Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The Volunteer, March 2005
The Volunteer, March 2005
Volunteer
...and that government of the people,
by the people, and for the people,
shall not perish from the earth.
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
San Francisco Mime Troupe musicians perform The Lives and Times of the
Lincoln Battalion, written by Bruce Barthol, directed by Peter Glazer, at the
Bay Area Reunion. The show will be performed May 1 in New York. Photo
of vet Chuck Hall appears behind the performance. See page 3.
I would like to make an additional contribution to ALBA $_____ Gabriel Jackson replies:
Enclosed is my check for TOTAL $_____ Professor Furr’s letter treats of one of the most painful
and controversial aspects of the Spanish tragedy.
Personally I have long believed, as expressed in writ-
Name
ings of Marcelino Pascua, Republican ambassador to the
Mailing address Soviet Union in 1937, that Stalin’s rule combined several
utterly different strands: great intelligence and success in
Telephone number starting the construction of a socialist society in one coun-
Email address try, essential aid (partially paid for and partially donated)
to the defense of the Spanish Republic, and extreme para-
☛Please make checks payable to ALBA. noia in regard to his “enemies,” especially so-called
Send to 799 Broadway, Rm. 227, New York, NY 10003 Trotskyites. I say “so-called” because in 1937, when Nin
Folk singer and activist Utah Phillips roused the audience with his songs and sto-
ries. His colleagues, the Oakland faction of the Radical Cheerleaders, entertained
the crowd at the reception (photo left).
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Milt Wolff, Lou Gordon, Jack Shafran, Sylvia Thompson, and Matti Mattson pose with sculpture of Milt Wolff. Photo by Scott
Chester.
Trisha Renaud MILTON WOLFF: Papa’s Portrait from the Original Davidson Catalogue
n important art collection, “On
Aviators, from left to right: Ángel Sanz Vallecas, Francisco López Granje, the Mayor of El Molar, Josep Grau, Francesc
Viñals, Simó Fiestas, José Soler, Francisco García, Antoni Vilella, Pedro Carrasco, Francesc Pararols, and Antonio Ramírez.
Photos by Angela Jackson.
T
he Association of Aviators of the youth in 1938, Conrado had been inally designed to be given to all
Republic (ADAR) unveiled a working in the countryside near the Brigaders as they left Spain. (See The
new memorial dedicated to two village and had seen a plane crash. He Volunteer, June 2004, p. 10).
Spanish Republican fighter pilots, The local historical organization
Manuel Vega Gomez and Josep Torras No Jubilem la Memòria will be carry-
Pujol, on November 1, 2004. The pilots ing out more research about the
had been killed near the small village hospital and cemetery in El Molar in
of El Molar in the Priorat, Catalonia, their ongoing project to recover and
during the civil war. I had been invit- preserve the history of the civil war in
ed to attend the ceremony by ADAR, the Priorat region of Catalonia.
one of the many groups in contact
with our association in Marçà, No
Angela Jackson, author of British Women
Jubilem La Memòria.
& the Spanish Civil War, is active in local
As people gathered within the
research projects in Catalonia.
walls of the cemetery at El Molar, I
learned that about 500 Republican sol-
diers were also buried there in an
unmarked common grave. Opposite
the cemetery gates, amongst the pines,
was the building that had been used
as a hospital during the Battle of the Simó Fiestas looks at the memorial.
Ebro. It was on the site of an old lead
mine, now abandoned. had found Manuel Vega badly
The short ceremony, hosted by wounded, caught up in a tree. He was
veteran flyers, included speeches by cut down and taken immediately to
the Mayor of El Molar, the President the hospital but his injuries were too
of ADAR, Squadron Leader Francesc severe and nothing could be done to
Viñals, and the Secretary, Simó save him.
Fiestas, formerly a fighter pilot. We all then went to the Town Hall
As we walked into the center of for refreshments and to renew old
the village after the ceremony, I was friendships. Antoni Vilella, a former
introduced to one of the local vil- airplane mechanic, spoke with emo- Conrado Escoda Salvador from El
lagers, Conrado Escoda Salvador. A tion about the International Brigaders Molar with former pilot of “Moscas,”
small group gathered to listen to the and asked me to send his greetings to Ángel Sanz Vallecas (right).
story he was telling one of the veteran Milton Wolff. Antoni had sent him a
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T
he Historical Archive of the not distant future. than Manuel Fraga Iribarne, a political
Salamanca is being dispersed. The Socialist Party in power in animal who held several ministries
This is how the year 2005 began Madrid has so far been unable to do under Franco, who survived the
in Spain. Hundreds of thousands of anything to head off the passing of the Transition, who survived democracy,
original documents that have been plan, nor apparently will it be able to. and who today is the President of the
held for decades in the most complete The evaluation of the Basque situation Cortes of Galicia. Without a moment’s
internal history of the Spanish Civil by Catalan separatists of Esquerra hesitation he announced that the solu-
War will be moved to Catalonia,
where they were stolen in their day by
Franco’s troops. One of the few cen- What is really in question, when it comes down to it,
tralized archives in Spain will be split
in two; in three, really, because the is the future legal status of Spain: Will it continue to
Basque Country is also demanding the
transfer of documents from Salamanca be a state composed of autonomous territories?
that in their day were stolen from
Bilbao.
It is a sad metaphor for the still
Will it become a federal state? Or will it fragment,
open wounds of the war. Researchers
from throughout the world who have
break up into independent countries, integrated
strained their eyes working through
this archive will regret its sundering. and united under the overarching umbrella that is
Although it is also true that today all
or almost all the facsimiles in the membership in the European Union?
world can be consulted in that magnif-
icent and enormous virtual library
know as the internet. Republicana de Catalunya has been tion to the Plan Ibarretxe is to suspend
The dispersal of the Salamanca drastic: “This is just a tiny taste of what Basque autonomy. To back up his
Museum of the Civil War, the result of will happen in Catalonia,” they say. argument, he turned to history:
the nationalist persistence of a handful What is really in question, when it “During the Second Republic,” he
of Catalan politicians, is nothing more comes down to it, is the future legal said, “Alejandro Lerroux, who was no
than a symbol of what is taking place status of Spain: Will it continue to be a authoritarian, in fact he was an old-
in Spanish politics today. The surge state composed of autonomous territo- time radical, undid Catalan autonomy
toward separatism of the nationalist ries? Will it become a federal state? Or with the stroke of a pen.”
political parties, calling with greater will it fragment, break up into inde- It is as though time does not pass
urgency than ever for political inde- pendent countries, integrated and for Fraga. Before the perplexed eyes of
pendence from Spain, once again united under the overarching umbrel- hundreds of journalists, he continued,
hovers over a country that is constitu- la that is membership in the European “He undid Catalan autonomy and
tionally bound to remain united. Union? nothing happened.” He only omitted
Even more important, and less The Spanish Constitution needs a one minor detail: in fact, nothing hap-
symbolic, than what has happened facelift, that is for sure, after 25 years pened … that day.
with the Salamanca archive is what is service. But the authors of our magna
Miguel Ángel Nieto is a distinguished
going on in the Basque Country and carta refuse to let Spain, like the
Madrid journalist.
Catalonia. Local cortes (parliaments) Salamanca archive, dissolve. The most
in the Basque Country have just
passed, by majority, a separatist
scheme known as the Plan Ibarretxe,
named after the Basque political lead-
er who proposed it. It calls for
establishment of a calendar of political
www.alba-valb.org
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Tales of Franco
By Paul Preston ty. Typical of them was the repentant had been death, but because the mag-
n mid-July 1939, Count Galeazzo leftist Joaquín Pérez Madrigal, who nanimity of Franco’s heart had
Tales
Continued from page 9
lightly, fully informing himself, saically brutal. In Salamanca or in present, was taken aback by the casual
demanding that such a defense or Burgos, after lunch or over coffee, or way Franco passed judgment, in the
such an accusation be read out to him even in a car speeding to the battle same tone that he would use to dis-
again, finally pronouncing the sacra- front, the Caudillo would flick through cuss the weather: “There is nothing
mental words ‘sentence commuted’ or and then sign sheaves of them, often else to be done. Shoot them.”
‘sentence approved.’” without reading the details but On visiting him in Salamanca,
The administration of justice to nonetheless specifying the most savage Pedro Sainz Rodríguez, a friend of
which the awe-struck Millán Astray form of execution, strangulation by gar- Franco’s from his days in Oviedo in
and Galinsoga referred was based on rote. Occasionally, he would make a 1917 and later his first Minister of
Franco’s examination of the files on point of decreeing garrote y prensa Education, was astonished by the cold
those Republican prisoners not sum- (garrote reported in the press). indifference with which Franco dealt
marily executed as they were captured Franco did insist on seeing the with the death sentences. Franco was
or murdered behind the lines by death sentences personally, although breakfasting on hot chocolate and fin-
Falangist terror squads but subjected he reached his decisions in the most gers of fried bread (picatostes). He
to cursory courts martial. Usually, cursory manner. On various occasions had a pile of expedientes on the table
large numbers of defendants would that Ramón Serrano Suñer was pre- and a chair on either side. While calm-
have been tried in large batches, sent when Martínez Fuset arrived ly continuing to dip his bread in the
accused of generalised crimes—most with folders of death sentences, he chocolate, and thoroughly enjoying
often “military rebellion,” that is to would offer to leave. Franco usually his breakfast, he flicked through the
say, having failed to support the told him to stay, saying, “It’s just rou- files, placing them on one chair or the
uprising of July 1936—and given little tine stuff, Ramón.” While the Caudillo other. Those on the right were to be
or no opportunity to defend them- and his brother-in-law continued to executed, those on the left to have
selves. The death sentences passed work, Martínez Fuset would read out their sentences commuted.
merely needed the signature under the name, age and profession of the It does not seem that Carmen Polo
the word enterado (acknowledged) of condemned. Occasionally, without ever used her influence with Franco to
the general commanding the province. raising his head from the papers that limit the scale or the intensity of the
As a result of the Italian protests, from he was examining with Serrano Suñer, wider repression. It is impossible for
March 1937 death sentences had to be Franco would ask, “Political party?” her not to have known about what
sent to the Generalísimo’s headquar- and then state the manner in which was happening. On most days, after
ters for confirmation or pardon. The the death sentence was to be imple- lunch and often in her presence,
last word on death sentences lay with mented, garrote or firing squad. Lorenzo Martínez Fuset, now head of
Franco, not as Head of State, but as Another witness claimed that Franco’s juridical office, would bring
commander-in-chief of the Armed Martínez Fuset derived a macabre sheaves of death sentences for him to
Forces. The fact that pleas for clemen- pleasure from blackening the case of sign. It was common for the wives, sis-
cy were usually examined by Franco various individuals. In contrast, ters and mothers of condemned men
after the condemned had already been Franco’s faithful cousin Pacón often to appeal to Doña Carmen in the hope
executed led to the joke by Franco’s accompanied Franco and Martínez that she would intercede with her hus-
chaplain that the Generalísimo wrote Fuset in the car as they went through band. However, her already stony
enterrado (buried). the files. He remembered Franco ask- heart had been hardened by the death
In this area, his close confidant ing for details to be repeated and also of her beloved aunt, Isabel Polo Flórez
was Major, later Lieutenant Colonel, claimed that Martínez Fuset, if asked, de Vereterra. She had died in the vil-
Lorenzo Martínez Fuset of the military would recommend benevolence. lage of Infanzón in the province of
juridical corps, who was auditor del Specifying press coverage was not Gijón in the early days of the war,
Cuartel General del Generalísimo just a way of intensifying the pain of after being brusquely interrogated by
(legal adviser to headquarters). The the families of the condemned men anarchist militiamen. Isabel had been
tiny, balding Martínez Fuset was an but also had the wider objective of to a large extent a mother substitute to
amiable individual with a child-like demoralizing the enemy with evi- Carmen. Her death, perceived to be at
smile, much liked by his fellow-offi- dence of inexorable might and the hands of the “Reds,” intensified
cers. He was utterly devoted to implacable terror. That was one of the Carmen’s hatred of the Republic.
Franco, to the point of adulation. lessons of war learnt by Franco in Ramón Serrano Suñer claimed that
Contrary to the sycophantic myth Morocco. At one lunch in the winter of Doña Carmen rarely if ever interceded
of a tireless and merciful Caudillo ago- 1936-37, the case of four captured on behalf of anyone.
nizing late into the night over death Republican militiawomen was dis- One appalling case that revealed
sentences, the reality was more pro- cussed. Johannes Bernhardt, who was Doña Carmen’s reluctance to inter-
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Tales
Continued from page 10
cede was that taken to her by a cousin weightier things on his plate.” Before of German anti-semitic legislation,
from Astorga in León, Doña Máxima Doña Máxima’s ever more frantic declaring that the policy of Ferdinand
Torbado de Panero, whose son pleas, she relented and said, “Very and Isabel towards the Jews had
Leopoldo was a minor poet. Leopoldo well, but I can’t bother him about two shown the Nazis the way: “Now you
Panero and a friend, Ángel Giménez, of them. You choose one.” In this oft- will understand the reasons which
who was shortly to be married to related version, Doña Máxima chose have led other countries to persecute
Leopoldo’s sister Asunción, had been her son, and her daughter’s fiancé was and isolate those races marked by the
arrested. According to sources close to shot. In fact, the real story is, at one stigma of their greed and self-interest.
the Panero family, Doña Máxima went level, even more spine-chilling since it The domination of such races within
with Asunción to the prison of San suggests that Franco was open to society is disturbing and dangerous
Marcos in León to visit the two boys. pleas for clemency emanating from his for the destiny of the nation. We, who
When they reached San Marcos and wife and that she chose not to exercise were freed of this heavy burden cen-
asked to see them, a prison guard told her power in this regard. turies ago by the grace of God and the
them that Ángel was no longer there. It is possible that Doña Carmen clear vision of Ferdinand and Isabel,
They assumed at first that he had been used this power on other occasions, cannot remain indifferent before the
transferred to another prison. but there is no evidence that she did modern flourishing of avaricious and
However, the guards brought out a so. In another case, that of her close selfish spirits who are so attached to
wild-eyed and deranged Leopoldo friend Dolores Roda, Carmen’s failure their own earthly goods that they
who managed to stammer out that, on to act was striking. Dolores Roda’s would sacrifice the lives of their chil-
the previous day, Ángel had been shot husband, General Campins, a close dren more readily than their own base
and, before facing the firing squad, friend of Franco, had been shot in interests.”
had entrusted him with his watch to August for failing to join the uprising. In the same speech, he made it
give to Asunción. Máxima immediate- Dolores wrote a heart-rending letter to clear that he rejected any thought of
ly bundled Asunción into her car and Franco begging to be told why amnesty or reconciliation with the
set off for Salamanca. On reaching the Campins had been shot. It was defeated. “We need a united Spain, an
Palacio Episcopal, she was received by answered by his cousin, Pacón. At the aware Spain. It is necessary to put an
Doña Carmen. She begged Doña time of this correspondence, Carmen end to the hatreds and passions of our
Carmen to get a letter from Franco to was still in France. However, it has recent war but not in the manner of
save her son. Carmen Polo calmly been alleged by Carmen’s brother-in- liberals, with their monstrous and sui-
replied that her husband was in a law, Ramón Serrano Suñer, that cidal amnesties, which are more of a
meeting and could not be disturbed. Dolores Roda later wrote her an even fraud than a pardon, but rather with
After waiting for several hours in a more harrowing letter repeating the the redemption of sentences through
mood of mounting anxiety, thinking question. Carmen, he said, simply did labor, with repentance and penance.
only that her son might be shot at any not deign to reply. Anyone who thinks otherwise is
moment, Doña Máxima finally lost her On May 19, 1939, the day on guilty of irresponsibility or treason. So
composure. She began to scream and which he had presided over the spec- much damage has been done to the
shout to such an extent that the tacular Victory Parade, Franco was Patria and so much havoc wreaked on
Caudillo’s wife reluctantly went into anything but magnanimous in victory. families and on morality, so many vic-
Franco’s office and asked him for the “Let us not deceive ourselves: the tims crying out for justice that no
letter. Without hesitation, Franco Jewish spirit, which permitted the honorable Spaniard, no conscious
acceded to his wife’s request. Armed alliance of big capital with Marxism being even, could stand aside from the
with the letter, Doña Máxima returned and which was behind so many pacts painful duty of punishment.”
to León, where the document secured with the anti-Spanish revolution, can- Franco’s speeches revealed more
the immediate release of Leopoldo not be extirpated in a day and still of the truth about his vengeful inten-
Panero. beats in the hearts of many. Too much tions then the fanciful inventions of
It is an interesting comment on blood has been spilt and our Holy his propagandists. On October 1, 1975,
the popular view of Carmen Polo that Crusade has cost Spanish mothers too the 39th anniversary of his elevation
the following version of events was high a price for our victory to be to the Headship of State, Franco made
widely accepted in Astorga. In local squandered by foreign agents infiltrat- his last major public appearance on
myth, on her knees, Doña Máxima ed into Spain.” the balcony of Madrid’s Palacio de
begged Carmen Polo, as a cousin, to In his end of year message on Oriente. Before a huge crowd, he
intercede with the Generalísimo. December 31, 1939, Franco used his denounced “a masonic left-wing con-
Carmen replied haughtily, “I can’t be admiration for the 15th Century
Continued on page 14
bothering Paco all the time. He has far Catholic kings to express his approval
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Milt Wolff, Clifton Amsbury (in back), Al Tanz, Ted Veltfort, and Lenore Veltfort march against the first Gulf War.
S
taring out into the darkness as the boat
made its way across the ocean to Spain in
1936, nurse Hilda Bell Roberts, barely
twenty at the time, reflected on her life. “My
plans were simple," she later said. “Get married,
have kids, lead an organized life. Then I realized
I was giving it all up, and my life would never be
the same. It felt good.” .... Nearly seventy years
later, marching with a crowd of demonstrators
protesting U.S. military intervention in
Afghanistan and Iraq, she smiles and states with
pride, “Going to Spain was the best decision I
ever made, next to becoming a nurse.”
From the introduction to The Front Lines of Social
Change: Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade.
Harry Fisher
In Brief
arrived at my apartment for an inter- Battle of the Ebro was first suggested
view about my activities during the by Cornwall-based poet and writer
Spanish Civil War. I was surprised Martin Green. His father, the classical
when they entered carrying a basket musician George Green, was killed
Interviewers Flock to Vets of cookies, cakes, apple cider and a near Corbera.
November and December were bottle of French champagne. As an Using the original British
busy months of interviews. In just a introduction to Spain I played a 14- Battalion Roll of Honour, together
few weeks, I was interviewed by 4 minute excerpt from TV journalist Eric with material from the Moscow
high school students and 2 Ph.D. can- Severeid’s one-hour special about Archives, researcher Jim Carmody
didates doing theses on Spain (one Spain and the VALB. We then spent drew up a list of some 90 men from
from Oxford University and the other two hours conversing and taping. I Britain, Ireland, Australia, Canada,
from a Canadian university), as well found it unusual for a parent to come and the Netherlands who are known
as two filmmakers, one from Spain along, but her father was quite inter- to have died at the Ebro from July to
and the other living in Germany. The ested in this part of Spain’s history. September 1938, or as a consequence
latter are gathering information about Teresa will write her paper in Spanish. of wounds or sickness in the months
the vets and the Spanish Civil War. I She is a student of Victoria Parraga, a that followed.
local teacher and member of our Bay Bob Lambourne, a graphic design-
Area Post, whose mother, as a 16-year er in London, has created an initial
old, fought in Madrid. (She was and is design for a steel memorial plaque
a Spanish citizen.) that will bear the names of the fallen
I was also intrigued with a home volunteers, their places of origin, and
schooled San Francisco student who the following inscription:
later wrote, “….it was really fun talk- British Battalion Volunteers
ing to a real veteran of the Spanish They Died Fighting for Spain
Civil War and it really helped me get a Battle of the Ebro
better idea of just what was going on.” July-September 1938
Also, he sent a copy of a full page arti- The International Brigade Memorial
cle about the Spanish Civil War Trust of Britain and Ireland applied for
written for the student newspaper permission to install the plaque on a
Tomorrow’s Birdcage Liner: News and republican memorial wall near the exist-
Reviews for Progressive Youth. ing Quinta Biberon memorial on Hill 705
—David Smith in the Sierra Pandols.
The Town Hall of Pinell el Brai
Luxembourg Honors IBs recently confirmed that the IBMT can
Members of the City College-23rd St. The Friends of the International unveil the plaque on Saturday, May 7,
delegation to the Founding Brigades in Luxembourg (Les Amis 2005. It is hoped that British veteran
Convention of the American Student des Brigades Internationales Jack Jones and Irish veteran Michael
Union (ASU), held at Vassar College Luxembourg) held a commemorative O’Riordan will attend.
in Poughkeepsie, New York, in meeting last October in front of the —David Leach
December 1937. The delegates are “No Pasaran” monument to honor the
standing in front of a prototype of nation’s volunteers in the Spanish
the ambulance they had just sent to Civil War.
Loyalist Spain with money raised “They departed when others were
from their student body. Standing at still asleep,” said Prime Minister Jean- Tales
the right is Henry Foner, who has Claude Juncker, one of the speakers. Continued from page 11
chaired the annual New York “They acted instead of waiting.”
reunions of the Veterans of the The group also hosted a commem- spiracy within the political class in
Abraham Lincoln Brigade since orative lecture by Professor M. indecent concubinage with
1975. Antonio Ventura of the University of Communist-terrorist subversion in
Lisbon titled “Portugal on Both Sides society.” In those 39 years, in the terri-
of the Spanish War.” tories under his control, his serene
hope they complete their projects. One For more information about the justice had been manifested in con-
filmmaker sent the following: “The Friends group, contact centration camps, forced labor
material I shot with my video camera henri.wehenkel@education.lu. battalions, overcrowded prisons, tor-
is just what I needed for the continua- ture and judicial executions by the
tion of my research.” Ebro Memorial To Brits tens of thousands.
During the holiday week, a high The idea for a memorial to British
school junior, Teresa, and her father Battalion volunteers who died at the
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Benicassim:
A Tempest Over Historical Plaques
By Robert Coale The latest news from Benicassim where the Hotel Voramar is now
he last few months have seen is that the town is planning to partial- located, there was a pearl gray and
Benicassim
Continued from page 15
Simone Weil, the anarquist militia- in the human race. I doubt that in the peace, but the present government
woman who bewilderedly watched history of nations there is another only saw ghosts and struck out
the cruelty of the war through the example of greater altruism and unmercifully against the truth. They
glasses of an intellectual. There were brotherhood. Benicassim, my town, must return the dignity of the
metal workers, students, Thames was one of the defining scenes of the brigadistas. It continues to be our dig-
dockworkers and dreamers from all presence of these volunteers from nity of today.
parts. In their peculiar geography around the world. We were a hospital
Valencia was the capital of the loyal- for the wounded, a rearguard of Letter to editor of El País from Ana
ists. Over 15,000 volunteers of the health. We could not have been any- Perez, chair of the Association of
International Brigades died in combat. thing else as our ancestral vocation is Friends of the International Brigades,
Those who survived were promised just that: to protect, to offer refuge Madrid, December 12, 2004
we would never forget them. and hospitality. The emblematic The mayor of Benicassim, Manuel
Because of all this, the decision of Voramar Hotel, the villas of today’s Llorca, has withdrawn a plaque in
the mayor of Benicassim, Manuel promenade, the very cemetery, an memory of the international brigade
Llorca, to remove from the cemetery
by decree a plaque in their honor They were the last romantics. They gave their all in the last war
shows a deeply shameful stinginess of
soul. One has to be really miserly to to be lost, painfully, desperately and with an unquestionable
refuse them remembrance. elegance of heart . . .
They were the last romantics.
They gave their all in the last war to
be lost, painfully, desperately and inescapable final resting place for members whose remains are buried
with an unquestionable elegance of some. All of this represents a scenery there. Once again, there have been
heart, like John Cornford, a youngster unquestionably linked to the appeals to the often mentioned
with a pilot’s jacket and a child’s smile brigadistas. offended sensibilities in order to
who smoked filterless cigarettes and This fact is recognized in numer- repeat the habitual practices of
was an excellent poet. He was only 21 ous theses, publications and even Francoism: the insensitive elimination
when a bullet burst his lungs to pieces novels by universal authors. of any sign of freedom and defense of
in the hills of Cordoba at Christmas of Benicassim treasures this legacy. We democracy. It seems superfluous to
1936. Shortly before dying he wrote to are entitled to this honor. Last sum- point out that a democratic city gov-
his friend Margot Heinemann these mer, I was fortunate to be the mayor ernment, of whatever political color,
verses of love, which seem directed to who offered the plaque in homage to would seek its historical antecedents
the heart of our country: “If luck ends the brigadistas. Petitioned by the hon- precisely in those who fought in favor
my life in a poorly dug grave, remem- orable association González Chermà, of a constitutional mandate.
ber our happiness... and don’t forget our government accepted to dignify The volunteers for liberty were
that I loved you.” the memory of those who were con- guided by an ideal: to defend freedom
demned to the worst that can be done and the democratic legality of the
Brigadistas in Benicassim - Letter to to a human being. They were erased Spanish people and to fight the fas-
editor of El País from Francesc from history. Following the war, fas- cism which threatened to spread over
Colomer, former mayor of cism desecrated their graves and Europe and provoke a new world
Benicassim, spokesperson for the deposited their remains in an unregis- war. They risked their lives in this
Socialist Party of Valencia and mem- tered and anonymous ossuary. undertaking and many were lost.
ber of the regional parliament, 14 This summer, we only hung a Through altruism and generosity they
November 2004. plaque to remember that there rest constituted a singular example of
The article by Susana Fortes on nameless human beings. People who international solidarity in defense of
the International Brigades and came to die for our freedoms and for the best values of humanity.
Benicassim in the Saturday, 13 the constitutional legality of the There are few brigadistas alive
November issue of El País has moti- moment. After the motion of censure today. For each and every one of
vated me to write the present letter. of July 29, another memoricidal gov- them, as for their comrades, Spain is a
Simply put, the article is an example ernment withdrew the plaque while second homeland which they carry in
of beauty and justice. The touching wielding spurious arguments about their hearts. In turn, the memory of
description of the enormous gesture of the two sides, the offended sensibili- Spanish democracy, the grateful and
solidarity which were the International ties, etc. They have understood
Continued on page 19
Brigades is inspired with what is best nothing. We spoke of feelings and
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Book Reviews
artists’ studios, any place with records
The Case of the Stolen Archives or items of possible interest, would be
seized. Items belonging to those sup-
porting Franco were returned, but all
Comissió de la Dignitat. The archives ing Archivo General de la Guerra records of any suspect person or orga-
Franco stole from Catalonia: The cam- Civil de España housed in Salamanca, nization were retained—including
paign for their return. Lleida: Editorial the Salamanca Archive for short. those dating back to the previous cen-
Milenio, 2004. In 1938 Serrano Suñer created the tury. The documents the DERD
National Department for the Recovery acquired became the archive housed
By Andrew Lee of Documents (DERD), institutionaliz- in Salamanca, with an estimated 200
ing in this arena activities begun a tons of documents seized from
T
his book is the story of the year earlier. This was the capture and Catalonia alone.
group of heroic Catalans who, analysis of information that would One needs to remember that this
in 2002, formed the “Dignity lead to the identification and prosecu- is not an archive of both sides in the
Commission” to work for the return of tion of those who were “contrary to Civil War; it is really a collection creat-
the materials taken from Catalonia by the National Movement.” This infor- ed for the purposes of punishment
Franco’s troops during the Civil War mation was then passed to the police and elimination, and hence was creat-
as they captured territory, people, and and military. The obvious targets of ed by violence, seizure and
property. It provides the historical such “research” were members of destruction. Multiple copies of publi-
background of the Salamanca Archive, Republican and leftist parties, unions, cations were destroyed, items were
the history of the demands for the and their associated cultural and other not kept in any apparent systematic
return of materials beginning in the organizations. Masons, theosophists, order, and it is not quite like any other
late 1970s, the contemporary work of and spiritualists were other targets. As archive I have ever worked in, either
the Dignity Commission, and the Franco captured an area, the DERD in Europe or in the United States.
international support their campaign would sweep up materials and begin The Commission is asking that
has gotten from such luminaries as to process them. Entire libraries, Continued on page 19
Rigoberta Menchu, Noam Chomsky,
and Peter Gabriel, as well as distin-
guished historians of Spain such as Spain’s Legacy Evaluated
Paul Preston.
It isn’t uncommon for a national “The Spanish Civil War: Ideologies, The scholars who contributed to
archive to house portions of its collec- Experiences and Historical Recovery— this anthology include Gabriel Jackson
tions in storage or in some location Homage to Robert G. Colodny,” (an abridged version of the 1999
perhaps distant from the capital, such Science & Society, Volume 68, No. 3 (Fall ALBA/Bill Susman lecture), Paul
as the parts of the French National 2004). Preston (“The Answer Lies in the
Archives in Roubaix near Lille. Such Sewers: Captain Aguilera and the
archives contain all manner of materi- Mentality of the Francoist Officer
T
al, which is a part of what contributes his special issue of the interdis- Corps”), Helen Graham (writing on
to their being such fascinating institu- ciplinary Marxist quarterly, the return of Republican memory),
tions. Readers of this publication have guest edited by Marvin and many U.S.-based writers whose
already seen numerous articles about Gettleman and Renate Bridenthal, work previously appeared in the
the formerly “secret” archives held in begins with a lovely remembrance of pages of The Volunteer.
Moscow. Many of you also know Lincoln vet Robert Colodny (1915- The variety of articles—“Asian
something about the controversy over 1997), a scholar of the Spanish Civil Volunteers in the Spanish Civil War”;
the records of the CPUSA held by the War and an editorial board member of “Woody Guthrie’s Lost Song to
Library of Congress. But none of this Science and Society. With a range of Lincoln Vet Steve Nelson”; “The
holds a candle to the issues surround- articles, essays, and reviews, the edi- British Contribution to the Anti-
tors endeavor to follow in Colodny’s Fascist Struggle in Spain”—speaks to
footsteps, emphasizing the impor- the spreading interest in the war
Andrew Lee, a librarian at New York
tance of the Spanish conflict not only among diverse scholarly groups.
University, has worked in the Salamanca
for its contemporaries, but also for its
Archive.
impact on later generations.
18 THE VOLUNTEER March 2005
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Book Reviews
A Novel of Wartime Andalucia the writing charms you, if you enjoy a
novel with a leisurely pace, if you
yearn for a trip to southern Spain but
Vedette or Conversations with the Thus begins Vedette’s travels in a can’t afford the ticket (or don’t want
Flamenco Shadows. By Stephen Bildungsroman with a touch of the to deal with all the tourists), then
Siciliano. iUniverse, 360 pp. $21.95. picaresque. Vedette learns of the Vedette, which you can order at your
wider world and the limits of men local bookstore or on the internet,
while with revolutionaries. She lives might be the remedy.
By Charles Oberndorf near the Parque de María Luisa and
Charles Oberndorf is a novelist and
V
edette or Conversations with the learns to sing in Sevilla. Just after the
English teacher who lives in Cleveland
Flamenco Shadows is set in fascist uprising in 1936, she helps start
Heights, Ohio.
Andalucía, around Sevilla, a utopian town, one that attempts to
during the days of the Second bring the benefits of free love and ani-
Republic and the Spanish Civil War. mal liberation (some of these utopian
This self-published novel starts out scenes are insufferable—imagine, for Benicassim
strongly. “The first man I ever haunt- instance, rural Andalusian men giving Continued from page 16
ed was my father, which I suppose up the hunting of rabbits). At the end
makes perfect sense.” Gloriella, a of the war she copes with the terrible emotional memory of the internation-
young girl born in a small town, has changes brought about by the new als has remained alive through the
unfortunately attracted the lustful government. difficult years of dictatorship. This
attentions of her father, who is haunted According to the novel’s bibliog- was manifest when in 1995 the
by her beauty. He calls her Vedette, a raphy, Siciliano lived fours years in Parliament unanimously conferred
French word for star or accomplished Andalucía, and he clearly loves the Spanish nationality on the interna-
performer, though when father says it region, the people, the culture. The tional brigade veterans and also
to daughter, it has other implications. novel is peppered with Spanish during the impressive homage which
Both mother and a hypocritical priest proverbs and flavored with descrip- was held in all of Spain in 1996 at the
try to wrest the girl away from the tions that can only be written by a 60th anniversary of their arrival in our
father’s possession. After a gypsy writer who has lived in the south of country. The city government of
woman reads Vedette’s future, Spain. Especially in the first section, Benicassim joined in this celebration.
Vedette’s mother tries to save her by there is a pleasant charm in the writing. Since then, brigadistas have continued
giving her into the care of people who Siciliano’s love of Andalucía and to return to Spain as often as possible,
might watch over her: revolutionaries. of his main character is both a blessing for other anniversaries or simply driv-
and a curse. As a writer, he’s eager to en by a desire to revisit this land
introduce us to culture and history. which they love and which is theirs.
Stolen Archives Apprentice writers are often advised The withdrawal of the plaque
Continued from page 18 to write of characters who are at the from the cemetery of Benicassim is an
heart of things; there are great chal- act which produces dishonor and
these records be returned to their lenges to writing of a protagonist who shame because in the memory of the
rightful owners. This book’s account is more witness than participant. brigadistas, Benicassim, and its hospi-
of their many activities in their brief Vedette often hears of major events or tal, is a place of recovery, of health
but eventful two years of existence is she is on the sidelines as a witness. and of refuge in the midst of the hor-
engaging, and at present in the news. Even when Vedette stands at the cen- ror of war. Now, some want to
We can all either wish them success or ter of an event, the first-person eliminate the plaque, an external sign
hope that their demands lead to narrator will explain more than she of their presence.
improvements in the arrangement dramatizes. I found myself yearning We wish to manifest our rejection
and functioning of the Archive in for more shape to the story, for the of this miserly act, but also our pro-
Salamanca. writer to have a greater sense of how found conviction that the International
(As The Volunteer prepares for story is often built around how things Brigades will continue to be an indeli-
publication, the Spanish government go wrong, not about how things just ble part of the democratic memory of
has approved the return of the happen. the Spanish people. Our association
Catalonia archives to the Catalan gov- If you go to www.iUniverse.com, will continue to labor for that goal.
ernment. See page 8.) you can read the opening of Vedette. If
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Lazy memory
Memory’s Roster Continued from page 17
Letters
Continued from page 2
that the combination of parliamentary
and trade union delegations, the La Memoria Vaga (Memory is
ashamed embarrassment of the
Republican government, and the
Lazy) will be screened April
was kidnapped from a Barcelona jail, intense press controversy (later ana- 19 at NYU's King Juan Carlos I
and later tortured and killed by order lyzed by George Orwell in the most Center, 53 Washington
of Stalin, neither he nor Trotsky con- widely-read single work concerning Square South.
sidered him a “Trotskyite.” But he the Civil War) deserved the term
was the main theoretician of the anti- “international scandal.”
Stalinist POUM and he had been, Gabriel Jackson government has also agreed to con-
until December 1936, the Justice Barcelona, Spain sider proposals to turn the Valley of
Minister in the autonomous Popular the Fallen into a place “that serves to
Front Catalan government. Dear Editor: denounce Francoism rather than
After his death, and the false I would appreciate hearing from praise it.”
claims that he had been a fascist, col- anyone who has memories or infor- My senior thesis allowed me to
laborated with the Nazis, etc., the mation of any sort about Lisa Gavric formulate a perspective on the monu-
British Labor Party, the French (born Elisabeth Bechmann), who was ment, and ALBA’s generous award of
Socialists, and numerous left labor a nurse at Hospital Casa Roja, Murcia. the George Watt Prize for the thesis
organizations in Europe sent delega- She was a very good friend of my helped me to make a documentary
tions to Barcelona to ask the Negrín father, Dr. Sidney Vogel, who worked film on the Valley. With additional
government what had happened to at the same hospital.I have learned the support from Wesleyan University’s
Nin. The persons they met with were outline of Lisa Gavric’s life (Austrian, Davenport Study Grant and the
forced to admit that they could not 1907-1974; Spain, 1936-39; active in William Lankford Memorial Fund, La
show the delegations the privately France after Spain; in the Memoria es Vaga (Memory is Lazy) is
controlled communist prisons. Simeon Ravensbruck concentration camp; in now completed and screening at festi-
Vidarte, moderate socialist and a fre- Yugoslavia after the war). But I vals. In my film, the builders of the
quent Spanish delegate to would very much appreciate more monument tell the story that few
international labor conferences, tells in detailed information and especially know—of political prisoners from the
his memoirs how, after the Nin affair any personal recollections. losing side forced to build a monu-
and the similar disappearance of a Thank you. ment celebrating their defeat—as they
young journalist, Marc Rein, whose Lise Vogel break a silence that has hidden the
father had been a prominent 355 14th Street truth for too long. For more informa-
Menshevik, he quietly advised Brooklyn, NY 11215 tion on La Memoria es Vaga, contact
European friends not to send to Spain 718-499-4952 Katie Halper at khalper@gmail.com.
persons who might be thought of as lvogel@mindspring.com
enemies of Stalin. Somehow I thought
THE VOLUNTEER March 2005 21
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Contributions
In Memory of a Veteran Martin Fishgold in memory of Irving Fishgold
$25
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$50
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$25 Linn $100
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Anne Trojan in memory of Frank Chirko $100 Alper $50
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$30 Larry Bendoski in memory of Mary Fox Jackman
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$100
Contributions
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WWW.ALBA-VALB.ORG
BOOKS ABOUT THE LINCOLN BRIGADE VIDEOS
The Front Lines of Social Change: Veterans of the Into the Fire: American Women in the Spanish Civil
Abraham Lincoln Brigade War
by Richard Bermack Julia Newman
Soldiers of Salamas Art in the Struggle for Freedom
by Javier Cercas Abe Osheroff
Juan Carlos: Steering Spain from Dictatorship to Dreams and Nightmares
Democracy Abe Osheroff
by Paul Preston
The Good Fight
British Volunteers in the Spanish Civil War Sills/Dore/Bruckner
by Richard Baxell Forever Activists
The Selected Poems of Miguel Hernández Judith Montell
edited by Ted Genoways You Are History, You Are Legend
The Wound and the Dream: Sixty Years of American Judith Montell
Poems about the Spanish Civil War Professional Revolutionary: Life of Saul Wellman
by Cary Nelson Judith Montell
Passing the Torch: The Abraham
Lincoln Brigade and its Legacy of Hope
by Anthony Geist and Jose Moreno
Another Hill ❑ Yes, I wish to become an ALBA
by Milton Wolff
Associate, and I enclose a check for $30
Our Fight—Writings by Veterans of the made out to ALBA. Please send me The
Abraham Lincoln Brigade: Spain 1936-1939
Volunteer.
edited by Alvah Bessie & Albert Prago
Spain’s Cause Was Mine Name ____________________________________
by Hank Rubin
Comrades Address ___________________________________
by Harry Fisher
The Odyssey of the Abraham City________________ State ___Zip_________
Lincoln Brigade
by Peter Carroll
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____________. I wish ❑ do not wish ❑ to have
The Lincoln Brigade, a Picture History this donation acknowledged in The Volunteer.
by William Katz and Marc Crawford
Please mail to: ALBA, 799 Broadway, Room 227,
EXHIBIT CATALOGS New York, NY 10003
They Still Draw Pictures: Children’s Art in Wartime
by Anthony Geist and Peter Carroll
The Aura of the Cause, a photo album
edited by Cary Nelson
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