10
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IEA Global Renewable Energy Policies and Measures
86
R13
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201520%2025
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87
R13
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2010100.07GWth
600100MW
20101000
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88
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89
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()
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OECD
95
1.POLICY LANDSCAPE
1
BP, Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2011.
2
Figure 1 shows shares of final energy consumption, which is different
than shares of primary energy consumption. For an explanation of the
differences, see Sidebar 1 on page 21 of REN21, Renewables 2007
Global Status Report (Paris: 2007). Figure 1 is based on the following
data for 2009: (a) global final energy consumption of 8,340 Mtoe
including traditional biomass, which is derived from the 8,428 Mtoe for
2008 from International Energy Agency (IEA), Key World Energy
Statistics 2010 (Paris: IEA/OECD, 2010), and then adjusted (downward)
for 2009 using the -1.1% growth rate in global primary energy for 2009
found in BP, Statistical Review of World Energy 2010 (London: June
2010); (b) traditional biomass final consumption of 800 Mtoe, which is
based on the 746 Mtoe (2008) in the residential sector of developing
countries per IEA, World Energy Outlook 2010 (Paris, 2010), p. 342,
which likely undercounts traditional biomass because much of this use
is in the informal or non-commerical sector, adjusted upward for final
consumption of charcoal in the informal sector as given in Chapter 8
of IPCC, Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate
Change Mitigation (2011); this 800 Mtoe of traditional biomass final
consumption is less than previously estimated in previous editions of
the Renewables Global Status Report from other sources;; (c)
hydropower of 3,272 TWh and 282 Mtoe for 2009 from BP, op. cit. this
note; (d) nuclear of 2,698 TWh and 233 Mtoe from BP, op. cit. this note;
(e) non-hydro renewables for 2009 from BP Statistical Review of World
Energy 2011 for non-hydro power generation (607 TWh) and for
biofuels (52 Mtoe); and from REN21 Renewables 2007 Global Status
Report figures using capacity increases and additional industry data.
Figures estimated for 2009 are: biomass power 190 TWh, wind power
370 TWh, geothermal power 70 TWh, solar and other power 40 TWh,
solar hot water 390 petajoules (PJ), geothermal heat 330 PJ, biomass
heat 4,600 PJ, ethanol 1,660 PJ, and biodiesel 460 PJ. So total non-hydro
renewable power generation for 2009 is calculated as 670 TWh (an
estimate which is slightly higher than the BP figure of 607 TWh, but
which makes no difference in terms of final shares), and total final
energy from non-hydro renewables is calculated as 236 Mtoe. All
traditional biomass supply is considered final energy consumption for
purposes of this analysis. For heat from modern biomass, there is
some ambiguity as to what constitutesfinal energy consumption.
Typically, it includes the heat content of steam and hot water
produced from central biomass boilers and heat-and-power plants, but
analyses can vary depending on how building-level heating boilers are
counted. Few global estimates exist for modern biomass heat
consumption, including district heating supply and direct industry use.
The IEA gives 4,000 PJ heat from modern bioenergy, per IEA,
Renewables for Heating and Cooling (Paris: IEA/OECD, 2007), and
Johansson and Turkemburg give 730 TWh(th), or 2,600 PJ final heat in
2001, per T. Johansson and W. Turkemburg,Policies for Renewable
Energy in the European Union and Its Member States: An Overview,
Energy for Sustainable Development, vol. 8, no. 1 (2004), pp. 524.
Figures from the IEA and other sources suggest that biomass for final
heat consumption in industry is substantial (although there are few
published studies on this topic), and therefore renewable heating/hot
water could be higher than shown in Figure 1. Further discussion of
the different methods for calculating share of energy from renewables
can be found in Eric Martinot et al.,Renewable Energy Futures:
Targets, Scenarios and Pathways,Annual Review of Environment
and Resources, vol. 32 (2007), pp. 20539.
3
Growth rates and Figure 2 based on the following sources: historical
PV data from Paul Maycoc k, PV News, various editions, and from
REN21, Renewables 2005 Global Status Report (Washington, DC:
Worldwatch Institute, 2005) current data from European Photovoltaic
Industry Association (EPIA), Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics
Until 2015 (Brussels: 2011); Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC),
Global Wind Report: Annual Market Update 2010 (Brussels: 2011);
BTM Consult A part of Navigant Consulting, World Market Update
2010 (Ringkbing, Denmark: March 2011); World Wind Energy
Association (WWEA), World Wind Energy Report 2010 (Bonn: April
2011); Ma Lingjuan, Chinese Renewable Energy Industries Association
(CREIA), Beijing, personal communications with REN21, May and June
2011; Indian Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Annual
Report 201011 (Delhi: 2011); Morse Associates, provided by Fred
Morse and Kurt Klunder, personal communications with REN21,
March, April, and May 2011; Ruggero Bertani, Enel Green Power,
S . p . A , p e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n w i t h R E N21, 21 A p r i l 2011;
International Journal on Hydropower and Dams (Wallington, Surrey,
U.K.: various editions); Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF),
Clean Energy - Analyst Reaction, Investment in Large-hydro - How
Large?Table 1, 12 January 2011; Lau Saili, International Hydropower
Association (IHA), London, personal communication with REN21,
96
12 Ibid.
13 Figure of 41% from European Wind Energy Association (EWEA),
Offshore and Eastern Europe New Growth Drivers for Wind Power
in Europe,www.ewea.org; and from EWEA, Wind in Power: 2010
European Statistics (Brussels: February 2011). This was the fifth
consecutive year in which renewable share of EU annual power
capacity additions exceeded 40%; wind accounted for nearly 17% of
new electric capacity and solar PV for 21.7%, from EWEA, Wind in
Power, op. cit. this note; PV accounted for 21% according to EPIA,
cited in Jackie Jones, Italy Overhauls its PV Incentives.
RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 19 May 2011.
14 EWEA,Offshore and Eastern Europe,op. cit. note 13; EWEA,
Wind in Power, op. cit. note 13.
15 Share of electricity generation in 2009 from Hans Bloem et al.,
Renewable Energy Snapshots 2010 (Ispra, Italy: European Commission,
DG Joint Research Centre, Institute for Energy, June 2010); 1999 and
2009 share of gross inland consumption fromRenewable Energy
Contribution to the EU27 Energy Supply Almost Doubled Over the
Last Decade,Newsletter EnergyMarketPrice.com, 12 April 2011.
16 Renewablesshare of total final energy consumption is up from 10.4%
in 2009. Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation
and Nuclear Safety (BMU)/ Arbeitsgruppe Erneuerbare EnergienStatistik (AGEE-Stat), Renewable Energy Sources 2010, provisional
data as of 23 March 2011,www.erneuerbare-energien.de/files/english/
pdf/application/ pdf/ee_in_zahlen_2010_en_bf.pdf.
17 Biomass (33%, including solid and liquid biomass, biogas, landfill and
sewage gas, biogenic share of waste), hydropower (19%), and PV (12%);
renewablesshare of electricity generation increased in 2010 despite a
decline in wind output relative to 2009, from 38.6 billion kWh (2009) to
37.5 billion kWh (2010); PV output was up 82% relative to 2009; all
from Ibid. Renewables accounted for 55.7 GW of capacity at the end of
2010: 4.8 GW hydro; 27.2 GW wind; 4.9 GW biomass; 1.5 GW biogenenic
share of waste; 17.3 PV GW; 7.5 MW geothermal. According to the
Bundesverband der Energie- und Wasserwirtschaft e.V., renewables
represented 32.9% of Germanys electric capacity in 2010. Data
provided by the office of Hans-Josef Fell, Berlin, personal
communication with REN21, June 2011.
18 Spains 2010 primary energy and electricity shares from Alfonso
Beltrn Garca-Echniz, Director General of Instituto para la
Diversificacion y Ahorro de la Energa (IDAE),Balance energtico
2010 y Perspectivas 2011: Energas Renovables y Eficiencia
Energtica,presentation in Madrid, 28 March 2011. Note that wind
provided 15.4% of Spains 2010 electricity and solar PV 2.5%, per Ibid;
2009 share of final energy from Eurostat,Share of Renewable in the
EU27 Energy Supply Almost Doubled between 1999 and 2009,press
release (Luxembourg: 11 April 2011); 2009 share of electricity from
ObservER, Worldwide Electricity Production from Renewable
Energy Sources: Stats and Figures Series, Twelfth Inventory - Edition
2010 (Paris: 2010), at www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/html/
inventaire/ Eng/sommaire.asp#chapitre3.
19 This was up from 3.5 GW of renewable capacity (not including large
hydropower) installed in April 2002, per MNRE, op. cit. note 3. Actual
additions in 2010 may have been greater; Indias wind capacity
additions provided in this report are higher than those in the MNRE
report.
20 Ibid. 142 MW of off-grid capacity (about half from non-bagasse biomass
CHP, and 23% from PV) were installed by 31 March 2011, per MNRE,
www.mnre.gov.in/achievements.htm.
21 MNRE, op. cit. note 3. Note that large hydro came to 37.4 GW and
other renewable energy grid-connected capacity came to 18.8 GW;
total power capacity was 172.3 GW.
22 Figure of 39 GW based on 37.6 GW from WWEA, op. cit. note 3; 38.3
GW from GWEC, CREIA and CWEA,China Adds 18.9 GW of New
Wind Power Capacity in 2010,press release (Beijing/ Brussels: 6
April 2011); 39.4 GW from BTM Consult A part of Navigant
Consulting, op. cit. note 3; 11.5 GW in 2005 from GWEC, op. cit. note 3.
Figure 5 based on sources in this note and on data from previous
editions of this report.
23 There are a range of estimates of added wind capacity and total
installations, based on when data are collected, what new capacity is
included (e.g., capacity once it begins feeding into the grid or once it is
officiallyoperational), and other possible factors and assumptions.
Data here are based on 196.6 GW from WWEA, op. cit. note 3, and
from GWEC, provided by Steve Sawyer, GWEC, Brussels, review
comment, May 2011; on 199.5 GW from BTM Consult A part of
Navigant Consulting, op. cit. note 3; and on national data from sources
provided elsewhere in this section.
24 Estimates of 52 and 83 from WWEA, op. cit. note 3.
25 Based on 59 GW at end of 2005, per GWEC, op. cit. note 3.
26 U.S. from GWEC,Global Wind Capacity Increases by 22% in 2010
Asia Leads Growth,press release (Brussels: 2 February 2011), and
from Jesse Gilbert and John Catillaz,SNL Energy Analysis: Wind
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
97
98
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
99
100
101
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
102
103
205 Utility was Pacific Gas & Electric Company, per Lacey, ibid.
206 Hawaii from Virginia Bueno,Navy Connects Buoy to Power Grid at
Hawaii Marine Corps Base,Navy.mil, 27 September 2010, and from
Lacey, op. cit. note 204;Ocean Power Technologies
Begins Wave Power Farm Development Off Oregon Coast,
HydroWorld.com, 22 February 2010;OPT Begins Ocean Trials of
Wave Energy Generator,Power Magazine, 9 May 2011.
207 RenewableUK, op. cit. note 199.
208 Langlee Wave Power AS and Turksih nmaksan have agreed to build
five wave power systems totaling 600 kW in Turkey. This will be a
test park that will be built over two years, and the plan is to build two
parks with a total capacity of 52 MW; seeLanglee Wave Power
Builds Wave Energy Plants in Turkey,RenewableEnergyFocus.com,
17 November 2010. Indonesia and Italy from IEA, op. cit. note 196. A
prototype of 120150 kW is being built to be placed in the Lomboc
Island, Indonesia; and a 100 kW prototype is likely to be installed by
the end of 2011 near Venice, Italy. A three-stage project in La Reunion
has a total of 15 MW planned, per www.carnegiecorp.com.au/index.
php?url=/projects/lareunionproject.
209 India to Build Asias First Commercial Tidal Power Plant,
RenewableEnergyFocus.com, 14 January 2011;State of Gujarat to
Install Asias First Commercial Scale Tidal Current Power Plant in
the Gulf of Kutch in India at Vibrant Gujarat 2011 Summit,www.
renewable-energy-sources.com.
210 IEA, op. cit. note 196.
211 Australia, France, Ireland, Portugal, and South Korea from IHS
Emerging Energy Research, cited inEnergy from the Ocean and
Tides Starting To Look Promising,RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 1
November 2010; South Korea also from Jennifer Kho,Renewables Hit
the Big Time,RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 25 May 2010; Canada and
United States from Wave and Tidal Energy Spending to Hit
US$1.2bn by 2015,RenewableEnergy Focus.com, 25 January 2011;
Japan, New Zealand, and Spain from IEA, op. cit. note 196.
212 Based on 278 million tons of oil equivalent (mtoe) from IEA, op. cit.
note 26, p. 52. Biomass heat data in Table R1 based on individual
country submissions to this report and on historical databases going
back to 2005 report edition as maintained by Eric Martinot.
213 EurObservER, Solid Biomass Barometer (Paris: December 2009), p. 9.
214 Based on 2009 data from EurObservER, Solid Biomass Barometer
(Paris: November 2010), and on EurObservER, Biogas Barometer
(Paris: November 2010).
215 Finland produces 1.2 toe per person, and is followed by Sweden,
Latvia, Estonia, and Austria; Germany ranks 14th. EurObservER,
Solid Biomass Barometer (Paris: November 2010).
216 Ibid, pp. 126, 127, 129; EurObservER, Biogas Barometer (Paris:
November 2010), p. 110.
217 B i o m a s s G e n e r a t e s 3 2 % o f A l l E n e r g y i n S w e d e n ,
RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 2 June 2010.
218 Ten percent of electricity from Danish Energy Agency, cited in Ron
Pernick et al., Clean Energy Trends 2010 (San Francisco/Portland:
Clean Edge, March 2010), p. 12. Regarding heat, 60% of Danish
consumers receive heat through district heating systems, which in
2007 obtained more than 41% of their heat from biomass (19.3% of this
was from waste, but the source does not specify the kind of waste).
Danish Energy Agency,Basic Facts on Heat Supply in Denmark,
www.ens.dk/en-US/supply/Heat/Basic_facts/Sider/Forside.aspx,
viewed 15 June 2011.
219 Deutsche Energie-Agentur (DENA), Biogas Partner,Biomethane
Feed-in Project,www.biogaspartner.de/index.php?id=10210&L=0&fs
=%2Ftrackback&L=1, viewed 14 May 2011; DENA, BiogasPartner,
Market Development in Europe,www.biogaspartner.de/index.
php?id=11872&L=1&fs=0%5C%27, viewed 14 May 2011.
220 Rita Ramanauskaite, Policy Adviser, European Biogas Association
(EBA), Brussels, personal communication with REN21, 26 April 2011.
221 Deutsche Energie-Agentur (DENA), Biogas Partner,Biomethane
Injection Projects in Germany,www.biogaspartner.de/index.php?id=1
0074&L=1&fs=%2Ftrackback, viewed 14 May 2011; DENA,Biogas
Partner,The German Market Development,www.biogaspartner.de/
index.php?id=11871&L=1&fs=0%5C%27,viewed 14 May 2011; DENA,
Biogas Partner,Biomethane Feed-in Project,www.biogaspartner.de/
index.php?id=10210&L=0&fs=%2Ftrackback&L=1, viewed 14 May
2011.
222 Anna Austin,Report: North American Wood Pellet Exports Double,
Biomass Magazine, 8 March 2011. Note that about 7.5 million tonnes
were consumed in Europe in 2008, up 25% since 2005, based on data
from EurObservER, Solid Biomass Barometer (Paris: December
2009), p. 9, and from REN21, op. cit. note 2. Another source says that
EU imports of wood pellets were up 42% in 2010, per Gerard Wynn,
Analysis: Wood Fuel Poised to Be Next Global Commodity,Reuters,
20 May 2011.
223 European Wood Pellet Markets: Current Status and Prospects for
2020, cited in Lisa Gibson, Report Analyzes European Pellet
104
capacity is so much lower than markets in 2008 (22 GWth) or 2009 (29
GWth); data will be adjusted in the next edition of this report.
235 Decline from Brbel Epp, Solrico,Can Europe Compete in the Global
Solar Thermal Market?RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 21 March 2011;
from Brbel Epp,Greece Mandates Solar for New and Refurbished
Buildings,SolarThermalWorld.org, 15 December 2010; and from
Isabella Kaminski,European Solar Heating and Cooling Market in
Decline,RenewableEnergyFocus.com, 10 June 2011. Greek and
Italian markets from Kaminski, idem; Spain added 0.24 GWth (348,000
m2) in 2010 for a total of 1.65 GWth (2.4 million m2), per Beltrn
Garca-Echniz, op. cit. note 18; Spains 2009 growth rate from IDAE,
La energa en Espaa, 2009,Spanish Ministry of Industry, Trade and
Tourism, 2010, www.mityc.gob.es/energia/balances/Balances/
LibrosEnergia/Energia_2009.pdf.
236 EurObservER, op. cit. note 146.
237 Brbel Epp,Germany: Steep Decline in Collector Sales in 2010,
SolarThermalWorld.org, 2 February 2011; Ole Langniss, Fichtner,
personal communication with REN21, May 2011;one- third based on
31% from EurObservER, op. cit. note 146. Note that EurObservER
puts the decline at nearly 28% relative to 2009, per idem.
238 Germany added about 0.8 GWth in 2010 (compared with about1.1
GWth in 2009) for an existing capacity of 9.8 GWth by years end,
according to BMU/AGEE-Stat, op. cit. note 16; German Solar Industry
Association (BSW-Solar),Fact Sheet 01/2011,www.bsw-solar.de.
Note that this is not consistent with the 2009 total of 8.4 GWth in
Table R5 from Weiss and Mauthner, op. cit. note 3.
239 Epp,Germany: Steep Decline in Collector Sales in 2010,op. cit. note
237.
240 EurObservER, op. cit. note 146.
241 Based on 0.56 GWth (800,000 m2) added in 2010 from Renata Grisoli,
CENBIO, communication with REN21, February 2011; and on 0.7
GWth added from Brbel Epp,Can Europe Compete in the Global
Solar Thermal Market?op. cit. note 235; Brazil had an estimated 3.6
GWth (5.2 million m2) in place by the end of 2009, per Grisoli, op. cit.
this note.
242 In the four states of So Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, and
Espirito Santo, all located in the southeast of the country, per DASOL,
the Solar Heating Department of the association ABRAVA in Brazil,
cited in Brbel Epp,Brazil: South-east Dominates Solar Thermal
Market,SolarThermalWorld.org, 3 August 2010.
243 Weiss and Mauthner, op. cit. note 3; Werner Weiss and Franz
Mauthner, Solar Heat Worldwide: Markets and Contribution to the
Energy Supply 2008, prepared for IEA Solar Heating and Cooling
Programme (Gleisdorf, Austria: May 2010).
244 MNRE, op. cit. note 91.
245 SEIA, op. cit. note 9. Note that data for Hawaii (and thus the state
rankings) are uncertain for 2010. This is because 2010 was the first
year that solar thermal systems were required on new homes; the
rebate, which provided the ability to track new systems, was thus
eliminated. Brbel Epp,Hawaii: Is the Strongest Solar Thermal
Market in the US in Trouble?SolarThermalWorld.org, 20 January
2011.
246 Number of systems added, capacity added, and market growth rate
from SEIA, op. cit. note 9; 2.3 GWth based on 2.1 GWth at the end of
2009 from SEIA, op. cit. note 114.
247 SEIA, op. cit. note 9.
248 Egypt from New and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA), Annual
Report 2010, Ministry of Electricity and Energy, Egypt, January, 2011,
cited in GSR country report from Maged K. Mahmoud, RCREEE;
South Africa from Brbel Epp,South Africa: Eskoms Incentive
Programme Shows a Steep Ramp Up,SolarThermalWorld.org, 8
February 2011; Ethiopia and Kenya from Mark Hankins, African Solar
Designs, Kenya, personal communication with REN21, May 2010;
Tunisia and Zimbabwe from Weiss and Mauthner, op. cit. note 243;
Namibia from Weiss and Mauthner, op. cit. note 3.
249 Egypt from NREA, op. cit. note 248; Morocco from Brbel Epp,
Morocco: The National Market Offers Huge, But Insufficiently
Exploited Potential,SolarThermalWorld.org , 23 March 2011.
250 Weiss and Mauthner, op. cit. note 3.
251 Ibid.
252 Ibid.
253 Ibid.
254 Ibid. Saudi Arabia also from Brbel Epp,Saudi Arabia: Largest Solar
Thermal Plant in the World with 36,305 m2,SolarThermalWorld.org,
2 July 2010.
255 Weiss and Mauthner, op. cit. note 3; 3,900 m2 from Brbel Epp,
Singapore: Austria Delivers and Finances Biggest Solar Cooling
Installation Worldwide,SolarThermalWorld.org, 31 August 2010.
256 H. Schweiger et al., POSHIP: Potential of Solar Heat in Industrial
Processes, www.solarpaces.org/library/docs/poship_final_report. pdf;
Stefan Hess et al..SO-PRO Solar Process Heat Generation: Guide to
Solar Thermal System Design for Selected Industrial Processes,
105
305
306
307
308
per F.O. Licht, op. cit. note 281, and 2.8 per IEA, op. cit. note 3.
Ranking from F.O. Licht, op. cit. note 281. Note that the IEA puts
France ahead of Brazil and Argentina.
Jim Lane,Annual Report on German Biodiesel Published,Biofuels
Digest, 5 November 2010;German Biodiesel Consumption Falls in
September,ArgusMedia.com, 15 December 2010; production increase
from BMU/AGEE-Stat, op. cit. note 16.
Brazil and Argentina from F.O. Licht, op. cit. note 281; Argentina and
amount exported also from INDEC, in El Crnista, provided by
Gonzalo Bravo, Bariloche Foundation, personal communication with
REN21, May 2011. Note that the IEA puts Brazil at 2.4 billion liters,
with an increase of 47% over 2009, per IEA, op. cit. note 3.
More than 40% based on data from F.O. Licht, op. cit. note 281; second
year fromU.S. Census Releases 2010 Biodiesel Production Estimates,
www.biodieselmagazine.com, 9 March 2011, and from IEA, op. cit. note
3.
F.O. Licht, op. cit. note 281.
3.INDUSTRY TRENDS
1
Following the new policies of 200910, the industry grew markedly
beyond traditional markets in the United States, the EU, and China to
new markets such as Sudan, Kenya, Ukraine, Argentina, and Saudi
Arabia.
2
Steve Sawyer, Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC), personal
communication with REN21, 19 April 2011.
3
Rikki Stancich, 2010 in Review: Peaks and Troughs for the
International Wind Energy Sector,WindEnergyUpdate.com, 6
December 2010.
4
Note that Suzlon Energy (IND) and Repower (GE) are listed as a
Suzlon Group for the first time in BTM Consults World Market
Update. Rankings and data in Figure 13 from BTM Consult A Part
of Navigant Consulting, World Market Update 2010 (Ringkbing,
Denmark: 2011), provided by Birger Madsen, BTM Consult, personal
communication with REN21, March and June 2011. Note that the total
quantity of capacity supplied exceeds 100% of the global market
because some capacity was in transit or under construction and not
yet commissioned at year-end. Data were adjusted for Figure 13 such
that the sum of shares supplied totals 100%.
5
Sinovel,SL5000,www.sinovel.com/en/procducts.aspx?ID=148,
viewed 19 April 2011.
6
Shi Pengfei, Chinese Wind Energy Association and GWEC, personal
communication with REN21, April 2011.
7
Repower Corporation,REpower: 295 MW Contract Signed for
Thornton Bank Offshore Wind Farm,press release (Hamburg/
Antwerp: 25 November 2010).
8
Vanya Drogomanovich, Can Wind Turn Ukraines Orange
Revolution Green? Bloomberg New Energy Finance Monthly
Briefing, October 2010, p. 12.
9
American Wind Energy Association (AWEA), Wind Energy Weekly, 8
April 2011.
10 Emerging Energy Research, North America Wind Plant Ownership
Rankings 2010: Trends and Review (Cambridge, MA: 31 March 2011).
11 Chris Red,Wind Turbine Blades: Getting Bigger and Bigger,
CompositesWorld.com, viewed 20 June 2011.
12 BTM Consult A Part of Navigant Consulting, Wind Market Update
2010, Executive Summary (Ringkbing, Denmark: March 2011).
13 Katie Kristensen, Catalog of Small Wind Turbines 2011 (Hrup Thy,
Denmark: Nordic Folkecenter for Renewable Energy, 2011).
14 AWEA, U.S. Wind Industry Annual Market Report 2010 (Washington,
DC: 2011).
15 Andrew Kruse, Southwest Windpower, personal communication with
REN21, May 2011.
16 RenewableUK, Small Wind Systems: UK Market Report (London: April
2010).
17 Richard Sikkema et al.,The European Wood Pellet Markets: Current
Status and Prospects for 2020, Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining,
May/June 2011, pp. 25078.
18 Rohan Boyle,Sector Round-up: Q4 2010 Development in Wind, Solar,
Biofuels and Biomass,Bloomberg New Energy Finance Monthly
Briefing, December 2010, p. 8.
19 Point Bio Energy,Point Bio Energy LLC, Signs 4,000,000 mt 10 Year
Contract,press release (New York: 13 July 2009).
20 EurObservER,Biogas Barometer,November 2010, pp. 105 19.
21 Ibid.
22 Ibid, p. 116.
23 Ron Pernick et al., Clean Energy Trends 2011 (San Francisco: Clean
Edge, March 2011), p. 3.
24 Globally, more than 300 firms manufacture cells.
25 PV News, Greentech Media, May 2011, p. 4.
26 PV News, Greentech Media, April 2011
27 Solarbuzz,Marketbuzzannual report, Solarbuzz.com, March 2011.
106
28 Ibid.
29 European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA), Global Market
Outlook for Photovoltaics Until 2015 (Brussels: 2011).
30 Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA), U.S. Solar Market Insight:
2010 Year in Review, Executive Summary (Washington, DC: 2010), p. 3.
U.S. firms include: First Solar, Suntech, Evergreen Solar, Global Solar,
United Solar Systems, Abound Solar, Ascent Solar, DayStar
Technologies, EPV Solar, Miasole, Nanosolar, Power Films, Signet
Solar, Solo Power Inc, Solyndra, Suniva, and Xunlight Corporation.
31 SEIA, op. cit. note 30, p. 11.
32 SolarWorld, SolarWorld Concludes Joint Venture with Qatar
Foundation,press release (Bonn, Germany and Doha, Qatar: 1 March
2010).
33 Suntech Corporation,Suntech Begins Manufacturing in the United
States,press release (Goodyear, AZ and San Francisco: 8 October
2010). Increased imports of Chinese modules resulted in the United
Steelworkers filing complaint to the U.S. Trade Representative in
September 2010 for reputedly illegal practices utilized by the Chinese
to develop their green sector. Chinese solar and wind manufacturers
received $27 billion in 2010 from the China Development Bank at
discounted interest rates, but Chinese manufacturers typically buy
manufacturing equipment from U.S. and European suppliers, with the
U.S. net exports of $723 million of solar energy products, led by $1.1
billion in polysilicon exports in 2009.
34 Solar Frontier Opens Largest Thin-film Plant in the World,
RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 28 April 2011.
35 Clean Energy in the GCC States Whats in the Pipeline?
Bloomberg New Energy Finance Monthly Briefing, December 2010, p.
15.
36 First Solar PV Company in India to Achieve 100 MW of Installations
Globally Under Its Own Brand,SolarThermalMagazine.com, viewed
23 March 2011.
37 Sidebar 3 based on the following sources: U.S. Department of Energy,
Critical Materials Strategy (Washington, DC: December 2010);
Knowledge @ Wharton,Finance and Investment: Chinas Rare
Earth Dominance: Another Global Resource Scramble in the Making?
5 April 2011, at http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/arabic/article.
cfm?articleid=2646&language_id=1; Rare Earth Industry and
Technology Association Web site, www.reitausa.org; Clean Edge,
Clean Energy Trends 2011 (San Francisco: March 2011);China Caps
Emissions for Rare Earth Miners, Agence France Presse, 28
February 2011; China Cuts Rare Earth Export Quotas, U.S.
Concerned,Reuters, 29 December 2010; EPIA and PV Cycle,More
than 200 International Experts Pave the Way for Photovoltaic Module
Recycling,press release (Berlin: 26 January 2010); Silicon Valley
Toxics Coalition, Solar Scorecard 2010 (San Jose: 2010); PV Cycle,
Summary Activities Report PV Cycle for 2010,at www.pvcycle.org.
38 L u i s C r e s p o , A s o c i a c i n P r o t e r m o s o l a r , M a d r i d , p e r s o n a l
communication with REN21, June 2011.
39 Ibid.
40 Ibid.
41 Asociacin Protermosolar Web site, www.protermosolar.com, viewed
26 March 2011.
42 Fred Morse, Morse Associates Inc., personal communication with
REN21, FebruaryJune 2011.
43 Abhishek Shah,List of Top Solar Thermal/Concentrated Solar
Power(CSP) Companies,www.greenworldinvestor.com, 1 March 2011.
44 Pike Research, Geothermal Power - Renewable Energy Generation
from Conventional, Enhanced Geothermal Systems, and Co-Produced
Resources: Market Analysis and Forecasts (Boulder, CO: 2011), p. 83.
45 Stephan Nielsen,Small Hydro in Brazil: Struggling to Compete with
Cheaper Wind Power,Bloomberg New Energy Finance Monthly
Briefing, August 2010, p. 11.
46 Mike Scott, Small Hydro in Europe: Hobbled by Regulation,
Bloomberg New Energy Finance Monthly Briefing, September 2010,
p. 13.
47 Government of India, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy,Small
Hydro Power Programme, www.mnre.gov.in/progsmallhydro.htm, and
List of Equipment Manufacturers of Small Hydro Turbines,www.
mnre.gov.in/manufacurers-sht.htm, both viewed 5 April 2011.
48 International Hydropower Association (IHA), with contributions from
the Hydro Equipment Association (HEA), communications with
REN21, FebruaryMarch 2011.
49 International Energy Agency (IEA), Ocean Energy Systems,Ocean
Energy: Opportunity, Present Status and Challenges,www.iea.oceans.
org, viewed 23 March 2011.
50 The Washington, D.C.-based Ocean Renewable Energy Coalition
counted 58 industry firms as members in 2010, per OREC Web site,
www.oceanrenewable.com, viewed 26 March 2011.
51 Energy from the Ocean and Tides Starts to Look Promising,
HydroWorld.com, 3 March 2010.
52 IEA, op. cit. note 49.
107
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
108
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
109
support policies for wave and tidal projects; see RenewableUK, Wave
and Tidal Energy in the UK State of Industry Report (London:
March 2011). (Note: RenewableUK was known previously as the
British Wind Energy Association.)
Bulgarias New Renewable Energy Act Cools Down Investors
Hopes,www.novinte.com, 21 April 2011. Geothermal and biomass
received 20 year contracts and wind 12 years.
Solar Credits Scheme Reduced,ecogeneration.com, 5 May 2011.
New Renewable Energy Hotspots Occur as Incentive Roll Backs
Continue,Bloomberg New Energy Finance Newsletter, 17 May 2011.
Ibid.
Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Expands Solar Feed In Tariff
Program,EnergyMatters.com, 14 September 2010.
Malaysian Renewable Energy Bill 2010 was adopted on 9 April 2011
and was to be enacted in May 2011 along with the creation of the
Sustainable Energy Development Authority. See Renewable Energy
Bill 2010, at www.parlimen.gov.my/files/billindex/pdf/2010/
DR472010E.pdf.
P. Gipe, Ecuador Adopts Feed-in Tariff, 6 May 2011, www.
windworks.org/FeedLaws/Ecuador/EcuadorAdoptsFeed-inTariffs.
html. The FIT also applies for the Galpagos Islands, and applies to
several technologies and differentiates biogas and hydro by size.
See Electricity Regulatory Authority of Uganda, www.era.or.ug/
FeedInTariffs.php.
For example, following the introduction of a FIT (with tariffs out to
2035 declining over time), the Indian state of Gujarat has seen growing
interest in solar PV electricity generation.
Gold, op. cit. note 4.
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC),Renewable Power &
Energy Efficiency Market: Renewable Portfolio Standards,www.ferc.
gov/market-oversight/othr-mkts/renew/othr-rnw-rps.pdf. For states
with non-binding policy goals, see references for Table R11.
New York RPS Expanded to 30 Percent by 2015,IREC State &
Stakeholder Newsletter, 27 January 2010. The assumption is that an
additional 1% will take place outside of the standard from voluntary
green power purchasing programs. Compared to the original
projections made in 2004 for a 25% standard, this should require only
a modest increase in renewable energy generation because the
revised projections incorporate a 15% reduction in energy use by 2015
under the states Energy Efficiency Portfolio Standard (EEPS).
California Legislature Passes 33% RPS Bill,Platts.com, 29 March
2011.
Until 31 December, 2013, utilities may use TRECs to satisfy no more
than 25% of their requirement. The price of a TREC is capped at $50
but this will be removed in 2014 as will the limit on the number of
TRECs that may be used for RPS compliance. DSIRE,California:
Incentives/Policy for Solar,www.dsireusa.org. In addition to the RPS
and FIT policies, California has a competitive bidding mechanism, the
Renewable Auction Mechanism (RAM) program, which requires the
states three investor-owned utilities (IOUs) to purchase electricity
from renewable energy systems up to 20 MW in size within their
service territories. Each utility is authorized to acquire a portion of the
1 GW cap. Competitive auctions are then to be held twice a year for
two years, for 250 MW each. Also see ACORE,Renewable Energy in
California,February 2011, www.acore.org/files/pdfs/states/California.
pdf.
Deleted in proof.
Deleted in proof.
Deleted in proof.
ACORE,Renewable Energy in Delaware,February 2011, www.
acore.org/files/pdfs/states/Delaware.pdf. For eligible renewable
energy resources, the cost threshold is 3% of total retail electricity
costs during the same year and 1% for PV, per DSIRE,Delaware:
Renewables Portfolio Standard,www.dsireusa.org; Delaware also
expanded its Net Metering and Interconnection policy in July 2010 by
allowing a customer to aggregate individual meters and to participate
in net metering via a community-owned system, per DSIRE,
Delaware: New Metering,www.dsireusa.org.
The new rules apply to all facilities not subject to FERC regulation.
For facilities larger than 10 MW, the standards are used as a starting
point, per ACORE,Renewable Energy in Iowa,www.acore.org/files/
pdfs/states/Iowa.pdf.
South Korea Boosts Support for Renewable Energy,7 January 2011,
w w w . e n e r g y - e n v i r o . f i / i n d e x . p h p ? P A G E =3& N O D E _
ID=5&LANG=1&ID=3465.
An estimated $34 billion will be invested by 2015 under the new
policy, including $19 billion by 2013 from the nations largest
industrial groups.
As of late 2010, all 2.3 GW of new electricity investment in the
province has been in renewable energy capacity acquired at the
lowest possible cost because of the confidential, closed-envelope
bidding system and the freedom of the utility, BC Hydro, to pick the
lowest bids.
68 RCREEE, op. cit. note 27.
69 Malaysia from P. Gipe, Malaysia Adopts Sophisticated System of Feedin Tariffs,RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 28 April 2011;Zambia Cuts
Tax on Power Plants to Boost Output,Reuters, 17 March 2011.
70 Trinidad and Tobago Ministry of Energy & Energy Affairs, Facing
the Issues: Turning the Economy Around, National Budget Statement
2010/2011 (Port of Spain: 8 September 2010).
71 Sidebar 7 based on IEA, Harnessing Variable Renewables: A Guide to
the Balancing Challenge (Paris: OECD, 2011). See also www.
kombikraftwerk.de/.
72 There are no published sources of green energy consumers so this
information is compiled country-by-country based on submissions from
country contributors.
73 Renewable energy certificates in some countries may also enable
utilities and other firms that are subject to quotas to meet their
obligations; this is a role distinct from voluntary trading.
74 Bundesnetzagentur fr Elektrizitt, Gas, Telekommunikation, Post und
Eisenbahnen, Monitoringbericht 2010 (Berlin: 20 November 2010).
75 Green Energy Certification Center, Japan, http://eneken.ieej.or.jp/
greenpower/eng/index.htm.
76 Ibid.
77 L. Bird and J. Sumner, Green Power Marketing in the United States: A
Status Report (2009 data) (Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, September 2010).
78 Ibid.
79 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), EPA Partners
Continue Large Green Power Purchases: One Corporation Nearly
Doubles its Green Power Usage,press release (Washington, DC: 1
February 2011).
80 Unpublished examples cited by GSR contributors.
81 Association of Issuing Bodies, Annual Report 2010 (Brussels: 2010).
82 Bird and Sumner, op. cit. note 77.
83 EPA, op. cit. note 79.
84 GSE,Mix fonti energetich,www.gse.it/attivita/MIX/Pagine/default
.aspx. This is the result of an EU 2003 Directive on disclosures, also
supported by initiatives on reliability (www.reliable-disclosure.org/)
and standards (www.eped.eu/portal/page/portal/EPED_HOME).
85 k o - S t r o m w e n i g g e f r a g t i n d e u t s c h e n H a u s h a l t e n ,
UmweltJournal.de, 21 February 2009.
86 Gull New Zealand is a subsidiary of Gull, Australia. See www.gull.co.nz,
www.environfuels.com/news.html#gull, and www.gull.co.nz/assets/
Press-Releases/110207-Bio-Fuel.pdf, viewed 7 February 2011.
87 Biodiesel grants scheme description, strategy and policy, May 2009,
www.eeca.govt.nz/node/3055 and www.eeca.govt.nz/sites/all/files/
biodiesel-scheme-description-july10.pdf. The New Zealand Emissions
Trading Scheme requires the transport sector to surrender NZ units
for emissions that occur from 1 July 2010 till 31 December 2012 for
NZD 12.50 per unit which relates to around NZD 0.03/liter of gasoline
or diesel with biofuels exempt. See www.climatechnage.govt.nz/
emissions-trading-scheme.
88 Deleted in proof.
89 IEA, Renewables for Heating and Cooling Untapped Potential (Paris:
OECD/IEA, 2007).
90 P. Connor et al., Overview of RES-H/RES-C support options, Section
D4 of Working Party 2 report on the EU RES-H policy, 2009, www.resh-policy.eu/downlaods/RES-H_Policy-Options_ (D4)_final.pdf.
91 See Chapter 11 of IPCC, Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources
and Climate Change Mitigation (2011), http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report.
92 Indias national codes are initially voluntary but will later become
mandatory.
93 Unpublished data from L. Ferreira, EC Directorate General for Energy
and Geology (DGEG), Brussels, personal communication with REN21,
2010.
94 B. Epp,Brazil: How the My Home, My Life Programme Can Help
the Solar Water Heater Sector,www.solarthermalworld.org, 15
December 2009.
95 Biomcasa, Informes tcnicos IDAE Programa Biomcasa, at www.idae.
es.
96 German Federal Agency for the Environment, Nature Conservation
and Nuclear Safety (BMU),Rttgen begrt MAP-Entsperrung
(Berlin: 7 July 2010).
97 L. Hermwille, Germanwatch, personal communication with REN21,
spring 2011. See also, BMU,Rttgen begrt MAP-Entsperrung,
press release nr. 105/10 (Berlin: 7 June 2010), http://www.bmu.de/
pressemitteilungen/aktuelle_pressemitteilungen/pm/46203.phpwww.
bmu.de/pressemitteilungen/aktuelle_pressemitteilungen/pm/46203.
php
98 G. Wynn,UK First to Green Ignored Heating Sector,Reuters, 29
October 2010; U.K. Department of Energy and Climate Change,
Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) Scheme,www.decc.gov.uk.
99 P. Gipe,Britain Proposes Feed-in Tariffs for Renewable Heat, Solar
110
idcol.org.
17 Rolland, op. cit. note 11.
18 Chandra Govindarajalu, Raihan Elahi, and Jayantha Nagendran,
Electricity Beyond the Grid: Innovative Programs in Bangladesh and
Sri Lanka, ESMAP Knowledge Exchange Series No. 10 (Washington,
DC: 2008); Renewable Energy for Rural Economic Development
Project (RERED),Statistics,2010, www.energyservices.lk/statistics/
esd_rered.htm.
19 Rolland, op. cit. note 11.
20 WHO and UNDP, op. cit. note 1.
21 Ibid.
22 New types of stoves being manufactured in factories and workshops
include Stovetec, Envirofit, Protos, Onil, and World stoves. See World
Bank Environment Department, Household Biomass Cookstoves,
Environment, Health, and Climate Change: A New Look at an Old
Problem (Washington, DC: 2011).
23 Estimate of 510 years from Ibid. Environment, Health, and Climate
Change: A New Look at an Old Problem (Washington, DC: 2011).
24 Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves Website, http://cleancookstoves.
org.
25 Ibid.
26 R o b e r t H e i n e , D e u t s c h e G e s e l l s c h a f t f r I n t e r n a t i o n a l e
Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), personal communication with REN21, April
2011.
27 Indian Institute of Technology and The Energy and Resources
Institute, New Initiative for Development and Deployment of
Improved Cookstoves: Recommended Action Plan, prepared for
MNRE (New Delhi: 2010).
28 Stove numbers from the following manufacturer websites: www.
envirofit.org, www.stovetec.net/us, www.onilstove.com, and www.
treeswaterpeople.org/stoves/programs/honduras.htm.
29 Groupe Energies Renouvelables, Environnement et Solidarits
(GERES),Dissemination of Improved Domestic Cooking Stoves
[Cambodia],www.geres.eu/en/household-energy/34- activnrjmenagescambg-foyers; World Bank, op. cit. note 22.
30 Worldwide experiences with solar cookers are summarized in GTZ,
Here Comes the Sun: Options for Using Solar Cookers in Developing
Countries (Eshborn, Germany: 2007). The use of solar cookers depends
on the purpose and cultural habits of those cooking, and the cooking
must generally be done during daytime hours. It is quite relevant for
foods that require slow cooking.
31 Rural Biogas Develops Rapidly,TheBioenergySite.com, 5 January
2011. The Ministry of Agriculture calculates 40 million as the number
of cumulative installations minus those that are no longer functional as
of end-2010. It is not clear how the data were collected and processed
from a technical point of view.
32 India from MNRE, Renewable Energy in India: Progress, Vision and
Strategy (New Delhi: 2010); Vietnam from SNV Netherlands
Development Organization (SNV), Domestic Biogas Newsletter, Issue
3, August 2010.
33 SNV, op. cit. note 32.
34 Nepal Biogas Sector Partnership,Biogas Support Programme
Achievements,2010, at www.bspnepal.org.np/achievements.
35 See, for example, Alliance for Rural Electrification, op. cit. note 4 and
Alliance for Rural Electrification and USAID, Hybrid Mini-Grids for
Rural Electrification: Lessons Learned (Washington, DC: 2010).
36 Alliance for Rural Electrification and USAID, op. cit. note 35.
37 Sudeshna Banerjee Avjeet Singh Hussain Samad, Power and People:
Measuring the Benefits of Renewable Energy In Nepal (Washington,
DC: World Bank, South Asia Energy, 2010).
38 Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME), Newsletter, No. 27, at www.
mme.gov.br/luzparatodos/asp/.
39 World Bank,Light and Hope: Rural Electrification in Peru,World
Bank IBRD Results Note (Washington DC: 2010).
40 Rolland, op. cit. note 11.
41 World Bank, op. cit. note 39.
42 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,
Factsheet for Hubei Eco Farming Biomgas Project,2010, http://
cdm.unfccc.int/about/ccb/CDM_Cobenefits_Hubei_China.pdf.
43 Ibid.
44 The Dutch-German PartnershipEnergising Development,or EnDev,
is an initiative to provide 6.1 million people in developing countries
access to modern energy services by 2012.
45 See, for example, the following sources: U.K. Department for
International Development (DFID) Web site, www.dfid.gov.uk; Global
Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Web site, www.gvepinternational.
org: World Bank Energy Strategy Management Assistance Program
Biomass Energy Initiative in Africa, Washington, DC.
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