, , (www. Chemview.

gr)
(: .
,(.7)
)
/

1
3d :
2
n=3 ml=-1;
3
20Ca.
4
,
Paulli,
Hund.
1s 2s
2p
. () () () () ( )
. () () () ( ) ( )
. () ( ) () () ( )
. ( ) ( ) () () ()
5
(NaHCO3) Na, H, C, O 11, 1,
6 8 .
6
8O, 16S 9F.
8O2- 9F7
22Ti2+
8 CaCl2 ZnCl2
. Ca
Zn 20 30
9 4
.., ..
..
/
n l ml

10
11

-2

-1

4 ,
(3,1,1,+1/2).
.

4, 2

12
13

14
15
16

2 : 0, 1, 2, 3. ( )

. : 10, 18, 29, 30.
( )
16.
.. ,
., .. .. p
. .. ,
. .
4
2p.
spin : 0, , -1/2, 3/2. ( )
spin
4f : 3, 5, 7, 9 ( )

"" ""
.
.
.
.
.
. 19
.
20Ca.

. 60 C, NaCl
pH 7.
. 25C pH<7.

. ,
pH <
pKa()1.

17

18

. Grignard
C2H4O


. HC 10-8
25 C pH=8.
. 1 mol HCl
NaOH
1 mol HCOOH.
. 3 pH=11
10
, pH 10.
. HCOONa HCOOH
pH .
.
4s2
..
. F o
.
3 V 1
(1<0,1) ,
4V. 1:2
..
1, 2 3 10-5, 2.10-9

19

20

21

22

23
24

25
26

27

10-7 .
:
) HF
) HCl
)
3 0,1 4Cl 1M
ka=10-6.
- ,
;
b=10-5.

H2PO4- + NH4+ NH3 + H3PO4
34
4+
;
42 25 C pH<7. : )
4+
2-, )
2
3, ) [4+]<[2-], )
.

NaA,
,
;
Ka:, :.., pH:..,
[-]: [-]:
HA 25C
60oC. a, , pH [3-];
.
3-4Cl
.
(, , )
.

HCO3- .

-
4+ - .
. HSO3
:
(
Ka(HCOOH)>Kb(NH3) )
CH3COOK, NH4I, CH3ONa, HCOONH4, CH3NH2, CH3CCH, PO42-,
NH4+, C6H5OH, CH3OH

28

29

:
) 43 3
) HF KF
) CH3COOK
) 0,2mol NH3 0,1mol HCl
) 0,2 mol NaOH 0,3 mol NH4Cl

30

31

, pH.
) HCl, B) NaOH, ) Ca(OH)2, ) CH3COOH, E) CH3COONa,
Z) NH3, H) NaCl, ) CH3COONH4, I) NH4Cl.
a(CH3COOH)=Kb(NH3)=10-5 .
HCOOH
:
1: HCOOH 0,1 , 25oC
2: HCOOH 0,1 , 45oC
3: HCOOH 1 , 25oC
4: HCOOH 1-COONa 1M , 25oC
3
,

RC + 3 RNH3+ + Cl ,
1 L, 0,1 pH = 5.
)
Ka RN3+

. ) 8 g
NaOH, ,
.


pH .

32

33

-14
: =10 , 25 C, r
= 40.
w
NaOH
(
).
50 mL C
NaOH 0,1.
)
: 1)
,
2)
C
) 50mL
0,1 50 mL
0,2 100 mL
(), [-]=2.10-5.
a
) () 0,015 mol NaOH
. pH
.
: =10-14, 25 C
w
(
).

1 5
.

34

35
36

CH2=CH-CH-CC-H
|
O-H
. () ()
;
.
.
)
; ( : 8)

:
) 2--3-
170C.
) 2--.
) CH3CH2MgCl + C3H6O + H2O +
) (H2SO4) KMnO4.
E) . Phehling .
) (HCl)
K2Cr2O7.
Z) ()
.
) 2--
(COONa)2 .
) 2- 2--.
) NaOH .
) 2--2,4-.
Grignard
3--2 ;
, ,
: 1-, 2-,
, , 1- .
4
(tests),
.

/ KnO4

pH

.
Tollens

<7

.
37

38

)
-

) KMnO4 0,5M,
HCl 0,5 mol
.
.

) ()
() 29:37

()-() .
)
() ()
(CuSO4) () (SOCl2).
)

(AgNO3 + NH3 + H2O) 0,2 mol ().
: Ar(Ag)=108.

( )

/
1
2

3d :

n=3 ml=-1;

20Ca.

,
Paulli,
Hund.
1s 2s
2p
. () () () () ( )
. () () () ( ) ( )
. () ( ) () () ( )
. ( ) ( ) () () ()

(NaHCO3) Na, H, C, O 11,
1, 6 8 .

8O, 16S 9F.
8O2- 9F-

22Ti2+

CaCl2 ZnCl2
.
Ca Zn 20 30

n2=32=9 5.
n
3

l
0

ml
0
3
1
-1, 0, 1
3
2
-2,-1,0, 1,2
2
(3, 1, -1) (3, 2, -1)
4 .
. 20Ca :
1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2 , . 2
4s.

: (4,0,0,+1/2) (4,0,0,-1/2)

. ,
Paulli ,
Hund .

, .

) rS>rO>rF , EiS<EiO<EiF
) rO2->rF- (

, .
)
22Ti . :
1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d2, 4s2
22Ti2+ 2
. 4,
:
1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d2 .
Ca Zn
.. Ca

,
.
CaCl2
..

4
.., ..
..
/
n l ml

-2

-1

10

4 ,
(3,1,1,+1/2).
.
11

4, 2
2 : 0, 1, 2, 3. ( )
12
, .
: 10, 18, 29, 30. ( )
13

14
15
16

16.
.. ,
., .. ..
p . .. ,
. .
4
2p.
spin : 0, 1/2, 1, 3/2. ( )
spin
4f : 3, 5, 7, 9 ( )

"" ""
.
.
.
.
.
. 19

20Ca.

. 60 C,
NaCl
pH 7.
. 25C pH<7.

. ,
pH <
pKa()1.
. Grignard
C2H4O

, 2p, 2py.

1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p2 .

n,l,ml, ,
.
29.
1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d9,
1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2,
3p6, 3d10, 4s1,
.
16 (VIA), p, 3, 10, 2, .

7 ( f 7 )
- (

,

)
-
- (
,
,


).
- ( ,
,
Kw.
60oC
w=10-12 ,

pH=pOH, 2pH=12, pH=6.
- ( ,


, ,

)
- ( ,

. HC 10-8
25 C pH=8.
. 1 mol HCl
NaOH
1 mol HCOOH.
. 3
pH=11
10 , pH
10.
. HCOONa
HCOOH pH
.
.
4s2
..
. F o
.

17

3 V 1
,
4V. 1:2 ..
( 1, 2<0,1)

18

1, 2 3 10-5, 2.10-9
10-7 .
:
) HF
) HCl
)
3 0,1 4Cl 1M
ka=10-6.
- ,
;
b=10-5.

H2PO4- + NH4+ NH3 + H3PO4
34
4+
;
42 25 C pH<7. : )
4+
2-, )
2
3, ) [4+]<[2-], )
.

NaA,

19

20

21

22

(..)
,
(-))
- ( Grignard
,
).
- (

. pH
7
).
- (
,
).
- (


p
7)
- ( HCOONa
,
HCOO-)
I-. ( d

4s2
2 ).
- (
Ostwald)
(
12=b.C1.

22=b.C2. C2=C1/4.
12/22=1/4 =>
1/2=1/2).
- 2, -1, -3

.
( .. NH3-NH4Cl pH=8
:
pH=14-pOH=14-pKb-logC/C=
14-5-1=8.
- pH>pKa+1 7)
: 4+ , 34
:3, 24 4+
34.

pH, [OH-], [A-]

23

,
;
Ka:, :.., pH:..,
[-]: [-]:
HA 25C
60oC. a, , pH [3-];
.

24

3-4Cl
.
( , )
.

25

HCO3- .

-
4+ - .
. HSO3
:
(
Ka(HCOOH)>Kb(NH3) )

26

27

O
Ka
.

, [3+]
, pH.

4+ ..
:
4Cl NH4+ + ClKOH K+ + OHNH4+ + OH- NH3 + H2O
: HCO3- + H2O CO32- + H3O+
: HCO3- + H2O H2CO3 + HONH3
H2SO3

CH3COOK, NH4I, CH3ONa, HCOONH4,

CH3NH2, CH3CCH, PO43-, NH4+, C6H5OH,
CH3OH

CH3COOK, NH4I, CH3ONa, HCOONH4, CH3NH2, CH3CCH,

PO43-, NH4+, C6H5OH, CH3OH

28

31

:
) 43 3
) HF KF
) CH3COOK
) 0,2mol NH3 0,1mol HCl
) 0,2 mol NaOH 0,3 mol NH4Cl
29
, pH.
) HCl, B) NaOH, ) Ca(OH)2, ) CH3COOH, E) CH3COONa,
Z) NH3, H) NaCl, ) CH3COONH4, I) NH4Cl.
a(CH3COOH)=Kb(NH3)=10-5 .
30 HCOOH
:
1: HCOOH 0,1 , 25oC
2: HCOOH 0,1 , 45oC
3: HCOOH 1 , 25oC
4: HCOOH 1-COONa 1M , 25oC
3
,

RC + 3 RNH3+ + Cl ,
10 L, 0,1 pH = 4,5.
)
Kb RN2

B, ,

pH , , , , (=), , ,

4(
)<3<1 ( )
<2 (
)

) RNH3+ .
R3+ + 2O R2 + H3O+
:
Ka=[RNH2].[H3O+]/[RNH3+]=x2/0,1 (1)
: pH=4,5 => x=10-4,5 .
H (1) Ka=10-8
Kb=10-14/10-8 = 10-6 .
B) mol :
n=m/Mr = 20/40 = 0,5mol
NaOH :
C=n/V = 0,5/10M = 0,05M.
H NaOH RNH3+ .

NaOH + RNH3+ RNH2 + H2O + Na+

. ) 20 g
NaOH, , RNH2 0,05M RNH3+ 0,05M
pOH=pKb+log(C/C) =6+log1=6
.
pH .

32

33

34

-14
: =10 , 25 C, r
= 40.
w
NaOH
(
).
50 mL C
NaOH 0,1.
)
: 1)
,

2) C

) 50mL
0,1 50 mL
0,2 100 mL (),
[-]=2.10-5. a

) () 0,015 mol NaOH

. pH
.
: =10-14, 25 C
w
(
).

1 5
.
CH2=CH-CH-CC-H
|
O-H
. () ()
;
.
.
)
; ( : 8)

:
) 2--3-
170C.
) 2-.
) CH3CH2MgCl + C3H6O + H2O +
) (H2SO4)
KMnO4.
E) . Phehling .
) (HCl)
K2Cr2O7.

pH=14-6=8

1) .. 7 .
2) pH 2
C=10-2M.
)
.
10-5.
) mol
0,015 mol
0,015 .
NaB .
0,1
- b=10-9.
pH=9

) 11 3.
) 1: sp2
2: sp2
3: sp3
4: sp
5: sp
)
.
1s2, 2s2, 2p4


2 p .

) 2--2- + 2
) 2- + Cl + 2
) 2--2- + Mg(OH)Cl
) CO2+MnSO4+K2SO4+Na2SO4+2
) + Cu2O + Na2SO4
+ 2
) CO2+CrCl3+ KCl + 2
) CuC CCu + NH4Cl

Z) ()
.
) 2-- ,
(COONa)2 .
) 2- 2--.
) NaOH .
) 2--2,4-.

35

Grignard
3--2 ;

36

, ,
: 1-, 2, , , 1-
.
4 (tests),
.

/
KnO4

pH

.
Tollens

) + NaCl
) -. +
NaCl
) + 2-
CH3
|
) (-C-CH=CH-CH-)v
|
|
CH3
CH3
2 :
) . -
) 2-- -

<7

:
:
.

: 2-

A) :
: 3--2-
: 2--

37

) 0,4L

)
-

) KMnO4 0,5M,
HCl 0,5 mol
.

38

) ()
() 29:37

()-() .
)
() ()
(CuSO4) ()
(SOCl2).
)

(AgNO3 + NH3 + H2O) 0,2 mol ().
: Ar(Ag)=108.

) :
:
: 2--3-
: CH3CH2COOCHCHCH3
| |
H3CH2C CH3
) 43,2 g