Chit Naing - Thay Nin Ga Byuu Har

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Chinese Military Classic
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SUN TZU
THE ART OF WAR
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e ¸e_ ._.c . e ¸e_ ._.c . e ¸e_ ._.c . e ¸e_ ._.c . e ¸e_ ._.c . ç ç ç ç ç
c. Weaknesses and Strengths ¸, ¸, ¸, ¸, ¸,
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¸. Manoeuvre ·¸ ·¸ ·¸ ·¸ ·¸
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·. The Nine Variables .c. .c. .c. .c. .c.
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.c. Terrain .¸· .¸· .¸· .¸· .¸·
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... The Nine Varieties of Ground .,, .,, .,, .,, .,,
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.¸. Attack by fire .¸c .¸c .¸c .¸c .¸c
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.,. Employment of SecretAgents .¸¸ .¸¸ .¸¸ .¸¸ .¸¸
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I
ESTIMATES
SUN TZU said:
1. War is a matter oI vital importance to the
State; the province oI liIe or death; the road to
survival or ruin. It is mandatory that it be
thoroughly studied.
2. ThereIore, appraise it in terms oI the Iive
Iundamental Iactors and make comparisons oI
the seven elements later named. So you may
assess its essentials.
3. The Iirst oI these Iactors is moral inIluence;
the second, weather; the third, terrain; the Iourth,
command; and the IiIth, doctrine.
4. By moral inIluence I mean that which causes
the people to be in harmony with their leaders,
so that they will accompany them in liIe and unto
death without Iear oI mortal peril.
5. By weather I mean the interaction oI natural
Iorces; the eIIects oI winter's cold and summer's
¸c ¸c ¸c ¸c ¸c
heat and the conduct oI military operations in
accordance with the seasons.
6. By terrain I mean distances, whether the
ground is traversed with ease or diIIiculty,
whether it is open or constricted, and the
chances oI liIe or death.
7. By command I mean the general's qualities
oI wisdom, sincerity, humanity, courage, and
strictness.
8. By doctrine I mean organization, control,
assignment oI appropriate ranks to oIIicers,
regulation oI supply routes, and the provision
oI principal items used by the army.
9. There is no general who has not heard oI
these Iive matters. Those who master them
win; those who do not are deIeated.
10. ThereIore in laying plans compare the
Iollowing elements, appraising them with the
utmost care.
11. II you say which ruler possesses moral
inIluence, which commander is the more able,
¸. ¸. ¸. ¸. ¸.
which army obtains the advantages oI nature
and the terrain, in which regulations and
instructions are better carried out, which
troops are the stronger;
12. Which has the better trained oIIicers
and men;
13. And which administers rewards and
punishments in a more enlightened manner;
14. I will be able to Iorecast which side will be
victorious and which deIeated.
15. II a general who heeds my strategy is
employed he is certain to win; Retain him! When
one who reIuses to listen to my strategy is
employed, he is certain to be deIeated. Dismiss
him!
16. Having paid heed to the advantages oI my
plans, the general must create situations which
will contribute to their accomplishment. By
' situations ' I mean that he should act
expediently in accordance with what is
advantageous and so control the balance.
¸¸ ¸¸ ¸¸ ¸¸ ¸¸
17. All warIare is based on deception.
18. ThereIore, when capable, Ieign incapacity;
when active, inactivity.
19. When near, make it appear that you are
Iar away; when Iar away, that you are near.
20. OIIer the enemy a bait to lure him; Ieign
disorder and strike him.
21. When he concentrates, prepare against
him; where he is strong, avoid him.
22. Anger his general and conIuse him.
23. Pretend inIeriority and encourage his
arrogance.
24. Keep him under a strain and wear him down.
25. When he is united, divide him.
26.Attack where he is unprepared; sally out when
he does not expect you.
¸, ¸, ¸, ¸, ¸,
27. These are the strategist's keys to victory.
It is not possible to discuss them beIorehand.
28. Now iI the estimates made in the temple
beIore hostilities indicate victory it is because
calculations show one's strength to be
superior to that oI his enemy; iI they
indicate deIeat, it is because calculations
show that one is inIerior. With many calcula-
tions, one can win; with Iew one cannot. How
much less chance oI victory has one who
makes none at all! By this means I examine
the situation and the outcome will be clearly
apparent.
picture
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e¡e . e o .. e ,_ . e_ .~e .¡e.. Doctrine
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II
WAGING WAR
SUN TZU said:
1. Generally, operations oI war require one
thousand Iast Iour-horse chariots, one thousand
Iour-horse wagons covered in leather, and one
hundred thousand mailed troops.
2. When provisions are transported Ior a
thousand li expenditures at home and in the
Iield, stipends Ior the entertainment oI advisers
and visitors, the cost oI materials such as glue
and lacquer, and oI chariots and armour, will
amount to one thousand pieces oI gold a day.
AIter this money is in hand, one hundred
thousand troops may be raised.
3. Victory is the main object in war. II this is
long delayed, weapons are blunted and morale
depressed. When troops attack cities, their
strength will be exhausted.
,, ,, ,, ,, ,,
4. When the army engages in protracted
campaigns the resources oI the state will not
suIIice.
5. When your weapons are dulled and ardour
damped, your strength exhausted and treasure
spent, neighbouring rulers will take advantage oI
your distress to act. And even though you have
wise counsellors, none will be able to lay good
plans Ior the Iuture.
6. Thus, while we have heard oI blundering
swiItness in war, we have not yet seen a clever
operation that was prolonged.
7. For there has never been a protracted war
Irom which a country has beneIited.
8. Thus those unable to understand the dangers
inherent in employing troops are equally
unable to understand the advantageous ways
oI doing so.
9. Those adept in waging war do not require a
second levy oI conscripts nor more than one
provisioning.
,, ,, ,, ,, ,,
10. They carry equipment Irom the homeland;
they rely Ior provisions on the enemy. Thus
the army is plentiIully provided with Iood.
11. When a country is impoverished by military
operations it is due to distant transportation;
carriage oI supplies Ior great distances renders
the people destitute.
12. Where the army is, prices are high; when
prices rise the wealth oI the people is
exhausted. When wealth is exhausted the
peasantry will aIIlicted with urgent exactions.
13. With strength thus depleted and wealth
consumed the households in the central plains
will be utterly impoverished and seven-tenths
oI their wealth dissipated.
14. As to government expenditures, those due
to broken - down chariots, worn - out horses,
armour and helmets, arrows and crossbows,
lances, hand and body shields, draIt animals and
supply wagons will amount to sixty per cent.
oI the total.
15. Hence the wise general sees to it that his
,¸ ,¸ ,¸ ,¸ ,¸
troops Ieed on the enemy, Ior one bushel oI
the enemy's provisions is equivalent to twenty
oI his; one hundredweight oI enemy Iodder
to twenty hundredweight oI his.
16. The reason troops slay the enemy is
because they are enraged.
17. They take booty Irom the enemy because
they desire wealth.
18. ThereIore, when in chariot Iighting more than
ten chariots are captured, reward those who
take the Iirst. Replace the enemy's Ilags and
banners with your own, mix the captured
chariots with yours, and mount them.
19. Treat the captives well, and care Ior them.
20. This is called ' winning a battle and
becoming stronger'.
21. Hence what is essential in war is victory,
not prolonged operations. And thereIore the
general who understands war is the Minister
oI the people's Iate and arbiter oI the nation's
destiny.
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III
OFFENSIVE STRATEGY
SUN TZU said:
1. Generally in war the best policy is to
take a state intact; to ruin it is inIerior to this.
2. To capture the enemy's army is better than
to destroy it; to take intact a battalion, a
company or a Iive-man squad is better than to
destroy them.
3. For to win one hundred victories in one
hundred battles is not the acme oI skill. To
subdue the enemy without Iighting is the
acme oI skill.
4. Thus, what is oI supreme importance in
war is to attack the enemy's strategy;
5. Next best is to disrupt his alliances:
6. The next best is to attack his army.
,, ,, ,, ,, ,,
7. The worst policy is to attack cities. Attack
cities only when there is no alternative.
8. To prepare the shielded wagons and make
ready the necessary arms and equipment
requires at least three months; to pile up earthen
ramps against the walls an additional three
months will be needed.
9. II the general is unable to control his
impatience and orders his troops to swarm up
the wall like ants, one-third oI them will be
killed without taking the city. Such is the
calamity oI these attacks.
10. Thus, those skilled in war subdue the
enemy's army without battle. They capture
his cities without assaulting them and over-
throw his state without protracted operations.
11. Your aim must be to take All-under-Heaven
intact. Thus your troops are not worn out and
your gains will be complete. This is the art oI
oIIensive strategy.
12. Consequently, the art oI using troops is this:
When ten to the enemy's one, surround him;
,, ,, ,, ,, ,,
13. When Iive times his strength, attack him;
14. II double his strength, divide him.
15. II equally matched you may engage him.
16. II weaker numerically, be capable oI
withdrawing;
17. And iI in all respects unequal, be capable
oI eluding him, Ior a small Iorce is but booty
Ior one more powerIul.
18. Now the general is the protector oI the
state. II this protection is all-embracing, the
state will surely be strong; iI deIective, the state
will certainly be weak.
19. Now there are three ways in which a
ruler can bring misIortune upon his army:
20. When ignorant that the army should not
advance, to order an advance or ignorant that it
should not retire, to order a retirement. This is
described as ' hobbling the army '.
,¸ ,¸ ,¸ ,¸ ,¸
21. When ignorant oI military aIIairs, to
participate in their administration. This causes
the oIIicers to be perplexed.
22. When ignorant oI command problems to
share in the exercise oI responsibilities. This
engenders doubts in the minds oI the oIIicers.
23. II the army is conIused and suspicious,
neighbouring rulers will cause trouble. This is what
is meant by the saying: ' A conIused army leads to
another's victory '.
24. Now there are Iive circumstances in which
victory may be predicted:
25. He who knows when he can Iight and when
he cannot will be victorious.
26. He who understands how to use both large
and small Iorces will be victorious.
27. He whose ranks are united in purpose will
be victorious.
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28. He who is prudent and lies in wait Ior an
enemy who is not, will be victorious.
29. He whose generals are able and not
interIered with by the sovereign will be
victorious.
30. It is in these Iive matters that the way to
victory is known.
31. ThereIore I say: Know the enemy and know
yourselI; in a hundred battles you will never
be in peril.
32. When you are ignorant oI the enemy but
know yourselI, your chances oI winning or
losing are equal.
33. II ignorant both oI your enemy and oI
yourselI, you are certain in every battle to be
in peril.
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IV
DISPOSITIONS
SUN TZU said:
1. Anciently the skilIul warriors Iirst made
themselves invincible and awaited the enemy's
moments oI vulnerability.
2. Invincibility depends on one's selI: the enemy's
vulnerability on him.
3. It Iollows that those skilled in war can
make themselves invincible but cannot cause
an enemy to be certainly vulnerable.
4. ThereIore it is said that one may know
how to win, but cannot necessarily do so.
5. Invincibility lies in the deIence; the
possibility oI victory in the attack.
6. One deIends when his strength is
inadequate; he attacks when it is abundant.
¸, ¸, ¸, ¸, ¸,
7. The experts in deIence conceal themselves
as under the nineIold earth; those skilled in
attack move as Irom above the nineIold
heavens. Thus they are capable both oI
protecting themselves and oI gaining a
complete victory.
8. To Ioresee a victory which the ordinary
man can Ioresee is not the acme oI skill;
9. To triumph in battle and be universally
acclaimed 'Expert' is not the acme oI skill,
Ior to liIt an autumn down requires no great
strength; to distinguish between the sun and
moon is no test oI vision; to hear the thun-
derclap is no indication oI acute hearing.
10. Anciently those called skilled in war
conquered an enemy easily conquered.
11. And thereIore the victories won by a
master oI war gain him neither reputation Ior
wisdom nor merit Ior valour.
12. For he wins his victories without erring.
'Without erring' means that whatever he does
insures his victory; he conquers an enemy
already deIeated.
¸¸ ¸¸ ¸¸ ¸¸ ¸¸
13. ThereIore the skilIul commander takes up
a position in which he cannot be deIeated
and misses no opportunity to master his
enemy.
14. Thus a victorious army wins its victories
beIore seeking battle; an army destined to
deIeat Iights in the hope oI winning.
15. Those skilled in war cultivate the Tao and
preserve the laws and are thereIore able to
Iormulate victorious policies.
16. Now the elements oI the art oI war are
Iirst, measurement oI space; second, estimation
oI quantities; third, calculations; Iourth, com-
parisons; and IiIth, chances oI victory.
17. Measurements oI space are derived Irom
the ground.
18. Quantities derive Irom measurement,
Iigures Irom quantities, comparisons Irom
Iigures, and victory Irom comparisons.
19. Thus a victorious army is as a hundredweight
balanced against a grain; a deIeated army as
a grain balanced against a hundredweight.
¸c ¸c ¸c ¸c ¸c
20. It is because oI disposition that a victori-
ous general is able to make his people Iight
with the eIIect oI pent-up waters which,
suddenly released, plunge into a bottomless
abyss.
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ç ç ç ç ç
V
ENERGY
SUN TZU said:
1. Generally, management oI many is the same
as management oI Iew. It is a matter oI
organization.
2. And to control many is the same as to
control Iew. This is a matter oI Iormations
and signals.
3. That the army is certain to sustain the
enemy's attack without suIIering deIeat is due
to operations oI the extraordinary and the
normal Iorces.
4. Troops thrown against the enemy as a
grindstone against eggs is an example oI a
solid acting upon a void.
5. Generally, in battle, use the normal Iorce to
engage; use the extraordinary to win.
c, c, c, c, c,
6. Now the resources oI those skilled in the
use oI extraordinary Iorces are as inIinite as
the heavens and earth; as inexhaustible as the
Ilow oI the great rivers.
7. For they end and recommence; cyclical, as
are the movements oI the sun and moon.
They die away and are reborn; recurrent, as
are the passing seasons.
8. The musical notes are only Iive in number
but their melodies are so numerous that one
cannot hear them all.
9. The primary colours are only Iive in number
but their combinations are so inIinite that one
cannot visualize them all.
10. The Ilavours are only Iive in number but
their blends are so various that one cannot
taste them all.
11. In battle there are only the normal and
extraordinary Iorces, but their combinations
are limitless; none can comprehend them all.
12. For these two Iorces are mutually repro-
c, c, c, c, c,
ductive; their interaction as endless as that oI
interlocked rings. Who can determine where
one ends and the other begins?
13. When torrential water tosses boulders, it is
because oI its momentum;
14. When the strike oI a hawk breaks the
body oI its prey, it is because oI timing.
15. Thus the momentum oI one skillled in war
is overwhelming, and his attack precisely
regulated.
16. His potential is that oI a Iully drawn
crossbow; his timing, the release oI the trigger.
17. In the tumult and uproar the battle seems
chaotic, but there is no disorder; the troops
appear to be milling about in circles but cannot
be deIeated.
18. Apparent conIusion is a product oI good
order; apparent cowardice, oI courage;
apparent weakness, oI strength.
19. Order or disorder depends on organization;
courage or cowardice on circumstances;
ç ç ç ç ç
strength or weakness on dispositions.
20. Thus, those skilled at making the enemy
move do so by creating a situation to which he
must conIorm; they entice him with something
he is certain to take, and with lures oI osten-
sible proIit they await him in strength.
21. ThereIore a skilled commander seeks
victory Irom the situation and does not
demand it oI his subordinates.
22. He selects his men and they exploit the
situation.
24. He who relies on the situation uses his
men in Iighting as one rolls logs or stones.
Now the nature oI logs and stones is that on
stable ground they are static; on unstable
ground, they move. II square, they stop; iI
round, they roll.
25. Thus, the potential oI troops skilIully com-
manded in battle may be compared to that oI
round boulders which roll down Irom mountain
heights.
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* SAMUEL B. GRIFFITH - e:~eec e:e.
~ee¸¸,, ee|q.e. o._~:c ee. TU MU
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¸, ¸, ¸, ¸, ¸,
VI
WEAKNESSES AND
STRENGTHS
SUN TZU said:
1. Generally, he who occupies the Iield oI
battle Iirst and awaits his enemy is at ease; he
who comes later to the scene and rushes into
the Iight is weary.
2. And thereIore those skilled in war bring the
enemy to the Iield oI battle and are not
brought there by him.
3. One able to make the enemy come oI his
own accord does so by oIIering him some
advantage. And one able to prevent him Irom
coming does so by hurting him.
4. When the enemy is at ease, be able to
weary him; when well Ied, to starve him;
when at rest, to make him move.
¸, ¸, ¸, ¸, ¸,
5. Appear at places to which he must hasten;
move swiItly where he does not expect you.
6. That you may march a thousand li without
wearying yourselI is because you travel where
there is no enemy.
7. To be certain to take what you attack is to
attack a place the enemy does not protect.
To be certain to hold what you deIend is to
deIend a place the enemy does not attack.
8. ThereIore, against those skilled in attack, an
enemy does not know where to deIend; against
the experts in deIence, the enemy does not know
where to attack.
9. Subtle and insubstantial, the expert leaves
no trace; divinely mysterious, he is inaudible.
Thus he is master oI his enemy's Iate.
10. He whose advance is irresistible plunges into
his enemy's weak positions; he who in withdrawal
cannot be pursued moves so swiItly that he
cannot be overtaken.
¸¸ ¸¸ ¸¸ ¸¸ ¸¸
11. When I wish to give battle, my enemy, even
though protected by high walls and deep moats,
cannot help but engage me, Ior I attack a
position he must succour.
12. When I wish to avoid battle I may deIend
myselI simply by drawing a line on the ground;
the enemy will be unable to attack me because
I divert him Irom going where he wishes.
13. II I am able to determine the enemy's dis-
positions while at the same time I conceal my
own then I can concentrate and he must
divide. And iI I concentrate while he divides, I
can use my entire strength to attack a Iraction
oI his. There, I will be numerically superior.
Then, iI I am able to use many to strike Iew
at the selected point, those I deal with will be in
dire straits.
14. The enemy must not know where I intend
to give battle. For iI he does not know where
I intend to give battle he must prepare in a
great many places. And when he prepares in a
great many places, those I have to Iight in any
one place will be Iew.
¸c ¸c ¸c ¸c ¸c
15. For iI he prepares to the Iront his rear will
be weak, and iI to the rear, his Iront will be
Iragile. II he prepares to the leIt, his right will
be vulnerable and iI to the right, there will be
Iew on his leIt. And when he prepares every-
where he will be weak every where.
16. One who has Iew must prepare against
the enemy; one who has many makes the
enemy prepare against him.
17. II one knows where and when a battle
will be Iought his troops can march a thou-
sand li and meet on the Iield. But iI one
knows neither the battleground nor the day oI
battle, the leIt will be unable to aid the right,
or the right, the leIt; the van to support the
rear, or the rear, the van. How much more is
this so when separated by several tens oI li,
or indeed, by even a Iew!
18. Although I estimate the troops oI Yüeh as
many, oI what beneIit is this superiority in
respect to the outcome?
19. Thus I say that victory can be created.
For even iI the enemy is numerous, I can
prevent him Irom engaging.
¸¸ ¸¸ ¸¸ ¸¸ ¸¸
20. ThereIore, determine the enemy's plans
and you will know which strategy will be
successIul and which will not;
21. Agitate him and ascertain the pattern oI his
movement.
22. Determine his dispositions and so ascertain
the Iield oI battle.
23. Probe him and learn where his strength is
abundant and where deIicient.
24. The ultimate in disposing one's troops is
to be without ascertainable shape. Then the
most penetrating spies cannot pry in nor can
the wise lay plans against you.
25. It is according to the shapes that I lay the
plans Ior victory, but the multitude does not
comprehend this. Althought everyone can see
the outward aspects, none understands the
way in which I have created victory.
26. ThereIore, when I have won a victory I
do not repeat my tactics but respond to
circumstances in an inIinite variety oI ways.
¸· ¸· ¸· ¸· ¸·
27. Now an army may be likened to water,
Ior just as Ilowing water avoids the heights
and hastens to the lowlands, so an army
avoids strength and strikes weakness.
28. And as water shapes its Ilow in accor-
dance with the ground, so an army manages
its victory in accordance with the situation oI
the enemy.
29. And as water has no constant Iorm, there
are in war no constant conditions.
30. Thus, one able to gain the victory by
modiIying his tactics in accordance with the
enemy situation may be said to be divine.
31. OI the Iive elements, none is always
predominant; oI the Iour seasons, none lasts
Iorever; oI the days, some are long and some
short, and the moon waxes and wanes.
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·¸ ·¸ ·¸ ·¸ ·¸
VII
MANOEUVRE
SUN TZU said:
1. Normally, when the army is employed, the
general Iirst receives his commands Irom the
sovereign. He assembles the troops and mobi-
lizes the people. He blends the army into a
harmonious entity and encamps it.
2. Nothing is more diIIicult than the art oI
manoeuvre. What is diIIicult about manoeuvre
is to make the devious route the most direct and
to turn misIortune to advantage.
3. Thus, march by an indirect route and divert
the enemy by enticing him with a bait. So
doing, you may set out aIter he does and arrive
beIore him. One able to do this understands the
strategy oI the direct and the indirect.
4. Now both advantage and danger are inher-
ent in manoeuvre.
·· ·· ·· ·· ··
5. One who sets the entire army in motion to
chase an advantage will not attain it.
6. II he abandons the camp to contend Ior
advantage the stores will be lost.
7. It Iollows that when one rolls up the armour
and sets out speedily, stopping neither day
nor night and marching at double time Ior a
hundred li, the three commanders will be
captured. For the vigorous troops will arrive
Iirst and the Ieeble straggle along behind, so
that iI this method is used only one-tenth oI
the army will arrive.
8. In a Iorced march oI IiIty li the commander
oI the van will Iall, and using this method but
halI the army will arrive. In a Iorced march oI
thirty li, but two-thirds will arrive.
9. It Iollows that an army which lacks heavy
equipment, Iodder, Iood and stores will be
lost.
10. Those who do not know the conditions oI
mountains and Iorests, hazardous deIiles,
marshes and swamps, cannot conduct the march
oI an army;
·¡ ·¡ ·¡ ·¡ ·¡
11. Those who do not use local guides are
unable to obtain the advantages oI the ground.
12. Now war is based on deception. Move
when it is advantageous and crate changes in
the situation by dispersal and concentration oI
Iorces.
13. When campaigning, be swiIt as the wind;
in leisurely march, majestic as the Iorest; in
raiding and plundering, like Iire; in standing,
Iirm as the mountains. As unIathomable as the
clouds, move like a thunderbolt.
14. When you plunder the countryside, di-
vide your Iorces. When you conquer terri-
tory, divide the proIits.
15. Weigh the situation, then move.
16. He who knows the art oI the direct and
the indirect approach will be victorious. Such
is the art oI manoeuvring.
17. The Book oI Military Administration says:
'As the voice cannot be heard in battle, drums
and bells are used. As troops cannot see
¡c ¡c ¡c ¡c ¡c
each other clearly in battle, Ilags and banners
are used'.
18. Now gongs and drums, banners and Ilags
are used to Iocus the attention oI the troops.
When the troops can be thus united, the
brave cannot advance alone, nor can the cow-
ardly withdraw. This is the art oI employing a
host.
19. In night Iighting use many torches and
drums, in day Iighting many banners and Ilags
in order to inIluence the sight and hearing oI
our troops.
20. Now an army may be robbed oI its spirit
and its commander deprived oI his courage.
21. During the early morning spirits are keen,
during the day they Ilag, and in the evening
thoughts turn toward home.
22. And thereIore those skilled in war avoid
the enemy when his spirit is keen and attack
him when it is sluggish and his soldiers home-
sick. This is control oI the moral Iactor.
¡. ¡. ¡. ¡. ¡.
23. In good order they await a disorderly
enemy; in serenity, a clamorous one. This is
control oI the mental Iactor.
24. Close to the Iield oI battle, they await an
enemy coming Irom aIar; at rest, an exhausted
enemy; with well-Ied troops, hungry ones. This
is control oI the physical Iactor.
25. They do not engage an enemy advancing
with well-ordered banners nor one whose
Iormations are in impressive array. This is
control oI the Iactor oI changing circumstances.
26. ThereIore, the art oI employing troops is
that when the enemy occupies high ground,
do not conIront him; with his back resting on
hills, do no oppose him.
27. When he pretends to Ilee, do not pursue.
28. Do not attack his elite troops.
29. Do not gobble proIerred baits.
¡¸ ¡¸ ¡¸ ¡¸ ¡¸
30. Do not thwart an enemy returning
homewards.
31. To a surrounded enemy you must leave a
way oI escape.
32. Do not press an enemy at bay.
33. This is the method oI employing troops.
pciture
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VIII
THE NINE VARIABLES
SUN TZU said:
1. In general, the system oI employing troops
is that the commander receives his mandate
Irom the sovereign to mobilize the people and
assemble the army.
2. You should not encamp in low-lying ground.
3. In communicating ground, unite with your
allies.
4. You should not linger in desolate ground.
5. In enclosed ground, resourceIulness is
required.
6. In death ground, Iight.
7. There are some roads not to Iollow; some
troops not to strike; some cities not to
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assault; and some ground which should not be
contested.
8. There are occasions when the commands oI
the sovereign need not be obeyed.
9. A general thoroughly versed in the advan-
tages oI the nine variable Iactors knows how
to employ troops.
10. The general who does not understand the
advantages oI the nine variable Iactors will not
be able to use the ground to his advantage
even though Iamiliar with it.
11. In the direction oI military operations one
who does not understand the tactics suitable
to the nine variable situations will be unable to
use his troops eIIectively, even iI he under-
stands the 'Iive advantages'.
12. And Ior this reason, the wise general in his
deliberations must consider both Iavourable and
unIavourable Iactors.
13. By taking into account the Iavourable
Iactors, he makes his plan Ieasible; by taking
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into account the unIavourable, he may resolve
the diIIiculties.
14. He who intimidates his neighbours does so
by inIlicting injury upon them.
15. He wearies them by keeping them
constantly occupied, and makes them rush
about by oIIering them ostensible advantages.
16. It is a doctrine oI war not to assume the
enemy will not come, but rather to rely on one's
readiness to meet him; not to presume that he
will not attack, but rather to make one's selI
invincible.
17. There are Iive qualities which are
dangerous in the character oI a general.
18. II reckless, he can be killed;
19. II cowardly, captured;
20. II quick-tempered you can make a Iool oI
him;
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21. II he has too delicate a sense oI honour
you can calumniate him;
22. II he is oI a compassionate nature you can
harass him.
23. Now these Iive traits oI character are
serious Iaults in a general and in military
operations are calamitous.
24. The ruin oI the army and the death oI the
general are inevitable results oI these short-
comings. They must be deeply pondered.
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THEWAY OF THE LEADER
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IX
MARCHES
SUN TZU said:
1. Generally when taking up a position and
conIronting the enemy, having crossed the
mountains, stay close to valleys. Encamp on
high ground Iacing the sunny side.
2. Fight downhill; do not ascend to attack.
3. So much Ior taking position in
mountains.
4. AIter crossing a river you must move some
distance away Irom it.
5. When an advancing enemy crosses water
do not meet him at the water's edge. It is
advantageous to allow halI his Iorce to cross
and then strike.
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6. II you wish to give battle, do not conIront
your enemy close to the water. Take position
on high ground Iacing the sunlight. Do not take
position downstream.
7. This relates to taking up positions near a river.
8. Cross salt marshes speedily. Do not
linger in them. II you encounter the enemy in
the middle oI a salt marsh you must take
position close to grass and water with trees to
your rear.
9. This has to do with taking up position in
salt marshes.
10. In level ground occupy a position which
Iacilitates your action. With heights to your
rear and right, the Iield oI battle is to the Iront
and the rear is saIe.
11. This is how to take up position in level
ground.
12. Generally, these are advantageous Ior
encamping in the Iour situations named. By
using them the Yellow Emperor conquered
Iour sovereigns.
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13. An army preIers high ground to low;
esteems sunlight and dislikes shade. Thus, while
nourishing its health, the army occupies a Iirm
position. An army that does not suIIer Irom
countless diseases is said to be certain oI
victory.
14. When near mounds, Ioothills, dikes or
embankments, you must take position on the
sunny side and rest your right and rear on
them.
15. These methods are all advantageous Ior
the army, and gain the help the ground
aIIords.
16. Where there are precipitous torrents, 'Heav-
enly Wells', 'Heavenly Prisons', 'Heavenly Nets',
'Heavenly Traps', and 'Heavenly Cracks', you
must march speedily away Irom them. Do not
approach them.
17. I keep a distance Irom these and draw
the enemy toward them. I Iace them and
cause him to put his back to them.
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18. When on the Ilanks oI the army there are
dangerous deIiles or ponds covered with aquatic
grasses where reeds and rushes grow, or
Iorested mountains with dense tangled under-
growth you must careIully search them out,
Ior these are places where ambushes are laid
and spies are hidden.
19. When the enemy is near by but lying low
he is depending on a Iavourable position.
When he challenges to battle Irom aIar he
wishes to lure you to advance, Ior when he is
in easy ground he is in an advantageous
position.
20. When the trees are seen to move the
enemy is advancing.
21. When many obstacles have been placed in
the undergrowth, it is Ior the purpose oI
deception.
22. Birds rising in Ilight is a sign that the
enemy is lying in ambush; when the wild
animals are startled and Ilee he is trying to
take you unaware.
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23. Dust spurting upward in high straight
columns indicates the approach oI chariots.
When it hangs low and is widespread
inIantry is approaching.
24. When dust rises in scattered areas the
enemy is bringing in Iirewood; when there are
numerous small patches which seem to come
and go he is encamping the army.
25. When the enemy's envoys speak in humble
terms, but he continues his preparations, he
will advance.
26. When their language is deceptive but the
enemy pretentiously advances, he will retreat.
27. When the envoys speak in apologetic
terms, he wishes a respite.
28. When without a previous understanding
the enemy asks Ior a truce, he is plotting.
29. When light chariots Iirst go out and take
position on the Ilanks the enemy is Iorming Ior
battle.
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30. When his troops march speedily and he
parades his battle chariots he is expecting to
rendezvous with reinIorcements.
31. When halI his Iorce advances and halI
withdraws he is attempting to decoy you.
32. When his troops lean on their weapons,
they are Iamished.
33. When drawers oI water drink beIore car-
rying it to camp, his troops are suIIering Irom
thirst.
34. When the enemy sees an advantage but
does not advance to seize it, he is Iatigued.
35. When birds gather above his camp sites,
they are empty.
36. When at night the enemy's camp is clam-
orous, he is IearIul.
37. When his troops are disorderly, the
general has no prestige.
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38. When his Ilags and banners move
about constantly he is in disarray.
39. II the oIIicers are short-tempered they are
exhausted.
40. When the enemy Ieeds grain to the horses
and his men meat and when his troops neither
hang up their cooking pots nor return to their
shelters, the enemy is desperate.
41. When the troops continually gather in
small groups and whisper together the
general has lost the conIidence oI the army.
42. Too Irequent rewards indicate that the
general is at the end oI his resources; too
Irequent punishments that he is in acute dis-
tress.
43. II the oIIicers at Iirst treat the men
violently and later are IearIul oI them, the limit
oI indiscipline has been reached.
44. When the enemy troops are in high spirits,
and, although Iacing you, do not join battle
Ior a long time, nor leave, you must
thoroughly investigate the situation.
..¸ ..¸ ..¸ ..¸ ..¸
45. In war, numbers alone conIer no advan-
tage. Do not advance relying on sheer
military power.
46. It is suIIicient to estimate the enemy situ-
ation correctly and to concentrate your strength
to capture him. There is no more to it than
this. He who lacks Ioresight and under-esti-
mates his enemy will surely be captured by
him.
47. II troops are punished beIore their loy-
alty is secured they will be disobedient. II
not obedient, it is diIIicult to employ them. II
troops are loyal, but punishments are not
enIorced, you cannot employ them.
48. Thus, command them with civility and
imbue them uniIormly with martial ardour and
it may be said that victory is certain.
49. II orders which are consistently eIIective
are used in instructing the troops, they will be
obedient. II orders which are not consistently
eIIective are used in instructing them, they will
be disobedient.
..· ..· ..· ..· ..·
50. When orders are consistently trustworthy
and observed, the relationship oI a com-
mander with his troops is satisIactory.
picture
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X
TERRAIN
SUN TZU said:
1. Ground may be classiIied according to its
nature as accessible, entrapping, indecisive,
constricted, precipitous, and distant.
2. Ground which both we and the enemy can
traverse with equal ease is called accessible.
In such ground, he who Iirst takes high sunny
positions convenients to his supply routes can
Iight advantageously.
3. Ground easy to get out oI but diIIicult to
return to is entrapping. The nature oI this
ground is such that iI the enemy is unprepared
and you sally out you may deIeat him. II the
enemy is prepared and you go out and en-
gage, but do not win, it is diIIicult to return.
This is unproIitable.
4. Ground equally disadvantageous Ior both
the enemy and ourselves to enter is
.¸¡ .¸¡ .¸¡ .¸¡ .¸¡
indecisive. The nature oI this ground is such
that although the enemy holds out a bait I do
not go Iorth but entice him by marching oII.
When I have drawn out halI his Iorce, I can
strike him advantageously.
5. II I Iirst occupy constricted ground I must
block the passes and await the enemy. II
the enemy Iirst occupies such ground and
blocks the deIiles I should not Iollow him; iI
he does not block them completely I may
do so.
6. In precipitous ground I must take
position on the sunny heights and await the
enemy. II he Iirst occupies such ground I lure
him by marching oII; I do not Iollow him.
7. When at a distance Irom an enemy oI equal
strength it is diIIicult to provoke battle and
unproIitable to engage him in his chosen po-
sition.
8. These are the principles relating to six
diIIerent types oI ground. It is the highest
responsibility oI the general to inquire into
them with the utmost care.
.,c .,c .,c .,c .,c
9. Now when troops Ilee, are insubordinate,
distressed, collapse in disorder or are routed,
it is the Iault oI the general. None oI these
disasters can be attributed to natural causes.
10. Other conditions being equal, iI a Iorce
attacks one ten times its size, the result is
Ilight.
11. When troops are strong and oIIicers weak
the army is insubordinate.
12. When the oIIicers are valiant and the
troops ineIIective the army is in distress.
13. When senior oIIicers are angry and insub-
ordinate, an on encountering the enemy
rush into battle with no understanding oI the
Ieasibility oI engaging and without awaiting
orders Irom the commander, the army is in a
state oI collapse.
14. When the general is morally weak and his
discipline not strict, when his instructions and
guidance are not enlightened, when there are
no consistent rules to guide the oIIicers and
men and when the Iormations are slovenly
the army is in disorder.
.,. .,. .,. .,. .,.
15. When a commander unable to estimate his
enemy uses a small Iorce to engage a large
one, or weak troops to strike the strong, or
when he Iails to select shock troops Ior the
van, the result is rout.
16. When any oI these six conditions prevails
the army is one the road to deIeat. It is the
highest responsibility oI the general that he
examine them careIully.
17. ConIormation oI the ground is oI the
greatest assistance in battle. ThereIore, to
estimate the enemy situation and to calculate
distances and the degree oI diIIiculty oI the
terrain so as to control victory are virtues oI
the superior general. He who Iights with Iull
knowledge oI these Iactors is certain to win;
he who does not will surely be deIeated.
18. II the situation is one oI victory but the
sovereign has issued orders not to engage, the
general may decide to Iight. II the situation is
such that he cannot win, but the sovereign
has issued orders to engage, he need not
do so.
.,¸ .,¸ .,¸ .,¸ .,¸
19. And thereIore the general who in advanc-
ing does not seek personal Iame, and in
withdrawing is not concerned with avoiding
punishment, but whose only purpose is to
protect the people and promote the best
interests oI his sovereign, is the precious jewel
oI the state.
20. Because such a general regards his men
as inIants they will march with him into the
deepest valleys. He treats them as his own
beloved sons and they will die with him.
21. II a general indulges his troops but is
unable to employ them; iI he loves them but
cannot enIorce his commands; iI the troops
are disorderly and he is unable to control
them, they may be compared to spoiled chil-
dren, and are useless.
22. II I know that my troops are capable oI
striking the enemy, but do not know that he
is invulnerable to attack, my chance oI victory
is but halI.
.,, .,, .,, .,, .,,
23. II I know that the enemy is vulnerable to
attack, but do not know that my troops are
incapable oI striking him, my chance oI
victory is but halI.
24. II I know that the enemy can be attacked
and that my troops are capable oI attacking
him, but do not realize that because oI the
conIormation oI the ground I should not
attack, my chance oI victory is but halI.
25. ThereIore when those experienced in war
move they make no mistakes; when they act,
their resources are limitless.
26. And thereIore I say: 'Know the enemy,
know yourselI; your victory will never be
endangered. Know the ground, know the
weather; your victory will then be total.
picture
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Field Marshal Lord Robert
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.,, .,, .,, .,, .,,
XI
THE NINE VARIETIES OF
GROUND
SUN TZU said:
1. In respect to the employment oI troops,
ground may be classiIied as dispersive,
Irontier, key, communicating, Iocal, serious,
diIIicult, encircled, and death.
2. When a Ieudal lord Iights in his own
territory, he is in dispersive ground.
3. When he makes but a shallow penetration
into enemy territory he is in Irontier ground.
4. Ground equally advantageous Ior the
enemy or me to occupy is key ground.
5. Ground equally accessible to both the
enemy and me is communicating.
6. When a state is enclosed by three other
.,, .,, .,, .,, .,,
states its territory is Iocal. He who Iirst gets
control oI it will gain the support oI
All-under-Heaven.
7. When the army has penetrated deep into
hostile territory, leaving Iar behind many
enemy cities and towns, it is in serious ground.
8. When the army traverses mountains, Iorests,
precipitous country, or marches through
deIiles, marshlands, or swamps, or any place
where the going is hard, it is in diIIicult ground.
9. Ground to which access is constricted, where
the way out is tortuous, and where a small
enemy Iorce can strike my larger one is called
'encircled'.
10. Ground in which the army survives only iI
it Iights with the courage oI desperation is
called 'death'.
11. And thereIore, do not Iight in dispersive
ground; do not stop in the Irontier border-
lands.
12. Do not attack an enemy who occupies
.,¸ .,¸ .,¸ .,¸ .,¸
key ground; in communicating ground do not
allow your Iormations to become separated.
13. In Iocal ground, ally with neighbouring states;
in deep ground, plunder.
14. In diIIicult ground, press on ; in en-
circled ground, devise stratagems; in death
ground, Iight.
15. In dispersive ground I would uniIy the
determination oI the army.
16. In Irontier ground I would keep my Iorces
closely linked.
17. In key ground I would hasten up my rear
elements.
18. In communicating ground I would pay
strict attention to my deIences.
19. In Iocal ground I would strengthen my
alliances.
20. In serious ground I would ensure a con-
tinuous Ilow oI provisions.
.,c .,c .,c .,c .,c
21. In diIIicult ground I would press on over
the roads.
22. In encircled ground I would block the
points oI access and egress.
23. In death ground I could make it evident
that there is no chance oI survival. For it is
the nature oI soldiers to resist when sur-
rounded; to Iight to the death when there is
no alternative, and when desperate to Iollow
commands implicitly.
24. The tactical variations appropriate to the
nine types oI ground, the advantages oI close
or extended deployment, and the principles oI
human nature are matters the general must
examine with the greatest care.
25. Anciently, those described as skilled in
war made it impossible Ior the enemy to unite
his van and his rear; Ior his elements both
large and small to mutually co-operate; Ior the
good troops to succour the poor and Ior
superiors and subordinates to support each
other.
.,¸ .,¸ .,¸ .,¸ .,¸
26. When the enemy's Iorces were dispersed
they prevented him Irom assembling them;
when concentrated, they threw him into
conIusion.
27.They concentrated and moved when it was
advantageous to do so; when not advanta-
geous, they halted.
28. Should one ask: 'How do I cope with a
well-ordered enemy host about to attack me?'
I reply: 'Seize something he cherishes and he
will conIorm to your desires.'
29. Speed is the essence oI war. Take advan-
tage oI the enemy's unpreparedness; travel by
unexpected routes and strike him where he
has taken no precautions.
30. The general principles applicable to an
invading Iorce are that when you have
penetrated deeply into hostile territory your
army is united, and the deIender cannot over-
come you.
31. Plunder Iertile country to supply the army
with plentiIul provisions.
.,· .,· .,· .,· .,·
32. Pay heed to nourishing the troops; do not
unnecessarily Iatigue them. Unite them in spirit;
conserve their strength. Make unIathomable
plans Ior the movements oI the army.
33. Throw the troops into a position Irom
which there is no escape and even when
Iaced with death they will not Ilee. For iI
prepared to die, what can they not achieve?
Then oIIicers and men together put Iorth their
utmost eIIorts. In a desperate situation they
Iear nothing; when there is no way out they
stand Iirm. Deep in a hostile land they are
bound together, and there, where there is no
alternative, they will engage the enemy in hand
to hand combat.
34. Thus, such troops need no encouragement
to be vigilant. Without extorting their support the
general obtains it; without inviting their aIIec-
tion he gains it; without demanding their trust he
wins it.
35. My oIIicers have no surplus oI wealth but
not because they disdain worldly goods; they
have no expectation oI long liIe but not be-
cause they dislike longevity.
.,¡ .,¡ .,¡ .,¡ .,¡
36. On the day the army is ordered to march
the tears oI those seated soak their lapels; the
tears oI those reclining course down their
cheeks.
37. But throw them into a situation where
there is no escape and they will display the
immortal courage oI Chuan Chu and Ts'ao
Kuei.
38. Now the troops oI those adept in war are
used like the 'Simultaneously Responding' snake
oI Mount Ch'ang. When struck on the head its
tail attacks; when struck on the tail, its head
attacks, when struck in the centre both head
and tail attack.
39. Should one ask: 'Can troops be made
capable oI such instantaneous co-ordination?' I
reply: 'They can.' For, although the men oI
Wu and Yüeh mutually hate one another, iI
together in a boat tossed by the wind they
would co-operate as the right hand does with
the leIt.'
40. It is thus not suIIicient to place one's
reliance on hobbled horses or buried chariot
wheels.
.¸c .¸c .¸c .¸c .¸c
41. To cultivate a uniIorm level oI valour is the
object oI military administration. And it is by
proper use oI the ground that both shock and
Ilexible Iorces are used to the best advantage.
42. It is the business oI a general to be serene
and inscrutable, impartial and selI-controlled.
43. He should be capable oI keeping his
oIIicers and men in ignorance oI his plans.
44. He prohibits superstitious practices and so
rids the army oI doubts. Then until the mo-
ment oI death there can be no troubles.
45. He changes his methods and alters his
plans so that people have no knowledge oI
what he is doing.
46. He alters his camp-sites and marches
by devious routes, and thus makes it
impossible Ior others to anticipate his pur-
pose.
47. To assemble the army and throw it into
a desperate position is the business oI the
general.
.¸. .¸. .¸. .¸. .¸.
48. He leads the army deep into hostile terri-
tory and there releases the trigger.
49. He burns his boats and smashes his cook-
ing pots; he urges the army on as iI driving a
Ilock oI sheep, now in one direction, now in
another, and none knows where he is going.
50. He Iixes a date Ior rendezvous and aIter
the troops have met, cuts oII their return route
just as iI he were removing a ladder Irom
beneath them.
51. One ignorant oI the plans oI neighbouring
states cannot prepare alliances in good time;
iI ignorant oI the conditions oI mountains,
Iorests, dangerous deIiles, swamps and marshes
he cannot conduct the march oI an army; iI
he Iails to make use oI native guides he
cannot gain the advantages oI the ground. A
general ignorant oI even one oI these three
matters is unIit to command the armies oI a
Hegemonic King.
52. Now when a Hegemonic King attacks a
powerIul state he makes it impossible Ior the
enemy to concentrate. He overawes the enemy
.¸¸ .¸¸ .¸¸ .¸¸ .¸¸
and prevents his allies Irom joining him.
53. It Iollows that he does not contend against
powerIul combinations nor does he Ioster the
power oI other states. He relies Ior the attain-
ment oI his aims on his ability to overawe his
opponents. And so he can take the enemy's
cities and overthrow the enemy's state.
54. Bestow rewards without respect to
customary practice; publish orders without
respect to precedent. Thus you may employ
the entire army as you would one man.
55. Set the troops to their tasks without
imparting your designs; use them to gain
advantage without revealing the dangers
involved. Throw them into a perilous situation
and they survive; put them in death ground
and they will live. For when the army is
placed in such a situation it can snatch victory
Irom deIeat.
56. Now the crux oI military operations lies in
the pretence oI accommodating one's selI to
the designs oI the enemy.
.¸, .¸, .¸, .¸, .¸,
57. Concentrate your Iorces against the
enemy and Irom a distance oI a thousand li
you can kill his general. This is described as
the ability to attain one's aim in an artIul and
ingenious manner.
58. On the day the policy to attack is put into
eIIect, close the passes, rescind the passports,
have no Iurther intercourse with the enemy's
envoys and exhort the temple council to
execute the plans.
59. When the enemy presents an opportunity,
speedily take advantage oI it. Anticipate him
in seizing something he values and move in
accordance with a date secretly Iixed.
60. The doctrine oI war is to Iollow the
enemy situation in order to decide in battle.
61. ThereIore at Iirst be shy as a maiden.
When the enemy gives you an opening be
swiIt as a hare and he will be unable to
withstand you.
.¸, .¸, .¸, .¸, .¸,
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XII
ATTACK BY FIRE
SUN TZU said:
1. There are Iive methods oI attacking with
Iire. The Iirst is to burn personnel; the second,
to burn stores; the third, to burn equipment;
the Iourth, to burn arsenals; and the IiIth, to
use incendiary missiles.
2. To use Iire, some medium must be relied
upon.
3. Equipment Ior setting Iires must always be
at hand.
4. There are suitable times and appropriate
days on which to raise Iires.
5. ' Times ' means when the weather is scorch-
ing hot; 'days' means when the moon is in
Sagittarius, Alpharatz, I, or Chen constella-
tions, Ior these are days oI rising winds.
.¸. .¸. .¸. .¸. .¸.
6. Now in Iire attacks one must respond
to the changing situation.
7. When Iire breaks out in the enemy's camp
immediately co-ordinate your action Irom
without. But iI his troops remain calm bide
your time and do not attack.
8. When the Iire reaches its height, Iollow up
iI you can. II you cannot do so, wait.
9. II you can raise Iires outside the enemy
camp, it is not necessary to wait until they
are started inside. Set Iires at suitable times.
10. When Iires are raised up-wind do not
attack Irom downwind.
11. When the wind blows during the day it
will die down at night.
12. Now the army must know the Iive diIIer-
ent Iire-attack situations and be constantly
vigilant.
13. Those who use Iire to assist their attacks
are intelligent; those who use inundations are
powerIul.
.¸¸ .¸¸ .¸¸ .¸¸ .¸¸
14. Water can isolate an enemy but cannot
destroy his supplies or equipment.
15. Now to win battles and take your
objectives, but to Iail to exploit these achieve-
ments is ominous and may be described as
' wasteIul delay '.
16. And thereIore it is said that enlightened
rulers deliberate upon the plans, and good
generals execute them.
17. II not in the interests oI the state, do not
act. II you cannot succeed do not use troops.
II you are not in danger, do not Iight.
18. A sovereign cannot raise an army
because he is enraged, nor can a general Iight
because he is resentIul. For while an angered
man may again be happy, and a resentIul man
again be pleased, a state that has perished
cannot be restored, nor can the dead be
brought back to liIe.
19. ThereIore, the enlightened ruler is prudent
and the good general is warned against rash
action. Thus the state is kept secure and the
army preserved.
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XIII
EMPLOYMENT OF SECRET
AGENTS
SUN TZU said:
1. Now when an army oI one hundred
thousand is raised and dispatched on a distant
campaign the expenses borne by the people
together with the disbursements oI the
treasury will amount to a thousand pieces oI
gold daily. There will be continuous commo-
tion both at home and abroad, people will be
exhausted by the requirements oI transport,
and the aIIairs oI seven hundred thousand
households will be disrupted.
2. One who conIronts his enemy Ior many
years in order to struggle Ior victory in a
decisive battle yet who, because he begrudges
rank, honours and a Iew hundred pieces oI
gold, remains ignorant oI his enemy's situa-
tion, is completely devoid oI humanity. Such
a man is no general; no support to his
sovereign; no master oI victory.
.¸· .¸· .¸· .¸· .¸·
3. Now the reason the enlightened prince and
the wise general conquer the enemy whenever
they move and their achievements surpass those
oI ordinary men is Ioreknowledge.
4. What is called ' Ioreknowledge ' cannot be
elicited Irom spirits, nor Irom gods, nor by
analogy with past events, nor Irom calcula-
tions. It must be obtained Irom men who
know the enemy situation.
5. Now there are Iive sorts oI secret agents to
be employed. These are native, inside, doubled,
expendable, and living.
6. When these Iive types oI agents are all
working simultaneously and none knows their
method oI operation, they are called ' The
Divine Skein ' and are the treasure oI a
sovereign.
7. Native agents are those oI the enemy's
country people whom we employ.
8. Inside agents are enemy oIIicials whom we
employ.
.¸¡ .¸¡ .¸¡ .¸¡ .¸¡
9. Doubled agents are enemy spies whom we
employ.
10. Expendable agents are those oI our own
spies who are deliberately given Iabricated
inIormation.
11. Living agents are those who return with
inIormation.
12. OI all those in the army close to the
commander none is more intimate than the
secret agent; oI all rewards none more liberal
than those given to secret agents; oI all matters
none is more conIidential than those relating to
secret operations.
13. He who is not sage and wise, humane and
just, cannot use secret agents. And he who is
not delicate and subtle cannot get the truth
out oI them.
14. Delicate indeed! Truly delicate! There is no
place where espionage is not used.
15. II plans relating to secret operations are
prematurely divulged the agent and all those
.·c .·c .·c .·c .·c
to whom he spoke oI them shall be put to
death.
16. Generally, in the case oI armies you wish
to strike, cities you wish to attack, and people
you wish to assassinate, you must know the
names oI the garrison commander, the staII
oIIicers, the ushers, gate keepers, and the
bodyguards. You must instruct your agents to
inquire into these matters in minute detail.
17. It is essential to seek out enemy agents
who have come to conduct espionage against
you and to bribe them to serve you. Give
them instructions and care Ior them. Thus
doubled agents are recruited and used.
18. It is by means oI the doubled agent that
native and inside agents can be recruited and
employed.
19. And it is by this means that the
expendable agent, armed with Ialse inIorma-
tion, can be sent to convey it to the enemy.
20. It is by this means also that living agents
can be used at appropriate times.
.·. .·. .·. .·. .·.
21. The sovereign must have Iull knowledge
oI the activities oI the Iive sorts oI agents.
This knowledge must come Irom the doubled
agents, and thereIore it is mandatory that they
be treated with the utmost liberality.
22. OI old, the rise oI Yin was due to I Chih,
who Iormerly served the Hsia; the Chou came
to power through Lu Yu, a servant oI the Yin.
23. And thereIore only the enlightened
sovereign and the worthy general who are
able to use the most intelligent people as
agents are certain to achieve great things.
Secret operations are essential in war; upon
them the army relies to make its every move.
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.·¸ .·¸ .·¸ .·¸ .·¸
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.. Anon - THE ART OF WAR:
A Treatise on Chinese
Military Science
Compiled about 500 B.C.
Graham Brash Pte Ltd,
Singapore. 1985.
¸. Cao Shan - THE STRATEGIC
(Editor) ADVANTAGE,
Sun Zi & Western
Approaches to War
New World Press, Beijing,
China 1997. First Edition.
,. Leong Weng - CHINESE MILITARY
Kam CLASSIC: THE ART OF
(Translated) WAR
Edited by Tsai Chih
Chung , Loi Printing
Pte, Ltd, Singapore.
1991.
,. ProI Zhong - THE ESSENTIALS OF
Qin WAR (BY SUN WU)
(Translation) New World Book, Beijing,
China, 1996, First Edition.
.¡, .¡, .¡, .¡, .¡,
¸. Samuel - SUN TZU :
B.GriIIith THE ART OF WAR
(Translated) OxIord at the Clarendon
Press. Great Britain. 1963.
c. Zhang Huimin- SUN ZI : THE ART OF WAR
With Commantaries, Panda
Books, 1995.
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Chit Naing - Thay Nin Ga Byuu Har

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Chit Naing - Thay Nin Ga Byuu Har

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.¸e . c ¸e e e_:, .¸e . c ¸e e e_:, .¸e . c ¸e e e_:, .¸e . c ¸e e e_:, .¸e .

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