List of language abbreviations in the IED Abbreviation Language name Aeq. Akk. Alb.

Akkadian Albanian Anglian Aequian

Alan. Anat. Ang. AngN Ash. Ass. Auk. Bel. Br.

Alanian (=Old Ossetic)

Anatolian Anglo-Norman

Aram.-Iran

Assyrian Bactrian British

Ashkun

Aramaeo-Iranian

Bactr.

Aukshtaitian Belorussian

Bret. CCl.

BVan. Chak. Chor. CIb. Co.

Breton

Continental Celtic Chakavian Chorasmian

Bas-Vannetais

Class. Skt. Corn. Dac. Dan.

Classical Sanskrit Cornish Cornouillais Danish

Celtiberian

Dacian Dardic

Dard. EBl.

Dzuk. EGm. El.

East Baltic

Dzukian

EGmRun. Elam.

East Germanic

Elymian Elamite

East-Germanic Runic

Elam.-Iran.

Elamo-Iranian

EMoBret. EMoIr. ESl. EMoW Faer. Gal.

Early Modern Irish East Slavic Faeroese

Early Modern Breton Early Modern Welsh

FriRun. Gallo-Gk. Gaul.

Gallo-Lat. GaulG GaulL Go. Gr.

Gallo-Gk. (in Gk. authors) Gaulish

Galindian

Frisian Runic

Gallo-Latin (in Lat. authors)

Gaulish in Greek letters Gaulish in Lat. letters

Hebr. Hell. Hi. IE

Greek

Gothic

HVan. IIr.

Hindi

Hellenistic Haut-Vannetais

Hebrew

InsCl. Iran. It.-Cl. Kajk. Ken. Lak.

Insular Celtic Italo-Celtic Kajkavian Kentish Iranian

Indo-Iranian

Indo-European

Khot. Lang. Latg. LAv. Lep. Liv. LCo.

Khotanese (=Saka) Lakonian Langobardian

Late Avestan Late Cornish Lepontic

Latgalian

LPBr. Lus. Mac.

Late Proto-British Macedonian Lusitanian

Livonian

MArm.

Middle Armenian

Mars. Maz. Mcd.

Marsian

Mazanderani Macedonian Median Middle Cornish

MCo. Med. MFr. MIA MIA Mit. Merc.

Middle French

Mercian

Middle Indo-Aryan Middle Indo-Aryan

MIc. MnLE

Middle Icelandic Mitanni

MnLW

MoArm. MoCo. MoE MoIA MoIr. MoP MP

MoBret.

Modern Bret.

Modern Armenian Modern Cornish

Restsprachen west

Restsprachen east

MoIc.

Modern Icelandic Modern Irish Modern Persian

Modern Indo-Aryan

Modern English

MoW Mun. MW Myc.

Middle Persian Middle Welsh Munji

Modern Welsh

NEIran. NGm. NIA

Mycenaean

Northeast Iranian North Germanic

non-IE Nth. Nur.

New Indo-Aryan Northumbrian Nuristani

Non-IE languages

NWGk. OBr.

NWIran. OBret. OCo.

Northwestern Greek Old British (i.e. names in Latin sources and inscriptions of the Dark Ages) Old Breton Old Cornish (Voc. Corn.) Northwest Iranian

OCS

ODan. OFri. Og.

Old Church Slavonic Old English Runic Old Danish

OERun. OFriRun. OGt. OIA OIran. OP

Old Frisian

Old Frisian Runic Ogam Irish

Old Gutnish

Old Indo-Aryan

ONRun. OPhr. Orm. ORu. Oss. OssI OW P Pa.

Old Persian Ormuri

Old Norse Runic

Old Iranian (names in var. sources)

Old Phrygian Old Russian

ORun. OssD OSWBr.

Ossetic Iron Digor

Old Runic

Old South-West British Old Welsh Pali Proto- (can be prefixed to any language) Paeonic

Paeon. Pal. Pam. Par. Parth. Pash. PFU Pis. Pkt.

Palaic Pamir

Parachi

Plb. Pol. PrIr.

Prakrit Polish

Pisidic

Proto-Fenno-Ugric

Pashto (=Afghan)

Parthian

Polabian

PRom. PSab. PSamn.

Primitive Irish

(Proto-)Sabellian ( = Osco-Umbrian) Presamnitic

Proto-Romance

PU

qIE

Proto-Uralic Roshani Russian

Rosh. Ru. RuCS Sar. Sarmat. Sbn. SCr. SCS

quasi-Indo-European

Russian Church Slavonic Sarikoli Sarmatian

Scyth. Sel. Sh.

SEIran.

Scythian Selian

Serbian Church Slavonic Southeast Iranian Shughni

Serbo-Croatian

Sabinian

Shtok. Sic. Sid. Skt. Slc. Slk.

Siculian Sidetic

Shtokavian

Sanskrit Slovak

Slovincian Slovene

Sln. Sp.

Sogd. SPic. SSl. Sum. SwG Taj. SWIran. Thrac. Treg. Ukr. Van. Ved. W Wa.

South Picenian South Slavic Sumerian (non-IE)

Spanish

Sogdian

Swiss German (Schweizerdeutsch) Southwest Iranian Tajik Thracian

Ukrainian Vandal

Tregorrois Vannetais Vedic

Vand.

Welsh

Wakhi

WBl. WS WSl. Yaz. Yi.

West Baltic

Yagh.

West Slavic Yazgulami Zhemaitian Yaghnobi

West-Saxon

Zhem.

Yidgha

The database represents the updated text of J. Pokorny's "Indogermanisches

Etymologisches Wrterbuch", scanned and recognized by George Starostin (Moscow),

who has also added the meanings. The database was further refurnished and corrected by A. Lubotsky. Pokorny's text is given practically unchanged (only a few obvious typos were corrected), except for some rearrangement of the material. The numbers in the lemmata alphabetization would otherwise too much affect the order of the lemmata. Laryngeals Laryngeals are sounds that occurred in the Proto-Indo-European language, caused are given after the root (e.g. Pokorny's 1. b er- appears as b er-1) because automatic
h h

changes to neighbouring sounds, and disappeared. They were postulated to explain was many decades before confirmation of their existence was found, in the newly they were pronounced.

anomalies in the verb system, and they proved useful for explaining other phenomena. It deciphered Hittite language. Linguists are still not agreed on how many there were or how

'Laryngeal' is also an ordinary phonetic term meaning made in the larynx; but it is the Indo-European consonants. The problem

preferable to call this glottal or laryngal, to avoid confusion with the still unknown values of

The verbs were central to the reconstruction of the ancestor of Indo-European languages, which was going well in the 1870s, and explanations had been found for the vowels i and verbs had a stem of the form consonant - e - consonant-, the base vowel -e- surrounded e u, and unaccented o. This postulated an earlier stage in which the only vowel was e. Most by consonants. Other vowels were derived from them.

The anomalous verb stems were those that had no consonant preceding, such as *ed-,
h

the vowels a and o. Those with other vowels also lacked consonants, and had the same pattern as the e-stems: *ag- 'drive', *okw- 'look', *staa- 'stand', and *doo- 'give'.

'eat', or a long vowel and no following consonant, such as *d ee- 'put', and those that had

If a and o had been normal vowels, why were there no normal-shaped stems CaC- and were normal, why were there no stems of the shape ee consonant - or consonant ee consonant -? The proposed solution

CoC-? Why were these two vowels also associated with lack of consonant? If long vowels

Ferdinand de Saussure proposed the existence of elements he called coefficients

sonantiques in 1879, an abstract term not committing himself to any definite phonetic form. These stood in the place normally occupied by consonants, and caused one or both of two changes: shifting the neighbouring vowel; and lengthening it if they followed. Then they disappeared, leaving their mark on the altered vowels.

Later the same year Hermann Mller, seeking to make a connexion between the IndoEuropean and Semitic families, introduced the name laryngeal, suggesting that the hypothetical coefficients were pronounced like the Semitic laryngeals. The term strictly contain h and the glottal stop But in Indo-European the "laryngeals" might have been stop. have no clear evidence.

means pronounced within the larynx, and is synonymous with glottal: Semitic languages those, or might have been other guttural sounds such as pharyngeals or velars. We still

At least three laryngeals are usually postulated. A more abstract notation is to use schwa kind of H with subscript. is e-coloured, is a-coloured, and is o-coloured. So the six *ed- from ed*ag- from eg2 h 1 h 3 2 1

with a subscript number. An alternative, much more common these days, is to use some

roots given above come from earlier forms with laryngeals: *d ee- from d e d e *staa- from ste *doo- from de 3 2 3 1 h

*okw- from ekw-

Sometimes evidence shows a laryngeal, but the vowel colouring has been lost so we can't tell which one it was: this is annotated without subscript, as H.

Proof in Hittite

The regularity of the ablaut grades, described above, was the initial motivation for

postulating laryngeals, but many other niggling exceptions in other parts of the grammar

and vocabulary became simpler to explain if laryngeals were invoked. Each phenomenon could however have a different explanation. There was no direct evidence for fifty years. But in 1927 Jerzy Kuryowicz announced that Hittite contained consonants in just those deciphered in 1915.

positions where laryngeals were predicted. This had been overlooked when Hittite was first

Hittite was written in a cuneiform script, borrowed from the Semitic language Akkadian. By had some kind of guttural sounds, close enough to those predicted for the Indo-European transcribed h or h, but it was sometimes written doubled, as in pahh corresponding to hhur, hh Greek pyr and English fire. In some Hittite consonants, the use of doubling indicated a

comparison with surviving Semitic languages, it is clear that Akkadian and therefore Hittite laryngeals. The exact value of the Hittite sounds is unclear. There was only one letter, now

voicing contrast, such as p versus b, but it is not known whether this is true of h. That is, distinct sounds, or what exactly they were.

though the laryngeals were found, we're not sure how many of them Hittite preserved as

It also appears to imply a fourth laryngeal, because in some cases where an a-coloured instances of e do however show up as ha ha. Sanskrit evidence
2

laryngeal is postulated, there is no h in Hittite, though the vowel did become a. Other

basic evidence for vowel-colouring; but laryngeals are convincing as explanation of at least three disparate phenomena restricted to the Sanskrit branch. They are the difference voiceless aspirated stops. between set and anit stems; the exceptions to Brugmann's Law; and the existence of

In Sanskrit the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) vowels e and o both became a, wiping out the

are like kartum 'to do', from kr Those with i come from roots extended by a laryngeal: kr.
h h

referring to the infinitive. Some are like b avitum 'to become', from the root b u, and others
h h

Set and anit are ancient Indian grammatical terms, from sa-i 'with i' and an-i 'without i',

wHtum, giving *b wHtum the laryngeal found itself between consonants, so turned into a vowel, in order to remain pronounceable. In most IE languages this so-called schwa indogermanicum became a, but it is characteristic of Sanskrit that it became i.

b eweH-. When the unaccented vowel was reduced to zero grade between consonants,

The presumed laryngeal also triggered vowel lengthening. With the past participle suffix wHts. *b wHts In this position the w then turns into a vowel, *b uHts, and then lengthening and loss of the laryngeal (as in the original ablaut pattern laryngeals were invented for) give the actual Sanskrit b uuts.
h h h

ts the accent is removed from the stem, and both stem vowels are reduced to zero, giving

In later (Classical) Sanskrit the range of set roots was extended by analogy, so not all set are often obscured.

roots mark laryngeals. All languages undergo extensive ploughing-over and early patterns

/he made' regularly becomes cakaara. Comparison with Greek shows that the first person actual form is cakara. Something prevented Brugmann's Law operating. It might have 'I made' should have been *kekora, which should have also become cakaara, but the

open syllable before a resonant (a liquid or nasal), it was also lengthened. So *kekore 'she

Normally PIE o became Sanskrit a. Brugmann's Law says that when this happened in an

been an analogy with some other 'I' form, in order to keep the two persons distinct; but the I unusual thing about the perfect tense ending -a 'I' is that, while the vowel a is common in a I PIE stems, it's very rare in inflections. This suggests it only occurred where created by a
2

laryngeal. Then the PIE form *kekor e would contain a closed syllable -kor-, not open -ko, so Brugmann doesn't apply.

The third major strand from Sanskrit evidence is the voiceless aspirates ph th th ch kh.

They were long regarded as part of the original PIE consonant set, but actually evidence for them outside the Indo-Iranian branch including Sanskrit is slim. Kuryowicz proposed that they developed from a plain stop p t t c k that had come to be next to a laryngeal when the intervening vowel dropped out. So the Sanskrit root stha- 'stand' came from steH2- and the new consonant th was then generalized to all forms of the word. Greek and Armenian evidence

Armenian is a solitary branch of the Indo-European family, markedly different from all others, but in several respects it and Greek share unusual features. Some words, particularly in front of n l r, have an extra (prothetic) vowel compared to other branches. Greek noma, Armenian anun, cf. English name, Latin nomen, Sanskrit naaman. Greek odos, Armenian atamn, cf. English tooth, Latin dens, Sanskrit dantah. Greek astr, Armenian ast, English star, Latin stella.

Greek eletheros, Latin liber 'free'. From the vowel preserved in Greek we can see which laryngeal was originally there: H1leud - 'free', H2ster- 'star', H3nom- 'name'.
h

Greek and Sanskrit share the augment, an initial vowel e- (becoming a- in Sanskrit) on

some past tenses. Armenian also has this, though only on the third personal singular of with both augment then reduplication. Where there was a laryngeal, this sometimes

monosyllables. They also have reduplication in the perfect tense. The pluperfect is formed causes lengthening. So H1leud - 'free' gives eleeluutha 'I loosened', from e-H1le-H1leud h h

H2e. In a few cases the vowel-colouring effect of the laryngeal is also preserved.

The lengthening effect seems to explain the two Greek words ikhthuus 'fish' and muus are jukn and mukn. This also shows that it's not strictly true that the laryngeals disappeared from all modern languages.

'mouse'. We can suspect that there was a laryngeal here, because the Armenian words

There are more direct survivals in Armenian: Latin anus = Hittite hannas = Armenian han Latin avus = Hittite hu huhhas = Armenian haw

Latin ventus = Hittite hu huwantsa = Armenian hogi Other branches

Albanian is another unique and distant branch of Indo-European, and also preserves some actual descendants of the laryngeals, in words like hidhur 'bitter', hidh 'nettle', hut 'empty', and herdhe 'testicle'.

Some Latin perfect tenses are formed by reduplication, but others are formed by eat', d 'I ate', from originally reduplicated e- d-.
1 1

lengthening the vowel: these may be in places where laryngeals are predicted. So ed 'I

Etruscan is not an Indo-European language, but might be distantly related to the family as a whole. The word for 'before' is hant-, whereas Latin has ante.

The attempt to link Indo-European to other families, called the Nostratic theory, has a

problem with laryngeals. Although Nostratic would connect Indo-European to Semitic, the connexion is not very close even within Nostratic. All the other groups that would belong

somewhere in the superfamily - such as Kartvelian, Uralic, Altaic, and Dravidian - show little or no evidence of ever having had laryngeals. Pronunciation

The Nostraticist Allen Bomhard writes that we can now state with complete confidence the values of the laryngeals. This of course means we can't do anything of the kind. They could be almost anything.

One good idea is that , , and were respectively palatal, velar, and rounded velar fricatives, that is [], [x], and [xw]. This fits the pattern of stops [kj k kw] that we already pharyngeals. know about, and also makes them quite easy for us to pronounce. None of those awkward
3 2 1

But was more easily lost, so perhaps it was something weaker, like a glottal stop. if it existed could have been [h]. and might have been pharyngeal. might have been h (labialized).
3 3 2

voiced (because of the Hittite writing); as it caused o-colouring it was very likely rounded

L.R. Palmer, 1980, The Greek Language, Faber & Faber

Winfred Lehmann, 1993, Theoretical Bases of Indo-European Linguistics, Routledge Gender category in Indo-European. 1. Origin of gender in Proto-Indo-European. It is proved that it would be wrong to mix the categories of gender and sex in Proto-IndoEuropean noun system. Modern Indo-European languages which have gender at all, What has no sex, is neuter - for those languages which use neuter, like Slavic and German. usually make these two categories the same: what is female in sex, is female in gender.

Proto-Indo-European shows a completely different system of gender. And though linguistic schools argue about the more likely structure of noun genders in the Proto-language, some facts can be stated for sure.

First, Proto-Indo-European had no gender. At that time the language consisted not of morphological items, like nouns, verbs and adjectives, but just of words which acted

independently in the sentence. The main grammar means of the language was not the declension and conjugation, but the combination of words, and the word order. Nouns lacked any endings, case suffixes, formants of gender of number.

Later, when the language acquired the ergative structure, where all words should be

clearly distinguished between active and inactive (or animate and inanimate) classes.

Here, on this stage, nouns first get the declension. Most scientists believe there were two

or three noun cases at that time in Proto-Indo-European: ergative case, which denoted the subject and indirect objects, absolutive case, which meant subject and direct objects, and animate nouns could be declined, and nouns denoting things did not have cases at all. maybe genitive, which could exist in the stage of forming. We must stress that only active,

There was still no gender, but it was already shaping. The ergative structure was slowly

transforming into another type of the language. When a special case was invented for the direct object (accusative), the language could be already named nominative. Words were adjectives, pronouns, numerals, and verbal uniting verbs and perfect verbs - two quite already divided into nominal and verbal parts of speech - nominal including modern nouns, different sorts of words at that time. While the ergative structure was declining, the nominal part of speech was divided into two ones: nouns, which marked the subject and object, and the adjective marking the attribute of a noun.

This division was logical: people were going to separate attributive and subjective words, those which determine and those which state. Adjectives, nevertheless, could not case and number. completely avoid the influence of nouns, and since then they had to follow the noun in

This was the time for the gender to appear. And here the opinions of leading world

linguists do not agree. Some of them try to prove, rather successfully, that there was two

genders in Early Proto-Indo-European, and then one of them divided into two. Other argue there were three genders originally. Let us see the arguments of each of the sides, just in order to seem objective.

The first version means the following. Two genders which appeared in the Proto-Indo-

European language were invented to separate active and inactive nouns from each other, to divide nouns meaning animate objects (people, sacred animals, deities) from simple acquired the ending -s / -os in nominative singular and could be declined according to s os inanimate things (trees, ground, weapons). The active gender, or active class of nouns,

case and number. The plural number denoted several animate nouns, their real plurality. om, om and even though it had plural number, it did not mean plurality, but just collectiveness. and u. These three kinds of noun stems sooner or later started to denote feminine nouns The inactive class, vice versa, could not be declined, its characteristic ending was -m / m

Later processes of the language development generated a-stems of nouns, stems in long i now they were equal to the sex. That is how the active class was divided into masculine and feminine.

There are several solid proofs of such a point of view. In most Indo-European languages many noun stems include both masculine and feminine nouns: like short i-stems (Latin hostis masc, ossis fem). Such nouns, though different in gender, have absolutely the same declension and only adjectives, attributes next to them, can distinct their gender. Even a-

stems (Latin femina, Lithuanian motina, Greek gunh), made specially for feminine, include many masculine nouns (Latin nauta, poeta). Such a situation of mixture cannot exist with and feminine nouns in most of stems (except a-) still use -s ending in all classical Indos neuter nouns which do not mix in declension with masculine or feminine. While masculine European tongues, neuter nouns have -m. This very -m is always repeated in accusative m m

singular together with nominative singular: this never happens to other genders.

Greek and Latin, being typical Indo-European languages, show one more interesting bonus bona, bonum but this happens only to adjectives of o- and a-stems which us, um; us a um

feature, called "two ending adjectives". Ordinary adjectives use all three genders: Latin cooperate, and with all other stems adjectives use only two forms: the same for masculine two ending adjectives and also show the main thesis of all who state 2 original genders of Proto-Indo-European: differences between masculine and feminine in Indo-European are not as big, as those between masculine-feminine and neuter masculineneuter.

and feminine, and another for neuter. Such adjectives as Latin fortis, fortis, forte, are called

proved that the Anatolian branch, later consisting of Hittite, Luwian and Palaic languages, was the first to move away from the Proto-Indo-European community, and did it even before the Proto-language acquired some of its significant morphological and phonetic other Indo-European languages. Anatolian languages show no feminine or masculine

The other argument in favour of this theory is the situation in Anatolian languages. It was

traits. So Anatolian preserved some interesting archaic moments which we cannot found in languages, and even no a-stems, and genders are two - exactly for animate and inanimate

-n (derived from Indo-European -m), or no ending at all, subsequently did not decline n all m

nouns. The animate gender used -s' ending (as's'us' - good), and the other one either had s'

(as's'u - good (neut.)). This makes us believe that such a system is the Early IndoEuropean one: Anatolian languages were the only group to preserve the 2-gender structure.

in Indo-European use the ending -es in nominative plural, and -ns in accusative plural. All es ns nominative and in accusative. Plural neuter nouns denoted collective unity in Proto-Indo-

The third proof concerns the plural number. Masculine and feminine nouns and adjective

other cases also have their inflections. As for neuter words, their ending -a is used both in a

European, like modern Russian nebesa "skies" which does not mean "several skies" but "sky in a collective meaning". Such nouns in the Proto-language included many words which later will be included into the feminine a-stems - their endings in nominative were

"waters". In Greek, ancient Indo-Iranian languages and in Hittite the subject in neuter plural form always use their predicate in singular. This is maybe the most important evidence of the special position of neuter in Proto-Indo-European: it was inactive.

the same. For example, Latin aqua (water) is originally a collective neuter noun in plural: a

Besides a-stems, Indo-European formed the feminine gender, different from masculine, possession on archaic stages of the language (Sanskrit rathah "a chariot", rathih with one more type of noun stems: long i-stems. Obviously, the suffix -i- meant the i

"something belonging to a chariot"). Later this meaning could go in two ways: it might

to form the feminine gender, if Indo-Europeans looked at the woman as a possession of the man. That is how long i-stems turned out to be all feminine.

begin to mean the possessive genitive case (remember -i in Latin, Venetic and Celtic) and i

stems and i-stems appeared, and the opposition emerged between masculine and feminine nouns, we can speak about three genders in Indo-European: masculine, feminine, neuter.

So from that moment, when Anatolian languages already migrated to Asia Minor, when a-

There are linguistic schools which do not agree to the fact that the Proto-language used its a-stems phonetically coincided with masculine o-stems, so the genders coincided as

two genders, and not three. They say that Anatolian just united masculine and neuter, for well. Other explain this unification by the substratum influence. But anyway, the 2-gender

version seems much better proven.

2. Genders in ancient and modern Indo-European languages.

When the Proto-language disappeared, transforming into different groups, the gender language was quite clear: the number of genders was going to reduce.

system chose its own way in each of them. But the general trend in every Indo-European

Hellenic languages in their ancient varieties (Ancient Greek dialects) preserves the threegender structure, and its peculiarities often show the closer connections between masculine and feminine, than between them both and neuter (2-ending adjectives, etc.,

neuter plural subjects have usually a singular predicate: ploia plei (ships move). The New Greek language also shows three genders, and their opposition is strengthened by the extensive use of articles, also declined in three genders.

see above). Ancient Greek represents the classical neuter endings in -n < *-m. In Greek n m

Italic can be called classical in this meaning as well. Latin shows no sign of reduction of genders, and its neuter plays an important role in the language. The reduction of some final consonants in Umbrian influenced the so-called Popular Latin, which was quickly moving towards the analytism in morphology, lost many endings and so many gender

forms coincided with each other, which could not but lead new Romance languages in tongues the function of differentiating genders passed from the inflection to the article like du - de, and adjective endings gros - grosse. In some languages, however, the e process of secondary morphologisation of genders is going on nowadays: Spanish

their majority to the 2-gender opposition with the loss of neuter. In many modern Romance usage: French has no other signs of genders, but un, une, le, la, some prepositional forms

This interesting feature seems to make us think that the gender development history goes the same way as the case system development.

generated new endings for masculine and feminine: hermano - hermana, cabron - cabra. o a n a

Germanic languages are called the most analytic among all modern Indo-European

tongues. While all ancient varieties of Germanic (Gothic, Old Norse, Old English) used

three cases, the modern languages reduced their number. English and Afrikaans removed genders at all from their morphology: English preserved them only as a "hidden category", which can be seen in personal pronouns he, she, it (for example, ships are always she). German uses both some infections and first of all the article, definite and indefinite (der -

die - das, ein - eine). An interesting thing happened in Scandinavian languages: they lost noun classes for animate - inanimate nouns. This proves once more that feminine and masculine in fact are similar in the language.

the opposition between masculine and feminine and returned to the ancient system of two

Iranian languages used to have all three genders in ancient tongues (Avestan, Old

Persian), but under the influence of analytic trend the system was destroyed or reduced,

with the adstratum and substratum languages, which influenced Indo-European structural features. Genders are completely lost also in Armenian.

and many modern Iranian languages do not have genders at all. It can be also connected

Baltic linguistics shows that Old Prussian had neuter which was not about to disappear at

adjectives and in pronouns, but in fact now Lithuanian knows only feminine and masculine (see Historical Grammar of Lithuanian).

all. But Lithuanian lost it somehow, not very long ago. Some relics take place, however, in

The most complicated system exists in Slavic languages, where genders were not only that of animateness, forming the common system of classes: at all there are 6 classes,

preserved, but also developed. For example, in Russian the category of gender united with three genders with animate - inanimate subgenders in each. See the forms of nominative and accusative plural in Russian: novye doma ("new houses", nom., masc., inanimate), novye doma (acc.); novye direktory ("new directors", nom., masc., animate), novyh direktorov (acc.). The same for feminine and neuter.

In Polish even further complication of gender structure happened: masculine has animate So: and inanimate forms, and animate has in its turn personal and impersonal forms in plural.

dom (nom. sg. inanimate), dom (acc. sg.) "a house"

pies (nom. sg. animate), psa (acc. sg.), psy (nom. pl.), psy (acc.pl.) "a dog" "a peasant"

chlop (nom. sg. animate personal), chlopa (acc. sg.), chlopy (nom. pl.), chlopow (acc. pl.)

According to these processes which independently move on in different groups of the

Indo-European family we can make a conclusion that genders do not behave exactly the way noun cases do, i.e. the reduction process is sometimes substituted by the complex changes (Slavic, Spanish). But in general we can state that genders are nowadays less

synthetic and less spread, than they used to be in the Proto-Indo-European language. roroRoot / lemma: ab ro- (* ab ro-)
h 2 h

English meaning: strong, mighty

Note:

roro- : g g Root / lemma: ab ro- (* ab ro-): ` strong, mighty ' derived from Root / lemma: ig : force extended in -r- formant (see gr. `tender, fine, luscious') r Material: ( `tender, fine, luscious')
h 2 h h h

Middle Irish Prefix abor-, cymr. afr- ` very much '; Gothic abrs ` get strong, violent ', adv. Prefix afar- ` very much '; Illyrian VN , thrak. PN -. Here maybe Gothic aba (n- stem) ` husband'. Note: Note abeneb neb emb lemma: ab- : (water, river) : Root / lemma: (ene -2): ne -, em -, mb - : (wet, damp; ene water; clouds) Old Indic abhr- m. (*mb ros), Avestan awra- n. See also: ab h h

abraba ` very much ', bi-abrjan ` before were astonished beside oneself ', Old Icelandic

The root ab ro- : 'strong, mighty' : Root / lemma: ab(n) : (ape, aquatic demon) : Root / roh h h h h

References: WP. I 177, Feist 1 b f., 579 a., W. Schulze KZ. 52, 311 = Kl. Schr. 398.

Page(s): 2

Root / lemma: ab - (* ab -) Note:

h h 2 2

English meaning: quick, abrupt

h h

Root / lemma: ab - (* ab -): ` quick, abrupt ' derived from Root / lemma: ab ro- (* ab ro: roroeneb neb emb lemma: (ene -2): ne -, em -, mb - : ` wet, damp; water; clouds '. ene
h h h h

): ` strong, mighty ' which derived from root mb -(ro-): < with l-formant (ne el < Root / : roneb ro ne el):
h h

Material: Gr. ` straightway, forthwith, at once, quickly, presently ' (old abstract noun `quickness'), for what, nevertheless, probably at first , `suddenly'. Here at most Old Church Slavic abje ` straight away, directly ', but uncertainly Old Indic

Note: alter r/n- stem

ahnya ` directly, straight away, instantly, speedily ' (rather to har, han- `day ' p. 7). References: WP. I 177, Feist 1 b f., 579 a., W. Schulze KZ. 52, 311 = Kl. Schr. 398. See also: ab roPage(s): 2
h

abab Root / lemma: ab(n) (* ab-)

2

meaning: English meaning: ape, *water demon

Note:

ab- : ab Root / lemma: ab(n) (* ab-): ` ape, *water demon ' derived from Root / lemma: ab (ro-): < with l-formant (ne el < Root / lemma: (ene -2): ne -, em -, mb - : ` wet, roneb eneb neb emb ro ne el): ene damp; water; clouds '.
h h h h h h h 2 h 2 h h 2 2

(* ab -): ` quick, abrupt ' < Root / lemma: ab ro- (* ab ro-): ` strong, mighty ' < root mb roro- : :
h

Note: (Celtic neologism). The animal introduced by traveling merchants can have been Material: Hes. is maybe (Akk. Pl.) to read gate ', Old Saxon apo, Old High German affo m., affa, affin f., Old English apa m. named by the Celts with the name of her aquatic demon (see above ab-).

and still before the consonatic mutation in Germanic stubby; hence, in. api m. ` monkey,

See also: compare ab-`water' and Schrader Reallex., Hoops Reallex. s. v. ape. Page(s): 2-3

References: WP. I 51 f.

`monkey', Old Czech opice comes Old Russian opica from the Germanic

abRoot / lemma: abNote:

English meaning: water, river

Root / lemma: ab- : ` water, river ' derived from Root / lemma: ab(n) (* ab-): ` ape, abab ab- :
h 2 h h 2 h h

*water demon ' < Root / lemma: ab - (* ab -): ` quick, abrupt ' < Root / lemma: ab roro: (ene -2): ne -, em -, mb - : ` wet, damp; water; clouds '. eneb neb emb ene
h h h h

(* ab ro-): ` strong, mighty ' < root mb -(ro-): < with l-formant (ne el < Root / lemma: ro- : roneb ro ne el): Material: Latin amnis f., late m. c (*abnis); Old Irish ab (*aba) Gen. abae `river', besides abann, (common Celtic -ns- > -nn-), cymr. afon, orn. bret. auon, gall. brit. FlN Abona, derived cymr. afanc ` beaver, water demon, dwarf ', to Middle Irish abac (*abankos) ` beaver, dwarf ', Swiss -French ava `pasture' (*abanko-); Latvian FlN Abava.

usually lost West Germanic *ap-(Indo Germanic *ab-), partly in Venetic-Illyrian ap- (Indo Germanic *ap-). References: WP. I 46 f., WH. I 40, Feist 19a, 579a, GIPatSR. II 134. Page(s): 1 See also: compare also p-2 `water, river' and ab(n) `ape'.

The West German FlN in -apa, Modern High German-affa, probably go back partly to

English meaning: sort of cereal Grammatical information: n.

ades- ados- he he Root / lemma: ades-, ados- (*heh-)

Material: Latin ador, -ris n. ` a kind of grain, spelt ', maybe in Gothic atisk (*ades-ko-)

dial. Esch, Swiss dial. Aesch, ` field entrance of a village '; Tocharian AB ti ` grass ' [B ear of corn ' see below and -. Note:
h

`sowing field', probably m. as Old High German ezzisca Pl. `sowing', Middle High German

atiyo (f.pl.) `grass' (Adams 9)] (differently Pedersen Tocharian 641). about gr. ` an Perhaps Armenian: hat `grain', Hittite: hattar n. 'cereal' It seems Root / lemma: ades-, ados- : `sort of cereal' evolved from an older root *heh- ` a ades- adoshe he

Germanic: *at-isk-a-, while in Anatolian branch the root was suffixed with common PIE -tar formant. The old laryngeal (centum - > a-, e- : satem - > s- ) was lost except in Hittite and Armenian Clearly Germanic tongues borrowed the cognate from a reduced Latin (*hattar-) adris > Germanic: *at-isk-a-.

kind of grain '. This root was suffixed with common -ska formant in Germanic branch

Finally zero grade in alb. (*adris) *dris, driz `thorny plant', (*dris) drith 'grain' where the Latin -is ending has been solidified. The surprise is the -h- > -d- found only in Avestan - Illyrian - Baltic languages. Page(s): 3 References: WP. I 45, Feist 61 a, anders WH. I 14.

adRoot / lemma: ad-1 (*hed-) English meaning: to, by, at Material: Phrygian - ` he does '; maked. - (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 69); Latin ad ` to, with, in ', preverb and preposition m. Akk., also Gen. atque, ac ` and in addition,

preverb, -ar postposition m. Akk., Oscan adpd ` as far as ', otherwise with s- extension Oscan az ` to, toward ' preposition m. Akk .; Old Irish ad- preverb (e.g., ad-gldur `call

where, when, after, since, although ' chronologically, with extended - in ape), Umbrian a-

and also, and ' (*ad-que; not at + que; also Umbrian ap ` in which place, in what place,

upon, appeal to '), cymr. add-, gall. ad- prefix (e.g., MN Ad-iant: cymr. addiant `longing',

Admrus: Old Irish mr `large '); cymr. , with vowel ag `with' (ad + he, Old Indic ha, not with `dative' = Lok., rare m. Akk. (Gothic West Germanic from the time, Old English also against, after ', Old English t, Old Saxon at, Old High German az ` to, by, in '.

= Latin atque 'and, as well as, together with'); Germanic *at preverb and preposition mostly

from the place), Old Icelandic also with Gen.: Gothic at ` to, by ', Old Icelandic at ` to, by,

compared with Gothic at-augjan ` with raised up eyes, point, show '. See also: Perhaps to ad-2. References: WP.I 44 f., WH.I 11 f.

`fear'), Old High German z-ougen, Middle High German zugen, Old Saxon t-gian

zero grade: ved. t-srati ` creeps, creeps up ', Old High German zagn (: Gothic *-agan

Page(s): 3

Root / lemma: ad-2 ad-

English meaning: to establish, put in order

Material: Umbrian arsie (*adio-) ` venerable, august, divine, sacred, pure, holy (very freq. form of religious observance, religious usage, ceremony, rite ', arsmatiam (*admatio-) ` relating to religious rites or ceremonies, ritual ', armamu ` you shall be ordered, set in

and class.); of a divinity, and of things in any way belonging to one ', arsmor (*admon) ` a

*tila- ` suitable opportunity ' in Gothic til n., ga-tils ` suitably ', Old English til ` suitable, English Old Icelandic til ` to, for '.

`proper', cymr. addas `suitable', eddyl (*adilo-) ` duty, purpose '; probably also Germanic

order '; Old Irish ad n. `law', Pl. ada ` ceremonious customs ', from it Adj. `lawful', adas

order, arranged, adjusted, disposed, regulated ', Amune epithet of Jupiter, to *ad- ` settle,

useful ' as n. ` goodness, suitability ' = Old High German zil ` purpose ', preposition Old

References: WE. I 12, Devoto Ml. Pedersen 224. Page(s): 3

ad(u)- ad-ro- hehero hero) Root / lemma: ad(u)-, ad-ro- (*hehero Note: English meaning: water current

k k): k-

From Root / lemma: ang(h)i- : `snake, worm' derived Root / lemma: ak- (more properly ang(h)i (h)iak

ehero heroad(u)- ad-ro: `water, river'; Root / lemma: ehero- : `lake, inner sea'; Root / lemma: ad(u)-, ad-ro- : z-].

`water current': Illyrian Pannonian VN [common alb.- Illyrian-Baltic -h- > -d-, From Root / lemma: ak- `water, river' nasalized in *akuent- (suffixed in -er, -or) derived ak Material: Avestan au ` water run, brook, canal ', Venetic-Illyrian FlN Ad(d)ua (for Po),

(e)(e) eded erer Root / lemma: au(e)-9, aued-, auer- : `to flow, to wet; water, etc.'

the rivers streaming there), obersterr. FlN *Adra> Attersee, Attergau, FlN Adrana > Eder

*Adulia> Attel (to Danube in Bavaria), Mons of Adula ` St. Gotthard ' (probably named after

(Hessen), maybe also PN Adria in Venetien (afterwards mare Adriaticum), sizil. FlN Note: and Venetic-Illyrian name of Oder -; further Latvian FlN Adula.

The name of the primordial hill in Egyptian mythology, the first mountain that raised from the ocean. The mountain god was borrowed by Hitties who called the dreaming god Upelluri. Greeks received Atlas from Hittites.

Atlas `*mountain probably named after the rivers streaming there ': , - m. `Atlas' (Od., Hes., Hdt., A. etc.), name of a God who carries the columns of the sky; originally probably name of Arcadian mountains which were spread then by the epic in general and especially (by Ionic seafarers?) was transferred to the Atlas Mountains in axis Tiche Mus. Helv. 2, 65ff. Berber drr ` mountain '. West Africa, see Solmsen Wortforsch. 24; about Atlas as a personification of the world Derivatives: Of it ' f. (Hes. etc.), name of a mythical island, according to

Brandenstein Atlantis (Wien 1951, = Arb. Inst. Sprachw. 3) = Crete; further ' (E., Pl., Arist. etc.) and ' (Kritias). Page(s): 4 References: Vasmer ZslPh. 8, 114 f., Pokorny Urill. 4, 70, 93, 109, 124.

English meaning: disgusting agh-(loagosRoot / lemma: agh-(lo-) : `disgusting' derived from an extended Root / lemma: agos- : ` fault, sin' produced. Material: Gothic agls `opprobrious, ignominious', aglia, agl ` hardship ', us-agljan ` press indisposed his '), eglian ` to be felt painfully ', Middle Low German egelen ` cause grief ', ', Old English eg(e)le ` offensive, unwieldy, unfortunate ', eglan add ` pain ' (engl. ail ` hurt; Note:

Root / lemma: agh-(lo-) agh-(lo-

-i n. ` licentiousness, wanton violence, insolence, sexual offense ', Old High German keen '.

Gothic aglus Adv. agluba ` , difficult '; also (with puzzling suffix) Gothic aglaitei f.

agaleizi f.,-i n. ` discomfort; zeal ', agaleizo, Old Saxon aglto, agalto Adv. ` sedulous, Possibly here ow. agh- (=Avestan a-) `nasty', n. ` horrible, damage ', aghal- ` bad '.

`pain' (*aglou-). Page(s): 8

Here maybe to Middle Irish lad n. `wound' (*agloton), mcymr. aele(u) `painful', aeleu m.

References: WP. I 41, Feist 15 a, Specht Dekl. 136, Loth RC. 38, 56.

aghl(u) u)Root / lemma: aghl(u)- (*heghel-) English meaning: rainy weather Material: Gr. ` fog, darkness '

Maybe alb. agull `bad vision', agu ` dawn ' MSL. 10, 279). Page(s): 8

Old Prussian aglo n. `rain' (u- stem), Armenian *alj- in ajaj, ajamujkh `darkness' (Meillet

References: WP. I 41. compare Petersen Aryan and Armenian Stud. 126.

aghRoot / lemma: agh- (*hegh-) English meaning: to fear Material: Gr. n. ` fear, pain, grief ', , ` grieving, sorrowing, mourning ' (Aor. , , Perf. ), , ` mourning, groaning ', depressed '. `sadden'; here probably ` load, grief ' (* ), thereof ` to be loaded, be Maybe nasalized alb. (*aghos) ankth `fear' [common alb. -s > -th]. gr. `get a fright'; Old English ege m. `fear', egisi-grima gl. ` ghost, spectre, evil spirit ', n. es- stem *agiz =

Note: common gr. -h- > -compare Old High German egis-lh ' dreadful ', egisn ` get a fright ' and to o- and en stems extended Gothic agis n. ` fear, anxiety, fright ', Old High German agiso, egiso m.,

-agan in un-agands ` are not afraid ', af-agjan ` frighten', us-agjan ` frighten somebody ', ` in-agjan ` snub somebody '; preterit present Gothic g (gum) ` fears me ', ni gs ` fear nothing ' (old short vocal subjunctive *giz), Old Norse a-sk ` be afraid '; Gothic gjan ` Old English ga f. ` fright '.

'Fear', Old High German eg; Middle High German ege f. ` fear, fright, punishment '; Gothic

egisa f. ` fear, fright figure ', Old English egesa m. ` fear '; Old Norse agi m. (-en- stem)

snub somebody ' = Old Norse gja `get a fright'; Old Norse gn f. ` fright ', tti m. ` fear ', Old Irish ad-agor,-agur ` fear ' (because of the ablaut equality with Gothic g supposes
2

Brugmann Grdr. II 3, 484 origins from older Perf.), verbal noun igthiunder See also: hereupon belongs probably also: agh-(lo-) Page(s): 7-8 References: WP. I 40, Feist 14, 380.

agos- hege hegeRoot / lemma: agos- (*hege-)

English meaning: fault, sin, *blood guilt

` curses ', .

heavy guilt, blood guilt '; Old Indic ngas-, gr. ` innocent, guiltless ' ; , Old English acan, c `hurt' (engl. ache), ndd. ken ` hurt, fester, dent, blow ', Middle

Material: Old Indic gas- n. `offence, injury, sin, fault', change by ablaut with gr. `

Dutch akel `grief, wrong, pity', Modern Frisian akelig, aeklig ` wretched, vehement '. Page(s): 8 References: WP. I 38.

agro- egro egroRoot / lemma: agro- (egro-?) (*ekr uo) English meaning: top, first, beginning Material: Old Indic gra- n. `point, foremost point or part, tip, front ', agr (Lok.) `at the top, ', Avestan ara- `first, uppermost after time space etc.', n. `beginning; the uppermost,
3

in front, ahead of ', also timewise `in the beginning, first', agrim- `first, preceding, foremost

point'; Latvian agrs (Adj.) `early', agri Adv. `early, early on', agrums `the early morning'. Whether here Latin MN Agrippa from *agri-p(e)d- ` breech birth (one who causes great
5 1

pain at his birth ', W. Schulze KZ. 32, 172 , in 1721, doubting Latin Eig. 230 ? 'cliff summit, rock, crag '.

If Old Indic gra on *ogro- or *egro- retrograde, one could compare Hittite -kur, -gur

Page(s): 8-9

References: WP. I 38 f., Pedersen Hittite 183.

Maybe Agrianes Illyrian TN, Agron `Illyrian king'.

(e)s, aks (e)s Root / lemma: agu(e)s aks English meaning: axe Material: Gothic aqizi, Old Norse x, Old English acus, x, Old Saxon acus, accus, Old

*agusis), gr. ` ax, hatchet ' Note: common gr. -h- > - -

and *akusi have maybe derived according to Zupitza GG. 89 from a gradating *agus :

High German achhus, accus, aches, Modern High German Axt (Germanic forms *aqwizi

Latin ascia ` ax of the carpenters ' (from *acsi like viscus: , vespa from *veps).

Maybe alb. (*asca) ashka `shavings, wood splinter', (*viscus) vishk, fishk `make thin, wither'. References: WP. I 39, WH. I 71, Feist 54 b, Specht Dekl. 150, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 465 . Page(s): 9
4

ah Root / lemma: ah-

English meaning: plough animal

Material: Old Indic ah `cow', Avestan az f. Adj. `pregnant' (from cows and mares), Middle Irish ag (s- stem) m., f. ` bovine animal, cow ', ag allaid 'deer' (actually, ` wild ox '), l ` brood, throw ' (*aglo-), cymr. ael ds., mcymr. aelaw ` abundance, fertility ', eilion

Page(s): 7

References: WP. I 38, Loth RC. 38, 55.

(*agliones) ` fallow deer, horses '; here with e- vocalism Armenian ezn `bovine animal'?

aro roRoot / lemma: aro-s Page(s): 9 See also: s. a-

Root / lemma: aa-

English meaning: to lead, *drive cattle

Material: a Material: a: Old Indic jati `drive', aj- m. `a drove, troop; a driver'; j- m./f. `running match, combat', Avestan azaiti ` drive, lead away ', Armenian acem ` lead, bring '; Maybe alb. Geg (*), ago `leader, chief';

Grammatical information: originally limited to the present stem.

gr. 'lead' (Aor. Aor. , are new), Latin ag ` to set in motion, drive, lead,

negotiate ' (Pf. g with ablaut innovation), Oscan Imper. actud = Umbrian aitu ` o set in aig (*aget) ` to drive, bring, or take a person or thing to a place, of cattle ', acymr. agit,

violent motion, drive onward, move, impel, urge ', Oscan acum ` drive, urge ', Old Irish ad-

hegit, more recently yt (*agti), besides the strong inflection in cymr. corn. bret. a (*aget) `goes'; t- Preterit Old Irish ro-da-acht ` driven away ', cymr. aeth (*ag-t) `to put in motion' etc., see Pedersen KG. II 451 following, Old Irish in ` activity, play ' (from *agnis), gallo-

yet' (wrtl. `go!' like Latin age); Tocharian B ak-, AB k- `travel, lead';

Old Norse aka `driving' (Preterit k like Old Indic Gram. ja); Old English ac `however, but,

rom. *and-agnis ` big step ', French andain ` swath, scythe slash ', Old French `wide step',

ambactus ` vassal, slave ', cymr. amaeth ` servus arans ' (from Celtic derives Gothic German Amt).

(i)-aktos, actually, ` sent around (: Old Irish imm-aig) messenger, servant ' in gall. (-Latin)

toto participle: , Latin ctus ' put in motion, moved, driven, tended, conducted', *amb

andbahts, Old High German ambaht ` servant ', from which the kinship with Modern High As Indo Germanic Instrumental noun in-tr here Old Indic ar `goad to drive the

livestock ', Avestan atr ` whip, scourge '.

Maybe Tokharian: B k n. `zeal' (Adams 35), AB k- `lead, guide, drive' (36). ga, u- stem) `fight', ga, ige `leaders' (cf also gall. PN Ago-mrus = Old Irish gmar lengthened grade formations: Old Indic j- m. f. `race, fight ', Middle Irish g (Gen.

`warlike'; Com-gius), Latin only in compounds: ambgs, around ` a roundabout way,

winding. Hence, in speech, etc., either circumlocution or obscurity ' (conservative stem like Old Indic j- 'to lead' = Latin ag Inf. Pass., and like Old Indic aj- in prtanj- ` in the fight

and driving of game ', co-gulum ` a means of coagulation, a coagulum or coagulator (the the curdled milk; that which holds or binds together, a bond, tie ', Old Indic samja- `meeting, society', gr. `leading, leadingly ', `guidance, management, lead' see, nevertheless, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 654, 4.

pulling ', however, with stretch in the composition), indgs and indgo,-inis ` surrounding

curdled milk in the stomach of a sucking animal, the stomach itself, etc.), rennet or runnet;

freight', Hes. `spokes', - (see below). about Doric (Old Indic jam) `I o- stem: ved. aj- ` activity, train; driver ', gr. ` leader, military leader ', -

prdigo -igere -egi -actum `to drive forth; to spend, waste', prd-igus `profuse, extravagant; producing abortion; ground-pine ' (` close to miscarriage ' from ab-igere = , Old i iio- stem: Irish aige `race', Old Indic in prtanjyam `competition'. jman-, prthu-jman-, jma-y- s. hem- ` earth '): Latin agmen ` a driving movement or a amos mos: amn, amos Old Indic jman- n. ` road, train ', jma- ds. (however, about jman, paririch, abounding in. Adv. prodige ' (from prd-igere), abiga ` plant which has the power of

, Attic Ionian - 'military leader', (originally Doric) ` leader ', Latin

Indic apa-jati ` to drive away, drive off ').

mass in (orderly) movement, a stream, band, train; esp. milit., an army on the march ' (to

neologism ag for *ammen), exmen ` a swarm; a throng, crowd, shoal. (2) the tongue of ammentum (*agmen-to-m) ` in loop form - possibly in the middle of the spear - fixed with

a balance; testing, consideration '; then ` to check, to weigh; to consider ' (from *agsmen),

road of heavenly bodies; swath by mowing '.

throw straps '; maybe (Schw. Gr. Gr. I 492 ) with o- graduation gr. ` field furrow, lolo stem: Old Indic ajir- ` quick, nimble ' (however, Latin agilis ` flexible, nimble ' is a Gr. ` race, competition '; 'street' (part. Perf.), from which about newer *
01

neologism); gr. ` herd, crowd ', Latin agolum ` shepherd's stick '.

Latin aga ' a gangway in a ship'; lak. Cretan tol. ` leads, brings ', ep. Ionian

, ds. (: and , like - towards -- and -, also Gr. Gr. I 522 and under sg-.
7

from an ending root form; cf Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 694, 696). about see Schwyzer Latin rmex, rmigre, rmigium, ltigre ` a rower, oarsman ' and other verbs in -

(i)gre. - Presumably Latin indigits ` the local divinities and heroes ' (indigitre ` a divinity call ', indigitmenta 'invocation formulae'), as *end(o)-aget- ` the indigenous, native '. formation development to 'to weigh' (from ` bring in oscillation ') in Latin exagium ` a

out, expel: -- To weigh, try, prove, measure, examine, adjust, estimate, consider': among scanty, small, little, petty, short, poor, mean, inadequate, inconsiderable, paltry ', exlis

weighing, weight; a balance ', exigere [ex + ago] 'to drive out, push forth, thrust out, take

other things ` weigh, measure ', exctus ` precise, accurate, exact ', exiguus ` strict, exact, (*ex-ag-slis) ` strict, narrow, thin, slender, lank, small, meagre, poor ', exmen (see above), agna ` the opening in the upper part of a balance, in which the tongue moves ' (formation much, of like value, worth as much as' (from *, on the grounds of *ag-ti-s `weight', as, equally'. as for example coquna), gr. also `weigh' (with Akk. of the weight), `weighing as actually:) ` from suitable weight ', hence, ` worth, solemnly ', 'worth just as much still cf WH. I 9, 10, 24 about acnua, ctus quadrtus ` a field measure of 120 feet in the

square ', and acttum 'straight away, immediately, forthwith ', ags `footman, driver, sacrifice'), agnium ` a victim, beast for sacrifice ' below likewise pure-craving '). But better to *ak- ` sharp ', see there. Further belong here: aesaes-, aks . . . ` (fulcrum, pivot:) axis - shoulder ': es

hostler ', ag, -nis `of the priests killing the sacrificial animal' (from agere in meaning ` Here maybe gall. exacum ` the herb centaury ' if prescribed for *exagum (= *exago-`

f.);

Old Indic ka- ` axis', gr. ds., - `carriage, wagon' Gl. 12, 217; KZ. 40, 217

Note: common gr. -h- > - Latin axis 'axis' = Lithuanian as, Old Prussian assis, Old Church Slavic os f. ds .; Old High German ahsa, Modern High German Achse, Old English eax ds .; in. xull (from ahel). Proto German *ahsulaz) 'axis'; Middle Irish ais 'axis' (*aksi-l in cymr. echel f. 'axis', bret. Latin la `shoulder', from which the usual meaning `wing', from *agsl (cf Demin. axilla

Achsel, where near lengthened grade Dutch oksel ds., and without l- formant: Old High

`armpit') = in. xl, Old English eaxl, Old High German ahsala, Modern High German

German uochisa, Middle High German uohse, ehse and Old High German uochsana, Old `armpit'; av aay Gen. Du. ` of both shoulders ', Armenian anut` ` shoulder pit ' (at first from *asnut`).

English xn `armpit', in. st f., str m. `Cervical pit', Old English custa, xta m., engl. oxter

Maybe German Achsel : Latin axilla; ala; ascilla; ascella : Italian ascella : Spanish axial : sqetull ` armpit '.

French aisselle : Calabrese ma-scidda; sciddra; titiddra; titilla : Albanian Geg sqetlla, Tosc common Calabrese -ll-> -dd- : Sardinian -ll-> -dd-. a-r ` rush, hunt ', a-ro-s ` driving, rushing ': aa-roazr-daim ` doing the hunt, outgoing on prey (she-wolf) '; gr. , Ionian ` hunt, catch ', ` catching everything, catching ', ` meat tongs ', ` tongs ', ` prostration, enuflection ', originally name of a ` demon which as a quick-tempered fever seizes the limbs ' (?), ` hunter ', ` catch '; but ` take ' according to Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 727 from *--; Irish r n. ` defeat ' harm, misfortune, disaster, loss, detriment, calamity ', abret. airou PI. ` an overthrow, immense combatants '.
1

Old Indic in ghas-ajra- ` to drive consuming, exciting appetite ', Avestan (vehr-km)

(*agron) ` battle, fight ' (*agr), actually, ` rush ', acorn. hair ` destruction, injury, mischief,

destruction, ruin, defeat, slaughter, massacre, butchery, carnage ', gall. VN Veragri ` the Maybe Illyrian Agron PN. cattle is being driven, pasture '). a-roa-ro-s ` field, camp ' (to *ag as herd to drive wie, also originally ` place where the

ackar, ahhar, Modern High German Acker (Acker and Old English cer also a certain land measure, ` so much a bottom plate can oxen plow during one day '), Armenian art 'field' (with puzzling t about *atgr-, *atr-, see Pedersen KZ. 39, 352; thereof artak's ` out ', prefix Old Indic ajrya- ` located in the plain ' = gr. ` on the field, outside growing or

land ' (in contrast to town), Latin Umbrian ager `field', Gothic (etc.) akrs, Old High German

Old Indic jra- `surface, camp, fields ' (without respect on agriculture), gr. ` field,

arta-` from').

rural, crude '. (about Gothic akran, German Eckern ` beechnut ', however, see below *g`grow'.) Maybe alb. egr `wild, rural, crude', Illyrian TN Agrianes. References: References: WP. I 35 f., WH. I 22 f., 89, H. Reichelt WuS. 12, 112. Page(s): 4-6

living, wildly '; ` wildly living ', Latin agrestis ` a countryman, peasant, rustic,

Meaning: `lamb'

agh nohiagh noaghRoot / lemma: agh-no-s (* iiagh-no-s ) Note: (z. T. also *agnos?)

no-s : `lamb'. Material:

It seems that from Root / lemma: a- : `to lead, *drive cattle' derived Root / lemma: aghaagh h-

alb. Geg kinxhi, Tosc (*engh-) qengji `lamb' [common alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz-]. English lamb

Latin agnus > Italian agnello, French agneau, Bolognese agnl, Bresciano agnil, (desonarized ((e)knedd Albanian Geg kinxh, Tosc qengj Calabrese Furlan agnel, Catalan gneddu ; agnellu ; agneddu ; agniellu

anyell ; xai, Ladin agnel, Corsican agnellu, Ferrarese agnl, ao, Greek , Griko Salentino arn, Lithuanian riukas, haruf agnl

Galician Maltese Manx Mantuan

eayn

Maori

Mapunzugun Marathi Maasai

reeme

ufisha

Mokshan Mudns Occitan

olbaalo veruz

Mongolian Napulitano Old Greek Paduan Persian Polish Parmigiano Piemontese Portuguese Provenal Pugliese Punjabi

agnl anhl

pecurillo

; agnel agno

jagni

agnel

agnu

cordeiro

pecherusce chita ua mamoe agnl agnl

Quechua Rapanui Reggiano

Romagnolo Romanian Romansh Saami Samoan Sanskrit

lppis

agn

miel

Sardinian (Limba Sarda Unificada) Sardinian Campidanesu Sardinian Logudoresu Serbian Shona Setswana Sicilian Slovak Slovenian

tama'i mmoe anzone

anjoni

kwana; kwanyana agniddu jaha jgnje hwayana

anzone ; saccayu

Somali

Swahili

Swedish Tagalog Thai Tigrinya

mwana kondoo lamm Lmmli

nayl

Swiss German

kordero siem agnel

Traditional Chinese Triestino Turkish

Turkmen Urdu

kuzu

Ukrainian Valencian Venetian Viestano Wallon Welsh Wolof

corder ajn'

agnelo

Zeneize

kharre

oen b

agnea

Gr. (*agnos, abnos) derived from an earlier *abnos `lamb' [common gr. k > p, g Latin agnus, - , fem.-a `lamb' (agnle `sheep stable', lacking suffix affinity with Old Church [common Slavic old laryngeal - > j-] > b, later b > mb > m common Illyrian -gr.]

gr. m. f., f. `lamb';

Slavic jagnilo ` place where the sheep lamb ', a derivative of the verb jagniti `to lamb');

have derived from *-ghn-, not-*gn-, in spite of Pedersen KG. I 109-bn-;

Old Irish an cymr. oen, acorn. oin, bret. oan `lamb' (Proto Celtic *ognos with -gn- would o- probably influence from *ouis `sheep'); Old English anian, engl. to yean `to lamb',

(j)agne `lamb' (with formants -et- broadened around popular names of young animals),

Dutch oonen ds. (from *aunn from *auna- = Indo Germanic *aghno-); Old Church Slavic

(j)agnc `lambkins' contain full gradation. Or is placed Indo Germanic *g(h)no- : to *g(h)no-? Through the Germanic and Celtic presumed voiced-aspirated also would underlie the

basis of Latin and Slavic forms, so that gr. (at first from *) remains the only be explained from intersection from *hdno- = Latin haednus `of a kid' and *abnno- = voiced-nonaspirated. But maybe it has become gh in Oscan-Umbrian to b.

dependable indication in voiced-nonaspirated g. If Umbrian habina(f) ` of a lamb ' could Latin agninus `of a lamb; f. as subst., lamb's flesh', however, it would point Umbrian b to

Note:

The old laryngeal in centum languages - > a-, e- : Slavic j- : Albanian k- : Italic h-. Celtic Illyrian concordances: common Illyrian -g- > -b-, -d- : alb. -g- > -d-. Latin avillus `lambkin' because of the suffix formation not to ovis, but from *aghnelos. Note: [common Latin - Italic gw- > v-] Latin avillus (*abillus) `lambkin' : Rumanian (*agenus) ageamiu `lamb'. Page(s): 9 References: WP. I 39, WH. I. 23.

aiaviRoot / lemma: ai-d -, i-d -, nasalized i-n-d - (*avi-d -) avi Note: English meaning: to burn
h h h h

Common Illyrian -h- > -dhdh-

Pass iddh-), indhana-m ` lighting '.

Material: Old Indic inddh ` inflamed, is aroused ' (pass. idhyte, Perf. dh, part. Perf. Gr. ` lights, burns ' (), , ` igneous, sparkling ',

Hes., hylleisch ` to light up, kindle '; changing by ablaut ks- > -ss-

- Hes. 'ravenously' (W. Schulze KZ. 29, 269 = Kl. Schr. 329). common gr.- Illyrian Maybe alb. (*) ndez ` to light up, kindle '.

English d, Old High German Middle High German eit m. ` glow, pyre ': zero grade
h

o-Grade:gr. m. `fire' ( `burntly') = Old Indic dha- m. `Firewood' = Old

probably Norwegian Swedish id ` leuciscus idus ' (a bright carp kind), cf Modern High

sanctuary, a temple ', ursprngl. ` the domestic stove ', also aedis = maked. Hes. From the verbal adjective in -to- derived probably Latin aests, - tis `warm season,
h h

VN Aedui, Old Irish ed `fire', also as MN; Latin aeds ` a dwelling of the gods, a

German dial. aitel ` leuciscus cephalus' as the ` shining '; besides u- stem *aid u- in gall.

summer ' (from *aisto-tt-, Indo Germanic *aid -to-); aestus, - s (from *aid -tu-) `heat, glow, surf', aesture ` cook, surge, roar ';

stove', engl. oast `drying room, drying loft'.

Old Germanic MN Aistomdius (` with quick-tempered courage '), Old English st f. `dried r- formants: gr. `the upper air' (maked. ), `the cheerful sky' (maked.

), `brightly, cheerfully (from the weather)', for what changing by ablaut 'cheerfully', Old Indic vdhr- (=vi-idh-r-) ds. l- formants: gr. , `soot', maked. ; under acceptance of a

development from `shining, appearing' ` too apparently ' one puts a little bit constrainedly eitel.

here Old English del `vain, pointless, trifling', Old High German tal, Modern High German In Indo Germanic *aid -lo- is based Germanic ail- in Old English lan `burn' to l n.
h

from fire, stove ' (M. Frster Themse 487 ). Middle Irish el `lime' could have originated root 4. 4. i- with -lo-suffix.
2 h

different development-grading Old English led are borrowed cymr. aelwyd, bret. oaled `

`flame', and in Old English led m., Old Icelandic eldr (Gen. elds) ` fire, flame '. From

from *aid -lo-. However, Germanic and Celtic words could also be formed directly by the es-stem gr. n. `Glow, fire' = Old Indic dhas- n. `firewood'. s-formants: es Low German se f. `chimney, fire stove ' (however, Old High German essa ' chimney,
h

Continuing formation: Old Icelandic eisa f. (*aid -s-n) `fire', Norwegian `Hearth', Middle
h

Old Indic idhm- m. ds.); in addition Baltic *aismi in Lithuanian esm `firewood';

hearth ' see below s- ` burn '); Avestan asma m. `Firewood' (*aid -s-mo-, cf without s

Lithuanian aistr f. ` passion '; Old Czech niestj (fem. Pl.) ` stove ', later nstj (with nsuggestion by wrong decomposition of the connections *vn-stje, vn-stjach,

Berneker 275) from *aid -s-to; in addition zero grades *id -s-to- in slov. istje, stje Pl. ` stove hole '; to Johansson IF. 19, 136 also Old Indic iak ` of burnt bricks ', Avestan itya- n. ` brick, (baked brick) '.
h h

Maybe alb. (*iska) hith ` blight, burning nettle ', (*iskra) hithra `nettle' common alb. -k > -th. anger, irritation', hdhit, hithra Pl. `nettle' (Jokl studies 29). Note: Alb. and gr. are the only IE languages to preserve the old laryngeal - . References: WP. I 5, WH. 15, 20, 843, Trautmann 3, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 347. Probably to i-4. Here also belongs aisk-, if originated from aid -s-k- . Page(s): 11-12 aid- avid avidRoot / lemma: aid- (*avid-) See also: s. oid-. Meaning: English Meaning: ` swell '
h

In *ind - goes back: alb. Geg idhun, Tosc idht `bitter', Tosc idhrm `bitterness,
h

Page(s): 11

Root / lemma: aig-1, nasalized ing- (*avig-1) aiging- avigavig Material: Alb. k-k, keq `nasty, bad, evil' (from *aigio-); [common alb. old laryngeal - > k-. Latin aeger, aegra, -um, aegrotus ` unwell, ill, sick, diseased, suffering, feeble '; Old Norse ` excited, dismayed ', New Norwegian eikja, eikla ` continually with attacks, contradictions, `ill'; English meaning: disspirited, sick, ill

eikenn dismays ` wild, furious ', (influenced by common Celtic -ns- > -nn-),Old English col

assertions torment ', eikjen `argumentative'; Tocharian aik(a)re (= Latin *aegro-), A ekro nasalized: *ing-: Lithuanian ngis `lounger, idler ', ngas and angs ` idle, sluggish '; Latvian gstu, gt ` have internal pain, be sullen, morose ', gnt ` have disgust ', gnis ` sullen person ' (Lithuanian ngti ` choke, torment ' probably stays away); Old Church

jezinka `forest woman' (etc., see Berneker 268 f. ; in *jga, not *aig, is consequently to be led back also:) russ. bba jag `witch' (s. Brckner KZ. 45, 318); Old Icelandic ekki `pain, grief ' = Old English inca ` pain, suspicion, quarrel ', Old Frisian

Slavic jdza `illness', nslov. jeza `rage', poln. jdza ` fury, witch ' (`gruff, sullen'), Czech

inc (d. i. jinc) `angry', also nengl. inkle `anticipate, foresee ', inkling ` whispering, notion, indication, sign '. Page(s): 13 References: WP. I 9, WH. I 16, 843, Trautmann 70.

English meaning: oak

Root / lemma: aig-2 aig-

` an uncertain type of tree ' (possibly `hard oak').

Material: Gr. ` an oaken kind ' (see below), presumably also -, The outcome from appears Hes., cf . , , `

verum et e ramis dependentes, Kretschmer Gl. 3, 335.

bowl, bark ' and Plin. n. h. 16, 6, 13 aegilops fert pannos arentes ...non in cortice modo,

High German eih, Middle High German eich, eiche, Modern High German Eiche;

Old Norse eik (conservative stem) f. `oak', Old Saxon k, Old English c (engl. oak), Old All other cognates are dubious: gr. (more properly than , s. Fick BB. 30,

273) possibly 'aspen' could be created as ' tree trembler, (*oak shaker) ' also derivative like from * ` swing, tremble ' (: *aig- ` move violently '); after its formation, maybe Mediterranean word. Latin aesculus `(mountain oak), the winter or Italian oak ' (*aig-sklos?) is still unclear

Maybe alb. Geg (*asi) ahi, ahu `beech' [the common alb. s > h in the middle of the word (See Root / lemma: suekr- Meaning: `mother-in law or father-in-law' shift s > h in alb. ekr ekr (*vura-) vjehrr ` father-in-law ').

*s, sen- osRoot / lemma: *s s-i-s, s-en-, os-k- : `ash tree (alb. ahi `beech')' must have derived from Root / lemma: aig-2 : `oak (alb. ahu `oak')'. aigPage(s): 13 References: WP. 110, WH. I 20, 844, Specht KZ. 68, 195 f. S. unten S. 18 Z. 1/2.

aigRoot / lemma: aig-3

English meaning: to move swiftly, swing, vibrate

vicvamjaya- ` making everything shake ', nasal present igati, igate ` stirs, moves ', in shaking movement ' (form relation like between : Old Indic indhate);

Material: Old Indic jati ` stirs, moves, trembles ', jathu- ` the quake of the earth ',

Kaus. igyati ` sets in motion, touches, shakes ', udigayati ` swings ', samigayati ` sets

from Gr. here very probably . Hes. (also Artemidor Oneirokrit. 2, from arise the connection s ` in the surf of the sea '; differently Bechtel Lexil. 16), ` gale, storm cloud; the shield of Zeus' (probably originally understood as the storm cloud shaken by Zeus,

12: ), 'strands' (probably

'thunderstorm shield'), ` gust of wind moving down suddenly ' from ` storm, attack down, drive off ' (from , , ), ` attack near, thrust near '; probably also 'lance' (on the grounds of * ` the catapults ' or 'projectile'); presumably also 'shine', from the flickerof the light and the warm air to the south; common gr.- Illyrian -ks- > -ss-

The very name of the root lemma for goat derived from the shield of Zeus which after the skin the very name of the goat was stamped with the name of the cloud shaker. move violently, swing, vibrate).

crash with clouds created thunderstorm. Since the shield of Zeus was covered with goat's Hence Root / lemma: ai- : (goat) is identical with Root / lemma: aig-3 : (to move swiftly, aiaigin addition Germanic name of the squirrel: Old High German eihhurno, eihhorn, Middle

korne (k old ablaut or impairment from aik- in addition?), New Norwegian also eikorne, Old Swedish korne (was based on the concept ` flexible, swinging itself from branch to

Horn `horn', Old English cweorna,-wern, Middle Low German keren, khorn, Old Norse

High German eichorn (Modern High German Eichhorn with support of Eiche `oak' and

*aik-werna); Old Church Slavic igr, igra ` play ', igrati, perfective vzigrati ` , hop, jump, dance ' (from *gr; Lithuanian with Berneker 422).

branch '; in earliest with one to *uer-, uuer- ` squirrel, weasel ' the belonging second limb:

Page(s): 13-14

References: WP. I 11, Trautmann 103.

ai- avi aviRoot / lemma: ai- (*avi-) Note: English meaning: goat

From the older root Root / lemma: ai- (*h evi-): `goat', derived Root / lemma: agh-no-s ai- h evi- : evi agh noh(*hegh-no-s ): `lamb' and Root / lemma: - : `goat' : Root / lemma: kao- or koo-, -- : hegh-no- : kao koo hegh `goat'.
2 2 2 2

Material: Gr. , - 'nanny goat', Armenian aic 'nanny goat'; zero grade Avestan izana` from leather ' (actually, ` from goatskin ' as gr. , cf the same importance relations with *ao- ` goat '). Page(s): 13 References: WP. I 8, Specht KZ. 66, 13.

English meaning: to be ashamed

aigh hRoot / lemma: aigh-

German ekeln 'be disgusted').

Middle Low Germaneichelen, chelen, gelen (from *aiwiln) (from it borrows Middle High Gr. n. `disgrace' (from *aigh-s-kos, k- derivative of a s- stem *aighes-, as:)

Material: Directly from the root word: Old English wan 'despise', 'be disgusted' also

Gothic aiwiski n. `disgrace, embarrassment '; cf further `shame, sense of honor,

disgrace', `dishonors, violates, disfigures', med. `avoids me, is ashamed of me',

`ignominious, full of disgrace; rebarbative'; Gothic unaiwisks `unharmed', aiwiskn German eisch `nasty, hideous', nnd. eisk, aisch `revolting, rebarbative'. Page(s): 14 References: WP. I 7, Feist 30. act `shameful', Old English wisc(e) n. `disgrace, offense', Adj. `shameless', Middle Low

English meaning: to call (?)

aikRoot / lemma: aik-

Material: Gr. Hes., Latvian acint ` load, shout '. But can be prescribed for `flatters', and acint a derivative from a

`hears!' explain (cf vaict `ask' to vai). Page(s): 15

References: WP. I 8, Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 12.

aiaviRoot / lemma: ai-2 (*avi-2 ) avi

English English meaning: to drive, to overwhelm, harm

anahe ` violate, hurt ', ainita (from *an-inita by haplology) ` not violated, not painedly '

(penita- ` pushed, cut into '), ` penetrate into something, master ', Avestan inaoiti, Inf.

Material: present *(a)i-neu-mi : Old Indic inti, nvati, Imper. inuh, participle -inita-

', in addition m. ' evildoer'?), Avestan intay-` rape, injury; torture ', Old Indic in- `strong; m. master ', maybe also ti- f. `plague, need'; gr. `tremendous'; maybe here-in- in Gothic far-ina `guilt, reproach', Old High German firinn `sin', Old

(from Old Indic nas- n. ` Crime, sin, misfortune ' = Avestan anah- ` act of violence, crime

of violence '. Page(s): 10

Icelandic firn n. Pl. `the extraordinary' (cf Weisweiler IF. 41, 29 f.), if original meaning ` act

References: WP. I 1, Feist 139/140.

aiRoot / lemma: ai-3, (*hei-, heiu) Note: English meaning: to give

apppiRoot / lemma: ap-1 (exact p-) : p- : `to take, grab, reach, *give' > Root / lemma: pi- : Material: Gr. (*avinumai) `take, pack, touch', only present and imperfect tense. Venetic MN (*avi-mos) Aimos, Illyrian MN (*ave-tar) Aetor. subst., a rival, esp. in love ', probably as ` reaches for something ' (Frisk Eranos 41, 53). gives ', 3. Pl. p(-ia)-an-zi with preverb pe- `there'. Note: common Hittite p e- : Slavic p o- : Albanian p a- > p- prefix. Germanic 10 f. References: Pedersen Groupement 20, Hittitisch 115, Tocharisch 227; Frisk Indo2 3 1

`comrade' > Root / lemma: ai-3 : `to give'. ai-

Latin (*ave-mulus) ae-mulus ` emulous, rivalling; in bad sense, jealous. M. or f. as

Tocharian (*avi) ai-, -, infinitive (*avi-tsi) aitsi, essi `give'; Hittite pa-a-i ` he

Page(s): 10-11

See also: Here belongs certainly: ai-ti-, ai-to-

English meaning: important speech

ai- oiRoot / lemma: ai-5 : oi-

Material: Gr. , `praises', m., f. `significant speech, praise';

`talks in riddles', common gr.- Illyrian -ks- > -ss-; n. `dark speech' (however, - `says no, deny' -io- appears derivative of the negation -); ablaut, Middle Irish eth m. `oath' (acymr. anutonou Pl., gl. ` the perjured, the perfidious ', ncymr. anudon `perjury, act of lying under oath') = Gothic ais m., Old Icelandic eir, Old English , Old Saxon , Old High German eid m. `oath' (probably Celtic loanword). Page(s): 11 References: WP. I 2, 103, Osthoff B. 24, 208 f.

aiRoot / lemma: ai-r Note:

English meaning: a k. of grass

aiRoot / lemma: ai-r : `a k. of grass' is a reduced root *ai-tra from which derived also Root / ai-trolemma: ai-tro- : `bitter, sharp'. Material: Old Indic rak ` a grass kind ', gr. ` weed in the wheat, ryegrass, darnel '

, ` from ryegrass, darnel '), Latvian ares, arenes ' ryegrass, darnel '. [common alb. -s- > -gj- shift].

maybe through metathesis alb. (*ares > ser) egjr `Lolium temulentum, ryegrass, darnel'
1

Page(s): 16

References: WP. I 12, Specht Dekl. 206 .

English meaning: bright, shining

aisk- avisk aviskRoot / lemma: aisk- (*avisk-)

Material: Material: Awnord. eiskra ` rage before hot excitement ', nisl. iskra also from burning pain. Lithuanian ikus, where beside zero grade Old Lithuanian iks `clear, bright '. bright, distinct', russ. jsnyj `light, clear, bright' from *aiskno-; poln. jaskry, jaskrawy Russ. dial. jska, demin. jsoka ` bright star ', beside it Old Bulgarian jasno Adv. `clear,

`blinding, dazzling, brilliant ' from *aiskro-; Old Bulgarian iskra ` spark ' etc. from *iskr.

Also alb. zero grade (*jaskry), shkrinj `melt, burn', participle *scrum > shkrumb `ashes' [common alb. m > mb shift] loaned in Rumanian scrum `ashes'. Russ. dial. jska, demin. jsoka ` bright star ', besides Old Bulgarian jasno Adv. ` clear,

distinct ', russ. jsnyj ` bright, clear ' from *aiskno; poln. jaskry, jaskrawy ` brilliant, sparkling ' from *aiskro; Old Bulgarian iskra `spark' etc. from *iskr.

Axe from Celtic or Venetic-Illyrian *Aisk.

Here the FlN Modern High German Aisch (Bavaria), Eysch(en) (Luxembourg), nengl.

References: WP. I 2, Trautmann 4, Pokorny Urill. 70, 113, M. Frster Themse 839. See also: perhaps originated from *aid -sk- , or from *ai-sk- in i-4. Page(s): 16-17
h

aisRoot / lemma: ais-1 Note:

English meaning: to wish for, search for

The Root / lemma: ais-1 : `to wish for, search for' is a truncated root of ai-ska The formant aisai-ska. -ska is a common Germanic suffix added to Root / lemma: ai-2 : `to drive, to overwhelm, aiharm'

Material: Old Indic ati ` seeks, searches ', - m. ` wish, choice ', anv-iti ` looks for desires' = Avestan isaiti ds., Old Indic icch ` wish ', i (2. compound part) ` searching, m- m. ` name of Kmadeva, god of love '; = Avestan iaiti ` wishes ', Old Indic icchti (*is-sk) ` looks, wishes, strives, seeks for,

striving after ' = Avestan i ds., f. ` wish, the object of the wish ', Old Indic ita- ` desiredly ' Armenian aic (*ais-sk) `investigation'; Umbrian eiscurent (Bugge KZ. 30, 40) `they will

have caused to come, called, sent for, invited, summoned, fetched ' (probably as *eh-

`demand', Old English scian, xian ` try, demand, ask', Old High German eisca `demand', Old English sce f. `investigation'; in Balto-Slavic with non-palatal k of the present suffix-sk (towards Aryan Armenian -sk-),

High German heischen `demand' with h after heissen `hot'), Old Saxon scn, scian

besides -sko-: isaiti `wishes'); Old High German eiscn ` research, ask, demand, (Modern

play the juggler ' as *aisos-ko- `demanding ' to Avestan Imp. ias `longs for' (-esko-

aeruscre `to beg, to get money by going about and exhibiting tricks of legerdemain, to

iscurent ' they will have driven out, pushed forth, thrusted out, taken out, expelled '); Latin

Page(s): 16

References: WP. I 12, WH. 19, Trautmann 67.

Latvian iskt ` to delouse ', Old Church Slavic isk (and it), iskati `look', iska `wish'.

what is not to be explained by borrowing from Germanic; Lithuanian ekau, iekti `look',

aisRoot / lemma: ais-2 Note:

English meaning: to be in awe, to worship

The Root / lemma: ais-2 : `to be in awe, to worship' is a truncated root of ai-ska The aisai-ska. Material: Old High German ra, Modern High German Ehre, Old English r ` Relief, formant -ska is a common Germanic suffix added to Root / lemma: ai-3 : `to give' ai-

Old English rian ` honor, spare, betake ', Old Norse eira 'spare'.

name of the medicine goddess '; of it Old High German rn, rn ` honor, spare, betake ', Oscan aisusis Abl. Pl. `sacrifices', Marrucinian aisos D. Pl. ` gods', Paelignian aisis `

considerate treatment, honour, luck ', Old Norse eir ` considerate treatment, peace, also

Etruscan. Differently Devoto St. Etr. 5, 299 f.

gods ', Volscan esaristrom ` sacrifice ', Umbrian esono- ` divine, sacred ', come from d- extension: gr. (from *aiz-d-) ` shies, reveres ', , - ` reverence,

attention '; zero grade Old Indic ` reveres, praises, implores '. Page(s): 16

shyness, shame ', (*-) `'; Gothic aistan, -aida ` avoid, pay

References: WP. I 13, WH. I 20, 419, 844; Feist 28 a, Kretschmer Gl. 30, 88 .
2

ai-ti- ai-to- oi-toRoot / lemma: ai-ti-, ai-to- : oi-tocut, contribution Coments:

English meaning: part, share, allotment, quantity, quota, portion, stake, stock, proportion,

ai-ti- ai-to- oi-toRoot / lemma: ai-ti-, ai-to- : oi-to- : `part, share, allotment, quantity, quota, portion, stake, ailemma: ai-2 : `to drive, to overwhelm, harm' with the formant -tra. stock, proportion, cut, contribution' is a truncated root *ai-tra into the suffixed Root /

Material: Avestan ata- ` the proper part '(' punishment '; dual ` guilt and punishment '). common gr.- Illyrian -ks- > -ss-; . Hes.; ` promising Gr. (* ) ` interest, destiny ', hom. , better ` the proper interest ',

good talent, favorabe ', ` certain from the destiny, proper ', ` apply, use, consume ', ` dispenses justice, it rules '; (maybe dissimilated from *) ` be a referee, leads; divide (the way of) life = ' referee's office ' and ` life-style, life arrangement ', ` well-chosen, particular '. Oscan Gen. aeteis `partis', attm `portionum'.

leads a certain way of life; prescribe a certain measure in food and drinking ', hence,

 ` guilt, cause '; also , 'demands' as ` requires his interest '; ablaut. m. 'Destiny'.

From Gr. here probably also ` responsible, guilty ' ( after ), from which later

*ait-tu-, cymr. oed m. 'Age' from *aito. Page(s): 11

Old Irish es n., cymr. oes f. ` period, age ' from *ait-to-, Old Irish es m. 'People' from

References: WP. I 2, Hirt Indo Germanic Gr. II, 82 f. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1 421 , 696 , 705 .
7 9 3

English meaning: [bitter, sharp] troRoot / lemma: ai-tro- : `bitter, sharp' is a truncated root *ai-tra into the suffixed Root / Material: Lithuanian aitrs ` bitterly, harsh ', aitr f. `sharpness' (also figurative); the nasal roz-jatrti a `fester'. formation *intro- perhaps in Old Bulgarian ob-triti `set on fire ', wru. zajti `anger', klr. ailemma: ai-2 : `to drive, to overwhelm, harm' with the formant -tra. Coments:

ai-troRoot / lemma: ai-tro-

See also: perhaps in i-4. Page(s): 17

References: WP. I 3, Berneker 269.

Meaning: `vital energy, vitality' Root / lemma: aiu-, aiu- : `vital energy, vitality' derived from reduced Root / lemma: gei-3 and gei- : g(i)ii- : g(i)ii- : g-, frequent, often with -u- extended: to live i i : Material: Old Indic yu- n., a nominalized adjective to - ` flexibe, active '; yu- m. ` *aius-s); n-stem in the locative. yuni, Instr. yun; yh ` vitality '; yavaj- ` living always '; yu m. 'Life span'; Note:

Root / lemma: aiu-, aiu-

Genius of the vitality ', thereof derived s-stem yu n., Gen. yua ` vitality ' (*iuos, Gen. Avestan y n. 'Life span', Gen. yao, dat. yavi, Instr. yav, of it yavatt- ` duration ', Gr. s-stem: Cypriot F (= ); locative without suffix. lakon. 'always';

hom. , Attic (*F), Akk. Attic (*F); Dat.-Lok. without extension in Ionian (and f. after ) ` vitality, life span ', 'always'; , Lesbian (*F) (afterwards 'forever', - 'long-living'); n-stem: m.

alb. esh ` period of time; span; space; stretch; lapse ' from *aiuesi (Jokl L.-k. U. 34); of life '; however, are based aetas f. 'age: of human life, either a lifetime or time of life, age, Abl. aetatu) ` age, time of life ', aeternus ` of an age, lasting, enduring, permanent, endless, forever' in adverbial *aiui. Gothic o-stem aiws m. ` time, eternity, world '; i- stem adverbial aiw (*aiui) = Old Latin o-stem aevus m. and aevum n. `eternity, age, time, lifetime, or time of life, a period

a period of time, epoch', old aevitas (from it Oscan Gen. atates, Akk. atatm, Paelignian

Icelandic , ei (also in ei-gi 'not'), Old English , , Old High German io ` ever, always ', , engl. no ` not, no ';

Gothic ni aiw 'never', Old High German neo, nio, Modern High German nie; Old English nMaybe alb. (*) jo `not, no' (common alb. slav. j- prefix. Old Icelandic lang-r = Latin longaevus ` of great age, aged, ancient '; i-stem also in Old Icelandic fi, vi f. (*aiui-) ` life, age '; -stem in Old High German wa f. ` time, eternity ',

*ajuki- (= Old English ce `forever'), with Indo Germanic g-suffix + Indo Germanic-tti; Tocharian A ym- `mind, life' which m attributed to m- ` life '.

thereof Old High German wid 'eternity', wg 'forever'; Gothic aju-k-ds f. `eternity' from

References: References: WP. I 6, WH. I 21, EM. 21, Feist 30, 32, Benveniste BSL 38, 103 ff, Dumzil See also: From this derived *iuuen- (ieu-3) 'young'; Specht also wants very much risquly BSL 39, 193, Specht KZ. 68, 196, Dekl. 88 ff., Van Windekens 15.

be put in addition *aig-, oak ' (= ` vitality '?). Page(s): 17-18

Meaning: `exclamation'

Root / lemma: ai 1

Material: Old Indic exclamation of remembering, address, compassion; Old Indic ai the same; ayi interjection with the vocative; Avestan i interjection of the phone call (before the vocative); deplores ', 'sigh'); gr. , , exclamation of the surprise, of astonishment or pain (thereof ` sighs, Lithuanian a and i ` oh! blows! ' and before vocatives.

Page(s): 10

*aikSee also: see also *aik-.

References: WP. I 1, WH. I 396, Benveniste Origines 130 f.

os- aviosos os Root / lemma: aios- (*avios-) Note:

Meaning: `metal (copper; iron)'

osos eisRoot / lemma: aios- : `metal (copper; iron)' derived from Root / lemma: eis-1 : `to move rapidly, *weapon, iron'. Material:

Old Indic yas- n., Avestan ayah- n. `metal, iron'; ore, and the alloy of copper, bronze. Transf., anything made of bronze; a vessel, statue, trumpet, kettle ', Old High German r `ore', Old Norse eir n. `ore, copper'. Latin aes, g. aeris; Gothic aiz (proto Germanic *a(i)iz- = Indo Germanic *aies-) ` copper

Maybe zero grade in Tocharian B (*anuwan, *anuwan) B ecuwo icuwo `iron' : alb. (*hecus) hekur `iron' : Latin anus : Umbrian ahesnes. Tocharian A *acu (id.) (attested in the derived adjective acwi) and B ecuwo (icuwo is variant on the same order as inte is to ente, q.v.) reflect PTch *ecuwo. Further connections are uncertain. Schwarz (1974:409) compares Ossetic ndon `steel' or Chorasmian hnw `id.' and suggests that the shape +_ *anuwan.

the Iranian and Tocharian words might be borrowings from some adstratum language in thereof Avestan ayahana- ` metallic, iron ', Latin anus (*aies-no- = Umbrian ahesnes

pits were tackled in Cyprus only in late Mycenaean time.

as Latin cuprum : , there according to D. Davis (BSA. 30, 74-86, 1932) the copper

not Indo Germanic aios old borrowing from Ajasja, older Aas(ja), the old name of Cyprus,

High German rn, Modern High German ren (ehern). despite Pokorny KZ. 46, 292 f. is

` of copper, of bronze '), aneus, Old English ren, Old Saxon Old High German Middle

damages in a lawsuit; in a wider sense, to value a thing or person; hence, in gen., to judge ', Denomin. from *ais-temos ` he cuts the ore ' (to temn). See also: To i-4 ` burn '? References: WP. I 4, WH. I, 19, 20, Feist 31.

Here Latin aestim, old aestum ` to appraise, rate, estimate the value of; to assess the

Page(s): 15-16

Meaning: `mother (children's speech)'

Root / lemma: akk

Material: Old Indic akk 'mother' (gram.), gr. ` nurse of Demeter ', ' ghost ',

hall goddess ' (probably Etruscan); also into Small-Asian languages; compare lapp. Madder-akka 'earth mother'. Maybe alb. Ajkuna `great mother' in alb. epos. Page(s): 23

` be coy, position oneself stupidly ', Latin Acca Lrentia ` Laren mother, Roman

References: WP. I 34, WH. I 5. about Tocharian ammaki see below am(m)a.

Meaning: `sharp; stone'

Root / lemma: ak-, ok- (*ek-) e

e/oMaterial: 1. e/o- and -St: grade form Ionian , , Hes., redupl. ` point, edge ' (as `hears' as *-- `having sharp ear' here, see, however, 1. keu-; alb. atht `sharp, Npers. s (lengthened-grade form) `millstone, grindstone'; gr. `point', lengthened-

: ); after Kretschmer KZ. 33, 567 and Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 348 belongs sour', [common alb. -k > -th].

of smells, penetrating; of sight, keen; of emotions, painful; of understanding, quick, vigorous, energetic', acidus ` sour, acid, tart ', actum ` vinegar '; pin cushion '.

Latin acre `sharp, cutting, keen. Hence, to taste, biting; to touch, sharp; of sounds, shrill;

Maybe alb. acar `frost, sharp steel' : Romanian acar ` signalman, pointman, switchman, with o: mbr. convoc ar vilin `sharpen the millstone ', cymr. hogi `sharpen', acymr.

unclear second component; to explain bret. vocalism of the initial sound by the pretone); cemecid, ncymr. cyfegydd (*kom-okio-) ` pickaxe '; (common Celtic -ns- > -nn-), mc. cyfogi ` vomit, fight ', with secondary io-suffix acymr.

ocoluin, ncymr. hogalen, Middle Breton hygo(u)len, nbret. higolenn ` whetstone ' (with the

mcymr. ym-am-ogawr (*-k-r) ` one stirs, is active ' (Loth RC. 45, 191) and mbr. eaug, nbret. eok ` ripe, made soft ' (*eks-ko-), to gall. excum ` centaurion lepton ' (Ernault Gloss. MBret. 201); compare also above S. 5;

with zero grade: acymr. diauc, ncymr. diog, mbr. dieuc (*d-ko-) `decayed, spoiled ',

German ag `perch', egle, eglinc ds., Modern High German Swiss egel, Demin. egli, Old

Swedish ag m. `marsh grass, Cladium mariscus, edge, blade' (*ako -), Middle High

`fear', Norwegian dial. ugge `fin'; Lithuanian akotas `awn', aka (*ako-k) `fish bone, bran' = wruss. osoka `sedge', Old Prussian ackons (*akno-) ds.
*

Norwegian dial. ugg `sting, frightening', Swedish dial. ugg `point, tooth', Old Norse uggr

secondary Germanic vowel gradation a : u or from *akuko- with assimilation a in u?)

Norwegian dial. agge `tooth, point' (*akuko- or expressive Gemination?), as well as (with

Swedish agh-borre ds., maybe also Swedish agg `rancor, hatred ', agga `sting, torment',

Maybe alb. (*egel), egjr `Lolium temulentum, ryegrass, darnel' [common alb. -s- > -gj-]. ---------------------partially loanword from Veneto-Illyrian, whose area would be occupied by people from the Baltic and Slavs (Kretschmer Gl. 21, 115). Also g in Church Slavic igla explains itself on top S. 15. ---------------------2. i- and j- stems: Latin acis ` keenness, edge; of the mind, penetration, insight; of the eye, a piercing look Armenian asen `needle' (from *asin, Meillet Esquisse 43); gr. , - ` point, sting '; * Balto-Slavic forms with k prove none Indo Germanic beside the form ak-, but is

or keen vision; sometimes the pupil of the eye, or the eye itself. Milit., battle line; hence battle, battlefield '; Old Saxon eggja f., Old High German etc ekka `point, sword edge',

Modern High German Ecke (proto Germanic *ai, Old Norse egg `edge, cliff backs', eggja `edge', nbret. ek `point'), egle Pl. `awns', engl. ails; Old Church Slavic osla (*osla), russ. osok m. `whetstone', Czech osina f. `awn'. about Old English eher `ear ' see below s- formant. 3. u-stem: `sharpen', acmen `sharp point; hence the point of remarks, etc.; sharpness of intellect; `holly', aculeus `sting', accipiter `hawk, falcon' (*acu-peter `quick-flying'); cunning, trickery', acia (*acu-i) `thread to the sewed', aquifolium (beside crifolium) Gr. `chaff' see below s-formant; Latin acus, - s f. `needle; fish name ', acuere `sharpen, spur on', Old English ecg ` edge, blade, sword' (from it borrows Middle Irish ecg

Maybe alb. zero grade (*ccipiter) skifter ` hawk', shqiptar ` eagle-man, Albanian ', Albanian language'.

shqiponj `eagle', Shqipri `land of the eagles, Albania', shqip `language of the eagle-men, Spanish aguijn : French aiguillon : Catalan agull : Portuguese aguilho : Romagnolo Vulgar Latin aquileo, -onis < aquileus < acus ` needle '. English Italian needle ago

agucin da tsta : Romanian (*(a)ghimpe) ghimpe : Albanian glemb, gjmb ` sting ' from

Spanish French

Aragones

Albanian Geg gjyl-pan, Tosc gjil-pr gogia agulla

aiguille

aguja

Bergamasco Bresciano Catalan Furlan Calabrese

ocia ; ucia aculla

acu ; saccurale ; zaccurafa

Galician

Griko Salentino Irish

agulla

gusiele velni

Latin

snthaid acus gccia aglha gucia ago aco

Mudns Nissart

Napulitano Paduan

Piemontese Portuguese Romagnolo Romanian

agulha ac

agccia acu ; spigoni acu ; agu

Sardinian Campidanesu Sardinian Logudoresu Sicilian Trentino

ugghia ; ugliola ; zaccurafa uza agulla

Valencian Venetian

ago ; ucia ; gucia

(Banat);

gall. acaunum (*akounon) `rock '; Illyrian ON Acumincum today Szlankamen `salt stone'

Germanic *aku-l; Old English wel m. `fork', Old Norse so-ll `meat fork' (Germanic *ahwala-, Indo Germanic *ku-olo-); if here gallo-Latin opulus `common maple '

Modern High German Achel f. `ear point, awn' from ndd. aggel (with spirant. g) from Indo

(Marstrander, Corr. Germanic-celt. 18), would be placed Indo Germanic *oku-olo- ; about mbr. ebil `peg, nail ' (*aku-lio-); Note: The mutation kw > p, b in Celtic tongues, Latin and gr. Baltic *aus in Latvian ass ` sharp, pointed ', Lithuanian auta m. Pl. ` coarse horse hair ' Tocharian A cwe `rough' (Van Windekens Lexique 15)? see below *ku-s ` fast (sharp in the movement) '. 4. With m-formant: mo akmo-/- moAdv., , ); Swedish dial. m ` marsh grass, Cladium mariscus' (Germanic *ahma-, compare Finnish loanword ahma ` equisetum '). ak-men-/-mermen- merstone ', Avestan asman-` stone, sky ' (Old Indic Gen. na, Instr. n, Avestan Gen. Old Indic aman- n. ` stone, sky ' (as a stone vault, Reichelt IF. 32, 23 ff.), amar- ` Gr. ` point, edge, sharpness; the highest point, climax, decisive point ' ( = Slavic *outa m. ` thistle ' in Church Slavic st, russ. ost. On account of here Old Norse uggr etc. see e/o-stem, about Old English ar see s-formant; cymr. ebill `drill',

an, Abl. anat with -n- from -mn-; Instr. Pl. Old Indic anih after o-stem); Phrygian PN edge ', akmu, -es m. ' stone '. 5. With n-formant: en akenen-

; gr. ' anvil, meteor, heaven ', ; Lithuanian mens m. Pl. '

(however, about Latin acuna ` a cavity, hollow, dip; esp. a pool, pond. Transf., gap,

stone ' (*ak-en-go, Benveniste Orig. 28); gr. ` point, sting; longitudinal dimension ' deficiency, loss' see WH. I 9), ` whetstone ', , - ` spear ' (for older , plant ', ` fruit carry prickly heads ', `thistle' (from * - `sting

Old Indic ani- ` head of the arrow, missile'; Avestan sg-, Old pers. aanga- `

*- after the participles), ` throw the spear ', ` thistle kind, prickly head flower'), ` thistle, sting, thorn, spine, esp. of the fish ', ' goldfinch ' (from *), ` barque ', , ` woman's shoe ' (*akno-, probably from the pointed form); Latin agna ` ear of grain ' (from *akn); Gothic ahana f. ` chaff ', Old Norse gn, Old English egenu f. and egnan Pl., Old High German agana ds., Modern

High German Ahne, dial. Agen `stalk splinter of the flax or hemp' (Germanic *ag-, *ahan, Latvian asns m. ` germ bursting out '. 6. With r-formant: er erer aker-, okererNote: Many Germanic cognates prove that the real roots were the labiovelars: aker-, okererer erer Ogham) not Latin Lw .; abret. acer-uission `with sharp fingers' (biss), ocerou Pl. Old Irish a(i)cher `sharp (from the hoist)', because of the Gen. Sg. Akeras (PN in the Indo Germanic *akn); Lithuanian em. ans ` edge, sprouting, germinating, sowing ',

jesiora (from *aser); Old Norse gr ds. (from proto Germanic *agura-, Indo Germanic auga `eye',

`sharpened', acymr. ar-ocrion gl. atrocia; Lithuanian aers, eers `river perch'; pol. dial.

*okr-o-), west-Norwegian augur (from *gurr, new development from gr), influenced by

From the extension of Root / lemma: ak-, ok- (*hek-): `sharp; stone' with r-formant derived the labiovelars: aker-, oker- whose zero grade produced alb. (*kerna), gurr `stream' erer erer [common alb. rn > rr shift], (*ker-) gur `stone'; Here also maybe the name of the maple (due to the pointed leaf sections): Latin acerabulus, Meyer-Lbke REW. 93), Danish r ds. (Germanic *ahira-); Modern High Latin acer, -eris n. ` the maple tree or maple wood ' (from acer arbor became Vulgar

German dial. Acher ds. (Germanic *ahura-);

(Hubschmied RC. 50, 263 f.); Old High German ahorn `maple'

to stem compare also Hes.); gallo Rome. *akaros, *akarnos ` maple '

gr. Hes. (*, meaning as beside ;

also of people's etymological distortion, like Middle Low German nhorn, lhorn;ahorn

(from Swiss and other oral kinds would devop certainly -, however, -would have arisen

maple ' is syncopated from *acer-inos; however, that n has probably also arisen from the of both elements.

(Indo Germanic *akrno-) is up to the declension class = , while Latin acernus ` of

former adjective material developing formants -no- and not from r/n-stem by accumulation Rather that counts for gr. (*-) ` yellow thistle kind ' ds., maybe here

odoriferous flower ', ` basil ' (if here suitablly, named after the sharp smell?). ri roro akri-, akrori-

also ` Kalmus', ` his spicy root ', compare with other forms still f. `

, , `point, mountaintops' (also in as `have sharp hearing,

2

Old Indic rih ` corner, edge, border ', catur-ara- `square'; gr. `sharply',

sharpen the ear', and , - `grasshopper', short form for ` tiptoe ', 241);

; ` point of the boughs ', see to the formation Brugmann Grdr. II 1,

penetrating, cutting, irritating, pungent', Oscan akrid ` sharply, fiercely, keenly ', Umbrian , also ` uppermost, excellent ', and o), Latin acerbus ` acidic, sad, harsh,
h

Latin (to see Frisk IF. 56, 113 f.) cer, cris,-e (Old Latin cra, -um) `sharp, piercing, peracri- ` fat, plump, corpulent ' (= Latin percer `very sharp', compare to meaning gr.

bitter, unripe ' (from *cri-b o-s); compare gall. AXPOTALVS ` with high forehead ', Old Slavic ostr `sharp' (t - interpolated wording). ri okri-, okrori-

Irish r `high' (from *akros); Lithuanian ars, atrs, Old Lithuanian atras, Old Church

rough mountain ', Latin mediocris ` average, mediocre, of middling size, medium, middling, moderate, ordinary ', actually `to be found halfway up ' (here ablaut could be displayed in the compound like in extorris: terra, meditullium: tells), Ocriculum, Interocrea, ocrea

With shading o-: gr. f. `sharp' mountain point, corner, edge ', Old Latin ocris m. `

`splint, a greave, legging', Umbrian ocar, ukar, Gen. ocrer `mountain, castle mountain ',

marr. ocres ` a mountain, mount, range of mountains ', Middle Irish och(a)ir ` corner, edge ', from it borrows cymr. ochr `edge'. To the heteroclite paradigm *ak-r-(g), *ak-n-es (also the i- stem *aki- can have combined

different mountains ', - the 'Agrigentum' which might have signified originally ` rocks, stones'. 7. With s-formant: es akes- : akses- 'Barley' (`awned, bristly ', formation like lat onus-tus, venus-tus); gr. , Hes. - ` with igneous point ', `two-edged', `with long point ' (maybe lengthened grade *k- also before in Ionian , , Hes., maybe zero grade in alb. (*-) kash-t `chaff (*barley)' where -t is the neuter ending, (*), san `chaff'. additional formations in gr. `sharp', compare to formation Lithuanian tamss to Old only with stretch in the compound, after which the length also in simple ; however, lies Hes., compare to meaning `climax of life'). Gr. `chaff' from *ak-s-n, afterwards reshuffled ds. instead of *; gr.

IF. 24, 269 ff.; as notable the apposition appears thereof from gr. ` name of

with it) compare above akmen/mer-, Pedersen KZ. 32, 247, Johansson Beitr. 9, Petersson

Indic tmas-, Lithuanian tamsa (in addition `harrow' Hes.), `wine vinegar'. Also * `sharpened' seems to be * --, Hirt IF. 12, 225. Note: common gr. -h- > - -

accumulation '; Gothic ahs Gen. *ahsis n., Old Icelandic ax n., Old High German ahir, ehir ear (*ahuz), dat. Sg. North Umbrian hher, eher ds. (about the coexistence from i-, u- and compare Gr. II 1, 522, under Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 152. On account of originally compare also Sievers-Brunner Aengl. Gr. pp. 128, 2 under 288 f.) ak-stistiIndo Germanic -es- or -is-, or-us-stem display, is difficult in the isolated case to decide. s-stems, partly already Indo Germanic, but esp. in Germanic, compare Brugmann n. (Germanic *ahiz), from the Pl. Modern High German ` ear of corn ' f., but Old English

Latin acus,-eris ` a needle ' acervus (*aces-vo-s) ` a heap, mass; in logic, argument by

(with unclear sound gradation); (common Celtic -ns- > -nn-), Lithuanian aksts following Slavic ostn m. 'Sting', Czech osten ds. 'smoked spit' (= russ. ost ` point, ear, spike '), kstinas m. ` Sting, spur ' = Old Church

Cymr. eithin m. Pl. ' gorse, furze' (*akstno-), from it borrows Middle Irish aittenn ds.

Maybe alb. (*osten ) hosten `stick for driving cattle' Slavic loanword. 8. With t- formant: breaker; headland, elevation '; Tocharian c -, cce-` head, beginning ' (from *ak-t-). et oket `harrow, device with points ': different formations gr. `harrow'; Note: common gr. -h- > - eg(e)de, Old English eg(e)de f. (Modern High German Egge renewed from the verb eggen Subst. *agi revert formation); from Old High German egen, ecken, proto Germanic *agjan, on its part only from the acymr. ocet, corn. ocet, bret. oguet: Old High German egida, Middle High German Latin occa `harrow' from *otika by metathesis from *okit (Hirt IF. 37, 230)? compare Old Indic aph- m. (from *apa-a-tha) ` barb in the arrow '; gr. ` gruff coast with

derives from the verb *aki in Lithuanian akju, akti, besides akju, ekti; the anlaut (Endzelin Lett. Gr. 36). 210 ff. (unglaubhaft).

Lithuanian akios, ekios ` harrow', Old Prussian aketes ` harrows', instead of e

(initial sound) a- frequently has become e in an unstressed position a before palatal vowel

References: WP. I 28 ff., WH. I 6 ff., Specht Dekl. 24, 69, 125, 271, 331. Specht KZ. 62,

See also: S. under *ok-tu `eight', actually ` both points of the hands (without thumb) '. ` stone hammer ', ki-, ki-, ki- ` sharpen, whet ', k- ` sharp, spit, spear '. ii Page(s): 18-22 Root / lemma: ak-1, ak- (*hek-) zero grades k- stuck probably in stems kemen-, kemel-, kmen- ` stone, skies ', komor-

Meaning: `to eat' Note: From Root / lemma: ak-, ok- (*hek-): `sharp; stone' derived Root / lemma: ak-1, ak: Material: Old Indic anti (inserted Inf. ai-tum etc.) `eats, consumes', anam n. `food', (*hek-): `to eat' :

Avestan kahrk-sa `chicken eater = vulture' etc.; `bite';

na- `greedy', lengthened grade ayati `allows to dine', prtar-a- `breakfast';

gr. f. `acorn' (as `food', compare formally Old Indic a-a- `greedy'),

Old Norse agn n. `bait for fish' (*ak-n-), ja `allow to graze' (*ahjan). Page(s): 18 References: WP. I 112 f., WH. I 210 f.

Meaning: `tear'

lemma: ru Root / lemma: akru

Material: Ved. ru n., later also ram 'tear', Avestan asr- n., Lithuanian aara and

ara f., Tocharian kr Pl. krunt ds., compare Old Indic arymi, Lithuanian aroju `cries'. The relationship to Indo Germanic *dakru `tear' is unsettled. compare Meillet BSL.

32, 141. Note:

Root / lemma: akru : `tear' derived from Root / lemma: dakru- : `tears'. The phonetic shift ru ru ru-

da- > a-, zero is a common Baltic Illyrian. Compare Root / lemma: del-5 : `long': Baltic with del-

unexplained d-loss (see below): Lithuanian lgas, f. ilg, Latvian ilgs, Old Prussian ilga and `length'. This is a sound proof of Aryan migration from the Baltic region to North India.

ilgi Adv. `long' : Hittite Nom. Pl. da-lu-ga-e-e (dalugaes) `long', da-lu-ga-a-ti (dalugasti) n. References: WP. I 33, WH. I 746.

Page(s): 23

Meaning: `water, river' Note:

ak k Root / lemma: ak- (more properly k): k-

k): k-

From Root / lemma: ang(h)i- : `snake, worm' derived Root / lemma: ak- (more properly ang(h)i (h)iak

ehero heroad(u)- ad-ro: `water, river'; Root / lemma: ehero- : `lake, inner sea'; Root / lemma: ad(u)-, ad-ro- : z-].

`water current': Illyrian Pannonian VN [common alb.- Illyrian -Baltic -h- > -d-, From Root / lemma: ak- `water, river' nasalized in *akuent- (suffixed in -er, -or) derived ak Material:

(e)(e) eded erer Root / lemma: au(e)-9, aued-, auer- : `to flow, to wet; water, etc.'

Middle High German ouwe f. `water, peninsula in the river, grassland rich in water'; Maybe alb. (*aquil) akull `frozen water, ice'

Icelandic ey f. `island, pasture, grassland', Old English eg, Old High German -ouwa, -awa,

ds. (Germanic *ahw, thereof derived *ahwj, *awj `surrounded by the water ' in Old

Icelandic , Old English a, Old Saxon Old High German aha, Modern High German Ache

aquil `north wind', actually `the darkening sky') = Gothic aa f. `river, body of water', Old

Latin aqua `water, water pipe' (thereof aquilus `dark', aquila `eagle', actually `the swarthy',

Kretschmer Gl. 17, 148 ff.), russ. FlN Ok, Pannonian PN Aquincum `stove (*cooking

Modern High German Aue, compare Old Frisian ei-land `island', Sca(n)din-avia

Root / lemma: ak-, ok- : (sharp; stone).

It seems that Root / lemma: ak- (more properly k): k- : (water, river) derived from ak k

stove where water boils making bubbles)', apul. FlN Aquil, Venetic PN Aquileia (also in `God of the sea', Old English g-weard ` watch at the sea', agor `sea, flood' (the initial
h

South Germany); with ablaut (Indo Germanic ) in addition Old Icelandic gir (*kis)

sound after a); maybe here Old Indic km `water', dak. plant N ` water colonist ' (*ka-d mn), poln. (North Illyrian) FlN Kwa. The affiliation from Hittite e-ku-uz-zi (ekuzi) `drinks', 3. Pl. a-ku-wa-an-zi, seems not

cymr. aig `sea' is neologism to eigion from Latin oceanus. From PIE the root for water, ocean, passed to Altaic: Protoform: *k`e ( -k-) Turkic protoform: *k Meaning: `deep place, place far from the shore' Tungus protoform: *(x)uKJapanese protoform: *ki

unlikely. Moreover also Tocharian AB yok-tsi `drink'. Old Irish oiche `water' does not exist;

Note: The parallel seems plausible; the common meaning here may be formulated as "a place (in the sea or river) distant from the shore".

References: WP. I 34 f., WH. I 60, 848, Feist 18 f., Pedersen Hittitisch 128, Tocharisch 190. Page(s): 23 ak Root / lemma: ak-

Meaning: `to hurt'

illness '; gr. noun *, *, thereof , , Note: common gr. -k- > -p-, -g- > -bPage(s): 23 References: Kuiper Gl. 21, 282 f.

Material: Old Indic ka m ` grief, pain ', Avestan ak ` nasty, bad ', axtis ` grief, pain,

'swindler'; Verbalst. - in 'deception' (*apnt), redupl. Present 'damage'.

alb Root / lemma: al iNote: Meaning: `barley'

h h

alb ereg(h)o (h)oRoot / lemma: al i- : `barley' derived from a truncated Root / lemma: ereg(h)o-, erog(h)oerog(h)o- : `pea' [common gr. -k- > -p-, -g- > -b-]. (h)o Material: Gr. , ` barley, pearl barley, barley flour ', lakon.

Hes. (with gradual growth vowel ; Ehrlich KZ. 38, 55, in : from which by intersection with then -, - - sees a relation as between Old Indic sth-i : asth-n-, what would guarante older proto Indo Germanic of the word); alb. elp (elbi)
h h

S. 16 ff. from turko-tatar. etc arba 'barley'.

h

`barley' (N. Pl. *alb -). Iran. *arb i- conclusions Vasmer Stud. z. alb.Wortf. I (Dorpat 1921) relationship to *alb - ` white ' assumes Specht Dekl. 68 Old Norse

From Iranian branch the name for barley passed to Altaic family: Meaning: `barley, millet' Mongolian protoform: *arbaj Turkic protoform: *arpa Protoform: *rp`

Japanese protoform: *p Note: EAS 90, KW 15, Poppe 87. 67. The Mong. form cannot be explained as a Turkism (despite TMN 2, 24, 1997, 100). The Turkic form is sometimes compared

Tungus protoform: *arpa

with Proto-Iran. *arba- (corresponding to Gr. alphi), cf. East Iranian forms going back to

*arpasy- (or *arbasy) (- 1982, 23), but it is not identical (loss of the favour of the Altaic origin of the Turkic form. Gl. 17, 253.

final syllable is hard to explain); on the other hand, the Jpn. parallel is a strong argument in References: WP. I 92, Jokl Festschrift Kretschmer 78 f., Kieckers IE. 41, 184, Wahrmann

Page(s): 29 alb Root / lemma: al o- (*el-b o-) Note: Meaning: `white'

h h h

alb el- olRoot / lemma: al o- (*elb o-): `white' derived from Root / lemma: el-1, ol-, l- : red, brown : (in names of trees and animals) extended in -b o- formant, see gr. m. f. ` stag (white spotted) '. Material:
h

Gr. ` white rash ', Hes. (also Hes., s. below), FlN ; Latin albus ` white, dead white; hence pale or bright; sometimes making bright; fig.,

fortunate ', Umbrian alfu ` white ', Oscan Alafaternum Alafaternum ` Alfaternorum ', prlig. Alafis ` Albius ' (and many other names partly Etruscan coinage due to Oscan-Umbrian must be that of Paul. Diac. 4 L. as Sabine called alpum); in addition albula, alburnus ` root alf-, as Latin alb-, s. Schulze Latin Eig. 119 f.; etr. Pronunciation from Latin albus also whitefish ', albarus ` white poplar ', albcus ` asphodel plant ' etc.; world ');

cymr. elfydd m. ` earth, world ' from *albio- (compare Old Church Slavic svt ` light,

Charpentier KZ. 40, 433 f., Specht Dekl. 229; also:) Old Church Slavic lebed, russ.

(Germanic *al-it-, -ut-) `swan', (forms -d- in animal names: s. Brugmann Grdr. II 1, 467,
2

Old High German albiz, elbiz, Old English aelbitu, ielfetu, Old Norse elptr, lpt f.

dove ', actually ` white '; see Meillet Et. 322, MSL. 14, 377, Schulze SBprAk. 1910, 800 = Kl. Schr. 122 f.; named after the color russ. lebed, poln. lebioda, oboda ` atriplex, goosefoot ', Lidn Stud. 97); Dutch alft, elft `whitefish' (formally = Old High German etc

Slavic *olb-ed, -d, -d, compare to the latter suffix form Lithuanian bal-adis ` pigeon,

lebed lebjad, in the ablaut to poln. abd, serb. labud, Czech labud' ` swan ' (proto

albiz `swan'; to loanword from Latin albula `whitish' in contrast to it Falk-Torp 189 f. are

e e e e

against, Middle High German albel `whitefish', Modern High German Albe, Low German alf, albe `whitefish'), compare Latin alburnus `a white fish, bleak' ds .; Modern High German Dialectal Albums ` hard sand under the fertile earth ', Swedish

Dialectal alf ds .;

German Elf m., Elfe f. borrowed), Middle Low German alf ` lp, grand, evil spirit ', Middle nebulous figures '), as well as Old High German alba ` insect larva, locusta quae nondum *albna, from which *almna). Note: Note The Illyrian TN Albanoi is the plural form Middle High German Modern High German Alp, Pl. the Alben (originally probably ` whitish nebulous figures ') a primitive Indo European people who believed in evil spirits before an elaborate mythology developed later. Arbn `name of alb. during Middle Ages' 1431), elv I (188 f., 1454), emd (189, 1454); as ` white water ' also the name of Elbe (Latin addition probably also Middle Low German elve ` riverbed '), compare gall. FlN Albis, Alb see to these Germanic words esp. Falk-Torp under aame (4, 1428), al (19, 1431), alv (22, High German Modern High German Alp, Pl. the Alben (originally probably ` whitish

probably also Old Norse alfr, Old English lf, engl. elf (from which Modern High

volavit ', Dutch elften f. Pl. ` cock chafer grubs ', Norwegian alma ds. (m from the Gen. Pl.

Albis, Albia, from Germanic *Al, Gen. Aliz =), Old Norse elfr ` river ' and river name (in

esp. Schulze SBprAk.1910, 797 = Kl. Schr. 120). Note: common gr. -k- > -p-, -g- > -b-

(now Aube; contrast Dubis, Dub, i.e. ` black, deep water '), Latin Albula, gr. (see

gall.-Latin Albin, Middle Irish Albbu, Gen. Albban (stem *Alb-ien-) `Britain' (to cymr. elfydd Ligurian and Celtic areas frequent local name like Alba, Albium likewise below go back or, or from the white chalk rocks), Latin Alps, (high mountains?) and in Italian,

In contrast to this assumption, it is doubtful from or in which circumference names like

however, are not Indo Germanic derivation of the concept ` white ' (Bertoldi BSL. 32, 148, ZrP. 56, 179 f.). Armenian aauni ` pigeon, dove ', barely for *alab -n- (Bugge KZ. 32, 1, Pedersen KZ.
h h h

38, 313), see below. About the affiliation of *alb i- *alb i- ` barley ' s. d. *al *al

here.

Maybe here belongs Hittite al-pa- (alpas) ` cloud ' in spite of Couvreur (H 106, 149)

?) and Armenian aauni, and in addition tuned Slavic intonation (serb. lbd), s. Osthoff IF. 8, 64 f., Pedersen aaO.
h

To the ablaut: beside *alb o-s seems to be two-syllable root form in gr. (also
h

This additional -b o- one syllable is in color names frequent suffix (e.g. Latin galbus
h 2

Lithuanian rabas `in different colors, multicolored, dappled' beside ranas; Brugmann Grdr. is possible according to Brugmann aaO. II 1, 388 f), *alb os is obtainable in monosyllabic root *al- and on the other hand

Niedermann from the Slavic) stand in a similar relation, as gr. - to Latin curv-us `crooked, curved, bent', Old Indic pal-la- (: palv-a) to Old Prussian pelwo, also go back to a word root *al[u]-: *alu-: *alu- (in Armenian aawni and Slavic words); Note: From Baltic - Slavic the notion for `white metals, white color, sick white' passed to Altaic family: Protoform: *nilp

`tin' (from Indo Germanic *aluo-? Baltic correspondences are borrowed according to

to Lithuanian alvas ` tin ' (` white metal '), Old Prussian alwis `lead, plumbum', russ. lovo

Meaning: `tin, lead'

Tungus Tungus protoform: *lban

Japanese protoform: *nmri Note: An interesting TM-Jpn. isogloss; cf. also Old Koguryo *naimul (see Miller 1979, 8). Jpn. *nm-ri < *npan-(r)i, with usual regressive nasalization. Earlier: Protoform: *lpa Meaning: `unable, sick; being at service, man-at-arms' Turkic protoform: *lpMongolian protoform: *alba-n Tungus protoform: *albaKorean protoform: *rph-

Japanese protoform: *apar-

Note: Poppe 85, 121 (Turk-Mong.); TMN 2, 110-111. gr. is sufficient by the reshuffle to which animal names and plant names are exposed everywhere, in order to ensure in addition still *ale-b -;
h

span. alosa), compare also gall. GN Alaunos, Alounae, brit. FlN Alaunos (nengl. Aln), cymr. PN Alun as well as Armenian aauni ` pigeon, dove ' from *alu-n-.

here as ` the shining one ' gall. alausa ` European shad, twaite shad ' (French alose,

` white ' appears very uncertain (Couvreur H 149 f., Friedrich IF. 58, 94) and gr. , , i are to be explained differently.

A stem form ali- ` white ' is not provabe, in spite of Specht Dekl. 114, because Hittite ali-

span.-portug. ala ds., furthermore with -nt-suffix Old High German alant ds., with it

Here, however, probably (as a ` pale yellow plant ') hisp.-Latin ala `elecampane ' (Isid.),

alund `whitefish, Alant' = (with gramm. alteration) Old Icelandic - lunn `a fish', (under the original meaning of al- is probably`white, shining', hence, then also `pale yellow' etc. influence of common Celtic -ns- > -nn-),Indo Germanic basic form *al-nt-/*al-ont-. The

etymological identically the fish name Old High German alunt (newer alant), Old Saxon

Specht (Indo Germanic Dekl. 59, 160) explained both stems as originally identical, thus albelow are-), er . are- erPage(s): 30-31 as l- leads back to el-, with which he associates further (aaO. 114) the color root ar- (see
e

A precise separation of the meanings of al- and el- is not always possible, which is why

References: References: WP. I 92 ff., WH. I 26 f.

ald Root / lemma: al Meaning: `trough' Material: Old Norse alda f. ` wave, upsurge, hostility, warfare '; Norwegian dial. olda f. trough, tub, container ', Modern High German Bavarian alden ` field furrow'.
h

'trough'; Swedish dial. lla ` deep cavity '. compare Old English ealdo, aldot, aldaht ` In addition Balto-Slavic *aldii- in Church Slavic ladiji, aldiji f. ` small boat ', Lithuanian Norwegian lodje ` Russian vessel, boat ', Swedish lodja, Middle Low German lod(d)ie,

aldij, eldij f. ` river small boat ', also Lithuanian eldijl ` smoking frying pan'.

loddige are borrowed from russ. odj (= asl. ladiji). Falk-Torp 652 (see also 789 under`olde').

Page(s): 31-32

References: WP. I 92, WH. I 35, Trautmann 6.

Meaning: `to hit back, shoot'

aleqRoot / lemma: aleq-

protect, watch, guard ' (Pisani KZ. 68, 157), gr. ` prevent, protect, fight off ' (so-

Material: Old Indic rkati ` defended, protected, preserved ', Armenian aracel ` graze,

cock were used for the name of this contentious bird (Fick Cstem 9, 169, Kretschmer KZ. 33, 559 ff., Boisacq 1091 f.); ' defend, refuse, fend ', ` defends, helps ', walls; help ' (*--), ` defense, help ' and ` thickness, strength ' (latter meaning, another, Middle Persian ark ` work, effort, trouble ' to suitable words, see Bartholomae ` Protection, defense, help ', ` Protection, parapet, (esp.) battlement of the although in itself from ` vigorous defense ' understandable, maybe by flowing together with Heidelbg. SB. 1916, IX 10); Hom.; ` strong, hard, potent; from weapons: ` resistable, suited to the fight ';

root areq-), , the epic proper names, after becoming known as the areq-

present; rakati because of this correspondence not more probably to equally meaning

temple ', Old English ealh, Old Saxon alah m. ds., Proto Norse-Runic aluh ` amulet' (?),

Old English ealgian ` protect, defend ' (*algjan); Gothic alhs (f., conservative stem) `

victims ', Latvian lks m. 'Idol, god' (Germanic and Baltic words originally ` holier, seclusive or the usufruct deprived grove '); Tocharian alsk `remove'. areqSee also: S. similar root areq-` close, protect '. Page(s): 32 References: WP. I 89 f.

Old Lithuanian elkas, alkas m. ` holy grove, place on a hill where one has made of early

Meaning: `frost, cold' Material:

alghRoot / lemma: algh- (*elgh-)

nisl. elgur m. ` snow flurry with strong frost, half-molten snow '. Germanic s-stem *alizReferences: WP. I 91, WH. I 29. compare Petersson Aryan under Arm. Stud. 126. disguised itself with Latin algor, Indo Germanic *alghes-.

Lidn, studies z. Old Indic and compare Sprachgesch. 66, to Old Icelandic Gen. Sg. elgiar,

Latin algor ` frost, cold ', alge, -re ` freeze, to be cold ', belong algidus `cold' according to

Page(s): 32 algh hRoot / lemma: algh-

Meaning: `to earn, price, value, *precious bright metal'

Material: Old Indic rhati ` is worth, earns, is obliged, debit, ', argh- ` value, validity, price ' (=osset. ar ` price, value '), Avestan arjaiti ` is worth, amounts for value ' (npers. arzdan ` earn '), arjah- (es- stem) n. ` value, price '.

maybe alb. (*rhati) argat ` worker, serf ', argtoj ` entertain, reward, please, become lazy ', argom `barren, unproductive'. Gr. `acquisition, purchase ' = Lithuanian alg, Old Prussian Gen. Sg. lgas ` wage

', gr. , ` profit, earn ' ( = Old Indic rhati, but by the more complete common Illyrian g- > b-. '.

present in the validity embedded as an Aorist), ` cattle earned '. Note: An additional form on voiced-nonaspirated is Old Indic arjati ` acquires, earns, fetches

Page(s): 32-33

References: WP. I 91.

Meaning: `besides; other' al- olRoot / lemma: al-1, ol- : `besides; other' derived from Root / lemma: al : interjection. Note:

Root / lemma: al-1, olal- ol-

Material: Latin uls ` beyond ', *ulter, -tra, -trum ` ulterior, situated beyond ' (ultr, ultra), first, greatest, lowest, meanest ';

compounds ulterior, Sup. ultimus = Oscan ltiumam ` the utmost, extreme, the highest,

Maybe alb. ult, ult `low', ul `to low, sit below' : Latin ulterior -ius `compar. as from ulter, farther, more distant, more advanced, more remote'. Old Latin ollus ` that, that yonder, that one; emphatically, that well-known; in contrast with *oln), newer olle, oll `then, next', ollc ' he, she, that, in that place, yonder, there '; hic, the former, (sometimes the latter)' (*ol-no-s, compare below Irish ind-oll and Slavic

also the glosses olitana `the aged, old, ancient, of long standing ', olitinata ` old, inveterate, ancient, former, of old times ' can reject - or ? - ), Umbrian ulo, ulu ` that, that yonder,

with Old Indic par-ri ` third-last year ' [compare -] to be equated *li, Lok. adverb,

lengthened grade lim `in the distant past, once' (probably after im, exim reshaped and

that one; emphatically, that well-known; in contrast with hic, the former, he, she, it yonder, yonder, that one; emphatically, that well-known; in contrast with hic, the former, (sometimes the latter)'.

that '; influenced by is, iste etc. the cognates ollus, olle would be uncolored to ille `that, that

the last summer, last year ' (` that year ', compare Latin oll `at that time, then').

Slavic *oln (Indo Germanic *oln-ei) = Old Church Slavic lani, Czech loni, poln. loni ` in The meaning from Irish alltar, allaid (see below) also allows that the relationship of Old

Indic raa- ` far, strange ' (= Avestan auruna- `wild'?), rd 'from a distance', r ` far ' seems possible. Moreover also maybe Old Indic ar ` of strangers, stranger ', ar(i)y- ` Subst. ` hospitable, lord, master, ruler, man ', in addition r(i)ya- ` to ar(i)y- , suitable, Hospitality ', m. ` Guest's friend '; maybe Arrianes Illyrian TN. hospitable ', hence, VN ' Arier = Aryan', ryaka- ` venerable man ', aryam- n. `

suitable, proper to the stranger ' (compare Old High German eli-lenti ` foreign land '), then

Avestan airy (= rya), Old pers. riya (= ariya), ` Aryan ', Avestan airyaman ` guest, friend ', npers. rmn ` guest ', in addition sarmat. VN (osset. *alan), osset. ir `Ossete', Morgenl. XXIII 2, 1938; Specht KZ. 68, 42 ff.); iron `Ossetic' ` Ossetic ' (P. Thieme*), the stranger in the Rigveda, fig. f. d. client d.

Old Irish aire (*arios) and airech ` nobleman, of noble people, suitor ' can belong to

mythical Irish ancestor remn is scholar neologism to riu ` Ireland '. see below ario- ` lord, god, master '. ---------------------

preposition air- ` in front of ', thus ` standing in the first place ', (Thurneysen ZCP. 20, 354);

ruler, lord' as su-ri- ` hospitable ' and ri-das ` worry for sustaining the stranger '. ----------------------

must lead back to Indo Germanic *er- . Thieme puts further here Old Indic sr- ` master,

grade -), e.g. - ` easily (the stranger) recognizable ', Old Indic ar- etc surely

*) Thus Thieme (aaO. 159 f.) properly puts here reinforcing prefix gr. -( reduced

ind-oll ` ultra, extreme ', from which maybe also innonn, innunn ` over, beyond ' (with

(formally = Latin ollus, Indo Germanic *olnos), compounds (h)uilliu ` farther, more ', Adv.

Old Irish oll Adj. ` honorable, large, extensive ', actually ` above (the ordinary) going out '

on the other side (and) therefrom on this side '; ol-foirbthe ' pluperfect, past perfect ', oldu, oldaas ` when I, when he ', actually ` about (the) outside, what I am, what he is ', inaill ' certain, sure ', actually ` situated on the other side ' (of it inoillus ' confidence, security';

Thurneysen KZ. 43, 55 f.; Pedersen KG. II 195), ol-chen(a)e ` in addition, but ', actually `

assimilation in collaboration with inonn ` the same, identical'; (common Celtic -ns- > -nn-),

footprint '.

because, sice ' keeps Thurneysen Grammar 559 against it for related with cymr. ol `

ultra, beyond, further ', originally in the report in a continuous speech). The conjunction ol `

inuilligud 'protection, safety'; with ol(l) ` ultra, beyond ' maybe corresponds ol ` says ' as `

from *all in the pretone), Adv. tall (*to-al-n) ` on the other side, there ', anall ` from on the alla ` beyond, on the other side ' (proves original dissyllabic old formation also of the other side, from there, over here ', with suffixed Pron. of the 3rd person all, allae, newer

Besides with a: Old Irish al (with Akk.) ` on the other side, over - beyond ' (simplification

prepositional form is not provided with pronominal suffix, see Thurneysen KZ. 48, 55 f.,

alltarach ` otherworld, ulterior, thithertho '.

dead, the other world, hereafter ', also from ` to savage areas situated on the other side ',

thus not from without ending Indo Germanic *ol or *al); derivatives: alltar ` the world of the

broges = mcymr. all-fro ` exiled, ostracized, banished' (to bro 'land'), all-tud ` foreigner ', slige ` the second cutting out '.

Gall. alla ` another, other, different ', allos `second' (Thurneysen ZCP. 16, 299), VN Allo-

acymr. allann, (common Celtic -ns- > -nn-), ncymr. allan ' outdoors, outside '; Old Irish allGothic alls, Old Icelandic allr, Old English eall, Old High German all 'all', besides in the

Ala-gabiae etc, Gothic ala-mans ` all people, humanity ', Old High German ala-wri ` totally father Dagdae ` the good God ') = Old Norse al-fr (epithet of Odin), ' all father '. true ' (Modern High German albern); compare Old Irish oll-athair (epithet of Irish God's Latin alers, allers ` taught; learned, instructed, well-informed; experienced, clever,

compound Germanic ala- (without -no-suffix) in Old Germanic matron's names Ala-teivia,

shrewd, skilful ' according to Landgraf ALL. 9, 362, Ernout l. dial. Latin 104 from *ad-ers, *allers (contrast to iners). From an adverb *ali ` there, in a specific place, in each case ' (differently Debrunner

REtIE. 3, 10 f.) have derived: os alios ` other ':

Armenian ail ` other '; another place, strange ' (= Latin aliud, forms as in Latin longinquus `far removed, far off, gr. `other' (Cypriot ), n. , compare - ` from elsewhere, from

remote, distant'), in addition etc ` each other', ` makes different, changes ', ` variation, change, exchange, trade ': ` becoming another, strange ', from Old Indic anytra `somewhere else' corresponding adverb;

Maybe zero grade in alb. (*nytra) tjetr `other' [common alb. n > nt > t] : Old Indic anytra `somewhere else'. Latin alius = Oscan allo `other things', n. aliud = gr. , in addition from the adverb ali:

one from two ' = Oscan alttram 'alteram' (from *aliteros-), by Plautus also altro-; in alterre, adulter, alternus, altercri;

alinus 'strange' (from *ali-ies-nos), ali-quis, ali-cubi etc; Comparative alter, -era, -erum `

altrinsecus, altrvorsum the syncope is caused by the length of the whole word; here also gall. alios (Loth RC. 41, 35), Old Irish aile (*alios), n. aill (from adverbial all from *al-n;

palat. l comes from aile), cymr. ail, bret. eil (from *elis, Comparative *aliis), doubled Old Irish alaile, araile, n. alaill, araill, mcymr. etc arall, Pl. ereill (ll from the adverb all); Gothic aljis `other', but only in compositions, as Old Saxon eli-lendi n. ` foreign land ',

other, different ', Old Icelandic elligar, ellar, Old English ellicor, elcor ` other, otherwise, ', Old High German elichr ` further ', and in adverbs, like Old English elles, engl. else ` English elra ` other '; other, different ', Old Norse alla ` otherwise ' etc.; a comparative formation *alira is Old Tocharian A lya-k , alye-k ` ' (*alie-k , Pedersen Groupement 26,

Old High German eli-lenti ds. = Modern High German ' woefulness ', Gothic alja-leik `

Tocharisch 117); unclear is the absence of palatalization in A lak ` other ', lam ` each other', lm ` somewhere else', aletste 'strangers'; ostiran. etc hal-ci ` any (thing) available, etc '. References: WP. I 84 ff., WH. I 30, 32 f., Feist 33 b, 39 a, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 614. angebl. pejorative character of a see Specht KZ. 68, 52, Die alten Sprachen 5, 115. an2). See also: About anios s. under S. 37 (an2 an2 About the sound change from *anios to *alios see Debrunner REtIE. 3, 1 ff., about

Page(s): 24-26 alRoot / lemma: al-2

Meaning: `to grow; to bear'

Material: Old Indic an-ala- ` fire ' (' the glutton ', W. Schulze KZ. 45, 306 = Kl. Schr. 216); gr. ` cheerful, strong ' ( + al-; about see below);

prosper ', coalscere 'grow together', adolscere 'grow up' (adultus ' grown up, adult,

Latin al, -ere, -ul, -itum ` to nourish, support, rear, feed, bring up '; alscere ` grow up,

mature '), abolscere ' to perish ' (in addition appears abole, -re ` destroy, exterminate ' as a Transitive to be newly shaped, partly after (ad)augsc : (ad)auge, esp., however,

after synonymous dlv, dle;

the young men of a race; of plants, fruit ' (of it prltrius `a citizen of the lowest class,

sprout, shoot, offspring, progeny ', prles (*pro-ols) ` offspring, descendants, posterity; serving the state only by begetting children'; these three with o from a before dark l, not

indols ` native constitution or quality; nature, disposition, character, talents ', subols ` a

the reminiscence in , would be then deceptive; (differently WH. I 4), Latin

alimnia,-ium ` food, maintenance ';

with Indo Germanic o- ablaut, wie Hirt Abl. 162 accepts); alimentum `food, nourishment', Old Irish alim `be nourishing'; here probably also cymr. alu, Middle Breton halaff, nbret.

ala `bear, give birth to', cymr. al f. `act of giving birth, progeny, people', alaf m. `wealth' = Old Irish alam f. `herd', of it almae ds .;

nourishing, produce ', Gothic alis ` fattened ' (participle of a Kaus. *aljan = Norwegian development Falk-Torp below elske). With t- formant: dial. elja); Old Icelandic elskr ` inspired by love ', elska `love' (see to the meaning-

Gothic Old English alan (l) ` grow up ' (intr. like Latin adole), Old Icelandic ala (l) ` be

hill, wooded hills', acorn. as, bret. aot, aod 'coast', Old Saxon ald, Old High German (etc.) alt `old' (actually' grown tall '), Old High German altn `put off, delay' (`make old'); maybe alb. geg (*n'alt ) nalt `high' > alb. Tosc (*nalt, lant) lart `high' [n/l allophones].

`high' (i.e. `large-scale grown'), Middle Irish old `height; shores, coast', cymr. allt `side of a

Gr. - `insatiable, gluttonous'; , (*-) n. ` holy grove ', Latin altus

eillt (*altios) `pupil, hero', Old Irish inailt (*eni-alt) ` servant ', Gothic aleis (*altios) ` old ' = Old Irish alt(a)e ` brought up '; *altro- in Old Irish altram ` food ', altru `nursing father' (cymr. athraw `teacher' etc., see ealdor `life', Old Saxon aldar, Old High German altar `old age, age'. With m- formant: Poseidon in isthmian Troy, , for what hom. `tree nursery' as an abstract sweet, kind, sublime'. Maybe here FlN thrak. Almus, Illyrian (?) Alm (Rom), Alm Gr. n. `grove', epithet of Zeus and Poseidon (also , name of

foster brother ' = mcymr. cyfeillt `serf, slave', ncymr. cyfaill `friend' (*komal-tios), mcymr.

in Oscan altinm, thus ` food, provisions, aliment ' = Latin *altinum; Old Irish comaltae `

' (Pl. ielde, Old Saxon eldi `people, humans'), Old Norseld f. `time, age, Pl. people'; *altio

*alti also in Gothic alds f. ` period, lifetime ', Old English ield ` period, lifetime, age, old age

Pedersen KG. I 137); Old Norse aldr m. (Gen. aldrs) `age, lifetime, old age', Old English

noun, see Bechtel Lexil. 331); Latin almus `nourishing, feeding (ager), blessing-donating, (Etruria), abrit. *Alm, engl. Yealm.

mabe alb. helm `healing drug, posion, medicine, herb' similar to Sanskrit la- `poison'. obviously alb. and gr. have preserved the old laryngeal -. el- ollemma: el-3 : ol-: `to rot, poison'. clearly alb. shows that from Root / lemma: al-2 : ` to grow; to bear; grove' derived Root / alMaybe Illyrian Amalthea `the goat that nourished Zeus'. Tocharian lym- ` life, mind '. allows to grow, strengthens ', 'grows', ` not thriving; growth restraining ', ` brings forth, produce, create ' (). ardhuna Pl. `yields, profits'.
h

d- extensions: Old Indic -, ` refreshment, donation, oblation, gift '; gr. `

Maybe alb. Geg ardh- [dh- extension as in satem languages] `come, (*climax), be born', d - extensions: Old Indic rdhnti, rnddhi, rdhti, rdhyati `prospers, succeeds, does

Old Indic rdhuka- ` thriving ' (Specht KZ. 64, 64 f.);

succeed, manages', Avestan ardat ` he allows to prosper ', rdt- ` cause prospering ',

gr. , `heals', ` grows, heals '; Old Swedish alda ` fruit-carrying oak ', Old Icelandic aldin ` tree fruit, esp. eatable (fruit or seed of the oak tree, acorn) '. References: WP. I 86 f., WH. I 4, 31 f.

Page(s): 26-27

Meaning: `to burn'

alRoot / lemma: al-4 Material: Old Indic altam n. ` fire, blaze, coal ' (also lmukam `fire'); Latin adole ` to

worship, offer sacrifice, burn a sacrifice; to sacrifice on an altar; in gen., to burn; to smell ', perhaps to burn ' (o from a as in etymological-different adolscere ` to grow up, come to adolsc, -ere ` flare up (from altars), to grow up, come to maturity, to be heaped up, or

altar' (with difficult o ablaut Umbrian uetu ` toward turning to vapor ');

maturity, to be heaped up, or perhaps to burn ' to al, see below *al-2 `grow'), altre `fire *al-

(Johansson aaO.); about Old English lan ` burn ' see *ai -. *aid (if originally 'burnt') = nir. aladh `trout' (alto-). Maybe alb. alle `red color'. Page(s): 28 References: WP. I 88, WH. I 13, EM. 88.
h

animated', Gothic aljan n. `zeal' etc. was possible as ` igneous, quick-tempered '

but in question gr. Hes.; view also from Latin alacer `quick, lively,

New Swedish ala ` blaze, flame ' (Johannsson ZfdtPh. 31, 285 following ms. Lithuanian);

Maybe belongs here gall. MS Alatus, Middle Irish alad ` multicolored, dappled, striped '

Meaning: `to grind'

alRoot / lemma: al-5 (*hel-)

(below likewise; Kuhn KZ. 30, 355; different Specht Dekl. 125). 178 A. 1).

Material: Old Indic u- ` fine, thin, very small ' (*al-nu-), Hindi and Bengali ` flour ' Avestan aa (*arta-) ` crushed, ground' (Hbschmann ZdMG. 38, 428, Spiegel BB. 9, Armenian aam ` grinds', aauri (*alatrio-) ` mill ', aleur- ` flour ' (in spite of l instead of

girl ' (Meillet BSL. 37, 72).

not borrowed from , Hbschmann Arm. Gr. I 414), aaxin ` servant ', aij ` young

Note: The inanimate suffix -ur : Armenian aauri (*alatrio-) ` mill ' : , , Illyrians, ur ur , , Illyria, also , , Adj. , , , Illyrian: -, the region or province of Illyria, , speak the Illyrian language, :--hence Adv. . Gr. : ` grinds, crushes ' *, ` millstone, grindstone ', and

` the milling, the grinding ', `mill', `grind', [F], Pl.

(stretched from ; Schulze Qunder ep. 225) `flour' (from it contracted * called

out of the new sg. Hes.; - Hippokr., Rhinthon), ` miller who grinds the spelt, wheat ' (from it Latin alica `spelt, or a drink prepared from spelt' ds). ---------------after J. Schmidt KZ. 32, 382 from *F-) would be compatible, perhaps, phonetically (then word root would be *el-, *ol-, * l-). Page(s): 28-29 References: WP. I 89.
e

(*-F-) ` wheat flour', ` flimsy ' ( ` pulverized, crushed, ground'),

*) Also `millet', `spelt', , Attic `ground coarse grain' (*F-, not

Meaning: `small, weak'

alpRoot / lemma: alp-

Material: Old Indic lpa-, alpaka- small, slight, flimsy ' (alpna, alpt ` light, fast '); to unite weak ', Latvian elpe ` taking air, breath ', alpa ` one time, time, moment in time '. exhaust, make tired, weaken; drain, empty '.

heavily in the definition with Lithuanian alpst, alpa, alpti ` become unconscious ', alps ` apposition also from hom. (from Aeschylos ) 'weak', `

Zero grade in (under the influence of Illyrian) Attic ' despoil, pillage', `

empty (the body) ' is doubtful because of their to two-syllables root words compared with

the light ones Old Indic and Lithuanian words; also they suit, as well as to them, added to

` slender, thin, having hollow body ', ` flank, swell of the body in the hip ', shrunken '). Quite dubious also alb. (Jokl SBAk. Wien 168, I 48) laps ` be tired of, sick of, bored with '.

` cavity, pit ', ` sorrel, rumex ' in the meaning colouring (`empty, sunken,

Maybe in e- grade alb. lpjet ` sorrel, rumex ' : gr. ` sorrel, rumex '. Maybe Latin lapso -are `to slip, stumble'. On account of here Hittite al-pa-an-da- (alpant-) `ill, weak, small, flimsy'? Proto-Altaic: *lpa Meaning: unable, sick; being at service, man-at-arms Turkic: *lpMongolian: *alba-n Tungus-Manchu: *albaKorean: *rphJapanese: *aparComments: Poppe 85, 121 (Turk-Mong.); TMN 2, 110-111. Proto-Kartvelian: *alpEnglish meaning: weak Georgian: Gur. alpReferences: WP. I 92, Couvreur 106 f., WH. I 786, Hirt Indo Germanic Gr. II, 158. Page(s): 33 alu- Root / lemma: alu- (-d-, -t-) Meaning: `bitter; beer' Material: Gr. () Hes., [?] Hes. (see, however, to meaning Herwerden Lex. Graec. suppl. 45); Latin alta ` soft leather; a shoe, purse or patch, beauty patch ' and almen ` alum ' are simply extensions from *alu-.

meaning difference Church Slavic kvas ` alum, beer '); in. l n. ` Beer, carousal ', ldr n. German in al-schaf ` drinking vessel'; 'Carousal' (*alura-), Old English ealu() n. `beer', Old Saxon in alo-fat, Middle High

The root appears in Northern Europe with the definition ` beer, mead ' (compared to the

maybe alb. alle `red (color of beer?) ' d-, -t-): (bitter; beer). :

hence from Root / lemma: al-2 : (to grow; to bear) could have derived Root / lemma: alu- (alalu- From it borrows Old Prussian alu n. `Mead', Lithuanian als (m. become as meds = ` beer '. is also borrowed by Finnish olut ` Beer ' from Germanic Page(s): 33-34 References: WP. I 91, WH. I 34.

Prussian meddo n .; J. Schmidt Pluralbild. 180), Church Slavic ol (m. become like med)

Meaning: `around, from both sides'

Root / lemma: amb i, mb i am

h h

(- ` to both sides ', with the same adverbial -s as z. . , , s.Brugmann Grdr. II 2, 737);
2

Material: Armenian amboj ` entirely, unscathed ' (to oj ` healthy '), gr. ` around '

Latin amb- (before vowel, e.g. ambig), am-, an- (before consonant, e.g. amput, amici from *am[bi]jaci) inseparable prefix ` round about, around, all around ', Old Latin also preposition am ` around ' m. Akk. (ambi - for the purposes of `both' also anceps which is round, take round; esp. of the eyes, to turn all round; in religion, to lustrate, purify , by against late formation it points to amb), Umbrian amb- (amboltu), a- (a-ferum ` to carry

carrying round consecrated objects. Transf., to spread, esp.to spread news '), an- (an-

inducement, occasion, opportunity ' (barely *amb-beno- : veni, however no- derivation, s. I 36); Umbrian ampretu, ambretuto ` ambit, circuit', maybe also Oscan amfret ` flanked '

detour ', amnd ` a going round, circling, revolving, revolution, a cause, reason, motive,

ferener ` bearing round '), Oscan amvannud ` a going round, circling, revolving, revolution,

v. Planta II 32, 623); with -er- extension after praeter-e, intere (see v. Planta II 455, WH.

round, ';

(rather to Schulze KZ. 45, 182 = Kl. Schr. 468 to disassemble in *am-ferent `they bear

intricacies, circumlocution, digression ', rather from am-frctus); about PN Amiternum s. Schulze Latin Eig. 541; with ti- extension (after pos-t, per-t, Buck Elementarbuch 65) Oscan ampt ` around ' (as over, by, on, in ' (G. Meyer Alb. Wb. 265).

not Latin trails of the same -er- extension in amfrctus ` a turning, a bend. Transf., legal

Umbrian ambr- at first due to from amf- before consonant simplified am-); alb. mbi, mb `

Beiheft S. 106; the ending -s in in historical connection with that of gr. ?);

Old pers. abi more debatably meaning see Pedersen KZ. 40, 127, Bartholomae IF. 19,

mb i: Old Indic abh-ta, Avestan aiwito ` to both sides, ringed ' (about Avestan aibi,
h

in the meaning ` about, in regard to, from ' from derived *mb i or Indo Germanic *ob i or '),
h h h

Old Indic abh is possible the meaning ` around, circum ', Old pers. abiy, Avestan aib, aiwi continuing in *eb i ; gall. ambi- ` around, circum ' (e.g. - ` living on river Dravos

(absorbed in Gothic from bi ).

h

Old High German Old Saxon umbi, Old Icelandic umb, Old English ymb, ymbe ` around ' b i: Gothic bi in meaning `around', with final sound extension in stressed position Old

cymr. am- (through i- umlaut em-, ym-), corn. bret. am-, em-, Old Irish imb-, imm- `around';

dubious derivatives see Falk-Torp 37 and 1437 under bil II ` space, period ', 73 and 1437 under billede ` image '). Maybe zero grade in alb. (*amb e) mb `at, in', (*amb i) mbi `on upon'. Falk-Torp 37 and 1437 under bil II ` space, period ', 73 and 1,437 under billede `picture'). amb (u) am (u ` both ': both '; Gr. ` both ' (derivative ` each or both of two '); Latin amb, -ae, - `
h h h

Saxon Old English be-, b-, Old High German bi-, b-, Modern High German bei (about

Maybe gr. ` a large jar with two handles ' maybe Illyrian shortened [shortened for ,] I. an amphora, jar, urn, Hdt., etc. ProtoProto-IE: *ab-, *ambMeaning: a k. of vessel

Old Indic: ambara- m.n. 'frying-pan'

Lithuanian: brina-s, dial. br ' butter can, butter pot ' Lettish: Lettish: abra, abris ' kneading trough ' Old Prussian: aboros ' laceration ' Voc. 228 Latin: obba, -ae f. ' a vessel large at the bottom ' Celtic: Ir uibne ' small drinking vessel' References: Fraenkel s.v. brinas

77; different - in the outcome to Latin nostrtes - `of our country, native' Fick III 255), Old Saxon b thie, Old English b, , engl. both, Old High German beide, bde, Old Norse
4

ds.; Gothic bai m., ba n., Gen. *baddj (bajs, see to the formation Brugmann Grdr. II 2,
2

Old Indic ubhu ` both ', Avestan uwa- ds.; Lithuanian abu, Old Church Slavic oba

ber, Gen. beggja ` both ' (: Gothic *baddj < baii); Tocharian A mpi, mpe, ant-api. From these would be regarded Old Indic ubhu, Avestan uwa yet as composition with uh h

` two ' (Latin ugint); Sommer IF. 30, 404 denies such u- and regards the Aryan forms as caused by the labial evaporation *ab u = *mb u with reference to Old Indic Kubera-

as preposition *amb i ` around ' was given up in favour of *ob i (ab. ob, s. Latin ob `with acc., in front of, before; in return for; because of, on account of').
h h

ab, Old Church Slavic oba are probably based on reorganization from *amb-o at a time,
h h

from *Kabra (compare patronymic Kberaka-; Wackernagel KZ. 41, 314 ff). Lithuanian

`both'.

(maybe from an-4) is the first composition part, the second part is Indo Germanic *b u anh

The relation *amb (u), *amb i: Gothic etc. bai, bi lets it be dubious barely that am-

References: WP. I 54 f., WH. I 36 f., Feist 74 a, 88, Pedersen Tocharisch 82. Page(s): 34-35

Meaning: `blackbird'

ames- omesRoot / lemma: ames- or omes-

Note: (: mes- : ams- or *oms-)?

Material: Full grade would be located just before the first syllable in Old High German
21

*misalk after Pedersen KG. I 73, where difficult suppositions about Irish sml, smlach Maybe through metathesis Welsh mwyalchen `blackbird', Irish sml, smlach `thrush' : alb. mllenj `blackbird'. Differently - because of Indo Germanic meis-, mois-, mis- - Schrader Sprcompare 367,
2 4

mwyalch, acorn. moelh, bret. moualc'h `blackbird' (possible basic form *mesalk or `thrush').

(*meisula) merula ` a blackbird; a fish, the sea-carp ' (Kluge EWb.

amusla, amsala, Old English sle ` blackbird ', full grade the second syllable in Latin s. v.) and cymr.

oi- Old High German *meisa, Old English mse, Old Icelandic meisingr ` titmouse '.

II 140, Fick II 205: merula from *misula, cymr. mwyalch etc from meisalk, finally, with -

However, it will be covered latter in the meaning divergent group of Wood KZ. 45, 70

probably more properly in the Adj. *maisa-` small, tiny ' because of Norwegian Dialectal

mejzel ` a little bit, tiny bits '. The comparison of Latin with British words is most reliable. Page(s): 35-36 References: WP. I 53 f., WH. II 77 f.

meis ` thin, frail person ', meiseleg ` thin and weak ', West Flemish mijzen ` crumble ',

am Root / lemma: am-

Meaning: ` move forward energetically ' See also: see below om-. om Page(s): 36

am- mRoot / lemma: am-1, mMeaning: `to grab' Material: Old Indic matram n. ` vessel, jug, big drinking bowl ', Armenian aman `vessel',

spacious, considerabe '.

maybe to Latin ampla (*am-l) ` handle, handhold ', amplus (*am-los) ` extensive, far,

mSee also: S. under m-1. Page(s): 35

References: WP. I 52 f., WH. I 41 f.

am- mRoot / lemma: am-2, mMeaning: ` mow ' Page(s): 35 mSee also: see below m-2 ds.

and ererRoot / lemma: an er-, nd erMeaning: `stem, spike' Material: Nur griechisch: ` an ear of corn ', ` stalk point, stalk ', `
h h

Stalk, stem of a plant ', ` chin ' as ` bearded, shaggy place ', ` the word outcome after ` corneous ';

common chervil ', named after his prickly fruit, , ` wasp, forest bee ', ` wasp ' (here maybe from *- ` with bearded face = man ', then ` man, person ', Gntert Heidelberg. SB. 1915, Abh. X?; compare also Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 426 .
4

After Kretschmer Gl. 28, 246 from *-, the rough breathing of etc 22, 121 however identified as gypt. word)? References: WP. I 45.

figurative?); from also (*F), ` wheat gruel, Spelt miller ' (von Plin. n. h.

Page(s): 41

Meaning: `to grow, bloom, blossom, young woman, young cow '

and aned Root / lemma: an -, ane h h h

bloom ', ` blossoms ', (*-es-ro-) ` blossoming ' etc; alb. nde (*and n) ` nte ` open space, area '.
h h

Material: Old Indic ndha n. ` Soma plants '; Armenian and ` field '; gr. n. ` flower,

blossom, flower ', ndem ` blossoms ' ( from present * from *and ); Tocharian A nt, Middle Irish ainder, aindir ` young woman ', cymr. anner ` young cow ', Pl. anneirod,

(common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), acymr. enderic ` a bull-calf; also of the young of other

compare Italian madona, fantina `poppy'), further to Basque andere `woman', iber. FN

young cow '; moreover French (l)andier m. ` fire goat, Aries ', also `poppy' (= ` young girl ', Andere, Anderca, MN Anderus; maybe Celtic Origin? (*andero- ` blossoming, young '?). According to Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 339 here gr. - ` came out, bubbled out; ', In spite of the a little bit divergent meaning probably also here with zero grade *nd :

animals ', cymr. enderig ` bull, ox ', bret. ounner (Trg. annouar, Vannes annor) ` heifer,

` reside on top of ', - ' canopied, covered ', etc.

religious action (*Soma-) sacrifice, ceremony ' (originally ' course of action, way' - ` ndurr m. ` a kind of snow shoe '.
h h

Old Indic dhvan m. = Avestan advan m. ` way, road ', for what Old Indic adhvar- `

ceremonious way ') from *nd uero-, and probably also with suffix ablaut (*nd uro-) isl. References: WP. I 45, 67, P. Benoit ZrPh. 44, 3 ff., 69 ff.
h h

Page(s): 40-41

and ererSee also: Here belongs probably: an er-, nd er-.

Meaning: `blind, dark'

and Root / lemma: an o-

knock ').

who fought with a helmet without openings ' (to Celtic loanword Latin battu ` to beat,

Material: Old Indic andh-, Avestan anda- ` blind, dark ', gall. andabata m. ` a gladiator

Page(s): 41

References: WP. I 182, WH. I 46.

an() )Root / lemma: an()-3 (*ena-) Note: Meaning: `to breathe'

an() )anhen henRoot / lemma: an()-3 : `to breathe' derived from a reduction of Root / lemma: anhen- : ': Old Norse angi m. ` odour, smell ' : alb. anj `swell, puff' [common alb. ng > nj].

`smell, odour; person' as in Armenian anjn (for older *anj), Gen. anjin ` soul, being, person Material: Old Indic niti `breathes' (also thematically nati), nila- `breath, breeze, wind', Vrddhi; `mouth' as `breath, the breathing '); priti `breathes'; n- (maybe `breath' or ` mouth, nose ', na-nam ` mouth, muzzle, face ' with Indic

par; see Bartholomae IF. 7, 59; about ainiti- `mildness' see, however, Airan. Wb. 125 f.). windless, calm ', v ` rich in wind ' (- metrical stretch), (` windy ', i.e.:) ` trifling, in vain ' (dissimilated from , see last Bechtel Lexil. 44, also 226, about in vain, without success '); different Risch 113; that probably from *-vo by extreme dissimilation abbreviated ones ` compare Frisk Indog. 15; Hes. are to change in , . also ` breathlessness, suffocation ', aaO. 337.
3

Avestan ntya, parntya ` of the inhaling and exhaling ' (*anti- ` breathing ' with and

Gr. ` breath, wind ', (with stretch in the compound), `

Maybe here ` youth ' as F-- ` new wheeze ', after Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 426 ; Latin animus ` mind, soul ', anima ` wind, breath, soul, lives ' (Oscan anamm ` air, a

attained and also penetrated in an(h)-lre; about latter see *an 4 4).

`breathe, smell' (Denominative *an-slo-; with phoney h, the sound value described here Old Irish anl, cymr. anadl `breath', Middle Breton alazn (metathesis), nbret. holan

current of air, breeze, breath, wind '), of it animal ` living being, animal ', hl, - re

warmhearted, bighearted ';

(*an-tlo-); mcymr. eneit, ncymr. enaid `soul' (*an-t-), abrit. PN Anate-mros `

Old Irish animm, nir. anam `soul', Gen. anman (stem *ana-mon; the i- color of the Nom. sg. after neutr. -men-stem s. Pedersen KG. II 61; to the intersection with Latin anima f. `breath, wind, Old Irish Transf., the breath of life, vital principle, soul' see Pokorny ZfcPh. 10 69 f.), corn. eneff, Middle Breton eneff (Pl. anaffon) nbret. anaoun `soul' (umlauted corn. and bret. forms probably loanword from Latin, see Vendrys De hib. voc. 112 f., Pedersen KG. I 170, II 111);

in addition Old Irish osnad `sighs' (uss-anad), further (`catch one's breath = rest, relax ') KG. II 455 f., 672); mcymr. anant Pl. ` bards, poets ', cyn-an in `word, praise ';

anaid ` remains, rests, stops ', con-osna ` desist, cease ' (com-uss-an-) etc. (see Pedersen Gothic uz-anan (preterit uzn) `exhale'; with t-formant: Old Norse nd, g. andar f.

`breath, breath of life, life, soul ' (= gr. ), anda, -aa ` breathe, gasp ' = Old English

Icelandic Old English yst f. `storm' from *n-sti-; gasp'.

`breath', Old English oro (*z-an-) `breath' *; maybe here Old High German unst, Old

ian `puff strongly', Old Norse andi m. `breath, mind, soul', Old Frisian omma (*an-ma)

maybe alb. anda `taste, smell' [common alb. n > nd] : Old Norse anda, -aa `breathe, --------------------Old High German anado, ando, anto `annoyance, rage', Middle High German ande *) In addition also Old Saxon ando, Old English ana, anoa `excitement, rage, sorrow',

Old High German anado, Old English anoa see Specht Phil. Stud. Voretzsch 36. -----------------------

(Kluge s. v., -Falk-Torp 5 and 1428 under aand; Schrder bl. 9). About second a from

one's rage', Modern High German avenge under a mid definition `gasp before excitement'

`feeling of insult', Old High German anadn, antn, Middle High German anden `let out

Russian uchati etc. (-ch- perhaps imitation from duchati, thus without historical connection with s from Latin hlre `breathe, emit vapor, be fragrant' from *an-slo-); Maybe nasalized alb. (*unhati) nuhat, nuhas `scent, smell', huna, hunda ` nose'. `incense' (*k-(a)nemo- Jokl Stud. 37); (Clearly the initial meaning in alb. Geg j, Tosc nj `I swell, impregnate' was `puff with air'.) alb. Geg j, Tosc nj `I swell, impregnate ', Geg jun `conceited, puffed' knjem, gnem

Old Church Slavic vonja (*ani) `smell' (vonjati ` scent, smell '), *chati `smell' in Old

Note: From Root / lemma: an()-3 : `to breathe' derived in zero grade Root / lemma: nasan() )nas(*andas): `nose'. : Tocharian AB m- `life, mind', me `intention', A cm (* ntemo-) `existence,

`living being'?

living, mind' (K. Schneider IF. 57, 203, Pedersen Tocharian 48); also onolme, wnolme Armenian holm `wind' (Bugge IF. 1, 442) abides (in spite of Meillet Lithuanian 6, 3) (see

Lidn Arm. stem 38 f., Peterson KZ. 47, 246). - Old Indic tmn `soul' rather to Old High German tum `breath', see t-men t-men.

hl, Old Norse nd (etc). ansu- antroSee also: ansu-, antro-.

and such like -, also forms of the monosyllabic word roots, thus Latin *an-slo- >

Root points beside to two-syllable forms, like Old Indic ani-ti, ani-la, Celtic*ana-tlo- etc,

References: WP. I 56 ff., WH. I 49 f., Feist 538.

Page(s): 38-39

ant angh-att- angh Root / lemma: ant- (*angh-at-) Meaning: `duck' Material: Old Indic t- t f. ` water bird ' (or to Old Icelandic r, New Swedish da f. `

Other Iranian: Sak ce, ci `water fowl', Osset occ `wild duck', Pamir Wakh. y `duck' Ael.NA5.24, Opp.C.2.407; cf. , .

eider duck ' from Germanic *d- ?);

Greek: Greek: , , , ( [] ) A. bustard, Otis tarda, X.An.1.5.2sq., Arist.HA 509a4, al., Germanic: *d-- c.

Old Norse: -r f. ` eider duck ' Old Swedish: d, (r)-fugl Swedish: da

see Root / lemma: t- : diver, a k. of bird (of waterfowl?) tcommon gr.-Illyrian -ks- > -ssNote:

gr. , Boeotian (* Old Indic t-) ` duck ';

The abbreviated Greek form proves the Illyrian origin of the Greek cognates similar to alb. medicus > mjek ` doctor ' hence Illyrian ; alb. rosa : Rumanian ra ` duck '. Albanian -a feminine ending proves the Illyrian origin.

Icelandic nd, Modern High German 'Duck'; Balto-Slavic * nt- from *ant- in Lithuanian duck'.

*anid in Old High German enit, anut, NPl. enti, Old Saxon anad, Old English ned, Old

Latin anas f. (Akk. anatem and anitem: G. Pl. also-tium) `duck', Germanic *anud- and

ntis, Old Prussian antis, proto Slavic *ty, serb. tva, Old Russian utov (Akk.), klr. utj ` Latin anatna (scil. caro) `duck's meat': Lithuanian antena ds. In occidental Romance languages and Illyrian the old laryngeal h - became initial k-: French canard, Wallon canard, Wolof kanara, Romagnolo zcval ` duck'. well: The initial k- of occidental Romance languages is present in some Slavic languages as Czech (*kant-ska) kachna : Slovak kaica; kaka : Ukrainian kachka : Yiddish katshke : Polish kaczka `duck'.
2

Celtic cognates correspond to Basque one:

Venetian arna; anara, Paduan nara; arna, Italian anatra; anitra, Calabrese anitra, Catalan hwyaden; chw chwadan; hw hwyad, Valencian anet, Bergamasco ndra, hos, Welsh (*houad-en) hw h Bresciano nedra, Reggiano nader; nadra, Greek gr. , Boeotian , Albanian (*ratsa) rosa, Furlan (*anrata) raze, Hungarian (*anrata) rce, Irish (*anracha) lacha, Romanian (*anracha) ra. nec, Galician nade, Spanish nade, Basque ahate, Breton (*angh-at-) houad, Cornish

Maybe rhotacism n/r of alb. (*anracha) rosa ` duck ': Rumanian (*anracha) ra ` duck ' ProtoProto-Turkic: *(k)t Meaning: wild duck Swedish anka < Finnish ankka `duck' are related to:

Old Turkic: at (OUygh.) Karakhanid: at (MK) Turkish: angut '', ankt (dial.) Middle Turkic: anqud (Sngl) Uzbek: anirt 'red duck' Sary-Yughur: at Sary-

Azerbaidzhan: anGut-boGaz '' Turkmen: ak 'red duck' Khakassian: t

Karaim: anqt, ankit 'ostrich, vulture, dragon' Kumyk: haqut

Page(s): 41-42

References: WP. I 60, WH. I 44, Trautmann 10.

Meaning: `smell, odour; person' m. ` odour, smell '.

anhen henRoot / lemma: anhen-

Material: Armenian anjn (for older *anj), Gen. anjin ` soul, being, person ' = Old Norse angi

maybe alb. anj `swell, puff' [common alb. ng > nj]. Page(s): 43

References: Lidn Arm. Stud. 38 f., WP. I 58, Meillet Esquisse 77 ff.

anh Root / lemma: anh- (*enh-) enh Meaning: `narrow, *press' Material: Verbal: Avestan zah `to press', lengthened grade Avestan ny-zata ` she ahma possibly ` let us arm = gird on the sword ' is remote to the meaning; anha RV. 8, 46, 5 is unclear);

squeezes herself into her corset ', ny-zayn ` to wedge oneself in ' (with = ; ved.

Maybe zero grade alb. Geg (*anza-) zan `to capture, grasp, press', Tosc z : Avestan zah `to press' [common alb. -h- > -z-]. gr. ` ties up, strangles ', Latin ang ` to press tightly; of the throat, to strangle,

throttle; in gen., to hurt, distress; of the mind, to torment, make anxious ';

probable Old Church Slavic v, vzati ` bind ' (suggestion that v- is filling hiatus, see which may also have influenced meaning?).

Old Church Slavic as i- verb , ziti ` restrain '; in addition with zero grade very

Meillet MSL. 14, 369, maybe becomes steady through influence from viti ` coil, bind, wind' anhanh-s ` narrow ': Old Indic only in ahu-bhd f. ` narrow lacuna ' and in the Abl. Sg.

n. ah ` crowdedness, quality of tightly packed together, affliction ' (derivative ahur- ` pressed, unhappy '); gr. in (see below); Latin in angiportus (*angu-portus) ` narrow alley, a narrow street ';

oblique cases), Old Norse ngr, ngr, Old English enge, Old Saxon engi, Old High

Gothic aggwus ` narrow ' (at first from *aggus, as manwus from *manus; w comes from the German angi, engi ` narrow ', Middle High German bange Adv. (bi + Adv. ango), Modern High German bange; furthur derivatives with g: Armenian anjuk ` narrow ', mit k Old Church Slavic z-k ` narrow '.

eingyaw ` be restricted, be contained in ... ', Old Irish cumcae (*kom-ingi) gl. `

Cymr. e(h)ang (*eks-angu-, Indo Germanic *nhu-) ` far, wide, extensive ', mcymr.

far, wide ' (*for-eks-ingi-), cumung (*kom-ingu-, Indo Germanic *nhu-) ` narrow ', ing f. Morris-Jones, Welsh Gr. 110) ` narrow ', Middle Breton encq (*angio-) ` narrow '.

compression of the throat, suffocation; of the mind, distress, anguish, trouble ', fairsing `

(*nh) ` crowdedness, affliction ', from *kom-angio- cymr. cyfyng, in this way yng (also ing,

Maybe alb. eng `deaf and dumb (*narrowed)' distress, need ' (as well as ahat- f.), Avestan zah- ` badgering, need, captivity ', zmind, distress, anguish, trouble ', angus-tus ` narrow ' (from *anghos-to-s); angustiae ` anhos- anhes anhos-, anhes ` oppression, affliction, crowdedness ': Old Indic has- n. ` Fear, hos

jata ` killed by strangulation ': Latin angor m. ` compression of the throat, suffocation; of the

narrowness; hence, of space, a strait, narrow place; 'spiritus', shortness of breath; of time, shortness; of supplies, shortness, poverty; of circumstances, difficulty, distress; of disposition, narrow-mindedness; of reasoning, subtlety '; maybe zero grade in alb. (*angus-tus) ngusht `narrow'. III 12) ` Annoyance, loss, pity, affliction, frustration ', Old Frisian angost, Old High German angust, Modern High German Angst (from *anghos-ti- changing the vowel after *anghu-); Old Church Slavic zost ` restriction, constriction, limitation, narrowing ';
4

about Celtic see above; Old Norse angr m. (maybe originally more neutrally es-stem, Fick

tas or *an-tas.

Lithuanian aktas ` narrow ' (k- insertion, not guttural change) cannot stand for *an[a]sWords for ` nape ' as ` the narrowest place between head and trunk ' ( the idea also

plays a role ` where one strangles one ' in light of this?): gr. Aeolic and ` s by means of forms -en-;

nape ' (after Schulze GGA. 1897, 909 A. 1, as *F- substantivization of u-Adj. *anhabout see also Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 296), Gothic hals-agga `nape', klr. vjazy Pl. winsus ` neck ' (also Armenian viz ` neck, throat, cervix ' with preposition v-?), see

`Neck', Czech vaz ` neck, nape ' (to vzati see above), Old Prussian (as Slavic loanword) Pedersen KZ.38, 311; 39, 402, Vondrk Sl. Gr. I 184, Adontz Ml. Boisacq I 10, as well as Other formations: gr. ` cord, choking, strangling ' (from it Latin angina ` the

below under augh-, ugh. augh-

quinsy, as suffocating '), m. ` braces, bandage ', , , ` close to '

(compare French prs ` close to, near ': Latin pressus `a pressing, pressure'), compounds Osthoff MU. 6, 60 ff.); common gr.-Illyrian -ks- > -ss-; ` nearer, very near ' (*; hence has changed after = *,

Ernault RC. 7, 314; 19, 314 ff.); Old Church Slavic zota ` narrowness '. exist.

bret. concoez ` geode ' (*kom-angeid-; compare also dial. acoe ` uvula in the throat '; Gall. PN Octodurus absents, because Irish ochte ` narrowness, straitness ' does not Van Windekens (Lexique 5) puts here Tocharian A acr ` weak. flimsy (?)'. Page(s): 42-43 References: WP. I. 62 f., WH. I 47.

ang(h)i eghi- oghi (h)i- eghi hiehi hiRoot / lemma: ang(h)i- (*eghi-, oghi- and ehi-)

Meaning: `snake, worm, *fish (*hedgehog = snake eater)' kinship whose relations still are often unclear.

eghi oghi hihiehi hiNote: eghi-, oghi- and ehi- ds.; at least two etymological different, but early the crossed

ang(h)i (h)iRoot / lemma: ang(h)i- : `snake, worm, *fish' derived from an extended Root / lemma: hen anh- (*henh-): `narrow, *press' nh henh : Material: Latin anguis = Lithuanian angs (f.), Old Prussian angis ` serpent, snake '

Note:

Armenian auj (Gen. -i) ` snake ' (Meillet Esquisse 154, Dumzil BSL. 39, 100);
4

(Latvian odze f. ` snake '), Old Church Slavic *, russ. u, poln. w ` snake ',

yw-od ds. (Fick II 15; to brit. zero grade from g before u see Pedersen KG. I 107).

Middle Irish esc-ung ` eel ' (*`water snake ', esc ` water ' + *angh), cymr. llys-yw-en, Pl. In addition with zero grade and voiced-nonaspirated (the latter could be in itself also in

Hes. (*ngi-). Note: common Illyrian g- > b-.

the Latin and Balto-Slavic) Old High German unc ` snake, adder ', gr. (illyr). To these forms with voiced-nonaspirated at first is , Muo Hes.

hor, serb. gor, sloven. ogr ` eel ', Lithuanian ungurs ds.

connected Balto-Slavic *anguria- in Slavic *gor m. russ. ug(o)r, poln. wgorz, Czech (assim. from *angurs, compare Finnish ankerias), Old Prussian angurgis ` eel ' (Church

(*eng-ri-: to compare Solmsen Beitr. 1215), where because of r- suffixes are to be

Slavic gulja, jgulja ` eel' probably from Latin). Hirt IF. 22, 67 connects these gr. and

Balto-Slavic eel names to an independent equation (nevertheless, compare the r-suffix of Old High German angar etc, see below). Another Indo Germanic equation for ` eel ' is perhaps gr. f., Latin anguilla (see

esp. W. Meyer KZ. 28, 163, Johansson KZ. 30, 425, J. Schmidt KZ. 32, 369, Osthoff IF. 4, Gr. * assimilated etc. to , or and the pure gutural through the influence determining influence i of anguis?). With r- suffix: Gr. ` eel' Maybe in -dz > gj ending stem: dzdz Maybe from Greek Illyrian ` eel ' > alb. ngjal ` eel ' [common Albanian Slavic > dz-] Illyrian TN Encheleae ` snake men? ' : Hungarian angolna `eel' [from native Illyrian TN Paeones]. from ; in Latin-illa instead of-ella after the fluctuation in real diminutive under

270, 292, Hirt IF. 22, 67, Indo Germanic 619 f.), although the details are still unclear (in the

Lithuanian anktira ` maggots, cock chafer grubs, grubs ' (and similar forms, see

German angar ` grain maggot' ' engirinc ` larva ', Modern High German Engerling,

In the meaning ` worm, maggot ' and with r-suffix (compare above etc) : Old High

Trautmann Old Prussian 301), Latvian anksteri ` maggots, cock chafer grubs ', Old

Prussian anxdris (i.e. anxtris), however, `adder' (about the -st- these Baltic forms compare Mhlenbach-Endzelin Lett.-D. Wb. I 71), russ. ug(o)r ` blister, raised bubble on the skin

GGA. 1898, 554 f.).

the skin ' (Bezzenberger GGA. 1874, 1236, BB. 2, 154; not better about angar, gor ders. Nasalized forms:

that is filled with pus, fin ' (also ` eel', see above), poln. wgry ` blister, raised bubble on

egala ` leech, bloodsucking worm ', Danish Norwegian igle ` a parasite sheet worm in the viscera of the animals and in the skin and the branchia of the fish '. Moreover gr. , Old High German Old English igil (Indo Germanic *ehinos),

Gr. m. (f.) `snake', ds. (for *, Specht Dekl. 377), Old High German

Lithuanian es, Church Slavic je ` hedgehog (snake eater) '.

Modern High German Igel, actually ` snake eater ', W. Schulze Gnomon 11, 407,

Armenian i ` snake, viper ' can be put as *ghis to (Meillet Esquisse 75); ai- ` snake '. gr. ` snake ' (*oghis); cymr. euod (*ogh-) ` sheep worms ': Old Indic hi-, Avestan

English (corrupted) exe, Old High German egidehsa, Modern High German Eidechse under gle) + Germanic *ahsi, Old High German *dehsa ` spindle, newel '. mit ewi-, egi-, Indo Germanic *oghi- = (Zupitza gutturals 99 after Kluge; Falk-Torp

It is uncertain apposition from Old Saxon egithassa, Middle Low German egidesse, Old

intersection form would have caused *eghi-, *oghi- , remains undecided. Taboo images have also probably helped in it. Page(s): 43-45 References: WP. I 63 ff.. WH. I 48, Specht KZ. 64, 13; 66, 56 f., Havers Sprachtabu 44 f.

Whether in this variety so order is to be brought that *aghi- and *eghi-, *oghi- (h) an

Meaning: `need, necessity' Material: In e- grade: Brugmann Grdr. I2382) wherewith Irish cht (*anktu- or *nktu-, *enktu-) ` manslaughter' at press, kill '?) originally is same, or connected to *enek- ` kill ', as well as Hittite i-in-kn, first is to be connected (see Falk-Torp 17, 1430), root-like with ank- ` compulsion ' (: `

ankRoot / lemma: ank-1

-en-kn (enkan) ` death, epidemic, plague '. Maybe alb. Geg hek `agony'.

`need, necessity', in Irish also `spoliation, act of violence'. In a- grade:

Old Irish cen (c- from *ank- or *nk-), mcymr. anghen, cymr. angen, corn. bret. anken

Gr. ` necessity, compulsion ' (normally as reduplicated respectably), Ionian obliged ');

ds. (from ` indispensable, necessary ', ` compelled, forced, Although ` compulsion' from ` hostile distress, pursuit ' were comprehensible, it makes

does gr.-Celtic meaning - concordance, nevertheless, doubtful, whether phonetically

A.D.;

English ht (proto Germanic *ant), Germanic EN ctumrus (i.e. n. tumraz, 1. year

correspondent Old High German hta ` hostile pursuit ', Modern High German Acht, Old

References: References: WP. I 60. Pedersen Hittitisch 183 f., Hendriksen Unters. 28, Benveniste Origines 155. Page(s): 45

Meaning: `to bend, bow, *flex; wangle; turn; curve, snake coil, anchor' Material: Old Indic acati (Middle Persian anctan) and (zero grade) cati ` bent, crooked ', participle bend between breast and hip ', kas- n. ` Bend, inflection, curve, crook ' (= gr. ` valley, gulch, canyon, gorge '), akasm ` side, points '; aku- in akynt- ` curvatures, bends, searching side ways '; Avestan anku-psmna- ` with hooks, adorning themselves with clasps '; Old Indic ankuc- ` hook, fishhook, elephant's sting ', akur- ` young shoot, scion crooked ', German Angel ` below); (originally germ point, crooked germ), hump, tumefaction, a heavy swell ' (= gr. `
d o r g ni h sif

Root / lemma: ank-2, angank- ang-

-akna- (with -, ny-, sam-),-akta-(with ud-, ny-) 'crooked, bent'; ak- m. ` bend, hook,

', Old Norse ll, ll ` cotyledon, germ, sprout, bud ' see

Avestan Aka m. ` hook, bait ', xnah (Bartholomae Stud. 2, 101, Airan. Wb. 359) `rein'; the ribs of the ship ' (Dderlein, Bechtel Lexil. 129), ` all writhed, humped, curved, stooped ', ` fishhook '; ` crooked ', ` strap, thong, brace ' (= Old above). Norse l, l ds.), ` anchor '; ` elbow, bay, all stooped '; (see gr. ` bow, elbow ' (D. Pl. to = ), -- ` fixed planks in

maybe Ancyra -ae f. capital of Galatia, in Asia Minor. (ancient district in central Anatolia - a Celtic, (Illyrian?) settlement). With o: ` barbed hook ' = Latin uncus ` hooked, curved; Subst. hook ' ( =

uncnus ` hook, barbed hook '); ungulus ` a finger-ring, a ring ' Pacuvius, from Festus 514 angang-); Hes.; L. as Oscan called, ungustus `hook-shaped stuff ' Paulus ex Fest. 519, see below under

Maybe from also Latin unguiculus -i m. `a finger or toe-nail', unguis -is m. `a finger or toein zero grade alb. (*nguilist), glisht `finger, toe' : Latin ungulus ` a finger-ring, a ring ' [common alb. -s > -st shift].

nail; of animals, claw, hoof', ungula -ae f. `a hoof, claw, talon' : Rumanian unghie `nail' and

gorge' (` curve, canyon, a bay; an inlet ' as = Germanic *angra-); *akato- = Old Church Slavic kot ` hook ';

Latin ancus `somebody having a crooked arm', ancrae ` an enclosed valley, valley,

Old Irish cath ` fish hook ' = cymr. anghad ` clutch, hand ' (to craf-anc ` claw ') from

Maybe zero grade alb. (*ncus) thua ` nail, claw '. schwd. Anke ` Lake of Constance trout ' (gall. *anko- ` curved, hooky ' and *rko- ` in front ' Old High German ango, angul ` fish hook, sting ', Old Icelandic angi, Old English onga ` gallorom. ancorago, ancora(v)us from *anko-rkos ` Rhine salmon, hook salmon '

from *prko-, cymr. rhag ` before ');

point, sting ' (*akn-; about Gothic halsagga ` cervical bend, nape ' see rather anh-); Harangr),

*angra (up to gender = Latin *ancrae) in Old Norse angr ` bay, curve ' (in local names like

Maybe zero grade alb. (*angul) ngul `jab, stick, hook' synonymous Old Icelandic eng (*angi-) ` grassland, meadow '; Old High German awgul (= gr. -, see above), Middle High German angel `the part of a blade that is ongel ` a fishing-hook. Also, a rod and line '. connected to the handle (of a sword) by a tang ', Old Norse ngoll ` fishhook ', Old English Old High German angar, Modern High German Anger (Germanic VN Angrivarii);

Maybe zero grade in alb. (*ngelos) ngec, ngel 'be stuck, be hooked' : ngul ` to jab, claw '. Much puts here Latin-Germanic VN Anglii, Old English Angel, Ongel as ` resident of the (Hoops Reallex. I 61); Holsteiner bay ' to Old Icelandic PN ngull, which did not cover meaning ` angle, bay '

prong ' from *ankn-), Old Norse l, l f. ` long strips, thongs, riems ' (basic form *nhul, compare , or at most *anhl, standing near gr. );

to meaning compare except Old Indic akur- yet Norwegian dial. ange ` germ, point,

with original initial stress Old Norse ll, ll ` cotyledon, germ, bud ' (*anhla-, Noreen Ltl. 25;

words for ` point, sting, cusp '; kot ` hook ' (see above);

Slavic jmy ` barley ' as ` thistly, thorny, spiky ' (Berneker 268), compare the above

Lithuanian anka f. ` noose, snare, loop ' (= gr. Hes.); Old Church Slavic Tocharian A acl ` bow, arch, curve ', kar- ` fangs, bulwark '; also A okalm,

okolmo ` elephant '? Van Windekens Lexique 6, 13, 82. bend '):

angang-, esp. to the name of extremities (compare Gothic lius ` limb, member ': *lei- `

a finger-ring, a ring '), aguh- ` big toe, thumb ' = Avestan anguta- m. ` toe ',

Old Indic gam ` limb, member ', agli-, agri- f. ` finger, toe ' (thereof agulyam `

Armenian ankiun, angiun ` angle ' and ajal- m. `two cupped hands held together'; gr. n. ` Bucket, bowl ', (*-) ` vessel ', actually ` twisted vessel '; Middle Irish aigen ` frying pan ' is dial. additional form of *aingen ds.; (*ankin-), Old Norse ekkja ` ankle, heel '; Demin. Old High German anchal, enchil Old High German ancha, enka f. ` neck ' and ` thigh, osseous tube, bone tube '

(reinterpreted anklo m., anchala, enchila f., Middle High German Middle Low German enkel, Old Frisian onkel, onklu, Modern High German Enkel, Maybe in -e- grade Illyrian TN Encheleae (Enchelleae) Illyrian TN associated with the coils e of the snake, Ilirus and Kadmos. Old English (reinterpreted) anclow, engl. ankle, Old Norse kkla (*ankulan-) ` ankle on

the foot '; also Latin angulus (which is unrelated to Old Church Slavic g()l ` angle, nook ') ` m. a corner, angle; nook, esp. either a quiet corner, retired spot or fig., an awkward corner, strait ' (besides with o- grade Latin ungulus, ungustus see above). References: References: WP. I 60 f., WH. I 46, 49 f., Meringer WuS. 7, 9 ff. Page(s): 45-47

Meaning: `male or female ancestor' Note: babble-word

anan-1 Root / lemma: an-1 (*an 1) an

anRoot / lemma: an-1 (*an-) : `male or female ancestor' derived from zero grade of Root / -]

enen n- nlemma: en-1, en-, n-, n- : `to bear (mother, father)' [origin of the old laryngeal - > Material: Armenian han `grandmother', gr. Hes., compare nt- > -nn-), Illyrian EN , , Annaeus etc, as well as Messapic Illyrian ana =

Inschr. ; Latin anna f. ` nursing mother '; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -

Illyrian origin (W. Schulze KZ. 43, 276 = Kl. Schr. 214, Krahe IF. 46, 183 f.); ae f. sister of Dido; 'Anna Perenna', an Italian goddess. Note:

compare furthermore Latin anus, -s `an old woman; also used like adj., old', also Anna -

Armenian, gr. and Illyrian have preserved old laryngeal -;

Illyrian and Latin display common -ila diminutive suffix, suggesting the same origin. `genealogy, line of descent from an ancestor', alb. anoj `to incline, like'.

Maybe alb. Tosc aneja `mother', alb. an `side, bloodline' similar to Germanic Ahnenreihe Old High German ano, Middle High German ane, an, ene, Modern High German Ahn `

grandfather, great-grandfather, forefather '; Old High German ana, Middle High German

Indo Aryans as an effigy or substitute of the grandfather; compare gr. . Against this represented view of W. Schulze KZ. 40, 409 f. = Kl. Schr. 67 f. endorsed Hermann, Nachr. d. Ges. d. Wiss. to Gttingen, Phil.-hist. Klasse 1918, 215 f., the bayr. enl, nl,

enichln, Modern High German Enkel (`the young ancestor'). The grandson was looked by

enel ` grandfather, grandson '. Further Old High German eninchil, Middle High German

li (*anilo), Old English Anela, Old High German Anelo family names; Middle High German

ane ` grandmother, great-grandmother, ancestress '. diminutive formations are: Old Norse

father's brother ', then also ` of the brother's son '); the salutation is returned by the grandfather to the grandson. This older view is notable (compare the literature by Hermann aaO.). Prussian ane `old mother'; Lithuanian anta `mother-in-law'. (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

with same occurance has to do like with Modern High German Vetter (originally ` of the

sterr. nl, nl etc the meaning ` of grandfathers ' and ` grandson ' carry and the one here

Hittite an-na-a `mother'; a-an-na-a (anna) `grandmother', Lycian na ds.

moreover. It is similar formation like in Latin matertera `mother's sister, maternal aunt ',

Probably rightly puts M. E. Schmidt KZ. 47, 189 Armenian aner ` father of the woman '

cymr. ewythr `uncle', acorn. euitor; bret. eontr (proto Celtic *aventro-, see Pedersen Celtic Gr. I 55). *anero- had the original meaning ` anything like the forefather '. It is unsafe Old High German hevianna from which reshuffled Middle High German

origin from *hafjan (d) j accepts ` the lifting ' from which the later close interpretations have originated. However, compare PBB. 30, 250. References: WP. I 55 f., WH. I 50, Pedersen Lycian under Hittite 26, 66.

hebamme. Because Old High German*anna `woman' is not to be covered, Kluge11 238

Page(s): 36-37

Root / lemma: an-2 an-

Meaning: there, on the other side

Material: Gr. ` probably, possibly, in any other trap ' ( from , Ionian from *

', secondarily interrogative particle, extended anne, Old Irish an-d ` here ', (common Celtic whether = or whether '.

, from ); Latin an ` conj.: in direct questions, or; in indirect questions, or whether

-ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Gothic an ` then, now '; Lithuanian an-gu ` or ', Old Prussian anga-anga ` maybe alb. (*ane) andej `there' : Old Irish an-d `here' [rather common alb. shift n > nd]. Thereof derived: os anios ` other ' in: 26. Old Indic any- ` other ', Avestan anya-, ainya-, Old pers. aniya- ds. compare above S. anteros `other' (from second) in: maybe zero grade in alb. (*anteros) ndrroj `change, alter', ndrres `change, the other thing'; Old Indic ntara-, oss. ndr `other', Gothic anar ds., Old Icelandic annarr `other,

second', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old High German andar, atras, Latvian otrs beside Lithuanian ataras, East Latvian tors ds., Slavic *ter, Church Slavic vtor- `second' s. ui- ` asunder, apart '. Old English er `other', Old Prussian anters, antars (*antras) `other, second', Lithuanian

*tor in Czech ter m. ` Tuesday ', Upper Sorbian wutory `other, second'. About Old

Note: al- olRoot / lemma: al-1, ol- : `besides; other' into *alny-, *any-. `somewhere else'. It seems Root / lemma: an-2 : `there, on the other side' is a zero grade of the extended anMaybe zero grade in alb. (*nytra) tjetr `other' [common alb. n > nt > t] : Old Indic anytra Perhaps alb. dial. (*hetr) jatr, jetr, alb. [ attribute t `of' + anter], tjetr `other, second'; particle. Initial alb. j- seems to have substituted the old laryngeal form -. Page(s): 37-38

similar to formation in alb. Geg (*t mel = of milk) tamli `milk' where t is the alb. attribute References: WP. I 56, 67, II 337, WH. I 44, Trautmann 10/11, Debrunner REtlE. 3, 1 ff.

Root / lemma: an4, anu, an, n

Meaning: a preposition ("along a slanted surface, etc.")

2

Material: Avestan ana, Old pers. an (Proto Aryan *ana or *an) ` about there ' (m. Akk. or (m. Akk.), ` lengthwise, along ' (m. Lok.), also preverb; Instr.), ` along, on ' (m. Akk.), Avestan anu, Old pers. anuv ` after, according to; up there '

Note: (compare the summary by Brugmann Grdr. II 2, 798 f., also about the syntactic).

maybe alb. ans `along'

behind, according to, with regard to, against ' (m. Akk.), Adv. ` on it (auslaut-u appears to be comparable in Lesbian Thessalian beside Attic . Against Wackernagels explanation from Indo Germanic *enu ` along, according to ' see WH. I 677; to-u see below

Old Indic nu ` after (timewise m. Akk., bl., Gen.), after (order), after there, along,

maybe from -an (the h by mixture with a borrowed sound from the Pers. ham- ` together '; Thessalian Arcadian, z. Part Cypriot , isolates Arcadian Cypriot (from ) ds. (the Ionic-Attic , ` on, upwards, along ', Doric Boeotian Arcadian Cypriot , Lesbian

ap-u); Armenian am- in am-banam ham-barnam ` I raise, uplift ', ham-berem ` I endure '

monosyllabic form appears the original and to be extended only after ; compare ; Adv. ` upward, up ';

Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 622; it is likely according to Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 275 originated from A Latin remainder appears an-hl ` breathes strongly and with difficulty ' (an +

clamo) etc

tentu beside:) an-tentu `intendito', anseriato `observatum', anglar `oscines' (*an-kl to

*ansl); Umbrian an-, (with en `in' become synonymous and with it alternately, hence, en-

Maybe here Old Irish an-dess ` from the south ' etc; and preposition m. dat. and Akk. ` on, in ', m. dat. ` on, in, up, by ', m. Akk. ` after, up, on, an (*ana or *an, *an) preposition m. dat. and Akk. and Instr. ` on, up, in, to, against '; maybe zero grade in alb. (*ana) n ` on, in '. Slavic *on going back to Slavic Slavic v(n)- ` in, on ' see Brugmann Grdr. II2 2, 828 and With zero grade of the first syllable, thus initial sound n: from the connection with the ablative originated anew), as a Nominal prf. nuo-, as a prefix nuo-; Lithuanian nu m. Gen. ` from down, from away ' (these where from meaning only Lithuanian ante, ant m. Gen. ` accordingly, according to '; about the first on proto Gothic ana (m. dat. mid Akk.) ` on, in, against, because of, about ', Old Norse Adv.

against ', Old Saxon an, Old English on, Old High German aua, an, Modern High German

*en `in'.

Verbal prf. nu- (proklit. abbreviation as in pri- beside pri), let. no m. Gen. ` from', as Old Prussian no, na m. Akk. ` on (where), against, about there ', as prefix ` after; from

there; up, on, in ' (in addition after pr : pr-d neologism na-d ` upside, above, about ' m. help '. Akk. and Instr. and preverb); Old Indic n- perhaps in ndhit ` pressed ', see below n- ` n-

away ' (see also BezzenbergerKZ. 44, 304); Old Church Slavic na m. Akk. and Lok. ` on

near, turned near ' (with root oq - as 2nd part); see Brugmann Grdr. II 2, 798 f., where maybe alb. (*nh) nga `from' [common alb. n > ng shift] nagl ` suddenly, abruptly ' (?), s. Feist 42. About Gothic anaks adv. ` suddenly, straight away ', supposedly to Old Bulgarian
h h h 2

` sit '; presumably similarly Gothic n, Old High German nh Adv. ` near' as ` looking

the movement, Avestan na-zdyah-, Old Indic ndyas- ` closer '(' * moved near '); root sed-

Here presumably Lithuanian -na, -n ` in (direction where) ', postal position with verbs of

also about the ambiguous Old Indic dhi ` about, on', ap. adiy `in' (*-nd i or *ed i, *od i?).

References: WP. I 58 f., WH. I 43 f., 49, 677, Feist 41 a, 373, Trautmann 200. References: Page(s): 39-40

Meaning: noose, snare

ansiRoot / lemma: ans, ansi-

Material: Latin nsa ` clutch, handle, a handle; (hence), occasion, opportunity ', nsae

crepidae ` the eyelets on the straps of the shoe soles through which the shoelaces were also Latin anstus = Lithuanian stas ` (furnished with or having a handle) with a handle pulled ' = Lithuanian s f. (Akk. s) ` pot handle, loop with the knot apron ' (compare

hanger, kettle hanger ', Latvian oss (Akk. osi) ` handle '; Maybe alb. (*ues) vesh ` handle, ear '

'), Latvian uosa ` handle, loop, eyelet ', next to which i-stem Old Prussian ansis ` hook, pot

of the straps ' = Middle Low German se f. `ring-shaped handle, loop' (out of it Late Middle Kluge and Weigand-Hirt s. v.?); Middle Irish (i)si Pl. ` rein ', gr. , Doric ds. (*v). Maybe truncated alb. (*enha) ena `pot (*pot handle)' [common alb. -s- > -h-]. Page(s): 48 References: WP. I 68, WH. I 51, Trautmann 10. High German Modern High German se; or West Germanic word to Ohr according to

Old Icelandic s f. (*ansj) ` hole in the upper edge of the shoe leather for pulling through

Meaning: Meaning: ghost, demon Note:

Root / lemma: ansu-, nsu- (*enku-r- in centum languages) ansu- susu enkuenku

ansu- susu enkuankRoot / lemma: ansu-, nsu- (*enku-r-): ghost, demon, derived from Root / lemma: ank-2, enku : angang- : `to bend, bow, *flex; wangle; turn; curve, snake coil, anchor'. In e- grade: Material:

Lycian ea- ' grandchild, grandson '; Lycian B qzze, qezmmi, zzt (Shevoroshkin), Lycian A qeh ' offspring, descendants, progeny ' (Tischler 191 ff) In a- grade:

Hittite: as- (II,I) ' testify, bear ', assa- ' grandson, granddaughter ', assu- c. 'king, ruler, ', asusara- ' queen '; (Tischler 191 ff).

sovereign'; h.l. as(a)- 'create, engender, breed', asmi- ' offspring, descendants, progeny

Comments: ' grandchild, grandson ' in Hittite may be a result of contamination: cf. Hittite hammasa- ' small child ', Luvian hamsa-, h.l. hamasa- ' grandchild, grandson ' (see Tischler ibid. and 141-142).

ahura- ` ruler, lord ' (*nsu-); Venetic ahsu- (= su-) ` cult effigy, cult figure ' = Germanic

Old Indic su-, Avestan ahu- ` breath of life, breath, life, spirit, world ', su-ra-, Avestan

anses ` demigods '. Note:

*ansuz ` god, ace ' in Old Icelandic ss, Runic a[n]suR, Old English s ` ace ', Gothic-Latin

The inanimate suffix -ur : Old Indic su-ra-, Avestan ahura ` ruler, lord ' : , , ururaur u raura or province of Illyria, , speak the Illyrian language, :--hence Adv. . References: H. Gntert Der Aryan Weltknig 102, Feist 52 b. Page(s): 48

Illyrians, , , Illyria, also , , Adj. , , , Illyrian: -, the region

See also: Perhaps to an()- ` breathe '.

Meaning: favourable

ansRoot / lemma: ans-

disfavor '; preterit present Old High German an, unnum (Inf. unnan, preterit onsta, onda) ` (ann, unnom, preterit unnan from *una) ` love, grant, concede '. un-nu-m (from *unz-nuof common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
2

resentment, disfavor '; Middle High German gund m. ` favour ', Old Norse f-und f. `

love ', Old High German abanst, abunst, Old Saxon avunst, Old English fest `distrust,

German gunst from *ge-unst, Old English st ` favour, mercy ', Old Norse st, st ` favour,

Material: Gothic ansts f., Old High German anst and (zero grade) unst, Middle High

grant ' (gi-unnan), Old Saxon Old English unnan ` grant, concede, wish ', Old Norse unna

m-) is an old present the neu-, nu- class, wherefore the new Sg. ann. (under the influence

Which root beginning as Germanic an-, un-, has in ansts the suffix compound -s-ti- to see (see Brugmann Grdr. II 2, 437), while Middle High German gund, Old Norse fund the easier one contained -ti-.

However, is because of basic Germanic *anst(s) root probably as Germanic ans-, uns- to from *unz-num (Indo Germanic *ns-nu-me), whereupon then Sg. ann, and new weak
2

begin (Kluge ZfdtWtf. 9, 317, Brugmann Grdr. II 3, 332), unnum consequently originated preterit *un-a (Old High German onda, Old Norse unna) beside Old High German onsta, creations have become after s- part to unnum, unnan.

Old Saxon gi-onsta; then also Middle High German gund, Old Norse fund (suffix-ti-) new Also gr. - `friendly', - ` unkind, hard ' (: ab-unst) is the most likely =

*-, - (see Brugmann aaO.).

*nos whose suffixale zero grade lies as a basis Germanic *an-s-ti-. Page(s): 47 References: WP. I 68, Feist 53.

In divergent formal judgement Bechtel Lexil covers. 49 gr. - on neutr. Subst.

antroRoot / lemma: antro-m Meaning: cave, hole Material: Armenian ayr, Gen. Pl. ayric ` cave, hole ', gr. ds.
1 1

KZ. 68, 161 f. Page(s): 50

References: WP. I 56 , Schwyzer Mel. Boisacq II 234 , KZ. 68, 222, Gr. Gr. I 532, Pisani

an() )See also: Perhaps to an()-` breathe ', as originally ` vent, air vent '.

Meaning: forward, before, outer side Alb. (*nta) ana `side, end'.

antRoot / lemma: ant-s

Material: Old Indic nta- ` end, border, edge ' (therefrom antya- ` the last '); gr. Gen. Sg. (= ' ) ` down the forefront ', Dat.-Lok. (Schwyzer Gr.
5 6

Gr. I 548 , 622 ), Akk. - ` in the face ' (*ant-), -, -, - etc (W.

Schulze, Kl. Schr. 669, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 632under), adverbal ` towards, opposite ', thereafter ` meets '; about see Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 722 under.; about s. Brugmann Grdr. II 2, 687;
2

moment ' (*ant-iti- to Old Indic it- ` gait, way '), mcymr. anhaw ` old ' (*ant-auo-), nir. ata ` old; age ' (*ant-odio-?), compare Loth Rc. 48, 32; 50, 63; (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). Hittite a-an-za (ant-s) ` forefront ', therefrom a-an-te-iz-zi-i (antezzi)= *ant-etios; Lycian tawata ` leader ' (Pedersen Lycian under Hittite 17); Tocharian A antule ` outside, to ... before ', antus `also'. Hittite: ant- c. 'forehead', anta 'towards', andai- (I) ' order, lead '; Luvian antili- 'former, previous, prior, first ', anda(i)- ' decide, order ', Lycian tawata ' leader, king ', Lycian nT- ' prescribe, determine ' (Tischler 149ff)

Old Irish tan (*antono-) ` forehead '; perhaps here mcymr. enhyt, cymr. ennyd ` time,

Tokharian: A nt, B nte ' forehead, front ' (PT *nte) (Adams 43)

Maybe alb. hunda ` nose' : Hittite: ant- c. 'forehead'. see also under antios. In addition as pristine cases: anti `in the face of'> ` towards, opposite, against ', etc. `nearness'. Old Indic anti Adv. `opposite itself, before itself, near', from what antik- `near', n.

with, by ' m. Lok. (which has dwindled vowel in the final sound is not determinable; anl. 2; compare to meaning Latin ante ` before, of place or time ' and the above mentioned

on) somewhere there ' m. Akk. (compare Gothic and), in meaning 'aside' m. Abl. and `

Armenian and `there', nd preposition `for, instead of ' m. Gen. and ` along, about (in,

from a-), as preverb 'on'; in addition andranik ` firstborn, the first (earliest) ' (Bugge KZ. 32, words for 'forehead' as a 'front'), probably also ancanem ` to go past ' (Pedersen KZ. 39,

425, compare gr. ; c from t + the aoristic s, compare the Aor. -anc). Maybe alb. andej `there, in the other side, opposite'.

Lexil. 46 from *-- reshuffled after ; , Attic ` almost, against ' (ambiguous ending), , ` meets '.

e.g. ; hom. ' ` in the opposite point of view, against ' is fine to Bechtel

Gr. ` in view of, towards, opposite, before; for, instead of ' m. Gen., also preverb,

spatially ` against, before ', timewise `before', also preverb (e.g. anteced), antid-e, -hc ` before ', antid-re ` lead the way ' (-d after prd); in addition anterior ` earlier ', antrium bellum ` war before the town ', antcus ` the front ' (c after posticus ` behind '), antquus `

Latin ante (from *anti, compare antist, as well as antcus, antiquus) preposition m. Akk.

fronts ' (about antae see, however, under *ant ` door post '). Hittite a-an-ti (anti) ` in front, esp., in particular '.

+*ok- ` looking '), ants, -ium ` rows or ranks (from soldiers, vines)', originally possibly `

old ' (the ending and the contraction in temporal meaning after novus; Indo Germanic *anti

anta `against there ' (direction); to -a see Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 622 f. divergently meaning the nominal prefix and verbal prefix Germanic anda-, and `against, Gothic and preposition m. Akk. ` up there, about there, along '. With therefrom more

opposite', also in verbs normally ` from - away ': Gothic anda-, and (e.g. andniman ` accept

', andanms ` agreeable, pleasant ', andbindan ` unbind, untie, be confined '), Old Norse German ant-, (e.g. create Antlitz, Antwort).

Old Saxon Old English and, Old High German ant-, int-, Middle High German Modern High compounds Old Norse endr, enn ` earlier, formerly, again, after ' (endr = Gothic andiz-

192, 1455).

(Germanic *andiaz), Middle High German ent, end Konj. ` previous, before ' (e.g. Falk-Torp Lithuanian at, older anta m. Gen. ` after-there, up, on '. About gr. see above. ti nti

uh ` either '), Old English end `before' (*andis), Old High German enti ` earlier, yore '

in una-liuhan ` escape', Old English o- (*un-) in ogangan ` escape', genge ` Grdr. II , 803).
2

A weaker ablaut form (*nt-) shows Gothic and m. dat. ` , for, around ', una- (*nto-)

fleeting' = Old Norse unningi, undingi (*un-, *and-gangia-) ` escaped slave ' (Brugmann Other meaning points Gothic und m. Akk. `until, to', Old High German unt in unt-az `until,

place exactly attuning meaning = Latin ante ` before', e.g. v. Planta II 443), Lithuanian it `after' (rather contamination from in and ant). The fact that these forms show an extension preposition *en, *n `in' (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I

(likewise from *nti, see Walde Kelten and Italiker 54; because of Germanic and not to

grammatical change) o ` in addition, besides, until, to ', Oscan ant m. Akk. ` up to'

+ t), engl. unto ` to, until ', Old Norse unz (and es) `until, till that ', Old English (with

to' and unzi (= untzi) `until, to', Old Saxon und `until, to', unti, unt (and + te ` to '), unto (and

corresponds in the application. However, could be of this one additional use adjustment as against there, on the opposite side over ' to anti; also the words for the `end' (see below) (and + te) preposition m. Akk. ` wholly, completely ' synonymous what, even if only new os antios `against, recumbent before ' (formed from the adverb anti):

629 f., where also about gr. dial. ), is possible as then Lithuanian it with `after'

a result of the sound resemblance and Indo Germanic *nt (-i, -a?) ` until, to ' belong as ` up are originally the purpose waving on the opposite side, and with Old Saxon unt is also ant intersection are from unt with and-, however, the concept relationship of both explained.

gr. `against' (in addition ds., ` situated against; opponent ') probably goes back (compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr.I 379) to *.

English ende m., Old High Germananti, enti m. and n., Modern High German Ende; also

*anti- (Germanic *andja-) in Gothic andeis, Old Norse endir, Old Saxon endi, Old

German andi, endi n. ` forehead ' = Latin antiae ` the hair growing upon the forehead, forelock '. A quite different word is Modern High German and, Old High German unti, anti, enti , Old thereupon, thereon, then, ditto ', Avestan a ` also ', Oscan ant m. Akk. ` all the way to, up to, towards ', Lithuanian it m. Akk. `after' (however, see above), Tocharian entwe

Against it is from *anto- (see above) derived ntio- in Old Norse enni n., Old High

Saxon endi, Old English engl. and `and', Old Norse en(n) ` and, but ', with Old Indic th `

`also' belongs to *en, n `in'.

Maybe alb. in (*ende) edhe `and, also', zero grade (*ende) dhe `and, but'. 722, 726, II (B V 2 b d 3). Page(s): 48-50 References: WP. I. 65 ff., WH. I 53 f., Feist 46, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 619, 621, 629 f., 632 f.,

Meaning: strength

apeloRoot / lemma: apelo-

Material: Gr. - Hes., Ionian ` strong ', hom. ` swoon, Ionian Hes., Elis: MN T- (after Prellwitz BB. 24, 214 ff., Kretschmer Gl. 18, 205 here , , with vocal gradation Thessalian Aplis, -inis, FN Aplo, -onis; gall. VN D-ablintes ` the powerless, the weak ' (from *Old English afol, abal n. ` strength '.
2

; after Sommer IF. 55, 176 rather pregreek); Illyrian MN Mag-aplinus, Aplus, Aplo, aplentes); Germanic GN Matronis Aflims, Afliabus ` effective magic ', Old Icelandic afi n., Note: Note

The Root / lemma: apelo- : `strength' seems related to Root / lemma: ab ro- : `strong, apeloroReferences: WP. I 176, Feist la, Kretschmer Gl. 24, 250. mighty' [the shift l > r r].
h

Page(s): 52

Meaning: to take, grab, reach

appRoot / lemma: ap-1 (proper p-) : p-

Note:

ppip-) : p- : `to take, grab, reach, *give' > Root / lemma: pi- : `comrade' > Root / lemma: aiai-3 : `to give'.

From the reduced Root / lemma: gha - : `to grab, take', derived Root / lemma: ap-1 (exact lemma: ghab aph

Maybe alb. Tosc (*e-ip-mi) ep, jap, Geg nep (*na `us' + ep `give') `give us (*take)' : Hittite e-ip-mi (pmi) `take', 3. Pl. ap-pa-an-zi (apanzi) : gr. ` give a hand. In e- grade: Hittite e-ip-mi (pmi) ` takes ', 3. Pl. ap-pa-an-zi (apanzi). hom. ` cheat'. Maybe alb. Tosc (* ap) jap, nasalized alb. Geg (* enp) nep ` give' common > j- Slavic Albanian. In a- grade:
1 2

Material:

Old Indic pnti ` achieved, attained ', more recently pt- ` clever, suitable, trusted '; Avestan apayeiti ` achieved, reached ', 3. Pl. pnte from *puantai; About Old Indic p- ` friend ', gr. o ` friendly' see below pi-. piabbreviation). Armenian unim ` own' (*p-n-?), nd-unim `attain'; (common arm. Celtic alb. gr. ` give a hand, attach, pick a quarrel, light, kindle ', ` touch ', `

touch, adherence etc. ' will be delievered in spite of the spirit here. Kretschmer Gl. 7, 352 assumes influenced by ; hom. () ` touch, palpate, feel, finger ', Ionian ds., common gr.-Illyrian -ks- > -ss-;

hom. , (with Aeolic o: Hes.) ` cheat, barter, exchange ', ` phantasmic, delusive, fallacious ', `low-spirited' (actually ` got down '). Pedersen KZ. 39, 428 puts with gr. Armenian ap` ` the hollow hand ' (o-stem, should correspond to gr. ` joint, hinge '; because of p` (= Indo Germanic ph) nevertheless, uncertain (compare Meillet BSL. 36, 110);

however, Lok. y-ap`i as -i-stem, thus probably older neutr. -os-stem) together, which word

begun, commenced ', later coep.

overtake; hence to obtain. Perf. partic. adeptus, used passively, = obtained ', copi ` has

Latin apscor ` touch, reach, attain, come to, come by ', adipscor ` to come up to,

round ' (imper. ape ` hinder, prevent, restrain '), aptus ` as partic. fitted, fastened,

The connection with Latin *api, *apere ` to bind together, unite, joint, connect, link, tie connected. Transf., depending on; also prepared, fitted out; fitted up with, equipped with, with abl. (2) as adj. suitable, appropriate, fitting. Adv. apte ', cpula (co-apula) ` a link, from a common primary meaning ` touch, summarize '. bond, tie, connection; a rope, a leash; plur. grapnels ' is probably certain. Maybe is derived Also Latin apud `at, near, by, with, in' will be best of all suit here. The primary meaning

neutr. *apuod (from *apuot ` having reached '). Additional form apor, apur (mars.-Latin apur finem) points on originally-d; Latin apex, -icis ` cusp ', esp. ` the top of the conical cap of the Roman 'flamines', or the

would be ` in close connection ' (compare juxt). One has derived from the part. Perf.

cap itself; hence any crown, tiara, helmet; fig., highest honor, crown; gram., the long mark over a vowel ', maybe belongs to *api; compare also EM. 60; In o- grade: Tocharian A oppcci `clever' (Van Windekens Lexique 82); References: WP. I 45 f., WH. I 57 f., 60, 847, Pedersen Hittite 128, Couvreur H 93. Page(s): 50-51

ap- pRoot / lemma: ap-3, pMeaning: old; damage Material: Old Indic apv ` illness, failure ', Avestan (from an -es-stem) afa- m. ` damage, evil '; Lithuanian ops ` weak, sore, frail ' (Charpentier KZ. 40, 442 f.), presumably gr. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 530). Page(s): 52 `frail, weak' (Bezzenberger BB. 1, 164; to the ending see Risch 98; differently References: WP. I 47, Specht Dekl. 345.

apo- p ap- pu) ap ap Root / lemma: apo- (p, ap-u, pu (* ap o-) Note: Meaning: from, out, of
3 2

apo- p ap- pu) ap ap Root / lemma: apo- (p, ap-u, pu (* ap o-): `from, out, of' derived from Root / lemma: : lemma: roro- : ab - (* ab -): `quick, abrupt' < Root / lemma: ab ro- (* ab ro-): `strong, mighty' < root : damp; water; clouds '.
h h h h h 2 h h h 2 h h 1

roneb eneb neb emb mb -(ro-): < with l-formant (ne el < Root / lemma: (ene -2): ne -, em -, mb - : ` wet, ro ne el): ene Gradually Root / lemma: apo- (p, ap-u, pu (* ap o-): `from, out, of' became the prefix apo- p ap- pu) ap ap : Material: p e-, pi-, p a-, p o-. In a- grade:
3 2 3 2

Hittite: apparnuwasa- c. 'sunbeam, rays of sunshine', appin(a)- ' open flame '. Old Indic pa ` off, away, back ' as adnominal rp. m. Abl. ` away from ', Avestan ap. apa m. Gen. (= *ablative) ` away from, ex, from '; maked. -, -; References: Tischler 162, 165.

` away from '; about privatives *ap- in Iran, and Gr. see Schwyzer ZII. 6, 230 ff.; gr. , alb. prap ` again, back ' (*per-ap); Latin ab m. bl., ` prep. with abl. (1) of motion or measurement in space, from, away from. (2) of time, from, after. (3) of separation,

difference, change, from ; so of position or number, counting from ; and of the relation of

part to whole, out of, of. (4) of origin and agency; esp. with passive verbs, by, at the hands of, because of. (5) viewed from, on the side of : 'a tergo', in the rear; hence in connection with, as regards ' (before voiced consonant from ap, still in aperi from *ap-ueri; perhaps of it as- before p-, as-port; before voiced consonants), Umbrian ap-ehtre ` from without,

also in aprcus, s. WH. I 59; about Latin af s. just there 1; abs = gr. ` back, again '; out from the outside; on the outside, outwardly ' (about other, unsafe Oscan-Umbrian Belege s. v. Planta I 209, 426, II 454 f.);

from, away from ', Modern High German ab-.

and preposition m. dat., Old English f, of, Old Saxon af, Old High German aba, ab- `

Gothic af prefix and preposition m. dat. ` from, away from, from here ', Old Norse af Adv.

Indic patya- n. ` progeny ' and Hittite ap-p-iz-zi-ia-a (appeziias) ` back '.

compare also Lithuanian apai ` the lower part ' (as ` turned away part ', *apoti, to Old

nbret. a ds. However, comes for this poor in sound brit. form rather affiliation to Old Irish , ua in consideration (Thurneysen Gr. 524), so that of all Brit. it remains quite unsafe. In Hittite a-ap-pa (apa) ` behind, back ' (compare gr. - ` give back, return ')

As Celtic derivatives are taken up from *apo acymr. ncymr. o ` ex-, from, of ', a.-mcorn., a.-

Lohmann IF. 51, 324 f.).

have maybe collapsed Indo Germanic apo and epi (Pedersen Hittite 188, Couvreur H 94 f.,

Derivatives: ap-tero-, ap-ero-, ap-iio-, ap-ko- and above apoti, apetio-. ap tero- ap-ero- ap-i ap-ko, ', gr. ` farther distant ' ( ` very far away '); maybe Gothic aftar ` from Old Indic apataram Adv. ` farther away ', ap. apataram Adv. ` apart, somewhere else

the back, backward ', aftuma, aftumists ` the last ', Old English ftemest ds. and Gothic Dat. ` after, behind, according to ', Old English fter ds..

aftra ` back, again ', Old High German Old Saxon aftar Adv. ` behind, after ' and rp. m.

In e- grade: Old Norse eptir Adv. and rp. m. Dat. and Akk. ` after ', aptr Adv. ` back, backward '. Germanic *epi, *opi to the consideration (Schulze KZ. 40, 414 Anm. 3), compare still For this Germanic However, words relationship also stands with gr. , Indo

Gothic afta `behind', Old English ft ` behind, later ', Gothic aftana `from the back', Old Old Indic para- ` back, later, following, other ', Adv. -m ` after, later ', Avestan ap.

Norse aptan, Old English ftan, Old Saxon aftan, Middle High German aften ` afterwards'. apara- ` back, later, following ', Adv. -m, -am, Sup. Old Indic apam-, Avestan apma- `

the one farthest away, the most distant, the last ';

Gothic afar Adv. and preposition with dat. and Akk. ` after, afterward ', Old High German avar, abur (latter from *apu-r-m, as Old Norse aur- ` bottom, lower, nether, back ' in compound, see Falk-Torp, 11 f.) ` again, once more, against it ' (Modern High German aber), Old Norse afar ` esp., very much ' (compare to meaning Old Indic para- also ` Saxon aaro ` descendant '). see still * pero- ` shore '. ) prej `from'. outlandish, peculiar, extreme, extraordinary ', Lidn Stud. 74 ff.; Old English eafora, Old

maybe alb. (*apar) par `first, top', afr `*away, close', afrm `relative, descendant', (*perGr. ` remote, far ' In e- grade: ebba m. ` low tide ', Old Saxon ebbia f., mndd. ebbe, where borrows from Modern High (probably also Old Norse efja f. ` bay in a river in which the current runs back ', Old English

German Ebbe, as ` ebb, the outward movement of the tide; the return of tidewater towards the sea ').

opaky ` again ', Church Slavic opako, opaky, opae ` back, inverted ', in which, admittedly, dark, shadowy, obscure ' = ` turned away from the sun ';
2

1. composition part ` against ', hakem ` piegare ad una parte, inclinare ', Old Church Slavic

Old Indic pka- ` recumbent apart, distant, coming from the front ', Armenian haka- as

forms can be partly also related to *opi, gr. (compare Latin opcus ` shaded, shady; Literary formation by (Brugmann Grdr. II 1, 482). Besides Old Norse fugr ` after, turned wicked ' (Modern High German big, bicht), Old English *afoc in engl. awkward, from

backward ', Old Saxon auh, avuh, Old High German abuh, abah ` turned away, inverted, *apu-ko-s (or from *opu-ko-s : , so that in the ablaut to Gothic ibuks ` being on the consonant relegating to -, see also Falk-Torp under avet). p: down, put, place, set, fix, lay, deposit' from *po-s[i]n, po-li, po-lbrum, prcet `to keep Avestan pa-zdayeiti ` let to move away, scare off '; Latin po-situs, pn `to put down, set decline ', Old High German ippihhn ` roll back '? Johansson PBrB. 15, 230, in the

off, keep back, to hinder, restrain' from *po-arcet; alb. pa m. Akk. ` without ', pa- `un-' (Gl. Meyer Alb. Wb. 317); Old Frisian fn ` from, of ', Old Saxon fana, fan, Old High German derive from Indo Germanic *pu beside *po). fona, fon m. Dat. (= *Abl.) ` from, of ' (Old High German -o- is after Persson IF. 2, 215 to A similar form pursues Trautmann Old Prussian 389 in Old Prussian pan-s-dau contains according to Lidn Arm. stem 60 ff. o- from *po-.

`thereafter'. Is totally unsafe whether Armenian oork ` polished, slippery, smooth ' Maybe suffixed alb. pas `behind, back' pastaj `later, thereafter'. Against it here in spite of often divergent meaning (Brugmann Grdr. II 2, 808 considers
2

absorption from Indo Germanic *upo, and for Slavic po in meaning ` behind, after ' m. Lok. probably properly origin from *pos): Old Church Slavic po ` after, in, with, about a little bit there ' (Lithuanian p with Gen. under dat. `after', with Instr. `under'), as essential only more perfective verbal prefixes Lithuanian pa-, Old Church Slavic po- (as nominal prefix remember ', pamt ` memory');

Old Church Slavic pa-, Lithuanian pa and p-, compare e.g. Old Church Slavic pamnti `

Maybe alb. nominal prefix pa- in p -lor, plor ` ploughshare ', p -rrua ` stream '. Meillet Slave comm. 505.
2

Old Prussian pa- essential in nominal, p- in verbal compound, compare Trautmann 203,

Germanic *po-ti and *po-s. *po*po-

About Slavic po-d ` below, under ' see Brugmann Grdr. II 2, 733 f. - S. still Indo
2

Maybe alb. (*po-s) posht `below, under' from the same root as Slavic languages Slavic / lemma: pd-2, pd- : (foot, *genitalia).

po-d `below, under ' from Root / lemma: apo- (p, ap-u, pu : (from, out, of) not from Root apo- p ap- pu): apap-u stands beside *apo (Lithuanian see below *pu) in Arcadian Cypriot Lesbian

Thessalian , in Old High German abo = aba, Old Norse au-viri n. ` contemptuous beside *po. That -u maybe enclitic Particle ` and, also ' (Feist a, 508a, WH. I 87). pu (see bove *apu) mostly in meaning (` turned away ' =) ` behind, back ': '; quite uncertain Latin puppis ` the poop or stern of a vessel; poet. the whole ship '. maybe alb. pupa ` the poop or stern of a vessel ' : poln. pupa `bottom'. References: WP. I 47 ff., WH. I If., 842, Feist , Trautmann 11. Page(s): 53-55

person ' (Falk-Torp 11 f.), compare also above *apu-ro- beside *apero-, *apu-ko-, and *pu

compare also Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 182.

Old High German fona (see above), Old Indic punar ` again back ', gr. ` the last

Meaning: father

Root / lemma: appa

Material: compare gr. , , , (Theokrit) ` dad '; Tocharian appakke ` father ' (this -(a)kke from ammakki `Mutter'). pap(p)a. See also: compare also pap(p)a Page(s): 52 References: WP. I 47.

Root / lemma: aps Meaning: asp Material: Old High German aspa, Modern High German Espe, Old English spe, Old

Norse sp f. ds., Latvian apse (from *apuse), Old Prussian abse ds., North Lithuanian

apus f., Lithuanian apu, epu f. ` aspen, trembling poplar ' (after Bezzenberger BB.

poln. osa, osika, osina ` aspen '.

23, 298 supposedly free diminutive-formation from *aps), russ. osna (*opsna) ` aspen ',

The fact that in this aspen name the sound result -ps-, is not the original -sp-, confirm

among others trk.-osm. apsak ` poplar ', tschuw. ws ` aspen ' as a loanword from the Hes. a root noun ap- . Page(s): 55 References: WP. I 50, Specht Dekl. 60.

proto Armenian to Pedersen KZ. 30, 462. Specht places because of gr. ,

Meaning: now, also, interrogative particle

er, or? Root / lemma: ar 4 (er, or?), r

particle (* ; , maybe from ' ); likewise zero grade Lithuanian ir ` and, also ',

Material: Gr. , , (from r) ` now, thus, consequently ', Cypriot , interrogative Latvian ir `also', Old Prussian ir `and, also' (= gr. , zero grade Lithuanian ar, Latvian ar

Tocharian ra- emphat. particle.

vacillate from a- and e- as between Latvian ar ` with, in ' and Old Prussian er ` to ';

as an introduction of an interrogative sentence, Old Lithuanian also er with the same Baltic

References: WP. I 77, Trautmann 12, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 342, 622. Page(s): 62

ard Root / lemma: ar Meaning: pole Material: Armenian ardn ` lance, spear ': Lithuanian ardas m. ` pole scaffold for drying flax
h

', old ardamas ` a (light) pole or spar, a sprit, which crosses the sail diagonally (and serves to make it taut) ' (see to meaning Bezzenberger GGA. 1885, 920)'? Petersson KZ. 47, 245 (Lithuanian words not better according to Leskien Abl. 329 to ardti ` split, distinguish ',

see below er- ` rare, loose, crumbly '). erReferences: WP. I 84.

Page(s): 63

ardi- didi Root / lemma: ardi-, rdiMeaning: point, edge Material: Old Indic ali ` bee, scorpion ' (from *ai, Indo Germanic *rdi) = gr. ` head of

set in motion ').

erta (*artjan) ` stir up, stimulate, tease ' (another interpretation from erta under er-, er-d- ` er- er-

the arrow, sting '; Old Irish aird (*ardi-) ` sharp, peak, point of the compass ', Old Norse

Page(s): 63

References: WP. I 83 f., Lders Schriften 429.

Meaning: to lock

aregRoot / lemma: areg-

dwelling '; Old Saxon racud, Old English reced m. ` building, house '. *areqSee also: compare *areq- ` protect, close '. Page(s): 64 References: WP. I 81, WH. I 63, Jokl IF. 44, 22.

from which borrows alb. ragl f. ` cottage, hut '; kimmer. (*arg-el-i) ` subterranean

Material: Old Indic argala-, argal ` latch, bolt ', maked. ` bathing hut, bath hut ',

ar( arRoot / lemma: ar(e)-- (ar-?), ri- (*her-(e)--) ar Meaning: glittering, white, fast Note: Old Indic rji-py ` darting along ' epithet of the bird yen- (`eagle, falcon'), Avestan rzifya- (cf. gr. H., ), Armenian arcui (< *arci-wi) `eagle' prove that from Root / lemma: er-1, or- : `eagle, *fast' derived extended Root / lemma: er- or(*a)re-1 : `right, just, to make right; king'. rere In e- grade: e-vocalism shown by those of Osthoff MU. V, S. V, and MU. VI 33 considered for

ar(e)-- (ar-?), ri- : `glittering, white, fast' and its subsequent zero grade Root / lemma: ar( arar

Material:

Gothic unarkns ` impure, unclean ', arknia ` cleanness, genuineness ', Old High German erchan ` right, just, real, true, genuine ', Old Norse jarknasteinn, (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old English eorcnanstn ` precious stone, jewel ' (in
3

Icelandic Gr. p. 281, 6); compare also Feist 25b. Tocharian.

addition also Old Norse jarteikn n. ` emblems ' from *jar[kn]-teikn, Lidn by Noreen Old Maybe alb. (*erg-) jarg `white saliva' Common - > j- Slavic Albanian; - > i-, y- Old Indic As securely one cannot consider the affiliation of Germanic words, however, was

concerning the vocalism intersection from Germanic *ark- = Indo Germanic *ar- with *erk= Old Indic rcati, Indo Germanic *erk- at least conceivable.

In a- grade: Hittite ar-ki-i (arkis) `white'. ` white world ' (compare cymr. elfydd S. 30); Tocharian A rki, rkwi `white' (*aruio-), rcune ` epithet of the royal title ', A rki-oi

Maybe alb. harc, harca Pl. `rocky landscape'; alb. has preserved the old laryngeal -. i.e. silver ', rajatm ` silver ' with flashy, in spite of Osthoff MU. VI 33 not from zero grade r (or likewise) deducible vocalism compared with Avestan rzata- n., Old pers. ardata- ` silver ' (r-) : TN Illyrian Ardiaei common alb. - Illyrian -- > -d-. Old Indic rju-na- ` bright, white '; rajat- ` whitish ', rajatm hrayam ` whitish gold,

Maybe Albanian argjend : Bresciano arzent : Romagnolo arznt : Zeneize arzento `silver' (common Avestan Slavic g- > dz-, z- = common alb. dz- > gj-). Latin argentum, Oscan aragetud `silver', Old Irish arggat, Middle Irish airget, cymr. arian(t), corn. Middle Breton argant, nbret. arc'hant ` silver ', gall. PN Arganto-magus; arcanto-dan `

coin minter, mint-master, the master or superintendent of a mint ', Armenian arcat` `silver', Tocharian A rkyant N. Pl. f.; with other formation gr. `silver' (in spite of these
2

equations the knowledge of the silver for the primeval times stands not sure, see about

Festschr. Streitberg 228), Messapic argorian (: ) ds., argora-pandes (*arguropondios) `quaestor, state treasurer '. Thrak. ` (*white) mouse ', FlN (*Argios). - ` with brilliantly white teeth ' (thereafter also * for , further formation to , epithet of towns situated on white lime or chalk mountains); ` is white '. probably after Wackernagel Verm. Beitr. 8 f. from * dissimilated,

that point and about the borrowing question Schrader RL.II 394, G. Ipsen IF. 39, 235 f.,

Gr. ` white, fast ', in compounds - : - ` with shining thunderbolt ',

wherefore i-stem - of compounds behaves as Avestan drzi-raa- ` possessing

steady chariot ' to drzra- ` solid '. With phonetically same Old Indic rjr- connotes

also ` shining ', is in this meaning with `white' etymological identical (in addition also about fast dogs ' = gr. `fast' (likewise of dogs, also already proto linguistic epithet,

Old Indic rjti-, rjka- ` radiating '). Old Indic rjr- ` fast ', ji-van- ` the allied Indras ordering see Schulze Kl. Schr. 124), - ` fleet-footed ', horses -, upholds Persson Beitr. 828 from (rjr-) ` white ' different word (to the root re- ` straight, right, directly

Lexil. 57, the concept of the lights allows to have flowed from that of the quick movement (compare ` as quick as a flash, at lightning speed ') as well as Schulze aaO. Sides of the same observation considered as to try illuminating power, brightness of the color, and flicker; to shine, glitter, sparkle'). quickness of the movement (compare Latin micre `move rapidly to and fro, vibrate,

' in Old Indic rj- ` rushing straight for ', rji-py ` darting along ', etc), against Bechtel

elucidative, brightening ' (see lastly Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 500 ), ` white sheen, (` in slaying brilliance '?).
1

`shining'; es-stem in ` perspicuous, clear ', - epithet of , `

, n. ` the whiteness (in the eye, nail)', , Doric (*F

white luster, white-gleaming ' (*-); maybe also in epithet of Hermes On account of es-stem Avestan rzah- ` afternoon and evening ' so that belongs

together etymologically, at least half the meaning is quite doubtful, see. Bartholomae Airan. Wb. 202, Bechtel aaO. Maybe alb. (*rz-) errt `dark', err `darken' : Avestan rzah- ` afternoon and evening ' loanword argilla, argla): - see above, -, - ` shining white ' (in the Maybe Galician arxila : alb. argjil `white clay, mud' ` white clay ' (common Avestan Slavic g- > dz-, z- = common alb. dz- > gj-). Latin argentum see above; argu `to put in clear light; to declare, prove; to accuse,
h

, -, -, - ` white-gleaming '; and ` white clay ' (Latin

word ending probably to root b - ` shine ', Prellwitz BB. 22, 90, Bechtel Lexil. 57 f.).

piercing, shrill, noisy; of omens, clear, significant; of persons, sagacious, cunning; (since Cicero also:) beaming, shimmering ' and ` shrewd '. About that of Uhlenbeck KZ. 40, 552, 560 considered for Lithuanian ruolas, uolas,

blame, expose, convict ', argtus `to the eye, expressive, lively; talkative to the ear,

Trautmann Old Prussian 301, whereupon an- (compare Old Prussian ansonis) the original form is (different Zupitza KZ. 36, 66, Germanic gutturals 214).

dial. uuolas, East Lithuanian dial. olas ` oak ', see rather Bezzenberger KZ. 42, 263,

The basis of a 2th root vowel (are-) is given only by Old Indic rajatm ` whitish ', thus dubious.

By Hirts (Abl. 124) basic *ar(e)- cause Germanic words difficulty, however, see above.

References: WP. I 82 f., II 362 f., WH. I 66, 848, Feist 25, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 260, 447, 481, Frisk Nominalbildg. 4.
1

equates with al- (see above S. 31). alPage(s): 64-65 arenkoRoot / lemma: arenkoMaterial:

Specht (Dekl. 114 ) places because of gr. Hes. a color root in ar-, he

Meaning: a kind of cereal, type of grain Latin arinca ` variety of grain, olyra (which resembles spelt) ' (`Galliarum propria' Plin. n. h.

18, 81; foreign, presumably gall. word, despite Niedermann and 30 not genuinely Latin), gr. ` leguminous plant growing as a weed among lentil plants ', . Hes. Because of the meaning difference quite doubtful equation; no objection offers sure
4

enough the not sufficing confirmation from in . Non-related in arbar ` grain ' (see *ar- ` to plough, plow '), arn ` bread '.

spite of Fick II 16, 17 are gr. ` bread ' (to dark origin, see Boisacq 84), Middle Irish References: WP. I 84, WH. I 67.

Page(s): 66-67

Meaning: to guard, lock

areqRoot / lemma: areq-

Material: In detail Osthoff IF. 8, 54 ff. m. Lithuanian

with o- gradation orm ` wall, mural ' (*ork-mo-?);

hindrance, balk, impediment ', denomin. argelum ` resist, hold from, hold back '; maybe gr. ` resist, reproach, protects, helps; express disappointment, be sufficient, be

Armenian argel ` hump, block, check, fence, hurdle, barrier, drawback, obstacle,

enough ' (, ) probably from *; n. ` protection, cover, shelter ' (Alkman); o ` sufficing, enough ', - ` oneself enough ', - ` with sufficing feet, fast ' (see also Bechtel Lexil. 279 f.); Maybe alb. (*) argsh `crude craft supported by skin bladders, crude bridge of

crossbars, harrow', zero grade in alb. (*argo-) rrog `alpine meadow (to be guarded)'.

chest, box; esp. a money-box or coffin; also a cell ' (actually ` fastener, shutter ', compare arcnus ` shut, closed; hence silent, secret, confidential '; from Latin derives Gothic etc arka ` boxes, money boxes, ark '; maybe alb. ark ` box, money boxes, ark '. burial cave', Old Prussian arkan Akk. Sg. `ark'), arx ` fortified hill, castle, fort ', arcera `

Latin arce, -re ` to shut in; to keep at a distance, hinder, prevent, keep away ', arca ` a

Old High German arahha, archa ` ark ' and from Germanic again Old Church Slavic raka `

erect, establish; to create, frame ' (constitutes beforehand *trbark- ` to enclose a house, to put up a fence around a house '); Old High German rigil, Middle High German rigel ` latch, bolt ', Middle English rail (Old

canopied chariot ' (suffix after cumera, compare WH. I 63) Oscan trbarakavm ` to build,

English *reogol), Gntert Kalypso 136;

Lithuanian rktas `key', raknti ` to lock, shut '; Murili 50. Note: Note Maybe alb. (*ark-) varg `row, chain, ring'; common prothetic alb. v- before bare initial vowels. Through the meaning little is recommended to citation of cymr. archen ` clothes, shoe ', Hittite ar(k)- ` hold, clamp, to hang (kill s.o. by hanging them) ', Gtze and Pedersen

with metathesis from arc-, Stokes KZ. 41, 381). (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-),

bret. arc'henna ` wear shoes ' (Middle Irish acrann ` shoe, clothes ' probably reconverted About that of W. Foy KZ. 35, 62 as ` castle hill ' interpreted Old pers. mountain names

'), but in addition again Bartholomae Z. altiran. Wb. 105 Anm. 1, 116. ` want, grant '.

arkadri- see Justi IA. 17, 106 (supposedly (H)ara-kadri ` mountain ravine, mountain gorge Against apposition (Bruckner KZ. 45, 108 Anm.) recommends meaning from Slavic raiti

regions. Transf. the god of the lower world; death, realm of the dead ' (uncertain ` lock, seal, shut, trap, close, lock up, shut up, close up '?).

As form mit o-gradation (or at most with or = r) covers Latin Orcus ` Orcus, the infernal

aleqareg egSee also: Similarly aleq- ` refuse, protect ' and areg- (see d.). Page(s): 65-66

References: WP. I 80 f., WH. 62 f., 848.

ar() )Root / lemma: ar()Meaning: to plough Material: Armenian araur ` plow ' (*artrom; Hbschmann Arm. stem I 21); gr. (, ) ` plough, till ', , ` plowman ', ` plow ';

with original vocalization of the 2nd syllable herakl. , gortyn. . etc Tocharian re), or appeared instead of at the same time with the reshuffle many placed after Persson Beitr. 669 an Indo Germanic *aro- besides *ar- ahead (compare

special influence from ` plow up the land anew '.

denominative causatives in - to such in - after in addition basic o- formation, under Latin ar, -re ` to till, plow, farm, cultivate. Transf., to furrow, wrinkle; of ships, to plow

*-a- after arre);

the sea ' (for the older *ar-mi), artor ` ploughman, husbandman ', artrum ` plow ' (-- for Middle Irish airim ` to plough ', cymr. arddu (from *arj-) ` to plough ', arddwr ` plowman ',

(*artrom), cymr. aradr, corn. aradar, Middle Breton arazr, nbret. arar ` plow '; Middle Irish airem (*ariom), Gen. aireman ` plowman ', also PN Airem-n; Gothic arjan, Old Norse erja, Old English Old Saxon erian, Old High German erran,

Middle Irish ar n. ` arable land ', cymr. ar f. ds., Middle Irish ar-n ` bread ', arathar

Middle High German ern ` to plough, till ', Old Norse arr ` plow ', Old High German art ` acquiesce ' about Modern High German Art), Middle High German arl, Modern High

furrowed land ', Old English ear, ier f. ` furrowed land, yield ' (see also under *ar- ` yield, *arGerman Arl, Arling `plow' (from loanword from Slavic *ordlo? genuinely Germanic after Lithuanian ari, rti `to plough', rklas (*ar-tlom) ` plow ', arkls ` horse ' (as ` a plow

Meringer IF. 17, 121);

animal '); artjas ` tiller, plowman ' (*ar-tia-), Old Prussian artoys ` tiller ' (with secondary Latvian ar'u ` to plough ', ara, re ` arable land '; Lithuanian armen ` superficially furrowed Maybe alb. ara ` arable land '. zero grade Lithuanian or ` ploughing time ', compare gr. Hes.),

layer of earth ';

d lom: Lithuanianrklas), rataj ` plowman '; about Slavic *ora- s. Trautmannn 13;
h

Old Church Slavic orj, orati `to plough'; ralo (serb. rlo, poln. rado) `plow' (*ar()toch AB re `plow'. concerning this pertains: ar( ar()u-:

plowed, plowed land ', esp. arvum ` plowed land, a field; in gen., a region ', Umbrian arvam-en `in plowed land' (= Latin fem. arvas A. Pl.), ar(u)via ` crops, field crops ';

Armenian haravunk` ` arable land ' (Scheftelowitz BB. 29, 58), Latin arvus, -a, -um `

Middle Irish arbor (*arur) ` grain ', Dat. arbaim, Gen. (already Old Irish) arbe (*aruens), Pl. N. A. arbanna (r/n-stem: Stokes KZ. 37, 254, Pedersen KG. I 63, II 106; therefrom airmnech ` the man who owns a lot of grain ', Corrnac's Gl., with -mn- = -vn-, Stokes KZ.

38, 458); (common alb. Celtic -v- > -b-), gr. ` arable land ' (formally not yet clearly; compare Middle Irish arbor. Unglauhhaft Otrbski KZ. 66, 78). probably after Benveniste Norns 113 from *-F, extension of -F from *aro-ur,

abret. Middle Breton eru, nbret. ero ` furrow ' belong against it to Old High German ero ` likewise *eru- as a basis), however, have taken over like the use for farmed field of one *ar()uo-. earth ', gr. , Armenian erkir ` earth ' (for the latter supposes Pedersen KZ. 38, 197

Through its old e- divergence cymr. erw f. ` field ', Pl. erwi, er-wydd, corn. erw, ereu ds.,

with the plow in indo Germanic primeval times.

From the lack of Aryan correspondences may not be closed against the acquaintance

References: WP. I 78 f., WH. I 69, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 362, 683. ground open '? Page(s): 62-63 lemma: arioRoot / lemma: ario-? Note: erAfter Specht KZ. 68, 42 furthermore to root *er- (er-5) ` disjoint, sever ' as ` tear the er
2

Meaning: master, lord

* * *

arioar(a)reRoot / lemma: ario-? : master, lord, derived from Root / lemma: ar-1 , themat. (a)re-, and rank, noblest'.

schwere Basis ar-, r- und i-Basis (a)r-, ri- : to move, pass: gr. ` best in birth ar rri-

Material: Old Indic ar(i)y- ` mister, convivial ', r(i)ya- ` Aryan ', ryaka ` venerable man '; Avestan airy, Old pers. ariya- ` Aryan '; gall. PN. Ario-mnus (GIL, III 4594); Irish aire (gl. primas) besides airech, where is to be

formed *arjo- and *arjako-, which to Old Indic ryaka behaves as gr. `youth' to Old here, but from ro + r ` king of kings '.

Indic maryak- `male' (Pedersen Celtic Gr. II 100). Against it belongs Middle Irish ruire not About Old Indic aryamn n. ` hospitality ', m. ` guest's friend ', Avestan airyaman-,

npers. rmn ` guest ', see above under al-1. al-

most distinguished, the noblest ', thus would have to be attached indeed an Proto Norse highbred, exclusive ' and an Indo Germanic *ario-, in the Old Indic phonetically with a *arjaR ` posh, lofty, noble, plush, gentle, kingly, polite, courtly, elegant, genteel, stately,

W. Krause (rune inscriptions 539) should read properly Proto Norse arjostR N. Pl. ` the

derivative from ar- ` alien, stranger ' would have collapsed.

*Hario-. Also Old Irish aire, airech ` suitor ' are ambiguous, see above under al-1. alMaybe Arrianes Illyrian TN. References: WP. I 80. Page(s): 67 ar(a)rear r riRoot / lemma: ar-1 , themat. (a)re-, heavy basis ar-, r- and i-basis (a)r-, riNote: pass' Meaning: to move, pass
* * * * * *

Celto-Germanic PN Ario-vistus however, proves nothing, because Ario- could stand for

ar(a)rear r riRoot / lemma: ar-1 , themat. (a)re-, heavy basis ar-, r- and i-Basis (a)r-, ri- : `to move, and Root / lemma: er-3 : or- : r- : `to move *stir, animate, fight, struggle, rise; to spring up, er- orbe born' derived from the same root Root / lemma: er-1, or- : `eagle'. er- orMaterial: In e- grade: shoulder of animals ', y-eriurel ` fit; blend in; fit on; suit; adapt; key; tune; adjust; ) E.-M. 74 determine because of Armenian eri ` horses hock or point of shoulder,
*

accommodate; readjust; bring into line; mate ' posit a basic form *er- . But Armenian eri

Trautmann 242. In a- grade:

derives after Liden Ml. Pedersen 88 f. back to Indo Germanic *rito-, *riti ! compare

Hittite: ara- n. ' wealth, welfare, well-being, happiness, prosperity, fortune, right, propriety ', c. ' friend ' (Tischler 50). Avestan arnte ` they settle, get stuck ', Old Indic ar- ` wheel spoke ', aram, lam

Adv. (rakar-, alakar ` prepare; get ready; make up; get up; dress; trim; prink ' and ` be in service; serve; do one's service; accommodate; be of service; be of help; be of use ', for what probably r-t- ` servant; manservant; valet; servitor; follower ' and r-tsuitable, enough '; Avestan arm ` suitable, accordingly ' (arm-piw ` midday ' = ` the

` willing; eager; prompt; ungrudging; unhesitating ', Avestan riti ` compliant, servant ') ` time suitable for the meal ', next to which ra-piw ds. With zero grade ra- besides *ara-,

` period (of time) ' (common primary meaning possibly ` the act of arranging something

from what arm Adv., Bartholomae Airan. Wb. 189, 1509), ratu- m., ` judge, arbitrator ' and

(arp-) ` to arrange, situate, put down '? compare Couvreur 114 f.;

puts, fixed, clamps, cleats, affixes, appends, fastens, fixates, fortifies'; about Hittite ar-apArmenian anem ` produce; do; make; cook; render; cause; proffer; offer; hold out;

(neatly) ', from which ` the act of arranging the law ' and ` right time '); Old Indic ar-p-yati `

volunteer; give; contract; fix; put; matter; get; have; take; win; pull down; put down ', whereof yarem ` add, subjoin, splice ' (Bugge KZ. 32, 21), ar ` bad; poor; unsavory; unsavoury; poorly; inferior; unsatisfactory; low; stale; foul; hard; lamentable; y-ar ` , I consent, conjoin, continue, press so ' (arar ` has done, has made ' = gr. ),

decayed; wrong; faulty; amiss; maladjusted; uneasy; evil; unkind; wicked; corrupt; gr. , Perf. ` join together ', ` annexed, appended, attached,

off; unhealthy; chronic; ill; sick ' with negative [= o] ` not suitable ' (Bugge aaO. 23); appendaged, suitable ', ` wife ' (probably after Brugmann IF. 28, 293, Schwyzer Gr.

Gr. I 434 here with prefix *o-, barely to root*ser- or root *uer-, -F); in addition also - Pind., - ` limb, member, joint (wrist, ankle) ', ` connection; connexion; contact; touch; liaison; tie; splice; affiliation; junction;

` have close relations with '; also ` chats confidentially '; - ` ironclad, armoured ',

conjunction; coupling; communication; link-up; interconnection; link; line; combination; association; incorporation; compound; relation; relationship; marriage; wedding; society; union; juncture, friendship ', ` joins, unites, unifies, combines, conjunct, collective '; with t- suffixes homer. --- ` housewife ' (` the woman in charge of the

house '), Aeolic Hes.; ` Hades as the one who locks the gate(s) to the redress, compensate for, equalize, balance, make up for, make good, give satisfaction ',

underworld ' (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 451, 5); - in ` even out, ease, reconcile, settle, ` It suits me, I like it ', , ` come to an agreement, come to an agreement with somebody; make oneself inclined, reconcile ', common gr.-Illyrian ks- > -ss-; ` ability; competence; efficiency ', ` better ' (in respect probably stands - ` very much, very ' in compounds, wherewith Reuter KZ. 31, 594a 1 also Old Indic ari-grt-, -tut- as ` keenly praised ' would like to compare; uncertain because of

gr. - ` very much, very ' see Boisacq s. v., above S. 24 Anm.); ` better, best ', ` left, on the left '.

pledge ', ` to meet '; after Birt Philol. 87, 376 f. was actually ` companion, the blind person who goes with his leader '. Miklosich EWb. 100, Berneker 31, 532). From Slavic perhaps poln. ko-jarzy ` attach, connect, combine, remember ' (e.g.

With lengthening - ` appealing well, complacent ', ` husband; hostage,

Maybe alb. kujtoj ` attach, remind, remember ' an early Slavic loanword. About maybe related gr. , Lithuanian ir s. 4. ar ` now, thus '. figura `a form, shape, figure'). Van Windekens BSL. 41, 56, Duchesne-Guillemin in the same place 173. t-formations: rt-, art- ` joint together '. artOldenberg GGN. 1915, 167-180; not ` sacrifice; victim; oblation; offering '), rtna ` rite ', Avestan arta-, rta- n., Old pers. arta- (in compound) ` law, right, holy right '; Avestan Old Indic rt- n. ` suitable, right ', rtm n. ` well attached, holy order ' (to meaning see Tocharian A rwar, rwer, rwar ` ready ', rm, ere ` face ' (compare Latin

Indic rtu- ` certain time, order, rule ', rt- f. ` kind, way ' (to ours root after Kluge PBrB. 9, appoints, destines, firmly assigned '; 193; see also Meringer IF. 17, 125, B. Geiger WZKM. 41, 107), Avestan aipi-rta- `

aa- under, ` what is sure, true ', Old Indic rtvan(t)- ` proper, fair ', Avestan avan/t/-; Old

` structure, construction, ornament ' (Hbschmann Arm. Gr. I 423, Bugge KZ. 32, 3), z-ard `apparatus, ornament '; ard ` just now, now, currently ' (= gr. ) (Bartholomae Stud. II 23, Bugge aaO., Meillet Esquisse 36), ardar ` fair, just, right ' (Hbschmann Arm. stem I

Armenian ard, Gen. -u (= gr. , Latin artus, -s, compare also on top Old Indic rtu-)

21, Arm. Gr. I 423; Persson Beitr. 636 a 2 considers for it also Indo Germanic d ; compare Avestan ardra- ` faithful, reliably, loyal to belief, pious, godly ' and the other undermentioned d - derivatives), ardiun `struttura (Pedersen KZ. 40, 210);
h h

concurring, coincidental '), - ` connect oneself to somebody, accompany ' (due to healthy feet ', - ` able-minded, with sharp mind, with a sturdy mind ' (presumably also in ` butcher, slaughterer; murderer ', whereof ` slaughter, cut up, divide ', after J. Schmidt Krit. 83 f. from *- or at most * ` workmanlike cutting ', compare Old Indic rta-n- ` justly leading ', rta-yuj ` properly harnessed '); probably also ` fresh and healthy ', probably dissimilated from *- to ` with a wellbuilt body '; ` just ' of the present and the most recent past (compare above Armenian ard ` just now, now ' and ard-a-cin ` newborn ' as gr. -; morphologically not yet ` plays rightly or oddly ', ` finishes, prepares ', Hes., ` hostile ', ` prepares '; quite clear, perhaps Locative); - ` exact, just ', ` adequate, just, complete ', *-); ti-stem in -F (`well versed in word structure '), -() ` with

gr. `(at the same time) simultaneous ' (Instr. *- ` joint together,

Argos, Epidauros, Thera.

` joins, prepares ', , , title of a public servant or official of Latin artus ` narrow, tight (in space and time), close; 'somnus', fast, sound; of supplies,

, (= Latin artus `narrow, tight') Hes., ,

small, meager; of circumstances, difficult, distressing ' (Adv. art, originally instrumental as occupation, profession. (3) concrete, in plur., works of art. (4) conduct, character, method of acting; 'bonae artes', good qualities ' (actually ` articulation, assemblage, pack a gift properly ' = Middle High German art), in addition the compounds in-ers ` unsophisticated, ); ars, -tis ` skill, method, technique; 'ex arte', according to the rules of art. (2) an

sluggish, untrained, unskillful; inactive, lazy, idle, calm; cowardly; ineffective, dull, insipid ', soll-ers ` clever, skilful ', allers, alers ` taught, learned '; arti, -ire ` insert tightly, wedge, crowd, join fast, press together ' (more recently artre); artus, -s ` the joints; 'dolor time, a moment, crisis; in gen., a part, division, point '; Lithuanian art ` near ' (Lok. ti-stem); sincere', einrd ` reliability; dependability; trustworthiness; sureness; steadiness '; Middle High German art f. ` kind, manner and way ', Old Norse ein-arr ` simple,

artuum', gout; poet., limbs ', articulus ` in the body, a small joint; in plants, a knob, knot; of

Tocharian ar(t)kye ` rich, valuabe ' (?). m-formations: A. From the light basis ar-. arArmenian y-armar ` suitable, adequate ' (Bugge KZ. 32, 21); adapts, orders ', ` connection, alliance, regularity, harmony '), ` chariot ' Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 306; farther Lithuanian by Boisacq 79), ` assigned food, provisions '; Latin arma, -rum ` defensive arms, armor, weapons of war; hence war, soldiers, gr. ` seam, assemblage, joint ', ` just, recently ' ( ` connect, join,

(about these words see Sommer Gr. Lautst. 133, Meillet BSL. 28, c.-r. 21 f. [*arsmo-?],

military power; protection, defense;in gen. tools, equipment ', armentum ` herd of horses or cattle, cattle for plowing '. Hence sounds in Old Norse jrmuni ` bovine animal, horse ' and the PN Gothic

Thuringia ', Old Norse jrmungrund ` the wide earth ' = Old English eormengrund, Old High German irmindeot, Old Saxon Irmin-sl, and in the short form Herminones. However, Brckner KZ. 45, 107 rightly challenges, that ` cattle, horses ' is the original and ` large ' out of it derived meaning and decides vice versa for ` large, serene' a starting point because of Slavic ramn ` immense, strong, violent, sudden ' (from here Lithuanian ` shot up ' to *er-, *or- (orior etc; compare formal ), not as ` sturdy, stout, well built, massive ' belongs to *ar- ` to join, connect '. Old Church Slavic jarm ` yoke ' (e.g. Miklosich EWb. 100, Berneker 31), sloven.

Ermenrch; the same first part to the name from a little bit big also e.g. in Ermunduri ` great

*Armana-reiks, Old English Eormenrc, Old Icelandic Jrmunrekr, Middle High German

ermas ` immense , monstrous ', Latvian rms ` monkey, clown, strange appearance '?), as

Slavic remen, serb. rmn etc ` strap '; Specht Dekl. 149 f. Tocharian yarm, AB yrm ` measure '. . From the heavy base r-mo-: r-mo- ` arm '. mo- mo-

jrmen ` yoke strap, strap '; with zero grade initial sound and themat. vowel: Old Church

elbow ',

artus `joints') = Avestan rm- ` arm ', osset. rm ` cupped hand ', lm-rn, rm-rn `

Old Indic rm- `arm, shoulder' (originally ` shoulder joint ', compare , Latin

Latin armus ` shoulder or shoulder-blade; also, of an animal, the side, the uppermost part

of the upper arm, scapula ' (from *ar//mos), gall. aram ` bifurcation, point of separation ', Lithuanian rmd (`gout ', i.e.:) ` gout in the joints ', irm-liga ` gout, arthritis ' (see

(Wartburg I 119, Jud by Howald-r Rm. Schweiz 374 ff.), Old Prussian irmo f. ` arm ', Trautmann Old Prussian 347);

zero grade Lithuanian em. Pl. tant. arma ` Vorderarm am Wagen ' (ibd.), Old Church rm. armukn ` elbow ' (Hbschmann Arm. Stud. I 21). Root form r-, r-: r-

Slavic ramo, ram, serb. rme `shoulder', Gothic arms, Old High German etc arm ` arm ',

accompanied by the putting on top of each other or layers of the pieces to be counted), valid, legal ', rati ` a reckoning, account, consideration, calculation; a reason, motive,

Latin reor, rr ` to think, suppose, judge ' (the most primitive metering and counting is

participle ratus ` in the opinion, sense ', but also ` determined, settled; calculated, certain, ground; a plan, scheme, system; reasonableness, method, order; a theory, doctrine,

science; the reasoning faculty '; after EM. 793 here (pr)porti from portine =pr ratine; High German Hundert (*raa n. ` number ' = Latin rtum `to ratify, confirm, make valid'; s. gerad (only from numbers divisible by 2; different from gerad = straight ahead), with new bill, account ', Old Saxon rethia ` account ', Old High German radja, redea ` account,
4 4

Gothic *garajan (only participle garaana) ` to count ', Old Norse hundra, Modern

Fick III 336); Old High German girad ` even (only from numbers) ', Modern High German ablaut Old Norse t-rr actually ` count after tens ' (Fick III 336); Gothic raj ` number, speech and answer, story ', Old Frisian birethia ` accuse ', Old Saxon rethin, Old High
11

`a reckoning, numbering, casting up, account, calculation, computation' e.g. Kluge

German red(i)n ` talk ' (determines the precise correspondence from raj with Latin ratio s. v. `

speech ' to the assumption of borrowing Germanic words under influence from garaian; root *ra-[garajan]).

more properly Falk-Torp 886 raj to determine as primary -in-derivative from Germanic Whether here also Old Norse r ` row, line, series, chain, range, string, tier, battery, file,

turn, run, procession, rank, order, progression, number, set, bank, esp. increment lining along the shore ', Middle Low German rat f. ` row, line, series, chain, range, string, tier,

337; ` row; line; series; chain; range; string; tier; battery; file; turn; run; procession; rank; order; progression; number; set; bank ' as ` added on each other, stratified '?).

Middle High German Middle Low German rm ` aim, purpose, target ' our *r-maybe suit as ` to arrange in one's mind, calculate ', if, besides, this (the previous newer proves) Subst. rm must have been as formation with formants-mo- starting point. rrd -extension r-d -, r-d -, r-d -: which has luck; contents, wins somebody ', rdhayati ` manages, gives satisfaction ', rdha- m., rdha n. ` blessing, success, relief, gift, generosity '; Maybe alb. radha `row', radhit `count'. for oneself, making oneself available, willingness (in religious regard) ', Old pers. rdiy Old Indic rdhnti, rdhyati ` prepares (suitably), manages; gets, succeeds, with
h h h h

Old High German rmen ` strive for something, strive, aim ', Old Saxon rmon `strive ',

Avestan raiti ` makes ready ', ra- m. ` social welfare worker ', rdah- n. ` appropriate (Lok. Sg.) ` weigh ' (compare Old Church Slavic radi see below), npers. ryad, rstan ` decorate; adorn; bedeck; trim; attire; array; drape; gild; emblazon; embellish '; Old Irish imm-rdim ` considers, thinks over ', cmr. amraud ` suppose, think, mean ', ncymr.

mcymr. adrawd ` tell ' and Gothic rdjan, Old Norse ra ` talk ' (compare further also
h

amrawdd ` conversation ' with ders. meaning as Old Irish no-ridiu, no-rdim ` says, tells ',

kaus.-iter. *rd ei ); Gothic gardan ` whereupon be judicious, take precautions ', urrdan High German rtan ` advise, confer, contemplate, plan, incite, indicate (riddle), request, to ` judge, determine ' (compare to meaning esp. Latin rr), undrdan ` procure, grant ', Old

placed above Modern High German Rede, reden; no-ridiu and rdjan, like Slavic raditi,

look after something, procure, provide, get ', Old Saxon rdan, Old Norse ra, Old

means, council, piece of advice, advisement, decision, intention, precaution, stock, supply ', similarly Old Saxon rd, Old Norse rd, Old English rd; Old Church Slavic raditi ` take fend; ensure; insure ' (serb. rdm, rditi ` work, strive ', rad ` business, work '; see neglect (of duty?) ', sloven. rdim, rditi ` provide, take care '.
h

English rdan (latter also ` read ', engl. read), Subst. Old High German rt m. ` available

care; be accustomed; look after; care for; be in the habit; tend; provide; supply; cater; Uhlenbeck KZ. 40, 558 f.), radi ` weigh ', next to which *rd - in Old Church Slavic nerod ` Maybe (*rd) alb. Geg rand `heavy (weight)', randonj `weigh'. aor. ra `fall, strike' [nasalized form], , re `care, attention', roje `guard', ruanj `to guard'.

battery, file, turn, run, procession, rank, order, progression, number, set, bank '? (Fick III

Root form (a)r-, ri- (see Person root extension 102, 162, 232; Beitr. 741): ricountless ', Arcadian `, select; choice; exquisite ', Hes.; Latin rtus, -s ` conventional kind of the religion practise, usage, ceremony, rite, manner ', ' (Lok. one beside r-tu-s lying conservative stem *r-t-); Gr. (if not neologism, see above S. 56), `number', `

rte ` in due form, after the right religious use, with proper ceremonies, properly, fitly, rightly

Norse rm n. ` reckoning, calculation ', Old Saxon unrm ` immense number' ', Old English rm n. `number', Old High German rm m. ` row, order, number ' (the meaning ` verse,
01

Old Irish rm `number', ram (*ad-ri-m) ds., do-rmu ` counts ', cymr. rhif `number', Old

from French rime, which has derived from rythmus).

rhyme ' from Old Norse and Middle High German rm probably after Kluge

s. v. Reim

Wood a 226 must be added as root noun meaning ` stacked up goods, piled-up possessions '.
x

Maybe also *ri- ` thing ' (Latin rs `a thing, object, matter, affair, circumstance' etc) after

meaning ` having stacked up property '.

h

Maybe is to be added also *ri- ` thing ' (Latin rs etc.) to Wood ax 226 as a root noun

In addition probably as d -extension ri-d - (compare above r-d - besides r-): riNorse g-reir ` ready, easy, clear ', greia ` disentangle, order, arrange, manage, pay, Gothic garais ` arranged, certain ', raidjan, garaidjan ` prescribe, determine ', Old
h h

disburse, remit ', Middle High German reiten ` get everything set up, prepare, arrange,

count, calculate, pay ', reite, gereite, bereite, Old High German bireiti ` ready ', antreit ` Quite doubtfully is not borrowed by Persson aaO. considered affiliation from Old

series, ordo ', Latvian riedu, rizt ` order ', raids ` raring, ready ', ridi, ridas ` device, clamp '.

Church Slavic ordije ` apparatus, instrumentum ' (from Old High German runti `

row ', Latvian rida ` row, number '. On condition of that these continue Indo Germanic d, following kin in: ` put on a fabric ', . , not d (*re-n-d-), one adds (e.g. Fick I 527, Pedersen aaO., see also EM. 711) thus the
4 h

message ', see Pedersen concentration camp. 38, 310), red 'order', Lithuanian rnda `

Hes.,

Latin rdior, -r, rsus sum (from weaver's language, Bral MSL. 5, 440) ` to begin a web, begin a web, lay the warp, prepare to weave ', redrdior ` to take apart, unweave, unravel lay the warp, begin, commence, make a beginning, set about, undertake ', exrdior ` to

order, usual, regular, ordinary', Linde Glotta 3, 170 f.; differently Gl. 5, 316), the connection needed then also by the weaving mill, to (Persson root extension 26, Thurneysen Thes. vocalism. under artus, -s), so would be justified vowel from *or-d-ei as a causative iterative agrees with ar- `put; place; fix; formulate; ordain; decree', which would have been

', rdo, -inis `a series, line, row, order' (also Umbrian urnasier seems to be = ordinariis `of

ar- with the same application to the weaving mill are to be added: Latin arnea, -eus ` spider '?

Is even more doubtful, from after Reichelt KZ. 46, 318 as k-extensions of the bases ar-,

Maybe alb. (*arnea) arnoj `to repair, mend, sew, weave', arn `patch, piece of fabric' from Gr. ` spider ', Latin arneus ` of a spider; n. as subst. a cobweb ', arnea, -eus `

spider ' (*ar-k-sn; the word ending to *sn- ` to spin; weave, interweave, produce by

spinning ' as ` a net spinner, a woman, a girl (or a spider) that spins a net '?); supposedly

Hes. (see also Boisacq 79), wherefore after (for spinning)' (which can stand for *arkuls). Lidn IF. 18, 507 f. puts it better to shrubs with branches usable against lichen. arquerkSee also: S. unten arqu- and erk-. Page(s): 55-61

in addition (Walter KZ. 12, 377, Curtius KZ. 13, 398) gr. ` net ',

Bezzenberger BB. 21, 295 Latvian er'kuls ` spindle; a bunch of oakum, a wad of oakum Slavic *orkyta, serb. rkita ` red pasture ' and Latvian rcis, gr. ` juniper ' as

References: WP. I 69 ff., WH. I 69, 70, Trautmann 13 f.

arerRoot / lemma: ar-2 or erMeaning: to distribute Grammatical information: with Indo Germanic nu-present

Material: Avestan ar- (present rnav-, rnv-, preterit Pass. rnv) ` grant, allow to be ` allotment (of sacrifices ), offering ' (Bartholomae Altiran. Wb. 184 f.);

given; do guarantee ', with us- and fr `( as an allotment) suspend and assign ', frrta- n.

allot to myself, I assign to myself, I allocate to myself, I appropriate to myself ' compare Old Indic dlmi ` give ': dat ` to take something, to accept something '; also in:) gr. ` acquires, tries to reach, conceives, acquire esp. as a price or wage ',

Armenian anum ` I take ', Aor. a (Hbschmann Arm. Gr. I 420; meaning from medial ` I

durative compared with ` acquire, win ', Aor. v, ; , (Aesch.);

` potboiler, day laborer, wageworker ', n. ` usefulness, profit, use ' Hittite ar-nu-mi ` I bring ' (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 696) belongs probably rather than a

causative to 3. er- ` start to move '.

Hittite: (ar-nu-zi) arnuzi ` take there, bring here'. The full grade vocalisms of the root guaranteeing forms are absent. Page(s): 61 References: WP. I 76 f.

Meaning: nut Material:

arRoot / lemma: ar-3 i- iNote: (extends by -i-, -i-, -u-)

accepts Specht Dekl. 62. In o- grade:

nut, hazelnut ', Old Prussian buccareisis ` beechnut ' (see Trautmann Old Prussian 314)

walnut-tree ', For the relation to Lithuanian reutas, ruouts ` hazelnut ', Latvian rieksts `

G. Meyer Alb. Wb. 17 combines gr. H v Hes., alb. arr f. `

In a- grade:

Page(s): 61

References: WP. I 77.

Old Church Slavic orch ` nut '.

Meaning: to refuse; to lie Material: Gr. (*-F-) ` refuses ', , ` refusing, denying Note: (with n- formant)

Root / lemma: ar-5 ar-

everything ', Hes.;

Pedersen KZ. 33, 542 Anm. 2). Is even more doubtful whether Armenian uranam ` denies References: WP. I 78, Meillet BSL. 26, 19, Esquisse 111, 142. Page(s): 62 everything, refuses ', urast ` denial ' would be used (with ur- from r-).

alb. rrm ` false ', rrm, rrn ` lie ', nrrj (from *rrnj) ` denies everything ' (rr from rn;

r- rSee also: see also r-, r- `reden, rufen'.

aroRoot / lemma: aro-m (*her hel ) er-, elMeaning: reed Material: Gr. n. ` bistort, kind of reed ', - ` therefrom a small kind '; Latin harund `a reed; meton., for an object made of reed, a fishing rod; limed twigs for

catching birds; a pen; the shaft of an arrow, or the arrow itself; a shepherd's pipe; a flute; a weaver's comb; a plaything for children, a hobby-horse'; to formation compare hirund `a swallow' and nebrundines : `the kidneys'. Note:

Maybe alb. (*ghalandus) dalndyshe `a swallow' : Latin harundo -inis f. `a reed; meton., for an object made of reed, a fishing rod; limed twigs for catching birds' : hirundo -inis, f. `swallow'. Common Latin gh- > h- : alb. gh- > d-.

Similar phonetic setting alb. dimn `winter' : Latin hiemo -are `to winter, spend the winter' [see Root / lemma: hei-2 : hi- : `winter; snow' heihiLatin and alb. prove that the original Root / lemma: aro-m : `reed' was (*her hel-). Only aro er-, elLatin, alb. and gr. have preserved the old laryngeal -. There is no doubt that from Illyrian-alb.- Latin (*harundinis ) dalndyshe `a swallow' `to call, cry' derived Root / lemma: aro-m : `reed' (*her where r/l allophones. aro er-)

[common alb. h- > d-] derived gr. `swallow', therefore from Root / lemma: ghel- : ghelFrom Persson De orig. gerundii 59 added Latin arista ` the beard of an ear of grain;

to be Etruscan (see Herbig IF. 37, 171, 178). From Mediterranean language? Page(s): 68 References: WP. I 79, WH. I 635 f.

because of his suggesting to genista f. ` the broom-plant ' suffix strongly to the suspicion

hence the ear itself; also a harvest ', aristis ` holcus, a green vegetable ' is defeated

ard- ard dRoot / lemma: ard-, ard-

Meaning: a kind of waterbird

ardea `a heron' ds. (*ard-), Old Norse arta, Old Swedish rta ` teal ', Demin. Old Norse ertla, Norwegian erle ` wagtail ', serb. rda ` stork ' (*rd).

Material: Gr. , ` heron ' ( folk etymology in ending after -), Latin

Maybe truncated alb. (*) rosa, ros `duck', rika `duckling, duck', Rumanian (*rada) Note: Note ra `duck'.

Page(s): 68

References: WP. I 146 f., WH. I 64.

ard- ard dard-, ard- : (a kind of waterbird) [common rhotacism n > r]

Alb. and Rumanian prove that from Root / lemma: ant- : (duck) derived Root / lemma: ant t-

Meaning: smth. bent

arquRoot / lemma: arqu-

Material: Latin arcus, -s (stem is in -qu- from, compare Old Latin Gen. arqu, further

icteric, yellowed as if from jaundice, jaundice, relating to jaundice; m. as subst., a sufferer from jaundice ', probably actually ` rainbow-colored, green and yellow looking ' (compare Thes.); arcutus also ` arched-shaped, bow-shaped, supported by arches, covered

argues, arquitenns) ` a bow, arch, arc; esp. the rainbow ', arqutus, arcutus (morbus) `

(carriage) '; Umbrian arclataf ` a round cake; acc.pl. ', wherefore v. Planta I 341, Gtze IF. 41, 91 (*arkelo- with loss of the labialisation); Gothic arazna f. ` dart, arrow ' (ara-zna, compare hlaiwazna), Old Norse r (Gen. rvar) f. ` dart, arrow ', Old English earh f. ds. (engl. arrow), Germanic *arhv.

Maybe alb. hark `bow' [alb. is the only IE tongue that has preserved the old laryngeal -] serb. rokita etc ` a kind of willow tree ', where *arqta (Miklosich EWb. 226, Torbjrnsson For the basic approach arqu- (and not arqu-) would speak russ. rakta, Czech rokyta,

BB. 20, 140) forms the basis, and gr. ` juniper ', which word with with all berry '.

likelyhood concerning this is to be drawn Lidn IF. 18, 507; in addition ` juniper

Indeed, Lidn takes relationship with gr. `net' (see Bezzenberger BB. 21, 285) in for what one compares under ar-1, S. 61. arAnother connection for gr. and russ. rakta etc seeks Endzelin KZ. 44, 59 ff.,

which more properly compares Latvian rcis, cis (*rcis) ` juniper ';

further rcties ` torment oneself, grieve, straiten ', rcea ` a very quarrelsome person '; erktis ` a thorn plant ' corresponding as regards the root of the word form; gr. - then Latvian rk(k')is ` thorn shrub ' would be to Endzelin mixture from *erks and Lithuanian

would have to contain zero grade from *er-. S. under erk-. erkPage(s): 67-68 References: WP. I 81, WH. I 64, EM. 69.

Meaning: intestines

Root / lemma: aru (*heru) heru he

bowels '); . Hes. is Latin loanword Note:

intestinal fat '? (compare Old High German mitta-garni ` recumbent fat in the middle of the

Material: Gr. f. ` bowel ', Latin arvna f. ` grease, fat, lard, bacon ', originally `

heru : herhorlemma: aru (*heru): `intestines' derived from Root / lemma: her-5, hor-n : `bowels'. he This discovery might shed light on the origin of the old larygeals in PIE. Page(s): 68 References: WP. I 182, II 353, WH. I 71.

Gr. (*horua) , alb. (*horna) zorr `bowel' [common alb. h- > z-] prove that Root /

Meaning: ` bones ' Page(s): 69

ast(h)Root / lemma: ast(h)-

ost(h)See also: s. ost(h)-.

Meaning: over, etc.

atoRoot / lemma: ati, ato-

Note: compare to the meaning question esp. Brugmann Grdr. II , 844 f. the colouring of
2

gives no good reason before, Balto-Slavic, Germanic (and Aryan) forms can be attributed to Indo Germanic *o-, by the book - following rules in a (very) strict way just because it would be a textbook example of ablaut to e- formed from *eti bildete. With eti (see there) at least equality meaning and exchange existed in the use. Is ati reduction grade to eti? Material: Old Indic ti `about- onto (adnominal m. Akk.), exceedingly, very much ' (Adv. and preverb), Avestan aiti-, Old pers. atiy- ds. Adv. (as 1. compound part and preverb

the beginning vowel stands firm through Latin-Celtic (Greek) as Indo Germanic a-, and it

Aryan ati can also represent Indo Germanic *eti.

(before i- ` go ' as ` go by, pass by ' and bar- ` carry, bear ' as ` bring over again, to carry ');

avus, at-nepos (not in apprm , see Skutsch AflL. 12, 213).

but, you may say ' from increasing - to opposing ` beyond it ', what latter meaning in at-

unexplained). Latin at ` but, yet, moreover; sometimes introducing an imaginary objection,

623, KVG. 616; by connection with , Gothic sundr, the Attic it remained kind of

Gr. presumably in - ` however ' (compare from ; Brugmann-Thumb

Gall. ate- (from *ati-) in Ategntus (= Middle Breton (h)aznat, nbret. anat ` acquainted, known ') , abrit. Ate-cotti ` the very old ', Old Irish aith-, preceding ad- ` against, un- ', mcymr. at-, ncymr. ad-, ed- (Belege e.g. by Fick II 8, Pedersen KG. II 292);
4

compare gall. ATENOVX (name of 2th half month), Thurneysen ZcP. 20, 358?

here as *ate-ko-n probably Middle Irish athach n. ` a certain time ', cymr. adeg m. ds., Gothic -an ` but, however ' (very doubtful is against it derivation from Gothic Old

well! ').

= gr. ; differently, but barely appropriate Holthausen IF. 17, 458: = gr. , Latin age ` go! Lithuanian at-, ata-, more recently also ati-, in nominal compound at- ` back, off, away,
2

Saxon ak, Old English ac ` however ', Old High German oh ` but, however ' from *a- + ke

Baltic at-, Trautmann 46);

from, up ' (see Brugmann Grundr. II 2, 844 f.), Old Prussian et-, at- (probably only from Old Church Slavic ot-, ot ` away, since, ex, from ', adnominal m. d. Gen.-bl.,

introduces Meillet t. 155 f. back to gen.-ablative *atos (in front of, before; in return for; forms -tos); Indo Germanic *ati (and *eti) would be in addition Lok.; both remain very

because of, from = Old Indic ata ` thenceforth '? rather Pron.-stem *e- with ablat. Adv.-

unsafe.

and it is doubtful about whether one may see in ablative *atd a kind of o-stem formation. Old Prussian attolis, Lithuanian atlas, Latvian atls, atals ` grommet ' speaking for Indo ending *apo, *upo): Germanic older short vocalized form Lithuanian at- = Indo Germanic *ato- (compare to Old Irish do-, to- prefix `to' with (Indo Germanic?) zero grade of anl. vowels (Meillet In the Slavic the form on long vowel is formed further in russ. etc. otva ` grommet ', as

The double aspect Lithuanian ata-: at- reminds in pa-: p (see *apo), (see *apo),

(Skok by Pokorny Urill. 50).

aaO., Stokes BB. 29, 171, Pedersen KG. II 74), probably also Illyrian to-, alb. te ` to, by '

References: WP. I 42 f., WH. I 75, 421 f., 863.

Page(s): 70-71 at- *atno atnoRoot / lemma: at-, *atno Meaning: to go; year Note: Gr. `year' : Latin annus `year' (*atnos ) `year' : Old Indic hyana- `yearly', hyan- m. etet Root / lemma: uet- : `year' [prothetic u- before bare initial vowels] derived from Root / heihi- hei-men- heimnlemma: hei-2, hi-, hei-men-, *heimn- : `winter; snow'. n. `year' prove that Root / lemma: en-2 : `year' : Root / lemma: at-, *atno : `to go; year' : enat- *atno atno-

Material: Old Indic tati ` goes, walks, wanders '. Moreover Latin annus `year' from *atnos (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-) = Gothic Dat. Pl. anam `year'. development like with Germanic *jram `year' to i- ` go '). compare Fick I 338, W. Meyer KZ. 28, 164, Froehde BB. 16, 196 f. (meaning
2

Maybe alb. Geg (*ant) vajt, Tosc vete, vajti aor. `to go', (*iti) viti `go around, year, all year Latin has followed alb.s t > nt > n, clearly Latin annus ` year ' derived from Old Indic Note: Note (*antanti) tati]

around' [common alb. prothetic v- before initial bare vowels - proof of ancient laryngeal .

Etruscan follows alb.s Etruscan Avil : year, Avilxva :yearly // derivated from Avil, by : Avil adding a adjectival suffix -xva xva. xva Oscan-Umbrian corresponds akno- `year, festival time, sacrificial time ' (with -tn- to -kn-,

Brugmann IF. 17, 492). Received the word is durable in compounds Latin perennis ` the perennitas -atis f. `duration, perpetuity', perenno -are `to last many years'.], sollennis ` whole year; continuously ' [perennis -e `lasting throughout the year; durable, perennial',

festive, annual, customary, returning or celebrated annually, solemn, ceremonial,

13, 23 ff., after omnis?); Umbrian sev-acni-, per-acni- `sollennis', Subst. ` victim, sacrifice, sacrificial offering '. References: WP. I 42 f., WH. I 51, 847.

ritualistic; usual ' (additional form sollemnis absolutely analogical results; Thurneysen AflL.

Page(s): 69

augh- ughRoot / lemma: augh-, ughMeaning: nape

gr. ` nape, throat, straits '.

Material: Charpentier KZ. 46, 42 places together Old Indic uh f. ` neck ' (only Pl.) and

In uh before lies diminutive suffix -ih-, gr. -- . The beginning is *ugh-s-n-gh the

compared with here Armenian awj ` throat ', awji-k ` cervical collar '; Aeolic ` 296; about gr. : Cypriot ` laurel ' better WH. I 775 f. (compare above S. 43 References: WP. I 25, Adontz Ml. Boisacq 10. and Hoffmann Gr. Dial. II 500, Meister Gr. Dial. I 120).

first gh is reduced being produced by dissimilation. To *ugh-s-no stands *augh-en- in gr.

nape, neck ', Aeolic ds. must be separated therefrom, in spite of Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I

Page(s): 87

augRoot / lemma: aug-

Meaning: to glance, see, dawn

Note: Note Probably Root / lemma: aug- : ` to glance, see, dawn ' derived from Root / lemma: aues- : ` augeses to shine; gold, dawn, aurora etc.'. ` shining very much '; Material: Gr. ` shine, ray, daylight; eye ', ` shines, illuminates; sees ', alb. agj ` dawns ', agume ` aurora, morning, dawn ' (see Persson Beitr. 369); It seems Albanian cognate has wrong etymology. aarma ` dawn, daybreak'. Maybe Basque N egunsenti : Estonian : N agu : Albanian : N agu, agim : Turkish : N Turkish V gn aarmak : alb. agon : ` to dawn ' Turkish N gne : Basque eguzki N ` sun '.

Estonian N aeg : Turkish N gn, gndz, dnem, zaman : Basque egun ` day ' from also Slavic iug ` south ' (Fick KZ. 20, 168), russ. uin, uina? Probably wrong etymology since Slavic iug `south' : alb. jug `south' must have derived ieueu lemma: iieu-2, ieu-, ieu-g- : to tie together, yoke from Latin iugum -i n. `a yoke' - a constellation in the southern night skies. see Root /

Page(s): 87

References: WP. I 25.

Root / lemma: au1

Meaning: interjection of pain

Page(s): 71

References: WH. I 78.

astonishment, surprise), poln. au, Czech ounder

High German au, Latvian a, u (disyllabic au, avu with displeasure, refusal,

Material: Old Indic o, Latin au `Oh! ', Old English a, Middle High German ou(w), Modern

lemma: aues- auRoot / lemma: au-2, au-es-, au-s-

Meaning: to spend the night, sleep the night, night's rest, station '.

Material: Armenian aganim `spends the night ', vair-ag ` living in the country ', aut ` spend Gr. ` sleeps ' from redupl. *i-aus, Aor. -, next to which unredupl. Aor. ,

Inf. F(); , - ` place of residence, camp, stable, night's lodging ', ` is in the court, spends the night ', ` spending the night outside ', ` court, the cattle is rounded up for the nighttime '); from comes except ` Night's lodging ', courtyard, dwelling ' (originally probably ` the fenced in space around the house in which

` sheep stable ', ` place of residence ' (: hom. ` have his

rest accommodation ') also gr. actually ` rest, rest station ', therefore the solstices (different Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 15, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I, 424 , s. also en- ` year '). A heavy base *au-, *au- probably to be added hom. (from Schulze
5

as resting places in the course of the sun (solstitium), then ` year, solstice, anniversary '

Qunder ep. 72 directly to put under formal comparison from (F) : from *F) and (Sappho), (Kallimachos) `' (Benfey Wzl.-Lex. I 298), wherefore Old English wrig, engl. weary, Old Saxon wrag, wrig ` tired, weary ', Old au- ` strive oneself, exert '.

High German wuorag ` inebriates '; about Old Indic vyati ` gets tired '; see however, root

Page(s): 72

eses See also: ber ues- `verweilen' see below besonderem Artikel.

References: WP. I 19 f. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 690.

au-louheuRoot / lemma: au-lo-s (: u-l-) [*heu-l-] heu Meaning: tube, hole, *street

Material: Gr. m. ` pipe flute, long cavity ', - m. ` riverbed ', m. f. ` mountain valley, gulch, ditch, canal, strait '; Old Church Slavic ulj, Lithuanian auls and secondarily avils ` beehive ', originally the

cavity in the tree in which the swarm settles; Note: Note

[probably Old Church Slavic avils ` beehive ' < vauls; but prothetic v- before bare initial > ua alb. Tosc (*hau-lo-) huall, Geg huell, hoje Pl. ` beehive, cavity ' = Latin alvus '

vowels has been attested in Illyrian, alb. and Slavic tongues; maybe through metathesis au beehive, cavity' [common alb. shift l > j], alb. holl `narrow, thin', alb. is the only language Slavic cognates.

to have preserved the old laryngeal -. Clearly the Latin cognate derived from Illyrian and From (*halvus, alhwus) Latin alvus `beehive, cavity' derived Rumanian albin `bee', Greek -hw- > -b-.

Portuguese abelha `bee', Spanish abeja `bee', French abeille `bee' [common Italic and Old Church Slavic ulica f. ` street, - in a built-up area - hollow, ravine, gorge, narrow pass ', Lithuanian alas f., Old Prussian aulinis ` bootleg ', Old Prussian aulis ` shinbone '.

Maybe zero grade in alb. Tosc udh ull 'road, street' [the common alb.-Illyrian-Latin -dh- > -ll-, -d- > -l- shift] Maybe Root / lemma: au-lo-s (: u-l-) : `tube, hole, *street' derived from Root / lemma: au-louArmenian u, ui ` way ' and (compare the meaning ` belly ' from Latin alvus) yi `

ueh- : `to move, carry, drive' [common alb. -h- > -d-]

pregnant ' (with ablaut , Pedersen KZ. 39, 459; derivatives uarkem and ylem ` send in ') );
*

---------------------ula, ul ` wheel hub '? (would be the ` tubularly hole ' in which the axis is inserted; Liden IF. 19, 321). ---------------------angelica silvestris ', Old Norse (huann-) jli ` the hollow stems of angelica archangelica ', Torp 474 and 1492 under jol and from Schroeder to Germanic ablaut 58 f. likewise boat name jolle `dinghy'). New Norwegian aul, aule and (with Indo Germanic u- as a high step to au-) jl ` *) Armenian word with the ablaut grade Indo Germanic . from with the same Latvian

both plants call in Norway also slke, whose basic meaning likewise ` tube, pipe ' is (Falk-

a ship, beehive ', alveus ` a hollow, cavity, trough; hence boat; also the hold of a ship; bathtub; bed of a stream; beehive; gaming-table ', although time and limitation of the metathesis are still totally unclear (see Thurneysen IF. 21, 177, Sommer Hdb. 78). References: WP. I 25 f., WH. I 34 f., different Banateanu REtlE 1, 122. Page(s): 88-89
2

Here with Latin metathesis of aul- to alu- also alvus m. f. ` belly, womb, stomach; hold of

Meaning: from, away, of

Root / lemma: au-3 (aue); uau- au Material: Old Indic va ` from, down ', mostly prefix from verbs and Subst., rarely

starting point of the movement came to the consciousness) ` whereupon to, to what, near ' preposition m. Akk. ` there, there in '; therefrom Old Indic vara- `inferior' and Avestan (e.g. avabar- ` to take there, carry away ' and ` to take there, procure, supply, get '), also

preposition m. Abl., Avestan ap. ava prefix ` down' and (while more the purpose than the

aor ` after, below, down ' (after par extended from avar);

Indic Gr. I 54);

Indic - e.g. in -ga- ` single, pathetic ' (: ga- ` troop, multitude '; Wackernagel Old gr. - probably in , Hes. (Schulze Qunder ep. 60);

down ', whereof avastd ` under '; without auslaut vowel (compare Avestan ao-r) Old

Avestan avar Adv. ` below, down '= Old Indic avr RV. I 133, 7; Old Indic av (avs) `

49, 273);

Illyrian au- ` (of motion), towards, to (a person or place), at ' in proper names? (Krahe IF.

escape';

remove' (= Avestan va-bharati, Avestan ava-bar-), aufugi `to flee away, run away, gall. au-tagis `?' (Vendryes BSL. 25, 36);

Latin au- ` away , off, gone ' in aufer `to take away, bear off, carry off, withdraw,

recently o `if', o preposition `from';

Old Irish perhaps , a ` from, with, by ', as a preposition m. dat., acymr. hou, more

nonsensical '), Old Church Slavic u prefix ` away, from ', e.g. u-myti ` to give a wash, wash away ' (u-bati ` flee from '), as preposition m. Gen. ` from ' (with verbs of the desire, receive, take) and, with fading of the concept of the starting point, ` by, from ';

Old Prussian Lithuanian Latvian au- ` away, from ' (e.g. Latvian au-manis ` not- sensical,

maybe alb. particle of passive u `by, from' used before verbs in passive voice. Hittite preverb u- (we-, wa-) ` here ', a-wa-an ` away ' (Sturtevant Lg. 7, 1 ff.). auja- (N. Sg. *aueis or *aus) ` desolate, leave ' (*`remote '), auida ` desert ', Old High German di, Modern High German de, Old Norse aur ` desolate '; Old Irish athad ` item, particular, sort '. - goes to the frightening wilderness, wilderness also Middle Irish thereof with t-forms aut(i)o-: gr. ` unavailingly, in vain ', ds. and Gothic aut(i)o-

ath ` fright, terrible ' (are to be kept away cymr. uthr ` terrible ', corn. uth, euth, bret. euz ` quake at, tremble ' everything rather than sure, see pou- ` fear '. pou-

fright ')? At least is their connection with Latin pavre ` to quake with fear, panic; transit. to Beside aut(i)o- steht perhaps changing through ablaut u-to- in alb. hut ` in vain, blank, to-

vainly ', ue-to- (see unten *u-) in gr. ` not free of charge, not without reason ', to (F by Homer) ` in vain, without success, pointless '. Maybe truncated alb. (*hot) kot ` in vain, without success, pointless '; alb. is the only IE language to preserve the old laryngeal - > k-. to combine *u- with *au- probably under *aue-: *u

off); underfed ';

esca), from which back formation vscus ` greedy; fastidiously in food (*merely nibbling

Latin *v- in vscor `to eat, feed on; to use, enjoy' originally ` whereof to eat up ' (:

again alb. eshk `fungus' : Latin esca `food, victuals, esp. as bait'. Prothetic v- added to bare initial vowels is an alb.-Illyrian. v- to indication faulty too much or too little, v-cors ` senseless, mad, moves, treacherous V-jovis, Umbrian ve-purus (Abl. Pl.), wheather `() '. Note: Note Also in alb. v- to indication faulty too much or too little: alb. vshtir `difficult, hard' from (v- shtir (participle of alb. shtynj `push with difficulty') see Root / lemma: (s)teu-1 : `to (s)teupush, hit'. ', v-grandis ` diminutive, not large, tiny ', vsnus ` mad, insane; of things, furious, wild ',

Attic , more recently (Prellwitz 345, Brugmann IF. 29, 241, BSGW. 1913, 159).
2

uo-: Gr. F- in Arcadian F-, Attic -, , Lesbian - ` open ',

High German West, Old High German westar ` westwards ', Old Norse vestr n. ` westen ', German westana ` from west ' etc (Brugmann IF. 13, 157 ff.; about the explanation of the Wisigothae as ` West-Goths, Visigoths ' s. Kretschmer Gl. 27, 232). Here (after Brugmann aaO.) the initial sound of the word for evening, Indo Germanic Adv. ` in the west , against west ' (*ues-t(e)ro-, compare Old Norse nor-r), Old High

es ues-: With Old Indic avs `down' attached together formant Germanic wes- in Modern es-

uesperos and ueqeros, see there.

there ' as ` on the other side, from there ' is conceivable. Page(s): 72-73 References: WP. I 13 f., WH. I 79, 850, Trautmann 16.

Relationship from Indo Germanic *au-, u- with the Pron.-stem au-, u- ` yonder, over

auRoot / lemma: au-4, u- (: u-, uo-) Meaning: that; other au Material: auo: Old Indic Avestan Old pers. ava- ` that '; Old Church Slavic Old Russian

` one time - the other time ' (from this correlative use only poln. ow corresponds to English deictic "I" and serb. ovaj a deictic word meaning "that", also New Bulgarian -v [*uo-s] developed).

ov- - ov- ` on the one hand - on the other hand which appears - other ', ovogda - ovogda

550 f.

Indo Germanic *e-m `eum') + *um (Akk. Sg. of ours stem u); s. Wackernagel-Debrunner III Tocharian A ok, uk ` still ', A oki ` as, and ', A okk ` up to ', perhaps only *u-g (zero

u-: Old Indic am- (Akk. Sg. amm etc) `that, yonder', arise from Akk. Sg. m. *am (=

grade to Gothic auk); from in addition om(p)ne, omte ` there '?

esp. after verbal forms, Pron. and particles (n ` and not, not ' = n u, ath = atha u), gr. - in - ` even very much ', Gothic -u interrogative particle (also the enclitic -uh from -u-qe, s. Brugmann IF. 33, 173);

Particle Old Indic u ` thus, also, on the other hand, there again, against it ', emphasizing

yonder', Wackernagel-Debrunner III 529, 541.

this u also in Old Indic a-s m. f. `that, yonder', Avestan hu m. f., ap. hauv m. `that,

uta, praty-uta),

- as ', or only in the second part, a little bit opposing ` and, thus ' (nachved. in ity-uta, kim-

Particle Old Indic u-t, in both parts ` on the one hand - on the other hand, soon - soon,

the other hand ', ` as, also '), but hom. `' from + after Debrunner IF. 45, 185 + with additional final inflection;

Avestan uta, ap. ut `and, and also'; gr. ` just as ' from *F() + (originally ` as on

ff.; is formed in addition to ; also , , most probably from , , West Germanic -od in Old Saxon thar-od, Old High German thar-ot ` thither, there ', Old

Saxon her-od, Old High German her-ot ` here ', whereupon also Old Saxon hwarod ` *aute, *auti, see below, would be possible basic form).

whither, where ', Old High German warot ` whither, where ' (from *ute? or from *ut? Also Here Avestan uiti, Gatha-Avestan it ` so ', but not Latin ut and ut, Old Latin utei. Beside u, ut etc. stands with the ablaut grade Indo Germanic au-: au-

after antique grammarians for ` right away, there ', where from ` at the moment,

gr. ` on the other hand, again ', * ` again' (extended to Ionian , gort. ,

straight away ', -`on the spot, here, there ', ` again, thus, further '; Latin aut (*auti) other hand, on the contrary, however ' (to meaning see v. Planta II 465); maybe alb. Geg o `or' from Italian o `or' Umbrian ute, ote `aut'; perhaps Gothic auk ` then, but ', Old Norse auk `also, and', Old also = gr. - ` again '. English ac, Old Saxon k, Old High German ouh ` and, thus, but ', Modern High German Pedersen Pron. dm. 315 supposes gr. suitable form in the initial sound of from ` or', autem ` however ' (to the form see WH. I 87), Oscan aut, auti ` or ' and ` but, on the

- (he) of his own, self '; other interpretations see with Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 613 f.

alb. a-q ` so much'. - Brugmann BSGW. 60, 23 a 2 lines up in gr. - as ` (he) himself Maybe alb. (*aut-) vet `self' [common alb. prothetic v- before bare initial vowels].

` that, that yonder, that one; emphatically, that well-known; in contrast with hic, the former ', ura-ku `ad illam', ures `illis' (orer ose rather with = as = Lithuanian au); perhaps ` here, well, all right, well then (an obsolete interjection meaning "come now") '

With r-forms airan. avar ` here', Lithuanian aur ` see there! ', zero grade Umbrian uru

( after , inschr. after ) from *- ( ` here ' + ` here '), Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 612, 632. u-, uo-: meaning `or' (= ` on the other hand ') esp. in Old Indic v ` or ' (also ` even,

yet; meanwhile; probably, possibly '; also confirming vi), Avestan ap. v ` or ' (particle of the emphasis and assurance), Old Indic Avestan v - v ` either - or ', gr. -(F), (with proclitic emphasis, proclitic stress

for -(F), as yet in the second part of the double question),

Latin -v `or' (also in ceu, sve, seu, nve, neu), also probably Irish n, abret. nou `or' (if Thurneysen Grammar 551;

from *ne-ue ` or not ' ' with fading the negative meaning originally in negative sentences, not more probably after Pedersen KG. I 441 a grown stiff imperative *neue of the verb Irish compare also Old Indic i-v (: va = -: ) ` just as, exactly the same way ', -v ` in

at-ni ` he entrusts with him ', gr. ); Tocharian wa-t ` where'.

vi and v - v as -na- ` this ' to n - n ` in different way ', originally ` thus and thus '; with -v corresponds gr. (F) ` only' (` * just only '), Avestan ava-, Old pers. aiva- `an, one' (compare with no- demonstrative Indo Germanic *oi-no-s ` an, one '). Lithuanian II 3, 987,
2 2

such a way, exactly the same way, just, only ', vm ` so, thus ' (behaves to be confirmed

References: S. esp. Brugmann Dem. 96 f., Grundr. II 2, 341-343, 350, 731 f. m. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 629, 632, 804, Boisacq s. v. , etc WP. I 187 f., WH. I 87, 209, Van Windekens Lexique 78, 80. Page(s): 73-75 auq(h) uq(h) (h)(h)Root / lemma: auq(h)- : uq(h)- and beside it probably as andere lengthened grade Meaning: cooking pot eq(h) ueq(h)eq(h)-

Material: Latin aulla, aula, vulg. lla ` jar, pot ' from *auxl, Demin. auxilla (Faliscan olna in ukh- m., ukh ` pot, saucepan '; Gothic ahns m. (*ukns) ` oven, stove ', with gramm. ending after urna); probably alb. an f. ` vessel ' (from *auqn? Jokl. Stud. 3); Old Indic variation Old Norwegian ogn, Old Swedish oghn ds.

Maybe alb. (*ahna) ena `dish' : Indic AnvA `oven, furnace'.

stove' (after Fick III 29 between, Otir WuS. 5, 217, Gntert Abl. 25 from *u q-ns; not *uqns, s. Boisacq m. Lithuanian), after E. Fraenkel KZ. 63, 202 from *F through dissimilatorischen sound change?? (W. Schulze GGA. In 1897, 908);
e 4

Besides forms with probably only to single-linguistic labial: gr. gr. , older `

Note: Common gr. - celt. -k- > -p-, -g- > -b-. ofnet ` small vessel ', ofen, Old High German ovan, Old Norse ofn ` stove, oven ' (likewise
e

bret. offen f. ` stone trough ' in spite of Loth RC. 43, 410 barely from *upp; Old English

leadable back in *u qnos; beginning u- caused as in wulfa- ` wolf ' the development from in Ofen then must be explained indeed from influence of this sister's form *uhna-).

lv- to -f-, during Gothic etc auhns goes back to Indo Germanic *uq-ns; then the loss of wFrom the assimilated form Old Swedish omn, mundartl. umn `stove' is probably borrowed 137, Meringer IF. 21, 292 ff., Senn Germanic loanword studies, Falk-rp under ovn,

Old Prussian wumpnis `oven', umnode ` bakehouse, oven, kiln, stove '. S. Meillet MSL. 9, weigand herdsman and clever under Ofen.

To the objective see Meringer aaO., Schrader Reallex. 592 f. augSee also: (compare S. 84 f. aug-: ueg-, oldest aueg-) Page(s): 88 References: WP. I 24, WH. I 84, 850, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 258.

ausRoot / lemma: aus-

Meaning: to draw (water), ladle, *shed blood

ausentent Root / lemma: aus- : `to draw (water), ladle' derived from the stem: au//-, auent-: of Root / (e)(e) eded erer lemma: au(e)-9, aued-, auer- : `to flow, to wet; water, etc.'. Material: Gr ` scoops, extracts, takes from ' (simple ), , , , (Spritus asper after the former present tense * from *, Sommer Gr. Lautst. 2 f.) Illyrian -ks- > -ss-;

with zero grade *us- -, - (latter from Aor. ) ` scoops ', common gr.us-

')*[] ` scoops water ', ` vessel for ladling '.

Suidas and ` scoops ', originally *F (: Old Indic vr ` water

` to draw (water), ladle, scoop ', schwb. se ` vessel for ladling '.

Old Norse ausa ` to scoop ', austr ` scoop, backwash, the shocks, wake ', ndd. toesen Lat hauri, -re, haus, haustum ` to draw up, draw out or in; to drink up, absorb,

swallow; to shed blood; to drain, empty a receptacle; in gen., to derive, take in; also to as casual in humerus. 644 .
4

exhaust, weaken, waste ', then also ` slurp, tie, suffers ', poet. ` wounds ', with secondary h

References: WP. I 27 f., WH. I 637, 869, W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 190 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I Page(s): 90 eg- g- aug- ugeg g Root / lemma: aueg-, ug-, aug-, ug-

strongest ') = Avestan ugra- ` strong, hard ' (compounds Sup. aojyah-, aojita-).

Material: Old Indic ugr- `immense' (compounds Sup. jyas-, jiha- ` the stronger one, Latin auge, -re ` to increase, augment, enlarge, spread, extend ', auctor (= Umbrian

ek- aukek ek- ukek Note: with s-forms auek-s-, auk-s-, uek-s-, uk-s-

Meaning: Meaning: to magnify, increase

uhtur) ` a promoter, producer, father, progenitor, author etc', aucti ` an increasing; hence, ' (= Lithuanian augmu ` increase, growth ', Old Indic jmn- m. ` strength '), augur ` a

from the bidding, an auction ', augmen(tum) ` an increase, growth, a kind of sacrificial cake

seer, soothsayer, diviner, augur ' from *augos ` aggrandizement ' (WH. I 83);

add on ', Old High German ouhhn, Old Saxon kian ` increase ', Old English acian ` participle Old English acen, Old Saxon kan ` increased, pregnant ';

Gothic aukan (preterit aauk), auknan ` increase ', ana-, bi-aukan ` to append, subjoin,

increase ', ecan ` increase ', Old Norse auka (preterit jk and aukaa) ` increase ', stem Lithuanian ugu, ugti (lengthened grade) ` increase, grow ', auginu, -nti ` allow to

annual growth ', Latvian adzt, adzint ` gather ', Old Prussian auginnons particle Perf. Akt. ` drawn, pulled ', Old Latvian aukts ` high ' = Latin auctus `to increase, augment, Prussian Aucti-garbin, aucktai-rikijskan ` authority ', aucktimmien ` chief ', enlarge, spread, extend', Latvian agt ` grow ', as also thrak. - ` high ford ', Old next to which with s of -es-stem (see below) Lithuanian uktas, Latvian aksts `high' (:

grow, educate, bring up ', changing through ablaut pa-gti ` grow up ', gis ` growth,

Latin augustus ` consecrated, holy; majestic, dignified '), Old Prussian auck-timmiskan f.

(Akk.) ` authority ', Old Prussian agus ` costive, constipated ' (as ` increasing '), Lithuanian ugumas, Latvian agums ` increase, growth '; es-stem Old Indic jas- n. ` vigorousness, strength ', Avestan aojah-, aogah- (also res

uktas); in addition with s in the verb:

stem aogar) ` vigorousness, strength ', Latin augustus see above (also Lithuanian etc

Common Satem Slavic Illyrian hau- > va- phonetic mutation in: allows to grow ', next to which with the weakest root grade Old Indic ukati ` 'gains Old Indic vkaa-m ` strengthening ', vakyati ` allows to grow ', Avestan vaxaiti `

strength ' (Perf. vavka), Avestan uxyeiti ` grows '; common Old Indic h- > k-

that combined - gradation Perf. whs to the paradigm; see Brugmann IF. 32, 180, 189); auxilium ` help, aid, assistance, support, succor ' (originally Pl. -i ` strengthening, Old Norse vaxa, vexa `grow', Old High German wahsan, Modern High German gr. (F) ` grow, increase ', ` grows '; , ` grow, increase ', Latin

Gothic wahsjan `grow' (= Old Indic vakayati, Indo Germanic Iter.-Kaus. *uoksi; with it

reinforcements ', N. Pl. auxilis ` auxiliary troops, or in gen., military power ');

wachsen, wuchs, wherefore e.g. Gothic wahstus ` accretion, growth, body size ', Old High German wa(h)smo ` growth ' ; Tocharian A oksi ` grows ', A oku, auku ` old '; after Van Windekens Lexique 79 also Here with zero grade ug-: Gothic wkrs m. ` interest ', Old English wcor f. ` progeny, gg

here AB oko ` fruit ', A okar ` plant '; against it Pedersen Tochar. 227.

interest ' (compare gr. in the same meaning), Old High German wuohhar m. ` yield of the ground, fetus, progeny, profit, interest, usury ' (in addition steir. wiech ` extensive, excessive, rich in leaves ' as umlaut?

Greeks gave a wreath of laurels to winners in the Pythian games], race ', originally ` quick, successful, energy ', Oldenberg ZdMG. 50, 443 ff. Page(s): 84-85 References: WP. I 22 f., WH. I 82 f., 850, Feist 67, 541, 572, Pedersen Tochar. 227.

same ablaut Old Indic vja- ` strength, property, wealth, the prize (won in a contest) [The

grade ueg- is covered in Old Irish fr, cymr. gwair ` grass, herbage '; probably with the

A little bit differently Schroeder Abl. 57 f.), there in not with s expanded root form aueg- the

ei- eiei ei Root / lemma: auei- (uei-?) (*ekei-) e eiMeaning: bird, *water bird Note:

k hgh hk- : water, river, derived from zero grade of Root / lemma: hgh- : young of an animal Material: Old Indic v, v m. `bird' (Gen. v, Akk. vim), Avestan v ds. (G. Pl. vaym, vayas- n. ` fowl, bird', vyasa- ` bird, crow '; verbal Avestan -vayeiti ` flies up ' (from Gr. ` eagle ', Attic , , Hes. (*F-); alb. vi-do, vito, vidheze ` dove '; Latin avis f. `bird' (therefrom auca `bird, esp. goose '; or bird; common gr. gh- > h-.

Both Root / lemma: auei- (uei-?) (*hekei-): bird, *water bird : Root / lemma: ak- (*k): ei- eiei ei hek ak he ei- :

also with themat. case from stem vaya-), Middle Persian vi, vyandak `bird', Old Indic divinities), Old Indic vvyat ` flutters '.

Back-formation from Demin. aucella from *avicella; false by WH. I 79) = Umbrian avif Akk. Pl. ` birds ' (aviekate D. Sg. ` the taken auspices ', aviekla ` relating to an augur or augury '); cymr. hwyad, acorn. hoet, bret. houad ` duck ' from *auietos? (Pedersen KG. I 55). to *pu- ` the young, boy ' (Slavic pta ` bird ' etc). References: WP. I 21, WH. 84, 850.

Armenian hav ` bird, cock, hen ' can have indeed suggestion -h, but also as *pu- belong

Page(s): 86

uSee also: In connection with it stand most probably the words for `egg', see below u-.

Meaning: to blow

(e)(e) (o)(o) Root / lemma: au(e)-10, au(o)-, u-

the chaff by throwing of the grains against the wind. (e)(e) Material: I. belong to light root form au(e)-:

Note: Note: in Slavic languages often from the ` throw dice ', i.e. to the cleaning of the grain of

ntGrammatical information: participle u-nt-

a. Gr. (if not late neologism), - (see below II a). b. Mcymr. awy ` violent gust of wind ', acorn. awit ` air ' (*aueido-);

weather, bad weather ', Old High German wetar ` weather, scent, free air, wind (of weather) ';

c. ue-d ro- presumably in Old Norse ver n. `wind, air, weather', Old Saxon wedar n. ` ror
h

animals)' and Old Church Slavic vedro ` cheerful weather ', vedr ` jovial, merry (from the u-d- perhaps in gr. ` fragrant '; in u-d - correlates Persson Beitr. 664 doubting d. r-, l- derivatives: gr. ` aerial breath, draft ' (places light root form au- ahead, as
h

still , , Hes.).

, , Wetter, see below); but , Gen. ` smoke, fog, air ' stays away, see below uer- ` bind, hang up '. erer aria `air'. Also Albanian ajr : Furlan ajar : Latvian rija : Maltese arja : Sardinian Campidanesu iri; Gr. , Aeolic ` storm ' (*F-); cymr. awen ` inspiration ', awel f. ` wind,

breath ', acorn. auhel `aura, heaven, breeze ', mcorn. awel ` weather ', brit. loanword 125 Old Irish oal ` mouth ' from *auel.

Middle Irish ahl (h hiatus sign), aial ` wind, breath '. According to Thurneysen Grammar e. au-et- in gr. Hes., Et. M., (contracted from et-

) ` vapour, smoke, smoke ', with zero grade, but analogical absorption of -: ` breath, draft of the bellows, the wind, smell, hot aura of the fire ', ds. II. belong to heavy root form: from *dj-) Hes. (that in perhaps prothetic; from light root form come gr. Hes.; maybe alb. (**u-nts vesh `strike, blow, hit'. * nts) stretch in compound); besides the participle *u-nt- ` blowing ' (Old Indic vnt-, gr. Akk. ntcymr. gwynt ` wind ', wherefore Latin ventilre `(*expose to a draught, brandish, fan), wheat) from the chaff ', winiskar ` throw shovel ' (Germanic , next to which with ` sharp blowing ', ` adverse blowing ', ` excessive blowing ' with ) stand *u-nto-s ` wind ' in Latin ventus, Gothic etc winds, Old High German wint, ntoa. u-, u-: Old Indic vti, Avestan viti ` blows ', gr. ds., Cypriot (read with u-

oscillate, vibrate', ventilbrum ` throw shovel ', Gothic diswinjan ` separate the grain (the gramm. variation d in:) Old High German wintn ` winnow, fan ', winta, wintscvala `

winnowing shovel ', Old English windwian ` to expose to the hoist, winnow, fan ' (engl.

winnow); Tocharian A want, yente ` wind '. (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, nt- > -nn-). About Hittite hu-u-wa-an-te-e (h(u)uante) ` hoist ' (?) see Forrer by Feist 565, places the n
4

Couvreur 119 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 680 .

word as ` (hurrying) clouds ' to hu-wa-a-i ` runs, flees ', which also belongs here; see i

Hes. (delivers ; see also Bechtel KZ. 46, 374); is based on such zero grade n- present, but in meaning `blow', thus Old Prussian wins `air', Akk. winnen `weather'? (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

and from *F ` clean the grains by shaking up of the chaff, sieves ', F

n- present: gr. from *F-- (compare to the formation Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 694)

` blow '; Old Indic vyu-, Avestan vyu ` blow, wind, air '.

vvnica, poln. wiejaczka ` winnowing shovel, a winnowing-fan '); nominal: Lithuanian vjas For root-like value of -i- leads the sound grade *u- to the following words in which give

Old Church Slavic vj, vjet `blow' and ` winnow, fan ' (therefrom russ. vjalo, sloven.

out' ', Gothic waan waw, Old English wwan, Old High German wjan, wen ` blow ',

io-present (or from root form *ui- ?): Old Indic vyati ` blows ', Avestan fravyeiti ` goes

space, however, partly to other views: Old Church Slavic vijal, vijalica ` storm, weather ', covered, covered with snow ', Czech vti (*vjati) ` blow ' (only Slavic developments from vortonigem vj-?); r.-Church Slavic vichr (*uisuro-) ` whirlwind ' (in any case, at first to russ. vichat ` and probably as ` whirl, swing in the circle ' to *ueis- ` turn '); compare really Lithuanian vtra ` storm ' - urges to caution);
1

russ. vjlica ` snow flurry ' (also vjlica!), vjuga ` blizzard, snowstorm ', zavjt ` snow-

shake, move ', vichljat ` toss, fling ', s. Brugmann Grundr. II 1049, Pedersen IF. 5, 70,

Lithuanian vdra, vidras ` gale ' (see Leskien Bild. 438; in Lithuanian very rare forms -dra hom. , , from breathing out or letting out the vitality (to last b. au-d-: Old High German wzan, wiaz, Middle High German wzen ` blow, exhale,

meaning Bechtel Lexil 21 f.), gr. root F-; mcymr. awy s. 82 above.

breathes ' from *F- (rather, however, gr. neologism of after other verbs in -);

inflate ', wz ` gust of wind ', Lithuanian vdnti ` ventilate, cool '; at most gr. `

presumably also (from *au-d-ro-) Lithuanian udra m. ` storm ', n. ` thunderstorm ', Old ds. compare Persson Beitr. 11.
h

Prussian wydra ` blow '. About Old Indic d ar n. ` chillness, cold ', Avestan ar, aota c. u-lo- perhaps in Latin vltus ` scattered, dissipated, fan away, winnow thoroughly', lo-

German wla m. n. ` fans ' (if not from *w-la, see below)?

whence vlbra `something winnowing the grain' (Paul. Fest. 68, 3) and in Old High d. u-s-: Old Indic vsa-, vsaka- ` fragrance ', vsayati ` fills with fragrance ',

become aerial ', vs ` chill air, coolness ', vsus ` chilly, aerial '.

waas ` white frost, ripe, smell, fragrance ', Lithuanian vstu, vsti ` cool off, become chill or e. t- further formations: Old Indic vta-, Avestan vt ` blow ', Old Indic vtula- (see

savsita- ` makes stinking '; isl. vs ` frigid aura ', vsa ` exhale, blow, breathe ', Dutch

(also ` mad; crack-brained; demented; mind-boggling; insane; crazy; unbalanced '; in addition also perhaps gr. ` sacrilegious, outrageous, wanton, wicked ' after ytu- ` spook, ghost '); Brugmann BSGW. 1901, 94; in spite of ds. not after Bechtel Lexil. 15 to Old Indic Latin vannus ` winnowing-fan ' (from *uat-n-s, compare the Demin. vatillum originally ` a winnowing-fan ', also Modern High German Wanne); (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). Old Norse vl, vli ` whisk, tail ' (about syncopated *vela- from *vaila-), Old High small winnowing shovel '; from Latin comes Old High German wanna, Old English fann `

below), gr. ` blowing, wind ', ` windy, aerial ' = Old Indic vtula ` windy '

wadaln ` sweep in a curve, rove ' (proto Germanic *wala-, Indo Germanic *u-tlo-), Old poor ' (proto Germanic *wla-), next to which Old High German walln ` wander, gad English waol ` wandering ', wdla ` beggar, poor ', wdl ` poverty ', wdlian ` beg, be

German wedil ds.; Old High German wadal ` tail, fan ', Adj. ` wandering, fickle, beggar ',

rove; stray; migrate; hike; walk; ramble; tramp ' (from *wl-ja-n); Old High German storm', Old Church Slavic vtr `air, blow', Old Prussian wetro `blow'; Lithuanian vtyti `winnow, fan'. About Old Indic p-vjayati `make (fire / embers) blaze by blowing air onto (it / them)' wla ` fans ' (from *w-la- or *w-la-, see above); Lithuanian vtra ` storm', thunder -

about, pilgrimages ', Old English weallian ` wander; roam; travel; journey; drift; float;

(composed from Pini as Kaus. to v-) see Wackernagel KZ. 43, 292.

Maybe alb. vatra, vatr `hearth, (place where one blows the fire)' Maybe here gr. (see au-11 ` strive oneself ') as ` gasp, pant, wheeze '? Page(s): 81-84 References: WP. I 220 f., Feist 565 a, Trautmann 345, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 680.

(e)(e) eded erer u Root / lemma: au(e)-9, aued-, auer- (* a ue > aue-) Meaning: to flow, to wet; water, etc. Note:
1 2

The origin of labialized Old laryngeals: common Armenian Celtic *ue- > gw- > g-. auentent entent Material: a) (* auent-) au//-, auent-: Note: The following mutations have taken place: Root: ak- > aku//-, akuent- > au//-, auent-: (Gard), Avisio portus (Alpes-mar.);
2 2

Hisp. FlN (* avo Avo[s] > span. Ave, PN A[v]o-briga; gall. FlN Aveda > prov. Avze avo-) avo Old Indic (* avo avat- m. `fountains, wells' (*auntos), ava- `cistern, tank' (with avo-) avo
2

Aventia (Etrurian), gall. Aventia, spring nymph of Aventicum > French Avenches

prakrit. from t), Italian FlN Avns in Sabine land (therefrom Aventnus m. hill of Rome?),

(Schweiz), numerous FlN Avantia (*aunti) > French Avance, La Vence, abrit. *Avants > (*auontos) ` sources, wellspring, spring '. b) (* aued-) aued-, aud-, d-; aueded ed- auded Note:
2

cymr. Ewenni; (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-),Old Lithuanian FlN Avant, Latvian avuts

The zero grade of Root / lemma: ak- `water, river' has been suffixed in nasalized -(n)dor, ak -(n)tor: *(a)ku//-, *(a)kuentor, *(a)uentor) >*(a)ued-, (a)ued-, (a)ud-, d-: heteroklit. r/n-stem udr, udr (Nom. Sg.), udn(i) (Lok.Sg.), udns (Gen. Sg.) ` water ', dr, udn(i) udns n Old Indic dat ` the soaking, the flowing ', dman- n. ` the waves, floods ', da-n-m `
2

compare J. Schmidt Pl. 172 ft., Pedersen KZ. 32, 240 ff., Bartholomae PBrB. 41, 273. mash boiled in milk ', Avestan (* auod-)aoa- m. ` wellspring, fount '. auodod

vaii- f. ` water run, irrigation canal '.

Old Indic (* aunatti-)untti (*u-n-ed-ti), 3. Pl. undti ` soaked, moistened '; Avestan aunattinatti Old Indic udn(i) Lok., udn Gen., ud Nom. Akk. Pl. ` water ' (Nom. Akk. Sg. udak2

m); from r-stem derived samudra- ` sea ', anudra- ` waterless ' (= gr. );
2

` otter ' (= gr. , Old High German etc ottar, compare also Latin lutra and with Lithuanian dra, Old Church Slavic vydra ds.); Maybe nasalized alb. (*lutra) lundra ` otter' a Latin loanword uisce (*udeskio-) ` water '; Note:

(* audro-)udro-s ` water animal ': Old Indic udr- ` a water animal ' = Avestan udra- m. audro- udro dro udro-

from -(e)s (e)s-stem Old Indic (*utsa-) utsa- ` spring, well ', compare Old Irish (*udeskio-)

The followings have taken place: zero grade in arm: (a)kuent- > guet, zero grade in Slavic (a)ueda- > voda, zero grade in Phrygian (a)kuedu > [common Greek g> b, k> p]: Armenian (*gwet) get ` river ' (basic form *ued, Sandhi form to uedr, compare under

Einl. 225).

Slavic voda; it corresponds also Phrygian `water', i.e. *ved from *ued, Kretschmer

Maybe alb. (*guet) det `sea' : Armenian get ` river ' common alb. gu- > d-. Note: Note Maybe Phrygian `water' : nasalized Illyrian Bindus `water god' [common Illyrian gu- > b-]. The origin of labialized Old laryngeals: common Armenian Celtic *ue- > gw- > g- ; gw- > b- Illyrian Greek. ` waterless ', , ` water snake ', f. ` otter ', , ` = lak. : ), ` dropsy ', ` water bucket ' (: Latin uter); from n r ' (?),epithet of Amphitrite and Thetis (Johansson Beitr. 117; watery ' ( ds. with suffix exchange; similarly ` water snake, ichneumon ' : Gr. , (*-n-) `water' (with metr. elongation ); from r-stem derived n

stem (compare ` watery ') derived actually ` sea wave, wave, the billow

from also ` truffle ' as ` juicy '??), as well as probably -, - (-), , - (see Boisacq 998 a)? es-stem `water' is only late poet. Nom. Akk. to Dat. . es ks- > -ss-. Maked. PN from *uedesi, Kretschmer RIEt Balc. 1, 383. common gr.-Illyrian Alb. uj `water' (after Pedersen KZ. 34, 286; 36, 339 not from *ud-ni, but from *ud-; or,

nevertheless, from *ud?).

The shift -dn- > nj > j of possibly alb. (*udna-h) uj, ujna Pl. ` water ' has also been attested in alb. shtynj, shtyj `poke, push' (*studni); see Root / lemma: (s)teu-1 : `to push, hit' (s)teuLuwian wida- `watery' wida-

D-LPl -i-da-an-za: 45 ii 6.

See Watkins, Flex. u. Wortbild. 376. Cf. perh. witam[ ] at KBo XXIX 37,4. Contra Starke, StBoT 31.567f, witi, wita and witaz are Hittite!

present; compare Old Prussian (*gwundan) wundan n., unds m. `water' and Old Indic untti, undti as well as Lithuanian (*gwandu) vandu, -es, vnden, em. unduo,
2

Latin unda, f. ` water, fluid, esp. a wave; fig. a stream of people ' (with n- infix from the

283, Trautmann 337); uter, utris ` hose, tube ' (*udri-s `* water hose ', compare gr. ), r r lutra ` otter ' (l- after lutum ` mud, mire, dirt; clay, puddle '). Umbrian utur n. `water' (= ), Abl. une (*udni). n (`water dogs '). Note: genitive intervocalic -i- vowel. i Old Irish u(i)-sce : alb. (*u-i-) uj-, uj-i `water' : Luwian -i-ta-an-ta-al-li-an `of the water(s)' Gothic wat (n-stem), Dat. Pl. watnam `water'; Old Swedish vtur ( = Indo Old Irish u(i)sce `water' (*udeskio-), odar ` brown ' (*udaros), coin fodorne ` otters '

Latvian dens m. f. `water', and in addition Schulze EN. 243, Brugmann Grdr. II 3, 281, n

Germanic e? rather umlaut from Germanic a in the -in- case, see Bartolomae aaO.),

Old Icelandic vatn n. (takes o-stem, compare Gothic Dat. Pl. watnam), vatr, nord. sea `water';

name Vttern; Old High German wazzar, Old Saxon watar, Old English wter (*uodr) Old Icelandic otr, Old English otor, Old High German ottar m. `otter, water snake', in

addition FlN Otter, old Uterna; with nasalization within the word (compare above to Latin Old Saxon wintar ` winter ' as ` wet season ' (Lidn PBrB. 15, 522, Falk-rp under vinter; not better to Irish find ` white ', see below sueid- ` shine '); eid eidperhaps to Wasser also Old High German Old English wascan, Old Icelandic vaska, unda) probably Gothic wintrus, Old Icelandic vetr, Old English winter, Old High German

shaped from Old Icelandic vtr, Old English wt, engl. wet ` wet, soaked '.

Modern High German waschen, wusch (*wat-sk-); with lengthened grade of the root

thia, ia, Old English y, Old High German undea ` wave, billow, flood ', like from a root of the type Old Indic yakr-t. variant *uet-, however, it is found nowhere else; Johansson Beitr. 117 f. sees therein the t Lithuanian vandu etc (see above); Lithuanian dra, Old Prussian udro f., East

ur, Pl. unnir ` wave ', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old Saxon

In Germanic also with Old English waum m. ` wave ', zero grade Old Icelandic unnr,

Lithuanian dras, Latvian dris m. ` otter '; Old Church Slavic vydra, Serbo-Croatian vdra (Balto Slavic d- : Lithuanian vnd-eni; see finally Trautmann 334 m. Lithuanian; to compare Pedersen t. Lithuanian 54 f.); Maybe alb. vidra `sea otter' Slavic loanword. Germanic -[r]); lengthened grade Old Church Slavic vdro `, ' (with attuning well in the meaning, s. Meillet MSL. 14, 342, Trautmann 337); Hittite wa-a-tar (*wtar ) `water', Gen. -te-na-a (e-grade as Phrygian , a of Nom. Old Church Slavic voda `water' (become Fem. because of the ending -a, here for Indo

from e?). Nom. Pl. u-wi-ta-ar, with unsettled vocalism in spite of Pedersen Hittite 167. Note:

The origin of labialized Old laryngeals as in: Hittite uek-, uk- ` adjure ' : Tocharian A wak f., wek `voice' common Armenian Celtic Illyrian *ue- > gw- > g- [see Root / lemma: uek- : to speak]. ek ek

Therefore the original Hittite root was as in Genitive Gen. -te-na-a `of water' (*-tena-a) which became the zero grade wa-a-tar (*wtar ) `water'. 2).
2

c) (* auer-) auer- ` water, rain, river ' (ur- : r-; to the ablaut Persson Beitr. 604, Anm. auerer erer

iran. Avestan vr ` to rain ', med. ` allow to rain, let rain '), Old Indic vr f. `water', Avestan vairi- m. `sea'; Truncated Tocharian (*wtar ) A wr, war `water'; Armenian gay ` marsh, mud ' (*u rio-); Note: The origin of labialized Old laryngeals: common Armenian Celtic Illyrian *ue- > gw- > g-. gr. perhaps in ` scoops ', if *F [] (see *aus- ` scoop, draw water, ladle '); participle); Note: The origin of labialized Old laryngeals: common Armenian Celtic Illyrian *ue- > gw- > g-. alb. hur-d, hurdh ` pond, tank, marsh ' (*r-), shur ` urine ', shurr (*surna) (postverbal) f. ` urine ' (prefix sh from Latin ex or Indo Germanic *sm + r-n; or + gr. ?); alb. (after Jokl SBAk. Wien 168 I 30, 89, 97) (*gvrnd) vrnd ` light rain ' (nte

1. ur-, uer-: Old Indic vr, vri n. `water', Avestan vr n. `rain' (with themat. inflection r- err er

Note: ote Albanian preserved the old laryngeal - > s- like satem languages alb. (*srna) shurra ` alb. preserved - laryngeal like centum languages. cymr. gwer m. ` suet, sebaceous, tallow '; Note: urine ' : Hittite ehur ` urine ' : Latin rna ` urine '. But in alb. hur-d ` pond, tank, marsh '

The origin of labialized Old laryngeals: common Armenian Celtic Illyrian *ue- > gw- > g-. Maybe zero grade (* auer- > *uer-) in cymr. gwer m. ` suet, sebaceous, tallow ' : auerer er uerArmenian (our) ` water ' : alb. (*ur) uj ` water '. Old Norse vari m. ` liquid, water '. rnor, -r ` to dive ', rntor ` a diver '; 2. (* auer-) r-, auer-: Latin rna ` urine ' (in which meaning influenced by ?), auer- rer erer
2 2

Maybe alb. urela `water-pit' : Basque ura `water'. Old Norse r `fine rain', yra ` to rain subtly ', rigr ` dew-covered', Old English rig ds.; rohso, Latin loanword rus ` a kind of wild ox ', Swedish Dialectal ure ` randy bull, a bull perhaps Old Norse rr, Gen. rar (u-stem), Old English r, Old High German ro,

in heat ' (`*one that scatters, drops, one that inseminates ' as Old Indic vran- etc, see below); root form (* auer-) auer- in thrak. FlN , gr. (Persson IF. 35, 199) * `water, auerer erer
2

spring ' in ` without water, of brooks ' (about gr. and compare Schwyzer Gr.Gr. I 267, 444);

Hrault, Vi-aurus > French Le Viaur; Old Prussian Aure, Lithuanian Aur-yt; Old Norse aurigr ` wet ', aurr ` wet, water ', FlN Aura, Old English ar ` sea '; Old Prussian wurs (*ras) `pond, pool', irin Akk. Sg., iuriay Pl. fem. `sea', Old Latvian

> French Eure, Aurana > Modern High German Ohrn (Wrttemb.), Ar-auris > French

in FlN: Italian Met-aurus (Bruttium), Pisaurus (Umbrien), gall. Avara > French Avre, Aura

jri- m., Latvian j'ra, Lithuanian jrs, jrios Pl. fem. `sea, esp. the Baltic Sea ' (see above to Latin rna; j- presumably suggestion after J. Schmidt PL 204); Lithuanian jaurs ` swampy, marshy ', jura, juras `marshy place, marshy ground,

swamp bottom' from *eur- (see Berneker IF. 10, 162, Trautmann 335 m. Lithuanian). whirlpools ', atvyrs ` counterstream on the shore ', Latvian verdu, virt ` soak, bubble, boil, 3. Verbum: Lithuanian vrdu, vrti ` bubble, surge, cook ', versm ` wellspring ', vrius `

cook ', atvars ` whirl ',

Old Church Slavic vrj, vrti ` stream, bubble, surge, boil, cook ', vir ` whirlpool ', izvor ` wellspring (bubbling water) ', wherefore with from ` cook ' developed meaning ` heat ', Latvian wersme ` glow ', Old Church Slavic var ` heat '.
e e e e

About possible affiliation of *uer/ /n ` alder ' see there. er/ /n ' (varati ` it is raining '), gr. ` urine '; , ` dew ', Ionian Attic ` '; 4. extension (* auers-) uer-s- ` rain, dew ': Old Indic var- n. ` rain, rainy season, year auers- erers er
2

urinates ' (kausativ *uorsei, F- proved by the augmentation ), ` a water bird

Hittite wa-ar-a-a `rain'(?)seems an Old Indic loanword.

Middle Irish (*gwrass) frass `rain' is older fross (uros-t, in spite of Pedersen KG. I 44); Maybe alb. (*var-) vesa `dew' : (*everse) ` dew'.

man, stallion '.

(* aursen-) ursen- ` discharging semen = virile ', Old Indic vrn- `virile', m. ` manikin, aursen- senrsen sen thereof derived Avestan varna- `virile', Old Indic vra-, vrabh- `bull', vri- `virile', m. Specht (Dekl. 156) places here (from Germanic *gwrai-njan-) without s-extension Old
2

`Aries, ram' (= Avestan varni- ds.), vraa- m. ` testicles ';

Old High German wrenno ` stallion ' is back-borrowed from Middle Latin (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). rother, cattle'.

High German reineo ` stallion ', Old Saxon wrnio ds., Old English wrne ` horny, lustful ';

ers/i uers/i-: Latin (*gverrs) verrs, -is `boar', Lithuanian veris `calf', Latvian versis `ox, ers/i-

References: compare in general Persson root extension 47, 85 f., Johansson KZ. 30, 418, Finnish vesi, stem vete `water' s. Mikkola Ml. van Ginneken 137. Trautmann 20, 334, 337, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 519, 548, 838. Page(s): 78-81 Root eses au eses Root / lemma: aues- (* au es-)
1 2

IF. 2, 60 ff., Persson Beitr. 604 f., 845 (also against connection of uers- with ers-). About

WP. I 252 f., 268 f., WH. I 81 f., Pokorny Urillyrier 93, 105, 159, 169, Specht Dekl. 18 f.,

Meaning: to shine; gold, dawn, aurora etc.

eses augRoot / lemma: aues- : to shine; gold, dawn, aurora etc. derived from Root / lemma: aug- : to glance, see. Material:

Note:

Old Indic u f. Akk. usam, Gen. usa ` aurora ', Avestan u, Akk. uhm, Gen. uah ds. (uas-tara- ` eastern '), next to which Old Indic Gen. Sg., Akk. Pl. u, Avestan Lok. Sg. ui-[, s. *dem-` to build '] either from a root noun *us-, or as *us-s- to *dem-

s-stem; Old Indic ucchti = Avestan usaiti (*us-skti) ` shines in (from the morning) ', Perf. Old Indic uvsa, Aor. avasran ` they shone '; uar-, usr ` dawn, aurora, early morning, figurative ` cow ', m. `bull' (Frisk, nominal formation 3); prime of the day, red sky ', uar-bdh- ` early awake ', usr- ` early morning, reddish ', also es s ues-, us- in Old Indic vasar-hn- `striking in the morning, early morning', vsar- `early es- s-

morning', m. ` day ' (compare in addition also the related root under particular catchword r/n-stem *ues-r-, ues-n- ` springtide, spring '); eses eses

F, changing through ablaut Aeolic ` aurora ' (proto gr. []), Boeotian and (*); ` near the morning ', ` tomorrow ' (*-); hom. ` radiative morning '; - ` rooster, cock ' (*usi- ` singing in the morning early morning '); = Germanic *austra-) ` souther, southerly wind ', austrlis ` southern '; unexplained), Old Lithuanian ausas, Old Prussian ausis `gold'; Latin aurra f. `aurora, the morning, dawn, daybreak ' (for *uss); auster (*aus-t(e)ro-

gr. hom. *(uss), Gen. (), Attic (with accent innovation) , Doric ,

presumably also aurum, sabin. ausom `gold' as `*reddish'; to Lithuanian uksas (k Maybe Italian oro : Spanish oro : French or : Bresciano or : Breton aour : Calabrese oru : Catalan or : Corsican oru : alb. (*oru) ari `gold' [similar to alb. ahu, ahi ` beech '] : Papiamentu oro : Reggiano or : Irish r : Lombardo Occidentale r : Sardinian

Campidanesu oru : Sardinian Logudoresu oro : Scots Gaelic r : Valencian or : Venetian : : Occitan aur : Portuguese ouro : Romagnolo ur : Romanian aur : Romansh aur : Welsh aur `gold'.

oro : Galician ouro : [Hungarian arany : Basque urre loanwords] : Ligurian ouru : Manx oar

perhaps Tocharian A (*gws) ws `gold', but compare Armenian os-ki `gold', Finnish vas-ki ` copper '; perhaps Vesuvius (differently under eus- ` burn ');

The origin of labialized Old laryngeals: common Armenian Celtic *ue- > gw- > g- ; Tocharian gw- > w-. star ' (*usri-, Pedersen KG. I 82); (*gwawr) Middle Irish fir ` sunrise ', cymr. gwawr `aurora', bret. gwere laouen `morning

High German st(a)ra, starn; against it with Indo Germanic -t(e)ro-, Old High German star `eastern' and Adv. ` the after east ', Modern High Germanster-reich, Old Norse austr n. ` East ' and Adv. ` eastwards ', Old English compounds asterra ` more to the east ', in addition Ostrogothae, older aste f. `East', Old Norse austan ` from the east '; *uss in Old English arendel ` morning star ', Old High German MN Orendil;

Germanic *austr in Old English astre ` spring goddess ', astron Pl. ` Easter ' = Old

Austrogoti as ` the eastern Goths '; Old High German stan ` from the east ', Old English

autrnis (vjas) ` north-east wind ', Latvian ustra f. ` daybreak ', ustrums m. `East'; in ablaut em. apriai m. ` daybreak '; Old Church Slavic za ustra ` ' (about utro, jutro `morning' from *aus(t)ro- compare

Lithuanian aur f. `aurora', ata ` day is breaking', Latvian ust ds.; Lithuanian

Trautmann 19, Mikkola Ursl. Gr. 179 and Berneker 462 f. m. Lithuanian, wherefore ustr ` relating to summer ' (see Pedersen IF. 5, 69).

Brckner KZ. 46, 212, auspoln. ci ` shine ' reconstructs Slavic *usto `lustre, shine'), compare to ablaut J. Schmidt KZ. 25, 23 f., Hirt Abl. 134, 147, Reichelt KZ. 39, 69. Debrunner Old Indic Gr. Ill 213 and 281 f., Kretschmer Gl. 27, 231; Leumann IF. 58, 121 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 349, 514, 557. Page(s): 86-87 Root / lemma: au-11 (ue-d(h)-?) u d(h)References: WP. I 26 f., WH. I 86, 87 f., Trautmann 19, Specht Dekl. 10, Wackernagel-

Meaning: to try, force

Material: Solmsen Unters. 267 f. connects Old Indic vyati, -t ` gets tired, is exhausted, tires ' with gr. ` drudgery, contest ' (*F-), , ` fight, cut-throat price, battlefield ', whereby - assumes either suggestion vowel is or a more full root form

*au- besides *u-. With it at most compatibly is Zupitzas KZ. 37, 405 comparing the gr. words with Middle Irish feidm ` effort ', fedil ` persistent, persevering ', Old Irish ni fedligedar ` (he, she) does not stay ' (whereby (*cut) ' : *med-, *u- `blow' : Old Norse ver, Modern High German Wetter), wherefore

formal measure relationship would be comparable as *m- ` (apportion by measure), allot,

places; here Tocharian waimene ` difficult, hard '?

Pedersen KG. I 110, cymr. gweddil ` remnant, leavings ' (out of it Middle Irish fuidell)

basic meaning in would put the question through the meaning ` dry up ' from vna ` dry ', upa-vyati ` be extinguished by drying up, dry up ', upavta- ` become dry '; and in takes turns most of course - -as suffixal, while the dental Irish words root-like d or d is, thus at best surely exists distant relationship.
h

However, the arrangement is quite unsafe in all its parts. For vyati ` exert itself ' as

Page(s): 84

References: WP. I 223, Van Windekens Lexique 149.

Meaning: a kind of grass, oat

Root / lemma: aui-

shepherd's pipe; in gen., any stalk, straw ' (presumably after arna, terrnus to occurred Lithuanian avi, Latvian (Pl. f.) uzas, Old Prussian wyse ` oat ', Old Church Slavic suffix exchange for *avna from *aui-sn);

Material: Latin avna ` oats or wild oats, made only as a cattle feed; hence oaten pipe,

word in conservative Nom. *ovz), but ` a wild grass kind, straw, stalk or likewise ' barely as *F here. After Specht Dekl. 298 would be assumed rather Indo Germanic *aui- besides *aues-

ovs, russ. ovs `oat' (s from z probably probably because it occurs at the end of the

Page(s): 88

References: WP. I 24, WH. I 81, Trautmann 21.

(*auesn > avna).

Root / lemma: au-5, auMeaning: to weave Material: Unextended in: Old Indic tum, tav (from der set-basis vtav) ` to weave ',

Perf. vu, participle t-, v-uta- (also das present vyati ` weaves ' can be after

Wackernagel Old Indic Gr. I 94 an -eio-present v-yati, so that Fut. vayiyati, vya-

`weaver' only in addition one would be new-created), tu- m. ` woof of fabric ', vna- n. ` the weaving '. To the existence of a heavy base is to be stuck against Wackernagel because of vtave

` weave, twist ', vnam (W. must understand t- as neologism to vyate after ht- : hvyate).
h

d -extension 1. au-d -, 2. (a)u-d -, u-d -: au' (y-audem ` join together '), aud `shoe'; 1. Armenian z-aud ` strap ' (z-audem ` connects, ties together '), y-aud `strap, limb, joint
h h h

Lithuanian udiau, udiu, usti `to weave', atauda Pl. ` woof ', dis ` a unique fabric, the weaving ', das ` eel line ' (vowel as with ugu ` increase, sprout ': gs ` annual growth '); russ. uslo ` fabric ' (uzda ` bridle '?), see below eu- ` pull '. It goes back to the image of the euweaving or spining and that of her assigned fate goddess:
h

paion. PN Aud-len (Krahe IF. 58, 132), cymr. udd (*audos) ` master, mister ' (different Lewis-Pedersen 14), bret. ozac'h ` landlord ' (*udakkos), Loth RC. 41, 234; Old Saxon

aud au - ` luck, possession, wealth ': Illyrian PN Audarus, Audata (: Germanic Audo-berht),

dan, Old English aden, Old Norse auinn ` granted from the destiny, grants ', (under the wealth ', Old English ad ` possession, wealth, luck ', Old Saxon d ` possession, influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old Norse auna ` destiny, luck ', aur `

prosperity ', Old High German al-d ` full and free possession ' (Middle Latin allodium), Middle High German klein-t ` jewel ', Gothic audahafts ` makes happy ', audags ` blessed, fortunate ', Old High German tac ` happy, rich '.

` gowns, clothes ', Old English wd (*wi-) f. ` clothes, rope ', Old Saxon wd ` clothes ', Old High German wt, Gen.-i ` clothes, armament ';

2. Old Norse v f. ` fabric, piece, stuff, as comes ready of the loom, drag net ', Pl.vir

Norse vzt f. ` spot for fishing at sea from *waa-st), Middle High German wate, wade f. `drag net, trawl net ', Middle High German spinne-wet ` spinning web '. References: WP. I 16 f., WH. I 88.
h h

Old Norse var m. ` rope, string, fishing line ', Swedish Norwegian vad n. `drag net' (Old

probably uend -),see there; also perhaps uei- ` twist, spin ', (a)ueg- `to weave etc' (uer- `` en ei (a)ueguerer en eitwist, spin '?), ues- ` wrap '. eses

See also: Maybe here ueb - `to weave', ued - ` bind, connect ' (wherefore as nasal form
h

Page(s): 75-76 eded Root / lemma: au-6, auedMeaning: to speak Material: Gr. hom. Imperf. ` (he, she) called (out), shouted ', Hes. Old Indic vdati ` lets the voice resound, talks ' (Perf. dim, participle udit-), vdanam

` the sounds, talking, mouth ', diti- f. `speech', vdayati ` allows to sound, plays (a music m. sound, call, sound, statement, battle of words '; calumny ', vaditi ` accuse ';

instrument), allows to speak ', vditram ` musical instrument, music ', vda- ` sound letting,

in the lengthened grade and the meaning compares itself in next Old Church Slavic vada ` nasalized Old Indic vandate, -ti ` praises, praises, greets with respect ', vandanam `

praise, price, reverential greeting ', vandru- ` appreciative, praising '; see still Uhlenbeck Old Indic Wb. under vallak ` a kind of sounds ', vallabha- ` minion, favourite '. [i.e. F] Hes.; Gr. [i.e. F] Hes., (F) `qui i F, i. e. `,

zero grade , (brought out somewhere from the Alexandrines) ` sings, glorifies ', : other interpretations verz. Walde LEWb. under su, Boisacq s. v., again different Lithuanian vadin, vadnti ` shout, call '.
2

, (Theognostos . 19, 26) ( ` ballad, song ' rather to the wedding call

Risch 50).

zero grade - in ` sound, voice, language ' (Aeolic Sappho), ` shouts, speaks ', , Doric ` speaking with human voice '. ` singer '. Differently Wackernagel KZ. 29, 151 f. au-ei-d- in (F) (Attic ) ` sings ', (F) (Attic ) ` song ', ` singer ', eiTocharian watk-, AB wtk-, yaitk- ` command, order '. References: WP. I 251 f., Specht KZ. 59, 119 f., Van Windekens Lexique 155. Page(s): 76-77

au--d- in (F) ` nightingale ' ( Hes., Aeolic and , the

ii Root / lemma: au-7, au-, aui-

Meaning: to like; to help, *desire

Material: Old Indic vati ` desires, favors above others, promotes, patronizes ' = Avestan avaiti ` provides, helps ' = Old Irish con-i ` protects '; Messapic F ` I bid (s.o.)

farewell? (to wish s.o. to be strong to be healthy) ';

Old Indic vas- n. ` satisfaction, favour, assistance ' = Avestan avah- n. `help' (in addition Indic man- ` favorable, helping ' = Avestan aoman- ` supporting, helping ', Old Indic ma- ` comrade '; Old Indic avitr- m. ` patron, sponsor, patronizer ' (from which 2delivery, help'; mn- m. ` favour, assistance, protection ',

probably Old Indic avas- n. `nourishment'), compare gr. - `favorable' (*-F); Old

syllable root form as Fut. aviyati, Perf. 2. Sg. vitha, as well as participle t- and:) t- ` Armenian aviun ` violent desire, longing; esp. irrational whim, caprice, or immoderate gr. -F in 2. part of Greek family names ( )? compare Kretschmer Gl. 18, 232 Latin ave, -re (basis au[i]- as in preceding) ` be eager, have a wild desire, long for,

passion, lust ' (Petersson Et. Misz. 8);

f., different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 487, 3; 521; (Theokrit) ` friend, lover ';

desire ', avidus ` desiring, longing for; esp. greedy for money, avaricious ' (therefrom

aude, -re ` to be daring; to dare, venture, bring oneself to '), avrus ` covetous, greedy '; Old Irish con i `protects', cymr. ewyllys `favor, wish desire', corn. awell ` desire', abr. a-

German names as Awileib, Awo; compare Gothic awi-liu `, '; mcymr. ri-m`abandoned, forsaken, deserted, destitute' (*di-at-aw-etic). aw ` he grants to me ', cymr. ad-aw (with negat. at-) ` leave ', abret. di-eteguetic

name component in gall. Avi-cantus (=abret. Eucant), acymr. Euilaun , also in Old High

iul `unaided, wantonly, voluntarily', Middle Breton eoull, youll ` favor, wish desire ', as a

ee, Adv. ae ` easy, comfortable ', Old High German dmuoti, Old Saxon thmdi modest ',

Falk-Torp 1407 adds also an: Old High German di, Old Saxon thi, Old English Adj.

`modest', Old English amd `modest', Old Norse aumjkr ` to move easily, willing, aukendr ` to recognize easily '; basic meaning is ` willing ', from which ` to make easy ';

waste; empty; abandoned; blasted; desolate; bleak; grey; gray; barren; stuffy; dull; tedious '?). Rather uncertainly.

formal Germanic to-participle-formation to awi- (example Germanic auia- ` deserted; flat;

` recover, refresh ', atast ` invigorate, refresh ' are used, the zero grade lies to them *aus - of in Old Indic vas-, gr. - present as a basis es-stem . Or = Lithuanian uti ` get cold ', uyti ` cool '? Tocharian B au-lre, A olar ` comrade '; as dubious omaute ` longing ', w-r(n)- `

If also Old Lithuanian autis ` refresh oneself ', atauimas ` refreshment ', Latvian ataust

crave, long for', A w-aste ` protection ' with angebl. zero grade the root rather here wa- ` give ', A 1.Sg. ws (Pedersen Tochar. 186). Page(s): Page(s): 77-78 References: WP. I 19, WH. I 81, 850, Van Windekens Lexique 9, 79, 153, 157.

Root / lemma: auo-s (*oua) Note: Meaning: grandfather

sslemma: auo-s: grandfather in centum languages and Root / lemma: ss-: parent : alb. - > s- ;

The original root was Hittite u-u-a-a (ua) `grandfather' branched into Root /

(*ua) gjysh `grandfather' in satem languages; old laryngeal centum - > a-, e- : satem Material: Armenian hav `grandfather' could go back also to *pap-, would be auos only north - west

Indo Germanic On account of here Hittite (*oua) u-u-a-a (ua) `grandfather'? origin. Lycian *uga ` grandfather on the maternal side ' appears to speak rather of Asia Minor

Note: common Hittite ou- > u- (vowel -o- was absent in Hittite). o ancestor '; fem. Latin avia `grandmother' (see finally Leumann-Stolz 204), dubious gr. Latin also -u- > -v-. as ` primordial mother earth ' (compare Brugmann IF. 29, 206 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 473;
5

Armenian hav, Gen. havu `grandfather', Latin avus ` grandfather; poet., in gen., an

ancestral ' is probably shaped after martus, older i-stem in Lithuanian avnas ` brother of the mother '; differently Jacobsohn Phil. 67, 484 f., innkeepers Glotta 5. 307); avtus ` large-scale brother of the mother ';

different Jacobsohn Phil. 67, 484 f., Kretschmer Glotta 5. 307); avtus ` of a grandfather,

fatherly, angestammt ' is formed probably after martus, old i-stem in Lithuanian avynas `

(h)ue ` a grandson, a nephew ', Middle Irish (a), a ds.; en-stem: Gothic aw Frisian m, Old High German heim,

io-derivative Old Prussian awis `uncle', Old Church Slavic *uj ds. (ujka `aunt'), Old Irish

`grandmother', Old Norse afi `grandfather', i ` great-grandfather ', Old English am, Old

`grandfather'),

Germanic *auos koimos ` dear grandfather', compare cymr. tad cu [*tatos koimos]

who lived in grandfather's home '), after R. Much Germanic 205 from *auhaim < Indo

Modern High German Oheim, Ohm (after Osthoff PBrB. 13, 447 *awun-haimaz ` the one

Latin avunculus ` brother of the mother ' (probably caressing diminutive an *av, -nis); cymr. ewythr, acorn. euitor, bret. eontr `uncle' (*auen-tro-). The stem called originally the grandparents on the maternal side, become through the

words for `uncle or aunt on the maternal side ' probably, s. Hermann GGN. 1918, 214 f. Note: Latin avus ; avos > Italian avolo, Galician av, Catalan avi, Portuguese av ; vov, Spanish abuelo, French aeul, Albanian (*gelus) gjysh, Asturian gelu, Cal tesquelo esquelo, esquelo giaggiu, Sardinian Campidanesu abu ; avu ; ayayu, Sardinian Logudoresu avu ; abu ; yayu, Valencian yayo `grandfather' Clear influence of a substrate Anatolian Hittite (*oua) u-u-a-a (ua) `grandfather'? Lycian *uga ` grandfather on the maternal side '. (*vana-gy-papa) nagy-apa ; nagy-papa `grandfather'. Helv. 1, 118 ff. Page(s): 89 A early borrowing from Estonian (*avana-isa vana-isa > Finnish iso is Hungarian isa) iso-is is, isa isa

Judeo-Spanish agelo, Leonese guelu ; gelu, Sardinian (Limba Sarda Unificada) (*yayu)

References: WP. I 20 f., WH. 88 f., 851, Pedersen Lycian under Hittite 25 f., Risch Mus.

Meaning: apple Note:

bel- blbel bl Root / lemma: bel-, bl-, ab le e e e e

bel- blbel bl omRoot / lemma: bel-, bl-, ab l- : `apple' derived from Root / lemma: om- (*amel): `raw, : bitter, *sweet'. Material:

Maybe Old Indic: abal- m. `the plant Tapia Crataeva' {`Crataegus roxburghii' (H. Ebel KZ Latin Abella (Oscan town, city in Campanien) malifera `apple-bearing', after Verg. Aen. 7, VI, 1957:216)} [It is a proof of the European origin of the cognate].

740, might have received her name after of the apple breeding and reject on the basic form *ablon. The apple is not named possibly only after the town. In the Celtic the names are to be distinguished for `apple' (*ablu) and ` apple tree '

(*abaln-). Gall. avallo ` fruit ', Aball (n-stem) PN, French Avallon, abrit. PN Aballva, gallorom. *aballinca ` Alpine mistletoe ' (Wartburg); Maybe Illyrian PN Aulona Middle Irish aball (*abaln) f. `apple tree', acymr. aball, mcymr. avall Pl. euyill (analogical) f., acymr. aballen, ncymr. afallen `apple tree' (with singulative ending). The same ablaut forms in the Germanic: apfel, Old English ppel (engl. apple), Old Norse epli n. (apal-grr `apple-gray') `apple'. Germanic probably *ap(a)la-, *aplu-. Further Old Norse apaldr `apple tree', Old English apuldor, ppuldre, Old High German apholtra (compare Modern High German Affoltern The Baltic shows clear tracks in Indo Germanic completely isolated l- declension *bl, Crimean Gothic apel (Gothic *apls?), Old High German apful, afful, Middle High German Old Irish ubull (*ablu) n. `apple', ncymr. afal, Pl. afalau, corn. bret. aval m. `apple', but

PN), Middle High German apfalter `apple tree' (*apaldra-). G. Sg. *beles.

obuols, Latvian buolis (-iio-stem), West Lithuanian buolas, Latvian buols (o-stem) from Indo Germanic *bl-; Normal grade mostly in the word for `apple tree'; Lithuanian obels (fem. i-stem), Latvian

lengthened grade of the suffix appears mostly in the word for `apple': East Lithuanian

bels (i-stem), bele (-stem) from Indo Germanic *bel-; but Old Prussian woble f. (*bl-) `apple', wobalne (*bolu-) f. `apple tree'. Old Bulgarian ablko, jablko, poln. jabko, slov. jbolko, russ. jbloko `apple' (*ablko

from *blu-) etc; Old Bulgarian (j)ablan, sloven. jblan, Old Czech jablan, jablon, russ. jblon `apple tree', from Indo Germanic*boln- (influences the sound form of *ablo `apple').

Germanic Balto Slavic forms only around ancient relationship and barely around borrowing act. With respect to Latin abies ` fir' etc. very uncertain. Note: Note ma-lu-wa-an-za ma-lu-wa-an-za: 145 iii 18. XLIV 4+ Vo 28. The oldest IE cognate is Luvian: *amlu(wa)- `apple-(tree)'; Attestations: [HittErgSg] aaUR HAHUR-an-za: XLIV 4+ Vo 26. UR-an-za UR HAHUR-lu-wa-an-za: UR-lu-wa-an-za

Although a uniform basic form is not attachable, it becomes both Latin Celtic

Commentary: Above analysis most likely, but textual tradition is corrupt. Luvian nt. nom.acc. sg. amluwan=za also possible. Cf. Starke, KZ 95.153f, and Soysal, Or 58.174ff. From the common IE shift m > mb > b derived *amlu(wa)- > Root / lemma: bel-, bl-, bel bl bel- blIllyrian alb. sa > zero, Luvian *amlu(wa)- `apple-(tree)' > Latin malum -i n. `an apple, or other similar fruit'; alb. Geg moll `apple'.
e

ab l- : `apple' in Germanic languages while in Romance languages took place the coomon

Also Proto-Slavic form: jemela; jemelo; jemel; jmela; jmelo {2} [Page in Trubaev: VI `mistletoe' [f ]; omelo (dial.) `mistletoe' [n o]; jmel, mel (dial.) `mistletoe' [f i], Slovak jemelo (dial.), hemelo (dial.) `mistletoe' [n o]; imelo, jmelo (dial.) `mistletoe' [n o], Poln. jemioa, jamioa `mistletoe' [f ]; imioa (dial.) `mistletoe' [f ], Upper Sorbian jemjel

26-27]: Russ. omla `mistletoe' [f ], Old Russ. imela `mistletoe' [f ], Czech omela (dial.)

`mistletoe' [m o], Lower Sorbian jemjo, hemjo `mistletoe' [m o], Serbo-Croatian mela (dial.) `mistletoe' [f ]; mela, mla `mistletoe' [f ], Slovene jemla (dial.), omla (dial.) malas, malas `mistletoe' [m o] 3 , Latv. amuols; muols (BW); amuls; mals; muls `mistletoe, clover' [m o] {1}, Old Pruss. emelno (EV) `mistletoe'. Bibliography: Anikin 1998: 334-336, Andersen 1996: 133-135
b

`mistletoe' [f ]; imla, mla `mistletoe' [f ], Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: emel-; Lith.

Notes: {1} The forms with - may show the influence of buls `apple, clover'. {2} This

plant name is probably a borrowing from the Illyrian Venetian substratum language. The

Slavic forms with *jm- must be due to popular etymology (the mistletoe's sap is used to take' is doubtful, as is the connection with *H eHm- `raw' . `medlar', = .
3 1

produce bird-lime), cf. OCS imati `to take'. An etymological connection with PIE *h m- `to maybe gr. Compounds: plant growing in the same time as the apple-tree, Probably Tocharian B: mla* 'a kind of intoxicating drink'; Paradigm: [-, -, mla//]

Examples: se a[mne] mot mla trikelyesa akse yok pyti `whatever monk drinks alcohol or intoxicating beverage through befuddlement or brandy, pyti' [mla = BHS [is] to be drunk with an aged drink' (W-33a5). maireya] (H-149.X.3b1/2 [Couvreur, 1954b: 48]), tume prwettsai mlasa yokalle `then it

G G IIIIG G

G G IIIIG G

Derivatives: mlatstse* `drunken': arcacu epreta Mr[nts]= dac mlatsai ... (241a2/3).

pyarkatai-me `O courageous and brave one, thou hast destroyed Mra's drunken bite' References: WP. I 50, WH. I 3, E. Fraenkel KZ. 63, 172 ff., Trautmann 2. Page(s): 1-2

herhenhesRoot / lemma: her-, hen-, hes- (or her etc) (*dhen d hen) Meaning: day Grammatical information: Heteroklit. Neutrum.

dags,

egh h*d egh- ` burn ') ` warm season ' (: Lithuanian dgas ` summer heat '): the o-stem Gothic
h

is found anlaut. d- by influence from proto Germanic *waz (Indo Germanic *d gho-, s.
h

Material: Old Indic har, ha, Gen. hn-as, Avestan Gen. PI. asn-m `day'. In Germanic

Old Icelandic dagr, Old High German tac m. `day' is from neutr. es-stem reshaped (Gothic

PN - = *Dagis-ius, Old High German Dagi-bert etc), also in ablaut, Old English

or night ' besides there is n-stem Old Danish dgn n. `day and night'. Note:
h

dg (*diz), Pl. dgor n. `day' (Gothic fidur-dgs `fourth day '), Old Icelandic dgr n. `day

From Root / lemma: d egh-: `to burn, *day' derived Root / lemma: her-, hen-, heseghherenhesh (or her etc): `day' the same as Root / lemma: akru : `tear' derived from Root / lemma: ru :

ru dakru- : `tears'. The phonetic shift da- > a-, zero is a common Baltic. Compare Root / ruLatvian ilgs, Old Prussian ilga and ilgi Adv. `long' : Hittite Nom. Pl. da-lu-ga-e-e migration from the Baltic region to North India. Debrunner III 310 f. Page(s): 7

dellemma: del-5 : `long': Baltic with unexplained d-loss (see below): Lithuanian lgas, f. ilg, (dalugaes) `long', da-lu-ga-a-ti (dalugasti) n. `length'. This is a sound proof of Aryan References: WP. I 849 f., WH. I 467, Feist 113 f., Sievers-Brunner 121, 243, Wackernagel-

Root / lemma: Note: Meaning: goat

dighdeih Root / lemma: digh- : `goat' derived from a zero grade of Root / lemma: deih- : `to prick;

tick'. From the older root Root / lemma: deih- : `to prick; tick' derived Root / lemma: ai- : deih aithe gr. cognate derived from proto Illyrian

`goat' and Root / lemma: - : `goat' [common Baltic - Illyrian - alb. de-, da- > zero]. Hence

Material: Old Indic aj- `he-goat', aj ` she-goat ', Middle Persian azak `goat', npers. azg ds.; alb. dh `goat' (G. Meyer BB. 8, 186, Pedersen KZ. 36, 320, 335; probably from *adhi, as

sii `eye' from asii); Note: Note

Maybe a zero grade in alb. (*hi) dh ` goat ' [the common alb. shift -h- > -d-], older alb. Geg (*hi) edha `goats, sheep'. goat'; Lithuanian os (*ios) `he-goat', ok `goat', Old Prussian wosee `goat', wosux `he-

Old Indic ajna-m `fur, fleece'; Lithuanian onis ` belonging to he-goat ', oena ` billy goat's meat '; Church Slavic (j)azno (*azno) ` skin, leather '. Page(s): 6-7 References: WP. I 38, Trautmann 22. compare also ai-.

Meaning: day, morning Note:

ier- ienier ien Root / lemma: ier-, ienGrammatical information: n.

ier- ienier ien herRoot / lemma: ier-, ien- : `day, morning' derived from a reduced Root / lemma: her-, Material: Avestan ayar, Gen. ayn n. `day'. still produceable Hom. 124, 2); lengthened grades *() in the derivative Gothic air, Old Icelandic r, Adv. ` early ' (likewise Lok. *aieri), in addition Kompar. Gr. Lok. *()- in (from *aieri-d-tom, to ed- `eat') ` breakfast ' (uncontracted heshen-, hes- (oder her etc.): `day'. hen:

` early morning ', contracts in `in the morning '. Different Risch 105.

Gothic airiza ` earlier ', Adv. airis = Old English r, Old High German r, Modern High German erst. German eher, ehe; Superl. Old English rest, Old High German rist, Modern High

References: WP. I 3, Feist 24b.

Maybe to i-4. Page(s): 12 Root / lemma: (i)h- : hMeaning: to need Material: Avestan zi- m. ` desire ', np. az ds., Avestan za- m. ` striving, eagerness, success, prosperousness ' Old Indic h `desire', hat ` strives whereupon';

zeal '; changing through ablaut Avestan izyati ` strives, striving for ' and ` striving, zeal, gr. `poor' = , Hes. (by support of words, with - privative out of

it Hes., and ` lack, poverty '), Hes., changing through ablaut `longs for ', ` desire '; Tocharian A kl, aklk ` wish, longing '. Different Pedersen Tocharian 42.

References: WP. I 40, Van Windekens BSL. 41, 55; unwahrscheinlich Bartholomae IF. 5, 215. Page(s): 14-15 Root / lemma: ik- : k-

Meaning: spear, pike Note: Note

Both Root / lemma: ak-, ok- : `sharp; stone' and Root / lemma: ik- : k- : `spear, pike' are reduced roots of an older root *he-el created through metathesis from Root/ lemmna **hela. This older root was solidified by Church Slavic: (*he-el) igla `needle' [f ] Slavic languages inherited the common da- > zero from the older Baltic-Germanic

5 : `long': Baltic with unexplained d-loss (see below): Lithuanian lgas, f. ilg, Latvian ilgs, lu-ga-a-ti (dalugasti) n. `length'.
h

languages. The phonetic shift da- > zero is a common Baltic. Compare Root / lemma: deldelOld Prussian ilga and ilgi Adv. `long' : Hittite Nom. Pl. da-lu-ga-e-e (dalugaes) `long', daHence from Root / lemma: d elg- : `to stick; needle' derived the alledged Baltic Root/ elg-

(in the latter pitfall from *) ` wounds ', gr. `spear, spit ' (*aiksm), Old Prussian aysmis ` spit, broach ', Lithuanian imas, jimas ` spit, broach ',

Material: Gr. Hes., gr. Hes., Cypriot or

lemma: ak-, ok- : `sharp; stone' and Root / lemma: ik- : k- : `spear, pike'.

lemmna **hela from which Church Slavic: (*he-el) igla `needle' [f ], then Both Root /

(basic form *aikmos or Gr. exact congruent *aik-smos); from moreover Old Prussian Maybe a borrowing in alb. hal `needle, fishbone, awn' from Ukrainian: hlka `needle' [f ProtoProto-Slavic form: jgl Accent paradigm: c ]; ihl (dial.) `needle' [f ] ayculo, Church Slavic igla etc `needle', with g instead of (compare S.18 )?
1

Trubaev: Page in Trubaev: VIII 213-214 Russian: igl `needle' [f ]

Church Slavic: igla `needle' [f ] Ukrainian: hlka `needle' [f ]; ihl (dial.) `needle' [f ] Czech: jehla `needle' [f ]; iha (dial.) `needle' [f ] Slovak: ihla `needle' [f ]

Polish: iga `needle, pin' [f ]; jega (dial.) `needle, pin' [f ] Slovincian: jegl `needle' [f ] Polabian: jgl `needle' [f ] Lower Sorbian: ga `needle' [f ] SerboSerbo-Croatian: gla `needle' [f ], glu [Accs]; jgla (dial.) `needle' [f ]; jgla (dial.) `needle' [f ]; ak. igl (Vrgada) `needle' [f ], glu [Accs]; ak. igl (Novi) `needle' [f ]; ak. gla (Vrgada) `needle' [f ], glo [Accs]

Slovene: gla `needle, kingpin' [f ]; jgla (dial.) `needle, kingpin' [f ] Old Prussian: ayculo `needle' [f ] also alb. Geg gjilpan n. f. `needle' is a compound of (Nominative) *gjil- `needle' + grade in Serbo-Croatian: gla `needle' [f ]. Serbo-

(Genitive) peni `thread'; alb. common zero grade *ilga > *gil- `needle' corresponds to zero Latin c (analogical ci), -re ` hit, wound, strike, smite; esp., to strike a bargain ', ictus ` space of time) ' = gr. ` near ' (as ` adjoining, adjacent ') and , ` mortar ' (also , ` worms damaging the vine ', from which ds. could be reshuffled after the related to meaning , , ; different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 299. slash, blow, stroke; in music, beat ', probably also Avestan iar ` instant, (very short

Here possibly Old Norse eigin n. ` a sprout that has just emerged from a seed ' (`point, (Bezzenberger Federal Railway. 27, 166).

cusp'), Swedish Dialectal jel m.ds. (Fick4 III 2) and Low German ne ` awn, ear of corn' References: WP. I 7, WH. I 670, Trautmann 3, 4.

Page(s): 15

Meaning: to burn

Root / lemma: i-4

bitter, pungent, rough, shaggy, bristly; shivering with cold. Transf., wild, savage; certainly.
h

Material: from Old English for ` sharp, violent ', Old High German eibar, eivar ` harsh,

unpolished, uncouth; frightful, horrible ' derived from *aib ro- not is to be connected Maybe but here gr. `warms up ' from *i(i)-ani; see below eis-1 ` move, shake eis-

violently '.

Page(s): 11

aier- os- aisk- ai-troer os See also: S. under ai-d -, ier-, aios-, aisk-, ai-tro-.
h

Meaning: to wander, roam

'

Root / lemma: l-3

` wanders about , ` beggar ', ` wander, begging around ', ` in vain ' (Spiritus asper admittedly, still unexplained, s. Boisacq 44, also against the assumption of anl. F-);

Material: Gr. `the vagrancy, the wandering about ', (horn. Pf. ),

from a basis alu-, aleu- gr. ` to be deeply stirred, excited, from grief, to be distraught, alu- aleubeside oneself, from perplexity or despair, to be at a loss, perplexed, wander, roam about ', ds. (Hom.; Fut. Hippokr.), ` restiveness, worry, concern, fear, alarm ', (from ) ` angst ', , - (Plut.) ` idly hanging around, boredom '; around a dangerous place or thing ', also , ` avoid ', (*-, compare Aor. ) ` escape ', ` avoid, flee ', ds., ` defense ' Hittite: halluwai- c. ' squabble, quarrel ', Luvian halwat- 'protest?'. ------------------derives after Bonfante (BSL. 37, 77) from thrak. VN .
**

common gr.-Illyrian -ks- > -ss-; with the concept ` wander around, not to come near to,

(*F formation as ).

) ` fibber, boaster, bragger ' (actually dragging around juggler, mountebank), ) , from * compare Schulze Qunder ep. 310 f., Lagercrantz Z. gr.

Lautg. 89 with Old Indic roati, ruyati ` be cross with, be angry ', but from Uhlenbeck Old Indic Wb. 256 is placed more right to Lithuanian rstas ` unfriendly, unkind '. --------------------

 (Doric Theokr.) ` foolish, futile, vain ', `trifling, in vain, brainless', ` confuses, beguiles; bewildering ', (besides Aeolic equivalent an * in:) hom. ` ' ` dazed, unconscious ' (from Doric * derives

Mit -: ` wanders around ', `be demented ', Med. ` wander around ',

Latin lea ` a game of dice, game of hazard; hence chance, risk, uncertainty, blind luck '). (Latin alcinor `to wander in mind, dream, talk idly' is probably borrowed from under In addition Latvian alut, alutis ` wander around, get lost ', with Latvian la ` halfTocharian AB l- ` distinguish, remove '. elReferences: WP. I 87 f., WH. I 33, 38, EM. 43 (places ambul to gr. , stem el-). Page(s): 27-28 Latin ambul `to walk, go for a walk, travel, march' (Umbrian amboltu `a walk, a stroll');

formal support in vticinor ).

mad person ', l'utis ` behave foolish, gestures clownish '.

lu- lolu-) Root / lemma: lu-, lo- (*lu lu Meaning: a bitter plant Material: Old Indic l-, lukm- ` bulb, onion, round esculent radix '; Latin lum, lium `

garlic ', Oscan *all from *ali probably as foundation of gr. ` sausage (*stuffed appreciated for its roots (perhaps gall. word? s. Thesaurus).

tubular casing)'; Latin lum or lus ` Symphytum officinale L., comfrey, blackwort ' a plant Maybe alb. helm `bitter; poison'

Note: Note alb. is the only IE lang. that preserved the old laryngeal -. References: WP. I 90 f., WH. I 30, 33.

aluSee also: Probably to alu-. Page(s): 33

merRoot / lemma: mer- (mr, mr) Meaning: day Material: Gr. horn. , -, Attic (Asper probably after , Sommer Gr. ';

Ltst. 123), otherwise `day' (with Lenis, hence not to Indo Germanic *sem- ` summer *semLithuanian bei Boisacq s. v., wherefore Fick KZ. 43, 147); Armenian aur `day' (from *mr

about *amur, *aumr; Meillet Esquisse 55). To the stem formation s. still J. Schmidt Pl. 195

places here Tocharian A oml, emalle `hot', from Indo Germanic *mel-. Page(s): 35 References: WP. I 53, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 305, 481, 518.

f., to Ionian ` midday ' Boisacq under . Van Windekens (Lexique 80)

noRoot / lemma: noMeaning: ring Material: Armenian anur ` neckband, ring ', Latin nus ` circle, ring ', Old Irish inne

(*nnio-) m. ` ring, anus '. (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

Latin annulus > Bolognese anl : Bresciano anl : Furlan anel : Galician anel : Portuguese anel : Paduan ano : Provenal anu : Wallon anea : Reggiano : anl : Romagnolo anl : Romansh an : Romanian : inel : Italian anello : Spanish anillo ; anilla : Catalan anell : French anneau : Aragones aniello : Asturian aniellu : Corsican anellu : Leonese aniellu : Lombardo Occidentale anell : Napulitano anillo : Calabrese 'neddu ; aniellu ; aneddu ; anaddru : Pugliese anadd : Sardinian Campidanesu aneddu : Sardinian Logudoresu aneddu : Sicilian aneddu : Viestano nidd' ` circle, ring ' [common Calabrese, Pugliese, circle, ring ' common alb. d- > z- similar to alb. gaz ` joy' < Latin gaudium ` joy'.

Sardinian, Sicilian, Viestano -ll- > -dd-] > through metathesis Albanian (*aneddu) unaz ` References: WP. I 61, WH. I 55, Pedersen Litt. 2, 80.

Page(s): 47

Meaning: shore Note:

peroRoot / lemma: pero-

peroapo- p ap- pu) ap ap Root / lemma: pero- : ` shore ' derived from Root / lemma: apo- (p, ap-u, pu (* ap o< Root / lemma: ab(n) (* ab-): ` ape, *water demon ' < Root / lemma: ab - (* ab -): ` ab- : ab : neb eneb neb emb l-formant (ne el < Root / lemma: (ene -2): ne -, em -, mb - : ` wet, damp; water; ne el): ene clouds '.
h h h h h h 2 h h h 2 h 2 3 2

): ` from, out, of ' < Root / lemma: p-2 : ` water, river ' < Root / lemma: ab- : ` water, river ' : abquick, abrupt ' < Root / lemma: ab ro- (* ab ro-): ` strong, mighty ' < root mb -(ro-): < with roro- : roro

Material: Material: Gr. , Doric f. ` shore; mainland '; Old English fer, Middle Low ap`n ` shore ' requires Indo Germanic ph and hence, stays away. formation becomes adopted by Specht Dekl. 23. References: WP. I 48.

German ver, Middle High German (md.) uover, Modern High German Ufer; but Armenian relationship to *apo `since, from, ex', Old Indic para- ` back, later ' as lengthened grade

Page(s): 53 Root / lemma: p-2 (*p-2) Note:

Meaning: water, river

abRoot / lemma: p-2 (*p-2): ` water, river ' derived from Root / lemma: ab- (* ab -): ` : :
h 2 h h 2 h

water, river ' < Root / lemma: ab(n) (* ab-): ` ape, *water demon ' < Root / lemma: ab ab- : ab (* ab -): ` quick, abrupt ' < Root / lemma: ab ro- (* ab ro-): ` strong, mighty ' < root mb roro- : : (ro-): < with l-formant (ne el < Root / lemma: (ene -2): ne -, em -, mb - : ` wet, roneb eneb neb emb ro ne el): ene damp; water; clouds '. Material:
h h h h h h 2 2 h

Hittite: ap(a)- ' river ', Pal. apnas, Luvian apinni- (Tiscler 159-160) Old Indic p- f. `water', e.g. Pl. Norn. pa, Akk. ap, Gen. apm, Avestan Nom. Sg. f, Tok Tokarian: A, B p 'water, river' (Adams 44)

Akk. Sg. pm, Instr. Sg. ap(-ca), Old Indic pavant- `watery', in older contraction with f.) pratp- ` directed against the stream ', np- ` low lying, deep-recumbent ', anp- `

reduplication-stem in -i, -u auslaut prefixes (Kretschmer KZ. 31, 385, Johansson IF. 4, 137 situated, lying in water ', dvp- ` island, sand bank in the river ', antarpa- `island'; the

ds., lokr. -, Illyrian (different Krahe ZONF. 13, 20 f.) common gr.Illyrian -ks- > -ss- and puli of Lower Italy, river names (Arcadia),
2 2

Delos', ( : , ; Fick BB. 22, 61, 62); gr. ` `Peloponnes', -

same contraction with in -o ending 1. part in gr. river names ` name of a stream on

(Thessaly), thrak. (* pos) (Dacia), Illyrian (* psos , Apsus, apul. PN Salpos pos psos) psos apia (`saltwater '); here as vestiges Venetic-Illyrian immigration part of the West German (Tirol), French Sinope (Manche), brit. harbour Rutupiae, sizil. (compare Lithuanian Kakupis), compare the thrak. FlN , ; apa- names, as Erft (*Arnapia), and all FlN with -up-, as Modern High German Uppia-Bach

Old Prussian ape `river', apus `spring, fountain, stream, brook', Lithuanian p, Latvian 11; or belongs up- rather to Old Church Slavic vapa `sea'?). Here Ach- (*aps-) in cymr. FlN, gall. Axona? Besides Celtic-Latin ab-, see below ab-.

upe `water' (u is perhaps reduplication-stem from Indo Germanic o, a, Trautmann Bsl. Wb.

giving water ', with d- ` give ' belonging to the 2nd part) from: *abd(n), Gen. *abdns,

together Instr. Dat. Pl. Old Indic adbhi, adbhya, presumed stem *ap()d- (perhaps `

as well as by Old Indic bda- m. `cloud' and with pa paradigmatic welded

Johansson IF. 4. 137 f. goes to explanation the b-form from through ,

from which *abns; from obl. case arose from Latin amnis, was compensated during in (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). Celtic *abd(n) : *abns to *ab (Middle Irish ab), *abon (hence Middle Irish abann).

f., Krahe Wrzburg. Jahrb. 1, 86 ff. Page(s): 51-52

References: WP. I 46 f., WH. I 40, 846, Krahe Gl. 20, 188 ff., Pokorny Urillyrier 110 ff., 130

Root / lemma: s-, therefrom azd-, azg(h)azd- azg(h)Meaning: to burn Material:

Old High German essa f., Modern High German Esse (*asin), Proto Norse aRina, Old Old High German erin ` floorboard, ground, bottom ' (*azena);

In e- grade:

Icelandic arinn ` exaltation, elevation, hearth, fireplace ', (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-),

In a- grade:

Tocharian AB as- present, s- Perf. and causative ` dry up ', A sar ` to dry ';

Hittite a-a-i-i (ai) Lok. ` on the hearth ' (aa).

Hittite: assa- c. ' hearth, stove, fireplace ', Luvian assaniti 'heart' (Tischler 196-197)

Oscan aasa `in the altar', Umbrian are ` altars ' etc), re, -re `to be dry', ridus `dry,

Latin ra ` altar; hence refuge, protection; 'arae', plur., name of certain rocks at sea ' (=

Old Indic sa- ` cinder, dust ' (about sita- ` black ' s. *nsi- ` dirt-color, dark color '); sisi

arid, dry, parched, thirsty' (therefrom arde ` to burn, glow, be on fire; of bright objects, to Pass. assus ` dried, roasted; n. pl. as subst. a sweating bath '), rea ` a level or open burnt-out, dry place ');

gleam; of feeling (esp. of love), to burn, smart; of political disorder, to be ablaze ', participle space, site, courtyard, threshing floor; esp. a playground; hence, in gen., play ' (actually ` Perhaps here Middle Irish n ` igneous, radiant, noble ' (*s-no-). About gr. ,

s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 724.

distinguished Latin re `to be dry, be parched' not from ra `a structure for sacrifice, altar'. Formant extensions:

Because r in Hittite a-a-ri (ri) ` becomes hot ' does not belong to the stem, it must be

drying malt or a room for drying malt ', Czech slov. ozditi ` to dry malt '. throw ').

inflaming ', . Hes. (- from -zd-); Czech apoln. ozd ` a device for azgazg- Armenian aiun `ash' (Meillet Esquisse 29), gr. (*-) `soot' (`ash -

azdazd- in gr. (*az-d-i) ` parch, dry ', f. ` dehumidifier, dirt ', ` dry,

Maybe truncated alb. (*-) bloz ` soot' a Greek loanword. Modern High German Asche. Germanic *askn in Old Icelandic aska, Old English asce, sce, Old High German asca, Maybe zero grade Latin cinis -eris m. f. `ashes' < Armenian aiun `ash'; alb. (*(a)ski) hi `ash' [common alb. ski- > hi-]. Note:

ken- ken keni kenuniRoot / lemma: ken-2, ken-, keni-, kenu- : `to rub, scrape off; ashes' must have come from en with the suffix -en. This assumption is proved by alb. Geg (*askini) hini `ash' [common alb. ski- > hi-]. azghazgh-? in Armenian azazim `dries' (Meillet Esquisse 33, EM. 70), Gothic azgo `ash' zero grade of an extended Root / lemma: s-, therefrom azd-, azg(h)- : `to burn' into skazd- azg(h)sksk

(*azgn). About the difficult relation from Germanic *askn : *az-gn s. Feist 72b; again flawless.

different Specht Dekl. 201, 219. Also the conclusiveness Armenian examples are not quite References: WH. I 61, 65, 848, Feist 72, Trautmann 22, Pedersen Hittitisch 27, 164. Page(s): 68-69

t(e)rRoot / lemma: t(e)rNote:

Meaning: fire, *blow the fire t(e)r(e)(e) Root / lemma: t(e)r- : `fire, *blow the fire' derived from a suffixed Root / lemma: au(e)-10, Material: (o) au(o)-, u- : `to blow' with common IE formant -ter. (o)In a- grade:

Hittite: at- (II,I) ' wither, wilt, become shriveled, dry out' (Tischler 213) from Avestan aaurvan-, aaurun (das from r) ds.;

Avestan tar (Gen. r) m. `fire', wherefore Old Indic tharvan- ` fire priest ', loanword

fire, stove ', poln. vatra `straw cinder ' are borrowed after Jokl WZKM. 34, 37 ff. from alb. ot- from *t-, viell. iran. loanword).

Armenian airem ` burns, lights ' (due to from *air from *tr); serb. vtra `fire', klr. vtra `

Rumanian vatra ` stove ', these again from Alb. (Geg votr, votr with v-suggestion before

Perhaps as `burnt' also Latin ter ` dead black, dark; poet. clothed in black. Transf., dark, '; but Latin tella = Oscan Aderl[] (*trol, e.g. v. Planta I 551), Latin trius = Oscan Etruscan origin.

gloomy, sad; malicious, poisonous ' = Umbrian atru, adro ` black, coal-black, gloomy, dark Aadriis (v. Planta II 768, Thurneysen 1. 4, 38, Schulze Latin Eig. 269, 578) are suspectly

Maybe Illyrian Adria `deep, dark water, sea'. Possibly affiliation from Irish ith (Gen. tho) f., cymr. odyn f. ` oven, stove ', s. Fick II 9. Page(s): 69 References: WP. I 42, WH. I 75 f., 849 f.
4

Meaning: father, mother Material: In a- grade:

tos, Root / lemma: tos, atta (atta)

endearment of the children towards the father ', Gothic atta `father' (Demin. Attila), Old besides unpostponed neologism), alb. (*h at) at, Pl. etr `father'. In e- grade:
2

fellow, father ', dial. Akk. , `grandfather', Latin atta m. `father; term of

Old Indic att `mother, older sister ', atti- ` older sister ', osset. da, gr. ` old man, old

Hittite at-ta-a (atta) `father'.

Frisian aththa ds., Old High German atto `father, forefather, ancestor' (tt by running always

Demin. Old High German Ezzilo `father'. In o- grade:

grandmother'.

Old Church Slavic tc `father'; alb. (*h ot-si) josh ` (on the maternal side) Common - > j- Slavic Albanian; - > i-, y- Old Indic Tocharian. In a- grade:
3

adal ` sex, gender ', Modern High German Adel, Old Saxon athali, Old English elu N. part, esp. in an embryo) anlage, sex ', Tocharian A tl ` man '; here also Avestan wya` name of the fathers rataona's' as ` from noble parentage '? The affiliation from gr. ` in a juvenile manner, childish ', ` gathers, waits PL ` noble parentage ', Old Icelandic aal ` (the rudimentary basis of an organ or other

A similar *to-s in Germanic *aala, *ela appears the basis from Old High German

and is in habit ' and ` jumps cheerfully like a child ', Redupl. ` draws up (Redupl. under influence from ` nurse '?), is denied by Leumann Gl. 15, 154. In e- grade: Adj. Old High German edili, Old Saxon ethili, Old English aeele ` noble, aristocratic ' In o- grade: lengthened grade Old High German uodal, Old Saxon thil, here Gothic haimli n. ` genotype ', compare with the same vocal length Old High German Uota (actually ` greatgrandmother '), Old Norse al `(fatherly) genotype ' (compare also Old High German fater-uodal, Old Saxon fader-il ` property inherited from a father, patrimony ');

In e- grade: Old English el, Old Frisian dila ` great-grandfather '; (e.g. elam. atta, magy. atya `father', trk. ata, Basque aita ds.). Similarly tata. tata References: WP. I 44, WH. I 77, 850, Feist 62, 233, Trautmann 16. Page(s): 71 One on the most different linguistic areas to itself always newly pedagogic babble-word

Root / lemma:

Meaning: interjection

Material: Old Indic exclamation of the meditation; surprise and complaint; in addition ` groan '; gr. exclamation of the displeasure, pain, astonishment; , exclamation of the

Note: often new-created

Latin , h exclamation of pain, the displeasure;

of the astonished question (of loud new creations);

Lithuanian , a exclamation of the surprise, the reprimand or mockery, exclamation

exclamation of pain; Middle High German exclamation of pain, the admiration, suspended thus to the vocative. References: WP. I 1, WH. I 1, Loewe KZ. 54, 143.

Gothic exclamation of the displeasure, the admiration; Old High German

Page(s): 1

Meaning: barbaric speech

baba- *bal bal*balRoot / lemma: baba-, (*bal-bal-) bal-bal- bar-barNote: also bal-bal-, bar-bar- with multiple dissimilations, onomatopoeic words

from *), ` chats, talks indistinctly ' (different is the sound conceivability from ` chirps '); Latin babit (gloss.) `he/ she shall make happy, gladden, bless', babiger (gloss.) `stupid'; Italian babbo `father' (cymr. baban `kid, child' is engl. loanword); Maybe alb. baba `father' : bebe `child'
x

soul, damn it all! ' (out of it Latin bb, pp ds., as babaecalus perhaps ` fop, dandy '

Material: Old Indic babab-karti from the crackle of the fire; gr. , ` upon my

child, small boy ' (see also unter b mb- ` swell '), Middle High German bbe, bbe `
h

alb. beb ` the newborn kid, child'; engl. baby `kid, child', Swedish Dialectal babbe `kid, missis; old woman, mother' (about buobe ` boy ' see below b rtr `brother'); Lithuanian

bba, Old Church Slavic baba ` old woman '; serb.-Church Slavic bbl'u, bbati ` stammer ', serb. bboem, bobtati ` clatter with the teeth ' etc; Latvian bibint ` babble, murmur ', Old Prussian bebbint ` mock '. balbal- babal bambalbabalbalbal- (babal-, bambal-, from which bam-b-, bal-b- ): balbsyti ` babble ', serbokr. blbositi ` stammer ', russ. boloblit ` chat, drivel ', Czech Old Indic balbal-karti `stammers'; Bulgarian blbl', blbl' ` chats ', Lithuanian

beblati `stammer'; Latin babulus ` chatterbox, a babbler, fool '; Modern High German `chat';

babbeln, pappeln, engl. babble, Norwegian bable, Swedish babbla, Old Icelandic babba Latin balbus ` stammering, babbling ', balbti ` to stammer, stutter; hence in gen.to

speak obscurely ', Old Indic balbth- name (actually ` stammerer '); Mayne alb. (*balbus) belbzoj `babble'

blebnti `babble'; gr. (out of it Latin bambal), ` my teeth are chattering', ` stammers '.

Czech blb ` gannet, gawk ', blblati, bleptati `stammer, stutter'; serb. blebtati, Lithuanian

here r on Indo Germanic r and Old Indic l in balbal goes back to Indo Germanic l), gr. ` not Greek, speaking an unintelligible / incomprehensible language ' (from

Mit -r-: Old Indic barbara- ` stammering ', Pl. name of non-Aryan people (provided that

Weidner Gl. 4, 303 f. from babylon. barbaru ` stranger, foreign, alien '), serb. brboljiti,
h

which Latin barbarus) ` ` from incomprehensible language ' (barely after

brbljati `babble' (see also under b er- ` to drone, buzz, hum '), Latin baburrus ` foolish, silly ', gr. Hes. (about Latin burrae `trifles, nonsense' s. WH. I 124). Here perhaps also Old Indic bla- ` young, childish, simple ', possibly also Slavic

relationship from russ. balkat ` twaddle ', balamt ` babbler, stunner, head turner '. Unredupl. presumably also gr. ` talks, patters ', `speech', , Hes.;

malicious gossip, speaking badly of; slanderous; envious, jealous ', ` bewitches, envies ' has derived as magic word through borrowing from nrdl. language, perhaps (; this also in Hesychs ?) (Kretschmer Einl. 248 f.);
h h

but gr. ` invoking, imploring, exorcising; bewitching, casting a spell; spreading

Thrak. or Illyrian, from to b - ` speak ' belonging to present *b a-sk ` speaks, discusses '

bewitch, envy ' are borrowed from gr. and are adapted only in f- folk etymology in fr etc. 107 f. After Specht Dekl. 133 here Latin Oscan bl-ae-sus ` lisping, babbling '; different WH. I

member; initially (at first) as a preventative against being bewitched ', fascinre ` enchant,

Latin fascinum ` giving it the evil eye, spell casting, invocation (exorcism (?)); the male

Maybe alb. (*phlas) flas `speak' not from Latin fbula `a narration, narrative'. Page(s): 91-92 References: WP. II 105 f., WH. I 90, 94, Trautmann 24 f.

Meaning: gold, brown ancient Europe?).

os Root / lemma: badios

Note: (only Latin and Irish; maybe from one, at most not Indo Germanic, language of

for boduo-, about which under *b aut- ` hit '). Gr. , derives from Latin Page(s): 92 References: WP. II 105, WH. I 92.
h

(compare to Lautl. Old Irish mag `field', Gen. muige; gall. Bodiocasses because of rather

Material: Latin badius ` brown, chestnutcolored, bay '; Old Irish buide `gold, yellow'

Meaning: goatskin

pait? Root / lemma: bait or pait

` body skirt, petticoat ', Old Saxon pda `skirt', Old English pd ` mantle ', Old High Germanic word is borrowed from gr. words;

Material: the relation from gr. ` tent or skirt from (nanny goats) fur ' to Gothic paida f. German pfeit ` shirt, shirtlike vestment, shirtlike piece of apparel ' is decided there, that

Page(s): 92-93

References: WP. II 104, Feist 381 f., Bonfante BSL. 36, 141 f.

probably thrak. loanword or goes back to alb. forms in Illyrian *pait ?

from Germanic again Finnish paita and perhaps alb. petk, petk ` clothes '; gr. is

Meaning: stick, to hit

Root / lemma: bakbak-

Material: Latin baculum ` a staff, walking stick ' from *bac-(c)lom, older *bak-tlom; vestiges `(without support) weak, frail ' from -baccillos. Pisani (REtIE. 3, 53) places baculum as *bat-lo-m to battu, that he considers as Oscan- Umbrian loanword (from *bakt-).

of -cc- in Demin. bacillum, for which repeatedly delivers baccillum, compare also imbcillus

Maybe Latin baca (bacca) -ae f. `a berry, fruit; a pearl', bacalis, bacale `berry-bearing

(designation of the female laurel), MFr. (*bacale) Bacoule, n.f. Belette `weasel' : alb. bukl `weasel', bukur, bukurosh `good, pleasing, beautiful, slender (like a weasel)' : Rumanian bucuros `glad' : Gr. ` club ' : Sardinian Campidanesu buccameli ; bucchimeli `weasel, slender animal'. Similar to Slavic Polish formation las `forest, rod' : laska `slender, pretty girl'. Note: Note In many lang. the name of weasel and good come from the same root. from imbcillus), probably also Hes. borrowed from Latin Gr. , , ` a staff, walking stick ', Hes. (Contrast Gr. (i.e. ` club ') Hes., otherwise ` club, shillelagh, stick ', is probably

Middle Low German pegel ` mark in a vessel for liquids (from a ring or small existing col, column, yardstick '. Lithuanianbkst?).

Middle English pegge, engl. peg ` pin, peg ', Modern High German pegel `pole'; but

plugs) ', Old English pgel m. ` wine pot ', engl. pail ` bucket ' from Middle Latin pagella ` Lithuanian bkstelti ` bump, puff ', Latvian bakstt ` poke ' (or to onomatopoeic word Against it Old Irish bacc (nir. bac) ` stick, a crook ', cymr. bach ` corner, hook ', bret.

the occurred through Latin back-formations from baculum. Page(s): 93 References: WP. II 104 f., WH. I 92.

bac'h ` heel, stick ' (from ` clutch, crutch of the stick '), are in the Island-Celtic or already in

babaSee also: see below babaPage(s): 93

bal-balRoot / lemma: bal-bal-

bal- balbalRoot / lemma: bal-, balbalNote: Meaning: to shake, dance

It seems Root / lemma: bal-, balbal- : `to shake, dance' derived from Root / lemma: baba-, bal- balbalbaba(*bal-bal-): `barbaric speech' through an Old Indic intermediary (see above). *bal-bal- : *bal out of it borrows Latin ballre ` dance '. Material: Old Indic balbalti ` whirls ', balv- ` crooked '; gr. (in Sicily) ` dances ',

References: WP. II 109, WH. 1, 95, Wackernagel Old Indic-Gr. I 181. Page(s): Page(s): 93

Maybe alb. (*bal-) valle ` dance' [common alb. b > v shift]

bandRoot / lemma: band- (*bend-) Note: Meaning: drop

band(e)(e) eded erer band- (*bend-): `drop' derived from a zero grade of Root / lemma: au(e)-9, aued-, auer: (*akuent-): `to flow, to wet; water, etc.' : Material: Old Indic bindu- `drop' (probably for *bandu- under influence of ndu- `drop'), related to corn. banne, banna, bret. banne `drop' (from which is borrowed Middle Irish

Considering Phrygian `water' : nasalized Illyrian Bindus `water god' Root / lemma:

banna, bainne ` drop, milk '), really Irish buinne ` to gush forth, spring up, flood ' (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-); Illyrian FIG Bindus (*Bendus), apul. fons Bandusiae? Note:

Old Indic (*bind-) bindu- `drop' : Illyrian FIG Bindus prove that Illyrian- Phrygian were the intermediaries of satem and centum languages.
1

In Greek, between consonants and initially > e, > a, and > o. In Indo-Iranian References: WP. II 110, Petersson Heterokl. 204 f., . r Gl. 29, 69 ff. languages such as Sanskrit, each laryngeal becomes i,
3 2

Page(s): 95

bar-barRoot / lemma: bar-barPage(s): 95

ba-baSee also: see below ba-ba-

bataRoot / lemma: bata-

Meaning: murmur, babble

abret. bat, nbret. bad ` numbing, dizziness ', bada, badaoui ` talk thoughtlessly ', bader, badaouer `mouth monkey', acorn. badus ` moonstruck ', gr. ` stammers ', ` chats pointless stuff ' (compare Bla-Debrunner p. 40 appendices).
7

Material: Old Indic bata interjection of the astonishment ` oh, blow ', bat- ` weakling? ';

Page(s): 95

References: WP. II 105.

Meaning: sound of barking

Root / lemma: bau

Hecate ', Latin baubor, -r ` to bark gently or moderately '; a little bit differently uses fright word ', bakati ` get a fright ' etc

Material: Gr. ` dog barking ', ` barks, blasphemes ', ` bugbear, Lithuanian babti ` bawl, bellow ' from ox, babis cattle God as ` bawler ', serb. bau bau `

Maybe alb. (*baubi) bubi ` dog'.

Gr. `sleep' is, like ` penis', folklike code word. Page(s): 95 References: WP. II 104, WH. I 99, W. Oehl IF. 56, 119.

Meaning: to swell

Root / lemma: ba b-, b a b -, pa px

h x h

Material: Old Indic pippala- ` berry, paradise fig tree ', pippalaka- ` breast nipple '. pipluwitch could use to suckle a demon) ' (probably actually ` blister, vesicle '); Latin papula ` a tit ', pop ` ulcer ', pupuolo ` thick bud ' (u can be Redukt.-stem to a, or assimilated in Unchanged or neologism Swedish-Norwegian Dialectal pappe ` women's breast ', ` pimple, mole, mark on the body ("witch's tits" - any kind of mark on the body that a

mbNote: (as ba mb-, s.d.)

x x x x

pimple, vesicle ', papilla ds. ` nipple, teat, breast '; Lithuanian ppas ` nipple, teat, breast, following uo, but also the root derived form pup- ).

inflate, swell '.

Middle English pappe, engl. pap ` nipple, teat, breast '; besides u- forms see below p(h)- ` Also besides under baba- combined babble and child words, like engl. baby, stand
h

swelling, lump ' (Indo Germanic b or in the onomatopoeic word unpostponed b) which will belong from the image of the inflated cheeks in our circle. References: WP. II 107.

Middle High German buoben Pl. ` feminine breasts ', West Flemish babbe `growth,

Page(s): 91

Meaning: a kind of noise

mbRoot / lemma: ba mbx

Material: Gr m. (out of it Latin bombus) ` a boom, deep hollow noise ', , ` fleas ', ` humming insects ', ` narrow-necked vessel ' (as ` gurgling '), or - ` bumblebee ' (and ` narrow necked vessel '); about ` clatters with the teeth; stammer, lisp ' see below baba-; baba-

Maybe Italian bombo : Spanish abejorro; bombo : French bourdon : Aragones bomboln : Asturian babarn : Catalan borinot : Galician abelln : Latin Bombus terrestris : Valencian borint ` bumble bee; humblebee ' : Lithuanian bimbalas, bimbilas Albanian : bumballa ` gadfly, horsefly '. alb. bumbulit ` it thunders '; Germanic with by neologism prevented sound movement Old Icelandic bumba ` drum ', German bum bum; a little bit similarly Modern High German bammeln, bimmeln ` ring, Danish old bomme, bambe ` drum ', holl. bommen `to drone ' (compareauch Modern High

sound ');

Lithuanian bambti ` hum ', in ablaut bimpti ds., bimbalas, bimbilas ` gadfly, horsefly '; drum '.

russ.-Church Slavic bben, bubon ` drum ', russ. bubnt `chat, babble', poln. bben ` References: WP. II 107, Trautmann 26, WH. I 111.

Page(s): 93-94

Meaning: to suck

bdelRoot / lemma: bdel-

Material: Gr. ` sucks ', ` leech '; Modern High German zullen ` suck in a

sucking sac ', zulp ` piece of cloth used for soaking up liquid ', Dutch tullen ` drink, booze, 31, 423; sup ', Modern High German tulken ` suck, drink with large gulps, quaff '? Kretschmer KZ.

very uncertain because of more similar Germanic words like Norwegian tna ` drink a lot ' or it is gr. - perhaps in child language? - from -= shortened prefix (be- `suck'?).

(see Falk-Torp under tylde). If the connection applies, was Indo Germanic initial sound bd-,

Page(s): 95

References: WP. II 119.

bedRoot / lemma: bedMeaning: to swell? Material: Old Indic badva-m ` troop, heap; a certain high number '; Old Church Slavic (etc) bedro ` thigh '; Armenian port (*bodro-) ` navel, belly, center '.
h h

Wrong etymology, probably it derived from Root / lemma: b ed -1 : `to pierce, dig see there'. Maybe here Swedish Dialectal patte ` woman's breast, nipple ', isl. patti ` small child ',

engl. pat ` small lump (from butter) '; the forms standing besides with Germanic b-, Old Danish arsbatte `buttock', Swedish Dialectal batt ` of small heaps ' then showed the same auslaut fluctuation as

b(h)eu-, b(h)- ` inflate, swell ', wherewith root b(h)ed- (: b(h)u-d-, -t-) had the origin from the image of the inflated cheeks together. Latin bassus ` stout, fertile, fat ', roman ` low, menial ', stays away. References: WP. II 109, WH. I 98, 477, 851, Kretschmer Gl. 22, 258 f. Page(s): 96

Meaning: to cut off

belRoot / lemma: bel-1

Material: Perhaps Armenian pelem ` excavates, digs ', at most also Middle Irish belach `

Middle Irish bolg f. (das g after tolg ds.)?

cleft, gap, pass, way ' and Celtic *bolko-, - in cymr. bwlch m. ` fissure ', bret. boulc'h ds.,

References: WP. II 110; about not existierendes Old Indic bra `ffnung' s. Wackernagel under Debrunner KZ. 67, 171 f. Page(s): 96

Meaning: strong

belRoot / lemma: bel-2

Material: Old Indic bla-m n. ` force, strength, power ', blyn ` stronger ', bliha- ` the strongest '; gr. , ` better ', , ` best ' (this -- by reorganization from *, * after etc);

` motionless, steadfast '.

more, rather, to a greater extent, plus ' and ` very, more '. Uncertain Dutch-ndd.-Frisian pal With lengthened grade Old Indic bl- ` young, childish ', m. ` boy, kid, child', f. ` girl '. Maybe in i- grade alb. (*bl) bila ` girl ', bir 'son, boy' : Old Indic bl-, where l/ r are allophones. References: WP. II 110 f., WH. I 326 f.

Latin dbilis ` feeble, weak '; Old Church Slavic (*bol-(i)is-ios) boljj `greater', bolje Adv. `

Page(s): 96

Meaning: spike, needle, penis, nail, horn etc.

bendnoRoot / lemma: bend-, bnd-no-

Material: Middle Irish benn ` horn, summit ' (*bnd-no- or *bend-no-?), bennach ` pointed ', cymr. bann m. ` hill, summit, horn (*bnd-no-)', Middle Breton ban ` eminence, overhang, shelter ' (actually ` big horn '), Jud Rom. 49, 389 f., gall. dial. lacus Bncus, if for haughtiness, pride ', gall.*ande-banno- > French auvent ` (*protection roof) canopy, shield, Benncus, ` the horned ' (Sirmione), from *benno- (Indo Germanic *bend-no- or*bnd-no-); pint `penis', Middle High German (Middle Low German) pinz ` awl ', Old English pintel

Note: Note: perhaps in following Celtic and Germanic words:

(common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), West- Flemish pint ` cusp, point ', Middle Low German `penis' (engl. pintle also still ` peg '), Norwegian pintol `penis', wherefore probably with

ablaut Modern High German-Bavarian pfouzer, pfunzer ` sharpened cudgel, club '; with peg, small stake ', Middle Low German pin, pinne ` pin, point, nail, peg ', Middle High

Celtic forms to suitable n-suffix (*penn- from *bend-n-) Old Low German pin ` wooden pin, German pfinne f. ` nail ', Old English pinn ` peg, staff, stick', Late Old Icelandic pinni m. Old English on-pennian ` open (*the pen)', engl. pen ` enclose so as to prevent from escaping; shut in, confine (shut in a pen) ', Old English penn m. ` pen, fold '.

ds., ablaut. *pann- in East Frisian penne = pinne, ndd. pennen ` latch a door (with a bolt) ',

Maybe alb. pend `pair of oxen tied together' [common alb. n > nd shift] homonym to alb. pend `feather' : Latin penna `feather'.
11

References: Johansson KZ. 36, 347 f. (also against borrowing of Pinne from Latin pinna, in which Kluge sticks). WP. II 109 f.

Page(s): 96-97 b(e)u(e)uRoot / lemma: b(e)u-1, b (e)u- (*b eHu- > b Hu-iH-t) Material: Npers. bm `owl'; Armenian bu, bu `owl' (without consonant shift in
h h h

Meaning: expr. sound of hitting

onomatopoeic word), gr. m., f. `eagle owl ', ` cry like an 'eagle owl ', Latin persistently long '; bb ` eagle owl ', Bulgarian buh ` eagle owl ', russ. bchat ` shout vaguely and Maybe alb. (*buph) buf `owl' : Rumanian bufni; buh `owl'

cries ' (out of it Latin bore ` shout, cry '), ` call, cry for help ' (*F), seem to be shaped from such b- as rhyme words to , (see root gu-).

btio ` great bittern ', bteo ` a falcon's kind '; gr. ` call, cry, shout ', ` shouts,

Lithuanian baubls ` great bittern ', babti ` roar, bellow ', buben ` drones vaguely '; Latin

(Avestan buahin- ` he who is prone to howling and snarling / hissing ', buxti- ` howl, hissing '?), gr. ` howling '. Maybe Hungarian bagoly `owl (*horned bird?)'

With ending in a guttural sound: Old Indic bk-kra- ` roar of the lion ', bukkati ` barks '

bkius ` stammerers ', Latvian bkkt ` resound vaguely '; Slavic buk- (from zero grade of *bouk-) in russ.-Church Slavic buati `drone, roar ', serb. bm, bkati ` roar ', bm, bati ` roar (from the sea) ';

Perhaps Middle Irish bchna `sea' (`*roaring breaker'; basic form *boukani); Lithuanian

Maybe alb. (*buati) buas ` roar (from the sea) ' bela, bela `bee' (compare russ. byt ` hum, from bees ') see below b ei- and WH. I a great bittern (bird that booms/ roars like an ox during mating '; in the application to vague blow push russ. bkat, bchat (*bouk-s-) ` bump, hit that resounds ', buch ` fall! ', serb. bak ` description of sound produced by a strong blow ', presumably also buka `punch' bhnuti ` break out', buiti ` hit, throw, fall, fall with noise ', Lithuanian bukoti, Latvian 555; nasalized poln. bka ` talk in a low voice, murmur ', bk ` great bittern ', old `cry like
h

*bk- in russ. etc byk `bull (*roar of the bull)'; about angebl. *bk- in Old Church Slavic

German buc ` blow, push ' (without sound movement by continual running beside

(also Lithuanian buks ` dull' here as ` become dull through hitting '?); Middle High

', Norwegian pok, pauk ` crude cudgel, club ', perhaps Middle Irish balaim `hit' (*bougl ..., or to b u-d- `hit').
h

Icelandic bauka; this versch. word? see also WH. I under faux), engl. to poke ` bump, sting

Swedish boka, bauka, buka ds. (however, also ` dig, spade, thrash about ', as Old

neologism), puchen, buchen, Modern High German pochen, Dutch beuken ` hit, bump ',

eg- engRoot / lemma: b eg-, b eng- : `to break' in: alb. (*beuka) buka `bread' : Phrygian `bread', actually `crumb'. References: WP. II 112 f., WH. I 111, 119, 124, 470.
h h

Maybe from the extended Root / lemma: b(e)u-1, b (e)u- : `expr. sound of hitting' derived b(e)u(e)uh

Page(s): 97-98

Meaning: to swell, puff

b(e)uRoot / lemma: b(e)u-2, b (e)- (*b eHu- > b Hu-iH-t) Note: puNote: Explosive sound of the inflated cheek, like pu-, phu see d .; running beside primeval Indo Germanic bu-, but from unpostponed Indo Germanic or new pu- are explainable.
h h h

creation crosses the sound-lawful development, so that e.g. Germanic forms with pu- from From the concept of the inflated cheek the meaning ` swell, plump bloated (then convex) of the most different kind ', also ` make bulge, stuff, darn ' and ` blow, cough '. Originally kiss '. differently the onomatopoetic words b(e)u-1 for vague onomatopoetic sounds and bu- ` lip, b(e)ubuMaterial: Gr. , ` piles up ', ` any plant of the Umbelliferae family '; redupl. ` the groin, glands near the genitals, part. in morbidly swollen state '; nisl. pa ` blow, breathe '.

; presumably here also ` hill ' (dialect), ` a turnip kind ', v

Swedish bobba ` bombast, grandiloquence, fin, insect ', bubba ` louse ' and ` Trollius
h h h

water or fermenting dough), Middle Low German bubbeln ` throw up bubbles, surge ',

Reduplicates as , also Lithuanian bubs, bubsti ` throw up bubbles ' (from

europaeus ' (with Indo Germanic b or with consonant shift prevented by new creation of b), Old Norse byfa (*b b in-) ` big, lumpy foot ', Norwegian dial. bve, bva ` thicker, uncouth, clumsy person, scarecrow, also a word for male member '.
h

brs ` heap (houses), amount (sheep, birds, also rain)', Latvian bra ` heap (people)';
h

number of things, very much, most possible '; Armenian bavel, bovel ` suffice '; Lithuanian without r-suffix: Old Church Slavic buj (*b ouio-) ` wild, cruel, brainless ', russ. bjnyj `

baiy ` (more, timewise =) longer, on longer than ', Superl. bitm ` most, greatest

bhvyas-, Superl. bhyiha-, Avestan biri- ` plentiful, full, complete ', compounds-Adv.

With certain b -: Old Indic bh-ri- ` rich, a lot, immense ', compounds bhyas-,

wind, shower '?;

growing vehemently, wildly, excessively '; from here ndd. b, bje, Dutch bui ` gust, gust of

Maybe alb. buj `fuss' a Slavic loanword. gr. Hes.; with lengthened grade *b u- gr.-Ionian , Attic ` blisters '; gr. , ` blister, bubble ' (with Abl. u besides u).
h h

the meaning of Old Indic prbhta- ` rich, numerous ' (: bhvati) with that of bhri-. Lithuanian buls (also bl, bul) ` buttocks ', gr. Hes., Middle Low extensions with l are perhaps: Old Indic buri-, buli- (unbel.) ` buttock, vulva ' =

Also the root b eu- ` become, originate ' is probably developed from ` swell ', compare

German poll ` head, point, treetop ' (*bulno-), Middle Low German pull, poll `(bloated) shell, pod ', engl. pulse ` legume '; changing through ablaut Middle Low German puyl ` bag ', puyla `swelling, lump, growth'; with b -: Gothic ufbauljan, only in participle ufbaulidai `
h

(*inflated), conceited, haughty ', Old High German paula f. ` a pimple, bubble ', Old English ` hump, outgrowth ', Old Swedish bolin, bulin ` swollen '; Old Irish bolach `swelling, blister' (*b ulk-, at most b ol- to b el- `to swell'); Armenian boil, Gen. Pl. bulic ` crowd, amount,
h h h

byle, Old High German plla, Middle High German biule `swelling, blister', Old Norse beyla

herd ', serb. bljiti ` open the eyes wide in a stare, to goggle '.

T Hes., origin Germanic-rom. kinship of Modern High German Btte, Latin buttis `

Dental extensions: gr. , Hes. (but .

inflate, bloat '); here probably poln. buta ` pride ', buci si ` brag, boast '.

barrel, cask, keg, cask', corresponds gr. ` demijohn, wickerbottle, carboy ', see p- ` Old Indic budbuda- ` blister, bubble ', gr. , ,

Hes. (*budio-, perhaps ` distended, bloats '? Yet see below S. 101); Norwegian pte ` pillow, cushion ', pta ` bulky woman ', Swedish puta ` be inflated ', puta `pillow, cushion' (dial. ` female pudenda '; with the same application perhaps gr. Hes.), engl. to pout ` push the lips forward, usu. as an expression of displeasure,

(capit, actually ` big-head '), Dutch puit ` frog ';

fowl, a chicken, a young turkey, pheasant, pigeon, guinea-fowl ', Old English le-pte ds. with Germanic -d- (--): ndd. puddig ` swollen ', Old English puduc `swelling, lump,

sullenness, or flirtatiousness; show displeasure, sulk ' (`*to swell'), pout ` a young domestic

growth, wart ', Middle English ndd. podde ` toad ' with not yet cleared meaning

development Old English pudd ` water ditch ', Middle English podel,engl. puddle, Modern

compare Armenian poytn, Gen. putan ` pot, soup pot, jug ' from *beud-n- or *boud-n-. isl. budda `sac, bag, purse', Old English budda ` dung beetle ', Middle English budde ` bud Middle Low German buddich ` thickly inflated ', nndd. budde ` louse, cock chafer grub; With Germanic b-: Old High German btil, Middle High German biutel `sac, bag, pocket';

' and ` beetle, chafer ', budden ` redound ' (`*to swell'), engl. bud `bud', to bud `redound', fright picture '; Middle Low German buddelen, bod(d)elen ` throw bubbles, foam ', breakers, surf '; Middle High German butte, Modern High German Hagebutte;

Norwegian Dialectal boda ` roar, bubble, from the water '; Old Norse boi ` breaker, surge, besides with Germanic -tt-: Middle Low German botte, Dutch bot `bud', Middle High tt-

German butze ` lump, mucus; goblin, fright figure ', Modern High German Butze(n), Butz ` fright figure; lumps, mucus, crowd; cores ', etc, ndd. butt ` clumsy, dull, coarse ', Middle High German butzen `to swell';

bulge (from the belly, the eyes) ', Old High German bzo ` a bundle of flax ', Middle High German bze ` ds.; ridiculous person, knave, boy ';

besides with -t- after long vowel or diphthong Middle High German buzen ` swell, jut out,

11

Middle Low German pot ` pot, pan ' (different Kluge

slop, puddle, pool '; as a convex curvature in addition perhaps Old English pott, Old Frisian under Pott);

path after rain ', as also (with Germanic t) Norwegian Dialectal pyta, westf. pt (*pauta) `

High German Dialectal Pfudel ` a small pool of muddy water, esp. one formed on a road or

saprophytic fungus of the order Agaricales having an umbrella-like cap with gills on the besides poytn (see above) also ptu, Gen. ptoy ` fruit ' and ptuk, Gen. ptkan ` green

perhaps Lithuanian budl ` a kind of mushroom ', Slavic *bdla in Czech bedla ` a

underside ', bedly Pl. ` oral fungi, funguettes in oral or nasal cavity '; from Armenian here branch, young shoot ' and ` breast, nipple, teat '. and belongs likewise here.

Old Irish buiden `troop, multitude, crowd', cymr. byddin, abret. bodin ds. has root-like u Labial extension: Old English pyffan `blow out, puff out', engl. puff ` puff, blow, be guttural extensions:

inflated ', Norwegian puffa, ndd. puffen.

a mouthful '; Middle High German pfchen, Modern High German (p)fauchen (can contain Swedish puk ` swelling, lump, growth, tubers ', Old Norse poki m. `sac, bag, sack, bag', engl. poke ds., Modern High German dial. Pfoch `sac, bag', Old English pohha, pocca `sack, bag, sac, bag', engl. pocket `pocket', mndd. nndd. pogge, pugge `frog, toad; unpostponed Indo Germanic p, compare Lithuanian pkti ` pant, gasp, wheeze ');

Latin bucca ` the cheek, esp. when puffed out. Transf., a declaimer, bawler; a parasite;

swelling, lump, growth in the abdomen with cows and mares ', Old English pocc `blister',

person in growth ', Norwegian Dialectal pauk ` small, weak person, knave, boy ' (about `purse' s. though Feist 385).

pca ` ghost ', perhaps also Latvian pk'is `dragon'); zero grade ndd. pk ` subnormal

', Old English pca, pcel, engl. puck ` fairy demon, ghost ' (from Germanic derived Irish

Modern High German (actually ndd.) Pocke, dial. Pfoche `blister'; Old Norse pki m. ` devil

Gothic puggs `sac, bag, purse', Old Norse pungr, Old English pung ds. and scaz-(p)fung With Germanic b: Middle English nengl. big (*bugja-) `thick, big, large, conceited ';

Norwegian Dialectal bugge ` mighty man ', Middle English bugge (engl. bug) ` a lump of High German Dialectal bogg(e) ` booger, the core in fruit or the carpels of an apple or a pear, bugbear, spectre, bogeyman '. Here presumably Germanic *buh- (Indo Germanic *b uk-) in Old High German buhil `
h h

(semi-)dried nasal mucus, booger; chafer, bedbug; bugbear, spectre, bogeyman ', Modern

(Indo Germanic *b g-) in Swiss Bcki ` keg ', engl. buck ` bucket, pale ' and Old Icelandic bkr ` belly, body '; Old English bc `belly, crock, pitcher', Old High German bh, Modern High German Bauch, in addition Latvian bugarains ` tubercular ', buga ` hornless cow ',

foreland, hill ', Old Icelandic bla f. `swelling, blister, shield boss ' (*buhln-) and *bk-

budzis `swelling, blister, unripe Fruit '; but Lithuanian baas `hornless', buy `

forms and are based on the unextended root. s-extension:

probably from u, compare above S. 99 ) can contain Baltic as single-linguistic

scarecrow, bogie, spectre ', bs `bedbug, louse', boe ` club, mace, joint, pinhead ' (o

` to cram, fill, chock, stuff, ram up ', , ` bung, clot, thrombus ', (-) ` crushed, thrusted, thronged, full '; alb. mbush ` fill '; Middle Irish bas ` sac, bag, pocket, belly' (*b ousto-, compare Old Icelandic beysti ` ham '), Note: alb. mbush ` fill ' [common alb. shift b- > mb-]. Old Norse pss `pocket, sac, bag', isl. pose, Old English pusa, posa, Old High German pfoso `sac, bag'; with the more originary meaning ` blow, inflate, bloat, to swell', Old Swedish pysa ` pant, sniff, snort ', Middle High German pfsen `pant, sniff, snort, sneeze ', sich pfsen ` self inflating, inflated ', Modern High German Dialectal pfausen, Old English sniff, snort', pster ` bellows ', Modern High German pusten (actually ndd.) Dialectal pfausten, Old Norse pstr ` slap in the face, box on the ear ' (as French soufflet to pos ` catarrh, waterfall ', engl. pose ` a cold in the head, catarrh ', mndd. psten `pant,
h

Gr. > (*, to : s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 692), (*), ,

Swiss pfsig `swollen', Modern High German Pfausback, with ndd. anlaut Pausback

souffler); Norwegian ps `swelling, lump, growth', peysa, psna ` to bloat, bulge, swell ', (besides Bausback with Germanic b-, see below); Norwegian Dialectal pusling ` toddler,

thick'); Norwegian ps, pysa ` mud puddle ', Old Norse pyss ds. (in place names).
h

fairy demon, ghost, goblin ', Swiss Pfosi `toddler, clumsy, stupid person ' (`short and

arrogance, pomposity, flatulence, bloatedness, inflatedness, bumptiousness,

buosem, buosen, Modern High German Busen, Middle High German bs ` vanity,

English bsom (Germanic*bs-mo(n)-), Old High German buosam, Middle High German

Mit Germanic b (= Indo Germanic b , partly perhaps unpostponed or the new b): Old

Middle High German bsch ` bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb, wad, plumper ', Old Norse busilkinna ` woman ( with chubby cheeks), (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), a chubby-cheeked woman ', Norwegian baus ` proud, rollicking,

tumor, inflation ', Bausback, Bausch ` swelling, turgescent, bulgy cushion, stuffed breast ',

High German bausen ` to booze, bouse, quaff, tipple, carouse, swell', Baus ` abundance,

conceitedness, vaingloriousness, swelling fullness ', bsen ` indulge oneself ', Modern

wanton, violent, quick-tempered ', Old High German bsi ` stonyhearted, bad ', Modern High German bse, Middle English bsten, nengl. to boast ` brag, boast ' (`*blow up '), Modern High German beysinn ` thick, wide and large (from clothes)', bstinn ds., (under German Dialectal Baust ` bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb ', bauste(r)n `to

the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old Icelandic beysti `ham', Modern High swell', Old High German biost, Modern High German Biest-milch (actually ` fat milk '), Old

) ds. (insecure is, whether Swedish Dialectal buska ` fresh, fermenting beer ' and

English bost, bysting, engl. beastngs, biestings ds., Norwegian Dialectal budda (*buzdn-

associated with it as *beuza- is to be added Old High German bior, Old English bor ` beer ' as ` frothing at the mouth, foaming, bubble-throwing, blistering '; about other
11

interpretations of beer see Kluge

and Weigand-Hirt).

(*bau).

bulge, swell, sich inflate, bloat', bhor ` vesicle, blister ', kasch. bucha ` pride, hauteur '

Russ. bchnut `to bloat, bulge, swell, gush, well up', sloven, bhnem, bhniti `to bloat,

bsen ` be violent, roar, make a noise, attack ' (and ` live the high life, high on the hog / or high off the hog, have a luxurious lifestyle ', compare above Middle High German bsen away; bring; mishit; wallop; thrash ', russ. bstryj ` fast, sharp sighted, rapid from the current ' (*b s-ro-).
h

Norwegian Dialectal bysa ` storm forth '; Swedish busa ` dismay, hurtle out '; East Frisian

from `swell' can be developed: Old Icelandic bysia ` stream out with big power ';

There is used probably the following group which meaning ` blasting forth, sallying forth '

`indulge oneself'), bsterig ` stormy ', Old Church Slavic bystr ` board up; strand; take

Page(s): 98-102

References: WP. II 114 f., Trautmann 28, 39.

Meaning: sheep's bleating

Root / lemma: b, b

Material: Gr. , Latin bb, -re ` bleat, shout, from a young deer', blre and Vulgar

Latin blre ` bleat ', Modern High German bh, Slavic (e.g. klr.) bkati ` bleat ', Latvian bckeln `(*from the alpine chamois)'; similarly Old Irish biccithir ` bellow, roar ', cymr.

b, bku, biku Interj. ` bleating, grousing, blatant ', Old Icelandic bekri ` Aries, ram ', Swiss

beichio `bellow', perhaps also Old Indic bkur `voice, sound, tone', all single-linguistic bkur ` voice, tone ', all single-linguistic new formations.

neologisms. Similarly Old Irish beiccithir `roars', cymr. beichio `mugire', perhaps Old Indic

References: WP. II 121, WH. I 95, 99.

Page(s): 96 Root / lemma: b ab Meaning: bean

2 h h h

Schrader RL. 159 f.

Note: compare to Sachlichen Hoops Waldb. 350, 400 f., 464 f., Hehn Kltpfl. 221, 570,
8

etc and the island Fabria),

Material: Material: Latin faba (Faliscan haba) ` the broad bean ' (in addition the PN Fabius, Fabidius Note: common Latin ph- > f- shift

(*b ak).
h

bulged pod, tumescence ' related to gr. m. `lentil': alb. bath f. `broad bean' Note: common alb. shift -kh > -th also -gh > -dh

russ. etc bob, Old Prussian babo ds. Probably reduplicated babble-word and as `inflated,

Frisian island by Plinius) have originated probably through dissimilation from *ban to *aun. Note:

Also Old Icelandic baun, Old English ban, Old High German bna `bean' (Baunonia

The assumption of a duplicated Root / lemma: b ab (b a-b ) seems to be wrong.

h h h h h

Common Latin k > p corresponds to common gr. g > b : gr. `clean, gleaming',
h

, `clean', ` smudges ' (*b oig-o-), , (*b ig-) `impure, unclean'. That means gr. m. `lentil' and alb. bath f. `broad bean' derived from an intermediary root (*b ak) and that one from Root / lemma: b eig- : `to shine'. eig '); common alb. nasalization t > nt > n. Page(s): 106 References: WP. II 131, WH. I 436.
h h

Obviously Germanic forms *ban derived from Illyrian *bathna (alb. bath f. ` broad bean

Meaning: to divide

agRoot / lemma: b ag-1

determined as an interest ', Old Indic bhaga- ` property, luck ', Avestan baga-, baa- n. ` Savitar and another ditya ' = Avestan baa- ` master, mister, god ', npers. ba ` god ' : favorable interest, attractive lot '; Old Indic bhaga- ` allocator, master, mister, epithet of

Material: Old Indic bhajati ` allocates, apportions, divides ' = Avestan bag- (baat) ` be

Maybe suffixed alb. (*ba-) bagti `sheep (animal god)'

Old Church Slavic bog `god' (formal also = gr. -);.

Proto Indian (Mitanni) PN Bagarriti (= *b aga-rti- ` blessing stream '), GN Bagbartu (= making a donation '), Kretschmer KZ. 55, 95, Gl. 18, 232;
h h h h

*b aga-b rt- ` blessing donator '), klein Old Saxon VN (F) (= *b aga-d-uon- `

lot, fate determination, esp. bad luck '; Old Indic bhakati ` enjoys, consumes ' = Avestan baxaiti ` has or gives lot ', Desid. Old Indic bhikate ` requests ';

Old Indic bhakt-m `repast, meal' = Avestan baxta- participle `as alloted lot '. n. ` assigned

oak '? S. under b g-s;

h

Phrygian Hes. (perhaps of Iranian origin); or from to gr. ` gr. `eat', - ` eating grain ', etc; because of gr. ,

Backe;

Hes. perhaps here (Much Zfdt Wtf. 2, 283) Old Saxon (kinni-) bako, Modern High German

Slavic bog `god' (proto extension or iran. loanword); GN Dadi-bg ` bestowing wealth '; Tocharian A pk, pke `deal, portion', A pci `treasure, tribute'. References: WP. II 127 f., W. Schulze KZ. 60, 138 = Kl. Schr. 469. Page(s): 107

Slavic *bog `lot' in Old Church Slavic ubg, nbg ` poor ', bogat `rich', Old Church

Meaning: sharp

agRoot / lemma: b ag-2

h h h

Material: Cretan ` whetstone ', , ` pointy heads, pointedheads,

pointheads ' (from * after ` crooked *(with a pointed angle'?) would compare from Lidn Arm.-stem 57 ff. with Armenian bark (could be = ) ` bitter, sharp from taste; violent, angry ' compared, yet bark could belong also to Indo Germanic *b orgo-s .
h

Page(s): 107

References: WP. II 128.

Meaning: beard Note:

lemma: ard Root / lemma: b ar (*b ar eh > b ard eh )

2 h h 2 h h h h

Root / lemma: b ard : `beard' derived from the fussion of suffixed Root / lemma: ger-1, ar ersnake, worm, *fish'. Material:

g(h)i (h)iang(h)i (h)iger- : `to devour; throat' + zero grade g(h)i- `snake, worm, fish' Root / lemma: ang(h)i- : er-

Maybe alb. Geg (*ger- gha) verza ` (*throat), gill of fish' Latvian brda `gill of fish' :

Latvian: brda `beard' [f ]; brzda (dial.) `beard' [f ] : Greek , ` gill of ang(h)i- eghi- oghi hiehi : hiang(h)i- (*eghi-, oghi- and ehi-): `snake, worm, *fish (*hedgehog = snake eater)' (h)i eghi Latin barba `beard' (assimil. from *far-ba); fish' = Root / lemma: ger-1, ger- : ` to devour; throat ' + zero grade of Root / lemma: erer-

Old Saxon barda, Old Icelandic bara ` hatchet, beards ', because the iron stands like a beard in the handle; from the Germanic Old Church Slavic brady ` axe, hatchet '; Old Church Slavic brada `beard', russ. borod ds., also `chin', Serbo-Croatian brda, Old Prussian bordus `beard' (unclear after Trautmann 27); Latvian brda and (see to zd under) brzda, Lithuanian barzd, Akk. barzd `beard'; `having a beard, bearded'. [common Latin-Illyrian > b-, Bakltic - > dz-].
h h

Old High German bart, Old English beard `beard' m., therefrom Old High German barta,

Akk. brdu `beard' etc;

Latin (*b ar eh -to-) barbtus, Old Church Slavic bradat, Lithuanian barzdtas
2 h h

Maybe Rumanian brbat `man, jack, male, husband, spouse (bearded man?)'. (*barzd) caused from Old Church Slavic brazda, russ. borozd ` furrow '. Maybe alb. brazda ` furrow ' a Slavic loanword. also Indo Germanic *b ar-d `beard' on *b ar- ` bristle, stand up ', next to which extension *b ares- ds.
h

Lithuanian and partly Latvian -zd- is probably through the analogy the Baltic correlation

just as Slavic *br ` millet, sorghum ' (see below b ar- ` bristle ear ') will be based arh h h h

Page(s): 110

References: WP. II 135, WH. I 96, Specht Dekl. 87.

Meaning: to stuff

arek rek rek Root / lemma: b arek- or b rekh

Material: Gr. , (* from *b rk-) ` encloses, crams into, crowds together ', common gr.-Illyrian -ks- > -ss-;

eh

 ` locked in ', with secondary : Aor. (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 760), etc, epid. from *, -[] ` wooden shack, shed ', in addition Hes.;

', perhaps frequ-ns, -tis `crowded, numerous, full; of places, full, frequented, populous; of used ';

Latin farci, -r ` to fill full, stuff full, cram ', fartus ` stuff, fill up, gorge oneself, cram into

time, repeated, frequent, constant; of persons, often doing a thing; of things, often done or Note: common Latin ph > f shift

Bollelli L'It. dial. 17, 147 f.);

f. ` fortress ' probably from gallo-rom. *bar(i)ca ` framehouse, a wooden house ' (compare

Middle Irish barc f. `onrush (esp. the waves, billows)'; whereas derives Middle Irish barc

(Van Windekens Lexique 100). Page(s): 110-111

h

Tocharian A prkr, prkre ` firmly fixed in place; not easily moved; physically stable '

References: WP. II 134 f., WH. I 456 f., Loth RC. 38, 303 f. Zweifel by EM 332.

aresoresRoot / lemma: b ares- : b oresNote: With s-extension

h h

Meaning: point, stubble (with formants) arsMaterial: b ars-

down; of measurements looking up, height; looking down, depth; abstract, high rank,

Latin fastigium (*b arsti-) ` the gable end, pediment of a roof; hence a slope, either up or
h

arrogance ' (tu-stem), in addition fastdium ` loathing, squeamishness, disgust, dislike; Ist. Lomb. 76, 2, 17 f.;

dignity; principal point in a subject ', here perhaps fastus, -s m. ` pride, haughtiness,

hence scorn, haughtiness, disdain ' (from *fasti-tdium, to taedium); s. also Pisani Rc. R. Old Irish barr ` top, point, summit, foliage ', cymr. corn. bar, bret. barr ds., abrit. PN

Cuno-barros ` fierce, furious like a battle dog ', gall. *barros ` bush, treetop ' (M.-L. 964). b orsorsMiddle Irish borr `stout, proud, swollen', mcymr. bwrr ds., corn. bor `fat';
h

conifer ', Old English brs, bears, Middle High German bars, Modern High German Indo Germanic *b rs-) ds.;
h

Old High German parrn ` stand up stiffly ', parrunga `pride', Old Icelandic barr- `needle,

Barsch, Old High German bersich ` barse, perch '; ablaut. Swedish agh-borre (*borzan,

borre `burdock', Swedish sj-borre ` hedgehog ', Norwegian dial. borren, byrren `stout, proud'. Maybe alb. Geg burr `man, valiant man, proud man', burrni `pride, bravery' mburr `be proud, boast' [common alb. b > mb]. Note: Maybe alb. Geg burr `man, valiant man, proud man', burrni `pride, bravery' mburr `be stubble' derived from an extended Root / lemma: b er-1 : `to bear, carry' (see below). erb rsti-, b rstisti rstirsti stih h h

English burre, borre ` burdock, roughness in the throat ', engl. bur(r) ds., Danish-Swedish

ndd. (out of it Modern High German) barsch (*b ors-ko-) `coarse, stern, rough'; Middle
h

proud, boast' [common alb. b > mb] proves that Root / lemma: b ares- : b ores- : `point, aresores-

Icelandic burst f. `bristle, ridge of the roof ', Old English byrst f. `bristle', Old High German from burst ` bristle mass '); Slavic *brstio- in russ. bor ` acanthus ', bor ` red turnip With formants -d o-, -d -: b rez rezd (*brerdaz), besides briord (*brerdia), Old Swedish brdder ds., New Swedish brdd, etc b roz rozd Alb. breth, bredhi `fir'; Maybe alb. (*b rez) brez ` belt, edge, border '.
h h h h h h h

Old Indic bhr- f. ` prong, spike, cusp, peak, edge, point ' = Germanic *bursti- in Old

burst, borst m. n., bursta f. `bristle', Middle High German burste ` bristle brush ' (from Pl.

soup ', etc

Old English breord, breard m. `edge, bank, border, shore, surface, plain, area '

oh

spur on, drive on, goad, incite, arouse ' from *b ros-t- (Loth RC. 42, 70), mistakenly ', Swedish dial. bradd. b r zd -, b r zd h h

Old Irish brot ` sting, prick ', acorn. bros, bret. broud ds., compare Middle Irish brostaim ` O'Rahilly riu 13, 169 f.; Old High German brart `edge, border, stem, stem bar, stem post

bite, drill through '; *b r zd - or *b rzd - to Germanic *bruzd- in Old High German brort `edge, border', Old English brord m. `cusp, peak, germ, sprout, leaf ', wschs. brerd (*brozdi-),
h h h o h

Middle Irish brataim ` loots, robs ' (in addition bratn ` salmon ') = cymr. brathu ` sting,

Slavic *bruzd- in Old Church Slavic brzda, russ. brozd `bridle, rein',

grain germ, cutting edge ', Old High German gibrortn ` to hem, gird, border '; = Balto-

Old English bryrdan ` sting, goad, stir, tease, irritate ', Old Icelandic broddr ` cusp, peak,

riila- (Old English brigdels `bridle, rein', bregdan ` flax, wattle, braid '). Different Specht Dekl. 142. References: WP. II 131 ff., WH. I 461 f., 546.

brzgilas, Old Prussian bisgelan `bridle, rein' probably borrows from proto Germanic

Lithuanian bruzdklis, old `bridle, rein', currently` peg, plug, toggle '. Whereas is Lithuanian

Page(s): 109-110
h

Meaning: barley

aresRoot / lemma: b ares-

*farrna), farreus = Umbrian farsio, fasiu ` made of spelt or wheat, meal '; Note: common alb. ph- > f- shift maybe alb. far `seed, barley seed'

(respectively *fars, *fars-es) = Oscan far, Umbrian far; Latin farna ` meal, flour ' (from

Material: Latin far (actually farr), farris n. ` spelt, grain, meal ' from *far(o)s, *far(e)zes

Old English bere `barley' (*bar(a)z-, respectively *bar(i)z-); but Slavic *barsina- in Old
h

Gothic bariz-eins (= Latin farna) `from barley', Old Icelandic barr m. ` corn, grain, barley',

brono ` rye flour ', after Jokl Mileti-Festschr. (1933) 119 ff. rather to b er-1 ` bear, carry er'. Maybe alb. bar ` grass, pasture, fodder' : Old Icelandic barr m. `corn, grain, barley'.
h

Church Slavic brano ` nourishment, food ', Serbo-Croatian brno `meal, flour', russ.

aresSee also: compare also b ares S. 109.

References: WP. I 134, WH. I 455 f., 864.

o h

e h

Page(s): 111 aruRoot / lemma: b aru-, -uoh h

Meaning: fir-tree, tree, forest

pinewood '.

spruce, spruce forest ', Serbo-Croatian br, Gen. bra ` pine tree ', Czech bor m. `

or area of countryside, priest '; Slavic *bor in russ.-Church Slavic bor, Pl. borove ` fir,

shrubbery, bush ', Old High German bara-wri ` forest ranger...a keeper of a park, forest,

Material: Old Icelandic brr m. `tree', Old English bearu, Gen. bearwes m. ` wood, forest,

Page(s): 109

References: WP. II 164, Trautmann 26 f., Hoops Waldbume 362.

Meaning: bristle, stubble, sharp point Material: Mit vokal. formant: Gothic bara-bagms ` mulberry tree ', engl. black bear-berry `uva ursi', Norwegian

arorRoot / lemma: b ar- : b or- : b rh h

bjrneber `rubus caesius' are reinterpreted after the bear's name *bara- ` shrub, bush ' = ` briar '; from proto Slavic. *br (*b r-) derive russ. dial. bor, kir. bor, Gen. bru `kind of millet, Other formations with g are: compare Latin farrg ` mixed fodder for cattle, mash; a medley, mixture '). With formants -ko-: Croatian brk `cusp, peak, germ, sprout, whisker, moustache ', Czech brk ` keel, pinion of Middle Irish barc ` spear shaft ', cymr. barch f. `spear, javelin', Slavic brk in SerboOld Irish bairgen f. `bread' (*barigen or *barigon), cymr. etc bara m. ds. (*barag-,
oh

sorghum', Serbo-Croatian br ds.

`pole' (Berneker 119).

birds, primary feather, quill-feather ', also probably russ. brce, brco ` shinbone ', dial.

mbr. broch ds., whether originally ` pointy or sharp snouted, rat faced, incisive looking, spiky ' to Latin (Celtic) broccus ` to with protruding teeth ', gall. *broccos `cusp, peak, spiky', French broche `spear' etc Unclear is, to what extent Middle Irish brocc ` smut ',

Perhaps here (with consonant increase) *brokko- ` badger ', Middle Irish brocc, cymr.

Gaelic brocach ` mottled, speckled, *tabby ', cymr. broch ` rage, fury, din, fuss, noise, secondary semantic change or belong to different stems.

scum, froth, foam ', nbr. broc'hed ` mad, wicked, evil (= stung, bitten)' are to be owed to

It is striking poln. (Venetic-ill). FlN Brok, perhaps signifies ` river badger'. Page(s): 108-109
h

References: WP. II 134, 163, 164, WH. I 455 f.

Meaning: bundle, heap Note:

h

askosko) Root / lemma: b asko- (*b ed -sko

h h

askoRoot / lemma: b asko- : `bundle, heap' is a truncated formation of an older root *b ed -sko egh: `bundle, heap' (see below). The alledged root *b ed -sko derived from b egh- [common Illyrian -gh- > -dh-]. Material: Maked. and (these genuine gr. Latin fascia ` bandage, band, girdle, girth, strap, land stripe ', fascis ` alliance, bundle,
h h h h h h h h

from which derived both Root / lemma: b ed -2 : `to bow, bend' and Root / lemma: b askoasko-

vowel form), Hes.; perhaps here gr. ` leather sack ';

parcel; the fasces with excellent hatchet as a token of the imperious power '; Note: common Latin ph- > f- shift

Maybe alb. bashk `together, bound', bashkonj `put together, unite', bashk `fleece (a bundle of wool)'. Note: Note skolemma: b ed -2 : `to bow, bend' and Root / lemma: b ad -sko- : `bundle, heap' (see below).
h h h h

Alb. proves that from an early root *b egh- [common Illyrian -gh- > -dh-] derived Root / eghh

originally an earthen and burnt vessel formed about a twisted skeleton good as basket), cymr. baich ` burden, load ', Middle Breton bech, nbret. beac'h ds.; gallo-rom. *ambibascia `load', alyonn. ambaissi ` kneader for the sheaves ' (Jud Rom. 47, 481 ff.). Page(s): 111 References: WP. II 135 f., WH. I 97, 459 f.

Middle Irish basc ` collar, neckband ', abrit. bascauda ` brazen rinsing boiler ' (perhaps

Meaning: good

Root / lemma: b dh h h

Material: Old Indic bhadr- ` joyful, gratifying, lucky, good ', n. ` luck, salvation', sbhadra- ` lovely, superb, pretty, splendid ' = Avestan hu-bara- ` lucky '; Gothic batiza `better', batista `best', Old Icelandic betre, betstr, Old English bet(e)ra,

(*bataz, congealed Neutr. ` benefit ');

das Adv. of Kompar. Old Icelandic betr, Old English bet (*batiz), Old High German baz

betst, Old High German bezzir(o), bezzist, Modern High German besser, best; in addition

Middle High German bazze ds.; Gothic gabatnan ` acquire benefit ', Old Icelandic batna ` become better ', Old English batian, Old High German bazzen ds.; with ablaut Gothic bta f. `benefit', Old Icelandic Old English bt ` improvement,

Old Icelandic bati m. ` improvement, salvation', Old Frisian bata m. ` benefit, advantage ',

replacement ', Old High German buoz(a) f. `improvement, penance, atonement '. References: WP. II 151 f., Feist 83, 103, 174, J. Weisweiler Bue (1930). Page(s): 106

ghRoot / lemma: b gh-s Meaning: elbow, arm Material: Old Indic bhu- m. `arm, esp. forearm; with animals forefoot ', Avestan bzu- gr. , Aeolic-Doric ` elbow, forearm ', Old Icelandic bgr, Akk. PL bgu `arm,

`arm', Gen. bzv (Armenian bazuk from dem Iran.);

shoulder', Old English bg `shoulder, arm; twig, branch', Old High German buog (Modern High German Bug) `shoulder, hip, haunch, point of shoulder of animals '; Tocharian poke, pauke `arm'. Page(s): 108 References: WP. II 130.

Meaning: ` mud, marsh ' Page(s): 108 See also: s. b gh-.

h

ghgh Root / lemma: b gh-

gRoot / lemma: b g-s Meaning: beech Grammatical information: f.

h

beech ';

Material: Gr. , Doric f. `oak' (compare Specht KZ. 66, 59); Latin fgus f. `

Maybe alb. ahu ` beech ' : Spanish haya, French htre, fayard, foyau, fau, fagette, faye, Fayette, Italian faggio, Aragones fau, Bresciano f, Breton favenn, Calabrese fagu, Catalan faig, Furlan fajr, Galician faia, Irish fe, Manx faih, Piemontese f, Portuguese Welsh ffawydden ` beech '.

faia, Romagnolo fz, Sardinian Campidanesu fau, Valencian faig, Venetian fagaro, fagher, gall. bgos in PN Bgcon, Bgono-; Old High German buohha `beech' (bkn-, compare silva Bcenis ` resin ' by Caesar and Middle Latin Bcnia ` Rhn -an area in Germany '), letter ', Old Icelandic bk, Old English bc, Old High German buoh f. n. ` book (as the Old Icelandic bk f., Old English bc, bce (bkjn-), in addition Gothic bka f. ` alphabetic wood of rune-tablets) ', Old High German buohstap `alphabetic letter', actually ` beech stick for scratching '. Nisl. beyki n. `beech forest' is (because of bki ds.) writing variant from *bki, a late

loanword from Middle Latin apotheka ` bin, box, case, crib, tank, bucket ' is soil?

Icelandic bukr, baukr ` first aid kit, medicine box ', after Cleasby-Vigfusson 85b a Slavic *buza- : *bz- ` elder ' in russ. buz m. : slov. bz, russ. dial. boz stay away

collective to bk; also is to define perhaps nisl. beykir ` cooper '. Unclear is mir Old

probably; also Kurdish bz ` a kind of elm ', goes back to older vz (from Indo Germanic *uigs). Middle High German bche, biuche ` lye ', biuchen, bchen ` boil or wash in lye ' belongs Indo Germanic side by side from b ug- (:b ug-: b g-) and b g- is extremely unlikely; Perhaps after E. Leumann (KZ. 57, 190) to Avestan baga- ` interest, portion, lot, fate ',
h h h h h

rather to root b eug(h)- ` clean, sweep '.

compare W. Schulze KZ. 27, 428 = Kl. Schr. 55.

also ` fortune cookie tree ', because marks were scratched into it by pilgrims. (Wien 1948).

References: WP. II 128 f., WH. I 445 f., 863 f., E. Passler in `Frhgesch. under Sprachw.' Page(s): 107-108

Meaning: to shine

Root / lemma: b -1, b -, b - (*b eh -1)

2 h h h h

Material: Old Indic bh (in compound) ` shine, light, lustre ', bhti ` shines, (he) appears ', bhti- `light', bhna-m n. ` the shiners, apparition ' (compare Old Irish bn `white', Old

shine';

English bnian `polish'), bhnu- `light, ray, sun' (: Old Saxon banu-t), bhma- `light,

fr (fra-viti ` shines out ') and vi- (vi-b- ` gleam, shine ', Benveniste BSL. 32, 86 f.), vspbm(y)a- ` all gleaming ', bmya- `light, gleaming ', bnu- m. `light, ray'; allow to become visible '), Aor. ba-t`si, compare gr. and alb. bj;
h h

Avestan b- `shine, appear, seem' only with - (avntm ` the resembling, the similar '),

Armenian banam (*b -n-) ` open, reveal, divulge, uncover, expose ' (if actually ` point,

Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 694) ` makes visible, points ', ` appear, seem, shine, gleam ' (, Aor. ); ` obvious, apparent, clear ', ` torch '; ` rising of a star ' (see also under b -2), , - `apparition, face, omen, sign ' (compare );
h

gr. ` will appear ', *b -n- in present (* instead of *-

, ` apparent, manifest, obvious ' (--); Hes. (to * = Old Indic bhti); compare -, ` glossy white'; apparition '); Note: Alb. uses a taboo explanation which reflects the religious aspect of the cognate. Old Irish bn `white', ob f. (*opi-b ) `apparition, beauty'; gleaming'), ndd. (and out of it Modern High German) bnen ` scour, rub, clean, beans ', Old Saxon banut ` touchwood, tinder '; Old English bnian `polish' (i.e. `make
h

alb. Geg bj, Tosc bnj (= ) ` make, seem ' (originally probably ` bring to an

sign ', bandwjan, Old Icelandic benda ` give a mark, token, sign ' here belong - perhaps as f.); u-derivative of participle b -nt- ` shining, seeming ' -, is doubtful. Lithuanian by Feist 79
h

Middle High German benen ` beans (*white) ' (from Gothic bandwa, -w ` mark, token,

`gleam, flicker';

Upper Sorbian baju, ba so ` burn indiscernibly, gleam ', Lower Sorbian bajom, baja se Tocharian A pa `clear, bright' (*b no-), pai `beauty', peijo ds. (Duchesneh

Guillemin BSL. 41, 164); A pkr, pkri, a-pkrtse `open, distinct'; A p-tsnk, pacompound) `apparition' (*b -ti-), Pisani Re. R. 1st. Lornb. 78, 2, 28.
h h

tsk ` window ' (-tsnk etc `gleam, shine'), Van Windekens Lexique 78 f.; pate, A pt (in s-extension b -s-: Old Indic bhs- n. (ved. also disyllabic), Instr. bhs `light, shine,

glory, magnificence, power ', subhs- ` having beautiful shininess ', bh-sati ` glares, gleams ', bhsant- `gleaming', bhsa n. `light';

reshaped after , also `lustre, shine, shiner'

gr. Hes., ` begins to shine' are perhaps (from -) Doubtful is, whether Middle Irish basc `red', Old English basu, baso `purple' (*b s-ko-, h

uo-) are to be connected, to Gothic weina-basi ` grape ', Old High German beri ` berry ', Bsi etc?

actually ` red berry '? In addition the full grades MN Old High German Buoso, Old Icelandic u-extension b -u-: Old Indic vi-bhva-, vi-bhvan- ` radiating, shining, seeming';

Pind. - ` for the bright people shining ',

gr. hom. (*F) ` gleamed, appeared ', , - `gleaming', -,

(Aeolic , pamph. ) Attic kontr. , Gen. , , `light, salvation', whereof *F- in Lesbian , Ionian , Attic `gleaming', '. Different Specht KZ. 59, 58 f. hom. ` gleams '; ` allows to shine; points, shows, evinces; make known Is Germanic *baukna-, in Old Frisian bken ` emblem, landmark, mark, fire signal ', Old

sign, banner, ensign, flag', Old High German bouhhan `mark, token, sign' from such Germanic *bau- shaped after *taikna- `mark, token, sign'? Page(s): 104-105
h

Saxon bkan `mark, token, sign, emblem, landmark', Old English bacen `mark, token,

References: WP. II 122 f., WH. I 454 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 694, 709.

Root / lemma: b -2 (*b eh -2)

2 h

Meaning: to speak

Material: Old Indic probably in sabh ` congregation, meeting ' (`*conversation, meaning `shine, appear, seem, shine');
h

discussion'; bh- in Old Indic indeed otherwise - up to bhnati, see below - only in the Armenian ban (*b -nis), Gen. -i `word, speech, reason, judgement, thing', bay, Gen.
h h

bam = , bas = Lesbian from *b si);

bayi `word, verbalism ' (*b -ti-s = gr. ); bay particle ` (he, she) says ' (= , also gr. , Doric `say', , Doric ` knowledge, shout, call, revelation ' (=

Latin fma `a report, rumor, saying, talk, tradition'; , equation); Hes. and only with Apuleius meeting affmen ` harangue, speech ' needs to be no old

` say, believe ' (also , Latin fascinum, see below *baba onomatopoeic `voice';

word), f. ` rumor ', ` language, speech, assertion, announcement '; with ablaut Latin for, fr (from *f-i(r) = Church Slavic baju, Old English bian) `speak'; utterance; hence destiny, fate, the will of a god ', fma ` a report, rumor, saying, talk,
h h

Latin fcundus ` eloquent, fluent, ready of speech ', ftum ` an utterance, esp. a divine

fate, destiny; in gen. right, that which is allowed, lawful', probably from (ne)fs is with infinitive fs (s-stem) ` it is (not) to be pronounced ' (different EM 333);

story, fable, drama, myth ' (*b -d l), fs actually `divine command or law; sometimes

tradition ' (Denom. Oscan faamat perhaps ` calls '), fbula ` talk, conversation; a tale,

Transf. a list of these days, with festivals, etc., the Roman calendar; a register, record; a list of magistrates ', fsti ` the list of these days, calendars '; as derivative of a participle *b -t-s, Latin fateor, -r, fassus ` to confess, admit, allow; to reveal, make known ' = Faunus'; Oscan fatum ` speak ', Latin Ftuus `speaking by inspiration', epithet of ` foretelling
h

in addition dis fstus ` day on which the praetor could administer justice, court-days.

Maybe alb. (*fateor) fajtor `guilty (*confess, admit guilt)', then truncated alb. faj `guilt'. ni-s; or with -gradation as gr. ?); Old English bian `brag, boast' (as Latin fr from Old Icelandic bn, bn ` request, prayer ', Old English ben ` request, soccage ' (*b h

*fir, Slavic baj);

magician '.

fable, spell, charm ', Old Church Slavic balji, Gen. -j ` physician, medicine man,

russ.-serb.-Church Slavic baju, bajati `tell, discuss, heal, cure', Church Slavic basn `

proclamation (esp. to arms); curse or damn; pronounce an ecclesiastical curse upon ', Old English bannan redupl. verb ` summon, order ', Old Icelandic banna schw. Verb. ` forbid ', whereof Old High German ban, PL banna ` order under penal threat ' (Modern High German Bann, Bannwald), Old English gebann, Old Icelandic bann n. ` forbid, ban '. Tocharian A p-, p-c- ` beg ' (Van Windekens Lexique 87 f.). medicine man, magician', jav. -bis- ` healing '; about Avestan biazjt compare Kuiper After Kuiper (. XII 262) here (*b -s-) Old Indic bhikti `heals', bhij- `physician,
h

reshuffling after spannan) Old High German bannan redupl. verb. ` summon by

At a present *b -en- based on Old Indic bhnati ` speaks '; from *b n-u- (or in Germanic
h h

(under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

Nasalpras. 44 f.

References: WP. II 123 f., WH. I 437 f., 450, 458 f., 525 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 674 f. Page(s): 105-106
h h

Meaning: a kind of a large bird of prey

sosoRoot / lemma: b so- or b soh

probably Vultur monachus ', was possible from *b s-n or *b s-n; also *b n (to b References: WP. II 135. 1).
h h h h

Material: Old Indic bhsa- ` a certain bird of prey '; gr. hom. Attic ` an eagle kind,

Page(s): 111

Meaning: to hit

tRoot / lemma: b t- : b th

back-borrowed cymr. bathu ` strike coins, mint ',

head, dull); gall. loanword Latin battu, -ere, more recently batt ` to beat, knock ', out of it Illyrian Batto `appellation for rebellion leaders', alb. batoj `rock the boat'

Material: Latin fatuus ` foolish, idiotic, silly, awful, tasteless from taste ' (*from beaten the

compare also gall. anda-bata ` blind combatant, gladiator fights with a helmet without ', perhaps also (with ) russ. btat ` trample, swing ' etc;

openings ' with : russ. bat ` oaken stick, cudgel, club ', Serbo-Croatian btati ` hit, knock

perhaps Old Danish bad ` fight, struggle, damage, pity ', Middle Low German bat `damage, pity, misfortune', Modern High German Blutbad.
h

present in Latin fmex, -icis ` a bruise, contusion, bloodshot ' (*haematoma, effusion of blood resulted from blow)? Note: common Latin ph- > f- shift Page(s): 111-112
h

is perhaps *b ut-, or lies a root *b - with variant formant the basic, which is perhaps
h h

Unclear is the relationship to *b u-t- (see below); it must be assumed instead of *b th

References: WP. II 126 f., WH. I 46, 99, 452, 464.

Meaning: to hit

Root / lemma: b u-1 : b h

Material: a) With present formation -d-: bust ` tree stump ' etc), fsterna ` knot, burl, burr, stump, snag '; Latin fstis (*b d-sti-s) ` a knobbed stick, cudgel, staff, club ' (= gall. bstis in aprov.
h

Note: common Latin ph- > f- shift, maybe alb. fut, fus `hit, insert, copulate' l- ... (or *boug-l- ... to Modern High German pochen above S. 98); probably also Old Irish bodar `deaf, stuns, dazes, deafens, baffles', cymr. byddar `deaf' (*budaro-); Old Icelandic bauta (-aa) `hit, bump, poke', Old English batan (bot), Old High Old Irish bibdu `culpable, fiend ' (*b e-b ud-uts), Middle Irish balaim `hit' from *b udh h h

knock', Modern High German Ambo, Old English btel `hammer',

German boz(z)an (biez or schw. Verb) ds., Middle High German boz, bz, bz m. `blow,

bytill ` penis of horses '; Old Icelandic butr ` short piece of a tree trunk '; with expressivem tt: ndd. butt `dull, clumsy' (in addition the fish name Butte), Middle High German butze ` truncated piece, clump ', Old English buttuc `bottom, piece

Middle Low German botel ds., Middle High German bzel `beetle, hammer', Old Icelandic

barrel, vat, cask ', also cymr. both `flask';

flask, a large cask or barrel, used esp. for wine, ale, or beer ' derives from Latin buttis `

land', Norwegian dial. butt `stump, clot, chunk' (also wood skid). But Old English bytt `

101.

different from bsch ` wad, bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb ', see above S. b) with t-formants:

perhaps Middle High German bsch `cudgel, club, blow, knock' (*b d-sko-), perhaps
h

Old Icelandic beysta `knock, hit' (*b aud-sti-, compare Latin fstis); with -sk-suffix
h

downfallen '; Note: Note

Alb. mbt, mbs `suffocate, drown', skut. ms `slay, kill', compare prmism `

Common alb. b > mb Alb. mbt, mbs `suffocate, drown' : Old Irish b(i)dim ` go under, dive, submerge; sink, drown', cymr. boddi ` drown, flood ', corn. bedhy, Middle Breton beuziff ` drown '; cymr. diffoddi ` extinguish, annihilate, erase ' from *di-spad- (*d-eks-bad-).
h

From Root / lemma: gd - : to sink, submerge, derived Root / lemma: b u-1 : b - : to hit. drive back, check, repress; to refute, disprove ' (mit from previously au), probably also ftu, -ere ` have sexual relationshs with (a woman), to sleep with'; maybe alb. (*ftu) fut `have sexual relations with (a woman), penetrate, insert, cheat' Old Irish fo-botha (*butt) `threatens', verbal noun fubthad; Gothic baus `deaf, dumb, mute'. References: WP. II 125 ff., WH. 1 259 f., 573 f. Latin conft, -re ` to check, repress; by speech, to put down, silence ', reft, -re ` to
h h

Page(s): 112

See also: s. b -1 Page(s): 112

h h

uRoot / lemma: b u-2

h h

Root ruroRoot / lemma: b eb ru-, b eb roPage(s): 113 See also: s. b r- `braun'

h h h

Root / lemma: b ed -1 (b ed -1 > *b ed -r) Meaning: to pierce, dig Material: Latin fodi, -ere, fd ` to dig; also to dig out; to excavate. Transf. to prick, prod, jog ', fossa `ditch, trench, channel', fodicre ` sting repeatedly, dig, jog '; bz ` grave '; gall. *bodca ` fallow field ' (M.-L. 1184); gall. bedo- `canal, ditch, trench, channel' (Wartburg I 313), cymr. bedd, corn. bedh, bret. Gothic badi n. `bed', Old English bedd ds., Old High German etc betti `bed, a gardenh h h h h h h h

plot (to be) filled with plants; a place where osiers, willows, etc., are grown ', Old Norse

the ground ', compare Modern High German Flubett, Beet, engl. bed also ` garden bed, garden plot ';

ber m. ` bedspread, eiderdown ' (Indo Germanic *b od io-), originally ` a bed burrowed in

Maybe The connection with Ukr. dial. bedr `large pit, valley, swamp', Pl. ubiedrze `slope, steep bank' and Lith. bdr `swamp, valley', Latv. bedre `pit' > Armenian port (*bodro-) ` bedlemma: bed- : to swell?]. navel, belly, center ' > Old Church Slavic (etc) bedro ` thigh ' (taboo Slavic cognate) [Root / Root Lithuanian bed, bedia, bsti `prick, bore, dig', bada, badti `prick, bump, poke',

bdas `hunger', bdr f. ` pit, pothole ', Old Prussian boadis ` prick, sting ', em-badusisi ` he/she sticks '; Old Church Slavic bod, bosti (s-or. bas) `prick', bodl' m. `thorn, backbone ' (*bod-l); Alb. boshti ` spindle' a Slavic loanword. Tocharian A pat-, pt- `to plough'; compare Pedersen Hittite 77. perhaps also Hittite pd-da-i (can also be read pdd-da-i ) ` makes a hole into the earth ',

Different Petersson Heterokl. 128 ff.

Perhaps here gr. , m. `pit, pothole', Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 262, Zus. 2. Probably in addition Celto-Germanic boduo-, - `fight, struggle' in gall. PN Ate-boduus, -

u, Boduo-gntus, Old Irish bodb f. `crow, battle goddess in the form of a crow '; High German Batu- (in PN) `fight, struggle'.

Old Icelandic bo f. (*badw), Gen. bvar, Old English beadu f., Old Saxon Badu-, Old

Page(s): 113-114
h

References: WP. I 126 ff., 188, WP. I 99, 521 f., 866, Trautmann 29.

Root / lemma: b ed -2
h

Meaning: to bow, bend

Material: Old Indic bdhat `throngs, presses, plagues', Desid. bbhatsat ` is shy of something, feels disgust ', ju-bdh- ` bending knee '; alb. bint, med. bindem ` be bent (*be convinced, pressured) ', bashkr ` together ',

bashkonj ` unite, assemble '; Note: Note

skolemma: b ed -2 : `to bow, bend' and Root / lemma: b ad -sko- : `bundle, heap' (see above).
h h h h

Alb. proves that from an early root *b egh- [common Illyrian -gh- > -dh-] derived Root / eghh

beg, ask, pray ', Old Icelandic bija, Old English biddan, Old High German bitten, Old Indic ju-bdh-);

Gothic bida `prayer', Old High German beta f. `request', Gothic bidjan (sek. -bidan) ` bid,

Icelandic kn-ber m. ` knee pad ', Old English cnow-gebed n. `prayer' (compare Old

Maybe alb. Geg me u betu `to vow', Tosc betohem `I vow, swear' Lithuanian bods ` unsavory, distasteful ', bodtis ` nauseate before '; Tocharian peti, A poto ` worship, veneration '. Page(s): 114
21

References: WP. II 130 f., 140, 185, WH. I 461, 495, Feist 89 b; different Kluge

60.

Meaning: to break

eg- engRoot / lemma: b eg-, b engh h

Material: Old Indic bhankti, Perf. babhja `break, rupture' (only afterwards after bhaji- ` diffraction, declension, crooked way, sale, step, wave '; Armenian bekanem `break', bek `broke'; but Phrygian `bread', actually ` crumb ' (?)has unexplained k;

reshuffled the 7th class), bhaga- `break; billow' (compare Lithuanian bang `billow'),

With -u- grade: also alb. (*beuka) buka `bread' : Phrygian `bread', actually ` crumb ' Note: eg- engenh hlemma: b eg-, b eng- : `to break', Root / lemma: b enh-, b nh- (Adj. b nh-s) : `thick, clear away, free', Root / lemma: b eug-3, b eugh- : `to bow', Root / lemma: b eug-4 : `to eugeugheugenjoy, *consume, bite' as taboo words. Old Irish bongid, -boing `breaks, reaps, harvests, wins (*gains) ' verbal noun bain
h h h h h h h h h h h h h

From an extended Root / lemma: b(e)u-1, b (e)u- : `expr. sound of hitting' derived Root / b(e)u(e)ufat', Root / lemma: b eug-1 : `to flee, *be frightened', Root / lemma: b eug-2, b eugh- : `to eugeugeughh

-bocht, perhaps = bocht ` poor ';

(*b og-ni-), enclitic -bach, -bech (*b ogo-m), Thurneysen Grammar 447, 461; Pass. preterit

`field', Dat. muig < *mages), so that it is not necessary, to go back in *b eug(h)- `bend'; mcymr. di-vwng ` inflexible '; to meaning `defeat, conquer' compare Old Irish maidid ` from *b og-smn;
h h

dropping the nasal the preterit buich has probably secondary u (compare Old Irish mag

break out' = `defeat'. To grade point at also Middle Irish boimm `morsel, bite, mouthful' Lithuanian bang `billow, heap, lashings, pelting rains ', prabang ` excess ', Latvian

buogs ` a dense crowd ', in addition Lithuanian bangs `rash, hasty, violent' (from brooks

and downpours), bings ` gamy ' (of horses), bengi, bengia, begti ` finish ', pabang f.

Latvian begas Pl. ` end, inclination, slope ', Lithuanian pabaig ds., beigi and baigi `end', Latvian bidzu ds.;

into being through ablaut derailment forms with ei, ai (compare Endzelin Latvian Gr. 60) in

`termination'; Prussian pobanginnons ` moves, weighs '; in the meaning `finish, end' come

here Latvian buoga also stands for `stony place', here belongs probably also russ. bga ` flooded tract of forest '; different about beig- (to b ei- `hit') Kuiper Nasalprs. 184.
h

meaning and to indicate probably as onomatopoeic words:

The following forms are to be kept away because of the auslauts and because of Germanic *bang- `hit' in Old Icelandic banga `hit', bang `din, fuss, noise', engl. bang

`knock, hit', with ablaut Middle High German Middle Low German bungen `drum'; ndd. stick ', Old Norse epithet bngull.

bengel ` club, cudgel, boor ' = Modern High German Bengel, engl. dial. bangle ` gnarled

In addition with intensive consonant increase: bump, poke', Middle Low German bunken, Dutch bonken `hit, thrash'. Germanic *bank- in Old Swedish banka, abl. bunka `hit, knock', obd. bunken `knock,

Latvian bung `drum', bunga `blow, knock' derive probably from Middle Low German Maybe alb. bung, bunga Pl. `kind of oak, Quercus sessiflora (stick for beating?)' Page(s): 114-115
h

References: WP. II 149 f., WH. I 503, 541, Trautmann 26.

Meaning: to run

eg Root / lemma: b eg-

Material: Material: Hindi bhg- `flee';

Maybe alb. mbath (bag-) ` flee ' common alb. k- > th-. `frightening, timorous'; Note: common Illyrian g- > b-. gr. , `flee, be afraid ', `escape, fear', ` startles',

run', Latvian bgu, bgt `flee', with ablaut kausat. bogin, bognti ` flee something, to get there quckly '; Slavic *bg in russ. bgu (Inf. bt), klr. bih (Inf. by) `run', in addition as

lengthened grade Lithuanian bgu, bgau, bgti `run, flee', bgas, bgis m. `escape,

neologism Old Church Slavic pribgn, pribgnti etc `flee', as well as Old Church Slavic be, beati `flee' etc; 96). Tocharian A pknt (pkt) `remote, distant, apart, separated' (Van Windekens Lexique

Gr. I 717.

References: References: WP. II 184 f., Trautmann 29, Meillet Slave commun 220, 235, Schwyzer Gr.
2

Page(s): 116 eid Root / lemma: b ei -1 (*b eid - > b oid -eh2)
h h h h h h

Meaning: to advise, force

Perf. `trust'), Akt. (sek.) , Aor. `persuade, convince', , - `

Material: Gr. ` lets me persuade, follow ' (Aor. , hom. , ;

persuasion ', (for *) `reliable, loyal, faithful, relying', , -, - `loyalty, e- grade in: reliance', hom. `in reassurance ' (*--);

East Geg per-bej `curse, hex' (in addition neologism (*b eid a) besa f. `faith, belief, pact, covenant, loyalty'); Phonetically Old Church Slavic bda `need' = alb. besa `faith, belief, pact, covenant, loyalty'. Maybe TN Illyrian Besoi : alb. besoj `believe, have faith'. `reliable'; foedus (*b oid os), by Ennius fdus (*b eid os) n. ` trusty, true, faithful, sure ', Jupiter '; Umbrian combifiatu (*b id i-) `you shall trust, confide, rely upon, believe, be assured'; about Oscan Fiisiais, Umbrian Fise, Fiso, Fisovio- s. WH. I 494; Note: Alb. alb. f, fja `religion', fejonj `perform engagement ceremony (marriage vows?)' : Reggiano fid `religion' : AN fed, OFr. feid, feit : Latin fides ` to trust, believe, confide in '. German beitten `urge, press, push, arrogate' = Old Bulgarian causative bdo, bediti `constrain, oblige', pobditi `defeat, conquer', beda f. `need'; Gothic baidjan `constrain, oblige', Old Icelandic beia, Old English bdan, Old High
h h h h h h 3 1

alb. (*b eid e) b f. `oath, vow, pledge' (*b oid = Old Church Slavic bda `need'),
h h 1 1

Latin fd, -ere, fsus sum ` to trust, believe, confide in ' (fsus is to- participle), fdus

fids ` trust, confidence, reliance, belief, faith ', Dius Fidius ` the god of faith, a surname of

here probably also Gothic beidan `wait, hold on', Old Icelandic ba, Old English bdan, Old High German btan ds., Swiss beite = Old High German beitten, but in the meaning `wait, hold on'. basic meaning `await' from `trust' or `oneself constrain, oblige'. Page(s): 117 References: WP. II 139 f., 185 f., WH. I 493 f.

Meaning: ` bind, twist ' Page(s): 117 See also: s. b id -.

h h

eid Root / lemma: b ei -2

h h

eidRoot / lemma: b eidh

Meaning: to prick, pierce

= Latin fissus), bhdmi `split, carve, rupture etc', bhidyt ` is split '; (Old Indic under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). probably gr. (redupl. Aor. hom. ) ` with which are stingy, avoid

Material: Old Indic bhindmi (participle bhindnt- = Latin findns, bhinn- besides bhitt-

sparingly; spare; avoid a thing ' (basic meaning partly perhaps ` separate myself from only a little ');

something = take myself away ', above all but ` pinch off, stingy, from what cut off oneself Latin find, -ere, fid (probably Aor. as Old Indic Opt. bhidyam, Old English bite, Old

fissra f. `cleft, fissure';

High German bizzi ` to split, cleave, divide, halve '), fissum ` split, cloven ', fissum n.,

Icelandic beita ` allow to bite, allow to graze ', Old English btan `rein, curb, restrain, hunt, set of teeth, bridle, rein' (*baitislan), Old English gebtu N. Pl., gebtel n. ` set of teeth '; Old Icelandic biti m., Old English bita m. `morsel, mouthful', Old High German bizzo m., bizza f. `morsel, mouthful, nip'; Gothic baitrs `bitter' (`bitting from taste '); chase', Old High German Middle High German beizen `ds., corrode', Old Icelandic beizl `

English btan, Old High German bzzan `bite' (= Old Indic bhdati, gr. ); Kaus. Old

Gothic beitan `bite', Old Icelandic bta `bite; penetrate (from sword )', Old Saxon Old

(*bait-skaz); Gothic beist ` sourdough ' (*b ei[d]-sto-); Old English bitela `biting', bitel `beetle, chafer', engl. beetle; Maybe alb. bisk `branch, twig (*beam?)'.
h

Old Saxon Old High German bittar `biting, sharp, bitter'; Old Icelandic beiskr ` sharp, bitter'

changing through ablaut Old Icelandic bitr `biting, sharp, painful', Old English biter, bitter,

Old Icelandic beit n. `ship' (originally ` hollow dugout canoe ' to Old Icelandic bite `balk, German Boot and perhaps Old Icelandic btr ds.; Middle Low German beitel, btel `chisel', Note: The inanimate suffix -ur : Old Indic bhdur-, bhdir- `thunderbolt' : , , urur Illyrians, , , Illyria, also , , Adj. , , , Illyrian: -, the region beam'), Old English bt m. `boat', Middle English bt, out of it borrows Modern High

Middle High German beizel `sting, prick' (: Old Indic bhdur-, bhdir- `thunderbolt').

or province of Illyria, , speak the Illyrian language, :--hence Adv. . The fact is that b eid- extension to *b ei()- `hit' seems possible. References: WP. II 138 f., WH. I 500 f. Page(s): 116-117 ei() )Root / lemma: b ei()-, b - (*b eiH- > b iH-tio- > b iH-tueh )
2 h h h h h h h

Meaning: to hit

Material: Avestan byente ` they fight, hit' (H. Lommel KZ. 67, 11); Armenian bir ` big stick , club, mace, joint' (*b i-ro-); gr. m. `tree truck, wooden log', m. `toggle, muzzle'; Maybe alb. (*b eiH) bie `hit, strike', bie `fall, die', causative, subjunctive bjeri `strike' = bjer `bring' : [Common - > j- Slavic Albanian; - > i-, y- Old Indic Tocharian]. erlemma: b er-1 : `to bear, carry' through an Illyrian -r > -j.
h h h h h

Alb. and Armenian prove that Root / lemma: b ei()-, b - : `to hit' derived from Root / ei())

In o- grade:

, Hes.;

Illyrian PN B , VN , Celtic-Illyrian VN Boii; Messapic Latin perfins ` break through, break in pieces, shiver, shatter ' Hes.;

Venetic PN ohiio-s-, Illyrian VN B ` the combatants, fighters ' (: russ. boj), gr.-

' (= ` under the blow '), Middle Breton benaff ` cut, bite', acymr. etbinam ` to mangle ', ', Middle Irish fid(h)b(h)a `sickle' = acymr. uiidimm ` lignite ', ncymr. gwyddyf `scythe,

Old Irish ben(a)id `hits, knocks' (*bi-na-ti), ro-bth ` was hit ', bthe `beaten', fo bth ` weel

without n-Infix abret. bitat ` cut loose, cut off ', cymr. bidio ` cut a hedge ', bid ` thorn hedge

compare Middle Irish PN Fal-be ` (*weapon, magic wand for killing wolves) wolf killer'

pruning knife' = gallo-Latin vidubium `hack, mattock, hoe ' (*vidu-bion ` wood hoe '),

bouhazl ds. (*b ii li-), Old Irish bimm n. `blow, knock' (*b ei-smn), corn. bommen ds., gall. *bili `tree stump', French bille;
h h

fell, fur', Old Irish bil `hatchet', acymr. bahell, ncymr. bwyell, bwyall ds., Middle Breton

(*vailu-bios); Old Irish binit f. `rennet, cleaver' (`incisive', *bi-n-ant), Middle Irish bian `skin,

mattock ', Modern High German Bille f. `hack, mattock, hoe', Middle High German billen ` to hoe, chip, trim ', Old High German bilthi, bilidi, Modern High German Bild; Old High German billa f. `sourdough'; with formants -li- Old English bile m. `bill, beak, neb', additional form to engl. bill;

German Old English bill n., Old Saxon bil `sword', Middle High German bil, billes `stone

b(h)al `hatchet' (*b ei -lo-), hence probably Germanic *bilja- and not *bila- in Old High
h

Old Icelandic bldr ` head of the arrow, bloodletting iron ' (*b ei-tlo-); Old High German
h

rake or comb ', Serbo-Croatian blo ` the transverse piece of wood at the front of a wooden rake (to rake leaves with) ', Czech bidlo ` shaft, pole', russ. bo `beetle, hammer'; (*b iHh h 2

bije, bie ` strike, hit ' therefrom with formants -d lo-: russ.-Church Slavic bilo n. ` a louse
h

Old Church Slavic bij (bjo) biti `hit', Serbo-Croatian bjm bti, russ. bju bit ds., Alb.

tueh )btva `fight, struggle, blow, knock' (: Messapic ), Old Church Slavic bi `whip,

scourge' (from Slavic Modern High German Peitsche); in ablaut Old Church Slavic (*b oiHBoii). o-) u-boj m. `murder', Serbo-Croatian bj, Gen. bja `battle', russ. Czech boj ds. (: Illyrian

65, 154 f.

References: WP. II 137 f., WH. I 503 f., 506, Trautmann 33, Lidn KZ. 61, 12, Karstien KZ.
h

See also: S. above under b eid-. Page(s): 117-118

h h

eig Root / lemma: b eigNote: Meaning: to shine (?)

From Root / lemma: huoig- : `to shine; star' derived Root / lemma: b eig- : `to shine' oig oig eig Material: Apers. *bigna- `lustre, shine'? in PN Bag-bign-, -; o-), , (*b ig-) `impure, unclean'. Note: common Illyrian g- > b-. About compare Kretschmer Gl. 15, 199. Page(s): 118 References: WP. II 138, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 299.
h

(sse above) common hu- > Greek ph- > Old Indic bh-.

gr. `clean, gleaming', , `clean', ` smudges ' (*b oigh

eiRoot / lemma: b eiMeaning: bee

Note: with n-, k- or t-extension

Material: The short form still in Old Icelandic b-fluga, Alemannian b, Bavarian beij;

`bee', ablaut. ba f. (*b-n- = Old English bo, engl. bee), bna (Modern High German dial. Bein); Old Church Slavic bela, bela ds. (*b ikel); cymr. bydaf ` beehive ', Old Prussian bitte, Lithuanian bt, bits, Latvian bite `bee'. Gall. *bekos `bee' (M.-L. 1014), Old Irish bech m. `bee', Gaelic speach `prick, sting',
h

besides forms with n (barely extracted only the weak Dekl.), as Old High German bini n.

cymr. beg-eg(y)r `drone' deviate of vowel (taboo causing distortion?). Page(s): 116 References: WP. II 184 f., WH. I 555 f., Specht Dekl. 46.

eh Root / lemma: b( )e1 and b( )eh (*b e- ) e1 e Meaning: outside, without

h

Maybe alb. (*b e-) pa ` without'.

Material: Old Indic bahi (-) ` outdoor, outward, outside from ' (m. Abl.); Old Prussian bhe `without' (preposition m. Akk.), Lithuanian b `without' (preposition m.

Gen., and nominal prefix), Latvian bez `without' (preposition m. Gen., and nominal prefix); Old Church Slavic bez etc (dial. also be) `without' (preposition m. Gen., and nominal
h

prefix). Here also Lithuanian be `still, yet ' (`*in addition '), bt ` however, but' (formation as ne-t `but'), bs, Latvian bst ` possibly, perhaps' (*b e + est, Endzelin Stud. Baltic 7, 32 f.). On account of here Old Irish bs ` perhaps', vorton. from *bis < *b e-esti? Page(s): 112-113
h h

References: WP. II 137, Trautmann 28, Endzelin Latvian Gr. 497 f.

(e)lgRoot / lemma: b (e)lgh h

Meaning: weak, ridiculous

blgs, Lithuanian blgas ` feeble, weak '), bai ` romp ', gr., russ. blagj ` obstinate, nasty ',

Material: *b lg- or *b lg- in wruss. bhyj ` evil, bad, nasty ' (hence borrowed Latvian

dial. blanj `stupid', poln. bagi ` bad, nothing worth '; barely to gr. , Hes., because in heavy Slavic word, which points gr. light basis; see below (s)p(h)elg-.

flap-eared '.

Here (apparently with expressive Gemination), however, Latin flaccus ` flabby; of men,

Page(s): 124

References: WP. II 183 f., 680, WH. I 507 f.

eldRoot / lemma: b eldh h

Meaning: to knock, hit

Material: From Germanic probably in addition Middle Low German bolte(n) ` bolt for a bolt ` bolt for a door, dart, arrow', Swedish bult ` bolt for a door ' (*b ld-),
h

Note: perhaps originally d-present of the onomatopoeic word b elNote:

h

door, dart, arrow', Old High German bolz, Modern High German Bolz, Bolzen, Old English

perhaps also Modern High German Balz, Vb. balzen and bolzen, Norwegian Dialectal bolt m. ` male forest bird; tomcat, male-cat', Modern High German Bolze `tomcat, male-cat'; Norwegian Dialectal bolta `rumble, storm ahead',

Old Danish bolte ` curl up, roll oneself ', Swedish bulta `knock', Swedish Dialectal bultra baltra `wallow, romp';

`wallow, romp', Norwegian Dialectal bultra `rant, roister, romp', abl. Norwegian Dialectal Lithuanian beld, -ti and bldiu, blsti `hit, knock', ablaut. bildu, bildti `din, drone,

contamination from *belu = Lithuanian bldiu with telz- `hit', Mhlenbach-Endzelin Latvian-German Wb. 278). References: WP. II 184, WH. I 560 f.

rumble', bldau, -yti `knock, stark rumble', baldas `pestle'; Latvian belzt `hit' (perhaps

Page(s): 124

elegRoot / lemma: b elegMeaning: to shine

h

elgMaterial: b elg-: Old Indic bhrgas- n. `radiative lustre, shine' (*b elgos); Bhrgava, Pl. ` Maybe alb. bardh ` white'. mythical priests of the flash fire '; Latvian balgans `whitish';
h

Note: extension from b el- ds.

h

actually `light' (contrast `dark': `mad, wicked, evil'); Tocharian AB plk- `burn, gleam, shine, get hot ', A plk, pilko `look', A polkts `stars' (: Lithuanian blgans), empalkaitte `careless, neglectful' (Negation + *palk- `gleam, shine' besides plk-);

perhaps here Old Church Slavic blag `good', russ. (old and mtdarl.) blogo Adv. `good',

flames', n. `blaze; inflammation; mucus', f. `inflammation, ignition; `flame';

b leg-: gr. `burn, singe, ignite ', `singe, to set on fire; intr. burn, be in legh

ferventness, passion; rutting', Hes. (Adj. `fiery red') , Latin flagr, -re `to blaze, burn, glow, flame, also to glitter. Transf., to glow or burn with

passion; to suffer from ', wherefore probably flamma ` a flame, blazing fire; Transf. a flame, destruction ' as *flagm, Oscan Flagiu perhaps ` an interpreter of lightning '; flak `fire';

source of light, torch, star, lightning; luster, glitter; the fire or glow of passion; devouring

Maybe alb. (*flagr ) flegra ` (*ardent, passionate breathing) nostrils', flakroj `I shine', besides flg- (reduced- grades *b l gr-, *b l gm or because of , rather
eh eh h oh

to lighten; in gen., to shine, glitter gleam; fig., to be distinguished, to shine ', fulgor, -ris ` lightning; in gen., glitter, brightness; fig., brightness, glory, lustre, shine', fulgus, -uris ` a fulmen (*fulgmen) ds.; flash or stroke of lightning; sometimes an object struck by lightning; in gen., brightness ', Middle Irish imblissiu ` pupil (of the eye); orb ' (*mb i-b lg-s-, Vendryes RC. 40, 431 f); allow to see ', Modern High German blecken ` show the teeth '; Old High German Old High German blecchen (*blakjan), Middle High German blecken ` become visible,
h h

*b l gm) stand zero grades b llg-, Latin fulg- in Latin fulg and fulge, -re, fuls ` to flash, l

blakra `blink, glitter, flash'; here probably as `burnt (compare Low German blaken from ds.;

flame, burn, glow', Old English blcern, blacern ` candlestick, flambeaux ', Old Icelandic blackening lamp flame), sooty ', Old English blc `black', n. `ink', Old High German blah

blecchazzen, Middle High German blecken ` flash ', Middle Dutch Modern Dutch blaken `

nasalized Germanic *blenk-, *blank- in Middle High German Modern High German blinken, Germanic g older Danish blinge `blink, glitter, flash' , s. Falk-Torp under blingse); Old High High German blank, Old English blanca m. `steed' (actually from bright color, compare:) Old Icelandic blakkr `sallow, paled', poet. `steed' (`dun horse, grey, *white horse '), Old Middle High German blinzen (*blinkatjan), Modern High German blinzeln (besides with

German blanch, Middle High German blank `blinking, gleaming, gleaming, white', Modern

Swedish blakker `sallow, paled, dun (horse)', but also `black, dark' (from Germanic

borrows French blanc, Italian bianco). From this nasal form also Prussian blingis ` pallid ';

Lithuanian blgnytis ` sober oneself up; lighten up', Old Lithuanian blinginti `shine'. moonlight on the water '. A variant on -- perhaps in Latvian blzt ` shimmer ', blzma (bl-ma) ` reflection of

References: WP II 214 f., WH. I 510 f. 865, Pedersen Tocharian 162, 218, Van Windekens Lexique 17, 98, EM. 398.
h

Page(s): 124-125
h

See also: Beside b eleg- stands synonymous to b ere-, see there.

h

eleuRoot / lemma: b eleu-

Meaning: to hit; weak, ill

Material: Acorn. bal f., pl. -ow `disease, malady', mbr. baluent; Gothic balwa-wsei ` wickedness, malice, cowardice ', balwjan `torment, smite', Old

German balo, Gen. balawes ` ruin'; Gothic bliggwan (*bleuuan) `hit', Old High German bliuwan, Modern High German bleuen ds., Middle English blowe `blow, knock', Old Icelandic blege m. (*blauuian-) `wedge'; Old Bulgarian bol `sicker', bolti ` be ill '. See also: bl Proto-Slavic form: bolti Page in Trubaev: II 187-189

English bealo `evil, mad, wicked, evil', Old Icelandic bl, Dat. blve `misfortune', Old High

Russian: bolt' `be ill' [verb], bolet [3sg]; bolt' `ache' [verb], bolt [3sg] Czech: boleti `ache' [verb]

Old Church Slavic: bolti `be ill, be in pain' [verb]

Ukrainian: bolty `suffer pain, be ill' [verb], bolje [3sg]; bolty `ache' [verb], bolt' [3sg] Slovak: boliet' `ache' [verb]

Slovincian: bol `ache' [verb]

Polish: bole `ache' [verb]

Bulgarian: bolj `be ill' [verb]; bol `ache' [3sg] Serbo-Croatian: bljeti `ache' [verb] Slovene: bolti `ache' [verb]
h

Lower Sorbian: ble `ache' [verb]

Upper Sorbian: bole `ache' [verb]

Page in Pokorny: 125

Indo-European reconstruction: b ol(H)-eh -tei

1

Other cognates: Go. balwjan `martyr' [verb]; OIc. blva `curse' [verb] blaur `timid'?) alongside *b el(H)- (cf. Pokorny 125, 159).
h h h

Notes: {1} The possibility exists that we had *b le(H)u- (Gk. `inferior, bad', OIc. About Modern High German Block etc see below b el-5. References: WP. II 189, Hirt Indo Germanic Gr. II 150, Feist 79, 100, Specht Dekl. 133. Page(s): 125 See also: Besides a root form b lu-: b lu- : b l-, see there.
h h h

elh Root / lemma: b elhMeaning: to swell Note: (extension of b el- `inflate, bloat' etc)
h h

Material: Old Indic barh- n. ` sacrificial grass, (*sacrificial bed of straw) ' = Avestan m, upa-brha f. `cover, cushion';

barzi- n. `cushion, pillow, cushion', npers. bli `pillow, cushion'; Old Indic upa-brhaaNote: Note

Clearly alb. bar `grass, straw' derived from Indian languages. Hence alb. is a direct descendant of Sanskrit. Clearly alb. belongs to satem family. Whether with Asp.-Diss. against forms -ha- here Old Indic brjaha- `udder'?

Irish bolgach f. `swelling, blister, bubble, blister; pox', bolgamm `gulp', cymr. bol, bola, boly vann. pehl-en (from *pehl-) ds., gall. bulga `leather sack' (out of it Old High German bulga ` `belly, sack, bag', bul ` seed capsule, seminal shell ' (PL. of boly), bret. bolc'h ` linen pod ',

Irish bolgaim `swell', bolg f. `bubble', bolg m. `sack, bag, belly, husk, trouser ', Middle

of Gaul) ';

water container made of leather '); gall. Belgae ` the angry (*a warlike people in the north Gothic balgs m. `hose', Old Icelandic belgr m. ` stripped animal skin, bag, belly', Old

High German Middle High German balg `bag, hose, bellows, sword scabbard ', Old

compare Old Prussian balsinis; perhaps hat also Old Indic barhi-, Avestan barzi- Indo Germanic -i-s- as extension dieses i-stem); Old Icelandic participle bolginn `swollen', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -

English bielg, byl(i)g `sac, bag', engl. belly `belly', bellows `bellows' (Germanic *ali- m.,

nt- > -nn-), Kaus. belgja `make swell up', Old Saxon Old English belgan stem-V. ` be angry `angers'; ', Old High German belgan `swell up', refl. `be angry with', Old Frisian participle ovirbulgen

bolstr m. `pillow, cushion', Old Englishbolster n. `pillow, cushion', Old High German bolstar ds., Dutch bolster `fruit skin, husk'; Old Prussian balsinis `pillow, cushion' (*b olhi-nos), pobalso ` feather bed ', Latvian
h

Old Icelandic bylgja `wave', Middle Low German bulge ds.; *bul(h)stra- in Old Icelandic

pablsts m. ` pillow ' (and `pad', see above S. 123); slov. blazna `pillow, cushion,

mattress, a downy or feather bed; pad, ball of the foot or ball of the thumb, heel of hand Serbo-Croatian blzina `pillow, cushion, feather-bed'; russ. blozen m. ` weal, callus, swelling, blister, clavus, corn' (but russ. dial. blozno `thick board'). Here probably as Venetic-Illyrian loanword Old Prussian balgnan n., Old Lithuanian forms see above S. 123. BSL. 41, 134 f.

[anat.] ' (and `roof beam, crossbeam of the sledge, stake, stanchion', see above S. 123),

balgnas, Lithuanian balnas `saddle' (probably from `pillow, cushion'). Further Balto-Slavic References: WP. II 182 f., WH. I 122. compare about gr. `leather sack' Vendryes Page(s): 125-126 elel Root / lemma: b el-1, Balto-Slavic also b el- (*b l-1 > b lH-o-) Meaning: shining, white `divide'
h h h h h

Note: to b -1 standing in the same relationship, as stel- to st- `stand', del- `split' to *d(i)Material: Old Indic bhlam n. `lustre, shine, forehead', sam-bhlayati `glances' (lengthened grade); balk ` a crane's kind ' with b- after bak- ` a heron's kind '; Armenian bal ` pallidness, paleness ';

Maybe alb. bal `badger (animal with white spots in the snout)', balo `a dog with white spot on the forehead'. forehead' compare Skt. bhlam `brightness, forehead', Welsh bal `having a white spot on the gr. `white' Hes., Hes., (F) `gleaming, white, white-

fronted ', , Doric - ds., , Doric - ` coot (*bald-headed) ', ` bald-headed ' Note: Doric - ` coot (*bald-headed) ', ` bald-headed ' related to alb. alb. bal `forehead, (*shining forehead, *bold as a coot)'.

Doric `look shyly around'; `white, it is white-mottled ' is probably Illyrian loanword; Illyrian *balta `swamp, marsh, white clay', out of it Latin blatea f., `excrement lump',

adalm. balta ` sea swamp '; Ligurian *bol `swamp, marsh' (M.-L. 1191b), FlN Duria Bautica (from *Baltica), perhaps here mare Balticum (Venetic-Illyrian?) `Baltic Sea ' (Einhard, 9. Jh), compare Bonfante BSL. 37, 7 f.;

Maybe Spanish barro : French boue : Albanian balt : Czech blto : Polish boto : Venetian paltan : Zeneize bratta ` mud ' : Romanian balt ` bog, marsh' : Lithuanian balta ` white ' : alb. (balg) bardh ` white' common alb. -g > -dh.

Notes: Cf. also the Rythabalt meadow and the placename Namuynbalt is the equivalent of Namoyumpelk (pelk `swamp'). For the semantics cf. Pol. dial. biel, bielaw, Bel. bel' `swampy meadow' (Trubav II: 180). PSl. *bolto is sometimes considered an "Illyrian" Peninsula are adduced, but also Romance forms such as Lomb. palta, Pim. pauta. horse or ox ', balt f., balt m. `slime, mud, swamp, marsh, white clay'; Maybe alb. (*balakha) balluke `hair fringe'. but whether fls, -is f. ` a polecat, cat, marten; hence a thief ' here belongs, is dubious Celtic belo- `luminous, white' in cymr. beleu (*b eleuo-) `marten', Old Irish obell m.
h h

substratum word. In this connection not only the above-mentioned forms from the Balkan alb. bal, ball `forehead, (*bold as a coot?) ' (= Old Prussian ballo ds.), balsh ` white

Latin fulica (compare Old High German belihha) and fulix f. `coot' (*b olik- with dial. u);
h

because of mls, -is f. `marten, badger';

Irish Bel-tene ` festival of 1st May ' (= beacon), gall. GN (Apollo) Belenos, (Minerva)

`blaze, glow, heat' (f. `spark, glowing coal') = cymr. ufel m. `spark, fire' (*opi-b elo-), Middle

Belisama (Super Latin), FlN Belen > French Bienne, (under the influence of common

Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Swiss Biel; Old French baille ` paleness ' (out of it Middle Breton belsa `field' from *belis;

baill ds.) could on ablaut. gall. *balio- go back, compare frz PN Bailleuil < *Balio-ialon; gall. Gothic bala m. ` bald horse, horse with a blaze ' (from Belisar's steed [Belisar was a

Byzantine commander]), engl. dial. ball ` horse with white paleness ' (out of it cymr. bal ds), Middle English balled, engl. bald, Danish bldet ` naked, bald, bleak ', Old High German belihha (compare Latin fulica), Modern High German Belche `coot', BergN

Old Icelandic bl `flame', Old English bl ` pyres, funeral piles ' (*b l-).
h

Belchen (to suffix s. Brugmann Grundri II 1, 511, Specht Dekl. 213 f.), lengthened grade Whereas are Germanic *pl- in Old English pl, engl. pool, Old High German pfuol

`pool', ablaut. Dutch peel (*pali-) `morass', Old English pyll, engl. pill (*pulia-, older *blio-) probably from Venetic-IH. borrows (see above *bol); different Petersson Heterokl. 205; Lithuanian blas `white' and ` snowdrop ', bal f. `white anemone' and m. `swamp,

pallid, pale, wan '; Old Prussian ballo f. `forehead' and *balo `swamp, marsh' in PN; Maybe alb. balash ` white cow ' : Lithuanian: blas `white'.

marsh, moor, fen, pool', bal, bala, blti `become white'; Latvian lengthened grade bls `

biel f. ` marshy wood, forest', russ. dial. bil `swamp, marsh'; ablaut. bala (*b l) in russ. bala-ruina ` puddle, slop ', klr. balka ` marsh ';
h

Old Church Slavic lengthened grade bel `white' (*b lo-), f. `splint in wood', poln. dial.
h h

Lithuanian bltas (*b oltos), Latvian balts `white', North Sea Baltina ezers; Church Slavic blato `sea', Serbo-Croatian blto `sea, ordure', russ. boto `swamp, marsh'; baptism ', balnda ` orache ', russ. lebed, serb. lobda ds.;
2 h

Slavic substant. neutr. Adj. *bolto- (*b olto-) `swamp, marsh, pond, pool, sea' in Old
h

Lithuanian b'lnas `white' (with glottal stop, Indo Germanic *b olnos), baladis ` Slavic (*b olH-neh ) *bolna f. (with trail tone, Indo Germanic *b oln) in Czech slov.
h h

(dial.) lump ', bon f., `splint in wood', originally identical with Czech blana `meadow, grassland', poln. bo f., bonie n. ds., russ. boonje n. ` deeply situated meadows '; bhlayati);

blna ` membrane, skin, cutaneously', russ. boon ` sickly outgrowth on trees, sap-wood,

perhaps Tocharian palsk-, plsk, A pl(t)sk ` cogitate ' (*see, compare Old Indic samwhether here gr. (*b el-so-), `cork, oak cork ', ` rocky ground ',
h

`even (*of land, ground, etc.: level, flat, not hilly or sloping; of uniform height) ', ` scale, flake (ones of reptile)'?

References: WP. II 175 f., WH. I 108 f., 559 f., W. Schulze Berl. Sbb. 1910, 787 = Kl. Schr. 111, Trautmann 25, 29 f., Specht Dekl. 116 f. ; b lnd o-; b lido-.
h h h h h h

See also: Here further b el-2; b eleg-; b lei-, -g-, -k-; b lend -; b les-; b leu-, -k-, -s-; b luoh h h h h

Page(s): 118-120 elRoot / lemma: b el-2 ( > *b el-(e)-n-) Meaning: in names of henbane
h h h h

Belenos (see above b el-1);

h h

Material: Gall. (Illyrian ?) belinuntia f., n. ` hyoscyamus ', to names of Apollo Old English beolone (*b elun), Old Saxon bilene, zero grade Old Danish bylne

Note: probably with b el-1 identical

(Germanic *bul-n-), blme, Swedish bolmrt, Modern High German dial. bilme; but Old High German bil(i)sa is probably Celtic loanword (compare aprov. belsa); Slavic *belena-, *belen in r.-Church Slavic belen m., russ. belen f., Slavic *beln m.

in slov. bln, Old Czech bln, zero grade Slavic *bln in Serbo-Croatian bn. 140.

References: WP. II 180, WH. I 99 f., Trautmann 30, Kretschmer Gl. 14, 97, Specht Dekl. Page(s): 120 ellRoot / lemma: b el-3, b lh

Meaning: to grow, spread, swell

lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb, gums' (loanword from Avestan *barsman `cushion'); compare under Old High German bilorn.

f.) here Avestan bar-s-man- ` bundle of branches ', Old Indic brsva m. Pl. ` bulge; bead;

Material: Old Indic bha- n. `pot, pan, vessel' (*b ln-da?); after Thieme (ZDMG. 92, 47
h

9.

Armenian beun `fertile' (: gr. ), ben-awor ds. (: gr. ), Adontz, Ml. Boisacq Gr. , `penis' ( from *b lns or *b lns; compare Old Irish ball,
eh h

Modern High German Bulle);

Maybe alb. Geg pallosh `penis' : gr. `penis' borrowed through Illyrian mediation Latin ballaena; also Middle High German bullich calls in addition (formation as ), `whale' (compare that probably

big fish kinds;

identical is `moth', about and supplementary see above Z. 1; about plant with thick woolly leaves, as *b (e)lo-mo-s? -.
h

see below phel-; after Persson Beitr. 299 also () Great mullein, Probably Phrygian -, - `' Hes., also `penis'; thrak. VN Latin follis ` a leather bag; a pair of bellows; a purse; a puffed-out cheek ' (*b lnis or cymr. bl f. `elevation, rise, mountaintop ' (*b l); Maybe alb. mal [common alb. mb- > m-]. spot, mark' (also in the body), hence perhaps also cymr. ball `epidemic', balleg `sack, bag'; changing through ablaut bol, boll in cymr. dyrn-fol ` glove ', arfolli ` become pregnant ', ffroen-foll ` with swollen nostrils ' (: ); zero grade Old Irish ball m. `limb, member, part, body part ', then `deal, portion, place,
h h

*b olnis, compare the Germanic words with -ll- from -ln-);

h

Maybe alb. bole `testicle' bale `strong', cymr. balch, bret. balc'h `stout, proud, hubristic, overbearing'.
eh
h

zero grade with formants -ko- and meaning as Old High German bald (see below): nir. b ll- (b l-) in Old Swedish bulin, bolin `swollen', bulde, bolde, byld ` hump, ulcer'; Old l

Nord.), Old English bolla m. `bowl', hafodbolla ` brain box, cranium ', Old Frisian strotbolla skin or knot of the flax ', Middle High German bolle f. `bud, spherical vessel', Old High `larynx', Old Saxon bollo `drinking bowl', Old High German bolla f. `vesicle, blister, fruit

drinking bowl ' (`*spherical vessel'; Middle Irish balln ` drinking vessel ' probably from

* from a stem *bulla- = -); Hessian bulle `vulva'; Old Icelandic bolli m.

`young bull', engl. bull, Middle Low German Modern High German Bulle (as *bull-n = gr.

`plank' (Modern High German Bohle); Old Icelandic boli `bull', Old English bula ds., bulluc

Icelandic bulr, bolr m. `tree truck, trunk', Middle Low German Middle High German bole f.

German boln, Middle High German boln `roll, throw, toss, fling' and with the meaning

bullich, bolch ` big fish among others cod ' (compare ), compare also Old High

German hirnibolla `cranium', Modern High German Bolle, Robollen, Middle High German

', Old Icelandic poet. bolmr `bear'; here probably Old Icelandic bulki `ship load', Swedish Danish bulk ` hump, nodules, tubers';

swollen = `thick, big, large', Swedish Dialectal bl, bol ` thick and large, strong, very daring

`gums' (*bilurn `swelling, bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb '), whether not from *beluzn; Germanic *bel-n- also in Hessian bille `penis' (: bulle), Middle Low German (ars-)bille,

in heterokl. paradigm (?) *b elr, Gen. *b elns interprets Old High German bilorn m. f.
h h

Dutch bil `buttock', Swedish fotabjlle `ball of the foot'; also alb. bili `penis', bole `testicle'

Ballen, Old High German arsbelli m. Pl. `buttocks', Old English bealluc m. `testicles' (*b oledge of the lake bank; small rise on ground level '; with formants -to- and the meaning n-), Old Icelandic bllr `ball, sphere, testicle'; Old Icelandic bali `elevation along the the
h

changing through ablaut Old High German ballo, balla, Modern High German Ball,

`swollen, inflated' = ` arrogant, bold ', Gothic bal-aba Adv. ` boldly ', balei f. ` boldness ', Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old English beald `bold, audacious', Old High German bald `bold, `prince, lord, master, mister', Old Icelandic GN Baldr.
h

Old Icelandic ballr `dreadful, dangerous', baldinn `defiant', (under the influence of common

audacious, quick, fast', Modern High German bald Adv.; in addition Old English bealdor With coloring gradation *b l- probably Norwegian bl `in heat, rutting, of the sow ' root form b l-: lfrom b -, Aor. `bubble out';
h

(changing through ablaut bala ` rutting, be in heat ').

h

Gr. `gossip, talkative', -, - `be talkative'; as

flmina ` varicoses ' is probably loanword from gr. ; Norwegian dial. blma ` bleb Saxon bldara `blister, bubble', Old English bldre ds., reduplication-stem Old Icelandic on the skin, skin vesicle '; Old Swedish blmma ds.; Old High German blt(t)ara, Old

blow forth; to blow on an instrument; to cast metals, to coin ' (probably from *b l-i), but
h

Latin fl, flre ` to blow; intransit., of winds, persons and instru- ments; transit., to blow,

blara `vesicle, blister, bubble', Old High German etc blat `leaf'; Old Icelandic bl- in Zs. `blow, swell, blow out', Old English blwan `blow' (here w from Perf.), Old High German blt, Old English bld `blow, breath, breeze, gust of wind', Old Icelandic blr `gust of

`excessive, very'; with prevalent meaning `blow' Old High German io-present bljan, blen

bloat; unpers.: `swell up', Old High German blsan `blow', blsa `bubble', blst `blast,

wind'; with -s- Gothic ufblsan `inflate, bloat', Old Icelandic blsa `blow, pant, gasp, inflate,

snort, rage, fury';

breath, breeze', Old English blst, Old Icelandic blstr (*blstu-) `blast, breath, breeze, Maybe alb. plas `blow' '. Latvian blnas `prank' derives from russ. loanword bldis `confidence trickster, swindler

Maybe alb. Geg blenj `I buy, bargain, strike a deal)' similar meaning shift as Latin c -re ` hit, wound, strike, smite; esp., to strike a bargain ' Here perhaps Gothic bl `blood', s. b el-4. See also: In addition b el-4 `bloom' etc and the extensions b elh-, b ld-, b leg-, b lei-,
h h h h h h h

References: WP. II 177 f., WH. I 515, 524 f.

b leu- `to swell' etc Page(s): 120-122

h

ell- lRoot / lemma: b el-4 and b l-, b l-, b lMeaning: leaf; bloom Note: probably from b el- `to swell' in sense of `vegetable lushness ' and `swelling = bud'
uh h h h h h

Maybe alb. (*) pyll `forest' [common alb. shift u > y] anything, the best, the pride; on the face, first beard, down '; flre, -re ` to bloom, flower. Transf., to be in one's prime, to prosper, flourish, be in repute; with abl. to abound in, swarm with '; Oscan Fluusa ` the goddess of flowers, whose festival was celebrated on sabin. Flusare ` of or belonging to the festival of Flora, of the Floralia '. the 28th of April, often with unbridled license ', Fluusasias ` of the festivals of Flora ', Middle Irish blth m. `bloom, blossom, flower', cymr. blawd, acorn. blodon `bloom,
h

*b elio-); moreover probably Old Irish bile n. `tree';

Material: Gr. `leaf' (*b liom), Latin folium ds.; Middle Irish bilec `leaf' (from *bile <

b l-, mostly b l- in: Latin fls, -ris m. ` a flower, blossom. Transf., the prime, flower of llh h

(common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), with s-derivative Middle High German bluost `bloom, blossom', Old Norse blmstr ds., Dutch blsen `bloom' (= Middle Low German blsen `blush', see below b les- `shine');
h

blossom' (*b l-t-), Middle Breton (with -men-suffix) bleuzven, nbret. bleun(v)enn ds.,

blossom', Modern High German Blust, Old English blstma, blsma, blstm `flower,

ds., blm collective `flower, blossom'; Old High German bluojen, bluowen, Old Saxon bljan, Old English blwan `bloom'; Old High German bluot f. ` blossoming, bloom,

Gothic blma m., Old High German bluomo m. `flower, blossom', Old Icelandic blomi m.

bl n., Old Icelandic bl, Old Saxon Old English bld, Old High German bluot `blood' probably to *b el- `effervesce'.
h

blossom' = Old English bld f. `scion, shoot, twig, branch, flower, blossom, fruit'; but Gothic

`life, breath, breeze' and b el- `inflate, bloat'); `leaf'; Tocharian A. plt ds. Page(s): 122
h

German blt `bloom, blossom' (compare also Old English bld, Old High German blt

With : Old English bld m. `breath, breeze', n. `bubble', f. `bloom, blossom', Old High

with : Old High German blat, Old Saxon blad, Old English bld, Old Icelandic bla n.

References: WP. II 176 f., WH. I 518 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 351.

eleleRoot / lemma: b el-5 , mostly with -- (-k-) suffix: b l-, b l-n--, b ele-; b lkMeaning: balk elMaterial: Basic b el- in Old Indic bhurju Du.` arms, arms or shafts of the cart's pole'; gall. With guttural extensions: (if only with secondary nasal rendering from other nouns in -, so *- = Old Indic with -k-: m. `balk, beam plank in ship'.
h eh eh h h h

*balkon `(wall) projection ', cymr. balog `pinnacle' (M.-L. 890).

Gr. , - f. `stem, balk, beam; battle row, array ', `planks, planking'

bhurij-; yet perhaps with b l-- only parallel -extension from a n-stem *b ln- from); Latin fulci, -re, fuls, -tum (*b lki) ` to prop up, support; to strengthen, secure; morally,

to support, stay, uphold ' (actually `through balk, beam'); fulcrum (*fulc-lom?) ` the post or foot of a couch (prop, rack, rest camp) '. smen); Perhaps also sufflmen ` a brake, drag, hindrance ' (*flg- = Indo Germanic *b lh

off, partitioning off', blkr `dividing off, partitioning off';

Old High German Old Saxon balko `balk, beam'; Old Icelandic balkr `partition wall, dividing

Old Icelandic bialki (*belkan-) `balk, beam'; ablaut. (*balkan-): Old English balca, bealca;

eh

eh

Germanic u, also from Indo Germanic *b luko- or, whether with Germanic consonant bliggwan, Old High German bliuwan, Modern High German bleuen `hit', from Indo Germanic *b leu-ono-; see below b eleu-.
h h h h h

German bloch, Modern High German (ndd.) Block `clot, chunk, balk, plank' contains Indo increase, from *b lugo-, to Middle Irish blog `piece, fragment', further perhaps to Gothic

zero grade Old English bolca m. `gangplank'; but Old High German bloh(h), Middle High

tumescent' from:

Whereas belong probably to *b elh- `to swell' from a meaning mediation `thick,

Latvian blins, blzins m. `prop', East Latvian blgzds m. ` props connected in the pablstt `prop, sustain';

Lithuanian balien ` long beam in the harrow ', balenas `crossbar, crossbeam',

wood sledge level ', Latvian pablsts m. `prop, handle, grasp, handle in the plow ', blzt, russ. Dialectal (Gouv. Olonez) blozno `thick board', slov. blazna `roof beam,

crossbeam of the sledge, stake, stanchion'; kaub. bozno `the runners connecting the sledge skids '. References: WP. II 181 f., WH. I 559, Trautmann 25 f.

Page(s): 122-123
h

Root / lemma: b el-6 el-

Meaning: to sound, speak, onomatopoeic words

Material: Old Indic bha- `barking, baying' (*b el-s-), bhat `talks, speaks, prattles';
h h h

are after Kuiper Proto-Munda 32 f. not Indo Germanic

bhaat (Dhatup.) `speaks, jeers, rebukes' (*b el-n-d), bhati `talks, speaks' (*b el-n) Old Icelandic belja `roar, bellow', Middle Dutch belen `bark, bay'; Old Icelandic bylja,

High German boln `cry, roar, bellow';

bulda `threaten, drone, roar', bylr `gust of wind', Old English bylgan `roar, bellow', Middle with Germanic ll (consonant increase in the onomatopoeic words), Old High German

bulln `howl (from the wind), bark, bay, roar, bellow', isl.-Norwegian bulla `babble, chat'; High German (actually ndd.) Bellhammel `bellwether (with bell)';

bellan `bark, bay', Old English bellan `roar, bellow, bark, bay, grunt'; Old High German

Old Icelandic bjalla, Old English belle, engl. bell, Middle Low German belle `bell', Modern

compare, because latter contains most probably Indo Germanic d ) Danish baldre,
h

with Germanic ld (probably from a present d - and perhaps with Lithuanian bldu to
h

Norwegian Dialectal baldra, schwed Dialectal ballra `rant, roister' Middle Low German

Dutch balderen ds., Danish buldre, Swedish bullsa, Middle Low German Dutch bulderen, bolderen, Middle High German buldern, Modern High German poltern; Old Prussian billit talk', byl-a, -ti ds., byl `speech, pronunciation, conversation, entertainment', Latvian `say, speak', Lithuanian blstu, bila, blti `to start to talk ', blu, biloti `talk', bilju, -ti `say,

bilstu, bilu, bilst (in Zs.) `talk, address, speak to', bildt `address, speak to'; Latvian billt (from *bilna) `weep, cry'; with formants -so- Lithuanian balsas `voice, sound, tone'; Tocharian AB pl-, pl- `praise, laud' (Van Windekens Lexique 89). See also: From this derived *b l- `bleat'.
h

References: WP. II 182, WH. I 516, Trautmann 25.

Page(s): 123-124
h

lemma: end Root / lemma: b en Meaning: to bind Material: Old Indic badhnti, only later bandhati `binds, fetters, captures, takes prisoner, Old Indic bndhana- n. ` ligation ', bandh- m. ` ligation, strap',
h

put together ', Avestan bandayaiti `binds', participle Old Indic baddh-, Avestan ap. basta-,

Note: Note

Probably from Avestan ap. basta- n. ` ligation ' derived alb. bes `pact, covenant, faith, belief, armistice', previously Illyrian TN Besoi [common alb. shift st > s]; clearly Illyrian displays simultaneous satem and centum characteristics since it was created before the medium that surpasses monotheistic religions in alb. psyche, that means alb. are the

split of Indo European family. Because the institution of besa is the most important pagan descendants of Illyrian Only alb. and Indic languages relate to the fact of blood bond. The the blood line of the father.

institution of besa marks the ancient code of blood revenge and the victory of patriarchy or Avestan banda- m. `band, manacle' (: Old Icelandic Old Saxon bant, Old High German

band `cattle', see below); Old Indic bndhu- m. `kinsman, relative' (as ). Gr. `rope, hawser, rope, cable' (from *, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 287,

bant n., Modern High German Band; Gothic bandi, Old English bend f. ds.; Lithuanian

compare Brugmann IF. 11, 104 f., also for and ), `father-in-law' (*`linked by marriage ');

here after Pedersen (REtIE. 1, 192) also `suffer' as ` is bound, is entrapped ', as displease; intransit. to knock, strike; to run aground; to stumble, make a mistake, to give repel, repulse, ward off, drive away (2) to defend, protect; esp. to defend in court; in
h h

also Latin offend `to strike against, knock; to hit upon, fall in with; to shock, offend,

offence (with dat.); also to take offence', dfend ` (*release from the entanglement) to

argument, to maintain a proposition or statement; to sustain a part '; (covers late,

but old), with sound metathesis hom. Attic `crib' (*b nd -n; under a basic meaning ` twisted, woven basket' as Celtic benna ` carriage basket ') (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn); thrak. - `bind' (compare Kretschmer Einl. 236); alb. bes `pact, covenant, faith, belief,

armistice';

Illyrian TN Besoi Latin offendimentum, offendix ` the knot of a band, or the band itself, chin strap under priest's cap, apex ( a Roman priest's cap), fastened with two strings or bands'; gall. benna `kind of vehicle', Galatian , cymr. benn `wagon, cart' (out of it Old boxes', Dutch ben `basket, trough'; basic form *b end -n); Middle Irish buinne `strap, bangle ' (*b ond i); (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
h h h h

English binn, and through roman. mediation Modern High German dial. benne `carriage

andbundnan `is unfastened ', Gothic bandi etc see above;

Gothic Old English bindan, Old Icelandic binda, Old High German bintan `bind', Gothic

herd of cattle ' (actually `the tied (down) cattle, the bound cattle '). bst ` matrimonial union' from *b ond -stu- `bond';
h h h h

Lithuanian bedras `partner, comrade' (formant associated with gr. ), band ` Here also Gothic bansts m. `barn' (*b ond -sti; compare in other meaning Old Frisian ndd. banse ` silo, garner, barn', Old English *bs, engl. boose `cattle shed', Old English

bsig `crib', Old Icelandic bss m. `room for keeping, cattle stall' (*band-sa-); relationship of above group with binden. Page(s): 127

jt. bende ` divided off room in cattle shed' erases probably every doubt about the References: WP. II 152, WH. I 102, Feist 79, 80 f., 93.

Meaning: to sing, rejoice

endRoot / lemma: b endh h

bhandna- `cheering', bhandn `merry tintinnabulation, cheer' (doubts the meaning partly); zero grade Old Irish Middle Irish bind `melodic', abret. bann `melodious, harmonious'. (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). Page(s): 126-127 References: WP. II 151 f.

bhndiha- ` in loudest cheering, shrilly, screaming, best of all praising ',

Material: Old Indic bhandat `receives cheering shout, is praised, glares, gleams',

lemma: enh hRoot / lemma: b enh-, b nh- (Adj. b nh-s) Meaning: thick, fat Material: Old Indic bah- `dense, rich, much, a lot of' `compounds Sup. bahyas-, bahul- `thick, dense, vast, spacious, big, large, rich, much, a lot of' (= gr. Adv.
h h

bahiha- (= gr. );

bhhayat ` clamps, fastens, strengthens'; `dense';

by Aristot., if these not newer formation); bhat (uncovered) ` increase, multiply ', Avestan bzah- n. `height, depth', bnu- m. ds., Baluchi bz `much, a lot of', baz

fatness';

fatness' (occurs after for * = Avestan bzah-), `thick; thickness, Old Icelandic bingr `heap', Old Swedish binge ds., Old High German bungo `tuber, bulb',

gr. `thick, dense, fat, obese' (compounds ), n. `thickness,

Icelandic bunki ` stowed away shipload', Norwegian bunka (and bunga) `small heap, swelling, blister', Dutch bonk `clump, lump' ; Note:

Modern High German Bachbunge; in addition with intens. consonant-sharpening Old

Alb. bung ` kind of edible oak fruit ' : with -u- grade alb. (*beuka) buka `bread' : Phrygian `bread', actually ` crumb ' prove that from an extended Root / lemma: b(e)u-1, b(e)uh h h h h h h h

enh heug lemma: b enh-, b nh- (Adj. b nh-s) : `thick, fat', Root / lemma: b eug-1 : `to flee, *be b eugh- : `to bow', Root / lemma: b eug-4 : `to enjoy, *consume, bite' as taboo words. eugheugh h h h

b (e)u- : `expr. sound of hitting' derived Root / lemma: b eg-, b eng- : `to break', Root / (e)ueg- eng-

frightened', Root / lemma: b eug-2, b eugh- : `to clear away, free', Root / lemma: b eug-3, eugeugheug-

Latvian bezs `dense, thick', bezums `thickness, fatness'; stupid; easy, quiet ' has perhaps originated through hybridization of *fingu-is = , bah- with that to opmus, respective words; Tocharian pkante, pkatte `greatness, bulk, extent' (Van Windekens Lexique 96); Hittite pa-an-ku- (panku-) ` all, in general '. References: WP. II 151, Couvreur H 177. Page(s): 127-128
h

Latin pinguis ` fat; oily; rich, fertile; n. as subst. fatness, fat. Transf. thick, dense; heavy,

Meaning: to hit, wound

Root / lemma: b enen-

Material: Avestan bnayn `it makes me sick', banta- `sickens, waste away'; the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old Saxon beni-wunda `wound'; Old Gothic banja `blow, knock, wound, ulcer', Old Icelandic ben, Old English benn f., (under

`killer, murderer', Old High German bano, Middle High German bane, ban `death, ruin';

Icelandic bani m. `death; murderer', Old English bana, Old High German Old Saxon bano perhaps also Middle High German bane, ban f. and m. `pathway, way, alley' as `* by all
h

means through an wood, forest' or `* a (well-) beaten track, a way used often '; Middle Irish epit f. `scythe, pruning knife' from *eks-b en-t; corn. bony `axe'; but cymr. bon-clust `slap Avestan bata-, if ` ground coarsely, from the grain ', could be related as *b n-to-, but
h

in the face, box on the ear' contains bon `stick'.

because of the uncertain meaning is only to name with reservation. References: WP. II 149, Feist 80. Page(s): 126 ered Root / lemma: b ere Note:
h h h h

Meaning: to cut; board

ered ereh Root / lemma: b ere - : `to cut; board' derived from Root / lemma: b ereh- : `high; mountain, *sharp' [common Illyrian - balt -h- > -dh-].
h

Material: Old Indic bardhaka- `cutting, clipping', m. `carpenter', ata-bradh-na- ` having 100 metal points '; perhaps gr. `destroy, smash', `destroy, smash, devastate';
h h h h h

High German britissa, Modern High German Pritsche;

h

b re os- in Old Saxon Old English bred `board', Old High German bret n., therefrom Old red osb rd o- in Gothic ftu-bard n. ` splint ', Old Icelandic bord n. `board, table, desk', Old

German Middle High German bort ds. (Modern High German Bord from Ndd.), Old English bord `board, edge, shield'; Old English borda m. `edge, ornament, decoration', Old High German borto, Modern High German Borte; b or o- in Old Icelandic bar `edge, border', Norwegian dial. bard ds. ord Latvian birde f. ` weaver's rack '. Page(s): 138

the board '; probably with it identical Old Icelandic bor `edge, border, ship's rim ', Old High

English bord n. ds., Old High German bort ds. = Umbrian forfo- ds. in furfant ` they lay on

From Germanic *bur- derive Serbo-Croatian bdo, russ. brdo etc ` weaver's reed ' and

References: WP. II 163, 174, Devoto Ml. Pedersen 227 f., Meillet Slave commun 75.
2

eregRoot / lemma: b eregh h h

Meaning: expr. to sound, roar, cry, etc., *sharp voice encountering onomatopoeic sounds Note:
h

Note: compare b er- ds. as well as that by b reg- `break, rupture' and `crack, creak'

eregRoot / lemma: b ereg- : `expr. to sound, roar, cry, etc., *sharp voice' derived from Root / Material: Old English beorcan stem-V., bearkian (*barkn), engl. bark `bark, bay', Old Lithuanian (em.) burgti `drone, grumble, quarrel, squabble, be unfriendly ', burgsus ` ereh lemma: b ereh- : `high; mountain, *sharp'.
h

Icelandic berkja `bark, bay, rumble, rage, clamor';

brgalica `turtledove'.

crosspatch, grouch '; presumably also Serbo-Croatian brgljati `mumble, murmur, chat',

gasp, loud cough' (*b req-s-), brkm, brktati `pant, sniff, snort'.
h

quarrel, squabble, lie', brechnj `empty gossip', Serbo-Croatian brm, brhati `pant,

ereqBesides similar b ereq-: Latvian brcu, brkt `cry', russ. bre, brecht `yelp, cry,
h

which in their partial i- and u-vocalism in these by b er(e)- `roast' remind present vocal differences, which are explained from different sound imitation: gr. `a small bird' (metathesis from *: Latin frig-?); lisp', later fringuli, fringulti ds., frigul, -re `cry (from the jackdaw)', fring(u)illa `finch, maybe alb. (*fringuilla) frglloj `shiver, tremble (like a bird?)' golden oriole, golden oriole ', mhr. ` woodpecker ', poln. bargiel `mountain titmouse '. briz-gti `bleat, grouse, drone, hum, grumble'. Page(s): 138-139
h h

Somewhat different because of the clear onomatopoeic words are the following words,

Latin frig, -ere `squeak (of small children)', frigutti, -re `chirp, twitter (from birds),

sparrow';

russ. berglz `goldfinch', Serbo-Croatian brglijez ` Sitta syriaca ', Czech brhel ` Eurasian

Similar ones, but indeed new onomatopoeic words are Latin merulus frindit, Lithuanian

References: WP. II 171 f., WH. I 548.

Meaning: high; mountain Note:

h

ereh Root / lemma: b ereh- (*b er -o-)

h h

Root / lemma: b ereh- : `high; mountain' derived from Root / lemma: b er-, b r- : `to ereh er r shine; white, *ash wood, ashen, birch tree, elm' Material: Old Indic Kaus. barhyati `increases', brhti `makes fat, obese, strengthens,
h h

`big, large, high, convex, elevated, noble, sublime', also `high, loud (of the voice)', fern. `high', in compound brzi- (: *brzra-), brz- `high' and `height, mountain' (= npers.

uplifts', presumably barha-s, -m `tail feather, tail of a bird, esp. from a peacock'; brhnt-

brhat (= Irish Brigit, Germanic Burgund), Avestan brzant- (npers. buland), f. brzait burz ds., Irish bri ; the Nom. Avestan bar Subst. could contain Aryan -ar-, but also Aryan addition - ` improve luck ', iran. *barzana-), barzan- m. barzah- n. `height', highest, the most suitable '; npers. bl- `height' (*barz-), burz (see above);

r-, Bartholomae IF. 9, 261), zero grade Avestan uz-barzayeni `I shall allow to grow up ' (in

barnu- m. `elevation, height, sky, heaven, head', barzyah- `higher', barzita- ` the

`makes fat, obese, invigorates, strengthens, increases, furthers', brh Adv. `dense, tight, firm, strong, proficient; very, absolutely', paribrha- `standing firm, dense, solid'.
h

Old Indic brhnt- stands for also `big, large, vast, grand, thick, massive' and brhati

(*b rhu-), (ham-)banam (*barjnam, Aor. barji) `lift up' etc.

h

Armenian berj `height' in erkna-, lerna-berj `sky-, mountainous' (*b erhos), barjr `high' Berg- in PN the Mediterranean countries: thrak. , maked. , Illyrian

suppositions by Kretschmer Gl. 22, 100 f., Krahe ZNF. 19, 64. Formations in i- grade:

Bergantia etc about p- in klein Old Saxon , , maked. Cretan

Berginium (Bruttium: Bergae), Ligurian Bergomum, Celto-Ligurian Bergusia, hisp.

robust; morally, brave, courageous, steadfast, bold, audacious ' (from *forg-tos, Indo Germanic *b rh-tos = Old Indic brh).
h

Latin for(c)tis, Old Latin forctus, dial. horctus, horctis ` physically, strong, powerful,

others PN; gall. Brigantes, people's name (either `the sublime, noble' or `
h

above), cymr. bry `high, above', fem., cymr. corn. bret. bre `hill', gall. Litano-briga among

Pedersen KG. I 105), gall. PN Bergusia, zero grade Middle Irish br, Akk. brig `hill' (see

Cymr. bera `heap' (= Modern High German Berg), acorn. bret. bern ds. (-rh-n-? s.

troglodyte, cave dweller, cliff dweller '; Old Indic brhant-), Brigantia PN `Bregenz (western saint and generally women's name' (also Old Indic brhat is used as woman's name, also Austria)' and name of a feminine divinity, Old Irish Brigit (*b rhnt) `name of a famous

Old High German Purgunt), cymr. braint `privilege, prerogative' (actually `highness'), pl. (*brigantnos). breiniau, in addition mcymr. breenhin, ncymr. brenin `king', corn. brentyn, bryntyn ds.

Old High German Old Saxon berg `mountain', Old English beorh, beorg `height, burial mound', engl. barrow `burial mound' (compare Armenian -berj, cymr. bera, Old Indic barha-);

Gothic bargahei ` mountain range, mountainous region ', Old Icelandic bjarg and berg,

Norwegian islands, Old High German Purgunt women's name, in addition Burgundines, family name.

name of Bornholm (Danish island) (actually ` the high-rising ') and name Danish and

Germanic *burgund (= Old Indic brhat, Celtic *brigant, Irish Brigit) in Burgund, oldest

 `tower', an oriental loanword from urart. burgana `palace, fortress' derives (820 v. burgin, burgon `tower' etc. after Kretschmer though Germanic loanword Maybe alb. burgu `prison' a Latin loanword. sancturay for someone at a refuge ' as retrograde derivative to *b erh- `mountain' (Gl. 22, 113); s. above S. 145. Old Church Slavic brg `bank, border, shore, slope', Serbo-Croatian brjeg `hill, bank,
h

refuge'; With it is coincident though Latin burgus `castle, fort', that is borrowed from gr.

Germanic equivalent of Avestan brz-, Celtic brig- with the meaning `fortified height as

Gothic baurgs f. `town, city, tower', Old High German burg etc `castle' is genuine

Chr., s. Adontz REtIE 1, 465), whereof would have also derived Armenian burgn, aram.

This contemplates *berh `save, hide, shelter', originally ostensibly ` providing

border, shore', russ. breg ds., is probably not Germanic loanword, but rather VeneticIllyrian origin; Brckner KZ. 46, 232, Persson Beitr. 927; Maybe alb. bregu `bank, border, shore, slope' is a Slavic loanword not from Illyrian Berginium.

etc belongs rather to Old Church Slavic brg `care' (*preserve, save, hide, shelter), as stog : . Maybe alb. breng `care, sadness, sorrow', brengos `sadden, worry' Slavic loanwords.

from latter with brg as genuine Slavic words related klr. o-boh, Czech brah `haystack'

mister, ruler, prince, lord', Old Icelandic bragr `best, most exquisite, most distinguished, leader, chief, prince', Middle High German brogen ` rise, direct upwards, wanton brag'. Tocharian AB prk- ` arise, rise, come up ', A prknt, pirko ` the rising ', A prkr,

With other vowel gradation *b regh- perhaps in Old English brego, breogo `master,
h

parkre, prkre `tall';

(parkus) `high' (: Armenian barjr). 'stand up' (Friedric 160-161)

perhaps A prkr, prkre `tight, firm, solid' (compare Latin fortis); Hittite pr-ku-u Hittite: parku- ' high ', parganu- (I) 'make high', pargatar n. (r/n) 'height ', parkija-, park- (I) References: WP. II 173 f., WH. I 124, 535 f., 853, Feist 75 f., 85 f., Trautmann 30 f., Van Windekens Lexique 90, Couvreur H 178.

Page(s): 140-141 eremRoot / lemma: b erem-1 Material: ormMaterial: b orm-:

h h h

Meaning: to stick out; edge, hem Old Icelandic barmr `edge, hem', ey-barmr ` the edge of an island ', Norwegian dial.

barm ` extremity, border, brim, edge, rim ' (e.g. in the sail), ndd. barm, berme ` a ledge at the bottom of a bank or cutting, to catch earth that may roll down the slope, or to '. strengthen the bank; a narrow shelf or path between the bottom of a parapet and the ditch b rem-: b rom- : rem- rom(*b rom-di-, as glns from *glan-di-); Note: common Latin ph- > f- shift bud, young twig, branch', ablaut. brme ds. Old Norse brum n. `leaf buds ', Old High German brom, brum ds., Swiss brom ` flower In a basic meaning `bristly, thorn' go back: Old English brm m. `broom' (*b rmo-),
h h

Perhaps Latin frns, frondis f. ` a leaf, foliage; meton., a chaplet or crown of leaves '

Middle Low German brm ` blackberry bush, broom', Old High German brmo m., brma f. engl. bramble (proto Germanic *brmil), ablaut. mnl. bremme, Old High German brimma `briar, blackberry bush ', brmberi, Modern High German Brombeere, Old English brmel,

`broom' and Middle Low German brme, brumme ds.

brim `edge'.

Modern High German verbrmen, changing through ablaut Middle English brimme, engl.

With the meaning `edge, border': Middle High German brm n. `border, edging, edge',

Page(s): 142

References: WP. II 102.

eremRoot / lemma: b erem-2

Meaning: to buzz, drone

In -nt suffix: nt

Material: Old Indic bhramar- `bee';

Maybe nasalized alb. (*bl-t) blet ` bee' : gr. f. `thunder' [common alb. r- > l-].

probably in `boom, blaster, sough, rustle, bawl, blaster', m. `noise, crackling ', f. `thunder' (*-); Latin frem, -ere ` roar, murmur, growl; with acc. to murmur out something, grumble,

gr. , - f. `zither', because of suffixes loanword? Initial sound variant *brem*brem-

complain '; frontsia `thunder and lightning ' is loanword from gr. (to ); Maybe alb. frym `breath, exhalation', frynj `blow'. bellow', Old English bremman `roar, bellow', brymm n. `flood, sea', Middle High German brimmen ds., ablaut. brummen `drone, grumble' (in addition brunft ` heat, rut, rutting season '); Middle Low German brummen and brammen ds., Old High German Old Saxon brimisse, Modern High German Breme and (from dem Ndd.) Bremse; brmkam ds., brmb-al, -ar, -r `bumblebee, beetle, chafer'. [common alb. m > mb mb]
h

cymr. brefu `bleat, roar, bellow'; Old High German breman `drone, grumble, roar,

bremo `gadfly, brake', Middle High German breme, Old Saxon bremmia, Old High German poln. brzmie `sound, clink, buzz' (*brm-), Bulgarian brm `buzz, drone, hum',

Maybe alb. Geg diminutive (*brum-el) brumull, Tosc brumbull ` bumblebee, beetle, bug' As extensions *b rem- perhaps here the onomatopoeic words: Old Indic bhrga- `giant

clatter', Czech brouk `beetle, chafer'; Lithuanian brnkterti ` fall chinking ' etc;

black bee'; poln. brzk `sound, tinkling, clinking; gadfly, brake', russ. brjkat `clang, clink, Lithuanian brenzgu, brengsti `clang, clink, knock', ablaut. branzgu, brangsti `sound,

clink'; Slavic brzg in russ. brjzgi Pl. `empty gossip'; russ.-Church Slavic brjazdati `sound, clink'. References: WP. II 202 f., WH. I 544 f., Trautmann 37.

Page(s): 142-143
h

Meaning: quick

eresRoot / lemma: b eres-

Material: Latin festn, -re ` to hasten, hurry; transit., to hasten, accelerate ', Denom. von *festi(n)-, -n- `haste, hurry', Erweit. to *festi- (from *fersti-) in cnfestim ` immediately,

without delay ' (from *com fest `with haste, hurry');

bresic, brezec `hasty';

Middle Irish bras `quick, fast, stormy' (*b r sto-), cymr. brys ds. (*b rsto-), Middle Breton Lithuanian bruz-g-s `quick, fast', bruz-d-s `movable, nimble', besides burz-d-lis
h e h eh

ds., burz-dti ` run to and fro ';

fast', russ. borzj `quick, fast, fiery', besides *brzd in wruss. brzdo Adv. `quick, fast', Serbo-Croatian brzdca f. `rapids, speed in stream'. Perhaps here Ligurian FlN Bersula, Swiss FlN Birsig (Krahe ZONF 9, 45). [common alb. b- > v- shift]. Page(s): 143

Slavic *brz in Old Church Slavic brzo Adv. `quick, fast', Serbo-Croatian brz `quick,

Maybe alb. (*bersul) vrsul, `rush forward, attack', truncated (*vrsul) sul `rush, attack'

References: WP. II 175, WH. I 259, 488 f., Trautmann 40, Specht Dekl. 192.

Meaning: to boil, to be wild

h h

(e)reuRoot / lemma: b (e)reu- : b (e)rh h

Note: extension from b er-2.

Material: A. ablaut b eru- (b ru-), b r-: Old Indic bhurvi- `restless, wild', bhurvn- `uncontrollable movement of water'.
h eh

much ambiguous, it is constructed here from Dumzil BSL. 40, 52 as *b r-u-, likewise berkrim ` I am glad ' as *b er-u-; very doubtful!
h h

Armenian bark `sharp, sour, cruel, savage' (barkanam ` I get angry '), which is very

crap, muck', , `knead, jumble, mingle, sully, besmirch', probably also ' common gr.-Illyrian -ks- > -ss-. Thrak. (see below). Alb. brum m., brum f. `sourdough', mbruj, mbrnj `knead'.

Gr. , Hes. (*b r-u-) and `mixture, rubbish, chaff,

- ` gestures, behaves impatiently (esp. from wild horses); be rollicking, wanton

dfrtum ` leaven, yeast; a kind of beer. Transf. anger, passion ' (: thrak. , ,

erquick movement, to seethe; to be excited by passion, rage ' (about fermentum s. b er-2);
h

Latin ferve, -re, ferv, -re `to be boiling hot, to boil, seethe, glow. Transf., to be in

mould on the wine'; Latin brsa from dem Venet. or Messapic). Note: Note

of pressed grapes', proto extension alb. brs ds., from which serb. bersa, brsa, brza `

` a kind of barley beer '; from thrak. *brti (gr. ), derives Illyrian brsa `skins

Not only alb. is the direct descendant of Illyrian but Albans in Alba Longa brought their cognates from Illyrian

beer formula from Illyricum (Albanoi Illyrian TN) to Italy. Slavic languages borrowed their Middle Irish berbaim `cook, simmer, seethe', cymr. berwi, bret. birvi `simmer, seethe,

enbruithe `broth, meat broth' (to en- `water', see below pen-2), acymr. brut ` courage, pen-

*borv `mineral water'; Old Irish bruth `blaze, glow, fury', Middle Irish bruith `cook',

other suffix Borm above S. 133; perhaps also French bourbe `slime, mud' from gall.

boil', bero, berv `cooked, boiled', gall. GN Borvo (from spa, mineral spring), compare with

bredion `dealer, broker' (Umlaut), abret. brot ` jealousy ', nbret. broud `hot, fermenting'. About Germanic bru-forms see below B. B. ablaut b ru- and (partially again) b r-:
h h

to-, compare Middle Irish combruith `simmer, seethe, boil'), brydio `seethe, froth', acorn.

spirit, vivacity; also pride, arrogance ', ncymr. brwd `hot' (cymmrwd `mortar' from *kom-bru-

`stream, brook' (*F-, -, hom. , consigns ); Middle Irish tipra b runtos); Old Irish -tiprai ` streams against ' (*to-eks-b ru-t?); from stem b run- the German brunno, Old English brunna, burna ` well, water hole, spring ' (Old Icelandic
h h h

b run-); Armenian abiur, abeur (Gen. aber) `wellspring' (from *b rw(a)r =) gr. , runf. `wellspring' (maybe from Old Irish *tiprar < *to-eks-b rur), Gen. tiprat (*to-eks
h h h

At first in words for `wellspring' = ` bubbling over ' (r/n-stem, perhaps b rur, b run-, ru ru
h h

case obliqui from as en-stem proto Germanic*brun, *brun(e)n-, Gothic brunna, Old High

brunn), (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), with metathesis Modern High German (ndd.) Born. Maybe alb. buronj `spring, originate', burim `origin, source, spring, bubbling water (as if donkey's mouth)' where -th is a diminutive alb. ending. Note:

boiling)' : russ. bruj `current'; also alb. (*bruth) burth `Cyclamen europaeum (burning of

er/ lemma: b er-2 : `to boil, swell; to get high' (see below) while the latter root evolved from erRoot / lemma: b er-1 : `to bear, carry'.
h h

Alb. shows that Root / lemma: b (e)reu- : b (e)r- : `to boil, to be wild' is an extended Root (e)reuh h

brji `urinate, to make water ' (this meaning also in Middle High German brunnen (under Bavarian brunnlen `urinate, to make water ' from Brunnen), formal next to Lithuanian lustful'; also Old Prussian brewingi `conducive, helpful'?
h h

With similar meaning russ. bruj `current', brut ` rapidly flowing, streaming in ', wruss.

the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-) and in Modern High German dial. brunzen,

br(i)ujs, br(i)utis ` push forward with brute force ' (*b ru-), Latvian braulgs `horny, b re-n-u- (present with nasal infix, compare Modern High German brennen) with re-

brinna, Old English beornan, birnan `burn', Kaus. Gothic brannjan, Old Icelandic brenna,

respect on licking flames lies before in Gothic Old High German Old Saxon brinnan, ais.

German brant `blaze', brunst ` burn, blaze', Old Icelandic bruni, Old English bryne `blaze', Old High German bronado, Old English brunaa `itchiness, heat in the body ', Swedish brnad `rutting';
h h

Old High German brennan, Old English brnan `burn', wherefore among others Old High

bryggja (from *bryggwa) ds.; Germanic *brua- in: Old Icelandic Old English bro, Old brodelen, Modern High German brodeln);

b ru- : b ruu- in: Old High German briuwan, Old English browan `brew', Old Swedish

High German pro `broth' (: defrtum, Old Irish bruth, thrak. ; Middle High German Germanic *braua- in: Old Icelandic brau, Old English brad, Old High German brt 692.
11

' s. Kluge

`bread' (from the ferment); about Old High German wintes prt ` storm; tempest, whirlwind

Page(s): 143-145
h

References: WP. II 167 f., WH. I 333 f., 487.

er r Root / lemma: b er-, b rh h

Meaning: to shine; white, *ash wood, ashen, birch tree, elm

h h h h

barzdan `shine', barz `jewellery';

Material: Old Indic bhrjat `glares, gleams, shines'; Old pers. brzaiti ds. (*b r), npers.
h

extensions to b er- `bright, brown'. Similar to extension b eleg- besides b el- `shine'.
h

Note: equivalent with b erk-, s. d. the groups b ere-, b erek- shine, appear, seem to be

(from the day)', apbrkis ` time around daybreak '; slov. brsk, Czech besk, poln.

Balto Slavic *brsk- from b rg-sk- in Lithuanian brkta, brko, brkti `break, (dawn),
h

brzask `daybreak, dawn', poln. obrzaskn ` become bright ', brzeszczy si `it dawns, the day breaks ', with Assimil. of auslauts -sk- to the sounding word anlaut Old Church Slavic With gradation b (e)r- probably Swedish brokig `varicolored', Norwegian Dialectal
h

pobrzg `dawn, twilight, daybreak', russ. brezg, poln. brzazg ds.

animal '.

brk ` a young salmon with transverse bands ( ', also as brka f. ` large-scale mottled

High German beraht, Middle High German berht `gleaming' (also in names Old High

With lengthened grade the 1. syllable: Gothic barhts `bright, gleaming, distinct', Old

Icelandic biartr `light, bright'; cymr. berth `gleaming, beautiful', PN bret. Berth-walart, Irish Dialectal bjerk `very bright' (compare noch berk ` white trout ', Swedish bjrkna `Abramis blicca'). reduction grade alb. barth (bard -i) ` white ' (*b ro-). In names of the birch (Slavic partly elm Latin ash tree ): elm, `ash tree' (*fr[ ]g-s-no-s, originally stuff adj. `ashen', as well as:) frxinus ds. (to begin be caused by old accent difference as in palma = gr. *, compared with Maybe alb. Geg frashn `ash-tree' : Latin frxinus `ash-tree'; (*b er) `birch';
h e eh a h h

German Bert-, -bert, -brecht), Old English beorht `gleaming, radiating' (engl. bright), Old

Flaith-bertach; Lithuanian java brt ` the grain becomes white '; probably also Norwegian

Old Indic bhrj- m. `a kind of birch'; osset. brz `birch'; dak. PN Bersovia; Latin farnus

probably with , *b r-s-ens); twofold development of - r- in farnus and frxinus would

ltus = ;

Old High German birihha (*b er-i), Old English beorc, birce, Old Icelandic bjrk
h

twigs ', Latvian brzs m., Old Prussian berse `birch'; russ. berza, Serbo-Croatian brza, Norwegian bjrk s. ., slov. brza `name of a white spotted cow or nanny goat'); ch. bieza `birch' (the old color meaning still in Bulgarian brz ` white spotted ' =

Lithuanian bras m., Pl. brai `birch', ablaut. brtva f. ` birch forest '; birliai ` birch

Maybe alb. brez ` strip, belt (white stripe?)' : Romanian bru, brn ` belt ' Slavic loanword.

with formants -to- (= Gothic barhts) and intonation change Slavic *berst in russ. brest against russ. bersta f., bersto n. ` birch bark ', Czech besta ` upper birch bark '.

m. `elm, framework ', Serbo-Croatian brjest, Czech brest ds., but with the meaning `birch' Old High German -brecht could, if this vocalization instead of -ber(h)t not a innovation is,
h

are applied to b erek-, as also in Gothic barhts, cymr. berth, Hittite parkui. Page(s): 139-140
h

References: WP. II 170 f., WH. I 458, 510 f., 544, Trautmann 32, 37 f., Specht Dekl. 57.

er rk Root / lemma: b erk-, b rkMeaning: to shine er r Note: equivalent with b er-, b r- ds. (see there, also because of ambiguous words) gr. , , Hes., compare but S. 134; Briccius (from *b rk-, with expressive consonant stretch);
h h h h

Material: Old Indic bhrat `blazes, shines' (uncovered);

perhaps here Old Irish brecc `mottled, speckled, *tabby', cymr. brych ds., gall. PN uncertain suppositions about the origin of cymr. breuddwyd `dream', Middle Irish bruatar
h h

, -ro-?

ds. by Pedersen Litteris 7, 18, Pokorny IF. Anzeiger 39, 12 f.; whether from *b roghd -eitiMiddle High German brehen `sudden and strong flash', Old Icelandic brj, br (*brehn)
h

bare prs. -d - also Old Icelandic brega, preterit br `quick, fast move, swing, reproach', Old English bregdan, brdan stem V. `quick, fast move, swing', engl. braid `flax, wattle, braid', upbraid `reproach', Old High German brettan, Middle High German bretten `pull, `bridle, rein');

`flash', braga, braga `sparkle, glitter, flame, burn', brag `(*blink) moment ', with originally

tear, twitch, weave' (in addition Old High German brdel, Old English brdel, older brigdels with formants -uo- Gothic bra in in braa augins ` , in a flash, at the

m. `eyelid', Old Saxon brha `eyebrow', slegi-brwa `eyelid', Old High German brwa f. `brow', wint-prwa `eyelash' (the meaning `brow' oriented from *r- `brow', Indo
6 h

gradees *brhw, *brw in Old Icelandic br f. `eyelash', Old English brw, braw, brg

moment ' (compare Old Icelandic augnabrag n. `blink, winking the eyes ') and lengthened

Germanic*b r-); that in spite of Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I. 350, 463 and Specht Dekl. 83, 162

Old High German brwa could go not back to *b ru, is proved through the grammat. variation in Old English, the form with -ku- assumes (Sievers-Brunner 200). Here probably a kind of fish Old High German brahs(i)a, brahsina, Old Saxon bressemo
h

`a kind of codfish'.

` bream, freshwater bream ', Norwegian brasma, brasme ds., ablaut. Old Icelandic brosma Hittite pr-ku-i (parkui) `clean, pure', pr-ku-nu-uz-zi (parkunuzi) `purified, clean'. References: WP. II 169, Feist 76 f., 103 f., Couvreur H 327. Page(s): 141-142
h

Meaning: to hide, keep

erh Root / lemma: b erh- (*b er -)

h h

Material: Gothic bargan `save, store, keep', Old Icelandic bjarga, Old English beorgan, English byrgan `bury', byrgen (*burgizn), byrgels,

Old High German bergan, Old Saxon gibergan `save, store'; changing through ablaut Old Old Saxon burgisli `burial, funeral' and Old High German bor(a)gn `spare, look after,

entrust, borrow', Old English borgian `look after, watch over, keep, borrow'. Note:
h

Alb.-Illyrian and celt.- Slavic languages prove that from a zero grade of Root / lemma: b ereh- : `high; mountain' derived Root / lemma: b erh- : `to hide, keep'. Cognates ereh erh Europe.
h

deriving from those two roots mark of wave of IE people who introduced burial mounds in Maybe alb. nasalized (*bergo) breng `concern, sadness (for a dead person?)', brengos `sadden' Slavic loanwords. Slavic *berg in Old Church Slavic (*b erg -tei) brg, brti `care, worry' in nebrti
h h

`neglect', russ. bereg, ber `beware, preserve, protect, spare, look after, spare', SerboCroatian older brem, brijei `guard, watch, preserve, protect, care, worry; hold festivities';

changing through ablaut klr. oboh, gen. oborha `haystack', Czech brah `haystack, heap', poln. brg `barn, haystack' (out of it Lithuanian brgas ds.); zero grade Czech brh `cave, cottage, tent'; East Lithuanian birginti `spare'. Perhaps here gallo-rom. (rht.-Illyrian) barg `covered thatched hut ', whether from

*borg; Tagliavini ZrP. 46, 48 f., Bonfante BSL. 36, 141 f. References: WP. II 172, Trautmann 31, Feist 76.

Page(s): 145

See also: compare above S. 141.

erRoot / lemma: b er-1

h

Meaning: to bear, carry

ereer rNote: Beside b er-, with them. vowel b ere-, sees a heavy basis b er : b r-.
h h h h

present, because the durative recognizes neither Aor. nor Perf. in Indo Germanic

Grammatical information: The root b er-, forms the exceptional both themat. and athemat.
h

ds. (= Armenian berem, Phrygian -, gr. , Latin fer, Old Irish biru, alb. bie, Gothic baira,

Material: Old Indic bhrati `carries', Avestan baraiti ds. (and `ride'), Old pers. barantiy 3. Pl.

bibhrti, bbharti, bibhrm, bibhrati (compare that probably with = bibhrme bbarmi; derived - `bring in, take in'), them. abibhran, bibhrama- and Avestan Perf. babhra and jabhra (hybridization of babhra with jahra from hrti); Indic bhryati = Iter. Avestan braya-;

Old Church Slavic bero); Old Indic bhrti (also as gr. , Latin fert old unthem. form),

participle Old Indic bhrt-, Avestan brte-; Supin. Old Indic bhrtum; Kaus. Old

superior, best', probably ` he carries the richest, most fertile ');

Sup. Avestan bairita- `he cherishes best, cares, looks after' (= gr. ` most

nourishment, care, cultivation' (compare Gothic barei); Maybe alb. bar ` fodder, grass'.

`carrying' (= Latin fors, Gothic gabars, Armenian bard); Old Indic bhrty `food,

Old Indic bhrt- `carrying, sustenance, livelihood, food, wage ' = Avestan brtis

one carries ');

Old Church Slavic brm), heavy basis in bharman- n. ds.; bhartra-m `arm' (`*wherewith Old Indic bhra- `acquiring, carrying off, profit, gain, booty; burden'

Old Indic bhrman- n. `preservation, nourishment, care, cultivation; load' (= gr. ,

Maybe alb. barr `burden' : Old Indic bhr- `bundle, work, load';

npers. bar `fruit' (= gr. , Old Church Slavic s-bor); Old Indic -bhar- `bearing, Old Indic durbhara-);

carrying, bringing etc', Avestan -bar ds. (= Armenian -vor, gr. -, e.g. =

maybe alb. bar `grass, herb' related to npers. bar `fruit'. Indic bhrtar-, bhartr- ` bearer, provider ', prbhartar- `carrier (of the sacrifice)', Avestan arsfertur), fem. Old Indic bhartr, Avestan barr ` supporter, upholder, mother'; fra-brtar- ` carrier of things, secondary priest ' (compare Latin fertr-ius, Umbrian Old Indic bhraa-m `carrying, bringing, providing, support' (= Inf. Gothic baran); Old

lengthened grade Old Indic bhr- `bundle, work, load', bhrin- `bearing, carrying',
h

High German bri or = *b rio- in gr. ); ba-bhr- `bearing, carrying, borne'. load' (compare gr. `dowry'), ber `yield, fruit, fertility' and `movement, run', -ber

bhrman- (n.) `bringing, attendance', bhrya- `to bear, carry, support, nourish' (== Old Armenian berem `bear, bring' (Aor. eber = , bharat), ben, Gen. bein `burden,

`bringing, bearing, carrying', e.g. in lusaber ` light-bringing, morning star', secondary

h

bari `good', barv-ok `good, best'; bard `heap; compound', lengthened grade *b r- in bun `hand, fist; force, might'; Phrygian () (also ) `( injury, evil) cause, carry '; moves me fast ' (also Old Indic bharat, Latin ferr, compare above Armenian ber and
2

instead of -vor, e.g. lusa-vor ` light-bringing ' (compare Latin Lci-fer, gr. -);

gr `bear' (only present system, once participle ; Ipv. ), med. `

under Alb.), Iter. `bear etc' (= alb. mbaj); about `the best, noble ', Kompar.

s. v. and S. 132; Note:

see above S. 128 and Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 300 , 535, 538; about s. Boisacq

common alb. b- > mb- > m- as in alb. Geg maj `bear' Gr.); `fruit, field crop, agricultural crop, unborn child; fruit of one's womb, fetus '; carrying', : `carrying, plentiful yield, fullness, wealth'; [] ` means: , with them. Vok. `bier, stretcher ' (Latin feretrum `a litter, bier' from

`dowry', Aeolic with them. vowel f. ds.; `yield, tax', - `bearing, container/vessel with two grips/handles '; `burden, load, cargo'; ` quiver ';

- ` the charioteer's and the combatants' holding part of the war chariot '; `thief' (= Latin fr), , . Hes.; from derived ` spy on

the thief ', then generally `spy on, track ', p: ` house search '; ` box for the storage of clothes ' due to *b rios `wearable, bearable'.
h h

(with - `let pass', with - ` let in, put in ', with - ` bring out, let out, unburden '); paradigmatic with ()-- (see above to Old Indic bibhrm). Ligurian FlN Porco-bera ` guiding fish ', Gando-bera ` guiding scree '.

From the heavy basis b (e)r- (?): Fut. -, Aor. -, - joined together (e)r-

. , Hes. (to gr. `dowry'), doubtful , Hes. [common Messapian Albanian b- > mb-, m(a)b-, the intervocalic -a- under the influence of a Latin consonant + vowel + consonant order.] Note: Illyrian, Mess. and later alb. display satem characteristics the same as Old Indic and the institution of priesthood and earth fertility: Mess. ma-beran, beram etc, tabara Avestan Not only Illyrian shares with Old Indic and Avestan the cognates for `bear' but also `priestess' : Avestan fra-brtar- `carrier of things, secondary priest' (compare Latin fertrius, Umbrian arsfertur), fem. Old Indic bhartr, Avestan barr ` supporter, upholder, mother';

Mess. ma-beran, beram etc, ta matabara `priestess' (*to-b er), Doric-Illyrian

h

', zbjer `fall, lose'; also bie in the meaning `fall' (compare etc), wherefore dzbor, ');
h

ber, beronje `dart, arrow'; kompon. *dz-bier, vdjer etc `fall, lose, destroy', ndzjer `bring out

Alb. [causative bjer] bie (*b er), 2. Pl. bini `bring, bear, lead, guide', also `fall, fail, hit ',
h

dbor, vdor etc `snow' (prefix dz(a)-, d- and *b r actually ` the falling down, falling off [Albanian prefix dz(a)-, d-, z- is of Macedonian Slavic origin (as in Mac. *dz-stra, dzstra ` the day after tomorrow, tomorrow'), from Slavic za ` behind; for, after, because of, during, at, in, on' see Root / lemma: h : behind, towards]. Albanian dz(a)-bora f. ` snow' = Romanian f. z-pad ` snow'. o- grade Albanian dz(a)-bora f. ` snow, heap of snow ' : Old Church Slavic s-bor `congregation, meeting', alb. borica ` sleet ', suffix -ca of Slavic origin. ca

Breton ober erc'h : Kurdish Kurmanji berf barn : Romagnolo bof : Welsh bwrw eira : Latvian birt : Albanian bie bor ` to fall snow';
h

iterative alb. *b ori in Tosc mbanj, mbaj, older mba, Geg mba, mbaj `keep, tend, look restored r also mbar, bar `bear, drag'; [common alb. b- > mb-] Kaus. *b rei in gr.-alb.
h

after, observe, bear', North East Geg also used from carrying pregnant animals, with

pregnant', and dzbonj (etc) ` chase away, drive out, drive away' (*`make fall away, make flee'); [Albanian prefix dz(a)-, d-, z- is of Macedonian Slavic origin (as in Mac. *dz-stra, dzstra ` the day after tomorrow, tomorrow'), from Slavic za ` behind; for, after, because of, during, at, in, on' see Root / lemma: h : behind, towards].
h

bonj, pass. bonem from mating of the mares and cows, actually `make bear, make

alb. mbar `good, lucky', barr `load' (*b orn, compare Gothic barn n. `kid, child'); mberat `pregnant', bark `belly' etc, bar `grass, herb' (*b oro- `yield');
h eh

suffix -l, -j) : Old English byre `son'; Maybe Kurdish bere `offspring'.

bir `son' (*b r-, compare Gothic baur `son'), bij, gr. cal. bil `daughter' (with diminutive

husband'; alb. basic form *b rnos, reduplication-stem besides Gothic barn); presumably also mburr `praise', mburem `boast, brag, be proud '. Latin fer, ferre `to bear, bring, carry; to bring forth, produce; to bring to a place or a
oh

burr (*baur) `man, husband' (compare to meaning Old High German baro `man,

person, fetch, offer; to bear away, carry off; to bear along, move forward, put in motion. Transf., to move, impel, carry away; without object, to lead, tend ' (as gr. only present system), Umbrian fertu ` you shall bear ' etc, Volscan ferom ` bear, carry ',

affer: Gothic atbara; effer: , Old Irish as-biur); ferx `fertile';

Marrucinian ferenter ` they are carried, they are born ' (compare from compound ad-, Latin ferculum ` a frame, litter, bier, tray; of food, a course or dish ', praefericulum `wide

`fertile', Paelignian fertlid Abl. Sg.; -fer in compound secondary instead of -for `bearing, WH. I 527); fr `thief' (= gr. , s.o.; to Latin s. WH. I 569); `chance, hap, luck, fate, fortune ';
h h

carrying' and = Umbrian a-fertur, arsfertur ` the priest of some particular god '; fertilis

offering vessel'; *fertor `the bearer ', assumed from fertrius `a sedan which serves for

carrying, bringing'; forda f. `pregnant' (do- extension of Adj. *b or-s `bearing, carrying', s. fors Nom. (= Indo Germanic *b rtis), forte Abl. ` chance, luck ' = Paelignian forte Pl.

property, possessions ' (from tu-stem *b r-tu-s). Note: common Latin ph- > f- shift.
h

fortna ` chance, fate, lot, luck, fortune. Transf., lot, condition, state, mode of life;

cymeraf `take' etc; Middle Irish bert m. `bundle, load', f. `feat, dead, act, plan, birth' etc, birit `sow' = Old Indic bhranti `bearing, carrying'; Old Irish Middle Irish breth and (actually Dat. Akk.) brith, breith (Gen. brithe `carrying,
h h h

Old Irish 1. Sg. biru, -biur, 3. Sg. berid `bear, carry', as-biur `tell', do-biur `give', cymr.

parturition (verbal noun to biru); birth; judgement' (*b rt); cymr. bryd `thought, notion' gall. uergo-bretus Office title, whether for *-britos; burre; Pedersen KG. I 51 nimmt -r-, i.e. r, an);
e

(rather *b rtu- as *b rti-, s. Lewis-Pedersen 345), corn. brys `thought, notion', brys `womb'; Irish barn `judge', cymr. bret. barn `judgement' (probably *b rnos, compare above alb.
oh

of rubble ', Modern High German Kummer. `parents');

tu-); gall. *com-boros ` the amassed ', out of it Middle High German kumber ` rubble, heap Gothic baran `bear, carry, bring, beget, spawn, to give birth to children ' (brusjs Old Icelandic bera `bear, carry, bear, endure, bring, produce, give birth to children ',

judgments of a court of law ', gall. Brtu-spantium PN, ` from judgment ' (*b reh

address to the jury; summation; summing up; plea ', Pl. breujou ` the assizes of justice,

Old Irish brth, gen. -o `court', cymr. brawd `judgement', corn. bres ds., bret. breut `

Modern High German gebren;

Old English Old High German beran `bear, carry, beget, spawn, to give birth to children ', Gothic Old Icelandic Old High German Old Saxon barn, Old English bearn `kid, child';

Gothic barms `breast', Swedish dan. barm `breast, lap', Old Icelandic bamr `bosom', Old High German baro `man, husband';

High German Old Saxon barm `lap', Old English bearm ds. (= gr. ? s. S. 137); Old Swedish Dialectal bjre (*eron-), bare (*aron-) `( carrying, i.e.) luck-bringing magical

barrow, East Frisian barwe, Dutch berrie `barrow, bier';

creature '; Old Icelandic Pl. barar, barir, brur `barrow, bier', Old English bearwe, engl.

bearing fruit, bearing, carrying), Old English bre (wstmre `fertile'), Old Icelandic brr ` capable for carrying, bearable'; Old High German Old Saxon bra, Old English br f. `barrow, bier' (also Old Icelandic

lengthened grade Old High German -bri, Modern High German -bar (e.g. fruchtbar =

compare below the group from Old High German burian `soar, rise');

bra, Middle English Middle Low German bre `wave'? perhaps here as ` the lifting one ', zero grade Gothic bar ` the born ', Old Icelandic burr, Old English byre `son'; Gothic

gabar n. `money collected from people, (), tax', gabar m. `feast, festival ' (to

gabaran ` collect, gather '), Middle High German urbor, urbar f. n. ` interest of a property ', m. ` tax-payer'; Old High German bor f. ` upper space, height ', Old High German in bor(e) `at the height, upwards ', Middle High German enbor(e), Modern High German empor, Old = Old English borettan `swing' (Germanic*-atian), in addition Modern High German Brzel under purzeln; Old High German giburian, Middle High German gebrn ` occur, happen,

High German burian, Middle High German brn `raise, uplift'; here obd. borzen `overhang'

be proper, befit, be suitable', Old Icelandic byrja also `begin', actually * `lift, raise'; Maybe alb. buron `begins, springs, originates', burim ` spring'.

close juridically, to be due', Old Saxon giburian, Old English gebyrian, Old Icelandic byrja `

Old English byre, gebyre m. ` favorable occasion, opportunity ', Gothic gabarjaba adv.

Low German bore-los `without wind ' as `(the ship) bearing, carrying'.

noble'; presumably also Old Icelandic byrr m., Old English byre `favorable wind', Middle Gothic gabars f. `birth, parentage, ancestry, gender, sex', Old Icelandic burr m. `

tall, very high', next to which o-grade Old Saxon bar- in barwirdig `very solemn, honorable,

high' arose from the strengthening mode of Old High German bora-, e.g. in bora-tall `very

`willing, fain, yearning ', gabarjus ` lust, desire '; from the concept of `aroused, lifted,

carrying, parturition, birth', byr f. `birth', Old English gebyrd f., Old High German giburt,
h

Old Saxon giburd `birth', also `fate, destiny' (=Old Indic bhrt-, Latin fors); Gothic baurei `burden, load', Old High German burd f. `burden', *b rtin-: -tn; Old Icelandic byrdr, Old

English byren, byrden ds.

h

Croatian brme, russ. Dialectal bermja, a. biem (*b er-men-), Old Church Slavic sbor `congregation, meeting'; Church Slavic brd `pregnant', russ. beraja `pregnant
h

the preterite stem Balto Slavic *bir-), Old Church Slavic brm `load, burden', Serbo-

brm brti ds., russ. ber brat ds. etc (Slavic *brati derived from an older *brti after

Old Church Slavic (*b erdieh ) ber, brati (brati) `gather, collect, take', Serbo-Croatian
2

(of the mare)', Serbo-Croatian brda ds. from cows (*b er-di), in forms similarly Latin forda; Old Church Slavic brano `dish, nourishment, food' see below bhares- `barley'. `kid, child'; probably Latvian bars `heap, bulk, mass'. Lithuanian brnas ` youngling; farm laborer', Old Lithuanian `kid, child', Latvian brns
h

bria, berti `strew, distribute' (from grain, then also from flour, ash, cinder etc), Latvian Latvian birstu, biru, birt `fall out, fall off, drop ', etc.

Here with specialization on delivering the seminal grain: transitive Lithuanian beri,

beu, brt ds., in ablaut intransitive Lithuanian byr, bira, brti `strew, distribute, fall out', Tocharian pr- `bear, carry, bring, get, fetch', perhaps also in A kos-pre `how

much?' ku-pre `if', tpre `if', tpr(k) `yet', whether to gr. - ... - ` as long as ' (see129). About Hittite bar-a-zi `hunts, scuds, chases' s. Pedersen Hittite 185. `young bird', Germanic br-tis `wife, woman, bride', Old Indic bhr- `embryo', Latvian up, soak '.
h h

Specht will restore here also (Dekl. 148), with i- and u-forms, Old English bri-d, bird

brana, ch. brnka (*b ru-nka) ` placenta, afterbirth '. S. but under b (e)reu- `gush, well

References: WP. II 153 f., WH. I 483 f., 527, 569, 865, 866, Trautmann 31, E. Hermann Stud. Bait. 3, 65 f. Page(s): 128-132
h

erRoot / lemma: b er-2

Meaning: to boil, swell; to get high b er-6. erh

er (e)ri Note: often with m- forms; also as heavy basis b er- : b r-, b (e)ri-, b (e)r-. compare
h h h h h

jr-bhurti ds.; also: ` flickers, from fire'; bhurayti `shrugs, jerks, is restless; sets in violent movement, stirs, stirs up' with m-forms Old Indic bhramati, bhrmyati ` wanders around, turns round ',

Material: Old Indic bhurti (*b r--ti) ` moves, shrugs, jerks, flounces, flounders', Intens.

bhram- ` whirling flame, whirlpool', bhrmi- `movable, nimble; whirlwind' (see below Old *b rni- likewise on the heavy basis;
h

Icelandic brimi etc); bhri- `violent, angry, irate, wild, keen, eager', might be based as

barnti ayn ` during one day, where it squalls, storms'.

here probably Avestan avabaraiti `streams from', uzbarnte `they stream forth (?)', From gr. (*() ` boils up, surge up, be in restless stir ' (: Old Indic
oh

jrbhurti); presumably also `mix up, mix' (if originally from bubbling up from cooking; wherefore ` chaos, in a mess ', `perplexity', `mix, mingle, stir chaos, knead, bewilder'. About Ligurian and Venetic names see below. Alb. burm ` fully ripe ' (*fully cooked) from *b rmo-. Maybe alb. burim `spring, bubbling up', buronj `to spring, bubble' usually plur.; fig., disturbance, turmoil', fretus, -s m. `a strait; an interval, difference From Latin probably fretum -i `n. a strait, sound, estuary, firth, channel; the sea in gen.,
oh

basic form *b ri with u- colouring conditioned by the labial of the reduction vowel),

(surging of the sea, esp. strait, stream, foaming, heat)', fretle ` frying pan ';

` brewer's yeast '); also fervre S. 144;

English beorma, engl. barm, Low German barme, from which Modern High German Burme Old Irish topur, nir. tobar `wellspring' (*to-uks-boro-), Middle Irish commar = cymr.

fermentum ` leaven, sourdough, yeast; a kind of beer. Transf. anger, passion, ' (: Old

cymmer `confluence' (*kom-bero-); Ligurian FlN Comberanea; Middle Irish fobar

`wellspring, subterranean stream, brook' = cymr. gofer `stream, brook', bret. gouver ds. (*u[p]o-bero-), cymr. beru `drip, trickle', Middle Breton beraff `flow', gall. FlN Vober, French Woevre, Voivre etc; with m-forms Celto-Ligurian aquae Bormiae, GN Borm, hisp. PN Bormte, FlN Borma, dak. PN , Venetic FlN Formi (but gall. GN Borv
h

belongs to b ereu- `boil'). ber Middle Irish bro `flame' see below.
h

German brdam m. `breath, breeze, heat', Middle High German brdem `haze, mist',

Old English beorma m. etc (see above); from of a root form *b (e)r- : b (e)r-: Old High (e)r(e)rh

Low German brien `singe, brood', Middle High German brejen, bren, Modern High

brna `melt', intrans., Old High German brtan, Old English brdan `fry'; ablaut. Middle

breath), Old Icelandicbrr `stormy, hot tempered, hasty', br ` tarred wood, creosoted ',

Modern High German Brodem, Old English br `haze, mist, breath, breeze, blow' (engl.

German brhen, Old English brd f., engl. brood `brood, breed, breeding'; Middle High

German bruot f. `heat, Brut', Old High German bruoten `brood'; unknown origin are Old High German brto m. ` soft eatable meat ' (Braten previously are reinterpreted Middle

`calf', late Latin borrows brdo `ham', Old English brde m., Old Icelandic br `raw meat'. also b (e)ri-, b (e)r- . These are based on Old Indic jar-bhur-ti, gr. *-, *- (see above); with m-formant presumably gr. , `makes me anxious, spring, snort'
h h

High German time to ` roasted meat '), Modern High German Wildpret, Old Norse brdo

Beside the very productive root form b ereu- (see there) has to be recognized probably ereuh

common gr.-Illyrian -ks- > -ss-;

Old Icelandic brimi `fire'; Middle English brim `blaze, glow', probably also Old Icelandic brim n. `surf, surge, breakers', Old English brim n. `sea'; in brhen, Brodem, braten present meaning colouring turns again in Norwegian prim `a kind of cheese prepared from

Brimsen, Brinzen ` what settles with the mush browned in the frying pan '); besides with

also brm `ds.; also crust, sediment of boiled down liquid ' (Modern High German Bavarian

sour wheys under strong cooking ' (also Modern High German Brimsenkse), Dialectal

bro `flame' (*b ri-uo-).

h

brw `porridge, mash' (as `*south, hot; cooked'), briwan `cook'; moreover also Middle Irish An s-extension perhaps in Old Indic bhrati `wavers, staggers, sways ', Norwegian

formant -uo- very probably Old High German bro, Middle High German br(e), Old English

alert, awake, smart'.

Dialectal brsa `blaze, flare, shine, show off; set on fire', brs `fire, flame', brisk `agile, lively, Maybe alb. brisk `sharp, smart, keen; knife' See also: compare the related root forms b ereg- `cook', b ereu- `boil', b reus- `to swell', Page(s): 132-133
h

References: WP. II 157 f., WH. I 482 f., 546, 865. b rg-, b rg- `cook, fry'
h h h

erRoot / lemma: b er-3

Meaning: to scrape, cut, etc.

slices'; Avestan tii-bra- `with with sharp edge ' (= Armenian bir, compare also alb.
h

Material: Old Indic (gramm.) bhrnti (?) `injures, hurts, disables' = npers. burrad `cuts,

borg(); perhaps here Old Indic bhrvati `chews, consumes' (Avestan baoirya- `what must be chewed', baourva- `chewing') from *b arati is transfigured through influence of Old Indic

crvati `chews up'.

erkra-, hoa-bir ` digging up the ground, ransacking ' (*b ro-), in addition brem (*birem) ` digs out, hollows out, drills out ', br-i `hack, mattock, hoe'; bah, Gen. -i `spade' (*b r-ti-, perhaps *b rti- = russ. bort), bor, Gen. -oy `scurf'.
oh h h

Armenian beran `mouth' (originally `cleft, fissure, orifice '), -bir- ` digging up ' in getna-,

cliff with gaps, gorge, ravine, gulch' (in addition rom. barranca `gorge, ravine, gulch', M.-L. as *-. A k-extension in `wrinkle', `wrinkly' Hes.

born), n. `plough, plow (?)', m. = (*b ros), ` plowed up ', `

eh

Gr. * `split, cut up, divide' (v EM), `plow' = Old High German

693a), jon. n. ` ragged piece, deal, portion'; here perhaps m. `moss villus' Perhaps here (IJ. 13, 157 n. 100) mak. (compare

Hes.), basic meaning `wool villus ', gr. Lesbian Thessalian , Doric ds., ` wool with bristling hair '.

` shabby dress ', Latin burra f. ` straggly garment ', respectively `wool', reburrus Alb. bie (2. pl. birni, Imp. bier) ` knocks, hits, plays an instrument; whether (hit there) '. `September and October' (if actually `harvest, autumn', due to *b r-ti- ` the reaping '); bres `bitter root, chicory' (`bitter' = `incisive'; -s from -ti, borg()) `splinter, chip' (*b r- m. form. -ig).
h h

Alb. brim `hole' (*b r-m), bir ds. (*b r), Geg brj, Tosc brnj ` gnaw, argue '; britm
eh h

Maybe alb. mbres `print, shock' [common alb. b- > mb- shift] ' (see also WH. 1481 to ferentrius ` a light-armed soldier, skirmisher '). About forma ` Latin feri, -re ` to strike, knock, smite, hit; esp. to strike dead, slay, kill; colloq., to cheat

form, figure ' s. WH. I 530 f.

gangway of a ship; a block of seats in the theater; plur., tiers of cells in a beehive '; but planks ' here (Umbrian furo, furu `forum'); see below d uer-. er erMiddle Irish bern, berna f. `cleft, gap, slit', bernach `cleft';
h

denominative of *b or ` the drilling '), formen ` hole, opening, aperture '; forus, - ` the
h

for, -re ` to bore, pierce ' (meaning as Old High German born, but in ablaut different;

forum (Old Latin also forus) ` an open square, marketplace ' not as ` space surrounded by

addition bairnech ` mussel plate '); Old Irish barae, Middle Irish bara (Dat. barainn) `rage, fury', bairnech `angry, irate', cymr. bar, baran `rage, fury'.

probably also Middle Irish bairenn `cliff piece ' (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), (in

bered ` low-spirited' (Germanic*arjan = Slavic borj), Old Frisian ber `attack'; Middle High German br f. `balk, beam, bar, gate, barrier, enclosed land' (: Latin forus, -um), engl. bar Wartburg I 260) also Middle High German barre `balk, beam, bar, bolt' and rom. family of `bar, gate, barrier', Old Icelandic berlings-ss `balk, beam'; Germanic is probably (different

High German berjan, Middle High German berjen, bern `hit, knock, knead', Old English

Old Icelandic berja (preterit bara) `hit, bump, poke', berjask `fight', bardage `battle', Old

French barre, barrire etc (-rr- from -rz-);

*aru-ha, -ga- `castrated pig' (perhaps with Slavic *borv- based on *b oru-s `castrated barug, barh, Modern High German Barg, Barch (Borg, Borch);
h

animal' and ending in -ha-: -ga- after *farha- ` pork, pig ' extended) in: Old High German

Maybe alb. bariu `shepherd, herdsman (of pigs?)' phonetically equal to Latvian bau, bru, brt `scold, chide' (see below) or maybe a truncated gr. `herdsman, shepherd'. Old English bearg, bearh, engl. barrow, Old Icelandic -brgr `a castrated boar' (in addition High German Old Saxon born, Old English borian, Old Icelandic bora, -aa `bore' (see (auga-, eyra-bora). also Old Icelandic val-bassi `wild boar' as *barh-s-an? s. Falk-rp under basse N.); Old

above); Old High German bora `borer', Old English bor, byres ds.; Old Icelandic bora `hole' Lithuanian bras, Latvian bars ` grain swath, strip of cut grain '; Lithuanian bar (and

bari), brti `scold, chide, vilify', refl. ` be quarrelsome', Latvian bau, bru, brt `scold, chide' (== Slavic borj);

ashamed', alb. Geg (*bar-) mbare , marre `shame, sth to be scolded', [common alb. b- > mb- shift] : Latvian: brti `scold, blame' [verb]; brtis `quarrel' [verb]. Lithuanian barns (Akk. barn) `quarrel' (=Old Church Slavic bran); Lithuanian burn `mouth' = Bulgarian brna `lip' (basic form *b rn, compare above Irish bern and to meaning Armenian beran).
oh

Maybe alb. (*brti) brtas `scold, yell, scream', mbaroj, `extinguish, finish, end, make

spall, crumble ', brze ` sowing furrow ', Lithuanian birs f. ` field furrow '.

Here with Baltic forms : Latvian berzt `rub, scour, rub, clean', intrans. birzt ` crumb,

magic', Latvian burt `conjure, perform magic', burtains ` perform wood-carving notch '; gr.

burts `mark, token, sign the magician, alphabetic letter', Lithuanian brti `conjure, perform

With of a basic meaning `notch': Lithuanian brtai Pl. `lot, fate, charm, spell' = Latvian

 `remedy, magical cure, magic potion; philtre ' (probably not Indo Germanic) has nothing to do with it. Old Church Slavic borj, brati `fight' (frequent reflexive), russ. borj, bort `subjugate,

armament, armor' , russ. za-br `fence, plank fence '; [common alb. b- > mb- shift] Slavic loanword.

struggle', Old Russian boron `fight, struggle', russ. bron `forbid', Czech bra `weapon, maybe alb. (*bro) mbronj `defend', mburoj `shield, armour' : poln. broi `defend'

prostrate', refl. `fight', poln. dial. br sie `wrestle, struggle'; Old Church Slavic bran `fight,

(as Latin forus on the concept `board' rejecting: compare russ. alt. zaborolo `wooden town Slavic -zda-forms Slavic *borzda in Old Church Slavic brazda, russ. borozd `furrow'; maybe alb. brazda `furrow' a Slavic loanword. russ. brov ` hog, castrated boar, (dial.) boar, castrated bull ', Serbo-Croatian brv `

wall, scaffold, trestle', Czech zbradlo `handrail, parapet' ); russ. boron `harrow', and with

sheep, cattle ', Dialectal `castrated pig', slovak. brav `castrated pig', poln. Dialectal browek ` fattened boar, porker ' (see above Germanic *aruha-); *brt `drilling, cavity' (*b rti-) in
oh

russ. bort ` the hollow of the tree in what bees have nested ' etc. Endzelin 354.
h h

References: WP. II 159 f., WH. I 481 f., 537, 865, 866, Trautmann 27, MhlenbachSee also: compare the related root forms b ered -, b ri- (b rig-, -k-, see there also about
eh h h h h h h

b er-), b reu-, b reu-q-, -k- `cut, clip', b reus- `break, rupture', b rug- `gullet'. Page(s): 133-135
h h

erRoot / lemma: b er-4

Meaning: to roar, buzz, onomatopoeic words (ba mbal : a k. of noise. ba mbal):

h

ermbRoot / lemma: b er-4 : to roar, buzz, derived from a truncated Root / lemma: ba mbNote: An extension at most in *b erem- `drone, grumble' and treated onomatopoeic words
h

Material: Armenian bo, -oy `bumblebee, hornet' [from truncated klr. bombr `cockchafer'], the bellow of the cows'; to redupl. Old Indic bambhara- (unbel.) `bee', bambharli (unbel.) `fly', bambh-rava- `

under b erg- `drone, grumble'.

gr. `kind of wasp' (formation as , ); similarly also SerboCroatian bmbar `bumblebee', klr. bombr `cockchafer'.

Maybe alb. (*bmbar) bumballa `bumblebee' a Slavic loanword. Lithuanian barbti `clang, clink', birbi, -iau, birbti `buzz', burbi, burbti `drone, grumble, bubble, seethe' ; Maybe Lithuanian (*boburu) boru : Romanian buburuz : alb. burbuqe `ladybug'. ` talk indistinctly, stammer ' would go back to the group of Old Indic barbar etc (see *baba). References: WP. II 161 f., Trautmann 39 f. klr. borborsy Pl. ` sullen talk ', Serbo-Croatian brblati `chat' , in which indeed the meaning Here at least partly (with fractured reduplication) also the Balto Slavic group from

Page(s): 135-136
h

erRoot / lemma: b er-5

Meaning: shining; brown

h

`warrior, chieftain';

from Old Indic bhallka- might have derived from the stem *b eru-) = Old English beorn
h

bero, Old English bera `bear' (*b eron-), Old Icelandic birn ds. (*b ernu-, whose u as like
h h

Material: Old Indic bhalla-, bhallaka- bhallka- `bear' (-ll- from -rl-); Old High German

Note: extensions of b er- `shine, appear, seem', b ere-, b erek- `shine'.

h h

Lithuanian bras, Latvian brs `brown (from horses)';

Old Icelandic bersi `bear' (s as in Fuchs : Gothic fauh Luchs ` lynx ': Swedish lo); ablaut. Belarusian (ry), Russian (rys'), Ukrainian (ris'), Bulgarian (ris),

Macedonian (ris), Serbian (ris), Croatian ris, Slovenian ris, Sorbian (lower) rys, buall ` bull ', Romanian rs ` lynx '

Sorbian (upper) rys, Czech rys, Polish ry, Slovak rys, Albanian rrqebull (ras ` lynx ') + Slavic cognates derived from Illyrian Romanian rs ` lynx ' < Lithuanian bras `brown'. Hes., , `toad, frog' (* ` the brown one ' = Old High German brn); if as ` blanket of clouds ' to 7. b er-?
h h

gr. Hes.? (*[]a or *F? If finally exactly to:)

brown', Old English brn, Old Icelandic brnn ds.; (under the influence of common Celtic brunt ds. (*b rou-no-?) and (from *b r-ono-, -eno-) russ.-Church Slavic bron `white;
h h

nep. bhuro `brown' (*b rro-); Old High German Middle High German brn `gleaming,

ns-, -nt- > -nn-), russ. Dialectal brynt `white, gray shimmer', changing through ablaut

varicolored (from horses)', russ. bron (and Dialectal bryn), klr. brety `become dun (of a

`ordure, excrement ', slov. brn `river mud ';

dull or dingy brown colour, dull greyish-brown), ripen', Old Church Slavic brnije (brenije) Old Indic babhr- ` reddish brown; giant ichneumon kind ', Avestan bawra-, bawri-

Middle Irish VN Bibraige (*bibru-rgion), PN Bibar (*Bibrus) besides *bebros in gall. FlN of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old High German bibar, Old English beofor (oldest

also) Celtic (only in names): *bibros, *bibrus in gall. PN and FlN Bibracte, abrit. VN Bibroci, *Bebr, French Bivre; Bebronn, French Beuvronne, Brevenne etc; (under the influence

`beaver'; Latin fiber, fibr `beaver' (also feber s. WH. I 491; probably i has changed for e, as

bebr), Middle Low German bever, Old Icelandic birr ds. (Proto German *eru-); compare also Modern High German FlN Bever, old Biverna; Lithuanian bbras, bbras, bbrus ds. (dissimil. debrs ), Old Prussian bebrus ds.;

Specht Dekl. 120;

about Lithuanian bruis etc ` roach (Latin Leuciscus rutilus) ', Old Prussian brun-se ds. s. Slavic *bebr in poln. FlN Biebrza, russ. etc bobr (zur o-reduplication s. Berneker 47;

besides perhaps *bbr in Serbo-Croatian dbar `beaver' and Old Russian bebrjan `

from beaver fur '). compare noch Latin fibrnus ` of the beaver, beaver ', Volscan Fibrnus brook name, Avestan bawraini- ` of the beaver '; Old High German bibarn, gall. bebrinus (Schol. Iuv.), Lithuanian bbrinis ds.;

'.

Tocharian B perne, A parno `luminous', therefrom B perne, A par ` majesty, grandeur

References: WP. II 166 f., WH. I 490 f., Van Windekens Lexique 93. Page(s): 136-137
h

See also: compare further b el-1 with similar meaning.

h

erRoot / lemma: b er-6

Meaning: to roast, cook

surge, boil, cook'.

Note: with g-extensions, before partly i-, u- vowels; it derived from b er-2 ` move violently,
h h

ereg Material: 1. forms without -i- or -u-: b ereg-: `frying pan', bharj(j)ayati `roasts, brt', bharjana- `roasting', Old Indic bhurjanta `cooking' (*b reg-); bhrjjti `roasts', bhra- `roasted', bhrra-
eh

Middle Persian bartan ds.; presumably is *b ra- (*b ra- in bhurjanta), *b ar- Aryan from *-. root form and Indic -jj only in present *b r-sk, from which derived *b r()s, as gr.
h h h oh h

Latin 165), participle *ferg `bake', Oscan fertalis ` the ceremonies where sacrificial cakes were needed '. Note: common Latin ph- > f- shift. Maybe alb. (**ferg) frgonj `bake'; also truncated alb. (*fertalis) fli `sacrifice'. smoke ', Old Prussian aubirgo ` cookshop ', birgakarkis ` a big soup ladle ' (with VeneticIllyrian g). 2. forms with i, ei: `roasted', pam. (shifted) wirzam `roast' (Iran. *brij-, *braij-). Npers. biri-tan `fry', b rzan `oven', Baluchi brjag, brijag `fry', npers. biryn (*brina-)
a

Latin fertum ` a kind of sacrificial cake ', Old Latin ferctum (firctum, s. Ernout l. dial.

Lithuanian brgelas `basic, simple beer', Latvian birga `haze, mist, fume, smoke, coal

Latin frg, -ere `roast, dehydrate, desiccate', Umbrian frehtu `cooked, boiled'. 3. forms with : b r-: r ` vessel for roasting barley '. gr. `roast, dry', `roasted; fire brand', `dry wood',
h

distribution of the forms with u, with i, and without either, is the same like in the words for cook. References: WP. II 165 f., WH. I 486 f., 548 f.

roast, parch) squeak', poln. bargiel `mountain titmouse', russ. berglz `goldfinch' the

It is extraordinary that in the onomatopoeic words of gr. `a bird', Latin frig `(*

Page(s): 137

erRoot / lemma: b er-7 Meaning: to weave

h

Material: Hom. = Attic n. (*F) `kerchief, cloth, canvas, fabric, velum, cover'; (?) , Hes.; ` pannier, mat'; Lithuanian burva `a kind of garment', Latvian burves Pl. `small sail' (-u- suffix as in gr.

*F), Latvian buras ds., Lithuanian br `sail'. S. to vocalism Walde StreitbergFestschrift 176. References: WP. II 164, Specht Dekl. 182.

Page(s): 137-138
h

esRoot / lemma: b es-1

Meaning: to smear, spread

verbal extensions of ps(i)-, ps/i/-, ps(i)-, ps- in Old Indic psti `consumes', gr. , ps(i)- ps/i/- ps(i) ps(i) `rub', ds., `touch', ` baldheaded ', f., Doric `pebble', `rub off', `grind, pulverize';

Material: Old Indic bbhasti `chews up', 3. Pl. bpsati; bhsma- n. `ash' resulted through

(*b s-b lo-?);

h h

compare `frail, breakable' (*b s-b -) and Latin sabulum ` coarse sand, gravel '
h h

, `soot, smoke'; f. `sand, beach, seaside' from *,

with already Indo Germanic sporadic alteration of anlaut. b s- to s-: gr. `sand' (= Middle High German samt); through various contaminations and ds., in addition `naked, bald, bleak, bare', `drop' etc; alb. fi, pi, mi `sweep, thresh'; Maybe alb. feh, pef, mef `cover, hide, sweep away' [common alb. p- > mp- > m-]. Latin sabulum `sand' (see above), wherewith EM. 881 compares Armenian awaz ds.; (*samtho-, Germanic sanda-, out of it Finnish santa); Tocharian A ps- `diffuse, sprinkle' (?). 676; Specht Dekl. 255, 325, Van Windekens Lexique 91. Page(s): 145-146
11 h

Middle High German samt (*samatho-) besides Old High German sant `sand'

References: WP. II 189, Boisacq 48, 1074, Kluge

s. v. Sand, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 328 f.,

esRoot / lemma: b es-2 Meaning: to blow Note: probably onomatopoeic words n. `abdominal part';
h h

Material: Old Indic bbhasti `blows', bhstr f. `bellows, hose', bhast f. `rump', bhsas gr. - `blow' (to suffix s. Hirt Indo Germanic Gr. 3, 256), `breath, breeze, soul'. `cold' etc in spite of Benveniste BSL. 33, 165 ff.; after Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 329 onomatopoeic, as also `lisping'. Page(s): 146 Here probably - `cools off' (originally through blast), `coldness', s

References: WP. II 69, WH. I 477, Boisacq 1075, Uhlenbeck Old Indic W. 186, 198.

Meaning: to be awake, aware

eud Root / lemma: b eu -, nasal. b u-n-d - (*b eud -; b ound -)

h h h h h h h

Material: Themat. present in Old Indic bdhati, bdhate ` awakened, awakens, is awake, notices, becomes aware, observes, heeds ', Avestan baoaiti ` perceives ', with pait- `

whereupon direct one's attention ' (= gr. , Germanic *biuan, Old Bulgarian *bau, *buum), participle buddh- `awakened, wise; recognized ' (== gr. - `ignorant; unfamiliar');

bljudo); Aor. Old Indic bhudnta (= ), Perf. bubdha, bubudhim (: Germanic

`noticing', gr. `investigating, questions; knowledge, tidings '); causative in Old Indic bdhyati ` awakens; teaches, informs ', Avestan baoayeiti ` perceives, feels' (= Old Bulgarian bud, buditi, Lithuanian pasibaudyti); of state verb in Old Indic budhyt `

Old Indic buddh- f. `understanding, mind, opinion, intention ' (= Avestan paiti-busti- f.

maybe alb. (*bubudhim) bubullim `thunder (*hear?)' [common alb. : Latin dh > ll shift].

'); Avestan baoah- n. ` awareness, perceptivity ', Adj. ` perceiving ' (: hom. - ` Bulgarian bdr, Lithuanian budrs); Avestan baoii- ` fragrancy ' (= Old Indic bdhi- ` unexplored, unacquainted; ignorant'); Avestan zani-bura- ` watching keenly ' (:Old

`awakening'; Old Indic boddhr- m. ` connoisseur, expert ' ( : gr. - ` questioning

awakes, becomes aware; recognizes ', Avestan buiyeiti `becomes aware', frabuidyamn

plenary cognition ');

out, perceive, watch' (, , ), `knowledge, tidings '; , f. `question';

gr. and (: Lithuanian bund, Old Irish ad-bond-) ` to learn; to find

maybe alb. (*peus) pyes `ask questions', pyetje `question' : gr. , f. `question'. ProtoProto-Slavic form: pytati: Old Church Slavic: pytati `examine, scrutinize' [verb], Russian: pytt' `torture, torment, try for' [verb], Slovak: pytat' `ask' [verb], Polish: pyta `ask' [verb], `cut off branches, estimate, consider, think' [verb]. Note: peu-1, peu- : p- : `to clean, sift' , Root / lemma: peu-2 : `to research, to understand' (see peupeubelow). cymr. bodd (*b ud ) ` free will, approval ', corn. both `volition' (: Old Icelandic bo), Old
h h

Serbo-Croatian: Serbo-Croatian: ptati `ask' [verb], Slovene: ptati `ask' [verb], Other cognates: Latin putre

From Root / lemma: b eu -, nasal. b u-n-d - : `to be awake, aware' derived Root / lemma: eud
h h h h

Irish buide ` contentedness, gratitude '; here also Old Irish ad-bond- ` announce,

` awaken ');

Irish robud ` admonishment ', cymr. rhybudd `warning', rhybuddio `warn' (: russ. probudt Gothic anabiudan `order, dispose', farbiudan `forbid', Old Icelandic bja `offer, bid,

promulgate ', uss-bond- ` call off, cancel, refuse ' (e.g. verbal noun obbad); zero grade Old

give recognition', Old English bodan, Old Saxon biodan, Old High German biotan `offer, command '; Old Icelandic bo n., Old English gebod n., Middle High German bot n.

bid, proffer ', Modern High German bieten `gebieten, verbieten, Gebiet actually ` (area of)

desk; dish ', actually ` which is offered on tray ' (in addition also Old High German biutta, Modern High German Beute ` kneading or dough trough; dough tray; hutch, beehive '). b ud -sni-), Old Saxon ambsan f. ds., Old English bysen f. ` model, example', Old
h h

`table, desk'; Old Icelandic bjr, Old English bod, Old High German beot, piot `table,

High German Bttel), Old English bydel `summoner, court servant'; Gothic bius, -dis

`commandment', Old High German etc boto `summoner', Old High German butil (Modern

With (compare Hirt Indo Germanic Gr. II 96): Gothic anabsns f. ` commandment ' (*-

Icelandic bysn n. `wonder, miracle' (from `*warning'), bysna ` foretoken, warn';

`punish, curse, chastise, castigate '; refl. `intend, mean, aim' (*b oud -i), badiava `socage, compulsory labour ',
h h

bdinu, -inti `waken, arouse, revive', budrs `watchful, wakeful'; causative baudi, basti

Lithuanian bund, bsti `wake up, arouse' and (without nasal infix) bud, budti `watch',

Lithuanian bausls `command, order', Latvian baslis ` command ', Latvian bauma, bame `rumor, defamation ' (*b oud -m-), Lithuanian pasibaudyti ` rise, stand up, sally ', baudnti `
h h

to cheer up, liven up; ginger up, encourage, arouse, awaken one's lust ', Old Prussian etbaudints ` to raise from the dead, reawaken '. Themat. present in Old Bulgarian bljudo, bljusti ` look after; protect, beware, look out',
2

russ. bljud, bljust `observe, notice' (about Slavic -ju from Indo Germanic eu s. Meillet Slave commun 58).

`awake' (*b ud-no-, shaped from Aor. of type gr. , etc, s. Berneker 106 f.;
h

suffix as in gr. --, wo -- from -nno-, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 700) vz-bn Maybe truncated alb. (*zbudzi) zgjoj `awaken' : Old Church Slavic: ubuditi `awaken' `awaken, arouse' [verb], perf. zbudzi `awaken, arouse'.

stative verb with -suffix in Old Bulgarian bd, bdti `watch', perfective (with ne-/no-

(etc; also in russ. bden `workday', probably actually ` working day ' or `day for corve ');

causative in Old Bulgarian budo, buditi `waken, arouse, revive', russ. buu, budt ds.

[verb]; vzbuditi `awaken' [verb]; phonetically equal alb. -gj- : poln. -dzi- sounds budzi also about Serbo-Croatian bdnj dn ` Christmas Eve ', bdnjk `wooden log which one lays in the in the fire of Christmas Eve' etc), Old Bulgarian s-na-bdti `'; Old Bulgarian bdr `; willing, ready', bdr ds., russ. bdryj `alert, awake, smart, Tocharian paut-, A pot `honour'? (Van Windekens Lexique 87). References: WP. II 147 f., Feist 41, 97, Meillet Slave commun 202 f. Page(s): 150-152 eugRoot / lemma: b eug-1
h 2

strong, fresh', Serbo-Croatian bdar `agile, lively'.

Meaning: to flee, *be frightened meaning ` escape ')

Note: after Kretschmer (Gl. 30, 138) to b eug(h)-2 (Avestan baog- in the intransitive
h

Material: Gr. (Aor. , Perf. ) `flee', f. (= Latin fuga) `escape, a fleeing, flight, running away ', hom. (*) ds., Akk. - ` to flight, to flee ' of consonant-stem *-; perhaps in Venetic PN (Westdeutschl.) `refuge, escape castle '; flee from, run away from, avoid; with infin., 'fuge quaerere', do not seek; of things, to Latin fugi, fg, -ere ` to take to flight, run away; to pass away, disappear. Transit., to

exile, banishment. Transf., swift course, speed; avoiding (with genit.)'; Note: common Latin ph- > f- shift maybe alb. fugonj `run' baugs `timorous'. Page(s): 152

escape the notice of a person', fuga f. ` flight, running away; esp. flight from one's country,

Lithuanian bgstu, bgau, bgti intr. `be frightened', kaus. baugnti `jemd. get a fright ',

References: WP. II 144, 146, WH. I 556 f., Kretschmer Gl. 30, 138.

Root / lemma: b eug-2, b eugheugeughMeaning: to clear away, free Material: Material: Avestan baog-, bunja- `loosen, escape, they escape before' (bunjainti `release,
h h

', z-buj- ` from need of releasing ', baoxtar- `liberator';

h

escape', bjayamn `discarding', bunjayt `he escapes'), bjim Akk. ` cleaning, purification

Maybe alb. (*b ujissa) bujis, bujisa aor. `bloom', buj `fuss' : pli bhujissa- `released, free' Pahlavi paz. bxtan `escape, release', South Baluchi bjag ` unbolt, loosen, unbind', as

pers. loanword Armenian buem `heal, save, relieve ', boi `healing, deliverance '; pli

paribhujati `purifies, cleans, sweeps from'; but pli bhujissa- `released (from previously
h

Subst. ` maid; maidservant, servant'), to b eug-4. etc

slave)' = Old Indic bhujiy- `free, independent' (Lex., in the Lithuanian as ` exploitable ', Illyrian PN Buctor, Venetic Fuctor (: Avestan baoxtar-), Fugonia, vhuia, vhou-ontios,

Note: Note Here Illyrian Buctor : Venetic Fuctor : Avestan baoxtar- `liberator' proves that Avestan a satem language can display centum characteristics. Alb. follows the same Illyrian - Venetic pattern in -tor,-tar suffixes. The tendency in Illyrian -g- > -ct- shows the intermediary phase from centum to satem in later alb.: common alb. -g(h)- > -th-, -k- > -t- in the middle of the word. Gothic usbaugjan `sweep up, sweep out, sweep away', Modern High German dial.

Bocht `rubbish, crap, muck'; moreover probably also Middle High German biuchen ` cook in lye ', originally `clean', bche f. `lye' (with secondary ablaut).

biegen): b eug- (Old Indic bhujati etc) `bend'. Probably identical with it. Page(s): 152 References: WP. II 145, WH. I 560, Kretschmer Gl. 30, 138.
h

The doubleness Germanic gh : Aryan g- also by b eugh- (Modern High German

h

eugeughRoot / lemma: b eug-3, b eughMeaning: to bow Material: Old Indic bhujti `bends, pushes away ', bhugn- `bent, curved', bhja- `arm', bhuj ` twist, arm', bhg- ` coil of a snake; ring' (: Old High German boug); ni-bhuj`push', Pass. ` flunk, escape; to get away '; perhaps bierher alb. but `soft, flexible' from *b ug(h)-to- `pliable'; common alb. -g(h)- > -th-, -k- > -t- in the middle of the word. (from*buggo-), KZ. 33, 77, Fick II ; for abret. buc ` rotten, putrid; loose, crumbling, friable,
4 h h h

Irish fid-bocc `wooden bow', probably also bocc ` tender ' (`*pliable'), nir. bog `soft'

expect brit. -ch- = Irish -gg-, Pedersen KG. I 161 considers borrowing from Irish
h

flabby ', pl. bocion ` rotten, decayed ', nbret. amsir poug ` soft, mild weather ', allowed to In Germanic *b eugh-: Gothic biugan, Old High German biogan `bend', Old Icelandic

ablaut. Old English bgan ` be bent ', with fram `flee';

participle boginn `bent, curved'; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Kaus. Old Icelandic beygja, Old Saxon bgian, Old English began, Old High German

bougen, Modern High German beugen; Old Icelandic bigr ` bent, curved ', Old High

bycgan, Old Saxon buggian `buy' (compare Modern High German dial. ` be bent by something ' = `acquire, take'); in addition probably Latvian bauga and bagurs `hill'.

Gothic bugjan ` let out, lend, buy ', Old Icelandic byggia ` obtain a wife', Old English

(which literally means an arched buttress) ' from *swi[bi-]bogo); perhaps in addition

bogo, Modern High German Bogen (Old High German swibogo ` Christmas candle arcs

German biugo `curve'; Old Icelandic bogi, Old English boga (engl. bow), Old High German

down ' (Wissmann Nom. postverb. 171, 181). Page(s): 152-153

bukche; Middle Low German bucken, Old Frisian buckia ` to stoop, bend forward, bend

Intensive (with intensification) Germanic *bukjan in Middle High German bcken, Swiss

References: WP. II 145 f., WH. I 556, Feist 96.

eugRoot / lemma: b eug-4

h h h

Meaning: to enjoy, *consume, bite

Material: Old Indic bhukt (with Instr., newer Akk.) `enjoys', compare bhunkti, bhujati about Old Indic bhujiy- see above under b eug-2;
h

`grants pleasure, enjoys, consumes', bubhuk `hunger', bhga- `enjoyment';

common Old Indic h- > k-

', post-verbal = `food granter '); Note:

alb. bung f., bunk, bungu m. ` kind of edible oak fruit ' (as ` nourishing or nutritious tree

Alb. bung ` kind of edible oak fruit ' : with -u- grade alb. (*beuka) buka `bread' : Phrygian `bread', actually ` crumb ' prove that from an extended Root / lemma: b(e)u-1, b(e)uh h h h h h h h

enh heuglemma: b enh-, b nh- (Adj. b nh-s) : `thick, fat', Root / lemma: b eug-1 : `to flee, *be b eugh- : `to bow', Root / lemma: b eug-4 : `to enjoy, *consume, bite' as taboo words. eugheugh h h h

b (e)u- : `expr. sound of hitting' derived Root / lemma: b eg-, b eng- : `to break', Root / (e)ueg- eng-

frightened', Root / lemma: b eug-2, b eugh- : `to clear away, free', Root / lemma: b eug-3, eugeugheugLatin fungor ` to occupy oneself with anything, to perform, execute, undergo, usually

with abl.; absol. in special sense, to be affected, suffer ', with Akk., later Abl., dfungor ` to perform, discharge, have done with, bring to an end, survive ', perfungor ` to perform fully, execute, discharge; to go through, endure '. Page(s): 153 References: WH. I 565 f., Wackernagel Synt. I 68, Jokl L.-k. Unters. 179.

Meaning: to be; to grow

h

euRoot / lemma: b eu-, b eu- (b u-, b u-) : b u- : b - (*b eu- > b Hu-eh -t) euRoot / lemma: b eu-, b eu- (b u-, b u-) : b u- : b - (*b eu- > b Hu-eh -t): to be; to : grow, derived from Root / lemma: b(e)u-2, b (e)- (*b eHu- > b Hu-iH-t): to swell, puff. b(e)u:
h h h 1 1 h h h h h h h h h h h h h

Note: (probably = `to swell'), compare Old Indic prbhta- with Old Indic bhri- etc under *b(e)u-, bh(e)u- `inflate, bloat, to swell', from which `originate, become, be', farther ` where usually one is, live '; io/- present b u-ii, b u-iie-si, b u--si etc as verb `be' supplies often o/ , iio/h h h h h

Material: Old Indic bhvati `is, there is, happens, prospers, becomes ' = Avestan bavaiti ` bhaviyti, becomes, originates; happens; will be ', Old pers. bavatiy `becomes'; Fut. Old Indic

paradigm of es- `be'; extended root b eu-, b uiii

Avestan byeiti participle byant- ` will come into existence ' (latter = Lithuanian bsiu, and bhvat, Perf. babhva, participle Perf. Akt. babhvn, f. babhv (: gr. ,

Church Slavic byteje ` ', compare gr. ); Aor. Old Indic bht (= gr. )

, Lithuanian bvo, Old Church Slavic byvati), Inf. bhvitum, Absol. bhtv (compare Lithuanian bt passive `to be', Old Prussian bton Inf.);

bhta- `rich, numerous', npers. Inf. bdan `be';

gr. , Old Irish -both ` one was ', both f. `cottage', Lithuanian btas `house'); pr-

bta ` been ', Old Icelandic b f. `dwelling', russ. byt `entity, way of life, lifestyle '; with

Old Indic bht-, Avestan bta- `become, being, Old Indic bht-m `entity' (: Lithuanian

Old Church Slavic byti, Lithuanian bti; with gr. ).

(Avestan bti- m. `name of dava '? = Old Church Slavic za-, po-, pr-byt, russ. byt, Inf. Pass. Old Indic bhyate; kaus. bhvayati ` brings into existence; looks after and

Old Indic bhti-, bht- f. `being, well-being, good condition, prospering; flourishing '

nurtures, refreshes ', participle bhvita- also ` pleasantly excited, in good mood ' (=Old Church Slavic iz-baviti `free, release'), with ders. lengthened grade bhv- `being, besides bhav- ` development, welfare, salvation'; development, becoming, affection ' (: russ. za-bva f. `conversation, entertainment')

Maybe alb. zbavit ` amuse, entertain ' a Slavic loanword. `dwelling' etc, and with Germanic *bula- and *bla-, next to which with formants -d loh h

bhavtram `world' (ablaut. with gr. `nature, gender, sex' and Lithuanian bkl

Czech bydlo); bhavana-m `the development, becoming; dwelling, house (: alb. bane, but Middle Irish ban `unwavering, steadfast' from *b ou-no-), ablaut. bhvana-m `entity'; Old Indic bh- f. `earth, world', bhm, bhmi-, Avestan ap. bm-, npers. bm `earth',

Old Indic bhman- n. `earth, world, being' (= gr. ), bhmn- m. `fullness, wealth, bulk, mass, wealth '; pra-bh- `mighty, salient '; s-stem bhavi-u- `becoming, thriving', bhati `makes thrive, strengthens', bhayati `

bedecks, blazons ', bhana-m `amulet, jewellery'. about iran. b-forms see below.
h

The -basis *b (e)u-, as it seems, in Old Indic bbhavti Intens. and bhv-tva- `future'; (e)u

further perhaps boin, Gen. bunoi `nest' (*b eu-no-), zero grade bun, Gen. bnoi `stem'.
h

Armenian bois, Gen. busoy `sprout, herb, plant', busanim ` burst forth, spring forth ',

Thrak. PN -. `become, grow' (compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I, 686), probably neologisms to Aor. Gr. (Lesbian as Oscan fuia, see below), `beget' (Aor. ),

`was, became', besides (neologism?) ; `growth, plant, kid, child, ulcer', gender, sex, kind of', ` municipality and from it located department ' (: Old Church
h

`growth; nature, character', n. `plant, growth, ulcer', `nature', n. `stem, Slavic byl, l-participle bylje); lengthened grades *b [u]lo- perhaps in , `hiding place, nook, bolt-hole, den of wild animals', ` sleep in a cave ', ` a sea fish which is hidden in the mud '; Maybe alb. foleja ` nest ' : gr. - , or - , , ` life in a hole or cave, of the cave '.

hibernation of bears, 2. of fishes, (pl.) ', alb. (*fole) fl ` sleep ' : gr. ` sleep in a but Old Icelandic bl n. ` a camp for animals and people ', is not from bl (probably from `small nest' from *bulja.

*bla) `dwelling' miscellaneous word; in addition zero grade Swedish Dialectal bylja, blja As 2. compound-part in , -[*F]. About see below. Illyrian VN Buni, PN B (: alb. bun). Messapic , Hes. (:Old High German br); Note: The inanimate suffix -ur : Illyrian Messapic , : , , Illyrians, ur ur of Illyria, , speak the Illyrian language, :--hence Adv. . , , Illyria, also , , Adj. , , , Illyrian: -, the region or province alb. buj, bj (*bunj) `stay, stay overnight, spend the night ', burr, burr (*buro-) `man,
h h

husband', ban `dwelling, abode, residence, half dilapidated house ' (*b ouon: Old Indic world, people' (*b u-t or *b u-t).
h h

bhavanam), banoj `stay, dwell'; bun() `chalet' (*b un); perhaps also bt `earth, bottom, Latin fu (Old Latin f) `I have been' from *f-ai, metathesis of older Aor. *fm (= gr. h h

be ', Old Latin Konj. fuam, fuat `be' (*b uum; compare Lithuanian bvo `was' from *b uut), besides -bam (*b um : Oscan fu-fans ` they were ', Old Irish -b ` I was ') in legh

, Old Indic -bht ` he was '), fu-trus ` future, about to be ', forem `would be', fore ` will

futvit ` he/she was ';

pipaf etc with Irish b- future (do-rmiub ` I will enumerate ' from *to-rm--bu), intensive Oscan fu-fans ` they were ', fu-fens ` they were ', fusd = Latin foret, fust (= Umbrian

bam etc, compare Latin-Faliscan -b (from *b u) in am-b, Old Latin ven-b, Faliscan
h

'; but about futr `daughter' s. Vetter Gl. 29, 235, 242 ff. against WH. I 557, 867; fefure ` they will have been ', futu ` you will be ' (fuuetd or fu-td).
h h

fust) ` he/she will be ' and ` he/she will have been ', fuid Konj.-Perf. ` he/she will have been Umbrian fust `he/she is going to be', furent ` they are going to be ' (*fuset, *fusent), A io/- present to root *b - : *b u-ii lies before in Latin f, fer ` of persons and things,

to be made, come into existence; with predicate, to become, be appointed; with genit., to fs, ft (*b u--si, *b u--ti); Oscan fiiet (*b uiient) ` they become, they are made', Umbrian
h h h h h

be valued at; of actions, to be done; of events, to happen ', the instead of is correlated to fito ` good deeds, benefits?', fuia ` he/she will become, he/she will be made ', fuiest `

he/she will make ' (*b u-i besides *b uii as in Lesbian , see above);

uncertain; as to action, hesitating, irresolute; pass., uncertain, doubted, doubtful,

h h

Latin nominal formation only in dubius `doubtful; act., wavering; in opinion, doubting;

dangerous, critical ' (*du-b u-iio-s ` of double form, consisting of two parts ', compare
h

Umbrian di-fue ` split into two parts ' < *dui-b uiom), probus ` good, excellent, fine; morally am-prufid ` dishonest, lacking probity ', prfatted ` has shown, marked, indicated, exalted, proud; arrogant, overbearing; brilliant, splendid '. good, upright, virtuous, right ' (*pro-b uos : Old Indic pra-bhu- ` salient, superb '), Oscan

manifested, proven ', Umbrian prufe ` upright, honest, proper '; Latin super-bus ` haughty, About Latin moribundus see Niedermann Ml. Meillet 104, Benveniste MSL. 34, 189.

bun `queen, wife, woman'); Middle Irish baile `home, place' (*b u-liio-);
h h

Old Irish ba `benefit' (*b u-iom), ban `steadfast, good' (*b ouno-, in addition cymr.
h h

bout = Old Irish both f. `cottage', cymr. bod f. `dwelling': Lithuanian btas `house';
h h

Old Irish buith `be' (originally Dat. of - stem both < *b ut = cymr. bod, corn. bos, bret.

(= Latin fiat), preterit 1. Sg. b (*b um), 3. Sg. bo (*b ue), Pass. preterit -both ` one was ' (*b u-to-); the paradigm of the verb Subst. and the copula exists from forms von es- and b eu-, e.g. hat 1. Sg. present Konj. Old Irish bu (*b -es) the anlaut related to b eu-;
h h h h

moreover also Middle Irish for-baid ` burial cloth, shroud, barrow, bier'), Fut. -ba ` will be '

(*b uii = Latin f, besides *b u- in Old Irish bth, mcymr. bit ` ([Imperative Future Tense] you will be ' = Latin ft); gall. PN Vindo-bios (*-b uiios), compare cymr. gwyn-fyd `luck' (`white world', byd), Old
h h h h h h

Old Irish -bu ` I care to be ', mcymr. bydaf, corn. bethaf, Middle Breton bezaff ds.

Irish su-b(a)e `pleasure, joy' (*su-b uiio-), du-b(a)e (du = gr. -) `mourning, grief'; (*b u, vocalism as in Old Indic bhvayati, bhva-, Slavic baviti),

Gothic bauan `stay, dwell, inhabit', ald bauan ` lead a life ', gabauan `erect a house'

initial vowel), Old High German ban (bta, giban) `stay, dwell, farm', Modern High

Frisian bgia `stay, dwell', phonetic type based on Gothic stja from *stwij and as

ban and buw(i)an (bde, geben) `stay, dwell, farm' (besides Old English bgian, Old

Old Icelandic ba (bj, binn) `stay, dwell, bring in good condition, equip ', Old English

German bauen; Old Icelandic byggja ` live at a place, farm, populate', later ` construct,

Modern High German Bau;

Middle High German b, Gen. bwes m., seldom n. ` tilling of the field, dwelling, edifice', Old Icelandic b f. `dwelling, tent, cottage'; Old Swedish b, Middle Low German

court '; similarly Lithuanian bvis ` permanent stay, residence '), Old High German b,

b n. `dwelling' (Pl. by n. of i-stem *bwi- = Old Icelandic byr m. `dwelling, residential site,

build' (from *buwwjan?*bewwjan?); Old Icelandic b n. `domicile, household ', Old English

bde, Middle High German buode and bde ` cottage, tent ', Modern High German Bude `dwelling, house', *byldan, engl. to build `to build', Old Frisian bold and bdel `house, and *bula-, compare Lithuanian bkl and westsl. bydlo), also Old Icelandic bl n.
h

(*b [u]-t); Middle Low German bdel `fortune', bl `estate', Old English bold and botl n. household utensil, household appliance, property' (*bla- from Indo Germanic *b [u]tlo-

`dwelling' [(see above also to bl ` den (of animals) '];

br m. `cottage, room', Old High German br m. `house, cage', Modern High German

Old Icelandic br n. ` pantry, zenana (part of a house for women in India)', Old English

German Nachbar, engl. neighbour and Old High German gibr(o), Middle High German gebr(e), then br, Modern High German Bauer ` farmer, peasant ';
h

(Vogel-)Bauer, whereof Old High German nhgibr, Old English nahgebr, Modern High

is.

German bim etc after *im from *es- `be', as Old High German bis(t), Old English bis after

Old English bo ` I am ' (*b uii = Latin f, Old Irish -bu), besides bom, Old High

*b ou()mo- `' and Old Icelandic bygg n. `barley', Old Saxon Gen. PL bew `sowing, seed, yield', Old English bow n. `barley' (*bewwa-) as ` the tilled, the sown '. Maybe alb. (*bam) bim `plant', alb. Geg ba `ripen, become', bafsh sub. `be! ' bton Inf.), participle btas ` been ', Fut. bsiu (Latvian bu), preterit bvo `he was' Prussian bousai `he is', preterit bi, be `he was' (from an expanded basis with -i-); buwinait `live!'; (compare also buv-ju, -ti ` care to be ' and Old Church Slavic Iter. byvati); Opt. Old Lithuanian bti (Latvian bt, Old Prussian bot) `be', bt Supin. `to be' (Old Prussian
h

Perhaps Gothic bagms, Old High German bum, Old English bam `tree' from

Lithuanian bvis m. `being, life', buvinti ` stay here and there a while ', Old Prussian Latvian bana `being, entity, condition ', Old Prussian bousennis `state, condition ';

(under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Lithuanian btas, Old Prussian (Akk.) buttan `house'; Lithuanian bklas (*btla-) ` nest, den, hideout, lair of wild animals ', pabklas ` tool,

bkl ds. (see above; in addition bukls `wise, sly, cunning');

utensil; apparition, ghost', bkl, bkl ` presence (of mind), dwelling', East Lithuanian

healthy herb ', compare to meaning ), Aor. b `was' (*b u-t);

h

Old Church Slavic byti `become, be', lo- participle byl ` been ' (therefrom bylje `herb;

Imperf. bae, Fut. participle Church Slavic byteje, byteje ` ', Kondiz. 3. Pl. russ. zabtyj `forgotten', compare in addition also Subst. russ. byt `entity, way of life, remnant ' , bytje ` the existence '; mb- shift] lifestyle ' , apoln. byto `nourishment, food', Old Church Slavic iz-bytk ` affluence,
h

b (*b u-nt), participle za-bven `forgotten', besides miscellaneous participle *byt e.g. in

maybe alb. mbetje `residue, leftover', mbetet `is left', mbeturin `trash' [common alb. b- > Old Church Slavic zabyt ` oblivion ', pobyt `victory', prbyt `abode, residence', russ.

byt `entity, creature; facts (of the case), facts (of the matter), matter of fact '; present Old Church Slavic bd `become, ', as Fut.: `will become' (if Latin Adj. in -bundus?); maybe reduced alb. (*bd) do Future: `will become'

Kaus. Old Church Slavic izbaviti `free, release' (: Old Indic bhva-yati, compare to Czech bydlo ` whereabouts, dwelling', poln. bydo `cattle' (from *`state, prosperity, Maybe alb. (*zabava) zbavit `entertain, (*pastime) ' come into being ', med. ` bring about '. From the basis b (e)u-: Indic bh-y-, -t;
h

vocalism also Gothic bauan and Old Church Slavic zabava ` stay, activity, pastime');

possessions ').

Perhaps here (Pedersen Tocharian 228 ) Tocharian pyautk-, A pyotk-, AB pyutk- `

1

npers. Imp. b-d `be!'; Old pers. Opt. b-y is placed by Wackernagel KZ. 46, 270 = Old
h

gr. n. `germ, sprout, scion, shoot' = , ` produce, sow, plant'; he was' (Latvian bij- extended from athemat. *b u-); ablaut. Old Prussian bi, see above; maybe alb. bujis `germ, sprout, scion, shoot, bloom' secondary 1. Sg. bi-m with primary ending. Trautmann 40 f., Feist 83 f. Old Church Slavic Kondit. 2. 3. Sg. bi `were, would be' (*b u-s, *b u-t), wherefore
h h h

Old Lithuanian bit(i) `he was', also Kondit. 1. Pl. (sktum-) bime; Latvian biju, bija `I was,

References: WP. II 140 f., WH. I 375 f., 504 f., 557 f., 865, 867, EM. 812 f., 1004 f., Specht will place (KZ. 59, 58 f.) under citation of gr. F `light, salvation' = Old Indic
h h

bhava- ` blessing; benediction, boon, salvation', -- etc unsere root as *b au, not as *b eu-. see also above S. 91. Page(s): 146-150 ghghRoot / lemma: b gh- : b ghh h

Meaning: to resist

bgaid `fights, brags, threatens ', bg f. `fight, struggle', mcymr. bwyo (*bgi-) `hit',

Material: Gall. bgaudae ` insurgent guerilla ' (suffix as in alauda, bascauda), Old Irish

cymr. bai `fault, error', beio `rebuke' in addition belongs, it must contain Indo Germanic *b gh-;
h

kymwy (: Middle Irish combg ds.) `fight', -boawc = Middle Irish bgach ` warlike '; whether

oppose, resist', Old High German bga `quarrel, fight', Old Saxon bg m. ` vainglory,

Old High German bgan, (bgn?) `squabble, quarrel', Old Icelandic bga, bgja `

boastfulness ', Middle High German bc, -ges m. ` loud yelling, quarrel ', Old Icelandic

Germanic family is not borrowed from Celtic, ablaut Germanic : Celtic (Indo Germanic ); Latvian buztis ` be angry ' (*b gh-), Endzelin KZ. 52, 118; russ. bazel ` bawler, crier ', bazgala `malicious' (Scheftelowitz KZ. 54, 242); Windekens Lexique 85, 96. Page(s): 115 References: WP. II 130. perhaps Tocharian pakwre `evil, bad' (Adverb), A pknt ` hindrance ' (*b gh-), Van
h h

bge, bgi ` adversary ', bgr `difficult, hard, sullen, obstructive'; it is presumed whether

Meaning: a kind of particle

Root / lemma: b 2, b (*b e, b o) Material: Avestan b, bt, b, bit (the latter, as Lithuanian be, probably with
h h h h

(`if Old Indic baham?'Bartholomae Wb. 953); Armenian ba, bay emphasizing particle;

strengthening particle *id) particles of the protestation and emphasis, ba ` yea, in truth '

Maybe emphasizing particle alb. bah `absolutely not' [alb. preserved the old laryngeal -]

Czech poln. ba ` trusted, yea, in truth'.

ne-bo-n `for indeed '; changing through ablaut klr. ba `yes, of course; certainly; sure ', Maybe alb. po `if, whether, yes' : poln. ba ` yea, in truth'. Page(s): 113 References: WP. II 136, Trautmann 22 f.

particle, Old Prussian beggi `for'; Old Church Slavic (etc) bo `for', i-bo ` ', u-bo `also',

Lithuanian b (= Old Prussian bhe), be (see above) `and', be, b, bs, ba interrogative

Lithuanian b `yes, of course; certainly; sure ', ben ` at least, not only but also ', East

11

German ob(e) `if, whether' etc, s. Kluge

ni-bai ` possibly not yet?', Konj. `if not', ja-bai `if', Old High German ibu, oba, Middle High 422);

Gothic ba conditional particle (here i-ba, i-bai ` if, because?' Konj. ` that not ', ni-ba,

Meaning: to warm, fry, *bath Note: From Root / lemma: b - : b - : `to warm, fry, *bath' : Root / lemma: b oso-s : `naked' oso: naked' common Indo Iranian m-/n- > bh : gr.-Illyrian .
h h h

Root / lemma: b - : b h h h h h

derived from Ossetic: bgng [adj] `naked' of Root / lemma: nog-, nogod(h)o-, nog-nonog nogod(h)o nog nood(h)oh

Material: Old High German ben, bjan, Modern High German bhen (*b i) ` warm with bath ', Old Saxon bath, Old English b, Old High German bad `spa, bath'; in addition Note: covers, bake bread ', in addition with Indo Germanic-to-suffix Old Icelandic ba ` steam

also Norwegian dial. bara ` clean with warm water ', Swedish bara `warm up '.

The cognates Old Icelandic ba ` steam bath ', Old Saxon bath, Old English b, Old High German bad `spa, bath' are created according to alb. phonetic laws -g > -th, -d; have a bath?)' maybe euphemistic alb. mbath `get dressed, wear', zbath `get naked, get undressed (to osoRoot / lemma: b - : b - : `to warm, fry, *bath' : Root / lemma: b oso-s : `naked' as in: Old : High German bar `naked, bare' (*baza-), Modern High German bar, Old English br, Old Icelandic berr `naked, bare'; Lithuanian bsas, Latvian bass, Old Church Slavic bos ` barefoot '; Armenian bok ` barefoot ' (*b oso-go-). thereof with g-extension b ggbaka, -aa ds., Middle High German sich becheln ` bask, get warm, lounge in the sun '; German backen; in gr. `roast, fry', Old English bacan, bc, Old High German bahhan, Old Icelandic
h h h

besides with intensive consonant-sharpening Old High German backan, Modern High gr.-Illyrian ; Hes. (v. Blumental IF. 49, 175); whereupon starve ', Czech baiti, perf. zabahnouti ` ask for something '. Page(s): 113 References: WP. II 187.

In addition perhaps (as ` burning desire, ardent wish ') russ. bat, bat ` wish, want,

Root / lemma: b id Note:

h

Meaning: vessel, cauldron

From an early root *b egh- [common Illyrian -gh- > -dh-] derived Root / lemma: b ed -2 : egh`to bow, bend', Root / lemma: b ad -sko- : `bundle, heap' and in -i grade Root / lemma: skob id - : vessel, cauldron (see above).
h h h h h h h

Material: gr. n. `barrel, vat, cask, wine cask ', , Attic ds., Latin fidlia (*fides-li) ` earthenware vessel, pot, pan'; presumably Old Icelandic bia f. `milk tub ', Norwegian bide n. `butter tub' (*bidjan-), bidne n. `vessel'.

reconstructed for its family a basic meaning ` twisted vessel ', it belongs probably to a root b eid - `bind, flax, wattle, braid'. Page(s): 153
h h

the empire, the emperor's privy purse ', fiscina ` a small basket ' (from *b id -sko-) may be
h h

There from Latin fiscus ` a basket; hence a money-bag, purse; the state treasury; under

References: WP. II 185, WH. I 492 f., 506.

Meaning: harmonious, friendly

h

ili- iloRoot / lemma: b ili-, b iloh h h

Material: Middle Irish bil (*b i-li-) `good', gall. Bili- in PN Bili-catus, Bilicius etc, Old High wit `simple, just, innocent' = Middle High German bilewiz, bilwiz `fairy demon, ghost' Saxon unbilithunga ` unconventionality ', Middle High German unbilde, unbilede n. `

German bila- `kind, gracious', newer bili-, bil- in 1. part of people's name; Old English bile(actually `good ghost'); Old High German bil-lch `proper'; abstract noun *bili in Old wrong; injustice, the incomprehensible ', Modern High German Unbilde, to adjective Middle
h

Unbilde .

German Bild see below b ei()- `hit', wherefore R. Loewe (KZ. 51, 187 ff.) will place also Gr. ` dear, friend ' etc places Kretschmer (IF. 45, 267 f.) as pre Greek to Lydian

High German unbil ` unjust; unfair ', substantivized Swiss Unbill. About Modern High

vocative.

bilis `be'; against it Loewe aaO., which explains the stress of the first syllable from the under Bild, billig, Unbill, Weichbild.

Page(s): 153-154

Meaning: priest Note:

lagh-menRoot / lemma: b lagh-men-

11

References: WP. II 185, Kluge

lagh-menlaRoot / lemma: b lagh-men- : `priest' derived from the extended Root / lemma: b la- : `to hit', meaning Aryan priests assumed they would gain the grace of gods through immolation.
h h h

sacrificial priest' (not the old *-n).

Messapic `priest'; Latin flmen, -inis m. `the priest of some particular god,

Material: Old Irish brahmn- m. `magic priest', brhman- n. `spell, charm, devotion ';

Indic this is equation of the preferred explanation of flmen from *b ld-(s)men, angebl. ` sacrifice, immolation ' (to Gothic bltan ` worship ', Old Norse blta, Old English bltan, compare Finnish luote ` chant, incantation ' from proto Germanic *bltes], Old High Armenian bajal ` strive after '. German bluostar n. ds., etc). compare also Dumzil REtIE. 1, 377, still compares Old High German bluozan `sacrifice', Old Norse blt n. `sacrifice, oblation' [-es-stem,
h

Because of the numerous congruities in the religious terminology between the Italic and

Maybe alb. lut `chant, pray' : Finnish luote ` chant, incantation ' References: WP. II 209, WH. I 512 f., 865 f., Feist 100 f., 580 a. Page(s): Page(s): 154

laRoot / lemma: b laMeaning: to hit Material: Latin flagrum `whip, scourge', flagellum ds. `a whip, scourge; the thong of a

javelin; a young sprout, vine-shoot; plur. the arms of a polypus; fig. `the sting of

conscience', with lengthened grade probably flgit, -re ` to entreat, ask, demand

earnestly; to demand to know; to summon before a court of justice ' (originally probably

meton., scoundrel, rascal ' (originally ` public castigation and suppression '; conflages ` for conflgs);

with blows and threats), flgitium ` a disgraceful action, shameful crime; shame, disgrace;

places exposed to all the winds, place blown by the winds' Paul Fest. 35 a appears a spoil

Maybe alb. flak `hurl' flap ', Old Icelandic blak `blow, knock', Old Icelandic blekkja (*blakjan) `hit' (Norwegian Old Icelandic and New Norwegian dial. blaka, blakra ` strike back and forth, fan, flutter,

flash' etc, see below *b eleg- `shine'; so is e.g. Norwegian blakra `fan' as well as `shine').
h

(in Germanic phonetic coincidence with the family of Old Icelandic blakra `blink, glitter,

`flicker'), Swedish Dialectal blkkta (*blakatjan), Middle Dutch blaken `fan, flutter, shiver'

run around here and there '. Page(s): 154

Lithuanian blaka and bloki (-k- from --sq-) ` fling sidelong, travel here and there,

References: WP. II 209, WH. I 511 f.

leg Root / lemma: b legMeaning: to swell Note: extension v. `inflate, bloat'

h h h

Material: Gr. , - f. `vein', Phot.; Old High German bolca, References: WP. II 215, WH. I 519 f. bulchunna (*b lg-) ` a round swelling; in water, a bubble '.

Page(s): 155

leiRoot / lemma: b lei-2 Meaning: to swell Note: extension from b el- ds.
h

blena `vesicle' (*blajinn).

English blegen f., engl. blain, Middle Low German bleine, Old Danish blen(e), Old Swedish That gr. : ` door pillar, door post ' actually `(* tumid =) thick balk, beam' is required
h 2

Norwegian blema ds. under b el-, b (e)l-); Danish blegn(e) `vesicle' (*blajjinn), Old
h h

Material: Norwegian dial. bleime, Old Swedish blma ` bleb on the skin ' (compare

only of foreign confirmation (Prellwitz and Boisacq s. v.; basic form *b l-u or -s); or congestion of blood about the ankles'.
h

`haematoma, effusion of blood' is corrupted from Latin flmina `a bloody swelling leisb leis-: Old Icelandic blstra `blow, whistle'? (compare Gothic -blsan under b el-, b (e)lh h

etc).
h

blkvam ` pours out of me, flows out ' (if not as proto Slavic *blychaj to u-variant from gr. leidb leid- (presumably d-present *b li-d-). Hes., Hes., , -, - Gr. ` overflow of humidity, thereof swell up ', Hes.,
h

`flood; spit; have diarrhea'; blhnm, blhnuti `splash, spray', Bulgarian bli, blkn,

-; new variation with i to the imitation of the bright tone?); perhaps serb. blhm, blhati

presumably also ` surging of the sea, the tumult of fighting',

`ferment, seethe, boom, blaster', `scum, froth, foam, slobber' (- = n `');

 (*, forms after onomatopoeic words as , ?); common gr.-Illyrian -ks- > -ssperhaps here Middle Irish bled ` bellowing, braying, roar ' (out of it cymr. bloedd ds.); engl. bloat `to bloat, bulge, swell' (*blaitn = ); Latvian blstu, bldu, blzt and bliu, -du, -st ` grow fat, put on weight '. Page(s): 156 References: WP. II 210 f.

Meaning: to shine

leiqRoot / lemma: b leiq- (*b leik-)

h h h h h h

Material: Old English blge (*blaigin-) ` gudgeon (type of freshwater fish) '; mnl. Middle

Note: extension from b li- (:b el-) ds., as b li-.

Low German blei(g) and bleger, Modern High German Bleihe, Blei `fish names '; besides
h

Modern High German Blecke `dace (*white fish)' from the e-root b leg-?); in other meaning change (`shine : glance, look') Old Icelandic blgr ` looking staringly and rigidly ', blgja `stare'.

Middle High German blicke ` carp ', Modern High German Blicke (Norwegian dial. blekka,

` fade, expire '. Page(s): 157

wilted; faded, flaccid, withered ', blkot ` fool's parsley, Aethusa cynapium ', poln. blakn

In addition russ. blknut `bleach, fade, wither, wilt', blklyj `sallow, paled, faint, languid,

References: WP. II 211.

Meaning: pale, reddish

lend Root / lemma: b len - (*b lend -i-)

h h h h

elNote: It belongs probably to b el-1.

h

Material: Old Indic bradhn- (*b lnd -no-) `reddish, dun'; from which Middle High German blunt, Modern High German blond; Germanic *blundaz (*b lnd -o) in Middle Latin blundus, Italian biondo, French blond, Gothic blinds `blind', Old Icelandic blindr `blind, undistinguishable ', Old Saxon Old
h h h

English blind, Old High German blint `blind', also `dark, cloudy, dull, not obvious'; Gothic

blandan sik ` mingle, diffuse, intermingle ', Old Icelandic blanda `mix' (blendingr ` mixture

'), Old Saxon Old English blandan, Old High German blantan, Middle High German

Germanic a compare the iterative-causative: Old High German blendan (*blandjan)

d h

blanden `mix, tarnish ' (Modern High German Blendling ` hybrid, mongrel, half breed '); to

blditi); Old Icelandic blunda `close the eyes', blundr ` slumber ', Middle English blundren `stir, bewilder', nengl. blunder ` be grossly mistaken, wander '; Lithuanian blendi, blsti `sleep; stir flour into soup, talk nonsense, become cloudy ',

`darken, blind', Old English blendan `blind' (: blandtis, Old Church Slavic (*b lon -iH-tei)

Latvian blendu, blenst ` have poor eye-sight, be short-sighted '; Lithuanian blandas, -tis ` low the eyes down, be ashamed ', Latvian bludties `ds.; roam, be ashamed ', Maybe alb. Geg (*flenj) fl, Tosc fle `die, sleep'; [rare alb. ph- > f-, found in gr. and Latin] (soup), murky; dark'; Lithuanian blsta, blndo, blsti ` dim, dusky, cloudy, become dark; Lithuanian bladas `sleepiness, turbid weather, cloudiness ', blands ` dim, cloudy, thick

become cloudy, from water',

prblind (and priebland) `dusk, twilight'; here also blid, blends, blnd ` sallow '; Maybe alb. Geg bl, blini, Tosc bliri `linden tree' n/r stem. prank', slov. bl-dem, blsti `maunder, drivel, fantasize', Old Czech blsti (2. Sg. blede) Old Church Slavic (*b len -o-) bld, blsti `err; wander; ', bld `gossip,
d h

`maunder, drivel '; Old Church Slavic bld ` debauchery, depravity, adultery', poln. bd ` mistake, delusion ', Old Church Slavic bld, blditi ` err, indulge in debauchery ', SerboCroatian bldm, blditi `err, wander, cheat, deceive, spoil, caress ' etc.

Maybe alb. Geg bl, Tosc blenj `(*cheat), barter, buy' similar shift of the meaning in gr. ` cheat, barter, exchange '. Page(s): 157-158
h

References: WP. II 216, 218, Trautmann 34 f., Endzelin KZ. 52, 112, Specht Dekl. 58, 117.

lesRoot / lemma: b lesMeaning: to shine elNote: : up to now only in the Germanic provable extension from b el- `shine'
h

Material: Middle High German blas `naked, bald, bleak, pallid' (Modern High German bla) n. `torch, burning candle', Old English blse `torch, fire', engl. blaze `blaze, glow; white

forehead spot ',

forehead), Middle Low German bles, blesse (*blasj) `paleness', Old Icelandic *bles- in blesttr ` marked with a white spot ' and in compound on -blesi. Page(s): 158 References: WP. II 217.

Old High German blas-ros `horse with with a bright spot' (with a bright spot on the

leu-(k)Root / lemma: b leu-(k)-, (-s-) Meaning: to burn

h

Material: *b leu-s- in gr. - ` blazed by the fire ', , torch', Middle Low German bls `torch', Old English blyscon `blush', engl. blush.
h

elNote: extension from b el- `shine'.

h

` sear all around '; Old Icelandic blys n. `flame', Old English blysa m. `flame, *b leu-k- in Middle High German bliehen ` burning luminously ', Old High German The West Slavic forms as Czech bltti `shimmer', blskati `shine' (besides Old Church
h

bluhhen.

Slavic bltati etc, see below *b lei-) are against it probably reshuffling after *lyskati, poln. yska `flash, shine' etc - meaning not direct accordingly, respectively only from a High German bliehen: Lithuanian blunk, blkti ` become pale, lose one's color '. Page(s): 159-160
h

primordial meaning `shine' to justify, Trautmann GGA. 1911, 245 compares with Middle

References: WP. II 214.

Meaning: weak, mild

h

leusRoot / lemma: b leus-

Note: Perhaps to b eleu-.

Material: Swedish Dialectal bloslin `weak', norweg. blyr `mild, lukewarm', blyra `weakling, `despond, despair, become sad '. Page(s): 160 References: WP. II 214. wimp ', Modern High German schwb. blsche(n) `slow, idle': Lithuanian apsi-blausti

leuRoot / lemma: b leuh

Meaning: to blow; to swell, flow

h

Note: extension from b el- `(inflate, bloat), swell up'

Material: Gr. (F) ` to be full of, to abound with, to be bursting with, to be bristling, be

brimful ', (*, lengthened grade), ephes. (*F) epithet of Dionysos ` reed plant ';

as a vegetation God; presumably from the lushness of growth also Attic , jon. (*F) `swell, to be full of, to abound with, to be bursting with, to be bristling, be

, `epithet of Dionysos and the Kore as vegetation divinities ' probably also , `bark, husk'; changing through ablaut ` surge up, bubble, chat; be fruitful ', Lithuanian bliuju, bliviau, bliuti `roar, bellow, bleat', blivauti `roar, bellow', Latvian
h h

in bloom, blossom', ` growing excessively ' or ` exceedingly succulent ',

Hes. m. `gossip', `gossip, prank; buffoon ';

preterite stem, compare Lithuanian blivo from Indo Germanic *b luu-); in addition

bl'anu, bl'at ds.; Old Church Slavic (*b leuH-tei) bl'uj, bl'vati `spit, vomit' (based on old perhaps also Old Prussian bleusky `reed' (would be correct in the meaning to gr. !). bluster `boom, blaster, rant, roister' and Serbo-Croatian bljuzgati ` stream noisily, chat silly stuff '; also Serbo-Croatian blhati etc? (see below b lei-s-).
h

With a s-extension Low German blstern `violent blow, storm, pant, sniff, snort', engl.

etc', blodern `effervesce, surge, boil', Modern High German Pluderhosen; perhaps SerboCroatian bltiti ` speak absurd, speak inappropriate ', Berneker 62; about Old High German blt(t)ara `bubble' (*bl-dr-) s. S. 121;

` muddy, sludgy, slushy, squashy, squishy, slobbery, sloppily', ` break open, from ulcers '.
h

with -d- (originally present forming?): ` flows about, dissolves, become soft',

leug leg g-extension b leug- (compare the root form b leg-): with words'; , `bubble'; but - `blister, shield hump ' stays away; any liquid, stream, pour; of abstr. things, to proceed, issue, spread; of circumstances, to Transf., commotion, disturbance', flmen (*fleugsmen) ` flowing water; hence a river, Latin flu, -ere, flxi, flctum, newer flxum `to flow; of a solid object, to flow, drip with gr. - ` wine-drunken '; ` to bubble up, boil up, surge up, overflow, also
h

tend; of language, to flow; to sink, droop', flctus, -s `current, wave, a streaming, flowing.

11

onomatopoeic word; compare Kluge

With dental formant: Middle High German bldern `chat, prate'? (rather new

under plaudern); rather Swiss bloder `big bubble

stream', conflgs Old Latin `confluence of two stretches of water', fluvius `river' (from cymr. blyngu ` become angry ', blwng `angry, irate', bret. blouhi `rebuke'? References: WP. II 213 f., WH. I 519 f., Trautmann 35; different EM. 372. Page(s): 158-159
h

present flu from), flustra Nom. PL ` calm (at sea) ' (*flugstrom); if here (with nasalization)

Meaning: to boil; to chatter, boast

l Root / lemma: b ld-, b lldh

Material: Gr. ` babbler ', `gossip'; Hes.; Latin fragor `a breaking; a noise of breaking, crack, crash';
h

`bubble, seethe, foam'; moreover also Aor. (intrans.) `tear'; compare to meaning with varying lengthened grade b ld- Old Irish indlidi `brags, boasts ', indldud ` ld-

boasting ' (*ind-bld- ` puff oneself up or make inflated words ') and Latvian bldu, blzt `chat'; zero grade Old High German uz-ar-pulzit ` boil, bubble out '; word formation. Modern High German platzen, pltschern are probably certainly of new onomatopoeic

Page(s): 155

See also: to b el-3.

h

References: WP. II 210, 216, WH. I 515, 518.

Meaning: to shine

- l Root / lemma: b li-, b l- (*b lei-)

h h h h h

Note: extension from b li- ds., as b leiq-

Material: Old English blcan `shine', as, blkan `shine', Old High German blhhan stem -V. ` become pallid ', Middle High German blchen stem -V. `shine, blush', Old Icelandic blkja, bleik `appear, gleam, shine';

Old Icelandic bleikr, Old English blc, Old High German bleih `pallid, pale, wan'; Old High `bright lustre, shine; gold, gold plating ', Old High German bleh `(*shiny) thin metal panel ', German bleihha ` dace, roach ', Norwegian bleikja and blika ds.; Old Icelandic blik n.

German blic, -ekes `lustre, shine, look, lightning', Modern High German Blick, Old High

`bare place '; Old High German blic, -eches ` quick highlight, flash, lightning', Middle High

Modern High German Blech, Middle Low German blick ds.; Old English blike m. (*bliki-)

blitzen; Old Saxon bliksmo `lightning', Old Swedish blixa `blink', New Swedish also `flash'. blykt, blyka, blkti `blanch, pale', ablaut. blaiktas, -tis `clear up, of the sky'; Latvian blaiskums `spot, mark', meln-blaiskai `dark grey'.
h

German blecchazzen (*blekatjan), Middle High German bliczen, Modern High German

Lithuanian blizg, -ti `flicker, shine', blkiu, blykti `sparkle, glitter, shimmer, shine',

`lightning', Old Church Slavic (*b lei-sk-eh -tei) blt, bltati `shine', Iter. bliscajo, bliscati s.
2 h

ablaut Old Church Slavic blisk `lustre, shine' and *blsk in Czech blesk, Gen. old blsku

Russ.-Church Slavic (*b loi-sko-) blsk `lustre, shine' (*b loi-sko-); changing through
h

Dekl. 144.

References: WP. II 21 If., EM. 398, Trautmann 34, Meillet Slave commun 133, Specht
2

Page(s): 156-157 ilRoot / lemma: b li-1 : b li- : b lh h h h

Meaning: to shine

Note: extension from b el- ds.

heaven, then of the looks, appearance, the mood:) cheerful ' in Gothic bleis ` merciful, mild', Old Icelandic blr `mild (of weather), friendly, pleasant', Old English ble `cheerful, High German blden ` be glad '.

Material: Material: Germanic *blia- (*b lei-tio- or rather *b l-tio-) `light, cheerful, fair (of sky,
h h

friendly', Old High German bldi `cheerful, blithe, glad, friendly', Old Saxon blthn, Old Old Saxon bl n. `paint, color', Adj. ` coloured ', Old Frisian bl(e)n `paint, color', bli

`beautiful', Old English blo n. `paint, color, apparition, form' (probably *blja-).

unoccupied Celtic *bluo- from *b l-uo- as wellspring, was conceivable), would be debatable, but the most likely.
h

with formants -uo- of our root (to accept Modern High German blau congruent, indeed

Icelandic bly) with Lithuanian blyvas `purple, mauve, violet-blue ' corresponding color adj.

On account of Germanic *blwa `lead' (Old High German blo, -wes, Old Saxon bl, Old

bli-zna `scar'; because of the parallel forms under b lu-1 barely with WH. I 517 to b l-.
h h

Here (after Specht Dekl. 117) russ. bli-zn ` thread break, flaw in fabric ', Czech poln.

as *blaid-vas to related *b lido-s), blaivas, -tis ` clear up, become sober '; perhaps Latvian blnt ` lurk, a furtive (glance), blink'. Tocharian A. plyaske `meditation'?? (Van Windekens Lexique 97). See also: see also under b lu-1 and b lido-s. Page(s): 155-156
h h h h

Lithuanian blvas `purple, mauve, violet-blue '; perhaps Lithuanian blavas `sober' (if not

References: WP. II 210.

Meaning: to shine

luulRoot / lemma: b lu-1 : b lu- : b l- (*b lu-1)

h h h h

Note: derivatives to b el-1.

Material: Russ. blju- `ivy' (Specht Dekl. 117); poln. bysk (*b l-sk-) `lightning'; Sorbian bl'u-zn `scar', wruss. blu-zn ` weaving flaw '; Latvian blau-zgas, blau-znas, Lithuanian
h

etc

bl-zganos ` dandruff ', Latvian bl-zga ` peeling skin ', blu-zga ` small particles, drill dust ' Maybe alb. bluanj ` grind, mill '

Proto-Slavic form: blizna; blizno Page in Trubaev: II 118-120

See also: bliz(j); blizk(j); bliz; bliz Russian: blzna (dial.) `missing thread in fabric, flaw in home-spun material' [f ]; blizn

fabric, absence of one or two threads' [n o]; bljuzn `flaw in fabric' {1} Old Russian: blizna `scar' [f ] Belorussian: bljuzn `flaw in fabric' [f ] Czech: blizna `stigma (bot.)' [f ]

`knot in linen resulting from an incorrect arrangement of the warp' [f ]; blizn `flaw in

Ukrainian: blzna `wound, scar' [f ]; blyzn `defect in linen' [f ] Polish: blizna `scar, gash, seam, cicatrice, trace left by a fallen leaf' [f ] Kashubian: blzna `cicatrice' [f ] Old Polish: bluzna `cicatrice, stigma, stamp' [f ] {1}

Upper Sorbian: buzna `scar, birth-mark' [f ] {1} Lower Sorbian: bluzna `scar, bruise' [f ] {1} Bulgarian: blizn `place in fabric where a thread is torn or missing' [f ] weft or warp' [f ], blzn [Nomp]; blzna `scar' [f ]; bl zno `gap' [n o]

Serbo-Croatian: bl zna `two threads put into a reed (instead of one); ruptured thread in Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: bli-n-

Lithuanian: bly `rip in fabric' [f ] 4

Latvian: blznis `pile of broken trees in a forest' [f ] IE meaning: scar Indo-European reconstruction: b li-nh 2

Page in Pokorny: 160

Bibliography: Sawski SP I: 264-265

Notes: {1} The forms that seemingly reflect *bl'uzna must be secondary. References: Specht Dekl. 117. Page(s): 159

See also: compare the parallel formation under b li-1.

h

luulRoot / lemma: b lu-2 : b lu- : b lMeaning: bad

h

Material: Gr. , (both dissimil. from *) `slight, evil, bad'; English bla ` daft, shy', with io-suffix Old Saxon bldi ` shamefaced ', Old High German Gothic blauian `abolish' (actually `make weak'), Old Icelandic blaur `timorous', Old

Note: b (e)lu- is apparent, manifest, obvious parallel formation to b eleu- `hit'.

h

blde;

bldi, Middle High German blde `frail, breakable, shy, timid', Modern High German

miserable ', mndd. blt, Middle High German blz `bare', Modern High German blo (Old High German blo with strange meaning `stout, proud');
h

softish, delicate, mollycoddle, timorous', Old English blat `arm, woeful, wretched,

besides Indo Germanic *b lu-to- stands a d- extension in Old Icelandic blautr ` mushy, u-toh

variation; Old Icelandic bljgr `timid', blyg `the genitals' (*leugi), changing through German blgisn, blchisn `doubt', Old English blycgan (*blugjan) `frighten' (trans.); compare Lithuanian blktu, -ti ` become limp '. References: WP. II 208 f., Hirt Indo Germanic Gr. II 150, Feist 99, Specht Dekl. 133. Page(s): 159 ablaut Old High German blgo Adv., Middle High German blc, bliuc `shy', Old High

lengthened grade b lu- in Old English un-bloh `fearless' (suffix -ko-), with gramm. lu-

lRoot / lemma: b l-uo-s

h h h

Meaning: a kind of colour (blue, gold)

h

l-rol-roNote: also b l-uo-s, b l-ro-s, b l-ro-s, derivatives from the root b el-1, b el
h h

Material: Latin flvus ` golden brown, red-yellow, blond ', Oscan Flaviies G. Sg. `of or belonging to the college of priests for the Flavian family' (from Indo Germanic *b l-),
h h h

*b lros = gall. *blros (Wartburg), Middle Irish blr ` forehead with white spot, spot, field ', cymr. blawr `gray', besides *b l-ro- in Middle Low German blre `paleness, blessige, Maybe alb. blernj ` blossom, be green' (see below Root / lemma: b lido-s : `pale') idoyellow'), Old English *blw or *blw, Old Icelandic blr `blue' from *b l-uo-s; s. also S. 155;
h

besides fulvus ` red-yellow, brown-yellow ' from *b l-uo-s; flrus ` yellow ', also PN, from
h

white spotted cow'.

Old High German blo, Modern High German blau (Middle High German bl also `gold,

see below b lei-1.

h

Old Irish bl `yellowish?' is late Old English loanword? About Germanic *blwa- `lead'

Lithuanian blvas, Latvian blvs ` bluish, gold, yellow' are Germanic loanword Page(s): 160 References: WP. II 212, WH. I 513 f., different EM 367.

lRoot / lemma: b l- (*b leh -) Meaning: to howl, weep Material: Latin fle, flre (*b li) ` to weep; to drip, trickle; transit., to weep for, lament, Latvian blju, blt `bleat'; with ); Middle High Germanbljen `bleat' (Germanic *bljan = Latin fle); Old High r.-Church Slavic blju, bljati `bleat' (besides Serbo-Croatian bljm, bljati `bleat' etc,
h 1 h h

bewail; flendus, to be lamented ';

`bleat, cry';

blagettan, blgettan `cry', ndd. blage n. `kid, child'; Middle High German blren, blerren Maybe alb. blegrij 'bleat' : Old English blagettan, blgettan `cry'. `roar, bellow'; changing through ablaut Middle High German blrjen, blelen (*blljan), brall `cry'. dissimil. brelen `roar, bellow'; zero grade Middle High German bral `shriek', schwb. Modern High German plrren, plren (also `weep, cry'), Dutch blaren `bleat', engl. to blare

German blzan, nnd. blssen, Old English bltan, engl. to bleat `bleat', Old English

Page(s): 154-155
h

See also: compare b el-6 and the onomatopoeic words bl-.

h

References: WP. II 120, WH. I 516.

Meaning: pale
h

idoRoot / lemma: b lido-s (*b leid-(u)o-)

h h

Note: to b li- `shine', from extension root form *b li-d-

Material: Old Church Slavic bled `pallid, pale, wan' = Old English blt `pallid, livid'; Old
h

sky '. Alb. blernj ` blossom, be green' from adj. *bler from *bled-r (e = Indo Germanic ai or oi), blhur `pale, wan, pallid'. Note: The inanimate suffix -ur : Alb. blehur : , , Illyrians, , , Illyria, also ur ur ur speak the Illyrian language, :--hence Adv. . In addition probably the Illyrian PN Blaedarus. Maybe Lithuanian blind ` goat-willow, sallow ' : Alb. (*blind) blini ` sturgeon, lime-tree, lime, linden '. Note: References: WP. II 217, Trautmann 34, Specht Dekl. 197. idolRoot / lemma: b lido-s : `pale' : Root / lemma: b l-uo-s : `a kind of colour (blue, gold)'.
h h

from the an extension root b lei-, s. d.), blaivas, -tis ` become sober; clear up, from the

High German bleizza `paleness'. Perhaps Lithuanian blavas `sober' (if from *blaid-vas; or

, , Adj. , , , Illyrian: -, the region or province of Illyria, ,

Page(s): 160

l ligRoot / lemma: b l- (:*b lig-) (*b li-o-) Meaning: to hit

h

lu Note: also b lu- (gr. Celtic), to indicate from uo- present *b l-u.
h

Latin flg, -ere `hit, beat or dash down' (*b l, or at most with through flxi, flctum assesses u- loss from *fligu);
h

`contuse, squeeze '); cymr. blif m. `catapult, pallista', blifaidd `quick, fast';
h

Material: Aeolic Ionian `push, press, squeeze' (about see below d lash

Maybe alb. (*b l-) mbledh ` squeeze, collect ' [common alb. - > -dh].

near ' (actually ` adjacent '). Although puzzling at first, the semantic transition from `to beat' to `near' appears to have a few convincing parallels, e.g. Fr. prs `near' : Latin pressus `squeezed' (Trubav II: 122, with references). See also: about russ. blizn see below b li-1.
h

Latvian blazt `squeeze, clash, hit', blizt `hit'; Old Church Slavic bliz, bliz Adv. ` nigh,

References: WP II 217, WH. I 517, EM. 369.

Page(s): 160-161
h h h

losRoot / lemma: b los-q-; -gMeaning: expr. *b res-;

h

Material: Irish blosc, Gen. bloisc `din, fuss, noise' (b losko-); compare also brosc ds. under Lithuanian blzgu, -ti intr. `clatter', blzginti `clatter, rattle, clash'.
h

Page(s): 161

References: WP. II 218.

Root / lemma: b lk-

Meaning: wool, cloth?

Material: Latin floccus ` a flock of wool ' (*flcos) to Old High German blaha f. ` coarse bed linen (esp. to covers or substratums)', Modern High German Blahe, Blache, Old Danish

blaa ` oakum ', now blaar (actually Pl.), Swedish blnor, blr ds., Old Swedish blan, bla ds. (Germanic *blahw-), Old Norse blja (*blahjn-) ` linen, sheet'. Page(s): 161

ogRoot / lemma: b og- (*b og-no-) Meaning: running water Material: Middle Irish bal f. `running water' (*b ogl), bar m. `diarrhoea' (*b ogro-); proto Old Icelandic bekkr, Old English becc m. ds.
h h h

Germanic *baki-, Old High German bah, Modern High German Bach, besides *bakja- in

b eg- ` shatter, break, rupture'. Page(s): 161

h

With regard to Old Indic bhag-, Lithuanian bang `billow' could be related to the root

References: WP. II 149 f., 187.

okRoot / lemma: b okMeaning: to burn? Material: Latin focus ` a fireplace, hearth; meton., house, family, home; sometimes altarh h h h h

Page(s): 162

References: WP. II 186, WH. I 521.

fire or funeral pyre '; presumably to Armenian bosor `red' (`*fiery'), boc `flame' (*b ok-s-o-).

oloRoot / lemma: b olo-

Meaning: smoke, steam?

Latvian buls, bula ` misty muggy air, height smoke, dryness ';
eh h

Material: it is associated perhaps Old Irish bolad, nir. boladh and baladh `smell, odor' and

etymology also Peterssons Etym. Miszellen 34 connection of buls with combinable Armenian bal ` fog, mist, darkness ' (if originally `haze, mist')? Page(s): 162 References: WP. II 189.

it could form the basis Indo Germanic b ol- (Irish): b l- (Latvian); perhaps is with above

orgo oRoot / lemma: b orgo-s Meaning: unfriendly Material: Armenian bark `violent, angry, irate; herb, bitter, sharp from taste' (*b rgos); Old
h oh

Irish borb, borp `crazy'; Middle Irish borb (*burbo-, Indo Germanic *b rgo-) `raw, ignorant'; Note: common Illyrian g- > b-.

Latvian bargs `stern, hard, unfriendly, pitiless '; Swedish Dialectal bark ` willful, unfriendly person ', barkun `rough, harsh'.
h

See also: compare also b ag-2. Page(s): 163

References: WP. II 188, Trautmann 27.

Meaning: naked Note:

osoRoot / lemma: b oso-s

From Root / lemma: b - : b - : `to warm, fry, *bath' derived Root / lemma: b oso-s : oso`naked'. Material:
h h h

Old Icelandic berr `naked, bare'; Lithuanian bsas, Latvian bass, Old Church Slavic bos ` barefoot '; Armenian bok ` barefoot ' (*b oso-go-).
h

Old High German bar `naked, bare' (*baza-), Modern High German bar, Old English br,

Maybe alb. Geg (*b as-) zbath- `barefoot', mbath `wear shoes' [common alb. -s > -th shift] : Latvian bass ` barefoot '. As gr. - probably to b es- `abrade, scrape ' (and ` grind '), also originally from
h h

barren, (naked) sharp places, compare Kretschmer KZ. 31, 414. Page(s): 163 References: WP. II 189, Meillet Esquisse 38, Trautmann 28.

Meaning: victory

oud Root / lemma: b ou ih h h h h

gain', buddig ` victorious ' (*b oud ko-) = Old Irish badach ds.; Old Germanic GN Baudihillia ` victory fighter '. Page(s): Page(s): 163 References: WP. II 186, Gutenbrunner Germanic Gttern. 43.
h h

Material: Old Irish baid n. `victory', abrit. FN Boudicca ` the victorious ', cymr. budd `profit,

oukos Root / lemma: b oukos

Meaning: a kind of buzzing insect ds.

Material: Latin fcus, - m. ` a drone bee ' = Old English baw m. `gadfly, brake', ndd. bau References: WP. II 184, WH. I 555 f.

Page(s): 163

Meaning: lowland, swamp

ghgh Root / lemma: b gh- or b ghh

bagno ds.

mud '; russ. bagn `low, marshy place', Czech bahno `swamp, marsh, morass', poln.

Material: Mnl. bagger m. `slime, mud', out of it Modern High German baggern ` drain the

Page(s): 161

References: WP. II 187, Petersson Heterokl. 123 f.

Meaning: to fear, * keep away

iRoot / lemma: b i- : b i- : b - (b ii-) (*b eiH- > b oiH(d )-so-)

h h h h h h h

Material: Old Indic bhyat `be afraid ' (from *b ietai = Slavic bojet), Avestan bayente, Old Indic bibhti ` be afraid ', sek. to initial Perf. m. Prsensbed. bibhya `I am in fear'

byente `they are in fear', Middle Persian bsnd ` they are in fear ' (Proto-Iranian *bai-sk-); (bibhyt, bibhtana, abibht, participle bibhvn = Avestan biwiv ` were afraid '); Old Indic

bhiyn- ` were afraid '; bh- f., bhti- f. (: Latvian Inf. btis) `fear', bhm- `dreadful', bht- ` were afraid, horrified ', bhr- `timorous, shy, coward' (if r = Indo Germanic l,
h

with Indo Germanic simplification of i to before consonant here Old Indic bhma- perhaps `fierceness, fury', bhmit- `fierce, grim'. Gr. , m. `ape' (from * `ugly', zero grade *b id -). Maybe taboo word alb. pidhi ` vagina '. Latin foedus (*b oid os) ` foul, filthy, horrible, disgusting '.
h h h h

changing through ablaut with Lithuanian bil, bails); npers. bk `fear' (from *b yaka-);

one from the Perfect form developed grade *in .

h

is probably only after to the other coexistence from -n- and -n- secondary verb besides Balto Slavic originally present *b i-, preterit-stem *b ii-, Inf. *b ti; Old Prussian
h h

and bifra (these in ending directed after *titrn `tremble') to Proto German *iai-mi; *in

Old High German bibn, Old Saxon bibn, Old English beofian, Old Icelandic bifa, -aa

Lithuanian baijs `dreadful, terrible, hideous'; baida, -ti `frighten', Latvian badu, badt and bidt `daunt, scare'; Maybe alb. Geg mbajt `be afraid', nuk ma mban `I am afraid'. in addition Lithuanian bais `fright' (*baid-s-), baiss `terrible, horrid', baisiti `smudge, (bailus `timorous'). besmear' (and Old Church Slavic bs `devil', *bd-s); Lithuanian baim `fear'; bil ds. Old Church Slavic (*b oiH-eh -tei) boj, bojati s `be afraid'. afraidd', Avestan Perf. biwivha (i.e. biwyha) ` stimulated fright, was dreadful'; Old Further formation *b ii-es-, *b s- in Old Indic bhysat ` be afraid ', udbhysa- `be sesh h 2 h

reflexive) `be afraid', Latvian bstus, bijus, btis and bijjus, bijtis `be afraid';

bitwei `fear, dread', kausat. pobaiint `punish, curse'; Lithuanian bijas, bijtis (also not

Indic bhayat `frightens', bhaa- `causing fright';

to a Germanic*bs-, *bz- ` storm ahead jumpily '; compare Wimann Nom. postverb. 78. Page(s): 161-162
11

Old High German bsa `north-east wind', bisn ` run around madly ', br `boar' etc lead under Biese.

References: WP. II 124 f., 186, WH. I 522 f., Trautmann 24, Kluge

ragRoot / lemma: b rag- (better b r-g-) Meaning: to smell, scent Material: Latin fragr, -re `to emit a smell, esp. a sweet smell', denominative *b rg-ro-s `
h h h h h

mnl. bracke ` beagle, sleuth, harrier, track hound' (out of it Italian bracco etc), in addition i); also anything for root b r, above S. 133.
h

smelling '; Old High German bracko (Modern High German Bracke), Middle Low German

Middle Latin barm-braccus `lap dog'; compare Middle High German brhen `smell' (*brIt remains remote gall. brca ` trouser '; see below b re-1 `break, rupture'.

Page(s): 163

Meaning: brother

terRoot / lemma: b r-ter- (*sue-loud -ter- ` member of clan, brother ') -terterRoot / lemma: b r-ter- (*sue-loud -ter- ` member of clan, brother '): brother, derived -ter: leud lemma: leu -1 (*leugh-): to grow up; people; free]. :
h h h h h

from Root / lemma: b r-ter- (*sue-loud -ter- ` member of clan, brother '): brother [Root / ter-ter: Root

kinsman, relative'; Armenian ebair, Gen. ebaur ds.; (*b rtr, *b rtrs);
h h h

Material: Old Indic bhrtar-, Avestan Old pers. brtar- `brother'; osset. rvd `brother, Maybe truncated gr. `free man' : (*sue-loud ` member of clan, brother ') vla ` brother ' : osset. rvd (*alvad) : Armenian ebair (*elvair), Gen. ebaur `brother, kinsman, relative' : Etruscan (*ruvad) ruva `brother' from Eurasiatic: *arV Meaning: member of the clan Uralic: *arV (*arwa) Number: 1745 Proto: *arV (*arwa) > Nostratic:

English meaning: relative on mother's side; (younger) brother of mother

Khanty (Ostyak): oi (V Vj.), orti (O), wrt (Kaz.) ' Nephew, son of the brother (od. of the

sister), younger brother of the mother etc. ', oisakn (Vj.) ' Mother's brother and child of his older sister together ', oisat ' Mother's brother and children of his older sister together ', iti (Vj.), t (Trj.), r`ne (Kaz.) ' Daughter of the older sister (father), daughter of the older brother of the man etc. ', ar`s (O) ' Child of the older sister, child of the sister of the fathers', rtwe (Kaz.) ' Man of the daughter of the older sister etc. '

Mansi (Vogul): or (LM), r (N) ' related to the mother's side ', or ' relatives on a parent line, ancestors on mother ', jnor r-nor (K) ' parental disappointment ' Hungarian: ara ' Bride; (altung.) brother of the mother od. of the sister; daughter-in-law '

11

References: WP. II 192, WH. I 540, Kluge

under Bracke.

Maybe

Illyrian bra `brother! (vocative)' > alb. bre `brother! (vocative)' maybe Kurdish bira `brother' : turk. birader `brother'. New Phrygian ` brother '; mys.-Phrygian braterais = ?, gr.

brotherhood)';

(Ionian) Hes., Attic , `member of a (family, fraternity, Venetic vhraterei ` brother '; Maybe alb. Tosc v()lla `brother' intervocalic (--) [influenced by Latin order consonant + vowel + consonant], older alb. Geg vlla ` brother', (*vhraterei) vllazri `member of a (family, fraternity, brotherhood)'; Late Latin frtruis s. WH. I 542);

Latin frter `brother', Oscan fratrm, Umbrian fratrum, fratrom ` brothers ' etc around Old Irish brth(a)ir `brother, member of a big family', cymr. sg. brawd, brodyr, acorn.

broder, Middle Breton breuzr, nbret. breur, Pl. breudeur ds.; `brother';

Gothic brar, Old Icelandic brir, Old High German bruoder, Old English bror Short forms in addition Old High German MN Buobo, Middle High German buobe `boy',

Old English MN Bfa, Bja (> engl. boy), Norwegian dial. boa `brother' etc; further Old
11

High German MN Buole, Middle High German buole `kinsman, relative, lover ', Middle Low German ble `kinsman, relative, brother' etc (see Kluge under Bube, Buhle); Old

Latvian b(r)lis ` baby brother ', brtartis ` dear brother!'; btja, bka `father, priest'.

Prussian brti (Vok. brote) `brother', Lithuanian broterlis, short form brois, batis, brlis,

Old Church Slavic bratr, brat `brother', short form serb. baa, ch. bt'a ds., russ. Also alb. Geg bac `father, leader' : serb. baa `father, priest'. Indic bhrtrya-m : gr. , Old Church Slavic bratrja, bratja ds., Latin frtria `wife, woman of brothers'. Tocharian A pracar (Dual pratri), procer. compare noch Old Indic bhrtr-m ` brotherhood '; gr. , jon. ds.; Old

Risch Mus. Helv. 1, 118. Page(s): 163-164

h

References: WP. II 193, WH. I 541 f., 866, Specht KZ 62, 249, Fraenkel REtIE 2, 6 f.,

Meaning: to wade, wander

red(h?)Root / lemma: b red(h?)-

Material: Thrak. PN B; Ligurian VN Brodionti; compare gall. FlN Bredanna, French La Brenne, (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), PN B (Bayern). Alb. breth, Aor. brodha ` wander, roam '. brast, brastv `ford (miry)', brad `slime, mud', brdas m. `fishing' (= Slavic brod), with Lithuanian bred (East Lithuanian brend), brida, brsti `wade', Iter. brada, -ti `wade',

sek. ablaut brdis m. ` wading, way in the water ', Iter. braida, -ti ` wade around

Lithuanian bird `wet ordure', Old Prussian Birdaw, sea name.

time'; Old Prussian Chucunbrast ` through the devil's way '; zero grade ir = *r noch in

bradt `wade; tread with feet; speak foolishly ', braslis m. `ford', brdis m. ` while, short

continuously '; Latvian brenu (Dialectal bredu = East Lithuanian brend), bridu, brist, Iter.

will wade ', poln. brnc `wade' from *brdnti), russ. bred, brest ` go slowly, fish with the

neprbrdom ` not wading through water ', Aor. pribrde, compare Old Czech pbrde `

Russ.-Church Slavic bredu, bresti ` wade through a ford ' (zero grade present *brd in

train net ', brdit ` chat nonsense, fantasize', bred, bredna ` willow ' (`standing there often russ. brodt ` go slowly, slink, wander around; ferment, seethe', Serbo-Croatian brditi

in the water '), r.-Church Slavic, russ. (etc) brod `ford', iter. r.-Church Slavic broditi `wade',

`wade'.

References: WP. II 201 f., Trautmann 37, Mhlenbach-Endzelin 332 f. Page(s): 164

reRoot / lemma: b re-1 Meaning: to break Material: Old Indic giri-bhrj- ` bursting out from the mountains '; Latin frang, -ere, frgi (: Gothic *brkum), frctum ` break in pieces, dash to pieces,
h

vote, franchise; in gen. judgment; approval, support'; suffrgins f. ` the hollows of the

(after frctus etc): suffrgium ` a voting tablet, a vote, noisy applause, approval; the right to

), fragor m. ` a breaking; a crashing, a noise of breaking, crack, crash, noise, din '; with

shiver, shatter, fracture ', fragilis ` frail, breakable, easily broken, brittle, fragile ' etc (*b r ge h

knee (suffragines, are so called because they are broken underneath = subtus franguntur, that is, they bend downwards and not upwards like the arm) ', actually `bend, kink '; Middle Irish braigid ` farts ', verbal noun braimm, cymr. corn. bram m. `breaking wind,

fart', Middle Irish t-air-brech `crash, blast'; but gall. brca `breeches' (compare English loanword

Hes.) is Germanic loanword, Old Irish brc ` trouser ' is Old

Maybe alb. brek `underwear' = gall. brca `breeches'; `break, rupture' (Latin frgimus = Gothic *brkum, Modern High German brachen), ablaut. Gothic brakja ` wrestling match '; lengthened grade Middle High German brache f. ` breaking in the ground, unbroken recumbent unsowed land after the harvest ', Old English -brcian `press in', Old High German prahhen, brahhen, Middle High German braechen,
e h

Gothic brikan, Old Saxon brekan, Old English brecan, Old High German brehhan

gemination Old High German brocco ` broken ', Modern High German Brocken;
h

German bruh `break, cracked '; Old English brocian `press', broc ` woefulness '; with here perhaps Norwegian brake m. ` juniper ' (as brisk ds. to b res- `break, crack, res-

f. `piece, fragment, gobbet ' (*b r g-) == Old English bryce m. ` the break, lump ', Old High

Modern High German prgen (*brkjan), Causative to brechen; zero grade Gothic gabruka

cracking '), Middle High German brake m. f. `twig, branch', engl. brake ` brushwood, thorn `shrubbery, bush'; bushes, fern ', ablaut. Norwegian burkne m. ` fern ', compare also Norwegian bruk n.

Middle High German Old Saxon braht `din, fuss, noise, clamor', with changed meaning brahtum `din, fuss, noise, clamorous mass'; Modern High German Pracht; Old English breahtm m. `argument, quarrel', Old Saxon

`row, din, fuss, noise', Middle High German Old English brach m. ds., Old High German

rupture'; with the meaning `din, fuss, noise' here Old Icelandic braka `crack, creak', brak n.

a nasal. form in Norwegian dial. brank n. ` affliction , defect', branka ` injure, break,

bruoh, Modern High German Bruch ds., Swiss bruech ` pubic region '; geminated Old English etc braccas ` britches '; Latvian brakkt, brakstt ds.
h

ds., Old Icelandic brk, Pl. brkr `thigh, trouser', Old English brc, Old High German

Germanic *brk- `rump', newer `trouser' in Old English brc Pl. ` buttocks ', engl. breech

here (rather to b res-) belong Lithuanian brak, brakti `crack, creak' (*b r -sk),
e h

from ', Old Icelandic branga `damage'.

A parallel root *b re(n)gh- seeks Wood (KZ. 45, 61) in Old Indic brhti `wrenches, tears Old Indic brgala-m `piece, gobbet, lump ' is not Indo Germanic (Kuiper Proto-Munda 49).
h

References: WP. II 200, WH. I 113 f, 539 f., 541, Feist 104 ff., 176, Wimann Nom. postverb. 11, 58, 123, 181. Page(s): 165

reRoot / lemma: b re-2 Meaning: to stick (?) Note: extension from b er- ` stand up, edge, bristle' etc, seeks Persson Beitr. 22 f. A. 2 in: erh h h h

Material: Old Indic bhraj- `stiffness (of the member), rigor(?)'; isl. Norwegian brok `stiff German borke,

grass, grass bristles '; quite dubious also in Old Icelandic brkr (*b oru-s), Middle Low

Modern High German (actually ndd.) Borke `rough, outer bark' (from the rough angularity? Similar is gr. `hard, rough skin, esp. pig's skin ' to un extension to place root b er-). stick up high, to show off, shine', brik `a tall woman keeping her head high ', briken `fresh, An analoge g-extension from of a i-basis b rei- could at most exist in Norwegian brikja ` reih h

pleasure, joy' (Wood KZ. 45, 66), if not perhaps `shine, shine out' is the basis of this meaning.
h

agile, lively; showy, gleaming, pleasant', brikna `glory, magnificence, lustre, shine,

acme, apex ' (*b rko-). scare'.

h

` stare up; shiver (*flicker?)' common gr.-Illyrian -ks- > -ss-; cymr. bret. brig ` Maybe alb. (*, ) frik ` shuddering, fear', older (*) friksoj `make shiver, References: WP. II 201.

A b ri-k- presumably in gr. , - ` shuddering, quiver, stare', , -, ri-

Page(s): 166

Meaning: to swell, sprout

rend Root / lemma: b ren h

bebarnatar 3 Pl. preterit, with to-ess- : do-n-eprinn ` gushes forth ', Middle Irish to-oss- :

Material: Old Irish probably in brenn- (*b rend -u-) `spring up, bubble, effervesce', e.g.
h h

Note: Note: Only for Celtic to cover Tocharian and Balto-Slavic

toiprinnit ` interior flow, flow into ', Kaus. Middle Irish bruinnid ` allows to gush forth, 461;

streams out ' etc; (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), compare also Thurneysen Grammar Maybe alb. brenda, prbrenda `inside, inward, (*inward inflow)'. Lithuanian brstu, brndau, brsti `swell, ripen', participle brnds `ripening', brstu,

';

Old Prussian pobrendints ` weighted ', sen brendekermnen `pregnant', i.e. ` with body fruit Slavic *brd in Old Czech ja-badek, apoln. ja-brzd `twig, branch of grapevine '
h

grainy '; Latvian bristu, briu, brist `gush, well up, to swell, ripen', brus `thick, strong';

brndau, brsti `gush, well up (e.g. from peas)', brand ` ripeness, rich harvest ', brands `

(besides one verschied. Slavic *brd in kaub. bod ` fruit-tree '); relationship to b er(b ren-) `overhang, protrude ' is absolutely agreeable;
h

Tocharian A pratsak, B pratsk- `breast'. References: WP. II 205, Trautmann 35 f., Van Windekens Lexique 99. Page(s): 167-168
h h

Root renk- ronkRoot / lemma: b renk-, b ronkMeaning: to bring Material: Cymr. he-brwng `bring, glide, slide, guide, lead' (*sem-bronk-), hebryngiad
h

`guide, leader', acorn. hebrenchiat `leader', mcorn. hem-bronk `will guide, lead', hem-

brynkys, hom-bronkys `guided', Middle Breton ham-brouc, nbr. am-brouk `guide, lead'; brengian), Old English bringan and breng(e)an preterit brhte (from *branhta) `bring'; Tocharian B prak-, AB prnk- `depart'. 198. Angebl. contaminated from root b er- and enek-; finally E. Fraenkel KZ. 58, 286 f.; 63,
1 h

Gothic briggan, brhta, Old High German bringan, brhta, also Old Saxon (wo also

Maybe alb. geg me pru, aor. prura `to bring' References: WP. II 204, Lewis-Pedersen 40, Feist 105, Van Windekens Lexique 99. Page(s): 168

re( Root / lemma: b re(n)k-

Meaning: to err

bhraa- `fall, loss', but in RV. only from nasal basis bhryan (Kaus.), m bhraat

Material: Old Indic bhrate, bhrayate ` falls, overthrows ', participle bhra-,

(*b renk) is the half meaning not so certain to compare with Old Indic bhras-, that it would decide the latter sense. Kuiper (Nasalpras. 141 f.) builds *b rek-mi next to *b re-n-k; nevertheless, his
h h h

further grown exuberantly nasalization? or old double forms? Old Irish brc `lie, falsity'

(Aor.), ni-bhra- ` not succumbing '; also bhraa- with originally only present, then

etymological comparisons are not persuasive. reSee also: To b re-1?

h

References: WP. II 204.

Page(s): 168

bhren-toRoot / lemma: bhren-to-s Material:

Meaning: herdsman, *wanderer, horn Messapic (from *) `' Hes., `deer head' Hes., brunda ds., ; Venetic FlN Brinta `Brenta'; still today in Italian mountain names and plant names (Bertoldi IF. 52, 206 f.); compare in addition alb. br, brni `horn, antler' (*b r-no-), Plur. Geg brena; raetorom.
h

short form (besides Brenda) to PN Brundisium, older `Brindisi', Illyrian VN

brenta ` pannier '; Note:

maybe alb. brinj `rib, bone' Clearly alb. is an Illyrian Dialect; alb. bredh `wander' suggests that there is a link between *wanderer'.
h h

red(h)ren-toRoot / lemma: b red(h)- : `to wade, wander' and Root / lemma: b ren-to-s : `herdsman,

ablaut. Norwegian brund `baby male reindeer ' (*b rnts);

h

New Swedish dial. brind(e), Norwegian (with g from d) bringe `male elk ' (*b rents),
h

Germanic loanword? Note:

*b rendis, must be the origin of Lithuanian bredis, Old Prussian braydis m. `elk'; if
h

Latvian bridis ` deer, deer stag ', whether from of a Indo Germanic additional form

Baltic lang. were created before Slavic lang. hence the vocabulary shared by Baltic and alb. is of Illyrian origin.
h

Perhaps to b ren- `overhang, edge'; different Specht Dekl. 120. renReferences: WP. II 205, WH. I 116 f., 551, 852, A. Mayer KZ 66, 79 ff., Krahe Festgabe Bulle 191 f. Page(s): 168-169 renRoot / lemma: b renNote: as b er- ds. erh h

Meaning: to stick out; edge

(common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

Material: Ir. braine ` front part of the ship; guide, leader; edge, border', corn. brenniat ds. With formants t: Latin frns, -tis m., new f. ` the forehead, brow, front '; Old Icelandic
h h h h

brandr ` sword ' (*b ron-t-); in wider meaning `stick, board; sword' against it probably from *b rond o- to b erd - `cut, clip'.
h

brudin `ridge of the roof'.

h

With formants d: Old English brant, Old Icelandic brattr `high, sharp' (*b rondos), Latvian
h

Icelandic bringa `breast, thorax, breastbone of birds', nisl. bringr `small hill'; maybe alb. (*b ren) brinj `rib, chest bone, hillside' Note:
h

b ren-q-: Germanic *branha- in Old Swedish br-, New Swedish br- `sharp' in PN; Old ren-

Alb. proves that from Root / lemma: b ren-to-s : `herdsman, *wanderer, *horn' derived from ren-toan extended Root / lemma: b ren- : `to stick out; edge'. renh

Lithuanian brank `the swelling', brankti, branksti ` jut out stiffly (of bones, laths)'; bulge, swell' etc.
h

ablaut. brnkstu, brnkti `to swell'; Slavic *brkn, *brknti in russ. nabrjknut `to bloat, b ren-g- perhaps in Old Icelandic brekka (*brinkn) ` steep hill', Old Danish brink, brank ` ren-

brink `edge of a field, field margin, meadow', Middle Dutch brinc, Modern Dutch brink `edge, grass strip, border of grass, grass field '.

upright ', Middle English nengl. brink `edge, border, bank, shore', Middle Low German

Page(s): 167

References: WP. II 203 f., WH. I 551, Trautmann 36.

Meaning: to break q-;

resRoot / lemma: b resh h h

Material: Middle Irish brosc, broscar m. `din, fuss, noise'; compare also blosc under b losOld High German brestan `break, crack, break, rupture', unpers. `lack, defect ', Old

disability, defect ',

English berstan ds., Old Icelandic bersta `break, crack, creak'; Old High German brest(o) `

brag, boast'; without -t- Norwegian bras n. `clatter, brushwood '; boast';

byrst m. `damage'; Old High German brastn ` crackle ', Old Icelandic brasta `rant, roister, with -k-: Norwegian brisk ` juniper '; Middle High German braschen `crack, creak, cry, brag, Lithuanian brakti etc, see below b re-1. Page(s): 169 References: WP. I 206.
h

Modern High German Gebresten; Old High German brust `break, defect ', Old English

Meaning: to strike; to throw Anm.

reu- Root / lemma: b reu-k- (-k-)

h

Note: only Balto-Slavic, probably extension from b ru-1. For -k- compare above S. 18

Material: Lithuanian brauki braukia brakti `whisk, stroke; move slowly '; Latvian brucu ablaut. Lithuanian bruk bruka brkti ` wave flax, wedge ', Latvian brukt ` crumble ', Iterat. Lithuanian braukti, Latvian bract `stroke' (with unoriginal intonation) and brkn, brukns f., Latvian brklene f. ` cranberry '; brucint `abrade, stroke the scythe'; bruu brukt `move';

Lithuanian brkis m. `stripe, line', Latvian brce f. ` scratch, scar', in addition Lithuanian Slavic *bru *brusiti (originally iterative) in Bulgarian brsja (brusich) `shake off, get rid

of, beat off, chop, cut, reject', Serbo-Croatian brsim brsiti `whet', Czech brousiti ds., in

addition Old Church Slavic ubrus ` veronica (the impression of the face of Jesus believed

by some to be miraculously made on a head - cloth with which St Veronica wiped his face as he went to his crucifixion; the cloth used for this) ', Serbo-Croatian brs (Gen. brsa), russ. brus (Gen. brsa; mostly brusk) `grindstone, whetstone'; russ. etc brusnka ` cranberry ' (`lightly strippable '); ablaut. r.-Church Slavic brsnuti `scrape, shave', russ.

', brysalo `a painter's brush or pencil; style '.

Bulgarian br `rub off'. With the iterative grade: Old Church Slavic s-brysati ` scrape Perhaps here Serbo-Croatian-Church Slavic brut `nail', Bulgarian brut ds. as *brukt,

brost (dial. brokt), brsit `throw', brsnut `peel flax', bros `offal' etc in ablaut to

cleaning the flax'.

compare to meaning Lithuanian brkti ` put by force ', to form Latvian braukts `knife for

Maybe alb. (*breuks) pres `cut, peel', mpreh `whet, sharpen', mbreh `harness, yoke, put by force ' [common alb. p- > mp-, b- > mb- shift], mbres `bruise, beat'. Perhaps here the Illyrian VN Breuci, PN Breucus and the gall. PN B-, today

Brumath (Alsace); in addition places Krahe (Gl. 17, 159) Illyrian VN : Breones (from *Breuones). Note:

Illyrian VN : Breones (from *Breuones) evolved according to alb. phonetic laws -t > -nt > -n hence *Breuones < *Breuontes. But only alb. displays the common -k > -th, -t shift Illyrian Both alb. and older Illyrian display centum and satem characteristics. alb. phonetic laws -g > -th as alb. (mag-) math `big'. found in Illyrian VN Breuci : Illyrian VN (from *Breuones), hence alb. is a dialect of Finally gall. PN B-, today Brumath (Alsace); has evolved according to Illyrian About russ. brykt `kick, reject' etc s. Berneker 93. References: WP. II 197, Trautmann 36 f., Pokorny Urillyrier 119. Page(s): Page(s): 170

reuRoot / lemma: b reu-s-1 Meaning: to swell Note: (compare above b reu-)

h h

Material: Old Irish br f., Gen. bronn `belly, body' (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), (*b rusOld Irish bruinne `breast' (*b rusnio-), acymr. ncymr. bronn f. `breast', bret. bronn, bron ds.
h

[n]: -n-os), brach ` big-bellied ' (*bruskos), cymr. bru m. ` venter, uterus ' (*b reuso-);
h

(from Celtic derives Gothic brunj f. `(breast)-armor', Old High German brunja, brunna ` coat of mail ');

(*b rusn) in place names also `round hill', mcymr. brynn, ncymr. bryn m. (*b rusnio-) `hill'
h h

Maybe alb. (*bryn) brinj `rib, side' : alb. Geg (*bryn) brini, Pl. brina, alb. Tosc brir ` horn' : Gothic brunj f. `(breast)-armor'.
h h

wide breast' (from b reus-to- = Old Saxon briost).

Old Irish brollach `bosom' (*b rus-lo- with formants-ko-); Middle Irish brasach `with large, Middle High German briustern `swell up', Old Icelandic -brystur f. Pl. ` beestings ' (also
h

broddr ds. from *bruz-da-z), Swiss briescht ds. (besides briesch ds. from *b reus-ko-); Old Saxon briost N. Pl., Old English brost, Old Icelandic brist `breast', zero grade Gothic

cows', schwb. Brste, Bavarian Brsel, Briesel, Bries ds., Danish brissel, Swedish kalfbrss, with k-suffix Danish bryske, engl. brisket ` breast of the animals '.

(Slavic *brst `bud'), Modern High German Brs-chen (from md.) `mammary gland of

brusts f. Pl., Old High German brust, Modern High German Brust; Old Saxon brustian `bud'

Brausche `swelling, blister', Modern High German dial. brausche, brauschig ` swollen; of style, turgid, bombastic, torose ', brauschen `swell up'. Russ. brjcho `lower abdomen, belly, paunch', dial. brjchnut ` yield, gush, well up, to
h

Old Icelandic brisk `gristle', Middle High German brsche, Modern High German

s, -m);

bloat, bulge, swell', Czech alt. buch, bucho, nowadays bich, bicho `belly' etc (*b reusohere also klr. brost' f. dial. brost m. `bud', Bulgarian brs(t) m. ` young sprouts', Serbohere klr. brost ' f. dial. brost m. ` bud ', Bulgarian Brs (t) m. ` younger shoots ', Serbo-

Croatian brst m. ds., brstina `foliage, leaves'. Croatian br ^ st m. ds., brstina ` foliage '. Page(s): 170-171
h

References: WP. II 197 f., Feist 107 f., 108 f.

reuRoot / lemma: b reu-s-2 Meaning: to break Note: extension from b ru-1.

h

Material: Alb. breshn, breshr `hail', if actually `granule, mica' (e = Indo Germanic eu); Latin frustum ` a bit, piece, morsel, gobbet ' (from *b rus-to-);
h

brile `piece, fragment', bruan ds., bruar `fragment, broken piece', brosna (*brus-tonio-) ` faggot, brushwood bundle ', gall. *bruski ` undergrowth, brushwood ', Old French broce
h

Old Irish bru `shatter, smash' (*b rsi, gall. brus-, French bruiser), Middle Irish brire,
h

ds., Middle Irish brusc `tiny bit' etc; Old Irish bronnaim `damage' (common Celtic -ns-, -nt> -nn-), (*b rusnmi) (subjunctive robria from *bris- `break, rupture' borrows, see below Middle Breton brusun `tiny bit' (*brous-t-);
h h

b ri-); mcymr. breu, ncymr. brau ` frail, easily broken ', mcorn. brew ` broken ' (*b ruso-); riOld English briesan (*brausjan), brysan (*brsjan) `break, rupture trans., shatter', engl.

bruise `injure', probably also Old High German brsma, Middle High German brsem, brseme, brsme `bit, flake, crumb'; Old English brosnian ` molder '. Page(s): 171 References: WP. II 198 f., WH. I 553.

reusRoot / lemma: b reus-3, b rsh h

Meaning: to boil; to sound, etc.

have helped (similarly akr. brjm, brjiti `buzz, hum from an swarm of bees', Berneker 89). Material: Middle High German brsen `boom, blaster, roar', brs `the boom', ndd. brsen (from plants); sprinkle, besprinkle ' (compare Modern High German Brause) (out of it `boom, blaster, simmer, seethe, boil; be hasty (from people); spread out, grow new shoot

reuNote: esp. in Germanic words; perhaps to b reu-s-1; also a new onomatopoeic word could
h

', Old Swedish brsa ` storm ahead ', Norwegian Dialectal brsa ` storm gust ', Old

blaster', ndd. brsken ds., Middle High German brsche ` douche, shower, spray, sprinkler Icelandic brusi `he-goat, billy goat ', isl. bruskr ` tussock, besom ', engl. brush `bristle

Danish bruse ds.), Dutch bruisen, previous bruischen `foam, froth, bubble, roar, boom,

brausta, brusta ` make room, rush out forcefully '; Swedish bruska `rustle, rant, roister'.

English bruschen, engl. to brush `comb with a brush', Norwegian dial. brauska, bruska and With Germanic *bruska-z ` brushwood ', *bruskan ` crackle, rustle ' (-sk- could be Indo

brush, paintbrush, brush, tail (of foxes)', brushwood `shrubbery, bush, shrubbery ', Middle

Germanic zg) one compares the Balto-Slavic groups Lithuanian brzgai Pl. ` brushwood ', briauzg ` babbler ', bruzg, -ti `rustle', russ. brjuzgju, -t `mumble, murmur', brjut `drone, grumble, murmur, growl ' etc; yet are the verb perhaps are only Balto-Slavic onomatopoeic word formation. Because of the Germanic meaning `spray' is perhaps on the other hand to be compared with russ. brzgaju, -at `spray, sprinkle, bubble ' etc. References: WP. II 199 f., Trautmann 38.

Page(s): 171-172 reu- reuRoot / lemma: b reu-, b reu-dh h h

Meaning: to swell, sprout

probably on a participle *b rts ` sprouted out'; Old Irish broth `awn, hair'; here d-present: broz `bud, sprout '. Middle High German briezen, brz `bud, swell', Old High German Middle High German
h

Material: Material: Latin frutex, -icis m. ` a shrub, bush; as a term of reproach, blockhead ' based on

See also: compare b reu-s-1 `to swell', b rughno- `twig, branch'. Page(s): 169
h h

References: WP. II 195, WH. I 554.

Meaning: to pierce, cut with smth. sharp Note: extension from b er-.
h

riRoot / lemma: b ri-, b rh

Material: Old Indic bhrnti `be hurt' (Pf. bibhrya Dhtup.), Avestan pairibrnnti ` be cut all around ', brir-taa- ` dashing sharply ', Middle Persian brn ` determined, fixed'. Thrak. (?) `barber'. (from *fri-co-s `rubbing, scraping'), refrva faba ` ground bean', frvolus (from *fr-vo-s ` Latin fri, -re `rub, grind, crumb, spall, crumble', fric, -re `to rub, rub down, rub off'

Maybe alb. Geg pre- ` pierce, cut'

triturated '), ` breakable, trifling, worthless; n. pl. as subst. sticks of furniture '. Maybe alb. (**frico-) frkonj `rub' possible Latin loanword.

With frvolus to be compared cymr. briw `broke; wound'; briwo `break, rupture, injure'; *briscre ` curdle, coagulate, harden ', Swiss bretschi ds. (Wartburg), Old Irish brissid with s-extension here gall.-Latin brsre ` break, shatter ', French briser etc gallorom.

breissem ds., Old Irish PN Bres-(u)al (*bristo-ualos), corn. Middle Breton bresel `fight', formation under b reus-2.
h

`breaks' (from participle Pert. *bristo-), Middle Irish bress f. `din, fuss, noise, fight, struggle', bret. bresa `quarrel', Middle Irish brise `frail, breakable', br. bresk ds.; compare the parallel Hereupon probably also cymr. brwydr `fight, struggle', Old Irish briathar `word,
h

*argument' as *b rei-tr ` quarrel, argument ' (to cymr. brwyd `torn, perforates '), compare

2.

Lithuanian brti `scold, chide', refl. `be quarrelsome', Old Church Slavic brati `fight', s. b erMaybe alb. Geg brit, Tosc brtas `to scold, chide, quarrel, yell' : Lithuanian brti `scold, chide'. Here presumably Middle Dutch brne, Modern Dutch brijn, Middle English brne,
h

nengl. brine ` salted water, salt brine ' (from the sharp taste like partly Slavic brid). Maybe alb. brinj ` rib', alb. Geg brini, Tosc briri ` sharp horn '.

brselije, brsel `shard' (proto Slavic. also probably* brsel) as *b ri-d-selo-. Maybe alb. brisk `razor' a Slavic loanword.
h

Croatian bridak `sharp, sour'; Old Church Slavic brselije `shards', russ.-Church Slavic

`razor'; Old Church Slavic brid ` ', russ.-Dialectal bridkj `sharp, cold', Serbo-

Old Church Slavic britva `razor', russ.-Church Slavic briju, briti `shave, shear', bri

parallel g-extension the einf. root b er- in Latvian beriu, berzu, bert `rub, scour, clean' and gr. s. and auf a k-extension *b rei-k- traceable gr. reis.; brti not better with Indo Germanic b- to Old English prica `point', Middle Low German pricken, Middle High German pfrecken `prick' etc, besides that with other root tease, irritate' etc (about age and origin Germanic words nothing is certain).
h h

-ti ds., and Old Icelandic brk f. `board, low wooden wall, low bar'; compare with *b rei-h

rei-extension b rei-- presumably in Lithuanian briu, brti `scratch, scrape', Iter. brai-,
h

auslaut Norwegian Dialectal prisa `prick, stir, tease, irritate', preima, preina `banter, stir, References: WP. II 194 f., WH. 116, 549, Vendryes RC 29, 206.

Page(s): 166-167
h

Root / lemma: b ru-1, b rMeaning: to pierce, break

h

Material: Old Indic bhr-m `embryo' (named after the burst caul); `frail, breakable' (*b rou-tio-), Old Icelandic broma `piece, fragment' (*b rumn); a t-present
h h

Note: extension from b er-

Middle High German briune, brne `lower abdomen, vulva'; Old High German brdi

in Old English breoan `break, rupture'; probably d- present based on Germanic family of felled trees, barrier ', braut f. `way, alley' (compare Modern High German Bahn brechen,

Old English brotan `break, rupture', Old Icelandic brita `break, rupture', broti m. ` heap of

French route from rupta), breyta (*brautjan) ` alter, change, modify ', breyskr `frail,

breakable, brittle '; Old High German bruz, bruzz ` fragileness '; Old Icelandic brytia = Old coulter, pre-pruner, i.e. the most distinguished of the farmhands; kind of estate manager, land agent ' = agsl. brytta m. ` dispenser, distributer '. To Germanic *reutan perhaps also Old Irish fris-brudi ` reject '. entrails' (basic meaning ` scrapings ', compare Slavic brsnti `scrape, stripe ' under b reuCzech br-n-ka (*b run-) ` placenta, afterbirth '.
h

English bryttian `divide, share, allot, distribute'; Old Icelandic bryti m. ` colter, plough

Latvian brana, braa `scurf, dandruff, flake, scale, abandoned skin or shell, caul,

k-);

References: WP. II 195 f., W. Schulze KZ. 50, 259 = Kl. Schr. 216. Page(s): 169 See also: S. the extension b reu-k-, b reu-s-2.
h h

rurRoot / lemma: b ru-2, b rMeaning: edge Note: The group is extended from b er- `stand up; edge'.
h h h

Material: Old Irish br `edge, bank, border, shore', bruach ds. (*br-ko-); High German brn `sharp' (from weapons). Old Icelandic brn `edge', whereof bryna `whet', bryni `whetstone'; Old English Middle Lithuanian briaun `edge, border, cornice ' (*b run), ablaut. with Old Icelandic brn. Maybe alb. brini ` horn ', brinj ` side, rib, edge '. References: WP. II 196 f., W. Schulze KZ. 50, 259 = Kl. Schr. 216. Page(s): 170
h

Meaning: bitter

roisqo- risqo Root / lemma: b roisqo-, b risqoh h

sharp taste', poln. brzazg ` unpleasant, sharp taste; bad mood', russ. brezgt (old brzgati) ` nauseate, feel disgust '; Maybe alb. Geg (prezi-) przi ` to nauseate, feel disgust '

Material: Russ.-Church Slavic obrzgnuti, obrzgnuti ` become sauer ', Czech besk `

at first to Norwegian brisk `bitter taste', brisken `bitter, sharp'; probably to b ri- `cut, clip' Maybe alb. brisk, brisqe Pl. `sharp, bitter; razor', brisqe Pl. `razors' (as Middle Dutch brne `salt water, brine').
h

Page(s): 172

References: WP. II 206.

rugh-noRoot / lemma: b rugh-noMeaning: twig Note: perhaps in relationship to b reu- ` sprout'

h h h h

Material: Cymr. brwyn-en f. ` bulrush', acorn. brunnen gl. `juncus, bulrush', bret. broenn-

enn ds. (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), (from Proto Celtic*brugno-); Old English brogn(e) f. `twig, branch, bush', Norwegian dial. brogn(e) ` tree branch, clover stalk, raspberry bush

'.

Page(s): 174

References: WP. II 208.

rgRoot / lemma: b rgMeaning: fruit Note: perhaps oldest ` to cut off or peel off fruit for eating ' and then to *b reu- `cut, clip' q-, -k- `graze over, chip')
h h

(compare there to meaning Old Indic bhrvati `chews, consumes', also Balto Slavic *b reuMaterial: Latin frx, -gis f. `fruit' = Umbrian Akk Pl. frif, fri ` fruits ', Latin frg (Dat. *` useful,

*frgor, which has entered for *frgor ?), frniscor ` relish ' (*frg-nscor), frmentum ` corn, grain ', Oscan fruktatiuf (*frgettins) `frctus'. `fruit' [common alb. -k, -g > -th, -dh shift] Maybe alb. (*frg-) fruth `measles, breaking of the skin (disease of fruit and humans?)', frut Gothic brkjan, Old High German brhhan, Old Saxon brkan, Old English brcan

honest, discreet, moderate' =) ` fruitful ', fruor, -i, frctus and fruitus sum ` relish ' (from

`need, lack', Gothic brks, Old High German brhhi, Old English bryce `usable'. Page(s): 173 References: WP. II 208, WH. I 552 f.

rrRoot / lemma: b r-1 (* b r-1) Meaning: brow Note:

h e

rr- : Root / lemma: b r-1 (* b r-1): brow, derived from the animate suffixed -ru of Root / ru ok lemma: ok- : to see; eye. According to gr.s -k > -p, -g > -b; Note: partly with initial vowel, Indo Germanic o- or a- (full root form?); after Persson Beitr. Material:
h e h

17 lies a dark composition part *ok- `eye' (with. consonant-Assimilation) before. In e- grade:

npers. ebr, br ds. (Hbschmann IA. 10, 24); (* ebru-) In zero grade: Old Indic bhr- f., Akk. bhrv-am `brow', Avestan brvat- f. (Du.) ` brows '.
1

Maybe zero grade alb. vrenjt (*vrenk-) `frown' common alb. -kh > t. : Khotanese: brrauka-l `brow' : Sogdian: (Buddh.) r'wkh `eyebrow' (*br-k-) : Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. (')rwc [pl.tantum] `eyebrow'; San. vrc `eyebrow'. In o- grade: with gr. vocal prosthesis?); maked. ` on the brow or edge of a steep rock, gr. , - f. `brow', figurative ` raised edge, hill edge ' (after Meillet BSL 27, 129 f.

beetling ' (changed from Kretschmer Einl. 287 in F; held on from Meillet, s.Boisacq ); 733 Anm. 3, because of the otherwise stated form and because of Avestan brvat-

Serbo-Croatian-Church Slavic obrv, Serbo-Croatian brva etc `brow'. In zero grade: Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), (conservative stem, from *ruwn-). (seems a metathesis from *bruwi); Old English br, Old Icelandic brn, Pl. brynn `brow' (under the influence of common Lithuanian bruvs m. `brow', em. also brns Pl., Old Prussian wubri f. `eyelash'

Old Bulgarian brv (originally Nom. *bry, as kry : krv). birwe = bruvs. In a- grade: unclear are Middle Irish Pl. abrait (*abrant-es or *abrant) ` eyelids, brows ', likewise mbr. abrant `brow', cymr. amrant `eyelid' An e- Abl. b ru- with syllabic become r regards Trautmann KZ. 44, 223 in Lithuanian
h

In zero grade: Grammar 199), Old Irish forbru Akk. Pl. (*b rns : Akk. ), forbr Gen. Pl. ` eyebrows
h

Middle Irish brad Gen. Du., bri, bri Nom. Du. f. ` brows ' (to diphthong s. Thurneysen

vocalism and meaning deviate;

'; Specht (Dekl. 83, 162) would like to put to Latin frns ` the forehead, brow, front '; but Tocharian A prwn-, prwne (Dual) ` eyebrows ' Page(s): 172-173
h

References: WP. II 206 f., Trautmann 38.

rruRoot / lemma: b r-2, b ruMeaning: beam, bridge Material: Old Icelandic br f. `bridge'; Old Icelandic bryggia ` wharf, pier ' ndd. brgge ds.,
h

brgi (Old High German *brug) ` wood scaffolding ', brgel `wooden log', Middle High track made of beams ');

Bretterbank am Ofen ', Old English brycgian ` pave ' (originally with thrashed wood), Swiss

Old High German brucca, Old Saxon -bruggia, Old English brycg `bridge', Bavarian Bruck `

German brgel `cudgel, club', Modern High German Prgel (`bridge' is also `balk, rod; gall. brva `bridge' (*b rua); beams ' (etc, s. about Slavic forms Berneker 92). Kluge
h

Old Bulgarian brvno `balk, beam', Serbo-Croatian brv f. `balk, beam, bridge made of Unclear is the guttural in the Germanic forms: *brug- from *bruu-, or k- suffix? S.
3 11

b r-1.

under `Brcke = bridge' and Specht Dekl. 211 f., accepts the connection with

Page(s): 173

References: WP. II 207.

Root / lemma: b ud -m(e)n Meaning: bottom Note: single-linguistic in part to *b ud -mo-, partly to *b ud -no-, besides with already Indo Germanic metathesis *b und o- > *b undo- ?
h h h h h h h h h

Material: Old Indic budhn- `ground, bottom'; Avestan bn ds. (*b und no-), out of it assimilated. From proto iran. *bund as derives tscherem. punda `bottom, ground '. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 71, 333).
h h h

borrows Armenian bun ds., during Armenian an-dund-k` `abyss' from *b und - seems
h h

Gr. (*-) m. `bottom, sole, base of a vessel', m. ds. (for after Maked. PN (*b ud n), dissimil. ?

prop '. (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

profundus `deep' = Middle Irish bond, bonn m. `sole, foundation, groundwork, basis, pad,

Latin fundus, - m. ` ground; the bottom or base of anything; a farm, estate' (*b und os),
h h

Maybe alb. (*fundus), fund `bottom, end', fundos `sink ' Latin loanwords. *bom > Middle English bothem m. besides Old English botm m. > engl.bottom and Old Old High German bodam, Modern High German Boden, Old Saxon bodom, Old English

English bodan `bottom, ground',

Maybe alb. (bod-) bot ` bottom, ground, earth, world' ds., Old Icelandic bytna ` to come to the bottom ', with unclear dental change; it seems to
11

Old Norse botn `bottom', Old English byme ` bilge, floor, bottom ' besides bytme, bytne lie a basic proto Germanic *buma- , probably is to be explained analogically; compare

German Bhne, originally ` wooden floor (made from floorboards) ', angebl. from Germanic References: WP. II 190, WH. I 564 f., 867, Porzig WuS. 15, 112 ff. (against it Kretschmer Page(s): 174 Gl. 22, 116); compare also Vendryes MSL. 18, 305 ff.
11

Petersson Heterokl. 18, Sievers-Brunner 167, Kluge *bun, Indo Germanic *bud ni, s. Kluge
h

under siedeln. About Modern High

under Bhne.

ukkoRoot / lemma: b o-s, nickname b ukko-s Meaning: goat Grammatical information: (fem. In - `goat, nanny goat ')
h h

goat ';

Material: Zigeun. buzni `goat'; Avestan bza m. `he-goat', npers. buz `goat, he-goat; billy Armenian buz `lamb';

billy goat ', in addition Middle Irish boccnach `ghost, bogeyman ';

Middle Irish bocc, pocc, nir. boc, poc, cymr. bwch, corn. boch, bret. bouc'h ` he-goat; Germanic *bukka- (after Pedersen Litteris 7, 23 f. borrowed from Celtic?) in Old

Icelandic bukkr, bokkr, bokki, Old English bucca, nengl. buck, Old High German Middle High German boc, -ekes, Modern High German Bock. The aberrant consonant in Old Indic bukka- `he-goat' (uncovered) is probably from
h

bukkati ` barks ' (see below beu-1, bu-) influenced hypocoristic reshuffling *b ja- = similar reorganization. Page(s): 174

Avestan bza-. Also npers. dial. boa `young goat', pm. bu, b seem to be a result of

References: WP. II 189 f., Pedersen Litteris 7, 23 f., Martinet Gmination 182.

rug- rug- orgrug Root / lemma: b rug-, b rug-, b orgMeaning: throat Material: Armenian erbuc `breast, brisket of killed animals ' (*b rugo-); gr. , -,
h h h

later (after ) , - ` windpipe, gullet'; Latin frmen n. `(a gruel or porridge made of corn, and used in sacrifices) larynx, gullet' (*frg-smen); without u Old Icelandic barki ` neck ' (b or-g-, formally closer to `cleft, gap, abyss ')
h

clip' under conception `cleft, gap = gullet'. 162.

Similar to Lithuanian burna, Armenian beran `mouth' (actually ` orifice ') to b er- `cut, erh

References: WP. II 171, WH. I 482, 551 f., 866, Lidn Ml. Pedersen 92, Specht Dekl. Page(s): 145 bis-(t)liRoot / lemma: bis-(t)li-

Meaning: gall

bestl (*bis-tlo-, -tli-) `gall'; gallo-rom. *bistlos (Wartburg). Page(s): 102 References: WP. II 111, WH. I 105 f.

Material: Latin blis (*bislis, older *bistlis) f. `gall, bile'; cymr. bustl m., acorn. bistel, bret.

Meaning: to chat

blatRoot / lemma: blat-

eh e e e

ram, frog', blati, -re `babble, prattle ';

Material: Latin blater, -re ` chatter, babble, empty gossip; also from shout of the camel, mndd. plad(d)eren `chat, prate', nndd. pladdern `splash, besprinkle ', Swedish pladder `

loose gossip', Danish bladre `spread lose gossip ', older also `splash', lacking of consonant shift in onomatopoeic word. Similar to onomatopoeic words are ndd. plapperen (Modern High German plappern),

plderen `babble' (Middle High German pldern, Modern High German plaudern).
h h

Middle High German plappen and blappen, Old High German blabizn `babble' and mndd. compare with partly similar meaning b ld- ` to bubble up, chat', b el- `sound' and bal-,

bal-bal- under baba- (e.g. Lithuanian blebnti with Modern High German plappern similar formation). References: WP. II 120, WH. I 109.

Page(s): 102

blRoot / lemma: bl- (*b leh - > b le- > b lek-o-; b lek-ot-o-) lblRoot / lemma: b l- : ` to howl, weep' > Root / lemma: bl- : ` to bleat'; hence the support Note: imitation of the sheep sound with different guttural extensions; in the Germanic with Note: Material: Gr. `bleat', ` the bleating '; russ. (etc) blekati (old), blekott for the glottal theory b - > b-.
h h

Meaning: to bleat

consonant shift omitted as a result of continual new imitation.

`bleat'; mndd. bleken, blken `bleat, bark, bay' (out of it Modern High German blken), Note: Norwegian Dialectal blkta (*blkatjan) `bleat'; alb. bl'egrs ds.

in -m- formant: m

alb. blegrim ` the bleating ' : Gr. `bleat' [common gr. > alb. g-]. Page in Trubaev: II 108-109 Proto-Slavic form: blek; blekot; blekota

Russian: blkot (dial.) `henbane' [m o]; blekt (dial.) `chatterbox' [m/f o] Ukrainian: blkit `poison hemlock' [m o]; blkot `henbane' [m o]; blekot `poison hemlock, henbane' [f ] Czech: blek `bleating' [m o]; blekot `shouter, babbler' [m o]; blekota `grumbler' [f ] Belorussian: blkat `henbane, hemlock' [m o]

Old Czech: blekot `chatter, grumbling, chatterbox, grumbler' [m o]

Slovak: bl'akot `bleating, bellowing' [m o]

Upper Sorbian: blek `henbane' [m o]; blik `henbane' [m o]; blekot `muttering, babble' [m o] Serbo-Croatian: blk `bleating' [m o]; bl kt `bleating' [m o] Bulgarian: blek (dial.) `henbane' [m o]

Polish: blekot `fool's parsley, henbane, (arch.) stammerer, chatterbox' [m o]

See also: compare also b l- `howl' etc Page(s): 102

h

References: WP. II 120 f., WH. I 95.

Slovene: blk `flock (sheep)' [m o]

Meaning: flea

bloulou- plouRoot / lemma: blou- (b lou-?), plou- (*b lou-ks-eh )

2 h h

Note: Note: With k- and s-suffixes and taboo metathesis and anlaut alteration. Germanic*plouk- in Old High German flh, Old English flah.

Material: With p: Old Indic pli-, Armenian lu (*plus-), alb. plesht, Latin plex , Indo

Note:

Common Armenian Celtic (often alb.) initial pl- > l-, see Root / lemma: plab- : to babble, plabetc.. Old Irish (*plabar) labar ` talkative '. bcha. Notes: In Polish dialects, we find a large variety of forms, e.g. pcha, pa, pecha, becha, Formations in e- grade:

alb. plesht : Polish pecha ` flea'. Latvian blusa, Prussian PN Blus-kaym, russ.-Church Slavic blcha, Serbo-Croatian bha, russ. boch. Page(s): 102 References: Meillet MSL. 22, 142, 539 f., Trautmann 35, Specht Dekl. 42 f., 203, 235. With b (or b ?): afgh. vraa, gr. (*blusi), Balto-Slavic *blus in Lithuanian blus,
h

Meaning: tuber

bolRoot / lemma: bolMaterial: Armenian bok ` radish ', gr. `onion, bulb' (also , dissimilated Attic `crap, muck, dung ', , if possibly originally from nanny goats or horses?), , `clod of earth'; Old Indic blba-ja- `Eleusine indica, a type of grass', if ` .

nodules coming out from the root '?, Latin bulbus `onion, bulb, tuber ' is borrowed from

Redukt.-grade or with Assimil. in Vok. the 2. syllable Armenian palar ` pustule, bubble '. Page(s): 103 References: WP. II 111 f., WH. I 122.

Meaning: hoarse?

brangh- bronghRoot / lemma: brangh-, brongh-?

Material: Gr. ` hoarseness ', `be hoarse', Old Irish brong(a)ide `hoarse'; but gr. Aor. `cracks' probably stays away. References: WP. I 683 f., II 119.

Page(s): 103

breuqRoot / lemma: breuq-

Meaning: to jump, *throw, thrust, poke, touch, run

fingers, touch ';

brknem, bkniti, brkam, bkati, bcati ` bump with the feet, kick, shoot the way up with the Maybe Illyrian TN Breuci : so gr. ` locust, grasshopper (mythological monster?)';

grasshopper '( probably after ` crunches with the teeth ', and sloven.

Material: Perhaps combined so gr. , (), ` locust,

Slovene: bsati `lead, touch' : Lithuanian: brkti `poke, thrust, press, scutch (flax)' [verb]; SerboRussian: brost' `throw, (dial.) scutch flax' [verb]; brokt' (dial.) `throw' [verb]; SerboCroatian: bcati `throw' [verb]; Note: russ. brykt ` kick with the back leg ', klr. brykty ` frisk mischievously, run ' etc

alb. (*breuk ) prek ` touch, frisk, violate ', pres ` crunches with the teeth, cut ' [taboo word] :

Maybe the original cognate was of Baltic - Illyrian origin: Lithuanian: braktas `wooden knife for cleaning flax' [m o], brakti `erase, scutch (flax)', brkti `poke, thrust, press, scutch (flax)' [verb] Page(s): 103 References: WP. II 119, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 251 f.

bronk Root / lemma: bronkMeaning: to lock Material: Gothic anapraggan `press' to *pranga- ` restriction, constriction ' in Old Swedish prang `narrow alley', Middle English prange `narrowness', engl. dial. proug ` menu fork ',

Maybe alb. pranga ` restriction, fetter, chain, handcuff' : germ Pranger ` pillory '

German pfragina `bar, gate, barrier', to Lithuanian braktas m. ` pole for hanging (*gallows)', Latvian brankti (Lithuanian loanword) ` fitting tightly '.
11

mndd. prangen `press', pranger `pole', Middle High German pfrengen ` wedge ', Old High

Page(s): 103

References: WP. II 119, 677 f.. Feist 43, Kluge

under Pranger.

buRoot / lemma: buMeaning: lip, kiss Note: Note: as an imitation of the kiss sound, bursting of the sucking lip fastener from inside,
h

buku- kusRoot / lemma: bu- : `lip, kiss' derived from Root / lemma: ku-, kus- (*kukh-): `to kiss' : Material: Npers. bsdan `kiss'; alb. buz `lip'; common Celtic - Greek k- > p-.

thus actually differently from bu-, b u- ` inflate ' with normal spraying after outside. bu-

Maybe alb. (*pus) puth `kiss' [common alb. -s > -th shift] : Swedish puss `kiss'. Bussumros and buutton `mouth, kiss');

Middle Irish bus, pus `lip', busc, pusc `kiss' (in addition presumably gall. PN

Modern High German Buss `kiss', bussen `kiss', Busserl `kiss', engl. buss, Swedish (with sound of the kiss dental interjection. poln. buzia `mouth, face; kiss'.

regular consonant shift) puss `kiss'; Lithuanian buioti `kiss', bu the onomatopoeic word, Note:

The same phonetic construction for poln. buzia `mouth, face; kiss' : alb. buz, buza `lip' : Rumanian buz `lip'. Page(s): 103 References: WP. I 113 f., WH. II 98.

ruru Root / lemma: dakruMeaning: tears Material: information: Grammatical information: n. Gr. , , `tears'; out of it borrows Old Latin dacruma, Latin

lacruma, lacrima ds. (with sabin. l?); Note: Common Latin dh- > ll-, d- > l-.

Maybe alb. (*lok-) lot `tear' [common alb. -k > -th, -t similar to alb. (*mag-) math `big'.

dacr-(lon) ` moist, damp, wet ', corn. dagr `tears' (Island-Celtic *dakrom `see, look'

Old Irish dr n., cymr. deigr (could go back to Pl. *dakr the o-Dekl.), Pl. dagrau, abret. Thurneysen KZ. 48, 66 f); Germanic *thr- and tagr- : Gothic tagr n. `tears', Old Norse tr

n. (from*tahr-), Old English thher, tear, teagor m., Old High German zahar m. (Modern changed out of it? o-stem has gone out, is doubtful). High German Zhre from dem Pl.; whether in Germanic still from old u-stem or it has Indo Germanic *dakru is probably from *drakru dissimilated because of Old High

squeezed out drops through cooking:) fish oil', Middle High German traher ds. (-er *drakur.

German trahan, Old Saxon Pl. trahni `tears', Middle Low German trn ds. and `( from fat of probably after zaher has changed) and Armenian artasuk` ` tears ', Sg. artausr from On the other hand one searches connection with Old Indic ru, ara-m `tears', Avestan

asrazan- ` pouring tears ', Lithuanian aar, ara `tears', Latvian asara ds.; probably partially used in place of dakru, whereby it took over its u-inflection? compare also sheer rhyme word, so *akro- ` acer, sharp, bitter ' as epithet of the tears (`bitter tears ')

Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 142 f. Note:

From early Italic, Illyrian people the cognate for tears passed to Altaic languages: Protoform: *lg ( *-) Meaning: to weep, cry

Turkic protoform: *jg-(la-) Tungus protoform: *ligiSee also: see above S. 23 under akru. Page(s): 179 References: WP. I 769, WH. I 746 f.

diur, r s Root / lemma: diur Gen. daiurs Meaning: brother-in-law Material: Old Indic dvr-, Armenian taigr, gr. (*F), Latin lvir (in ending

reshaped after vir; the l for d probably Sabine), Old High German zeihhur, Old English tcor (presumably through hybridization with an equivalent from Lithuanian ligonas

`brother of wife'), Lithuanian dievers (for *diev = Old Indic dvr-; older conservative Note:

Gen. dievers), Latvian diveris, Old Church Slavic dver (i-, io- and conservative stem).

The Baltic cognate Lithuanian ligonas `brother of the wife' proves the Balkan origin of Baltic languages inheriting Latin d- > l-. Page(s): 179 References: WP. I 767, WH. I 787, Specht KZ 62, 249 f., Trautmann 43.

Meaning: to burn

du- uRoot / lemma: du-, du-, d-

Material: Old Indic dunti `burns (trans), afflicts', dn- `burnt, afflicted ', Pass. dyat f. `affliction, pain', doman- `blaze, agony' (-u- as in );

pain ', partly ` destroy by fire, burn down hostile settlements '?)

Note: Note: uncertainly, whether in both meaning originally identical (possibly partly as ` burning

`burns' (intr.), kaus. dvayati `burns' (trans), dv- (with ablaut change dav-) `blaze', d

Note:

eu lemma: d eu-4, d eu- (presumably: d u-, compare the extension d u-k-, d u-s-) : `to reel, dissipate, blow, *smoke etc.'.
h h h h h

Old Indic and alb. prove that Root / lemma: du-, du-, d- : `to burn' derived from Root / du- u-

Armenian erkn (to ) `throes of childbirth'; Note: common Baltic-Illyrian d- > zero reflected in Armenian Indic dudva), participle ( Hes., ` easily ignitable = to dry' (* from *F-), ` burning piece of gr. (*F-) `set on fire, inflame', Perf. `be in flames, be on fire' (: Old

Hes.), n., , - f. `torch' (to : von Attic , s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 266),

wood' (*F = lakon. ); `hostile', Doric (Trag.) , `afflicted,

woeful, wretched, miserable'; hom. `slay, kill, murder' (Attic `ds., devastate'), Indo Germanic *dus Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 578), - ` killed in the fight'; probably About (mostly Pl.), Aeolic Akk. Pl. `pain', ` cause pain, afflict,

, - `tumult of war, fight, struggle', hom. Lok. `in the battle' (to Nom. *,

`affliction', `fall in the misfortune' (, Od.), ` unlucky '.

sadden' see below ed- `eat'; perhaps here (`stormy, hot tempered') Hes.

Tosc der `bitter' (*deu-no-);

gorti `burn'?) with *du-s- (presumably as zero grade of -es- stem = or as gr. (F)); Latin presumably duellum, bellum `war, fight' (WH. I 100 f.), with unclear suffix. Note: common Latin dw- > b-

(dhunon `revile, violate'; dhun `bitter', originally `unpleasant'? or as Slavic gork `bitter':

Alb. dhun (*dus-n-) `affliction, pain, force, violence, horrible action; disgrace, insult'

Verbalnom. dud = Old Indic davathu- `blaze, fire '; atd `kindle, inflame' from *ad-douth, deifio `burn' (with v from w before i) here (Thurneysen KZ. 61, 253, Loth RC. 42, 58); Old kunys, bret. keuneud `firewood' (Pedersen KG. I 108, II 39, basic form perhaps*komIrish Gen. condid, Middle Irish connad, condud `firewood', cymr. cynnud ` firing', corn. cymr. cynneu `kindle, inflame' , (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), also bret. devi, cymr.

Old Irish dm `singe, burn' (about Old Irish dm `get, exert' see below deu()-),

dauto-); cymr. etewyn ` firebrand ' (*ate-dau-ino-), bret. collective eteo ds.

Swedish Dialectal tosk ds.; perhaps (with *eu, see below) Old Norse tjn n. `damage,

Old High German zuscen `burn'; after : braun here also Old English tosca `frog',

English tenan `plague, anger, slander', Old Saxon gitiunean ` act wrong against ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*

tiono `evil, harm, wrong; injustice, enmity', whereof Old Norse tyna `destroy, lose', Old

wrong; injustice, derision, ridicule', Old English tona m., tone f. `damage', Old Saxon

somebody '.

Gothic tundnan `is ignited', tandjan `ignite, set on fire', Middle High German zinden, IA. 83, 32 as t-andjan to Old Irish ad-and- `kindle, inflame'.

) In spite of Osthoff IA. 1, 82 has kept away the family of Modern High German znden,

because of that i and a would not be probably first ablaut neologism in u; after Thurneysen --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Latvian aut `dry, burn incense, smoke ' as *du-ti, as also alb. and Germanic eu- forms `sky, heaven'? Berneker IF. 10, 158 places here also Lithuanian diuti ` place down in order to dry ',

can contain Indo Germanic u; the relationship of this *du- to *du- is unclear; or to dieuReferences: WP. I 767 ff., WH. I 100 f.

Page(s): 179-181

dRoot / lemma: d-

Meaning: to flow; river

don `water, river'; russ. FlN Don, (Greek) skyth. FlN ;

', d-nu- n. f. ` every dripping liquid, drop, dew', Avestan d-nu- f. `river, stream', osset. Also typical intensive reduplication Illyrian (*don-don) Dodona Epirus

Material: Old Indic d-na- n. ` liquid flowing from the temples of the elephant for the rutting

river' and *Dnu nazdya- ` front river'; Avestan VN Dnav Pl. ` river inhabitant ' (become

russ. FlN Dniepr and Dniestr, old Danapris and Danastius from skyth. *Dnu apara ` back

tamkanam ` wet, mositen; of water, collect in pools, and of solids, to be liquefied; wet, moistened, soaked ' and presumably gr. (proto gr. or ?) `fat of animals and

(?) gr. VN , gypt. Danuna; with formants -mo- Armenian tamuk `humid, wet, moist', mo-

in Rgveda water demons, fem. GN Dnu-), skyth. nomadic people, also in Greece, hence

people', wherewith alb. dhjam `fat, bacon, tallow, suet' is not connected in a cleared way yet; the fat can be named as with the roast liquidly growing ones (compare Old Church Slavic loj ` soft fat, lard, grease ' : lijati `pour'). Here also Celtic Dnuvius ` Danube river', Don (*dnu-), cymr. FlN Donwy (*dnuui).

gall. ON Condte ` the confluence of two rivers; as a place-name Confluentes '; six engl. Fl Benveniste places to Armenian tam-uk yet Hittite dame(n)k- `fall like rain' (BSL 33, 143). References: WP. I 763, M. Frster Themse 145 f., Kretschmer Gl. 24, 1 ff., 15 ff., Ml. Pedersen 76 ff., Benveniste BSL 33, 143. Page(s): 175

di- i- Root / lemma: d : d- and di- : di- : dMeaning: to share, divide information: Grammatical information: originally athemat. Wurzelprsens.

Material: Old Indic dti, dyti `clips, cuts, mows, separates, divides', participle din-, dit, composes ava-tta ` cropped, truncated, cut off ', dti- `the distributing', dnam `the abscission, trimming', dnm n. `distribution, deal, portion', dtu n. `deal, npers. dra ` remuneration ', ds `sickle'; Old Indic day ` communion, concern, commiseration ' = dyate (*di-etai) `divides, possess lot, has pity; destructs '.

portion', dtr- m. (= ) `reaper, mower', dtrm ` allotted share ', dtram n. `sickle',

Maybe nasalized form in alb. (*dyate) ndanj `cut, separate, allot, share'.

following words preserved (phonetic laws Konj. 375 ` is destroyed '); , -, , hom. also , - `share, meal, sacrifice, oblation' (: Old Indic dtu); `guest' `share' (: Old Indic dtrm; this of these gr. words is partly according to phonetic Cretan `division', ` distributor of fruit '), `host', probably also the dead as a corpse eater', Porzig IF. 41, 169 ff., Kretschmer Gl. 14, 228 f.; about of Aor. - `divide, carve, slit, destroy' (due to *F- ` sliced, destructed'), - compare ); laws - i, i - partly analogical, as in Cretan Perf. to , compare also

gr. med. `divide, allot, share' with probably after Fut. and and the

(as `serving the meal'), ` colter, plough coulter, pre-pruner. ' (: Old Indic dtr-),

m. `god, goddess; fate, destiny, persons lot in life' (actually ` prorating; or `god of

Archilochos `' see below *dens ` high mental power '); , Fut. -, *dens Hes., n. `interest, usury' (due to a participle *d-n-s = Old Indic din-, gall. arcanto-danos ` minting ' as `distributing silver'. people, area; the single region in Athens ', Old Irish dm f. ` retinue, troop, multitude, With formants -mo- : dmos f. `people': gr. , Doric m. `( people's division) mo-

crowd', acymr. dauu ` boy, serf, servant ', ncymr. daw, dawf `son-in-law'; apparently older fem. o-stem; in addition Hittite da-ma-a-i (dama?) `an other, foreigner, stranger', from `*foreign people', originally `*people', Pedersen Hittite 51 ff.

*del- `split'); about Old Irish fo-dlim etc s. just there. Here belongs probably also Gothic deldel dails `deal, portion', runeninschr. da[i]liun `divide', Old Icelandic deill, Old English dl, Old High German teil m. `deal, portion';

With formants -lo- perhaps Old Church Slavic dl `deal, portion' (*di-lo-) (see below lo-

Maybe alb. dallonj `separate, distinguish' deila, Old English dlan, Old High German teilan `divide' etc It could hardly derive from
h

Old Icelandic deila f. `division, disunion', Old High German teila f. `division'; Old Icelandic

Slavic, probably it derives from Venetic-Illyrian, because the root form *di- is attested in South Illyrian PN Dae-tor. An additional form Indo Germanic d i- besides di- would be unplausible.

*d-t), Old High German zt f. (n. Isidor), Old Saxon Old English td, Old Norse t f. `time,

With zero grade d- : Armenian ti, Gen. tioy `age, years, days, time' (* < d-t(i)- or *d-to-, d-

hour' (*t-, Indo Germanic*d-t-, ursprgl `period of time'), in addition Old Norse tr ` usual, ordinary, frequent, often', Old English tdan `occur', Old Norse ta ` aspire, strive'; Old Norse t-na ` to pick to pieces, take apart, weed, take out, remove, clean';

Old High German zila ` sequence, row, line', westfl. tle ` sheaf row ', Modern High German Zeile, probably from *t-l-. dp- p- p-no- nip- extension dp-, dp-; dp-no-, -ni- ` sacrificial meal ':

About Gothic til ` fitting' etc see below ad-2, but Gothic dails under del-3; here against it addel-

rend, mangle, lacerate, disassemble ', with intensive reduplication `tear, rend, () squander, dissipate in luxury', f. `expenditure, esp. arising from hospitality (: daps) ',

Old Indic dpayati `divides'; Armenian taun (*dap-ni-) `festival'; gr. (*) `tear,

food), provide for'), (Empedokles), `(* wasteful) exuberant, rich, generous '; Latin daps `(*share) a sacrificial feast, religious banquet; in gen., meal, feast, banquet ', Pedersen Hitt 42); damnum `loss, damage, defect, fine', damnsus ` ruinous ' (*dap-no- : , different

` lavish, wasteful ', ` consume' (out of it Latin dapin `serve up (as

maybe Illyrian Epidamnos (Eppi- '*horse' + *dap-no '*sacrifice'), also alb. Geg dam (*dapno) `damage': Latin damnum. Old Norse tafn (*dap-no-) ` sacrificial animal, sacrificial meal ', compare den Germanic GN Tanfana (Tacit.), if from *tafnana, Marstrander NTS. 1, 159. From Germanic one still adds a lot, what was a meaning-development from `split up, cut

up, divide' to `tear, pluck, shortly touch, make short clumsy movement ' would assume; in to, lose', Old Icelandic tapa ds.; Old Frisian tapia `pluck', Old English tppe f. ` cloth

following the meaning from , damnum derives aschw. tappa and tapa ` put an end stripes ', Middle English tappen (engl. tap) `hit lightly', Middle Low German tappen, tpen

(*tpatjan) ` just touch ', Norwegian Dialectal tpla `touch lightly, tread quietly'; but

(lengthening in open syllable?) ` pick, pluck'; Old Norse tpr ` barely touching ', isl. tpta

tabbet ` oafish ', are probably onomatopoeic words, also as ndd. tappe, Swiss tpe,

Norse tpiligr `concise', with other labial grades Swedish Dialectal tabb, tabbe ` gawk ',

Norwegian taapen `weak, feeble, ineligible ', tpe n. ` insignificant; unimportant thing', Old

Norwegian Dialectal taap(e) m., Danish taabe `fool, rogue, awkward; clumsy person',

1.

Modern High German Tappe ` paw ', as well as tappen, tppisch etc; s. also under d ab Likewise are to be kept away Old High German zabaln, Modern High German zappeln,
h h

(Germanic *tappon-); also only Germanic words with i and u (compare Specht Dekl. 152 f.):Middle English tippen, engl. tip ` touch quietly, bump quietly ', Modern High German walk on tiptoe; trip ', Middle High German zipf `tip, cusp, peak', nasalized Middle Low Germantimpe f. `tip, end', Old English -timplian `hold with nails'; on the other hand tippen, Middle High German zipfen `(in swift movement) trip, scurry ', Old Norse tifask `

as well as Old High German zapfo, Modern High German Zapfen, Old Englishtppa ds.

Norwegian Dialectal tuppa, Modern High German zupfen, Old Norse toppr ` tuft of hair, filament ', Old High German zopf ` pigtail, braid, plait, end of a thing '; Middle Low German perhaps here also Old High German zumpo `penis', Middle High German zumpf(e), Modern High German Zumpt, whereat under dumb-. Here Tocharian A tp ` ate ', Van Windekens Lexique 187. tt-extension d-t- (compare but das participle d-t-s): ), wherefore `division', `lot', common gr.-Illyrian -ks- > -ssgr. `divide, tear, rend, consume' (Fut. , Aor. hom. , Attic zfeln ` waver ' (as zapfeln);
namreG htuoS

summit, acme, apex ', Old English topp m. `cusp, peak, crest, summit, tip ', toppa m. `

tubbe, tobbe ` spigot ', tobben `pluck, rend ',

` undivided '; is gr. neologism (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 676) and not Indo Germanic *d-t-;

`dividing, splitting' (this certainly from *-: Old Indic d-tr- `reaper, mower'),

submitting, suitable '; Old High German zetten `(distributing) strew, outspread ', Modern High German verzette(l)n, probably also Old Norse teja ` outspread dung ', ta n. `(* outstretched) dung'; Old High German zota, zata f. ` tuft of wool, hair hanging down

Gothic ungatass ` disarrayed, disorderly ' (compare -), Middle Dutch getes `be

together, filament or wool ' (therefrom zaturra ` a harlot, prostitute '), Old English tttec (expressives tt) `scrap, shred, tatter, rag ', Old Norse tturr `scrap, shred'; Old Danish tothae, Old Danish and Danish Dialectal tde, taade `, retard, delay, hinder'.

German zota, zotta ` topknot ', Modern High German Zotte, Zote; Middle High German

Besides with u-Vok. Old Norse toddi `small piece', holl. todde `scrap, shred', Old High

zoten `go slowly', Modern High German zotteln, East Frisian todden `pull, tear, drag ' ; Tocharian A tt-k `divide, carve, slit'. ess-extension d-es-: exhausted '; Old Indic dsyati ` suffers lack, swelters, languishes ', upadsyati ` goes out, is
11

about Modern High German zaudern s. Kluge

704.

tase m. `weak person', tasma `languish', tasa ` become feeble '; ablaut. Danish Dialectal tse ` work slowly ', ndd.tsen ` work heavily', identical with Norwegian Danish tse ` disentangle, wear out, pull out'; compare in similar meaning Norwegian tasse ` go quietly ',

tasen `pluck', Modern High German Zaser, older Zasel ` fibre, filament ', Norwegian dial.

Norwegian dial. tasa `wear out', Swedish dial. tasa ` pluck wool, outspread hay ', ndd.

taspa ` go slowly and sluggishly', Middle High German zaspen `scratch, go sluggishly ', Old High German zascn ` seize, snatch, tear away ' (actually `drag') = Modern High 612.
11

dress '; about Old High German tasca `pouch, pocket' s. Kluge

German dial. zaschen, zschen `drag, pull, tear, work slowly ', zschen f. ` a train in the Maybe truncated alb. Geg (*zascn) me zan ` to seize, snatch, tear away ' Hittite te- `keep oneself away from' (3. Sg. preterit ti-e-a-a). Maybe alb. Geg (*te) tesha Pl. `clothes, belongings, rags', tesh `speck of dust, little splinter, torn piece' neologism?): Besides with i-vocalism (Indo Germanic *di-s as extension to d-? Or only Germanic Swedish dial. teisa, tesa ` pull to pieces ', Danish dial. tese `pluck (e.g. wool)', Old

probably also (?) Old English teoswian `plague, disparage ', teoso `insult, deceit, malice'. Finally with u-vocalism: Norwegian dial. tosa `rub, wear out, pluck', also `flub, work

filament ', tsl ` shrubbery ', with Middle High German zispen `go sluggishly' (as zaspen),

Norwegian Dialectal test `willow fibre, ringlet, hair lock ', with Norwegian tst ` fibre,

East Frisian holl. teisteren ` rend ', Old English tsel, Old High German zeisala ` teasel ',

English tsan ` pull to pieces ', Old High German zeisan, zias ` ruffle; tousle, pluck wool ';

slowly ', tose `frail person', tos ` fibers, ragged rigging ', tossa `strew, distribute, outspread ', Middle English ttsen `tousle, ruffle', Middle Low German tsen ` rend, pull', Old High

brushwood, hair lock ' ; perhaps to Latin dmus ` a thorn bush, bramble brushwood, shrub' (*ds-mo-s) and Old Irish doss `bush'. From PIE this root passed to Altaic: Protoform: *dma Meaning: ill, sick, bad

German zirzsn `tousle, ruffle', Middle High German zsach ` brushwood ', zse f. `

Turkic protoform: *jAman

Tungus protoform: *dam-

Japanese protoform: *dm-

Note: Despite SKE 75 there is no reason at all to suppose a Chinese origin of the Turkic form (MC ja-mn 'savage, barbarian' is too distant semantically; the usage of PT *jaman for a bad disease, sickness is very close to Japanese and may suggest that the original meaning of the root was 'ill(ness), sick(ness)').

References: References: WP. I 763 ff., WH. I 322, 323 f., 859; Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 676.

delderdel- ` whereupon it is split apart ', der- `split, flay' see below see below its own headwords. Page(s): 175-179

delSee also: out at least basically as extensions from d- `cut, split' agreeable root del- `split',

Meaning: to prick; tick

deih Root / lemma: deih-

Material: Armenian ti `tick'; Middle Irish dega, Akk. degaid (*digt-) ` stag-beetle ';

ticca), engl. tike and tick `wood tick, sheep louse ', Middle Low German Zecke m. f. `wood teke, Middle High German Zeche, engl. teke ds.;

Germanic *tkan-, with intensive sharpening *tikkan-, in Old English ticia m. (lies tiica or

tick', Modern High German Zecke; besides a mediation form *tkan- in Middle Low German Norwegian dial. tikka, ndd. ticken ` stumble lightly ', Middle High German zicken ds.; Old

High German zechon ` pulsate, banter, skirmish'; engl. tickle ` titillate '; nasalized Old English tindian ds. A connection with d ig- `prick' is not provable.
h

References: References: WP. I 777. Page(s): 187-188

Root / lemma: deikMeaning: to show Note: from which Latin and Germanic partly ` point to something with words, say',

ziht ds., Modern High German Verzicht), Old Indic di- f. `instruction, direction', di

`directive, doctrine' (= Latin dicti-, Old English tiht ` accusation ', Old High German in-, bi`direction' (= `right, justice', from which probably Latin dicis causa ` for form's sake, for the sake of appearances '), de- `(direction), region' = Old Norse teigr see below; gr. , secondary `points, shows, evinces', Cretan -

participle Old Indic di- (= Latin dictus); dii- ` instruction, regulation ', Avestan diti-

`show' (dasayeiti, disyeiti, dadit) `show; assign something to somebody, adjudge ',

Material: Old Indic ddei, diti, dayati `shows, point at', Avestan das- Aor. di-

developed plural also ` show the right, point to the culprit, accuse '

`', ` the display ' (with secondary lengthened grade), see above, not with Indo Germanic g, but gr. innovation;

, , ; the Perf. Med. , and ` averment, proof, example' Latin dcere `to indicate; to appoint; most commonly, to say, speak, tell, mention; in

pass. with infin., to be said to; to mention, speak of, tell of, relate; to name, call; to mean, ', Oscan dekum `say', Umbrian teitu, deitu `(Fut. Imper.) you will say, declare', changing to dedicate, consecrate, set apart ', Latin dci ` power, sovereignty, authority ', indcre

refer to', dcre ` announce solemnly, award, consecrate, dedicate, set apart, devote, offer through ablaut Oscan dicust ` will have said ', Umbrian dersicust ds., Oscan da-dkatted `

touchstone ' (as also Old Indic dein ` forefinger '), idex ` a judge; in plur., a panel of jurors ', vindex (vindicre = vim dicere), causidicus; about proto Irish *Ekuo-decas, Lugudec(c)as (Gen. Sg.) see below dek-1. Gothic gateihan ` indicate, promulgate ', Old Norse ta, newer ti `show, depict,

`indicate, display, show, offer', index ` an informer; a sign, token; the forefinger; a title; a

zhan `accuse, blame', zeihen';

represent, explain, announce ', Old English ton ` indicate, promulgate ', Old High German Maybe alb. Tosc zihem `quarrel, argue', truncated Geg (*zhan) zan ` to quarrel '. wherefore Old Norse tgenn `(*show, point out, reveal, advise, teach) noble', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), tgn f. `rank; noble man, husband'; Old High

German zeign `show', whereof zeiga `instruction'; inziht etc see above; further Old Norse changing through ablaut Old English tg, th `meadow, pasture ', Middle Low German t(g) Here presumably with the meaning `finger' (= `*pointer') and secondary, but already old teigr m. ` linear part of meadow ' (`*direction' = Old Indic des- `region, place, land'),

m. public collective place of a village ', Old High German zch `forum'.

`toe', Old High German zha, Old English the, t, Old Norse t `toe' (*diku), Middle

from *dicitus through dissimilation against the toneless t resulted Latin digitus `finger, toe'. Sturtevant Lang. 6, 27 f., 227 ff.; doubts the formation because of E. Forrer by Feist 204. Hittite: tekkussai- (I) ' indicate, show, present, display ' (Friedrich 220) taikn n. ds., Old High German (etc) zeihhan n. `mark, token, sign', Old English tcan, Besides Indo Germanic doi- in Gothic taikns f. `mark, token, sign, wonder, miracle', doiHittite tek-ku-a-nu-mi ` makes recognizable, points, shows, evinces' here after

Low German twe, Modern High German and sdd. zwe ds. (*doik-u), and that probably

zeihhonn ` draw, depict, sign ', Gothic taiknjan `show', Old High German zeihinen ds. From Germanic *taikna derives Finnish taika- `omen, sign'. see, allow to shine '? Page(s): 188-189 Whether deik- and dei- from dei- `bright shine' (also `see') are extended as ` allow to

engl. teach `instruct', Old Norse teikna `show, signify, designate', Old High German

References: WP. I 776 f., WH. I 348 f., 351, 860, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 696 f., Feist 204, 472.

Meaning: to shine; day; sun; sky god, god Material: Note: (older `*dart rays'?)

deidRoot / lemma: dei-1, dei-, d-, di- (*stei- : zdei-)

Old Indic d-d-ti ` seems, shines', 3. Pl. ddyati, Impf. 3. Sg. ddt, Imper. 2. Sg. didh, shines, seems ' (about dvyati see below), ddi- `shining, seeming' (due to from d-de-ti); su-d-t-) ` having nice brilliance ', Kaus. dpyati ` ignites, illuminates', dpyate `blazes,

similar *doi-d-o- (broken Redupl.) in Old Norse teitr `cheerful, blithe, glad' (actually

`radiating'), Old English ttn `caress', tt- (in names) `blithe, glad', Old High German zeiz `tender, graceful' (compare heiter and `clear, bright' as `blithe, glad'; Uhlenbeck Old Indic Wb. 126); perhaps here also Lithuanian ddis `big, large' as ` handsome, considerable ';

 Hes., Arcadian Konj. , hom. Aor. `to appear ', Konj. , common gr.-Illyrian -ks- > -sscompared with Arcadian Aor. [] with after , Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 681 ;
6

gr. hom. (Imperfect) `he saw, discerned, perceived ', ,

hom. `visible' (*; with metr. lengthening ), ds. (from *, *doilo*doilo- presumably in Old English sweo-tol (from *tl) `apparent, manifest, obvious,

from which also Hesychs ; hom. `very distinct, clear, bright' (from *-); distinct, clear, bright' and in Middle Irish del `beetle, chafer' (`shining black insect') as well as in Irish river names Daol (*doil) as `the shining'. Here probably also Lithuanian dails `dainty, pretty', dilinti `smooth, adorn'.

: zdal-, Modern High German Zeidel-, Low German tl- `honey '(' clearness, shine - clear honey '). Against Pedersens raising from Hittite (*ste-)te-e-a- `dream' (Murilis 69) s. deieuieu u-extension: deiieu- (: diu-, diu-, diu-) `bright, divine revered sky and bright day: Gen. diu-s, -s; dius-ptr `sky father, heavenly father'. us- tr us div (and dy), Instr. Pl. dy-bhi;

With formants -tlo- presumably here being found only in the compound Germanic *tlatlo-

Couvreur H 53 and above S. 178.

Diphth. stem Nom. dius (diius Akk. dium, Vok. diu, Lok. diui and diu, Dat. diui, us diius), us um, um u,

Old Indic dyu (diyu) `sky, heaven', Akk. dym, Lok. dyv, div, Dat. div, Gen. gr. (= dy-), Akk. Z (= dym), Vok. (*diu), Gen. (F), Dat. (Lok.) (F)
4

( lengthened , , Z; about by Pherekydes of Syros s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. Gr. I 547);

Gr. I 577 ); the Gen. *diues in Thessalian -, prien. - (Schwyzer

Maybe Rumanian zeu `god' : alb. zot, Pl. zota `god' : Rumanian zei, zeitate, zn `goddess' : alb. zana f. `nymph, goddess' : gr. [common alb. n > nt > t]. uppermost God and the `day'; similarly in the Oscan and Umbrian: Note: common Latin Illyrian d- > l-: in Latin the old paradigm has split in two names which designate the name of the

dyupit `father of the sky, heavenly father', , Dat. Umbrian Iuvepatre, Illyrian (Hes.) -; Note: The inanimate suffix -ur : Illyrian (Hes.) - : , , Illyrians, , , ur ur , speak the Illyrian language, :--hence Adv. . Illyria, also , , Adj. , , , Illyrian: -, the region or province of Illyria, In Illyrian and Albanian the attribute noun or adjective comes after the noun. Latin Gen. Iouis (Old Latin also Diovis, also as Nom.), Oscan Dive ` Jove ', uvilam, older diuvilam `* iovilam ', ivilas `* iovilae ' etc, compare GentilN Latin Ilius (*Iovilios); Jupiter; '(flamen) dialis'. Thursday'. Maybe -l- suffix, (typical in Old Indic and Illyrian): alb. die-lli ` sun ' : Latin Dilis `relating to Maybe alb. (*Jove-di, *jeudi) enjte 'Thursday' : French jeudi ' Thursday ', Italian jovedi ' Latin Dispiter (whereof Dilis `relating to Jupiter; '(flamen) dialis', the priest of Jupiter') `day', while to the name of ` sky God ' the ablaut grade *diou- from *dieu- would be with Akk. d(i)im has changed after Nom. dis, otherwise would prevail in the meaning accomplished under the pressure of Vok. *dieu- (up to Dispiter, also Umbrian Di, Dei

Latin Iuppiter from I-piter, Umbrian Jupater Vok. = , to Nom. Old Indic

`[masc acc. sing.] god, [neut voc. sing.] god', contracted from di-, so that Di(m) = *dim); the old Nom. *dis from *dius still standing in addition toVdiovis, Viovis, V-dis `oldrm. Underworld God '; in the meaning `day' Latin dis see above (m.; as f. in the meaning `date, day month

*diu), ` for a long time ', ` a long time ago' out of it `long'.

Nom. dius still in nu-dis tertius `now is the 3. day', further di ` by day' (Lok. *diu or us

year (according to the calendar), period, time' presumably after nox), yet besides the older

Maybe in -e- grade Latin Greek Albanian: Latin perendie (*peren-dies) ` on the day after e tomorrow ' : Albanian (*peren-diem) perndim m. ` sunset, end of the day ', perndimi ` west ', (*peren-desha) perndesha ` upper goddess ' (*peren-dea) perndia ` divinity '. Albanian (-dea, -desha ` goddess ' : Latin dea : Italian dea : Spanish diosa : French desse : Portuguese deusa ` goddess '. [see Root / lemma: per-2 : to go over; over]. per-

diminutive Latin dicula ` a little day, a short time ', Oscan [d]ikls `days', zicolo m. `day'; dydd, corn. deth, dyth, bret. deiz `day' (also); Old Irish in-du `today', cymr. etc he-ddyw `today' (at first from *-dii, probably = Latin di). Maybe Root / lemma: ko-, ke- (with particle ke `here'), k(e)i-, k(i)iio- : this + Root / lemma: (e)i(e)i i Latin hodie, Latvian odiena, Lithuanian iandien `this day, today'. Old Irish de, proclitic da `day' (from after the Akk. *diim has changed *diis), cymr.

deiddei-1, dei-, d-, di- : to shine, day = , cymr. etc he-ddyw : alb. (*sodiena) sonte `today' :

Maybe Latvian diena : Lithuanian diena : cymr. dydd : Wallon djo : alb. dita : Spanish da : Asturian da : Catalan dia : Piemontese di : Leonese da : Valencian dia : Venetian d : Ladin d : Lombardo Occidentale d : Mantuan d : Portuguese dia : Romagnolo d : Bergamasco d : Bolognese d : Bresciano d : Breton deiz : Frisian dei : Galician da : Romanian zi : Romansh di : Sardinian Campidanesu di > Italian (*diorno) giorno : Furlan jornu : Sicilian iornu : Triestino giorno : Mudns d; giorn : Napulitano juorno : Occitan jorn; dia : Parmigiano gioren : Reggiano giouren; d : Viestano jurn' : Zeneize giorno < Latin dis `day'. From the ablaut grade diu- in the meaning `day'; heaven'), naktdivam `night and day', sudivm `a nice day', sudiv- ` having a nice day compare ); Latin dius, interdius `of the day, in the daytime, by day ' (with Latin eseses es-stem diues- presumed from Old Indic divas- `day', formal to dak. `
e

d; zornade : French (*diour) jour : Calabrese 'iornu; juarnu : Catanese jornu : Caterisano

Old Indic dv `during the day', divdiv `day by day' (divm Nom. otherwise `sky,

', Armenian tiv `day', gr. ` in the middle of the day (appearing)' (due to * F,

syncope from Gen. *dius); bi-, tri-duum (*diuom) ` period of two, three days ';

common mullein, high taper ', probably from *diues m `luminous plant' (Detschev, Dak. Old Indic su-divm (above); compare Sommer Nominalkomp. 73 ff.

Pflanzenn. 14 ff.); but gr. (*-F) `clear, cheerful', older `clear weather', to ios *diuios in Old Indic divy-, divi- ` celestial ', divyni ` the heavenly space', gr. (from

fine, noble; also (apparently) out of doors, in the open air ' (different from dvus!), dum

*F, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 472a) `divine, heavenly ', Latin dus ` divine, god-like; hence

moon and hunting' *Divi (?); compare etr. Tiv `moon', tives ` months ', after Kretschmer

`open space of heaven', sub do; Dina deriving from *Divina, ` the virgin goddess of the

Gl. 13, 111 f. from Italian *divi, and orph. `Selene (goddess of the moon)' from *-F ` all kinds of illuminators '. ablaut grade diu- in Old Indic dyu-mnm ` splendor of the sky ', dyu-mnt- `bright, light',

verbal dyut- `gleam, shine' in dytat, Aor. ved. dyaut `shines' (with t probably after svitetc, from *dus-diu- `bad weather', Trubetzkoj Z. sl. Ph. 4, 62 ff. o-stem diuo-s `god, the divine': Old Indic dv- `god' (dv `goddess'), Avestan dava- `demon'; `be bright'); compare also Old Church Slavic dd `rain', russ. dod', Old Czech de,

of a deity, goddess ';

Oscandeva `goddess' (Oscan deivinais = Latin dvnis; Umbrian deueia ` [fem. Acc. sing.]

Latin deus and dvus, by of from the paradigm *deiuos (> deos), Gen. *deiu (> dv);

Maybe alb. dif `giant' a Latin loanword. Oscan deiuatud ` to swear an oath ' = Latvian dievtis `swear, vow'; Latin dves ` rich, Slavic bogat, s. Schulze KZ. 45, 190); wealthy; with abl. or genit., rich in ', actually `standing under the protection of the Gods', as gall. GN Dvona, PN Dvo-gnta, Old Irish dia, Gen. d `god', acymr. duiu-(tit) Old Norse tvar Pl. `gods' (*deius) as well as Old Norse Tyr (Old Germanic teiwaz) `the

`goddess, deity', mcymr. ncymr. duw, acorn. duy, bret. dou `god';

god of war', Old English Tg, Gen. Twes `Mars', Old High German Zo, Zio; Maybe alb. zana `goddess, ghost', zota `gods' > zot `god'.

(verbal derivative lies before in Lithuanian deivtis `say farewell ', Latvian dievtis see above), compare Trautmann 50, Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 484, 485 f. Against it are Old Church Slavic div m. `wonder, miracle', divo, -ese n. ds. (-es-stem probably previously

divo snliai `sons of the sky', Finnish loanword taiwas `sky, heaven'), Latvian devs

Old Prussian deiw(a)s, Lithuanian divas `god' (deiv `goddess, ghost' from *deiui,

after udo, -ese ds), divn ` wonderful ', didn't derive from concept `god, deity ', but (as

se `look, see, observe', which behaves to Old Indic d-de-ti `shines' in the meaning as e.g. Middle High German blick `lustre, shine, lightning' and `look of the eyes', Modern High German glnzen : Slavic gldati `see, show'.

from ) position itself to klr. dyvl', dyvty sja `see, look, show', Czech dvam

en*deiendeino- dinoen-stem *deien- (thematic deino-, dino-) only in the meaning `day': Note: The extension en-stem *deien- (thematic deino-, dino-) is of Illyrian origin. The attribute en*deiendeino- dinonouns that derived from adjectives in Illyrian alb. take -ta, -nta suffix which was then reduced to common alb. n > nt > t. (see alb. numbers)

(esp. in compounds `day', Latin nundinae ` the market-day held during every ninth day ', Maybe alb. (*dna) dita `day' : Old Indic dna-m (esp. in compounds `day' : < Lithuanian dien, Latvian dena, Old Prussian Akk. f. deinan `day' [common alb. n > nt > t]. `make day' from *-di-n-i; Old Irish denus `a period of time', trdenus ` three days' time, three days '; alb. gdhinj maybe alb. gdhinj `the day breaks' is a compound of zero grade *ego `I' + dna `I make the day'. zero grade Lithuanian dien, Latvian dena, Old Prussian Akk. f. deinan `day'

originally conservative still in Old Church Slavic dn, Gen. dne `day'; Old Indic dna-m

having long days '.

everlasting'; perhaps here Old High German len(gi)zin `springtime' from *langat-tin as `

(Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 432 f., Bga Kalba ir. S. 227 f.); Gothic sinteins `daily, perpetual,

`day, sky, heaven') (Gl. 13, 111; 14, 303 ff., 19, 207; s. also Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 65); but the older form is ! di-ro- d-ror-extension di-ro-, d-ro- in: lovely, delightful, nice, superb, pretty, splendid, beautiful', ziar `beauty, ornament, Germanic *tra- (*di-ro-) and *tra- (*dro-) in Old High German zri, ziari `precious,

pre-Greek Tin- `Diespiter (Zeus father)', respectively Italian *Dinus (Indo Germanic *din-

Kretschmer leads back to gr. T- `sons of Zeus', etr. Tin, Tinia `Juppiter' of a

prospering; flourishing, good constitution ', tre and tre ` habit, kind and way ', Old English Old Saxon tr `honour, fame', Old Norse trr ds.; Norwegian dial. tr `alertness, lookout, peering, light, lustre, shine', tra `peek, sparkle, glitter';

adornment', ziarn `adorn, embellish', Middle Low German tr `lustre, shine, fame,

`watch, see' (but Bulgarian d `search, seek' absents, s. Berneker 201); Tocharian A tiri ` kind and way '. ijri `appears' (*di-?) s. Pedersen Hittite 57, 175 f. [perhaps to 'sun'?]

Old Prussian endyrtwei (, see Bga Kalba ir. s. 227 f., Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 432 f.)

in addition Lithuanian dyrti, droti `gawk, lurk', dairtis, Latvian dartis `stare about',

About Hittite iwat- `day', iwanni- `god' (from *diu-?), Hieroglyphic-Hittite tina- `god',

Hittite: ? iu-, iun-, iuni-, iwann-, iwanni- c. 'god', iwatt- c./n. 'day' (Friedrich 194, 1950 Maybe Etruscan Tina `god'. -a- feminine ending proves it meant `goddess goddess'. a goddess Note: (Just like Albanian masculine t-ij ` his', feminine s-aj ` her' Hittite verb masculine ending -ti ti ` you', feminine ending -i ` you') feminine, t- masculine. Hence Hittite iwanni- meant `goddess not `god' because Hittie differentiation - means goddess' goddess To Old Indic dvyati `plays, shows, throws dice ' (supposedly ` throws the eye ') compare

with other ablaut dytm `dice game', further dvanam `the game, dice game', and above -dvyeinti ` bestir oneself, strive for ' as ` whereupon it is split apart '? compare dytate `shines', dyuti `lustre, shine', dyumnt- `bright, light'. Whether here also Avestan

Wackernagel, Berl. Sbb. 1918, 396 f. whirl', seems conceivable. Gr. Gr. I 576 f.

The fact that our root as ` vibrating light' originally one has been from dei- `hurry, dei

References: References: WP. I 772 f., WH. I 345 f., 347, 349 f., 355, 357 f., 727, 732, 860, Schwyzer

Page(s): 183-187 dRoot / lemma: dei-2 (di-, di-, d-) di Meaning: to swing, move Material: Old Indic dyati `flies, hovers'; gr. m. `whirl, whirlpool; round vessel, round

`whirl, whirlpool',

threshing floor ', (Hom.), Aeolic (compare , Hoffmann Gr. D. II 484)

dancing in circles'; pass. ` roam around, reel around, roll (the eyes) whirl (from river), spin ostentatious distribution the intr. and tr. meaning in active and Medium), hom. `to hurry', `flee', `rush', () ` fleeting ' (after , : to thematic analogical instead of * neologism?), dancing around', Aeolic `thresh'; hom. `flee', ` chase away' (with

, , Aeolic `spin in whirl or circle, swing, brandish'; intr. ` turn me by

`pursue' (contaminated from F and , Meillet MSL. 23, 50 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 702); hom. (Fut. hom. ) ` strive for, be troubled about, search, seek', nachhom. also ` investigate ' (*--), next to which due to *-- Attic ` strive for, let me be concerned with '; here with originally *di- : `storm, violent movement, particularly of the sea', `whirlpool, violent movement of water'? compare about gr. words containing the Schwyzer Gr. Or. I 330, 833. idly'. About Lithuanian dain `folk song' (to dej ` lamentation?') compare MhlenbachEndzelin I 432 with Lithuanian Old Irish dan `quick, fast', dne ` quickness '; Latvian deju, dit `dance', dedelt `go

wanton, bratty, unengaged, leisured, unemployed, idle, lazy', Latvian dks `free of work', 54).

Quite doubtful cymr. dig `mad, wicked, evil', russ. dkij `wild', Lithuanian dkas `minxish,

Old Church Slavic divj `wild' (Berneker 203 f., Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 478, Trautmann Not here gr. `reed' (new Ionian and occasional Doric metr.

lengthening? Schulze Qunder ep. 205, Boisacq 196), `shake', ` rove about in the sea' and Latvian duonis, dui `reed, bulrushes '. Page(s): 187 References: WP. I 774 ff.

Root / lemma: dek-1

Meaning: to take, *offer a sacrifice, observe a custom

Material: Old Indic daasyti `proves honour, venerates a god, is gracious' (Denomin. of *daas- = Latin decus), da f. `state, status, fate, destiny'; Avestan dasm n. `property,

belongings piece '; Old Indic Desiderat. dkat `is consecrated', dk `consecration' (*didk-s- with secondary ), dkati `is proficient, makes it right, is compliant', dka- `proficient, skilful' (but Avestan dax- `instruct, teach, instruct', npers. dax ` business, toil'

stay away because of the Gutturals), lengthened grade Old Indic dnti, di, dati

`offer a sacrifice, give, proves honour, grants', dvs- `honoring the Gods, godly, pious'; Avestan dta- `receive, obtains, attains ' (participle); after Frisk Etyma Armen. 25 f. here Armenian ncay `gift' from *nd-tisti- (proto-

Armenian -tis- from *dk-); whether tesanem `I behold '? (compare under ); different Meillet Esquisse 135;

( after *, Infin. ), Aor. , participle , compare

gr. (Ionian Aeolic Cretan) `take in, accept', Attic , athemat. hom. 3. Pl.

Hes. ( instead of ); is preserved in `[absorption] Hes., ` to captivate, fascinate, be impressive ', - `the take of presents', (participle Aor.) `water container, water carrier ', ` distinguished ' ( metr. lengthening); nasal present *v (: Old Indic beam ', Hes. (out of it Latin doga `a sort of vessel (perhaps a measure)'),

`to greet'; intensive ds., - `greet' (for *-()- after the

dnti) in participle `rendering homage, honoring, greeting ', to

present auf -); - could be read - (Indo Germanic ), - also -, and could be metr. lengthening for - (Schwyzer Gr Gr. I 648, 697); causative (= how; 'docere fabulam', to teach a play to the actors, to bring out, exhibit', `it Latin doce `to teach, instruct (with acc. of person or thing); with clause, to inform that or seems to me' (`is suitable to me'); f. `opinion, fame' (*-), n. `decision', ` respectable, approved '; ` to see, discern, perceive, observe; to think, densdens-1. suppose, imagine, expect ', - ` anticipate, expect'; about see below

Maybe alb. Geg doke `custom, ritual, tradition (observed)', (*deuk-) dukem `appear, seem'. tong- *teng *tengtong-1 (*teng-) : `to think, feel'. under ds-; Alb. shows that from Root / lemma: dek-1 : `to take' derived the nasalized Root / lemma: lemma: alb. ndieh `to feel' (*dek-sk-?); ndesh `find, encounter' probably Slavic loanword? S.

worthy, deserving; esp. of persons, usually with abl. or genit. of things, worth having,

`distinction, honor, glory, grace; moral dignity, virtue; of persons, pride, glory ', dignus `

Latin decet, -re `it is proper, it is fitting (physically or morally)', decus, -oris n.

deserved, suitable, fitting ' (from *dec-nos, actually ` adorned with'); Umbrian ticit decet'

(see in addition EM. 257); causative doce, -re `instruct' (`lets accept something '); disc, -ere, didci ` to learn, get to know; 'discere fidibus', to learn to play on the lyre; in gen., to

sk);

receive information, find out; to become acquainted with, learn to recognize ' (from *di-elkOld Irish dech `the best ' (= Latin decus); also in PN Echuid (*ekvo-dek-s), Gen.

Echdach, Luguid, Gen. Luigdech (proto Irish Lugu-deccas with cc = k), whether does not stand for e for older i; then to deik- `point', in the meaning `order'. Perhaps here Germanic *teh-un in Old English teohhian, tiohhian `mean, decide,

define, ordain, determine', teohh, tiohh `troop, multitude, crowd, group of people ', ton

`dispose'; s. above also under deu- ` move spatially forward '.

wherefore perhaps with lengthened grade (*t-u) Gothic twa `order', gatwjan Doubtful Old Church Slavic de, desiti `find', Serbo-Croatian dsm dsiti `meet', refl. `

High German Zeche, Middle High German zesem (*teksma-) `uninterrupted row',

Middle High German zeche ` alignment, guild, brotherhood, colliery, association ', Modern

(*tehn) `decide, define, ordain, determine', Old High German gizehn ` bring in order ',

meet somebody ', Czech po-desiti and u-desiti `catch up, catch'; changing through ablaut russ.-Church Slavic dositi `find, meet'; s. also under ds-. dsTocharian A tk- `adjudicate, decide, determine'; dubious A tskm (*tksk-m)

`similar', Van Windekens Lexique 137; Pisani R. R. 1st. Lomb. 76, 2, 30. 62, 218).

For es-stem Old Indic daas(yti), Latin decus the words stand for `right' (Specht KZ.

deks- with variant suffixes: common Old Indic h- > kLithuanian dinas ds., dein `the right hand', Old Church Slavic desn `right'; gr. Old Indic dkia-, dakia- `on the right, to the south, skilful', Avestan daina- `right',

= Latin dexter, -tra, -trum (compounds dexterior, Superl. dextimus), Oscan side '; gr. `right, heralding luck, skilful, adroit' (from - with formants -Fo-,

destrst (abbreviated from *destrust) `it is on the right ', Umbrian destrame ` on the right compare gall. Dexsiva dea); (the suffix -uo- probably after *lai-uos, skai-uos `links') Old High German zeso `right', Gothic tahsw- Old High German zes(a)wa `the right hand'; alb. Irish dess `on the right, to the south', cymr. deheu (*deksovo-) ds., Gothic tahswa, Old

corruption for desn, s. Berneker 187).

djatht `right' (that from G. Meyer identical with it Church Slavic dest is probably

Note: Note The etymology of G. Meyer seems erroneous because of the common alb. -k- > -th- similar as Latin dexter, -tra, -trum is a suffixed form of old PIE Root / lemma: dek-1 : `to take'. The -ter,-tra suffix has been attested in Avestan Illyrian alb. and Latin Hence before -tra, -ter suffix the -k- becomes usually -ks- in all the above mentioned languages. Hence alb.

(*dek-) djath-t `right' evolved from the common alb. -k- > -th- like in alb. (mag-) math `big' wickedly, unfortunately, extremely'.

while -t is the common alb. suffix as in alb. maj-t `left' from Latin male `badly, ill, wrongly, References: WP. I 782 f., WH. I 330 f., 346 f,, Trautmann 53, 54, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 648, 678, 684, 697, Wistrand Instrumentalis 14 ff. Page(s): 189-191

Meaning: to tear

dk Root / lemma: dek-2 (: dok-, dk-)

`lock, curl of hair'(*doklo-); Gothic tagl n. `single hair', Old Norse tagl n. `the hair in the male member, rod';

Material: Old Indic das ` protruding sheet filaments at the end of fabric, fringes '; Irish dal horse's tail', Old English tgl (engl. tail) m. `tail', Old High German zagel `tail, sting, prick,

Gothic tahjan ` rend, pull, tear, tug ', distahjan `scatter', isl. teja, ta ` teasels ', Old Norse tg, Pl. tger and tgar f. ` fibre, filament ', Middle High German zch, zhe f. Norwegian dial. tja (*tahjan) and taa (*tahn) `fray, tear';

`wick, slow match (wick) '; in other meaning (`tugging - lugging, pulling out ') Norwegian Dialectal taag `slow and enduring', maybe alb. tegel `sewing'

Middle Low German tge, East Frisian tge `stringy, tenacious' and Old High German zag ` hesitating, undecided, shy, timid' wherefore zagn ` be desperate and undecided '; perhaps here as ` from which one tears himself ' or ` ragged, rimose piece', Middle High

German zacke m. f., Modern High German Zacke, Middle English takke ` fibula, clasp, a peak, prong, spike'; or belongs Zacke to Latvian dgums `nose, shoe point'? Maybe alb. tak `shoe heel (spike?)'

large nail ', engl. tack `peg, small nail', with other final sound tagg, tagge m. ` jutting cusp,

German zacke m. f., Modern High German Zacke, Middle English takke `fibula', engl. tack

perhaps here as ` in which one tears himself ' or ` ragged, cracked piece ', Middle High

to Latvian degums hear `nose, shoe point '? See also: see also under denk-. References: WP. I 785.

` pencil, small nail ', with other final sound tagg, tagge m. ` excellent point, point '; or Zacke

Page(s): 191

Meaning: ten Note:

Root / lemma: dekm, dekm-t, deku- (*due-km-t) du

(u) Root / lemma: dekm, dekm-t, deku- (*due-km-t): `ten' is an extended Root / lemma: du(u) du : (*duei-): `two'. The subsequent roots *u-kmt- : `twenty' and kmtm `hundred' are mutated duei- : ei m u forms of the root *due-km-t : `ten'. They both reflect the common Illyrian- balt d- > zero. du Comments: The root number (*kem-t-) for 10, 20, 30, 40, 100 derived from the name of deer counted by PIE hunters. see Root / lemma: kem-2 : hornless, young deer. emem Material: Old Indic da, Avestan dasa; Armenian tasn (after Meillet Esquisse 42 from
e

degetasis ` manager of the tithes ' (*deken-tsio-),

*dek-noi; PN Decius = Oscan Dekis, Gen. Dekkieis), Oscan deketasi, Nom. Pl.

*d k-, as russ. (tri)dcat `30' from (tri-)dseti), gr. , Latin decem (dn `per ten' from

n as in sibun, niun), Old Norse tiu, Old English tien, tyn, Old Saxon tehan, Old High German zehan (a probably from den compounds, Brugmann II 2, 18), 104 borrows from Indo Germanic).

Umbrian desen-(duf) ` twelve ', Old Irish deich, cymr. deg, corn. bret. dek, Gothic tahun (-

Tocharian A k, B ak; Finnish deksan `10' is after Jokl Pr. ling. Baudouin de Courtenay In the substantive number dekm-t(i), actually `decade', go back: t(i), Gr. I 498, 597), Gothic tihun-thund `hundred' (actually `ten decades '), Old Norse tiund f. metath. desmit, old desmits (compare desmite m. f. ` ten '); Old Church Slavic dest
2

Old Indic daat-, daati- f. `decade', alb. djet, gr. , - (to s. Schwyzer Gr.

ds., Old Prussian dessmpts `ten', Lithuanian dimt, old dimtis, Latvian old desimt, (conservative stem in -t, Meillet Slave comm. 428);

party, club' (out of it borrows Modern High German Decher .. `ten pieces'; late Latin

deku- probably in Latin decuria ` a body of ten men; a class, division, esp. of jurors; a

Maybe alb. tek `odd number' formations up to 50 are provable as Indo Germanic), e.g. Old Indic trit `30', Avestan Changing through ablaut (d)kmt- (Dual), (d)kmt- (Plur.) in figures of ten (only mtmt

riss, Armenian ere-sun, gr. (from *-; further details by Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 592), Latin tri-gint (with unexplained g), gallo-Latin Abl. Pl. TRICONTIS, Old Irish trcho `20'); s. also under u-kmt `20'.
e

(with after tr `3'), bret. tregont (*tri-komt-es), acymr. trimuceint (in the ending after uceint ordinals dek mo-s and dekm-to-s: momo to-

therefrom decumnus ` of the tenth.(1) relating to the provincial tax of a tenth; m. as subst. the farmer of such a tax. (2) belonging to the tenth legion; m. pl. as subst. its members. (3) belonging to the tenth cohort ', later `considerable ', Oscan Dekm-annis `*Decumaniis',

momo dek mo-s in Old Indic daam-, Avestan dasma-, osset. dsm; Latin decimus,
e

compare also EN Decumius, out of it entl. etr. tecumnal, latinized back Decumenus; gall. decametos, Old Irish dechmad, mcymr. decvet, corn. degves. dekm-to-s in gr. (see also Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 595); Gothic tahunda, Old Norse to-

Lithuanian deimtas, Latvian desmitais, older desimtai; Old Church Slavic dest; Note:

tunda, Old High German zehanto, zehendo, Old English teogea; Old Prussian dessmts, Tocharian A knt, B kante, kace (linguistic singles Armenian tasn-erord, alb. i-dhjet); Anatolian languages show a pattern similar to alb. So Lycian aitta (*okt(u)ta) `eight' : alb. teta `eight'; Lycian utta `nine' : alb. nanda `nine'. Therefore alb. shtata `seven' derived from a truncated *sa(p)tata `seven' later Old Indic sapttha, Avestan haptaa-, Old

Saxon sivotho, Old English seofoa, Lithuanian septitas; also Old Indic saptat-, Avestan haptiti- 70; in alb. -ta, -t are attribute endings that were solidified in Anatolian and Indic alone. cognates. The attribute ta (used in the genitive and adjectives) is unique to alb. language

11

see also under under centuria under Kluge

fower-tig, Old High German fior-zug ds. Older explanations by WH. I 327 f. and Feist 150. under Decher.

Germanic *tigu- `decade' in Gothic fidwor-tigjus `40', Old Icelandic fjrer-tiger, Old English

appropriate to a decury ', Umbrian tekvias `a way to a decury'; in addition probably

decuries '; compare Oscan-Umbrian dekvia- in Oscan (va) Dekkviarim `( a way)

Middle High German ziger `curd') = Umbrian dequrier, tekuries ` decuries, feast of

*teguria is assumed through Swiss Ziger ` ten pounds of milk'; probably identical with

Therefore alb. teta `eight' is a zero grade of Lycian aitta (*okt(u)ta) `eight'. It was initially an ordinal number used as an attribute [compare Latin octugint `80']. Alb. Tosc nanta, Geg nanda ` nine ' derived from Lycian utta `nine'. Alb. gjashta (seks-ta) `six' [common alb. s- > gj-] : Old Indic `six', ah- `sixth' was initially an ordinal number. Hence alb. die-ta `ten' derived from a proto Romance cognate *die + common alb. -ta Ladino dies, Asturian diez, Aragonese diez, Auvergnat di, Limosin die, Rumantsch diese etc.

suffix used in attribute nouns; similarly in: Portuguese dez, Galician dez, Spanish diez, Grischun diesch, Sursilvan diesch, Vallader desch, Ladin desc, Italian dieci, Venetian Here kmtm `hundred' from *(d)kmtm `(ten) dekades': m m m ( Old Indic atm, Avestan satm (out of it Finnish sata, Crimean Gothic sada); Gr. Gr. I 592 f.), abbreviated * in *- etc (in , 400', ` four hundred '); Note: Gr. (*hekaton) < *(d)kmtm `(ten) dekades' is crucial to crucial for tracing the cause m ( of old laryngeal appearance in IE. Hence laryngeals were created after the loss of initlal d- in IE. Gr. and Anatolian tongues reflect the common Illyrian- balt d- > zero. Latin centum (in addition ducentum, ducent `200', compare Old Indic dvi-atam from gr. , Arcadian (from dissimil. *sm kmtom `a hundred'? compare Schwyzer

*dui-kmtm; trecent `300', quadringent `400', etc; centsimus `the hundredth' after vcsimus, trcsimus from*uei-, *tr-kmt-t mo-s);
e

Old Irish ct, cymr. cant, bret. kant, corn. cans; 200), but Old Norse hund-ra (to Gothic raian `count') ` 120 pieces (10 dozens) ' (`120'), Saxon hunderod; Gothic Old Saxon Old English hund, Old High German hund `100' (in compounds from

out of it Old English hundred; Middle High German Modern High German hundert from Old Lithuanian imtas, Latvian smts;

Old Church Slavic etc sto is barely iran. loanword (Meillet Slave commun. 63); Tocharian A knt, B knte. Alb. Geg d, Tosc di `two' hence alb. (*hnt) alb. nj-qind `one- hundred' [common alb. > i], hence alb. displays centum characteristics while Rumanian sut `a hundred' displays the satem nature of Rumanian
2

hundred-year-old '. Page(s): 191-192

Bulgarian storica ds., Lithuanian imteripas `characterized by a hundred', imtr-gis `

Norse hundari, Old High German huntari n. `a division of 100, administrative district', Old

century, a part of the Roman people, as divided by Servius Tullius ' (as decuria), Old

In addition a r-derivative in Latin centuria f. ` a division of 100; a company of soldiers; a

References: WP. I 785 f., WH. I 200 f., 327 ff., 859, Feist 150, 471 f., Trautmann 53, 305.

Meaning: to put by; to count, tell

delRoot / lemma: del-1

Material: Perhaps Armenian to `line, row', toem ` line up '; assassinator ' (about `sprit' see below del-3); delgr. `artifice, bait', ` outwit, circumvent ', ` small dagger of the from Gr. have been borrowed Latin dolus `a device, artifice; fraud, deceit, guile; a trap

artifice, deception ', dol ` a pike, sword-stick, a small foresail ', Oscan Akk. dolom, Abl. dolud ` a device, artifice; fraud, deceit, guile; a trap '; maybe alb. (*tl) tall `tease, trick': Old Norse tl f. `deceit, guilefulness'.

narrate, relate', Old English tellan, Old High German zellen (Fem. Old Norse tola `speech, number, bill, account, invoice, calculus, reckoning, calculation '), Old English talu `narration, row', Old High German zala `number, report, account' (therefrom Old Norse tala count, pay'); g-extension in engl. talk `talk'; from s-stem *talaz- n.: Gothic talzian `instruct',

(Old English tl n. `calculation, row', gital `number'), therefrom Old Norse telja `recount,

Old Norse tal n. `bill, account, invoice, calculus, reckoning, calculation, number, speech'

`talk', Old English talian `reckon, consider, think, tell', Old High German zaln ` calculate,

un-tals ` indocile, disobedient ', in addition Old English getl `rash, hasty, quick, fast', Old deceit, guile; a trap' present coloring of meaning lengthened grade Old Norse tl f. `deceit, Saxon gital Old High German gizal `quick, fast'; with the in dolus `a device, artifice; fraud,

guilefulness ', Old English tl f. `reprimand, slander, derision ', Old High German zla ` `allure, entice' (*dln-).

pestering, temptation; snare, danger', zln `tear away, rob'; zero grade Old English tyllan Original resemblance with del- `split' is doubtful; perhaps from the hatchet being aimed

at the wood to be split or from the technique of runes (number marks as incision)?

additional form *dai-l- here. An association with *del- Persson attempted root extension d-l- grasped as parallel extensions. Page(s): 193 References: WP. I 808 f.

About *dil- in Gothic ga-tils ` fitting', etc, see below ad-2; probably barely from of an ad-

115, Pedersen KZ. 39, 372, while they, deriving from d-, di- ` divide ', *de-l- and *dai-l-,

Meaning: to shake

delRoot / lemma: del-2

Material: Old Indic dul f. `the wavering ', with secondary lengthened grade : dlayat ` swings, sways ', -ti ` swings, whirls up ', dlita- ` fluctuating, moves by oscillating ';

Lithuanian delsti ` tarry, hesitate', dulinti `amble, bum';

doubtful, uncertain', engl. tilt ` incline ', Middle Dutch touteren `waver, wobble, sway, small, insecure steps, like children ';

Old Englishtealt `doubtful, uncertain, wavering', tealt(r)ian `waver, wobble, sway, be

with d-extension doubtful (?) Old Indic dui- f. `a small turtle, tortoise' (`waddling'), rather

swing', Norwegian Dialectal tylta ` tread quietly, like on toes ', Swedish tulta ` walk with with t-extension Old High German zeltri, Middle High German zelter, md. zelder `

pacesetter, going on a trot, trotting ', Modern High German Zelter, Old Norse tjaldari ds. march in step, match in tempo ' from *talutn; the relationship to that mentioned by Plinius span. words thieldones ` pacesetter, going on a trot, trotting ' is unclear), Old Norse tjaldr ln- Old Norse tolla `hang loose', tyllast ` toddle, walk on tiptoe; trip'. compare Falk-Torp under kjeld, tulle. `Haematopus ostralegus, Eurasian oystercatcher' (` the trudger '); but rather with -ll- from (influence of Latin toltrius ` pacesetter, going on a trot, trotting '; compare isl. tlta `

Maybe alb. tul `boneless meat, pulp, leg meat (also meat hanging lose)' References: WP. I. 809.

Page(s): 193-194 del- dol del dolRoot / lemma: del-3 (dol-), delMeaning: to split, divide Material: Old Indic dlyati `splits, makes break, crack', dlati `cracks' (meaning influenced

flourished ',

by phlati ` broken in two ', Gntert Reimw. 48), dalit- `split, pull apart, blossomed,

probably also da-, -m `stick, bludgeon, beating, punishment' are after Kuiper ProtoMunda 65, 75 not Indo Germanic;

dala-m n. `deal, portion, piece, half, leaf', dal- f. `clod of earth'; but Prakr. l, - `bough',

brands' (Scheftelowitz BB. 29, 27; *d l-);

e

Armenian probably ta `imprinting, impression, mark, token, sign, stave', taem `stamps, gr. , ` wrought artificially ', Intens. - `work skillfully,

decorate' (dissimil. from *--, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 647); (changing through

ablaut Cypriot ) `(*writing board) a writing-tablet ' (`wood fissure, smoothly slammed wood board ', s. Boisacq 174 m. Lithuanian and to meaning esp. Schulze KZ. 45, 235; compare to the form under Modern High German tent); perhaps here `sprit, small --, ` cakes of the flour of roasted barley ' -- as ` crushed, coarsely ground ' (= `*split'?? Prellwitz 104 between); lengthened grade
2

sail' (out of it Latin dol m. ` a pike, sword-stick; a small foresail '); quite doubtful whereas

`destroy, smash, damage' (not to Latin dle `to blot out, efface; in gen., to

destroy, annihilate'); reduced grade Ionian ` annihilated ', - `

disturbed senses ' Aisch.; el. - with el. from (see Boisacq 182; against it ' gr. Hes. (*d li), ( . ,
e

Wackernagel Gl. 14, 51); with the meaning change `( the heart?) tear, maltreat, cause pain

); compare also Latvian dlt `torment, smite, agonize' and Latin dole ` to

pain, physical or mental; esp. disappointment, resentment. Transf., cause of sorrow; rhet., pathos '; alb. dalloj ` separate, distinguish, divide', djal `kid, child, offspring (*offshoot)' (*delno-; Latin dol, -re ` to hew with an axe, to work roughly ', dolbra ` a pick-axe, mattock,

suffer pain, physical or mental, to be pained, to grieve; of things, to cause pain ', dolor `

compare Middle Irish del `rod');

hoe', lengthened grade dlium `a wine-jar, cask, barrel, vat' (as proto Slavic*dly `barrel,

probably new formation from d-lvi ` has erased, effaced, obliterated, blotted out '); del, as with causative ablaut Old Irish dolb(a)id `shaped', doilbthid ` a worker in clay, potter Old Irish delb f. `shape, form', acymr. delu, ncymr. delw ` image, figure, effigy ', corn.

vat, cask' see below); dole, dolor see above (but dle is because of Perf. dlvi

sharing in; wanting in, destitute of ' (compare Old Indic and Baltic-slav, words for `deal,

separate, exclude' (etc, s. Pedersen KG.II 502 f.), acorn. didaul `having no part in, not

' (to Celtic *delu, *dolu-, compare -stem Slavic dly); perhaps Old Irish fo-dlim `discern,

acorn. didaul ` expers' (compare Old Indic and Baltic-slav, words for ` part '), cymr. gwa*d(i)- `divide'); probably Middle Irish del `staff, rod' (as `split piece wood'), corn. dele
h

portion'), perhaps Old Irish fo-dlim ` discerno, sejungo ' (etc., see Pedersen KG.II 502 f.),

ddol `a portion or dowry' as o-forms besides (just as well but as *d-l- correlate to `antenna' (or to Indo Germanic *d l-, whose certain attachments indeed point only d l-);
h

a-vocalism?; with meaning- transfer alb. djal `kid, child, youth, youngling ' ? see below

German zulle, zlle, Modern High German Zlle ` riverboat, barge' is probably in spite of
11

piece connecting the horns of two oxen going in the bottom plate ' (*dl-n-); but Middle High under Zlle

as measurement of length `inch', s-zolle `icicle', Old Norwegian horntylla ` yoke, wood

Middle High German zol(l) m., zolle f. ` cylindric bit of wood, clot, chunk, block, toggle', zol

Middle Low German tol, tolle `point of twig, branch', holl. tol `spinning top' (`*peg, plug'),

Persson Beitr. 174 not genuine Germanic, but loanword from Slavic, s. Kluge

Middle High German zolch `clot, chunk, block, (*blockhead), lubber ' (whether Old Norse tlkn n. ` gill of fish' as `the split'? Falk-Torp under tkn); with -d ndd. talter `rag, scrap, shred' (Holthausen Afneuere Spr. 121, 292); with t-suffix Germanic *telda- `* stretched tent pole ' (: gr. ) in Old Norse tiald

` riverboat, barge'; other formations holl. tolk `stick, rod, chopstick', Swedish tolk `wedge',

zelt, actually ` stretched cover'; in addition Old High German zelto, Modern High German tselt-, tslt- `chew'; from Germanic Lidn aaO. still ranks Old Swedish tialdra, tildra ` cairn ' in (*tel-rn- or -rn `* shaft, pole, peg, plug as as a boundary marker '?);

`curtain, cover, rug, tent', Old English teld n. `tent', Old High German Modern High German

Zelten, Zeltkuchen; or better as ` shredded, ground ' (see above ) to Tocharian B

quarter ', deli `decreasing moon', causative Latvian dldt `wear out, liquidate, rub off, destroy', diluot `skive, abrade, polish';

plane'), dlt `wear out, torment, smite'; Lithuanian ps-dylis (mnuo) ` moon in the last

Lithuanian dyl, dlti (delu, dilti), Latvian dlu, dilstu, dilt ` wear out, polish ' (from `*to

flat place on the threshing floor, threshing floor ' (Berneker 208, Trautmann 51, different Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 454);

Slavic dlan `palm', russ. old dolon, nowadays reconverted with metathesis ladn `palm;

Lithuanian dlna (by Juszkiewicz also dna), Latvian delna `inner flat hand', Old Church

out of it derived the concept of smoothness justified probably the transference there of

conquer' = `*have, obtain the best part', Berneker 206). compare Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 435. Doubtful Old Church Slavic dl `deal, portion': either as *dlo-s here, or rather with

100), russ. (etc) dlja `deal, portion, lot' (in addition Old Church Slavic odolti `defeat,

Prussian dellieis `divide, share!', dellks `deal, portion' (e from a, Trautmann Old Prussian

`clod of earth'), dalij, dalti `divide', Latvian dala `deal, portion, lot', dalt `divide', Old

Lithuanian dals, East Lithuanian dali `deal, portion, inheritance; alms' (= Old Indic dal-

Indo Germanic ai as *dai-lo- to root d(i)- `divide'; about Gothic dails, Modern High German Teil see above under d-, di-.

Sg. dlvi `barrel, vat, cask', New Bulgarian delva (*dlva) ` big clay vessel with two handles ';

Slavic delvi (*dlvi) Lok. Sg., N. Pl. `barrel, vat, cask', Middle Bulgarian dli (*dly), Lok.

Proto Slavic -stem *dly, Gen. *dlve (: Old Irish delb from *delu) in russ.-Church

tslt- `chew', Pedersen Tocharian Sprachg. 18 f.

Tocharian A tlo, B tallwo `unlucky', Van Windekens Lexique 136 (?); rather B tsalt-, extension del-gh-, dl-egh-; dolgho- etc `sickle, blade'. del-gh- dl-egh- dolgho-

compare pamirdial. lrg ds.;

Indo-iran. *dargha- (dolgho-) is assumed through Mordovian loanword tarvas `sickle'; dolghodolgho Old Irish dlongid `he splits', dluige (*dlogio-) ` the fissured ', Middle Irish dluigim `split';

Old Norse tjalga ` thin twig, branch, long arm', Old English telga m. `twig, branch, bough', branch', Old High German zuelga `twig, branch' (whose zw- probably previously is taken about Lithuanian dalgis, Gen. -io m., Latvian dalgs, Old Prussian doalgis `scythe' see
h

Old Norse telgja `hew, cut out', talga `the cutting, carving', talgo-knfr ` slice knife ', also

telgor m. f., telgra m. `twig, branch, scion ', Middle High German zelge, zelch `bough, twig,

over from zwig); below d elg-;

(dlaiti), dlditi ` pave, hit the screed ' (Berneker 207).

flooring from planks ', Czech dlha (dlaha) ` board, splint, base of the ground ', dliti As for *del- ` whereupon it is split apart ' is also for that with it perhaps originally

dolgh in serb. dlaga ` board for the splint of broken bones ', poln. Dialectal doka `

resemble*del- `split' given the possibility, that d-el- is an extension from d[i]- `divide, share '. References: WP. I 809 ff., WH. 364 ff., Lidn KZ. 56, 216 ff., Pedersen Tocharian Sprachg.

18 f.

Page(s): 194-196 delRoot / lemma: del-4

Meaning: to rain

tim (*teim?), Gen. tmoi;

Material: Armenian te ` heavy rain ', team, -em, -um `to rain, shower, sprinkle, irrigate ', Middle Irish delt m. `dew'; also FlN; bret. delt `humid, wet, moist '; English *tealg, Middle English talgh, engl. tallow, nnl. talk, Modern High German Talg (from Ndd.); ablaut. Old Norse tolgr (*tl-k-) ds. Note: Middle Irish delt m. `dew'; bret. delt `humid, wet, moist ' display alb.-illyr -k > -th, -t subsequents. Page(s): 196 References: Petersson Heterokl. 198 f., different Kluge under `tallow, suet'. Germanic *dol-k- or *dol-gho- in dan. Swedish Norwegian talg `tallow, suet', Old

Meaning: long

delRoot / lemma: del-5

widespread extension delgh- and (d)longho- (see finally Persson Beitr. 889, 903 Anm. 1) delgh(d)longhoslow in talking and at work, stupid talk', Norwegian Dialectal tla `hesitate, wait, hold on', Material: Perhaps here Old Norse talma `hinder', Middle Low German talmen `loiter, be

Note: to put away more confidently only for Slavic, but probably the basis for the

tle `rogue, fool ' (Persson Beitr. 889);

11

Czech dle f. `length', dlti `hesitate', etc (Berneker 252); perhaps v dalj ` far, aloof' (Meillet MSL.14, 373; Berneker 177 besides other supplements). delgh- dghdelgh-, dgh-:

Old Church Slavic pro-dliti `', russ. dlit ` protract, hesitate', dlin f. `length',

grade compounds Superl. drghyas-, drghiha- ` longer, for a long time ', Avestan drjy Indic drghimn-, drghmn- m. `length, duration', Avestan drj n. `stretch, length'; Adv. `further', drjitm Adv. ` longest ', npers. dirz (actually comparative) `long', Old

zero grade Old Indic drgh- = Avestan darga-, dara-, Old pers. darga- `long', zero

racecourse ';

`long' (to i s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 278, different Specht Dekl. 126), `the long about alb. glat etc see below;

gr. `continuous, persistent, enduring' (`*drag out'), ` continue ',

Note: Clearly alb. (*da-lu-ga-a-ti) glat `long' derived from Hittite da-lu-ga-a-ti (dalugasti) n. poln. dugo etc ds. `length': Old Church Slavic dlgota `length' (= Old Indic drghat): proto Slavic. *dlgost, Alb. and Baltic forms agree in dropping the initial d- > zero, which means that Baltic cognates originated from proto Illyrian: Alb. (*da-lu-ga-a-ti) glat `long, tall, high': Lithuanian lgas, f. ilg, Latvian ilgs, Old

Prussian ilga and ilgi Adv. `long'; alb. is the only IE lang. where (*da-lu-ga-a-ti) glat `long' means also `tall, high' hence the name Alba Longa capital of Etruscan settlers is an alb. concept of building fortresses on hilltops of future Rome. Latin presumably indulge ` to be forbearing, patient, indulgent; to give oneself up to,

indulge in; grant, allow, concede' (: , basic meaning then `be patient to somebody compared with, hold on patiently') from *en-dolgh-ei. answer', Tosc ndlej, ndjej, ndjej ` feel', ndiej ` feel, hear'.

Maybe alb. (*en-dolgh-ei ) Geg. ndigjoj, Tosc dgjoj ` listen, hear, be submissive ', gjegj ` cymr. dal, dala, daly `hold, stop', bret. dalc'h ` possession ', derc'hel `hold, stop' (r diss.

from l, compare participle dalc'het) presumably with the meaning-development as Modern

Pedersen KG. I 52, 106);

High German ` after which last ' to `long' (basic form*d l()gh-; Zupitza BB. 25, 90 f., Maybe nasalized alb. ndal `hold, stop' : cymr. dal, dala, daly `hold, stop'. `very', Old English tulge, compounds tylg ` better, rather ', Superl. tylgest `best'; Prussian ilga and ilgi Adv. `long'; Gothic tulgus `tight, firm, steadfast' (`*long, persistent, enduring '), Old Saxon tulgo Adv. Baltic with unexplained d-loss (see below): Lithuanian lgas, f. ilg, Latvian ilgs, Old Old Church Slavic dlg, serb. dg, Old Czech dlh, russ. dgij `long' (= Old Indic
e

drgh-), in addition serb. d f. `length'; Old Church Slavic dlgota `length' (= Old Indic drghat); proto Slavic. *dlgost, poln. dugo etc ds.; Hittite Nom. Pl. da-lu-ga-e-e (dalugaes) `long', da-lu-ga-a-ti (dalugasti) n. `length'. /d/longho/d/longho-s: *dlagh-t-); a) Middle Persian drang, npers. dirang `long' (but alb. glat, gjat, gjat `long' at first from b) Latin longus `long; spacious; of time, long, of long duration; esp. too long, tedious; of

) though Loth (RC. 43, 133 f.) holds that word for genuine Celtic; compare also abrit. FlN (Ptol.) and gall. VN - (Aude); anlaut. dl- remains preserved otherwise Celtic. In the group b) would display an already common West Indo Germanic simplification, might be connected with the d-loss of Baltic ilgas . compare also Specht

because of second meaning `vessel' and Middle Irish coblach `fleet' (*kom-uo-log- or *-lug-

Old Irish etc long `ship' seems to be borrowed from Latin (navis) longa; nevertheless,

German lang (Old High German langn `become long, seem long, long, want', etc); but

persons, prolix, tedious', Gothic laggs, Old English Old High German Modern High

Dekl. 126.

Maybe Alba Longa (Rome) capital of Illyrian - Etrus. : Illyrian Albanoi TN References: WP. I 812 f., WH. I 694 f., 820 f., Trautmann 55, Pedersen Hittite 34 f. Page(s): 196-197

Meaning: worm

demelRoot / lemma: demel-

Material: Epidaur. f. Akk. Pl., Hes.; dhimz ` meat maggot '. Page(s): 201 References: WP. I 790. perhaps alb. dhemj `caterpillar, inchworm' (could stand for *dhemli), dhmze,

taming ';

taming ', damyti `tames' (*dom-io = Latin domo); dam- ` domesticating ', dma- `

damyati `tames, overmasters ' (*domei), participle damita-; damitr- `tamer'; damitv `

Material: Old Indic dmyti ` is tamed; tamed ' (*dm-ieti), dt- ` tamed ' (*dm-ts); Kaus.

Meaning: Meaning: to tame

dem dom Root / lemma: (dem-), dom-, d mdem

o

incredible stem formation;

here (as *dm-so-s) ds- `fiend, non-Aryan ', actually `slave', but because of the

osset. domun `tame', npers. dam `domesticated animal'; after Pisani Crest. Indeur. 113
2

reshaped, as etc, ` the all-subduer, all-tamer ', Doric `tamed' Ionian Perf. , `tamer', ` taming, domestication'; forms with root vowel o are missing in Gr.; domesticate, tame, break, subdue, master ', Perf. domu (from *dom-uai), participle domitor `tamer' (= Old Indic damitr-); domitus, -s m. `taming' (compare Old Indic domitus (reshaped after domu and domitor from *dmtos, Indo Germanic *dm-to-s), Latin dom (*dom-i = damyti), doms (*dom-si = Old High German zams) ` to (*dm-ts), hom. and , - ` untamed, unrestrained, unwed, unmarried ',

gr. , Ionian -, Aor. -() (for *-) `tame', various secondary

damitv);

(probably = gr.); phonetic mixture with damnaim from Latin damn, also the

Old Irish damnaim `bind (tight, firm), tame (horses)', Verbalnom. damnad and domnad

unruled m has probably arisen from participle dammainti; Old Irish dam- ` acquiesce,

endure, grant' (e.g. daimid ` admitted to' probably = Old Indic dmyti, composes ni-daim `not enduring, not suffering'; Perf. dmair from lengthened grade *dm-), with ad- `admit' (e.g. 3. PL ataimet), with fo- `endure' (e.g. 1. Sg. fo-daimim), cymr. addef, bret. asav

`admit', acymr. ni cein guodeimisauch Gl. `have not endured well', ncymr. go-ddef `suffer,

`tame', acymr. dometic ` domesticated ', ar-domaul ` docile ', cymr. df, bret. doff `tame,

endure, allow', corn. gothaf `bear, endure', bret. gouzav, gouzav us. (but cymr. dofi

domesticated' stems from Latin domre, so that native forms with o were absent in Celtic); Old High German zemmen `tame' (Kaus. *domi = Old Indic damyati); Old High German Gothic ga-tamjan, Old Norse temja, Old English temian, Middle Low German temmen,

domesticated, tamed, subdued, mastered ' (unclear, whether back-formation from verb, or if the pass. meaning has arisen from `domestication = the tamed', so that in historic connection with Old Indic dma- ` taming ').

zamn ds. (= Latin dom-re), Old Norse tamr, Old English tam, Old High German zam `

because of gr. on the one hand ` overmastering, taming' ( , Anakreon), on the other hand `young (still to be tamed) bull', wherefore `young cow', `ds.'; also `young girl', `calf', is probably alb. dnt, dhnt, Geg dhnt `small

Because of Old Indic damya- `to tame' and `young bull, which still should be tamed ' and

cattle, sheep and goats, sheep' (*dem-t or *dem-to-s, respectively *dom-t, -to-s), dem ` and Old Irish dam `ox' (*damos), dam allaid `deer' (`*wild ox'), as well as cymr. dafad,

bovine animal, cattle, young bull' (= Old Indic damya-), as well as also gall. GN Damona f. acorn. dauat, bret. davat `sheep (then = gr. -) to add (originally appellation of

domesticated bovine animal); Latin damma or dma is probably borrowed from Celtic or chamois, antelope '), engl. doe, Alemannian t ds., compare Holthausen Altengl. etym.

from elsewhere; unclear is Old English d f. `roe deer' (out of it acorn. da ` a fallow-deer,

Wb. 68; from Old French daim `fallow-deer' derives bret. dem ds.; Germanic additional zamerl `young ox' (Much ZfdA.42, 167; proto Germanic *a or *o?).

forms s. by Falk-Torp under daadyr m. Lithuanian; corresponding to niedersterr. zamer, Hittite da-ma-a-zi ` thronged ', preterit 3. Pl. ta-ma-a-ir, Pedersen Hittite 95 f.

Maybe those cognates derived from Tumuzi the shepherd in Sumerian. Page(s): 199-200 References: WP. 1 788 f., WH I 367 f., 861, Meillet BSL. 33, 110.

dem- dem Root / lemma: dem-, demMeaning: to build; house Material: Gr. `build', from the heavy basis participle Perf. Pass. , Doric (Pindar) ` newly built', n. ` physique, shape' (, Attic inschr. - ` spanning crossbeams in the

middle of the building ', yet [] could also be suffix).

German be-tme ` fitting', Old High German gi-zmi `proper' and abstract zero grades Old High German zumft, Middle High German zumft, zunft ` propriety, rule, association, guild ' mcymr. dant ` temperament, character' (mostly Plur. deint), basic form *d-to-, Loth RC dam-no-). 46, 252 f. compare mcymr. cynnefin ` trustful ' (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), (*komro-stem Old Icelandic timbr `timber', Old Saxon timbar, Old English timber `timber, ro (*d-ti-) = Middle Irish dt ` disposition, temperament ' (Old Irish dtlae `bold, daring'),

`suit, fit', wherefore lengthened grade Gothic ga-tmia Adv. ` befitting ', Middle Low

The meaning ` settle, fit' in Gothic ga-timan, Old Saxon teman, Old High German zeman

edifice, building, building', Old High German zimbar `timber, building, dwelling, chamber', ` build, do carpentry, do woodwork '.

whereof Gothic timrjan `build', Old Norse timbra, Old High German zimberen and zimbaron root nouns dm-, dm-, dm-, d- `house'. dm- dwith Gen. *dem-s, as also gr. - `master, mister' (see Risch IF. 59, 12, Schwyzer [= Avestan dng pati-], less probably with Lok. Aryan *dam as `master in the house'); Old Indic ptir dn ` householder ', Avestan dng patoi ` master of (*lord of the house)'

Gr. Gr. I 547 f.), Old Indic dm-pati- `lord, master' (new shifting together from *dn patiAvestan Lok. dm, dmi `in the house', Lok. Pl. dhv-, Nom. -d from proto Aryan *-

ds in ui- name of a mountain range (`having one's house by the aurora '), wherefore probably Avestan ha-dmi Lok. `in the same house'; tan; Armenian tun Nom. Akk. `house' (*dm), Instr. tamb (*d-bhi), whereupon Gen. Dat.

Sg.mask. *dm- with structure in Neutr. after ; derivative , , (`mistress of the house'); as 1. composition part in - `wife' (*dm-rt ` governing of the house '), ` floor - as intensive prefix; so perhaps also Ionian ` temple male servant, temple female servant' for *-) = Swedish tomt, Old Icelandic topt `place for edifice,

perhaps also (*d[m]) as Nom. Akk. Sg. n. or Lok.; , originally Akk.

gr. - Lok., originally `inside in house' (also reshaped to -, -, ),

(originally of the house)' from *d-pedom ( out of it after the concurrent of - and

building' in Norwegian Mdarten `loam' (Germanic *tum-fetiz, Indo Germanic *d-ped-),

`stand').

compare also Lithuanian dim-stis ` courtyard, property; courtyard ' (2. part *sto-s to *stdomoo-stem domo-s: Old Indic dma- `house, dwelling ', gr. `house' ( `

etc? Hes), - (*-) ` builder ', Latin Lok. dom `to a house' (= Old Indic dm `in a house, to a house'), dominus `master, mister' from *domo-no-s.
2

Latin domus, -s f. `a house, dwelling-house, building, mansion, palace' (out of it is Middle temple, enclosed by a portico and projecting side- walls) ' undertaken with the thing together);

domuu-stem domu-s (Brugmann Grdr. II 1, 180 presumes an adv. Lok. *dom as originator):

Irish dom-, dam-liacc `stone house', aur-dam ` pronaos (the space in front of the body of a

Old Church Slavic dom m. `house', russ. dma `at house' (*dom[u]); *domov: Old `housemate' and Armenian tanu-tr `householder'; Russian domov `after the house'; presumedly also through Old Indic dm-nas-

Maybe alb. dhoma `room' : Old Indic dma- `house'. bondmaid ', Cretan f. `people in slavery, population in serfdom '; building, dwelling'; a stem *dmu- in Ionian , Gen. ` prisoner of war, farm laborer', `

Aryan *dm-na- in Avestan dmna-, nmna- n. `house', also Old Indic mna- `edifice, Lithuanian nmas, Pl. nama `house, dwelling' is dissimilated from *damas, in

compounds as nam-dars ` homemaker ', s. WH. I 861. Note:

It is a common trait of alb. and Lithuanian to drop the initial da- as in Root / lemma: del-5 : del-

`long': Baltic with unexplained d loss (see below): Lithuanian lgas, f. ilg, Latvian ilgs, Old

Prussian ilga and ilgi Adv. `long'; alb. glat 'long' Baltic and Albanian languages often drop nasalized form *ndmas. signified `timber'.

the initial da- > zero. This is a common Baltic-alb.. Hence Lithuanian nmas derived from a Old Irish damnae `material', cymr. defnydd, Middle Breton daffnez could have originally Tocharian B tem-, A tam-, AB tm- `create, beget, be born ' and B tsam-, AB tsm-, A
7

am-, m-, perhaps after Pedersen Tocharian Sprachg. 21 here;

in addition also B c(o)mel, A cmol (*cmelu) `birth', Van Windekens Lexique 51. domesticate'. Note: dem- dem heihiRoot / lemma: dem-, dem- : `to build; house' derived from Root / lemma: hei-2 : hi- : hei-men-, *heimn- : `winter; snow'. But the h > d has been recorded in Illyrian alb. hei-men- heimnalone. This makes proto Illyrian the oldest IE branch. An old branching of the root is dem- `tame', originally probably `tie up in the house,

Trautmann 44.

References: WP. I 786 ff.; WH. I 367, 369 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 480, 524, 547 f., 625,

Page(s): 198-199 Root / lemma: denkNote:

h

Meaning: to bite

emb Root / lemma: denk- : `to bite' derived from Illyrian derivative of Root / lemma: em -, mb - : `to bite; tooth' common Illyrian - > d-. Material: Old Indic dati ` bites' (*dnkti), Perf. dada (thereafter also a present daana-m `the bitting ', dara-, dstr ` sharp tooth, fang' = Avestan tii-dstragr. `bite' (*dnk-n), Aor. (= Impf. Old Indic daam), wherefore Fut.
h

dati), Kaus. dayate `makes bite ', da- `bite, gadfly, brake',

`with sharp teeth, toothed ' (for -dtra- s. Bartholomae Airan. Wb. 653);

(but Ionian ), Perf. , (as well as `bite') with ablaut

neologism (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 770); , ` biting animal'; in addition probably `with biting teeth ', perhaps originally `tooth' or `bite' (Liddell-Scott, different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 620, 723), probably hybridization of * `biting' with , therefrom derived alb. Geg dan (*donk-n), Tosc dar `pliers'; strong, fresh'; Old Norse tng (Gen. tengr and tangar), Old English tang, tange, Old High press (lips) together', probably Old Saxon bitengi `moving close to, oppressive', Old Old High German zangar `biting, sharp', Middle Low German tanger `ds., vicious, ( with Assimil. of o in ), etc `scratch, itch', ` the scratch ';

German zanga `pliers' (*donk), i.e. `the clenching of the teeth '; with further shifting to `to English getang ds., getenge ` near to, close to, oppressive, thronging, pressing ', Old High

German gizengi ` passing by, moving nearby', Adv. gizango, wherefore Old Norse tengja

(*tangjan) `join', Old English tengan `assail, urge, press, push, aspire to move forward', `at once', getingan, stem V., `press in' after Fick III 152 neologism?);
4

getengan `make adhere, be obedient ' (Old English intinga m. `weary, weak', sam-tinges besides in gramm. variation Germanic *tanhu- `adjoining tightly, appendant, tough' in Old

English th ` tough '; Middle Low German t ` abiding, tough ', Old High German zhi, Modern High German zh; Old Norse t n. `stamped place before the house' (Finnish loanword tanhua `corral, pen, fold'); perhaps originally different from the root *dk- `tear', although *denk- perhaps as

nasalized form to *dk and `bite' could be understood as `tear with the teeth'. Page(s): 201 References: WP. I 790 f.

Meaning: talent, force of mind; to learn

densRoot / lemma: dens-1

Material: Material: densos n.: Old Indic dsas- n. `powerful wonder, wise feat' = Avestan dahah- ` dexterity, adroitness ' (in addition Old Indic dasu- ` powerful wonder ', da- ` very powerful wonder ' = Avestan dhita- `very wise, the wisest '); Old Indic purudsas- `rich `magic power, witchcraft '; in gr. after zero grade forms with*[]- = *ds- to *

in miracles' (= gr. `much-counselling' Hes), dsana-m, dasn

unvocalized: hom. N. Pl. ` pieces of advice ', Sg. by Hesych, (Doric) () Hes. = (Ionian) , Adv. Chios. ds ds-r-s `sensible, very wise': Old Indic dasr- ` miraculous ' = Avestan dara- `skilful';

doubtful gr. epithet of Persephone, perhaps ` the knowing or the power of wonder '; it not originally if it has not signified originally only `the sense of direction during the fight' (compare - ` slain in battle ', : `in the battle'; s. finally Bechtel Lexil. 92) , see below, to come into usage in sense of `wise'. inaugurated in religious questions '. ` wise ' to hold as *[]- to Old Indic das-r- as - to --, if

and only, after this the meaning was forgotten, the ambiguous connection came through in ds mods-mo-: Old Indic dasm- ` power of wonder (from Gods)' = Avestan dahma- ` expert,

Maybe alb. dasma `wedding, ceremony (religious rite?)' Verbal forms: partly reduplicated `handle knowledge, instruct, teach':

doctrine, dogma');

Avestan ddaih ` I am instructed ' (in addition zero grade dstv f. ` apprenticeship,

`erudite, expert, skillful', 316 ` examine, question ', (Soph.)

perhaps gr. Aor. `taught', Aor. Pass. , `learn', participle Perf.

`ignorant, wherein inexperienced '; in addition (Hom.) `sensible, wise', 4 is unclear (?) ` skillful, experienced '.

`ignorant, wherein inexperienced ', Hes. By Archilochos frg. 3, Debrunner Mel. Boisacq 1, 251 ff. has shown that `instruct, teach' belongs to

(see above under dek-). The fact that also - (as *ds-) is to be put to ours root, can be explained best of all by the fact that one accepts, from (*--) has been abstracted an erroneous root *- (M. Scheller briefl.); compare finally Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 307 and see below dens-2. Page(s): 201-202 References: WP. I 793.

and not to Latin disc `to learn, learn to know, acquire, become acquainted with'

Meaning: dense

densRoot / lemma: dens-2

Material: Gr. `dense' : Latin dnsus ds.; the direct derivation from *dnss does not Schulze (Kl. Schr. 116 f.) the stated examples of -- from Indo Germanic -ns- are

contradict the explanation of * from *dns (see above under dens-1); indeed from W. absolutely not proving. On the other hand `cover with dense vegetation' could go ` (*densely) shady ' (*-). Meillet MSL. 22, 63 will define in as

back to - (: ), but etc would barely be formed by abstraction to expressive gemination (?) common gr.-Illyrian -ks- > -ss-. About phok. PN s. About alb. dnt, dend `make dense', etc see below d en-3. common alb. n > nd. condense, press together ', denominative of dnsus `dense' (*densos or *dnsos, event. Hittite dassu (Dat. Sg. ta-a-u-u-i) `strong (*thick)'. References: WP. I 793 f., WH. I 341 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 307. Latin dnse, -re (Perf. dns only by Charisius Gr.-Latin I 262, 4) ` to make thick,
h

WH. I 468.

*dnsuos).

Page(s): 202-203 dephRoot / lemma: deph-

Meaning: to stamp, push

Material: Armenian top`el (-em, -eci) `hit'; gr. `knead, drum; tumble ', argiv.

`fuller', with s-extension (Aor. participle ) `knead; tan, convert hide into leather' (out of it Latin deps `to knead'), `tanned skin'; `leather' (*); serb. dpm, dpiti `bump, poke, hit', poln. depta `tread'.

maybe alb. dboj `drive away' Note:

It seems that Root / lemma: deph- : `to stamp, push' derived from Root / lemma: d b -1, lemma: dephnasalized d amb(h) : `to astonish, be speechless' amb(h)Page(s): 203
h

References: WP. I 786, WH. I 342, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 298, 351.

derb Root / lemma: der h

Meaning: to wind, put together, *scratch, scrape, rub

of shrubs planted together', drbdh- f. ` convolution, concatenation, daisy chain ', Avestan drwa- n. `bundle of muscles' Pl. `flesh (of muscles) ', Old Indic darbh- m. ` hassock, clump of grass, grass', darbhaa- n. `netting';

Material: Old Indic drbhti `joined, patched together, winded ', participle sndrbdha- `group

Maybe truncated alb. dredha `convolution', dredh `curl' : Old Indic drbdh- f. `convolution', Avestan drwa- n. `bundle of muscles ' Pl. `flesh (of muscles)'. Armenian ton `, funiculus, a noose, halter, snare, trap' (*dorb -n-); gr. `basket' is contaminated from * and ds. (Gntert IF. 45, 347); refl. ` turn, turn round '; e-grade Middle High German zirben schw. V. ` turn in circles, Old English tearflian (*tarbaln) ` roll oneself ', Old High German zerben, preterit zarpta
h

`throw, lapidate' (compare drehen : engl. throw), as Old Norse tyrfa `cover with turf', Old Norse torf n. `turf', torfa f. ` peat clod ', Old English turf f. `turf, lawn', Old High German afflict';

Zirbelwind (probably also Zirbel ` pineal ', see below deru-); zero grade Old English torfian deru-

whirl', Modern High German Dialectal Swiss zirbeln ds., Modern High German Zirbeldrse,

zurba, zurf f. `lawn' (Modern High German Torf from Ndd.); Old English ge-tyrfan `to strike, maybe alb. diminutive (*turfel) turfulloj `snort, blow' : Old English ge-tyrfan `to strike, afflict'.

*drba in russ. derb `Rodeland, Neubruch', derbovt ` clean from the moss, from the lawn; uproot the growing', derbt `pluck, tear, rend', serb. drbcati `scrape, scratch',
h

pot, pan'(`*wickerwork pot coated with loam '), wruss. dorb'i `crook, bend'; zero grade

wruss. drob `basket, carton, box ', russ. old u-dorob f. `pot, pan', dial. u-doroba `low

Slavic der drati eingemischt). S. Berneker 211, 254 with Lithuanian Page(s): 211-212 References: WP. I 808.

derbit `pluck, rend' (perhaps hat sich in latter family a b -extension from der- `flay', der-

Czech drbm and drbu, drbati `scratch, scrape, rub; thrash', with lengthened grade russ.

der(ep)Root / lemma: der(ep)Note:

Meaning: to see, *mirror

The Root / lemma: der(ep)- : `to see, *mirror' derived from Root / lemma: derk- : `to look'. der(ep)grade 2. syllable??). Material: Old Indic drpana- m. `mirror'; gr. , `see' (with lengthened

References: WP. I 803; to forms -ep- compare Kuiper Nasalpras. 60 f. derk See also: compare also `sehe' and derk-`see'. Page(s): 212

der drRoot / lemma: der-, drMeaning: to work Material: Gr. (*) `make, do', Konj. , Aeolic 3. Pl. , Aor. Attic ,

hom. `worker, servant', `action', , . . . Hes., Maybe alb. nasalized form nder (*der-) `hang loose'; Bechtel Lexil. 104) `do'; `inactive, ineffective, weak';

hom. `make only less powerful, fainting, unconscious'; hom. and Ionian (see Lithuanian dar(i)au, darti, Latvian dart `do, make'; in spite of Mhlenbach-Endzelin s.

because the meaning deviates too strongly. Page(s): 212

v. dart not to Lithuanian derti ` be usable', Latvian dert ` arrange, employ, engage' etc,

References: WP. I 803, Specht KZ. 62, 110, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 675 , 694.
7

derghRoot / lemma: dergh-

Meaning: to grasp

Material: Armenian trcak ` brushwood bundle ' (probably from *turc-ak, *turc- from *dorghso-, Petersson KZ. 47, 265); gr. , Attic ` grasp ', ` griping ', ` handful, fascicle,

sheaf ', ` bind sheaves ', , Arcadian el. , gortyn. (i.e. `hand', Pl. Hes.;

v; s. also Boisacq 109) ` drachma ' (`*handful of metal sticks, '), , - f. Middle Irish dremm, nir. dream `troop, multitude, crowd, dividing of people' (*drgh-smo-), Old High German zarga `side edging a room, edge', Old Norse targa f. `shield', Old

bret. dramm `bundle, fascicle, sheaf ' (false back-formation to Pl. dremmen);

English targe f. (nord. loanword) `small shield' (actually ` shield brim '), elsss. (see Sutterlin IF. 29, 126) (ks-)zorg m. `vessel, paten on three low feet ' (= gr. -); References: WP. I 807 f.

Page(s): 212-213

Root / lemma: derkMeaning: to look Note: punctual, wherefore in Old Indic and intrinsic in Irish linked suppletively with a cursive present other root

herher hrRoot / lemma: derk- : to look derived from Root / lemma: her-3 und her-, hr- : to shine, shimmer + zero grade of Root / lemma: ok- : to see; eye ok Material: Old Indic [present is pyati] Perf. dadra `have seen', Aor. adarat, adrkt (drk), participle dr-, kaus. daryati `make see'; Avestan dars- ` behold ', Perf. `sight', dri- f. `sight', Avestan aibdrti- ds. (Gen. Sg. darti), Old Indic darat-

ddarsa, participle drta-; Old Indic d- f. `sight', ahardr- ` looking day ', upa-dr- f. `visible, respectable ', Avestan darsa- m. `sight, gaze, look';

common Old Indic h- > k-

`look, gaze', - `heavy to behold' (= Old Indic darcata-), Adv. `one - `dragon, snake' (from banishing, paralyzing look), fem. ; alb. drit `light' (*drk-t);

(with a changed lengthened grade compared with Old Indic dri-), `sight',

gr. ` look, keep the eyes open, be alive', , , `vision'

looking up from below' (*- = Old Indic drc-, or from *--), n. `eye', ,

Note: Maybe alb. dark `supper, evening meal, evening' : drek `dinner meal, midday' : Old Irish an-dracht ` loathsome, dark'. after Bonfante (RIGI. 19, 174) here Umbrian terkantur ` seen, discerned, perceived ' Old Irish [present ad-cu] ad-con-darc `have seen' (etc, s. Pedersen KG. II 487 f.;

(that is to say ` shall be seen, discerned, perceived ');

present adrodarcar `can be seen'), derc `eye', air-dirc `illustrious', bret. derc'h `sight', abret. erderc `evidentis', zero grade Irish drech f. (*drk) `face', cymr. drych m. (*drksos) `sight, dark' (an- neg. + *drecht = alb. drit); mirror', cymr. drem, trem, bret. dremm `face' (*drk-sm), Old Irish an-dracht ` loathsome, Gothic ga-tarhjan ` make distinct ' (= Old Indic darayati); Germanic *tora- `sight' (==

Old Indic dr-) in Norwegian PN Torget, Torghatten etc, Indo Germanic to- suffix in zorft `bright, distinct'.

Germanic *turhta- : Old English torht, Old Saxon toroht, Old High German zoraht, newer References: WP. I 806 f.

Page(s): 213

der(ep)See also: Perhaps with der(ep)- (above S. 212) remote, distant related.

derdrdr- rRoot / lemma: der-1 (: dr-, d r-) or dr- : drMeaning: hand span, *hands Material: Gr. `palm, span of the hand' (measurement of length), ` the
e

distance from the wrist to the fingertip ', hom. `16 spans long ', zero grade Arcadian Akk. Hes. (lak. Hes. is false spelling for , Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 506); alb. (*duor-) dor `hand' from *drom (M. La Piana IF. 58, 98); [conservative stem of

plural forms (alb. phonetic trait)]

Phonetic mutations: alb. (*duor-) dor `hand' : gr. `palm, span of the hand' : Latvian (*duor-)dre, dris `fist'; proto Illyrian alb. duo- > do- , gr. duo- > do-, Latvian duo- > d-. Note: Note hesorhesrhestolemma: hesor-1, hesr- : `hand'; Root / lemma: hesto-2 : `hand, arm' through Illyrian Clearly Root / lemma: der-1 (: dr-, d r-) or dr- : dr- : `hand span' derived through Root / derdrdr- re e e e

intermediary. The phonetic shift kh > t, h > d is a unique alb.. Hence alb. dor `hand' dr- : `hand span' is of Illyrian origin and then it spread to other languages. re e e e

derived from truncated hesor. The source of Root / lemma: der-1 (: dr-, d r-) or dr- : derdrdrThat means Homeric Iliad is a translation of Illyrian Iliad. The Greek translation left many Illyrian cognates of the Illyrian Iliad unchanged. There is no doubt that gr. `hand by Illyrians. span' is a suffixed Illyrian dora `hand' consequently Iliad was brought to Balkan languages Old Icelandic tarra ` outspread ', terra ds. Also Armenian e ` hand '.

comparison with Celtic dur-no- in Old Irish dorn `fist, hand', cymr. dwrn `hand', dyrnod

Only under a beginning duer- : dur- or dur-: dur : dur- to justify major key-phonetical

(mcymr. dyrnawt) `slap in the face, box on the ear', dyrnaid (mcymr. dyrneit) ` handful ',

bret. dorn `hand', dournek ` who has big hands '; however, these words also stand off in the coloring of meaning `pursed, clenched hand, fist, fisticuff, punch' so far from gr. that they do not demand an association with them.

pungo); if so also Celtic dur-no-? compare Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 529 and see below derder4. Note: From alb. Geg (*dur), dor hand, (*dur), duer Pl. `hands' it seems that the oldest root was alb. Pl. (*dur), duer Pl. `hands' [conservative stem of plural forms (alb. phonetic trait)]. Hence the original of proto Illyrian - gr. idea was Root / lemma: du(u) : `two' (u)
e e e e

`fist'; this is to Latvian duu, dru, durt `prick, bump, poke' to put (compare pugnus :

On the other hand for Celtic *durno- one considers relationship with Latvian dre, dris

meaning two hands. That means both Root / lemma: der-1 (: dr-, d r-) or dr- : dr- : Root derdrdr- r`hand span, hands' and Root / lemma: du(u) : `two, *two hands' derived from older (u) h- > d-. Anatolian languages Root / lemma: hesor-1, hesr- : `hand' because of the common alb. hesorhesrReferences: WP. I 794 f.

Page(s): 203

Meaning: to murmur, to chat (expr.)

derder-derdorRoot / lemma: (der-2), redupl. der-der-, drd r-, broken redupl. dor-d-, dr-dder
o

Material: Old Indic dardur- `frog, flute'; Old Irish deirdrethar `raged', PN Deirdriu f. (*derburr ';

der-i); Bulgarian drd `babble; grumble', serb. drdljati `chatter', sloven. drdrti `clatter,

Maybe alb. drdllit `chatter, prattle' a Slavic loanword.

Maybe Dardanoi (*dardant) Illyrian TN : gr. Hes : Lithuanian dardti,

Latvian dardt, drdt `creak' probably `talk indistinctly '; common Illyrian alb. n > nt > t. bass ', an-dord `clear voice' (`not-bass '), cymr. dwrdd `din, fuss, noise' (cymr. twrdd `din, fuss, noise' t- has taken over from twrf ds.), Old Irish dordaid `bellow, roar' (from deer); Lithuanian dardti, Latvian dardt, drdt `creak'; Tocharian A tsrt- `wail, weep, cry' with fractured reduplication: gr. Hes., Irish dord ` bass ', fo-dord ` growl,

(Pedersen Tocharian Sprachg. 19), with secondary palatalization ert- (Van Windekens Lexique 145). References: WP. I 795, Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 447.

Page(s): 203-204

erSee also: The Celtic, tochar. and Balto-Slavic words could also belong to d er-3.
h

der- dr- dreb- drem- dreuRoot / lemma: (der-3), dr-, dreb-, drem-, dreuder Meaning: to run Material: dr-: dr-

wandering, beggarly ';

Old Indic drti ` runs, hurries ', Intens. dridrti ` wanders around, is poor ', dri-dra- `

splits, separates from' (compare to -- Old Indic Kaus. drpayati ` brings to run ', Aor. adidrapat [uncovered] `runs'); Old High German zittarm (*di-dr-mi) `tremble (*ready to flee)', Old Icelandic titra

`escape', `striving not to escape', ` fugitive ', ` run away,

gr. - ` run away ', Fut. , Aor. ; , Ionian

`tremble, wink' (originally perhaps ` walk on tiptoe; trip, wriggle restlessly '); drop(i)a etc, out of it Middle High German trap(pe), trapgans. drebdreb-: Lithuanian dreb, -ti `tremble, quiver';

perhaps here Slavic *dropy ` bustard ' (Machek ZslPh. 17, 260), poln. Czech drop, older

poln. (etc) drabina `ladder'; trippen, Modern High German (Low German)trappeln, trippeln, Middle High German (Low Old English treppan (*trapjan) `tread', Middle Low German Dutch trappen `stomp', ndd.

German) treppe, trappe f., Modern High German Treppe, Old English trppe f. `trap',

Modern High GermanTrappel, East Frisian trappe, trap `trap, splint, staircase, stairs '; - fiencken (see W. Wissmann Nom. Postverb. 160 ff., ZdA. 76, 1 ff.) to define: through emphatic nasalization, as in Modern High German patschen - pantschen, ficken Gothic ana-trimpan `approach, beset', Middle Low German trampen `stomp', Middle

High German (ndd.) trampeln `appear crude', engl. tramp, trample `tread', Middle High German trumpfen `run, toddle'. dremdrem-: Old Indic drmati ` running ', Intens. dandramyat ` runs to and fro '; gr. Aor. , Perf. `run', `run'; High German tremen `waver', Danish trimle `roll, fall, tumble', Swedish Dialectal trumla ds., here probably Modern High German FlN Dramme (Gttingen), Dremse (Magdeburg), Old English trem, trym ` Futapfe ', Old Norse tramr `fiend, demon' (see above), Middle

Middle High German trame ` rung of a leader, stairs';

from *Dromi and *Dromis (probably North Illyrian), in addition poln. (Illyrian) Drama 127;

(Silesia), Bulgarian Dramatica (thrak.); s. Vasmer ZslPh. 5, 367, Pokorny Urillyrier 3, 37, Maybe alb. dromc `piece, chip (of a blow)' shake ', sloven. dmati `shake, jiggle', drmiti ` jiggle from the sleep ', drmpati ` ungentle jiggle '; maybe alb. dremit `sleep', drrmonj `exhaust, tire, destroy' Slavic loanwords. Alb. proves that from Root / lemma: der-, heavy basis der-, dr- : `to cut, split, skin' derder drderived Root / lemma: (der-3), dr-, dreb-, drem-, dreu- : `to run'. der- dr- dreb- drem- dreuder insecure is Woods KZ. 45, 62 apposition of serb dmati `shake', dmnuti `upset, allow to

(probably crossing of meaning with the onomatopoeic word root der-der-2, see there). der-derdr(o)u(u)ent/i: ent/ii dreudreu- (partly with as zero grade, probably because of *dreu -), FlN (participle)
x

in the good suitable meaning; `shake' from ` stumble with the foot '?), drmotiti `chat, prate'

Czech drmlati ` flit, stir; move the lips, as if one sucking', drmoliti ` take short steps ' (these

`run' (being from davischen), draoman- n. `attack, onrush', am-drt(a)- ` calling from fortune', Avestan draonah- n. ` bei der Besitzverteilung zufallendes Gut, Vermgensanteil ' perhaps as `traveling fortune'?); Illyrian-Pannonian FlN Dravos (*drouo-s), out of it serbokr. Drva, compare apoln. Asma, sends to attack ' (very doubtful Old Indic drvia-m, drvias- n. `blessing,

Old Indic drvati ` runs, also melts ', FlN Dravant, drut- `hurrying', Avestan drvaya-

Germanic *druuent-, Illyrian *druent- in poln. FlN Drwca, Modern High German Drewenz; Italian *truent- in FlN Truentus (Picenum); maybe alb. (*druent-) Drinos river name `hurrying water?' common alb. nt > n. Dranse); *Drutos, French le Drot; Drut, French la Droude; gall. FlN (from North Illyrian?) Druentia (French la Drance, Drouance, Durance, Swissla

Old Indic Dravanti), out of it dial. *trauent- in FlN - (Bruttium) > Italian Trionto; Indo

Drawa (Illyrian loanword); Indo Germanic *drouent- `hurrying' > Illyrian *drauent- (: above

Lithuanian sea name *Drv-intas (wruss. Drywiaty); Old Prussian stream, brook Drawe. trudan `tread', Old Norse troa, tra ds.; Old English tredan, Old High German tretan Auf dreu-, participle *dru-to- based on perhaps (see Osthoff Par. I 372 f. Anm.) Gothic dreu*dru-to-

way, alley, drift, trailing', Old Saxon trada `tread, spoor', Old English trod n., trodu f. `spoor, German trotte f. ` wine-press ', Intens. Old High German trottn `tread'; Modern High way, alley' (engl. trade `trade' is nord. loanword), Old High German trota, Middle High

`tread' (by Osthoffs outlook of ablaut neologism), Old High German trata `tread, spoor,

German dial. trotteln ` go slowly '.

westfl. trseln, truseln ` roll slowly ', Middle High German trollen (*truzln) `move in short ghost', Norwegian Dialectal trusal `idiot, fool', trusk ` despondent and stupid person'; steps constantly', Modern High German trollen, Swedish Dialectal trsale `fairy demon,

staggering ', trsel ` dizziness, giddiness ', Dutch treuzelen ` to be slow, dawdle, loiter',

Here also Germanic root *tru-s- in East Frisian trseln `lurch, stumble, go uncertainly or

Maybe through metathesis alb. (*trusal) trullos, trallis `make the head dizzy', tru `brain' `fairy demon, ghost, fool, uncouth person' (compare unser Trampel in same meaning; the besides Germanic tre-m- (see below) Old Norse tramr `fiend, demon'. as well as (as *truzl-) Old Norse troll n. `fiend, demon', Middle High German trol, trolle m.

Wandals called the Goths , Loewe AfdA. 27, 107); it stands in same the way

`roll, lurch', holl.trillen `tremble' (from which Italian trillare `quiver, trill hit') etc against `flee'.
h h

In Germanic furthermore with i-vocalism Middle Low German trseln, westfl. triseln

eu- *d erer association of Old Indic drvati with Avestan dvaraiti `goes' see below *d eu-, * euerReferences: WP. I 795 ff., Krahe IF. 58, 151 f., Feist 45.

Page(s): 204-206

Meaning: tree

deruru- dr(e)u- drouru drRoot / lemma: deru-, dru-, dr(e)u-, drou-; dreu- : dr-

words for various wood tools as well as for `good as heartwood hard, fast, loyal'; Specht Harte', from which previously `tree' and `oak': dru n., Gen. dreu-s, dru-n-s dreu- dru-n-

Note: see to the precise definition Osthoff Par. I 169 f., Hoops Waldb. 117 f.; in addition

(KZ. 65, 198 f., 66, 58 f.) goes though from a nominalized neuter of an adjective *dru `das Material: Old Indic dru n. `wood' (Gen. dr, dra, Instr. dr, Lok. drui; dravya-

wood, weapon from wood, perhaps club, mace, joint' (Gen. drao), Old Indic dru-

`from tree'), dru- n. m. `wood, wood tool ', m. `tree, bough', Avestan duru `tree truck, bit of

klotzfig ', dru-ghn ` wood ax ' (-wooden rod), su-dr- `good wood'; dhruv- `tight, firm, Avestan dr(u)v, Old pers. duruva `fit, healthy, intact ', compare Old Church Slavic swood, the drum', dra-m `bow, sword' (uncovered; with npers. durna, balu drn ` remaining ' (dh- through folk etymology connection in dhar- `hold, stop, prop, sustain' =

`hard, rough, stern' (actually `hard as wood, lumpy '), dru- in compounds as dru-pda- `

drav); Avestan drvana- ` wooden ', Old Indic druvya- ` wooden vessel, box made of rainbow '), dru ` bucket; pail ', dra-m `wooden trough, tub'; drum- `tree' (compare Old Indic drvi-, darv `(wooden) spoon';

under );

stem 66) targal `spoon' from *dru- or *deru-.

Armenian tram `tight, firm' (*drrmo, Pedersen KZ. 40, 208); probably also (Lidn Arm.

*F, , Attic from *Fn, whose n is comparable with Old Indic dra); Cretan (*F) `balk, beam' (= Lithuanian Latvian darva); standing firm to the spear '), Arcadian Doric -, Doric Boeotian - , ` Dorian ' (of ` timberland '); Note: Who were Dorian tribes? Dorians were Celtic tribes who worshipped trees. In Celtic they were called Druids, priests of ancient Gaul and Britain (also Greece and Illyria). The caste sacred trees. Druids must have planted the religion around the sacred oak at Dodona. , `oak, tree' (from n. *dru or *deru, *doru g.*druus become after other tree sizil. `boar' (after Kretschmer KZ. 36, 267 f. *--F or -F `

Gr. `tree truck, wood, spear, javelin' (Gen. hom. , trag. from

of Druids must have worshiped the dominant thunder god whose thunderbolt used to strike

name to Fem.; as a result of the tendency of nominative gradation), - ` fruit tree ', - ` woodchopper ', ` from the oak, from oak tree ', ` dryad, tree nymph ', `old tree truck', . Hes. (*sm-,

Lithuanian by Boisacq s. v.), Hes.

changed length after ); `tree' (Hom.; out of it Attic ), from redupl. *e(= )-F, Demin. ; compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 583; F- in arg. . Hes., Hes.,

Hom. n. Pl. `wood, forest', nachhom. ds. (the latter with previous

compare lastly Schwyzer KZ. 62, 199 ff., different Specht Dekl. 139); Hes.

(*F-), ` wooden tub, trough, coffin' (probably from *F,

Hes. (diss. from *F), next to which *druio- in . PN : Lithuanian Drktenis, Old Prussian Drutenne (E. Fraenkel, Pauly-Wissowa in vocalism still not explained certainly `shrubbery, bush, thicket '; maked.
e 5

16, 1633); (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

(Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 495 );

f. `oak' Hes. (*d ru-, compare Old Irish daur); but Hes., lies F

`wood'); drush-k (es-stem) `oak'; ablaut. *dr- in dri-z `tree', drni ` wood bar '; Note:

alb. dru f. `wood, tree, shaft, pole' (*druu, compare Old Church Slavic drva n. pl.

Alb. definite form Nom. dru-ni = alb. Gen. dru-ni `of wood': Old Indic dru n. `wood' (Gen. dr, dra `of wood'; but a pure Slavic loanword is alb. druvar ` woodcutter, woodchopper ' [conservative definitive forms versus indefinite forms (alb. phonetic trait)] in Bavaria ', , ` Zeus's grove ', VN ---, , Dru-geri (druMaybe VN --- : Etruria (Italy) rough, rude, uncouth; in character, hard, austere,sometimes brazen, shameless; of things, intransit., to become hard or dry; to be hard or callous; to endure, hold out; to last, remain, continue ' see below S. 220), if after Osthoff 111 f. as `strong, tight, firm as (oak)tree ' dissimilated from *dr-ro-s (*dreu-ro-s?); Maybe alb. duroj `endure, last', durim `patience' . Germanic *d rik-s, is conceivable because of heavy l; Note: Common Latin d- > l- hence Latin larix (*d rik-s) `larch tree'. Maybe Pelasgian Larissa (*dariksa) ds., (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), gall. place name Dervus (`oak forest'), abrit. Old Irish derucc (gg), Gen. dercon `glans', cymr. derwen `oak' (Pl. derw), bret. deruenn
e e

thrak. - `sycamore', PN , (*dar-ant-) ` Eichsttt a district

`wood, forest');

from Latin perhaps drus ` hard, harsh; tough, strong, enduring; in demeanour or tastes,

hard, awkward, difficult, adverse ' (but about drre ` to make hard or hardy, to inure;

but Latin larix `larch tree', loanword is from an Indo Germanic Alpine language, Indo

Derventi, place name, VN Dervci ; Old Irish drb `safe '; reduced grade Old Irish daur, Gen. daro `oak' (d ru-), also dair, Gen. darach ds. (*d ri-), Old Irish daurde and dairde
e e

grade *dru- in intensification particle (? different Thurneysen ZcPh. 16, 277: `oak-': dru- in

`oaken '; derived gall. *d(a)rullia `oak' (Wartburg III 50); maked. f. `oak'; zero

Druides, Druidae Pl., Old Irish dri `Druid' (`the high; noble ', *dru-uid-), Old Irish dron extension (compare under Modern High German Trog) Middle Irish drochta `(* wooden) exuberant (: Lithuanian drtas)', gr. PN , Old Irish drth `foolish, loony' (: Old
;

Galatian - ` holy oak grove '), e.g. gall. Dru-talos (`*with big forehead'),

`tight, firm' (*drunos, compare Old Indic dru-a-m, dru--, dr-a-m), with guttural

barrel, vat, cask barrel, tub', drochat `bridge'; here also gallorom. drtos `strong,

roman. equivalent);

Icelandic trr `juggler, buffoon'?), cymr. drud `foolish, loony, valiant' (cymr. u derives from deru- in Germanic Tervingl, Matrib(us) Alatervs, Old Norse tjara (*derun-), Finnish

German tere `tar' (Modern High German Teer); Old Norse tyrvi, tyri `pinewood', tyrr `pine' (doubtful Middle High German zirwe, zirbel ` pine cone ', there perhaps rather to Middle High German zirbel `whirl', because of the round spigot); dreu- in Gothic triu n. `wood, tree', Old Norse tr, Old English trow (engl. tree), Old

loanword terva, Old English teoru n., tierwe f., -a m. `tar, resin' (*deruio-), Middle Low

ders. meaning, but other ablaut Old Norse tr f. `religious faith, belief, assurance, pledge', Icelandic tr f., besides trr `loyal, faithful'; derived Old Norse tra `trust, hold for true' = Old English trwa m., Middle Low German trwe f. ds., Old High German trwa, Old

belief, loyalty, verity', Old High German triuwa, Modern High German Treue, compare with

faithful, reliable, unworried ', Gothic triggwa ` alliance, covenant ', Old English trow `faith,

(*treuuaz) `loyal, faithful', Old High German gi-triuwi `loyal, faithful', an: tryggr `loyal,

`tight, firm': ` show firmly, rely on whereupon, trust in '), Gothic triggws

Saxon trio `tree, balk, beam'; in btr. meaning `tight, firm - tight, firm relying' (as gr.

consolation' (*droust-), Gothic trausti `pact, covenant', changing through ablaut engl. trust `reliance' (Middle English trst), Middle Latin trustis `loyalty' in Old Franconian `law', Middle High German getrste `troop, multitude, crowd'; maybe alb. trs, trys `press, crowd' (st- formation is old because of npers. durut `hard, strong', durust `fit, healthy, whole'; Norwegian trysja `clean the ground', Old English trs `deadwood', engl. trouse, Old Icelandic tros `dross', Gothic ufar-trusnjan `disperse, scatter'.

`confidence, reliance, what one can count on', Old High German trst `reliance,

(compare n. Old Prussian druwis); similarly Old Norse traustr `strong, tight, firm', traust n.

Gothic trauan, and Old English trwian, Old Saxon trn, Old High German tr(w)n `trust'

measure vessel' (*trauja-, compare above ), Old Norse treyju-sull (also tryjusoll) `a kind of trough shaped saddle'; *dr- in Old Icelandic trr `jester', Old English tr `merrymaker, trumpeter' (:gallorom.

*drou- in Old English trg, engl. tray `flat trough, platter', Old Swedish tr `a certain

*drto-s, etc)?

Modern High German trog, Old English trog, troh (m.), Old Norse trog (n.) `trough' and Old packsaddle', trygja `a kind of creel', Old High German trucka `hutch', Low German trgge maybe nasalized alb. trung (*trgge) `wood, tree' Serbo-Croatian dial. drvo (drjevo), sloven. drv, Old Czech dvo, russ. drevo, klr. Balto Slavic *derua- n. `tree' in Old Church Slavic drvo (Gen. drva, also drvese), High German truha ` footlocker ', Norwegian Dialectal trygje n. `a kind of pack saddle or

respectively forms -ko- (compare above Middle Irish drochta, drochat), Old High German

*dru- in Old English trum `tight, firm, strong, fit, healthy' (*dru-mo-s), with k-extension,

`trough' and with the original meaning `tree, wood' Old High German hart-trugil `dogwood';

drevo `tree'; in addition as originally collective Lithuanian derv, (Akk. derv) f. ` chip of lengthened grade *dru-i- in Latvian dore f. ` wood vessel, beehive in tree';*su-doruapinewood; tar, resinous wood'; ablaut, Latvian darva `tar', Old Prussian in PN Derwayn;

`fit, healthy', compare Avestan dr(u)v, Old pers. duruva ds.

`fit, healthy' in Old Church Slavic sdrav, Czech zdrv (zdrav), russ. zdorv (f. zdorva) Baltic *dreui- f. ` wood beehive ', substantive adj. (Old Indic dravya- ` belonging to the

dravs f., Latvian drava f. ` wood beehive ', in addition Old Prussian drawine f. `prey, bee's drov f. ds., Latvian drava `cavity in beehive'; load ' and Lithuanian drav `hole in tree'; furthermore in ablaut East Lithuanian drv and

tree ') : Lithuanian drv and drev `cavity in tree', Latvian dreve ds.: in ablaut Lithuanian

(Gen. drew); *druuina- n. `wood' in klr. drovno, slovz. drvn; , adjekt. Old English trum); `good wood');

proto Slavic *druua- Nom. Pl. `wood' in Old Church Slavic drva, russ. drov, poln. drwa Slavic *drm in russ. drom ` virgin forest, thicket ', etc (= Old Indic drum-, gr. Lithuanian su-drus `abundant, fat (from the growth of the plants)' (= Old Indic su-dr-

`strong, thick', Old Prussian in PN Drutenne, (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, nt- > -nn-), PN Druthayn, Druthelauken; belongs to Old Prussian druwis m. `faith, belief', hope'. Beside Lithuanian drtas also drktas; see below d er-2. erh

Baltic drta- `strong' (== gallorom. *drto-s, gr. PN ) in Lithuanian drtas, dritas

druwi f., druwt `believe' (*druwti: Old High German tren), na-po-druwsnan `reliance, In ablaut here Old Church Slavic drevlje ` fore, former, of place or time; higher in

importance, at first or for the first time ', Old Czech dve, russ. drvle `ages before'; adverb of comparative or affirmative. Hittite ta-ru `tree, wood', Dat. ta-ru--i; Schneider IF. 57, 203). Note: The shift d- > zero is a Baltic-Illyrian inherited by Tocharian References: WP. I 804 ff., WH. I 374, 384 ff., 765 f., Trautmann 52 f., 56, 60 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 463, 518, Specht Dekl. 29, 54, 139. Page(s): 214-217 here also probably Tocharian AB or `wood' (false abstraction from *tod dor, K.

derder drRoot / lemma: der-, heavy basis der-, drMeaning: to cut, split, skin (*the tree) Note:

derder drRoot / lemma: der-, heavy basis der-, dr- : `to cut, split, skin (*the tree)' derived from Material: Old Indic dar- `break, make crack, split, burst ', present the light basis dri, adar, deruru- dr(e)u- drouru drRoot / lemma: deru-, dru-, dr(e)u-, drou-; dreu- : dr- : `tree'

drt, n-present the heavy basis drti ` bursts, cracks', Opt. dryt, Perf. dadra, participle dra-, of the heavy basis dr-, Kaus. drayati, Intens. dardirat, drdarti (compare Avestan m., dar f. `hole in the earth, cave' (: gr. `hose', Latvian nudaras `dross of bast', darmn- m. ` smasher ' (: gr. n.), next to which from the heavy basis drmandardar- `split'; Czech drdm, drdati `pluck, pick off, remove'), dardarti `split up', dara-

Church Slavic razdor), dri- m. `bag, hose' (= gr. , Gothic gatars, russ. dert), `destruction'; -dri- `splitting' (= gr. ), dra- m. `crack, col, gap, hole', draka- `ripping, 20), barely after Persson Beitr. 779 of the i-basis; npers. Inf. diran, daran, jd.-pers. darn-in; splitting', dar- in dardar-ti, dar-man- with for i = (compare Wackernagel Old Indic Gr. 1

Maybe alb. (*dras) drras `board, plank (cut wood)', drrmonj `destroy, break, exhaust, tire'. Dardani Illyrian TN Note: The name Dardani Illyrian TN and [Latin transcription: Dries] Greek: , Attic - Latin derive from the same root. Dardanus

by Micha F. Lindemans

The son of Zeus and Electra. He sailed from Samothrace to Troas in a raft made of hides. He eventually married Batea, the daughter of King Teucer, who gave him land near Abydos. There he founded the city of Dardania (the later, ill-fated city of Troy). Hence the name Dardanelles for what was once called the Hellespont. DARA DARA (Dara, Ptol. vi. 8. 4). 1. A small river of Carmania, at no great distance from the frontier of Persis. There can be little doubt that it is the same as the Dora of Marcian (Peripl. p. 21) and the Daras of Pliny (vi. 25. s. 28). Dr. Vincent conjectures (Voyage of

Nearchus, vol. i. p. 372) that it is the same as the Dara-bin or Derra-bin of modern charts.

2. A city in Parthia. [APAVARCTICENE]

3. A city in Mesopotamia. [DARAS] [V.]

DARADAE DARADAE the name of Ethiopian tribes in two different parts of Africa; one about the central part, in Darfour (Daradn ethnos, Ptol. iv. 7. 35), the other in the W., on the river DARADUS also called Aethiopes Daratitae. (Polyb. ap Plin. v. 1; Agathem. ii. 5.) [P. S.]

DARADAX

DARADAX (Daradax), a Syrian river, mentioned only by Xenophon (Anab. i. 4. 10). It

has been identified with the Far, a small tributary of the Euphrates. At the source of the were destroyed by Cyrus the Younger. (Anab. l. c.) [G.W.]

river was a palace of Belesis, then satrap of Syria, with a large and beautiful park, which

DARADUS DARADUS, DARAS, or DARAT (Darados Daras, Ptol. iv. 6. 6), a river of Africa, falling v. 1); probably the Gambia or Dio d'Ouro. [P. S.] into the Atlantic on the W. coast, near the Portus Magnus, and containing crocodiles (Plin.

DARAE DARAE a Gaetulian tribe in the W. of Africa, on a mountain stream called Dara, on the S. steppes of M. Atlas, adjacent to the Pharusii. (Plin. v. 1; Oros. i. 2; Leo Afr. p. 602.) [P. S.]

DARADRAE DARADRAE (Daradrai, Ptol. vii. 1. 42), a mountain tribe who lived in the upper Indus. Forbiger conjectures that they are the same people whom Strabo (xv. p. 706) calls Derdae, and Pliny Dardae (vi. 19), and perhaps as the Dadicae of Herodotus (iii. 91, vii. Sogdiana, though their association with the Gandarii (Sanscrit Gandhras) points to a more southern locality. [V.]

66). It is possible, however, that these latter people lived still further to the N., perhaps in

DARANTASIA DARANTASIA a place in Gallia Narbonensis.

DARAPSA DARAPSA [BACTRIANA p. 365, a.]

DARDAE DARADRAE DARADRAE (Daradrai, Ptol. vii. 1. 42), a mountain tribe who lived in the upper Indus. Forbiger conjectures that they are the same people whom Strabo (xv. p. 706) calls Derdae, and Pliny Dardae (vi. 19), and perhaps as the Dadicae of Herodotus (iii. 91, vii. Sogdiana, though their association with the Gandarii (Sanscrit Gandhras) points to a more southern locality. [V.]

66). It is possible, however, that these latter people lived still further to the N., perhaps in

DARDANI DARDANI (Dardanoi), a tribe in the south-west of Moesia, and extending also over a part of Illyricum. (Strab. vii. p. 316; Ptol. iii. 9. 2; Caes. Bell. Civ. iii. 4; Liv. xl. 57; Plin. iii. 29; under dunghills, but very fond of music. [L. S.] participle drt (= Old Indic drt-); Cic. p. Sest. 43) According to Strabo, they were a very wild and filthy race, living in caves Avestan dardar- (see above) `split', Inf. drnm (: Old Indic drti), Iter. draya-, Armenian teem ` skin, flay, make callous' (because of probably for root form *der-s-,

Persson Beitr. 779 Anm. 1); doubtful Armenian tar `foreign land', tara- `besides, without, afar', taray Aor. `take to one's heels, made oneself scarce' (Persson Beitr. 778 a 2);

Latvian nu-daras); `the skinning' (= Old Indic drti-), next to which with (has

, participle , (= Old Indic drt-); `hose' (= Old Indic dara-,

gr. `skin, flay', io-present ds. (as Lithuanian der besides diri), Aor. Pass.

changed) lengthened grade Attic , - `skin, leathery dress, cover'; *, diss. ` the membrane which contains the bowels '; , - n. `skin, fur' (heavy basis?), n., n., `fell, fur'; lengthened grade , - (poet.) `fight,

(: Old Indic dr-dar-ti)?

struggle'(= Old Indic -dri-); here probably also - ` bedraggle ' instead of *cymr. corn. bret. darn `piece, part' (= Old Indic dr-);

German terren `quarrel, squabble', ndd. terren, tarren `stir, tease, irritate, banter', Old High ` unstitch, unpick, take apart ', compare nominal Old English Old Saxon torn, Old High German zorn `anger, fight, violent displeasure ' and in original meaning holl. torn ` cleavage, separation' (= Old Indic dr-, cymr. darn; also Old Indic dr- is named German zerren `pull'; Gothic intrans. dis-, ga-tarnan `tear' (: Old Indic drti), holl. tornen

(ver)zern, Modern High German (ver)zehren `consume', Middle English, Middle Low

teran `tear', Old High German zeran, fir-zeran `tear, destroy'; Middle High German

Gothic dis-taran (= gr. ) `break, pull apart', ga-taran `tear, destroy', Old English

besides `split' also ` confused, put in desperation '); next to which zero grade Old Norse

Old Indic dara-, dar `hole in the earth'); causative is trod to ga-tarnan (iterative) gatarnjan `mug, rob' (but Old High German uozurnen ` despise ' Denom. of *uo-zorn); Gothic gatara m. `crack', gatars f. `destruction' (= Old Indic drti-, gr. ); Old Norse tor-

tjrn f. (*dern), tjarn n. (*dernom) `small sea', originally probably ` water hole ' (compare

Middle High German zurch, zrch m. ` animal excrements ');

drst ` defecate ', dirsa ` buttocks ', Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 470, and of a guttural extension besides of the heavy basis Old Norse tr n. `batten, lath, support from poles' (*dr-to-

in compounds, Old English tord n. `ordure' (*dr-tm ` separation ', compare Latvian drstu,

*trdel) ` tassel, wood fiber ';

German trda `fringe' (Modern High German Troddel), Middle High German trdel (for actually to der-(e)u- (see below) with nasal infix belong *dr-nu- in Middle High German

m), Middle High German truoder f. ` slat, pole, from it manufactured rack '; Old High

trnne f. ` running shoal, migration, swarm; surge ', (under the influence of common Celtic ', and *dren-u in trinnan ` seclude oneself ', Middle High German trinnen, trann ` be

-ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old High German abe-trunnig, ab-trunne ` apostate ', ant-trunno ` fugitive separated from, depart from, run away ', Modern High German entrinnen (*ent-trinnen),

Swedish Dialectal trinna, trenta ` split fence rack ', further with the meaning ` split trunk piece as a disc, wheel ' Old High German trennila `ball', trenniln `roll', Middle Low German trint, trent ` circular ', trent m. ` curvature, roundness, circular line ', Old English wheel ' trinde f. (or trinda m.) `round clump', Middle High German trindel, trendel ` ball, circle,

directly to derive from *der- `split'; nn of Germanic *trennan from -nu-); certainly here

trennen, holl. (with metathesis) tarnen, tornen `separate' (the latter, in any case, more

Kaus. Germanic *trannian in Middle High German trennen `cut, clip', Modern High German

and from `tear, tug unkindly' explainable meaning probably here Germanic *trat-, *trut- in

With fractured reduplication or formant -d- (compare gr. and Czech drdati)

tzes ` obstructiveness, animosity, contrariness ', Modern High German Trotz, Trutz,

challenge, defy ', Middle Low German trot ` contrariness ', Middle High German traz, truz, trotzen, Bavarian tratzen `banter'; with the meaning-development ` fray ' - `thin, fine,

Old English teart ` stern, sharp, bitter ', Middle Dutch torten, holl. tarten `stir, tease, irritate,

trtet ` squeamish ' (perhaps also Norwegian Dialectal tert, tart `small salmon', terta ` small play ball '); Old High German Modern High German zart (the last from *dor-t-, compare Middle Persian dart ` afflicted ', npers. derd `pain' Wood KZ. 45, 70);

tender' perhaps (?)Middle Low German tertel, tertlk `fine, dainty, mollycoddled ', Danish

Latvian nudara ` pole with cut branches, bread slice ', Pl. -as ` dross, esp. of bast' (:

basis compared with Old Indic drti-, gr. , Gothic gatars), nudrtas ` flayed ',

Lithuanian diri (: ), em. der (: ), drti `flay, cut off the grass or peat' (heavy

balk'; with u-colored zero grade Lithuanian duri, drti `prick' (preterit driau) = serb. drim (-driti) `hit' (russ. u-dyrt `hit' with iterative grade to *dr-, compare Lithuanian borrowed from Slavic; compare Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 519.

Mhlenbach-Endzelin II 772, Old Indic dara-, gr. ), Lithuanian dern `board, plank,

driau, Berneker 179 f.). Against it are Lithuanian durnas ` frenzied, stupid', Latvian durns Slavic *der and *diri in Old Church Slavic der, drati `rend, flay' and *dr (serb.

grade raz-dirati `tear', serb. z-dirati ` exert oneself, (maltreat oneself); clear off, pass

zdrm, Czech dru); u-darj, u-dariti `hit' (*dr-, compare *dr- in gr. ), with iterative away, disappear ' (in addition Old Church Slavic dira `crack'; s. Berneker 201, whereas

Bulgarian dr'a ` track of a person or animal, or from wheels ', dr' `search, seek, feel, pursue'); about *dr- in serb. -drim see above;

also about the meaning-development of probably related family serb. dra ` hole, crack ',

` torn, flayed ' (= Old Indic drta-); Indo Germanic *drti- : russ. dert ` residue of crushed Indic drn- etc, meaning as in Lithuanian dirti `cut the lawn grass'); Maybe alb. (*derm) drrmoj `exhaust'.

with zero grade (Indo Germanic *drto-): serb Church Slavic raz-drt ` lacerate ', klr. drtyj grain, bran; cleared land ' (= Old Indic drti- etc); russ. (etc) drn `lawn, meadow' (: Old

`crack, cleavage ' (= Old Indic dara-, gr. , Latvian nuo-daras), serb. -dorac `attack,

nouns: with -grade sloven. u-dr `blow, knock', with o-grade Old Church Slavic razdor

russ. derm ` rags stuff, the unusable, rubbish, dirt ' (*dross by splitting, peeling), drkij `rash, hasty, fast ', dran f. ` shingle, lath', drjan = `derm', drka ` brawl ', dra `nail puller, tool used to remove nails', o-drny Pl. `chaff' etc.

dljiti `divest' (Berneker 255); Sprachg. 19).

With l- extended Lithuanian nu-drlioti `peel the skin', serb. drljm, dljati `harrow', drljm,

Tocharian AB tsr- `separate, split', tsrorye `cleft, fissure, crack' (Pedersen Tocharian

d(e)r- *derid(e)r- (: *deri-?) only barely covered (see esp. Persson Beitr. 779 f.): reshaped from *- or -), Latvian drsme `crack, scratch ', perhaps (if not Gr. - `(incisive, splitting) piercing, sharp, herb, bitter' (probably after

derailment of ablaut to Lithuanian dreski because of whose zero grade drisk-) from

488 f., 500;

Latvian drksna (*drskna) ` scratch ', draska ` tearer ', compare Mhlenbach-Endzelin I remains far off ` bloodsucker, leech, penis', actually ` the swollen ', to With u- forms of the light (der-eu-) and heavy basis (der-u-, dr-u-) ` tear, (the land) derder der euder

Hes. (M. Scheller briefl.).

break, burst, erupt ': dor-u: dr-u `species of grain', deru-, de-dru- etc `lacerate skin'. dor : deru- de-druMiddle Persian drn, drdan `reap'; about Germanic forms with nasal infix see above S. 207; n. ds., Middle High German triel (*dreu-lo-) m. `snout, muzzle, mouth, lip', maybe alb. Geg (*tryni) turini, Tosc turiri `mouth of animals, snout' Norwegian Dialectal mle-trjosk, -trusk (*dreu-sko-) `horse muzzle' (Falk-Torp under tryne). Because of the meaning insecure is Falk-Torps apposition under trg and trygle of Old Norse traua ` lack, come short ', traula Adv. `barely', traur ` querulous ' and - with g-extension - Old English trcian ` be absent, lack, come short ' (nengl. dial. to truck `to fail', Middle Low German trggelen `beg, cheat, deceive'); extension?, Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 505). Old Indic drv ` millet grass ' (dr-u); compare gr. delph. f., Thessalian m. `bread' (*dr-), maked. ds.; here Old Norse trjna f. (*dreu-n-n-) ` proboscis of the pig' (`bursting, burrowing '), tryni

Latvian drugt ` diminish, collapse ' (Irish droch, cymr. drwg ` penurious, evil, bad' from k-

borrowed from Roman. (Kleinhans bei Wartburg III 158); (Germanic *tar-u, Indo Germanic *doru);

gall. (Latin) dravoca ` ryegrass ' (*dr-u-); bret. draok, dreok, cymr. drewg ds. are Middle Dutch tanve, terwe, holl. tarwe `wheat', engl. tare `weed, ryegrass, vetch' Lithuanian drva `farmland' (*dr-u, with intonation change the -stem), actually ` freed,

cleared ', dirvnas ` virgin soil, land ' (compare to meaning russ. Dialectal dor ` new tillage, field ' (Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 470, 505), russ. (see Berneker 186) dervnja ` village with the meaning ` skin rash ' (`splitting off skin flakes, cracked skin'): m. ` leprosy '; Old Indic dar-dru- m. `kind of skin rash ', dar-d- m. (uncovered), da-dru- m., da-dru-kaLatin derbita f. `lichen' is loanword from gall. *dervta (compare also Middle Irish deir, cultivated land ', rzdert ` land made arable '), Latvian druva `the tilled farmland, sown

(without church); land property ', Dialectal `piece of field', pet dervnju `tills the field';

dervoeden, nbret. deroueden `sick of lichen '(*deru-eit-);

darwyden through influence of the prefix group t-ar-, Pedersen KG. I 495), Middle Breton Germanic *te-tru- in Old English teter `skin rash', Old High German zittaroh (*de-dru-ko-

Old Irish *der from *der `lichen'), to cymr. tarwyden, tarwden (Pl. tarwed) (besides

s = Old Indic dadruka-), Modern High German Zitterich `skin rash';

heat, miliaria, heat rash', poln. o-dra ` measles ', of the g-extension Bulgarian drgn-se ` rub myself, itch myself, become scabby '); deregdereg- : poke, intermittently tear, scrape, cover scraping ', *trakjan in Middle Low German trecken `pull, tear (tr. intr.)', Old English trglian `to pluck', wherewith because of the same vocal position maybe is to be connected to Latvian dragt `pull, rend, upset, shake', draguls ` Middle Dutch treken stem V. `pull, tear' and `shudder', Old High German trehhan ` push,

450; compare in similar meaning of the root form *der- Czech o-dra, Pl. o-dry ` prickly

Lithuanian dedervin ` rash resembling lichen ' (Trautmann 47, Mhlenbach-Endzelin I

Kalba ir s. 128, Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 498.

drigants, Lithuanian drigntas `stallion' are loanword from poln. drygant; compare Bga

shivering fit ', drga `a strong angry person, renders and demands a lot '; Latvian drigelts,

dereghderegh- (see Persson root extension 26, Berneker 254 and 212 m. Lithuanian): tergen, targen `pull, stir, tease, irritate', holl. tergen, Modern High German zergen `pull, Old English tiergan (Germanic *targian) `banter, stir, tease, irritate', Middle Low German

(the trigger of a gun) '; russ. drgat `pluck, pull, tear, rend ' (etc), s-doroga `cramp'. derekderek-: BB. 18, 189), , (actually `tear the skin open' as analogous meaning ) Hes.;

Dialectal terga `banter'; Lithuanian drginu, drginti ` flurry, irritate, stimulate, excite, pull

tear, anger', Swedish Dialectal targa ` tug with the teeth or sharp tools ', Norwegian

name of foreland in Kos (as plural as name of forelands, Bugge

859 ); perhaps to (North Illyrian?) PN (leg. ?) in Wurttemberg, as ` place to rest '; Note: This seems wrong etymology since alb. drek `lunch, middle of the day' seems to have be alive', , , `vision', `sight', `look, gaze', `heavy to behold' (= Old Indic darcata-), Adv. `one looking up from fem. ; alb. drit `light' (*drk-t); of common alb. -k- > -th-s; thderived from Root / lemma: derk- : `to look, light'; gr. ` look, keep the eyes open,
1

(unclear the ablaut relation in drek `lunch, middle of the day'; compare Persson Beitr.

gr. m., n. `supper' (*dork- + uo-forms) = alb. dark `supper, evening'

below', n. `eye', , - `dragon, snake' (from banishing, paralyzing look), According to alb. phonetic laws alb. drit `light' derived from (drik-a) not (*drk-t) because Maybe alb. (*darcata-), dark `supper, evening meal, evening'; (*drech), drek `dinner meal, midday, light of the day': Old Irish an-dracht ` loathsome, dark' (see above). sloven. drkam, drem, drkati ` glide, slither, on the ice trail; run, trot run ' (probably from

`clear off, run away, leave'), Czech drkati `bump, poke, jolt', Bulgarian drcam, drcn ` pull, riffle flax, hemp ' (Berneker 255, Persson Beitr. 85, 359). deresderes-: Armenian teem (see above under der-);

become ragged', tras `deadwood', trask `offal, deadwood'; `pull'

Old Norse tjasna f. `kind of nail' from *tersnn-?, Norwegian trase `rag, clout', trasast `

presumably Old English teors, Old High German zers `penis', Norwegian ters `nail'; also

Middle Irish dorr `anger', dorrach `rough, coarse' (see Persson Beitr. 779 Anm. 1);

Maybe alb. trast `bag, (ragged cloth?)', tras `pull (a boat on the coast) : Rumanian trage sloven. drsati ` disband, separate', Czech drsati `scratch, scrape, stripe', drasta,

`rough', drsnat ` jolting '(compare above Middle Irish dorr). dre-sk: dre-sk:

drsta `splinter, scrap, shred; garment ', draslav `rough, jolting ', zero grade drsen

scratcher, crack'; Czech old z-dies-kati and (with assimilation of auslaut and a sounding anlaut) z-diezhati `break, rupture', dieska, diezha `splinter, chip, splinter', nowadays dzha `chip, splinter'; poln. drzazga `splinter'; With formant -p-: drep-, drop-: drep- drop`banner, ensign, flag, banner'), Lithuanian drpanos f. Pl. ` household linen, dress', Latvian Old Indic drp- m. `mantle, dress', draps- m. `banner (?)' (= Avestan drafa-

drt (*dra) ` scratch, scrape; fit tightly ', perfective drsn (*draskn); drska `

crafty slat, thinly split wood ' (Leskien Abl. 325, Berneker 220, 224)., Bulgarian drskam,

draskau, draskti iter. `tear', Latvian draskt ds., draska `rag', Lithuanian drkstn lent `

Lithuanian su-drysk, -driska, -drksti `tear', dreski, dreskia, -drksti ` rend ',

Drapp, Drappus, Drappes, Drapnus) is probably Venetic-Illyrian loanword; the a-vowel from Indo Germanic o or, as das -pp-, expressive; gr. ` break off, cut off, pick ', , `sickle', also (out of it

drna (probably *drp-n) `stuff, kerchief, cloth'; gallo-rom. drappus `kerchief, cloth' (PN

alb. drapn `sickle' ds.), that is defined through assimilation of to *; ograde Hes. (= serb. drpljm), , - ` Pechpflaster, um

Pl. ds., trefja `rub, wear out', Middle High German trabe f. `fringe';

Haareauszuziehen ', `pull the hair out'; Old Norse trf n. Pl. ` fringes ', trefr f. *drp- in russ. drjpa-ju, -t (with unclear ja), dial. drpat, drapt `scratch, rend ', serb.

drpm, drpljm, drpati `tear, wear out; scratch, scrape', poln. drapa `scratch, scrape,

scrape, rub, flee'; drp-, Slavic *drp- in Bulgarian drpam, perfective drpn ` tear, pull, dress' in Latvian drbe f. `stuff, dress, laundry', Lithuanian drb f. `canvas, fabric',

drag ', serb. drpm, dpati and dpm, dpiti ` rend '; Balto Slavic dreb-, drob- `scrap, shred, drbanas m. `rag, scrap, shred', drabis, drobis m. `dress'; Upper Sorbian draby m. Pl. ` dress stuff ', Czech-mhr. zdraby m. Pl. `rag, scrap, shred' have probably through
h h

influence the root *drob- (see below d reb -) `carve, slit, dismember ' -b- instead of -p-; dripdrip-: Gall. (Venetic-Illyrian) PN Drippia, Drippnius (compare above Drappus etc);

Note: Alb. drapn `sickle' : (Venetic-Illyrian) PN Drippnius diarrhea', Czech dpa `scrap, shred', dpati ` rend, tear'; drupdrup-: Beitr. 859) ` scrub, flay off the skin', ` scratching, peeling ', `a kind of thorn '. 162 ff. For variation of a : i : u in ` popular words ' compare Wissmann Nomina postverbalia Gr. ` scratch', , - (with secondary instead of , s. Persson Bulgarian drpa `rag, scrap, shred', sloven. drpam (drpljem), drpati `tear, have

References: WP. I 797 ff., WH. I 342 f., 373, 861, Trautmann 51 f. Page(s): 206-211

Meaning: to find

lemma: des- dsRoot / lemma: des-, ds-

Material: Gr. w `become find' (futur. gebrauchtes present), Hes.; alb. ndesh `find, encounter', ndieh (*of-sk) `feel, find'; perhaps also Old Church Slavic

de, desiti `find', ablaut. russ.-Church Slavic dositi (udositi) `find, meet', whether not to `slave, fiend'. dek-; whereas is Old Indic abhi-dsati ` is hostile, attacked ' rather Denomin. of ds- About alb. ndesh s. also above S. 190. References: WP. I 783, 814, Trautmann 54, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 780. Page(s): 217

Meaning: to drag

deukRoot / lemma: deuk-

). In addition perhaps also Hes., wherefore hom. `

Material: Gr. - Hes. (*-- with intensive reduplication as inconsiderate '; unclear is ` der vielsorgende ' (but is dissimilated

from *, Bechtel), and with zero grade `keen, eager, painstaking '. The meaning `care, worry, be considerate of ' arose from `pull, drag' perhaps about `bring up'; similarly stands for Old Norse tja (*teuhn) `help' (see Falk-Torp 1315 f.).

Somewhat other spiritual change of position shows Latin dcere as ` to draw; to draw

along or away; hence to shape anything long, to construct. Transf., to charm, influence, esteem, consider'.

mislead; to derive; to draw in; to lead; in marriage, to marry a wife; to calculate, reckon; to Alb. nduk ` pluck, tear out the hair ', dial. also ` suck out '. Mcymr. dygaf `bring' (*dukami); about Old Irish to-ucc- (cc = gg) `bring' see below euk-. eukto shape anything long, to construct. Transf., to charm, influence, mislead; to derive; to Latin dc (Old Latin douc), -ere, dx, dctum ` to draw; to draw along or away; hence

draw in; to lead; in marriage, to marry a wife; to calculate, reckon; to esteem, consider ' = (Old Norse only in participle toginn). Gothic ga-tiuhan, etc. Gothic tiuhan, Old High German ziohan, Old Saxon tiohan, Old English ton `pull, drag'

verbal compounds: ab-dc = Gothic af-tiuhan, ad-dc = Gothic at-tiuhan, con-dc = root nouns: Latin dux, ducis m. f. ` a guide, conductor; a leader, ruler, commander '

(therefrom ducre `bring up, educate, rise '; linguistic-historical connection with formally equal Old Norse toga, Old High German zogn `pull, drag' does not exist), trdux `(here ', Modern High German Herzog replication of ? compare Feist 479. guided) vine-layer '. Is Old Saxon etc heritogo, Old High German herizogo ` military leader ti-stem: Latin ductim `by drawing; in a stream', late ducti- `duct' (besides tu-stem

ductus, -s ` direction, leadership, duct, conduction ') = Modern High German Zucht (see below). Specially rich development form in Germanic, so: iterative-Kaus. Old Norse teygia `pull,

drag, pull out' = Old English tegan `pull, drag' (*taugian); Old High German zuckan,

zucchen, Middle High German zucken, zcken `quick, pull fast, wrest, draw back' (with

intensive consonant stretch; therefrom Middle High German zuc, Gen. zuckes m. ` twitch, jerk'); Old Norse tog n. `the pulling, rope, cable', Middle High German zoc, Gen. zoges m. `pull', whereof Old Norse toga, -aa `pull, drag', Old English togian, engl. tow `pull, drag', Old High German zogn, Middle High German zogen `pull, drag (tr., intr.), rend, pull',

zugil, Modern High German Zgel, Old Norse tygill m. `band, strap, strip', Old English tygel `rope'; Old Norse taug f. `rope', Old English tag f. `band, strap, manacle, paddock ' (therefrom Old English tegan `bind', engl. tie); with zero grade Old Norse tog n. `rope,

Modern High German Zug (*tugi-); Old High German zugil, zuhil, Middle High German

compare above Latin ()-ducre; Old English tyge m. i-stem `pull', Old High German zug,

hawser'; Old Norse taumr m. `rope, cable, rein', Old English tam m. ` pair of harnessed

oxen, yoke, bridle, parturition, progeny ' (therefrom teman ` proliferate, be pregnant ', engl. teem), Dutch toom `brood', Old Frisian tm `progeny', Old Saxon tm `a strap or thong of `rope, cable, thong, rein', Modern High German `bridle, rein' (Germanic *tauma- from

leather; plur., reins, bridle; scourge, whip', Old High German Middle High German zoum m. *tau-m-); Old High German giziugn `bear witness, prove' (actually ` zur

Gerichtsverhandlung gezogen warden '), Middle High German geziugen ` prove from testify, prove ', getch n. ` attestation, evidence '; further with the meaning `bring out, bring evidence ', Modern High German (be)zeugen, Zeuge, Middle Low German betgen `

German Zeug, Middle Low German tch (-g-) n. ` stuff, device ' and `penis', Middle High German ziugen, Modern High German zeugen; Gothic ustahts ` consummation ', Old

up, generate' Old High German giziug (*teugiz) ` stuff, device, equipment ', Modern High

High German Middle High German zuht f. `raise, upbringing, breed, breeding, progeny ', zchtig, zchtigen, Old English tyht m. ` upbringing, breed, breeding', Old Frisian tucht,

Modern High German Zucht (= Latin ductus see above); therefrom Modern High German tocht `ability to procreate'.

`bitch'.

`bitch', Norwegian dial. tobbe `mare, small female creature ' and Germanic *tk and *ti A simple root form *den- `pull, drag' perhaps in Old Norse tjr n. (*deu-trom) ` tether,

zauche `bitch', neuisl. ta ` vixen ' to the root; yet compare Middle High German zpe

High German zha, Middle Low German tle (*thila), Modern High German schwb.

Specially because of Zucht ` progeny ', Bavarian also ` breeding pig ' one draws Old

High German Bavarian Zieter ` front shaft ' (also Old English tdor, tuddor n. ` progeny '?); but Old Indic rakam `rope, strap' is dravid. loanword (Kuiper Proto-Munda 131).

bandage rope ' = Middle English teder-, teer ds., Old High German zeotar `shaft', Modern

Page(s): 220-221

References: WP. I 780 f., WH. I 377 f., 861.

deuRoot / lemma: deu-1

Meaning: to plunge, to penetrate into

Material: Old Indic up-du- ` to go into, (of clothes), to put on, to wear, assume the person of, enter, press into, cover oneself, wear'; The cause of -(e)s- stem seems to belong to: Old Indic do, new da- ` evening,

darkness ', Avestan daoatara-, daoastara- ` situated towards evening, to the west ', npers. d `the former yesterday night'; gr. (more properly ) `evening' (metr. lengthening for * from

? originally Adj. ` vespertine ', as still in hom. ); gr. (Attic :, ep. only in participle ; Aor. ) `dive in, penetrate (e.g. , ), slip in, pull in (clothing, weapons; so also , , ), sets (from the sun and stars, dive, actually, in the sea)', also med. and (hom. is old augment tense ), trans. ` sink, dive, swathe ' (only in compounds: `sink'), intrans. (in simplex

to the future, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1 788); , Kallimachos `sink in the sea' ( unclear, s. Boisacq s. v.; preposition *[a]p[o]?); `dip, dive, sink' (after ); ` the

place where one may not enter ', ` disappearing, dive, nook, hideaway, setting of the sun and stars ', ` towards evening ', Pl. ` setting of the sun and 16 f. here also `shrine'. Page(s): 217-218 stars '; unclear , ` coupled ' s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 589; after Frisk Indog. References: WP. I 777 f., WH. I 3, 682.

deudou- duRoot / lemma: (deu-2 or dou-) : dudeu Meaning: to worship; mighty Material: Old Indic dvas- n. ` offering, worship instruction ', duvasyti ` honors, reveres,

recognizes, recompenses ', duvasy-, duvy- `venerating, respectful '; Old Latin duenos, then duonos, Classical bonus `good' (Adv. bene, Demin. bellus [*duenelos] `pretty, cute');

probably = Old Irish den `proficient, strong', Subst. ` protection'; Latin be, -re ` to bless,

Note: common Latin du- > b-.

Saxon twthn `grant', Middle Low German twden ` please, grant', Old English langtwdig `

enrich, make happy ', betus ` blessed, lucky' (*du-i, participle *du-enos); in addition Old

granted long ago', Middle High German zwden `grant', md. getwdic `tame, domesticated, compliant ' (*du-ei-to-; Wood Mod. Phil. 4, 499);
2

after EM 114 perhaps still here gr. -- ` has power '. tawida `make', Proto Norse tawids `I made', Old High German zouuitun `exercebant Perhaps also here Germanic *taujan `make' (from `* be mighty ') in Gothic taujan,

German touwen `prepare, concoct, tan, convert hide into leather', wherefore Old English

(cyclopes ferrum)', Middle High German zouwen, zuwen ` finish, prepare ', Middle Low

getawa ` an implement, utensils, tools, instruments ' (therefrom again (ge)tawian `prepare', engl. taw ` make ready, prepare, or dress (raw material) for use or further treatment; spec. make (hide) into leather without tannin ') and (with original prefix stress in nouns) Old English geatwe f. Pl. `armament, armor, jewellery, weapons ' = Old Norse gtvar f. Pl. ds.,

Old Frisian touw, tow `tool, rope, hawser', Modern Frisian touw ` the short coarse fibres of flax or hemp, tow ', Middle Low German touwe `tool, loom', touwe, tou `rope, hawser' (out ' (but also `succeed', see above), Middle High German gezuwe n. `appliance' (out of it

of it Modern High German Tau), Old High German gizawa ` household furniture, apparatus with Bavarian-dial. vocalization Middle High German zwe), Modern High German Gezhe In addition with (Psilander aaO. expounded also *taujan through proto Germanic

(see about these forms Psilander KZ. 45, 281 f.).

`action', ubiltjis ` evildoer, wrongdoer ', Old Norse t n. `uncleaned wool or flax, linen

`take'; then it would be natural to separate from taujan); with Gothic taui, Gen. tjis

healthy, well ' (about possible origin of Germanic *tw from *t-w see below *dek-

number, uniting', Old English l-twe ` altogether, wholly, entirely well, sound, whole,

German zwa ` coloring, paint, color, dyeing', langobard. zwa ` row, division of certain

abridgement from *twjan) perhaps Gothic twa `order, row', gatwjan `dispose', Old High

thread material ' = Old English tw `the spinning, the weaving' in tw-hs ` spinnery ', twcrft ` skillfulness in spinning and weaving ', engl. tow ` the short coarse fibres of flax or hemp, tow '; with l-suffix Old Norse tl n. `tool', Old English tl n. ds. (*twula-), verbal only

Old Norse tja, tyja `utilize, make usable ', actually `align', denominative to *twja- after Psilander aaO., while Falk-Torp seeks under tie therein belonging to Gothic tiuhan *tauhjan, *tiuhjan. Thurneysen places (KZ. 61, 253; 62, 273) Gothic taujan to Old Irish dod ` exert,

`make' has developed from ` kindle the fire, inflame', seems unlikely. About other interpretations of taujan s. Feist 474 f.

troubled '; the fact that this, however with dod ` catches fire ' is identical and the meaning

Page(s): 218-219

References: WP. I 778, WH. I 111, 324 f., 852.

Meaning: to move forward, pass

deudRoot / lemma: deu-3, deu-, du-, d-

Material: Old Indic d-r- `remote, distant, wide' (mostly locally, however, also

chronologically), Avestan dra, Old pers. duraiy `afar, far there ', Avestan drt ` at a

distance, far, far there, far away ', compounds Sup. Old Indic dvyas-, dviha- `more

distant, most distant'; ved. duvs- ` moving forward, striving out ', transitive Avestan duye ` dta- ` summoner, delegator'; perhaps here Old Indic doa- m. `lack, fault, error' (*deu-sgr. Doric Attic , Aeolic hom. (not *-, but *F-) `lack, err, miss', Aor. chase away ', avi-fr-avaite ` carry away itself (from water)'; Old Indic dt-, Avestan

o-);

, ; unpers. , , participle , Attic `the needful '; Medium , hom. `lack' etc, hom. ` stay behind sth, fall short, fail to attain, be insufficient ', Attic ` please, long for '; , hom. ` destitute, lacking ', hom. .

`request'; in addition ` follow in the distance, the second one ', in addition Superl. Perhaps in addition with -s-extension (see further above Old Indic doa-) Germanic

*tiuzn in Old English torian `cease, languish' (*stay behind), engl. tire `exhaust'.

High German zawen ` proceed, go ahead, succeed', Middle High German zouwen `hurry, somewhat hasten, proceed, go ahead, succeed', zouwe f. `haste, hurry'. 2. Apers. duvaitam Adv. `for a long time', Avestan dbitm Adj. ` long, extended '

compare further md. zwen (strong. V.) ` move in the front, move, proceed there ', Old

(temporal); about Old Indic dvit, Avestan daibit, Old pers. duvit-paranam see below u duu `two'; Armenian tevem ` last, endure, hold, hold off ', tev ` endurance, duration', i tev ` long

time through ', tok `duration, endurance ' (*teuo-ko-, *touo-ko-), ablaut. erkar `long' (temporal) from *du-ro- (= gr. ), erkain `long' (spacial);

compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 482, 7;

therefrom `hesitate, stay long ', Hes. (*F-); about

of *F, *F `duration'), , Doric ` long lasting ' (*F-), `long',

gr. (el. Doric Hes.) ` long, long ago ' (*F), (*F) `long' (accusative

long time ' (to form see WH. I 378). Here also (in spite of WH. I 386) drre `endure'

Latin d-dum ` some time ago; a little while ago, not long since; a long while ago or for a

remains far off in spite of Vendryes (BSL. 38, 115 f.); here also Latin dum, originally ` short time, a short while ', see above S. 181; lengthened grade Old Irish do (*duio-) `slow'; ago', etc; Old Church Slavic dav ` erstwhile, former ', davn `ancient', russ. davn `since long Hittite tu-u-wa (duwa) ` far, away ', tu-u-wa-la (Nom. Pl.) `remote, distant' from *du-lo-,

because of Old Irish cundrad `pact, covenant' (*con-drad); but cymr. cynnired `movement'

Benveniste BSL. 33, 143. Page(s): 219-220

References: WP. I 778 ff., WH. I 378 f., 861, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 348, 595, 685.

deup- kteupRoot / lemma: deup- (: kteup-?)

Meaning: a kind of thudding sound, onomatopoeic words

Material: Gr. hom. ` dull noise, din; sound of the kicks '; ` to sound heavy or dead '; the in hom. , ` loud-thundering ' ( ... Hes.) revealed treading original anlaut - is maybe parallel with

`blow, knock' besides or is copied to it, so that no certainty is to be attained about its age; after Schwyzer would be () intensive to zero grade -; serb. dpm, dpiti `hit with noise', sloven. dpam (dupljem) dpati ` punch on something hollow, rustle sound' (Balto Slavic d- from gd-? or older as gr. -?); thuddingly ', dupotti, Bulgarian dp' ` give the spurs to a horse ', Latvian duptis `dull

Maybe onomatopoeic alb. dum (*dump) ` thudding sound' [common alb. p > mp > m] (*tup-) in Infin. tpssi, participle Pass, cacpunder Gr. I 718 .
3

after Van Windekens Lexique 138 here Tocharian A tp- ` allow to sound, announce '

References: WP. I 781 f., Endzelin KZ. 44, 58, Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 518, Schwyzer Gr. Page(s): 221-222 de- doRoot / lemma: de-, do-

Meaning: a demonstrative stem

Material: Avestan vasmn-da ` up there to the house ';

Akk. the direction, e.g. -, , , (*-), as Avestan

gr. - in -, -, - ` that here, this ' (I - deixis), -, -, -, hinter

), also in - ( emulated Pl.) `here', Latin quan-de, quam-de ` as like ' =

vasmn-da (Arcadian Hes., reshuffling of - after double forms as : Oscan pan, Umbrian pane `as', also Oscan pn, Umbrian pon(n)e `as well as' (*quom-de), ` just, now, just, certainly ', - `already', - ` since, whereas, because '; after interrogative words `(what) then?';

Latin in-de ` thence, from there ' (*im-de), un-de ` whence, from where '; gr. `but'; gr.

Indo Germanic *de put also in Old Irish article in-d (*sind-os, Indo Germanic *sm-de); solidified Akk. f.*ne-dm ` not at the same time '; besides m. or n. in:); Italian -*dm in Latin qu-dam, quon-dam, Umbrian ne-rsa `as long as' (probably

disassembled in s-d-um, as also in. Latin dem, quidem, tandem, tantusdem, totidem is

dummodo, dumn, dumtaxat; Oscan sdum ` the same as' however, is to be

gr. ), manedum, quidum `as so?' , then in relative-conjunctional meaning, as also in

until', originally demonstratives `then', compare etiam-dum, interdum, nndum, agedum (:

Latin dum (*dom) `still', as Konj. `while, during the time that; so long as, provided that;

= Old Indic id-m ` just this ', compare Oscan s-d-um, as quid-em from *quid-om = Oscan pd-um, and as a result of the syllable separation i-dem would be sensed as -dem an identity particle and would grow further);

not to be recognized with dum from *dom the changing by ablaut -dem; d-em from *id-em

ddum) and dum belongs to root deu- (EM 288 f.).

2

but the primary meaning of dum is ` a short while ', wherefore u perhaps is old (compare Indo Germanic *d originally `here, over here' in Latin d-ni-cum (archaically), dnec

equal meaning with ad-, ar- in Umbrian ar-ni-po ` as far as ' from *ad-ne-qom) and in

(*d-ne-que), for Lukrez also donique ` so long as, till that, to, finally ', but also `then' (d-

Old Irishdo, du, acymr. di (= i), corn. e `to' from *d (in gall. du-ci `and'), Thurneysen abbreviated forms are in spite of Solmsen KZ. 35, 471 not to understand as previously

quand `when' = Umbrian panupei ` whenever, as often as; indef. at some time or other ';

Grammar 506; Old English t, Old Saxon to (te, ti), Old High German zuo (za, ze, zi; the proto Indo Germanic ablaut variants), Modern High German to (Gothic du `to' with Dat. and
2

Brugmann II , 812 as unresolved); Old Lithuanian do preposition and prefix `to'; Old from which then the subordinating link); different Pedersen Tocharian 5.

preverb, e.g. in du-ginnan `begin', seems proclitic development from *t(?), is marked from Church Slavic da ` so, and, but; that ' (meaning-development `*in addition' - `still, and',

Besides Indo Germanic *d in Old Church Slavic do `until, to'. prefix e.g.in da-iet `hinzugehen', derive from dem Slavischen. Lithuanian da-, perfektivierendes verbal prefix, and Latvian da `until - to', also verbal

inne `ds.' (*en-d-io-); (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), against it wird Old Irish indpreposition and prefix `in' von Thurneysen Grammar 521 as after in- umgefrbte

les, other formations in hom. -- (right ) `intestines, entrails ', Middle Irish

en-do en-do: Old Latin endo, indu `in', Latin only more as composition part, e.g. indi-gena, ind-

*dem*dem- `to build'; Hittite an-da `in' to *en-do(or *n-do?), Pedersen Hittite 166. Whereas it is the adverbial- and predicate character of nouns Old Irish in(d), abret. in, mcymr. yn probably instrumental of article; s. further Thurneysen Grammar 239.

` from inside ' are reshaped as Lesbian Doric after -, -, - from -, s.

Gothic and `until', Old Indic dhi connected; and gr. - ` indoors, in, within ', -

Entsprechung von gall. ande contemplates and further von Pedersen KG. I 450 with

away from. Transf., coming from an origin; taken from a class or stock, made from a

d (as d probably an Instr. extension) in Latin d `prep. with abl. in space, down from,

material, changed from a previous state; of information, from a source. in time, following

from, after; in the course of, during. about a subject; on account of a cause; according to a Umbrian *dd is probably replacement for *d after ehtrd etc, respectively after the standard', Faliscan de (besides Oscan dat `d' (for *dd, with t after post, pert etc; Oscan-

surrender, deliver, consign, yield, abandon, render ', dadkatted ` dedicate, consecrate, set inferior, poorer, worse ', Sup. dterrimus, dmum (Old Latin also dmus) ` of time, at apart ', Umbrian daetom ` a fault, crime '; in addition compounds Latin dterior ` lower,

ablative transformed in Instr. -(d), (d):d); as preverb in da[da]d ` give away, give up,

length, at last; in enumerations, finally, in short; 'id demum', that and that alone ' (`*to in short, in fine ';

lowest ' - `lastly, finally'), dnique ` at last, finally; in enumerations, again, further or finally; Old Irish d (besides de from Indo Germanic d, wherewith perhaps gall. - `

down, from - away ', also as privative particle (e.g. acymr. di-auc ` slow, tardy, slack, very large ' as Latin dmagis `furthermore, very much')

from a judicial sentence ' is to be equated), acymr. di, ncymr. y, i, corn. the, bret. di ` from dilatory, lingering, sluggish, inactive, lazy ', as Latin dbilis; intensifying Old Irish d-mr ` The meaning ` from - down, from - away ' these with gr. , formally the same

particle probably is only a common innovation of Celtic and Italic; also German?

(Holthausen KZ. 47, 308: Old High German zdal `poverty, need' from *d-tlom, of *d ` from - away ', as wdal `poor, needy' : Latin v `enclitic, or, or perhaps'?). The ending of the following adverbial groups also belongs to this root: Old Indic tad

yaa `when', Old Church Slavic jeda `when' (compare also Old Indic yadi `if', Old pers. yet'; also the Slavic formations as russ. kud `whereto, where';

jav. kaa `when?', Lithuanian kad `when'; Old Indic yad `when, as', Avestan yad, jav. yadiy, Avestan yei, yeii `as soon as' and Avestan yat `whence'); Old Indic id `now,

`then', Avestan taa `then', Lithuanian tad `then'; Old Indic kad `when?', Avestan kad,

Maybe alb. ku-do (*kud)`everywhere, anywhere', nasal nga-do (kd) `everywhere' Old Church Slavic td ` from there ', sdu ` from here ' , but it could contain also Indo A cognate stem *di perhaps in enclitic iran. Akk. Avestan Old pers. dim ` her, she ',
h

Old Church Slavic kdu, kd `whence', nikda-e `never', poln. dokd `whereto, where',

Germanic d .

Avestan dit `es', di Pl. m. f., d Pl. n., and Old Prussian Akk. Sg. din, dien `ihn, sie' (etc); compare but Meillet MSL 19, 53 f. Page(s): 181-183 References: WP. I 769 ff., WH. I 325 f., 339 f., 370 f., 694, 859, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 624 f.

dgRoot / lemma: dgMeaning: to grab? Material: Gothic tkan `touch';

Maybe alb. takonj `touch'

Additional cognates: [PN taka = WFris. take, EFris. tken, MDu. tken grasp, seize, catch, rel. by ablaut to Goth. tkan] soon as '. with ablaut Old Norse taka, (engl. take) `take'; Tocharian B tek-, tak- `touch', B teteka ` as

Maybe alb. takonj `touch' : Gothic tkan `touch'; tang `to touch'), Pedersen Tocharian 207 . Page(s): 183
1

References: WP. I 786, WH. I 351, Van Windekens Lexique 138, 139 (compares also Latin

Meaning: to bind Note:

ddi- dRoot / lemma: d- : d- and di-, d-

ddi- dai eiei Root / lemma: d- : d- and di-, d- : `to bind' derived from duai , duei-, stems of Root / Material: Old Indic dy-ti (with -, ni-, sam-) `binds' (dy- zero grade of *di-, from 3. Pl. holdback ', --extension from the zero grade di-, Bartholomae Airan. Wb. 761), Old Indic dynti, compare Avestan n-dy-tm 3. Sg. Med. in pass. meaning ` it has made soil (u) lemma: du(u) : `two' meaning `bind in two'

participle dit- ` bound ' (= gr. ), dman- n. `band, strap' (= gr. -), ni-dtr`binder';

torch, faggot, torch, fetter, sheaf ' (- for Indo Germanic *d- as : ),

gr. (hom. Attic) (*j) `bind', ` bound ', ` shavings tied together as a

` sheaf binder ', `the fastening, binding', `band, strap', `head fascia', Pl. ` bedstead '; hom. present `bind' is to after : `neologism'; - (compare Old Indic dman-) `sandal', ` a alb. duai ` fascicle, sheaf ' (about *dn- from Indo Germanic *d-n-), del `(*band, strap),

band or fillet, turban, diadem ';

sinew, tendon, vein' (Indo Germanic*d-lo-). Page(s): 183

References: References: WP. I 771 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 340 f., 676, 688.

Meaning: slant

mRoot / lemma: dh-m-s

Material: Old Indic jihm- ` slantwise, slant, skew' (Proto Aryan *ihm- assimil. from References: Pedersen KZ. 36, 78, WP. I 769. Page(s): 222 *dihm-), gr. , `slant, skew' (assimil. from *).

geiSee also: Other possibilities see below gei- `turn, bend'.

Root / lemma: d ab -2
h h

Meaning: proper, * fitting, dainty

Material: Armenian darbin ` smith ' (*d ab r-ino-); Latin faber, fabr `craftsman, artist', Adj. `ingenious, skilful', Adv. fabr `skilful', affabr `
h h

`*acquiescence' (f dial.?); Note:

loanword); perhaps here Latin (Plaut.) efffiltus ` exposed ', Denom. from *ffilla,

skillfully ', contrast infabr, fabrica ` dexterity, workshop ' (Paelignian faber is Latin

common Latin d- > f-; alb. Tosc thembr `heel, hoof (where a smith would attach a horseshoe)' [common alb. f>th-. Gothic ga-daban ` occur, arrive, reach, happen, be suitable ', Perf. gadb ` to be clearly

` fitting, mild' (*ga-dbja), gedafen `proper', gedafnian ` be fitting, suitable' = Old Norse dafna `proficient, proper, become strong, prosper, thrive', Old English gedfte ` fitting, mild', gedftan `sort, order, arrange';

seen, to be conspicuous ', Adj. gadf is ` it is suitable, proper, fitting' = Old English gedfe

faber), dobj, doblj `the best, assayed, examined, tested, strong ', doba (older r/n-stem) dobn `light', u-dob Adv. `light'; Lithuanian dab ` quality, nature, habit, character ', dabnti `adorn', dabns `dainty' etc.

Old Church Slavic dobr `good, beautiful, beauteous, fair ' (= Armenian darbin, Latin

`fitting, applying, opportunity', podoba `ornament, adornment, decorousness, decency ', u-

Maybe alb. i dobt (*u-dobn) `emaciated, dainty, elegant, (beautiful)', dobi `profit, advantage'. Note: Root / lemma: d ab -2 : `proper, * fitting, dainty' derived from Root / lemma: d b -1, nasalized d amb(h) : `to astonish, be speechless, *hit' [see below] amb(h)Page(s): 233-234
h h h h h h

References: WP. I 824 f., Trautmann 42 f., WH. I 436 f., 863. References:

Meaning: a kind of tree

anuonuRoot / lemma: d anu- or d onuh

tree ' : Old High German tanna `fir, oak' (*danw), Middle High German tanne, Old Low References: WP. I 825. German dennia `fir'. (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

Material: Old Indic dhnvan- n., dhnu- m., dhnu- n. `bow', dhanvana- m. ` a certain fruit

Page(s): 234

Meaning: to press

auRoot / lemma: d au-

) ` although pressing oneself further '; Phrygian . . . Hes.

Material: Avestan dvaid 1. Du. Prs. Med. ` we press ', davs-in (could stand for duvs-

(therefrom the people's name , D-ci), Lydian - (`- ` Indian Hemp, dogbane (plant poisonous to dogs)'), compare -, name of thrak. god of war, Illyrian PN Can-davia; dhauno-s `wolf' as ` shrike ' in Latin GN Faunus (to gr.

44, 339), with ablaut gr. , (F) `jackal' (i.e. ` shrike '); Maybe alb. dac `cat' : Phrygian Gothic af-dauis ` rended, mangled, afflicted '; press, choke, crush ', dvka `crush'. References: WP. I 823, WH. I 468.
h

compare thrak. ); gr. Z i.e. ` shrike ' (thessal.; s. also Fick KZ.

Hes.) = Illyrian Daunus (therefrom VN , inhabitant of apul. region of Daunia;

Old Church Slavic davlj, daviti ` embroider, choke, strangle ', russ. davt ` pressure,

Page(s): 235

See also: About d u- `be astonished, marvel ' see below d ei-.
h

Meaning: to astonish, be speechless, *hit

amb( Root / lemma: d b -1, nasalized d amb )h h h h

Note: presumably as `beaten, be concerned ' from a basic meaning `hit'

h h h h h h h h

Probably common origin of Root / lemma: d b -1, nasalized d amb( )- : to astonish, be speechless, *hit; Root / lemma: d eb -, d eb -eu- : `to harm', Root / lemma: (d em -), euemb d mb - : `to dig', Root / lemma: d em-, d em- : `to smoke; to blow'. em- em
h h h h h h

Material: Gr. n. ` astonishment, surprise ', Perf. ep. Ionian , participle Aor. nasalized n. ` astonishment, amazement, fright', `marvel, astonish, frighten'; to compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 333, 833; Gothic afdbn `become silent!'. Old Norse dafla ` splash in the water ', Norwegian dial. dabba ` stamp, tread down, Maybe alb. Geg zhdp `beat, strike'

`astonish', , (`gaze in wonder =) flatter ' (see Boisacq s. v. ),

Under prerequisite a basic meaning `hit' can the following Germanic family be added:

trample, make a blunder ';

nengl. dab `hit lightly', East Frisian dafen `hit, knock, bump, poke', Middle High German beteben ` stun, wander about, press', ndd. bedebbert `reprimand, flog, embarrassed',

Old Norse an(d)dfa ` hold on a boat against wind and stream ', Middle English dabben,

Modern High German tappen, Tapp ` flick ', Middle High German tpe `paw' (Germanic , but not to use for statement of Indo Germanic vocalism), Middle Dutch dabben `tap, splash' . However, see also Persson IF. 35, 202 f., several of these words with Middle High German tappe ` clumsy, awkward; clumsy person' etc correlates in a Germanic root dabb-, with Latvian depis swearword, perhaps ` fool ', depe ` toad ' (`*the awkward'), depsis db(b)-, da-, dap- `thick, lumpy', from which `clumsy, stupid, doltish', under comparison

`small, fat boy' [maybe alb. djep `cradle (for a baby)']

and Germanic words, as Swedish Dialectal dabb ` tough lump of mucus ', dave `puddle, pool, slop' (: Old Norse dafla `splash'?) etc (Latviandep- is perhaps a a change form to
h

to be counted on merger of different word cognates in Germanic (see also under di-, dp`divide'); after Endzelin (KZ. 51, 290) places engl. dab `tap' to Lithuanian dbiu, dbti ` beat to

*d eb- in Old Church Slavic debel `thick' etc, compare Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 455); it is

death ', Latvian dbiu, dbt `hit'.

maybe alb. dboj (*dobt ) `chase away', i dobt (*u-dobn) `emaciated, dainty, elegant, (beautiful)', dobi `profit, advantage'. Note: amb(h)lemma: d b -1, nasalized d amb(h) : `to astonish, be speechless, *hit' [see above]
h h h

Alb. proves that Root / lemma: d ab -2 : `proper, * fitting, dainty' derived from Root /
h h

Page(s): 233

References: WP. I 824.

Root / lemma: d lh

Meaning: to blossom, be green

Material: Armenian dalar `green, fresh'; gr. ` blossom, be green, flourish', Perf. , Doric , whereof present

, Doric ` sprouting or blossoming lusciously ', `young scion, shoot, young twig, branch', `bloom, blossom, blossoming prosperity, esp. Pl. festive joy, feast'.

, Doric ds., n. `young scion, shoot', ` sprouting lusciously ',

etc (about djal `kid, child, youngling ' see below del-3). del-

Alb. dal (*daln), Aor. doa (*dl-) ` arise, sprout, rise, extend ', participledal (*dalno-)

perceived as neologism of ablaut in , which could be developed in itself from l are to be covered at best by a parallel root *d el- :
h

There Alb. only arranges original -vocalism and hence also in gr. die grade is not

perhaps Armenian de ` physic, medicine ' (whether from `*herb'); Irish duille (*dolni) collective, f. ` leaves ', gall. `five leaves' (Dioskor.) : leg. cymr. dail `leaves' (analogical Sg. dalen), acorn. delen `leaf' etc (i-umlaut of o), Middle

*pimpe-dola.

maybe alb. (*dalni) dlinj `juniper' Saxon dilli, Old High German tilli, dilli `dill, strongly smelling plant umbel ', changing with other meaning Old Norse dylla `Sonchus arvensis L., sowthistle '; at least very a plant, umbel ', Modern High German Dolde `umbel'. Essentially is unsatisfactory apposition from Germanic *dilja in Old English dile, Old

through ablaut Old English dyle, Old Danish dylle, Modern High German Dialectal tlle ds., doubtful of Old High German tola ` a cluster, esp. of grapes ', toldo m. ` treetop or crown of

Maybe alb. dyll `wax' `illustrious', see d el- `gleam, shine'. elPage(s): 234
h

A cognate being far off the meaning of the family is the form Old English deall

References: WP. I 825 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 302, 703, 714, 720, WH. I 524.

euRoot / lemma: d eb -, d eb -euMeaning: to harm Note: the nasalized forms (*d emb -) are as proportional neologisms to interpret the root
h h h h h h h h

the root form on -u:) -dbhu-ta- Adj. ` wonderful ', actually `* the inaccessible deception, (= Avestan diw-, see below), dabhr- ` a little, slightly, poorly';

u-ti), Perf. dadbha and (changed) dadmbha, participle Perf. Pass. dabdh- and (from

Material: Old Indic dabhnti ` damages, disables, cheats, Pass. gets damaged ' (*d eb -n-

after containing n-.

untouchable '; dambhyati `makes confused, frustrated' (dambh- `deceit'), Desid. dipsati

N. Sg-. f. `the dishonest ', dbnaot 2. Pl. present (Aryan *db anau-mi, Indo Germanic
h h

Avestan dab- ` cheat, defraud sb of sth ': daviy G. Sg. f. `the cheating ', davayeinti

form *db eu-), -dbaoman- n. ` infatuation '; osset. dawin `steal'; Hittite te-ip-nu- ` esteem lowly, humiliate ', Pedersen Hittite 144.
h

ti), participle Perf. Pass. dapta- (innovation); db-vayat ` he shall beguile, infatuate ' (root

*db -en-eu-mi), Inf. diwaidyi (without more desiderative meaning, but = Old Indic dipsa-

Tok Tokarian: A tsw-, tsop-, B tsp-, tsop- 'mash, crush, pierce; strike, jab, poke' (PT *tsop-, *tsp-) (Adams 743) In addition very probably gr. `damage, rob, cut (), bewilder, deceive ',

relationship as between : Old Indic budh-n-. Page(s): 240

Pass. ` I am robbed ', with - probably from *-, *sm- and with to the same consonant

References: WP. I 850 f., Kuiper Nasalprs. 147, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 333.

Meaning: fat, heavy

ebRoot / lemma: d ebh

Material: Old High German tapfar ` burdensome, filled; heavy, weighty ', Middle High

heavy, weighty, vast, grand', Dutch dapper `valiant; much, a lot of', Norwegian daper `pregnant', Old Norse dapr ` heavy, elegiac, dismal, sad'.

battle)', Old High German tapfare `mole', tapfar f. `moles', Middle Low German dapper `

German tapfer `tight, firm, thickset, full, weighty, signifying ', late `valiant (tight, firm in the

Gothic fardammjan ` dam up, hinder', as dhobm- here?

Perhaps Old Norse dammr, Modern High German Damm, Middle High German tam ds.,

Latvian dabl' under dbls ` luscious', dabl'i audzis ` lusciously sprouted ', dabl'gs ` words probably to be connected with Old Church Slavic dobr);

abl. doblyj `strong' (etc, s. Berneker 182); Old Prussian debkan `big, large'; perhaps also luscious' (Berneker aaO.; after Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 428 nevertheless, are Latvian Tocharian A tsopats `big, large', tppo ` courage ', tpr `high', B tappre, tpr- ds.,

Old Church Slavic debel `thick', russ. Dialectal deblyj ` corpulent, strong, tight, firm',

Pedersen Tocharian 243, Tocharian Sprachg. 23, 27, 29, Van Windekens Lex. 135, 148. doubtfully. References: WP. I 850, WH. I 437.

Page(s): 239 egh hRoot / lemma: d eghh

Meaning: to burn, *day

Material: Old Indic dhati, Avestan daaiti `burns' (= Lithuanian deg, Old Church Slavic `blaze, heat', nidgh- `heat, summer', npers. d `burn brand' (in addition sptgr. , - ` red-brown horse '?); Avestan daxa- m. `blaze'; burned '), `ash' (*d eghr); Latin fove); Note: Common Latin d- > f-: movement, to seethe; to be excited by passion, rage', fculum ` a sacrificial hearth, fireLatin fove, -re `to be boiling hot, to boil, seethe, glow. Transf., to be in quick
h

eg, alb. djek), participle Old Indic dagdh- (= Lithuanian dgtas), Kaus. dhyati; dha-

gr. Hes. (`kindled '; == Lithuanian dgtinas ` who or what is to be

alb. djek ` incinerate, burn ', Kaus. dhez, n-dez, ndez ` ignite ' (basic form *d oghi =
h

favilla ` glowing ashes, esp. of the dead; a spark ' (probably from *d ogh-lo-l); favnius ` zephyrus, the warm west wind ' (from *fovnios): febris `fever' (*d eghro-; after Leumann Gnom. 9, 226 ff. i-inflection after sitis).
h h

(*fouementom), fmes, -itis ` touchwood, tinder ' (*fouemet-, meaning as Latvian daglis),

pan, brazier ' (*foue-clom), fmentum ` a poultice, fomentation. Transf., alleviation'

(from *-dekto-); but Old Irish ded-l `break of dawn' after Marstrander Dict. Ir. Lang. I 213 about Gothic dags `day' etc see below *her- S. 7; herNote:

devi, cymr. deifio `burn' see below *du- `burn'; cymr. de ` burning '; go-ddaith `blaze' *du-

Middle Irish daig (Gen. dega) `fire, pain' (from *degi-); about Middle Breton deuiff, nbret.

actually ` parting drink, the last drink '; nir. dogha `burdock' (: Lithuanian dagys see below);

from Root / lemma: d egh-: `to burn, *day' derived Root / lemma: her-, hen-, heseghherhenhesh dakru- : `tears'. The phonetic shift da- > a-, zero is a common Baltic. Compare Root / ru ru(or her etc): `day' the same as Root / lemma: akru : `tear' derived from Root / lemma: ru :
h

dellemma: del-5 : `long': Baltic with unexplained d-loss (see below): Lithuanian lgas, f. ilg,

Latvian ilgs, Old Prussian ilga and ilgi Adv. `long' : Hittite Nom. Pl. da-lu-ga-e-e migration from the Baltic region to North India.

(dalugaes) `long', da-lu-ga-a-ti (dalugasti) n. `length'. This is a sound proof of Aryan Lithuanian deg, dgti `burn' (trans. and intrans.), dgtas `burnt', dgtinas ` what is to

be burned ', degtn f. ` brandy, alcohol ', ablauteud dags, dgis `thistle' (Latvian dadzis); Lithuanian dglas ` to brand ', dglas ` torch, cresset, brand; black-dappled '; Latvian

dgas ` the burning; summer heat; harvest ', dag `harvest', Old Prussian dagis `summer';

burning '; ablaut. ato-dogiai (?) m. Pl. ` summer wheat, summer crops ';

daglas f. Pl. `scorch', daglis `tinder'; Lithuanian nuodgulis ` firebrand ', dgis ` burner; sloven. dgniti `burn, warm', Czech old dehna `devil', ablaut. dahnti `burn'; russ.

heartburn' (see Meillet MSL. 14, 334 f., different Brugmann II 3, 120). Maybe alb. zheg `summer heat' a Slavic loanword.
2

(?) von *deg to *geg: Old Church Slavic eg, eti `burn', ablaut. russ. iz-gga `pyrosis,

dgot `tar' (from `* wood rich in resin '), as Lithuanian degtas ` birch tar '; with Assimil.

`tar' (see above).

tsk- (*d gh-) `gleam, glow'; AB cok `light' (from `pinewood torch') : Balto Slavic *deguth

Tocharian teki `disease, malady' (= Irish daig); A tsk-, tsak- `burn', ts after ablaut.

References: WP. I 849 f., WH. I 466 f., 469, 471 f., 864, Trautmann 49, Pedersen Tocharian Sprachg. 23. Page(s): 240-241
h

eih Root / lemma: d eih-

Meaning: to knead clay; to build

Material: Old Indic dhmi ` coat, cement' (3. Sg. dgdhi instead of *dhi), also participle

Note: s. to Sachlichen Meringer IF. 17, 147.

digdh-, dha- m. n. ` body, structure ', dh f. ` embankment, dam, curve, bay ', Avestan

pairi-dazayeiti ` walled all around ' (= Old Indic Kaus. dhayati) uzdita 3. Sg. Med. ` has erected (a dam) ', participle uz-dita-, uz-daza- m. ` pile, embankment ', pairi-daza- m. `

enclosure, park ' (out of it gr. `a royal park or pleasure ground, a Persian word *diz-, root nom. in -), npers. diz, dz ds.; Note: brought in by Xen.; used for the garden of Eden, Paradise'), Old pers. did `fortress' (from

Reduplicated laryngeal in a e- > Avestan aeArmenian dizanem (Aor. 3. Sg. edz) ` pile up ', dizanim ` be piled up ', dz `heap'; Maybe nasalized alb. (*d eih-) deng `heap' [common Latin -h- > -g-]. dexion, Burtu-dizos; (: Latin fing); Pannonian VN An-dizetes ` castle inhabitant '; Note: Illyrian Pannonian VN An-dizetes ` castle inhabitant ' displays satem characteristics [common alb. -h- > -d-, -z-]. gr. n., m. (formal = Old Indic dha-) `wall'; , Aor. ` touched ' thrak. -, - `castle' (: Old pers. did or *d ih-i); also , PN , Burtoh h 1 2

(meaning as Latin fingere also ` shaped, fashioned, formed, molded; arranged ', voicednonaspirated g previously original from the nasalized present form); Note: Common Latin d- > f-: order; to represent, imagine, conceive; to feign, fabricate, devise, make up; touch Latin fing, -ere, finxi, fictum `to shape, fashion, form, mold; also to arrange, put in

strokingly', figulus ` a worker in clay, potter ' (:Germanic *iulaz), flum (*figslom) `shape', form, shape, figure, size; an atom; shade of a dead person; in the abstr., kind, nature, clay; n. as subst., esp. pl. earthenware, earthen vessels ' (to Latin g instead of h effigis `(molded) image, an image, likeness, effigy; a shade, ghost; an ideal ', figra `

species ', ficti ` forming, feigning; assumption ', fictilis ` shaped; hence earthen, made of s.Leumann Latin Gr. 133; after latter derives from forms as fictus also k from Old Faliscan Umbrian fikla, ficlam ` a gruel used at sacrifices, a cake, offered to the gods ', Latin ftilla ` about Latin flum (identical with flum ` filament ' ?) compare WH. I 497, on the other
2 h

fifiked ` touched, handled ', Oscan fifikus perhaps ` you will have devised '); probably

a gruel used at sacrifices ' (with dial. t from ct); Oscan fehss ` walls ' (*d eiho-); hand EM 360;

build, erect' in 1. Sg. cunutgim, 3. Sg. conutuinc etc and perhaps also dingid, for-ding `put down, oppressed ', see below 1. d engh- `press, cover' etc;
h

Old Irish digen `tight, firm' (`*kneaded tightly, compact '); Old Irish *kom-uks-ding- `to

 `a wall'); daigs m. `dough' (*d oihos), Old Norse deig (n.), Old English dg, Old
h

for gadikis, `anything moulded, an image, figure, shape, construction', es-stem, similarly

Gothic amma digandin `the kneading ', kasa digana ` clay vessel ', gadigis (meaning

High German teig ds.; Old Norse digr `thick, corpulent ' (meaning as Irish digen), Gothic

', Norwegian Dialectal digna ` become thick ', diga ` thick, soft mass ' besides Middle Low skillet ' seems to be a genuine Germanic word (*i .. laz), however, this has sponged in the meaning of Latin tgula (from `a frying-pan, saucepan'); Maybe alb. tjegula ` roof-tile' : Latin tgula `tile, roof-tile' [conservative definitive forms versus indefinite forms (alb. phonetic trait)]. Lithuanian deti, dti `flay, flog' (`*knead, smear one down '), Latvian diezt `
h

digrei `density, thickness, bulk, mass', Middle High German tiger, tigere Adv. `fully, entirely

German Norwegian dger; Old High German tegal, Old Norse digull ` glaze pot, crucible,

mould ' (*d oih-i-; Berneker 198, Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 487). Maybe alb. (*d oih) dhoga `plank'
h

convince, offer' (`*to humbug sb '); Old Russian da, klr. dia etc ` kneading trough, form,

zd, zid `wall' (Bga Kalba ir s. 184 f); Indo Germanic *d oihos).
h h

Lithuanian puod-idys ` a worker in clay, potter ', Old Church Slavic zido, zdati `to build', Tocharian A tseke i peke i ` figure, shape or painting ' (W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 257 f., A parallel root *d eig- seeks Wood Mod. Phil. 4, 490 f. in Middle High German tchen

An adapted form (*heid -) is probably Lithuanian iediu, isti `form, mould', Old
h

written; hence to get written down ', Old High German tihton ` invent and create; versify ' to get written down '. Page(s): 244-245
h

`make, create etc'; Old English diht(i)an ` to say often; to say over, dictate a thing to be

derive from late Latin dictre ` to say often; to say over, dictate a thing to be written; hence

References: WP. I 833 f., WH. I 501 f. 507.

i Root / lemma: d ei- : d ii- : d Meaning: to see, show Material: Old Indic ddht ` he looked ', Pl. ddhima, Med. ddhy, ddhta, Konj.
h h

ddhayat (perhaps converted to present Perf., compare Perf. ddhaya); dhy-ti, dhy-ya-ti

thinking, meditating ', dhy-tar- `thinker', dhy-na- n. `meditation, contemplation ',

(io-present) ` looks in spirit, d. i. thinks, reflects ', participle dhy-ta- and dh-t-, dhy ` the

dhyman- n. (Gr.) `thought, notion'; dh-, Akk. dhy-am `thought, notion, imagining,

discernment, understanding, religious meditation, devotion ', dh-t- ` awareness, thought, notion, devotion ', dhra- ` seeing, smart, wise, skilful', avadhrayati ` disdains (despicit), rejects, despises ', prakr. herai ` sieves '; s- formation Old Indic dhiyasn- ` attentive,

observant, pious ', dhi Instr. Adv. if ` with devotion, zeal, or lust ', yet compare on the devout, religious '; Note: Reduplicated laryngeal in a e- > Avestan ae1 2 h

observant, heedful '; presumably also dhia- if `sensible, wise, smart', dhiayant- if `

other hand that belong to Latin fstus, fnum, Indo Germanic d s- `religious', dhya- `

seeing ' (etc, s. Bartholomae Airan. Wb. 724); participle paiti-dta- ` beholds ', -dti- f. `the beholding ', da- ` sensible, smart' (lengthened grade as -di'ti), -d(y)-, -d- f. as 2. composition part `vision, look; discernment, intention'; -dman- ` intention'; daman- n. ddan `see', dm `face, cheek';

Avestan d(y)- `see', e.g. -di'ti `contemplates', daiyant Nom. Pl. participle ` the

`eye, eyeball; look', dira- n. `eye', dan `religion' and ` internal being, spiritual I '; npers. gr. , Doric `mark, token, sign, Kennzeichen, Merkmal etc' (*d i-mn = Old
h

Indic dhyman-; Lithuanian by Boisacq s. v., compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 322; after E. sign'), ` mache durch ein Zeichen kenntlich etc'; alb. dtur, dtme ` wisdom, learning ', dinak `cunning'. Also alb. di `I know, discern' It goes back to a synonymous *d u-: uh

Leumann [Abh. Kunde d. Morgenl. 20, 1, S. 96] rather to Sakisch ma `mark, token,

; about Hes. probably F, s. Boisacq under m. Lithuanian); `consider' (Attic reshaped after ), etc, s. Boisacq under and Attic ` looking, sight; show' from *F, compare syrak. , Ionian , Doric

(); compare Boeotian , Doric (Lithuanian by Boisacq under

mn) ` be surprised, astonish, venerate, admire ', next to which with gradation

Gr. ` what excites admiration, astonishment; veneration, astonishment ' (*d uh

(to latter still Ehrlich KZ. 40, 354 Anm. 1). Except gr. equivalents are absent.

Page(s): 243

References: WP. I 831 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 349, 523.

elb Root / lemma: d el Meaning: to bury Note: Only german. and Balto-Slavic
h h h

Material: Old High German bi-telban, -telpan (participle bitolban) `bury', Old Saxon bidelan ds., mndd. Dutch delven, Old English delfan `dig, bury', Flemish delv `gorge, in the face, box on the ear, blow, knock', ndd. dlben `hit'; ravine, gulch, ditch, trench, channel'; in addition Swiss tlpen `hit, thrash', Tirol dalfer `slap Balto Slavic *dilb ` dig, hollow out ': in Lithuanian dlba and dlba f. ` crowbar ', Latvian

dalba f. ` fishing rod, hayfork '; perhaps Lithuanian nu-dilbinti ` lower the eyes down ';

dilba f., dilbis m. ` hollow bone, epiphysis, shinbone', delbs ` upper arm, elbow', dalbs m., Slavic *dlb, *delti in Serbo-Croatian dbm, dpsti `hollow out', dbok `deep, etc

(ablaut. *delti in Serbo-Croatian dial. dlisti ` chisel, cut ', compare dlijto `chisel'); Czech

sharp iron ' in Old Prussian dalptan ` press copy, impact break ', Slavic *dolto `chisel' in Bulgarian dlat, russ.-Church Slavic dlato, russ. doot ds. maybe truncated alb. (*dolto) dalt `chisel' References: WP. I 866 f., Trautmann 54, Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 434. Page(s): 246

(= Latvian dalbs), Old Russian nadolob m., nadolba f. ` town enclosure '; *dolb-to- `chisel,

dlubu, dlubati `hollow out, poke ', ablaut. *dolb- in Czech dlabati ` chisel, cut ', dlab ` seam '

Meaning: to hit

elgh- elgRoot / lemma: d elgh-, d elg- (?)

h

Material: Old English dolg n., Old High German tolc, tolg, dolg n. `wound' (`*blow, knock'), daljen `hit' (borrows Norwegian Dialectal dalga ds.), Modern High German (Hessiannassauisch, East Prussian) dalgen, talken `thrash, hit', Middle High German talgen Old Norse dolg n. `enmity', dolgr `fiend', dylgja `enmity', wherefore probably ndd. dalgen,

`knead'. After Havers KZ. 43, 231, IF. 28, 190 ff. was also for gr. ` enchant, beguile etc', , , ` charming, tempting ', ` enthrallment ' (Indo
h h

health of the people and at the same time the smiths.

probably, as well as also , demons were damaging through blows the

Germanic *d elg- besides *d elgh-?) the basic meaning ` enchantment through a blow '

Everything quite uncertainly. Rather Tocharian A talke n., telki `sacrifice, oblation' could still belong to it. Page(s): 247 References: WP. I 866.

lgRoot / lemma: d elgh h

Meaning: to stick; needle

Material: Old Irish delg n. (es-stem) `thorn, cloth needle', corn. delc (i.e. delch) ` a

necklace, collar [for horses and other animals]', mcymr. dala, dal `bite, prick, sting'; Old Norse dalkr ` needle to fasten the mantle about the right shoulder; spinal column of

fish; dagger, knife ', Old English dalc m. `clasp, hairpin' (Modern High German Dolch, older Tolch, ndd. dolk, after Mikkola BB. 25, 74 the origin of Czech poln. tulich, sloven. tolih, is but perhaps reshaped after Germanic words as Old English dalc); namely borrowed at first from Latin dol `a pike, sword-stick; a small foresail sword-cane', Lithuanian dilgs ` pricking, burning ', dlg, dilgl f. `nettle', dlgstu, dlgti ` get burned

by nettle '; dalgis `scythe' here, not to S. 196!

war', after Niedermann Essais 17 ff. regressive derivative from falcula, that derives from Ligurian (?) *alkla (*d al-tla), also as sizil. , `Messina' (: ).
h

Here perhaps Latin falx `a sickle, bill-hook, pruning-hook; a sickle-shaped implement of

maybe Illyrian TN Docleatae However, one derive just as well from *d alg-tl ; if in that Italian dialekt would have become Indo Germanic l to al, the a-vowel can be also explained. Arch. Glott. Ital. 20, 5 f., 30 f. Page(s): 247 References: WP. I 865 f. Late Latin daculum `sickle' could be in addition the Ligurian equivalent. Against it Terracini
h

Meaning: curve; hollow Note:

eloloRoot / lemma: d el-1, d oloh

elolohl- : `to shine; green, gold, blue, *sun' derived Root / lemma: d el-1, d olo- : `curve; hl alb.-Illyrian h- > d-].
h h h h h h

From Root / lemma: hel-1 (and ghel-?), also as i-, u- or n-stem; hel- : hl-, hl- : helghel elhel hl- hlhollow', Root / lemma: d el-2 : `light, shining', Root / lemma: d el-3 : `to tremble' [common elel-

lak. (Hes.) ` round summer hat ', m. ` situated in the interior of house room, bedroom, pantry ', `cave, den (of animals)', - `eye' (*- `* eye socket '); cymr. dol f. `valley', bret. Dol in PN; English dl, Old High German tal n. `valley', Old Norse dalr m. `valley'; Gothic dala ` Old Norse dalr `bow'; Gothic dals m. or dal n. `valley, pit, pothole', Old Saxon dal, Old

Material: Gr. f. ` dome, cupola, domed roof, round building (sudatorium)'; sizil. ,

Forschungen, Wien 1925), Old Frisian t dele `down', Old Saxon t dale, Middle Low

inhabitant ' the Daliterni of Avienus, German Alps in Valais, after R. Much, Germanist. German dale, nnd. dal `down, low', Middle High German ze tal ds.; Old English dell, Middle

downwards ', dalaa `under', dalar ` from below ' (here as *Daliernz ` valley

High German telle f. `gorge, ravine, gulch' (*dalj); changing through ablaut Old Norsedll dent ' (*dlj) = Old High German tuolla, Middle High German tele `small valley, dent ', m. ` valley inhabitant ' (*dlja-), Norwegian dial. dl ` small valley, long gully resembling

(*dli); ndd. dole `small pit, pothole', Middle High German tol(e) f. ` drainage ditch ' (Old High German dola `gully, ditch, trench, channel, duct, tube, pipe' probably actually ndd.), Old High German tulli, Middle High German tlle, ndd. dlle `short duct, tube, pipe' (also ndd. dal stands for `duct, tube, pipe');

mnl. doel `ditch, trench, channel'; Old Norse dla `gully' (*dlj), dld `small valley'

Old Church Slavic (etc) dol `hole, pit, pothole, valley', dolu ` downwards ', dole `under'. Page(s): 245-246
h

References: WP. I 864 f., Loth RC. 42, 86.

elRoot / lemma: d el-2 Note:

Meaning: light, shining

elolohl- : `to shine; green, gold, blue, *sun' derived Root / lemma: d el-1, d olo- : `curve; hl alb.-Illyrian h- > d-].
h h

From Root / lemma: hel-1 (and ghel-?), also as i-, u- or n-stem; hel- : hl-, hl- : helghelhel hl- hlhollow', Root / lemma: d el-2 : `light, shining', Root / lemma: d el-3 : `to tremble' [common elel-

Material: Perhaps Armenian dein, Gen. denoy `yellow, sallow, paled, pallid' (*d eleno-); Norse GN Heimdallr; Mar-dll `epithet of the light goddess Freyja ', Dellingr ` father of the Middle Irish dellrad ` radiance '; Old English deall `stout, proud, bold, illustrious', Old
h

day ', Middle High German ge-telle `pretty, good'(?). Page(s): 246 References: WP. I 865.

elRoot / lemma: d el-3 Note: Meaning: to tremble

h h

elolohl- : `to shine; green, gold, blue, *sun' derived Root / lemma: d el-1, d olo- : `curve; hl alb.-Illyrian h- > d-].
h h h h

From Root / lemma: hel-1 (and ghel-?), also as i-, u- or n-stem; hel- : hl-, hl- : helghelhel hl- hlhollow', Root / lemma: d el-2 : `light, shining', Root / lemma: d el-3 : `to tremble' [common elel-

Material: Armenian doam `tremble'; Norwegian and Swedish dial. dilla `swing, swerve ', dilte `trot, walk on tiptoe; trip ', dalte ds.

Norwegian dial. dalla, dulla ` walk on tiptoe; trip ', Low German dallen `amble', Norwegian Doubtful; s. Falk-p under dilte addendum.

Page(s): 246

References: WP. I 865.

emb Root / lemma: (d em -), d mb Meaning: to dig Note: only gr. and armen. ', dambaran ds.;
h h h h

Material: Armenian damban `grave, vault, sepulchre, grave; grave, monument, tombstone gr. (*d mb -i), Aor. Pass. `bury, entomb', ` unburied ', m.
h h h

`ditch, trench, channel'; but Old Prussian dambo f. `ground' is amended in daubo (see 268). Maybe alb. dhemb `pain, saddness' Note:

`funeral, obsequies; grave, burial mound', ` funeral, grave', (*d mb -ro-s) f.

Clearly Root / lemma: (d em -), d mb - : `to dig' derived from Root / lemma: d em-, emb emritual of burial was born much later. References: WP. I 852.
h h h h h h h

d em- : `to smoke; to blow' which means that Aryans initially burnt the dead while the em

Page(s): 248-249
h

Meaning: to smoke; to blow

em- em Root / lemma: d em-, d emh

dhmyt), Avestan dmainya- ` puffing up, swelling, of frogs ', npers. damdan `blow', dam `breath, breath ', osset. dumun, dmn `smoke; blow'; `pain' [common alb. shift m > mb]. Note:
h

Material: Old Indic dhmati `blows' (dhami-yati, -t- and dhmt-, Pass. dhamyat and

Maybe alb. Tosc tym n. `smoke': also alb. Geg dhem, alb. dhemb `hurt, ache', dhimbje

Clearly from Root / lemma: d em-, d em- : `to smoke; to blow' derived Root / lemma: em- em d eu-4, d eu- (presumably: d u-, compare the extension d u-k-, d u-s-): `to reel, eu : dissipate, blow, etc.'.
h h h h h

`dim');

gr. , , ` somber, dark-looking ' (: Old High German timber

Middle Irish dem `black, dark'; = Old Norse dmr `taste'; Norwegian daam (*d mo-) `dark', daame m. ` cloud haze ', daam m. `taste, smell, odor' with Guttural-extension: d enguo-, d engui- ` misty ' in Old Norse dkk f. `dent in the
h h h h

landscape ' = Latvian danga (*d ongu) ` faecal puddle, slop, swampy land, sea mud ', Saxon dunkar, Old High German tunkal, Modern High German dunkel (originally and with further Old Norse dkkr, Old Frisian diunk `dark' (Germanic *denkva-); zero grade Old

(*d enguos) `fog, smoke, sultriness' etc, deweint `darkness' (mistakenly Loth RC 42, 85; 43, 398 f), Hittite da-an-ku-i-i (dankui) ` dark, black' (Benveniste BSL. 33, 142);
h

dank, muggy', engl. dank, Dialectal dunk `humid, wet'); in addition cymr. dew m.
h

the meaning ` misty - humid, wet' Norwegian and Swedish Dialectal dunken `humid, wet,

variation Danish dyng `damp, humid, wet', Swedish Dialectal dungen `humid, wet';

Old Norse dy `slime, mud, ordure, morass' from *d mkio-, compare with gramm.

German Middle High German dampf m. `vapor, smoke', Middle Low German engl. damp

with Germanic -p-: Middle High German dimpfen, dampf `steam, smoke', Old High

`vapor, damp fog', ndd. dumpig `dull, humid, wet, musty ', Modern High German dumpfig, dumpf (also = confused, scattered, sprayed); kaus. Old High German dempfen, tempfen, Middle High German dempfen ` stew through steam, stew '; with Germanic -b-: Swedish dial. dimba stem V. `steam, smoke, spray', dimba `vapor',

Norwegian damb n. `dust', Old Norse dumba `dust, cloud of dust' (besides with -mm- Old dumma ` lack of clarity in the air, fog cover ', Swedish dimma `thin fog'), Old High German timber, Middle High German timber, timmer `dark, dim, black'; to what extent of background the s-forms Swedish Dialectal stimma, stimba `steam', Norse dimmr `dark', Old Frisian Old English dimm ds., Norwegian Dialectal dimma,

stieben (see below d eu-, d eu-b - `scatter, sprinkle'), is doubtful;

h h h

bladder';

`bellows', dmpiu, dmpti `blow' (probably with p-extension), Old Prussian dumsle `

Lithuanian dumi, dmti `blow', apdmti ` blow with sand or snow (of wind) ', dmpls

Lithuanian, Meillet Slave comm. 63 f., 164, Trautmann 63). Page(s): 247-248
h

Old Church Slavic dm, dti `blow' (to Balto Slavic vocalism s. Berneker 244 f. m.
2

References: WP. I 851 f.

Meaning: to press; to cover II 506;

enghRoot / lemma: d engh-1

Material: Old Irish dingid, for-ding ` oppressed' (see also d eih-); compare Pedersen KG. Lithuanian dengi, degti `cover', dang `cover', dangs `sky, heaven', in addition digti
h

` disappear' (from `* be covered '), Slavic *dga `bow' (: Lithuanian dang) in russ. dug `bow', old ` rainbow ', Bulgarian dg, serb. dga, poln. dial. dga ds., probably to:

German tung, Middle High German tunc ` the subterranean chamber where the women

Old English dynge, Old High German tunga ` fertilization ', Old Saxon dung, Old High

Old Icelandic dyngia ` dunghill, house in the earth where the women did the handwork ',

e g ar

after concurrence of Old High German toum : Old English stam, German toben `

norw Dialectal stamma, stamba `stink' Indo Germanic have been newly created or only

':

weaved ' (originally winter houses covered with fertilizer for the protection against the engl. dung ` manure ', Modern High German Dung, Dnger. Maybe alb. dengu `heap' Page(s): 250 References: WP. I 791 f., 854, Trautmann 44 f.

cold), Old English dung ` jail ', Old High German tungen ` depress, fertilize ', Old English

Meaning: to get, gripe

enghRoot / lemma: d engh-2

h h

` reaching up to something ' (*d ngh-);

h

Material: Old Indic daghnti (Aor. dhak, daghy etc) ` reaches up to, achieves ', -daghngr. `quick, fast', Kompar. (*d ngh-); Old Irish daingen `tight, firm, strong' = cymr. dengyn ds. (*dangino- or *dengino-); belt ', russ. djga ` leather belt ', djglyj `strong, fit, healthy', djgnut `grow, become
h h

Slavic dg: dg ` strength, power, luck ' in russ.-Church Slavic djag ` strap, leather

strong '; ablaut. Old Bulgarian ne-dg `disease, malady' (but russ. dij `strong' belongs intermingling with Slavic tg- `pull, drag, draw ' (Brckner KZ. 42, 342 f). Page(s): 250 References: WP. I 791 f., Berneker 190, 217 f. rather to d eugh-, under S. 271); the meaning has taken place after probably an

Meaning: to run, *flow

enRoot / lemma: d en-1

Material: Old Indic dhanyati `runs, set in movement', npers. dandan `hurry, run', Old Indic dhnvati `runs, flows ', Old pers. danuvatiy ` flows ', Old Indic dhnutar- `running, flowing '; Messapic river name ardannoa (*ar-d onu-) ` situated in the water ' (?),(under the
h

102);

influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), apul. PN Ardaneae = Herdonia (Krahe Gl. 17, Latin probably fns, -tis ` a spring, fountain; fresh or spring water. Transf. spring, origin,
h

source '; perhaps hybridization of to-stem *fontos and ti-stem *fentis (*d n-t-); Note: common Latin initial d- > f- shift.

Tocharian tsn `flow', tsee ` current, gush ', tsnam `flow'. Page(s): 249 References: WP. I 852, Couvreur BSL. 41, 165.

Meaning: surface of hand/land, etc. (*dry land) Note: From Root / lemma: d en-1 : ` to run, *flow' derived Root / lemma: d en-2 : `surface of lemma: enenMaterial: hand/land, etc. (*dry land)' meaning `arid flat area'.
h h

enRoot / lemma: d en-2

h h

, dhan- f. `sandbank, seashore, island';

Old Indic dhnu- n., dhnvan- m. n. ` dry land, mainland, beach, dry land, desert ', dhnugr. n. ` palm, sole, also from the surface of the sea or from deepening in the altar

to the admission of the offering ', ` opisthenar, back of the hand ' m. `flat hand', Curtius 255 (samt Old Indic dhnu-, see below).
5

(*), Old High German tenar m., tenra f. (*denar-), Middle High German tener In addition Vulgar Latin danea `area' (Reichenauer Gl.), Old High German tenni n.,

(under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Middle High German tenne m. f. n., Modern High German Tenne ` barn floor, threshing floor, flattened loam ground or wooden floor as a threshing place, hallway, ground, place, surface generally ', Dutch

denne `area, a pavement of tiles, brick, stone; floored, boarded; n. as subst. a floor, story; a row or layer of vines '; as ` smoothly trodden place good as threshing floor ' can be also understood meeklenb. denn `trodden down place in the grain layer ', Middle Low German

place, place generally, land, scenery ' (and ` valley forest ', s.under), Old English denn garden plot '.

wild animals ' (and ` valley forest ', see below), dan ` waste, from shrubbery surrounded

denne `lowland, depression' (and ` valley forest ' see below), Middle Dutch denne ` den of

`cave, wild den', nengl. den `cave, pit, pothole', East Frisian dann(e) `bed, garden bed, About Lithuanian dnis m. ` deck board of a small boat ', Latvian denis ds. (Germanic

loanword?) s. Trautmann 51, Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 455. Page(s): 249 References: WP. I 853.

enRoot / lemma: d en-3

Meaning: to hit, push Note: From Root / lemma: d en-1 : ` to run, *flow' derived Root / lemma: d en-2 : `surface of enenhand/land, etc. (*dry land)' meaning `arid flat area', then from Root / lemma: d en-2 : en`surface of hand' derived Root / lemma: d en-3 : `to hit, push'. enMaterial: Only in extensions (almost exclusively Germanic):
h h h h

compare Norwegian dial. datta [*dantn] `knock': denta ` give small punches '), Modern

d-extension: Old Norse detta stem V. ` fall down heavily and hard, hit ' (*dintan,

Old English dynt m. (= Old Norse dyttr), engl. dint `blow, knock, shove '; the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

(*dantisn) ` reel back, flee'; East Frisian duns `fall' (s from -dt- or -ds-), Old Norse dyntr,

Frisian dintje ` shake lightly ', Norwegian deise ` fall tumbling, glide ' (from:) ndd. dei(n)sen

alb. g-dhent, gdhend ` hew wood, plane, beat ', Geg dhend, dhnn ` cut out, cut ' (under

Maybe (*gdhend) gdh `piece of wood', alb. Tosc dnd `hit, beat'. Middle English dingen `hit, bump, poke', nengl. ding (Scandinavian loanword), Middle High Gutt-extension: Old Norse danga (*dangn) `thrash': Old Swedish diunga stem V. `hit',

Norse dengja, Old English dengan, Middle High German tengen (tengelen) `hit, knock, hammer (Modern High German dengeln)'; Old High German tangal m. `hammer'. Labial-extension: Swedish dimpa (damp) `fall fast and heavily', ndd. dumpen `hit, bump,

German tingelen `knock, hammer', Norwegian dingle (and dangle) `dangle'; Kaus. Old

poke', engl. dial. dump ` hit heavily '. Page(s): 249-250

h

References: WP. I 853 f.

erghRoot / lemma: d ergh-

Meaning: to pull; to drag

trghgh Note: equal meaning with trgh- (see d.).

Material: Old Norse draga, Gothic under Old English dragan, engl. draw `pull, drag', Old Norse drag n. ` base of a pulled object ', Norwegian drag ` draught, wash of the waves, watercourse, towing rope ', dial. drog f. (*drag) ` short sledge, road track of an animal,

English drge f. ` seine, fishing net which hangs vertically in the water with floats on the top and weights on the bottom ', Middle Low German dragge, nnd. also dregge ` boat

valley ', Old Norse dregill `band, strap', drg f. `stripe', Old Swedish drgh ` sled ', Old

Germanic *d rgh) `fishing line, which one pulls up behind the boat '; with the meaning (gi)tragon ` bear oneself, conduct oneself, behave '. h- shift] `bear, carry' (from `drag', s. Berneker 212), Old High German tragan `bear, carry', sih
h

anchor ', engl. dredge ds.; changing through ablaut Norwegian dorg f. (*durg, Indo

Maybe alb. Geg (dhergh-) trhek `pull, drag' : Polish targa ` carry ' [common alb. -g- > Probably here Slavic *drg in: serb.-Church Slavic draga `valley', russ. dorga `way,

alley, journey', dial. `fishing rod';

maybe alb. (*do-rga) rruga `way, alley, journey' [common alb. de- > zero grade] similar formation to Hittite Nom. Pl. da-lu-ga-e-e (dalugaes) `long' : alb. (*da-lu-ga-e-e) glat `long'; also alb. (*dorga) drgonj `send in a trip'.

: `long': Baltic with unexplained d-loss (see below): Lithuanian lgas, f. ilg, Latvian ilgs, lu-ga-a-ti (dalugasti) n. `length'.

The phonetic shift da- > a-, zero is a common Baltic Illyrian. Compare Root / lemma: del-5 delOld Prussian ilga and ilgi Adv. `long' : Hittite Nom. Pl. da-lu-ga-e-e (dalugaes) `long', daserb. drga `valley', poln. droga `way, alley, road, journey', russ. dorit `hollow out', `refuse, decline', poln. wz-draga si ` to flinch from doing sth, flinch, shudder ' (as ` under dergh- ` catch '). dergh-

Czech driti ` make a rabbet or a furrow, hollow out '; perhaps also Czech z-drhati se protract, draw ') and Old Church Slavic podrag ` hemline, edge of a dress ' (different Latin trah `to trail, pull along; to drag, pull violently; to draw in, take up; of air, to

breathe; to draw out, hence to leng- then; to draw together, contract. Transf. to draw,

attract; to take in or on, assume, derive; to prolong, spin out; to ascribe, refer, interpret',
h

go back through spirant dissimilation (*rag to *drag) in d rgh-, but also Indo Germanic t- have (: Old Irish traig `foot' etc, s. trgh-). trghgh References: WP. I 862, Trautmann 45.

traha ` sledge, drag ', trgum ` seine ', trgula `ds., small drag, a species of javelin ' could

Page(s): 257

Meaning: to work

erb er Root / lemma: d er - (d erb -?)

h h h h

Material: Armenian derbuk `rough, stiff, rude';

for-derva, Middle Low German vor-derven, Middle High German verderben `die, perish', also Kaus. `spoil'; Lithuanian drbu, drbti `work', drbas `work', darbs ` laborious '. Note: erb er ereb Root / lemma: d er - (d erb -?) : `to work' derived from Root / lemma: d ere - : `to harden'.
h h h h h h

Old English deorfan stem V. `work; perish, die', gedeorf n. `work, hardship ', Old Frisian

Page(s): 257

Meaning: to harden

ereb Root / lemma: d ere h h

Material: Old Indic draps- m. `drip'??; `make curdle, coagulate, harden (; ), nourish (*make thick, fat, obese), bring up' (, ) ` nourishing ', f. ` wet nurse ', ` the nourished, foster child, child, breeding livestock ', `fat, obese, strong, big, large', , - ` firm land'; gr. , ` curdle, coagulate, harden, be firm ', , Doric

fresh cheese, coagulated milk ', `dense', Pl. n. ` thicket ', () ` maybe truncated alb. (*) trash `fat, obese, strong, big, large, coagulated'. surroundings) ` coagulated mass (from milk, blood etc)', ` coagulate Old Saxon deri (*aria) `strong, mad, wicked, evil', Old Frisian Middle Low German nasalized and with Indo Germanic b (Indo Germanic Articulation variation in nasal

', ` clots ';

encourage '; nasalized probably Old Norse dramb ` lavishness ' (*be thick), nisl. drambr ` person'. Note:

dial. dirna from *dirfna ` put on weight, recover, regain one's strength '); Old Norse dirfa `

Norse jarfr), ablaut. Old Norse djarfr `gamy, bold' (the older meaning still in Norwegian

derve `strong, just, rightful ' (different from Old High German derb ` unleavened ' = Old

knots in the wood '; Old Norse drumbr `clot, chunk', Middle Low German drummel ` sturdy

11

References: WP. I 863, II 631, Kluge

101, 649.

Probably from (Old Saxon thervi, Old High German derbi ` unleavened ', Modern High German Bavarian derb ` arid, dry, thin ') Root / lemma: (s)ter-1, (s)ter- : (s)tr- : `stiff, (s)ter- (s)ter (s)trimmovable; solid, etc.' derived the extended root Root / lemma: d ere - : `to harden' ereb [common st- > t- PIE] Page(s): 257-258
h h h

References: WP. I 876.

ereghRoot / lemma: d ereghMeaning: thorn? (e)snoNote: with formants -(e)s- and -no-. Dubious equation.

Material: Old Indic drk ` grape '; common Old Indic h- > kdran `briar' (Celtic *drageno- from *d r gh-);
e h

gallorom. *dragenos `thorn', Old Irish draigen m. ` blackthorn ', cymr. draen m., nbret. perhaps also Old High German tirn-pauma ` of the cornel-tree ', tyrn, dirnbaum ` a

(dogwood) ', Swiss tierli, whether it is not borrowed from Slavic in very old time; Endzelin I 498), whether it is not borrowed from Slavic;

cornel cherry-tree ', Modern High German dial. di(e)rle, dirnlein ` Cornelian cherry

Lithuanian drgns Pl., Latvian drienes `black henbane ' (compare Mhlenbachruss. dren, dern ` Cornelian cherry (dogwood) ', Serbo-Croatian drjen, Czech dn

ds., poln. (old) drzon ` barberry ', Kashubian dn `prickle', polab. dren `thorn'.
h

meaning `sprout, twig, branch', Pl. `young shrubbery, bush' considerably differently colored gr. (Hes., anthol.), (Maximus), Cypriot j very close. Page(s): 258 References: WP. I 862 f., Pedersen KG. I 97, M.-L. 2762.

Germanic- Slavic basic form could be *d erghno- and would stand admittedly in its

Meaning: to wind, turn, *release, discharge, disband Pahlavi darzk ` tailor';

ereh nRoot / lemma: d ereh- (d rh-n-)

h h

Material: Npers. darz, darza ` suture', darzmn, darznn ` filament ', darzan `needle',

round, turn away, whirl round, return ';

sharp' (compare ), darj ` turn, reversal, return ', Kaus. darjucanem ` turn alb. dreth (stem *dredh-), Aor. drodha ` turn round, turn together, twine, spin ', alb.-

Armenian danam (*darjnam), Aor. darjay ` turn over, revolve, turn; return ', dan `bitter,

skutar. nnriz ` diaper ' (n-dred-z); (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn). Maybe alb. driz ` throny bush '. let in ', Tocharian A trn-, trk-, preterit A crk, carka `let, allow, disband, release ' (?). Maybe secondary meaning alb. dreth `perturb, terrify' also nazalised alb. ndriz `band, bandage', ndrydh `twist'. Maybe an older form alb. (*d ereh- ) derdh `pour, release, discharge, disband, pocket, , trk-, preterit A crk, carka `let, allow, disband, release ' (?). Note: The oldest IE form is actually Hittite tar-na-a-i ` I pocket, plug in, let in ' : alb. (*d ereh- ) derdh ` pour, release, discharge, disband, ejaculate semen'. It seems that the old meaning of Root / lemma: d ereh- (d rh-n-) : `to wind, turn, *release, discharge, disband ' ereh nh h h h h h

after Pedersen Hittite 123, 125, Tocharian Sprachg. 20 here Hittite tar-na-a-i ` I pocket,

deposit (liquid, turn over?), ejaculate semen ' [common alb. -h- > -d-] : Tocharian A trn-

derived from the act of intercourse which became a taboo word in patriarchal society.
h h

Alb. shows that Root / lemma: d ereh- (d rh-n-) : `to wind, turn, *release, discharge, ereh ndisband ' derived from the extended Root / lemma: d er-1, d er- : `a kind of deposit or erer
eh
h h

dreg, *ordure, defecate ', Root / lemma: (d er-4:) d or- : d r- : `to jump, jump at, *stream, er-4: orh

ray, drip, sperm' becoming an euphemistic root. The intermediary bridge root between the ', `perplexity' found in secondary meaning alb. dreth `perturb, terrify, twist'. 151.
2

two was: *d ere-gh-: Gr. , Attic (Perf. hom. intr.) `bewilder, perturb ere-gh: References: WP. I 863, Lidn Arm. stem 101 ff., Meillet Esquisse 111, Kuiper Nasalprs. Page(s): 258 erer Root / lemma: d er-1, d erh h h

Meaning: a kind of deposit or dreg

erNote: Originally with d er-5 ` ordure, defecate'?

ere-ghMaterial: a. d ere-gh-: `perplexity', , Attic - `bewilder' (*d rgh-i : Lithuanian drgti see below); sog. r, i.e.* d rgh-s); Hes. (vowel gradation as : Lithuanian
eh eh

Gr. , Attic (Perf. hom. intr.) `bewilder, perturb ',

, Ionian `rough, uneven' (probably originally from dirt crusts; -- here from sprgti);

Note: common lat d- > f- shift: rancid ' from *d rgh-; c is covered probably from facs, floccs, there *d erk- otherwise is testified only in Baltic; in the meaning ` lees, dregs, yeast': alb. dr f., Geg dr-ni ` residuum of oil, from
h h h

Latin fracs f. ` (broken bits, fragments; hence) grounds or dregs of oil ', fracre ` be

abundant butter; tartar ' (basic form *dra from *drag, *d rgh); Old Norse dregg f., Pl. dreggiar `yeast' (out of it engl. dregs);

(Endzelin KZ. 44, 65) dradi ` residuum from boiled fat'; Slavic *droska from *d rgh-sk in (sloven. trska ` residuum, yeast') and mostly *drozga (Old Church Slavic drodj Pl. f. Middle Old Bulgarian drotija Pl.n. `yeast', klr. dri ds., otherwise assimilated to *troska
h

Old Lithuanian drags (*d rghis) Pl., Old Prussian dragios Pl. `yeast', Latvian
h

`, yeast' etc; s. Berneker 228);

Slavic *drosk) or *drazg (== Slavic *drozg) transfigured sein wird;

here also gallorom. *drasica ` dry malt ' (M.-L. 2767), this anyhow from older *drasc (= with st-formants: Old High German (*trast, Pl.:) trestir ` what is left of squeezed fruit,

Sverdrup IF. 35, 154), drs ds.;

dregs, pomace ', Old English drst(e), drst f. ` dregs, yeast' (Germanic *rasta-,

druosana, truosana `yeast, residuum ';

with sn-formants: Old English drsne f., drsna m. `yeast, smut', Old High German here probably Lithuanian drgia (drgti) ` it is bad weather ', drgana, drga ` weather,

draga, -drag, -drga ` hail with small grain size; frozen snow lumps, graupel '; Lithuanian

`humid, wet'); in addition Old Russian padoroga probably ` thunder-storm ', sloven. s-

bad weather ' (glottal stop, compare die gr. root forms and Lithuanian drgnas, drgns

dargs ` nasty, dirty, filthy'; Old Lithuanian drgesis `filthy person', Old Lithuanian dergti

`hate', Latvian derdztis `quarrel, squabble' (Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 456 m. Lithuanian), Old Prussian derg `to hate'; Lithuanian drgti ` become dirty, get dirty ', dargti ` revile ', drga f. ` rainy weather, defilement, contamination, vituperation ';
h h

German tarchannen, terchinen `(darken) conceal, hide ', Middle Low German dork ` keel of water depth ', Old English deorc ` swart ', engl. dark; Old English eorcung `dawn, twilight' probably with after ostor `dark', geuxod `dark'.

b. d erg- in: Middle Irish derg `red'; Middle High German terken ` befoul ', Old High erg-

Maybe alb. dark `evening, evening meal, supper', drek (*derk-) `dinner, midday'. darks ` nasty ', Old Prussian erdrkts `poisoned', Latvian drks, drci (*darkis) `pinto' c. d erk- in: Lithuanian derkti ` make nasty, befoul ', darkti `vilify, inveigh, deform', erkh

Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 448 (see the kinship by Leskien Abl. 361); or to Middle High intonation difference of derkti compared with drgesis etc;

German zurch `ordure', zrchen `defecate'? Zupitza gutturals 170 under accentuation of here probably Tocharian AB trkr `cloud' (Frisk Indog. 24); WP. I 854 ff. er rb d. d erb - : d r - : d rb -. Doubtful Avestan riwi- (*d rb i-) `stain, birthmark '; Middle Irish drab ` grape marc, yeast' (*d rb o-), drabar-lug ` base, vulgar people';
h h h h h h h h h

trebir Pl. ` grape marc ', Old Norse drafli m. `fresh cheese', drafna `to disband ', Norwegian drevja ` soft mass '; geminated nl. drabbe ` berm, residuum ', ndd. drabbe `slime, mud'; Swedish drv n. ` residuum ' (*d rb o-), Old English drf, Old High German truobi
h h

Old Icelandic draf, engl. draff ` berm, yeast', Middle Low German draf, Old High German

` agitate, tarnish ' (identical meaning-Verh. as between gr. and Old Norse dreggiar).

`cloudy', Gothic drbjan, Old High German truoben ` tarnish, bewilder', Old English drfan

limited nasal m?) seems Lithuanian *drumb- in Lithuanian drumstas (could stand for caused by a heavy group mpst ?).

A nasalized form with Baltic u as zero grade vowel of a dissyllabic basis (caused by a

*drumpstas) ` residuum ', drumsts `cloudy', drumsi, drumsti ` tarnish ' (Schleifton References: WP. I 854 f., WH. I 538 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 715.

Page(s): 251-252

erer Root / lemma: d er-2, d erMeaning: to hold, support Material: Old Indic dhar- `hold, stop, bear, carry, prop, support, receive, hold upright '
h h

be steady, behave sedately ', Avestan dar- `hold, seize, restrain; whereof adhere, observe (a law); hold fast in the memory; perceive with the senses, grasp; sojourn, while, stay' daryn; (drayeiti etc, participle darta-), p. draymiy `hold', npers. Inf. dtan, osset. Inf. darun, Old Indic dhraa- `bearing, carrying, preserving ', dhara- ` holding, supporting; n.

(present mostly dhryati; Perf. dadhra, dadhr; dhrt-; dhrtum) Pass. ` are held back,

foundation, prop', dhraa- ` holding; n. the clamps, the restraining '= Avestan drana- n. ` bearer ', dhartr- n. `support, prop' = Avestan darra- n. ` the grasp, understanding ', Old dharmn- m. ` holder ', dhrman- n. ` support, prop, law, custom ', dhrmani Lok. ` after means for withholding ', Old Indic dhartr- and dhritar- m. ` holder ', dharitr ` girder,

Indic dhrma- (= Latin firmus) m. ` firm, strong, stout; lasting, valid; morally strong ',

purpose, holding on to a purpose ', sadhry-c- ` be directed by a purpose, be united, himself for, he gets ready for ';

on, determination ', dr-dhr-- ` tenacious ', s-dhr (or sadhrm) Adv. ` holding out on a

the statute, according to custom ', dhraka- ` holding; m. container ', dhrti- f. ` the holding

together '; didhr ` the intention to support to support', Avestan didarat ` he composes about Old Indic dhra- `tight, firm' s. Wackernagel Old Indic Gr. I 25;

stay', compare Avestan meaning ` while, stay, behave quietly '), dadarem ` abate (from the wind)', compare under Old English darian ` the side, flank; of persons ', Dutch bedaren ` become quiet (from the wind, weather)'; gr. with the meaning ` prop themselves up, force open ' (from the heavy root form)

Armenian perhaps dadar (redupl.) `abode, residence, rest ' (`*adherence, abide by,

m. ` bench, footstool ', hom. (Ionian) , - ` footstool, thwart ', Ionian

, Boeotian , - `stool' (place an early proto gr. *-, which would

h e

with the meaning ` grasp through the senses, observe ' and ` hold on custom, a religious

to the thematic root form *d er-: - m. `seat'; Cypriot lak. - Hes.;

contain -- from -r-, i.e. - r-), Ionian Inf. Aor. ` sit down ' (proto gr. -); due

custom ', - , Hes. (compare under Lithuanian derti ` be usable '),

 Hes. (Ionian), () Hes., Ionian , Koine of god '.

Hes. (from the thematic root form *d ere-; against it from *d r-:)
eh h

`worship', `religious, godly, pious', ` observe the official law Is `observe keenly ' up to zero grade n the preposition *en (or - = *sm-?) to

compare afterwards with ? (Lithuanian by Boisacq s. v.) Probably here , ` concentrated, crowded together, gathered ' (compare to meaning Old Indic sadhryac-; Lithuanian by Boisacq s. v., in addition Brugmann IF. 38, 135 f.). vagina'.

Mit. Old Indic dhraka- ` container ' is compared with , - ` breastplate; trunk;

depending, trusting, daring, confident; trust, confidence, reliance, assurance', Latin frnum ` bit, bridle, rein' and `rein', if originally ` holder ' (stand to gr. as pl-nus to Old nearly ', ferm (*fermd, Sup.) ` quite approximately, nearly ', as well as firmus ` firm, Acymr. emdrit ` orderly ', cymr. dryd ` economical ' (*d rto-). together, ' or ` keep shut so one does not see somehow '), Dutch bedaren ` become quiet (from the wind, weather)', in addition Old Saxon derni `hide, conceal', Old English dierne `hide, conceal, clandestine ', Old High German tarni ` lying hid, hidden, concealed, secret, Old English darian ` hidden, concealed, secret, unknown ' (`*restrain, hold themselves
h

Latin fr-tus ` relying on, confiding in ', Umbrian frite `leaning, supported, relying,

Indic pr-n-); with a meaning ` tenacious, tight, firm: fast' perhaps fer `closely, almost,

strong, stout; lasting, valid; morally strong ' (with dial. i).

Tarn-kappe.

unknown ', tarnen, Middle High German tarnen `cover up, conceal', Modern High German Lithuanian deri, derti `employ, engage (*belay), buy', der, derti ` be usable ', Kaus.

out, arrange ', Kaus. dart `make, create, originate';

daru, darti `make, do', dor f. ` the useful ', Latvian deru, dert `employ, engage, hire perhaps with formants -go-: Latvian drgs `dear, expensive, precious', Old Church Hittite tar-ah-zi (tarzi) ` can, be able, defeated ' (*d r-?) belongs rather to ter-4. terguttural extensions:
h

Slavic drag ds., russ. drog, Serbo-Croatian drg ds.;

d eregh- `hold, stop, hold down; tight, firm': eregh` they hold out, persist = accomplish, finish ', wherefore Old Indic -dhrk (only Nom.) in hence probably also Slavic family;
h h

Avestan draaite, Inf. drjahe `hold, stop, contain oneself, guide, lead', upadaruvainti

compounds `bearing, carrying'; this form (*d rgh-s) testifies for anlaut d - the Aryan and Old Church Slavic dr, drati `hold, stop, contain ' (etc, s. Berneker 258); russ.

drog ` wooden bar or metal strip uniting the front and the rear axis of a cart, centre pole ', Dem. drki Pl. ` light, short carriage ', hence Modern High German Droschke. As nasalized forms in addition Avestan drnjaiti ` solidifies, strengthens, hardens ', -

memorized prayers ' (compare Church Slavic tvrditi ` moor ': russ. tverdit ` learn by heart rise, climb '; Old Norse drangr ` high cliff ', drengr (*drangja-) `thick stick, column ' (and Specht Dekl. 139.
h

draxta-; also Avestan drnjayeiti, ddrjoi, participle draxta- ` learnt by heart, murmured

drnjayeiti ` determines ', subjunctive ddraaite ` looks for protecting himself '; participle

'); Middle Irish dringid ` he climbs ', drimm `climb' (`*holding on climbing'); kymr. dringo ` bertr. `young man, husband'), Old Church Slavic drg ` shaft, pole, turnpike '; different d ereh- `hold down, tight, firm': ereh

drahyt- `proficient', Avestan darzayeiti `binds tight, fetters', Desid. ddraiti, darza- m. ` the fastening, binding, snatch, griffin ', drz- f. `band, manacle', drzra- `tight, firm', probably also npers. darz ` suture' and similar to iran. words for ` sew filament '; thrak. GN Darzales; stately', dir-tu, dirti ` become tenacious, hard '; probably Lithuanian diras `strap', dirmas `strong', Old Prussian drstlan `strong, Lithuanian daras `garden', Latvian drz `garden, courtyard, enclosure, fenced area '

Old Indic drhyati, drhati (drhti) `makes tight, firm', participle drh- `tight, firm',

(above) and Old High German zarge, Middle High German zarge f. ` border, side, verge of a space, edge ';

Rogarten ', rdas ` hurdle ') (different Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 448 f.), but to diras

could be reconverted with metathesis from *ardas (compare Lithuanian ardis `

russ. drzkij ds. and Old Church Slavic drzn, drznti ` have the audacity, venture ', russ. derznt etc. d ereugh-: ereughh

Slavic *drz `bold, foolhardy ' in Old Church Slavic drz, sloven. drz, Czech drz,

Old English dryge `dry', drahnian ` dry up, strain, filter', - with h instead of g? -, Old Norse draugr ` withered tree trunk', Old High German truchan `dry'); maybe nasalized alb. trung ` tree trunk' ' (Old English drogan ` withstand, commit '), Old English gedrag `troop, multitude, here as ` withstand ' and ` hold together - assemble ' Gothic driugan ` do military service

strong, big, large', North Frisian dreegh `tight, firm, persistent ' (but to d reugh-1 belong reughh

awnord. drigr ` withstanding, strong, full', drigum `very', aschw. drygher ` respectable,

English dryht, Old Norse drtt f. ` cortege ', Gothic drahti-wit `(*laws of war =) military dryhten, Old High German truhtn `master, mister' (suffix as in Latin dominus), Old High German trust (*druhsti-) ` warrior's troop ';

crowd', Old High German truht- f. ` cohort, troop, multitude, crowd', Old Saxondruht-, Old

service ', gadrahts `warrior', Old Norse drttinn `prince, lord, master, mister', Old English

druina `';

Lithuanian dragas ` travelling companion ', Old Church Slavic drug ` fellow, other etc',

driktas `thick, bulky, strong';

Old Prussian drktai Adv. `tight, firm', podrktinai ` I confirm ', Lithuanian em. drktas, Old Irish drong `troop, multitude, crowd', abret. drogn ` meeting together, union,

drungus ` troop ' borrowed from Germanic (see below trenq-1). trenqPage(s): 252-255

assembly ', drog ` a party, group; esp. a political party, faction, side ' are, as late Latin

References: WP. I 856 ff., WH. 505 f., 536, Trautmann 45, 59 f.

erereuRoot / lemma: d er-3, d ereu-, d rnh h h

Meaning: expr. (to purr, murmur, etc.), onomatopoeic words

Material: Gr. ` woozy noise', `make a noise, bewilder', `murmle, babble'; (*-F-) `cry loudly', `empty gossip, subtleness ',

`grumble, murmle', Hes.; m. `murmur, din, fuss, noise',

 `make empty gossip' (see Boisacq s. v.), , ` loud cry ', ` shout, let become loud '; Old Saxon drm, Old English dram m. ` making a glad noise, jubilation ' (different

dora m. `bumblebee' (*uran-), engl. dorr- `cockchafer'; boy' (Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 455).

Kluge KZ. 26, 70: as `*troop, multitude, crowd', *rauma-, to Gothic drahts); Old English redupl. Latvian duduris `big, giant gadfly, brake, wasp', dederis (?) ` weeping knave,

Germanic anlaut d - comes in question. d ren-: renh h

Also for Celtic and Balto-Slavic words, are mentioned under der- `murmur', Indo

Old Indic dhrati ` sounds ' (Dhtup.); (drone) Hes., - ` hornet ', - (*-) ` forest bee '; Old Saxon dreno, Old High German treno `drone', lengthened grade Old Saxon drn ds., also Old English drn drn f. `drone'; zero grade Gothic drunjus ` clangor ', Norwegian dryn n. ` low shout', gr. m. `funeral song, lament, dirge', ` lamentation ',

' (out of it Modern High German drhnen). `drone' before; compare Trautmann 326.

drynja ` low roar, bellow', Low German drnen ` make noise, talk slowly and monotonously An anlaut doublet maybe lies in Lithuanian trnas, Old Church Slavic *trt, *trd s-extension in Middle Irish drsacht ` creaky or squeaking noise ', gall.-Latin drns, -

re `cry (of swan)', ndd. drunsen ` low roar, bellow', Dutch drenzeln ` whimper ', Hessian A Guttural-extension probably in Armenian dnim `blow the horn, toot' (*d rnk-) and
h h h

drensen ` groan ', Modern High German dial. trensen ` elongated roar, bellow' (from cows).

`pestle' etc;

Old Irish drcht `song, tale ' (*d renkt), proto Slavic. *drk (*d rnk-) in sloven. drok perhaps Tocharian A trk-, trek- `speak'. Page(s): 255-256 References: WP. I 860 f., WH. I 374, Mladenov Ml. Pedersen 95 ff.

Root / lemma: (d er-4:) d or- : d rer-4: oreh e e e

h h

Meaning: to jump, jump at, *stream, ray, drip, sperm Material: Old Indic dhr `stream, ray, drip, sperm '; gr. (Ionian) , ` manly sperm ', ` absorb sperm ', poetically
oh oh eh

(- from*d r-, because of of the secondary forms is developed to *d re-, d r-, -);

, Attic , Fut. , Aor. `spring', ` protrusion, hill'

of from ) compare . . Hes., Hes.; `stormy, boisterous ' probably from *F (Bechtel Lexil. 167); dra, myth. PN Dire (*d rio-s), der `girl', cymr. -derig `rutting, in heat'. References: WP. I 861, WH. I 528, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 696, 708. Page(s): 256
h

from a base d ereu-: , ` spring, jump ' (o probably Aeolian instead

h

Middle Irish dar- ` spring, jump', Impf. no-daired, preterit ro-dart, Verbalnom. dir, Gen.

erreiRoot / lemma: d er-5, d rei-dMeaning: to defecate ererNote: (whether related to d er-1 `muddy residuum ' and d er-4?)
h h h h

Material: Latin foria Pl. `diarrhea' (by Varro of pigs), fori, -re `defecate'; - with fractured reduplication or from -- with the same formant -d- as the i-extension d r-ei-d-; very dubious;
h

gr. (*d r-d-) Hes., after Fick KZ. 44, 339 Macedonian, either from h

Lithuanian der-k-i derkti ` soil with feculence, defecate '. Maybe alb. Geg derdh, Tosc derth (*der-k-) ` release semen, pour ' [common alb. -k- > -th, -g- > -dh-] d r-ei-d-: eitrzan ` defecate ', o-grade Old Norse dreita `make defecate', zero grade Middle English scared shitless, the defecated '; Old Norse drta (dreit), Old English drtan, Middle Dutch ndd. drten, Old High German
h

nengl. dirt (from *drit), Old Icelandic drit, Flemish drits, trets ` filth, faeces ', westfl. drit `

224).

drskati, drkati, Czech dstati ds. (Slavic *drisk-, *drist- from *d reid-sk-, -(s)t-, Berneker
h

russ. dial. dristt ` have diarrhea', Bulgarian drskam, drt `have diarrhea', serb.

Page(s): 256

References: WP. I 861 f., WH. I 527 f.

Meaning: to dare

Root / lemma: d ersers

h

cheeky ', dhr- ` insolent, cheeky ', dhrita- `bold, gamy', ddhri- ` intrepid, bold', with object dharayati ` ventures in, makes a mistake, overcomes ', dharaa- n. `attack, maltreatment ', dharaka- ` attacking, assaulting '; Avestan daram Adv. `violent, very',

(Gramm.), dhrat ` hearty ' (= Avestan darat), dhr- `bold, valiant, gamy, audacious,

Material: Old Indic dhr--ti, dhr-ati ` is audacious, courageous, ventures', dhr-

Note: (also with -i-, -u- extended)

dari-, daryu-, darita- `bold', Old pers. adarnau ` he ventured ', ddarsi- EN;

Adj. displaced zero grade Ionian Old Attic (Attic ) ds., Attic n. ` courage, boldness; audacity, brashness ', , `be gamy', (rhod.

gr. Lesbian n. ` courage, boldness' (hom. ` bold, cheeky '), with from

);

dhr-), Lesbian Adv. , ` courageous, confident, trusting ' (*Latin infestus ` aggressive, hostile, dangerous ', infestre ` to attack, disquiet ' and

, ther. hqh), `bold, gamy; foolhardy, cheeky ' (= Old Indic

manifestus ` palpable, clear, visible, evident; caught out, detected ' (*d ers-to-);
h

audacity ' (= Old Indic dr- `boldness');

(gi)turran `venture, risk', Old High German giturst, Old English gedyrst f. `boldness, Maybe alb. (*(gi)tar) guxoj `dare' : Old High German (gi)tar, (gi)turran `venture, risk'. `venture, risk', drs (*d rons-) `forwardness', drss = Latvian dros `gamy, brave' drstlan `stately' and dyrsos `proficient' (*dirsu-);
h h

venture ', Old Saxon gidurran, Old English dear, durran, Old High German (gi)tar,

Gothic ga-dars (: Old Indic Perf. dadhra ` has had the audacity '), Inf. gadarsan, ` I

Lithuanian nasalized Lithuanian drs `dare, venture' (*d rens), drst, drsti (dhrns-)
h

(*d rons-; Old Lithuanian still drss and dransniaus); without nasalization Old Prussian

here perhaps Tocharian A tsr `rough', tsrai `strong', tsiraue ` strength '. Page(s): 259 References: WP. I 864, WH. I 698 f., Trautmann 60, Van Windekens Lexique 147.

Meaning: spike, wedge

eub Root / lemma: d eu -, d ub h h h h h

Material: Gr. Hes.

Note: uncertain, because almost only Germanic diminutive Middle High German tbel, Middle Low German dvel `clot, chunk, peg, plug,

-i ` spigot ', engl. dowel-pin `peg, plug, pin'; Middle Low German dvicke, Dutch deuvik `

spigot, nail' (Modern High German Dbel, Dbel with md. anlaut), Old High German tubila,

spigot '; Swedish Norwegian dubb `peg, plug', Tirol tuppe `big piece of wood', Middle Low meaning `hit': East Frisian dufen, duven `bump, poke', Dutch dof ` shove, stroke', Old
h h

German dob(b)el, Middle High German top(p)el `dice, cube'. Besides Germanic words the Icelandic dubba, Old English dubbian ` knight, make a man a knight ', East Frisian dubben

a new variant of *u- (perhaps come about under the help of words for `peg, plug, spigot '). References: WP. I 848.

`bump, poke'; there it also gives Germanic *a- `hit' (see below d b - `marvel'), could be

Page(s): 268

eueuRoot / lemma: d eu-b-, d eu-pNote: Note

h

Meaning: deep, *black, bottom, dark waters The shift g- > -b- , k- > -p- is a common gr. hence all other IE tongues borrowed Root / Root
h h h h h h h

eueueueulemma: d eu-b-, d eu-p- : `deep, dark' from respectively proto Illyrian gr. d eu-g-, d eu-k-. But proto Illyrian gr. d eu-g-, d eu-k- is an extenstion of an older root. After Jokl (Eberts eueuRL. 13, 286 f.) here thrak. PN (*d ubr-), (*d eubr) it seems that Baltic eu : lemma: d eu-4, d eu- (presumably: d u-, compare the extension d u-k-, d u-s-): `to : `deep, *dark'.
h h h h h h h h

languages derived the concept of `deep' from Illyrian `black, dark', hence from Root /

reel, dissipate, blow, *smoke, dark, gray, deep etc.' derived Root / lemma: d eu-b-, d eu-peueu-

Material: forms in -b:

from *d ub-;
h

gr. , Ionian m. `depth (of the sea)', probably reconverted with metathesis

maybe alb. (*byssa-h), bytha `buttocks, backside hole' : gr. , Ionian m. backside hole', Serbo-Croatian dpe, Gen. -eta ` buttocks '.

`depth (of the sea)' [common alb. -s- > -th-] the same formation as poln. dupa `buttocks, after Jokl (Eberts RL. 13, 286 f.) here thrak. PN (*d ubr-), (*d eubr); Also alb. PN Dibra (Pokorny Urillyrier 99); Illyrian (Kretschmer Gl. 22, 216), also in alb. Tosc FlN Tubra, Drove etc
h h

(*d ubni-), gall. dubno-, dumno- `world' (Dubno-rx actually ` world king'), Old Irish domun ds., acymr. annwf(y)n, ncymr. annwn ` God's kingdom and the underworld ' (*an-duno*dbno; hole '. actually ` underworld, outside world ' as Old Icelandic t-garr); s. also under S. 268 Slavic
h

Old Irish domain, fu-dumain, cymr. dwfn, corn. down, bret. doun (i.e. dun) `deep

maybe alb. (*diep) djep `(*deep) cradle, hollowed wood' : poln. dziupo n., dziupla f. ` tree Gothic diups, Old Icelandic dipr, Old English dop, Old Saxon diop, Old High German

tiof `deep'; Gothic daupjan, Old English depan, Old Saxon dpian, Old High German

toufen ` baptize ' (actually `dive'), Old Icelandic deypa `dive'; with -pp-: Norwegian duppa tupfen `bathe, wash'; with gemin. spirant faer. duffa `swing' (from barge); with gemin.

`dive' and j-formation, Old English dyppan `dive; baptize', ndd. dppen, Old High German

voiced-nonaspirated Norwegian dubba ` bend down ', dobbe ` marshy land' (compare

Wissmann Nom. postverb. 170, 186); nasalized Norwegian dump m. `dent in the earth', Old High German tum(p)filo `whirlpool', Middle High German tmpfel, Modern High dimple ` cheek dimple ', Dutch domp(el)en `dive, sink';

Danish dial. dump `cavity, lowland, depression', engl. dump ` deep hole full with water ', German (from Ndd.) Tmpel ` deep place in the flowing or standing water; puddle ', engl. Lithuanian dubs `deep, hollow', in addition FlN Db, Dubing and Dubsa (= cymr.

FlN Dyfi from *Dubs, Pokorny Urillyrier 46 f.), dgnas `bottom' (probably because of 245 f.); also the FlN wruss. Dubna (= Latvian Dybnja) `the deep river' and the Old

Latvian dibens from *dbnas = Slavic *dbno, gall. dubno-; s. die Lithuanian by Berneker Prussian PN Dum(p)nis, Dubna show still bn; dumbu, dbti ` become hollow, sink in ',

daub, dauburs `gorge, ravine, gulch', dobti `hollow out', duob `cave' (Latvian dubs,

duburs, dburs, duburkis ` pit full of water, hole, pool ', nasalized dumburs ` deep hole full with water ', dumblas `slime, mud, morass' (yet see above S. 261); Latvian dubns (besides dibns) `ground, bottom' (compare Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 465 under 509), dubt ` become hollow, sink in ', dubl'i Pl. m. `ordure, morass'; Old Prussian padaubis `valley' and daubo f. `ground' (compare above S. 249);

dubj `deep, hollow', dobe `pit, pothole, grave' with uo from u?), dubu, -es ` basin ',

`puddle, slop'); Church Slavic dno (*dbno) `ground, bottom'; about den FlN pomerell. Dbra s. S. 264. forms in -p: German Tobel; Old Swedish dva probably stem V. `dive', Old Icelandic dfa `press German bedven ` flooded, be coated ', bedoven ` sunk down '; Old High German tobal, Middle High German tobel `narrow valley', Modern High

Old Bulgarian dbr (and out of it dbr) `, gorge, ravine, gulch' (: Latvian dubra

downwards', dyfa, deyfa `dive', Old English defan, dfan ds., engl. dive, Middle Low Slavic *dupa f. in sloven. dpa ` burrow ', Czech doupa `hole', Old Bulgarian dupina

`cave', mbg. russ.-Church Slavic dupl' `hollow, light', russ. dup n. `cavity in tree truck', ablaut. poln. dziupo n., dziupla f. ` tree hole ' etc Note: From Slavic languages Root / lemma: d eu-b-, d eu-p- : `deep, *dark, bottom' passed to eueuProtoform: *tp`e ( *tip`i, *-) Meaning: Meaning: bottom Turkic protoform: *dp Altaic languages:
h h

Serbo-Croatian dpe, Gen. -eta ` buttocks ', dplja ` tree hollow ', old dupan `cave' etc;

Mongolian protoform: *dowNote: A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. The relationship to TM *d- 'to sit down (of birds)', case of *-p`-suffixation.
h

suggested in 1, 211, is unclear; if it exists, we may be dealing here with an archaic from here as *d eu-g-: Germanic *d-k-, *du-kk- `tauchen = dive, sich ducken = crouch'? References: WP. I 847 f., WH. I 565, 867, Trautmann 45 f.

Page(s): 267-268

Meaning: to touch, press, milk

h

eughRoot / lemma: d eughh h

Material: Indo-iran. *d augh- `milk' in Old Indic duhti, athematic dgdhi `milked', the

Old pers. han-dug ` proclamation ' (compare Latin pro-mulgre);

desirable cow Kma-duh() ` the plentifully bestowing ' (= gr. ), pers. d, dxtn etc, gr. (, , , ) `meet, find, meet by chance; achieve

a purpose or an aim; intr. to find oneself, and be close ', ` success, luck, destiny, lot ', goddess T (probably originally a the desirable cow?); (, Aor. , hom. , Med. , - with sek. k -, Perf. , , ) ` make suitable, make, produce, arrange, produce ', ` to make, make ready, weapons; ship instrument; pot, vessel ';
h

prepare ', n. ` all made, ware, pottery, stuff, esp. armament, military equipment, Irish dan ` a poem, ode, song ' (*d ughn), dal ` fitting' (*d ughlo-); ', preterit present Gothic daug, Old English dag, Old Saxon dg, Old High German toug ` Old Icelandic Inf. duga, present dugi, preterit duga ` be useful, be suitable for, succeed
h

dgian `ds., sort, order, arrange', Old English gedegan `bear, endure, come through '; Old High German tuht ` skillfulness, power ', Middle High German thtec, Modern High German tchtig = Old English dyhtig ` stalwart ' (about Gothic dauhts ` feast ' s. Feist 116); Lithuanian dag `much, a lot of', duginti ` increase, intensify '; russ. dij etc `strong'. References: WP. I 847, Benveniste BSL. 30, 73 f., Pisani REtIE. 1, 238 ff. Page(s): 271

it is good for, is useful ', Kaus. Middle Low German dgen ` withstand ', Old Saxon -

Meaning: to run, *stream, flow

euRoot / lemma: d eu-1

Material: Old Indic dhvat `runs, streams ', lengthened grade dhvati ds., dhut- f. Maybe alb. (*dhueti) dti ` sea ' : Middle Irish de `sea' common alb. attribute nouns suffixed in -t formant. [see alb. numbers].

`wellspring, stream, brook'; Middle Persian dawdan `run, hurry', pm. dav- `run, rush';

 ` auf einen Anruf schnell zur Hand, helfend ', in addition (instead of *) `help', ` move in quick dashing movement; scoot, move fast '; gr.-Illyrian Hes.; German tou, Modern High German au (*dawwa-);
h

gr , ep. also , Fut `run'; lak. Hes.; `quick, fast', -

Old Norse dgg, Gen. dggwar (*daww), Old English daw, Old Saxon dau, Old High doubtful Middle Irish de `sea' (*d eui) as ` the violently moving ';

Maybe Illyrian TN Tau-lanti (wetland, swamp): Modern High German au (*dawwa-) FlN, so Illyrian Duria (Hungarian), Modern High German Tyra, Thur, older Dura (Alsace, here probably *d u-ro- in thrak. FlN - (*n-d u-r-) and in numerous Venetic-Illyrian
h h

Switzerland), northern Italy Dora, Doria, French Dore, Doire, Doron, iber. Durius, Turia etc (Pokorny Urill. 2, 10, 79, 105, 113, 127, 145, 160, 165, 169 f.); Note: Finally the ancient Dorian tribe that overrun Mycenaean civilization was of Illyrian origin. Their name meant `river people' since they spread very rapidly traveling on fast river similar to the Viking rapid expansion hundreds of years later. boats. Their migration took Mycenaean cities by surprise. The Dorian expansion was maybe Illyrian (*Durra-hion) Dyrrhachium -i, n. a port in Illyria. (*d uein), borrowed as Finnish vin `wide river', Estonian vin(a) ` straits ', syrj. `dyn ` estuary '. References: WP. I 834.
h

after Rozwadowski (Rev. Slavic 6, 58 ff.) here the FlN Dna, west-Slavic Dvina

Page(s): 259-260
h

Meaning: to vanish, faint, die

h

euiRoot / lemma: d eu-2, d u-ih

Material: Gothic diwans (*d u-ono-) `perishable, mortal', ablaut. Old High German touwen, Old Saxon dian `die', Old Norse deyja, d (*dw), dinn `die'; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Gothic daus ` dead ', also af-dauis `

afflicted ', Old High German tt, Old English dad, Old Norse daur ` dead ', Gothic

`death';

dauus `death', Old High German td, Old English da, Old Norse dau-r, -ar and daue Old Irish duine (*d u-n-io-), Pl. dini (*d euen-io-), cymr. dyn, corn. bret. den `person' perhaps Latin fnus (fnus?) n. ` a funeral, burial. Transf., the corpse; death;
h h h

(`mortal, human being', Brugmann ZfceltPh. 3, 595 ff.); s. also under hem-; hem-

destruction, ruin; a cause of ruin ', whether from *d eu(e)-nos ` in death '; formally, eu(see below d eu-4 S. 263);
h

nevertheless, exactly = Old Irish n. s-stem dn `fortress', probably originally ` hill castle '

Note: common Latin d- > f- shift. *d e-d u--t; compare also above under d -3;
h h h

after Marstrander Prs. nasale inf. 15 here Old Irish -deda ` dwindles away ' from in Germanic also the meaning ` insensible, become unconscious ', awnord. d (*dawa) `
1

limbs), faint, pass out ' (Ableit. from participle dinn), isl. doi ` insensibility ', dona `

Swedish dna ` faint, pass out ', Norwegian daana ` become stiff, become lame (from

unconsciousness, faint, swoon ', preterit d also ` became numbed ' (of limbs), Old

', Dutch dauwel ` sluggish woman '; further Old Norse d also ` delight of the soul ' (`*anesthetization '), d (*dawn) ` admire, venerate '; Old Norse dn f. `death'. extension d u-i-: d u-- in: ih h

unwearied, indefatigable, energetic, eager ', Old High German tawaln ` to dwindle, to die

become unfeeling, became numbed ', Gothic usdaus ` not indolent, diligent, active, quick,

duena ds.; Old English dwscan ` annul, annihilate ' (*dwaiskjan), Lithuanian dvsti `die' (Bga by Endzelin KZ. 52, 123). Maybe alb. Tosc (dvsti) vdes, Geg dek `die' [commom alb. -s- > -k- shift]. Clearly from Root / lemma: d eues-, d us-, d eus-, d s- : `to dissipate, blow, etc. es eusesvanish, faint, die'.
h h h h h h

English dwnan (stem V.) ` abate, dwindle ', besides dem nn-Verb Old Norse duna and

Armenian di, Gen. dioy ` dead body, corpse', Old Irish dth (*d utu-) `end, death'; Old
h

*breathe, breathe out the spirit, perish, die' derived Root / lemma: d eu-2, d u-i- : `to euiAs Lithuanian dvsti `die' : Lithuanian dvesi, dvesia, dvsti ` breathe, breathe out the spirit, perish, die ' (see below);

Page(s): 260-261
h

References: WP. I 835, WH. I 451, 568.

Meaning: shining, to shine

euRoot / lemma: d eu-3

Material: Old Indic dhaval- `gleaming white', dhvati `makes blank, purifies, cleans, swills ', Avestan fraavata ` rubbed off (cleaning) '; gr. . . . , . . . Hes., Ps.-Hsd.,

. Hes. (Kontr. from *F). Page(s): 261

References: WP. I 835, Schulze KZ. 29, 260 f. = Kl. Schr. 369.

Root eu Root / lemma: d eu-4, d eu- (presumably: d u-, compare the extension d u-k-, d u-s-) Meaning: to reel, dissipate, blow, *smoke, dark, gray, deep etc. Material:
h h h h h

Hittite: tuai- (I) ' be in labor, have labor pains ', tuima- c. ' be in labor, labor pains, (227)

pains of child-birth ' (Friedric 226); tuuwai- (tuui-) c. ' dense smoke?, fume, smog? ' With m-formant:

`smoke, steam, reek, fume', formal also = Old High German tmn ` turn in circles ';

Old Indic dhm- m. `smoke, vapor', dhmyati ` smokes, steams ' = Latin fmre

( still purely sensually `smoke, fumigate '; - ` charcoal pile ', ` ardent ', `rage against' etc); Latin fmus ` smoke, steam, vapor ' (fmre see above); Note: common Latin d- > f- shift. Lithuanian dmai Pl. `smoke', Latvian dmi Pl., Old Prussian dumis ds.; Old Church Slavic dym `smoke'; maybe alb. Tosc tym `fume' [common alb. d- > t- shift.] : also alb. Geg dhem, alb. dhemb `hurt, ache', dhimbje `pain' [common alb. shift m > mb].

gr. `breath, life, soul, heart, spirit, courage, mind, temper, will, anger, wrath'

Note:
h

Clearly from Root / lemma: d em-, d em- : `to smoke; to blow' derived Root / lemma: em- em d eu-4, d eu- (presumably: d u-, compare the extension d u-k-, d u-s-): `to reel, eu : dissipate, blow, etc.'.
h h h h h h

, - ` thyme ' (strong-smelling plant as also , `Satureja thymbra L.' s. Boisacq m. Lithuanian; after Niedermann Gl. 19, 14 to russ. dubrvka, dubrvka below S. 264] belongs). `Potentilla Tormentilla', that after Berneker 215 to Old Church Slavic dmb `oak' [see

with : Middle Irish dumacha Pl. `fog' (nir. dumhach from *d umuko- ` misty, dark'); gr.
h

maybe truncated alb. (*d umusk-) dushk ` oak' : Latvian dumksnis `swamp, marsh' : Old d- shift is not common.
h

Church Slavic dmb `oak' not from alb. drushk ` oak', dru- `tree, wood' because alb. dr- > Latin fimus `crap, muck, manure' (as *d u-i-mos due to growing from suffio, -re); Note: common Latin d- > f- shift. dmian `steam'. with Indo Germanic ou: Old High German toum `vapor, haze, mist, Duft', Old Saxon
h

dhmr- ` smoke-color, gray, puce, cloudy, dull (also from the mind)', dhmala- ` smokecolor, puce '; Lithuanian dumblas `slime, mud, moor on the bottom of pond ', Latvian dubl'i `slime,

In addition coloring adjective the meaning ` smoke-color, fog-gray, dismal ': Old Indic

mud, ordure' (presumably = Old Indic dhmra-; compare but under S. 268 and

Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 509), Latvian dmal' ` swart, brown', dmans ` smoke-color ', dumj, fem. dumja ` dark brown, paled, cloudily (from the eyes), stupid ', dumksnis

`swamp, marsh', dumbra zeme `black moorland ', dumbris, dumbrs ` spring, fountain, after the color Schulze Kl. Schr. 114);

moor, morass ' (compare Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 514; in detail about such moor names compare with dem coloring name suffix -no-: Latvian di, das Pl. `slime, mud';

marsh, pool, morass' :dkans ` a red-brown hue, swart ';

with -ko-, respectively of the root extension with -k-: Latvian dksne, dkste `swamp,

latter not from *dumgans, compare balgans `whitish', salgans ` sugary '); with -t- Tocharian tute `yellow'? With l-formant : dlnj, dllinj ` juniper ' (as ` wood smoking chips ', from *d lnio-); smoking incense incense to drive away the bees ' (see below). Note:
h

` impure water ', dugains uguns ` dark, clouded flame ', dungans ` a red-brown hue ' (if

with -g-: Latvian duga ` the glutinous mucus which swims on the water ', dugains dens

Old Indic dhli-, dhl f. ` dust, dusty surface of the earth, pollen ', dhlik `fog', alb.

Maybe alb. dyll `wax, bee wax' : Lithuanian dlis m., Latvian dljs, dljs ` smoker,

Maybe alb. dllinj ` juniper ' derived from Root / lemma: d l- : ` to blossom, be green ' : alb. (*dalni) dlinj `juniper' similar to Root / lemma: d eu-4, d eu-: `to reel, dissipate, eublow, etc.'. Latin flgo ` soot; powder for darkening the eyebrows ' Note: common Latin d- > f- shift smoker, smoking incense incense to drive away the bees ' Maybe alb. dyll, dylli ` bee wax '. Lithuanian dlk `mote, speck'; Latvian dljs, dljs ` a more smoking than burning torch to take the honey from the bees '; Lithuanian dulsvas ` smoke-color, mouse grey'; changing through ablaut russ. dlo ` barrel (of a gun, a cannon '), dlce ` mouth piece of a wind instrument ' (etc, s. Berneker 237; previously Slavic derivatives of duti `blow'). Verbs and and single-linguistic nominal formation: Note: Old Indic and alb. prove that Root / lemma: du-, du-, d- : `to burn' derived from Root / du- ureel, dissipate, blow, *smoke etc.'.
h h h h h h h h

Middle Irish dil ` wish, desire ' (*mind boiling , as `the soul'), Lithuanian dlis m. `

eu lemma: d eu-4, d eu- (presumably: d u-, compare the extension d u-k-, d u-s-) : `to Maybe alb. dhunoj `violate, rape', dhun `violence';

dhnna-, dhni- f. `the shaking', dhnayati ` moves to and fro, shakes ', dhavtram n. ` flabellum, whisk ', dhavitavy- ` fan, ventilate '; Avestan dvaid ` we both beset '? (*duflutters ' (in addition Old Indic dhvaj- `banner, ensign, flag') from *dhu-eg- (?); vaid); Kuiper Nasalprs. 53 places here Old Indic dhvajati (Dhp. 7, 44), Avestan dvaaiti ` Armenian de-dev-im ` sway, swing ' (compare that likewise redupl. intensive dhvaj-

Middle Persian dt `smoke'; Old Indic dhunti ` moves to and fro, shakes ', participle

dhaviyati, Perf. dudhva, Pass. dhyte, participle dhut-, dht- `shaken, agitated',

Old Indic dhnti (dhunti, dhuvti) ` shakes, moves to and fro, ventilates ', Fut.

Old Indic d-dhavti);

the meaning `rage' maybe from *d usi, s. d eues-), , ds., `storm' (see S. 269 unter d eues-), ep. ` roam, therefore blow, rage ' (*F), ds.
h

, as also in Old Indic Pass. dhyte and Old Norse dyja `shake' neologism is; in
h h

gr. (), Lesbian ` storm along, roar, rave, smoke ' (*d u-i, : from ,
h

(*F), , , Hes. with the meaning `smoke (smoke offering), smell': (), ` sacrifice ', `sacrifice, oblation', ` sacrificial animal ', n. ` incense (hence Latin ts `incense, frankincense'), oblation, sacrifice, oblation' (therefrom `mortar' s. Boisacq m. Lithuanian) Maybe alb. thuk `mortar', thyenj `break, grind'. burned because of its fragrance ', , ` an African tree with scented wood ', ` Boisacq s. v.), ` sacrificial altar, altar'. oblation ' ( : Ionian : Attic , *F- : *:-, s. Bechtel Lex. 168 f., gr. , ` laden with incense, odorous, fragrant ', ` a tree whose wood was

Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 570 to Old Indic dhya- ` litter put on earth '; dauns ` fume, haze, mist'), djet ` flows, melts ';
2

compare gr. `heap' (Hes.), to meaning under Modern High German Dne; barely with alb. Geg dj, Tosc dnj `fuddle', Med. ` dwindle away, melt ' (*deuni, compare Gothic

sandbank, heaps generally ', from *F-, shaped as -, -, -, -,

On the base of the meaning `(together) whirl' , `heap, sandpile, esp. dune,

Maybe alb. dje `vein (where the blood flows)', duf `air blow, anger, impatience, rage' : Old English dofian `rage' : Latin suffio -ire `to fumigate' (see below), also duplicated alb. (*duhduh) dud `gum'.

see above) from *-d u-ii, as fio `of persons and things, to be made, come into existence; with predicate, to become, be appointed; with genit., to be valued at; of actions, to be *d u-oi-to-s (as pte from *ptos);
h h h

Latin suf-fi, -fre ` to fumigate, perfume; to warm ' (suffmentum ` incense '; about fmus

done; of events, to happen ' from *b u-ii, foeteo, -re `evil smell, stink' due to a participle Note: common Latin d- > f- shift. Clearly Latin suffio -ire `to fumigate' derived from an Illyrian alb. duf `blow'. here (as *piled up) gall., proto Irish , latin. dnum, Old Irish n. s-stem dn ( :
h

Latin fnus, s. S. 260) `castle' (*hill), acymr. din (ncymr. dinas) ds.; Old Irish d(a), arch. d ` bulwark, rampart, wall' (*d uio-); Old Irish dumae m. `hill', gall. GN Dumiatis; also Old Irish d f. Gen. dad `smoke', Middle Irish dethach ds. (*d uiiat-);
h

`dune' to Slavic dm `blow'; whereas is Germanic *t-na- ` fence, a preserved place ' loanword;

Low German dne, out of it Modern High German Dne; compare to meaning klr. v-dma

Old English dn m. f. `height, mountain', engl. down ` sand-hill, dune', mnl. dne, Middle

(Old Icelandic Old English tn ds., `town, city', Modern High German Zaun) probably Celtic Old Norse dyja `shake' see above;

(compare alb. dej; about Old High German Modern High German dunst see below the root form *d eues-); Old Norse dnn m. `down feather (*fan)' (out of it Middle Low German
h

Gothic dauns f. ` sweet scent, smoke ' (*d ou-ni), Old Norse daunn m. ` fetidness '
h

birds'; compare Middle Dutch donst ` down feather (*fan), dust powder (*ash)' = German Icelandic dni `fire';
e m uf

dne, whereof again Modern High German Daune `soft loose fluffy feathers, as on young Dunst ` '; s. Falk-p under dun); Old Saxon dununga ` delusion ' ( or ?); Old

headed ', ablaut. dlas ` grayish ';

Lithuanian duj f. `mote, speck', duj ` down feather (*fan) '; dvlas ` black, blackSlavic *dujo, *duti (e.g. russ. dju, dut) `blow', changing through ablaut *dyj in sloven.
h

djem, dti ` blow, smell, breathe quietly '; Old Church Slavic dun dunti (*d oun-) `blow' (changing through ablaut with Old Indic dh-nti, -nti, gr. ); Tocharian A twe, tweye `dust'.

compare still perhaps identical proto root *d eu- `run, flow'. Root extensions: reflection '. eub I. b -extension: d eu - ` fly, smoke; misty, darkens, also from the mind and the Gr. (, ) ` smoke, vapor, fume, make smoke; burn slowly, singe; Pass.
h h h h

smoke, give off vapor, gleam ', m. ` smoke, steam, dense smoke; wooziness, folly, silly pride '; Maybe poln. duma ` pride ', dumny ` proud '. thunderstorm ', , - ` disastrous fire ', , ` feeble-minded `be brainless, conceited, haughty', , - or - `whirlwind,

age '; `blind, dark, stupid ', ` blind ', `blind', `become blind'. Old Irish dub (*d ub u-) `black', acymr. dub (*d eub -), ncymr. du, acorn. duw, mcorn.
h h h h

du, bret. d `black', gall. Dubis ` Le Doubs (eastern France) ', i.e. ` black, dark water '; dur) ds., gall. Uerno-dubrum river name (`alder water ') are named after the same

probably also Middle Irish dobur `water', cymr. dwfr, corn. dour (i.e. dowr), bret. dour (i.e.

observation;

belong to d eub- `deep' (under S. 268), because `deep' and `black' could be slightly identical.
h

however, maybe there are Celtic words with Indo Germanic b which must be assumed that

So can the pomerell. FlN Dbra (*dbra) be identical just as well with Latvian dubra, Church Slavic dbr. Note: eueueuRoot / lemma: d eu-b-, d eu-p- : `deep, *dark' derived from Root / lemma: d eu-4, d eu(presumably: d u-, compare the extension d u-k-, d u-s-): `to reel, dissipate, blow, : *smoke, dark, gray, deep etc.'.
h h h h h h h

touben ` deafen, stun, make feeble ', changing through ablaut Low German duff `muggy (air), dim (color), muted (sound)';

Old High German toup (-b-) `deaf, obtuse, foolish', Old Norse deyfa, Middle High German

Gothic daufs (-b-) `deaf, obdurate', Old Norse daufr `deaf, idle', Old English daf `deaf',

Maybe alb. duf `air blow, anger, impatience, rage' : Old English dofian `rage'. Dutch dof, Middle High German top ` senseless, brainless, crazy ', Maybe alb. topis `stun'; Verb: Old High German tobn, Modern High German toben, as well as (as participle a -Verb: Old High German tobon, Old Saxon dovn ` be mad ', Old English dofian `rage', -

Old Norse dupt n. `dust', Norwegian duft, dyft f. ds., Middle High German tuft, duft `haze, mist, fog, dew, hoarfrost ', Old High German tuft `frost', Modern High German Duft `fine
h

stem V.) Old Norse dofinn ` dull, limp, half-dead ', wherefore dofna ` limp, become stale ';

smell, odor' (or zur root form d eup-, see below); Gothic (hraiwa-) db, Old Norse dfa, Gothic dumbs, Old Norse dumbr, Old English dumb ` dumb ', Old High German tumb `
h h

Old English dfe, Old High German tba ` dove, pigeon ' (after the dark color). Nasalized

silent, stupid, incomprehensibe ', Old Saxon dumb ` oafish '. However, a *d u-m-b os `dark' seems to be supported also by Slavic (see below). Maybe expressive alb. Tosc dudum ` dumb ' dark heartwood ' as Latin rbur. Against it can be by Latvian dumbra zeme `black

Perhaps (Berneker 215) Old Church Slavic db `oak, then tree generally ' as `tree with

s.Schulze SBpr.Ak. 1910, 791 = Kl. Schr. 114). phrenetical ' (also in Duft? see above).
h h h h

42, 387, rather to Modern High German tief, Middle Low German dumpelen ` submerge ', pBesides d p- in: Old Indic dhpa- m. `smoke, incense ', Old High German tvar, tbar ` 2. d -extension: d eu-d - ` whirl, shake, confuse through another'. eu-

`slime, mud' (Middle High German tmpfel, Modern High German Tmpel, Prellwitz KZ.

moorland ' etc b Einschublaut between m and r, see above, also by Lithuanian dumblas

probably also ddhita- (epithet of tamas ` darkness ') perhaps ` confused, thick';

Old Indic ddhat- ` stupefying, vehement, raving ', ddhi-, dudhra- ` boisterous ',

festooned with tassels or fringes ' from * (*d ud ia = Latvian dua `bundle'), , , ` squid ' (`misting, muddling the water '); Germanic *dud-, geminated *dutt- and *dudd-: Danish dude, older dudde ` ryegrass,
h h

gr. Hes. (*), ` tassel ', hom. `

darnel ' (but about isl. dona ` become insensitive ' see above S. 260), Low German

German vordutten `bewilder', Middle High German vertutzen, bettzen ` become deaf, but get collectedness ', isl. dotta ` fall asleep due to tiredness, nod because of exhaustion '; similarly, on the basis of *d ued -: East Frisian dwatje ` stupid girl', dwatsk ` oafish,
h h

choking or climbing weeds '; with -tt-: Middle Dutch dotten, dutten ` be crazy ', Middle Low

`tremble, wobble, sway', engl. dodder ` any plant of the genus Cuscuta; any of various

`tremble', Old English dydrian ` deceive '; with -dd-: engl. dial. dudder `bewilder', dodder

dudendop, -hop ` drowsy person', Old Frisian dud ` anesthetization ', Norwegian dudra

eccentric ', Jtisch dvot ` suffering from Coenurus cerebralis '; Swedish dodra, Middle High the genus Cuscuta, comprising leafless threadlike twining plants with parasitic suckers; it

German toter m. ` yellow plant, dodder ', Middle English doder, nengl. dodder ` any plant of

attaches itself to some other plant as to flax etc. and decaying at the root, is nourished by

the plant that supports it ', Dutch (vlas)-doddre ds. After Falk-Torp under dodder if the word was transferred as a name for certain plants with yellow thredlike stems: Old Saxon dodro, Old High German totoro, Old English dydring `egg - yellow ' (-ing prove the derivative of the mediative meaning (Persson) or compare Norwegian dudra `tremble' the elastic shivering of this colloid rocking core; compare Old Icelandic dor-kvisa `a bird'. 3. k-extension: d uk-, d k- and d euk-: k eukkm. (unleashed) `wind'; common Old Indic h- > kOld Indic dhukat, dhukayati with sam- ` blown up the fire, kindled, animated ', dhkah h h

plant name); rather has been for it `clump' = ` thick mass' in contrast to melting egg white

Latvian dcu, dkt ` roar, rage ', ducu, duct it. `roar', dku (*dunku), duku, dukt ` become mat '; color names as Latvian dkans ` swart ' (see above) hit presumably the bridge to: Old High German tugot `variegated', tougan ` dark, concealed, mysterious, miraculous ',

`breath, breeze, breath', dksas `sigh', dkst, dkti ` become raving, rage ', dkis `fury',

Lithuanian dvkti, dvkoti, dvkterti `breathe, pant, gasp', dvkti `stink', dvkas

English dag f. `paint, color, red or purple dye; red or purple color; rouge; in gen., paint, dye of any color; bee-glue ', dagian `dye', engl. dye.
h

dagol, degle ` clandestine ', Old High German tougal ` dark, concealed, secret '; also Old

n. ` mystery, miracle ', Old Saxon dgalnussi ` mystery, hiding place, nook', Old English

whirl up, cloud (water, the mind); murky, dark, spiritually weak '.

4. l-extension: d (e)uel- (compare in addition above the l-nouns as Old Indic dhli-) ` el el-

beguile ';

Gothic dwals), Adj. `cloudy', `cloudy', `muddy, cloudy, eclipse; verwirrt, , name of Dionysos by the Paeones (Hes.) ` the raving ', Illyrian

Gr. `slime, mud, smut, esp. from murky water, the dark juice of the cuttlefish ' (=

[]' `I (Hes.);

maybe alb. dal `go out, move out, wander aimlessly', nasalized ndal `stop, hinder, delay' : Old Norse dvelja `hinder, delay', Old Saxon bidwellian `hinder', Old Norse dvl f. `delay', Old English dwala m. `aberration'. Old Irish dall `blind', clas-dall `deaf' (`unable to hear, blind'), cymr. corn. bret. dall
h

`blind' (about *duallos < *dullos from *d ulno-s);

ablaut Old Saxon Old English dol ` clownish, crazy', Old High German tol, tulisc `crazy, nonsensical ', Modern High German toll, engl. dull ` stupid, tasteless, weak (also from colors)', Old Norse dul f. ` concealment, illusion, arrogance ', dylja ` negate, conceal ' and

Gothic dwals ` oafish ', Old Norse dvala f. ` coma, doze, stupor '; changing through

Old High German gitwean ` be dazed, tarry ', Old Norse dulinn ` conceited, arrogant ';

`miss, fail', Old Frisian dwilith ` errs '; Old English participle gedwolen ` wrong, mistaken ',

on the other hand Old Norse dlskr (*dwliska-) `crazy'; Old Saxon fardwelan stem V.

Kaus. Old Norse dvelja `hinder, delay', Old Saxon bidwellian `hinder', Old English dwelian delay'; Old Norse dvl f. `delay', Old English dwala m. `aberration', Old High German ` misguide ', Old High German *twaljan, twallen, Middle High German twel(l)en `hinder,

Old Saxon dwalm ` anesthetization ', Old High German twalm ` anesthetization, narcotic smoke, smoke', Old Norse dylminn ` thoughtless, frivolous ', Danish dulme ` drowse '. cloud; befogged = dark, also from the darkening of the consciousness, the death '.
h

gitwolo ` infatuation, heresy'; Gothic dwalmn `crazy, be phrenetical ', Old English dwolma,

5. n-extension : d uen()- ` scatter, sprinkle, be moved violently; whirling smoke, fog, en() en()Old Indic dhvant ` he burnt out, was extinguished, dwindled ' (of anger, actually `

evaporated, sprayed '), Kaus. dhvnayati ` darkens ', participle dhvnt- `dark', n. ` darkness';

dvsaiti ` goes flying there ', Kaus. us-dvnayat ` he allows to fly upwards '); dvnman- n. `cloud', aipi-dvnara- `cloudy, misty ', dunman- `fog, cloud';

Avestan dvan- with pre verb `fly' (apa-dvsaiti ` macht sich auf zum Davonfliegen ', upa-

 ds. (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 362, 709, 770); (Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 546).

h h

reshaped after the present in - Attic (-, -), Lesbian Latvian dvans, dvanums `haze, mist, vapor', dviga `haze, mist, coal steam '

gr. `death', ` perishable ' (*d u ntos and *d unts), Doric `die',
h e h

6. r-extension: d euer- (d uer-, d eur-) ` whirl, attack, hurry; vortex = dizziness, folly '. er er- eurer erperhaps dhur Adv. ` violent, forcible '; dh ` raid, night raid ', if Middle Indic development from *d vrt ` Heranstrmen ';
h

Old Indic (unleashed) dhraa- n. `trot', dhrati ` trots ' (=Slavic dur-, see below);

jewellery, ornament things ' (if `play' from `spring');

perhaps gr. - (*- = n `in' + *) ` play, I amuse ', ` play, toys; Lithuanian padrmai Adv. ` with impetuosity, stormy', Old Prussian drai Nom. Pl. `shy';

durk `fool', dra `fool, clown', durnj `evil, bad, ugly', dial. ` unreasonable, furious ', ', serb. drm, driti se `flare up, foam' etc; Tocharian A taur, tor `dust'? Gr. I 686, 696, 703. Page(s): 261-267

russ. dur ` folly, fatuity, stubborness ', durt, ` lose the mind ', durt `make pranks',

durnca ` henbane, ryegrass, darnel ', klr. dur, dura ` anesthetization, dizziness, tomfoolery

References: WP. I 835 ff.; WH. I 499 f., 561 f., 57 If., 865; Trautmann 62 f., Schwyzer Gr.

eses eusRoot / lemma: d eues-, d us-, d eus-, d sh h h h h

Meaning: to dissipate, blow, etc. *scatter, dust, rain, breathe, perish, die added as ` fog-gray, dust-color '.

Note: extension of d eu-4; also expressions for ` dark colors ' seem to be supposed to be

Material: Old Indic dhvasati ` sprays, sprinkles, disintegrates, goes to pieces ', participle dhvast-, aus. dhvasyati, dhvasyati ` powdered, destroyed ', dhvasmn- m. ` obscuration ', dhvasir- ` powdered, sprayed ', dhvasr- ` powdered, indistinguishable ',
h

dhvsti- f. ` the spraying ' (= Old High German tunist, dun(i)st ` wind, storm, breath, smoke ', Old English Old Frisian dst `dust'), dhsara- ` dust-colored '; to formation (*d u-s-mi,
h h h

Konj. d u-s- besides *d u-n-s-mi, Konj. *d u-n-s-) compare Kuiper Nasalprs. 41;

 f. `female bacchant ', `a mad or inspired woman, a Bacchante' ds. ( ` be

h

to einf. root *d eu- (see S. 262), however, maybe in the meaning `rage' from *d s-i, as
h h

gr. () ` blow, storm, surge, smoke, sacrifice ' as *d -i (: from , )

h

grasped by bacchanalian dizziness ') probably from *d s-ia because of Bacchus;

Hes. and the implements of Bacchus, the thyrsi and torches ', epithet of

Note: common Latin d- > f-: compare also v. Blumenthal IF. 49, 172 to ; Hes.; but ` a furious storm, hurricane ' probably feminine of * ` storming, raging ', probably from *F; `anger, soul ' is = ` air, a current of air, breeze, Latin fur -ere ` to rage, rave, be mad ' could be *d us , so that Furiae = gr. ;
h

form *; compare Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 521; ` sulphur steam, sulphur ' (*F-()?).

h

breath, wind ' and not because of Latvian dusmas `anger' lead back to a various basic Ablaut form *d ues- in hom. and (with metr. lengthening to ), Attic Perhaps here `god' because of Lithuanian dvasi `ghost', Middle High German
h

getws `ghost' and forms as gr. - ` spoken from god ', , `divine' Gr. I 450, 458, WH. I 102; Lithuanian by Feist 122;

as *F from *d uesos after Hirt Indog. Gr. I 195, Pisani REtIE. 1, 220 ff., Schwyzer Gr. alb. dash `Aries, ram, sheep (*animal), after Jokl (L.-k. Unters. 240) from *d uosi-;

religious purification ' (sabin. after Varro), as also Februrius ` the cleansing month ', on mournful; n. pl. as subst. the festival of the dead, in February ' probably also here; Note: Common Latin d- > f-. of reproach, monster ' belong here as *d uesti, *d uslou, it is extremely dubious because of anlauts in spite of WH. I 102;
h h h

with the ablaut form d us- : febru, -re ` clean, expiate religiously ' from februum `
h

Latin perhaps fur, see above; fimbria f. ` fringe, border, edge ' maybe from *d uensri;
h

the basis of *d ues-ro- ` fumigating '; frlis ` relating to the dead, funereal; deadly, fatal;

whether bstia, bllua ` an animal without reason, a brute, beast, large animal; as a term

Note: Common Latin dw- > b-. High German westfl. ds, Basque tusuri `devil'; compare Pedersen t. celt. 1, 171; Old dws etc); Old Irish d `idle', perhaps as *d ousio- to Modern High German dsig;
h h

gallorom. dsius ` impure, foul daemon, incubus ', out of it lad. eng. dischl, Modern

Irish dsacht `fury', distir immum ` I become raving ' (*d us-t-, ablaut. with Old English Old English dws `stupid, crazy', Middle Low German dws ds., Middle High German

Low German dsen, dosen ` pass away thoughtlessly ', engl. doze `doze', Modern High

benumbed, giddy ', Low German dsig, dsig, Old High German tusic ` sluggish ', Middle

ablaut. Old English dysig ` clownish ', engl. dizzy ` giddy ', Middle Low German dsich `

meaning Middle High German tuster n. `ghost'; to lengthened grade Old Irish dsaid);

tws, dws m. `idiot, fool, villain ', getws n. `ghost; foolishness ' (compare to the former

German (ndd.) Dusel (in the meaning ` light drunkenness ' compare Modern High German Dialectal dusen ` carouse ' and Middle High German tsen `rant, make a noise, whizz '); `sleep', Middle High German trmen ` be dizzy, reel, lurch ' etc; in addition: Norwegian dsa `doze', Old Norse dsa ` behave quietly ', ds ` calm ', dra

` insane, fool', Modern High GermanTor, tricht, Middle Low German dre m. `fool, crazy person'; Maybe alb. Geg torr `fool' `scatter', verdsen `destroy' (from *dausjan), Norwegian Dialectal dysa `lump, pile up', with the meaning ` spray, get dusty, scatter ': Middle High German tsen, dsen

with Germanic au: Middle High German dsen ` behave quietly, slumber, drowse ', tre

probably originally from ` dust heaps and waste heaps ', under which medium meaning Dialectal dussa ` messy heap ';

can be added also Old Norse dys f. ` from pouting stones of burial mounds ', Norwegian with the meaning ` scatter, sprinkle, dust rain ': Norwegian duskregn ` dust rain ', duska,

dust rain '; West Germanic *dunstu- ` transpiration ' (see above S. 263) in Old High

dysja ` rain finely, trickle ', engl. dusk `cloudy, dim', Modern High German Bavarian dusel `

German tun(i)st `wind, storm', Middle High German tunst ` fume, mist ', Old English Old dyst ` flour powder ', Middle Low German nnd. dust m. `dust, chaff, husk';

Frisian dst n. `dust' (Old Norse dust n. `dust' is Middle Low German loanword), Danish

n. `Vierfler, wild animal', Old High German tior `animal', Old English dor `wild animal', Adj. `violent, wild, valiant'; Lithuanian dvesi, dvesia, dvsti ` breathe, breathe out the spirit, perish, die '; maybe alb. (*dves) vdes `breathe out the spirit, perish, die'; Clearly from Root / lemma: d eues-, d us-, d eus-, d s- : `to dissipate, blow, etc. es eusesvanish, faint, die'.
h h h h h h

with the meaning `breathe - animal': Gothic dius n. `wild animal' (*d eus-), Old Norse dyr
h

*breathe, breathe out the spirit, perish, die' derived Root / lemma: d eu-2, d u-i- : `to euiAs Lithuanian dvsti `die' : Lithuanian dvesi, dvesia, dvsti ` breathe, breathe out the spirit, perish, die ' (see above); Note: Aryans created the storm god, sky god Deus Pater from the ritual of burning the dead. Hence the very spirit of the dead was identified with the breath in the cold, smoke in the father god. heaven. Animal fat was burned to appease the sky god hence animals were named after Latvian dvsele f. `breath, soul, life', ablaut. (*d uos-), Lithuanian dvasas m., dvasi f.,
h h h

Germanic *d uos-); zero grade (*d s-), Lithuanian dsas `sigh' and `haze, mist' (= klr. doch), dstu, dsti `run out of breath', Latvian dust `pant, gasp', dusmas `anger', dasos f. Pl. (*d ous-) ` the upper air, paradise ', dausnti ` ventilate, air ';
h

Gen. dvsios `ghost', `breath', Latvian dvaa ` air, breath, smell ' (: russ. dvochat, Indo

Lithuanian dsi, dsti `take a deep breath, sigh, gasp heavily', dsauti ds.; Lithuanian russ. dvchat, dvocht `pant, gasp' (see above); Old Church Slavic (vs)dchnti `

dychaj, dy, dychati `breathe, exhale, blow', duch (: Lithuanian dasos) ` respiration, maybe alb. (*dychati) dihat `breathe heavily' a Slavic loanword. words for sombre colors (`dust-colored, fog-gray ') : indistinct ' (*d us-qo-), furvus ` dark-colored, black ' (*d us-uo-);
h h h

take a deep breath, heave a sigh ', klr. doch `breath, breeze' (*dch), Old Church Slavic breath, spirit ', dua `breath, soul' (*d ousi), du, duchati `breathe, blow, from wind' etc

Old Indic dhsara- ` dust-colored ' (see above); Latin fuscus ` dark-colored; of the voice,

Note: common Latin d- > f- shift. Old English dox (*dosc) `dark', engl. dusk `cloudy, dim; twilight ' (= Latin fuscus; compare also Norwegian dusmen ` misty '), with formants -no- Old English dunn (Celtic loanword?), (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old Saxon dun ` chestnut-colored ', Old Norse dunna ` the common domestic duck ', Old Saxon dosan, Old English dosen `

chestnut-colored ', Old High German dosan, tusin ` pale yellow ' (West Germanic Lw is Latin dosinus `ash-colored'); Middle Irish donn `dark', cymr. dwnn `subfuscus, darkNote:
h

colored, blackish ', gall. PN Donnos etc (*d uosnos). (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). Probably from a fusion of Root / lemma: d eues-, d us-, d eus-, d s- `to dissipate, blow, es eusesetc. *scatter, dust, rain, breathe, perish, die' + Root / lemma: dei-1, dei-, d-, di- : `to deid[m jo] (see below). Page(s): 268-271 shine; day; sun; sky god, god' derived Slavic (*dus-diu-): Old Church Slavic: dd `rain' References: WP. I 843 f., WH. I 102, 386, 472 f., 570 ff., Trautmann 64 f.
h h h h

ig ig g Root / lemma: d ig- : d ig- : d gMeaning: to stick, plant Material: Latin fg, -ere `to fix, fasten, make fast, attach, affix; esp. with oculos, to fix the
h h h

fgier S. C. Bacch.), Old Latin fv, Umbrian fiktu ` you shall fix, fasten, drive, thrust in, attach, affix, post, erect, set up ', afiktu ` he/she shall fasten, implant, drive in, affix ';

gaze; to thrust home a weapon, etc. so as to fix fast; to transfix ' (Proto Latin , compare

probably in addition as ` pinned ' also fnis ` boundary, limit, border; summit, end; object, also ` to bound, limit, enclose, restrain; to define, determine, appoint; to put an end to, conclude, finish; esp. to finish speaking, or to die; pass., to end, cease '; Note: common Latin d- > f- shift.

aim; in pl. enclosed area, territory ' (= Lithuanian dgsnis `prick, sting'), compare fni, -re

German tch, from which Modern High German Deich, Teich (actually) `the digging'.

Old English dc ` drainage ditch, canal', ndd. dk, Old Icelandic dk(i)n, Middle High Lithuanian dgstu, dgti, Latvian dgt `germinate' (actually `jut. stick out, protrude',

`thorn', dg ` gooseberry ', Old Prussian digno ` the hilt of a sword ' (as Modern High

Lithuanian dygs `spiky, prickly '), in addition dygiu, dygti ` feel piercing pain ', dygls

German Heft ` the handle of a cutting or piercing instrument, as a knife, spear, etc.; the hilt

of a sword, dagger ', that is to say ` wherein the blade is fixed, to fix'); zero grade

Lithuanian degiu, degti, Latvian digt `prick', Lithuaniandegas `germ, sprout', Old

digas `germ, sprout, seedling ', diktas ` point, dot; thing', daignti ` make germinate '; Page(s): 243-244 References: WP. I 832 f., WH. I 495 f., 865; Trautmann 49 f.

Prussian deicktas ` site, place ', originally ` point, dot, prick, sting'; with i: Lithuanian

Meaning: to suck
h h

(i)eiRoot / lemma: d (i)- (besides d -ei-?)

h h h h

Note: (:d i-, d - and d -, d -) s. esp. Schulze KZ. 27, 425 = Kl. Schr. 363.

thirsty ', dhtav `to suck', Fut. dhsyati, Aor. dht ` he sucked ', su-dh `juice, sap, of four-footed animals ' Note: Reduplicated laryngeal in a e- > Avestan ae1 2

Material: Old Indic dhya- ` nourishing, nursing ', dhyas- n. ` the sucking ', dhy- `

nectar', dhtr ` wet nurse, mother', dhn- f. ` producing milk ' = Avestan danu- ` female

Old Indic dhn ` milker ', ablaut. dht- ` sucked ', Perf. Plur. 1. 3. da-dhi-m (i = ), dadh-; redupl. noun da-dh-an-, Nom. d-dh-i, Gen. dadhns `sour milk' (: Old Prussian dadan, alb. djath);

Maybe alb. (*dhei-) Geg dhj, Tosc dhi, Pl. dhen, dhent ` goat', edha ` goats' : alb. Geg dhan ` to give, produce'.
h

daddjan) and dhinti ` nourishes ';

from stem d i-: dhyati `sucks' (*d ieti : Kaus. *d oi-ie-ti in Slavic dojiti, Gothic Armenian diem `suck' (i == Indo Germanic or rather , so that = Old Norse da), stn-di
h h h h

(from *dayi- = Indo Germanic d -ti-);

`( sucking breast =) suckling ', dal from dail ` beestings ' (d i-li-), dayeak ` wet nurse '

underlikewise, whereat different Falk-Torp under taate), ` sucking milk ', - `tame, domesticated, well-bred'; alb. djath `cheese' originally ` curd made from sour milk ' (: Old Indic ddhi), gr.-alb.

gr. ` he sucked ', `milk', `milk', ` wet nurse ' (short form

dith `cheese'; (common Slavic alb. -e- > -je-, -a- > -ja-, ).

Note: Spectacularly alb. djath (*das), gr.-alb. dith `cheese' derived from a solidified Illyrian root *d -ei-s `curd made from sour milk' because of common alb. -s > -th.
h h

Latin fmina `wife, woman' (`*the nursing one'); about flx, fecundus see below; sucks' (*di-na-ti), bret. denaff `suck', cymr. dynu `suck'; Old Irish dnu `lamb', dth `he/she has sucked' ( = Indo Germanic or ), denaid `he

Indic dhyati, Old Church Slavic doj; das Germanic *ajj- has originated normally from suckle; breast feed a baby' (compare zero grade Armenian diem), zero grade Old High ';

Gothic daddjan = Old Swedish dggja ` suckle ' (proto Germanic *ajjan, compare Old

*d oi-eie-), Old Swedish da, Danish Norwegian die `suck', Middle High German den, ten ` German ten, present tju (= Latvian dju `suck'), westfl. dierrn ` nourish a calf with milk Latvian dju, dt `suck', at-diene, at-diente ` a cow that calves in the second year ',

Lithuanian dien f. `pregnant' (= Old Indic dhn-), dien ds. (= Old Indic dhn `cow'), Old Prussian dadan `milk' (= Old Indic dadhan-); Old Church Slavic doj ` suckle ' (Old Indic dhyati), doilica ` wet nurse ', with (= Indo Germanic or i) dt f. ` children, kids. ', ', s. Berneker 197).

dva, dvica `girl, virgin' (replaced by `* woman ' = ` the nursing one, the one who suckles With l-formant: Old Indic dhr- ` sucking ' = gr. ` nourishing (), lactating,
h

female ' (fem. and ), , ` wet nurse ', ` suckle, suck', `sheep' in PN , , VN Dalmatae, Delmatae, Messapic PN Gen. m. = Umbrian feliuf, filiu ` give milk, give suck '; Note: Common lat d- > f- phonetic shift ` brisket ', alb. dele `sheep' (*d il-n-), delm ds., dhall `sour milk', Illyrian dalm-

dalmaihi, fem. PN dalmaoa; Latin fl, -re ` suckle ', flius `son' (`*suckling ', from *flios)

Middle Irish del `teat' (*d -lo-), delech ` milker ', Danish dl ` mammary glands or udder of English delu f. ` nipple, teat', Old Norse dilkr `lamb, baby, youngling'; Latvian dls `son', the sow ', Swedish Dialectal del m. `teat', Old High German tila f. ` female breast', Old
h

has just been born '; Latvian dle ` sucking calf', dlt ` suckle '.

dle ` bloodsucker, leech ', Lithuanian dl ds., pirmdl ` the first born ', pirmdls ` who

Identical alb. djal, Pl. djelm, djem `son' : Latvian dls `son'. (common Slavic alb. -e- > -je-, -a- > -ja-, ). here, is doubtful; if and (Doric) ` ' as *- points to a light
h

from gr. (*) `to feast', ` feast ' (from *-?) with gradation suit

root*d i- (also then ; also could be -)?

Latin fcundus `fertile', ftus, -s `(1) pregnant; fruitful, fertile; teeming with, full of. (2) that has brought forth, newly delivered; (3) m. the bringing forth or hatching of young; of the soil, bearing, producing. Transf., that which is brought forth; offspring, brood; of plants,

fertile ', after Specht (KZ. 62, 237) from *flu-k-s, Femin. to Old Indic dhru-, gr. ;

Latin flx `fertile, lucky' to flre goes back to a fem. Subst. *fl-c- ` the nursing one =

oris `yield, interest on money, usury', perhaps also fnum `hay' (as `yield') define themselves through a special application from d i- ` suckle ' for `be fertile';
h h

is born ', effta `past bearing, exhausted, worn out, weak after a lot of parturition', fnus, -

fruit, produce, shoot ', fta `filled with young, pregnant, breeding, with young ', also ` what

n. `corn, grain', np. dna `corn, grain', Avestan dn-kara- `an ant kind ', i.e. ` towing `bread' (originally ` corn ', Old Lithuanian ` provision for retired farmers, retirement, settlement on retirement '); Doric-Illyrian (Cretan) . . . EM., (*d -k-i-) Hes.; different Jokl by WH. I 475; See also: s. also above d -1, d -d -.
h h h h

in addition but not *d n- `corn, grain' : Old Indic dhn f. Pl. `grain, seeds', dhny-

grain (= an ant) ', Tocharian tno ` corn, grain ' and Lithuanian dona, Latvian duna f.

References: WP. I 829 ff., WH. I 474 ff., 864, Trautmann 51.

Page(s): 242

Meaning: child word for `grandparents'

()Root / lemma: d -1, redupl. d -d ()h h h

Material: Gr. `uncle', `aunt' (*-, -), `grandmother' (from *-),

h

nurse ' (Krahe IF. 55, 121 f.), also probably originally to root d (i)- ` suckle '; Lithuanian Church Slavic dd `grandfather'; similarly Modern High German deite, teite, Swiss dddi Note: `father, elder ', russ. djdja `uncle'. dde, ddis `uncle' (but didas ` graybeard, old man, elder ' from wr. dd ds.), Old

Italian (venet.) deda `aunt' (?), gr. `aunt' (in addition GN ); Illyrian deda ` wet

Turk. dayi `uncle' derived from russ. djdja `uncle' while alb. daja n. f. `uncle' could have cognates: also turk. hala `paternal aunt' : alb. halla `paternal aunt', turk. teyze `maternal aunt' : alb. teze `maternal aunt'. Page(s): 235 References: WP. I 826, Trautmann 47, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 193.

existed before turk. dayi `uncle', however, alb. cognate is phonetically identical with other

Meaning: to put, place, say

Root / lemma: d -2
h

Material: Old Indic ddhti, Avestan daiti ` he places ', Old pers. Impf. Sg. adad ` he has installed ', Old Indic Aor.-dh-m `I placed', Med. 3. Sg. -dhita (= gr. ) ; toparticiple Old Indic hit- (-dhit- in ved. compounds) `set, settled ' (= Latin con-ditus, ab-

dt Supin., Old Church Slavic dt `to place' : Latin [late] conditus, -s m. ` pickled,

Hes., actually ` set raised platform, placed stand '); Inf. Old Indic dh-tum (= Lithuanian

` sedate, calm, settled ', Old Prussian sen-ditans Akk. Pl. f. ` folded ', also gr.

taken as one's child, adopted '), with full grade Avestan Old pers. dta- (= Lithuanian dtas

ditus, crditus, probably also gr. ` sedate, calm, settled, placed, set; having position;

steady acquiescence '); io-present Old Indic dhyat ` places for oneself ' (= Latvian dju, dt `place, lay eggs', dju dt ` solder together ', Old Church Slavic dj `lay, place', Old Latin -did, Oscan pr-ffed, Old High German teta etc). Czech dju `make'); Perf. Old Indic dadhu, dadhim, Avestan 3. Sg. daa (: gr. , Armenian ed Aor. `he placed' (= Old Indic -dht; 1. Sg. edi, 2. Sg. edir), present dnem `
h

also Old Indic dhtu-), m. ` component, set', Avestan vtu- n. ` grounds, rationale,

preserved; of corpses, embalmed; in gen., seasoned, savory ', Supin. -um, -, compare

I place ' (*dinem, Indo Germanic *d -no-, compare russ. dnu `sit, put, lay, place', SerboCroatian djnm ` do, put, lay '); Maybe nasalized alb. Geg me ndejt `to sit, while, stay', ndej `hang lose, place' Phrygian `has placed' (*e-d -es-t? rather = Hittite da-a-i); gr. `put' (Aor. - see below -, , , Fut. , participle ); Messapic hi-pa-of ` has placed ' (*hi-po-d s-t, J. B. Hofmann KZ. 63, 267); make by joining, found, establish, build, settle' (in addition Cnsus [*kom-d-to-] an ancient Latin abdere ` put away, remove, set aside, stow away', con-dere ` to put together,
h h

deity, god of secret plans), perdere ` to make away with, destroy, ruin, squander, dissipate,

throw away, waste, lose ', crdere `believe, trust' (see below *kered- `heart'); about the *keredhas placed ' (*-fefed).

interference of dare with respective forms s. WH. I 362; Perf. condid etc, Oscan pr-ffed `

Note: Common italic.-Latin d- > f- shift. perform; of feelings and circumstances, to cause, bring about ', Oscan fakiiad, Umbrian With einer k-extension Latin faci, -ere, fec (: ), factum ` to make, form, do,

Fut. II [subjunctive] `they will have made, constructed, fashioned, framed, erected,

facia ` he/she makes, constructs, fashions, frames, builds, produces, composes ', fakurent

produced, composed ', praen. (passionate inscription) FheFhaked `he/she has made,

`let he/she have made, constructed, fashioned, framed, erected, produced, composed ', composed ';

constructed, fashioned, framed, erected, produced, composed ', Oscan fefacit Konj. Perf.

fefacust Fut. II `he/she will have made, constructed, fashioned, framed, erected, produced, with *fk- Umbrian feitu, fetu [Imperative]` he/she will have made, constructed, facilis `( feasible) easy to do; easy to manage, convenient, favorable ', Umbrian facefele

fashioned, framed, erected, produced, composed ':

ds.; facis ` shape, form, figure, outward appearance; esp. face, countenance. Transf.,

compare Old Indic antar-hita- ` vanished '.

of interfici ` to put out of the way, destroy, bring to naught, slay, kill' (`*allow to disappear') The same k-extension besides in gr. also in ` receptacle ', Old Indic dh-k-

character, nature; seeming, pretence ', facinus, ponti-fex, arti-fex bene-ficus ; to meaning

vhaso ` he/she makes, constructs, fashions, frames, builds, erects, produces, composes ' (*fak-s-to, the f probably from Ital.); Hittite dak-ki-e-zi (dakkeszi) ` makes, places down ' (: Latin facess), dak-u-ul (daksul)

` container ' and Phrygian - ` afflicts, causes death ', Med. -; Venetic

(different Pedersen Tocharian 194);

`friendly' (: Old Latin facul); perhaps Tocharian A tk `I was, became', B takw ds.

` I made, did'; Old Irish -tarti `gives, yields ' (*to-ro-ad-dt from *d -t), Perf. do-rat (*to-road-dat from *d -t), Thurneysen Gr. 35;
h h

gall. dede ` he/she has placed '; compare Latin con-, ab-, cr-did, Old High German teta

made, did' (2. Sg. tti, Pl. ttu-m; reshaped after the type of Gothic stum), Old Saxon

German tuon, Old Saxon Old English dn (*d -m) `do', preterit Old High German teta `I deda (2. Sg. deds, 3. Pl. ddun, dedun), Old English dyde < dudi (see above to Old Indic
h h

Old High German tm, tuom, Old Saxon tn, Old English dm `do', Inf. Old High

dadhu); particle Perf. Pass. Old High German gi-tn, Old English dn ` done ' from *d no- = Old Church Slavic o-dn ` wrapped, dressed '; in the ending of reduced Prter. (Gothic salb-ddun etc) one tries to seek mostly the
h

root d -, whereas in Gothic kuna ` granted ', must contain the Indo Germanic -t-, to

accept an other formation. compare Hirt, Indo Germanic Gr. IV, 99, Sverdrup NTS. 2, 55 Abh., 6 f.

ff., Marstrander, NTS. 4, 424 f., Specht KZ. 62, 69 ff., Kretschmer Sbb. Wien, 225. Bd., 2. Lithuanian dti `lay, place, put', present 2. Pl. old deste (*d e-d -te), Sg. dem, desie-s,
h h

dest(i) (compare Bga Kalba ir s. 158, 213), neologism ded; Latvian dt (see above);

dvt `set down, do, place';

dj, djati `lay, place, do'; -va-iterative Old Church Slavic o-dvati `(to put), dress ', russ. in addition probably Lithuanian dvi, dvti `wear a dress'; a formant u also in gr.

Old Church Slavic dti `lay, place, say', present ded (*dedi) and dj (see above);

*F and (assim.) *F, compare `sit, put', Ionian (hom. written for [F]) `seat', Hes., Attic also ds., hom. compare also thrak. -dava ` settling, settlement ' from *d u or *d u; probably reshuffling after the concurrent *d-: *dou- `bestow, give';
h h

`sit', Attic poet. ds. (see to gr. group Bechtel Lexil. 161 f., Boisacq 335);

Note: The suffix -dava ` settling, settlement ' frequently scattered over the thrak. territory and city names is absent in Illyrian toponyms, hence Illyrian-alb. and trak. were two different people.

91, 112 f., 166), preterit 3. Sg. da-a-i; perhaps also dak-ki-e-zi (see above); place ', zikk- (I) ' lay, place ' (Friedric 202-203, 223-225, 260-261)

Hittite da-a-i (di) ` places, lays ', 1. Sg. te-e-i (tehhi), 3. Pl. ti-an-zi (Pedersen Hittite

Hittite: dai-, tai- (II) ' place, lay, put ', tija- (I) ' step, tread, be positioned ', tittanu- (I) ' put, Hittite: te- (I) 'say' (Friedric 219-220) : Old Church Slavic dti `lay, place, say'

Tocharian A t-, ts-, tas-, B tes- `lay, place' (*d -s- Pedersen Tocharian 186 f.); Tocharian B ttt- 'to place, set' (Adams 283 f) Lycian ta- `lay, place' (Pedersen. Lycian and Hittite 30 f.). ` pact, agreement, promise ' (: Lithuanian arkl-d ` stable '), sa-dh--m ` association ' (: Root nouns (in compositions): e.g. Old Indic vay-dh- ` imparting vitality ', sa-dh f.
h

Lithuanian sam-das), ratna-dh-- ` imparting treasure ', ni-dh-- m. ` container, treasure, tribute', sam-dh-- m. ` association, covenant, fusion ', Avestan gao-i- ` milk container '; Lithuanian samdas ` rent, rental ', idas `vessel', nuoda ` poison ', (old) nodia ` debt, blame, offense ', pdis ` the hen lays an egg ';

Old Prussian umnode ` bakehouse ', Lithuanian peld, Latvian pelude ` chaff container ', Trautmann 47 f.; if so also Old Icelandic oddr, Old English ord, Old High German ort `cusp, nominal formation: Church Slavic dtel `perpetrator'), gr. , Latin con-ditor ` a founder; hence, in gen., contriver, composer, author ';
h h

Old Church Slavic ob-do n. `', s-d `, '; compare Berneker 193 ff.,

peak' as *ud-d o-s ` pointed up'?

Old Indic dhtar- m. ` instigator, founder ', dhtr- `creator, god' (compare also Old

meeting', nbret. dael ` contest, quarrel ' (compare to meaning Phrygian );

h

compare *d -tlo- in Old Irish dl, acymr. datl, ncymr. dadl, abret. dadl `congregation, *d -ti- in Old Indic -dhiti- f. ` stead ', dv-hiti- ` God's statute ', gr. f. ` statute,
h

order ', Latin con-diti- f. ` an agreement, stipulation, condition, compact, proposition,

the chicken, the goose ', Old Church Slavic blago-dt ` Grace, blessing, gratitude '; *d creature ', Latin sacer-ds ` a priest, priestess ' (*sacro-d t-s).
h h h h

dd, Old High German tt `deed, act', Lithuanian dtis ` load, burden ', Pl. dtys ` lay of

gadds ` deed, position, place ', Old Icelandic d ` skillfulness, deed, act', Old English

terms, demand '; *d -ti-s in Avestan ni-iti- f. ` laying down, putting away, hiding ', Gothic

t- in thrak. PN , alb. dhat (*d -t) ` site '; *d -t- in Avestan dami-d-t ` the created Old Indic dhna-m ` container ', el. (?) `pact, covenant', Old High German

participle gitn, Old English dn ` done ', Old Church Slavic o-dn `(completed), vested '; inhabitation etc', gdhana-m ` cattle possession ', Avestan gao-ana- n. ` milk container '. Old Indic dhna-m ` sacrifice, offering, price in competition etc ', nidhnam ` layover, stay,

thing ', - ` something put on, a lid, cover; statue on a grave', m. `heap'; `probably keeping tidy, keeping in order '; thrak. plant name -
h

dman-, dman- n. `site, creature', gr. - ` anything devoted to evil, an accursed

Old Indic dhman- n. ` statute, law, dwelling, troop, multitude, crowd etc', Avestan

(Dioskor.) (from *ka-d mn) ` water settlement ', PN Uscu-dama;

secondary (after ) gr. n. ` that which is placed or laid down: money deposited, burial-place, common land, private burial-ground, something proposed as a prize, case proposed for discussion, theme of an argument, proposition, premise, arbitrary determination, primary (non-derivative) element or form, of the present tense, mode of

deposit; also, of grain; treasure, pile, of loaves, coffer, position, situation, nativity, common

reduction of an irregular syllogism ', compare also Inf. ; Avestan dmi- f. ` creation

', Adj. (also fem.) ` constituting, originating, creator, god'; gr. `that which is laid down

or established by custom', Gen. originally `*allowed by the laws of God and men, righteous ' as Goddess's name, then `right, law, custom', Pl. ` the foundation of a building; the innermost, core ', ` the foundation-stones ', hom. ( metr. lengthening) ` the foundations, lowest part, bottom, ground'; Alb. themel ` the foundation of a building; the innermost, core ' : hom. ( metr.

lengthening) ` foundation, ground' [probably a loanword]; themn `heel, bottom of the foot'. , femin. Pl. ` the piled up, tightly packed, crowded, close-set, thick ' (from *), ` thicket, shrubbery, bush, shrub'; in a *d -mo- ` settlement, branch,
h h

zero grade: `*massed; frequent, often ', `frequent, often, massed', hom.

dwelling' (compare , , Hes. [*d mio-], also Old Indic dhman`dwelling') or `heap, troop, multitude, crowd (the servant)' correlates one perhaps rightly also with Latin famulus ` a servant, a male slave, attendant ', familia ` a household (of household (of slaves), establishment ', Umbrian fameias ` a household (of slaves), establishment '; slaves), establishment ', Oscan famel ` a servant, a male slave, attendant ', famelo ` a

Note: Common Latin d- > f- shift congress, a living together', Latin ab-dmen `lower abdomen' as `intimate, hidden, secret -grade gr. `heap, barn, haystack'; Phrygian `an assembly, meeting,

organs ' (would be Latin *indmen), Middle Low German ingedme, bayr. ingetum ds.,

part', compare Old High German intuoma ` the chief internal organs of the body, significant

Gothic dms m. `judgement, fame' (dmjan `adjudicate'; from dem Germanic russ. dma

custom, state, status', Lithuanian dom, domess ` attention, directing of the thought and dmtis = domtis ` wonder, care, concern, follow, go, take interest '.
h

sense, mind, judgement, court', Old High German tuom `judgement, feat, deed, act,

`thought, notion, care; council meeting ' etc, s. Berneker 237), Old English dm `opinion,

will on something ', also Lithuanian dm ` spot upon which attention is directed ' etc,

lays an egg) ', priedl, predlis ` inclosure ', Old Bulgarian dlo n. `work', wherefore (see Berneker 195 f., Trautmann 48) Old Church Slavic dlja, dljma m. Gen. `because of', Lithuanian dl, del, dliai, Latvian dl' with Gen. `because of, for the sake of'.

dalidun ` they did ' (preterit of Germanic *dlian), Lithuanian pa-dls ` nest-egg (the hen

Old Icelandic dll ` easy to do, easy, without difficulty ' (*d -li-s); compare Proto Norse

Maybe from Slavic ne `not' + Old Church Slavic: dlo `work, matter' = Bulgarian (nedel'a), Serbian nedelja, Czech nedle, Polish niedziela `Sunday, holiday = no work' : Lithuanian: dlioti `put down, away' : Albanian djel `Sunday, holiday'.

` statute ' after Thurneysen (KZ. 51, 57) to Old Irish dedm, cymr. deddf (*d e-d -m) ds. (different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 492 ); , Attic : ` punishment '. Very doubtful a s21 h h

An occasional formation compare still gr. (Pind.), (lak. etc), (Attic)

extension would be attributed to Old Icelandic des (*dasj) ` hay stick, hay rick ' (loanword from dem Old Irish?), Old Irish dais (*dasti-) `heap, hay rick', wherewith E. Lewy (KZ. 52, 310) compares rather osset. dasun `pile up, lump'.

References: WP. I 826 ff., WH. I 266, 362 f., 439 ff., 863, Trautmann 47 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Page(s): 235-239 Gr. I 492, 686, 722, 725, 741, Pedersen Hittite 141 ff., 192.

Meaning: to disappear

Root / lemma: d -3, d h h

Material: Latin fams f. `hunger', ad fatim, affatim `ad lassitudinem, zur Genge', fatg `hetze ab, ermde', fatsc, -or `gehe auseinander; ermatte'; Note: common Latin d- > f- shift

`damage' (*d -mi-s);

h

away, die away, disappear, dwindle, waste away, melt, decay '; Old English demm with -s Old Norse dsi `idle' (Germanic *ds-), Middle High German dsic `still,

Old Irish ded- (present ru-deda, Fut. Plur. dedait, preterit con-ro-deda) ` vanish, pass

uncommunicative, stupid', changing through ablaut Norwegian dial. dase ` flabby person',

Danish dase ` be decayed '; Old Norse dsa(sk) ` swelter, decay ', dasask ` go bad, get worse'; Middle English dasen ` stun ' (engl. daze), dasewen ` be dark '. In all parts some dubious connections. About Old Irish de-d(a). compare Pedersen KG. II
h h

504 f.(from Perf. *d e-doue from to Gothic diwans ` perishable '? s. d eu- ` disappear ',
h

where also about Old Irish dth, Armenian di). The Germanic family finally reminds partly

old relationship from Old Norse desask etc. and Irish -deda . References: References: WP. I 829, WH. I 451. Page(s): 239

not only in the s-extension, but also in the meaning itself; at least, is to be reckoned on an

under *d eues- ` whisk ' discussed from ndd. dsig and have been directed partly after this

Meaning: a root used in religious terms Note: common Latin d- > f- shift
h

sRoot / lemma: d s-, d sh h h

Material: Armenian di-k` `gods' (PL *d ses);

festal, solemn, joyful, merry, originally from the religious celebration to devoted days ',

Latin friae (Old Latin fsiae) ` days of rest, holidays, festivals', fstus ` of holidays, festive,

Umbrian fesnaf-e `in a shrine, sanctuary, temple '; zero grade Latin fnum (*fas-no-m) ` a shrine, sanctuary, temple ' and Old Indic dhiya- ` devout, godly, pious, holy' (insecure fs, fstus above S. 105 f.
h h

Oscan fsnam Akk. ` an open place for observation, place marked off by the augur's staff ',

dhiayant- , see below d ei- `see'); about gr. `god' see below d eues-, about Latin References: WP. I 867, WH. I 453, 3 f.; EM 333, 347 f.
2

Page(s): 259

Meaning: to squeeze, press

lasl Root / lemma: d las- or d elB- (:d lls-)

h h

Material: Old Indic dhrd- ` millstone '; gr. ` squeeze, crush ' (Indo Germanic *d las- or *d ls), , ; Czech dlasmati `press' (*d ls-mo- or *d ols-mo-); hybridization with is also transfigured to . `' is hybridization of with , as on the other hand through
h h h h

Page(s): 271

References: References: WP. I 877, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 676.

lghgh Root / lemma: d llghMeaning: debt Material: Old Irish dligim ` be entitled to, earn ', mcymr. dlu, with epenthet. vowel dylyu `
h h h h

law, right' (*d lghito-m), cymr. dled, dyled, me. d(y)lyet f. ` obligation ', besides dlit ` russ. dolg, Serbo-Croatian dg (Gen. dga), poln. dug, Czech dluh ds. Gothic dulgs and the Slavic words have probably common origin. Page(s): 271-272 References: WP. I 868, Trautmann 55.
h

withheld, kept back ', corn. dylly ds., Middle Breton dellit ds., Old Irish dliged n. `obligation,

earnings ' (*d lght); Gothic dulgs ` debt ' (in money); Old Church Slavic dlg ` debt ',

Meaning: rope

[u]Root / lemma: d [u]- : d h

*-- or -);

Material: Gr. (), - f. `rope, cord, band, strap, string of the bow ' (places ahead Note: common Latin d- > f- shift

Latin fnis ` a rope, sheet, line, cord '; ablaut [u]-: -, if Latin not at most dial. Tocharian AB tsu-, tsaw `to unite ' (??).

development from ; after J. Duchesne-Guillemin (BSL. 41, 178) ostensibly here

References: WP. I 868, WH. 567 f. compare also Petersson Heterokl. 169 f. Page(s): 272

Meaning: to sharpen

Root / lemma: d -

with sharp edge ', gr. `sharp, sharp', `I sharpened, sharpen' (*-F uoparticiple, as e.g. *-F ` sliced ' in ; for *d - to o compare : -).
h h

Material: Old Indic dhr `cutting edge, sharpness, blade', Avestan dr f. ds., tiidra- `

`spit, pike'? And at most in addition as ` wound with a pike ' further die Germanic family of

pike, spear, lance', Old High German tart m. `spit, pike', Old Norse darra-r m., darr n.

from here due to *d -ro- ` pointed ' (: Old Indic dh-r) also Old English daro m. `spit,

Old Saxon Old English derian `injure, hurt', Old High German terren besides tarn, -n References: WP. I 867 f.

`harm, injure', Old English daru f. `damage, pity, injury ', Old High German tara f. ` injury '? Page(s): 272

Meaning: to crush, grind

reb Root / lemma: d re h h h

Material: Material: Gothic gadraban `cut out, '; Old Norse draf n., Old English drf n. `offal', Old Norse drafna ` separate in small parts ', bl-drefjar m. ` bloodstain '; Old Church Slavic droblj, drobiti ` crush, break, rupture, grind', russ. drob f. `break,

piece, fragment', russ.-Church Slavic drobn, Bulgarian drben `small, little', next to liver ', russ. drbezg `shards, debris'; Fick BB. 2, 199, Berneker 225-226 (m. further Lithuanian).

which with ablaut e : Bulgarian drben ds., dreb ` secession of wool, by rippling the flax;

Hes., so that the application of our root to `quarrying out of stones' would be old. A similar to root d reb- in: rebGerman drepen `meet, fight', Old High German treffan `meet, touch', Old Norse drep n. Old Norse drepa `prick, bump, poke, slay', Old English drepan `slay, meet', Middle Low
h

With Gothic hlaiw, atei was gadraban us staina compares Hoffmann BB. 18, 288

meeting ', Old English drepe m. (*drapi-) ` manslaughter ', Old Norse drp n. ds.; parts of existing poem by sog. stef; usually a praise song'. Page(s): 272-273 References: WP. I 875 f.

`blow, knock', Old English gedrep ds., Middle High German tref m. n. ` prank, blow, club,

presumably as kvi drepit stefjum: Old Norse drpa f. ` one from several distinguished

reghRoot / lemma: d regh-1 Meaning: to run *d rgh-);

h

Material: Material: Armenian durgn, Gen. drgan `potter's wheel' (after Meillet BSL. 36, 122 from

`wheel', `run', ` runner, summoner ', `sandpiper'; barely ` nape, neck '?? PedersenIF. 5, 56, Zup. KZ. 36, 57; Old Irish droch `wheel' (*drogo-n); padrti ds., but to say the least could be considered just as well as a variant in palatal
h h

gr. (Doric ), Fut. , `run', (: Old Irish droch)

It shows in palatal whereas Latvian dru, drzu, drzt `quick, fast run', Lithuanian

besides d ergh- `pull, drag'. Yet are likewise Lithuanian (pa)drti as also Latvian drzt ` run quickly, fast ' identical with Lithuanian drti, Latvian drzt `carve' (see d re-). The primary meaning is `carve'. All numerous other interpretations are to be explained by casual use. References: WP. I 874 f.

Page(s): 273

reghRoot / lemma: d regh-2

h h

Meaning: to pain, to suffer

Material: Old Indic drghat (Dhatup.) `afflicts, plagues, strives itself '; osset. w-drzin `stir, tease, irritate' (E. Lewy KZ. 52, 306);

expressive k?); irritate';

Old English dracu f. `plague, agony', dreccan `stir, tease, irritate, plague' (? with

Old Church Slavic raz-dra, -draiti ` enrage, irritate ', serb. drm, driti `stir, tease,

Maybe alb. trazonj `stir, tease, irritate'. basic, z instead of after the synonymous forms -zn.
h h h h

ein ni-abstract noun *dran `irritation' lies russ. draznt `stir, tease, irritate, banter' the

Also a root *d rgh- or *d rgh-: *d rgh-: *d rgh- wre mglich. Page(s): 273-274 References: WP. 1 875.

reRoot / lemma: d re-

Meaning: to pull

Material: Old Indic dhrjati ` glides, slides there ', pr-dhrajati ` hurries ', dhrjas- n., desire';

trghgh Note: synonymous with trgh- (see there)

dhrajati- f. ` the pranks, pull', dhrj- perhaps ` attraction ', dhrji-, dhrj- f. `pull, urge, Old Norse drk f. `stripe' (: Old Indic drj-); nasalized in addition perhaps Gothic drigkan,

gulp, draw from drinking-vessel ');

Old Icelandic drekka, Old English drincan, Old High German trinkan `drink' (`make a good Maybe alb. dreka, drek `dinner', dark (*drak) `supper' iu, -ti ` rend ', nudrti `pull down, destroy' (Jukevi 346); in addition probably drti `carve, hit, gehen' etc, Latvian drzt ds.; see below dregh-1; dreghLithuanian dreti ` smooth down ', dras, druo ` streaky ', also (?) Lithuanian dr-

(dergh-, dreg-) `flay' and Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 488 m. Lithuanian Page(s): 273 References: WP. I 874.

Latvian dragt `pull' against it presumably to Middle Dutch trecken `pull, drag', s. der-4 der-

reib Root / lemma: d rei h h

Meaning: to drive, to push

Material: Gothic dreiban `drive, push, bump, poke', Old Norse drfa `come pulling, pull, drag, stream' etc, Old English drfan `drive, push, hunt, chase, overthrow ', Old Saxon hurl, impel, propel, expel ' (zero grade schw. Verb tribn ` set in violent motion, drive Norse drift f. ` drive, impel, drift, propel, push, thrust, snowdrift ', drif n. ` what floats dran `be moved, dispelled ', Old High German trban ` beat, strike, knock, push, drive, onward, move, impel, urge ', uolatribn ` thrust through, pierce through, transfix '); Old

through the air, snowfall ', Old English drif n. ` drive, impel, drift, propel, push, thrust, the ds., Modern High German Trift `pasture, herd';

driven ', drf f. ` drive, impel, drift, propel, push, thrust, drift, herd', Middle High German trift Lithuanian drimb, drbti ` laggard, clodhopper, lubber, looby, hobbledehoy, lummox,

e- series: drebi, drbti ` pour, make stains with viscous liquid '.

drib-, to which could belong likewise the i- as the e- series, the transfer has occurred in the

squab, dub, lug', snigas drimba ` the snow falls thickly ' (= Old Norse drfr snr); from

References: WP. I 872, 876, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 68 f., Specht KZ. 68, 41. Page(s): 274

reughRoot / lemma: d reugh-1

h h

Meaning: to tremble, shake

Material: Old English dryge `dry' etc, see above S. 254 f. under dhereugh-; Lithuanian drugs `fever; butterfly', Latvian drudzis `cold fever; fever', drudzint ` neigh

after fodder ' (`*to shake'), perhaps Old Prussian drogis `reed' (if for drugis, s. Trautmann Old Prussian 323 m. Lithuanian, Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 502); perhaps Latvian drugt ` collapse, diminish ', Berneker 231 between; s. also under S. 279;

Hes. and , ds. Hes. [common alb. -gh- > -dh-]. Page(s): 275
h

Dissyllabic root form *d ereugh- or *d ereug- one supposes in gr. Hes., Maybe alb. Geg (*d ereugh-) dredh `tremble, twist', dridhem `tremble, quiver, have a fever'
h h

flounder, twitch ', russ. dro, -t, perf. drgnut `tremble, quiver' (etc, s. Berneker 231).

poln. dr, drec `tremble', old also `have a fever', drga, perf. drgn `tremble, quiver;

References: WP. I 873 f., Berneker 231.

reughRoot / lemma: d reugh-2

Meaning: to deceive, harm

Old Indic drgha-, drha- m. `insult, damage, betrayal ', Avestan draoga- ` fallacious ', m. damage, fiend, ghost', m. `fiend, demon', Avestan druj- f. `lie, falsity, deception; `lie, falsity, deception ', Old pers. drauga- ` fallacious ', Old Indic drh- ` injuring ', f. `

Old pers. Imperf. adurujya (= Old Indic adruhyat) ` lied ', Avestan druaiti ` lies, cheats ',

common Old Indic h- > k-

Material: Old Indic drhyati `seeks to harm, harms' (Fut. dhrkyti, participle drugdh-);

impersonating the lie, falsity';

Middle Irish aur-ddrach (after the sounds from *druag = Old Indic drgha-) `ghost'; zero grade Old Saxon gidrog n. ` delusion ', Middle Dutch gedroch ds., Old High German gitrog n. `deceit, devilish phantasmagoria '; Old Norse draumr, Old High German troum, Old Saxon drm, engl. dream `dream' (Germanic *rau()ma- ` delusion '). Old Saxon bidriogan, Old High German triogan ` deceive ', Old Norse draugr m. `ghost';

deception ', while to zero grade *d ru-gh- from *d ur-gh- adjusted itself to a new zero grade Indo Germanic *d reugh-, *d rough-. With the extending gh would be identical with Modern ergh High German Zwerg, if this word not goe back to a miscellaneous Indo Germanic d uergherghh h h h h

Indo Germanic d reugh- is very probably related with d uer- ` bring to trap through
h h

` dwarfish, crippled ' (see there). Page(s): 276 References: WP. I 874.

reuRoot / lemma: d reuh

Meaning: to crumble, grind fall down, trickle down '

h h

Note: with it are probably linked from intransitive ` crumble ' explicable words for `tumble, reus- ruMaterial: 1. d reus-, d ru-s-:

), (Hes.) `frail, breakable', , `piece, fragment, wound',

Gr. (, ) `rupture, crunch ', , (*-

v. m. Lithuanian); (Hom.), (Lycian) `break, rupture, shatter ',

h h

(Lycian), (Eur.) `shatter ' (point at *[]-, s. Boisacq s.

grade and lengthened grade of d rus-, next to which d reus-; s. Bechtel KZ. 46, 164); Wartburg III 163);
h

Hes.(* from *--; gr. -- and -:- are to be interpreted as zero cymr. dryll `piece, fragment' (*d rus-lio-), gallorom. Pl. drullia ` dross ' (Kleinhans bei Gothic drauhsns f. Pl. ` gobbet, crumbs '; probably as metathesis from *d rs-kna with
h h h

English drahnian - s. d er-2, d reugh- `hold, stop' - respective words would permit to look erreughds.; at most at both traditional forms as really spoken; but compare besides Gothic drausns Gothic driusan `fall, tumble, fall down', Old Saxon driosan, Old English drosan `fall',

nearest connectable Baltic druska; interference to Modern High German trocken, Old

norw dial. drysia ` trickle down '; Kaus. Gothic gadrausjan `prostrate', Old High German gedehnter zero grade: Old English drsian ` be sluggish (from age)', engl. drowse `be

trren `drip, trickle, make drip, moult '; in addition as ` collapse, bend ' with lautsymbolisch sleepy'; Old High German trrn ` be knocked down, mourn; lower the eyes ', Middle High

dreyri m. (*drauzan-) ` the blood dripping from the wound ', Old Saxon drr m. `blood' (Old

German trrec ` sad '; Old English changing through ablaut drorig ` grieving '; Old Norse

blood';

English changing through ablaut dror m. ds.), Middle High German trr m. `dew, rain, Latvian druska `crumb', Lithuanian drusk `salt' (*crumb), Old Prussian druskins

`earwax' (consigns dmskins); in addition Balto Slavic *druzga `small piece' in Lithuanian drzgas ds., sloven. drzgati `crush', etc Labial extensions: fragile ', and n. `piece, fragment', ` softness, luxuriance ', ` mushy, softish, delicate, mollycoddle ' (see also Boisacq s. v. ); Latvian drubaa ` Trumm ', drubazas `splinter of wood'. Trmmer gehen ', drapt ` crumb, spall, crumble '; compare Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 505. triofan `drip, drop ', o-grade schw. Verb, Old English drapian ` drip, trickle down ', e-grade dropi m. `drip', Old English dropa, Old Saxon dropo ds.; Intens. Old English dryppan, d reub-: Old Norse dripa, Old Saxon driopan, Old English dropan, Old High German reubh

d reu -: gr. () ` grind, crumb, spall, crumble; enfeeble, soften, make reub
h h h

d reup-: Old Saxon drn, drvn ` be grieving '; Latvian drupu, drupt ` zerfallen, in reup-

dropian ds., Old Norse drpa (*-n) `berhangen, droop down, bend down ', Old Norse

drepan `drip, trickle';

droppian, Old High German tropfn `drip', tropfo `drip'; Old Icelandic dreypa, Old English Old Irish drucht `drip' (*d ruptu-s).

Page(s): 274-275
h

Meaning: hair, bristle Note:

h h

righreikhRoot / lemma: d righ- (or d reikh-)

h

righreikhereh Root / lemma: d righ- (or d reikh-) : `hair, bristle' derived from Root / lemma: d erehMaterial: Gr. , f. `hair, bristle', therefrom , Attic f. ` a fish with fine Maybe alb. driz ` blackthorn, sloe ' : gr. f. `hair, bristle' : Old Irish driss ` blackthorn '. fishbone ', , ds.; (d rh-n-) : `to wind, turn, *release, discharge, disband'. nh h

11

182, Trautmann 61 f., Kluge

References: WP. I 872 f., WH. I 553 f., Wissmann Nom. postverb. 21, 104, 136, 140 f., s. v. Trauer.

Middle Irish gairb-driuch (*drigu- or *driku-) `bristle' (garb `rough'); likewise Swiss Trische (11. Jh. trisca); from gr. derives probably Italian-lombard. trissa ` burbot '; out of it probably

drikti ` distend, take off (a thread)', drkti ` hang down in long threads ', slovak. driek m. as *d reikh- .
h

whether Balto Slavic *draika- `stretched long' as *d roiko- here belongs, also Lithuanian
h

`stem', drieny ` stocky ', Old Bulgarian drkol ` shaft, pole', etc, could our root be placed

Maybe alb. (*d reikh) derth, derdh ` hang down, pour ', (*d reikh) dreth, dredh `twist, curl (hair)', dredh `lock, curled hair' common alb. -k > -th. 223, 232. References: WP. I 876, Jud BullGlPat. Suisse Rom. 11, 8 , Trautmann 58 f., Berneker
2 h h

Page(s): Page(s): 276 ronoRoot / lemma: d ronoh h h

Meaning: multicoloured

Material: For gr. Pl. `flower decorations in garments (by alexandrin. poets for

, charm, spell, sorcery, necessitated medicinal herbs), colored garments, colored animals' infer Hoffmann BB. 15, 86, Lidn Stud. 67 f. a basic meaning `varicolored'.

(Animals like the deer and roe are named often as ` dappled, varicolored'), therefore an Illyrian basic form *drani- (Indo Germanic d roni-) through the probable Illyrian Hesych explanation (- recommended for -) is advisable.
h

Under these basic meaning compares Lidn aaO. alb. dr-ri, Geg dre-ni- m. `deer'

Irish druine ds.

Stokes Ml. Kern [RC 24, 217] supposed for ` embroidery ' because of Middle

Page(s): 276-277

References: WP. I 876 f., WH. I 374.

ug(h)ter terRoot / lemma: d ug(h)ter-

Meaning: daughter, *thin girl

ug(h)ter tereuRoot / lemma: d ug(h)ter- : `daughter' derived from d -suffixed root: d eu-d - ` shake, blow, etc.' earlier Root / lemma: deuk- : `to drag, pull, attract'. deukh h h h h h h h

Note: guttural as with eg(h)om ` I ', see there.

confuse ' of Root / lemma: d eu-4, d eu- (:d u-), d u-k-, d u-s-) : `to reel, dissipate, Root eu

Material: Maybe from *d ued -: East Frisian dwatje ` stupid girl ', dwatsk ` simple, unusual ', jtisch dvot ` suffering of dizziness ' Note: meaning Latin alb. Geg (*vargha) varza, tosk vaj `girl, virgin' : Latin virga ` thin branch, erer erer hRoot / lemma: uer-3: E. uer-h- (*suerh-): `to turn, press, strangle' < [common Latin su rh : Germanic -s- > -r-] of Root / lemma: ueis-2 : `to turn, bend'. eis eisArmenian (with s from k after u) dustr, Gen. dster, (dowstr) Old Indic duhitr- (duhit), Avestan dugdar-, duar- (from *dughter-), npers. duxtar, duxt, rod ' (from *uiz-g), virg ` girl, virgin ';
h h

gr. (shift of stress as in , but still as ), Oscan futr, Dat. fu(u)tre (Vetter Gl. 29, 242); Maybe Luvian tuwatar- : Lycian cbatru, kbatra : Tocharian A ckcar, tkcer `daughter'. Gothic dahtar, Old Norse dttir (Runic Nom. Pl. dohtriR), Old High German tohter,

ckcar, tkcer `daughter'. Note:

Lithuanian dukt, -ers, Old Prussian duckti, Old Church Slavic dti, -ere, Tocharian A

Old Church Slavic: dti `daughter' [f r], dtere [Gens] Russian: do' `daughter' [f r], deri [Gens] Old Czech: dci `daughter' [f r], dcee [Gens]

Serbo-Croatian: k `daughter' [f r], k ri [Gens]; `daughter' [f r], ra [Gens] Slovene: h `daughter' [f r], hre [Gens]; h `daughter' [f r], hre [Gens] References: WP. I 868, WH. I 557. Alb. Tosc (*hoc) goc `daughter', Geg cuc `daughter'.

Page(s): 277

Meaning: to hum

en- unen Root / lemma: d uen-, d unh h

soughing, roaring, thundering ', dhunyati ` soughs ';

dhvan- m. `sound, a certain wind', dhvanita- n. `sound, tone, echo, thunder', dhni- `

Material: Old Indic dhvnati ` sounds, soughs', dhvan- m. `sound, echo, thunder, word',

tuni ds.; Old Norse dynia (preterit dunda) `din, drone, rant, roister', Old English dynnan, Old Saxon dunnian Middle High German tnen `din, drone'; (under the influence of

Old Norse dynr m. ` resonance ', Old English dyne n. ds., engl. din, Old High German

common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Germanic extensions therefrom seem Old Norse dynkr rapid blow, jog with the elbow ' and ndd. dunsen `din, drone, stomp', Swedish dial. dunsa Interference of new sound imitations (onomatopoeic words) comes for Germanic words `din, fuss, noise, blow, knock', Middle English dunchen, engl. dunch ` strike with a short

`crack, creak, hit'.

just as for Lithuanian dundti `violent knock, hit, din, drone' in question. Page(s): 277 References: WP. I 869.

er er er Root / lemma: d uer-, d uererMeaning: to ruin by deceiving Note: (:d ur- : d ru-)
h h h h h

Material: Old Indic dhvrati ` damages ', participle dhrut-, -dhrut (and -dhvrt), dhrti- f. ` daemon '; dhrvati ` brings down through deception, damages ' (zero grade of a heavy Latin fraus, -dis f. `deceit, cunning deception, damage, punishment ', frausus sum
h

deception, seduction ', *d var- ` deceiving ' in dhvars- f. (Nom. -) `a kind of female
h

basis d uer-), dhrta- ` deceitful ', m. ` cheater ', dhrt- f. ` deceitful injury, damage '; (Plaut), Umbrian frosetom ` cheated, beguiled, defrauded, robbed ', Latin frstra (newer probably as d-extension our root here (see above under d reugh-); unclear is only a (popular saying? EM 382; incredible WH. I 543); Note: common Latin d- > f- shift here probably Hittite du-wa-ar-na-a-u-un (dwarnaun?) ` I broke '. Page(s): 277 References: WP. I 869 f., 874, WH. I 543 f.
h

frstr) ` in deception, in error, in vain ', therefrom frstror, -ri ` deceive, cheat ' belong

Meaning: low (in stature), crippled

ergh- drughergh Root / lemma: d uergh- : drugh-

reckoned under other names of physical ailments and perhaps stands for ` dwarfish,

Material: Bartholomae IF. 12, 131 Anm. connects Avestan drva- (i.e. druva-), which is

crippled ', with Old Norse dvergr, Old English dweorg, engl. dwarf, Middle Low German

dwerch, nnd. dwarf, Old High German twerc, Middle High German twerc, -ges, Modern dorf; after Krogmann (KZ. 62, 143) in addition Latvian drugt `sink down' (see above reughd reugh-1).
h

High German Zwerg, wherefore zero grade *durg in Old Norse dyrgja `dwarf, midget', ndd.

regard to to Old Indic dhvars- `a kind of female daemon ', root d uer- `bring down through deception '; it could have derived from d uer- then with the same -gh, which agrees also with the root for puckish creature of deception. References: WP. I 871 f.
h h h h h h h

Otherwise for Germanic the interpretation would derive as ` creature of deception ' with

form d reu-gh- (d uer-gh- : d urgh- : d rugh-, d reugh-); also latter deriving from appellation

Page(s): 279

Meaning: door

urRoot / lemma: d ur-, d ur-, d ur-, d urh h h h

extensions partly with to supposed collective meaning, partly (as neuter) in the position as 2. composition parts. Material: Old Indic Nom. Pl. dvra, Akk. Pl. dur, dra, Nom. Du. dvr(u) `door' (loss of Aspiration originally in den b -case through influence of dvu `two'), dur- n.
h h

(see below), woud probably fit to a certain degree already proto forms -o- and --

Note: besides this conservative stem, the proto form of plural and dual of such a measure

`dwelling, homeland' (-no-derivative of Lok. Du. Aryan *d uru); o -stem dvram n. (new) `door' in compounds atdura- n. `secretive place with 100 doors'; Avestan Akk. Sg. dvarm, Lok. dvar `gate, courtyard ', Old pers. duvaray ` at the gate ';

doorpost, doorsill ' (*d ur + *ant, see there);

h

Sg. dun, Gen. dran `door, gate, courtyard ' (n-Dekl. derive from Akk. Sg. in -m ), dr-and ` gr. presumably from conservative stem still Hes.; ` out

Armenian Pl. dur-k`, Akk. z-durs (*-ns) `door', i durs ` out of doors, forth, out, outside ',

through the doors, out of doors, forth, out ' (i.e. -, either Old Indic dura, Armenian durs or from -stem , so that from - about -), as 1. composition part perhaps ` habe meinen Aufenthalt an (vor) der Tre, lagere im Freien ' from - (but it could have derived also from ), very archaic `the revolvable doorpost ' (also ` Wagenachse, Eckpfosten des Wagenkastens ' from *d ur-io-);
h

dura- n.);

o-stem in `room before the door, vestibule of the house' (: Old Indic at-stem `door' (hom. mostly Pl.), Attic ` outside ', hom. -, -;

compare still `Trchen' (: Old Indic dr(i)ya- `zur door or zum Haus gehrig'), , - `window' (actually `Trchen') `door', `Trstein; groer long shield', in historic connection with it);
h

`Vorhalle, vestibule in Haus' (: Gothic darns f. Pl. `zweiflgliges gate', yet barely alb. (d uer-) der f. `door', Pl. der (conservative stem *d ur-);

Note: conservative stem of plural forms (alb. phonetic trait)

h

Phonetic mutations: Alb. alb. (d uera) der f. `door' : gr. (d uera) `door' : Proto-Slavic form: [dvr See also: dvor - Page in Trubaev: V 171-172] Old Church Slavic: dvr `door' [f i] : Russian: dver' `door' [f i]
h h

Therefore proto Illyrian gave alb. d ue- > de-, gr. d ue- > du-, Slavic d ue- > dve-. the Sg. foris, -is is secondary; -stem in fors ` out through the doors, out of doors, forth, Latin Plur. fors f. ` folding-doors ' (older conservative stem *d uor- reshaped to i-stem);
h h h

out ', fors ` an open space, public place, court, market-place ' (the vowel after fors); in an open space, public place, court, market-place '; about Latin forus see above S. 134; Irish dorus n. `door', in-dorus `before' from Celtic *duorestu-; with it phonetically not
h h

addition forum n. ` an open space, public place, court, market-place '; Umbrian furo, furu, ` cymr. abret. corn. dor f. `door' (*d ur or *d uor; latter vowel gradation certainly in Old

`shut', nir. druidim ` I close ' from *druzd-); o-stem gall. doro `door', Duro-, -durum in PN, RC 20, 355) from *d uorato-; compare gall. *doraton `grille, lattice door' in gallorom. 1390), GN?;
h

compatible cymr. drws `door', from Thurneysen IA. 33, 25 places to Middle Irish drut, druit

Old Irish dor m. ds.; acorn. darat, mcorn. daras `door', bret. Pl. dorojou, dial. doredou (Loth *doratia (or *duratia?), Kleinhans bei Wartburg III 139; unclear is gall. dvorico (Holder I Old High German turi, Old Franconian duri `door', Old Norse dyrr ` doorway ', fem. Pl.
h h

German tor, Old Saxon dor, dur, Old English dor n. `gate' (*d urom); Gothic daurns see above (: ); Old Icelandic for-dyri n. ` vestibule ';
h

*durunz, also Old High German Dat. Pl. tur-un, -on); o-stem Gothic dar n., Old High

(Nom. Pl. *d ur-es); Old English duru ds. (extended after Akk. Pl. *d ur-ns, Germanic

from `*aperture'?) it is not certainly poln. loanword;

lacks Lithuanian dvras ` grange ' because of dvrti ` unbolt, unlock ' (also drys `door'

Nom. Pl.drys), Latvian duris, drvis, Old Prussian dauris f. Pl. `door' (au error); however,

Lithuanian durs Akk. Pl. dr Gen. Pl., dial. and old dres Nom. Pl. (then i-inflection:

with consonant-ending e.g. Lok. *dvrch); o-stem Old Church Slavic dvor ` courtyard '; Hittite: ? an-dur-za (adv.) ' within, inside, in ' (*'indoors'), Tischler 37-38. Tocharian twere `doors'. Page(s): 278-279 References: WP. I 870 f., WH. I 529 f., Trautmann 63, EM 377 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 625 .
1

Old Church Slavic dvri `door' (*Akk. Pl. in -ns; root stem d ur- from the reduced case
h

Meaning: goat Note:

dighRoot / lemma: digh-

dighdeih Root / lemma: digh- : `goat' derived from a zero grade of Root / lemma: deih- : `to prick;

tick'. From the older root Root / lemma: deih- : `to prick; tick' derived Root / lemma: ai- : deih aithe gr. cognate derived from proto Illyrian

`goat' and Root / lemma: - : `goat' [common Baltic - Illyrian - alb. de-, da- > zero]. Hence Material: Gr.-thrak. . (*dighia), compare thrak. PN - (as -

to Hes.); Old High German ziga `goat', with hypocoristic consonant increase Old English ticcen, Old High German zick, zickn `young goat, kid' (but about `sheep' (event. hybridization of Swedish dial. takka `sheep' with nord. equivalent of = Middle Low German tke ds.

Modern High German Zecke see above under deih-); here perhaps Norwegian dial. tikka deih Zicklein), tiksa `sheep, bitch', tikla `young sheep or cow', as well as Old Norse tk f. `bitch' Armenian tik `hose from animal skin ' it is put here by Lidn (Arm. Stud. 10 f., Don. nat.
1

Sydow 53 ) as originally ` goatskin ', must go back to *dig- (taboo distortion?). Page(s): 222

References: WP. I 814, WH. I 632, 868. After Risch (briefl.) perhaps originally Lockruf.

ro- r Root / lemma: dp-ro-, dp- r Meaning: cattle

e

Material: Armenian tvar `ram, herd of cattle' (*tivar < *dp r); Gothic tibr ` oblation '
e

ds., Late Middle High German ungezbere, unzver, Modern High German Ungeziefer derives from Germanic
e

(meliorated from aibr), Old High German zebar ` sacrificial animal ', Old English tfer, tber

actually ` impure, animal not suited to the sacrifice '. Old French (a)toivre ` draft animal ' Maybe alb. (*db r) dorbria `heard of cows'. Page(s): 222

References: WP. I 765, WH. I 323, Feist 19 b, 477 a.

Root / lemma: dlk- (?) Meaning: sweet Material: Gr. , `sweet', , Hes. (-- from from -- after folg. ; about late `must, stum', `sweet' s. WH. I 380; Latin dulcis `sweet, mellifluous, gentle' (from *dlkui-s). Page(s): 222 References: WP. I 816, WH. I 380. -ku-), (late) `must, stum' (ablaut neologism); from because of folg. ; --

Root / lemma: dnh, dnhu h Meaning: tongue Note: often reshaped through anlaut change and rearrangements

Material: Old Indic jihv f., Avestan hizv ds. (Proto Aryan *ihu from *dahu with i Maybe Root / lemma: dnh dnhu : `tongue' derived from Root / lemma: d erehh, ereh (d rh-n-) : `to wind, turn'. nh h

from lih- `lick' or from jih- ` turn down '; iran. *sizv probably through sound dissimilation);

hizbna-, Middle Persian huzvn ds., North Aryan bin m. `tongue, discourse ' (*vihvn after E. Leumann North Aryan Spr. 127 f.); Armenian lezu, Gen. lezvi places in ending -ghu away from *dnghu, the first syllable

different Wackernagel-Debrunner III 192), Avestan hiz m. ds.; with -n- for - Old pers.

besides -stem in Old Indic juh f. `tongue, spoon' (with u after juhti ` pour into the fire ',

probably influenced by leih- `lick'; leih

Note: common Latin d- > l-; also common Italic-Latin d- > f- shift. Hoffilleriana 153; Old Latin dingua, Latin lingua (with l- from lingere); Oscan fangvam (Vetter Serta

Maybe alb. (*dnghu) gluha `tongue, language' not from Latin lingua for alb. has preserved -h- in contrast to Latin Hence alb. d- . l- mutation is genuine. Alb. (*dnghu) gluha `tongue' is similar to formation alb. (*dlagh-t-) glat, gjat, gjat `long'. Old Irish teng (-stem) and tengae, Gen. tengad with t- after tongid ` swears '; but Old

`taste' (Celtic *tamto-?);

Middle Breton teaut, bret. teod, wherefore corn. tava, Middle Breton taffhaff, bret. tanva Gothic tugg f., Old Norse Old Saxon tunga, Old English tunge, Old High German

Irish ligur `tongue' to Latin ligurri; unclear is mcymr. tafawt, cymr. tafod, acorn. tauot,

piece of the blade ', Middle Low German tange `sand shift between two marshes';

zunga, with -n- instead of -; as ablaut neologism perhaps here Old Norse tangi ` clutch Balto Slavic in- m. in Old Prussian insuwis; Lithuanian lievis (after liti `lick'); Old

Church Slavic jzy-k, Serbo-Croatian jzik, poln. jzyk, russ. jazk; to contraction of anlaut. d- s. J. Schmidt, Krit. 77; Note: Common Illyrian-Baltic d- > zero. metathesis from *tankwa, Indo Germanic *dnhu). Sprachtabu 123 f. Page(s): 223

Tocharian A kntu, Gen. kntwis, B kntwo, Obl. kntwa sa (*kantwa, reconverted with

References: WP. I 1792, WH. I 806 f., Trautmann 104, Specht Dekl. 83, Havers

Meaning: arm Note:

dousRoot / lemma: dous-

dousRoot / lemma: dous- : `arm' derived from an archaic root *heus `hand, arm' (see below). Material: Old Indic d- n. (m.), Gen. do ` forearm, arm, lower part of the forefoot with (*dous-nt-s), Gen. doat `arm'; Latvian pa-duse (zero grade) ` Achselhhle; Busen des loss (ein Erklrungsversuch by Berneker 233 f.) Old Bulgarian etc pazucha `'. But she shift h- > d- is a unique Old pers., Baltic, celt., Illyrian-alb..

animals', Avestan dao- m. ` upper arm, shoulder', npers. d `shoulder'; Old Irish do

Kleides '; sloven. pzduha, pzdiha besides pzuha, pziha `armpit', and with the same d-

dousRoot / lemma: dous- : `arm' derived from an archaic root *heus `hand, arm' (see below). But she shift h- > d- is a unique Old pers., Baltic, celt., Illyrian-alb.. Two other roots, respectively Root / lemma: hesor-1, hesr- : `hand' and Root / lemma: hesorhesrcommon PIE suffix variants -tar, -ter, -tra, -tre. : Old Indic hsta- m. `hand', Avestan zasta-, Old pers. dasta- ds.;

Note:

hesto-2 : `hand, arm' derived from an extended archaic root heus + reduced form of the hesto-

The key link between Root / lemma: dous- (*heus-): `arm' derived from an archaic root dous- heus- : hestolemma: hesto-2 (*heus-): `hand, arm' are Baltic : Latvian pa-duse (zero grade) ` armpit ' heus- : : Lithuanian pa-ast, pa-asts f. ` place under the arm, armpit '. Note: common Baltic-Illyrian h- > z : Old pers., Avestan, Illyrian- alb. - celt. h- > z, d. Page(s): 226 References: WP. I 782, Trautmann 64. *heus `hand, arm' and Root / lemma: hesor-1, hesr- (*heus-): `hand' and Root / hesorhesr- heus- :

ddu- duRoot / lemma: d- : d-, also d-u- : du- : duMeaning: to give di-d-mi. Grammatical information: (perfective) Aoristwurzel with secondary present di-d-mi , Inf. dman : gr. , compare Latin damin `hand over, deliver, give up,

Material: Old Indic d-d-ti (Aor. -d-m, Opt. dym, Fut. dsyti, Aor. Med. dita = gr. render, furnish, pay, surrender', whether originally infinitive) `gives' (pli. dinna to a present

*di-d-ti), (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Avestan daditi ds., Old pers. Imp. dadtuv ` he should give '; root nouns Old Indic d[s] stu ` be a giver '; Infin. dtum (: Latin Supin. datum); participle dit- (uncovered), secondary datt-, zero grade
11

in -t-t-, pr-t-ta- `devoted', ablaut. in tv-dta- ` you gave from ', Avestan dta-; to Fut. Old Indic dsymi (: Lithuanian dosiu) s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 788 ; Armenian ta-m `d', ta-mk` `we hand over, deliver, give up, render, furnish, pay,

surrender ' (*d-ie-mi), Aor. etu (= -d-m, Indo Germanic *e-d-m);

participle , Infin. hom. and hom. Thessalian etc (locative without suffix); Venetic zoto `he/she has handed over, delivered, given up, rendered, furnished ' = gr.

gr. -- `give', Aor. , Opt. (*doiim). Fut. , Aor. Med. ,

; zonasto `he/she has given as a present, presented, bestowed, granted,

dnum); mess. pi-do (*d-t : Old Indic a-dt);

h

vouchsafed, confered ' maybe from *dn-s-to from a denom. *dni (*dno-m : Latin alb. (*d uo-sm) da-sh Aor. ` I gave ' (*d-sm); : alb. subjunctive dhasht ` let him give '

after st- for *d = Lithuanian du, do-k [Specht KZ. 55, 182], gr. hom. --);

Old Latin danunt; ded, dtum, dre `give, grant, bestow', refl. ` betake oneself' (ds with Vestinian di-de-t ` delivers, gives up, renders, furnishes, pays, surrenders ', Paelignian

Latin d, ds, dat, dmus (*d-ms), dtis, dnt (secondary fur *dent from *(di)-d-ti),

di-da `he/ she should deliver, give up, render, furnish, pay, surrender ', Umbrian dirsa,

dersa, tea ` he/ she should deliver, give up, render, furnish, pay, surrender ' (*didt), tetu, `he/she has been given' (*di-da-ter), a-tea-fust `he/she will have handed round ' (*am-deyield, abandon, render ' (*dd(-di)-dd), dadid `he/she will have delivered, given up, dirstu, titu `he/ she shall deliver, give up, render, furnish, pay, surrender ' (*di-de-td), tete

da-fos-t); Oscan da[da]d ` he/ she should give away, give up, surrender, deliver, consign,

delivered, given up, rendered, furnished, surrendered ' (= Latin d-d-t, old dedet), Umbrian surrendered ' (*dedust), etc; Faliscan porded `he/she has stretched out, spreaded out, put redupl. present Italian *di-d(?) in Latin redd (reddid, redditum, reddere) `give back' teust, dirsust `he/she will have handed over, delivered, given up, rendered, furnished,

give up, render, furnish, pay, surrender ', dedet, Umbrian dede `he/she has handed over,

rendered, furnished, surrendered ' (*dd(-de)-dd), di-de-st `he/she will hand over, deliver,

forth, reached out, extended ' (*por(-de)-ded);

from *re-d(i)-d (?) is ostensibly themat. metathesis from *di-d-mi; other compounds are d-d, d-d, -d, pr-d, tr-d and *ven-d; participle Latin dtus `bestowed' = Faliscan datu `given, delivered, given up,

surrendered ', Vestinian data ` been delivered, given up, surrendered ', Paelignian datas ` been delivered, given up, surrendered ' (: gr. ); Supin. datum (: Old Indic Infin. dtum);

go away, depart, retire!' Pl. cette from *ce-dte (: gr. );

here perhaps in spite of WH. I 193 Latin ce-d ` go from, give place, remove, withdraw, Lithuanian domi (nowadays secondary dodu, Latvian dudu, based on neologism to
h

dost(i) `gives', Old Prussian dst ds., after Konek Listy filol. 65, 445 and Szemernyi Et.

Old Lithuanian Ipv. duodi from *d-d i-, East Lithuanian domu), 2. Sg. dosi, 3. Sg.

Slavic Roum. 1, 7 ff. (compare E. Fraenkel Baltic Sprachw. 11 f.) not on older reduplication

(angebl. *d-d-mi, Balto Slavic *ddmi, 3. Sg. *d-d-ti, Balto Slavic *ddti > *dsti), but on an unreduplicated athemat. inflection (*dmi, Pl. *dms); Lithuanian dosti, Old Bulgarian dast are imitations from Lithuanian sti `eats' etc, which lie besides Lithuanian

*(d)mi, Old Bulgarian jam (from *d-m-), where d would be perceived as suffix of the root; to Fut. Lithuanian dosiu see above S. 223.

eating', where d was perceived again a formant. serb. dti, russ. dat.

(after jadt etc); Old Church Slavic dada `gift' is an analogical form after *dja `food,

The same would be assumed from Old Church Slavic dam ` I will give ', 3. Pl. dadt

Infin. Lithuanian doti, Latvian dut, Old Prussian dt (*d-ti-) = Old Church Slavic dati,

For preterit Lithuanian davia, Latvian devu `gave' see below. bestowed'; *d-ta- ds. in Old Prussian dts, Lithuanian dotas, Latvian duts; participle *d-na- in Old Church Slavic pr-dan, serb. dn, Czech dn, klr. dnyj `

einzelsprachl. innovations are serb. dial. dt, Czech dt; in addition Lithuanian duotina

*dtun `to give' in Old Prussian daton (Infin.); Lithuanian dot, Old Church Slavic otdat, sloven. dat; compare Slavic *dat-k in sloven. dodtk, poln. dodatek, russ. dodtok `bonus, addition';

`nubile, marriageable', russ.-Church Slavic podatn, russ. podtnyj ` generous '; Supin.

`take'); against it Couvreur 206 ff.

Pedersen (Murilis 68) and Kretschmer (Glotta 19, 207) (`give' - `for give to oneself'-

Hittite d- `take', 1. Sg. da-a-i (dai), 3. Sg. da-a-i (di), would be placed here by

, , Latin dtor, datrx. - Old Indic dtr-, Avestan dra- n. `gift'. dtel `giver'.

nominal formation: Old Indic dtar-, dtr- `giver', gr. , ds., zero grade *d-tel- in Old Church Slavic datelj (*d-tel-iu-) `giver', Czech udatel ` bighead ', russ.

`dowry';

Hes. (and conservative stem *d-t- in ) `gift', -, -, Latin ds, -tis

procuring the offering, presenting the sacrifice ', Avestan diti- `grant, gift, impartment ', gr.

Old Indic *dti- `bestowal, gift' in dti-vra- `allotting willingly, generous ', havya-dti- `

Lithuanian Inf. doti: Slavic *dat `gift' (e.g. in Old Church Slavic blagodat `', russ.

pdat `tax'), Inf. dati; zero grade Old Indic dti-, gr. `gift', Latin dati-, -tinis (old *-

tnes) ` the bestowing ' (suffix as in gr. `gift'); with zero gradation in enclitic Old Indic bhga-tti- `luck bringer'. Old Indic dna- n. `gift' (substantiviertes -no-participle) = Latin dnum, Oscan etc dunum

ds. (duunated `he/she has presented, bestowed, granted, vouchsafed, confered '); cymr. temperament (faculty, talent)', compare Slavic *dan-k in serb. dnak `tribute, tax' etc
h

dawn ds., Old Irish dn m. ` gift, present, practical skill, innate quality, nature,

grade alb. dhn ` bestowed', f. `gift, tribute, tax', Geg dhn; (*d uon-) Also alb. (*d uonti) dhunti ` gift, faculty, talent'. (m. as *dank), Armenian tur ds.; `wedding' : Latin ds, -tis `dowry'; `sale' (etc, Berneker 176).
h h

and den -ni-stem Old Church Slavic dan `tribute, tax, toll', Lithuanian dunis `gift'; zero

gr. `gift' (-ro- in pass. value, compare e.g. cl-ru-s), Old Church Slavic dar `gift'

Maybe alb. (*d uonata) dhurata ` gift, faculty, talent ' rhotacism n/r; darsm, dasm Old Indic dy- `giving', dy- m. `gift', Old Prussian dian Akk. `gift', serb. pr-daja

Maybe nasalized alb. ndanj, shprndanj (*shpr-ndanj)`allot, give, separate' : Lithuanian pridas `bonus, addition, wage increase'. As 2. composition part Old Indic -d- e.g. in avad- ` horse giving, horse offering ',

Slavic with structure in o-Dekl., e.g. russ. dial. p-dy Pl. ` tributes, taxes ', serb. pr-d ` Draufgabe beim Tausch '; Lithuanian pridas `bonus, addition, wage increase'. d-u- lies before in Old Indic dvn `to give' (also Perf. dadu `have bestowed'),

Avestan dvi `to give', Cypriot F ` he may give ', Inf. F (about Arcadian participle - s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 745 f.), contracted hom.-Attic ; Latin duim, dus etc `I, you should hand over, deliver, give up, render, furnish, pay,

originated in compounds (pr-duint from *pr-douint, etc), then also by compounds from
h

surrender', Fut. II -du, contain an Aorist-stem *du- from *dou-; duim is from Optat. *-doum *d - : per-duim, etc For Italian optative *doum probably trod only secondary in Umbrian

and Faliscan a present *doui in Faliscan doviad ` may grant ' (it seems to be reduced in

reach out, extend ', Umbrian purditom (*-d(o)uitom) ` stretched out, spread out, put forth,

out, spread out, put forth, reach out, extend ', purtuvies ` stretch out, spread out, put forth,

compounds hence Latin duam etc *dovim), Umbrian pur-dovitu, pur-tuvitu, -tuetu ` stretch

reached out, extended ', purtiius (*d(o)uus) `you will have stretched out, spread out, put *por-d[o]u- with alteration from du to d; in purdovitu Imper. it was hindered syncope through Indik. *pr-dovt; forth, reached out, extended ', purtifile `* stretched out, spread out ', from synkopiertem

vati).

dvint `offer, give', Old Church Slavic -davati `allot' (the pattern forms for the Iterative in About Old Saxon twthn `grant' etc see below deu-2 `friendly grant'.

Lithuanian davia ` I gave ', dovan f. `gift', Latvian dvana f. `gift', iterative dvt,

References: WP. I 814 ff., WH. I 266, 360 ff., 371 f., 861, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 686 , 722, 741, 794, 806 ff., Trautmann 56 ff. Page(s): 223-226
8

Meaning: unwilling, displeased

dreh Root / lemma: dreh-

hindrance ', tregr ` unwilling, averse ', treginn ` grieving ', Old English trega m. `mourning, Dutch tregen ` lose the courage ', Old Norse trega = Old English tregian `afflict, sadden';

Material: Gothic trigo `mourning, grief, repulsion', Old Norse tregi m. `mourning, grief,

Note: or perhaps originally `be slack, tough'?

grief, affliction '; Old Saxon trego m. `pain', tregan (only Inf.) with Dat. `be afflicted ', Middle compare with a probably old concrete meaning ` zhe, zhe haftend ' Norwegian Dialectal

trg `evil, bad', Old English trg f. ` affliction, wickedness ', Old Saxon Old High German trg f. ` sluggishness, displeasure '; Lithuanian dry-t, dria, drti `faint, languid, slack become' (Bga Kalba ir. s. 219),

fatigueless '; lengthened grade Old High German trgi `idle, slow, querulous ', Old Saxon

treg also ` persistent, firm ', trege `tough fibre, filament, sinew, hard skin', Swedish trgen `

drinti `slack make'; to Lithuanian ri compare Hirt Indo Germanic Gr. II 83. [common Illyrian-Baltic -h- > -d- shift] Maybe alb. treth `castrate, clip' [common alb. -g > -th shift] (see below)

tr-eudreh Root / lemma: tr-eu-d- : `to press, push, * displeasure' derived from Root / lemma: dreh- : `unwilling, displeased' [common Illyrian-Baltic -h- > -d-, Illyrian alb. -g > -th. Page(s): 226-227 References: WP. I 821 f., Persson Beitr. 46 f.

Note:

dr- dr drRoot / lemma: dr- : dr-, extended dr-mMeaning: to sleep Material: Old Indic drti, drya-ti, -t `asleep', ni-dr `sleep'; in addition zero grade ni-drita `sleeping, dozed off'; Armenian tartam `slow, sleepy ' (*der-d-, Pedersen KZ. 39, 416); dozed off '; gr. hom. Aor. (*e-dr-d -om), new ` slept ', secondary `
h

Latin dormi `sleep, drowse ' (*drm-i); drijmati ` have sleep desire ', etc maybe alb. dremit `drowse'. 22. About the formal Verhltnisse s. EM. 284, to -em- extension also Pedersen Groupement Slavic *drmi ` drowse ' in Church Slavic dremlju drmati ` drowse ', serb. drjemljm

Page(s): 226

References: WP. I 821, WH. I 372, Trautmann 60.

dumbRoot / lemma: dumb- (-b ?) Meaning: penis, tail Material: Avestan duma- m. `tail', npers. dum, dumb (*dum(h)ma-), Old High German
h

numerous parallels for the meaning-development ` shaft, pole, staff - penis, tail' and `staff timplian `provide with nails', nasal. form from Germanic *tippa `tip, tail' in engl. tip `cusp, arm, hand'. Probably to Middle Low German timpe `cusp, peak, acme, apex ', Old English

perhaps Avestan dumna- n. `hand (?)' (*dumbna-), s. Scheftelowitz IF. 33, 142 with

zumpfo `penis', Middle High German zumpf(e), zumpfeln (Stterlin IF. 4, 93); in addition

peak', Middle High German zipf(el); Germanic *tuppa- `pigtail' in Old Norse toppr ds., Old

German tobbe, tubbe `spigot', compare Latvian duba `assigned sheaf'; Germanic *tappan `spigot' in Old English tppa m. (engl. tap), Middle Low German tappe m., Old High German zapho, Middle High German zapfe m. apparently `popular saying' with intensive

English topp m. `acme, apex', Middle High German zopf `plait, tress', with bb: Middle Low

References: WP. I 816, Fick III 155, 164, 168, Petersson Heterokl. 70 f. Page(s): 227 See also: see also above S. 177.

drip-: drup-.

consonant increase, nasalization and vowel change a : i : u; compare above S. 221 drop-: drop-

Meaning: bad, foul

dusRoot / lemma: dus-

Material: Old Indic du-, dur-, Avestan du-, du- `dis-, wrong, evil', Armenian t- `un-', gr. - `dis-, de-, evil', Latin in difficilis `difficult, hard', Old Irish do-, du- ds. (construction

connection with deus- `lack' is very probable. deusNote:

h

=) `rain', russ. dod, poln. deszcz, Old Czech d, Gen. d and analogical dete.

tor-, Old High German zur- `un-', Slavic in Old Bulgarian dd (*duz-djus ` bad weather '

after the example from so-, su-), Gothic tuz- (in tuz-wrjan `doubt'), Old Norse Old English

Probably from a fusion of Root / lemma: d eues-, d us-, d eus-, d s- `to dissipate, blow, es eusesetc. *scatter, dust, rain, breathe, perish, die' + Root / lemma: dei-1, dei-, d-, di- : `to lemma: deid[m jo] (see below). shine; day; sun; sky god, god' derived Slavic (*dus-diu-): Old Church Slavic: dd `rain' Only Indic from du- has evolved dyati ` goes bad, goes off ', dua- `spoiled, evil,
h h h

bad', dyati ` spoiled, disabled '. Page(s): 227

References: WP. I 816, E. Fraenkel Ml. Pedersen 453.

Meaning: to fear Note:

eiei Root / lemma: duei-

Material: Avestan dva `menace';

Reduplicated laryngeal in a e- > Avestan ae235); Armenian erknim ` I fear ', erkiu `fear' (anlaut as in erku `two' : *duu Meillet MSL. 8,
1 2

(thereafter the new Sg. hom. , i.e. F, Attic ), Aor. hom. (i.e. Cretan F Hes. (Hs. ), in addition Hes. `timorous'; to whereof previously Attic , hom. ; hom. `timorous' m. `fear', `terrible', , `timorous, fearful; unlucky, lamentable ' (*F); `to fear, dread' (*F-);

gr. hom. `dread' (*-F-), Plur. (i.e. F), Attic

F), hom. ` dreaded '; reshaped from *F Perf. hom. , Attic , (after hom.) `terrify' (*-F--) would be shaped secondary , (*F); n. `fear' (*F), ` godfearing ' (*-F), n.,

Servius to Aen. III 235 also as sabin. and Umbrian stated word, so that di- instead of bi', as cl-rus ` audible, distinguishable '.

Latin drus ` ill - omened, ominous, boding, portentous, fearful, awful, dread ' (from

from *dui- as a dialectal sound development), with formants -ro- ` before what one is afraid s-extension in Old Indic dvi ` hated, is hostile ', dvi- ` detested ', dva- m.,

, tbaa- ` hostility ', Middle Persian b `affliction, mischief ', probably to duis- S. 232. isis Note: Reduplicated laryngeal in a e- > Avestan aeBenveniste (briefl.) belongs the root as ` be in doubt ' to consecutive du(u) `two'. (u) References: WP. I 816 f., WH. I 353 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 710 , 769, 774. After
6 1 2

dvas- n. `hate', Avestan dva-, tba- `be hostile to, mortify', participle tbita-, dvaa-

Page(s): 227-228

(u) d ueiei Root / lemma: du(u) (*duei-) Meaning: two u), ai u eiei Grammatical information: m. (grammatical double form duuu duai f. n., besides duei-,
2

Note: compare the summary by Brugmann II 2, 6-82 passim. n. dv (ved. also duv) = Avestan ba f. and n. `two';

oi duoi-, duioi-

Material: 1. Old Indic m. dvau, dv (ved. also duvu, duv) = Avestan dva m., Old Indic f. Note: Reduplicated laryngeal in a e- > Avestan ae1 2

i-diphthong, as Lithuanian dviem etc), Gen. Sg. Old Indic d(u)vyo; by compression of Old Indic d(u)v-: d(u)v-daa `12' (== gr. ); Armenian erku `two' (= Old Indic dv);

Instr. Dat. Abl. Old Indic d(u)vbhym (has changed with ), Avestan dvaibya (with old

uninflected hom. Attic Doric etc (F) (to form s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 588 f.; to rudiment Indo Germanic *du s. Meillet BSL. 21, 273, due to Armenian erko-tasan 12, Latin duo-stems in the first part, as well as from Gothic Old Norse Old Saxon Old English Old alb. d m., dj f. `two' (*duu, respectively *duuai); m. `two' (*dus, *dur), desen-duf Akk. m. (12), duir `two', tuva Akk. n.; Latin duo (from *du), f. duae (neologism), Umbrian (only with plur. inflection) dur Nom. Old Irish du, d Nom. Akk. m. (= Old Indic dvu), before Subst. d (proclitic form), fem. dn, Old Indic dva-k- `the two together', but it could be directed after compositions with

gr. hom. (F) (*F in -), Gen. Dat. Ionian Attic , next to which

Frisian wi-t ` we two ', Old Norse it, Old Saxon Old English git `you two');

d (= Old Indic dv), neutr. d n- `two', acymr. bret. masc. dou, fem. cymr. dwy (etc); gall. VN Vo-cor-ii, Vo-contii (compare Tri-corii) with *u- besides du-; compare Thurneysen Gr. 182;

German zweio `to two' Lok. Du. = Lithuanian dvejau, dvejaus);

f. (= Old Indic dv); Old High German zwne m., zw, zw f., zwei n. etc (Old High

Gothic m. twai, f. tws, n. twa, Old Norse tueir m., tur f., tuau n., Old English t m., tw

(from *duwi f. n.), Old Prussian dwai m. f.; Old Church Slavic dva m., dv f. n.;

Lithuanian d m. (from *dvo = Old Indic dv), dv f. (= Old Indic dv); Latvian divi m. f.

(tn) ` secondly, second ', ta-a-i-u-ga-a (tyuga) `two years old' (: Lithuanian dveigs `two years old animal'?). u-kmt- ` twenty '. Note: The following dw- > b- is originally a Latin-italic.

Tocharian A m. wu, f. we, B m. f. wi (neologism); compare above gall. vo-; Hittite ta-a-an

About the first part from , vgint etc (old dissimilation from *du-, *duei-dkmt ??) s.

not -, rather F-, if not perhaps dissimilatory loss of F is not against the following ,
3

Armenian erki (erkeam ` biennial '), gr. - (e.g. ; da ` curule chair, seat' was

Indic dvi- (e.g. dvi-pd- ` bipedal '), Avestan bi- (e.g. bi-mhya- ` lasting two months '),

In compound Indo Germanic dui- and from it under unclear condition developed di- : Old di-

(e.g. dui-dens, bidens; about forms as diennium s. WH. I under biennium, Sommer Hdb.

also for other - formation to consider from Indo Germanic *dui-), Old Latin dui-, Latin bi-

twi-, Old High German zwi- (e.g. Old English twi-fte ` bipedal ', Old High German zwiItal. du- in Latin du-bius, -plus, -plex, -pondius, -cent, Umbrian tuplak Akk. Sg. n. `

split ' probably sound pattern from dui-), Old Norse tve- (also tv-, see below), Old English houbit ` bicipital '), Lithuanian dvi- (e.g. dv-gubas ` twofold ', Old Prussian dwi-gubbus).

223; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Umbrian di-fue ` cleft, parted,

twofold ', du-pursus ` on two feet ' is innovation after being perceived as du- stem from dutiyam ` for the second time '; about Latvian du-celes ` two-wheeled cart ' compare

duo; also is to define du- in Umbrian duti ` again, a second time, once more, anew ', pli

Trautmann 125, Mhlenhach-Endzelin I 509, Endzelin Latvian Gr. 358.

flwydd `two years old'; Old Irish das ` duality of persons ' probably from *dueio-stho-) and n., Old High German zwfal n. besides gr. -, Latin duplus).

span of horses, pair, two horses harnessed to an open car ', dabul ` twofold ', cymr. dwy-

Zero grades duei- in compounds is to be admitted for Celtic (e.g. Old Irish d-riad ` a eiei

for Germanic (e.g. Old Norse tu-faldr ` twofold ' besides tufaldr; Gothic tweifla-, probably duoi- in Old English getwfan, twman `separate, cut, clip' < *twaifjan, *twaimjan; oi oi-

perhaps also for the Aryan (Avestan barzufraah- ` two fingers wide ', dvapa- n.

`island'? or rather from duaii-, as probably Old Indic dvdh ` twofold, (*divided) in two (*duoi-nt) `twin'.

parts', compare dvp- `island' above S. 51); perhaps Phrygian GN , Gen. - Note: Reduplicated laryngeal in a e- > Avestan aeSlavic dvo-, dvu-, dve- in compounds s. Berneker 247. under duti ` again, a second time, once more, anew ' (probably replacement for *diti from *duitiom after du-, see above); Armenian erkir, erkrord `second'; alb. i-dte; all new neologisms. 2. ordinals: Old Indic dvitya-, Avestan bitya-, dabitya-, Old pers. duvitiya- `second';
1 2

Old Latin duis, Latin bis, Middle High German zwir `twice' (but nir. fo-d = Old Indic n. dv, Pedersen KG. I 301, II 127), Germanic myth. PN Tuisto ` hermaphrodite '; Maybe alb. dsh `in two'. zwiro, zwiror (zwiron, zwiront), with voiced ? z- reduction Old English twiwa, twiga, twia, tuwa, twie, Old Frisian twia, twera, Old Saxon twio; through u-forms extended Avestan bivat, Old Norse tysuar, tuisuar, Old High German

3. Multiplikativadverb: duis `twice': Old Indic dv (ved. also duv), Avestan bi, gr. , is

below), probably also Armenian erkics `twice';

therefrom with formants -ko- Old High German zwisk, Old Saxon twisk ` twofold ' (see

see below);

High German Zwiesel ` bifurcation ' (perhaps restricted to *duis in the meaning ` divided ', with t-forms Old Indic dvit ` twofold, double' (therefrom dvit-m ` duality '), ap. 4. multiplicative: gr. , , Latin duplus, Umbrian dupla ` double, twice as

with l-forms Old English twislian ` bisect ', twisla `confluence of two streams', Modern

duvitparnam ` in two lines ', Gatha-Avestan daibit `again(?)'.

large, twice as much ', Old Irish dabul (*duei-plo-; see also above Gothic tweifls), t-extension:) zwifalt ds.

wherefore perhaps Avestan bifra- n. ` comparison, affinity ' (: root pel- `fold', compare with pelgr. (*plt-io-), Ionian ` waved with both hands ', Old High German Gr. , Latin duplex, Umbrian tuplak n. `duplex' (: root plk- `flat, spread'); from Adv. plkh h h

z.B. duv-d , dv-d (probably *dvaii-d , that to be read in the oldest texts 3-syllable) ` to be connected, as well as the from Old Low German twdi `half', Old English twde ` German Zwitter.

twofold, in two parts', wherewith the ending from Old Irish dde ` duality of things ' seems

two thirds ', Old High German zwitaran ` hybrid, mongrel, half breed ', Modern High

hybridization with *- to Old Indic dvdh) hom. ` ', therefrom Ionian ` 840); about Hittite dak-a-an ` half part ' s. Pedersen Hittite 141.

Gr. ` twofold, divided in two parts ' (after hom. , ), next to which (through

twofold ' (* or *), and , Attic ds. (*, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 598,

Here also alb. deg ` twig, branch, bough, brushwood ' (*duoi-gh); Note: Alb. (*d uei- gh) deg ` twig ' : Old Indic f. n. dv `two' : Lithuanian dveigs m. ` biennial d u animal'; The origin of labialized Old laryngeals: common Albanian - ue- > -e- ; Old Indic Lithuanian - ue- > -ve-. gho-); Old Saxon tg(o), Middle Low German toch, Old High German zuog(o) `twig, branch' are reshaped after cardinal forms with tw-; Old High German zwg `twig, branch' (*duei-gho-), Old English twig `twig, branch' (*dui1 1 1

(: Hittite dyugas, see above).

Lithuanian dveigs m. ` biennial animal', serb. dvzk ` biennial ram', old dviz ` biennial '

`pair'), Dat. f. dvayyi = hom. ; dvandvm `pair' (from ved. duv-duv ` every two '); *F[F]), ` in doubt ' (Irish das from *dueio-stho-?); gr. hom. , `double, two' (with preservation of -- through influence of Gothic Gen. Pl. twaddj (compare with other ending Old Indic Gen. Dual dvyos,

5. collective: Old Indic dvay- `double' (dvay-m ` twofold creature, falsity ', nachved.

High German zw, g. zwes m.n. `twig, branch' (the n-stem Old Norse tyja `doubt' presumably balanced from Nom. *tvja, Gen. tyju); Sg. in dvja tek `twice as much');

German zwei (*duei), next to which from Indo Germanic *dueio- Old High German Middle

twgen, f. tw, n. t `two' (see above Sievers-Brunner 264), Nom. Akk. Pl. Old High

Lithuanian Gen. dviej), Old Norse tueggia, Old High German zweiio, Old English m.

Balto Slavic dueia- and duuaia- in Lithuanian dvej, f. dvjos `two' (the substantival n. Old Church Slavic d()voji Adj. ` twofold, two', d()voje n. Subst. `two things' (therefrom

derivatives as russ. dvojnj `double', dvjni ` twins ', dvjka `pair', dvojnk ` zweidrhtiger Faden ', dvot ` in zwei Teile teilen, zwei Fden zu einem zusammendrehen ', etc, s. Berneker 247). With -no- (partly due to from duis): no-

REtIE. 1, 445); *twiz-na-);

Armenian krkin `double' from *(r)ki-rki-no-, Indo Germanic *dui-duis-no- (?) (L. Maris

Latin bn ` every two ' (distributive) and `two' (collective) from *duis-no- (= Germanic

zwiniling m., Middle High German zwiniln n. `twin', *twai-na- in Old Saxon twne `two', Old High German zwne ds. (it has substituted with instead of ei after *zw = Gothic twai), '); Old High German zwein-zug, Old Saxon twn-tig, Old English twn-tig `20' (` Doppelzehn Maybe alb. 20, nj-zet `one - ten', 40, dy-zet `double - ten' Germanic *twiz-na- in Old Norse tvennr, tvinnr ` twofold ', Pl. tvenner ` zwei zusammengehrige ' (tvinna `redouble'), Old High German zwirnn, -n ` zweifach

Germanic *twi-na- in Old High German zwinal, zwenel ` born together, twin-born, twin- ',

zusammendrehen ', Middle High German zwirn, Middle Low German twern ` doppelt

zusammengedrehter Faden ' probably = Old English twn, holl. twijn ` linen thread, linen ' the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). Besides due to *twha-, Indo Germanic

(Old English getwinne ` every two ', getwinnas ` twins ' is led back then to *twi-nja-). (under *duei-ko-, Gothic tweihnai `two', Old English Dat. twonum, betwonum, engl. between ` between '; Lithuanian m. Pl. dvyna, russ. dvjni ` twins '. With -ko-: koconnected after kak-); Old Indic dvik- ` aus zweien bestehend, zweifach ' (dvak- `in pairs, by pairs'

nai);

be-twih, -tweoh ` between ', mid unctwh ` between us both ' (compare above Gothic tweihfrom duis- from: Old High German zwisk, Old Saxon twisk ` twofold ', Pl. `both' Dat. Pl.

Old High German zwe(h)o, Old Saxon twe(h)o, Old English two m. `doubt', Old English

Old High German (undar, en) zwiskn, Modern High German zwischen; in addition Old English getwisa m., Old Saxon gitwiso, Middle High German zwiselinc `twin'.

and den derivatives Old Norse tvistra `separate', Middle Low German Old Frisian twist,

With duis- `twice' identical is duis- `divided, asunder' in Gothic twisstandan `to divide'

Middle High German zwist `discord (split)' and Middle English twist = Old Norse kvistr of a river ' (these with Indo Germanic ei); further Old Norse tvis-var `twice', tvistr `

`twig, branch' (as also Bavarian zwist), further Old Norse kvsl f. ` split branch or tools, arm dichotomous, sad ' (= Old Indic dviha- ` ambiguous ', gr. * in ` doubt ',

Indo Germanic *dui(s)-sto- : root st-, at most duis-to- with formant -to-), Old English twisla Zwiesel ` divided object, twig, branch', Middle High German zwisel `double'; here very probably Aryan dvi- `hate' (see below *duei- `fear, dread'). Maybe alb. m dysh `apart, in two', dyshi `two' English te-, Old High German zi-, ze- (new zir- through amalgamation from zi- and ir-) `dis6. Indo Germanic additional form dis- in Latin dis-, Old Saxon Old Frisian te-, ti-, Old dis` arm of a river ', twislian ` bisect ', Old High German zwisila, Modern High German

), alb. tsh- e.g. in tshk'ep `unpick', gr. (i.e. after etc filled in *[]), e.g. - the middle '), as prefix also ` through and through, thoroughly, all through ' = `very' (Aeolic -). References: WP. I 817 ff., WH. I 104 ff., 354 f., 381 ff., 860, 861, Feist 484 ff., Trautmann `through' : Latin discindo ` to tear asunder, cut apart, cleave, divide, rend, tear ' (`*split in

', Gothic dis- `apart' (probably borrowed from Latin, barely preceding from *tis- = Latin dis-

Page(s): 228-232

64, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 588 f., Wackernagel-Debrunner Old Indic Gr. Ill, 342 f.

Meaning: around, from to, etc.

Root / lemma: (eb i? : ob i : b i e i?) Material: Old Indic abhi- prefix `from - to', abh preposition with Akk. `to', Gatha-Avestan aib, jav. aiwi, avi, aoi, Old pers. abiy as prefix `to, around -', as preposition m. Akk. `to above S. 34); toward ', with Lok. `about, in regard to' (in Aryan abhi lies also partly *mbhi `before', see Latin ob `towards, to' appears only in the function, but not the sounds according to the
h h h h

partial successors from Indo Germanic ob i (see below epi epi);

`an, by' with Dat. (Lok.), also with Instr., prefix `be-', s. also under am i, above S. 34, amb which contains in final sound identical element;
h

Gothic bi, Old High German etc bi, b `from - to (Gothic), with regard to, about' with Akk.;

`encircle', in compounds, as obdo n. `treasure, tribute', in derivatives, as obt, russ.obichoditi ` to walk around, perambulate '; the form o, ob contains previous *op(Lithuanian ap), see below epi epi. References: WP. I 124, Trautmann 1, Meillet Slave comm. 155 f.
2

Old Church Slavic ob, b as preverb ` around-, about-, to-' in b-stojati or b-stojati
h

Church Slavic b `common' (*ob i-tio-); intensified form obi- in russ -Church Slavic

Page(s): 287

Meaning: fence, paling

Root / lemma: ed -2
h h

Material: Doubtful gr. `stall, hurdle ' (*od -tro-)?? ader ` fence post '), Old High German etar, Modern High German Etter `fence, edge' (if in upper fence pole', perhaps Old English edisk m. ` fenced pasture ', Bavarian iss(e)
h

Old English eodor m. ` hedge, fence, dwelling; prince, lord' (ablaut. Middle Low German

addition Bavarian ester, Swiss ester ` penstock '?), Old Icelandic jur-r, jaar-r `edge,

`enclosed meadow' (*ed -si?); Old Bulgarian odr `bed', odrina `stall', russ. odr ` grapevine '.

scaffolding board ', Czech odr `picket, pole', Serbo-Croatian odar, odrina ` encircling

Page(s): 290

References: WP. I 121.

Meaning: sharp Note:

Root / lemma: ed -

lemma: ik- : k- : `spear, pike', finally Root / lemma: ed - : `sharp' [common Illyrian-Baltic Material: Latin ebulus, - f. and -um n. ` dwarf-elder (danewort, a fetid European species of dh- > d-.
h

From an older root he-el derived: Root / lemma: ak-, ok- : `sharp; stone' and Root /

elder, also dane's weed, dane's blood [said to grow on spots where battles were fought against the Danes]'; formants.

Note: common Latin - > b-, hence Latin ebulus < *he-el where -el, -ul are diminutive ablaut. (with k-suffix) gall. and gallorom. odocos `dwarf elder'; Old High German attuh, attah, Old Saxon aduk `dwarf elder' (borrowed from Celtic);

Balto Slavic *edl- and *edli- f. `fir' in (secondary -stem; -g- from -d-); Old Prussian addle (*edle), Lithuanian gl (out of it dial. gl), Latvian egle ds.

Note: common Illyrian-Baltic h- > d- hence -g- from -d-is wrong etymology. dLithuanian data ` sewing-needle '; moreover probably Iterat. Lithuanian adti ` prick ', Latvian adt ` knit ', compare

Church Slavic etc jela (*edl), russ. jel, Old Czech jedl etc (*edli-). See also: from zum Folgenden (ed -2)? e
h

References: WH. I 14, 388 f., Trautmann 66.

Page(s): 289-290

ed- he he Root / lemma: ed- (*heh-) Meaning: to eat, *tooth Note:

emb lemma: em -, mb - : `to bite; tooth' Note:

h h

From an older root (*heh-) derived Root / lemma: ed- (*heh-): `to eat, *tooth' and Root / he ed- he he : he Note: originally athematic, but mostly thematic change

Common Illyrian-Baltic h- > d-, z-, Old Prussian - Illyrian h- > zz-, ss-, sdimus, Gothic etum); themat. in Medium ada-sva; Avestan 3. Sg. Konj. aiti; Armenian utem `eat', themat. (*d-);

Material: Old Indic athematic present 1. Sg. d-mi, 3. Sg. t-ti `you eat', Perf. dim (: Latin

- and the thereafter resulted in 3. Pl. ), Perf. hom. --, (after -), Attic ;

addh), thereafter secondary () `eat'; secondary themat. (after participle

gr. hom. Infin. , Fut. (older Konj.) --, Imper. originally * (: Old Indic

define; if old in participle sus and passive s(s)um?); Perf. d; Oscan Infin. edum, about Umbrian ezariaf see below S. 288;

Latin ed, s, st etc `eat' (length of either old or after the sog. Lachmann's rule to

dofaid (*de-u(p)o-od-e), participle esse ` eaten ' (*ed-tio-); cymr. ys `you eat' (*ed-ti);

Old Irish Konj. ci-ni estar ` although he does not eat ' (*ed-s-tro), Fut. ss- (*i-ed-s-), Perf. Gothic themat. itan (Perf. 1. Pl. tum, Old High German zum etc: Old Latin dimus),

Old Norse eta, Old Saxon Old English etan, engl. eat, Old Frisian ta, Old High German ezzan `eat' (= Old Indic danam ` act of eating ', gr. `dish, food'); with prefix fra-

German tzen, actually ` a spicy dish that can be eaten '; Maybe alb. Geg etun `thirsty', etje `thirst' Balto Slavic *d-mi in:

allow to graze ', Old High German azzen, ezzen ` give to eat, allow to graze ', Modern High

devour '; kaus. Gothic fra-atjan; Old Norse etia ` allow to consume ', Old English ettan `

(*pro-): Gothic fra-itan ` consume ', Old English fretan ` gnaw ', Old High German frezzan `

mu (older *mi) and du, st ds., Supin. stu; Old Prussian st, stwei `eat'; Old Church *dnti), Infin. jasti (old sti), Supin. jast, Old Czech jst;

Lithuanian du, diau, sti (alt. [d]mi, 3. Sg. st) `eat, devour ', Supin. st; Latvian

Slavic jam (*m), 3. Sg. jast (*st) Indo Germanic *d-ti), 3. Pl. jadt (Indo Germanic Lithuanian participle ds, Old Prussian duns, Old Church Slavic jad ` having eaten '; the first a through assimilation?, s. Friedrich IF. 41, 371; different Pedersen Hittite 128; in compounds: gr. - (*-d-tom) ` breakfast '; with lengthening in compound Hittite et- `eat', Imper. e-it (et), 1. Sg. present e-it-mi (etmi), 3. Pl. a-da-an-zi (adanzi);

from *, * after (as from *). nominal formation: 1. Lengthened grade: eating food, ');

also hom. ` Rohes essend ': Old Indic md- ds.); gr. , - is arranged

` mealtime ', ` time for supper, evening meal, evening ' (compare

: dio-, di: in Old Indic dy- ` edible ' (dyna- ` voracious ' is derived from *dyu- ` Old Norse tr ` eatable ' (compare also Gothic aftja m. ` excessive eater ');

dis m. `dish, food', ms-dis ` carnivore, family of meat-eating animals'; Old Prussian dis m. `food, eating'; russ. j `food, eating, dish, food' (; s. Berneker 271 f.); about Latin india ` fast ' s. WH. 393. nourishment, food'), Old English t n., Old Saxon t n., Old High German z n. `dish, food' (compare also Gothic uzta m. `crib, manger '), Lithuanian da f. `the eating' (= Old Norse Old Church Slavic bd `repast, meal' (perhaps also jad ` poison ', s. Berneker 271 f.), russ. jd f. ` breakfast, dish, food'. ta), Latvian das f. Pl. ` food fed to livestock ', Old Prussian dai f. Nom. Sg. ` the eating ', dodo-, d: in Old Norse t n. ` ravenousness, dish, food' (also ta f. ` ravenousness,

Lithuanian dios f. Pl. ` Raufe ', di ` devourer ' (originally ` food fed to livestock '),

Old Indic madhv-d- ds.).

didi-: in Old Church Slavic jad `dish, food', medv-d `the bear' (honey eater, compare

mbg. jasto ` serving of food ', etc.

d-tod-to-: in Lithuanian stas ` eaten ', Old Prussian Subst. Dat. Sg. stai `food, eating',

(*d-s-li-); if Umbrian ezariaf stands for `food', it can be maybe explained from *des-sio-; different about Lithuanian sk EM 295.
2

English s ` carrion ' (*d-s-om); Old Church Slavic jasli Pl. m. ` crib, manger, manger'

wolverine '; Old High German Old Saxon s ` flesh of a dead body, bait, carrion ', Old

carrion ' = Latin sca (*d-s-k) `dish, food, food fed to livestock, carrion ', Latvian ka `

des des-: in Lithuanian desis `dish, food', sk f. ` appetite ', old ` food fed to livestock,

Maybe alb. eshk `dried mushrooms for kindling the fire' Etyma Armen.13); -- `dish, food' (compare ); in addition Lithuanian odas,
2

With : gr. f., Pl. `throes of childbirth', ` be in labor pains ' (Frisk

407, Brugmann Grundr. I 337 placed to wruss. wadzen ` a gad-fly, horse-fly, breese '). 2. Full grade, e.g.: Old Indic dman- n. `dish, food' (: ); -advan- ` eating '; Armenian erkn ` birth pain, labor pains ' (*edun), erk `plague' (*eduo-?); , `dish, food'; hom. , - n. `nourishment, food' (i.e. F, compare Hes.),

Latvian uds m. ` mosquito ' (Schulze KZ. 43, 41 =Kl. Schr. 627; from Zubat AfslPh. 16,

because of from Fick III 24, Falk-rp under jtte as *etuna- ` voracious eater ' or `
4

(see also WH. I under acrdula, ficedula and mondula), edlis ` eatable ' (possibly

Latin prandium ` a late breakfast, luncheon ' (*pram-ediom?), edulus ` trencherman '

older ndd. eteninne ` witch ' an older u- stem edu- is added?); (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

cannibal ' our root form added to Old Norse jtunn ` giant ', Old English eoten ` giant ',

lament, bewail, mourn for, felt pain' etc. (influenced from ` flow, run, trickle, cry, weep'). edont- dontedont-, dont-, dnt- `tooth', probably previous participle present dnta- m.); Avestan dantan- m. ds., dt f. ds.;
e

3. o-grade: (Aeolic but ) `pain' (compare Latin crae edcs), `

Old Indic dn m., Akk. dntam (*dont-), Gen. dat (= Latin dentis) `tooth' (secondary

Armenian atamn, Gen. -man `tooth' (* dnt-mn); (- assimilated from *-?), ` edentulate, toothless ' for * after : ; Latin dens, -tis m. (*dnt-s); Oscan dunte[s] is ablaut `teeth'; Old Irish dt n., cymr. bret. dant, corn. dans `tooth' (*dnt-); Norse tnn (Nom. Pl. ter, tennr, conservative stem); (under the influence of common tunu = Latin dentem) `tooth' (derivative Old English tsc `fang' from *tun-ska-); Lithuanian dants, Gen. Pl. dant (dial. also dani) `tooth'; inflammation of the gums ' (*dt-gna, s. Berneker 190). Slavic probably in poln. dzigna ` stomatitis, inflammation of the mouth, mouth decay, forms with e-grade don't stand firm accordingly; Old Norse tindr `cusp, peak, crag ', Old High German zand, Old English t (Dat. Sg., Nom. Pl. t, conservative stem), Old gr. (Ionian Attic) , - `tooth' (Attic neologism after ()), Aeolic

Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), zero grade (from the weak case), Gothic tunus (from dem Akk.

Middle High German zint, -des `prong, spike, tine ', Old English tind m. ds., Old High Irish dind `hill, lifting ', Phrygian mountain name, Illyrian VN .

German zinna (*tindj) `pinnacle', Old High German zinko (*tint-k) ` tine ' belong to Old

Page(s): 287-289

References: WP. I 118 ff., WH. I 340 f.

egn ogni n nis Root / lemma: egnis : ognis (-n- inanimate genitive ending) Note: Meaning: fire

ongangRoot / lemma: egnis : ognis : `fire' derived from Root / lemma: ong- (better ang-) (*heng-): : Grammatical information: m. coal < Root / lemma: ok- : `to see; eye' ok

Material: Old Indic agn- m. `fire' (= Hittite Agnis, Hrozn ZA. 38, 185, after Laroche, Recherches sur les noms of dieux hittites 119, taken over from Hurrians); Latin ignis, -is m. `fire, flame, light, blaze, glow' (*egnis); ds.; u derives from Old Swedish ughn `oven'; Lithuanian ugns f. (Old Lithuanian also m., Specht KZ. 59, 278 ), Latvian uguns m. f. Old Church Slavic ogn m. `fire' (*ognis; i-stem, secondary io-stem), Czech ohe
2 2

Strun slovnik etym. jazyka eskoslov. 341.

vganj m. `blacksmith', with quite unclear anlaut, s. Meillet Slave comm. 85, lastly J. Holub

(ohne), russ. ogn (ognja); about Czech vhe f. `flue, chimney, smithy', Serbo-Croatian

Maybe alb. vigan `giant' : Serbo-Croatian vganj m. ` blacksmith' [a translation of Cyclops damaged from sparks of melted metal, that is why Root / lemma: egnis : ognis : `fire' egn ogn before bare initial vowels. Page(s): 293

who were giant blacksmiths; they got their name for covering one eye as a spare if one got derived from an extension of Root / lemma: ok- : `to see; eye']; common alb. prothetic vok References: WP. I 323, WH. I 676, Trautmann 334 f.

egRoot / lemma: eg-

Meaning: a lack of smth.

without, not to have; also to desire, wish for, want ', egests ` poverty, indigence, need;

Material: Latin ege, -re ` want, be in need; with genit. or abl. to be in want of, to be

with genit., want of ', egnus (*egesnos) ` needy, destitute; with genit. or abl., in need of '. Hereupon also Oscan egmo f. `a thing, object, matter, affair, circumstance; possessions,

property, wealth; interest, advantage, benefit; cause, ground, reason; a matter of business; a law suit, action ' (to meaning development compare gr. : );

eccherode `thin, weak'. Page(s): 290

Old Norse ekla `lack', ekla `barely', Old High German ekordo `bare, only', ekrdi,

References: WP. I 114 f., WH. I 394 f.

Meaning: lake, inner sea Note:

ehero heroehero Root / lemma: ehero- (*ehero-) ehero-

From Root / lemma: ehero- : `lake, inner sea' derived Root / lemma: ad(u)-, ad-ro- : ehero heroad(u)- ad-ro; Old Prussian -Illyrian -h- > ss-, s-]. ss- s

`water current': Illyrian Pannonian VN [common alb.-Illyrian-Baltic -h- > -d-, -z ss- sMaterial: Maybe Illyrian TN Oseriates (Osseriates) [common italic -Illyrian -h- > ss-, s-].

The comparison from Balto Slavic *eera- n. `sea shore' in Old Prussian assaran n. `sea', Lithuanian eras m. (out of it dial. also eras), Latvian ezers m., Old Church Slavic (j)ezero [common > j- Slavic Albanian.], russ. zero ds., with:

* m. in serb.-Church Slavic jaz `canal', Old Czech jz ` water weir ', Old Russian z, russ. jaz ` fish weir ', is doubtful, also the with Pannonian VN in the flat sea surface (because of. of it must be thrak.), and with:

Baltic *ei f. ` border line ' in Old Prussian asy, Lithuanian e, Latvian ea; Slavic

abele, white poplar '), whose (instead of or ) could indeed derive from ` a trembling, quaking, shaking, terror, anxiety, fear, dread, alarm '; Note: common gr. -h- > -could place Indo Germanic *ahero-. Page(s): 291-292
1

gr. , -, river of the underworld (therefrom and `

Balto Slavic forms could go back particularly perhaps also to *aera-, in which case one

References: WP. I 184 , Trautmann 73, Kretschmer Gl. 14, 98, Jokl Eberts Real-lex. 6, 39.

ehi hiehi Root / lemma: ehi- (*ehi-no-s) ehi-no-

Meaning: hedgehog (*serpent eater)

Note:

ehi nohiNote: probably short form to ehi-no-s ` of the serpent, serpent eater ' (see above S. 44).

ehi ehi-no- : hi- ehi Root / lemma: ehi- (*ehi-no-s): `hedgehog (*serpent eater)' derived from Root / lemma: ang(h)i- eghi- oghi hiehi hiang(h)i- (*eghi-, oghi- and ehi-) : `snake, worm, (*hedgehog = snake eater)' (h)i eghi Material: Armenian ozni `hedgehog';
1

Phrygian (* ) `hedgehog'; gr. (* ) `hedgehog'; igil, igl, l `hedgehog', Old Norse igull `sea urchin' (with Old High German also gil, by Lithuanian es, Latvian ezis `hedgehog'; > j- Slavic Albanian., oka ` bulrush' etc., s. Berneker 267). Church Slavic je (*ehios) ds. (in addition russ. jeevka, ona ` blackberry ' common Here probably following Balto-Slavic appellation of perch (prickly fish): klis, jklis `chub'; Old Prussian assegis m. ` perch ', Lithuanian egs, eegs, egls, Old Lithuanian lengthened grade Slavic *zg, out of it *d, ch. jedk ` perch ', poln. jad, Old High German igil, Middle High German igel, Middle Low German egel, Old English
1

Luther Eigel, Old Norse also gull);

jaszcz (also jazgarz) `chub'; basic form perhaps *h(e)-g(h)ios ` hedgehog-like '. h- > z-, ss-].

Maybe alb. (*eh) esh `hedgehog', according to the shift [common Old Prussian - Illyrian Maybe Latin (*eksicus) ericius -i, m. `hedgehog; milit., chevaux de frise' : alb. iriq References: WP. I 115, Trautmann 73, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 491 . Page(s): 292
2

`hedgehog' [common Latin Germanic -s- > -r-].

ehs ehz) ehz ehz Root / lemma: ehs (ehz (*ehz ehz) Meaning: of, out, from Material: Note: Aspirata erwiesen through gr. .

Gr. (dial. , before consonant , ) `from', prefix and preposition m. ablative,

(genitive) and (Arcadian-Cypriot, pamph.) dative; Ionian Attic ` out of ' (after

with for , compare:) lokr. (from + Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326) epidaur. to

, reshaped, ` of the extreme, last ' (based on *- from *ezgho-, older *ehs-ko-), less certainly `fiend, detested ', originally ` Landflchtiger ' or further , , , also , , etc.; `foreigner, stranger' from *ehstros, wherefore were created after - : -, -, Latin ex (out of it before b, d-, g-, l-, m- etc., ec before f) `from', prefix and preposition

m. Abl., Oscan-Umbrian (about *es) -, e.g. Oscan ehpeilatas set `*are pillaged, are exterus `outward, foreign, strange; compar. exterior -ius, genit. -oris, outer; superl.

assigned ', Umbrian ehe-turstahmu ` drive out, drive away, expel, exile, banish '; Latin extremus -a -um, outermost; n. as subst. outer edge, extreme; in time, last; n. as subst., an end; 'ex- tremum', acc., for the last time; 'ad extremum', to the end or at the end; in degree or quality, extreme; esp. lowest, worst; 'extremum bonorum, malorum', the highest good, evil; superl. extimus -a -um, out- ermost' (exterior, extrmus, externus, extr, extimus), because of in *ek-t- indicating Oscan ehtrad ` outside; except, unless; prep. with acc.,

for ', acymr. heitham, ncymr. eithaf ( : extimus) its x previously was restored from ex;

cymr. eithyr ` outside; except, unless; prep. with acc., beyond, outside of, without; except Old Irish ess-, preceding ass-, a, cymr. eh-, gall. ex- (e.g. in Exobnus `fearless' : Old

beyond, outside of, without; except for ', Umbrian ap ehtre `* ab extrim ', Old Irish echtar,

Dat.(-Abl.);

Irish essamain, mcymr. ehofyn), before consonant ec-, prefix and (Irish) preposition m.

Old Prussian esse, assa, ass (with an unclear extension), es-teinu ` from now on '; `from', prefix and preposition m. Abl.(-Gen.), probably also partly real Gen.; after Meillet about Latvian z 507. Slave comm. 155, 505 zero grade Balto Slavic *i (?); s. also Endzelin Latvian Gr. 33,
2

with hard i: Lithuanian i, , Latvian iz, is, Old Prussian is, Old Church Slavic iz, iz, is

come out, come forth, spring up, rise, appear') and the preposition with Abl. i `from' here Postposition - `not at all' from *-k. common Old Indic h- > k(doubtful); also dubious is Meillets (MSL. 18, 409) explanation the Tocharian A-

WH. I 423 places also Armenian preverb y- (e.g. y-anem ` uplifts me ': Latin ex-orior `to

Maybe alb. negative particle s' `not at all' : Tocharian A-Postposition - `not at all' carry out, take out, bring forth, take away, remove ', Old Irish as-biur `say, express, *take About verbal compounds in several languages, as e.g. gr. -, Latin ef-fer ` to

retire ', Lithuanian i-eti, Old Church Slavic iz-iti ds. etc., s. WH. I 423 f. come forth, spring up, rise, appear' Page(s): Page(s): 292-293

out' (*eks-b er), gr. -, Latin ex-e ` to go out, go forth, go away, depart, withdraw, Maybe nasalized zero grade alb. nxjerr `bring out, take out' < Latin ex-orior `to come out, References: WP. I 116 f., WH. I 423 ff., Trautmann 105, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326.
h

Meaning: I mhyam. Note:

e- e(h)om e (h)om, eRoot / lemma: e-, e(h)om e (*e-) e

Note: -h- besides -- is ensured only for Old Indic, thus probably secondarily after Dat.

From Root / lemma: ehem eheu eho (*eh-): `interjection, *an exclamation of joyful ehem, eheu, : surprise' derived Root / lemma: e-, e(h)om e : `I' e- e(h)om e (h)om, Note: Note Material: Old Indic ahm, Avestan azm, Old pers. adam (*e(h)om);

The shift (h) > d, t is recorded in alb. and Old pers. alone see below. Armenian es (from *ec, Indo Germanic e before conservative anlaut);

while * stretched after , eg fer, and * are directed after * ` Oscan v `I?'; s. finally Kretschrner Gl. 21, 100, Sommer IF. 38, 171 ff.; venet. eo `I' (compare meo ` me '); Norse ek, ik, Old Norse ek and enclitic Proto Norse -ika (*eom), West Germanic also *k
n

gr. , , boot. , ; Latin eg as gr. has changed from *egom, perhaps

gave ' etc. (about Latin egomet `I myself' s. WH. I 396)? Faliscan eko, ego; probably also

Gothic ik, Old High German ih (ihh- ` I myself ' with the particle -), Old Saxon ic, Proto

(lengthening after *t) in Old English c, Modern High German Franconian aich, Old Norse also k (proto Germanic *ka , from which proclitic ek, ik, enclitic *ka); Lithuanian , old e, Latvian es, Old Prussian es, as (*e); explanation of anlaut vowels s. lastly WH. I 862, Meillet Slave comm. 452); Common > j- Slavic Albanian.
2

Old Church Slavic az (quite seldom jaz) from *ghom?, nsloven. russ. poln. ja (to

Note Note: Maybe: Old Church Slavic jaz derived from Swedish jag `I ' Tocharian uk `I' after Petersen Lang. 11, 204?; from the 2. Sg. tu-uk `you (dat.) you'. Hittite -uk (uk) with u after am-mu-uk `me, I', secondary `I', that against u has related

Maybe reduced nasalized alb. (*unk) un `I' : alb. Arbresh uth ` I' [common alb. -k > -th] actually stands for `(my) hereness ' and it has evolved from the Pron.-stem e- which is considered worth under *ghe, *gho enclitic particles. 72, Pedersen Hittite 73 f. Page(s): 291 References: WP. I 115 f., WH. I 395 f., 862; Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 209, 602, 604 , Trautmann
2

Indo Germanic e(h)om is presumably after J. Schmidt (KZ. 36, 405) neuter; which

ehem, eheu, eh Root / lemma: ehem eheu eho (*eh-) e Note: mostly independent neologisms

Meaning: interjection, *an exclamation of joyful surprise Material: Ved. ha, Old Indic ahah, ah, ah, hamh etc.; oh!', eho `hey there!'; oho!; Latin ehem, hem (an exclamation of joyful surprise), eheu, heu (: Old Indic ah) `ach, Modern High German hem, hum, hm (: Latin hem); compare Modern High German aha, for Old Indic ah-, Latin eh- one could place Indo Germanic *eh- . Page(s): 293 References: WP. I 115, WH. I 396 and above S. 281 , .

eib oib i eib Root / lemma: ei - (: oi -), iieb - (*ei -) ei Meaning: to copulate Note: probably a taboo with metathesis of anlaut gr. , ` copulate '; ` obscene ';
h h h h

Material: Old Indic ybhati ` copulates ';

Doric-Illyrian mythical PN ` of or belonging to one's birth '; (Ant-aib, Burgund-aib), Old High German -eiba (Weter-eiba, Wingart-eiba); formed infinitive), etc. perhaps Germanic *ai ` family, a district, canton, province, region ' in langob. -aib Slavic *ieb ` copulate ' in russ. jeb, jet, Serbo-Croatian jbm, jbati (with newly

Common > j- Slavic Albanian. References: WP. I 198, Specht KZ. 59, 121 , Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 722 (sieht in gr. - ein Page(s): 298 preverb e, o, above S. 280).
1 2

eig- oigeigRoot / lemma: eig-, oig- (*eig-) eig Meaning: to complain, entreat Material: Gr. ` pity, compassion, the lamenting ', ` pitiable, in piteous plight, lamentable, wretched ', (Aeolic ) `have mercy on, bemoan '; in addition verb *eigi in Middle Irish igid ` screams ', igem f. `cry', to-formation in Gothic aihtrn ` ask, cadge ' (denominative of gr. corresponding noun agent or

lachtaid ` groans, shouts '; rather of neuter *oiktrom). Page(s): 298 References: WP. I 105 f.

Meaning: multicoloured; reddish

eieiRoot / lemma: ei-3 (*ei-3) ei

Note: extended (e)i-uo-, (e)i-u `yew' etc.

Material: Armenian aigi ` grapevine ' (*oiuii); gr. , , ` service-tree, rowan tree' (*oiu) = Latin va ` a grape, berry of the vine '; gall. ivo-, proto Irish iua-, Old Irish o m., cymr. ywen m., acorn. hiuin, bret. ivin m. `yew'; Old English w m., Old Icelandic yr ` yew' (*eiuo-), named after the red-brown wood; Old High German wa, Middle High German we, mnl. ijf, Modern High German Eibe f.,

English h, oh ` yew';

besides *ei-ko- in Old High German go, Old Saxon Pl. chas, Swiss che, ge, Old Lithuanian iev, jiev f., Latvian (with irregular intonation) iva ` alder buckthorn, alder russ.-Church Slavic iva, Serbo-Croatian va (= Latvian iva), russ. va `Weide', Old

dogwood ' (*eiu), Old Prussian iuwis ` yew' (*iua-), named after the red-brown wood; Czech jva ` yew, sallow '; Common > j- Slavic Albanian.

n after hari, Femin. to harita `yellowish', compare also hari- ` gazelle '): a- m. ` kind of antelope ' (Schulze Kl. Schr. 123). Page(s): 297-298 References: WP. I 105 f., 165, Trautmann 68, Kluge s. v. Eibe, Specht Dekl. 63, 205.

(14. Jh.) Aita-ggama `riding on a ram' (Kretschmer KZ. 55, 93), f. n, in addition (with for

Old Indic ta- ` glimmering, varicolored', m. `steed, bird, antelope ' etc., Proto Indic PN

ei- oieiRoot / lemma: ei-4 : oi- (*ei-4) ei Meaning: pole; thill es- s- oisNote: extended through s- or l-, n-, r-stem; oi-es- : s- : ois- `shaft' gr. (* ) ` rudder, helm ', Attic (* ) , - ds.; gr. *[]
3 3

Material: Old Indic `shaft'; corresponds:

Baltic *ais as wellspring from Finnish wotj. (etc.) aisa ` shaft, pole of the helm, thill '; Lithuanian ail ` shaft, pole', em. ilis ` a knotty branch, rough stick, cudgel, club ', Latvian ailis ` shaft, pole'; ei-en- in Lithuanian ena f. ` thill pole '; Finnish air and Latvian ar-is, are, Lithuanian varas ` rudder ' based on proto Germanic oi-er- in Old Icelandic Old English r ` helm pole ', that according to the loanword ei-el- in Lithuanian elekstis f. ` Deichselstange ', Latvian ieluki, ablaut. ilkss, ilkmis ds.;

*air;

The origin of labialized Old laryngeals: common Armenian Celtic *ue- > gw- > g- ; Lithuanian gw- > v-.

21

oi-es- also in sloven. Serbo-Croatian Czech oje `shaft' (Gen. sloven. ojese). Page(s): 298 References: WP. I 167, Lidn Studien 60 ff., Specht Dekl. 101.

eisRoot / lemma: eis-1 Comments:

Meaning: Meaning: to move rapidly, *hot iron Root / lemma: aios- : `metal (copper; iron)' : Root / lemma: eis-1 : `to move rapidly, os eisosMaterial: Note: *weapon, iron' : Root / lemma: iies- : to foam, boil. ieses

labialized laryngeal e- > e-, o- > u-, a- > a- Hittite labialized laryngeal PIE - > u-, -, y-, i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indic = j- East Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g h 2 3 1

Armenian, Celtic, Illyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc. 482), Lesbian Ionian (*isros) `strong, lively '; further gr. (*isnao, *isneo) , (if Gr. Doric (*iasros) (: Old Indic iir-), Attic (*iesros) (r : er, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I

read with :, so that is deducible from *-, -) ` send away, empty, drain; pour out ', Med. ` empty oneself ' (compare Old Indic iti); (*oiso, *oisomai) , (, , -, , ) ` meine, metr. lengthening from *-[]- or from*-[]:, after hom. o (from );

komme mit meinen Gedanken worauf, verfalle worauf ', by Hom. with : either through (*oisma) ` stormy attack, rush', ` tear off ', beides from bird of prey, as ved.

ati also from shooting out the bird of prey on his nest (gr. basic form *, compare cattle; a sting, anything that drives mad; the smart of pain, agony; mad desire, insane aistrs ` ardent ' (not better above S. 12); in similar meaning ; Avestan ama-); here also still ` the gadfly, breese, an insect which infests

passion; madness, frenzy ' next-related to Lithuanian aistr ` intense ferventness, passion', Note: Reduplicated initial laryngeal in o e- > Greek oiif gr. (*isa-osmai) ` to heal, cure; to be healed, to recover '.
1 3

Note: Reduplicated initial laryngeal in a o- > Proto Greek > yao- > Greek iaoGr. (*isatros) `physician, medicine man, magician; one who heals, a mediciner, physician or surgeon (for there seems to have been no professional distinction)' here against anlaut. ei-; it is not surprising by a cultural word would be of foreign origin; belong, is dubious; Attic forms without Asper speak rather against intervocalic -s- and Theander (Eranos 21, 31 ff.) derives from the sacred name from, which would also
3 1 1 2 2 2

I m. etc., perhaps also the root name `I(F), compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 80, as -Rufer); Maybe Hittite Isara (f.) `a goddess of the art of healing'. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 681, 694, 700 it doesn't belong to it; see above S. 11 and W. Schulze symbolic lengthened zero grade the root eis-, it did not need to be separated of the wruss. Jesa, Reduplicated laryngeal: Lithuanian As; (Bruttium), Venetic Aesontius > Isonzo, Umbrian Aesis, Aesinus; (Illyrian Baltic substrate) gr. . Note: Reduplicated initial laryngeal in a e- > Italic ae- = Reduplicated initial laryngeal in a e- > Baltic ai1 2

define the swaying quantity of (the goddess of the art of healing `I, `I f., `I,

Reduplicated gr. (*ia-isno) `warm' has and requires furthermore in spite of

Qunder ep. 381 ff.; after Wissmann Nom. postverb. 203 should explain the soundquantity difference because of ;

etrusk. aesar `god', Italian *aiso-, *aisi- ds. are to be kept away and barely equate with

wherefore Old English ofost, Old Saxon oast `haste, hurry, eagerness ' from *o-aist-; Note: Reduplicated initial laryngeal in a e- > Germanic ai-

Reduplicated laryngeal Old Norse (*e-isa) eisa ` storm along ', Norwegian FlN Eisand,

meaning ;

here also Old Indic u-, Avestan iu- m. ` arrow '; gr. ds. from *isu-os, compare to

refreshment, invigoration ' (also in -krti- `healing'), iir- (: , Isara) `strong, active '; ), Avestan ama- m. `anger'; Note: Reduplicated initial laryngeal in a e- > Avestan aeLatin ra, Plaut. eira (*eis) `anger'; Irish arann n., cymr. (*ha-isarn) haiarn (required -), acorn. (*ho-isarn) hoern, bret. (*hoisarn) houarn ` iron ' as `strong metal ' in contrast to soft bronze; isarn) hoern, bret. (*ho-isarn) houarn ` iron ' (Illyrian substrate). Note: Reduplicated initial laryngeal in a e- > Celtic hai- = o e- > Celtic hoiis because of - maybe borrowed from Venetic-Illyrian *eisarnon before Germanic Germanic *sarnan n., Gothic eisarn, Old High German Old Saxon Old Norse sarn `iron'
1 3 1 2 1 2

stimulates, animates ', iayti `is fresh, astir, strong; refreshed, animated ', - f. `

away' (Adv. t ` approaching '), iaat ` he came floating ', iayti ` comes floating,

hurries, presses forward ', ati ` glides ' (- `hurrying', a- `the rush '), at `hurries

Old Indic iti, yati ` sets in motion, swings, shoots up (squirts out), comes floating; it

Avestan a- ` set in hasty motion ' (present stem ia-, iya-, aaya-, Old pers. aiaya-

perhaps here gall. Isarno- PN, isarno-dori ` a door made of iron ', Old Irish rn, Middle

Maybe alb. (*hesru) hekur `iron' : Spanish hierro : cymr. (*ha-isarn) haiarn, acorn. (*ho-

alteration from ei to ; compare Venetic FlN 'I, later sarcus, Modern High German Eisack (Tirol); in addition the proto Irish PN I(s)aros, Old Irish r, Balkan Illyrian iser, Messapic isareti

(Krahe IF. 46, 184 f.);

(Pokorny Urillyrier 114 f., 161);

Modern High German Isar, Iser, French Isre; *Isi, French Oise; *Isur, engl. Ure, etc.

further perhaps Celtic-Ligurian-Venetic-Illyrian-Baltic FlN word Is- in Celtic FlN Isar,

be compared with Latvian FlN Isline, Islcis, wruss. Isa (it could not be genuine Slavic because of -s-) etc.; the name the Iller: *Illur could be compared with VN the Illyrii; (*upo-ies-lo-);

Modern High German FlN Ill, Illach, Iller could also go back to proto Germanic *Is-l- and

(common Celtic Illyrian -sl- > -ll- see Root / lemma: iies- : to foam, boil, bret. gell `yeast' ieses Maybe alb. Ilura : zero grade alb. (*Ilura) Lura PN

whereas Bga introduces back wruss. Istra, Latvian Sea name Istra, Lithuanian FlN Isra, Old Prussian FlN Instrutis ` Inster ' and thrak. I from *Instr-; yet one could explain I from *Is-ro-s; 700, 823.

*Eisl, Lithuanian Iesl, Lithuanian Eisra, etc. (Bga RSl. 6, 9 f., Rozwadowski RSl. 6, 47);

the full grade *Eis- besides in sarcus still in many Baltic FlN: *Eisi, Lithuanian Iesi,

References: WP. I 106 f., WH. I 717 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 282, 482 , 491, 679 , 681, 694,
7 5

Page(s): 299-301 eieiRoot / lemma: ei-s-2, ei-n- (*eis-) Meaning: ice Material: Avestan isu- ` icy', axa- n. `coldness', pmir. `coldness', osset. yex, ix `ice',

afghan. asai `frost' (if from inchoative formation *is-sk-?; different Specht Dekl. 18, 201, 234);

High German s n. `ice';

Old Norse ss, Pl. ssar m. `ice', Old English s n., Old Saxon Old High German Middle

russ. nej m. and Old Czech jnie n. ` hoarfrost ', Lithuanian nis m. (also fem. i-stem). Page(s): 301 References: WP. I 108, Trautmann 104.

Balto Slavic *inia- m. and *niia- m. ` hoarfrost ' in Church Slavic inej, inij `snow flurry',

Meaning: to go

eieiRoot / lemma: ei- (*ei-) ei

h

iti ` goes to, comes to, comes up to, approaches, draws near ' is *-aiti, with prefix );

themat. Med. Old Indic ya-t etc. (apparent lengthened grade of Old Indic iti, Avestan

Material: Old Indic mi, ti, im, ynti `go', Avestan aiti, yeinti, Old pers. aitiy `goes',

eiei-gh- ti i Note: extended ei-d -, ei-gh-, i-t- and i--, ii-- : ii- : i-

Note: Reduplicated initial laryngeal in a e- > Avestan aeinstead of h, *h, Indo Germanic *i-enti, Old Indic ynti); Impf. Attic (neologism for gr. hom. ` will go ', (*eisi), (Doric ), Pl. , , (neologism for *
1 2

e-k), (Old Indic ih, Hittite i-i-t);

Opt. (instead of *, Indo Germanic *iit, Old Indic iyt), Imper. - (Latin , Lithuanian Maybe zero grade alb. (e)ik-i : Lithuanian e-k ` go '

* = Old Indic yam); Konj. (instead of *, Indo Germanic *ei, Old Indic 3. Sg. yat);

*jent-); Perf. (*ii-ai: Old Indic iy-y-a), secondary v;

Old Indic yn, Gen. yat- (*i-nt-es, compare gr. ), Old Lithuanian ent- (instead of Paelignian eite = `you go, walk, ride, sail, fly, move, pass', Umbrian etu = `to go, walk,

me), eunt (*ei-onti for previous *i-enti), Imper. (*ei), particle present ins instead of *ins =

Latin e `go' (*ei- for athemat. *ei-mi), s, it, Pl. mus, tis (neologism as Lithuanian ei-

ride, sail, fly, move, pass' (ampr-ehtu, apretu ` ambit, circuitous route', en-etu = in-t), etusail, fly, move, pass ' (*ei-seti), ier `be going away ' (demonstrates a Perf. *ied), etc.; tu `he/she shall go, walk, ride, sail, fly, move, pass ', eest, est `he/she will go, walk, ride,

Oscan etuns (set) `they will be gone' (*ei-tn-es); Anm.);

cymr. wyf `I am', actually `I go' 2. Sg. wyt (different about wyt Stern ZfceltPh. 3, 394

The origin of labialized Old laryngeals: common Armenian Celtic *ue- > gw- > w-. Old English ode ` walked ' is unexplained; Gothic iddja `I walked ' probably = Latin , Old Indic iy-y-a; s. Lithuanian by Feist 288;

Old Prussian it `goes', isei ` you go ', perimai ` we come ', Inf. perit; eiv, eit, preterit jau, Inf. eti; Supin. et (= Old Indic tum Inf.); Latvian emu (older *emi), imu (secondary eju, *ietu, Lithuanian dial. eit etc.); Inf. it, it; Supin. itu; Old Lithuanian emi, esi, eti, Pl. eime, eit, and eim, eis, et(i), Pl. eme, ete; Dual

*i-d i > *id > idi, as also Lithuanian eidu `I go' to Imper. *eidi;
h

Old Church Slavic Inf. iti (== Lithuanian eti), present id, Aor. id, neologism to Imper.

Maybe alb. (*e-ki) eci ` I walk'. Tocharian A yms ` we go ', yam `he goes', usually no-present yanem `they go', etc.; prefix *pe-) `I go away', 3. Pl. pa-an-zi (*-i-enti, Old Indic ynti), etc.; s. Pedersen Hittite 129 f.; Maybe alb. hiki, iki ` I go'. marches'; compare Couvreur H 101; unclear is the Indo Germanic basic form of a voiced stop i-ja-at-ta-ri (ijattari) `goes, Hittite Ipv. i-it (it) `go!' (= gr. -), medial e-u `come!'; pa-a-i-mi (paimi, with preverb

-i-o- `going' as 2. composition part in gr. among others, s. W. Schulze LEN. 435 . hardly accessible ', prtar-tvan- ` frh ausgehend oder auskommend ', itvara- `going', vt(*vi-ita-) see below; ta- `hurrying'; Infin. tum; gr. - ` mobile for carriage ', , `( brave =) pert, foolhardy ', - ` t-formations: Old Indic it- f. ` gait, alteration', ity ` gait ', dur-it- (Avestan du-ita-) `
3

Antrittsopfer '; o-grade ` fate of people, destiny '? (compare ` course of the world ', s. different above S. 11); Latin exitium, initium (: fem. Old Indic ity); iti ` going out or away; hence destruction,

Tocharian A ytr f., ytrye f. `way, alley', Hittite i-tar, Gen. innas ` the going ', (under the originally r/n-stem; com-es, -itis ` companion '; itus, -s m. ` gait ', next to which zero influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old Irish ethar m. ` scow, ferry-boat '),

ruin; also a cause of destruction ' (: Old Indic it-); iter, itineris n. `way, alley' (compare

*incomings ' (compare to meaning ` entrance, incomings, returning, return, entering, right or privilege of entrance ' or ` moving property '); Old Irish Pass. ethae ` gone away, departure', ethaid `goes', ad-etha (*-it-t) ` seizes ';

grades *ei-tu-s probably as base from Oscan eituam, etiuvam ` property, riches, wealth,

perhaps Old Irish eth `oath', acymr. an-utonou, mcymr. an-udon ` perjury ' = Gothic ais, , meaning perhaps evolved from ` oath way, stepping forward to taking of an oath ', compare Swedish ed-gng?, s. but above S. 11.); Old Norse eir, Old English , Old Saxon th, Old High German eid `oath' (formal = gr.

(from *fra-iya-, *pro-itios `the the gone away, the departed ', compare Old Indic prti- f. ` leave, escape, departure ', in addition prtya ` after the death, on the other side '); Maybe prefixed alb. Geg me prit (*pre-ita) `to host' High German wit, Modern High German weit from *ui-itos ` gone apart ' (compare Old Indic depart, seclude oneself' and Latin vtre, see below). probably Old Norse vr ` capacious, wide, vast, spacious', Old English Old Saxon wd, Old

asachs. frthi ` apostate, fleeting ', Old High German freidi ` fleeting, bold, foolhardy '

vt- `gone, dwindled, missing, without', vta-bhaya- `fearless', vti- f. `go away, pass over, The origin of labialized Old laryngeals: common Armenian Celtic *ue- > gw- > g- ; Old Indic Lithuanian Tocharian gw- > w-, v-, Latin gw- > v-. iterative i-t- in gr. , el. --, Latin it, -re, Old Irish ethaid t-

`goes', Umbrian (with secondary lengthened grade probably after eitu, eite) etatu, etato

`have gone, will go'; unclear gr. `go here and there' ( with prefix *, to Gothic Old High German bi-??), Latin vtre ` to shun, seek to escape, avoid, evade ' = `(by Plaut.

to use, make use of, employ, profit by, take advantage of, enjoy, serve oneself with ',

m. dative) go from the way, go from sb '; doubtful, if here Latin tor (Old Latin oetor, oitile) `

Paelignian oisa aetate ` get used to an enjoying life ', Oscan ttiuf ` usufruct ', with prefix

iti; still it remains to be clarified, if the present from *o-itr would be transferred in the way of the root verb); if ` will carry ' as ` go up to something ' or ` go with something ' as based on tor
9

o-, originally ` approach, wherewith deal with ' (ttiuf still distinct with corresponding Latin

from *o- + *it-? After Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 752 rather from *oi-s-; compare under . I ` narrow access, tongue of land, promontory, isthmus; neck ' (basic form *id compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 492 ; Old Norse ei ` isthmus '; (see above).
21

d -formations: gr. n. ` gait ', ` entrance '; doubtful , Attic inschr.

h

d mos? at least the way of the penetration from would not be clear in older *);
h

Lithuanian Instr. edine ` in amble, easy pace ' (of horses), Old Church Slavic id `go'

m-formation: going, put in motion'); Lithuanian eism ` gait, Steige ' with Lithuanian -sm-suffix. u-formation: kind, mad, wicked, evil'; Old High German wa (*oiu) f ` law, norm, covenant, matrimony Old Indic va- m. `run, departure, way, consuetude, custom'; Old Indic dur-va- ` of bad Old Indic ma- m. ` gait ' (but gr. , ` gait ' to , s. uei- ` set a

Gothic aiwa `as, like' (if from *qiuos from *qo-oiuos; so also gr. ?, see below qo); o e-grade Lithuanian preiva, preivis ` landloper ', after Specht KZ. 65, 48 from Adj.

resemblance with ua ` eternity, perpetualness ' pleads Weigand-Hirt s. v.); compare also

', Old Saxon u, o m., Old English w, f. ` law, sacred custom, matrimony ' (for

*ejs, to ved. upy- ` approaching '.

ailis ` area, row'.

eil f. ` gully resembling a dent ', Swedish dial. ela ds., Lithuanian eil `row, furrow', Latvian gh-extension in: gh

(from *ijilian; *eieli, formation as Latin sepeli); at most, yet very doubtful, Norwegian dial.

l-formation probably in intensive Old Saxon lian, Old High German llan `hurry, rush '

`guest';

Armenian j ` descent ', ijanem (Aor. j) `climb down, go down', ijavank` Pl. ` inn ', ijavor

Maybe alb. Geg hyj `enter', huaj ` foreign'. The origin of labialized Old laryngeals: common Armenian Celtic *ue- > gw- > w- ; Albanian *ue- > hy-. , ` footprint ' (as `tread, step'); Old Irish egi, Gen. -ed `guest'; Lithuanian eig f. `gait '. i ii- in: gr. Hes., ` go away, be away ', `go, come', perhaps also

vehicle', Avestan yh- n. `crisis, (turning point), verdict ' (s-stem); Common - > j- Slavic Albanian; - > i-, y- Old Indic Tocharian. Old Indic yat ` the going ');

Old Indic yti `goes, travels', Avestan yiti ds., Old Indic yna- m. `pathway', n. ` gait,

gr. `- `pressed, squeezed, being upon' (with -nt-suffix), epithet of Demeter (: Latin Jnus `Old Italian God of the doors and the beginning of the year; he had a small

temple in the Forum, with two doors opposite to each other, which in time of war stood open and in time of peace were shut ', jnua ` doors '; Common > j- Slavic Albanian Italic. assumes Pedersen KG. I 322 f.);

Old Irish ` pivot, axle, cart ' (Indo Germanic *i), th `ford' (*i-tu-s; brit. supplementary Lithuanian jju, jti, Latvian jju, jt `ride', Lithuanian jdyti ` ride continually ';

Berneker 441 f., v. d. Osten-Sacken IF. 33, 205, Brckner KZ. 45, 52, Persson Beitr. 348 f.); in addition Slavic FlN Jana (Nowgorod), Janka (Vilna), Jana (Bulgaria), Modern High German Jahna (Saxony); s. Rozwadowski RSl. 6, 64. Perhaps also here Latvian Jnis (thrown together with christl. Johannes) as a ruler of

particle Pass. pr-jav, jazda `the going, riding', jato `herd, flock' (see to Slavic forms

Old Church Slavic jad, jachati (s-extension *i-s-) `drive, be carried, conveyed ',

the sky gate; compare above E. Fraenkel Baltic Sprachwiss. 134;

(Pedersen Tocharian 231); compare Old Indic ypyati ` allows to reach to '. i iro- iro- iroro ro ro ii- in iiro-: iiro-: iiro- `year, summer': Old Indic paryr- (pari-yr-) ` calving after one year only ' (?); Avestan yr n. `year'; gr. (* ) ` season, daytime, hour, right time', `time, year';
3

Tocharian A y `he walked ', yatsi `go', with p- extension yopsa ` he entered ', etc.

Also alb. her `time', hert `early ' from Old French heure `early ', from Late Latin hora ` canonical hour ', from gr. ` season, daytime, hour, right time'; again alb. ora `hour' from gr. ` hour '.

years', compare Old High German hiuru `this year' from *hiu jru; ' (Old Irish *air-n); incorrect O'Rahilly Eriu 13, 148 f.;

perhaps Latin hrnus ` of this spring, this year's ', if being based on *hir `in these

proto Celtic *iar (*ir), cymr. bret. iar `hen', gall. PN Iarilla, Middle Irish eir-n ` chicken

Gothic jr, Old Norse r, Old English ger, Old Saxon Old High German jr n. `year'; therefrom derivatives for one-year-old animal, e.g. russ. jrec ` one-year-old beaver', jrka Common > j- Slavic Albanian Germanic. ` way, row of mowed grain ', Swedish mundartl. n ds. Page(s): 293-297 against it certainly here Middle High German jn `row, way ', Modern High German Jahn russ.-Church Slavic jara ` spring ', russ. jar ` summer harvest ' (etc., s. Berneker 446,

` sheep lamb ', Bulgarian jrka `young chicken ');

References: WP. I 102 ff., WH. I 406 ff., 658 f., 668 f., 723, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 674.

Meaning: horse Note:

Root / lemma: ekuo-s (*ekuo-) ek

Horses were often considered the most precioys sacrifice for the sea god. That is why ekuo-s (*eku-): `horse'. ek :

from Root / lemma: ak- (correct k): k- (*ek-) : `water, river' derived Root / lemma: ak k ek ek

Material:

Old Indic va-, Avestan aspa- Old pers. asa- `horse'; about osset. yfs see below; gr. ds. m. f. (originally without Asper: - etc.); esbe-di `cavalry' (Phrygian loanword?) s. Pedersen Lycian and Hittite 51, 67 (*ekuiio-m?); yet s. Schulze EN 220 , 355);
4

thrak. PN , , Autesbis, Esbenus, Lycian ; about Lycian

Latin equus `a horse, steed, charger' (compare Oscan names Epius, Epidius, Epetnus, Old Irish ech, gall. epo- (in Epordia, Epona ` The Celtic horse goddess whose authority

corn. ebol `foals' (*eplo-);

extended even beyond death, accompanying the soul on its final journey ', etc.), cymr.

Gothic in aa-tundi `briar' (`*horse tooth ');

Old English eoh m., Old Norse ir `horse', Old Saxon in ehu-skalk ` groom, stableman ',

Saumlast ' etc.

Indic dial. ysp ds.); out of it borrowed trk. etc. jk ` horse's load ', from which russ. juk `

Tocharian A yuk, Gen. yukes, yakwe `horse' with prothet. y (as in osset. jfs, New

Common - > j- Slavic Albanian; - > i-, y- Old Indic Tocharian. nt- > -nn-), gr. etc. s. WH. I 72 f., 647, 849. About Latin asinus `an ass', hinnus `mule', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -

formation held by Meillet BSL. 29, LXIV rightly for single-linguistic, Lommel Indo Germanic Fem. 30 f. for previously proto form); Old Indic v(i)ya-, Avestan aspya-, gr. ` of a horse, of horses '; Latin equnus ` of

fem. Old Indic v, Avestan asp-, Latin equa, Old Lithuanian av, eva `mare' (the

eques, -itis m. ds `a horseman, rider'. (letzteres from *eqot-).

`stallion', compare also FlN Avin, Av; gr. - ` equestrian, horseman ' : Latin The gr. word could exist because of tarent. epid. Illyrian loanword; compare

a horse, of horses ', Old Prussian aswinan n. `kumys, mare milk', Lithuanian avenis m.

nor can be explained by gr., yet the various treatments from ku- in gr. were not surprising, because also the labiovelars are treated dialectically differently there (Risch briefl.). 499. References: WP. I 113, WH. I 412 f., 862, Trautmann 72, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 68, 301, 351, Page(s): 301-302 elgRoot / lemma: elg-

, VN in Illyrian Elis, etc. (Krahe Festgabe Bulle 203 ff.); neither the Asper

Pannonian PN Ecco, Eppo, maked. PN -, the builder of the Trojan horse

Meaning: miserable, poor

Material: Armenian akak ` miserable, poor, small, evil, bad'; Old High German ilki `hungry; evil, bad' is but quite doubtful; see there.

`hunger'; Lithuanian elgtis `beg', elgeta `beggar' (Lidn Arm. stem 99 f.); kinship with *elk-

Page(s): 310

References: WP. I 160.

Meaning: boil n.

elkosRoot / lemma: elkosGrammatical information: n.

Material: Old Indic ras- n. ` hemorrhoid'; Hes., ` I am wounded '; gr. n. `wound, esp. pustulating wound, ulcer' (Spir. asper after ), Latin ulcus, -eris `ulcer' (*elkos); to Latin ulcus probably also ulciscor, ultus sum ` to

avenge oneself on, take vengeance on, punish, recompense ' as ` collect bitterness, rancor against somebody '.

elc `bad, evil, wicked, ugly, unlucky', s. *elk- ` hungry; evil, bad'. *elkPage(s): 310 References: WP. I 160.

The latter would be placed against it from Pedersen KG. I 126 incredible to Old Irish olc,

Meaning: ` hungry, bad ' (?) Page(s): 310

elk- elk kRoot / lemma: elk-, elk-

elSee also: see above S. 307 (el-7, el-) el el

el- olRoot / lemma: el-1, ol-, l- (*el-) e

e

Meaning: red, brown (in names of trees and animals)

Note: mostly i-, u- and n- (also m-) stem, rare from the bare root, which seems extended in al-b o- `white' refined names (above S. 30 f), thus both roots are probably identical
h

then with g or k. In names of swan and other sea birds the meaning is `white, gleaming', as originally. Material:

A. Adjektiva: Old Indic aru- `reddish, golden ', aru- ` fire-color ', Avestan aurua- `white'; el (elwer); Germanic *elwa- `brown, yellow' in Old High German elo (elawr), Middle High German

tree names for ` alder ', `elm' and ` juniper ':

compare also gall. VN Helvii, Helvetii, perhaps also Swiss FlN Ilfis (*Elvisi). B. el- in el-

1. ` alder' Latin alnus ` alder' (from *alsnos or *alenos; the anlaut al goes back to older l-); maked. (Illyrian?) (* lis) ` abele, white poplar ';
e e

German Else; Illyrian-Ligurian origin is proved through frequent occurence in Corsica (FlN Auzance, Modern High German Elsenz, etc.; Aliso, Alistro etc., alzo ` alder '); compare gall. PN Alisia, FlN Alisontia, French Aussonce, for Gothic is according to span. aliso ` alder ' ein *alisa ` alder ' must be assumed; Old

besides die later dominant meaning ` service tree ' in *alisia, French alise, Modern High

after Bertoldi (ZfceltPh. 17, 184 ff.) places proto gall. *alis ` alder ' in many PN and FlN;

High German elira and with metathesis erila, Modern High German Eller, Erle, mndd. elre (*aliz), else (*alis), Dutch els ds., Old Norse elri n., elrir m.; alr, lr (*aluz-) ds., Old English alor ds.; Indo Germanic e root is guaranteed through Old Icelandic jlstr (*elustr) halster ds. with secondary h, as Swedish (h)ilster); an adj. formation is Old High German ` alder ' and ilstri ` willow, Salix pentandra' (*elis-tr-io-; Middle High German dial. hilster,

erln `of alder '; perhaps to compare also Old English ellen, ellern, engl. elder `elder'; It is to be compared further Lithuanian alksnis, elksnis, Latvian lksnis, East Latvian

will have to assume various basic forms *alsnia, *elsnia (with ablaut) and *alisnia Prussian alskande reminds after Trautmann an Slavic*jagnd ` black poplar ';

lksnis, East Lithuanian alksnis, Old Prussian alskande (Hs. abskande) ` alder', yet one (Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 6, yet compare v. d. Osten-Sacken IF. 33, 192). The suffix from Old also the Slavic shows old e/o-ablaut; go back to Slavic *jelcha (*elis): Old Bulgarian

alder ' (dial. also lcha, elcha, volcha); The origin of labialized Old laryngeals:

jelcha ` alder ', Bulgarian (j)elh ds.; on Slavic *olcha (*olis): poln. olcha, russ. lcha `

common Armenian Celtic *ue- > gw- > g- ; Slavic Albanian gw- > v-. Maybe alb. verr ` alder' : russ. dial. also lcha, elcha, volcha ` alder '. Slavic *jela, respectively *ola lies before in Serbo-Croatian dial. jla (compare jlje ` alder bush ' from *jelje), sloven. ja, dial. a, ja ds., russ. dial. ola, olna, elna and lena (compare Pedersen KZ. 38, 310, 317).

SIG

Hittite:

alanzan- c. ' a tree and its wood ' (other etymologies in Tischler 15)

Common - > j- Slavic Albanian; - > i-, y- Old Indic Tocharian. alksninis, Old Bulgarian jelin (compare Old High German erln). 2. `elm': elem-. elemNote: -m- suffix is of Illyrian Greek origin. m back; full grade (but s. S. 309) in Middle Irish lem `elm' (*lemos). The origin of labialized Old laryngeals: common Armenian Celtic *ue- > gw- > g- ; Latin gw- > u-. There, one puts gall. Lemo-, Limo- etc.; cymr. llwyf `elm' falls out of the frame, that due to the basic form *leim must be placed probably to eli- `bend' (see 309). Compare further Old High German lmboum `elm', Old Norse almr (with o-grade), Latin ulmus `an elm, elm-tree' goes to Indo Germanic *ol-mo-s or to zero grades *l-m-s As derived Adj. appears Balto-Slavic *al(i)seina- : Lithuanian alksnnis, East Lithuanian

Middle Low German Old English elm ds.; Modern High German Ulme, Middle High

compare Old English ulmtrow, Middle Low German olm, so that possibly Germanic contains all three Abl.-grades; russ. lim, G. l'ma etc. derives from Germanic 3. juniper and other conifers: el-eu-, el-en-. el-eu- el-enArmenian eevin, Gen. eevni ` spruce, cedar '; perhaps gr. `fir, spruce' (*el-n-t); extended in -g- suffix: Lithuanian (* elge) glius m. (for *lus after gl `fir') ` juniper ', Latvian pa-egle f. ds.; Note: The name of juniper derived from the concept of `smoking wood, dark color' hence Lithuanian glius m. is the closest form to primordial root. Armenian eevin, Gen. eevni ` spruce, cedar ' similar to Armenian *alj- in ajaj, ajamujkh `darkness' : Gr. ` fog,
1

German ulmboum should derive from Latin (Kluge), what is not sure at all, because

darkness ', Old Prussian aglo n. `rain'. Hence Root / lemma: el-1, ol-, l- (*eghl-): red, el- ol* ghl- : rainy weather. jel-en-ec etc.
e e e e

brown (in names of trees and animals), derived from Root / lemma: aghl(u)- (*heghel-): aghl(u): Slavic *lovc ` juniper ' in Czech jalovec, russ. jovec ds., besides n-forms in wruss.

C. el- in animal names: el1. `deer and similar to animal.' a. with k-forms (Germanic Slavic olkis): is is (*olks) Old Norse elgr ds.; from an initial stressed form Germanic *lis derives Latin Old High German lho, laho `elk', Old English eolh, engl. elk ds.; with o-gradation

alcs, alc f. and gr. f. `elk'; russ. los, Czech los, poln. o, Upper Sorbian os `elk' sheep '.

(from *olkis); zero grade: Old Indic ra- rya- ` male antelope ', pam. rus `wild mountain b. stem el-en-, el-n- (eln ` hind '); zero grade l-n-: el-en- el- eln eln Armenian en, Gen. ein `deer'; gr. m. f. `deer' (*eln-b o-s), `young deer' (*elno-s);
h

perhaps also Middle Irish ell f. `herd' (*eln); ablaut. *lon- in Gaelic lon m. ` elk '; gall. month name Elembiu (: gr. ); Lithuanian lnis and lnias, Old Lithuanian ellenis m. `deer' (out of it Middle High

cymr. elain ` hind ' (*eln = Old Bulgarian alni, lani ds.), Old Irish elit `roe deer' (*eln-t)

German elent, Modern High German Elen), Latvian alnis `elk';

Old Church Slavic (j)elen `deer' (older consonant-stem), russ. oln etc. Femin. *eln- and *aln- ` hind ' in: Lithuanian ln and ln ds., Old Prussian alne `animal'; Czech lan etc.; Old Bulgarian alni, lani ` hind ' (= cymr. elain), russ. (with junction in die -Dekl.) lan,

neutr. -es-stem, what appears basic Germanic innovation after calf); lp/ lemma: lp-: cow

Gothic lamb `sheep', Old Norse lamb `lamb, sheep', Old High German lamb `lamb' (mostly Maybe Alb. lop `cow' (*lp), Latvian lups `cattle'; also Swiss loobe, lioba `cow' see Root As metathesis from *elen- understands Niedermann IA. 18, 78 f. gr. Hes.;

in addition further very probably as *l-on-b o-s (with the same suffix as ) also
h

Latin (h)inuleus borrowed out of it.

2. waterfowl: el-, ol-, with guttural extension or r- and u-stem. el- ol ` water-bird ' (not quite supported word, leg. ?); Latin olor `swan' (*elr); Pedersen KG. I 40); Old Irish elae (*elouio-) ds., with k-suffix acorn. elerhc, cymr. alarch (a- from e-, s. Gr. 1. f. ` a kind of owl, a small marsh bird ' (to n. `swamp, marsh'?); 2.

Germanic g-derivative: Old Norse alka `black and white North Atlantic auk, razorbill, Maybe alb. Geg alka, alk ` white cream, dirt, spot, fat of wool'.

written-linguistic alfgel ` long-tailed duck ', Norwegian Dialectal hav-al, -ella; with Indo

Old Swedish and Swedish Dialectal alle, al(l)a, al(l) (Finnish loanword allo), Swedish

penguin '; alka could also belong to onomatopoeic word roots el-, ol- `cry' (see 306);

of it), Swiss wss-elg and birch-ilge from variant kinds of duck. 3. `polecat'?

could be also added perhaps: gr. ` kingfisher ' (Latin alcdo seems reshaped out

because Indo Germanic -k(o)- suffix is common in animal names (above corn. elerhc),

(from elilenti, see above S. 25) ` strange '. 68 f., Pokorny Urillyrier 137 f.

References: WP. I 151 f., 154 f., WH. I 28, 31, Specht Dekl. 37, 58 f., 116, Trautmann 6,

11

because of the red-yellow hair; different sees Kluge

`polecat', if from *illit-wso (to Modern High German Wiesel); Germanic *ella- from *el-na-, therein Old High German ellenti

Iltis and Old High German elledso (Modern High German dial. elledeis), ndd. llek

Perhaps here the 1. component from Old High German illi(n)tso, Modern High German

Page(s): 302-304 elelRoot / lemma: el-2 (*el-2) el

Meaning: to lie

*el- with consecutive pattern: Old Indic ilyati ` stands still, gets some peace ' (iyati

Material: After Persson Wortf. 743 has defended a Indo Germanic root el- `rest' and base should be faulty spelling), an-ilaya- ` restless, not still', wherefore probably Old Indic

Wb. 15 belongs though alas- as a-lasa- ` not awake, not animated, not blithe ' to lsati, ilstis `rest', t-ilsis ` relaxation '. The dissyllabic basis points, shows, evinces gr. `

alass `idle, tired, dull' (to s-stem *alas- ` tiredness ' as rajass : rjas-; after Uhlenbeck

s. las- ` greedy, insatiable '), Lithuanian als ` tiredness ', ilst, ilsti ` become tired ', ilsios,

lie, rest, be powerless, hesitates, stops '. The whole construction is very dubious; compare about lei-2 ` crouch ' and li- ` slacken '. Page(s): 304-305 References: WP. I 152.

el- olelRoot / lemma: el-3 : ol- (*el-3) el Note: ms. Meaning: to rot

The extension of Root / lemma: el-3 : ol- : `to rot' into elkh- caused k > p, b then b > mb > el- olelk Material: A root with variant determinative root. `become moldy', dial. also ` fill with disgust ', Swedish ul ` rancid ' etc., holl. uilig ` decayed Old Indic la- n., laka- (*l-n-ko-) ` poison ' belongs here, it remains dubious. without conservative extension seems to be the zero grade root in Norwegian ul

' (from wood); derived verbs are Norwegian schw. ula, Old Norse Norwegian schw. ulna. If mabe alb. helm `healing drug, posion, medicine, herb' similar to Sanskrit la- `poison'. obviously alb. has preserved the old laryngeal -. lemma: el-3 : ol-: (to rot, poison). el- olclearly alb. shows that from Root / lemma: al-2 : (to grow; to bear; grove) derived Root / lemma: alguttural extension lies before in: (compare Old English ws `slime, mud, dampness ': engl. woos `seaweed') and very numerous Germanic, esp. Scandinavian-isl. forms, as: Norwegian dial. ulka ` fester, Old Indic rj- ` viscous, smooth, slippery ', Latin alga f. ` seaweed, kelp ' from * lg
e

disgust ', refl. ` start to rot ', ulka ` mildew, adhesive mucus; repulsive, unclean woman', dial. olga ` feel disgust, nausea ', elgja ` want to vomit ' etc., isl. also la (*alhian);

etc. hereupon also Danish ulk ` bullhead ', Norwegian ulk ` toadfish ', further Norwegian

Norwegian dial. alka ` pollute, litter ', ndd. alken ` touch impure things, step on dirt '; -sk etc.

show Danish dial. alske ` pollute ', ndd. alschen, Frisian alsk, lsk `impure, unclean, spoil'

Maybe alb. alk, alka `floating cream, wool fat, dirt, stain' : Old Indic laka- ` poison '. Lithuanian lksna `puddle' could go back to *olg-sn. Dental extension appears in: In addition Old Norse ldna ` mildew ', Old High German oltar ` dirt crumb ', probably also Old Norse ylda ` mustiness smell '. m-formant is found in: Middle Low German ulmich ` fretted from decay ', Middle High German ulmic ds.; Lithuanian elms, almens ` the liquid flowing from the corpse '. b -extension lies in Armenian ab ` filth ' before. Maybe in b - suffix alb. (*alb) kalb ` rot, decay ', qelb ` pus' common alb. - > k-. Page(s): 305 References: WP. I 152 f., WH. I 28 f., Petersson Heterokl. 165 f.
h h

That Latin ulva (*oleu) ` swamp-grass, sedge ' moreover belongs, is very probably;

Armenian at (*d-) `smut, filth ', atiur, etiur (under elteur) ` damp lowland, depression'.

Norwegian dial. ulma ` mildew ', ndd. East Frisian olm, ulm ` decay, esp. in wood',

el- olRoot / lemma: el-4, ol-

Meaning: expressive root, onomatopoeic words olb `lament', olok` `urgent request';

Material: Material: Armenian amuk `din, fuss, noise, agitation etc.' (*lmo-), alavt`-k` ` imploration', gr. `lamenter, effeminate person', ` wailing, lament ', `

lamenting', ` lament '; perhaps also n. `dirge', m., later n. `pity'; creak, rustle, clatter, tinkle, jingle, chink ', Norwegian Dialectal jalm, jelm ` clangor ', asl. jalmr `din, fuss, noise', jalma `shout, make a harsh noise, hiss, whiz, rattle, crack,

ulken), Swedish dial. alken ` begin to growl ';

complain ', East Frisian ulken ` drive to confusion, cry, mock, scoff ' (Modern High German Lithuanian nualdti `sound', algti ` summon, name';

Swedish Dialectal jalm `scream, harsh sound '; Norwegian Dialectal alka ` starts to

somewhat different is the sensation value from ul-. Page(s): 306 References: WP. I 153 f., Pisani Armen. 8 f.

perhaps belong also the names for waterfowl from a root el-, ol- here (yet s. S. 304);

el- ol- hel hel-) Root / lemma: el-5, ol- (*hel Meaning: to destroy Material: Armenian een, Gen. eean `misfortune'; oorm ` unlucky '; Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 747 - instead of *- after the causative *; `destroy', m. `ruin'; after Loth (RC 40, 371) here Middle Breton el-boet `hunger' (to boet `nourishment, gr. `spoil' (*-:-), Fut. , Perf. (older intrans. ) etc., after

food'), bret. (Vannes) ol-buid ` lack of food ', ol-argant `lack of money' etc., perhaps also Old Irish el-tes ` lukewarm ' (tes `heat'); about Latin abole `to destroy, abolish, efface, put out of the way, annihilate' s. WH. I 4

f.; if el- lies as a basis for roots elg-, elk- ? elg- elkHendriksen, Laryngaltheorie 27, 47. Page(s): 306

possibly Hittite hu-ul-la-a-i ` he defeats, destroys ', Couvreur H 134 f., different

References: References: WP. 1159 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 361, 363, 696, 747, Petersson Heterokl. 159.

Meaning: to drive; to move, go

el- el l- el-euRoot / lemma: el-6, el- : l-; el-eu-(d -)

h

Material: Armenian eanim `I become', Aor. 1. Sg. e (*eei), 2. Sg. eer, 3. Sg. eeu-, made spry, animated ' (*el-ou-ghe-), thereafter eluzanem ` I make come out ';

elanem ` I rise up, climb, ascend, come out, emerge ', 3. Sg. Aor. el; in addition eluzi ` I

`drive, travel' (from a noun *--, Brugmann Grundri II, 1, 321);

h

`drive'; suppletive to (see below Celtic el-), Fut. Attic , Aor. ; mostly with d -extension `come': Aor. (from ), out of it Doric etc. ; Perf.
2

gr. - in Imper. koisch , Fut. (*), Aor. and poet.

- ` someone who comes', , - ds., s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 704 , 769 ; (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 648, 717); but Old Indic yarti ` he excites, stirs ' belongs rather to er-1; era- `drive, push' by el-, however, partly also the root pel- ` to beat, strike, knock, push, pelOld Irish luid ` walked ' (*lud -e), 3. Pl. lotar (*lud -ont-r); as in Gr. is supplied in Celtic
h h

hom. , Attic ; Fut. Ionian ; about Perf. (*elu-), adj. one places still here `send, throw, cast' (*i- l-i), Aor. hom. , Doric
e

`will drive, push' (from *pi-pl-s-e-ti), Fut. sek. di-eblad `would wrest ';

drive, hurl, impel, propel ' has coincided (see there), so certainly in Old Irish Fut. eblaid

el- appears in Brit. only in subjunctive: present 1. Sg. mcymr. el(h)wyf, 3. Sg.el, Corn. 1.

*el-uen-, see above ) and Elantia > Modern High German Elz;

to l + intervocalic s); perhaps here die gall. FlN Elaver > Elaris > French Allier (*l-uer- : perhaps in addition as no-participle (??) Old English lane, -u f. `alley, way', Old Norse

Sg. yllyf, 3. Sg. ello, mbr. 3. Sg. me a y-el ` I will go ' ( is removed hiatus; lh and ll go back

ln ` line of houses ', etc. About Old Norse elta `press, pursue, drive away' (*alatjan?) s. Falk-p m. Nachtr. Page(s): 306-307

References: WP. I 155 f., Meillet BSL. 26, 6 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 213, 507, 521 , 681 f.
4

el- el elk- elk kRoot / lemma: el-7, el-, with -k-extension elk-, elkMeaning: hungry, bad Material: Old Irish elc `mad, wicked, evil' (but olc ds., Gen. uilc places *ulko- ahead!); below elkos-; elkos-

about Latin ulciscor `to avenge oneself on, take vengeance on, punish, recompense' see perhaps Old Norse illr `mad, wicked, evil' (*elhila-);

Lithuanian lkanas `sober';

Lithuanian lkti, Latvian alkt (besides s-alkt) `starve' (*olk-), Old Prussian alkns,

Old Church Slavic lan, aln, Czech lan ` hungry' and Old Church Slavic lakom ` hungry', Czech lakom ` greedy ', etc. Maybe alb. lakmi `desire, hunger'. Page(s): 307 References: WP. I 159 f., Trautmann 6 f.

`long, want', where the stem Slavic *lka derives from Prter.; in addition the adjectives

Old Church Slavic la and al, lakati and alkati, sloven. lkati `starve', Czech lakati

el- el el-) Root / lemma: el-8, eli-, li- (*uel el

Meaning: to bow, bend; elbow, *rainbow

Material: A. Here names position themselves at first for `elbow' and `ulna, ell': dissimilation, compare Brugmann Ber. d. schs. Ges. d. W. 1901, 31 ff.) ` the point of the elbow '; Hes.; Latin ulna (from *olin) ` elbow, arm; an ell '; Gr. `elbow', , - ds.; (from - through remote

bret. ilin `elbow' (*oln);

ll- from -ln- the syncopated case, compare Pedersen KG. II 59), cymr. elin, acorn. elin,

Old Irish uilenn ` elbow ', (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Middle Irish uillind `elbow' (-

variegation: Old Icelandic seldom alen (Old Norwegian also alun) with preserved middle vowel, otherwise ln, eln (ln, ln); ell', Old pers. arani ds.; simple root *l- in Old Indic aratn- m. `elbow', Avestan arna- ds. fr-rni- `ulna, in alb. lr Geg lans ` arm from elbow to wrist, ell ' (*len; yet compare Pedersen KZ.

Middle High German elline, elne, Modern High German Elle; Old Norse shows form

have remaining short middle vowel: Old English eln (engl. ell), Old High German elina,

Gothic: aleina `ulna, ell' shows the same long middle vowel, however, Germanic forms

33, 544) lacks the anlaut vowel.

Note: alb. Geg lans ` ell ' derived from zero grade of *alana `elbow' alana ' (*rni-, Indo Germanic *lni- or *lni-), arla- ` bent, curved ', rtn ` end of curve ', B. The same root placed furthermore in: Old Indic - m. ` pin, leg part about the knee

probably also in alaka- ` hair lock ', perhaps in la-vlam ` Vertiefung um die Wurzel eines Baumes, um das fr den Baumbestimmte Wasser einzufangen '; Armenian on (Gen. oin) `dorsal vertebrae, backbone, spine, shoulder', ulu `backbone,

(Gen. aean) `bow, rainbow', il (Gen. iloy) ` spindle, arrow, spindle ' (*lo-), ilik ds.;

spine, shoulder' (from Indo Germanic*olen, respectively *len); further Armenian aen

Albanian mixed etymology: alb. l-ber, ylber, ilber ` rainbow ' : Armenian aen (Gen. aean) `bow, rainbow' contaminated by a mistranslation of Romanian (*curcu-beu) curcubeu : Sardinian (*circu-voglia), circuvoglia, (*circu-vrongia) circuvrongia ` rainbow ', arcubbalenu `rainbow (arch of the whale)', Welsh bwa'r arch, Romagnolo (*arco-balin) arcobalin, Italian (*arco-baleno) arco-baleno `rainbow (arch of the whale)'. 'Circu' means 'circle' in Sardinian, as 'cerc' (> Latin circus) means 'circle' in Romanian explanatory word).

Sardinian Logudoresu arcu de chelu, (*arcu-baradu) arcubaradu, Sicilian (*arcu-bbalenu)

(circle > arc > rainbow). (Hence alb. ylber rainbow is a compound of a 1 foreign word + 2 cymr. olwyn (*olein) `wheel'; pin, linchpin ', Modern High German Lonnagel, compare Old High German luning ` linchpin Germanic ablaut. *luni- in Old High German Old Saxon Middle High German lun ` axle

Middle Low German lns(e), Modern High German Lnse;

', Old English lyni-bor `borer', next to which a s-derivative Old English lynis, aschs. lunisa, Lithuanian lus ` axle pin ' (Specht Dekl. 100, 125, 163); Old Bulgarian lanita `cheek' (*olnita). C. further formations l-q-: 1. In names for elbow, arm, now and then also other body parts: Armenian olok` `shinbone, leg' (*eloq- or *oloq-); gr. [ ] , Hes.; Lithuanian olektis f., Latvian ulekts `ell' (originally conservative stem *lekt-); Maybe alb. ulok `lame' : Middle Irish losc `lame'. Old Prussian woaltis, woltis `ulna, ell, forearm' (*lkt-);

The origin of labialized Old laryngeals: common Armenian Celtic *ue- > gw- > g- ; Old Prussian Lithuanian Tocharian gw- > w-. Bulgarian lakt, russ. lkot ` ulna, ell ' (*olk-t); russ. dial. alik (?) ` ankle, ankle 2. Gr. ` bent, dislocated, slantwise ' (Middle Irish losc `lame'), `slant, Lithuanian alkn, elkn f., Old Prussian alkunis `elbow', Latvian lks n. lkuons ds., Old

bone; heel '.

skew, quer' (*-), `quer', `quer' (diss. from *, Saussure MSL. 7, 91, Hirt IF. 12, 226; whose i of the first syllable probably rather from assimilated as with = , as indeed:) Hes. besides ` the prongs of deer antlers ', , Hes., as ` incurvation, trough ' n., , `trough, platter ';
e

cymr. llechwedd `slope, inclination ', gall. Lexovii, Lixovii VN; Middle Irish losc `lame'; plate, platter; the scale of a balance ' (probably also lacus etc., s. *laqu-); Latin licinus `bent or turned upward, having crooked horns' (from *lecinos), lanx, -cis ` a quite dubious is the interpretation from Old Bulgarian lono `bosom, lap' etc. from *loq-s-

no- ` incurvation ', also from Bulgarian lnec etc. `pot, pan' from loq-s-no- (see Berneker 732). D. To li- `bend' belong also: Perhaps Gothic undarleija ` lowest, faintest'; Latvian leja `valley, lowland, depression', lej ` situated low '. 1. With m-suffixes: Thessalian ` market ' (`*bay'), `sea, pond, pool' (`*immersion, depression bent inwards, dent');

presumably gr. `meadow' (`*lowland, depression, indentation '), ` harbor ',

Irish lem ds. (*limo-), nir. PN Leamhain (whether not from *lemo-, see below el-1); el-

cymr. llwyf `elm' (*lei-m), nir. PN Liamhain (to *lamh ds.), perhaps zero grade Middle Latin lmus `sidelong, askew, aslant, askance; an apron crossed with purple; slime,

passage, road, way, track ', lmen ` doorsill ' (`*crossbar, crossbeam');

mud, mire', lmes -itis ` a path, passage, road, way, track ', Oscan limtm ` a path,

zero grade Old Norse lmi m. ` trunk, Krperstatur ' (Lithuanian liemu m. `tree truck, Krperstatur', originally ` round timber, curvature '?). Maybe alb. Geg (*lemes) lamsh `ball of (pliable) wool, globe of earth, pool, spellet'. 2. With r-suffix: perhaps alb. klir-t `valley' from prefix k+li-r. 3. With t-suffixes: (being based on *li-tu-s ` curvature '); *li-tu-

the fine branches which carry the foliage ', Old English lim n. `limb, member, twig, branch',

Old Norse limr (u-stem) f. `limb, member, thin twig, branch' (`*pliable'), lim f. ds., lim n. `

Latin lituus ` a crooked staff borne by an augur, augur's crook, crosier, augural wand '

bay', Old English li, liou- m., Old Saxon lith `joint, limb, member', Old High German lid, `bend, bow', Old English liian ` dismember, separate', Old High German lidn ` cut in High German ledec ` available, single, free, unhindered '; Tocharian AB lit- `go away, die, tumble, fall down'. E. guttural extensions: compare curvus), liquis ds. (probably with ), lcium ` in weaving, the thrum or perhaps a made of flour, cheese, and water '; 42, 370 f). Latin oblquus ` sidelong, slanting, awry, oblique, crosswise, skew' (-uo- could be suffix, Middle High German lit, lides m. n. `ds., part, piece' (s-stem), wherefore Old Norse lia

Gothic lius `limb, member', Old Norse lir (u-stem) `joint, limb, member, curvature,

pieces ' as well as Old Norse liugr `(flexible) a little bit movable, free, unhindered', Middle

leash; in gen., a thread, a cross thread; plur., the woof ' (`*weft'), lixulae ` a round pancake perhaps cymr. llwyg (*lei-ko-) ` balky horse', bret. loeg-rin `an askance look' (Loth RC

Page(s): 307-309

References: WP. I 156 ff., WH. I 744, 761, 798.

Meaning: this, etc. (demonstrative stem); one

eiRoot / lemma: e-3, ei-, i-, fem. - (*e-3) e

i Note: (e, i probably originally demonstrative particle). To i- is joined the relative stem iio-. II 2, 324 ff., Pedersen Pron. dm. 311 ff.
2

Summarizing representation offer esp. Brugmann Dem. 32 ff., BSGW. 60, 41 ff., Grundr.

Material: A. case-by-case used forms:

= Indo Germanic *ei; Indo Germanic *ei of stem e-, as *qo-i of stem ko-, not lengthened grade to i-); Note: Reduplicated initial laryngeal in a e- > Avestan aeOld Indic idm ` it ' (without the secondary -am-extension Old Indic t, Avestan it as emphasizing particle), Old Indic iym (extended from *-) = Avestan m (i.e. iym), Old
1 2

Old Indic aym `he' = Gatha-Avestan m, jav. am (after ahm `I' widened Aryan *ai

pers. iyam ` she ', Akk. Sg. m. Old Indic imm (extended from *im) = Old pers. imam (that aih, Dat. m. n. asm, smi = Avestan ahmi, Gen. Pl. m. n. m = Avestan am, after f. imm etc.), Gen. m. n. asy, sya = Avestan ahe, fem. Old Indic asy = Avestan

Dat. Abl. Pl. m. Old Indic bhy = Avestan aiby etc.; Gatha-Avestan as[-it], each once n. Sg. m.; of stem - Pl. fem. Gen. Old Indic sm = Avestan hm, Dat. Abl. bhy = Avestan by etc.

Maybe alb. (a-y) ay, aji `he', (*a-yo) ajo `she' : Old Indic aym `he'. Lesbian Thessalian hom. (*ii) ` one, a single ' (originally `just this, only this'), hom. , , thereafter also n. hom. ?; different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 588 (*s[m]is). Latin is `he', id `it' Nom. Sg. m. (old also s, inschr. eis, eis-dem, provided either with -s Kpr. ` him, her ' (seems also in , blocked, s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 608 ); here
1

for Irish (h) `he' such a basic form *ei-s, or reshuffled of is after eiius, e(i)); Akk. Old Latin e-?) = Adv. em ` then, at that time, in those times ' and *im in inter-im `at the same time, meanwhile, in the meantime ', in-de ` from that place, thence ', Dat. Abl. Pl. bus (: Old im (= gr. ) and em, doubled emem ` the same, at the same time ' (from the parallel stem

Indo Germanic *ei = Old Indic ay-m, as one considers also for Umbrian er-e and certain

from n. *id + *ke), Oscan s-d-um ` the same ' and esdum ds., Umbrian er-e ` he ' ers-e Indic m);

Indic bhy); Oscan iz-io ` he ', idic, dk ` it ' (the affix -k, -ic is itself the solidified adverb er-e ` it ', Umbrian Dat. Sg. esmei, esmik, Gen. Pl. Oscan eisun-k, Umbrian esom (= Old

thereout a stem *eiso- would be deduced besides in Nom.-Akk.-forms, e.g. Oscan eizois ` with them ', Umbrian eru-ku ` with it ', however, it is to be reckoned after all with an old n. *ed, compare Latin ecce ` behold! lo! see! ' (probably from *ed-ke) = Oscan ekk-um (*ed-

ke-um) ` likewise, besides, also, further, moreover, too, as well ', and perhaps Akk. md, td, sd, if from *m, *t, *s + ed, although this assumes only a more solidified adverb *ed; Italian eo-, e, in Oscan-Umbrian only in Nom. (besides Sg. m. n.) and Akk., in Latin

mainly in almost all case oblique (only eius from *esio-s, thereafter Dat. ei stands apart), e.g. Latin ea `she', eam `her', Oscan ik, ioc `she', ionc `him', under eam `her', have om would be perceived as Akk. and entailed eam `her' etc. derived from Old Indic Nom. ay-m corresponding form *e(i)om, because of their ending iam by Varro 1.1. 5, 166 and 8, 44 probably spelling mistake for eam `her'. - From Latin

here ipse `self, in person ' from *-is-pse (because of Old Latin fem. eapse), is-te (however, latter)' only afterwards reshuffled ollus), compare Umbrian estu ` that of yours, that beside Old Irish (h) `he' (probably *ei-s), see above; ed (hed) `it' (from *id- = Gothic ita, ille ' that, that yonder, that one; emphatically, that well-known; the former, (sometimes the

you ';

(hwynt-wy) probably at least partly from Indo Germanic *ei (additional information by

because of East Lithuanian tad an auslaut in nasal); Nom. Pl. (h) m. f. n. = mkymr. wy

wherewith formal identical Old Indic id `now, yet'; but Lithuanian tad `then' required

Thurneysen Gr. 283), Akk. Sg. bret. en `him, it' (prefixed), cymr. e (also), Irish -an- (also), -i only more as having a lasting softening effect, e.g. foir from *uor-en), Gen. Sg. *esio, f. *esis `his, her', proklit. a, older partly still e, ; cymr. *ei- after the example of the (suffixed after verbs; after prepositions partly also, e.g. airi from *ari-en ` on him ', partly

accentuated i, e `his, her' and Dat. Pl. -ib s. Thurneysen Gr. 285;

a `his, its' (len.) and `her' (geminated), cymr. corn. y, bret. e, etc.; about Old Irish

conjugated preposition to differentiated mcymr. eidaw, f. eidi, wherewith identical Old Irish

Gothic eis from *ei-es, Akk. ins, Dat. im, Old High German Old Saxon im) Old High

Gothic is `he', Akk. in-a, neutr. it-a (see above) `it' (in addition new formed plural forms:

Runic eR; of stem e-: Gen. Sg. Gothic m. is, f. izos, Old High German m. n. es(is), f.

German er, ir, Akk. in-an, in; n. iz; Old Saxon in-a, n. it; Old Norse Relative particle es, er, ira(iru), Old Saxon es(is), era(ira); Gen. Pl. Gothic ize, izo, Old Saxon Old High German High German imu, imo, Old Saxon imu; of stem - Gothic Akk. ija (Old High German sia

iro; Dat. Sg. f. Gothic izai, Old High German (with other ending) iru; m. n. Gothic imma, Old

etc. with s-suggestion after Nom. s), whereupon new formed plural forms, Gothic Nom. Akk. ijs (Old High German sio); Lithuanian js `he', Akk. j (to anl. j- s. Brugmann Grundr. II 2, 331), fem. j, Akk. j (js,
2

ja etc.);

indef. having some quality or other. Adv. qualiter, as, just as ', jelik ` interrog. how great?; exclam. how great!; interrog. how much?; exclam. how much!; relat. as much as; for how much, at what price; by how much ', s. Berneker 416 f.) rather from Indo Germanic io-;

Slavic supplementary, e.g. jak ` interrog. of what kind?; relat. of the kind that, such as;

Brugmann aaO.), Akk. Sg. m. -(j) in vidity-j `sees him', v- `to him' etc. (about further

but Old Church Slavic Akk. Sg. f. j, Nom. Akk. Pl. f. j (about the other case s.

to Indo Germanic *esio etc. (?); since stem i- has probably preserved n. it `it' in association Hittite is `this', Akk. jan. B. Relative stem iio-: i Phrygian () ` whoever ', Slavic *ia- in i-e, f. ja-e etc., Baltic under Slavic in the Old Indic ys, y, yd, Avestan y, gr. , , `who, what, which, the one that', with netta ` and as you ' (*nu-it-ta) (Friedrich Heth. Elem. I 27); compare Hieroglyphic

according to Pedersen Hittite 58 f. should contain the Pron. -a `he' etc. ein o in ablaut

Church Slavic dobry-j (see Berneker 416 f., Trautmann 105 f.). Dubious (Lithuanian je ` Celtic by Pedersen KG. II 235, Thurneysen Gr. 323, however, cymr. a can not belong to it. other of two '; compare Old Indic yvat, gr. , Doric (*:F) ` as long as ', Old Indic yd ` inasmuch, as ' = gr. `as'; s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 528, 614 f. C. particles and adverbs: About the nominal and adverbial particle , see above S. 280 f. arm. e- (e.g. e-lik` = -), gr. - (also -, e.g. hom. F). e-, - Augment (`*then, at that time ') Old Indic a- (also -, e.g. -vrak), Avestan a-, comparative Old Indic yatar-, Avestan yatra-, gr. (Cretan gort.) ` one or the what if, when ', Gothic jabai ` what if, when ') s. by Brugmann II 2, 347 f. (Lithuanian);
2

solidified form of adjective, e.g. Lithuanian gers-is, Old Prussian pirmann-ien, -in, Old

`today (this present day)' (stem compound?), -ha `certainly, yes';

e- in Old Indic a-su `that' (besides Avestan hu), a-d `that; there', a-dy, a-dy

Armenian e-t`e (besides t`e) ` that, in the event that '; gr. -, -, - (besides ); so much; by so much ', Oscan Paelignian e-co ` this, this one; this present; here; in this Oscan e-tanto, Umbrian e-tantu `, of such a size, so great; as, so far; for so much, worth

in this place, in this matter; hereupon ';

place, in this matter; hereupon ', Oscan exo- (*e-ke-so) ` this, this one; this present; here; Old Church Slavic (j)e-se ` behold! lo! see! ' (besides se ds), Old Russian ose, russ. -to

`there, that' (etc., s. Berneker 259 f);

`there, that, that here', -tot `that here, that, this' (besides tot `that'); serb. Bulgarian e-to Maybe alb. a-t `that, the one there', a-to f. `they', a-ta m. `they', a-tje `there' a she).

`interrogative particle'; enclitic particle of gen. and (attribute) adj. m. i (from he), f. e (from insecure Gothic i-bai, i-ba interrogative particle, Old High German ibu, oba, Old Saxon about *eno- in gr. etc. see special headword. other ', ds., alb. jt()r `other', Umbrian etro- `other', Latin in cterus ` the other, the rest; Pl. jeteri(ji) `some, few', Lower Sorbian wtery. To e- also the comparative formation Avestan atra- ` this, the one from the two, the

Old Norse ef `if' and `whether', Old English gif, engl. if ds.;

Acc. n. sing. as adv. otherwise, moreover, but ', Old Church Slavic eter, jeter `whoever',

Note: Note Alb. and Slavic use j- for the lost laryngeal -. the preceding word (as it, see below; Bartholomae Altiran. Wb. 67); probably also in Old Church Slavic jed-in, - ` someone ' as `*just, only one'; whether also Church Slavic jede, kyj ` a certain, a kind of, as one might say ' from doubled *ed-ed or after ide in
2

ed (Nom. Akk. Sg. n.): about Latin ecce, md see above; Avestan at to the emphasis of

attached ending *ed? (Berneker 261, disputed from Brckner KZ. 45, 302, compare Meillet Slave comm. 444.) d and d (Abl.): Old Indic t ` therefore, next; and; (in subsequent clause) so', Avestan

at `next, therefore, then; and; but; since ', East Lithuanian `and but' (Old Church Slavic i `and' is rather *ei), Lithuanian `and, but' = Old Church Slavic a `but'.

el. -) ` after that, after, since, when ', - `thereupon'; besides dial. , Lok. of f. Brckner KZ. 46, 203 placed against it = Lithuanian te), Gothic -ei relative particle after Junker KZ. 43, 348 also Armenian Abl.-ending -. See also under -.

ei (Lok.): gr. `*so, if, whether ' (- ` then, next ', - ` would that! ', - (compare

stem , and Instr. `if'; Old Church Slavic i `and, also' (compare ti `and' of stem *to-; from (compare ei of stem *to- in same meaning), e.g. sa-ei `who, what, which, the one that', em (Old Latin em, see above S. 282) lies before in gr. ` there, to there, at that time

', rel. `where, whereto, where, whence', ` there, from there, from where' etc. .

(Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 628); about Old Irish and see above S. 37 and compare Cypriot e-tos: Old Indic -ta `from here' (see below eti). tos

tero-: Old Indic i-tara- `the other' (neuiran. equivalent by Bartholomae IF. 38, 26 f.); (compare above -F `as'); in gr. - `and' (compare -). i-d a and i-d e: Old Indic i-h, prkr. idha, Avestan ia `here'; born ' (about s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 448);
h h

i: probably in Lok. in Indo Germanic -i; further the base of the comparative formation *i-

Latin terum ` again, a second time, once more, anew '; further in Old Indic i-va `as'

gr. `(* born in lawful wedlock, legitimate; born here ', hence:) inborn, lawfully Latin ib ` in that place, there ' (the sound development d to f, b after ub; in auslaut
h

directed after the locative the o-stem), Umbrian ife ` in that place, there ', ifont ` in the same place, in that very place, just there, on the spot ' (Aryan and Italian forms could
4 h

[alb. kudo `everywhere'], s-de `here' and Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 627 );

contain themselves also -d e, compare Old Indic ku-ha = Old Church Slavic k-de `where' mcymr. yd, ncymr. ydd verbal particle, corn. yz, yth-, bret. ez-? (see Pedersen KG. II

234, Lewis-Pedersen 243, Thurneysen Gr. 324 f.); in addition also Old Irish prefixed -idfrom *id(h)e or*id(h)i.

manner, in this wise, in such a way, so, thus, accordingly, as has been said ', mcymr.

-t- (-t or-ti?) Old Indic ti `so'; Latin ita `so', item `also, likewise', Umbrian itek ` in this

i-t(h)-: Old Indic itth, itthd `here, there', Avestan i `so', Old Indic itthm `so' and with t(h)-

preverb yt-, ncymr. yd-, e.g. in yr yd-wyf `I am'; Lithuanian dial. it ` by all means; as ', t, t ` completely, very much ', Latvian it, itin ` surely, just '. word): (stressed to the strengthening of a deixis word, unstressed behind a relatively used Old Indic (also m), Avestan emphasizing postpositive, after relative in ved. yad-; gr. -, - (= Old Indic m? or previously new extension from - ?), -:, el. -; indef. any, some; relat. who, which, what, that; interrog. in what manner? how?; relat. Umbrian probably in po-ei `interrog. adj. which? what? what kind of?; exclam., what!;

wherewith, wherefrom; indef. somehow' (etc.), Latin in ut ` how (interrog. and exclam); granted that; so that, namely that; final, in order that; that, to; that...not' (from *uta-); Old Irish (h) deixis particle and particle before relative clauses; above;

relat. as, in whatever way; as, as being; as when, while, since, when; where; how; o that;

Gothic -ei Relative particle in sa-ei, iz-ei, ik-ei whereas probably Indo Germanic *ei, see

indeed ' (? Berneker 296).

Old Church Slavic intensifying in to-i (see Berneker 416), Old Church Slavic e-i ` yes, Also in 1. part from Old Indic -drc- ` looking so, resembling so ', Lithuanian -paiai `

particularly, specially, especially, particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably ', y-pats ` lonely, only, apart, peculiarly '.

same time', lca (*-lca) `the same', wherewith perhaps Old Norse dag `today' (although last year ' interrelate;

Doubtful, if from Indo Germanic *ei or : Old English dges ` of the same day ', sies `to

understood as preposition ) and refined afterwards gr ` yesterday ', fjr ` a year ago, It is unclear i (Lok. fem. in adverbial solidification) in Old Indic i-ma adv. `this year',
6

Benveniste Origines 129 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 548 f.

d, ai-n contain *i in conjunction with Pron.-stem *ko-, *to-, *no- (Junker .); compare

combined from *ai am. The same as mentioned before Armenian demonstratives ai-s, ai-

Holthausen KZ. 47, 310, Junker KZ. 43, 438 f., with Old Indic words also Armenian aim

meaning `just this year - the same' as gr. , s. Schulze KZ. 42, 96 = Kl. Schr. 539 ,

presently, soon; henceforth; further, moreover; just, indeed ', Gothic ja, Old High German Kretschmer KZ. 31, 466 placed against it to *ieu- `new') : Lithuanian ja `already', Latvian ju, Old Church Slavic ju `already', zero grade Gothic Old High German Old Saxon Old English ju `already' (the formation is similar to Gothic au, au-h, Old English ea-h, Old ii (== Lok. Sg. f.): Gothic jai ` yea, in truth, indeed ', Modern High German j (jeh), iii j ` indeed '; with the ending of Lok. Sg. in *-ou- the u-stem: *iou, *iu `already' (from

im iim (= Akk. Sg. f.): Latin iam ` now, by now, already; of future time, immediately,

Indic t `but' to stem *to-).

Umbrian ie perhaps ` now, by now, already; of future time, immediately, presently, soon; henceforth; further, moreover; just, indeed ' in ie-pru, ie-pi; but cymr. ie (disyllabic) ` yes, indeed ' from mcymr. -ef `this (is) it'. D. compositions and derivatives (not classed above thus far): Armenian aid from *i-to-, see above; Oscan Umbrian eiso-, ero- against it from Gen. Pl. *eism); Note: Reduplicated initial laryngeal in a e- > Avestan ae(m) Armenian i-sa, i-ta, i-na Demin. from *ei-ko-, -to-, -no- (Junker KZ. 43, 346 f.); way, just him - only him - only, one '; Old Indic -v, -v-m `so', wherefore with the meaning-development ` just in such a Avestan ava-, Old pers. aiva- ` one, solely, only ', gr. , Cypriot F `by himself,
1 2

Old Indic -, -, -tt, Avestan -, ata- ` he himself ' (*ei-so, -to-, while

only' (Indo Germanic *oiue, *oiuos); s. also above S. 75. Note: Reduplicated initial laryngeal in a e- > Avestan aeoioi-nos: Old Indic -na- `he' (could also be *ei-no-);
1 2

him, one and the same '; *oino-s at first to n, still in the meaning `god', that is to say `the

identity pronoun so-in `the same here', do-in `the same there', no-in `the same there' (` just

Armenian -in the identity adverb andrn ` ibid ', astn ` just here ', perhaps also the

one', and in so-in etc. weakened to -in, Junker KZ. 43, 342; for so-in he also considers *ko+ nos); different Meillet Esquisse 88; gr. , ` one in the dice '; Latin nus, old oinos; Old Irish en `one'; cymr. bret. corn. un `one, a (also indefinite article)'; Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), (here belongs Old Norse einka ` particularly, specially, especially, Gothic ains, Old High German ein, Old Norse einn (under the influence of common

ekkill ` widower');

particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably ' and further ekkja ` widow', Old Prussian ains (f. ain) `one', ablaut. Lithuanian nas and nas ` surely, really '; Lithuanian venas, Latvian vins `one' (because of Lithuanian vivenelis `all alone,

besides with prfig. particle (?):

from *ino-); s. Trautmann 3, Endzelin Latvian Gr. 356, 381 f. The origin of labialized Old laryngeals: v-.

completely ' from *einos), ablaut. Latvian vi `he' (*vinias; compare Serbo-Croatian n

common Armenian Celtic *ue- > gw- > g- ; Old Prussian Lithuanian Tocharian gw- > w-, Old Church Slavic in ` one; only one; one and the same ' and ` another, other, different

', ino-rog ` unicorn ', v in ` on and on, always ', inok ` alone, only, single, sole ' (=

Gothic ainaha ` solely, unique ', Latin nicus, Old Norse einga, Old English nga, Old High German einac, Old Saxon nag, Modern High German einig), next to which Old Church Slavic jed-in (to 1. part, probably Indo Germanic *ed, see above) `one', from which by shortening in longer inflection forms e.g. jednogo (inscribed jednogo), russ. odin, odnogo.

Note: This is all wrong etymology. Root / lemma: e-3, ei-, i-, fem. - : `this, etc. (demonstrative eistem); one' derived from the reduced Root / lemma: e-, e(h)om e : `I'. Indic e- e(h)om e (h)om, languages display -- > -y-, Germanic -- > -g-, Italic -h- > -cc, kk-, Slavic -h- > -d-.

e(h)omn Old Church Slavic: jedin `one' [num o]; jedn `one' [num o] derived from e(h)omn lost laryngeal -.

[common Baltic-Illyrian -h- > -d-. Common prothetic Slavic j-, Baltic Illyrian v- stand for the Maybe zero grade in alb. (*(h)omn nj `one' similar to alb. njoh (*n-sk) `know'. (h)omn)

rotation ' (Kretschmer KZ. 55, 93); about Latin nicus, Gothic ainaha, Old Church Slavic inok see above Maybe compound alb. Geg (*nie uka) nuk, Tosc nuku, nuk `(*not one) no, not'

one and the same ', katya `the one', Proto Indic (in Hittite Text) aika-vartana ` a spin, one

With formants -ko- (as Old Indic dvik `consisting of two') Old Indic ka- ` one; only one;

hence, savage, ferocious, a griffin or dragon '; s. Feist 22 f. Armenian ain etc.) see above. then to to Semitic: Indo-European Indo-

etc.), Church Slavic inog ` solitary, of male beasts which have been driven from the herd: Similar reverting together with e- (e.g. Old Indic asu) and i- (Old Indic ima,

With formants -go- Gothic ainakls ` single, spouseless ' (also above Old Norse einka

It seems that root lemma for number one spread spread from Indo European to Dravidian,

Germanic: Old Germanic+ *ainaz, Western : Old English+ n, Middle English+ an, English one, Scots ane, Old Frisian+ en, W.Frisian ien, Frisian (Saterland) aan, Dutch een, W/S Flemish in, Brabants in, Low Saxon een, Emsland ein, Mennonite Plautdietsch een, an, Rimella ais, Rhein Franconian ns, Pennsylvania eens, Luxembourgeois eent, Swiss German eis, Yiddish eyns, Middle High German+ ein, Old High German+ ein,

Afrikaans een, German eins, Central Bavarian oans, Swabian oes, Alsatian eins, Cimbrian

Northern : Runic+ inn, Old Norse+ einn, Norwegian en (Ny. ein), Danish n, Swedish en, Italic: Oscan+ uinus, Umbrian+ uns, Latin+ u:nus, Romance : Mozarabic+ uno, Portuguese um, Galician un, Spanish uno, Ladino unu, Asturian uno, Aragonese un, Catalan un, Valencian u, Old French+ un, French un, Walloon onk, Jrriais ieune, Poitevin in, Old Faroese ein, Old Icelandic+ einn, Icelandic einn, Eastern : Gothic+ ains, Crimean+ ene,

Picard+ ung, Picard in, Occitan (Provenal) un, Lengadocian un, Gascon un, Auvergnat vun, Limosin un, Franco-Provenal (Vaudois) on, Rumantsch Grischun in, Sursilvan in, Vallader n, Friulian u~ng, Ladin un, Dalmatian+ join, Italian uno, Piedmontese n, Milanese vun, Genovese un, Venetian on, Parmesan von, Corsican unu, Umbrian unu,

Sardinian unu, Celtic: Proto-Celtic+ oinos, Gaulish+ *nos, Brythonic (P-Celtic) : Welsh un, Cardiganshire n, Breton unan, Vannetais unan, Unified Cornish+ un, Common onan, Modern on, Devonian+ un, Goidelic (Q-Celtic) : Old Irish+ en, Irish aon, Scots Gaelic aon, Manx nane, Hellenic: Mycenean Greek+ e-me (*hemei), Classical Greek+ hei:s, Greek Albanian: Albanian nj, Gheg (Qosaj) n', Tosk (Mandritsa) ni, Armenian: +Classical na, Cypriot nas, Tsakonian na, Tocharian: Tocharian A+ sas, Tocharian B+ se,

Neapolitan un, Sicilian unu, Romanian unu, Arumanian unu, Meglenite unu, Istriot ur,

Latvian vins, Latgalian vi:ns, Slavic East : Russian odn, odn, Belarussian adzn, adzn,

Armenian mi, Armenian mek, Baltic West : Old Prussian+ ai:ns, East : Lithuanian venas,

Ukrainian odn, ody'n, West : Polish jeden, Kashubian jeden, Polabian+ jan, Czech jeden, Slovak jeden, West jeden, East jeden, Upper Sorbian jedyn, Lower Sorbian jaden, South : IndoSlovene ena, Anatolian: Hittite+ *a:nt-, Luwian+ *a-, Lycian+ sta, Indo-Iranian: ProtoIndo-Iranian+ *aiwas, Iranian Eastern: Ossetian Iron iu, Digor ieu, Avestan+ ae:uua-, Khwarezmian+ 'yw, Sogdian+ 'yw, Yaghnobi i:, Bactrian+ io:go, Saka+ s's'au, Pashto yaw, Wakhi i:, Munji yu, Yidgha yu, Ishkashmi uk, Sanglechi vak, Shughn yi:w, Rushani yi:w, Parthian+ 'yw, Yazdi ya, Nayini yak, Natanzi yk, Khunsari yg, Gazi yeg, Sivandi y,
e e

Old Church Slavonic+ jedinu, Bulgarian edn, Macedonian eden, Serbo-Croat jdan, Serbo-

Yazgulami wu,; Sarikoli (Tashkorghani) iw, Parachi zhu, Ormuri so:, Western Northwest : Vafsi yey, Semnani i, Sangisari yk', Gilaki y k, Mazanderani yak, Talysh i, Harzani i,
e

Zaza zhew, Gorani yak, Baluchi y k, Turkmenistan yak, E Hill yak, Rakhshani (Western) y kk, Kermanji (S) Kurdish yak, Zaza (N) Kurdish e:k, Bajalani ikke:, Kermanshahi yk', Southwest : Old Persian+ aiva, Pahlavi+ e:vak, Farsi yak, Isfahani ye(k), Tajik yak, Tati

y, Chali i, Fars yek, Lari yak, Luri ya, Kumzari yek, Nuristani : Ashkun ach, Wasi-weri i Pali+ eka, Romany (Gypsy): Spanish yes, Welsh yek', Kalderash yek(h), Syrian e:k, Armenian jku, Iranian yek, Sinhalese-Maldivian: Sinhalese eka, Vedda ekamay, Sinhalese-

p:n, Kati ev, Kalasha-ala ew, Indic : Sanskrit+ ka, Prakrit+ ekko:, Ardhamagadhi+ ege,

Maldivian eke, Northern India: Dardic: Kashmiri akh, Shina k, Brokskat e:k, Phalura a:k, ek, Gawar-bati yok, Pashai i:, Shumashti yk, Nangalami yak, Dumaki ek, Western:

Bashkarik ak, Tirahi ek, Torwali ek, Wotapuri yek, Maiya ak, Kalasha ek, Khowar i, Dameli Marathi ek, Konkani k, Sindhi hiku, Khatri hakro, Lahnda hikk, Central: Hindi/ Urdu ek,

Parya yek, Punjabi yk, Siraiki hik, Gujarati ek, Rajasthani (Marwari) e:k, Banjari (Lamani) East Central: Nepali ek, Maithili ek, Magahi ek, Bhojpuri e:k, Awadhi (Kosali) e:k,

ek, Malvi e:k, Bhili e:k, Dogri ik, Kumauni e:k, Garhwali e:k, W Pahari e:k, Khandeshi e:k, Chattisgarhi e:k, Eastern: Oriya ek, Bengali k, Assamese ek, Mayang a:

Dravidian

Northwest : Brahui asi, Northeast : Kurukh ont Malto ort, Central : Kolami okkod, Naiki nta:, nt ru, Pengo ro, Kui ro, Kuvi ro:nd South : Tulu onji, Koraga onji, Kannada ondu, Badaga ndi, nd Irula vondunder

okko, Parji o:kuri:, Gadaba okur, Telugu okati, Gondi undi:, Koya orro, Konda unri, Manda t ondu, Kodagu ond , Kurumba -ond Toda wd, Kota vodde, Tamil onrru, Malayalam onnu, nde, nd d,

Burushashki Hunza hik, Yasin hek

Etruscan Etruscan+ thu(n)

Semitic East: Akkadian+ ishte:n, Central: Arabic wa:hid, Kashka-Darya fad, Saudi waahid, h h Yemeni waahid, Syrian wa:hed, Lebanese whad, Cypriot ?xen, Iraqi waahid, Egyptian h h h h Nigerian wa:hid, Zanzibari wa:hi, Maltese wieh=ed, Phoenecian+ '-h-d, Ugaritic+ ahd; h h Moabite+: Classical Hebrew+ 'ahat, Modern Hebrew 'axat, Classical Aramaic+ xadh, h Modern Aramaic had, Classical Syriac+ hadh, Syriac kha, Van he; h

wa:hid, E Libyan 'wahad, N African (Darja) wa:hed, Moroccan wahed, Sudanese wa|ahid, h h h h h

South: Old S. Arabian+ '-h-d, South Arabian (Harsusi) t'a:d, (Sheri) t'ad, Socotra t'ad; h N Ethiopic: Geez+ ?ah=adu, Tigre worot, Beni Amir orot, Tigrinya hade; Goggot quna, Muher at, Masqan at, CW Gurage at, Ennemor Attic S Ethiopic: Amharic and, Argobba hand, Harari ahad, E Gurage ad, Gafat+ ajj, Soddo att h

Page(s): 281-286

105, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 548, 588, 608, 613 f., 628 f., 651.

References: WP. I 95 ff., WH. I 368 f., 399 f., 409, 671, 720 ff., 869, Trautmann 3, 65, 72,

emb empiRoot / lemma: em i-, empih

Meaning: a kind of mosquito or bee Note: With taboo variation b : p?

h

Material: Gr. , - `a mosquito ';

German Imme, changing through ablaut Old English imbe (*umbia) `swarm of bees'. Page(s): 311 References: WP. I 125, WH. I 57.

o-) `swarm of bees, beehive', previously late-Middle High German `bee', Modern High

Old High German imbi (oldest evidence impi pano), Middle High German imbe (*embi-

emRoot / lemma: em-, m- (*uem-) Meaning: to take Grammatical information: originally athematisches present
e e e

Material: Latin em, -ere, m (Lithuanian mia), emptum (= Lithuanian imtas, Old Maybe zero grade in alb. marr ` take' < Lat emere ` take'. Prussian imt f., Old Bulgarian jt) `take (only in compounds), buy'.

Oscan pert-emest ` to take away entirely, annihilate, extinguish, destroy, cut off, hinder, taken possession of, seized, occupied ' (to Perf. *emed), pert-umum `shall take away

prevent ', pert-emust ` taken away entirely ', per-emust ` has taken wholly, seized entirely,

Umbrian emantu(r) `be taken without effort, received, got, accepted ' emps ` taken out, taken away, removed ';

entirely, annihilate, extinguish, destroy, cut off, hinder, prevent ' (assil. from *pertemom);

i-imts ` exception '), d-em- ` shield ', etc.;

Old Irish em- in ar-fo-em- `take, receive ', verbal noun airitiu (: Latin empti, Lithuanian

contamination an equivalent originated from Gothic niman `take', Endzelin, Latvian Gr. 564);

imt ds.; Latvian jmu, jmu, jemt and jemt, besides emu, mu, emt (probably through

Lithuanian im, preterit mia, imti `take', East Lithuanian present jemu, Old Prussian

* m-);
e

besides imperfect: jemlo, imati ds., and as `have': stative verb imam, imjo, imti (* m-,
e

Old Church Slavic im (m, compare vz-m ` take away ', etc.) jti `take' (perfective),

different and only secondary now and then adapted;

besides Indo Germanic em- formant the rhyme roots jem- and nem-, probably originally Hittite u-e-mi-ja-mi (u-emijami??) `I catch, find', Pedersen Hittite 82 , 135.

Note:

The origin of labialized Old laryngeals: similar to Hittite uek-, uk- ` adjure ', Tocharian A wak f., wek `voice'. 203 f., EM 300 f.
2

References: WP. I 124 f., WH. I 400 ff., 862; Trautmann 103 f., Meillet Slave commun 80, Page(s): 310-311 eneb emb omb nb Root / lemma: (ene -1), em -, om -, nb - (n -?), mb - (*en-mb el-) ene n The initial laryngeal was transaformed into a vowel which was immediately nasalized. Material: Old Indic [nasalized * nmbhya] nbhya- n. `hub', nbhi- f. `navel, hub, kinship', nbhla- n. (uncovered) ` pubic region, navel dent'; Avestan nab-nazdita- ` der `navel'; verwandtschaftlich nchststehende ', besides with Aryan ph: Avestan nf, npers. nf gr. (Nom. Pl. also ) `navel, shield boss ', probably also ` the
2 h h h h h h h 2

Meaning: navel

Note: plural with l- formant.

unripe grapes or olives or other fruit ' (als nabelartig vorgestlpte Knpfchen), ` cup of the acorn of Valonia oak, used for tanning, and as an astringent medicine'; Maybe zero grade in alb. mbulonj `cover, shield, protect'.

Latin umbilcus `navel', umb, -nis ` a swelling, rounded elevation, knob, shield boss '; The origin of labialized Old laryngeals: common Armenian Celtic *ue- > gw- > g- ; Old Prussian Lithuanian Tocharian gw- > w-, v-, Latin gw- > u-. Old Irish imbliu `navel' (*embiln-), Middle Irish imlecan ds. (an attempt to the suffix

explanation by Pedersen KG. I 495);

High German naba-gr, Old English nafu-gr, Old Icelandic nafarr `grober borer'), Old

Old High German naba, Old English nafu, Old Icelandic nf `hub of a wheel' (also in Old

High German nabalo, Old English nafela, Old Icelandic nafli `navel'; in addition after Lidn the belly, abdomen ', Nom. Akk. Pl. m. on-stem (Germanic *amban-, Indo Germanic *omb on-);
h

KZ. 61, 17 Old High German amban, ambon, m. (o-stem) `paunch', Old Saxon mbn `

Old Prussian nabis `hub, navel', Latvian naba `navel'.

other ablaut in Germanic VN Ambrones (*omb -) different Kretschmer Gl. 21, 116 f. The origin of labialized Old laryngeals:
h

Perhaps here Old English umbor `small kid, child', also the Italian VN Umbri (*mb -),
h

common Armenian Celtic *ue- > gw- > g- ; Old Prussian Lithuanian Tocharian gw- > w-, v-, Italic gw- > u-. References: WP. I 130, EM 1122, Specht Dekl. 100.

Page(s): 314-315

eneb neb emb Root / lemma: (ene -2): ne -, em -, mb - (*en-mb el-) ene The initial laryngeal was transaformed into a vowel which was immediately nasalized. neb osMaterial: ne os-: Old Indic nb as- n. `fog, haze, mist, clouds, airspace, sky, heaven',
h h h

Meaning: wet, damp; water; clouds

h

nemb emb- ombemb omb Note: (Kontaminationsform nem -); partly emb-, omb- from em -, om h h

besides root inflection in lengthened grade f. Plur. nb a (?); Avestan nabah- n. Pl. ` airspace, sky, heaven'; gr. , - n. `cloud, fog' (Denom. primary form ` es umzieht sich ',

`it is cloudy'); `sky, heaven';

also (see below nem- `bend') Old Irish nem (n. es-stem), nir. neamh, cymr. corn. nef

dangs `sky, heaven'); Note: Common n- > nd- > d-

and m. `cloud' (but older konson. Pl., e.g. Gen. Pl. debes! d for n through influence of

Old Bulgarian nebo, -ese n. `sky, heaven', to i-stem reshaped in Lithuanian debess f.

Hittite ne-pi-i (nebis) n. `sky, heaven' Gen. nebisas; with l-forms (ne el neb ne el): gr. `cloud, fog' = Latin nebula `haze, mist, fog, cloud'; maybe alb. (*nebula), avull 'vapor, steam, *cloud' [the shift b > v] from the same root as Rumanian abur 'fog'.
h

niwl, nifwl, ncorn. niul ds. (that again after Loth RC 20, 346 f. loanword from late Latin *nibulus for nbilus);

but Old Irish nl m., Gen. nuil `cloud, fog' not from *neb lo-, but loanword from cymr.
h

Old Icelandic nifl-heimr below likewise, njl `darkness, night' (Germanic *nela- and *niula- from - lo-; Old Icelandic nifl- from *niila-);
e

Old High German nebul m. `fog', Old Saxon neal `fog, darkness', Old English nifol ds.,

Maybe alb. (*njl) njoll '(white stain), bad vision' : Old Icelandic njl ` darkness, night ']. asti `he (befeuchtet =) besudelt with blood', napta- `humid, wet' (*nab-ta-), npers. neft ` naphtha '; perhaps here Latin Neptnus ` God of the springs and rivers, then of the sea, son of
h

doubtful Old Indic nabhan- m., nabhan- f., probably `wellspring'; Avestan aiwi-naptm

spring, fountain N derives from iran. apa- `water, wellspring' (Brandenstein, OLZ 1940, 435 ff.). (romb -(ro-): Avestan awra- n. `cloud'; remains far off because of the meaning gr. `scum, froth, in i-Dekl. converted Latin imber, imbris ` a rain, heavy rain, violent rain, shower, pouring Old Indic abhr- m. ` gloomy weather, cloudiness ', n. `cloud, airspace' (*mb ros),
h h

Saturn and brother of Jupiter ' from *neb -tu-s; of -p- in skyth. FlN Naparis, Old pers.

foam' (Meillet BSL 31, 51);

rain ' = Oscan Anafrss, probably ` a rain, heavy rain, violent rain, shower, pouring rain '. Here also the river names gall. *Ambr, mcymr. Amir, Amyr as well as Modern High

German Amper and Ammer (Celtic *Ambr), Emmer (Celtic *Ambri); in addition also engl. Amber; French Ambre, Ambrole; span. Ambron, Ambror; Italian Ambra, Ambria, Ambro, Ambrio etc., latter are particular Venetic-Illyrian; compare without formant r gall. inter

shore of the stream', as well as Armenian amb and (with Indo Germanic b) amp `cloud'. emb(h)- omb(h)emb(h)- : omb(h)- : above Armenian amp and Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 333); here also lak. `smell, odor, breath, breeze', Arcadian `wohlriechend', etc. Old Indic mbhas- n. ` rainwater '; ambu n. `water', gr. m. `rain' (to b compare

ambes ` between streams ', ambe ` a small stream, brook ', abrit. Amboglanna `bank,

nemb nem -: Pahlavi namb, nam, npers. nem ` moist, humidity ', Pahlavi nambtan ` moisten '; Latin nimbus ` cloud, mist; esp. a black rain-cloud; a storm, shower '. From Slavic languages the cognate for sky, cloud passed to Altaic languages: Protoform: *ibu Meaning: to pour Turkic protoform: *ju(b)h

Mongolian protoform: *je-leTungus protoform: *iabeKorean protoform: *nbprotoform:

Note: 1, 352. It is tempting to compare also Evk. ewte, Evn. ewte 'spring, well' be analysed as 'water', the -wo part stays completely obscure). References: WP. I 131, WH. I 681, II 151 f., Specht Dekl. 16 f. Page(s): 315-316

(*'washing or pouring place') and perhaps also OJ mjiwo 'water-way, seaway' (if mji- is to

enek-) Root / lemma: enek-, nek-, enk-, nk- (*enek enek Meaning: to reach; to obtain Material: Old Indic anti, Avestan anaoiti (*nk-neu-) ` if something is obtained, achieved ', Perf. Old Indic na (Indo Germanic *n-onke = Old Irish ro-naic); Old Indic nati, Avestan -nasaiti (*nek-, originally probably athematic, compare 2. Sg.

for ', a- m. ` allotment ', Avestan sa- ` party ', Old Indic na- m. ` obtainment ', naana- (hybridization from a- and na-); common Old Indic h- > k'; after Pisani Armen. 5 here hunj-k`, hnjo-c `harvest' (*onkos); Armenian hasi `have arrived ', thereafter hasanem ` come to close to something, arrive

naki etc.), Old Indic nkati ` achieved, attained ', Desid. nakati ` tries to reach, strives

Maybe alb. has, alb. (Calabria) (*k-hasem) kyasem ` encounter ' Attic from *-?, different Boisacq s. v.), - ` bis zu den Fen gr. (*nek-) - ` passing through distance = unbroken, perpetual ' (Doric and

herabreichend ', - ` a far javelin-throwing ' = ` as far as one's spear can reach '

or pass. ` obtain a javelin ', as - ` the goad, prick (obtain =) set in motion, prick, drive on '; Pass. Aor. ` wurde getragen ', Perf. - Hes., - (- is of *-, after Aor. ); therein probably reduplication; also in Med. -, joined as 3. Sg. - instead *enk- in Redupl. Aor. -- (*enk-enk-) `bear, carry'; see below Hittite enkzi; *onk- in `Tracht, load' (= Old Indic a-, Balto Slavic *naa-); Lithuanian; through hybridization with it became to , ; against it to root *seik- ` suffice, reach ', see there and Boisacq 251 f. m. Latin nactus (and nanctus) sum, nancisci (arch. also nanci, -re) ` to light upon, obtain,
e

secondary (Kuiper Nasalprs. 163);

meet ' (-a- = , so nactus = Germanic *nuh-ta-; the nasalization of present is probably Old Irish ro-icc ` reaches ', do-icc ` comes ', air-icc- `find', con-icc- `be able' etc.;

probably in the themat. conjugation transferred lengthened gradees *nk-ti, from which *nk-, *nc-, icc-; verbal nouns rchtu, tchtu; s-Konj. - from *nkst; Perf. ro-naic (see above); s-preterit du-uicc (*onk-i-s-t) `has brought' etc. see below S. 347; zero grade nk- in

cymr. di-anc `escape, flee', cyfranc (*kom-ro-anko-) = Old Irish comracc ` encounter '; after mcymr. ech-wng `expulsion'; after Vendryes (MSL 13, 394) here also the gall. VN *Selvanectes (latinis. Silvanectes) ` property which is acquired ', to Old Irish selb ` possession '; Gothic ganah (preterit-present) ` it suffices = is enough, it meets the needs ', Inf. Loth RC 40, 353 Irish oc, cymr. wnc, wng `by' from *onko- ` neighborhood '?; in addition

geneah ds.; Gothic *binahan ` be permitted ', Gothic ganaha m., Old High German (etc.) genh, geng, Old Norse (g)ngr, Old High German ginuog ` sufficient ' etc.; -grade, as it seems, Old Norse n ` approach, reach, obtain ', Old English (ge)ngan ` approach to somebody, address, attack '; ginuht f. ` sufficiency '; -grade: Gothic ganhs ` sufficient, much, a lot of', Old English

ganahan (about Germanic *nuh- see above), Old High German ginah, Old English

preposition ` nearby, next to, alongside ', Old High German nh Adj. ` adjacent ', Adv.nes-r, nesr ` tomorrow morning ' (*nk-); in addition, also Latvian nku, nki `come',

na ds., Old Saxon nh, Old English nah ` nearby, close at hand, near, close in time ',

about Gothic n Adv. ` approach, come near to, close to, adjacent to, nearby, near ',

preposition `by', Modern High German nach see above S. 40; one places also alb. nes,

compare Mhlenbach-Endzelin, Latvian-D. Wb. II 698; k-nak ` satisfy, delight ' s. the same IA. 35, 36;

Lithuanian prankti `overtake', nkti `ripen', but the presupposed Indo Germanic ; about that Jokl SB Wien Ak. 168, I 36 with Lithuanian prankti `overtake' compared alb.

Balto Slavic *ne `bear' (compare Old Indic naati) in: nst, Lithuanian niai = Latvian ni m. Pl. ` Tracht Wasser ', Lithuanian nat, Latvian Old Church Slavic nes, nesti, iterative nositi etc.; Balto Slavic *naa- m. `carrying, the bearer ' (= Old Indic aa-, gr. ) in: ashore stones '; Lithuanian u-naai Pl. ` poured out beer ', lengthened grade s-noai m. Pl. ` washed Church Slavic p-nos ` envy ', russ. za-ns `snow flurry', etc.; ni-ni-ik-zi (ninikzi) `lifted', 3. Pl. ni-ni-(in-)kn-zi (Pedersen Hittite 147); Pedersen Hittite 147, 194; 236 and Anm. 1; Hittite *nenk-ti, Pl. *nenk-nti, out of it ni-ik-zi (nikzi) `be uplifted', 3. Pl. and ni-in-kn-zi, i-in-ik-zi (enkzi) `divided to' is placed to ; about na-ak-ki-i (naks) ` heavy ', s. Lithuanian ne, neia, nti; Latvian nesu, neu, nest; in addition iterative Latvian

nasta f. `load';

about Tocharian A ets-, ek- `take, catch', s. Meillet MSL 18, 28, Pedersen Tochar. Kuiper Nasalprs. 50 f. disassembles en-ek- `bear, carry', which he understands as an

extension from en- (see S. 321 under enos-) ds.; just there further supposition about enenosek- `reach'. References: WP. 1 128 f., Kuiper Nasalprs. 50 f., EM 652, Trautmann 198, Schwyzer
2

Gr. Gr. 647, 744, 766. Page(s): 316-318

en, en Root / lemma: e-neuen neun, enun Meaning: nine

en, en henektRoot / lemma: e-neuen neun, enun (*henekt-): `nine' was created as a compound of Root henekt : Material: Old Indic nva, Avestan nava (neu) `9'; Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). os, os os t(u) / lemma: neuos -ios : `new' + Root / lemma: okt(u) : `eight'.

Note:

Armenian inn (sprich inn) `9' (*enu), Pl. in(n)unk`; (under the influence of common

Boeotian --, Ionian -, Attic -; Ord. , Attic Aeolic

(*gr. *F- through metathesis to gr. *F-) gr. *F- in hom. -, -,

(prefixed with , Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1 591); thereafter became `90' to Ionian Attic ; thrak. (v. Blumenthal IF. 51, 115); Note: os, ios os lemma: neuos -iios : `new' > gr. *F-: -. The shift k > p, g > b is a common gr.. Greek also reflects an Illyrian-alb. trend as it puts the ordinals and adjectives after the noun while in IE languages the adjective and ordinal precedes the noun.

; *F also in hom. (*F ) `9 days'; besides *F (*neu) in [F]

This is wrong etymology. Greek order was reversed Root / lemma: okt(u) : `eight' + Root /

tens); Note:

Norse niund `number 9' and Old Indic navat-, Avestan navaiti- f. `90', actually nine of

[Phonetically attribute] alb. nnd `9' (*neuti- `number of nine', as Slavic devt `9', Old

Anatolian languages show a pattern similar to alb. So Lycian aitta (*okt(u)ta) `eight' : alb. teta `eight'; Lycian utta `nine' : alb. nanda `nine'. Therefore alb. shtata `seven' derived from a truncated *sa(p)tata `seven' later Old Indic sapttha, Avestan haptaa-, Old

Saxon sivotho, Old English seofoa, Lithuanian septitas; also Old Indic saptat-, Avestan haptiti- 70; in alb. -ta, -t are attribute endings that were solidified in Anatolian and Indic alone. cognates. The attribute ta (used in the genitive and adjectives) is unique to alb. language Therefore alb. teta `eight' is a zero grade of Lycian aitta (*okt(u)ta) `eight'. It was initially an ordinal number used as an attribute [compare Latin octugint `80']. Alb. Tosc nanta, Geg nanda ` nine ' derived from Lycian utta `nine'.

Slavic follows alb. attribute -t [nasalized -nt; -nd ending] Latin novem ` nine ' (-m for -n? after septem, decem); Old Irish ni n-, cymr. corn. naw, bret. nao (to a s. Pokorny IF. 38, 190 f.); Frisian ni(u)gun, Old English nion (from *niuuun); Gothic Old High German niun, Proto Norse niu, Old Norse no `9', Old Saxon nigun, Old

os, ios os t(u) Root / lemma: neuos -iios : `new' + Root / lemma: okt(u) : `eight'.

Note: This is wrong etymology. Germanic family reflects the compound (*niuktuun) from Lithuanian devyn, Latvian devii (n- still in ordinals Old Prussian newnts), Old Church

and through influence of the 10; Berneker 189); Note:

Slavic devt ` nine ' (d- becomes steady probably through dissimilation against auslaut n

Old Church Slavic devt ` nine ' derived from Lycian utta `nine' the same as alb. Tosc nanta, Geg nanda ` nine ' [common alb.-Illyrian n > nd > d]. Tocharian AB u ` nine '. nuvime ` the ninth ', Old Indic navam-, Avestan naoma-, Old pers. navama-; Old Irish nmad, cymr. nawfed (*neum-eto-); -to-formation also gr. , (*enu-to-); ordinals: *neueno- in Latin nnus; introduced after the 7 and 10 m instead of n Umbrian

Old Frisian niugunda, Old English nioa; Lithuanian devitas, Old Prussian newnts, Old Church Slavic devt; Tocharian unte, oblique of uce. Note: Ordinals in IE are built according to Illyrian pattern; alb. -ta adjective formant: alb. Tosc nanta, Geg nanda ` nine ' : Lycian utta `nine' One assumes connection with *neuo- `new', because a new countable segment has

Gothic niunda, Old High German niunto, Old Norse nionde, Old Saxon nigundo, niguo,

begun with 9, while the binary form from *oktu `8' points to a 4-calculation system. Page(s): 318-319 References: WP. I 128, Feist 378 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 590 f.

Meaning: swelling Note:

eng engh Root / lemma: eng-, ngn (engh-) engh-

Material: Gr. , m., older f. `glandula' (*ngn) = Common Illyrian -gh- > -d-. In gr. -g- > -b- not -d-, otherwise shift n > nd > d common Illyrian-alb. but not gr. Maybe taboo in alb. anda `pleasure, delight (sexual?)' [common Latin -d- > -l-] (see below).

From Illyrian *enghi > idi derived Root / lemma: li- (enghi, indi): groin, intestines li: Latin inguen, -inis n. ` groin, the genitals, tumefaction in the pubic region '; `swollen', Swedish dial. ink ` blain, boil, furuncle of horses '. immediate encounter with the nasal), whereof: KZ. 32, 247 f.) in: Old Icelandic kkr `swelling, lump, growth' (proto Germanic *enkwa-z), kkvinn

Indo Germanic (e)ng- presumably ablaut from *enegh- (with g from gh through

negh-rnegh-r-s `kidney, testicle' (`round intumescence '; perhaps older r/n-stem, Pedersen h Gr. , mostly Pl., ` kidneys';

> b-.

prnestin. nefrns, lanuvin. nebrundins ` kidneys, testicles'; Note: common Illyrian gOld High German nioro m. `kidney', partly also `testicle', Middle English Middle Low

*nehran-; Old Icelandic umlaut is to be explained from a reshuffling of *neurian-). Page(s): 319 References: WP. I 133 f., WH. I 701, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 486.

German nre, Old Swedish nire, Old Icelandic nyra n. `kidney' (Germanic *neuran- from

en1) Root / lemma: en1 (*en1 en1 Meaning: in, *into, below *on?); eni, n(e)i; Note: (: *n; Slavic also *on eni n(e)i perhaps also nd i (ending as epi, ob i etc. perhaps Material: Old Indic in nka- n. ` front ' (= Avestan ainika- ds.) from *eni- q-;
o h h

related to Lok. in -i, if if not even created after it).

Old Indic n-tya- ` continuous, fixed, own ' = gall. Nitio-broges, VN (contrast to Allo-broges) = Gothic nijis `kinsman, relative', Old Norse nir `kinsman, relative', Old English nias nigam- `enter into a condition'; Pl. ` men, people', also in verbal prefix Aryan ni- `in, into', e.g. Old Indic ngam-, Avestan Armenian i (before vowel y and n-) from *in, older *en `in', adnominal m. Lok. and Akk.; predicate = ) `in', adnominal with Dat. (= Lok.), Gen. and in part also still with Akk. (`whereto, where'), in latter meaning elsewhere after to (Attic ; thereafter extended as , anti conservative out of it ); zero grade - (n) e.g. in - etc.; about the debatable , ` until ' s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 629 f.; maked. ; Messapic in; alb. inj ` until, in ' (*eni); '), postposition Oscan -en, Umbrian-em, -e, adnom. with Dat. (= Lok.), Akk. and Gen. (of Latin in, oldest en; Oscan en, Umbrian en- (en-dendu ` stretch out, reach forth, extend gr. , dial. and (poet.) , (so hom. always as postposition; Attic only more as

*ni- in Old Indic ni-j- ` inborn, inherent, fixed, own ', Avestan ni-znta- ` innate, natural ',

ambit);

Grammar 531 f., Pedersen KG. I 45), acymr. abret. en, in `in', corn. bret. en, ncymr. yn-, mereq-);

ingen from proto Irish ini-gena `daughter'; mixed with ind- = gall. ande-, s. Thurneysen

Old Irish in- `in' adnominal m. Dat. and Akk.; nasalized), in- (derived from *eni, compare

gall. essedon (*en-sedon) ` chariot ', embrekton ` immersed (swallowed) bite ' (see below Gothic in `in', adnom. m. Dat., Akk., Gen.; Old High German Old Saxon Old English in,

into', inna, innana, probably from *eni-n-, s. Brugmann IF. 33, 304 f.); (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). Old Prussian en `in', adnom. m. Dat. and Akk., Latvian ie- (only prefix); zero grade *n in Old Church Slavic on- (on-uta ` footwear ', -dol `valley'), zero grade vn-, v `in',

Old Norse `in', adnom. m. Dat. and Akk., from *eni (about derivatives as Gothic inn `in,

Lithuanian (older and nowadays dial. in, int) `in', adnom. m. Lok. and Akk.; adnom. m. Lok. and Akk.;

Tocharian AB y-, yn-, in- (only prefix). Ande-roudus ` the very red '), cymr. an(ne)- in anne-l ` contrivance ' (common Celtic -ns-, nt- > -nn-) = Old Irish inde-l (*nd i-l-om), cymr. an-daw ` eavesdrop ' (to taw `
h

n-d i: Old Indic dhi `about, on', Old pers. adiy `in'; gall. intensive prefix Ande- (PN
h

closemouthed '); Old Irish ind- (partly from *indi-, partly from secondary *indo-) in ind-reth ` incursion ' (*indi-reto-), indnaide (see further under), etc. Pedersen (KG. I 45) will also

place here Gothic und `up to'; s. about other possibilities above S. 50 and S. 181.

beneath the earth, of the dead and the gods below ', namely in the earth; or better Hypostase from ? ni- neiniteroni-, nei- `low, base', comparative nitero- `low' (in contrast to ` upper '): nitma- ` the lowest ';

nerk`s ` inside ', nerk`oy ` inside, within '; perhaps gr. as ` those below, those

(e)nero(e)nero- ` inner ': Armenian *nero- ` the inside ', assumed from ner- ` within, in, into',

Old Indic n, Avestan n ` down; downward ', Old Indic nitarm ` underneath ', Avestan Armenian ni-, n- `low';

gedont); compare different Bergin riu 10, 111;

*-n-sed), verbal noun indn(a)ide (*indo-n-sodion) and in ar-neigdet `to pray' (*ari-n-

Celtic *n from *nei in Old Irish ar-nut-sa, in-nut-sa ` I expect, anticipate ', (Proto Irish

downward ', Old High German nidana, Old Saxon nithana `under', Old English neoan,

Old High German nidar, Old Saxon nithar, Old English nier, Old Icelandic nir ` down;

and Akk. `below, under';

Akk. `below', Old Saxon nithe Adv. `under', Old High German nida preposition with Dat. Old Bulgarian niz ` down, downwards ' (formation as pr-z etc.); in compound: Old Indic npa- ` low lying ' (ni + ap- `water'); *ni- k- as ` holding down the eyes ' in: Old Indic nc ` downwards ' (compare nyac- ` pointed down ');
o

nian `down, downward, under', Old Icelandic neana ` from here below ', preposition with

be inclined '; Wackernagel-Debrunner Old Indic Gr. III 230 f., Trautmann 198 f. with formants -u-:

precipitous, steep; inclined, well-disposed, favorable; easy ', (*po-niknti) poniknti, niati `

Old Bulgarian nic ` inclined forward, stooping forward; rushing down or past;

lowest, extreme, outermost ', `from under, from the bottom ', `below, at the ( seems to stand for from ei before pal. vowel); Czech russ. nva ds. (*niu f);

gr. f. `field, entryway ' (*lowland, depression'), , `the uttermost,

bottom ', ` the lower part of the belly ', , Hes., theb. Old Bulgarian niva `farmland' (`*lowland, depression'), Serbo-Croatian njva (whence j?),

down or past; precipitous, steep; inclined, well-disposed, favorable; easy ' from *niwol, Middle Low German nigel `low, base';

zero grade Old English neowol, nol, nihol ` inclined forward, stooping forward; rushing

disdain, scorn ' (also Gothic *naiw ` ' Marc. VI 19?). Maybe alb. nivel `levelled ground'?

here probably also with full grade Lithuanian nivoti `torment, smite', Latvian nivt `

rebuke' (as Latvian nivt) based on probably also neid- ` reproach, rebuke, censure, ter en-teroenter, nter ` between - in', en-tero- ` inward ': Akk., Gen.; Old Indic ntara- ` internal ', Avestan antara- ` inner ', Superl. Old Indic inmost '; Old Indic antr-, also with Vrddhi ntr- n. ` intestines, entrails '; 1447 f.);

compare Indo Germanic ni-zdos `nest' under sed- `sit, place'. As `run down, tell off, sed-

blame, esp. by word ', neit- ` to be hostile towards, attack ' neiq- (see there), in nei-, ni-. neiq-

Old Indic antr, Avestan antar, Old pers. antar ` between ', adnom. with Lok., Instr.,

ntama- `the closest ' (not to nti, nta-), Avestan antma- ` the most internal, intimate, Armenian nder-k` Pl. ` intestines, entrails ' (gr. loanword ? s. Hbschmann Arm. Gr.

gr. , mostly Pl. ` intestines, entrails '; dz : Albanian dj, gl, gj allophones) alb. nder, ndr ` between, in', further ndjer, ngjer etc. `until' (*entero-); (common Slavic

internal ', interior, intimus, intestnus (see below), Oscan Entra `* Interae ', zero grade, `during', adnom. m. Lok. and Akk.; Oscan anter ` between, among, amid; during, in the course of ', Umbrian anter, ander

adnom. m. Akk. (solidified m. Gen. intervias, interdius), intr, intr, intrin-secus, interus `

Latin enter, inter ` prep. with acc. between, among, amid; during, in the course of ',

course of '; gall. inter ambes `between streams';

ending after tre-, dre = cymr. trwy), acymr. ithr ` between, among, amid; during, in the

Old Irish eter, etir, etar ` between ', adnom. m. Akk., corn. ynter, yntre, bret. entre (the

Saxon undorn, Old English undern `midday', Old High German untorn `midday, lunch' (nentrails ' (from *innrar, *inerz), innre, ire `the inner' (if not specific nord.-ro- has suffix as in Latin internus); zero grade as gr. etc. Old Norse irar Pl. ` intestines,

undarni-mats ` lunch ' = ` breakfast ', Old Norse undorn n. `morning (at nine clock)', Old

*under, Old High German etc untar `below' from *nd er, Latin infr); compare Gothic
h

Old High German untar etc. `under = between' = Oscan anter (different from Germanic

derivatived from inn = Gothic inn `hinein', see above); (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). the body', tr ` '. f. Slavic *tro in Old Church Slavic jtro `liver', ablaut. troba `liver, *intestines, cavity of about Hittite antriias ` inner, interior ', andurza ` inside, within ' s. Lohmann I. F. 51, 320

Note: The inanimate suffix -ur : Hittite antriias ` inner, interior ' : , , Illyrians, , ur ur , speak the Illyrian language, :--hence Adv. . , Illyria, also , , Adj. , , , Illyrian: -, the region or province of Illyria, ents ents `(from) inside ' (compare Old Indic i-t `from here', Latin caelitus etc.): entrails ' (or latter with from lengthened in for *, compare Old Indic antastya- n. ` intestines, entrails ', Fick I 363, Vendrys Rev. t. gr. 23, 1910, 74); `inward, internal; n. as subst., sing. and plur. the intestines';
4

gr. ` inside ', whereof -, - and further , ` intestines,

Latin intus `from inside, within; inside ', therefrom with analog metathesis intestnus

', Old Norse str ., stra f., ` the fat surrounding the intestine ' (*en-s-tro-);

Middle Low German Modern High German dial. inser ` eatable internal parts of animals Old Prussian instran `fat', Latvian stri Pl. ` kidneys' (*en-s-tro-); Latvian eka ` Inneres ',

intestines, entrails ' (*en-s-tio-).

Pl. ` intestines, entrails ' (*en-t-i), Old Lithuanian insios `heart', Lithuanian ios `

intestines, entrails ', (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), see above S. 182 -- About gr. - `*in the house, indoors' (wherefore -, -, Lesbian Doric after -, -, ) s. dem- `to build'. dem-

About die compression Latin endo, indu `in', wherefore gr. , Old Irish inne `

198 f. W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 70 ff. Page(s): 311-314

References: WP. I 125 ff., II 335 f., WH. I 687 f., 694, 708 f., 711 f., 870, Trautmann 69 f.,

enRoot / lemma: en-2 Meaning: year Material: Gr. `year' Hes., doubtful, whether m. or n., - ` biennial ', -, - `quadrennial, four years old', hom. Akk. Sg. , Akk. Pl. `annual', - ` one-

year-old lamb' (to Doric from *prtos?); - `year' (to : ` wenn das Jahr ruht, Jahreswende '??). zero grade -n- in: year '; Gothic fram fair-n-in jra, Old Saxon fer-n-un gre, Middle High German verne ` last

Lithuanian pr-n-ai ` last year ', Latvian prns `the previous year'; russ. dial., Czech lo-ni (*ol-ni) ` letztjhrig '. Specht Dekl. 16 places in addition Pron. en in gr. `that (day or that year'?). Note: Gr. `year' : Latin annus `year' (*atnos ) `year' : Old Indic hyana- `yearly', hyan- m. etet Root / lemma: uet- : `year' [prothetic u- before bare initial vowels] derived from Root / heihi- hei-men- heimnlemma: hei-2, hi-, hei-men-, *heimn- : `winter; snow' n. `year' prove that Root / lemma: en-2 : `year' : Root / lemma: at-, *atno : `to go; year' : enat- *atno atno-

References: Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 424 with Anm. 5, Feist 140 f., Specht Dekl. 15 f. Page(s): 314

Meaning: name

lemma: en( nmn en Root / lemma: en(o)mn-, (o)nomn, nmn, (* en (o)mn-)

3 1

Material: Old Indic nma, Instr. Sg. nmn, Avestan nma `name'; Armenian anun, Gen. anuan, after Meillet Esquisse 48 from *anuwn, *onomno-, after
2

EM 675 from *onmno-;

`nameless';

, (reduced derived before from Gen. *), , alb. Tosc emr, Geg emn (*enmen-);

gr. (from reduced *eno- with assimilation e - o), dial. , * in lak.

Note: (*da-a-ma-an) > alb. Geg emn [common alb.-Baltic d- > zero] Latin nmen, -inis, n. Umbrian nome, Abl. nomne `name' and `people'; corn. hanow, Middle Breton hanff, hanu, bret. ano; Old Irish ainmm n- n., Pl. anmann (* nmn-); acymr. anu, Pl. enuein, out of it ncymr. enw; Gothic namo n., Old Icelandic nafn n., Old English nama, Old High German namo m.
e

`name'; with -grade Old Frisian nmia, Middle High German be-nuomen `name'; Note: Taboo word for (*dap-no-) ` sacrificial animal, sacrificial meal '. Old Prussian emnes, emmens m. (*enmen-); jme, Gen. jmene, russ. mja; Tocharian A em, om; Hittite la-a-ma-an (lman), with dissimilation of Anlauts; (*nda-a-ma-an) compare finno-ugr. nm, nam, nm, namma, magyar. nv `name'.

Slavic *m, out of it *jm in Old Church Slavic im, Serbo-Croatian me, Old Czech

References: WP. I 132, Feist 369 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 352, Hirt Indo Germanic Gr. II 98, 121. Page(s): 321

Meaning: burden

enos- onosRoot / lemma: enos- or onos-

loaded, laden, burdened, freighted ', onerre ` load, burden, fill, freight ').

Material: Old Indic na n. `load wagon' = Latin onus, -eris ` a load, burden ' (onustus ` In addition perhaps gr. , Aeolic ` grief, sorrow, distress, trouble', ,

Grammatical information: n.

` grievous, troublesome, annoying' (the dialect distribution from : as with the Indic mv f. ` grief, sorrow, distress, trouble, plague ' (see below om-). om See also: s. also under enek-. References: WP. I 132 f.;

preposition : ); after Wackernagel Gl. 14, 54 f. but dissimilated from *F = Old

Page(s): 321-322

Root / lemma: eno- (probably e-no-): ono- : no- : -neenono- ono- no- neMeaning: that Material: Old Indic Instr. anna, any `this, that', Gen. Lok. Du. any; an ` for, sure ';

Avestan Gen. Du. anay, Instr. ana (Old pers. an), Pl. ani; about Old Indic any`other', ntara- ds., which someone might place here, compare above S. 37;

der ber morgige Tag ', (-) `that', Doric ds. (*-, *-), ` der und der, ein gewisser ' (after = * ` this and that '); about ` a, some, few' (from *en-io-?) compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 614 ;
4

Armenian so-in `the same', if from *ko-eno-s, Junker KZ. 43, 343; gr. (sc. ) `

besides, moreover, likewise, as well, even ' (whose - in proclitic from e), Umbrian ene, enem ` then, at that time, in those times ' besides eno(m), ennom etc. ds.; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

Latin enim Old Latin ` yea, in truth ', later ` for, namely ' = Oscan nm, inim ` also, too,

Middle High German geiner (= jeiner), Old English geon, Gothic jains `that' instead of

Indo Germanic *onio-, with i- (probably of Rel. *io-) in Old High German ienr, obd. ener,

*janjis through the influence of ains; Old Norse enn, inn `the', with k-: hinn `that', hnn, hann `he' (*knos); Lithuanian as, ans `that', em. `he'; Old Prussian tns `he' (*t-anas: *to); kind of' (= Lithuanian anks ds.); Old Church Slavic etc. on (ona, ono) `that, he', serb.-Church Slavic onak `from that

day, some time, some day', comparePedersen Hittite 63, Couvreur H 91 f. nono-, n in: Old Indic n-n `so or so';

about Hittite an-ni-i (annis) `that', Adverb an-na-az (annaz), an-ni-a-an `once, one

, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 613); Maybe alb. andej `there'

Germanic t; also not similar Old Irish and `here', above S. 37, wherefore still Cypriot

Armenian -n article, na `then' (*no-ai, Meillet Esquisse 88), a-n-d `there' (d from Indo
2

(compare : `if', : `also'); Maybe alb n se `if'

gr. , Doric Hes.; ` yea, in truth ', Instr. (= Latin n ds.), , ds.

course, as everybody knows', nem-ut ds.; n ` yea, in truth ', instrumental;

Latin nam `for, namely' (Akk. Sg. f), nem-pe `certainly, without doubt, assuredly, of doubtful whether Slavic *n, Interjektion russ. na ` there you have!' etc. belongs here.

Also alb. na ` there you have!' Maybe poln. na pewno `certainly' : Latin nem-pe `certainly' Doubtful is also, whether the consecutive particles belong here: ne in: Old Indic n `as though, as'; Avestan ya-na `and namely ';

gr Thessalian , , , with double inflection Gen. Sg. etc. `this'; Umbrian arnipo ` as far as ' from *ad-ne-kom), quand-ne, sn (*s-ne ` if, however '), etc.; also -ne in the question; Old High German (ne weist tu) na ` not knowing whether '; Latvian ne `as'; (*ne-i). Old Lithuanian ne `as', Lithuanian n, ngi, ngu `as' (after comparative), ni `as' (*ne-i), Latin ego-ne, t-ne, dnique (*d-ne-que), dnicum, dnec (*d-ne-kom, compare

akls. nee, Serbo-Croatian ngo `as' after comparative; Old Russian ni ds., poln. ni `as'

Maybe alb. (*nse) se : poln ni `than' : akls. nee `as' after comparative. n in: Old Indic v-n `without'; ne); Avestan yaa-n `straight as', ci-n for the introduction of a question (= Latin quidabout gr. , which could also be -, see below , ; s. S. 320; Latin n ` yea, in truth ' see above S. 320; -na in oba-na `from here above '; Old Norse r-na ` to yourself, to you ', etc.; Old Bulgarian v-n ` outside '; kus-ne `who, what, which, the one that', compare Couvreur (Tochaarse Klank- en Vormleer 50); s. also Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 612; References: WP. II 336 f., WH. I 339 f., 370 f., 386 f., 404 f., Trautmann 7 f., 195, probably Phrygian `and' (in `and who') remains far off; about Tocharian A -ne in Gothic -na in afta-na Adv. `from behind', hinda-na Adv. `beyond', etc.; Old High German

Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 606, 612, Specht Dekl. 306. Page(s): 319-321

Root / lemma: enq-, onq- (*hok enq- onq- hok-) hok

Meaning: to sigh, groan, onomatopoeic words

Note: both vocalizations also with various emotion value, so that perhaps would be spoken from two variant onomatopoeic words. Besides, admittedly, a root form in voicednonaspirated eng-, ong-, ng- `groan, moan, sigh', without such such meaning separation eng- ong-

after the vocalization. (*);

Material: Gr. `cry, shout (bray, of the ass) ' (of donkey), ` bittern ' alb. nknj, Geg angj ` groan, sigh, complain ' (*enq-); groan, a lamentation, complaint ', interjection `ah!', is not deducible from *oq- and probably certainly a new interjectional creation; Latin unc, -re ` to sound or roar like a bear '. But cymr. och ` a sighing, a sigh, a

one's speech', russ. Dialectal jat `groan, moan, plaintive shout '. sigh'

Slavic *jati, russ.-Church Slavic jau, jaati `sigh', jakliv ` having an impediment in

alb. Geg me u anku `to groan, moan, sigh' : Middle Low German anken `groan, moan, With voiced-nonaspirated: `crow' (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), (from *eng-n-k) and enchache f. ` buffoonery, Middle Irish ong ` the groaning, sigh, lamentation ', in addition probably Old Irish ennach

scurrility ';

also Modern High German Unke after her pitiful cry (yet onomatopoeic word Middle High Old High German unc `snake' [see above S. 44] considers).
11

through ablaut Danish ynke, Swedish ynka `have mercy on, deplore, bemoan ', at most

sigh, distress, repentance ', Danish ank, anke ` lament, complaint ', wherefore changing

Middle Low German anken `groan, moan, sigh', Norwegian Dialectal ank ` whimpering,

German che ` toad '; s. still Kluge , the hybridization this che with Middle High German An onomatopoeic word is Lithuanian ngti, ngau ` whimper like a dog '. Page(s): 322 References: WP. I 133.

entantRoot / lemma: ent- (better ant-?) (*-ent)

Meaning: to weave entantRoot / lemma: ent- (better ant-?) : `to weave' derived from a truncated Root / lemma: ueb 1 : `to weave, plait' through an Illyrian-alb. intermediary alb. venj `I weave ' (*ueb ni) : alb. ent, int ` weave ' (*ent-i- or *nt-i). mantle' (nt-ko-s); Material: Old Indic tka- m. ` garment, mantle', Avestan aka-, atka- m. ` Upper dress, alb. ent, int ` weave ' (*ent-i- or *nt-i) : Old Indic ubhnti, umbhti, unbdhi `tie together',
h h h

Note:

r-vbhi- m. ` spider ', gr. `the weaving ', alb. venj `I weave ' (*ueb ni); Note: Alb.- slavic use prothetic v- for the lost laryngeal -.

a ` setting the warp in the loom, i.e. beginning the web '; if, however (Petersson

gr. Attic (*nt-io-) ` weave ', ds. (compare Debrunner IF. 21, 216), ,

tiud ` clothing ' could be shaped secondary to tach ds. (*en-togo-);

However, exists with gr. culture words the suspicious origin and Old Irish tid ` dressed ', also the equation Old Indic tka- : gr. `skin, hose, tube ' is because of of this

Heterokl. 262) ds., ds. belong to it, must have begun rather like root *ant-.

dubious meaning; gr. , Doric ` the warp in a web ' are suspectly of pre-Greek origin. References: WP. I 134.

Page(s): 322

Meaning: boar

eperoRoot / lemma: epero-

Material: Latin aper, apr ` boar ', Umbrian Akk. Pl. apruf, abrof, Akk. Sg. abrunu, Akk. Pl. 111, 124 f.); a probably after caper; derived Latin aprugnus `of boar' with suffix -gno- zur root en here perhaps the PN Eprius; en-; Germanic *ebura-, Old Norse jfurr m. `prince, lord' (in figurative meaning, actually

abrons `pigs' (yet about Latin Aprnius, mars.-Latin Aprufclano see Schulze Eigennamen

German Eber.

`boar'), Old English eofor m. `boar', mndd. ever, Old High German ebur, Modern High

vpra), poln. wieprz (Gen. wieprza), russ. vepr (Gen. vprja) here; borrowed of Slavic, but common origin;

With (analogical?) v-suggestion belong asl. vepr m. `boar', Serbo-Croatian vpar (Gen. Latvian vepris ds. (PN Lithuanian Vpriai Plur., and Old Prussian Weppren) is not unclear is thrak. ` he-goat; billy goat '.

Page(s): Page(s): 323

References: WP. I 121, WH. I 56, Trautmann 351.

ephRoot / lemma: ephMeaning: to cook Note: Only Gr. and Armenian

Material: Armenian ep`em `cook'; because also * should lead to ); however, so- would be present gr. `cook', Fut. , participle (does not prove in itself Indo Germanic ph,

(compare : ) and Armenian p` derived from Indo Germanic ph . Page(s): 325 References: WP. I 124, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326, 706.

epi, opi, Root / lemma: epi opi pi Meaning: at, by Note: (also with lengthened grade -ei, -oi in the final syllable); partially in the meaning with
h h

abbreviated eb i, ob i.

Material: Old Indic pi `also, in addition' (Adv.), seldom ved. preposition m. locative `by, in', fastened to', py-ka- ` cover of the bow ': gr. - ` crease, layer ', if from *-, prefix api-, pi- `to, by' (pi- in pi-dhna- n. ` covering, cover, lid ', pi-nahyati ` tethered,

`lay, place together, crease ', payati : , s. *sed-); common Old Indic h- > *sedkAvestan aipi, p. apiy, adnominal `about - to, by (Akk.), by (temporal, Lok.), after

(temporal, Instr.)', Adv. `in addition also, likewise also, particularly, specially, especially, particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably; hereafter, later', prefix `to';

with lengthened grade of final syllable Avestan ape `after' (m. Akk.), compare apaya Adv. ` hereafter, prospectively ', -pe emphasizing particle; Armenian ev `and, also'; *pi in anlaut h- united verbs, as h-aganim `pull myself to '? prefix, Hes. (i.e. probably ` progeny ', basic form *--, afterwards', Ionian Attic () ds. (-- after (), compare also () Schulze, Kl. Schr. 70 ff., 675), - prefix (see above); opi in hom. -() `behind, Gr. , `auf to, an', adnominal with dative (= Indo Germanic Lok., Instr., Akk., Gen.,

:- `stare at', ` girl gazer, onlooker ', * (formation as , Latin abs, above S. 284; , see below Italian ops-) base from , Aeolic `late';about gr. - `there' see Illyrian PN Epi-cadus (compare gr. ` parading, showing off '); Venetic PN

343); presumably (with Indo Germanic contraction from *opi- q to *opq, to *oq- `see')
o

`behind, backwards'; hereafter ' (*opi-ti), ` hindmost, last'; - `autumn', S.

Opi-tergium (to Tergeste `Triest', Old Bulgarian trg ` marketplace '; alb. tregu ` marketplace '); Messapic pi-d (*d-t) `bore profit';

riu `Irland' (*epi-ueri ` enclosed land, hill, island), cymr. Ywerddon ds. (*uiueron, *epiuerionos) [common Illyrian n > nd > d]. Latin ob adnominal m. Akk. ` prep. with acc., in front of, before; in return for; because of,

alb. pr ` situated above '; Illyrian Epirus (*epi-ueri ) ` situated above, highland ' :

on account of ', Old Latin also ` around, round about, all around, near together, in close still in operio from *op-veri, oportet from *op-vortet ` it is necessary, needful, proper,
2

proximity ', and prefix from op- before voiced consonant originated (as ab from ap[o]); op becoming, or reasonable; it behooves; I (thou, he, etc.) must or ought '; about opcus s. tendo; Oscan p, op `by' with Abl. (= *Instr.);

EM 703 and above S. 54; *ops- (see above) usually before t- in compound, e.g. o(p)s-

Neutr. a derivative *epi-ro-m (Thurneysen Gr. 516); epi- seems also obstructed in Old Irish `Irland' (*epi-ueri ` enclosed land, hill, island) = cymr. Ywerddon ds. (*uiueron, *epiuerionos), nir. ibheall `blaze, glow' (*epi-b elo-); bret. ufern `ankle' (opi-spern);
h

Old Irish iar n-, iarm- `after, afterwards, in the next place, secondly ' m. Dat., perhaps

-daim ` close ' (compare Latin ob-d), i-thech ` perjury ' (compare gr. -), riu

opi in Old Irish obell m. `blaze, glow' = cymr. ufel m. `spark' (*opi-b elo-); cymr. uffarn,
h

slope', Old English eofolsian ` blaspheme ' (*e-hlsian), eofut, eofot n. `blame' (*e-ht); with Old English fen m. n., Old Saxon and, Old High German band; perhaps the in addition perhaps also the group `evening': Old Norse aptann, eptann, west-Germanic

Gothic iftuma (formation as aftuma `last') ` subsequent, later'; ibdalja m. ` descent,

West Germanic has dissimilation reduction of the first dental experienced in the basic form *ptanto- or is Indo Germanic *p-onto- the basic form and Old Norse aptann from derived aptan ` hereafter '; to the possible fusion from *ap- and *ep- in Germanic compare above S. 53 f.; about, by', api ` around, about ' m. Akk., Old Lithuanian and dial. East Lithuanian dieve-p Lithuanian ap-, before labial also still api-, in nominal compound apy- prefix `around,

`by god' , snas-pi `for the son'; Latvian ap- `around, about', pe with Gen. and Akk. `by, rather as *epi here, as to be taken as a basis under the form eb- to Indo Germanic eb i,
h h

in', pe- `to there, in-, full-'; Old Prussian ep- (ap- lacking normative spelling), eb- `around-',

. Fraenkel, Syntax 18 ff., Endzelin Gr. 524 ff.;

homeward') and Lok. (nami-pi `to the house, homeward'), Latvian -p (only adverbial use), in addition one places also Lithuanian suffix in dvej-pas ` twofold ' etc., as well as das

ob i; in addition to the postposition lit -p(i) hinter Gen. nam-pi `on the way home,

suffix in Illyrian VN Hadriopes, , etc. (??);

see above S. 287, Meillet Slave commun 155 f., Trautmann 1; as gr. ;
2

here also Slavic preposition ` around, in' (*op); to coincidence with Indo Germanic ob i about Hittite appa etc. see above S. 53; in the meaning it corresponds rather to gr.
h

Lycian knows only the extended forms ep-, epte `after'; would strengthen the Gen. through epi), s. also Pedersen Tocharian 50 ff. 620, 628, 631 , Trautmann 1.
7

about Tocharian Gen.-ending A -p, -epi, which one could put here (also in Lithuanian

References: WP. I 122 f., Pedersen Lycian and Hittite 23, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 325, 550 ,
7

Page(s): 323-325

Meaning: a kind of exclamation

Root / lemma: epop, opop epop

Material: Armenian popop, npers. pp `hoopoe'; Hes. (-- probably through support in -); , (assimilated from *, which is reshuffled in ending after animal names suffix = alb. kafsh (*, *haphos) `animal'); Latin upupa `hoopoe'; Saxon widohoppa is a reinterpretation after Germanic widu- (Indo Germanic uid u-) `tree, wood' and Middle High German hopfen `hpfen'; Latvian puppukis `hoopoe'. Sorbian hupa `cry like a hoopoe', compare also more in general slovak. hpati `cry', russ. old chupsti sja ` vaunt, boast '. Page(s): 325 References: WP. I 123 f., Kluge S. 689. similar, but not reduplicated, Upper Sorbian hupak, poln. hupek `hoopoe', Upper
h

gr. `shout, call of hoopoe', , - `hoopoe',

ndd. Hupphupp ; Modern High German Wiedehopf, Old High German wituhopfo, Old

Meaning: to drill, make holes

ereb- orob- rbRoot / lemma: ereb-, orob-, rb-

Material: Latvian irbs `knitting needle' (rhyme word to virbs), irbulis `little peg, stylus';

Lithuanian rbinti ` make a hole with the awl ', urbti = Latvian urbt `bore', urbulis `awl, incision, rabbet, lack, feud '. The ablaut relation speaks for Indo Germanic age of the family, although the citation of gr. ` round shoemaker's knife ' and ` because latter can be also based on a word for ` shoe ' of quite other origin

stylus'; Lithuanian rubti `hollow out', ruobtvas ` Hohlmesser ', Latvian ruobs ` incisure,

strong shoe covering the whole foot ' (if originally ` hollow clog ') remains quite doubtful, References: WP. I 146.

Page(s): 333

Meaning: to flow; dampness

eredRoot / lemma: ered- (*ere-danos)

11

Material: Old Indic rdati, rdti ` flows (in compounds), sprays, resolves; disturbs', ardyati compounds) ` dampness ', Avestan ardv- f. name of a mythical river, worshiped mostly from in addition gr. `smut, dirt ', `dirty, filthy'? German der Rotten, Italian Rodano etc.) as `the flowing' (grzis. from iberisiert. *Errodanos), in addition Rednitz (Bavaria) from *Rodantia. maybe Illyrian GN Redon `sea god'. Page(s): 334 References: WP. I 148, Pokorny Mil. Boisacq II 193 ff. References: Perhaps here the frequent Celto-Ligurian FlN Rodanos (French Rhne = Modern High ` makes flow, dissolves, presses, torments, kills ', rdr- `humid, wet, damp', rd- (in

as a female divinity.

Meaning: pea

ereg(h)o erog(h)o (h)o(h)oRoot / lemma: ereg(h)o-, erog(h)o-

Material: Gr. m. (from * after Gen. etc. ); compare however, W. in plant names also, otherwise, seeming, thus in Hes.) ` chickpea '; Latin ervum n. ` a kind of pulse, the bitter vetch ' (from *erouom, *ereg(h)om or Old High German araweiz, arwiz, Modern High German Erbse, Old Saxon er(iw)it,

Schulze Kl. Schr. 81), m. (Asia Minor suffix proves not exactly such origin, there

Note: common Illyrian g- > b-. *erog(h)om);

probably pure suffix);

Middle Low German erwete, ndd. erwten Pl., Old Norse ertr f. Pl. (Dat. ertrum) ds. (-ait but Middle Irish orbaind `grains' stands for *arbainn, older arbanna (above S. 63).

derives also Old Indic aravindam ` lotus '. Page(s): 335

Probably borrowings from a common, probably east-mediterranean origin, from which

References: WP. I 145, WH. I 419 f., 863.

erek- er[e]gh er[e]ghRoot / lemma: erek-1 (er[e]gh-)

Meaning: louse, tick Note:

Note: often distorted taboo

erek- er[e]gh : er[e]gher- eriRoot / lemma: erek-1 (er[e]gh-): louse, tick, derived from a suffixed Root / lemma: er-2, eri: goat; sheep. In e- grade: Lithuanian rk `tick, sheep louse' (*erki), Latvian rce ` cow's mite, wicked, evil person' under Indo Germanic *erek-. Furthermore it is to be compared Armenian o(r)jil `nit, louse' `ringworm, itching, erysipelas' (from *orqiino- (?) with a-no-suffix as in Latin after (here seems to be a root variant er(e)gh-, as also in the consecutive alb. form) and ork`iun Material:

Hermann KZ. 41, 48; however, the irregular guttural in Armen. and Alban. could be based on taboo distortion). In zero grade: zero-

Petersson KZ. 47, 263 f.), alb. ergjiz `small louse' (see G. Meyer Alb.Wb. 96; doubt by

influence of likhti ` scarifies ');

Old Indic lik `nit, louse' common Old Indic h- > k- (probably from *lak through Latin ricinus 1. ` itself in the skin of sheep, dogs or cattle annoying vermin, tick '

(doubtful is the affiliation from 2. ` a shrub kind, castor bean, ricinus ') could go back to older *recinos and be shared with Lithuanian rk `tick, sheep louse'. Page(s): 335 References: WP. I 145, II 344.

er(e)k- rek- rokRoot / lemma: er(e)k-2, rek-, rokMeaning: to tear, cut, split Material: Old Indic rk- ` flayed, rubbed off bald ', rk- `naked, bald, bleak', rkara- Lithuanian j-rk, pra-j-rk `slit'; (about Latvian ercis ` juniper ' etc. see above S. 67 f.);

`cusp, peak, thorn'; common Old Indic h- > k-

with other ablaut grade Lithuanian rank, rkti `stick in, poke', rakts `splinter, thorn', etc. eresSee also: In addition belongs also: eres-1 `prick'. References: Persson Beitr. 839.

Page(s): 335

eresRoot / lemma: eres-1 Meaning: to pierce Material: Material:

Old Indic rti ` bumps, stings ', r `spear, javelin', Avestan arti- ds.; Lithuanian erktis ` thorn plant ', compare above S. 67; sloven. rsk ` sowthistle '. See also: Verschieden therefrom is: ere-s-2. ereReferences: Persson Beitr. 84.

Page(s): 335

erersrs resres Root / lemma: ere-s-2 ( rs-, rs-, res-), and rs-, rsMeaning: to flow Material: 1. Old Indic rsa- `juice, sap, fluidity', ras ` dampness, humidity', also mythical river name equally Avestan Rah (i.e. Rah), out of it the name the Wolga ; Latin rs, rris `dew' (conservative stem with originally bare nominativischer lengthened
e e e e e e e e

grade );

likewise from *rs-);

alb. resh, reshn ` it is snowing, it is raining ', also ` shower of ash, fire' (probably

Maybe alb. reshje ` rainfall ', re ` cloud '. - ` pour in ', - ` transfuse ', ` pour together '; after Debrunner IF. from `earth' (above S. 332); gr. - (*ers) ` pour liquid, spew away ' (?), - ` empty, spit out, spew ',

48, 282 the basic meaning from ` spill, pour on the earth ' and the verb would derive Old Church Slavic rosa `dew', Lithuanian ras ds. Maybe as `*water bird' in alb. rosa f. `female duck (*water bird)' : Slovenian: raca f. `female duck' : Romany: ratsoy m. `male duck', ratsa f. `female duck' : Romanian: ra f. `female duck', roi m. `male duck' : Furlan raze `duck' : Occitan rit `duck' : Hungarian rce `duck'.

2. root form ers-, rs-; rsen `virile'. erssen seeds ') Old Indic ra-bh- `bull', aja-rabh- `he-goat', Avestan Old pers. aran `man, husband, penis', gr. hom. , Attic , Ionian Aeolic Cretan (without F-!) `virile' (in addition *F, hom. ` of a lamb or sheep, ram' = Attic , Aeolic f., in addition ` make an aerial jump, dive ', actually ` make a Old Indic rati ` flows '; further with the meaning `virile' (from ` moistening, pouring

leapfrog ', ` one who flips over in the air, capers, jump about ', Lithuanian by Old Norse orre ` grouse ' (out of it Middle High German rhan, Modern High German Auerhahn through hybridization with Old High German r, rohso).

Boisacq under and Nachtr.), probably also Old High German or[re]huon,

considering. Other s-forms show additional meaning from root er-, or-:

3. affiliation of our root *eres- to *er-, *or- ` set in motion, lively movement ' is worth Armenian eam (*ers-i; compare above Old Indic arati) ` boil, flow; be in perpetually

in motion; be teeming; be excited passionately; be or become keen, angry ', erandn ` excited, swim etc.'; surge etc.; excitement ', z-eam ` moves me around, stirs me, I am strongly moved,

gr. ` swing, verve, rush' (*rs; therefrom but also `flow, stream, hurry '); made the first attack and then retired, skirmishers ' (derivative from *rs ` swing ' = Latin rrrii ` light armed skirmisher, kind of light-armed Roman troops, who usually

, );

(engl. race Scandinavian loanword), Middle High German rsen `dash', Old English rsan ` onrush ', Old Norse rsa `dash forth, rush along'; Old Norse ras n. `haste, hurry', rasa `stream, glide, slide' (ablaut *rs- : *rs- : *rs-?); Gothic rs in PN Rs-mr; *rs- rs- *rs sexcitement, the violent rage:

Old Norse rs f. `run', mndd. rs n. ` intense current', Old English rs m. `run, attack '

in addition with the concept partly of the worried, also aimless movement, partly of the

(*erzin) `err';

German irri ` wander ', Gothic arzia f. `error, deceit', Old High German irrida ds., irr(e)n

and down, to rove' (= Armenian eam), Gothic arzeis ` wander, enticed ', Old High

on the one hand: Latin err (*ersi) `to wander, to wander or stray about, to wander up

rancorous', eorsian, iersian ` to wish a person ill '.

e e e e

on the other hand: Old Saxon irri `angry, irate', Old English eorre, yrre `angry, irate, 4. res- in Old Indic irasyti ` is angry, is ill-disposed, behaves violently ' (* res-), irasyresres
e e

`the ill-will ' and ryati ` is envious ' (* rs-), Avestan participle aryant- ` envious ', Old eagerness ', zero grade Avestan ri- ` envy '; ved. ri- m. ` bard, seer ' (*lunatic); Armenian he `anger, envy, strife ';

Indic ry- ` envy, jealousy ' Avestan aras-ka- ` envy ', Middle Persian npers. arak ` envy,

addition ` violent, hostile action ' (proto gr. , compare Arcadian , with god of revenge ' seems if personification of the related Subst. ` ruin, outrage, act of violence ', whereof ` distressed, injured, hurt, disabled, afflicted '; Lithuanian ars `violent'; above Old Indic ry ` envy '), Benveniste BSL. 33, 139; `snake' (*rstl); ` flows '; Hittite arsaniya- ` be jealous, envious ', Denom. from *arsana- ` jealous ' (compare after Pedersen REtIE. 3, 18 here Tocharian A ral ` poisonous worms ', arklai

gr. Hes., hom. ` defamatory word ' (= Old Indic irasy), in

lengthening in compound due to a *-), compare also ` banter '; `

to Old Indic rati ` flows ' (above S. 336) places Couvreur H 96 Hittite a-ar-a-zi (arszi) Tocharian A yr-s-, yar-s- `bathe' (-s- from -sk-), without sk-suffix A yr- ds., would be

compared with Hittite arra- `wash' (?). Page(s): 336-337

References: WP. I 149 ff., WH. I 416 f., 863, Trautmann 237.

Meaning: to seek, ask

ereuRoot / lemma: ereu-1

Material: Gr. *, *, thematic become: [F], [F] (Aeolic ) and stem: *F- `inquirer, searcher', ` feel, investigate ' and hom. ` (F) `ask, search, seek', Cretan ` , ', due to en-

investigate, ask' (*F-), finally due to a *F-: hom. `ask'; hom. is after Risch (briefl.) a fake analogical form; Old Norse raun f. ` attempt, test, investigation ', reyna ` examine, get to know '. Page(s): 337 References: WP. II 366, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 680.

Meaning: to tear

ereuRoot / lemma: ereu-2

Material: Old Indic ru- n. `wound'; Old Norse rr, err n. `scar' (*arwaz, *arwiz), as Finnish loanword arpi, Gen. arven;

Middle Low German are, Modern High German dial. arbe `scar'; References: WP. II 352, Holthausen Altwestn. Wb. 355.

Page(s): 338

reuSee also: s. also under reu-2 `tear open', which probably belongs to it.

Meaning: high; to grow Note:

er()d r//d er() )d- r//d)d Root / lemma: er()d- ( r//d-), er() h h

Root / lemma: er()d- ( r//d-), er() - : `high; to grow' derived from Root / lemma: al-2 : er()d- r//d- er()d al)d r//d ) `to grow; to bear' d - Extensions: Old Indic rdhnti, rnddhi, rdhti, rdhyati ` prospers, make prosper '.
h

succeeds, does succeed, manages ', Avestan ardat ` he allows to prosper ', rdt- ` Material: Avestan rdva- `high'; Latin arduus `high, upright'; gall. Arduenna silva, Old Irish ard (*rduo-) `high, big, large'; cymr. hardd `beautiful'; Maybe Illyrian TN Ardiei while various extensions exist from er- `(set in motion, invigorate) bring up' through d (compare `set in motion, invigorate' etc.).
h

Old Icelandic rugr ` upright ' puts away (as at most also rdva-) a parallel form in d -,
h h

dark hue on the trees caused by wind and weather ', actually `tree rot';

Certainly with d Latin arbor `tree', wherefore Kurdish r- from *ard- `tree' in rzang `

e e e e e

perk up, straighten, loop, kick up, pick up, hoist, take up, rise, arise, get up, mount,

alb. rit `grow', from rd- or rd -; (zero grade) < Rumanian ridica `pitch, raise, elevate, lift,
h

ascend, balloon, shovel, pry, prong, stick up, cock, start, step up, advance, remove, arrest, suspend, encash, enhance, aggrandize, resound, strike, construct, build, carry up, set up, erect, found, create, put up, put, interpose, appear, pose, bring up, receive, convene, assemble, muster, collect' Maybe alb. adj. f. e re m. i ri ` young', rini ` youth'. Slavic *orst, Old Bulgarian rast, russ. rast, Czech rostu etc. `grow' (*ord-, ord -t); Tocharian A orto ` upwards '. Page(s): 339 References: WP. I 148 f., II 289 f., WH. I 64 f.
h

er r- er(e)Root / lemma: er-1, r-, er(e)Meaning: to row `oarsman'; Material: Old Indic ar-tra- m. ` driving; rudder ', n. (also ritra-) ` rudder, helm ', aritrgr. - `oarsman', replacement for * (= Old Indic aritr-) wherefore receive
2

fem. PN, , Attic `row, oar' (*-, denominative), , Pl.

figurative: ` hardly working servant ', ` having five banks of oars, a ship or galley having five banks of oars, a quinquereme '; -, -, Ionian the sea ', - `having two banks of oars', `three-decker'; smo- as *ret-smo-); etc. (die --forms through gr. assimilation of from ?); - ` rowing through Latin rmus ` rudder ', triresmom, septeresmom Columna rostrata (basic form rather *r-

hom. (- metr. lengthening) ` the rowing ', ` enslaved oarsman, sailor ';

(instead of * = Latin rmus, after , Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 493 ) ` rudder ',

Maybe Remus , i, m., the brother of Romulus (*r-smo `placed into sailing the basket?' Remus, Remus the king orders them to be left to die in the Tiber River. When the basket in which Romulus and Remus were placed washes up on shore, a wolf suckles them and a woodpecker named Picus feeds them until the shepherd Faustulus finds Romulus and The god Mars impregnates a Vestal Virgin. When she gives birth to twins, Romulus and

Remus and brings them into his home. When they grow up, Romulus and Remus restore the throne of Alba Longa to its rightful ruler, their maternal grandfather, and set out to king and founder of the city of Rome. Rome is named after Romulus. found their own city. Sibling rivalry leads Romulus to slay his brother and become the first Old Irish r- `oar, row', imb-r- `oar, row, sail, navigate a ship' (e.g. Impf. -raad, Perf. Old Norse ra, Old English rwan, Middle High German rejen `oar, row'; Old High

imm-rerae `set out, departed ', Verbn. imram ` the rowing '), rme ` rudder ';

German ruodar, Old English ror n. ` rudder ', Old Norse rr (u-stem *rru-) ` the rowing ';

Lithuanian iriu, rti `oar, row', rklas ` rudder ', ablaut. Old Prussian artwes f. Pl. ` sailing '. Page(s): 338 References: WP. I 143 f., Trautmann 105.

er rRoot / lemma: er-2, rMeaning: to be still Material: Avestan airime adv. `still, peaceful ' (*er-mo-), arma-ad, -t ` sitting quietly,
e

standing still ' (*er-mo- or * r-mo-; Note:

mere graphic -i- are seen in airime Meillet Dial. indoeur. 66); Old High German ruowa, Modern High German Ruhe (*ru), changing through ablaut cymr. araf ` peaceful, mild, slow' (* r-mo-); still water ' from *Rava (Mordovian Ravo) to Lithuanian rova (= Germanic *ru ` tranquility apposition from gr. `love', `love' (compare Old Indic rmate ` rests, stands after Rozwadowski R. Sl. 6, 58 f. ostensibly here the name the Wolga as ` quiet,
e

Reduplicated laryngeal in - a e- > Avestan -ae1 2

gr. () `stop the fight', ` cease ' = Old Norse r, Old English rw,

with Old High German rwa ds.; - Hes. (?);

'), Latvian rwa ` still water ', Lithuanian FlN Rova = Slavic Rava; better above S. 336.

still, can be enough, finds favor, cherishes love ') is at most quite a weak possibility (see Boisacq m. Lithuanian, Persson Beitr. 667).

Norse rst f. `stage of a journey', Old High German rasta f. ` tranquility, rest, stage of a

A s-extension *r-e-s-, r-o-s- in Gothic rasta `mile (relatively great distance)' (`rest'), Old

roste ` tranquility, stage of a journey', Late Middle High German rust ` tranquility '; Gothic ), Old English rn, ren n. `house' (with strange meaning rsn n. `plank, ceiling'); Note: (similar meaning shift as in md. humil `sky, heaven'; Old High German himil ` ceiling ') Maybe alb. rras, drras (nd-rras ) `plank' : Old English rsn n. `plank, ceiling'.

rst and rest ` tranquility, lair, grave'; changing through ablaut Middle Low German ruste,

journey, stretch of time', Old Saxon rasta and resta (*rastja) ` tranquility, lair ', Old English

razn n. `house', Old Norse rann ds., (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-

Old Frisian ern in fi-ern `cattle-house, pen'; doubtful Old English reord (*rezd) f., gereord n. `meal, festival, food', Old Norse greddir ` servant who feeds cattle, saturator '(*garazdz), grenna `feed' (*ga-raznian).

Page(s): 338-339

remSee also: compare rem-, this is put together like res- with (e)r-.

References: WP. I 144 f.

ergherghRoot / lemma: ergh- (*ergh-) ergh

Meaning: to shake, tremble, *evil, lustful, sinful

Material: Old Indic rghyti ` shakes, roars, attacks, storms'; gr. ` , ', mostly ` dance, hop, jump, shake '. furthermore in relationship: Because of similar present meaning in er-3 `strife, quarrel, contention' could stand er-

Note: probably extension from er- `set in motion'.

Avestan rant- `bad, hideous'; Icelandic argr and with metathesis ragr ` unmanly, lustful, evil, bad'; Lithuanian ars ` lascivious, sensual '. Maybe alb. herdhe `testicle' [common alb. -h- > -dh-] dhNote: Old High German ar(a)g ` fearful, idle, mad, wicked, evil, bad', Old English earg ds., Old

Page(s): 339

References: WP. I 147 f.

rhi- : `testicle' (hence a taboo word) hi-

From Root / lemma: ergh- : `to shake, tremble, *evil, lustful' derived Root / lemma: orhi-, erghorhi hi-

Meaning: to shine; to praise

erk erk Root / lemma: erk- (*erk-) erk

lightning, sun, fire; song, bard, singer' (= Armenian erg), rc-, Nom. Sg. rk f. `radiance; poem, verse', rkvan- `lobpreisend, jubelnd'; Armenian erg ` song ';

Material: Old Indic rcati `shines; sings praise, greets, honors, venerates', ark- m. `ray,

Old Irish erc `sky, heaven', Middle Irish suairc `pleasant, beautiful, radiating' (*su-erkis); Tocharian A yrk, yarke `worship, veneration' (Pedersen REtIE. 3, 18); Hittite ar-ku-ua-nu-un `I prayed' (arkuanun); different Hendriksen 45 and 74. References: WP. I 147, Marstrander ZceltPh. 7, 360; compare above S. 65. Page(s): 340

Meaning: eagle Note:

er- orern erng- ernderng ernd Root / lemma: er-1, or- (*ern-, erng-, ernd-) er

Note: Armenian gr. `(large) bird generally '

Old Indic rji-py ` darting along ' epithet of the bird yen- (`eagle, falcon'), Avestan rzifya- (cf. gr. H., ), Armenian arcui (< *arci-wi) `eagle', prove that from Root / lemma: er-1, or- : `eagle' derived extended Root / lemma: ar(e)-er- orar( (ar-?), ri- : `glittering, white, fast' and its subsequent zero grade Root / lemma: re-1 : arrear `right, just, to make right; king'. Material: Armenian oror, urur ` seagull, consecration'; gr. , -, Doric - `bird; rooster, cock, hen', `bird'; through haplology, barely = Lithuanian ras) `eagle' (*erur-); Old Irish irar, Middle Irish also ilar, cymr. eryr, Middle Breton erer (nbret. corn. er

proto Germanic *aran- = Hittite aran-;

aru ` eagle ', Middle High German adel-ar ` noble eagle ', Modern High German Adler;

Gothic ara, Old Icelandic ari, rn (from *arnuz), Old English earn, Old High German aro,

`eagle'; Baltic basic form *ereli-, compare Lithuanian ras, ras `eagle' (whether old?); Old Bulgarian orl (*arila-) `eagle', russ. or, Gen. or; esp. `noble man, husband', so that is to be connected in accordance with Old Icelandic jfurr `prince, lord', actually `boar', is doubtful; '*eagle, bird' + krk- `steal, *prey'] Maybe the compound in Tocharian B: arakra `bat, (*mouse?)' [from (*aras) araHittite a-a-ra-a (aras), Gen. a-ra-na-a (aranas), n-stem `eagle', as Gothic ara. ARINNA: ARINNA Hittite Sun Goddess. She sent an Eagle out in search of Telepinus. The effort a-a-ra + -nta formant.

Lithuanian erlis, dial. arlis, Old Prussian arelie (lies arelis), Latvian rglis (from rdlis)

whether urn. erilaR, Old Icelandic jarl, Old English eorl, Old Saxon erl `man, husband',

failed. The name of Hittite sun goddess is an attribute name created according to Illyrian Arinna = Arinnitti = Greek Hera (wife of thunder god Zeus) The Hittite goddess of the sun and war-like protectress. The sun goddess of the Hittites and the spouse of the weather god Tarhun = Zeus. From ARINNA derived the name of the Illyrian war god Ares.

Actually the double headed eagle was a winged dragon that was supposed to protect the sun god. The protector of Zeus was also an eagle. Hittites borrowed the double headed ZATU-523 archaic frequency: 25; concatenates 2 sign variants], u-r-in: eagle eagle from Sumerians urin, ri[E]: eagle; standard, emblem, banner; blood [E (Akkadian loanword, urinnu I; Orel & Stolbova 52 *ar-/*war- 'eagle'; note that AHw says *ar-/*warReferences: WP. I 135, Trautmann 13, Pedersen Hittite 41, Specht Dekl. 47. Page(s): 325-326 that urinnu II, 'standard, totem', is a Sumerian loanword), AKKADIAN: er (ar) 'eagle'.

er- erierRoot / lemma: er-2, eri- (*er-2) er Meaning: goat; sheep Material:

In o- grade:

In e- grade:

Armenian or-oj ` a lamb, usually for sacrifice, a ewe lamb '.

goat; also a star in the constellation Auriga ', erb(b) `cow' (*erb ), Middle Irish (with
h

Old Irish heirp (*erb -) f. ` a fallow-deer, chamois, antelope; as meat, venison, a sheh

to Celtic *erb : compare gr. : `insect'; after Kleinhans (t. Celt. 1, 173) In zero grade: here Middle Irish reithe `Aries, ram' from *ri-io-tio-; `lamb meat'. Common - > j- Slavic Albanian; - > i-, y- Old Indic Tocharian. been mixed;
h

secondary f-) ferb(b) ds., nir. earb, fearb f. `red deer, cow', Scots Gaelic earb f. `roe deer';

in Old Prussian eristian `lambkin', Lithuanian (j)ras, Latvian jrs `lamb', litt. rien

Balto Slavic *ero- ` he-goat; billy goat ' and *jr- `year' (see above S. 297) have probably Armenian erinj ` young cow, heifer, calf, young bull, an ox, a bull, a cow '; gr.

(*eri-b o-) m. f. `kid, young goat'; In a- grade:

and harvix , in Varr. and Fest.; v. arvix; poet. aries] (a after aper, caper); Umbrian erietu ` Old Indic Tocharian. goat'.

Latin aris, -etis `Aries, a ram; a battering ram; a prop, beam ' [for the kindr. forms arvix

arietem '; russ.-Church Slavic jarina `wool', etc., Common - > j- Slavic Albanian; - > i-, yOld High German irah ` he-goat; billy goat ' etc. is borrowed from Latin hircus `a he-

Page(s): 326

References: WP. I 135 f., WH. I 67, Trautmann 70.

er- orerRoot / lemma: er-3 : or- : r- : (*er-3) er

Meaning: to move *stir, animate, fight, struggle, rise; to spring up, be born ereueresereu- and (under besond. article) eres* *

er- ere- er ereiNote: originally athematic root with terminative aspect. Basic forms er-, ere-, er- (?), erei-,

ar(a)rear r riRoot / lemma: ar-1 , themat. (a)re-, heavy basis ar-, r- and i-Basis (a)r-, ri- : `to move, pass'

Note:

and Root / lemma: er-3 : or- : r- : `to move *stir, animate, fight, struggle, rise; to spring up, er- orbe born' derived from the same root Root / lemma: er-1, or- : `eagle'. er- orMaterial: Conclusions by Persson Beitr. 281 ff., 636 ff., 767 ff., 836 ff. a. Basic forms er-, ere- (including paradigmatic with it combined i- and u-forms): er- ereAvestan rat ` he should rise '; Old Indic intensive present larti; from ereu- (see below S. forth, move, stir oneself, awaken, arouse from sleep'), rta (compare ), rata Old Indic redupl. present y-ar-ti, iyarti ` sets in motion ', Med. rt (*i- r-); Gathae

331) rti rvti ` rises, moves, animates ' (gr. `urge on, incite, make to arise, call (compare ; themat. as rant, ranta), Perf. ra : -, Fut. ariyat, participle rt(r- ` moved, excited ' with separation of from rta or or real form of a heavy base); --------------------Nostratic etymology: Nostratic: ProtoProto-IE: *ela- <PIH *H-> Meaning: to move, to drive

Hittite: halai- (II) 'in Bewegung setzen' (nach unten?) (Tischler 126); halija- (I) 'niederknien, Old Indic: iyarti `to go, move', med. rte `to go, move, rise, go away, retire' Avestan: gath. rat ` he should rise ' Armenian: elanem ` come out, go up ', eanim ` become, turn into - ' niederfallen', caus. halinu- (Tischler 130)

Greek: Greek: ill, aor. ilai ` send, stretch '; *lami (arg. pot-elt, ko. elnt), el, elun, aor. els(s)ai, pf, med. ellaka, aor. pass. ela(s)th^nai ` float, bump, forge ', lasi-s ` train, driver ', elat- ` pliant, driven ' Proto: *ala Nostratic: English meaning: space below smth., below army train, ride ', ? latro-n ` flat cake ', elatr ` driver, car driver ', ` flat cake ', elt-s `

Finnish: ala ' place, field, area ', alla (postp.) ' under, below '

Estonian: ala ' math. subspace; reason, origin '. all (postp.) ' under, below '

Saam (Lapp): vuolle vuoll -l- 'down; (in comp.) 'space or part under smth...' (N), -vuoll ' the place below or close, base ' (L), v lle (T) ' the lower ', v lne, v ln (T), v ln (Kld.), vue ln (Not.), vo ln (Not.) (adv., postp.) ' under, below '
i i i i i i

Mordovian: al (E M) ' lower, located below ', alo (E), ala (M) ' under, below '

Mari (Cheremis): l- (KB, B), l-, l- (U) ' the lower, the under- ', ln (KB), ln (U, B) Udmurt (Votyak): ul (S) 'lower part, lower section, bottom , unterspace, bottom', uln (K) ' Komi (Zyrian): -ul (S), -iv (P) in o-ul, e-iv ' Space, cellar under the floor ', ulin (S), uvin Khanty (Ostyak): il (V), it (DN), il (O) ' low, down ', iln (V), itn (DN), iln (O) 'under' jaln (P), joln (So.) 'under', jil (TJ) ' down; downwards '
, .

(adv. postp.) ' under, below '

under, below ', ul (G) ' math. subspace, bottom ', uln (G) 'under'
.

(P) ' under, below ', ul (PO) ' the lower ', ul n (PO) ' low, below, under '

Mansi (Vogul): jal k (TJ), jal (KU), jalk (P), jolik (So.) ' the lower ', jal n (TJ), jln (KU), Hungarian: al- ' under-; lower part; litter ', alatt (adv. post.) ' under, below ' Nenets (Yurak): ilna (O) ' under, below ', il ' downwards, down ' Enets (Yen): io (Ch.), iro (B) 'Ground', ione (Ch.) 'under' (Tawgi): Nganasan (Tawgi): ilea ' the lower '
.

Selkup: l (Ta.), l (Ke.), l, l ' Ground, the lower ', l (Ta.), ill (N) ' there under ' Kamass: jild ' there below ', jilgn 'under' Janhunen's version: (38) *i6la Sammalahti's version: *i6la

parallels: Yukaghir parallels: -al ' under, below '

References: FUV; SKES; ; MUSz. 728; MSzFgrE; TESz.; EtSz.; SzfSz.; Donn. VglWb. II, 116; Paas. Beitr. 38; 212; Collinder JukUr. 75 Maybe alb. ul ` lower ', ulem ` sit down ', ult ` low, base, vulgar ' : Mari (Cheremis): l(Cheremis):

(KB, B), l-, l- (U) ' the lower, the under- ', ln (KB), ln (U, B) (adv. postp.) ' under,

below ' : Udmurt (Votyak): ul (S) 'lower part, lower section, bottom , unterspace, bottom', -ul (S), -iv (P) in o-ul, e-iv ' Space, cellar under the floor ', ulin (S), uvin (P) ' under, below ', ul (PO) ' the lower ', ul n (PO) ' low, below, under ' --------------------Old Indic yarti : rta), Kaus. raya-, participle -rta-; Avestan ar- `(be) set in motion, arrive at, reach', present-stem ar- : r-, iyar- : r- (as
.

uln (K) ' under, below ', ul (G) ' math. subspace, bottom ', uln (G) 'under' : Komi (Zyrian):

which *re-sk in Old pers. rasatiy ` comes, arrives at ', np. rasad ds.;

sko-present Old Indic rcchti ` bumps into something, encounters, reaches ', next to

The following cognates are compounds of Root / lemma: sem-2 : one + Root / lemma: er-3 semer: or- : r- : `to move *stir, animate, fight, struggle, rise; to spring up, be born' = [fight ortogether]:

energetic ' (could belong to i-basis), irin- `vast, grand, violent, forcible ', rtha- n. m. Avestan ara- n. `thing, affair, incumbency, litigation ';

th- formants hamra- m.) ` adversary, rival, enemy'; Old Indic rya- ` vigorous, strong,

Old pers. ham-arana- n. ` hostile encounter, fight, struggle ', Avestan hamara- m. (and with

Old Indic sam-ar- m., sam-raa- n. `fight, struggle, contention ', Avestan ham-arna-,

`(*wherefore one arrives at )' ` affair, thing, business; blessing, fortune, benefit, advantage', Maybe gr. ` one and the same, common, joint, unite ' > gr. : , Hsch.(cf. ar- m., sam-raa- n. `fight, struggle, contention ', Avestan ham-arna-, Old pers. ham-

). m. ` a pledge for the maintenance of unity, a surety, a hostage ' : Old Indic samunity arana- n. ` hostile encounter, fight, struggle ', Avestan hamara- m. (and with th- formants

hamra- m.) ` adversary, rival, enemy'; Hence Homer was not a bard. The Old Persian and the maintenance of unity.

compound meant `war (of Ilion)'. Actually the main theme of the iliad is the fury of Achilles Old Indic rt-, rti- f. `attack, fight', Avestan -rti- ` energy ' (compare Old Bulgarian rat); affliction ' (*-rta-, -rti-); Old Indic rta- ` afflicted, injured, hurt, disabled, pressed, ailing ', rti- f. ` mischief,

surging '; m. `flood, surging sea' (uo- further formations to ra-? or in older formant Old High German ernust S. 331);

flood ' (formal = gr. n.; compare S. 328 Old High German runs), arav- ` billowing,

Old Indic ra- ` flowing, surging, flooding ', m. ` surge, tide, flood ', ras- n. ` flowing

relationship to rti? The latter is sure for:) Avestan arnu- m. `fight, struggle, contest ' (: from the themat. root form (e)re- Old Indic ra- m. n. `fight, struggle' (versch. from

combatant ';

raa- m. `lust') = Avestan rna- n. `action, struggle, fight'; Avestan rna-, rna- m. ` fighter, Armenian y-anem ` I stand up, I am lifted '; after Pisani Armen. 4 in addition ore-ar
h

`people' (see below Latin orior); with -d - (compare S. 328 , , -): yordvoy `son' (*ord iio);
h

ordor ` fast ', yordorem ` encourage, arouse, irritate '; arm `root' (: ); ordi, Gen.

from sleep' (: Old Indic rti; compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 696; das after ?), Aor. thematic Aor., participle , Perf. ` have been excited '; with - as , , , Med. , ` aroused, animated, uplifted ', Fut. ,

gr. `urge on, incite, make to arise, call forth, move, stir oneself, awaken, arouse

iterative vocalism -, - `sally, burst forth, rushed forth', with er- still forms); a present * (as ) follows from Cretan `

Hes., Hes., (which then permeated through , (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 695); - in `new born', ` celestial, heavenly ', etc.;

ship'), m. ` actuation, drive ';

-, -, -; hom. ` favorable sailing wind ' (*F, `navigating the

`dances' (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 702); see below Old Irish regaid; ds., s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 313 ;
2

with gh gh-extension ` start, set out, come or go, come to, arrive at ' (only present), ` shoot, sprout, or stem, stalk ', about `twig, branch', ,

Norwegian runne, rune `twig, branch': formal = Old Indic ras- n.); . Hes., , ` agitate, perturb, irritate ' ( ` enrage, encourage, cheer, irritate ');

erer- in (, Schwyzer Gl. 5, 193) `sprout, twig, branch' (`*shot up ', as

vocalism after , partly changed perhaps also after ); about = s.

From an es-stem *eros `elevation' from: Old Indic rv- `high', gr. n. `mountain' (the

*?; gr. ` back door ' (probably as high escape door, emergency exit??), by Hes. ; about gr. ` buttocks ' see below ers-; (common Italic rs- > rr-) ersPhrygian ` children ' (Jokl Eberts Reallex. 10, 151a); below); alb. jerm ` frenzied, phrenetic, wild ' (*er-mo-); about prrua ` riverbed, stream ' (see

to compare and lead back to (reshuffled after an Adj. *ors-os or *ors-uos : Old Indic rva-)

esp. Schulze Qunder ep. 407 ff.; is Doric and Attic with from *msos

Maybe alb. jerm ` be angry ' derived in -m- suffix : russ. dial. jeretta `be angry, quarrel, m squabble' see below. Common - > j- Slavic Albanian; - > i-, y- Old Indic Tocharian. Maybe alb. ora `mountain nymph'. cause ' (ortus = Old Indic rt-; o of orior either from ortus or from or.-stem, EM 713),
2

Latin orior, -r, ortus sum ` to rise; to spring up, be born, proceed from a source or

ortus, -s ` rising ', orgo ` origin, source, beginning; an ancestor ' (could be based as orior

stirred, agitated';

on the i-basis), Umbrian ortom `have risen', urtas `have been risen, arisen', urtes `arisen, Old Irish Imper. eirg `go!' (*ergh-e), Fut. regaid (*rigti, Indo Germanic *rgh-); see above

gr. ; Celtic or- in mcymr. cyf-or m. ` troop ', dy-gyf-or `elevation', ad-orth ` 271 (about Middle Irish or f. `bank, border, shore' s. Pedersen KG. I 206 f.);

excitement, help'(*ati-or-to-), etc. (Loth RC 40, 355); compare also Ifor Williams RC 43, Germanic *ermana-, *irmino `big, large' (: , Church Slavic ramn, s. Brckner

KZ. 45, 107) in Old High German irmin-deot etc. (see above S. 58); Old Icelandic ern

(*arnia-) `proficient, energetic ', Gothic arniba adv. `certainly' (but Old Icelandic rna, -aa `go, drive, run' secondary from rna = Gothic airinn), Old High German ernust `fight, struggle, seriousness ', Old English eornost ` seriousness, eagerness ' (: Avestan arnu-

`eagle') ; Old Icelandic iara `fight' (*era); Note:

Old Icelandic jarl, Old English eorl, Old Saxon erl `noble man, husband' (see below erer-

`fight, struggle'); with similarl meaning gr. Hes., perhaps Proto Norse erilar,

Proto Norse erilar, Old Icelandic jarl, Old English eorl, Old Saxon erl `noble man, husband' : Lithuanian erlis, dial. arlis, Old Prussian arelie (lies arelis), Latvian rglis (aus rdlis) `eagle'; Baltic basic form *ereli-, derived from Root / lemma: er-1, or- : `eagle'. Hence the er- or-

original meaning of those cognates was `eagle men'. Celtic people called themselves after found in Stonehenge monuments. Clearly the Celtic cognate derived from Baltic languages.

the sacred bird of the sky god. Hence the eagle was a war god that is why eagle bones are

rinna `flow, run', Old High German Old Saxon rinnan `flow, swim, run', (under the influence urrannjan ` allow to rise ', Old Icelandic renna ` make run ', Old Saxon rennian ds., Old of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old English rinnan and iernan, arn ds.; Kaus. Gothic

Gothic rinnan, rann `rush, run' (*re-nu-), urrinnan `rise, from the sun', Old Icelandic

High German Middle High German rennen, rante `run' (ein after rinnan with nn provided *ronei = Slavic roniti under S. 329); zero grade Gothic runs m. (i-stem), Old English ryne m. `run, flow, river', Old Icelandic

garunsi-) f. `road, market ' (actually ` the place where the people gather '; Germanic runs-: Old Indic ras-). In the use of shooting up, growth the plants (compare , )

`run, flow of water, river', runst f. ` the runnel, flowing, riverbed '; Gothic garuns (stem

run n. `rivulet, brook', Gothic garunj ` inundation, flood ', Old High German runs, runsa

Old Icelandic rinna ` sprout, grow', Norwegian runne, rune `twig, branch' and Swedish dial. rana ` shoot upwards, take off into the air ', Norwegian rane ` shaft, pole ', Middle High German ran () ` slim, thin ', Old High German rono `tree stem, clot, chunk, chip, splinter'; ` exaltation, elevation ' generally in Norwegian dial. rane `cusp, peak, projecting rocks, ridge ', Old Icelandic rani ` snout, proboscis '; Old Irish rind (*rendi-) `cusp, peak'; for d(h)-extension see below; in alb. prrua, prroi ` riverbed, brook bed ' (pr-rn-, lengthened grade), prrua, Pl. prrenj `spring' (*prr-rua ` effluence ') and in Old Bulgarian izroniti (Balto Slavic *ranei) ` pour out, pour forth, shed, spread abroad ', russ. ront `make or let fall ', serb. rniti ` shed tears, melt, urinate ', Gothic -rannjan; compare Trautmann 236 f.; This root form *re-n- (maybe grown from a present *re-neu-mi, *re-nu-o) one also seeks

Maybe alb. (*k-roni) kroi, krua, Pl. kroje ` stream' : p-rrua, p-rroi ` riverbed, brook bed '. Maybe alb. Geg (me) ra ` to fall, strike, hit', rrah (*ra-sko) ` hit', reshje ` rainfall', re ` cloud', prrua, prroi ` riverbed, brook bed ' (prrua, p-rnua `spring' from a prefix pe-, pcommon Hittie Slavic Albanian prefix + alb. *roni `running water', in -gh suffix: gh Maybe alb. rrjedh n. ` spring', rrjedh v. ` springs' common alb. -gh > -dh dh. g dh rind ` gully, runnel ' (stgo r. ` gutter '), ` crib, manger ', Latvian randa ` dent where the water runs off '; d(h)-extension in Lithuanian participle nusirendant, nusirendusi 'from the setting sun', d(h)

` an assiduous striving to equal or excel another in any thing, emulation, jealousy, envy, malevolence ', russ. ret `quarrel, strife ', Old Bulgarian retiti `to strain, stretch, exert; of

Old Bulgarian rat, russ. rat, Serbo-Croatian rt `fight' (*or()ti-), Old Bulgarian ret ds.

missiles, to shoot, cast; intransit., to strive, strain, exert oneself, hasten; of statement, to assert with confidence, maintain.In relation to another: transit., to compare, contrast; intransit., to compete', russ. retovata ` be angry ', retvyj `keen, eager, stormy, hot

tempered, violent, fiery' (goes back to thematic (e)re- or *er-ti-, has been supported by S. 58 under 328. Common - > j- Slavic Albanian; - > i-, y- Old Indic Tocharian. sk]

russ. dial. jeretta `be angry, quarrel, squabble'); about Church Slavic ramn see above Maybe in *-ska formant alb. rrah `strike', rrihem `quarrel, fight' (*ra-sko) [common alb. h <

From Hittite here (Pedersen Hittite 5 f., 45, 91 f., 122) ar- in 1. a-ra-a-i (ari) `uplifts', besides a-ra-iz-zi ds., preterit 3. Pl. [a]-ra-a-ir; 2. a-ri ` comes ' (previous Perf.), preterit a-ar-ta (arta) or ir-ta; 3. Sg. Preterit a-ar-a (ars) `went over, looked over'; 3. Med. present ar-ta-ri ` stands, it is placed upright ' (compare gr. : Latin orior),

4. iterative a-ar-a-ki-it (arskit) ` reached repeatedly ' (compare above Old Indic rcchti); compare above Old Indic rti); Imper. 2. Sg. ar-nu-ut (arnut) = gr. -, verbal noun a5. causative (compare above S. 61) ar-nu-uz-zi (arnuzi) ` bring to, set in motion' (r-nu-;

ar-nu-mar (arnumar);

Hittite: arsanai-, arsanaija- (II) ' envy, be angry ' (Tischler 67-68) (but cf. also arsallant'angry', Tischler 182-184 without etymology) to what extent Tocharian A ar-, er- ` produce, cause, bring forth ', with sk- Kaus. ars-,

ers- ds., after Meillet (MSL. 19, 159) belong here, is doubtful; certainly remain far off AB 22).

ar-, r- `cease', with sk-Kaus. ars-, rs- ` abandon ' (inaccurate Van Windekens Lexique 6, b. extension er-ed- (d-present?): s. ered- ` deliquesce ', Old Indic rdati, rdti ` flows er-edered-

afflicts, slays ' was equatable Old Icelandic erta (*artjan) ` incite, provoke, banter', yet is dissyllabic form in Hes., ` excitement '; cleaves, splits apart, opens '; connection with *ardi- `cusp, peak, sting, prick' (above S. 63) at least equivalent; a

etc.', also ` perturbed, agitated '; with Kaus. ardyati `makes flow; throngs, presses,

further here or to er-5 Old Indic rdati ` scratches, digs, hacks, scarifies ', v-radati ` er-

perhaps also Old Prussian redo `furrow' (Persson Beitr. 667). c. extension er-ed -: see above S. 327 etc. under under S. 339. erd. basis erei-; and rei- : r-; roio-s, r-ti- ` flux '. ereirei rr-tiOld Indic rya- see above S. 327; ', ryat ` gert ins Flieen, lst sich auf ', ra- ` in Flu geraten, flieend ', rt- ` stream, Old Indic riti, rvati (rivan) ` allows to flow, run away, escape, dismisses, releases
h

run, line; run of the things, kind, way ' (latter meaning also in Middle Irish ran `way, rtas- n. ` downpour, stream, seed, sperm ', r- m. `dust' (: Old Russian rn `sandbank'); to u-suffix compare under Latin rvus;

manner'), rit- ` escaping ', raya- m. `current, stream, run, flow, haste, hurry, vehemency',

Maybe zero grade in alb. rri (*rni)`stay, stand'. Armenian ari `get up, stand up!' (Persson Beitr. 769) To y-anem, S. 327; strife, quarrel, contention ' (perhaps in i to our root form, whether not better after Schwyzer gr. Lesbian , (*:-) `set in motion, excite, irritate to the rage '; , - `fight,

Gl. 12, 17 to ` support, stem, bump, press, poke, push'); Arcadian `be

angry with' from actually ` the angry soul of the victim pursuing the murderer ' (??); rinti); alb. Geg rt `humid, wet, damp', actually `* flowing ' (*rint : Old Indic riti, Slavic

rival ' corresponding meaning change rvnus and rvlis ` rival in the love' (latter form reshuffling after aequalis, sdlis), actually ` one who lives near a brook ';

Latin orior, orgo see above; rvus (*rei-uo-s) `stream, brook'; in Old Bulgarian rvn `

allure, tempt, provoke, cause, or produce by irritation ', (probably intensive to an *ir-r-re); (large river)' (whether also after Stokes KZ. 37, 260 Irish riasc `a marsh', rm `bad weather '??), cymr. rhidio ` go or come together, to meet, assemble, collect together, go or come together in a hostile manner, to encounter ' (: Old English r, Old Indic rt-), Old Irish riathor, cymr. rhaiadr, acymr. reatir `waterfall' (*riia-tro-); Old English r m. f., re f. `stream, brook', Old Saxon rth m. `burning hot, rushing, Irish ran `sea' and (compare Old Indic rt-) ` kind, way ', gall. Rnos (*reinos) `Rhein

probably here irrtre ` excite, exasperate, anger, provoke ', prortre ` to incite, entice,

Old English -rman `raise, uplift, soar, rise', Middle English rmen, engl. roam ` wander ', Old Icelandic reimur ` wandering around ', reimir `snake', ar er reimt ` there it is scary, haunts ', reima ` annoy, disturb, infest ' (meaning as Old Bulgarian rijati `bump, poke'). About rinnan see above. With Germanic s-extension: Gothic urreisan `rise';

-reid(e) in place names; Dimin. (*ruln) ndd. rille `furrow after rainwater, gully'; further

torrential ', Middle Low German rde f. `stream, brook, watercourse', Modern High German

Old Icelandic rsa, Old English Old Saxon rsan `rise', Old High German rsan, Middle High journey', Gothic urraisjan ` make rise, uplift, set up, awake, animate', Old Icelandic reisa German rsen `ascend, fall'; Old High German reisa ` departure, migration, campaign,

ds., Old English rran `raise, uplift, set up, erect', Old High German rren ` make fall, make pour down, pour ';

Maybe alb. re `cloud, rain', alb. Geg ra `fall', reshje `rainfall, downpour' : diminutive Middle High German risel m. `rain'. ndd. rren `fall', Middle High German riselen `drip, rain', Modern High German rieseln,

Middle High German risel m. `rain', Old Icelandic bl-risa, Middle High German bluotvise ` blood-spattered ', Old Frisian bldrisne ` bleeding wound'; from `fall' becomes ` dropped, fallen' in Old English (ge)rsan `befit', Old High German garsan ` approach, suit, fit ' (compare Old Bulgarian riskanije);

(compare s-extension Old Bulgarian ristati), Middle High German risch ` spry, quick, fast ' Lithuanian r-tas ` morning ' (`*sunrise', compare Gothic urreisan), Latvian rietu, -ju, -t

` break out, rise (e.g., from the day), burst forth ', riete `milk in the brisket ' (compare formal Old Indic rta-); Slavic *raia- m. `current' (: above Old Indic raya- m. `stream, run, flow') in Old

bees' (*roio-s); in addition rka (*roi-k) `river';

Bulgarian izroj ` ejaculation of semen ', sroj `confluence', naroj `rush', roj `swarm of

ProtoProto-Slavic form: roj; See also: rjati; rk; rinti; Russian: roj `swarm' [m jo]; Polish: rj `swarm' [m jo], roju [Gens]; Serbo-Croatian: rj `swarm' [m jo]; Slovene: rj `swarm' [m jo] SerboMaybe alb. reja `cloud' from alb. rufeja `thunderbolt' < Bulgarian Also alb. rrke `current' from Proto-Slavic form: rk See also: rjati; rinti; roj; Old Proto-

Maybe alb. r, re `cloud' : Rumanian roi `swarm, hive, cluster, cloud'; a loanword from

Church Slavic: rka `river' [f ]; Russian: rek `river' [f ]; Czech: eka `river' [f ]; Slovak: `river' [f ]

rieka `river' [f ]; Polish: rzeka `river' [f ]; Serbo-Croatian: rijka `river' [f ]; Slovene: rka SerboSlavic *ri `poke, push' in Old Church Slavic rj, rjati `flow' (New Slavic) and `bump,

poke, urge, press, push' (as `budge'); in addition the changing by ablaut Old Church go to ruin '; Old Russian rn `sandbank'; klr. ri `sand, river detritus, pebbles ' (compare

Slavic vyrinti ` ', rintis ` to fall with violence, rush down, fall down, tumble down, Old Indic r-); in other meaning (see above to Latin rvnus) Old Bulgarian rvn ` rival '

`move, stir, agitate'.

rvenije `strife, quarrel, debate, contention ', Czech evniti ` compete ', poln. rzewni Maybe in -sko formant alb. rrah (ra-sko) ` quarrel' [common alb. -sk > -h].

Lithuanian rstas `quick, fast', rii Instr. Sg. ` in gallop '. e. basis ereu-; er-nu- ` contest ', or-uo- `hasty'. ereu- er-nuor327;

move quickly, hasten ', Lithuanian rastas (`run time' =) ` rutting ', Latvian riests ds.,

With s-extension Balto Slavic *reisti in Old Bulgarian rit, ristati `run', riskanije ` to run,

Old Indic rti (Perf. ra but Indo Germanic *ra), arav-; Avestan arnu- see above S.

Maybe alb. PN Rinas, Illyrian rinoti? valiant'; perhaps Avestan auruna- `wild, cruel, savage, from animals'; very doubtful Old Indic r-r- `stormy, hot tempered, of fever'; Note: Old Indic rvan-, rvant- : Messapic FlN Arv prove Illyrian displayed satem character : gall.-brit. FlN *Arv, engl. Arrow, French Erve, Auve (*ru); Messapic FlN Arv. gr. -, see above; previous causative ` overthrow me, outleap ', Old Indic rvan-, rvant- `hurrying, rusher, racer', Avestan aurva-, aurvant- `quick, fast,

` jump up ' (probably as *[] zur s-extension, see below); compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 683; Latin ru, -ere `run, hurry, storm along';

Arv;

' (*reu-io-); here gall.-brit. FlN *Arv, engl. Arrow, French Erve, Auve (*ru); Messapic FlN Old Saxon aru, Old English earu ` swift, ready, quick ', Old Icelandic rr `rash, hasty,

Middle Irish rathar (*reu-tro-) `onrush', cymr. rhuthr ds., Old Irish r(a)e ` hero, demigod

nothing, in deception, in error ', arod ` forceful, agile'; Old High German ernust s. S. 328.

arwj ` gratuitous, free ', Old English earwunga, Old High German ar(a)wn ` free, for

generous, (*arwa- = Avestan aurva-; here as originally ` generous ' perhaps also Gothic

savage'.

Old English row `agitated, stormy, wild, rough', Gothic unmana-riggws `wild, cruel,

extension reu-s-: reuOld Indic rati, ruti `is sullen', ruit-, ru- ` irritated '; rant, roister', rsch ` intoxication ', Old Icelandic rosi ` Sturmb ', raust `voice', Old Swedish ruska `storm ahead, hurry'; [but Gothic raus n., with gramm. variation Old Icelandic reyrr m., Old High German rr ` Swedish rsa `storm from there, hurry', Middle Low German rsen `dash, rage, clamor,

far off];

with k-suffix Old English rysc f., Middle High German rusch(e) f. ` bulrush', probably remain Lithuanian ruos ` diligent, active ', Latvian ruos ds., Lithuanian ruoi, ruoiau, ruti

High German rssa, rsa, riusa f. `baskey for catching fish, snare, trap', other formations

reed ', rrea `duct, tube, pipe' (*rauzin), with stem stress (as Gothic) Swedish rysja, Old

` provide ', reflex. ` take care ';

Czech ruch `movement', ablaut. ch. rych ` quick, fast ', in addition causative Slavic *ruiti ` overturn, upset ' in Old Church Slavic razdruiti `destroy', russ. rit ds., etc. Maybe alb. Geg zdroj, Tosc rrzonj `tumble, fall' : Old Church Slavic razdruiti `destroy'. 240 f., 242, 243, 246, WH. I 64 f., 416 f., 719, II 222 f. References: WP. I 136 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 516 b, 694, 702, 719, 740, 749, Trautmann

Slavic *ruch in russ. ruch `restlessness, movement', rchnut `tumble, fall', poln.

Page(s): 326-332

Meaning: Earth Note:

lemma: er- er ererherhe Root / lemma: er-4 (er-t-, er-u-) [*herhe herhe]

er- er ererer- orRoot / lemma: er-4 (er-t-, er-u-) [*her he `earth' derived from Root / lemma: er-3 : or- : rher he] Material: Gr. `earth', - `to earth' (perhaps therefrom , see below S. 336; with common extension of probably , Hes.); , see above S. 312; - Hes.; : to move *stir, animate, fight, struggle, rise; to spring up, be born'

Germanic *er in Gothic ara, Old Norse jr, Old High German (etc.) erda `earth';

Maybe TN Illyrian Ardiaei (*er-he) [common Illyrian-alb. -h- > d-] d Germanic *er in Old High German ero `earth'; erwi, erwydd, corn. erw, ereu ds., abret. Middle Breton eru, nbret. ero `furrow' (*erui-); Note: Those cognates derived from Old Indic rvan-, rvant- : Messapic FlN Arv prove Illyrian *Arv, engl. Arrow, French Erve, Auve (*ru); Messapic FlN Arv. [see above] after erkin `sky, heaven'. Page(s): 332 displayed satem character; there is proof Illyrian belonged to the Celtic family gall.-brit. FlN perhaps Armenian erkir `earth' (Pedersen KZ. 38, 197), if for *erg- (Indo Germanic *eru-) uo-extension in Old Norse jrvi (*erwan-) `sand, sandbank', and cymr. erw f. `field', Pl.

References: WP. I 142, Finzenhagen Terminol. 6, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 424.

Meaning: rare, loose, crumbly

er- er Root / lemma: er-5, er-, thematic (e)r--

Material: Old Indic rt with Abl., Akk. ` with exclusion of, without, except, besides' (Lok. a Pl. ` debris, ruins ', armak- ` trmmerhaft ' or n. ` Trmmersttte ' (meaning somewhat
e

participle *rta- ` separated, secluded '), nrrti- ` resolution, decay, downfall, ruin'; r-ma-

doubtful); * r- in rma- `wound'; themat. *(e)r-e- in virala- ` standing apart, leaky, rare ';

Maybe zero grade in alb. (* rala-) rall `rare'. gr. , Attic ` lonely '; not thick or dense, thin, loose, scattered, scanty, far apart; milit. in loose order; in gen. quite doubtful Latin rrus `having wide interstices between its parts, of a loose texture,
e

rare, infrequent; sometimes extraordinary, distinguished. Adv. raro, rare, seldom, rarely ' maybe alb. (*rte) rrjet `net' sieve ' (with unoriginal second accent, as often in i-stems), Latvian rta, rte `scar', rni rudzi ` leaking standing rye '; Lithuanian ertas `wide, far, spacious ' (`*standing apart ');
e

(* r-r-s), rather credible rte `net, thread' (compare under Lithuanian rtis, Latvian rta);

Lithuanian yr, rti `separate, resolve, distinguish', paras ` lax, loose '; rtis m. ` phloem

also:) rsvs `seldom, thin', paresvis ` sparse ';

from the light basis rtas `thin, spacious, seldom' (from the themat. root form *(e)r-e-, as Old Church Slavic oriti `dissolve, overthrow, destroy' (Kaus. *ori `make break up'),

Serbo-Croatian obriti `prostrate, throw down', Czech oboiti `destroy', russ. razort ds. Maybe alb. rrzonj `bring down' : russ. razort erer-d -: n. `part, half'; Old Indic rdhak ` especially, peculiar, particular ', rdha- ` part, side, half ', ardh- `half',
h h

irdt, irdint `loosen, separate', ru, rdu, rst `separate'. rr-d -: sloven. rdk, in spite of serb.-kroat. rjedk, rdk);

capacious', Latvian rdaws, irdens ` lax, friable', rds ` lax, commodious (capacious '),

Lithuanian ardau, -ti `separate, split' (Kaus., as Church Slavic oriti) ; erdvas `wide,

Old Church Slavic rdk `seldom' (probably shifted stress, compare Czech idk, about ered- see above S. 329 f., about ereu- under different article under S. 337.

esp. significant meaning of loose, leaking, standing apart allow to miss them completely or recognize at least not as dominant meaning. Page(s): 332-333 References: WP. I 142 f., Trautmann 12 f.

*er()- roots really derive r-d- `scratch', rei-, reu- `tear open', is doubtful; die by *er()-

To what extent those from Persson Beitr. 666, 773, 839 f. considered as extensions of

Meaning: behind; tail

ersRoot / lemma: ers- : orsos

Material: Armenian o ` buttocks ' (mostly Pl. o-k`, i-stem); gr. m. ` buttocks ' (in addition : f. `tail' from *orsi) = Old High German ars, Old English ears m., Old Icelandic ars, rass ` buttocks' = Hittite a-ar-ra- (arras), Dat. ar-ri-i-i (arrisi); whose -si enclitic pronoun;

combatant ' (*ers-et-s), Gen. erred;

e-grade Old Irish err (*ers) f. `tail, end' (also of chariot), therefrom eirr ` chariot

References: WP. I 138, Couvreur H 98, Pedersen KG. II 101. 326).

erSee also: it is often placed `elevation, protrusion, preceding body part ' to er-3 (above S.

Page(s): 340 Root / lemma: es-en-, os-en-, -er- (*ek -en- in centum languages) es-en- os-en- erek-enek Meaning: harvest time, *summer, *autumn Note:

Note: in Germanic also from the harvest- and generally Feldarbeit and the earnings out of it Material: With a relationship as between Lithuanian vasar and vsara `summer' : Old

es-en- os-en- erlemma: eses Root / lemma: es-en-, os-en-, -er- : `harvest time, *autumn' : Root / lemma: ues-r : `spring'.

'; as contraction from - confirms Alcman (Gr. poet) , s. Boisacq s. v.; (common gr. k- > p - p-).

actually ) from - (: ) + *[] ` phase of conclusion * *, i. e.

end, harvest time' (see S. 323) ` harvest ', ep. ` autumnal ' (probably

Bulgarian vesna ` spring ', here (after Schulze Qunder ep. 475) hom. etc. `summer

Maybe Lithuanian vasar and vsara `summer' : Latin (*vesis) veris n. `spring' [common vern : Portuguese vero : Romanian var : alb. vera `summer '. The origin of labialized Old laryngeals: common Old Prussian Lithuanian Latin Albanian *ue- > ve-.

Latin Germanic -s- > -r-] : Spanish verano : Aragones berano : Asturian veranu : Galician

(under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old High German aren m., arn f., Middle High German erne `harvest' (in addition Old High German arnn `reap'); Gothic asneis, Old English esne, Old High German asm ` day labourer ', derived from

Gothic asans (o-grade) f. `harvest, summer', Old Norse nn (*azn) `harvest, hardship',

Old High German arnn ` earn ' = Old English earnian ds.; compare Wissmann Nom. postverb. 145 ;
4

the equivalent from Old Saxon asna `earnings, tribute, tax' (*harvest earnings), in addition

Prussian assanis (from *esenis or *asanis); Common - > j- Slavic Albanian; - > i-, y- Old Indic Tocharian. doubtful, whether here Middle Irish orna (*esor-n-i) `barley'; Page(s): 343 References: WP. I 161 f., Trautmann 71, Feist 58 f.

serb.-Church Slavic jesen, Serbo-Croatian jsn; russ. sen, wruss. jsien; Old

esusuRoot / lemma: esu-s (: su-)

Meaning: good, *noble, master, owner, lord

Material: Gr. , `proficient, good', Adverb (Akk. n.), belongs to prefix zero grade in addition (Friedrich IF. 41, 370 f.) the prefix su-, see there; suowner, lord ', fem. era, Old Latin esa ` mistress, lady '; Hittite a-a-u-u (assus) `good'; to a- s. Pedersen Hittite 167 under Anm.; perhaps as moreover perhaps Latin erus ` the master of a house, head of a family, mister, master,

belongs to Armenian isxan `master, mister', isxal `rule, reign' (?), even it is not of Indo Germanic origin (Couvreur H 9); gall. GN Esus (with -) remains far off, probably because of the names with Aes-, Ais- in

however, Hittite i-a-a-a (isas) `master, mister' is to be kept away, because this

Old Irish PN gaine (*ouo-g nios), compare in addition Bergin riu 12, 224 f. Konjugation 16 ff. esSee also: es-.
e

Old Irish PN ogan (*ivogenos) and the cymr. PN Owein (older Ywein, Eugein, Ougen) =

the earliest 1. ais- or 2. ais- (above S. 16), less probably 2. eis- (above S. 299); also the

References: WP. I 161, WH. I 419, 863. Ein etymol. Versuch by Kretschmer, object.

Page(s): 342

Meaning: to be Note:

esRoot / lemma: es-

Root / lemma: es- : `to be' derived from Root / lemma: e-, e(h)om e : `I' [Old Indic ese- e(h)om, e (h)om smi 'I am' = ahm (*e(h)om) 'I']

Grammatical information: copula and verb substantive; built originally only a durative
h

Material: 1. Old Indic smi, si, sti, sms, sth, snti, Avestan ahmi, 3. Sg. asti, 3. Pl. Note: Old Indic smi 'I am' = ahm (*e(h)om) 'I'; Armenian em, es, ; hanti, Old pers. amiy;

aspect of present wird hence single-linguistic various supported by the root b eu- : b - .
h

), , (as ; Attic as ; Doric ), , (Doric ), Dual ; venet. est; Slavic Albanian; - > i-, y- Old Indic Tocharian. alb. (*h asmi) jam (*esmi) `I am'; Geg asht `he is', aor. isha `I was'. Common - > j2

gr. hom. Attic (= mi, Aeolic , Doric ), (= ei from *esi, only Attic, hom. ,

estis, sunt (Inchoat. escunt); Oscan sm, est (st); Umbrian est;

Latin sum (through influence the 1. Pl.), es(s), est (Inchoat. escit, as gr. ), sumus,

Note: Latin zero grade sum (*esoum) `I am' : Latin eg (*e(h)om) 'I' hint); Old Irish (only as copula) am (*esmi), a-t, is, ammi (*esmesi), adi-b, it (*senti, acymr.

Umbrian aron (*os-t), etc.;

(after bom), North Umbrian am (*os-m), eart (ending of Prteritoprs.), is; 3. Pl. North

Gothic im, is, is, 3. Pl. sind (*senti); Old Icelandic em, est (ert), es (er); Old English eom

and est; Latvian esmu (dial. esu), esi etc.; Old Prussian asmai, assai (essei), est (ast); jesta, jeste, etc.; Note: Note alb. jam (*jesem, aor. isha) : [truncated] poln. jestem 'I am', alb. je (*jesi, aor. ishe) :

Old Lithuanian esm, (nowadays es, dial. esmu) es, sti, Dual old and dial. esv, esta Old Church Slavic jesm, jesi, jest (*esti), jesm, jeste, st (= Latin sunt); Dual jesve,

[truncated] poln. jeste 'you are (sing.)'; alb. asht (*jesti, aor. ishte) 'he is' : poln jest 'he is'; jestecie 'you are', alb. jan (*jasanta : hitt asan): poln. s (*santa) 'they are'.

alb. jemi (*jesemi) : [truncated] poln. jestemy 'we are', alb. jeni (*jesenti) : [truncated] poln.

Alb. and Slavic use j- for the lost laryngeal -. Alb. proves that Root / lemma: es- : `to be' esderived from Root / lemma: e-, e(h)om e : `I' : Proto-Slavic form: (j)az, Lithuanian: e- e(h)om e (h)om, Proto: , e (OLith.) `I', Latvian: es `I', Old Prussian: as, es `I'. : :

Pedersen Tochar. 161 should also nes-, A nas- `be' contain the root es-, the preverb nis identical with the post position ne ??); vocal harmony from *es-?). Hittite e-e-mi (esmi), 3. Sg. e-e-zi (eszi), 3. Pl. a-a-an-zi (asanzi; whose as through 2. significant congruities: Dual. stam, stm: gr. hom. 1. Sg. , 2. Sg hom. Attic , 3. Sg. Doric etc. , Pl. Imperf. Old Indic sam, s, s, respectively Perf. sa, sitha, sa, Pl. sma, sta, san,

A 1. Sg. em, 2. Sg. et etc., ai(-), with optative formants Indo Germanic -oi- (after

Tocharian present 3. Sg. ste, star- (with enclitic), 3. Pl. skente, stare, skentar; Imperf.

were'; [alb. isha], themat. 1. Sg. 3. Pl. Aeolic (*e-s-om, respectively *e-s-ont): truncated 3. Pl. Old Indic san, Avestan hn (*sent or *sont). Latin erat (*es--t) = cymr. oedd `was' seem neologisms. i-cem `that I am' from prothet. *i + s + (s)ke-, Meillet Esquisse 121); Konjunkt. ved. 2. Sg. sas(i), 3. Sg. sat(i): Latin Fut. eris, erit; sei ` you are, exist, live ', si, sei `he is, exists, lives ', sins `they are, exist, live ': Old High Optat. ved. s(i)ym; gr. (das from *): Latin Konj. siem, sis, siet, Umbrian sir, Gr. Imperf. , : Old Latin escit (the future tense meaning reminds an Armenian

hom. , , , 3. Dual hom. ; with compare Hittite e-e-ta (sta) `was,

German 3. Sg. s;

est(d) : Oscan estud;

Imper. 2. Sg. gath.-Avestan zd : gr. Attic (*es-d i); 3. Sg. gr. hom. Attic : Latin
h

further partly to ` good, well ', partly to `the real perpetrator, the culprit': Old Indic snt- stm., n. (f. sat-) `being, good, true', Avestan hant-, hat- ds.; Maybe alb. send `thing, *being' perhaps used as a taboo.

3. participle sent-, sont-, st- `being', partly with development to ` truely, really ', and sent- sont- st

 `present, verity, possession', derived , Doric , f. `property, nature, reality', etc.;

gr. -, -, Doric - `being' (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 473, 525 , 567, 678), Nom. Pl.
4

sonticus morbus ` epilepsy '?);

person ', ab-sns ` absent, not present '; sns, Gen. sontis ` culpable, harmful ' (compare

Latin in prae-sns, -sentis `presently', Oscan praesentid ` at hand, in sight, present, in

Maybe alb. sonte `tonight, this night, present day'. Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old High German sand, Old Saxon s `true', and ` whose debt Gothic *sunjis `true' (sunja `verity'); the real meaning still in bisunjan `multi-sided, all stays without doubt ', Old English s `true'; besides zero grade Germanic *sun()j-z, proto Germanic *sana- `true' in Old Norse sannr, sar, (under the influence of common

around', originally Gen. Pl. ` being all around ' = Old Indic saty- `true, right' (*stio-), n. `verity', Avestan haiya- `true, genuine', Old pers. haiya- ds.; with preserved or assim. d Old High German suntea, Old Saxon sundea, Old Frisian

crime ' (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), (proto Germanic *sun: *sun()jz), further to Old Saxon Old High German sunnea `hindrance, need', Old Icelandic syn ` renunciation, denial ';

sende, Old Icelandic syn, synd < Middle Low German snde, Old English synn f. ` sin,

Lithuanian ss, saio (newer ss, ss m., santi f.), Latvian esuots `being'; Gerundium Lithuanian sant; Old Church Slavic sy (: Old Indic sn), Gen. Sg. m. sta; Hittite a-a-an-za (assanz) `being'; `true, really ' and `right, allowed, godly, pious'; to-participle *s-e-t-, s-o-to- in gr. . Hes., `prfe', , ti-Abstrakta: Old Indic abh-ti- f. `help' (abhi-t- m. ` helper '), Avestan aiwiti- f. `

Old Prussian Nom. Sg. sins, Dat. Sg. sentismu, Old Lithuanian Akk. Sg. m. sant,

probably Aryan neologism); compare gr. ` ', , Hes. ` absence, not present ' ;

devotion, study '; Old Indic p-st- m. ` subordinate ' (Old Indic sv-ast- f. ` well-being '

Arcadian compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 533 , Specht Dekl. 256.

5

about that perhaps belonging here gr. - `proficient, good, lucky', Doric ,

References: WP. I 160 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 676 ff., Trautmann 71, etc. esuSee also: esu-s Page(s): 340-342

Meaning: seed; corn

Root / lemma: et(e)net(e)nMaterial: Gr. n. `a thick soup of pulse, pea-soup, mash of legumes ' one places to

Page(s): 343

References: WP. I 117.

go back to -tt-.

grain'; the unlenierte voiceless -t- between vowels is puzzling though, because it can only

Middle Irish eitne m. `seed', Scots Gaelic eite `unhusked ear of corn', eitean `seed, corn,

Meaning: out; further, etc..

Root / lemma: eti

` over-, back-' (contains also part Indo Germanic ati-, see above S. 70 f.); Phrygian in - ` curses ' (to Old Irish tongid `swears'); gr. ` moreover, further, still ';

Material: Old Indic ti m. Akk. `about - out, against', prefix ti (Avestan aiti-, Old pers. atiy-)

perhaps Messapic - `and' (Krahe KZ. 56, 135 f., compare WH. I 863); : alb. edhe `and'. Latin et `and also', Paelignian Umbrian et ds.; Latin et-iam `and, also, still'; ` to beat back, blunt, dull ' (Loth RC 37, 27); gall. eti `also, further', eti-c `and also' (*eti-ke); in abret. et-binam gl. lanis, acymr. et-met Gothic i `but, ' (an 1. place), prefix id- in id-weit n. `disgrace, shame, insult' = Old

English e-, Jacobsohn KZ. 49, 194, yet is Old English e- after Sievers-Brunner 165 only (compare Feist 289 f.); spelling mistake), perhaps also in Gothic id-reiga f. ` repentance, penance, atonement'
1

Norse i- `again', Old English Old Saxon ed- `again', besides Old High German ith-, Old

English Old Saxon edwt, Old High German ita-, itwz ds. (Old High German it(a), Old

different Trautmann 16;

Old Prussian et- besides at-, probably as acymr. etc. et- besides at- (to ati above S. 70),

Windekens Lexique 8, 16, Pedersen Tocharian Sprachg. 16 . above S. 74, etc.) zerlegen will. Page(s): 344
1

about Tocharian A atas `from here' (?), A aci, ecce `from there' (*eti) compare Van

References: WP. I 43 f., WH. I 421 f., the eti in e- (see above S. 283) and -ti (as in au-ti

Meaning: to be used to

lemma: eukRoot / lemma: euk-

Material: Old Indic kas- n. ` dwelling, house, residence, home, custom, habit, tradition', ` accustomed ' (with secondary y-), Meillet BSL. 23, 76;

cyati `is habitual ', ucit- ` habitually, adequate ';sogd. ywt (yat) ` he teaches ', ywth Armenian usanim (k after u palatalized) `learn, I am accustomed';

respectively euk-?

gr. (Pind. ) besides `in unobstructed pleasure '; maybe from uek-, Old Irish to-ucc- ` understand, comprehend, conceive ' (cc = gg) from *u-n-k-; whereas

go ro-uicc ` has carried ', do-uicc ` has brought ' to *-onk-i-s-t (back to enek-, see above S. 317); Gothic b-hts (*unkto-) ` habitual, customary '; people, tamed, domesticated', jauknti ` accustom, tame', jnktas ` accustomed '; Latvian Lithuanian jnkstu, jnkti ` become habitual, customary ', jauks ` accustomed to

jaukint ` train, practice '; Lithuanian kis ` farmstead ' (actually `dwelling', compare Old Indic kas ds.); to j- see below eu-3; euOld Church Slavic uiti `instruct, teach', uk `doctrine', vyknti `be accustomed '; References: WP. I 111, Trautmann 335, Kuiper Nasalprs. 187 with Anm. Page(s): 347

jkt ` become accustomed, habitual, customary ', jaukt, jact ` accustom '; Old Prussian

Meaning: to lack; empty

Root / lemma: eu-1, eu- : u-, u- (**ue-) eu- eu

Material: Old Indic n-, Avestan na- ` insufficient, inadequate, lack, be short of', Avestan uyamna ds. (participle present Med. to present u-ya-); npers. (*gvang) vang ` empty, bare, lacking, poor, needy', pmir vanao ` Leerheit, vanity, pride '; The origin of labialized Old laryngeals: common Celtic *ue- > gw- > f- ; Armenian Old Indic gw- > u-. Armenian unain ` empty, bare, lacking' (Indo Germanic ); also belong here, see above S. 73; gr. , - ` stolen; looted, lack, be short of'; about gr. , (F), that could

noNote: esp. in partizipialen no-formations

The origin of labialized Old laryngeals: common Celtic Greek *ue- > gw- > f- ; Gothic Latin Lithuanian gw- > w-, v-. dubious (because the k-extension is attested only in Ital.) vac, -re ` be empty, be void, be vacant, be without, not to contain ' (besides voc, -re EM 1069); Umbrian vacetum,
2

perhaps here Latin vnus `bare, lacking, containing nothing, empty, void, vacant '; very

uasetom ` make faulty, injure, spoil, mar, taint, corrupt, infect, vitiate, defile ', antervakaze, anderuacose ` a breaking off, intermission, interruption, discontinuance ', uas ` a fault, defect, blemish, imperfection, vice ';

van-r, Old Frisian Old English Old Saxon Old High German wan ds.; Latvian vns-kar(i)s ` infertile, not fertile egg' (with s-k from s-p).

Gothic (*gwans) wans ` lacking, missing, wanting ' (*u-ono-s or *u-no-s), Old Icelandic

after Mhlenbach-Endzelin IV 462 here Lithuanian vas-kariai ` unincubated eggs ',

cognitional seems usto-s ` deserted, abandoned, forsaken ' in: stosto bare, lacking', fsach ` desert, waste, wasteland ', Old High German wuosti ` deserted, Latin vstus ` empty, unoccupied, waste, desert, devastated ' = Old Irish fs ` empty,

wasteland ' but from Latin).

Old English w-ste ` waste, desolate ' (Middle High German nengl. waste ` desert, waste, Maybe alb. bosh `empty' from Turkish bo `empty'.

abandoned, forsaken, unbebaut, empty, bare, lacking, waste, desolate ', Old Saxon wsti,

Page(s): 345-346

References: WP. I 108 f., Feist 550.

euRoot / lemma: eu-2 Meaning: to put on Material: Avestan aora- (: Latin sub-cula) n. ` footwear '; '; Armenian aganim ` draw something to me ' (Indo Germanic *u-mi); aut`-oc ` bedspread Latin ex-u ` to draw out, take off, pull off, put off ', ind-u ` to put on, assume, dress in '

uvium ` bark, outer covering of a tree ', exuviae ` that which is stripped off, clothing, equipments, arms ', reduviae ` a hang-nail, loose finger-nail ', subcula ` a man's

(at first from -ov, Indo Germanic probably *eu), ind-uviae ` clothes, garments ', ind-

undergarment, under-tunic, shirt ' (*ou-tl, compare Latvian ukla), men and mentum ` ind-mentum ` a garment, a covering, clothing ' (about indusium, intusium `a woman's

retina around the intestine, mesentery fat, fat, intestine; also leg skin, cerebral membrane ',

under - garment ' s. WH. I 695 f.); Umbrian anovihimu ` induitor ' (from *an-oui: Balto Slavic aui see below);

gun `dolman, woman's cape ') as *upo-ou-no-;

from Celtic presumably Old Irish fuan (not but das French loanword cymr. gn, corn.

Prussian auclo ` halter ', Lithuanian (*au-to-s, participle Perf. Pass.) atas, apatas ` shoed, Pl. foot bandages ', Latvian uts `kerchief, cloth, bandage ' (: Latin ex-tus);

dress ', Lithuanian akl ` foot bandage ', auklis `rope', Latvian ukla f. (*au-tl) `cord', Old

Lithuanian aviu, -ti ` bear footwear ', aun, ati ` put, dress footwear ', Latvian ut `ds.;

bandages ', etc.

Slavic onuta ` ham, smoked meat from the hindquarter of a hog ', russ. ona ` foot Maybe alb. prefixed (*k- (a)patas) kpuc `shoe', kput ` (foot bandages) sole ' : Lithuanian apatas ` shoed, Pl. foot bandages '. from here (Pedersen Mursilis 72 ff.) Hittite unuu(i)- `adorn'? References: WP. I 109 f., WH. I 434 ff., 695 f., Trautmann 21 f. Page(s): 346

r a e wt o of

dress

russ.-Church Slavic izuju, izuti ` take off the footwear ', Old Church Slavic obuj, obuti ` ', russ. obtyj ` shoed ' (: Lithuanian apatas ds.), in addition Old Church

euet- et- utet Root / lemma: eu-3, with present formants -et- : uet-, utMeaning: to feel Material: Old Indic api-vtati `understands, comprehends', Kaus. api-vtyati ` stimulates aott ` she understands ' (*eut-); spiritually, makes understand ', Avestan aipi-vataiti ` is familiar with a thing ', Konj. aipia Lithuanian jaui (*euti), jauia, jasti ` feel ', Latvian jauu, jautu, jaust, in addition

Latvian jtu, jutu, just ds. About the j-suggestion s. Endzelin Latvian Gr. p. 30c, different (as reduplication?) Specht KZ. 68, 55 .
1

Iterat. jutotis ` searching, ask '; in ablaut (Indo Germanic u) junt, jutu, jsti ` feel ',

Lithuanian jasmas m. ` emotion ', jautrs ` emotional, passionate, sentimental, tender',

Page(s): 346

References: WP. I 216, Trautmann 72, Kuiper Nasalprs. 54.

euRoot / lemma: eu-4

Meaning: exclamation of joy Material: Gr. ` jubilate, cheer', , , exclamations of bacchant enthusiasm; compare also u- in onomatopoeic words. Note: (only gr. Latin)

Latin ov, -re ` exult, rejoice, delight, cheer; keep a victorious move ' (*eui).

Page(s): 347

References: References: WP. I 110.

Meaning: to burn

eusRoot / lemma: eus-

`fast, rapid, hurried, immediately, right away' perhaps `*stormy, hot tempered, burning '?); slaughtered swine '; gr. (*h, *eus) `singe', Aor. , `pit, pothole, the place for singeing alb. ethe f. `fever';

Material: Old Indic ati `burns', participle u- (= Latin ustus), u- `hot, warm' (m

harass (trans.)', ambr - `to burn round, scorch; of cold, to nip, numb; in gen., to injure'; Old Norse usli m. `glowing ash', Old English ysle f. ds., Middle High German sel(e) f.

Latin r, -ere, ustus (thereafter uss) ` to burn; to dry up, parch; chafe, gall; to disturb,

ds.; Old Norse ysja f. `fire', usti `scorchs, deflagrates, incinerates ', with gramm. variation High German Dialectal ammer `glowing ash'; Norwegian Dialectal orna ` become warm ' eim-yrja, Old English m-yrie (engl. embers), Middle High German eimer(e) f., Modern

(*uznn); perhaps as ` burning, stormy, hot tempered = keen, eager' here Old High German ustar ` greedy, gluttonous', ustr `industria', ustinn `fungi'; Lithuanian usns ` scratch thistle ' (a kind of thistle) or ` alder buckthorn '.

(Oscan) Vesuvius, the but also as `the bright, the radiant, the glowing ' can be placed to *(a)ues- `gleam, shine' (above S. 87). Page(s): 347-348 References: WP. I 111 f.

In the one *eus- under **eues- to be combined with *ues- `burn' one attributes to Latin

Meaning: to praise, worship

egh eghRoot / lemma: euegh- (*ueuegh-) ghMaterial: uegh- : Old Indic ved. (*gvght) vght- ` the vowing, worshiper, organizer of a egh eghArmenian gog `say!', gogces ` you can say '; The origin of labialized Old laryngeals: common Armenian Celtic *ue- > gw- > g-, u- ; Old Indic gw- > v-, Latin gw- > v-, u-. solemnly, engage religiously, pledge, devote, dedicate, consecrate ', Umbrian vufetes (= Latin vove, -re, vv, vtum (this at first from *vv-vai, -tum) ` to vow, promise

sacrifice ', Avestan rtar-vanti- EN;

Latin vts) ` a promise to a god, solemn pledge, religious engagement, vow, to dedicate, vow, votive ', Vufiune, Uofione ` a promise to a god, solemn pledge, religious engagement, eugh-: Avestan aog- (aojaite, aoxta, aogd) ` announce, declare, say, speak, esp. in eughh devote, offer as sacred, consecrate ', vufru ` of a vow, promised by a vow, given under a

vow '.

ceremonious way ', wherefore Old Indic hat ` praises, vaunts, boasts ';

and presumably Armenian uzem `I wish, like ', y-uzem `I search, seek'; The origin of labialized Old laryngeals: common Armenian Celtic *ue- > gw- > u-. Avestan aogd, j.-av. aoxta ` spoke, talked, conversed ') to a present *eugh-tai gr. ` I promised, prayed, wished, praised ', athemat. Impf. (= gath.-

votive offering ', ` profession, declaration, prayer, request, imploration'; in addition boasting ' (*-, Bechtel Lexilogus 192). Page(s): 348 References: WP. I 110.

(Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 679); n, ` thing prayed for, object of prayer, boast, vaunt, vow,

perhaps also `boast, brag, vaunt, boast', abstracted from - ` the empty

Meaning: a kind of adverbial/ nominal particle

Root / lemma: 1,

Note: out of Aryan and partially also already in this in the meaning coloring, in Germanic

as sense ` under, after, behind, back, again, away ' extended cognitional with Pron.-stem an Instrumental formation.

e-, o-, either as its originator or, what is obvious esp. for the long vowels , , therefrom as Material: Old Indic , Avestan Old pers. ` in, to there ', e.g. -gam- ` near to, draw near, ', with Abl. `from - away '; with Old Indic -d ` receive (in) ', -da- ` receiving; getting in ` wer ledig gewordenen Besitz ( ) zu eigener Nutzung oder zur

get near, come close ', as postposition with Akk. `to - toward ', with Lok. `on, in, to - toward possession ' compare Old Indic dyd- m. ` hereditary receiver ' (dy- `inheritance'), gr.

Verwaltung bekommen hat ' (*--, compare Old Indic participle -t-ta- ` receive '),

Latin hrs ` an heir, heiress ' (*hro- = - + -d- ` receiving '). In adj. compounds has Aryan the concept of the convergence, e.g. Old Indic -nla- ` blackish, darkish ' (also

probably gr. - `pale, wan, yellowish', probably also - besides ` little, small ', and Slavic ja- see below). About Avestan a- insecure affiliation in the nominal setting s. Reichelt Avestan Elementarbuch 270;

Indic -hans- `tumescent, luscious' s. ghen- `to swell');

Armenian in y-o-gn `much, a lot of' from preposition i + *o-ghon- or *o-ghno- (to Old gr. - probably in - ` set in motion, drive, animate ' (see qel- `drive, push'), -

(see tuer- `hurry'), , (see lep- `schlen'), `wife' (see ar- `

decree, edict, mandate, dispose, arrange; reconcile, settle; resign, submit to ', above S. father ', - ` of similar mane ' , `attendant, servant' (*o-zdos actually `

56), - (see n- `help'), - ` by the same father, being descendant by same Mitgnger ', to root sed-, as also Indo Germanic *ozdos, gr. `bough' as ` ansitzendes carry'), -, -, - (see below ger- ` heavy '), perhaps also in and Stmmchen ', compare -, - `twig, branch' to , ), - (see tel- `bear,

other under *eis- ` move violently, fast ' discussed words;

according to Risch (briefl.) also in , and ` companion ';

after Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 433 though lies in before Aeolic - instead of (*sm-),

gr. - probably in besides ; - `arouse, stimulate; wake up, awaken'; gr. in (see above); gr. probably in - (see above); flowing/dropping down, faint, swoon, temporary loss of consciousness ', teilo ` free from; without; lacking experience; immune from ', Old English in wde ` nude ', Old High German md : uomd ` after reaping, harvesting ', wahst : uowahst ` growth, : in Old High German maht ` eclipse (of a hevenly body); want, defect;

development, increase; germ (of idea); offshoot; advancement (rank) ', ` occiput, back part compliment, chatter, wheedle ' from *-lukjan; suffixed in Akk. Sg. the pron. Dekl., e.g. In Slavic * or *, colorless in some compounds, as Serbo-Croatian-Church Slavic jaof the head or skull ', Old English gengel `the (retreating) Querriegel ', leccan ` flatter,

Gothic an-h, arjat-h, ana etc.

with this deformed in type Old Bulgarian kamen-e and Lithuanian rakoj-e `in the hand'. References: WP. I 95 f., WH. 388, 642, Specht KZ. 62, 56, Hirt Indog. Gr. IV 54, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 434, 648 , 722 . Page(s): 280-281
1 3

skud besides Church Slavic skd `ugly' (see Berneker 441); following the Lok. and

Meaning: interjection (vocative)

Root / lemma: 2,

Material: Old Indic emphasizing behind adverbs and nouns: `oh!';

Lesbian etc., also in-, -, (F) `or', -; probably also lak. tar. -, whereupon hom. etc.; deive), etc.;

gr. ` hey, hallo!, you there!', also emphasizing and questioning ` really!?' ,

Latin eh `ei, hey, hallo!, you there!', -castor ` by Castor ', edepl ` by Pollux ', d (*

German nein- ` no, nay' ;

Old High German ihh- `I (just)', ndd. ik, Proto Norse hait-ik-a, probably also Old High

Lithuanian , , Latvian e, , exclamation particles; about Slavic e- in exclamation see below S. 283; References: WP. I 99, WH. I 1, 389, 396, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 606. ehem. See also: s. further under ehem Page(s): 281

Meaning: to say, speak

lemma: Root / lemma: -, -, -

Material: Armenian asem `say', if s instead of c (= Indo Germanic ) is established through the position in the 3. Sg. *as from *ast = *t; verbal noun a-ac ` proverb '; gr. ` he spoke ' (the unique hom. form; from *g-t), wherefore is joined after hom. 1.

Sg. Imperf. , 1. 3.Sg. present , (Doric ) as neologisms after () : (), , . Perf. - ` order, command ' (originally ` I announce ' (?), as in ` s. v.;
2

shout loudly ' ), presently reshaped ; about s. 30 and Liddell-Scott Latin ai(i) ` say, speak, state ' (*agi), the prophetic god Aius Loctius, adagi, -nis,

later adagium ` proverb, saying ', prdigium ` a prophetic sign, token, omen, portent, WH. I 44);

prodigy ' (`prophecy'); axmenta `carmina Saliaria' (about anxre `vocare, nominare' s. Oscan angetuzet ` put forth, set forth, lay out, place before, expose to view, display, bid,

tell, command ', if syncopated from *an-agituzet (from a frequentative *agit) `in- saying, speaking, uttering, telling, mentioning, relating, affirming, declaring, stating, asserting '; Umbrian aiu (*agi) ` a divine announcement, oracle '; perhaps also acetus ` answer, reply, respond, make answer ';

*h-, is because of Avestan a ` spoke, talked ', present aya-, aya- lead back to a different root ad - (Gntert Reimw. 84). Page(s): 290-291
h

Old Indic ha, ttha ` spoke ', um dessentwillen the root form was earlier attached as

References: WP. I 114, WH. I 24 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 678; different 30.
2

Meaning: to possess; to be capable

ikRoot / lemma: ik-

Material: Old Indic , ( originally present perfect reduplication) `has owned,

possessed, governed ', var- ` wealthy, ably; m. master, lord '; Avestan ie `is master, - `fortune, property'.

mister about', ivan- `vermgend', ti- ` blessing, fortune, grace, wealth ' (Germanic aihti-), hereupon Gothic *aigan (aih, aigum, secondary preterit aihta) ` have, own, possess ', Old

German igan ds.; participle *aigana-, aigina- in the meaning ` own, personal, private ' and English gen (engl. own), Old Frisian gin, in, aschs. gan, Old High German eigan etc. ds., Gothic aigin n. `property', Old Norse eigin, Old English gen etc. ds. hereof has derived *aigann: Old Norse eigna, -aa ` assign, allot '; Old English gnian `make have, substantive n. `property' : Old Norse eiginn ` particular, characteristic, singular ', Old

Norse eiga (, eigom, tta), Old English gan, Old Frisian ga, aschs. gan, Old High

allot ' etc.

possess, own', further Old High German eiginn ` make have, possess, own, appropriate, ti-Abstr. Germanic *aihti : Gothic aihts `property', Old Norse tt, att in the abstract

meaning `gender, sex, quality of being male or female '; also ` firmament, heavens, skies '; Old English ht, Old High German ht ` possession, rightful possession, property'. compare further Old Norse eign f. ` property of reason and ground ' (*aig-ni-); proto Germanic *aihtr ` holder, owner, occupier, possessor ' is to acquire to be

acquired by lapp. itr ds. (: Old Indic itar- ds.); '.

after Pedersen Groupement 30 f. here Tocharian aik-, ai- ` know, have knowledge of

Page(s): 298-299

References: WP. I 105, Feist 20.

Root / lemma: i 2

Meaning: vocative particle vocative;

Material: Old Indic ` Ausruf der Anrede, des Sichbesinnens ' etc.; ai ds., ayi before the Avestan i before the vocative; it could also belong to ai above S. 10,; ai, gr. (*ei! + a) ` on! up! away!' (besides ); is me!'; Latin ei, hei ` ah! woe! oh dear!' therefrom, iul `cry out, wail, lament ', oi-ei ` alas! woe Old Irish (h) ` Exclamation of joy and pain '; from it phonetically; Old High German ; Middle High German Modern High German ei have not developed Lithuanian e ` exclamation of warning ', Latvian ei ` hey, hallo!, you there!; wow!'; Serbo-Croatian j, poln. russ. ej ` hey, hallo!, you there!'. Page(s): 297 References: WH. I 396 f., Trautmann 67.

Meaning: bodkin

Root / lemma: l Material: Old Indic r ` pricker, awl', Old High German la f., Middle High German le ds.

awl besides Old High German alansa, alunsa ` pricker, awl'. Latvian lns ds. Page(s): 310

(Germanic *l) Old English l; ablaut. Old Norse alr m. ` pricker, awl, gimlet', > nengl. From Gothic *la derives Old Prussian ylo, from which Lithuanian la ` awl, gimlet ',

References: WP. I 156, Vasmer by Senn Germanic loanword-Stud. 47.

lRoot / lemma: lMeaning: line Material: Old Indic li-, l f. `stripe, line' could belong to gr. ` wrinkle under the eyes

' (*lin-g-); here one could also put Old Icelandic ll (Indo Germanic *lo-) `gully or dent in river, deep valley between rocks, furrow or stripe along the back of animals ';

= Old Icelandic ll and Modern High German Aal ` stripes in the cloth '; Modern High

compare Old Icelandic lttr ` striped, lined, having stripes or bands ', Norwegian dial. aal German Aalstreif, -strich ` stripes on the back of animals ' nevertheless, could belong of the eel after its long-stretched figure would be possible.

though to Modern High German Aal `eel', whereas vice versa the possibility of the naming References: WP. I 155, Specht Dekl. 213.

Page(s): 309-310

Meaning: without after );

e

neu, nu neu Root / lemma: neu nu

Material: Gr. (Lokat.?) , () `without'; Doric , el. , meg. (shaped from * neu-, Gothic inu `without'; succession ' (to Old Indic anu-sac- ` follow, go after, ensue, follow as a consequence of, Frisian ni, Old Saxon no, Old High German nu, no, na, Middle High German ne, n, Modern High German ohne from *nunder Not entirely certain that only from Gramm. is covered Old Indic an `not' (= gr. ), happen as a result of, result from, result, arise from ', root sek-); Old Norse n, n, Old with lengthened grade: Old Indic nu-k, Avestan nu-ak ` one after the other, in

might exist, yet under no circumstances certain. Page(s): 318 References: WP. I 127 f., Feist 295, WH. I 677.

also osset. n `without'; relationship with Latin sine etc. (Meillet BSL. 30, Nr. 89, 81)

Meaning: look here!

Root / lemma: n

Page(s): 314

References: WP. I 127, WH. I 403 f.

Material: Gr. , , Latin n `look here!'

Meaning: comrade Note:

lemma: piRoot / lemma: pi-

piaiRoot / lemma: pi- : `comrade' > Root / lemma: ai-3 : `to give'.

The original root was Root / lemma: ap-1 (exact p-) : p- : `to take, grab, reach, *give' > appMaybe alb. Tosc (*e-ip-mi) ep, jap, Geg nep (*na ep) `give us (*take)' : Hittite e-ip-mi (pmi) `take', 3. Pl. ap-pa-an-zi (apanzi) : gr. ` give a hand. [see above] Material: Old Indic p- `friend, ally ', pyam `friendship, companionship'; gr. `friendly, mild; helping'.

helpful companions close to a rest station ', from which also ` trust, rely on, have confidence in '.

Perhaps to *epi ` near, to there, ', so that *pi-s (and *pi-os) would have meant `the

and out of it ` join two sides of a wound or incision using stitches or the like, patch, piece up'? References: WP. I 121 f.

To from Gr. still originally (?) `heal' (compare )

Page(s): 325

reb(h)- rob(h)reb(h) rob(h) Root / lemma: reb(h)-, rob(h)Meaning: a kind of dark colour Material: Gr. ` dusky, dim, dour, gloomy, dark' ( ` a dark-tinted sea fish '?); `cloudy, stormy night', as hom. ;

for growing pale the real color meaning Rozwadowski Eos 8, 99 f. in russ. rjabinvaja no with dissimilation reduction of the first -r- alb.-Ligurian-Celtic-Germanic eburo- ` rowan,

mountain ash, yew, evergreen tree with poisonous needles ':

saltus, gallorom. eburos `yew' (in many PN and PN), Old Irish ibar m. `yew', also as PN, ', Middle High German eberboum, Modern High German Eber-esche;

in alb.-Geg ber-sh-e m. `yew' (*ebur-isio-, with collective suffix), Ligurian PN Eburelianus

cymr. efwr ` acanthocephala, class of parasitic worms which have rows of thorn-like hooks Old Icelandic iarpr `brown', Old High German erpf ` dark, swarthy, dusky; husky; hoarse

grouse ' and ndd. erpel ` drake, male duck ' (in contrast to brighter females); with full grade bird ' < Middle Low German raphn; the 2. syllable Old High German repa-, reba-huon, Swedish rapp-hna ` partridge, game

' (often in FlN), Old English eorp ` swart, black, dark '; therefrom Old Icelandic iarpi ` hazel

rub, jrub, jrubl ` hazel grouse ', compare klr. jarub);

Mhlenbach-Endzelin, Latvian-D. Wb. I 708 f.; barely Slavic loanword as Lithuanian erb Slavic with nasalization: mbg. jerb, r.-Church Slavic jaab, *jeab, Serbo-Croatian

Latvian irbe in mea irbe ` hazel grouse ', lauka-irbe ` partridge, game bird ' (see above

partridge, game bird ', rjabna ` rowan tree ', rjbik ` hazel grouse ', etc.).

dotted, spotted ' (compare above rjabinvaja no, Old Bulgarian rb, russ. rjbka `

jerebka, Czech jeb etc. ` rowan berry '; without anlaut. vowel russ. rjabj ` dappled,

jrb etc. ` partridge, game bird ', named from the color, as klr. obyna, orobn, sloven.

`fox' as `the red '? But probably here Old Icelandic arfr `ox' etc. as `the rubiginous, rustcolored, reddish-brown '.

from here also late Old Norse raf n. ` amber, yellowish brown color ', Old Icelandic refr

in different colors, multicolored; dappled '; to b : b s. Specht 261 f. Page(s): 334

h

compare Specht Dekl. 115 f., it derived from a color root er-; s. also rei-, reu-b- ` striped

References: WP. I 146, Jokl Symb. gramm. Rozwadowski II 242 f., Trautmann 104 f.

(g) (g), Root / lemma: s-r(g) Gen. s-n-s (*s-) Meaning: blood Grammatical information: older r/n-stem
e

In e- grade: Tocharian A ysr; (*eysr) Hittite e-e-ar (esar), Gen. esanas. Hittite: esar, isar gen. esanas, isanas (Tischler 112ff); esanija- 'red' Armenian ariun `blood' (*esr-); grade as ; see Schulze Qunder ep. 165 f.); In a- grade: gr. poet. (*esar) , ( Hes.) `blood' (probably proto gr. * with lengthened

Material:

Old Indic srk, srt, Gen. asn `blood', asrj RV. 3, 8, 4, nachved. asra- n. ds.;

(probably aser with simple s; compare WH. I 72); With ng extension: ng-

Old Latin aser (asser), assyr `blood', assartum ` drink from the mixed wine and blood '

Maybe Latin [sanguis, older sanguen, inis ` blood'- most probably also here < *asen-g-] Mhlenbach-Endzelin Latvian-D. Wb. I 143; Page(s): 343 Latvian asins `blood' (*es n-?), Pl. asinis; compare in addition Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 14,
e

References: WP. I 162, WH. I 72, 849, Meillet Esquisse 39.

2

Meaning: to sit Material: In e- grade:

Root / lemma: s- (*s-)

the Asper after - (*sed-)?

gr. Infin. , participle (*esmenos) , secondary Attic , inverse ; Hittite Med. e-a (esa) `sits', e-a-ri (esari) ds., Infin. a-a-an-na (asanna) etc., (under

Hieroglyphic-Hittite es- `sit'.

the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), perhaps zero grade a-a-i ` places, sits ';

Hittite: as- (I) ' remain, to be left over ', as, es- (I) ' sit, sit down ' (Tischler 75, 77, 110-111); ases-, (asas-) (I) ' place; settle ' (Tischler 79); ses- (I) ' rest, sleep, remain ' (Friedrich 191) In a- grade:

sat (== gr. hom. , lies ), Avestan hnt,

Old Indic st, Avestan ste `he sits' (= gr. Attic ds.), ostiran. s-, 3. Pl. Old Indic

References: WP. II 486, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 679 f., Couvreur H 99 f., Pedersen Hittite 91, 101, 104, 110. Page(s): 342-343 terRoot / lemma: ter-

Tokharian: B sk- 'sit, be seated' (Adams 58); A,B m- 'sit' (654)

Meaning: intestines

`belly, lower abdomen';

Material: Gr. hom. n. `heart' (Gen. - etc., Aeolic form for *tr, *);

kidneys', Old High German d(a)ra, Middle High German der, dre `vein, sinew; Pl.

z in the i-Dekl., Dat. Akk. i, Pl. dir, ar), Old English dre, der f. `vein', Pl. also `

Old Norse r f. `vein' (*ter; through misinterpretation of -r transferred as nominative *-

intestines, entrails ', with inn(a) ` inside ', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), clustered together Old Franconian inn-thron gl. `fat, lard, grease; intestine fat', Old Saxon t-innthrian `disembowel, remove the entrails from', besides an older composition entrails ';

with in `in' and stress shift * in Old High German (with suffix exchange) inuodili ` intestine, the fact that also Old Irish inathar ` intestine, entrails ' are deducible from *en-tro-, is

chief internal organs of the body, significant organs ' s. Loth RC 42, 369; mcorn. -edercould go back to *-tro-, against which acymr. word could belong to preposition *enter.
v

which extends from the lowest ribs to the pubes, the groin, flank', mcorn. en-eder-en ` the

the preposition in- being i ; about acymr. permed-interedou gl. `that part of the abdomen

but barely doubtful; it would have received *enathar (from *en-tro-) through influence of

from here Avestan x ra- ` moments of joy, cheerfulness, contentment ' as *su-tra-? Page(s): 344 References: WP. I 117, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 519, Meillet t. 167 f., Specht Dekl. 81.

Meaning: diver, a k. of bird (of waterfowl?) tant tRoot / lemma: t- : `diver' derived from the abbreviated Root / lemma: ant- : `duck' Material: Maybe Old Indic: t-, t f. `an aquatic bird' : Other Iranian: Sak ce, ci `water fowl', Note:

tRoot / lemma: t-

Osset occ `wild duck', Pamir Wakh. y `duck' : Greek: , , , ( [] ) A. bustard, Greek: Otis tarda, X.An.1.5.2sq., Arist.HA 509a4, al., Ael.NA5.24, Opp.C.2.407; cf. , . Old Norse r f. (Gen. ar), arfugl, out of it engl. Dutch Modern High German eider,

Norwegian rfugl (and fugl); Swedish da, dial. d `eider duck'. Perhaps with Old Indic f.).

t-, t ` a water-bird ' in connection to present. However, see below ant- ` duck ' (see 41 ant ts. v. Eider.
41

References: WP. I 118, Kluge Page(s): 345

t-mn Root / lemma: t-mn-

Meaning: breath, *soul, wind

Material: Old Indic tmn-, Gen. tmna m. `breath, breeze, soul'; (Isid.) ` flat ', otherwise in Old High German m. gramm. variation tum (= dum Isid.) m. from here Irish athach (*t-ko-) `breath, breeze, wind'? Page(s): 345 References: WP. I 118. Old English m m., Old Saxon thum `breeze, breath', Old High German dhmt

`breath', Modern High German Atem and (with dial. from a) Odem.

Meaning: hurried, swift trot(e)rRoot / lemma: tro- : `hurried, swift' derived from Root / lemma: t(e)r- : `fire' Note:

troRoot / lemma: tro-

Material: Material: Old High German tar (*tr-) `keen-scented; acute, sharp, perceptive, swift, instantly, now, fully, totally, completely', Old Frisian dre, Old Saxon dro ds., Old fleet, quick, speedy', Old English dre `immediately, forthwith, at once, right away,

Icelandic r `early, matutinal, before, previously, in the preceding time, at an earlier time' Lithuanian dial. otu `quick, fast', Latvian tri Adv. ds., trum `in the haste, hurry, in the one places (in ablaut) to Latvian trs `rash, hasty, violent, stormy, hot tempered' (*tro-),

ds. and `quick, fast' could be borrowed from Latvian.

heat'; North Lithuanian trus `violent, stormy, hot tempered, irascible, irritable', tr(i) Adv. The supposed ablaut : nevertheless, is doubtful lengthened grade; also the

vocalism of Tocharian A atr, etr `hero', whether correct, is unclear; compare Van References: WP. I 118, Trautmann 203, Mhlenbach-Endzelin Latvian-D. Wb. I 245. Page(s): 345

Windekens Lexique 23; Baltic forms could moreover belong to t(e)r- `fire' (above S. 69).

ud ud Root / lemma: u -, u -, d Meaning: udder Grammatical information: r/n-stem; Old Indic occasional forms of -es- stem (secondary?),
h h h

Slavic men-stem.

Material: Old Indic dhar (and dhas) n., Gen. dhn `udder'; gr. , ( = -n) `udder';

`richness, fulness'; out of it ber Adj. `rich, fertile' inferred after paupertas : pauper);

Latin ber, -eris n. ` a teat, pap, dug, udder, suckling breast; fullness, wealth' (berts Old High German Dat. trin, Middle High German ter, iuter, Swiss tr, Old Saxon Old
h

ds. and Old Saxon ieder, Old Frisian ider ds.;

English der n. `udder', next to which the changing by ablaut *ud r- in Old Icelandic ju(g)r Lithuanian dru-ju, -ti ` udders, be pregnant'; Slavic *vym in Czech vme, Serbo-Croatian vme `udder' (*d -men-);
h

swell', also perhaps the Volscan FlN Oufens, Ufens. Page(s): 347

probably as `the swelling, the swollen', compare russ. dit or dt `to bloat, bulge,

References: WP. I 111, Trautmann 334, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 518.

gag- ggRoot / lemma: gag-, ggMeaning: a round object Note: word the Kindersprache

Material: Isl. kaka `cake', Norwegian and Swedish kaka `small, round and flaches bread', ` small cake' (engl. cake is Norse loanword) and changing through ablaut Norwegian kk `clump', Swedish koka ` clod, clod of earth', Middle Low German kke, Old High German kuocho (Germanic *kkan-) `round bread, cake', in addition the diminutives Old English ccil, ccil and Old High German kuocheli(n) ` small cake';

Danish kage ` cake' (Germanic *kakan-), wherefore the diminutive Old English cicel, cycel

Maybe alb. kok `round object, head'

guogiti ` Kpfe ansetzen (vom Kohl) '. of earth, lump of earth, bread';

Lithuanian gog ` cabbage head, head, thick skull ', guogngas ` mit Kopf versehen ', From Germanic *kakan- derive Finnish kakko, lapp. gakko ` cake', Finnish kakkara `clod

about prov. katal. coca ` cake' (ndd. loanword) s. Meyer-Lbke 4734. Page(s): 349
11

References: References: WP. I 530 f., Kluge

333.

galRoot / lemma: gal-1

Meaning: bald; naked, *callow (without feathers) galkoi-loRoot / lemma: gal-1 : `bald; naked' derived from Root / lemma: koi-lo- : `naked; miserable'. Note:

Material: Old High German kalo (*kalua-), inflectional kalwr, Middle High German kal German calua ` baldness, a bald spot '; smooth ';

`naked, bald, bleak', Old English calu, engl. callow `naked, bald, bleak, callow'; Old High Latvian gla, gle f. (lengthened grade) ` thin ice cover, glazed frost, ice ', gls ` iceakl. gol `naked', sloven. g, russ. gyi `bald, bleak, naked', Czech hol ds., holek `

beardless fellow ', holka `girl', etc.; in addition Church Slavic golot f. `ice', Czech holot, russ. got f. ` ice, icing, glazing '; baltoSlavic *galu f. `head' in: Latvian galva f., Lithuanian galv (Akk. glva) f. `head (substantive Adj.)', glvat); Old Prussian gall, Akk. galwan ds.; Lithuanian galvtas ` kpfig ' (= Serbo-Croatian

govu); Serbo-Croatian glvat ` having a large head ', Czech hlavat ` kpfig ';

Old Church Slavic glava `head', Serbo-Croatian glva (Akk. glvu), russ. goov (Akk.

with Armenian lu-x `head' from *ghlu-ko- (Meillet Esquisse 36); then however, Germanic words must be observed as Latin loanword (from calvus). f., Specht Dekl. 85, 132. Page(s): 349-350 References: WP. I 537 f., WH. I 143 f., Trautmann 77; different Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 596

commun 183, 503; Baltic pushed intonation spoke after Trautmann 77 rather for kinship
2

Baltic and slaw. intonation (glv : govu) do not agree; compare Meillet Slave

Meaning: to call, cry

galRoot / lemma: gal-2

Material: 1. Cymr. galw `call, shout, cry, subpoena, send an invitation to court, summon', glory, honor ' (*gal-no-s; covered only doubtfully), probably also gall `swan';

Middle Breton galu `call, appeal; claim, summons; plea' (*gal-uo-), Middle Irish gall `fame,

instrument ' (= Old Church Slavic glagol, if with r from Indo Germanic l, Meillet t. 229; or to *ger- or *ger-, what in alignment these onomatopoeic words are not closed, compare m. din, fuss, noise'). 2. gal-so- in: gal-so`echo ', Old Norse kall n. ` the calls ', whereof kalla `call, shout, cry, sing', Old English osset. alas ` ', Old Church Slavic glas, russ. glos `voice', Lithuanian galsas from still from one more such Old Indic gharghara- ` rattling, clashing, gargling, gurgling;

`chatter, joke, jest, tell a funny tale '; perhaps Old Indic gargara- ` a certain music

Old Church Slavic glagolj, glagolati (*gal-gal-) `speak', glagol `word', russ. gologlit

with -ll- from -lz-, next to which -ls- in Old Norse kalls n. `provocation, incitation, irritation'. Old Saxon loanword, also as gr. ` a cock's comb '? Maybe alb. gjel `rooster, cock' In addition perhaps as extensions, but rather independent onomatopoeic words: 3. glag-: glaggr. ` lets a song resound ' (*); `resounding, roaring, banging blow' Middle High German klac `applause, clapping of the Old Norse klaka `chirp, twitter', Old English clacu f. `insult', further plural with function in from Latin gallus `rooster, cock' (only afterwards supported in the Gaul's name) vorder

callian (engl. call) ds., Old High German kalln ` speak, babble, chatter a lot and loudly ',

', and m. d. meaning ` make move, put into motion slapping, tattling, splotch, stain; smear ' German klacken ` make blot, splash, splotch, stain ' (Modern High German klecksen, Middle High German klac also ` splash, splotch, stain, blob, spot, blot ', Middle Low

clack `clatter, rattle, clash, chat, prate', Old Norse klakk-srr ` injurious, malign, pernicious

hands, slam, bang, strike, noise, crack', klecken ` meet, break, crack with a bang ', engl.

Klecks = ndd. klakks), Old Norse klakkr ` blot, splash, splotch, stain, clump, cloudlet, cloudling, small cloud '; 4. gal-gh-, g(a)lagh- ` lament, wail, scold, chide': gal-ghlagh-

`reprimand', grh- ` beggar, mendicant ', Avestan grzaiti ` complains, cries, wails ', osset. rzun `groan, moan', Avestan grza, npers. gila ` lament';

Old Indic garhati, -te, ved. 3. Pl. grhat ` complains, reproves, rebukes ', garh

Old High German klaga ` lament', klagn ` wail '; Middle Irish glm `clamor, curse, swear word, evil proclamation ' (*glagh-sm); connection to Latin clangor, gr. `sound'), next to which with Germanic `thin, fine; 5. nasalized glengh- : Old High German klingan `ring, sound, clink' (without close

delicate; weak, feeble' Old High German klinkan ds., engl. clink, Swedish klinka ` clink '. babble, chatter'; Old Frisian kaltia `speak'; Old English clatrian `clatter, rattle, clash', In Germanic furthermore *kalt-, *klat-, *klap-, e.g. Middle High German kalzen, kelzen `

`gossip, slam, bang, strike, blow, knock, shove '.

`sound of a kiss; sound of a lash; gossip, rumors, blow, knock', Old High German klapf m.

Modern High German Klatz `smirch, stain, splotch, smear ', bekletzen; Old Norse klapp n.

Page(s): 350-351

See also: compare the similar to onomatopoeic words ghel-, kel-.

References: WP. I 538 f., WH. I 580 f., Trautmann 77.

Meaning: to be able

galghalRoot / lemma: gal-3 or ghal-

Material: Cymr. gallu ` to be able, can be able ', corn. gallos `power', bret. gallout ` to be

able ' (ll < ln), Irish gal f. ` braveness, boldness, courageousness ', abret. gal ` skill, ability, power ' (Wartburg); in addition Celtic VN Galli, ; power '; Old Irish d-gal f., cymr. dial, corn. dyal ` revenge, vengeance '; gallorom. *galia `

Note:

The name VN Galli, gr. , Keltoi seem synonymous as Keltoi is an attribute noun Galatea modelled after Illyrian adj. (see alb. numbers).

[Greek] One of the Nereids, and the beloved of Acis, a Sicilian shepherd. She was also created the river Acis on Sicily.

loved by Polyphemus, who killed Acis with a boulder in jealousy. From his blood, Galatea Goliath

giant Philistine warrior killed by a stone from David's sling (Biblical); giant. gl f. ` indisposition, minor illness '; Lithuanian gali, galti ` to be able, gali, glios `fortune, ability, capacity, power', newith unclear formation russ.-Church Slavic golm `big, large, high', Bulgarian gol

`big, large, high, wide', Serbo-Croatian glijemno `big, large', Old Czech holem `big,

large', Serbo-Croatian glem `big, large', russ. dial. goljamyj `high, mager' and Adv. galjamo `much, a lot of, very' (further by Berneker 320 and Trautmann 77). References: WP. I 539 f., Trautmann 77.

Page(s): 351

gan(d Root / lemma: gan( )Meaning: vessel Note: Only Celtic (?) and Germanic
h h

Material: Middle Irish gann (*gand n- or *gand -) `vessel' (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), (very doubtful covered: Stokes BB. 19, 82); isl. kani ` vessel with a handle, bowl (poet.), Norwegian dial. kane ` a bowl with a handle
h

', Swedish dial. kana ` sled ', Danish kane ` sled ' (Old Danish also `boat'), Middle Low

German kane `boat' (from which Old Swedish kani `boat'), Dutch kaan `small boat, barge' Wortwahl 30); with it changing through ablaut Old Icelandic kna `kind of boat'; in addition Old Low German kanna, Old High German channa ` carafe, glass bottle, jar, pitcher, vase further(< *gand n) Old Norse kanna, aschw. kanna, Danish kande, Old English canne,
h

(from dem Ndd. derives also Modern High German Kahn, s. Kluge EWb. s. v., v. Bahder,

carafe, glass bottle, jar, pitcher, vase ', s. Meyer-Lbke 1596, Gamillscheg EWb. d. Franz. bottle, jar, pitcher, vase ' (< gand ).
h

canna; from Franconian kanna also prov. cana ` measure of capacity ', afr. channe `

', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), from which is borrowed late Latin

168; besides Old High German chanta, canneta, Franconian cannada ` carafe, glass Maybe alb. kan `carafe, glass bottle, jar, pitcher, vase'. Page(s): 351 References: WP. I 535, WH. I 154.

gangRoot / lemma: gangNote: Meaning: to mock

gangRoot / lemma: gang- : `to mock' derived from the onomatopoeic duplication of Root / gha, ghe, lemma: gha gha ghe ghe ghi ghi : `to cackle (of geese)'. ridiculing, mocking'; Material: Old Indic gaja- ` disdain, contempt, derision, ridicule', gajana- ` scornful, gr. Hes.;

kichern etc.);

laughter ', engl. Dialectal kink ` laugh loudly ' has expressives i, as Modern High German perhaps belongs nir. gein `clamor, din, fuss, noise, pleasure, joy, mockery, jeering '

cancettan ` mock ', Old Norse kangen-yre ` mocking words' (Old English cincung ` loud

Old English canc under ge-canc ` derision, ridicule, reprimand' (= Old Indic gaja-),

gssim `cry', gsachtach `peacock' could then also belong to it.

here, if from *ganksni-, older *gang-sni-; Middle Irish gim ` bellowing, braying, roar ',

murmur', gugnj ` stammerer, stutterer ', poln. gga, ggna ` gaggle, cackle ' (from the , -nt- > -nn-), is probably independent onomatopoeic word formation. (pigeon, dove). Page(s): 352

coo ', Old Church Slavic ggniv ` speaking heavily ', russ. gugnati (old) `mumble,

Old Indic gjati ` buzzes, hums ', gr. `grunt, snort ', sptgr. `grumble,

The family seems originally onomatopoeic coloring. Similar to onomatopoeic words are

goose), etc. Latin ganni ` to bark, snarl, growl ' (under the influence of common Celtic -nsMaybe expressive alb. gaga ` stammerer, stutterer ', gogsinj `belch, burp', gugat `to sing References: WP. I 535, WH. I 582 f.

Meaning: grim, grievous

Root / lemma: gargar

Material: Armenian karcr `hard', karcem `I dread, believe'; ` become wild (from horses, i.e. get a fright), to be hot or spirited ', , Old Irish garg, gargg `rough, wild'; ' (*gragnis), grnda (*gragnodios) `ugly', cymr. graen `mourning, grief, distress; hideous'; grzut `threaten' (to Latvian e from a following r s. Endzelin Latvian Gr. 36 f.); Lithuanian graju, grati ` threaten ', Latvian graut ` grumble, rumble, be wilful ', Old Church Slavic groza ` horror, dismay, shudder, shiver ', Serbo-Croatian grz, poln. on the other hand Middle Irish grin ` ugliness, disgust, repulsion, loathing, fear, shyness gr. ` grim, fierce, terrible , wild', `bugbear, spectre, bogeyman',

` looking terribly ' (gr. words assimilated from *-??);

groza ds., russ. groz `threat, austereness, severeness, thunder-storm, violent weather ',

Church Slavic groziti `threaten', sloven. groziti, poln. grozi, russ. grozit ds.; grznyj `terrible, cruel, savage'. Maybe alb. krcnoj `threaten' , krcej ` jump, dance ' Slavic loanwords References: WP. I 537, Trautmann 95, Leumann Homer. Wrter 154 f. Page(s): 353

guRoot / lemma: gu-

Meaning: to rejoice; to swagger

Doric ds., Perf. , Doric ` be pleased, rejoice '; i-present

Material: Gr. , Doric `to rejoice ' (from *F = Latin gaude), , (*F-) ` I am pleased '; present with ne-Infix (Indo Germanic *ga-n-u-mi) in `

to brighten up ', wherefore `cheerful', as well as as secondary formations with

- as stem ` brightness, sheen: gladness, joy, pride ', ` shimmer, glimmer, gleam, sparkle ', etc., Ionian - ; ` mild, gentle, kindly '; `stout, proud (boasting), exulting in ', ` swaggerer, bragger ', `be minxish, bold, frivolous; impudent ', `make minxish, bold, frivolous; impudent ' ( ` `very' [*F]); stately, proud ' seems hybridization with ` illustrious, noble ' [*F-],

delight ', gaudium ` inward joy, joy, gladness, delight ';

Latin gaude (*gu-ed -ei) ` to rejoice, be glad, be joyful, take pleasure, be pleased,
h

Maybe alb. gzim (*gaudium) `pleasure, joy' : Doric `to rejoice '. Middle Irish gaire `noble' (*gaurios); reconverted with metathesis Lithuanian diaugios ` to rejoice ' (from *gaudios); kwo ` lust, desire, crave; seek after ', A kwas ds., kwlte `beautiful'. Page(s): 353 References: WP. I 529, WH. I 584. after Pedersen (Tocharian 109) here Tocharian kw- ` lust, desire, crave; seek after ',

Meaning: to tickle, stick Note: ('popular saying')

geidRoot / lemma: geid-

Material: Armenian kitak `prick, sting, point ', kitvac ` embroidery ', kcem ` itch, tickle '

metathesis engl. tickle), Old Saxon kitiln, Middle Low German ketelen, Old High German kizziln ` tickle ', kuzziln (with expressive variation i : u). Maybe alb. gicilonj, gudulis ` tickle '.

(*gidi), kcanem (Aor. kic) ` sting, bite '; Old Icelandic kitla, Old English citelian (through

Page(s): 356

References: WP. I 552 f.

Meaning: to prick, bite

geiRoot / lemma: gei-

westosset. izun ` become cold, freeze ';

Material: Osset. nezun `ferment, leaven, sour ' (Proto-Iranian *ham gaizaya-), Armenian kc-anem, Aor. 3. Sg. e-kic `prick, bite', kc-u `bitter, rancid'; Old Irish gr `sharp, sour' (*gi-ro-);

gati ` become bitter ';

Lithuanian gti ` become sour ', gais, gis ` rancid, bitter, grumpy, surly, sullen ', about alb. gjize, gjiz `Ziger, cheese' s. rather Jokl Indo Germanic Jahrb. 18, 152.

References: Lidn KZ. 61, 1 ff. Page(s): 356

Meaning: to turn, bend

geiRoot / lemma: gei-

Material: Old Indic jihm- ` crooked, cunning, deceitful, slant, skew, slantwise, crosswise recumbent, stoopedly, squinting '; different above S. 222; Old Icelandic keikr ` with crooked back, with high head and shoulders', Norwegian keik

Note: Only in Root extensions:

ds., keik m. ` bend, turning, crookedness, dislocation, luxation ', Old Icelandic keikia ` bend the upper part of the body backward ', Old Icelandic kikna ` bend backward ', Danish kei, keitet ` left hand '. geib gei - :
h

*gbus);

hump, hunchback, hunch ', gibbus ` a hunch, hump ' (with expressive Gemination from

Latin gibber ` crook-backed, hunch-backed, hump-backed, protuberant '. gibber, -is m. `

hand', keiv, keiva `unskillful, clumsy person ';

Norwegian dial. keiv `slant, skew, twiddled, twisted, upside down, reversed ', keiva `left

s. Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 582, 695, 698) ibstu, ibt ` sink, fall, bend down ', ibstu, ibt ` perish, die', eba ` dizziness, giddiness; swindle, clumsy, weak person', gaba ` foolish woman '. geim- : ', kima ` turn, sway (with joy) '. geisgeis- : `movement, curvature ', ks ` hump, hunchback ', Swedish kesa ` flee in wild escape ', Old Icelandic keisa `bend, crook', PN Ksi, isl. keis `round belly', Norwegian dial. keis

gvibti?; Latvian (with dissimilation reduction of u before b, or borrowing from Lithuanian?

gvaibst, gvabti ` become senseless, unconscious, swoon, faint, blackout ', intens.

perish '; in addition with Anlaut variant gu after Trautmann KZ. 42, 372: Lithuanian

Lithuanian geibs `clumsy, unadept, unskillful ', geibst, gebti ` become weak, collapse,

Norwegian dial. keima `bend askew, hold the head askew, swing, bin und her schweben

Swedish Norwegian dial. ksa ` squint, leer, cross one's eyes, blink'. In addition further with turn, twist ' (wherefore the retrograde formation kr and kra ` turn, circular movement, spin '), Middle High German kren, Modern High German kehren, Swiss chre ` nach
n

gramm. variation Old Frisian kra, Old Saxon krian, kierian, Old High German kran `

einer Seite neigen '. (Different about kran Scheftelowitz BB. 28, 296, it with Armenian cir ` turn, turn around reverse '.) circle ' combined, wherefore Petersson PBrB. 44, 178 still placed osset. zlin, zelun ` slue, Here also with Petersson LUA 1922, 2, 39 ff. Armenian kikel `crook, bend' (to *kik <

make something stagger '? Page(s): 354-355

*gisuo??), and russ. dial. chat, zchatsja ` bend, give way, yield to, sway ', ichljat `

References: WP. I 545 f., Persson Beitr. 83 ff., WH. I 597.

geleb Root / lemma: gele h

Meaning: to plane, flay hollow, hollowed ';

Material: Gr. ` to scrape up, carve from', n. ` hollow, cavern', ` Slavic *globiti in poln. wy-gobi (*glob -), imperfect -gabia `hollow out', sloven. glbh h

`crossbar, crossbeam, long shaft, pole', iterative serb. glb-m, -ati (*gb -) ` gnaw '; here and with expressive ch- Old Bulgarian chlb f. `depth, abyss '.
h

am (-ljem), -ati `hollow out; repair; gnaw ', Bulgarian glob m. ` eye socket '; russ. glob

perhaps after Machek (Slavia 16, 199 f.) as nasalized form Old Bulgarian glbok `deep'

furrows or channels ',

lb, russ. olob etc. ` crib, manger, gully', russ. elobt, sloven. lbiti ` groove, make and gallorom. gulbia f. ` chisel ', Old Irish gulban (*gulbno-) `sting, prick, bill, beak',

glb - stands with it under *geleb -, gelob - compatible *gelb -, *golb - in Old Church Slavic
h h h h h

Beside these words leading back to Indo Germanic *glb - or in Indo Germanic *glob - :
h

acymr. gilb ` punch, piercer ', gilbin ` a point ', ncymr. gylf, -in, -ant `bill, beak', acorn. geluin ` a beak, bill, snout, muzzle, mouth ' (Indo Germanic *g lb -). also: See also: compare though also under gleub -.
h

abret. golbina ` having a beak, hooked, with a crooked point, beaked, with a curved front ',
h

References: WP. I 630, WH. I 625, Trautmann 90.

Page(s): 367

gel() )Root / lemma: gel()-3 Meaning: cold Material: Latin gel (also gelus, -s and gelum, -) `coldness, frost', gelidus `cold', gel, gr. Hes. is perhaps incorrect according to (WH. I 867); gallorom.

re ` congeal, freeze '; Oscan `' (Steph. Byz.);

*gelandron `frost' (Hubschmied VRom. 3, 130) is better with Bertoldi (ZrPh. 56, 187) and explain (with mediterr. ending), to Old Irish caile `(white) spot '; again different Specht

Wartburg (see v. *gelandron) through influence of Latin gel on gallorom. *calandron ds. to

Hubschmid Praeromanica 18 ff.

Dekl. 130; about gallorom.*gelabria `frost' s. Wartburg s. v. *calabra and gelabria; about Latin glacies see below;

grade Old Norse kul (kol) n. ` chill breeze ', kylr m. `coldness';

clan, Old High German kuolen, Modern High German khlen, Old Norse kla ds., zero

Old English cl, Old High German kuoli, Modern High German khl, whereof Old English

participle, Old Norse kuldi m. = Middle Low German klde f. `coldness'); lengthened grade

source of water ', Finnish loanword kaltio; with ablaut, due to the older form *kul-da- of

Modern High German kalt (in addition Old Norse kelda from *kaltin- ` fountain, well,

from *kali `coldness'; as a participle furthermore Gothic kalds, Old High German (etc.) kalt,

cold', whence also the impers. construction with Akk.; Old English ciele m. (nengl. chill)

(hine orhim cl ` it freezes ') with a through reshuffling of a Kaus. *kaljan = *golei `make

Old Norse kala, kl `be cold, freeze ' (unpers. m. Akk. mik kelr), Old English calan ds.

Old Norse klaki m. `frozen earth's crust ', wherewith Latin glacies `ice' is to be connected here also Swiss challen ` solidify, congeal (from fat)', Old English cealer, calwer m. `

with broken Redupl. Indo Germanic *gla-g- (the base seems to have also been *gel-),

under the assumption, that *glagis was reshaped after acis (and other words in -acis); thick milk', Middle Low German keller ds. (`solidification ' is at first cooling off, e.g. from

fat); Old High German chalawa, Middle High German kalwe ` shudder, shiver ', probably here with expressive ch- Old Church Slavic chlad `coolness, coldness' (*gol-do-). Page(s): 366 References: References: WP. I 622, WH. I 585 f., 603, 867 f.

originally ` shiver before showers as before cold '; after Machek (Slavia 16, 195) perhaps

gelRoot / lemma: gel-1

Meaning: `to curl; round, *gland, growth, ball, fathom, arm'

Material: evidence for the unadjusted root form are seldom and partly very doubtful: Old Indic gula-, gul (Lex.), gulik `ball, sphere, pearl ', glma- m., n. `swelling, lump,

tumor, growth, bush' (to -ul- before Kons. s. Wackernagel Old Indic Gr. I 30); with n-suffix Old Indic guik (Lex.) `swelling, lump, growth'; gr. redupl. n. `swelling, lump, growth, tumor, pearl '; the gall wasp ' as ` spherical outgrowth ' from *g l-n or *g l-n; out of it borrowed Old
o e

Latin galla f. ` a gall-apple, gall-nut, small nut-shaped protrusion on trees produced by

trees produced by the gall wasp ';

English gealla, gealloc, Modern High German ` nutgall, small nut-shaped protrusion on

gall wasp ' (*gel-gal-n);

alb. gogl `ball, sphere; nutgall, small nut-shaped protrusion on trees produced by the older holl. kal ` core in apples and pears '; Swedish dial. kalm ` cairn, pile of stones set Old Church Slavic ly (ely) `ulcer', Bulgarian elka `gland, swelling, lump, growth',

up as a memorial or mark of some kind ';

russ. olv, olvj, elvak `swelling, blister', Czech luna, luva `swelling, lump, growth', klr. ol `groundnut, peanut, goober '; poln. glen, glon `clump, piece of bread'. A. guttural extensions: gelgel--: cloves of garlic' (if not because of , - `clove of garlic, head of garlic made up of *-- dissimilated; yet compare also:) Old Indic grja-, grjana- `kind of garlic ', separate cloves ' = *-- `from nodule parts, cloves clustered together ' from redupl. Gr. f., Gen. (also and -) `head of garlic', Pl. ` the

perhaps also gr. Pl. ` antiquities ' (if perhaps ` round products, little nodules ', compare Modern High German Kurzwaren); fish', colk, colke ` apple core '.

Swedish klk ` marrow in wood' (`marrow globules '), Middle English kelkes `eggs of The consecutive only Germanic (and Celtic?) word groups (Indo Germanic gle-, glo-

?) make no Indo Germanic impression with their expressive intensification and nasalization, so

gravelly shallow place in the river, sandbank'; Old English clingan ` contract, shrink ', engl. High German klingen ` climb, ascend, go up, mount ' (with consonant-sharpening Modern `narrow gorge, ravine, gulch, gully, canyon ', wherefore with gramm. variation (also Indo

German Dialectal (siebenbg.) heu-kling, klng ` haycock, haystack ', klang, klinge `

glek- in Old Norse kleggi (*klagjan-) ` haycock, haystack ', nasalized Modern High

cling ` cling, stick; adhere ', Old Norse klengiask ` auf jemand eindringen ' (`*cling '), Middle High German dial. klinken ` cling '), Old High German klinga, Modern High German Klinge Germanic *gle-n-k-) engl. clough (= Old English *clh from *klanh-) ` steep gully, canyon,

gorge ', Old High German Clh-uelde; Old High German klunga ` ball (of thread, yarn), congested heap, mass ', klnga ` climb, ascend ', Old Norse klungr (*klung-ra-, -ru-) ` thornbush, rosehip, dog rose '; tangle, knot ', Demin. klungiln, Modern High German Klngel ds., Swedish klunga `

Norse klaki `frozen earth's crust ', klakkr ` lumps, wool lumps, blot, cloudlet, small cloud ', Middle High German klak ` spot, blot '; Old English clyccan ` pack, grapple, grasp ' (engl. ';

with Germanic -k- (partly Indo Germanic g, partly Germanic consonant-sharpening) Old

clutch), to Old Frisian kletsie `spit, pike', Swedish klyka (*klykja) ` agrafe, hook, clasp, fork in addition (?) that in proto Celtic kk weisende Middle Irish glacc, nir. glac `hand', nasalized Norwegian dial. klank and klunk `clump', Middle High German klungeler f. `

glacaim ` seize; grasp';

tassel (*mass of tangled hair) ', glunkern `dangle', Modern High German Klunker ` excrement lumps, mucus lumps, slime of the eyes ' (from similar meaning of the Old English clacn `insult'?);

uncleanness has perhaps derived also Old Norse klki n. `disgrace, shame, humiliation ', ndd. klinken ` make ruffles in clothing, pleat, crease, shrivel, shrink due to excess

dryness, wrinkle up ', klinksucht ` consumption, tuberculosis ', Middle High German klinke ` door handle ', Old High German klenken (*klankjan) ` lace, tie, bind', Old English betightly ', Middle High German klank ` loop, noose, sling; trick, intrigue, conspiracy '. clencan `hold down', engl. clench, clinch `(the fist) clench; enclose; clasp together; hold In Indo Germanic gle- indicate though probably russ. Church Slavic glez-n, -na, -no gle-

`ankle', poln. glozna ds. and lengthened grade russ. glazok ` pellet, globule', glaz `eye', poln. gaz ` stone, cliff; little stones ', gazn `smooth, skilled, adroit, clever' (compare Berneker 301 m. Lithuanian, Persson Beitr. 792);

gelgleok lemma: gel-1 : `to curl; round' into gle- + Root / lemma: ok- : `to see; eye'.

Note: russ. glazok ` pellet, globule', glaz `eye' are compounds of extended Root / Zupitza (KZ. 36, 236) places Middle High German kluoc(-g) `smart, sly, cunning,

) `smart, cunning, adroit' to Old Irish glicc (nir. glic proves proto Celtic kk) `wise, judicious; discreet'; originally `as a ball so smooth and so movable'?? B. Dental extensions: animal while in the womb or egg', as under by Kalb, kilburra): Old Indic jahram `belly', jar- ` womb, uterus'; at most Old Indic guik ` pellet, globule, pill, pearl, drinking cup ' (rather dial. from guik ds.); gelgel-t-: at first (as ` intumescence, swelling; puffiness - womb - young of a human or

courteous, polite, elegant' (Germanic *kla-), Middle Low German klk (Germanic *klka-

Gothic kilei f. `womb', in-kil `pregnant', Old English cild n. `kid, child', engl. child. Maybe alb. Geg cull `children'. female of different animals ' (*kul-) with kilei; about Old Swedish kolder ` children from a marriage ' s. Lidn IF. 19, 335 and root gol-. *gle-t- perhaps in Church Slavic glota ` commotion, uproar, turmoil, tumult, disturbance; Mikkola BB. 21, 225 connects also apparent zero grade Swedish kolla, kulla `girl;

plant; impurity, dirt '?

crowd, mob, multitude ', serb. glta ` family (wife and children); poor people; weed, wild

groups only in Germanic (Indo Germanic *gel-d-, *gle-d-?) are of dubious Indo Germanic origin: with the meaning of animal young Old Indic gai-h, gali- `young bull' (?); horse, (abundance, fullness) '?;

Because of the uncertainty of the consecutive Old Indic example, certain recorded word

in addition zero grade Old English colt ` the young of animals ', engl. colt ` young male

wood stump, mountain top, ungainly thick figure ' (Swedish also ` half-grown piglet ', compare above Old English colt);

Old Icelandic kialta, kilting ` puff, bulge, puffed crease of clothing', Norwegian dial. kult `

klettr ` rock, cliff ', Middle Low German nnd. klint ` rock, cliff ', ndd. klunt, klunte `clump, heap; thick Weib' = Modern High German dial. klunze, ndd. klunter ` clots of ordure or knag, knot ' ); crap, muck' (besides with Germanic d ndd. klunder `bunch, heap', Norwegian klundra `

nasalized (*glend-) Old Swedish klinter ` mountain top, mountain summit ', Old Icelandic

from Middle Low German klt = Modern High German Klo ` dumpling, lump ');

kloet `stick; round grasp, sword handle ' (late Old Norse klot ` sword handle ' is loanword with expressive -tt-: Middle Low German klatte `rag, cloth ' = Modern High German dial.

ndd. klteren, klatteren ds., nnd. klter m. ` sticking dirt'; with Middle Dutch holl. cloet,

westfl. kltern (Old Saxon *kltirn) ` climb, cling ' (actually ` adhere or cling tightly '),

klatz ` smirch, stain, splotch ', Middle Dutch klatten `smudge', Middle High German bekletzen ds., Norwegian Swedish Dialectal klatra `work sloppily ';

klessa (kleste) ` smudge, pollute ', klussa `smudge, pollute, lisp'; Old Icelandic kless `lisping'; compare Old Icelandic klasi S. 362. C. Additional labials: geleb( glb( glb b( gleb( geleb(h)-, glb(h)- (: glb(h)-) and gleb(h)- (:glb(h)-) ` conglobate '. :

sticking '); with Dent. + s: Norwegian klessa (klass) ` stick, cling, splash, bang, clap ',

besides with expressive dd: ndd. kladde ` smirch, stain, splotch; burdock' (i.e. ` the

exceptionally rich, filthy rich, outstandingly fat '; gall. *galbo- ` swelling, calf of the leg, arm' is also probably assumed from galbeus, -eum ` a kind of armband, fillet (worn as an of the cypresstree ', which belongs to the vocalism presumably from *g lb -;
h e

Latin (probably actually gall.) galba (*g lb -?), after Sueton gall. name for `
h e

ornament, or for medical purposes) armlet, as a jewellery', perhaps from galbulus ` the nut Old Norse kalfi m. `calf', kalfabt ` hip area; hip joint of meat ', engl. calf `calf', Modern

collection of fluid in body tissues ' (`swelling, tumescence through water '), wherewith (as ` intumescence - womb - fetus', compare engl. in calf, with calf `pregnant') deckt Old High kalb f. `heifer, young cow, cow that has not had a calf ', with e-grade Old English cilforlamb, Old High German kilburra f. ` female lamb'; Maybe alb. kalb `spoil' : Old High German wazzarkalb ` dropsy, abnormal collection of fluid in body tissues '. Latin globus m. ` a round body, ball, sphere, globe, heap, clump', lengthened grade German kalb, Pl. kelbir `calf', Old English cealf, calfur n., Old Norse kalfr `calf', Gothic

High German Dialectal Kalb ` muscle ', Old High German wazzarkalb ` dropsy, abnormal

earth').

Latin glba f. ` a lump of earth, clod; shred, clot ' (out of it borrowed poln. gleba `clod of Is glb ` of the country, rural, rustic' (`piling up clods '??) Gallic (then ) or only arisen Old High German klftra f. ` measure of the stretched arms, fathom ' (*glb -); ablaut.
h

in Latin part of Gaul?

arms tightly around (a person or thing) ' (*klupjan with -lu- as zero grade from -le-), Old the hand; fasten together ' (probably also Old Irish glass ` lock, hinge, chateau, castle ' from *glabso-);

(*klaan- `the pressing together'); Old English clyppan ` hug, embrace, hold tight, wrap the

Old Norse klafi m. ` neck yoke, packsaddle', Middle Low German klave ` neck yoke '

Frisian kleppa ds., Swiss chlupfel `bundle', engl. clasp (*claps-) ` hug, embrace; hold by

best from a heavy root form glb -: glb - to explanatory ablaut of the Baltic family of
h h

compare with the same meaning ` to press together (with the arms) ' and likewise at

glabt ` protect, preserve, guard, wait, hold on', Old Prussian poglab ` cuddle ' (Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 621, 623 under 626);

` shield, protect ', Lithuanian glabti ` preserve, guard, save, keep; demand, beg ', Latvian

hugging, embrace '), glbiu, glbti ` hug, embrace, hold tight, support ', Latvian glbt, glbt

Lithuanian glbiu, glbti ` enclose with the arms, embrace ' (glbs ` armful, armload,

Prussian galbimai 1. Pl. Konj. ` we help ', pogalbton ` helped, aided, assisted ' as *gelb (Trautmann 92); Slavic *globi, *globiti in serb. z-glbm, zglbiti ` fold, plait, fold up, merge, decree,
h

perhaps in addition Lithuanian glbu, -ti `help', gilbti ` recover, recuperate ', Old

edict, mandate, dispose, arrange ', poln. gobi old `press, merge, packetize, coalesce ' Germanic or rather (: Latin globus).

(lengthened grade sloven. glbim, glbiti ` pile, heap, place one on top of other') with Indo Further with the meaning of `the clenched, round, klutzy, clumsy, awkward ' Germanic

*klapp- (intensive consonant increase) in Old Norse klpp f. ` Knppelbrcke ', Middle Low German klapf m. `cliff top'; German klampe ds., Swedish klapper-sten ` round stones for the pavement ', Middle High Germanic expressives *klabb- in Norwegian dial. klabb ` adhesive clump, of sticking

lumps ', Swedish klabb(e) `clot, chunk, mountain summit in the sea, short, thick boy ' (zero grade Old Norse klubba `club, mace, joint', whence engl. club); Germanic *klp- (compare Latin glba; Germanic p from express. pp or at most a form

eyes ', klpr an abusive word, insult (perhaps `clot, chunk') u likewise; about Indo Germanic qlp- see there;

with Indo Germanic b) in Old Norse klp-eygr `popeyed, wide-eyed, with bulging staring

cudgel, club', Old Norse kolfr ` plant nodules, arrow ', kylfi, kylfa `club, mace, joint ';

zero grade *kul- in Old High German kolbo ` stump, club, mace, joint (as weapon),

English clpe, nengl. kelp ` salsola (salt herb) '.

h

mrhein. Klp ` Schlagholz am Dreschflegel ', Swedish dial. kulp `thick person'; Middle Nasalized glem - (perhaps partly through hybridization from *gleb - and *glem-): glemb Maybe alb. glemb, gjemb `thorn, sticky thorn, clinging thorn, prickly plant'.
h

besides with Germanic -p- ndd. kulp-ge ` popeyed, wide-eyed, with bulging staring eyes ',

ascend ', actually ` clip something to, cramp, clamp ', as also ablaut. Old High German

staple, clip ', Middle High German Modern High German Klammer; engl. clamber ` climb,

Icelandic klmbr ` agrafe, hook, clasp ', Middle High German klemberen ` cramp, clamp,

Middle High German klamben ` join tightly ', Old Norse klembra ` climb, ascend ', Old

klumba `club, mace, joint', klumbu-ftr ` clubfoot, misshapen deformed foot ';

klimmen ` clamber, climb, ascend; pinch, tweak, nip, pack, grapple, grip, seize '; Old Norse with Germanic p: Old Swedish klimper `clump, dumpling, lump ', Old Icelandic kleppr

klimban ` clamber, climb, ascend ', Old English climban, Middle High German klimben,

`clump, rocky hill ', Middle High German klimpfen ` to press together tightly '; Old High footbridge', nnd. klamp, klampe `clump, clot, chunk' (Modern High German Klampe `

German klampfer ` agrafe, hook, clasp ', Middle Low German klampe f. `hook, gangplank, agrafe, clasp, hook, clot, chunk' is ndd. loanword, genuine Modern High German Klampfe); loanword);

Old English clympe `clump', ndd. klumpe `clump' (Modern High German Klumpe(n) is ndd. poln. gb, Czech hloub ` stalk, stem of a plant '. glemglem-: ball, tangle, knot ' (*glemos), glomerre `clench, clasp together '; Latin glomus, -eris n. ` a clew, ball made by winding, lump dumpling, (as dish, food);

Old Irish glomar `bridle, rein, toggle' (compare S. 360 Middle High German klammer); German klimmen (partly with mm from mb), also `make narrow, limit, restrict' (Modern High German klamma ` restriction, constriction, clamp, glen, mountain valley, gulch, canyon ', Modern High German Klamm, Kaus. Old High German Modern High German klemmen, Old English climman ` climb, ascend ', Middle Low German klimmeren ds., Middle High

German beklommen), Old English clam(m) `band, strap, handle, grasp, manacle', Old High

grade Norwegian dial. klumra ` work with stiff and frostbitten hands '; `pregnant' [common alb. gl- > l-]. try to steal';

dense', Modern High German (Low German) klamm ` steif (krampfig) vor Klte ', zero Maybe alb. (*k)lemc `womb, uterus (of animals)' : Gothic kilei f. `womb', in-kil

Old Frisian klemma, Old English beclemman `clamp', Middle High German klam `narrow,

with erweit. *klam-d-: Old Norse klanda, klandra ` disparage, anger, denigrate, annoy,

nonsense '; mass ':

glemi, glemti ` snatch, snatch up; crumple ', Latvian glemzt ` eat slowly, babble, chatter further glm-, glm- with older meaning-development to ` stick together, mucilaginous glm- glm mgr. `blear eyed, bleareyed ', etc. (Latin glamae loanword); alb. nglom, ngjom `humid, wet, fresh, young' (*glmo-); ', East Prussian klamm ` humid and sticky, wet'; Old Norse klm ` dirty speech ', engl. clammy ` humid and sticky, clingy, cool and damp

Lithuanian glom-ju, -ti ` hug, embrace, hold tight '; with -- extended Lithuanian

mucus', glmt ` become slimy, smooth ', glums ` smooth ' (also glemzt ` chat, prate become slimy '); about Lithuanian glims see below S. 364.

Lithuanian glms, glmes, glmos f. pl. ` tough slime ', Latvian glmas, glemi `slime,

thoughtlessly ', glema ` babbler ', compare z. meaning Latvian glests ` babbler ': glst `

Maybe alb. (*g)lemz `hiccup, involuntary spasms ' : Lithuanian glema `babbler' [common alb. gl- > l-] D. g(e)l-eu-, partly with further consonantal derivative: g(e)l-euOld Indic glu- f. ` globular object, ball, clenched mass ', npers. gulle `ball'; gr. -- m. `a hinge joint: a joint in a coat of mail, bone joint, hinge '; standard ' (literally ` bale cord '); Old Irish gl-nthe, glo-nthe ` a linen thread, string, line, plumb-line, a measure, Old Norse kl m. (*klew-an-) ` Webstein ', Old English clyne n. ` metal lumps ' (*klu-n-),

Swedish kluns m. `clump', isl. klunni ` klutzy, clumsy person'; (under the influence of

common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old High German kliuwa, kliwa `ball, tangle, knot ', kliuwi, kliwi ` ball, tangle, knot ' (Demin. Middle High German kliuweln, dissimilated Modern High German Knuel `ball, tangle, knot'), Old English clewen ` thread knot ' (engl. clew); zero grade Middle Low German klwen, holl. kluwen ` ball, tangle, knot '; in addition with

lengthened grade and meaning-development ` the gripping: claw ' the family of Germanic *klw : Old High German klwa ` claw, talon, nail ', Middle High German klwe, Middle Low German kl ` claw, talon, nail, hoof, Old Frisian kl, wherefore with ablaut das verb

*klawjan (has changed *klawan) ` scratch, scrape, itch with the nails ', Old High German

High German kluwen `scratch, scrape', Old English clawan = Old Norse kl `rub, scratch, scrape' (Old Norse klja `itch' neologism after the 3. Sg. klr = *klawi), wherefore ds., Old High German glouuida (lies clouuida) `scabies'; from the verb derives the *klawian- m. in Old Norse kli m. `itchiness, itching, scratching ', Old English clwea

klauuenti ` to itch or long for a thing, for blows, stripes, for pleasure, to be wanton ', Middle

Dialectal clea) ds. (the last = *klau from clawu), as well as Old High German kla ` claw, nail '; Old High German cluwi `pliers, tongs'; Old Icelandic kl f. ` claw, nail, hook '; Old Icelandic klunna ` attach tightly ', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), ';

abbreviation from Old English clawu f. ` claw, nail, hoof' (engl. claw) and cla f. (engl.

compare Old English clyne, Swedish kluns `clump', Old English clynian ` swathe, wrap up probably Old Irish gln `knee' = alb. Geg gluni, Pl. glunj, glu-ri (Geg), gju-ri (Tosc) `knee'

because of the Guttural difference); (similar to alb. kjuhem `be called', gjuanj, kjuanj `name' see Root / lemma: kleu-1, kleu- : kl- : to hear, cry). leuleu ll

(with Indo Germanic *enu- `knee' barely as dissimilation form compatible to *n-n-

smooth, slippery ', Latvian glams, glums ` slimy', if ` slimy = sticking together, balling, klyse (*klsion-) ` slimy clump', that from Middle Low German kls `mass', nnd. ` ball,

presumably Lithuanian gliamas ` smooth diminution of the whetstone ', gliaums `

massing-together ', compare Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 622; compare with -s- Norwegian tangle, knot, confusion, mass', ndd. klster ` bundle, grape, type of fruit which grows in

clusters on a vine ', Old English clster, clyster n. ds. are not to be distinguished; compare from a root form *gle-s- Old Norse klasi `lump of berries or fruit, mass'. extension with -t-: of the brain '; gr. ( ) `buttock ', ` medullary tubercles near the pineal gland

sloven. glta, glta `growth, swelling natured tumefaction, tree gnarl ' (Berneker 309); (`cloud bundle '), compare with gemination (*kludda-) Old English clodd (engl. clod) ` clod, lump of earth '. extension with -d-: German Klo, Old English clot, engl. cleat `clump, wedge'; changing through ablaut Middle Low German klt m. `clump; testicle', Middle High German klz, Modern High changing through ablaut Old English cld m. `a mass of rock, hill', engl. cloud `cloud'

fragment' (in further development of latter meaning also :) Old English clt m., engl. clout Old English clott (engl. clot) `clump' = Middle High German kloz, Modern High German Klotz. Perhaps here Lithuanian glaudi, glasti, Latvian glast ` mache etwas eng

Middle Low German klt, klte ` clod, lump of earth ', East Frisian klt `clump, piece,

`rag; metal sheet ', late Old Norse kltr `rag, clump'; with expressive gemination (*klutta-)

anschmiegen ', glauds ` anschmiegend, dicht anliegend ', gldoju ` liege angeschmiegt da ' (compare Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 622 f.); russ. glda `clump, dumpling, lump '. Maybe alb. glas `droppings' extension with -b -: 310; compare to -b- under *gle-b-), perhaps Lithuanian glabti ` squeeze, caress the breast ', glaubstti `caress'. sylt. Frisian klpi `kiss', russ. glba `clump, block', glba zemli `clod of earth' (Berneker
h

together '; after Specht Dekl. 144 basic meaning `gleaming' (to el-, gel-?); nominal: gli-iio-, gli-i -no-, -tu-; gloi-uo-. no- tu- gloiGr. f. ` glue ' (Slavic *glj, see below), ds. (:Slavic gln, glina, Old High

`glue, put grease on, oil, smear', but probably originally derived from gel- `clench, clasp

E. glei-, partly with further, consonantal derivative (esp. glei-t-, -d-, glei-b -; glei-m-) gleigleigleigleih

German klenan, Old Irish glenim see below), ` any glutinous substance, gluten,

gum, generally, oily sediment in baths ', ` humid and sticky, wet' (*F: Latvian glievs, Slavic *glv, see below), Hes. (*F-: Lithuanian glits etc.),

`cling to, strive after, long for ', ` glutinous, sticky, clammy, sticking

carefully, with elaborate detail', (presumably with -- from a * from *-);

close, importunate, penurious, niggardly, of things, mean, shabby, of buildings, of painting, Latin gls, -tis, glten, -inis n. ` sticky oil; slime, gluten', gltin ` glue together' ( from

tender, yielding ' (basic form *gleitos with intensive tt);

oi, compare that of the changing by ablaut:) glis, -tis ` fat dormouse ', glitts `soft, delicate, Maybe nasalized alb. (*nglit) ngjit `to stick to, climb, cling' : Lithuanian gliej, gliti `smear', refl. glitis ` stick, glue, remain ', alb. glisht `finger (to grasp, cling)'.

further Old Irish forduclainn ` gobbles, engulfs, devours ', after Pedersen KG. II 540 from Prs. nasalized 30 f.);

Old Irish glenim (*gli-n-mi), cymr. glynaf ` to cleave or stick to a thing '; in addition

for-d-uks-glen- to *glenaid (from *gl-n-ti); also bret. geot `grass' from *gel-t (Marstrander Old English clg (engl. clay), Middle Low German klei ` loam, clay ', Danish klg `

glutinous, thick, loamy slime, mud' (Germanic *klajja-; in addition ndd. kleggen ` climb, derivative Middle Low German klick ` earth loam ' probably after slick ` slick, film of oil ascend '); changing through ablaut Norwegian dial. kli `slime, mud, loam, clay ' (the

(= Irish glenim, see above, compare also nominal etc.; is klenan as stem V. in the

floating on top of water, silt, earth loam '?), Old High German klenan ` stick, glue, smudge ' converted e-row, hence also Old Norse klunna ` attach tightly'?); (under the influence of

with oi Norwegian kleina ds.;

common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), zero grade Old Norse klina `smear' (*klnian, schw. V.), Lithuanian gliej, gliti `smear', refl. glitis ` stick, glue, remain '; extended russ. Dialectal glk `mucus, lymph, serum, clear fluid which separates from the blood during coagulation ' from *gl-k); Maybe alb. glak, gjak `blood' gleib glei - (Slavic equivalents see below); an deducible also from Indo Germanic *glei-p-. Old English clifian, cleofian ` stick, glue, attached, be linked ', Old English clibbor ` sticking, adhesive ', zero grade Old High German klban ` adhere, stick, glue , cling ', Old Saxon biklan ds., Old English clfan `stick, adhere, cling ', Old Norse klfa `climb, ascend (pin, Old High German klbn ` stick, glue, adhere, be stuck, be stuck up ', Old Saxon klin,
h

Slavic *glj in russ. glej `clay, loam ', poln. glej ` muddy, sludgy ground ' (: gr. ;

Old English clfe `burdock'; with -oi- Old High German kleiben `clamp, fasten, stick, fix

clinch, attach oneself)', Middle Dutch clven ds.; Old High German klba, Old Saxon klva,

(make stick, glue)', Modern High German kleiben ` stick, glue, paste, cause to adhere ';

Old English clfre (*klairin-), Middle Low German klver, klver ` clover, plant having n., Middle Low German klif ` cliff ', Old High German klep (-b-) ` forelands, promontory ',

leaves with three leaflets '; here also Old Norse kleif f., klif n. ` steep hill ', Old English clif

Middle Dutch, Middle Low German klippe f. ` crag, cliff ' (out of it Modern High German
h h

High German klimban ` clamber, climb, ascend ', is unclear;

extent occurred besides *gle-m-b also a nasalized form from *glei-b - in Old English Old

Klippe as ` smooth rock ', as Old Irish slab `mountain' to root *sleib- `glide, slide'); to what

plant in ', changing through ablaut (*oi) russ.-Church Slavic uglbl'evati ` fasten, implant, drive in, affix ', and (*ei) serb. glb `ordure' (Berneker 310). gleiglei-d- in Middle Irish gled ` glue ', Old English clte f. `burdock', clte f. ` coltsfoot, herb

Old Church Slavic u-glbl' ` get stuck ' Aor. uglb ` fixed ', ugleb (e = ) `fix or

(Tussilago Farfara), whose leaves and root are employed in medicine to treat coughs ', slimy ', compare Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 626, 627).

engl. dial. clote, clite, cleat `burdock', clite ` glue, slime, mud ' (: Latvian gldt ` become with m-formants: Old English clm ` viscous material, loam, clay ', wherefore Old Norse

lubricate ', Old High German chleimen ` glue, attach with glue, paste, size ';

Kleima ` name of a giantess (*clod, heap?) ' Old English clman ` smear, daub, tallow,

(compare Norwegian dial. kleima ` smear, daub, tallow, lubricate : caress '); MhlenbachEndzelin I 621, 628 f.; Trautmann 92; about Lithuanian glms see above S. 361; Slavic *glmyd in Czech hlemd' `snail'. ', glina `clay'; with n-forms (see above etc.) russ.-Church Slavic gln `mucus, tough dampness

flattery, insincere compliments, excessive praise ', glamut ` joke, flatter, caress '

mucilaginous, of the sticky substance from plants; mucinous, slimy '; Latvian glama ` joke,

Latvian gliemezis, gliems, glieme ` snail, mussel '; Lithuanian glims `mucus', glims `

wound dressing ', Old English clie `burdock' (`the sticking'), Old High German kledda, German kleit, Modern High German Kleid, Old English cl ds.; Middle High German

glei-t- in Old English tclan ` stick, adhere ', zero grade clia, clioa m. ` plaster, glei-

kletta, Dutch klis, klit `burdock', Modern High German klettern; also probably Middle High klster ` paste, glue, dough ', nisl. klstra ` paste, cause to adhere, stick ' (as *gleit-tro- here

kleisa ` stick, glue; (stick, glue with the tongue =) lisping or impure, unclean talk', Old Norse kleiss mle ` stammering, stuttering, spluttering '.

or with Germanic forms -stra- from the root form *kl-, Indo Germanic glei-); Norwegian

gelatin obtained from fish products and used in the production of glue and jellies, fish glue ', Latvian glts ` smooth, neat nice, pretty; lovely, kind '; Latvian glstu, gldu, glst ` be and 627; compare above S. 363 gr. ; become slimy ', gldt ` become slimy ', glests ` babbler '; s. Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 624,

Lithuanian glits ` smooth, humid and sticky ', glyt ` nasal mucus, pl. isinglass, form of

German gleiten; Berneker 304);

perhaps in russ. (etc.) glist, glist ` worm, earthworm, tapeworm ' (or to Modern High

Maybe alb. glisht, glishta Pl. `(smooth) finger, clinging finger ' : russ. (etc.) glist, glist ` `knee']

worm' [compare Old Irish gln `knee' = alb. Geg gluni, Pl. glunj, glu-ri (Geg), gju-ri (Tosc) with u-formants: Germanic *klaiwa-, Old High German klo-, kl ` clover, plant having

with Indo Germanic , so ablaut equally with Latvian glwe `mucus').

Middle Low German kle, Old High German klwa, kla, Modern High German Kleie f. (if Lithuanian gleivs f. Pl. `mucus', Latvian glvs `tenacious as mucus, slack' (if with

leaves with three leaflets ' (after the sticky juice, sap the bloom, blossom?) and *klwn-,

Latvian glievs `slack' (= ), glve ` mucus, green mucus on to the water ' (: Old High German klwa, see above); Slavic *glv (: Latvian glivs, ) in russ. dial. glev m., glev f. ` mucus of fish ',

from Indo Germanic *[i]?; about Lithuanian glms see above S. 361 under glem-),

poln. glwie (besides gliwie) `spoil (of cheese'), changing through ablaut klr. klva ` type of mushroom, fungus ';

Beefsteak fungus, Oak-tongue (a type of mushroom, species of mushroom '), serb. gljiva ` References: WP. I 612 ff., WH. I 577 f., 580, 606 f., 608 f., 611 f., 617, 867 f., Trautmann

92.

Page(s): 356-364 gelelRoot / lemma: gel-2 and gelMeaning: to devour Note: the form with g presumably after Osthoff IF. 4, 287, Zupitza gutturals 86 through hybridization from gel- with ger-. er-

Material:

cymr. gel, bret. glaouen ` bloodsucker, leech ', Old Irish gelit ds. (participle f. in -nt);

A. Certainly gel- in: Old Irish gelid ` consumes, eats, grazes ', gaile `stomach'; acorn. ghel, gelOld High German kela, Old English ceole `throat, gorge, ravine, gulch, prow, bow of a

German kelah, -uh ` throat infection ', Old Norse kjalki m. `mandible, lower jaw bone, jaw

the keel of a ship ', Middle Low German kel, kil, engl. keel ds.; with g-extension Old High

ship' (*keln-), ceolor, Old High German celur m. `gullet'; Old Icelandic kjlr m. (*kelu-) `

(also hand sledge)'; zero grade Danish kulk `gullet, throat', Middle Low German kolk, kulk,

Old Frisian kolk m. ` water hole ' (Modern High German Kolk), Old English cylcan, Modern (Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 678), wherewith slovak. glg `gulp, pull' perhaps is connected High German Dialectal klken, kolksen ` belch, spit', as Latvian gulgtis ` belch, vomit '

(onomatopoeic word?).

ndd. kolpen, klpsen ` throw open, open quickly and forcibly; eruct, belch'. Maybe alb. qelb `pus': Old High German kelah, -uh ` throat infection '

compare with other extension Swedish dial. kulp `gulp', Norwegian kulp ` water hole ',

from *-F from the monosyllabic basis, and Aeolic from *-F from the heavy root form *g(e)l-; - `bait', n. ds.; `morsel, mouthful, bread' (*gl-); ?) , Hes. (`', Fick BB. 29, 196), - in guttural ambiguous: Latin gula (*g l?) f. ` the gullet, weasand, throat ' Maybe Occitan gola ` mouth' : alb. (*gola) goj ` mouth ' a Latin loanword. consume, gobble up, eat hastily ', whereas -u- after all could be a result of Labiovelars; gott) `swallow, gulp', *glt `gullet', russ. got, gotk `gulp, mouthful ', Czech hlt; compare in vowel Armenian klanem, Aor. 3. Sg. ekul `devour, swallow up, engulf,
e

B. Certainly gel- only in Gr.: , - `bait' (*-F); besides (Callim.) el-

--, -- Hes. from the root form *g(e)le-, also (correctly

Hes.; compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 519; Note: common Illyrian g- > b-.

*gl-t-s based on *glut-s, would be assumed from Old Church Slavic *gltati (russ.

compare also Latin *glu, the base of ingluvis `throat, voraciousness, appetite, gluttony, gourmand, voracious eater '. greediness ', gltus `gullet', glti ` swallow, devour ', glt/t/, -nis ` gormandizer, Maybe alb. (*glotit) glltit ` swallow ' a Slavic loanword. Maybe alb. (*g l) gjell `dish, food' [common alb. shift l > ll]. Page(s): 365 References: WP. I 621, WH. I 612 f., 625 f., Trautmann 93.
e

gemRoot / lemma: gem-

Meaning: to grab, grip; be full

Material: Armenian im, em `bridle, rein', mlem `push, press together';

Note: elaborated Persson Beitr. 78 ff., 933 m. Lithuanian

cultivated land, vast orbit of the sun, of a hippopotamus, wrinkled old age, row (of teeth) ' net, esp. for oystercatching '; ` be filled, packed full ', ` fill full of, load or freight with, pack full, load ', ` the meat parts filling the body ', m. `shipload, cargo, freight, load' ( Hes., perhaps a mash for stuffing, fattening?); (see also under a- `drive, push'), redupl. presumably , ` small round

. Hes., - `furrow in ploughing, swath, , swathe in reaping, strip of

gr. Aor. `he grasped' (*-), - . Hes., -

gormandizer, gourmand, voracious eater, devourer', actually ` obese person '), probably also gem, -ere `sigh, groan, moan' as ` be pressed emotionally, have the heart full ' (= ` be full ');

Umbrian gomia, kumiaf `gravids' (out of it Latin gumia, -ae m. f. ` a glutton, gourmand

shackles, gyve, manacles, handcuff; pastern, part of a horse's foot between the fetlock and hoof ';

Middle Irish gemel, cymr. gefyn ` chain, series of metal rings which are linked together;

kamsa `knead, stir, mix', kumsa `mixture';

compress ', Old Norse kumla `squeeze'; s-extension Norwegian kams ` dumpling, lump ', doubtful, if in addition with labial extension (there only Germanic) Old English cimb,

Old English cumbol n. `wound, swelling, lump, growth', Norwegian kumla `clump; knead,

cimbe `connection, joint, point of connection (between limbs) ', Swedish dial. kimb(e) ` kimme (mm from mb) ` frame, edge, border ', etc. compare also geneb - S. 378 f.; Maybe alb. kumbull 'plum, round fruit' gmulas, gumuls, gmuras (besides gb-) `clump, ball, tangle, knot ', o-grade gmalas Lithuanian gumulis, gumul ` goat, cow without horns - actually, with lump instead of (besides gb-) ` snow ball, piece of bread, meat '; borrowing from Poln. is possible for Latvian gmstu, gmt ` snatch; attack ', reflex. ` bow, bend oneself '; Lithuanian
h

stave (of a cask) ', Old Norse kim-bull `bundle', Middle Low German kimmel `toggle',

horns-, also hen without tail ' because of poln. gomoy `hornless', Czech homol ds.;

dog-collar, wooden collar worn by prisoners, collar as an ornament ', klr. mea ` handful '; gmolja ` cheese lumps ', sloven. gomt, Gen. -ta ` crowd in a heap, confusion ', Czech hmota (*gmota), old also homota ` cloth, fabric, material, matter, substance; stuff '. russ.-Church Slavic gomola ` mash, mush, porridge, gruel, soft mixture, clump', serb.

Old Church Slavic m, ti ` compress, press, jam, constrict, squeeze, pack ', tel `

Page(s): 368-369

References: WP. I 572 ff., 585, WH. 588 f.

geneb genob Root / lemma: gene -, geno Meaning: a piece of wood Material: Only Germanic, hence probably barely Indo Germanic origin. It concerns probably two different word groups: 1. Germanic kamb-, kumb- `clot, chunk, clump, block, lump, cut-off piece of wood '. ', Old Norse kumbr ` block of wood ' with Germanic -p-: Middle High German kumpf ` Old High German kembil ` chain block ', kamp ` a (wooden) fetter or shackle, for the feet
h h

from chop), Norwegian dial. kump `clump', Norwegian Danish kamp ` brow, edge of a hill gemgem-.

truncated, chopped down, cut down, cut off, dull', engl. chump ` block of wood ' (anlaut

or cliff ', Old Norse kppusteinn, Danish kampe-sten ` Rollstein ' etc. compare also under 2. Germanic knab-, knabb-, knap-, knapp- (expressive gemination) `peg, plug, stick, With -b-: Modern High German dial. knabe `peg, bolt ', Old High German knabo, Modern

penis, knave, boy'.

knebel), Middle Low German knevel ` short, thick transom, toggle ' and ` twisted thin shaft, pole';

German knebel ` toggle, ankle ' (also ` rascal, villain, scoundrel ', as also Norwegian

Norse knefill ` shaft, pole, picket, pole, stick', Old High German knebil, Middle High

High German Knabe ` boy ', Old English cnafa ds., from which engl. cnave ` knave '; Old

moustache point ' (Modern High German ` small pointed beard '), Swedish dial. knavel ` with -bb-: Swedish dial. knabbe `tubers, clump', also ` stocky fellow, bovine animal, bull with -p-: Old English cnapo, Old Saxon knapo `young man, husband, servant', Swedish

'; knabb `peg, plug' (Norwegian ` brow, edge of a hill or cliff '); dial. knape `peg, plug' and `knot';

`peg, plug, block of wood ';

knappo ` youngling, knave, boy', Modern High German Knappe, Swedish dial. knappe

with -pp-: Modern High German dial. Knappe `foot of a bench ', Old High German

S. 370) barely to make a distinction; compare above (see 370) Old Norse knappr etc.; *kanipa-), wherefore probably Middle Low German kenneve ` neck block ', (under the jawbone ' are probably contaminated somehow with enu- `chin' (under S. 381 f.). enuPage(s): 378-379 References: WP. I 585 f., Martinet Gmination 117 f., 196. influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), mnl. kanef-been ` maxilla, jaw, upper

sometimes are above forms of the derivatives from gn-eb - ` to press together ' (above Old English cenep, Old Frisian kenep, Old Norse kanpr `whisker, moustache' (Germanic
h

Root / lemma: genghgengh-

Meaning: to wind; to weave

bundle of berries ';

excited, aroused ' (actually ` spinning violently '), kynge `bundle', Old Norse kngull ` Maybe alb. kungull `pumpkin'

', Swedish Dialectal kang ` droopy slender branch ', kng (esp. from horses) `agile, lively,

Finnish (from dem Germanic) kangas ` web, webbing, strong cloth or fabric, net-like weave

reshaped after gangan), Middle High German Modern High German dial. kanker ` spider',

kengr (*kangiz) m. `bay, bend, hook ', kngur-vfa ` spider' (Old English gangelwfre ds.,

Material: Old Norse kinga ` pectoral, chest decoration, brooch, pin, clasp ', probably to

Note: only Germanic and Slavic

mentioned words under *gong- `clump' as Middle Low German kinke, see there;

Finnish (from dem Germanic) kinkko, kinkon `bundle'; in addition compare also those Old Church Slavic gvica ` a long, slender, flexible shoot or branch ', sloven. g

for tying up, rope, cable', Czech houev, poln. gwy Pl. ` strap of a flail '. Page(s): 380 References: WP. I 587 f., Petersson IF. 24, 265.

`strap', serb. guva ` twig, shoot, basket or braid from plaited twigs', russ. gu ` twig used

geng- gongRoot / lemma: geng-, gongMeaning: lump Material: Gr. ` conger-eel, tubercular disease in olive-trees ' (out of it Latin

obese and stupid'?), ` round ' (- suffix as in , ; compare

gonger, conger ds.), ` swollen neck gland ', perhaps Hes. (`fat,

also Lithuanian gunguls ` ball '), , ` turnip ', , - `a kind of beet,

Calla palustris' and the Old Indic flower names jigin, jhijhik are certainly coincidental); hump, hunchback '; Latin gingva f. (mostly Plur.) `gums', further formations from *geng `swelling, blister, Old Norse kkkr ` ball ' (*gongu-s; against it derives Old High German kankur, Modern

turnip ' (assimilated from *-; the reminiscence in Lithuanian inginis `a plant bog arun,

cancerous growth '), also Old Norse vatn-kakki m. (*gong-) ` bucket; pail '. In Germanic perhaps (?)cognate words for ` coil, bind, wind, bend':

High German Kanker ` malignant growth, cancer ' from Latin cancer ` cancerous ulcer,

bend, contemptuous movement of the head ', Middle Low German kinke also ` sinuous movement, spin, knot in the thread, unwillingness ', West Flemish konkel `whirl, snail house ', Norwegian dial. kank ` gyration, whirling, turning, rotation, circular

Middle Low German kinke, Norwegian dial. kink(e) ` coil by a rope ', kink also ` small

Middle Latin conucla, Demin. from colus); s. also under gengh- S. 380;

German Kunkel ` distaff (= staff for holding flax, wool, etc., in spinning) ' derives from Lithuanian gnga ` hump, hunchback, ball, clump' (out of it Latvian gnis ` curvature,

maelstrom, whirlpool, eddy ' (but Old High German kunkala, konakla, Modern High

going person ';

belly'), gunguls ` ball ', gngu, gngti `crook oneself', gnginti ` go slowly, from a humped maybe alb. gung `hump, hunchback' besides with palatal (*gon-, g n-): ', giu, gti ` conglobate, bundle up; sit down to the earth (from the chicken which Baltic *gun- in gs ` crop from birds, Adam's apple, head of the femur; cabbage head
u

spreads out the wings) ', gt ` lair, camp, nest of a chicken, a goose '; Old Prussian Poln.);

gunsix `swelling, blister' (Lithuanian gzas, gzikas ` hump, hunchback, gland, knag' from

Maybe alb. (*gunsa) gusha 'neck, Adam's apple ' gz `buttock', russ. guz, guz, guz ` the thick end of the sheaf, a beam ', gzka ` backside, tail , rump ', poln. old gz, g `tuber', gzi si ` crook oneself ' (with u Slavic *gz- (also *guz- with u from Indo Germanic geu--, see below geu-1) in serb.

nowadays guz `swelling, blister, hunch ', guza ` buttocks '), sloven. gza f. `buttock, backside' (with u: gza ` buttocks, hunch ') ; participle Perf. Pass. *gst (*gn-to-) in Serbo-Croatian gst, russ.-Church Slavic Because of sloven. poln. u and the Baltic -un- (> --) forms (which would perhaps be

gust, russ. gustj, poln. gsty `thick, dense'.

normal however, as reduced grade colored in o-grade *gon-) assumes Persson Beitr. 937 there), compare isl. kjuka `ankle', Norwegian kjuka `knag, knot, spigot ' etc. and for for the Slavic mixture from *gong- and *geu-, gu- (extension from geu- `crook', see

Lithuanian gas `knag' and for Baltic gun-, g- formation from such nasalized *gu-n-(at most also *g-), since Baltic forms with lengthened grade *gon- are absent. Also

parallel extension *geu-g-, compare under geu-1: Lithuanian gug ` bump in saddle, hump, hunchback ', gagaras ` acme, apex, summit ', etc. References: WP. I 637 ff., WH. I 601, Trautmann 101 f.

those in velares g ending Baltic words, as Lithuanian gnga, could be assigned to a

Page(s): 379-380

genRoot / lemma: gen-

Meaning: to pinch, pluck, press, etc..

Germanic

Note: (Persson Beitr. 88 f.); therefrom are gnegh-, gneig-, gner-, gnes-, gneus- only
h

Material: 1. gn-eb -: gnincline, bow ' (formal as in the meaning but influenced through ); Gr. perhaps ` bend, make curved; wind; arch, make arched, make vaulted;

it Modern High German knapp), Norwegian knapp `narrow, short, concise', with bb:

joining (*pressing, squeezing), narrowly, brief, fast ', ndd. knap `short, spare, small' (out of knabbe ` pinch, cut off'; further with the meaning ` fold up the jaws ' and ` snap one's

Old Norse knafa `sodomize', compare `compress, squeeze women'; with pp: holl. knap `

holl. knappen `break, crack, creak', ndd. knappern, knuppern ` crunch, nibble ', Modern Norse knappr ` bump, bulge, gnarl, handle, knob ', Old English cnpp ` mountaintop top, tableland, hill, plateau, elevation, heel of the boot'; High German knabbern `bite, gnaw '; finally as `the crushed, clenched, rounded ' Old

fingers ' and out of it deriving sound suggestions of Swedish knppa ` crack, snap, clink ',

(bulging); brooch, pin, clasp ' (from ` nub, button, knop, knob '), ndd. knap(p) ` mountain

Maybe alb. Geg (*knappen) thembn `heel' [common alb. k- > s- > th-]. gnbi (with secondary nasal vowel as a result of preceding n) `press, distress, maltreat, 2. gnegh-: gneghpiece'; with Germanic kk: Old Norse knakkr ` foot (at tables, chairs), footstool (foot block) '. Swedish knagg ` knot, knag', Middle English Middle Low German knagge `knag, thick
h

ndd. knappen ` cut off, shorten; live briefly '; from Slavic perhaps here poln. gnbi, old

stir, tease, irritate'; compare also geneb -, S. 378 f.

`knave, boy, youngling, servant, warrior' (*kneh-ta-, compare to meaning Knabe, Knebel , to t-suffix Modern High German Bavarian knchtel `cudgel, club, bludgeon'). gn-eib 3. gn-ei -: recorded , Meisterhans-Schwyzer 74, with secondary anlaut softening, so that with Old Norse hnippa `bump, poke' to the parallel root *ken-, kn-eib(h)-); Old Norse kneif `kind of pliers ', knfr, Old English cnf `knife', Modern High German dial. Gr. ` skinflint, scrooge, cheapskate, curmudgeon ' (if not because of older
h

Here also Old High German kneht, Modern High German Knecht, Old English cniht

High German kneifen figurative) ` nip, squeeze tightly between two surfaces, pinch, break off by pinching, squeeze, press ' (partly also ` be thrifty, stingy; run short, be used up, be exhausted, running out of; pinch; run away '; s. similar under gneb -), Low German
h

dial. kneipf `knife', Norwegian Dialectal knpa, Middle Low German knpen (out of it Modern

kneif `knife'; besides with Germanic pp, p: Middle Low German knp, Modern High German

knippen `cut, clip', Modern High German knippsen, Low German knipperig ` stingy, fugal, spare, thrifty ', Modern High German Kniff (also = thievish, sneaky trick ), Middle Low

German knippen ` blink, wink the eye, wink'; besides nbiu, nbti ds., Trautmann 93. gneig4. gneig-:

Lithuanian gnbiu, gnbti, Iterat. gnibau, gnibyti ` pinch (with the fingers or tongs) ',

Low German Low German Modern High German knicken, wherefore Knicks ` knee-bend, flexure, bowing, bending '. gner5. gner-:

Old Norse kneikia `press, clamp ', Norwegian dial. kneikja ` bend backward '; Middle

outgrowth, knag', Middle High German knorre `knag' ; besides Old High German kniurig neologism. `knorrig', Middle High German knr(e) ` knot, knag, Klippe, mountain top ' with ablaut gnes6. gnes-: `gristle', holl. knoest `knag', Middle Dutch knoes `gristle', knoesele `ankle'; Norwegian inflexible person '. gnet7. gnet-: knoa, -aa `knead'; with Germanic tt Old Norse knttr (*knattu-z) `ball, sphere', knatti ` Old High German knetan, Old English cnedan stem V. `knead', zero grade Old Norse Dialectal kns (*knsia-) ` large mighty beggar ', Swedish knase ` big, rich, obstinate, Norwegian knast m. `knag' = Low German hd. Knast; Middle Low German knster

Norwegian knart, knort `knag, knot, unreifes Obst', Middle English knarre ` hunch,

gnode f. ` trough for kneading the bread ' (*gnt), Trautmann 93.

Swedish dial. knatte ` small bush'; Old Church Slavic gnet, gnesti `press', Old Prussian Maybe nasalized alb. (*ghnes-) ngjesh `press' common alb. gh- > gj-. gn-eu8. gn-eu-: cnowian ` coire ', as Swedish knulla ds. compared with Middle High German knllen trees, foot ankle '; Old Norse knyja `press, hit', Old English cn(w)ian `in mortar zerstoen' (Old English

brow, edge of a hill or cliff ', Norwegian knott m. ` short and thick body, knag, knot ',

`bump, poke, hit'); Old Norse kni ` knuckle '; Old Swedish knla, knyla ` knag, knot in

Maybe alb. (*knyla) nyja ` knag, knot' [common alb. kn - > n-] throttle, choke '. gn-eu9. gn-eu-b -: Irish gnob ` knot in the wood, knot, node ' (*gnub o-); knag'; Old Norse kneyfa `press'; Norwegian knuva ` press, squash, crush ', East Frisian Old Norse knyfill m. ` short, just come out horn ', East Frisian knfe `clot, chunk, clump,
h h h

serb. gnjviti `press', sloven. gnjviti `press, ruffle, crease, crumple, wrinkle, strangle,

knfen, ndd. knuffen `bump, poke, kick'; with *: Middle Low German knovel ` knot, ankle';

Middle High German knbel `ankle'; with Germanic p(p) (consonant-sharpening):

Norwegian dial. knupp m. `bud', Middle Low German knuppe, knoppe `bud', knuppel = knag, knop, knob ', Swiss chnopf `knot, knop, knob, bud, small kid, child' (in addition

Middle High German knpfel `club, cudgel' (these ndd.), Old High German knopf ` knot, knpfen; a derivative is Knospe, there probably from *knup-sn-), and o-grade Middle Low German knp m. `knot, knop, knob, handle, button, pommel ', Middle High German knouf, Low German knobbe `knag', Middle English knobbe (engl. knob) `bud, knop, knob, knag, knot', Norwegian knubba `bump, poke, kick, press'; Lithuanian gniubti ` comprise, enfold, hug, embrace, hold tight ' (*gnub -), gnibti `
h

Modern High German Knauf; with Germanic bb: Norwegian knubb m. `clot, chunk', Middle

lose stability, fall, sink '; if from gniuti (under 10.) through influence of gnbti (above 3.)? 10. gn-eu10. gn-eu--: Norse knykill ` small knot'; Middle Low German knoke m. `bone', Middle High German knoche `bone, knag, bundle'; Maybe alb. (*knyk) kyc `ankle' Old English cnycel (?), Middle Low German knokel, Middle High German knchel, Modern High German Knchel; but Old Norse knoka `hit, knock', Norwegian Dialectal knoka ` press, squash, crush ', Old English cnocian, cnucian ` knock at a door, thrust in the mortar s. v.
11

Old Norse knjkr `round mountain top ', Norwegian Dialectal knjuka, knoka `ankle', Old

knacken;

and indicate to onomatopoeic words neg- (Wissmann 79), whereat also Kluge

', Middle High German knochen `press' stand in ablaut to Old Swedish knaka `crack, creak'

`bundle', Middle High German knock ` nape, cervix, neck '.

with Germanic -kk-: Middle Low German knocke, Middle English knucche, engl. knitch Lithuanian gniu-iu, -ti ` close the hand firmly ', gniis, gnit, gniuta `bundle,

handful ', gniti ` bend, fall, lose firmness ' (`*fold up, double or bend something over upon itself '), Latvian gnazt `grasp with the hand, press' (Latvian augt ` strangle, throttle, choke ' from *gau-?); compare (above 9.) Lithuanian gniubti. gn-eu11. gn-eu-s-: with the teeth; pulverize, grind into fine particles ', Old High German knussen `hit, crush', Old Norse knosa, -aa ` abuse with blows ', Norwegian knysia ` crunch, munch, chew

`thrash'; Old Norse knylla `hit, bump, poke' (*knuzljan, s. also above under gneut- about together, zerknffeln ', Middle High German knllen `hit, bump, poke, cuff, strike, slap, pommel, push, shove, thrust '; Old Norse knauss m. ` round mountain corner '; with

squeeze', Old Norse knska `hit', Modern High German Swiss chnssen, chnschten

Old English cnyssan ` crush, grind '; with Old Swedish knusa = ndd. knsen `press,

Knollen) = Old Englishcnyllan `hit', Low German knllen (knullen from *knuz-ln) ` to press

Bavarian kns ` a youth, lad ', Swiss chnsi `thick man, husband', nrhein. knsel ` dwarf, crippled being, unripe fruit '). gn-eu12. gn-eu-t-: kndel ` ovary, dumpling, small mass of dough which is boiled or steamed ', Old High Old High German kndo (*knan-) ` knop, knob, ankle, bud', Middle High German

knysta ` coiled chunk, knag', schwed Dialectal knose ` hunch, outgrowth ' (figurative

Middle Low German knst m. `knag', Swiss chns `knag, clump'; with Norwegian knust,

Modern High German Knttel `thick stick' (actually ` knotty walking stick '); Old English cnotta m., Middle Low German knutte `tubers, flax bud ', Middle High German knotze

German knoto (*knun-), Modern High German Knoten, whereof Old High German knutil,

`knag', Middle Low German knulten ` knit, tie, bind, knot ' = Old English cnyttan, engl. knit ds. and with the originally meaning ` to press together ' Bavarian knauzen ` to press together ', Low German knutschen, Middle High German kntzen `squeeze, push, shove, bone ', knyta ` tie, bind, knot '; Middle High German knz `(* gnarled, snaggy, knobbed

thrust '; Old Norse kntr (*kndn-) `knot, knag', knta ` capitulum, head of a bone, end of a rising arms against, daring, bold, audacious, perky, cheerful; bold; impudent '; Middle High German knolle `clod of earth, clump', Old English cnoll m. `mountaintop, mountain peak, summit, acme, apex ' (if from *knu-l- or *knuz-l for the root form *g(e)n-eu-s-);

with the roof cover ', gnitulas ` bales, paper, lump, clump', gntulas `clump, fist-size clump' References: WP. I 580 ff., Wissmann Nom. postverb. 83, 132. Page(s): 370-373

Lithuanian gniut, gnisti `press', gniutoti ds., gnitel ` pole for pressing of the straw

kenSee also: compare also under ken-.

gere Root / lemma: gereb gerb Material: 1. ger -:

h h

Meaning: to scratch, write

`alphabetic letter', `line', ` scribe ', ` Ritzung der Haut ' (besides dialect forms with -- instead of --); Old English ceorfan (participle corfen) `cut, clip, notch', Old High German kerban ` make

Gr. ` scratch, carve, cut, mark by cutting or scratching, write ' (*grb ),
h

incision, cut, clip', Modern High German kerben, Middle High German kerbe f. ` incision, notch', kerp m. ` seam, joint, fugue ', Old English cyrf m. `cut'; Slavic *erb in Old Church Slavic rb, Serbo-Croatian drjeb, klr. reb `lot, fate'

and Slavic erbj in Old Church Slavic rbj `lot, fate, crumb' (`*notched rod'), Old shell ').

Prussian grbin `number' (`*crenation, series of notches on the outer edges of a leaf or

Maybe alb. krrab `shepherd's stick' 2. gre -: greb krappeln, Middle Low German krabbelen, out of it Modern High German krabbeln) Middle High German krabelen (with expressive intensification: Middle High German
h

`scratch, scrape, leicht anrhren',

`scratch, scrape, grovel, truckle, creep', Old Norse krafla ` grovel, truckle, creep ', krafsa Maybe alb. kref, kreh (*krefs) `comb, clean'

scrabble, scribble, scrawl, scratch, grovel, truckle, creep ', originally ` grovel, truckle,

with expressive intensification Danish Norwegian krabbe `scratch, grapsen ' (and `

creep, while one gets stuck '), wherefore Old Norse krabbi m., Old English crabba, Middle Low German krabbe `crab' and Old High German (krebiz), *kraita-, krebaz(o), aschs. '?) as nasal form. kreit, Modern High German Krebs. - Quite doubtful gr. `sow' (better ` the grunting 3. Besides *gri - (with expressive i?): *grib , Latin scrb), , ` rake, gardening tool with a comb-like end; holl. kribbelen `murmur', kribelen `itch', Middle High German md. kribeln ` kitzeln (von Gr. . . Hes. (compare from sker-: gr.
h

rack ' (- from *n- `in', ` carve, cut, mark by cutting or scratching '?);

der Sinuenlust) ', Modern High German kribbeln, and with Germanic pp: Old High German

kripfan ` rasch und wiederholt wonach greifen ', Modern High German kripfen ` esp. of scratching a groove '; Latvian grpsta ` scratch '. gredgrb(h)oSee also: compare gred- `scratch, scrape', grb(h)o-s `hornbeam'. References: WP. I 606 f., Trautmann 87.

Page(s): 392

ger- gereRoot / lemma: ger-1, gere-

Meaning: to gather, put together

Material: Gr. (, ) ` gather; assemble' (*n-ger-i; - weak form from , gathered ', Infin. ; , `congregation, meeting', ` collector, also ` collect, gather '?), gr. Doric -- ` collector, gatherer ', Aor. ` be

gatherer, beggar', `hand, crooked, bent arm' (if from *-, with Aeolic

swarm, flock; mass, crowd, heap'; broken reduplication *gre-g- in:

from r; for the formation compare `flat hand'), Hes., `

Latin grex, gregis m. `herd, troop, multitude, crowd'; gre ds.; because of Old Irish grafann f. ` horse race ' (*grego-suendn) (common Celtic ns-, -nt- > -nn-), barely borrowed from Latin; Maybe alb. (*grega) grigja ` herd of sheep ' Balto-Slavic gur- from *g r- in: Lithuanian gurguls m. ` coagulation, thickening ', grguol f. `bulk, mass, lump '; Maybe alb. gurgullonj `boil (liquid coagulation) ' Latvian grste ` bundle of flax ' (*gursti- from *gurt-sti-) = Maybe through metathesis alb. (*gursti) grushti `handful, thin, emaciated; fist'; (*grist) glisht, gisht `finger'. Slavic *grst in Old Church Slavic grst `fist, handful ', Old Russian grst, Serboo

Middle Irish graig n. (with secondary a), Gen. grega ` herd of horses ', cymr. corn. bret.

Croatian grst (Pl. grsti) `hollow hand', poln. gar ds., russ. gorst ds.; russ.-Church Slavic

pri-gra f. ` handful ' (*gursti); Slavic *grtati and *grnti (from *grtnti) in SerboCroatian gm, gtati ` scrape together ', klr. pry-hortty ds., poln. garnc ds.; *gere- in Lithuanian gret Adv. ` side by side, abreast '; (Kuiper Proto-Munda 54 f.). root extension grem-: gremcommunity, township '; Old Indic grma- m. `heap, troop, multitude, crowd, village, congregational, parish, Latin gremium `armful; lap, bossom, womb, female genitals'; maybe alb. (grem-) gremin `bottom, hole, abyss', gremis `throw to the abyss, pile up' (kramm) ` press, grip with the claws ', Old English crammian (engl. to cram) ` stuff, fill ' Middle High German krammen ` snatch with the claws ', Old High German krimman remains far off Old Indic ga `troop, multitude, crowd', because not Indo Germanic

(actually `press'), Old Icelandic kremia `press, clamp ', krm ` consuming illness, disease, malady', ablaut. krumma, krymma `hand'; Lithuanian grumios, grmtis ` with struggle somebody ', grmulas `clump', grum(s)tas `

extension in gr. ` clenched fist'; Lithuanian grmulas `clump'

clod ', grmdau, -yti ` are pushing, filling, stuffing by force from above '; the same d(h)-

maybe alb. Geg grumull grumbull (*grem-ul) `mass, pile' [common alb. m > mb shift] : Note: alb. shares the cognate with Baltic lang. not with Slavic lang. which means the alb. cognate is part of the inherited Illyrian Baltic lexicon. community, local meeting '. russ.-Church Slavic gromada, gramada `heap, mass', poln. Lower Sorbian also ` village

Maybe alb. (*gramada) grmadha `ruins, mass of stones' References: WP. I 590 f., WH. I 621 f., Trautmann 94, 102, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I433 , 715, Page(s): 382-383 746 .
8 5

Meaning: to scream (in expr. forms)

gerRoot / lemma: ger-2

Material: A. Old Indic jrat ` it rushes, sounds, crackles, shouts ', jar ` the rustling, *gal-);

murmuring ' (or to *r- or *ger-); perhaps gargara-h ` a music instrument ' (yet see also alb. ngurnj `howl' (from wind); [actually hunguronj `howl'] the proper authorities, accuse ' (derived from a lengthened gradeen i-stem *gri-); with consonant increase Old High German carron ` squeak, screech, clash, jangle, squeal, grate, jar, resound, rattle, creak ' (schw. V.), cherran (stem V.) `cry, creak', Middle Low growl, complain, repine, snarl '), Norwegian karra ` coo, gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker ', Old Norse kurra ` growl, murmur', kurr `murmur, rumor'; Lithuanian grti ` shrill, shriek, scream '; B. Here the name of crane: gn; 1. Lithuanian gr ` crane, heron '; after Risch (briefl.) contaminated from grv and Old Norse kra, kra ` bring forward a matter, lodge a complaint, make a complaint to

German kerren, karren `creak', Old English ceorran `creak' (ceorung ` lament, grumble,

2. With formants -en-, to part with -u- and -g- extended: Armenian krunk ` crane ' (*geru-n-g-); compare under Old High German kranuh; the theatre, quern, a fish '; gr. Hes., m. ` crane ' and ` crane for lifting weights, esp. used in gall. tarvos trigaranos (Inschr. about a bull with three plumes on the back); cymr. corn.
e e

bret. garan (*g r nos) ` crane '; m. (*grnug-);

Old High German kranuh (-ih), Old English cranoc, cornuc, Middle Low German kranek

` evil spirit, demon, evil supernatural being; devil ');

Krahn (*grnon-) m.; in addition Old Icelandic trani ` crane ' (with t- instead of k- after trami Lithuanian garns m. ` heron, stork ' (*gor-n-ios); Latvian grns m. ` heron '.

Old English cran, aschs. krano, Middle High German krane, Modern High German

3. With formants -u- : --: uLatin grs, Gen. gruis f. (later also m.) `a crane', therefrom gruere `of crane's call'; Modern High German westfl. krne ` crane '; see below Old High German kron; Lithuanian grv, Latvian dzerve, Old Prussian gerwe f. ` crane ' (*gerui); raula); besides Serbo-Croatian drlj (from *ravl) and russ. urvl (Gen. uravlj). talkative, garrulous, gossipy, prattling, logorrheic', ndd. krlen (*krauljan) `loud cry', holl. scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell '. C. from the same u-: u-: -extension also Old High German krn ` chatty, loquacious, uruss.-Church Slavic erav m. (*geruios), Serbo-Croatian rv, wruss. rou (Gen.

kruilen ` coo ', krollen ` cry like cats ', Middle Low German krschen ` screech, shriek, With i-extension redupl. Latin gingrre ` cackle, esp. from to geese '; perhaps (?) here gr. , m. ` Phoenician flute' etc.; the arrow ' (*gri-n-d-) (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-); Maybe alb. (*gri-n-d-) grindem ` scream, quarrel'

Middle Irish grith, cymr. gryd ` scream ' (*gri-tu-s), Middle Irish grinnigud ` creaking of

German kreien, Middle High German krsten, Modern High German kreisten.

Middle Low German krten `cry, howl', Middle High German kren `sharp cry', Modern High D. gr- in West Germanic nord. *kr- (with not changed to old through recent gr-

Middle High German krschen ` screech, shriek, scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell ',

High German kr(w)a, kria, Modern High German Krhe, Old Saxon kria, Old English crwe ds., Lithuanian grioju, russ.-Church Slavic graj, grajati ` croak, caw '. With guttural extension: raven)', Modern High German krchzen; Germanic -k- from Indo Germanic -g because of Old Norse krka `crow', krkr `raven', Old English *crcian, cracettan ` croak, caw (of

hanacrt ` cock crow, call of a rooster; dawn, time of morning when roosters crow ', Old

German krhen, Middle Low German kreien, Old English crwan ds., Old High German

imitation of the of a- a colored raven's croaking): Old High German kren, Modern High

nir. grg ` croaking ' (*grggo-); Middle Low German krakelen ` chatter, prattle, jabber; talk rapidly; talk nonsense '. With Indo Germanic k-: Latin grculus `jackdaw', gracill, -re ` gaggle, cackle, chitchat, Old High German kragil, Middle High German kregel ` gabby, gossipy, loquacious,

talk, snicker (from chicken)';

garrulous, blithering ', Old High German kragiln ` babble, chatter ', Middle High German kragelen, kregeln ` gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker '; russ.-Church Slavic grau, grakati ` croak, caw ', grkati ` coo (from the dove)'. E. With formant -g-, and from other hearing impressions: Old Indic garjati ` rages, roars, hums, bellows'; Armenian karka `din, fuss, noise'; creak'; Old English cracian, cearcian ` ring out; sound ', Old High German krhhon `crack,

Lithuanian grgdiu, girgdti `creak'. onomatopoeic words. Page(s): 383-385 In addition perhaps russ. grchot `din, fuss, noise, crash, blast, loud laughter ' as new

References: WP. I 591 ff., WH. I 583, 601 f., 615, 624, Specht Dekl. 48, Trautmann 87, 94.

Meaning: to turn, wind

gerRoot / lemma: ger-3

, tri-gua- actually ` consisting of two, three threads '); Maybe alb. guna ` fleecy attire of the shepherd '

Material: A. Old Indic gu- (*gr-n-s) ` the single thread of a string, line, cord; stain ' (dvi-

Old Indic grta- ` carriage seat of the chariot' (`*from rods twisted seat, carriage basket '), compare with formants -mo- Old Norse karmr ` parapet, defensive wall, protective wall in basket ' (*gor-mo-s ` wickerwork '). 1. guttural extensions: front of a trench ', Swedish karm ` back, part of a chair support from wickerwork, carriage

from willows, weir, fish-snaring net ' (--reduced vowel, ending as in ` basket

a. In Indo Germanic -g: presumably gr. ` wicker-basket, creel, twisted basket

narrow at the base, esp. for wool, for fruit, (carried in procession in honour of Demeter), capital of a column, in this form, wine-cooler, mould for casting iron, reservoir of an oillamp '); Old Norse kraki ` pole with hook; thin person '; Old High German krcho (*krkan-),

Old Norse krkr and changing through ablaut krkr `bend, bay, hook ' (out of it Middle English crk, nengl. crook ` curvature etc.'), krkja `crook, snatch ', Swedish krka,

kracco (as *kraggan-, gemination form to Germanic *krag- see below) ` hooked device ',

relationship to gr. (see below under greu-g-). compare from the root form gr-eicreke, nengl. creek) ` curvature, bay'; perhaps Latvian gredzens `ring'.

Old English crg, Old High German kruog `crock, pitcher, jug', if not in any leaning

Germanic -g (probably = Indo Germanic -k) Old High German krgo ` hook '; perhaps also

Norwegian dial. kreka krak ` grovel, truckle, creep ', kreken `weak, old age'. Besides in

the same extension in Old Norse krkr `bend, bay', -kriki (from which Middle English crike,

zgren ` withered, shriveled, shrunk, dwindled ', serb. g `cramp'.

assemble ', Bulgarian gra se ` bend, curve, crook, pull myself together ', gra `wrinkle',

b. In Indo Germanic -k: Old Church Slavic sgriti s ` draw together, collect,

Maybe nasalized alb. ngr `cramp', ngrth `kink', ngrthej, kthej `turn', kthetr `claw' = Old Indic granth-, grathnmi, Fut. granthiymi ` coil, bind, wind, tie, knot, fasten, join, attach, tie a knot ' (common -k > -th Albanian Celtic Old Indian) see below. Maybe alb. m. grethi, f. grenza ` wasp, insect sriped with rings '. Maybe alb. grshet ` plait, braid, three or more interwoven strands (of hair) ', Geg grshana, Tosc grshr ` scissors for cutting the braid '. Note: In Alb. highland it was a taboo cutting the hair, hence men like Aryan Persians had long hair = an old custom of matriarchy when men identified themselves with the mother goddess. In South Albania men still wear a womanish kilt like Scottish Celts. c. Nasalized:

`ring, battlefield', Modern High German Kring, Old Norse kringla ` ring of a circle, circle,

also Germanic forms in -g: Old Norse kringr m. `ring' = Middle High German krinc, -ges

In Indo Germanic -k certainly Old Norse kr `point, edge, angle ' (*krah) and probably

compasses, instrument for drawing circles and measuring, calipers ', Middle Low German kringel(e) `ring, round pastry, cake ', Middle High German kringel (and changing through ablaut krengel) ds., Modern High German Kringel; Middle High German kranc, -ges ` circle, ring, district, region, area ', Modern High German Swiss chrangel ` curvature ',

circle'; Old Norse cranga ` grovel, truckle, creep, trudge, lumber ', with figurative meaning krangr `weak, fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated '; Old English cringan `fall';

Middle High German krangel `need, tribulation' (from `entanglement, curvature ') and `ring,

' (as Modern High German Swiss chrank), older also cranke ` spool ', mndd. krunke ` noose, snare, crease, wrinkle', Norwegian krenkja ` dislocate, luxate, crick '; with the

curvature, crease, rumple, wrinkle; make a rustling sound ', crank ` lever, handle, curvature

Middle English crinkled ` twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved ', engl. crinkle `bend,

in Indo Germanic -: Old English cranc-stf ` a weaver's device ', crencestre ` weaver ',

crease, wrinkle, frill, ruffle; frizziness, curliness; ruff ', holl. kronkel ` crease ', krinkel ` loop,

stumble, trip; transgress, go astray, lose one's way, become weak ', Middle High German krank ` narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin, small, weak', Modern High German krank, Old crincan ` fall in battle, die in battle, die in combat, die in war '(`*bend in agony'); English cranc `weak, fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated ', as well as Old English in Indo Germanic - (not -g) point at Baltic *greni ` turn, twist, rotate ' in Lithuanian

meaning-development to ` bent from disease, malady ': Old High German krankoln `

retrovert, turn back, return, go or come back ', grt ` roll of flax ' = Latvian grzte ` the `borer', Old Prussian granstis ds. (Lithuanian grulas ` shaft, pole, rod, beam; long revolving bar used to transfer motion or torque to gears or other parts ' presumably likewise from ` cord, rope, hank, halter, rope with a noose for hanging criminals '). 2. Dental extensions:

gri, grti ` turn, twist, rotate, drill, wimble, bore a hole ' (Iter. grti), grt, grti `

twisted together ', Latvian greu ` turn, rotate ' (= Lithuanian gri), Lithuanian grtas

kratto `basket' (*kraddan-), krezzo, Middle High German krezze, Modern High German Krtze ` pannier ' (*krattian). (common -k > -th Albanian Celtic Old Indian) b. Nasalized:

a. gr-et(h)-: Old English cradol m. ` cradle ' (*kradula- ` the plaited '), Old High German gr-et(h)-

attach, tie a knot ', participle grathit- `winded, knotty, conglobated', granth- m. `knot,

Old Indic granth-, grathnmi, Fut. granthiymi ` coil, bind, wind, tie, knot, fasten, join,

55 f.). (common -k > -th Albanian Celtic Old Indian) c. ger-d, gr-ed-, nasalized grend-: ger- gr-edgrendnn-).

mad'; but ghat- `bulk, mass, troop, multitude, crowd' is not a root. (Kuiper Proto-Munda

joint, intumescence ', grantha- `knot', grathn- `scheming, deceptive', grathila- `raving,

Old Irish grinne (*grend-n-io-) `bundle, fagot, bunch, fascis'; (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > Old Norse kartr, Old English crt m. ` cart ' (probably ` twisted carriage basket '),

fruit, knag', East Frisian kret `shrunk fruit', Middle High German krenze `basket', Old High German kranz, Modern High German Kranz; Lithuanian grands (reduced grade grundis) ` bracelet, iron ring, hoarfrost of wheel,

probably also Old Norse kart-nagl ` deformed, twisted nail', Norwegian kart m. ` unripe

round cheesecake ', Old Prussian grandis ` the ring in the plow which connects the plow crossbeam with the front rack ', Latvian grods `stark twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved, drall'; poln. grda si ` turn, rotate '. 3. Labial extensions: a. ger-b -, gr-eb -: gergrdevelopment from *grpsa- guccha- and as hypersanskrit. back-formation guts- ` Middle High German krbe m. (*krean-) `basket; intestines, entrails ', Old Saxon Old Indic grapsa-, glapsa- ` bundle, tussock ', next to which with Middle Indic
h h

tussock, bundle, bunch '; belongs probably better to S. 455.

German (and Holl.) also ` wattle fence on shores, fish snaring net, verge of a roof with

kribbia, Old High German krippa, Old English cribb ` crib, manger ', in Modern High

cryb; with Germanic -pp-: Modern High German Swiss chrp(e) ` crib, manger ', as on the other hand also Old High German kripfa); Middle Low German kerve ` weir, net', Old Norse kiarf, kerf(i) n. `bundle, fascicle, sheaf ',

brushwood bundles ' (tiefstufige additional form Middle Low German krbbe, Old English

Old Swedish krve ` grain bundle, fascicle, sheaf ', Swedish dial. karv `basket', isl. karfa,

krv `basket' (but Modern High German Korb, Middle Low German korf nevertheless probably only loanword from Latin corbis). In addition behaves perhaps gr. ` shopping bag, fishing net; somewhat

b, -- to *sker- `cut, clip'. *sker-

complicated, riddle ' (whereas with : `fishing net', ` fisherman '), as scrb. gerb-, with revelation of the meaning ` crinkle, wrinkle, shrivel, shrink due to excess gerb-

dryness, wrinkle up, cramp ', but also for other kinds of of bending: Old Irish gerbach `wrinkly'; lock ';

Old Prussian garbis `mountain', Lithuanian grbana (see below) and garban f. ` hair

Maybe poln. garbic si `to hump' : alb. krrus `to hump', kurriz `( hunchbacked) spine' Note: ger(s)kerRoot / lemma: ger-3 : `to turn, wind' : Root / lemma: (s)ker-3 : `to turn, bend'. nosed ', russ. gorb ` hump, hunchback, hunch, outgrowth, elevation, back', sloven. grb, grba ` hunch, hump, hunchback, wrinkle', gbati ` make hunchbacked, crook, furrow '; nisl. korpa f. `wrinkle, crease ', korpna ` contract, shrivel '; hook; knee bow, popliteus, shinbone, leg' (*grpti-) and Lithuanian grbana f. ` curl '; Berneker 368. c. Nasalized: krimpen ` shrink up, shrink ' = Old Norse kreppa (krapp) `pull together', Middle High Old High German krim(p)fan, Middle High German krimpfen, Middle Low German a heavy basis, perhaps *gerb- (?),seems the base from Armenian karth ` fishhook, in addition ablaut. Old Church Slavic grb `dorsum, cramp', grb-nos ` crooked-

German krimpf `crooked; cramp'; Old English crompeht ` crumpled, wrinkled ', Old High hook ', ndd. (and as loanword Modern High German) Krampe ` hook for closing ', Old

German krampf ` writhed, crooked, humped ', substantivized krampf(o) `cramp', krampf ` Saxon kramp(o) `cramp', Kaus. Middle High German krempfen (*krampjan) = Old Norse

kreppa (schw. V.) `pull together', New Swedish krumpen ` wizened ', Old Norse kropna

(*krumpna) ` shrink up, become stiff ', Old English crump, Old High German krumpf ` writhed, crooked, humped '. Besides Old English crumb, Old Saxon krumb, Old High German krump, Modern High

German krumm presumably for Indo Germanic u-root from gr. , Hes., `crooked' (see S. 389 under B. 2.); Latvian grumbt ` gotten wrinkled ', grumbulans ` jolting '; Maybe alb. grumbullonj `pull together', grumbull `pile, heap' jolting, hard or become insensible ', grubs (for *grumbs) ` jolting, hard'; Lithuanian grumb, gruba, grbti (analogical nasalized form for *grumba, *grumbti) ` Old Church Slavic grb `, unlearned, untaught, ill-mannered ', russ. grbyj

`rough, coarse, raw', poln. grby `wrinkly, rough, adverse ', poln. grba, grba f. `elevation, hill, boundary '; d. grep- or g(e)rp- (compare above S. 387 *gerb-) in Middle Low German krappe grep- g(e)rp p-

`hook, claw, talon ';

maybe alb. grep `hook' German Krapfen `hook; pastry of such form ' (Germanic pp; besides Germanic -bb- in:) holl. krap f. `cramp', Old High German krpfo `bent claw, talon, hook', Modern High

Old High German krpo, Middle High German krpe `hook', Swedish dial. krabbe `hook for the search in water '; maybe alb. Geg krrab, Tosc krrab `crooked stick of the shepherd' `unprepossessing, small', Swiss chrpf `strong' (`*thickset)'; Old High German Modern Old Norse krappr `eng', holl. krap ds., Modern High German Bavarian krapf

High German Kraft (from cramping the muscles), Old Saxon kraft, Old English crft `

power, skillfulness, art ', Old Norse krptr, kraptr m. ` power, witchcraft ', compare Old crust ' (besides Old Norse krap n., krapi m. ds.; `wither, shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle up '; nord. -p- probably for root form with Indo Germanic b).

Norse krf f. ` demand ', krefja `arrogate', Old English crafian ds.; Norwegian krav m. ` Ice

Norwegian Dialectal krasen `weak, frail '; presumably Old Saxon Old High German kresso

4. s-extension *gre-s-, only Germanic: Old High German kresan ` grovel, truckle, creep ', *gre-

` goby, small fish ', Modern High German Kresse, Kressling ds.; *ger-s- probably in Norwegian karra ` shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle up, friz, curl '. grovel, truckle, creep '. Besides from the i-extension *gr-ei- also *gr-ei-s- in Middle High German krsen, kreis ` B. root form gr-eu-; gr-mo- ` scraped together ': gr-eu- gr mogr. ` little dirt under the nail ' (i.e. ` what settles while scratching under the nail '); krummrckig sein ' (also gryla), Swedish dial. krylas i hop ` creep together ', Norwegian Norse grfa ` sich vornberbeugen, auf der Nase liegen ', Modern High German Swiss grben, groppen, gruppen ` crouch down, stoop ' to a versch. root with Germanic g-); with the meaning ` crooked claw, talon, mit gekrallten Fingern zusammenscharren ': Old dial. krylt (grylt, skrylt) ` hunchback person' (the forms with g- belong together with Old Norwegian kryl ` hump, hunchback ' (*kr-li-? *krvila-?), dial. also skryl, kryla `

Saxon krauwil, Old High German krouwil ` claw, talon, fork with crooked points ', Modern Frisian krwia actually ` scratch, scrape with crooked fingers '; High German Kruel ds., Old High German krouwn, Modern High German krauen, Old with formants -mo-: gr. , -, - `junk, trash, trumpery, of fish small fry, also mo-

woman's dressing-case or vanity-bag, prob. a workman's tool-bag, frippery ', `lumber room'), actually ` scraped together '; Latin grmus ` a little heap, hillock of earth ' (as earth scraped together);

pouch, bag or chest for old clothes ' (similarly the t-derivative `junk, of fish small fry,

krumr, kraumr, Swedish krm, inkrm (inkrom) ` intestines, entrails of birds and fish, crumbs '.

krme (ablaut, krme), holl. kruim ` crumb ' (`what one scratches from the hard crust '), isl.

Middle High German Modern High German Krume; with : Old English crma m., mnl.

grucnach ` corrugated ';

1. guttural extension greu-g- in: Old Irish gruc, nir. grug `wrinkle' (*gruggu-), Middle Irish greu-

maybe alb. (*greu-g-) krunde ` crumb, bread crumbs ' common alb. -g- > -d-. ablaut. krauchen ` duck, slip, crouch, grovel, truckle, creep ', Krauch ` road curve ' (Middle Old High German kriochan ` grovel, truckle, creep ', Modern High German kriechen,

English crouchen, engl. crouch `duck, stoop', is French loanword), Middle Dutch kroke

`staff with crooked handle, grasp' Norwegian dial. krykkia, Old English cryce f., nengl.

krkla, krykla ` crippled tree, invalid creature, osseous fragility '; in addition probably as crutch, Old High German krucka, Middle High German krucke, aschs. krukka ` crutch '

Norwegian krjuka (krauk-) ` shrink up, grovel, truckle, creep ', krka ` crouch, squat ',

`wrinkle, crease ', holl. kreuk ds. (*kruki-), Middle Dutch crooc ` hair lock ' (*krauka-),

close relationship to gr. `crock, pitcher' from * (about Old High German krsel ` crucible, melting pot ' etc. s. Falk-Torp under krus m. addendum) stands to the 2. Labial extensions:
11

kruog), Old English crocc, crocca, Old Norse krukka `pot, pan', therefore certainly also old

Old Saxon krka, Old English crce `crock, pitcher' (compare above Old High German

(Germanic *krukj); perhaps Middle High German krche (Modern High German Krauche),

consideration. About Modern High German Kriechbaum s. Kluge

under Krieche.

beak and the crooked claws), a bird, part of a ship's tackle, or anchor '), nasalized krumb `crooked' (see above S. 387).

curved nose ', ` bend, crook ', , m. ` griffin (Griffin (after the crooked

greugreu-p-: gr. ` hook-nosed, aquiline, hooked, writhed, crooked, humped, with a

, Hes., wherefore probably at first Old English etc. greugreu-b-: here perhaps Scots Gaelic groban `top or point of a hill' (*grubb-); creep ' (`*curve like a worm '), Old English cryppan `bow, bend', Modern High German Old Norse krjpa, Old English cropan, Middle Low German krpen ` grovel, truckle,

Dialectal sich krpfen ` crook oneself ' (Swiss chrpfen `somewhat a bit bend so that it

gets a roundish deepening '), Middle Low German kroppen ` bend crooked ', Norwegian crypel ` cripple ', Middle Low German krpel ds. (holl. kreupel; Middle High German cripple '; Old English cropp ` bundle of berries or flowers, ear, goiter, crop '; with

krypa (*kraupjan) `crook'; Old Norse kryppa f. ` hump, hunchback ', kryppil, Old English

krp(p)el, Modern High German Krppel from Ndd.), zero grade Old English cropel `

German krop `swelling, blister, hunch, outgrowth, crop, Bird's head; trunk, (toter) body', only in latter meaning Old Norse kroppr `trunk'; maybe alb. Geg kryja, Tosc krye ` (round) head ' ` curvature, hill' in Middle Dutch krocht `hill, farmland, field in the dunes ', Old English croft `small field'; with simple b: Old Norse krof n. `trunk, killed animal body ', kryfia ` disembowel '; a *krufta-

expressive intensification: Old High German kropf ` crop, bird's head ', Middle Low

Lithuanian probably grubinti `stagger, stumble', grb(l)as m. `rough bumpiness, hillock'. Middle Low German krse ` chitterlings, belly fat' (`*the frill, ruffle '); with Germanic -aundd. krs ` Intestine of geese ', Middle High German (ge)kroese, Modern High German Old English cras `dainty', West Frisian kreas ` frilly '; Old High German Middle High 3. s- Extension greu-s-: Middle High German Middle Low German krs ` frizzy, curly '; greu-

Gekrse, ndd. krse (*krsi-) `wrinkle, crease, furrow, curl ', holl. kreus ` fold in staves ';

krull ds.; Norwegian Dialectal kruslen, krusken ` frail ', ndd. krusch ` curled ', Middle High German krsp ` frizzy ', Modern High German obd. kraust ` frizzy '. References: WP. I 593 ff., WH. 623, Trautmann 94 f., 97, 99 f. Page(s): 385-390

German krol (-ll-) ` frizzy ' (*kruzl-), Middle High German krol(le), krlle ` curl ', Norwegian

Meaning: to grow; to awake

ger- griRoot / lemma: ger-4, gri-

Material: Old Indic jrate `awakened', j-gar-ti ` wakes', Perf. j-gra, participle j-g-vs`alert, awake, smart, keen, eager', jgrvi- ` attentive, sleepless, alert, awake, smart', v. jarayantm ` the watching one ', Perf. jagra, participle Perf. Akt. jagurvah-, jigurvah- ` awake, watchful, wakeful', Kaus. -garayeiti ` arouses, awakens ', with fra- inchoativ fra-

Middle Persian vgrs `awake', vgrsng ` livener ';

rismn `awakening' (*gr-sk-), Kaus. fra-r-ryeiti, dissimil. fra-r-rayeiti ` awakens', gr. ` awake ' (whether - Adv. *e? compare or in Avestan -garayeiti and
3

above S. 280; different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 648 ), Aor. , , Perf. -- (for -- - compare Old Indic j-gra - with dem from ; Med. (late) --; of Perf. proceed from ` on guard ', ); `watch' to Gr. I 708 );
2

*-- (compare Avestan fra-rt `by awakening '); barely from * (Schwyzer Gr. alb. Tosc ngr (from which ngr), Geg ngri `lift up, arouse, erect, awake, stretch a gun presumably Old Norse karskr, kerskr `fresh, agile, lively', Middle Low German karsch

'(*n-gr-n-i), participle n-grit (*-gr-t-);

`fresh, alert, awake, smart', Alemannian chrzsch. Page(s): 390 References: WP. I 598 f., WH. I 429 f.

Meaning: glowing coals g(e)u-loker() )Root / lemma: g(e)u-lo- : glowing coals derivded from Root / lemma: ker()-3 : to burn Material: With l-suffix: Irish gal `coal' (< *geulo- or *goulo-); Old High German kolo m., also kol n., Middle High German kol n., kol(e) m., kole f., Swiss cholle `gleam'. In addition with r-suffix (or previously reshaped from *gulo- after Armenian hur `fire'): glowing frying pan '. Page(s): 399 Armenian krak `fire, glowing coals' (< *guro-, *gur-), krak-aran `stove, hearth, fireplace, Old Icelandic kol n. ` charcoal ', Old English col m. `coal', engl. coal, Old Frisian kole f., Note:

g(e)u-loRoot / lemma: g(e)u-lo-

References: WP. I 563. other possibilities by W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 479.

Meaning: to sing, to cry

g(i)- g(i)- gRoot / lemma: g(i)- : g(i)- : gNote: onomatopoeic word

Material: Old Indic gyati and gti ` sings', gt- m. and gt- f. ` song', gt- `sung, chanted', gth ` song, verse' = Avestan ga ` song of religious content '; gkat ` groan, croak, caw ' etc.; Old Russian gaju, gajati ` crow, squawk ', russ. gaj m. ` Jackdaw's croaking, clamor',

Latvian dzidu, dzidt `sing'; in addition Lithuanian gstu, gdau, gsti `to sing, begin m. `rooster, cock'.

Baltic *gid in Lithuanian gedu and gestu, giedti `sing, cackle, crow, squawk ',

crow ', gaids m. `rooster, cock', giesm f. `Kirchenlied', Latvian dzisma f. ` song ', galis

Maybe Latin gallus `rooster, cock' : alb. gjel `rooster, cock' (*gi-n-?), Pedersen Tochar. 183, 263. Tocharian A kk, kka ` he shouted ' (redupl., to Old Indic gti), present 3. Pl. kenec

References: WP. I 526 f., Trautmann 76, W. Schulze KZ. 27, 425 = Kl. Schr. 52.

Page(s): 355 gu- u- g- sguRoot / lemma: gu-, gu-, g- (*sgu-) Note:

Meaning: to bend, curl; a kind of vessel

gu- u- gRoot / lemma: gu-, gu-, g- : to bend, curl; a kind of vessel probably derived from Root / (s)keu(s)klemma: (s)keu-2, (s)keu : (s)k- : to cover, wrap pigpen' (Trautmann 145) Phonetic evidence: Middle High German kobe `stall, pigpen, cage, cavity' : klr. ka ` Material: Unextended probably in gou- : g- `hand', see there; further Norwegian kaa ` turn, twist the hay ', Old Norse k ` disturb the peacefulness ' (*kawn); k-beinn ` bowlegged' (*gouo-; Old Irish gu, g `lie, falsity', whether from *gu, here, otherwise to

S. 397.

connect with Latin haud); about gr. , see below S. 398, about see below a. More dental extensions : gud- geudedgudogud-, geud- (occasionally gu-ed-?), before all in Germanic; gudo-m ` intestine '. Old Indic gudm ` intestine '; maked. Hes.;

calf', engl. Dialectal kyte, kite `belly, stomach ' (compare to meaning under qius);

kt ` soft parts in the animal body, roe bag, calf ', holl. kuit (*kt-) and kiete (*keot-) ` roe; Old Frisian kte (*kaut-) `ankle', Middle Low German kte, kte `hoof, talon, the foot

kte also ` Intestine of smaller animals, roe bags; calf; bag, pouch ', Middle Low German

ndd. kt ` intestine ', Modern High German Bavarian ktz ` a part the bowels '; ndd. kt,

joint of horses ', ndd. (and borrowed Modern High German) Kote, Kte ` ankle, shackle of excrements, e.g., from nanny goats, horses ', Middle Dutch cotel, holl. keutel `ds., cone, Norwegian dial. kyta ` hump, hunchback, puffed out fold, hump in an plump body, the horses ', Demin. Middle Low German ktel, Low German Ktel (from *kutil) ` plump

toddler';

sacklike extension of a net ', Swedish dial. kta ` go or run with stooped back ', Modern dial. kutte, kutting ` small squabby knave, boy';

High German kauzen = crouch (` together bend '), geminated Swedish kott(e) `pine cone',

deformation in growth', Swedish dial. `tuber, bulb, hump, hunchback '; Middle High

kz, Modern High German Kauz ` Grube als Gerichtssttte ' (formal = Norwegian dial. kt `

with the concept of the incurvation, cavity: ndd. kte `pit, pothole', Middle High German

German kte `pit, pothole, hole', Modern High German Dialectal Kaute ds. probably from what one carries fish ' (*kauti-) = Middle High German ktze, Modern High German Dialectal Ktze ` woven basket ', Old English cyte `cottage, house, lair ' (y = e) = Ndd.); Norwegian dial. kyta ` degradation in the surface of the earth, pool; the vessel in

kote ` sheds, stable, hut, stall, cottage', Middle Dutch cot, cote ` cave, lair of wild animals, stable, bad hut ', Old English cot `( robber-) cave, house, lair ', Old Norse kot `small cottage', kytia ds.;

hole = schlechte Wohn- oder Liegerstatt: ndd. (and borrowed Modern High German) kot,

Middle Low German etc. kutte ` female pudenda ' (Middle High German kotze `courtesan');

bast basket ' (-eu-), Old English cyt-wer `fish snaring net' with expressive gemination

Norwegian kyta ` wood hut from branches ', compare Modern High German dial. kieze `

also buttocks ', Norwegian Swedish kunt ` Ranzen (from birch bark)'; also Avestan gunda-, gund ` Teigballen '? geuetgutg-t-, geu-t-; about gu-et- see distinctive article; gut-r `throat'. (Plin.) ` thick neck, swellings in the neck '; Maybe alb. gush `neck, throat' in addition as ` sacklike skin growth in the neck ' : Low German kdel ` pouch ', Middle High German kiutel ` dewlap, Unterkinn ', Modern High German Keutel ` fishnet, intestine, swelling, lump, growth'; geut- in Old English cod(a) m. `sack, bag, pouch ', Old High German kiot ds., Middle Latin guttur (*gt, formation as Hittite kuttar); n. (by Plautus m.) ` gullet, throat', guttura

nasalized Old Norse kunta `vulva' from Middle Low German kunte ` female pudenda;

ro-) ` Unterkinn, goitre ';

gut- in Middle Low German koder m., Modern High German dial. Kderl, Goderl (*gut-

maybe alb. kodr ` (round) hill ' ' (*gutsmo-), Norwegian kusma ` parotitis, mumps '; Middle High German kuteln, Modern ndd. koden ds., engl. cud ` cud, the inner gullet from ruminants', Dutch kossem ` Unterkinn

High German Kutteln `Kaldaunen';

maybe alb. (*kuta) shyta ` parotitis, mumps ' `pillow, cushion, testicle'; perhaps Old High German kutti `herd', Modern High German Hittite ku-u-tar (kuttar), Dat. ku-ut-ta-ni (kuttani) n. ` nape, upper arm ' (= Latin guttur, b. guttural extensions; gug `ball'. kogel ds., Modern High German dial. Kogel ` round brow, edge of a hill or cliff ' (Persson Middle High German kugel(e), Modern High German Kugel, Middle Low German holl. with expressive dd: Old English codd m. `husk, pod, sack, bag', Old Icelandic koddi

Kette, Bavarian ktt `troop, multitude, herd of warrantable animal'; see above); kuttanalli ` necklace '.

with kliuwel and Klngel;

Beitr. 113); rhein. Klugel, Krugel after Persson probably previously through amalgamation with gg: Old English cyel, engl. cudgel (*kuggila) `cudgel, club', Old Norse kuggr from

Middle Low German kogge, engl. cog ` wide, ungainly sea ship ';

nengl. chicken, Middle Low German kken, Modern High German Kchlein ` chicken '; `heap, haycock, haystack, dunghill ', Danish kok(k) `heap, haycock, haystack'; mountain '; with Germanic kk: Old High German coccho, Modern High German Dialectal Kocke Lithuanian gug f. ` knop, knob, hump, hunchback, hill', gagaras m. ` summit of a

kitchel ` small cake'; in addition Old Norse kjklingr with ` gosling ', Old English ieen,

kokla (and kogla), kokul ` Fruchtzapfen der Nadelbume '; Old English cyel, nengl. dial.

with Germanic k: isl. kjka ` knuckle '; Norwegian kjka `clump', kokle, kukle `clump',

gg f. `head', ggas m. ` withers of the horse ', probably not from lengthened grade *g[u]-g-; different above Trautmann KZ. 43, 176;

russ. gglja, poln. guga `swelling, blister' (Persson Beitr. 937); but Lithuanian gog,

maybe alb. (*kok) kok f. `top, head' : Lithuanian gg f. `head' and Danish kok(k) `heap, haycock, haystack'; with --: npers. gzak ` ankle ' (?);

of the roast '; similar to

gza, guza `crop, goiter', guzma `heap, hunch ', ga `hip, haunch, loin, club, mace, joint

Lithuanian gas `knag, swelling, blister, craw ', gs `craw ', ga `head', Latvian

Lithuanian: g `head of cabbage' [f ] 2 Lith. accentuation: 1/2/4 Latvian: ga `thigh, ham' [f j]

Proto-Slavic reconstruction: gya

(Old) Church Slavic: RuCS gya `unripe grape' [f j]

West Slavic: Cz. hye `tip of the shin-bone' [f j]; OPl. gia `leg of pig or cattle, ham' [f j] South Slavic: SCr. g (d)a (dial.)`stump of a vine' [f j]; Bulgarian ga `vine, stump of a cut off vine' [f ] Maybe alb. gic `piglet, roast of a pig?' a bone in the shinbone ' (also Church Slavic gya vinnaja ` grapevine ', serb. gida ds. as Old Czech h `hip, haunch, thigh', poln. gia, giza ` capitulum, head of a bone, end of

with Baltic (gun-) g- as guns, gs ` crop by birds, head of the femur ' etc.; s. Mhlenbach-Endzelin Latvian-D. Wb. I 685, 687;

itself also with guz = gz- attachable words (see *geng-); ambiguous are also the words *geng-

hunch ', guza ` buttocks ', sloven. gza ` buttocks, hunch ', as partly probably also other, in

`knag, gnarl of a plant'); probably here as to *geng- (see there), poln. guz `swelling, blister, *geng-

with guza etc. stand in connection, in anlaut. k- but one with Avestan fra-, apa-kava- ` in prerequisite;

besides Latvian gza, guzma stand kuza `heap', kuzma ` crop of chickens ', the formant

the front, behind with a hump ' and the family qeu- `bend, curve ' are coherent word to the about that from Slavic guz- not certainly to separative gz- see below geng-. gengc. Labial extensions; gup ` burrow '. ` vulture' (from the crooked beak or the crooked claws, as to ` Maybe alb. (*gupos) gjyp ` vulture' Gr. ` earth hollow, cave, hiding place, nook, hideaway, vulture's nest ' (Hes.); ,

writhed, crooked, humped ');

German kobe `stall, pigpen, cage, cavity', Modern High German Koben ` small, miserable room or edifice, building, pigpen' (in addition Middle High German kobolt, Modern High
11

Old High German chubisi ` a hut, cot, cottage of shepherds, peasants ', Middle High

annex '; Middle High German Modern High German Kober `basket'; holl. kub, kubbe `fish

meaning `hole in the earth as residential pit', actually ` arch, curvature ', ndd. Kbbung `

(out of it Old Norse kofi ` chamber, cell '), westfl. kffe (*kufj) ` miserable cottage'; basic

German Kobold, z.B. Kluge

315), Old English cofa (engl. cove) ` chamber, hideout, cave'

or cliff ', Modern High German Bavarian-allem. Kofel, Kobel, Gufel, rtorom. cvel, Italian on the ground of Grat 322) and Old High German miluh-chubil ` milk tub ', Middle High Old Norse kfr ` round cusp, peak, heap', Maybe alb. kufi ` boder, edge ' Norwegian kven `roundish, arched' (therefrom Norwegian kuva, kyva `round off, make blunt, dull', compare also Swedish kuffa `soften, bump, poke = ndd. kuffen `bump, poke,

'; whereas derive Middle High German kobel n. ` rock canyon ', kofel ` brow, edge of a hill

snaring net'; Middle High German kobel m. ` (arched) box, narrow miserable house, stable

cvolo ` cave, Felswand ' from Latin *cubulum (to cubre) ` Lagersttte des Viehs ' (Zinsli,

German kbel, Modern High German Kbel probably from Middle Latin cupellus;

slap'), holl. kuif (Middle Dutch *cve) ` plume, tuft, shock of hair, crest, treetop ' (compare the birds ' from Old High German *kba, probably from the rom. family of cpa, also Old from Latin cpa ` tub '); English cyf `barrel, vat, cask', Old Saxon kvn `barrel, vat, cask', compare French cuve Maybe alb. Tosc kuvli ` box ' Icelandic kobbi m. ` seal ', Bavarian koppen ` tangled crown of a conifer ', engl. cub ` Germanic *kubb-: west Flemish kobbe ` Federhschel, buschiges aar, Hutkopf ', Old

in similar meaning frhModern High German Kaupe ` plume, actually, crest, on the head of

young animal ', cob `round clump, head, spider', presumably also isl. kubbur, kubbi `clot, chunk, stump' (in addition Swedish isl. Norwegian kubba ` cavitate '); Germanic *kp-: Norwegian dial. kp ` hump, hunchback ', Swedish kupa ` half-

spherical case, beehive ' ; Swedish kypa `round vessel from straw', ndd. kpe ` big pannier ablaut Norwegian dial. kaup ` wooden jar ', kaupa `tuber, bulb'; ', engl. dial. kipe (Old English *cype) ` plaited fish snaring net, basket'; changing through

(actually md.) Koppe ` crest of the birds ', Koppe, Kuppe, `round mountain top ', Middle intensification Old High German chuppha ds., Middle High German kupfe, kuffe, gupfe ds., substitution for roman. c-; Old Norse koppr `head, vessel, Helmknopf, eye socket ' is High German kuppe, Old High German chuppa ` headpiece ' (with expressive

goblet' (Middle English also `head), cupp m., cuppe f. `goblet', Modern High German

whereas derive probably from Latin cuppa f. `goblet': Old English copp m. ` acme, apex,

gupf, gupfe m. ` summit of a mountain, point of the tower ', wherein g- probably

Old High German kopf, chuph `goblet', Middle High German kopf `drinking vessel, capitis), Modern High German Kopf.

loanword from Middle Low German kopp); Old Frisian Middle Low German kopp `goblet', cranium, head' (similarly rom. testa `head' from Latin testa `shard, bowl', Middle Latin testa Nasalized Germanic *kumb-: Old English cumb (engl. coomb) ` paten ' (in the meaning

kumpf `vessel, cup ', Modern High German Kumpf.

(from *kumb- with consonant-sharpening) Middle Low German kump, Middle High German In addition perhaps npers. gumbed ` bulge, cupola, goblet'; gumba `swelling, lump, growth'; further presumably Lithuanian gumbas m. ` bulge, swelling, lump, growth, knag'; Latvian Old Church Slavic gba ` sponge, fungus ', Serbo-Croatian gba ` sponge, leprosy ',

tub, paten ', Modern High German Kumme `deep bowl', Swiss chumme ` cistern '; *kump-

`valley' from abrit. *kumbo-s `valley'), Middle Low German kumm(e) f. `round, deep vessel,

sloven. gba ` sponge, fungus ', gbec m. `muzzle', ch. hba ` sponge ', newer before, the meaning `muzzle' is everywhere newer.

`muzzle, lip', russ. gub ` tree-fungus '; besides gba `lip'; in Slavic lies intonation change Under a basic meaning `save, store' was connected with Modern High German Koben d. With l-suffixes; geu-lo-s `round vessel'. geu-logulik ` ball, globule, sphere ' (or as g l- to *gel- ` clench '); Armenian kalum `I take, catch' (*gu l);
e e

Avestan gufra- `deep; mysterious, wonderful ', ostensibly originally `sunk in a pit '?

Old Indic gla- `ball', gl, glam ` ball, round water jug'; perhaps Old Indic gula-, gul,

below *gol- `lie'); *gol-

gr. ` long-shaped wallet, hedgehog ' (also -? s. gong-; about see gong-

 ` put into the palm of the hand, put into the hand ' (compare to latter under *gou-) can also as *- derive from the s-extension *g(e)u-s-; Latin vola f. ` the hollow of the hand, the palm, or of the foot, the sole ' (*gu-el);

gr. ` cubical stone ', later `gorge, ravine, gulch', meg. ` drinking cup ',

Old Indic gla-), Old High German kiulla ` pouch '; Old English cyll(e) `hose, vessel',

(the newer meaning `keel' through influence of Old Norse kjlr `keel'; Germanic *keula- = borrowed from Latin culleus; from which Finnish keula ` wheel of the prow ', Old Norse kyll m. `sack, bag, pouch ' (Dutch kuil ` the middle, sacklike part of a net ' but after Franckvan Middle High German kiule, Modern High German Keule (proto Germanic *kln-) `stick Wijk Wb. 356 from Old Dutch kuidel from the t-extension the root); Old High German kli,

Old High German kiol, Old English col, Old Norse kjll m. `(*roundish) vehicle, ship'

with a thick spherical end', Middle Low German kle `club, mace, joint, clavate vessel,

testicle, swelling, lump, growth, polliwog; (konkav:) `pit, pothole, cave' (latter meaning also in Middle High German kle, Modern High German (md.) kaule and Old Swedish kla), High German Kaulquappe (of spherical appearance), Old Norse kla `swelling, blister, into a ball' (: gr. Hes. with coloring of the meaning Middle High German kle, Modern High German Kaule `ball, spherical object ', Modern ball'; Modern High German Dialectal kulle `ball, pulley, roller ', kullern, kollern `roll, make round?); presumably also Old Norse kollr m. ` rounded acme, apex, head', Middle Low

German kol, kolle m. ` head, uppermost part of plants ', Modern High German kllbock and goat; billy goat '; Norwegian kyla (*kaulin) `gully, canal'. e. With n-suffix; gou-no-m ` curled, arched '. gou-noetc.); Avestan gaona- n. `hair (esp. the animal); (hair)farbe' (compare above Lithuanian gaura (zero grade) kielbock ` hornless he-goat; billy goat ', compare alb. tsjap gul ` hornless he-

mandible, lower jaw bone ', nld. koon `cheek' (*kaun); in addition Gothic kuna-wida `manacle' (`crooked rope', to Old High German widi `rope'). f. With r-suffixes; geu-ro-s, gou-ro-s, g-ro-s, gur-no-s. geu-ro- gou-ro- g-ro- gur-no-

particularly Germanic formation Old Norse kaun n. `swelling, blister', mnl. coon f. ` jaw,

kur, Gen. kri `boat, barge', also `Becken, paten, Pfanne'; kray (*grti-) `turtle, tortoise'; o-

Armenian kun Gen., kan `back' (= Lithuanian gurnas), kr-ukn, Gen. krkan `calcaneus ',

`canal', koriz `swelling, lump, growth; kernel, seed ';

grade kor (*gou-ero- or - ro-) ` writhed, crooked, humped, bent, curved; inverted ', kori gr. ` round, veer ', ` roundness, circle, round pit, pothole', `curve ',
e

Kaulquappe, see above);

or ` polliwog ' (as Middle Low German k-le, Modern High German

Middle Irish gaire `hair' (originally `* curly hair', compare:) nir. guairnen `whirlwind'; *gou-ro-; besides Germanic *kau-ara- in:) Old Norse krr m. `frizzy curl ', kri ` the gust of keuru ` arched '; with (compare and the included Armenian words) Norwegian Norwegian kaure `frizzy curl (esp. from wool)', kaur ` curled wave ' (Indo Germanic

wind curling the water ', Norwegian kre ` shavings '; with -eu- Germanic loanword Finnish

kauern; with application of coagulation of the milk Norwegian kjre (*keuran-) ` cheese in ', kaara (*kauarn) ` curdle, coagulate, harden, become caseous ' (doubtful whereas `wheys');

kra ` squat; rest', Middle Low German kren `waylay (for the hunt)', Modern High German

the first state ', kr (*kra-) `ds., coagulated milk', kyr (*kauri-) ` cheese mass of sour milk sloven. etc. r `wheys' because of the indicating additional form sloven. zra, zra maybe alb. hirra `whey'); `pubic hair' (compare above Avestan gaona- n. `hair'); Lithuanian gurnas m. `hip, haunch, grinti, groti ` get writhed, crooked, humped ', Latvian grties, gurties ` loll oneself, stretch oneself'; Lithuanian klno gras m. ` mountain projection '; serb. gra f. ` hunch ', griti se ` shrink up, crook'; if here Serbo-Croatian riti se ` hurry Lithuanian garas m., mostly Pl. gaura ` hair in the body, flax fiber ', Latvian gauri m. Pl.

ankle ', Latvian grus ` hip, fork in the spinning wheel ' (= Armenian kun); Lithuanian

'?; s. also under eu- ` expedite, hurry'; also Bulgarian grkam, grn ` dive in the water eu'?; the intonation required *gur or *gou r (compare above Old Norse krr etc.). maybe alb. gurra `rapid' g. With s-suffixes: npers. g ` angle, point, edge'; Krummholz und Scharbaum noch aus einem Stck bestanden ' (s-suffix doubtful), gr. ` the crooked piece of wood in a plow ', ` Pflug, an dem
e

wherefore ` piece of wood as field measure ' (*[]-, but also *F- possible); body ';

gr. ` limb, the feet, womb, hands, the hand, (so prob. as device on signet); the whole

maybe alb. gji `womb' gr. `lap', ` lame ', from which ` lame ' (Grdf. *-; or F-? ders. doubt by , see above), `crooked, bent outwards, writhed humped (from legs)', ` to be bent ' (but Hes. perhaps Gaelic, to Old crooked, humped ', yet is also difficult, because an ablaut *gu- : gu- in spite of the

Irish gu `lie, falsity'?) can have preserved after other Adj. in - for ` stooped, writhed, frequent grade *g- stands not certainly; unclear hom. ` with a limb at each end, double-pointed, or bending both ways, elastic', epithet of spear, and ` he that halts in both feet, the lame one ', epithet of Hephaistos; maybe also alb. gnjej `lie' Norwegian dial. ks ` hump, hunchback '; Swedish kusa `pudenda'; Old Norse kjss f. ` `point, edge of a poke ' , Norwegian kysa (*keusin-) and kysa (*kausin-) ` crest, bonnet, cowl '. References: WP. I 555 ff., WH. I 112 f., 311, 629, 852, Trautmann 80, 100 f. Page(s): 393-398 pouch ', kjss m. `bay, cavity', far. kjs f. `craw ', Swedish kjusa ` valley gulch ', kjus Middle Low German nnd. kse ` stump, club, mace, joint; grinder, molar tooth ',

Meaning: bifurcation

ghab (o)loRoot / lemma: gha (o)lo-, -l

h

Material: Old Irish Middle Irish gabul `forked bough, fork; fork point the thighs, vulva', cymr. gafl ` fork; thigh fork, vulva', abret. Plur. gablau ` fork ', nbret. gavl, gaol ` bifurcation ' (with -umlaut from a to e acymr. gebel ` a mattock, pickaxe ', cymr. gefail [--stem] `pliers', bret.

gevel m., acorn. geuel-hoern gl. A pair of snuffers), (gall-)Latin gabalus ` cross, gallows '; separates gallorom. gabalus `spear, javelin' (older `*fork'), places that in *gab-lakkos
h

the brit. forms prove a Celtic *gablo-; the medial a in gabalus is probably Latin; v. Wartburg `spear, javelin' (cymr. gaflach ds.), from gabulum ` gallows ', but u in Old Irish gabul

(*ghab lo-) is only epenthesis;

geafel f. ds.; Old Icelandic gaflak, Old English gafeluc ` light spear, lance' derive from an Old Irish *gablach; here probably the PN Illyrian Gabuleo, Venetic -. References: WP. I 533 f., WH. I 575, Krahe Wrzb. Jahrbcher 1, 215. Page(s): 409

Old High German gabala `fork', Middle Low German gaffel(e) f., Old English gafol,

Meaning: to grab, take ghab geleb( glb( Root / lemma: gha - : `to grab, take' derived from the extended labials: geleb(h)-, glb(h)(: glb(h)-) and gleb(h)- (:glb(h)-) of Root / lemma: gel-1 : `to curl; round' [see above]. glb b( gleb( gel: Note: with -forms durative ` have on, wear, hold on, possess, adhere to ', could be onomatopoeic words (imitation of of snatch sound), what would explain the frequent
h 2 h

ghab Root / lemma: gha Note:

h

coincidence with the synonymous roots qagh- and qap- (compare also Vendryes MSL. 18, qaghqap (against it Reichelt KZ. 46, 339, WP. I 344, WH. I 159), so that its root must be assumed Material: Old Indic gbhasti- m. ` forearm, hand';
h

310); on the other hand place EM 150 for qap- (also also for ghab -) put a vocalism : :

as ghb - and Old Indic gbhasti- `hand' then was to be kept away.

somebody for anything; to be due to do a thing, be morally bound to or be bound by logic or necessity or law to; to have to pay because of fate, to be destined to give, have to ' (*d-habe), praebe ` to offer, hold out; to provide, supply, allow; bestow; with reflex. to present or show oneself in a certain character, behave as ' (older prae-hibe = Umbrian a bridle, reins ', habilis ` easily managed, handy; suitable, fit, convenient ', etc.; pre-habia, pre-hubia ` to hold forth, reach out, proffer, offer, tender '), hab-n f. ` a strap;

Latin habe, -re `hold, possess, have', etc.; dbe ` to owe, to be indebted to

Maybe abbreviated alb. (*habe, kapem) kam `hold, possess, have' similar to poln. jestem `I am' : alb. jam `I am', common alb. h- > k- ; -b- > -mb- > -m-s found in corn. caf(f)os, cafes, Middle Breton caf(f)out, bret. kavout `have'. Note: Also zero grade in alb. preterite (ha)pata `I held, possessed, had'

influence of Latin capi : cp; different EM 442) in Konj. Perf. hipid, Fut. exakt. hipust ` will hold, possess, have '; Umbrian habe ` have, hold, support, carry, wear ', Imper. habitu, habetu ` have, hold,
2

support, carry, wear ' (*ghab -), in addition Prter. stem hip- (*ghp-, probably through
h

Oscan io-inflection: haf[ar] ` have, hold, support, carry, wear ', hafiest ` have, hold,

(*habi) and sub-ahtu, subotu ` send different ways, send out, send forth, send about, 172 ff., v. Blumenthal, Iguv. Taf. 66 ;
2

support, carry, wear ' (*hab-) besides habiest `they have, hold, support, carry, wear '

scatter, distribute ' (*sub-hab-td), etc.; to Umbrian -b- compare Devoto, Tabulae Iguvinae

Maybe alb. Tosc (*(h)ap) jap, Geg ep (nasalized) nep ` give ' : Old High German geban `give'. Old Irish gaibid ` takes, seizes etc.', later also ` attains, gets ' (*ghab(h)-i-ti), verbal noun

gabal f. (Celtic *gabagl, the ending probably attributed to *kagl, cymr. cael ` attainment '; see below qagh- `catch') ` the taking ' = cymr. gafael ` the holding on ' (f = v), corn. gavel f. qagh` the holds, the seizing ', abret. an-gabol ` the grabbing, resumption '; otherwise mostly in

Brit. beginning k (attributed to qagh-): mcymr. and cymr. caffael ` attainment ' (besides caf(f)os, cafes, Middle Breton caf(f)out, bret. kavout `have'; habre s. Pedersen KG. II 532;

cael, see above); das ff derives from the s-subjunctive (v + h > f); with other suffix corn. about the striking congruities Irish compounds with gaib- with Latin compositions of here also gallorom. *gabella ` fascicle, sheaf, bunch, bundle ' from gall. *gabagl;

giving ones ', GN Fria-gabis ` dear giver '; about den GN Garman-gabis s. Gutenbrunner Germanic God's names 90 ff.; Gothic PN Gaf-ildo, Old High German Gab-ward; Germanic neologism (as replacement for d- `give') is Gothic giban (Prter. gaf, Pl.

High German gbe `give'; in addition also the Germanic matron's name Ala-gabiae ` the all

generous, pleasant, helpful ' (Germanic *gbiz), Middle High German gbe ds., Modern

f. ` richness ', kepic `rich', Old English giefig, Old Icelandic gfugr ds.; gfa f. `luck', gfr `

Gothic gabei f. ` richness ' (*ghab ), gab(e)igs `rich' (*ghab ko-), Old High German kepi
h h

English giefan, Old High German geban etc. `give'; Gothic giba f., Old Icelandic gjf, Old English giefu, Old High German geba f. `gift'; after Kretschmer Gl. 19, 208 derives the

gebum), Old Icelandic gefa (Proto Norse 1. Sg. present gifu, 3. Sg. Prter. gaf), Old

vowel of Germanic *ean of contrasted neman `take'; Old High German PN Gibicho, Old Icelandic Gjki; Germanic *kaisi f. in Old English cefes, cyfes ` bondmaid, concubine ', Old High
h

back (doubtful) to a Indo Germanic additional form *gab -;

German kebisa ` concubine, mistress ', besides Old Norse kefser m. `captive', would lead Lithuanian gbana, gaban f. ` armful, armload (hay)'; besides gaben, gabnti ` take

', gbis m. `greed, lust', dial. gubti ` snatch ', etc.;

talented ', geb, gebti ` to be able, be used to, be accustomed to '; with : gobs ` greedy Slavic (originally iterative) *gabaj, *gabati in poln. gaba ` assail, gripe ', wruss. hab `

away ', Prter. dial. at-gbau ` has brought ' (compare Latin capi: cpi), gabs ` gifted,

take, gripe ', etc.; Old Church Slavic gobino `fullness, wealth', gobz `rich' are Germanic grasp, catch' etc. s. Machek Slavia 16, 178, 208 ff. Page(s): 407-409 loanword About the expressive character of ch- in russ. chbit `grab quickly ', chopt `

References: References: WP. I 344 f., WH. I 158 ff., 630 f., Trautmann 74, Feist 175 f., 214.

Meaning: goat fdus);

ghaidohaidoRoot / lemma: ghaido- or haido-

Material: Latin haedus, - m. ` a young goat, a kid ' from *ghaidos (dialect (h)dus, faedus, Maybe abbreviated alb. (*heida) dhija ` a goat' common alb. h- > d- ; -d- > -j-s. English gt f., Old Saxon get f. (consonant stem) `goat', originally used for both genders. From *ghaido- derived *ghaidnos: Latin haednus ` of a kid ', Old English gten, Old Gothic gaits and Old High German geiz f., Old Icelandic geit f., Old Swedish gt, f., Old

geizn n. ` he-goat; billy goat '.

High German geizn ` of or pertaining to goats ', Gothic gaitein n. ` kid ', Old High German Old High German ziga, wherefore Old English ticcen and Old High German zicchn with
h

hypocoristic consonant stretch, is not ` through causing taboo Lautumstellung' from Indo *digia, Armenian tik `hose (from goatskin)' to stellen.

Germanic *ghid s originated, rather as Auslautsdublette to gr. . (Hes.) < Da alb. qith `kid', Middle Irish cit `sheep', Old Norse ki `Tierjunges', Old High German

kizzi(n), chizzi n. (Germanic *kittna) ` caressing alteration ' are from ghaido-, is a

unnecessary assumption. Rather the named words are directly an enticing (or frightening) languages and dialects. Page(s): 409-410 shout, call, as kitz, gitz, hitz, hetz usf. is attested to have evolved from most different

References: WP. I 527 f., WH. I 632, 868.

lemma: ghaisRoot / lemma: ghaisMeaning: to stick to Material: Latin haere, -re, haes, haesum ` to hang or hold fast, to hang, stick, cleave, cling, adhere, be fixed, sit fast, remain close to any thing or in any manner; to hold fast, remain attached or fixed, to keep firm, adhere; to hold fast, remain attached or fixed, to Maybe alb. nasalized (*gher-) nder ` hang, hesitate ' common alb. gh- > d-. `while, spend time, destroy'. Page(s): 410 presumably to Lithuanian gait, -a, gati `purl, border, hesitate, dwindle ', gainti keep firm, adhere ' (*ghaisei), haesitre `hesitate',

References: WP. I 528, WH. I 632.

Meaning: curly or wavy hair Note:

ghait- esRoot / lemma: ghait-, -es-

Material: Von *ghait-[e]s- from: Avestan gasa- m. ` curly hair, curls ',

rat's hairy tail ';

npers. gs ` droopy hair, curls ', Avestan gasu- `frizzy haired, curly haired; (from camel:) gr. ` loose, flowing hair, used esp. of back hair, of a horse's mane, of a lion's

Reduplicated laryngeal in - a e- > Avestan -ae1 2

mane, of a hedgehog's spines, crest of a helmet, of trees, foliage, of human hair '; in addition probably the maked. PN ; Middle Irish gaset f. (from *ghait-s-) `stiff hair, bristle'. Page(s): 410 References: WP. I 529.

Root / lemma: ghauoMeaning: false Material: Latin haud Concept of negation `not', maybe from *huidom > *hudom (> haud as nihilum > nihil), neutr. adjective ` incorrect (it would be)'; Old Irish gu, go, g f. ` the inaccurate, lie, falsity', g-forcell ` wrong testimonial ',

mcymr. geu, ncymr. gau ` incorrect ', Subst. `lie, falsity', corn. gow m. ds., bret. gaou ds.; derived mcymr. geuawc, ncymr. euog `culpable'. Quite zweifelhafte equation. If Celtic forms must be assumed with u, they could go

ZceltPh. 11, 19, to meaning Frisk Gteborgs Hgsk. Arsskr. 41 (1935), 3. Abt., S. 11. Page(s): 414 References: WP. I 530, WH. I 636 f., 869.

back to Indo Germanic *gu- (to geu- `bend', S. 393). compare to vocalism Pokorny

gha, ghe, Root / lemma: gha gha ghe ghe ghi ghi Meaning: to cackle (of geese) possible. hansNote: (compare hans- `goose '). Sowohl Urverwandtschaft as newer creation are Material: Old Irish gigren, giugrann `goose ', cymr. gwyrain ` Red Grouse, wild chicken ' gwaz `goose ' (*gigd because of Middle Irish Gen. goid), to d-forms compare Old expressive alb. gogsnj ` belch, burp ' (, G. Meyer Wb. 126); High German Ggag, Ggag for `goose '), Old High German gackizn, gackazzen ` Middle High German ggen, ggern (also ggen) ` shout, cackle like a goose ' (Modern

(basic form seems *gigur . . . ??); Middle Irish gd, cymr. gwydd, acorn. guit, bret. goaz,

English ganot under *hans- `goose ';

mutter, mumble, speak in a low tone; bleat, as a he-goat, shout ', Modern High German

chitchat, talk, snicker, laugh shakingly ', mnl. gagelen, Middle English gagelin, nengl.

gacksen, gatzen, gackern, Tirol etc. gaggezen, Swiss gaggelen, gagelen ` gaggle, cackle,

gaggle ` gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker '; similarly Old High German gickazzen,

Middle High German giksen, gksen, Modern High German gicksen ` blurt fine inarticulate

` deride ';

tones ' (i depicting not real Ablaut, but the higher tone); Old Icelandic gaga and nisl. gagga

geg `cuckoo'); Latvian ggt ` shout like goose ', gga ` kind of duck ', ggars `goose ' (Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 74 f.); Maybe alb. expressive gogsinj `burp, belch, yawn' (*gha-ghans) `*onomatopoeic cry of geg `Albanians (neighbouring the Slavs) *stutterers ', geg ` North Albanian speech (according to Slavs) unknown speech ' Note:

Lithuanian gag, -ti ` chatter ', gag `eider', gagnas `jabberer' (somewhat similarly

goose', gaga `stutterer', gugue `dove kind ' (Slavic origin) also alb. ga ga `cry of goose' :

hanRoot / lemma: han-s- : `goose'.

From Root / lemma: gha gha ghe ghe ghi ghi : `to cackle (of geese)' derived the new gha, ghe, Maybe alb. pr-gjigjem, Geg gjegj `answer' neigh ', Czech old hohtati `howl', poln. gogota `glucken', Upper Sorbian gagota, gigota (because of g instead of h newer sound imitation) ` chatter '; russ. ggat ` chatter, from geese ', gga `eider duck', gagra ` aquanaut ' etc. In bird's names except not named here: Old Icelandic gagl ` greylag goose '; gegalis ` aquanaut ', See N Gaygelith; Lithuanian gagalas ` drake, male duck ', Latvian gaigale ` a gull kind ', Old Prussian russ. ggol ` common goldeneye, Golden Eye ', poln. gogo, ggo ` European russ. gogott ` gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker, chatter; laugh loudly ', Dialectal `

goldeneye ', old gogolica ` a coot, a water-fowl ' (Berneker 318). Maybe alb. gogol `ghost' Page(s): 407 References: WP. I 526, Trautmann 74 f.

Meaning: weathercock; head

gheb elloRoot / lemma: ghe -el-, - l-, -loe

h

unclear Hes.; compare in addition Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 70 f., Pisani RIEtBalk. 1937, 15 ff.;

Material: Gr. ` head, end, acme, apex ', maked. , , PN ;

Middle High German gebel `cranium';

point of an island '; Old High German gibil m. ` gable, pole of the earth '; gibilla f., gebal m., Tocharian A pl- `head' (: gr. ), Instr. plyo-.

Gothic gibla m. ` gable, pinnacle', changing through ablaut Old Norse gafl m. ` gable;

Page(s): 423

References: WP. I 571, Feist 214, W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 252, 261.

Meaning: to join, make a bond clasps ' (from sexual union);

ghed ghod Root / lemma: ghe -, gho h h

Material: Old Indic gdhya- ` stick firmly '; -gadhita- ` clipped, clinged ', pri-gadhita- ` Old Frisian gadia `unite ', Middle Low German gaden (*gadn) ` suit, please, be married

', Old High German bigatn, Middle High German gaten, gegaten intr. ` gather, so that it High German gi-gat ` fitting', Old Saxon gi-gado ` ilk ', Old English (ge)gada `comrade,

fits ', trans. ` Gleiches zu Gleichem gesellen, zusammenbringen ', refl. ` sich fgen ', Old husband ', Modern High German Gatte; Gothic gadiliggs ` cousin ', Old Saxon gaduling

`together', Old Frisian gadur, Middle Low German gader, Middle High German gater ds.,

`kinsman, relative, cousin, journeyman '; Old English geador, t gdere (engl. together)

`kinsman, relative', Old English gdeling `comrade', Old High German gatulinc, gatilinc

Low German gad(d)eren ds., Middle High German vergatern `be united, merge ', Modern

Old English gadrian, gd(e)rian (engl. gather) `gather, collect', Old Frisian gaderia, Middle

High German Gatter (umgelautet Middle High German geter, Modern High German Gitter), Old Swedish gadder, Middle Low German gaddere ` Gitter '; with lengthened grade: Gothic gs, Old Icelandic gr, Old English gd, Old High

High German vergattern ds.; in addition presumably also Old High German gataro, Modern

German guot, Modern High German gut (Germanic *ga- ` fitting'); Old Icelandic ga ` gut machen ' etc. Old Church Slavic god `time, right time', godina `', godn `compliant', russ.

gdnyj ` suitable ', Old Church Slavic u-goditi ` please ',

maybe alb. Geg godit `strike (chime?)', goditun ` suitable ' advantage', Old Church Slavic negodovati ` be undisposed ', iter. Old Church Slavic russ.-Church Slavic goditi ds., Church Slavic ugoda ` satisfaction ', russ. vgoda `benefit,

loanword Lithuanian gdas ` association ', gdytis ` occur, meet ' among others). courteousness; festivity, feast '; probably from borrowed Russ.;

ugodo, ugoditi ` it make right, please ' (etc., Berneker 317 f., where also about poln. In addition perhaps Lithuanian dial. gudas, Latvian gods `honour, fame; decorum, whereas are Latvian gds, sagds ` stock, acquired property ', gdt `care, worry'

Tocharian 172.

kcc- ` rejoice ' (compare above Middle Low German gaden ` please '); different Pedersen

here (compare Van Windekens Lexique 32) Tocharian AB ktk-, is softened A kck-,

Page(s): Page(s): 423-424

ghendSee also: see also under ghend-.

References: WP. I 531 ff., Trautmann 74, Feist 218.

ghedRoot / lemma: ghed-

Meaning: to defecate; hole

Material: Old Indic hadati, hadate `defecates', Avestan zaah- m. `rump'; Armenian jet (o-stem) `tail (of animals)'; gr. ` defecate ', Perf. ; `rump'; Phrygian (leg. ?);

stained, smeared ', Geg ndishem `hideous'; common alb. gh- > d-.

alb. dhjes ` defecate ', ndjete `hideous, disgusting', fem. `repugnance'; ndotem ` be

the bottom '), Old Frisian jet n. `hole, aperture ', Old Saxon gat `hole', Middle Low German also `anus', ndd. Kattegat ` Katzenloch '. Page(s): 423 References: WP. I 571 f.

Old Norse gat n. `hole, aperture ', Old English geat ` door, aperture ' (out of it nir. gead `

gheghRoot / lemma: ghegh-

Meaning: to curve, bend

Material: Material: Armenian gog `cavity, lap, bosom, belly' etc., as adjective `hollow, concave', gogem `hollow out'; gugem (*ghgh-) ` hug, embrace, hold tight, care'; Norwegian gagr ` crooked back ', Old Icelandic gag-hals `with neck crooked backward ', Lithuanian ggas m. ` withers of horse '. Page(s): 424 References: WP. I 570, Lidn Armen. Stud. 93 f.

ablaut. ggiask `be stretched ', etc.;

gheid Root / lemma: ghei Meaning: to yearn for Material: Old Irish gall = cymr. gwystl, acorn. guistel ` captive ', bret. goestl `pay, caution', gall. in Congeistlus MN. (cymr. cyngwystl ` commitment ') = Old High German gsal, Modern High German Geisel, Old English gsel, Old Icelandic gsl ds.; the precise
h

concordance between Germanic and Celtic speaks perhaps for borrowing on the part of

Gs-wulf, Old High German Gsi-ulf, compare Middle Low German gse ` captive'.

Germanic; Gothic PN Gsla-mun-dus; besides without l: Gothic PN Anda-gs, Old English With ablaut here Irish gell ` sacrifice, pledge, deposit ' (*ghistlo-), whereof the verb Old

Irish gell-, gill- `to pledge, promise' (3. Sg. Konj. gellaid, 3. Pl. Fut. gillfit), with ad- ` swear, vow, promise ' etc.; from gall ` captive' derives the verb giall-, gill- ` serve, obey ', e.g. 3. Sg. giallaid, Fut. 3. Pl. gillfit. Old High German Middle High German gt ` covetousness, greed, avarice ', Old High

Old English gtsian `lust, crave', gtsung ` greed ';

gadas ` violent wish, desire', dial. gdis ` greedy '; lett, gidu, gidt `wait, hold on' sie warten ', sengijdi ` he attains ', sengidaut `erlangen'; `wait, hold on'.

Lithuanian geidi gesti `lust, crave, long, want, wish', geiduju, -ti `wish, long, want',

(originally iterative), gaida ` expectation ', dzdris (?) ` thirst '; Old Prussian gidi, giide ` Old Church Slavic id, dati (thereafter also d) `wait, hold on'; russ. du, dt

See also: compare gheih-

References: WP. I 553, Trautmann 82, Pokorny Urillyrier 56 WH. I 576, 632, 641.
1

d e er g

greedy, avaricious ' (from latter z from Middle High German gze, German Geiz `

German gtag ` greedy, avaricious, stingy', Middle High German gten and gt(e)sen ` be

'),

Page(s): 426-427 gheid Root / lemma: ghei Meaning: to wish for Note: only Aryan and Slavic
h

anxiousness, concupiscence, solicitousness ', Avestan gra- ds.; Slavic *ildi ` demand ' in:

grdhnu- ` greedy ', grdhra- ` greedy; vulture', gardha- (= Old Church Slavic glad) m. `

Material: Old Indic grdhyati `is greedy, demands violently' (= serb.-Church Slavic ld),

require, expect ', Serbo-Croatian dm, djeti `long, want, long for, yearn for '; Slavic *galda- m. `hunger' in: (Gen. goda). Page(s): 434

serb.-Church Slavic ld, ldti ` long for, ask, demand, call for, wish for, desire,

Old Church Slavic glad, Serbo-Croatian gld (Gen. glda); Czech hlad; russ. god

References: WP. I 633, Trautmann 87 f.

Meaning: to yearn for

gheih Root / lemma: gheih-

gheid Note: (see also that similar to ghei -)??

h

Material: Old Indic jh- only in jhamna- ` glmend, den Mund aufsperrend, klaffend, lechzend '; perhaps secondary to jht, S. 418; Gothic faihu-geigan `lust, crave', ga-geigan ` gain ', nasalized Old High German gingn

to hei-gh-, above S. 421.

`after etwas verlangen', gingo `das Verlangen'; after Wissmann Nom. postverb. 41 though Lithuanian pmaud giti ` hold a grudge, nurse a grievance ', gieios ` long, want

violently ', pagiti ` ask for revenge ', pagie ` thirst for revenge '; whether Lithuanian giti, pa-giti intr. ` im Halse kratzen ' would be with it. References: WP. I 552; different Feist 136 f.

Page(s): 427

gheisheizRoot / lemma: gheis- and heiz-d-

Meaning: confused, shocked

Note: original resemblance with hei-, hei-s- in Old Indic hinti etc. is very probably Material: Avestan zaa- `gruesome'

Note: zinu- ` frightening, shuddering, shaking together (before frost)', zizdit ` of the Reduplicated laryngeal in - a e- > Avestan -ae1 2

heiz-d-);

ghastliest, most hideous ones ' (Superl. to a verb *zid- ` make shudder '; see below Gothic us-geisnan ` erschrecken (intr.), auer Fassung geraten ', Kaus. us-gaisjan `

erschrecken (tr.), auer Fassung bringen ' (but Old Icelandic geisa ` hervordringen, heranstrmen ' from *ga-eisa); Old Icelandic geiski n. ` fear, horror '.

angry '; Avestan zidita- (see above);

below hi- ` yawn '), hati ` excited, aroused, aggrieved ', Med. `is excited, aroused, Old High German geist (= Old Indic ha-) m., Old Saxon gst, Old English gst

ha- m., ha n. `anger' (here also hlat ` is improvident ', hlayati ` deride ', see

root form heiz-d -: Old Indic h- `be angry with' (hant-, hamna-, Perf. jiha), heizh

(gst) m. `ghost (in contrast to the body); berirdisches gespenstiges Wesen ' (so esp. angry, irate', ghastly ` grisly, terrible, dreadful'.

engl. ghost `ghost'), Old English gstan (*gaistjan) `frighten' (tr.), engl. aghast ` agitated, That in the meaning exact attuning Old Church Slavic asnti `frighten (intr.). stupefieri ',

asiti `frighten' (tr.), uas `fright' from *g(h)s- attunes in vowel and not in guttural. Page(s): 427 References: WP. I 553 f., Feist 531 f.

ghel( Root / lemma: ghel()hMeaning: a kind of metal Material: Old Church Slavic *elzo in elez()n ` iron', Serbo-Croatian ljezo, russ. Lithuanian geles and em. gels (therefrom gelenis, gelnis ` iron'), Latvian dzlzs,

elezo `iron';

East Latvian dzelezs, Old Prussian gelso f. `iron';

 standing comparison not in the way, because in * points as common primary grade. The word probably derives from a a foreign cultural circle; also the unique in the borrowed; ( Ilias I 365) as ` red metal ' perhaps to , , name would be figuratively transferred from bronze to the iron. Page(s): 435 References: WP. I 629, Specht Dekl. 27, Trautmann 83. gradation of the 2nd syllable in Balto Slavic would be based on different substitution in the ` murex, snail emitting purple dye ', which is likewise borrowed; in Balto Slavic the

Whether in connection with gr. , Cretan ` copper, bronze '? That from

Meaning: ice

gheld dRoot / lemma: gheld-

Material: Npers. la (*alda) `hail, hoarfrost '; gr. hom. `hail'; with snow, ice on trees ', poln. d ` sleet, smooth ice '. Page(s): 435 References: WP. I 629 f., Specht Dekl. 17. Old Church Slavic ldica `frozen rain', sloven. ld `glazed frost, ice', klr. oelda ` rain

Meaning: gland Note:

ghelh Root / lemma: ghelh-

ghelh gelRoot / lemma: ghelh- : `gland' derived from an extended Root / lemma: gel-1 : `to curl; round, *gland, growth, ball'. Material: Armenian gej-kh ` glands ' (the obvious anlaut can be explained through dissimilation, s. Meillet MSL. 13, 244f., Lidn Arm. Stud. 71 under A. 1. 2); East Lithuanian gleuones, gleauns, glenes ` glands, craw '; nowadays lza ` gland ' (about Czech hlza ` abscess ' s. Meillet .), poln. zoza ds. Page(s): 435 References: WP. I 612, 632, Trautmann 84. Slavic *elza in Church Slavic lza, russ. elez, sloven. lza, ch. lza,

ghel-ond- gholRoot / lemma: ghel-ond-, ghol-ndMeaning: stomach; bowels Note: (A supposition about the old paradigm by Petersson Heteroklisie 228 )
1

Material: Gr. f. Pl. ` intestines, entrails, Gedrm', ds.;

Maybe abbreviated alb. zorra ` intestine, entrail ' common alb. gh- > d-, z-; l/rs. ludac, Czech aludek, poln. odek ds. Page(s): 435 References: WP. I 631 f., Trautmann 82. Old Church Slavic *eldk ` stomach ', russ.-Church Slavic eldk, Serbo-Croatian

Meaning: tortoise

ghel-u- ghelRoot / lemma: ghel-u-, ghel-

Material: Gr. `turtle, tortoise, Lyre', ds., Aeolic , Hes. (Kuiper Notes 48); Slavic el- f. `turtle, tortoise' in: russ. olv f., poln. w. Page(s): 435 Church Slavic elv, russ.-Church Slavic elva, Serbo-Croatian lva, Czech elva,

References: WP. I 631, Trautmann 84, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 120.

ghelghelRoot / lemma: ghel-t (Germanic) and ghel-d (Slavic) Meaning: to cost, pay Material: Gothic fra-gildan ` repay, compensate ', us-gildan ` repay', Old Icelandic gjalda ` defray, pay, repay, be worth ', Old English gieldan, Old High German geltan ` defray,
h

gild n. `tax, interest', Old Icelandic gjald ` payment, earnings, punishment ', Old English gield ` payment, tribute, tax, sacrifice, oblation, brotherhood ', Old Icelandic gildi `

repay, serve, sacrifice' (proto Germanic *el), Old Swedish gjalla ds. (*l); Gothic

` squire '), Middle Low German gilde, out of it Modern High German Gilde; Old High

membership ', Old English gilde n. ds., gilda m. ` Gildenbruder ' (out of it Middle Irish gilda

Gothic gilstr n. `tax', Old High German gelstar (*geld-tra-) `sacrifice, oblation, tax'; from ndd. gellen =gelten derives Lithuanian gelioti `be valid';

German gelt ` payment, repayment, sacrifice, oblation etc.', Modern High German Geld;

origin, d(h)o-present besides Germanic -to-present. Page(s): 436 References: WP. I 632, Trautmann 82 f.

Old Church Slavic ld lsti (lad lasti) ` repay, pay, atone' would be, if common

Root / lemma: ghelun Meaning: Meaning: pine-tree Material: Armenian jeun ` palate, ceiling '; *F (Solmsen KZ. 29, 352); gr. `lip, upper jaw', in addition perhaps also `lip', Aeolic , if from Old Icelandic gilnar `pine tree', Swedish gl `gill, pine tree', Danish gjlle ds. Page(s): 436 References: WP. I 632.

Meaning: to call, cry

ghelRoot / lemma: ghel-

onomatopoeic words gal-, qel-. gal- qel-

Note: also in bird name, with -b-, -b - and -d- extended. compare the similar to Material: Old Indic pra-galbh- ` courageous, determined ' (: Old High German gelbn); gr. `swallow', older F; the high-pitched sound coloring -- reminds
h

anMiddle High German glen `cry, esp. from bird of prey', redupl. gr. , syrak. `choke'; Note:

Maybe alb. (*ghalandus) dalndyshe `a swallow' : Latin harundo -inis f. `a reed; meton., for an object made of reed, a fishing rod; limed twigs for catching birds' : hirundo -inis, f. the winter' [see Root / lemma: hei-2 : hi- : `winter; snow' heihi`swallow'. Similar phonetic setting alb. dimn `winter' : Latin hiemo -are `to winter, spend common Latin gh- > h- : alb. gh- > d-, see Root / lemma: aro-m : `reed'. aroGerman gellan `sound, clink, cry', Modern High German gellen (-ll- from -ln- or rather pure Old Icelandic gjalla (stem V.) ` resonate', Old English giellan (stem V.) `cry', Old High

sound echo consonant increase); Old Norse gala (preterit gl) `cry, crow, cackle, sing', Old English Old Saxon Old High German galan `sing; also enchant, fix a spell upon, bewitch,

enchant ' (Germanic present with -a- due to a Perf. with Indo Germanic ); Gothic gljan ` greet ' (actually `*shout ', as Old Frisian gla `hunt, chase' actually ` das Wild durch Geschrei aufstbern '; lengthened grades iterative, presumably denominative) Old Norse lh ` boasting ', ur-guol `illustrious'; Old High German Old Saxon galm, Middle High

gla ` make happy, please, comfort ', Old Saxon glian ` gladden '; Old High German guolGerman galm, gelm m. ` clangor, din, fuss, noise', Old High German nahti-gala f. `

nightingale ', Old Icelandic galdr m. ` singing, magic song ', Old English gealdor n. ` magic song ', Old High German galdar, kalter and galstar n. ds., Old Icelandic gallr, gjallr ` clinking ';

naglit ` taktmig schreien, singen, bei der Arbeit ' etc. b- and b -extension:
h

-grade (as Gothic gljan) russ. galit-sja ` deride ', dial. galcha, gal f. `fun, laughter ',

gelp `Trotzrede, derision, ridicule', Old High German gelph `Trotzrede, boastfulness ', adj. (schw. V.) `loud cry, brag, boast', Danish gylpe, gulpe ` shout, cry like a raven ' (with `lustig, minxish, wanton', Old High German gelbn `jemd. deceive ', Old Saxon galpn

sing, brag, boast', Old Icelandic gjalp n. ` boastfulness ', Old English gielp ds., Old Saxon

Old English gielpan (stem V.) `brag, boast', Middle High German gelpfen, gelfen `cry,

Germanic Old Icelandic gjalfr ` Wellengetse ', gylfi `king, prince, lord', gylfin n. `fiend, golf `wave', dial. galveren, golveren `sound, howl');

demon', gylfra f. ` witch ', gylfringr m. `sword', Middle Low German gelve ` surge ', Dutch Lithuanian gulbinti ` vaunt, praise '; about gulbas `swan' s. S. 431; boast ', *chlba ` boastfulness ' in Czech chlubiti se, chlouba (old chlba), etc.; possibly
h

perhaps after Machek (Slavia 16, 198) here with expressive ch- Slavic *chlbiti s `

also Slavic *chorbr (from *gholb -lo-) `valiant' in Old Bulgarian chrabr, chrabr ` warlike ' etc. (compare above Old Indic pra-galbh-). Dental extension Germanic gelt- : isl. gelta (*galtjan) `bark, bay', Old High German

gelzn ` utter the voice, squeal '. Page(s): 428 References: WP. I 628.

ghend gh Root / lemma: ghen - (gh nd -) Meaning: boil

h

Material: Gr. `ulcer, swelling, lump, growth', Hes.; `pus', Old High German gund m. `pus, pustulating ulcer'. Page(s): 438 References: WP. I 588. Gothic gund n. ` cancerous ulcer ', Norwegian dial. gund m. `scurf', Old English gund m.

ghendghedRoot / lemma: ghend- and ghedMeaning: to grab, grip IF. 32, 321 Note: For concurrent the unnasalized and the nasalized root form s. Brugmann II 3, 293f., Material: Gr. (*gh nd-) ` take in, hold, contain, take; to be capable, able; catch', Aor. (*ghnd-), Fut. (*ghend-s-), Perf. with present-meaning ;
e 2

Alb. Wb. 140, Alb. stem III 10; gjet ` find, regain ', s. Schmidt KZ. 57, 20ff.);

alb. gjndem (*gh nd-) ` be found ', gjnj, gjenj, Geg gjj `find' (G. Meyer BB. 8, 187, Latin praehend, -ere, -, -sum ` catch, capture, take hold of, arrest, occupy, handle,

Ablat. old praidad (*prai-hed); hedera `ivy' (`clasping '; from *ghedes-);

gripe ', praeda ` spoils of war, plunder, booty; of animals, prey; in gen., plunder, gain '.

(from *gannim, Indo Germanic *ghnd-n-) ` enthalten sein, Platz haben '; (common Celtic ns-, -nt- > -nn-), in addition Middle Irish geind f. (Old Irish *gend) `wedge', bret. genn m. ds., mcorn. Pl. genow, corn. gedn, ncymr. gaing ds. (with secondary -ng);

Old Irish ro-geinn `findet Platz in' (*ghnd-ne-t), cymr. 1. Sg. gannaf, verbal noun genni

gietan ` receive, produce ', for-gietan `forgotten' (engl. get, beget, forget Scandinavian Causative Middle High German ergetzen ` make forget, compensate '), Modern High loanword), Old High German pi-gezzan ` obtain ', fir-gezzan `forgotten' (in addition as

Gothic bi-gitan `find', Old Icelandic geta `reach; bring forth, assume ', Old English be-

German ergtzen, Old Saxon bi-getan ` gripe ', far-getan `forgotten'; Middle Low German perhaps here (as with cymr. genni the form related *ghend-n): Gothic du-ginnan, Old

gissen, Swedish Norwegian gissa ` advise, assume ' (engl. guess ndd. or nord. loanword);

attempts s. by Feist s. v.; therefrom noteworthly by Wiedemann BB. 27, 193 as *hen-u
3

begin ' (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), (other interpretation

Englishon-, bi-ginnan, Old Saxon Old High German biginnan `take hold, take in hand,

from proto alb *zen);

to alb. z, Geg z ` touch, catch, start, begin, occupy, conceive [from the woman], hire ' common alb. gh- > d-, z-. gadt ` conjecture, create, invent ', Czech hadati ` advise, mean', etc. Page(s): 437-438 perhaps also Old Church Slavic gadati ` assume, mean' (`grasp spiritually '), russ.

References: WP. I 589 f., WH. I 638, Thurneysen Gr. 353, Berneker 288 f.

ghenRoot / lemma: ghen-

Meaning: to crack open, grind, scratch guttural extension ghngh-: ghngh-

Material: Only in den extensions ghngh- : ghngh-, ghnd(h)-, ghnei-, ghneu-.

gnagan, ginagan (with anaptyktischem vowel), late nagan ds. - Besides with Indo Germanic g in anlaut and Franconian cnagan, Dutch knagen ds.;

Avestan aiwi-nixta- ` gnawed, corroded '; Old Norse gnaga ` gnaw ', Old English

Gr. 136 f. characteristic for scornful expressions). compare also Mhlenbach-Endzelin Latvian-D. Wb. I 634. Dental extension ghnd(h)-: ghnd d( mosquito ', ndd. gnatte `small mosquito ', Danish dial. gnat `small piece', Middle High with intensive consonant stretch Old English gntt m. ` mosquito ', engl. gnat `

Latvian gga ` someone who eats with long teeth ' (the softening after Endzelin Latvian

German gnaz, -tzes `scurf, niggardliness ', Modern High German Gnatz, Gntze `scurf,

Swedish gnat ` Genrgel, Geznk ', gnatig ` peevish, immer grumpy, surly, sullen ',

skin rash '; Old Icelandic gntra `clatter, rattle, clash (of skeleton)', engl. dial. to gnatter,

Modern High German gnatzig ` bellaunisch ' (compare kratzig in the same meaning). gnadda ` murren, mit bellaunischen Worten qulen ', Norwegian dial. gnaddra, `drone, grumble, growl ', ndd. gnadderig ` bellaunisch, morose '. Persson Beitr. 95 f., 811. i-extensions ghnei-, ghneid(h)-: ghnei- ghneid(h)further with dd: Old Norse gnaddr ` the young from animals or people ', Old Icelandic

Gr. , (l. ), [] Hes.; from which probably Old Swedish gndha, Swedish gnida, Danish gnide borrowed is; Old English gndan `rub, grind ', Old High German gntan, Middle Low German gnden,

compare also (likewise borrowed?) the rare Old Icelandic gnia ds.; Old Icelandic gnsta or scraped stuff '; Norwegian dial. gnita ` kleines abgesprungenes Stck ', Middle Low small gnats ', Modern High German Gnitze `small mosquito ';

tnnum ` clatter with the teeth ', Middle High German gnst `ground', Tirol Gneist ` chopped German gnitte `small mosquito ', East Frisian gnid, gnit ` sundries, small stuff; a kind of Latvian gnde `rough, shabby, dirty skin'; Old Church Slavic gnij, gniti ` blight, decay ',

hnj `crap, muck, manure ', poln. gnj ds.

ds., Old Church Slavic gnoj ` manure', russ. gnoj `pus', Serbo-Croatian gnj `ds.', Czech Maybe alb. (*gnola) njolla ` stain, dirt ' common alb. gn- > nj-. hereupon ghnd ` nit, louse ': ghnd Latvian gnda ` nit, louse, greedy, stingy person' (Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 633), Lithuanian about Latin lns, -dis f. ds.compare WH. I 783f. and Specht Dekl. 44. u-extensions ghnu-, ghneu -, ghneus-: ghn ghneud ghneus, ` that what can be scraped off, dust, foam, froth, underfur '; Gr. ` nibble, scour, scratch, gnaw ', ` slice, tidbit ', ` dainty', Old Icelandic g-na `rub' (also gnyia ` rant, make a noise, roar ', gnyr ` din, fuss, noise
h

Old Church Slavic gnil ` rotten ', russ. gnil, Serbo-Croatian gnjo, Czech hnil, poln. gniy

russ. gnit, Bulgarian gnija, Serbo-Croatian gnjti and gnjliti, Czech hnti, poln. gni ds.;

Old Icelandic, Norwegian dial. gnit f., Old Swedish gnether, Swedish gnet, Danish gnid;

glnda (dissimilated from *gnnda?); russ. gnda, sloven. gnjda, Czech hnda, poln. gnida;

'?), Old Icelandic gnau `noise, rattle', gnyr `nag, growl', Old English gna `stingy, tightfisted', Middle Low German gnauwen ` growl ';

gnuati s `be disgusted', russ. gnus `vermin, pest', Serbo-Croatian gns ` disgust, repulsion, loathing, smut', Czech hnus ` disgust, repulsion, loathing, smut', hnusn `disgusting', poln. gnuny `idle, blight, decay'.

Lithuanian gnisai `vermin, pest', Old Church Slavic gnusn `disgusting', gnati,

References: WP. I 584 f., WH. I 783, Trautmann 93.

Page(s): 436-437 gherRoot / lemma: gher-1

Meaning: expr. root

Note: mostly only newer parallel Wortschpfungen, frequent, often with expressive vowel change and Gemination Material: Old Indic gharghara- ` rattling, clashing, gargling, gurgling ', m. ` rattling, ', ghurghuryat ` whizzes, hums ';

laughter ', ghargharita- n. ` grunting ', ghurghura- ` a gargling sound ', ghurghur ` cricket

Maybe alb. gurgullon ` water sounds ', gurr `water spring' Latin hirrre ` whimper, growl ' (`rr' with i vocalized as reproduction of of high tone); girren (Middle High German also garren, gurren), Swedish Norwegian garpa `rant, roister, Old English gierran stem V. `sound, clink, creak, babble, chatter ', Modern High German

brag, boast', Old Icelandic garpr ` intrepid pugnacious person'; Norwegian dial. garta `joke, `dog'; further Old English gryllan ` gnash, rage ', Middle High German grellen stem V. ` angry, irate', Middle High German grllen ` scoff ', Modern High German grollen; `crack, creak, burr '; slov. ggati ` gargle, coo '; chat, prate, grunt'; Old English gierman, Norwegian garma `roar, bellow', Old Norse garmr piercingly, before rage shouts ', grel `rough, grell, angry, irate', Dutch grollen `murmur, be russ.-Church Slavic grkati ` coo ', Czech hreti `rattle, clash, purr, murmur', hrkati

Maybe alb. gryk ` throat ' : russ.-Church Slavic grkati ` coo ' grtan (grotan after rotan ds.), Modern High German Alemannian grts `weep, cry, here perhaps ghr-d- in Gothic grtan, Old Norse grta, aschs. grtan, Old English

lament '; ablaut. causative Old Icelandic greta `reduce to tears, bring to tears', Old English German gren; Old Norse grtr m. ` weeping, cry ', Old High German grz `fury'; ghr-d - in Old English grdan `call, shout, cry'. Page(s): 439 References: WP. I 605.
h

gretan ` assail, greet ', aschs. grtian ` call ', Old High German gruozen, Modern High

Meaning: to stroke roughly, rub

gherRoot / lemma: gher-2

Material: Gr. `millet, sorghum, ordure', ` parched barley, winter-bud barley ' (diss. from *gher-ghro- and *ghn-ghru-); n. and , - f. ` detritus, gravel ' (*gherd- or *ghernd-?); , - f. ` large pebble or stone, esp. for throwing or slinging, sling-stone ';

Note: compare also the extensions ghri-, ghru-, ghrem-, ghren-, as well as above grd-

grti ` crumb, spall, crumble '. common Illyrian gh- > d- then Latin d- > f-. s-extension:

(reduplicated form, originally *for-for); vowel gradation as in Lithuanian gurs ` crumbly ',

Latin furfur, -uris m. ` husk of grain and the legumes; the bran; scales, scurf on the skin '

*ghrso-s or from *ghorsos).

Croatian grh `bean, pea' (the Slavic intonation development from a zero grade basic form Maybe abbreviated alb. (*ghrso-s) grosh `bean, pea' Page(s): Page(s): 439-440 References: WP. I 605 f., WH. I 545 f., 570.

Old Indic gharati ` grates ', ghra- ` chafed, grated '; russ. gorch `pea', Serbo-

Meaning: to come out, stick out under hers-.

gher- ghr- ghr- ghr Root / lemma: gher-3, ghr- : ghr- : ghr-

Note: (probably identical with ghr-: ghr- : ghr- `grow, be green', see there); s. also Material: a. Gr. Hes., ` joy of battle, lust of battle, battle; upper lance

point ', - Hes., ` like a hog or a hog's back, low rock rising just above the sea like a hog's back; in pl., scrofulous swellings in the glands of the neck, etc.; sow ' (*ghorio-); poke'; at most (yet quite doubtful) here Norwegian dial. gare `cusp, peak', gara `prick, bump,

(*ghr-t-);

mountaintop, mountain peak, summit, mountain ridge', Modern High German Grat, Grte with reduplication-grade: poln. grot, Czech hrot ` arrowhead, spear, lance';

from the heavy basis: Middle High German grt, Pl. grte m. ` fishbone, ear of corn,

branch of conifers ' (also probably turned into mental Old High German grazzo Adv. `violent, stern', Middle High German graz, grz `fury', graz ` furious, angry, irate'); c. with n-suffix:

b. with -d-suffix: Old High German Middle High German graz n. `sprout, twig, scion,

Icelandic grn f. `whisker, moustache; mouth, fir, spruce', Middle High German gran, grane dial. ` back bristle of pig ', and ` fishbone '; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt> -nn-). Slavic *gran ` sharp point, edge, border', e.g. in russ. gran f. `limit, boundary; ` cusp, point of the hair, beard hair, fishbone ', Modern High German Granne `ear of corn',

Gothic *gran (Isidor Orig. XIX 23, 7), Old High German grana, Old English granu, Old

landmark, territorial marker; facet', Czech hrana `point, edge, border' etc.; in addition also branch';

russ. grnka ` tussock ', klr. hrnok `bough, twig, branch', bg. Serbo-Croatian grna `twig, d. with -en-d - suffix: en*ghrend -), etc.; : alb. (*grendu) krunde `bran'
h

Alb. krande ` straw, splinter, deadwood', Tosc krende `twig, branch' (*ghrond - or gall. grennos `beard' (Wartburg), Middle Irish grenn `beard' (*ghrend -no-s); cymr. grann
h h h

`eyelid, cheek', bret. grann `eyebrow' (with unclear a; or has it originated from *ghrnd -nos?). (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). Page(s): 440 References: WP. I 606, WH. I 413 f.

ghers- ghresRoot / lemma: ghers-1, ghresMeaning: disgust, horror Material: Avestan grhma- ` sinner, delinquent ' (?); Armenian garim ` have loathing before '; [Middle Irish goirt `bitter' (*ghorstis), Old Irish gortae `hunger'; better to gher-]; rancid '; Old High German gerst `Bitterkeit'; Old Icelandic gersta `stir, tease, irritate, embitter '; s. also gher-; Middle High German Middle Low German garst, Modern High German nl. garstig `spoil,

gresi, grsti ` threaten, outgrow ', grist, grsti ` become disgusted with ', grasin, grasnti ` threaten ', Latvian grast, grast ` threaten '. Maybe alb. (*garsin) krcnoj `threaten' Page(s): 445 References: WP. I 610 f., WH. I 461, Trautmann 95.

Lithuanian gras f. ` threat, austereness, severeness ', grass ` threatening, disgusting',

ghersRoot / lemma: ghers-2

Meaning: used in names of weeds

Bjrkmann ZfdWtf. 3, 268) `Giersch, Aegopodium Podagraria';

Material: Old High German gers, giers, girst (Grassmann, Dt. Pflanzennamen 100 ff., Lithuanian garas m., garv f. `Angelica Archangelica'; garv f. ` Giersch ', Latvian

grsa, gra, gri ds.; in addition also Lithuanian grsa f. = drs ` darnel ' (oat), Latvian `barley'; compare Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 555, 618 f.). Page(s): 445 References: WP. I 611, Trautmann 79 f. dziri ` darnel ' (these after Endzelin KZ. 44, 58 to Latin hordeum [see below herzd(h) herzd(h)]

Meaning: milk, butter

Root / lemma: ghertogherto-

Material: Old Indic ghrtm ` skimmings, butter, melting butter '; soak '; after Uhlenbeck to jgharti (gharati) ` sprays, sprinkles ', npers. -rdan ` blend, mix,

Note: only Aryan and Celtic

Middle Irish gert `milk'. Page(s): 446 References: WP. I 607, II 166.

Meaning: to bend, move

gheub(h)Root / lemma: gheub(h)-

strawberry ', Old Danish gubbe `larynx, breast', ndd. (Estland) gubbe ` small haycock,

Material: Norwegian dial. gva ` sit sunk down ', Swedish jordgubbe ` Fragaria ananassa;

'), Old Icelandic gumpr (from Old Swedish gumper), Swedish gump, Danish gump `rump', mountain ' see below geu- `bend'), Old English gupan Pl. ` buttocks, haunches ', Old High geuMiddle High German guffe, goffe ds. (but about Middle High German gupf ` summit of a

Icelandic gaupn ` hollow hand ' see below hu- ` yawn, gape, stare with an open mouth hu-

haystack '; Old English gap `crooked, cunning' (but gap `wide, capacious, open ', Old

German goffa `rump', further in addition the intensive formation isl. goppa, Swedish guppa, Modern High German gupfen ` jump up and down, swing'; Latvian gubstu, gubt ` bend down, sink ', guba f. `heap', Lithuanian gubotis `

interweave, intertwine ', gaubi, gabti ` cover, wrap up, curve ', gabtis ` crook oneself ',

meaning from Old English gap), Lithuanian dvgubas ` twofold ', Old Prussian Gen. Sg. f. dvigubbus ds.; Old Church Slavic gnti `fold', russ. gnut `bend, crook', klruss. hnty ds., Serbo-

gub ` haycocks, heaps of standing sheaves ', gubs `adroit, expert, skillful' (compare the

gbe `bend', Czech pheb m. ` flexible place, joint ' (from -gb, compare Lithuanian gubas) and changing through ablaut Old Church Slavic sugub, dvogub `double', russ. Slavic gyblj gybati ` be destroyed, perish ', prgybaj, prgybati `bend, bow', russ. gub `bay', sloven. gba ` crease ', poln. przegub `joint, curvature '; iterative Old Church gbnut, gnut ` spoil, perish ', gibt `bend', Serbo-Croatian gbljm (gibm) gbati `

ds., in addition Old Church Slavic negblj ` unmoved ' (from *gubja-), russ. Church Slavic

Croatian ngnm, ngnuti ` incline ', sloven. gnem, gniti `move, bestir ', Czech hnouti

move, weigh, rock, sway ', Czech hynouti ` be destroyed, perish, go to waste, run wild ', gubt `spoil', Serbo-Croatian gbm, gbiti ds., Czech hubiti `spoil, exterminate ', poln.

hbati `move, drive, push'; causative Old Church Slavic pogublj pogubiti ` wreck ', russ.

gubi, gubi `lose, spoil', Old Church Slavic paguba `ruin'. alb. -b > -mb, also alb. gaboj ` get lost, err '. Page(s): 450 References: WP. I 567 f., Trautmann 100 f.

Maybe alb. Geg (*gub-) hup, Tosc humb `lose' : Czech hubiti `spoil, exterminate '; common

gheuh gh Root / lemma: gheuh-, ghhMeaning: to conceal Material: Old Indic ghati, guhati ` hidden' (Aor. aghukat), gh ` hideout, cave', gha- `

hideout, lair '; common Old Indic h- > k-

if you hide '; Note:

Avestan guz- (guzata, fra-guzayanta) `conceal, hide', Old pers. yadiy apa-gaudayhi `

Reduplicated laryngeal in - a e- > Avestan -aeOld Danish gyg ` a subterranean, an underground ', gyger `murderer, robber '; Old Icelandic gygr f. ` Unholdin, giantess ' (*gg-z, compare formal Lithuanian ge), Lithuanian gti ` patronize, guard, cover ', also `brood, hatch, cover warmly ', gn `
1 2

gas, gutis ` stork ' (as ` the nest builder '). Page(s): 450 References: WP. I 566 f.

blind man's buff ', gis, gt ` Brutnest ', g ` heidnische Reisegttin '; in addition

Meaning: pit, hollow

Root / lemma: gheuei (heuei) heu

Material: Gr. , Hom. `cave, hiding place, nook, bolt-hole' = conspiracy Latin fovea ` pothole, cave a small pit, esp. for taking wild beasts, a pit fall; a snare,

Note: Only gr. and Latin

utensils no longer in use; subterranean chambers ', with etrusk. suffix, could be hybride formation. Common Illyrian gh- . d- then Latin d- > fPage(s): 451 References: WP. I 564, WH. I 467 f., 538.

'; favissae ` underground reservoirs or cellars near the temples, for water or for sacred

ghe- ghoRoot / lemma: ghe-, gho-

Meaning: an enclitic particle

Note: It seems two groups have to be separated, single-linguistic but to have partly begun at another place: 1. ghe, gho, 2. with palatalem gutturals, the in europ. languages as , in Aryan as h appears (as in the cases like gr. : Old Indic hnu), thus showed one of

the normal so-called voiced-aspirated various articulation kind, and the vowel i or e.

ghe, Material: 1. -ghe, -gho: gha), dem so/to-Pron. (s gha, s ha), to the question pronoun (e.g. k ha), to the on take, there take, see there '; Old Indic gha (*gho), ha (*ghe) behind negation (n gha), personal pronoun (e.g. vay

relative pronoun (y gha, y ha), also behind other parts of speech; Old Indic hnta ` well, Umbrian -hont (e.g. era-hunt `by the same way, by the same piece of work; at the same

time, likewise'), compare also Latin hic ` this, this one; this present ' from *gho or *ghe + *ke; cymr. a(g) `with' from *ad-ghe; see above S. 3; ne jedin e `not only one, not one, i.e. no one, none; not at all, naught '; compare also

Old Church Slavic -go, -e behind negation (ni-e ` not; and not, nor; rarely not even ',

Old Church Slavic nee, serb. ngo `as' in comparative and serb. ngo `however, but', Czech ne(e) `yet', where ne- rather the negation has arisen as indicating the positive Upper Sorbian kdy-ha ` when, then ' (; Berneker 316);

meaning of Pron.-stem ne-), behind the relative pronoun (ie), lengthened grade (*gh) Lithuanian -gu (*gh), -gi (these with dem vowel i the 2. group) in neg, neig, neg `not',

`as'), -gu also interrogative particle (compare also Old Lithuanian an-gu `if', Old Prussian gr. see below. 2. -(h): kr-hi `when?', tr-hi `damals' ), behind the first word of the sentence ` then yes '; under , presumably through hybridization with a particle the 1. group); in Old Indic h, Avestan z emphasizing particle (n h, nah, Avestan nit z; Old Indic gr. -, - `not', - `where', - ` certainly, indeed' (-- instead of --, compare

Old Lithuanian also -ga, -ge, dem so/to-Pron. (e.g.tie-gi), to the question pron. (kaip-gi

behind Pers.-Pron. (e.g. tu-gu, tu-gi ` thou at least, for thy part ' : Boeot. touga : gr. ),

an-ga `if'), Old Prussian beggi `for', kigi `as', neggi `also not, still', niqueigi ` never more ';

negtium, originally sentence compound neg'tium est (compare haud-tium est by Terenz) and negre (compare Modern High German verneinen, bejahen); klr. Bulgarian serb. -zi behind personal pronoun

Latin *n-gi (after Holthausen KZ. 47, 309 = Old Saxon nec `and not'), assumed through

3. -(h)e (h)e: c), , -, e, Gothic u-k, si-k, Old High German di-h, si-h; after so/to-Pron. in gr. - = Gothic mi-k, Old High German mi-h = Armenian is `me' (at first from *in-

, after the relative pronoun , , further , Doric Boeotian el. also in Slavic the guttural of the 1. group has become dominant, as well as in gr. -; Venetic me-o `me' has related from eo `I'; Tocharian 136);

behind other parts of speech. In Baltic as well as also (besides in the with vocalized form)

Tocharian strengthening particle A - k, - k(e) from *-ghe or -he (compare Pedersen

Hittite 73 f., 166 f.

Hittite am-mu-uk (ammuk) `me', tu-uk (tuk) `you': Gothic uk (*tu-ge), etc., s. Pedersen

Maybe alb. (*mu-uka) mua `me' : Rumanian mie `me', (*tu-uk) ty `you', nasalized (*muuka) Alb. Arbresh uth, alb. un `I' common alb. -k > -th. Page(s): 418 References: WP. I 541 f., WH. I 644, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 606, 624.

lemma: ghld Root / lemma: ghl h

Meaning: ` brilliant, smooth, shining ' Page(s): 451 See also: see below ghel- `gleam'

Meaning: to be joyful, to joke

ghleuRoot / lemma: ghleu-

Note: extension from ghel- `cry' or ghel- `gleam'? Material: Gr. f. ` joke, derision '; Old Icelandic gly n. `pleasure, joy', Old English glo, glieg, glw n. `game, pleasure, joy'. With dental extension:

glaudt ds. [glaudas ` cuddle, caress ' belongs but originally to glasti, Latvian glast ` see below gel-1, extension gl-eu-].

Old Lithuanian glaudas m., glauda f. ` pastime, entertainment ', gludoti ` joke', Latvian

cuddle, embrace, caress', Lithuanian glauds ` sich anschmiegend, einschmeichlerisch ';

With m-derivative (nominal formation ghloumos ghloumos): ', Old English glam ` jubilation, pleasure, joy'; ablaut. Old Icelandic glymr `row, din, fuss, Old Church Slavic bez gluma ` firm, unchangeable, constant, immovable, uniform, Old Icelandic glaumr ` loud jubilation ', gleyma ` make forget, make cheerful, make noise

noise', glymja `sound, clink', Middle High German glumen `din, drone';

steady, fixed, stable, invariable, regular, persistent; consistent, harmonious; unanimous;

sure, steadfast, constant, faithful, unchanging ', glamiti se ` to talk idly, prate ', russ. gum ` derision ', glumj se ` joke, fool ', Serbo-Croatian glma f. ` joke, comedy ', Czech (old) hluma ` an actor ', poln. dial. w gum ` in Nichts ', eigtl. ` in Scherze '. Maybe alb. (*hluma) lum ` blessed, happy, lucky, fortunate ' common alb. gl- > l-. With p-derivative: Slavic *glup, russ. gpyj `stupid, clownish ', Specht KZ. 68, 123. Page(s): Page(s): 451 References: WP. I 660 f., Trautmann 91. joke, derision ', gumit sja ` mock, sich lustig machen about', Bulgarian glma ` fun, joke,

Meaning: foaming; turbulent; roaming ghoiloelRoot / lemma: ghoilo-s : foaming; turbulent; roaming, derived from Root / lemma: gel-1 : to stick; pain, death : Lithuanian glti `prick'. Material: Perhaps Middle Irish gel ` kinship', nir. gaol also ` friendship, love'; Old High German geil, Old Saxon gl `minxish, wanton, luscious, strong', Modern High Note:

ghoiloRoot / lemma: ghoilo-s

German geil (Middle Low German geile `testicles', Modern High German Biber-geil; Middle Low German geile, Modern High German Geile ` dung, manure '), Old English gl ` funny, lascivious, stout, proud', Middle High German geilen ` ridicule, make fun of ' = Gothic gailjan ` gladden '; Old High German keil f. ` lasciviousness ';

fermenting vat ', Norwegian gl, gl n. ` fermenting beer ', Dutch gijl ds., gijlen `ferment, seethe', also, as Middle Low German glen ` covetous ';

changing through ablaut and partly with the meaning ` foaming ' Old Icelandic gil-ker `

painful, sore ', glti `prick, schmerzen' after Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 75?);

vinegar, lye); bitter (from tears); pitiable, pitiful ' (in latter meaning with ablaut to gils ` Old Church Slavic dzlo (zlo), Old Czech zielo, weiruss. do za `very'.

Old Lithuanian gailas `violent', Lithuanian gails `irascible, irritable; sharp, biting (from

Page(s): 452

References: WP. I 634, Feist 185, Trautmann 75.

ghomRoot / lemma: ghomMaterial: Armenian gom ` Hhlenstall '; gammi m. ` Erdhtte ', Swiss gmmeli ` Viehhtte ', pomm. gamm ` Haufe von Ziegelsteinen, die zum Trocknenaufgesetzt werden '. Page(s): 452 References: WP. I 637, Holthausen Awn. Wb. 80. Danish gamme ` sheepfold, shed ', Swedish dial. gamme ` crib, manger ', Old Norse Meaning: stall

Meaning: stranger; guest lemma: ghostigh Root / lemma: ghosti-s : stranger; guest, derived from Root / lemma: ghs- : to eat see below. Material: Latin hostis m. f. ` a stranger; but esp. an enemy, foe, opponent (Old Latin), fiend Note:

ghostiRoot / lemma: ghosti-s

of the guest ');

used also like adj., foreign ', Paelignian hospus ` guest's friend ' from *hosti-pot-s ` master It is a compound of Root / lemma: ghosti-s : stranger; guest + Root / lemma: poti-s : ghostipoti: Paelignian hospus ` guest's friend '.

' (in addition hospes, -pitis ` a host, hostess; a guest; a guest-friend, friend; a stranger;

owner, host, master, husband : gr. kor. F `foreigner' : Old Bulgarian gospod `master' Gothic gasts, Old Icelandic gestr (Proto Norse -gastik) `guest', Old High German Old

Saxon gast, Old English giest ` stranger, guest';

Old Bulgarian gost `guest' (borrowing from Germanic according to Solmsen Unt. 203);

gostpot-.

to gost probably also Old Bulgarian gospod `master, mister' etc. as Kurzung from

Maybe alb. gosti `feast, party' a Slavic loanword. stranger, guest's friend ' due to a present *ghs-enu-, lengthened grade of alb. (h)uai, Geg (h)uj ` strange ' (from*ghsn-? s. Jokl IF. 37, 93); Maybe the transposition of Alb. Geg (*heuva-) huej, Tosc huaj `foreigner, stranger, guest's friend '. quite incredible Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 329; about New Phrygian vocative (*ghs-enue?) Barely credible is the apposition from gr. Attic , Ionian , kor. F `foreigner,

s. v. Blumenthal Gl. 20, 288. Page(s): 453

References: WP. I 640, WH. I 660 f., 662 f.

ghou-roRoot / lemma: ghou-ro-s Meaning: frightened Material: Old Indic ghr- `dreadful, imposing, venerable ', n. ` scary force, might, magic

Maybe alb. gjor ` pitiful person' woeful, wretched, miserable, arm, small'; Old Icelandic gaurr m. ` pitiful person' Gothic gaurs ` grieving ', gauria ` sorrow ', qaurjan `mortify', Old High German grag `

power ';

variant assimilation and dissimilation, in addition Old Saxon gornn, gnornn, grornn ` grieve ', gruri m. ` horror '; klruss. uryty `afflict, sadden', urba ` care ', russ. urt ` scold '. Page(s): 453-454 References: WP. I 636, Feist 208.

gyrn, gryn n. `mourning, grief', also gnorn, grorn m., gnyrn f. ds., gryre m. ` horror ', with

(Johansson KZ. 67, 221); perhaps here with ablaut and n- further formations: Old English

Meaning: to sound; hear Note: Only indoiranisch.

ghousRoot / lemma: ghous-

Material: Old Indic ghati ` sounds, announces aloud, hears ', ghyati ` findet Erhrung fuss, noise', Avagha EN ` ear of the horse ', Harigha EN ` Yellow ear ' (= Avestan

bei (Akk.) ' (Geldner Rigveda in Auswahl I 58), gha- m. ` sound, clamor, shout, call, din,

zairigaoa);

niydan `hear, listen, eavesdrop ', Baluchi ga `hear', nia `hear, listen, eavesdrop '; Maybe alb. Geg nigjoj, ndgoj (*nd-ghosa), Tosc dgjoj, alb. Greece dlgonj, alb. Arbrsh dilingonj, ndlgonj, ndlgonj, glgonj ` I hear ' [common alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz-]. skyth. EN ` rattling, clashing by the war chariot ', Avestan zairi-gaoa- `with about Latin heus ` hallo! ho, there! hark!' s. rather WH. I 643 f. Page(s): 454 References: WP. I 569, WH. I 643 f. afgh. ngval ` listen, obey ', Old pers. gaua-, Avestan gaoa- m. `ear', npers. g `ear',

Avestan gao- `hear', Kaus. in gayat-uxa- ` sein Wort zu Gehr bringend ', npers.

yellow ears';

Meaning: to notice, pay attention

()() Root / lemma: ghou()-

favor, promote, befriend, countenance, protect; be favorable to, help, support, with dat.; with infin., to be inclined to do. Esp. as religious t.t., to speak no words of bad omen; `favns', foner ` favorable, propitious ' from *fouenis; [Illyrian Latin gh- > d- > f-] hence to be silent; be quiet in worship '; favre from *fovre because of Umbrian fons

Material: Latin fave, -re, fv, fautum ` to favor, be well disposed, be inclined towards,

`attention', Old High German gouma ` paying attention, observance, feast ', Swiss gaume taste '), Old Saxon gma `repast, meal, guest's meal ', whereof Old Saxon gmian ` host '. `baby sitting' (from dem Germanic Latvian game `taste', gamt ` memorize, observe,

Old Saxon gmian, Old High German goumen ds., Old Icelandic gaumr m. and gaum f.

one' s attention ', Old Norse geyma `heed, care, worry for, beware', Old English geman,

Old Icelandic g (*gawn) ` look out, take care ', Gothic gaumjan ` remark, see, raise up

(The meaning relations are still to be cleared in detail; s. Slotty IF. 46, 369.) In addition isl. guma ` pay attention ';

changing through ablaut Old English ofergumian `neglect', Old Saxon fargumn ` neglect ',

', Czech hovti ` favor, spare, look after, look up; satisfy, show indulgence '; from dem Russ. derives Lithuanian gavti ` fast ', Latvian gavt ds. Page(s): 453 References: WP. I 635 f., WH. I 465.

fast ', sloven. dial. goveti ` remain grumpily silent ', Serbo-Croatian gvijm, gvjeti ` obey

Old Church Slavic govj, govti ` worship; revere, live a god-fearing life ', russ. govt `

Meaning: to eat

Root / lemma: ghsgh

Material: Old Indic ghas- `eat, consume' in 2. 3. Sg. Aor. ghas, 3. Pl. kan, Perf.
h

jaghsa, jaku, (common Old Indic h- > k-) from which after Wackernagel KZ. 41, 309 present jakiti, particle Perf. *gd a- in agdhd ` uneaten food ', later jagdh-, sgdhi- f. ` shared meal', later jagdhi- s. Wackernagel aaO., ghasmara- ` voracious ', ghasana- n. `

the consuming ', ghs- m. `nourishment, food'; Avestan gah- `eat, devour (from davischen creature)';

about Latin hostia ` sacrificial animal, sacrifice, oblation', hostre ` repay' s. WH. I 661 f.; about angebl. Latvian gste ` feast ' s. WH. I 637. Maybe alb. gosti `feast', ngos, ngop `sate, feed' Latin loanword. Page(s): 452 References: WP. I 640.

ghreb gherb ghreb Root / lemma: ghre -1, gher -; root widening ghre Meaning: to grab ghreib Note: compare also ghrei -.
h h h h

Material: Old Indic grabh-, grab- ` gripe, catch, obtain, seize, touch, attain, arrest ', Aor. filled goblet '; grpsa- `bush, tussock ', grbh- ` griping, handle, grasp', grh- (as 2.

agrabham, Perf. jagrbha, Pass. grhyte, grbhyant; grbha- m. ` the griping ', grha- ` composition part) ` griping ', grbh- m. `handle, grasp', grbhi- ` in recollecting, containing ', Avestan grab- ` grasp ' in hngrabm (asmain) ` I captured (with the eye) ', Perf.

grbh- m. ` seizer, handful ';

jigaurva, gurvayeiti (compare Old Indic grbhyant) ` seizes, holds firmly, agrees,

perceives ', participle Perf. Pass. grpta-, grab- ` structure of words, sentence '; Akk. grbm ` the holding on, seizing '; npers. giriftan ` gripe ', grad ` seizes '; Old Norse grpa ` snatch, grasp ' (p in support in grpa?), Old English grppian ` gripe ',

engl. grapple ` grip, grasp '; besides Swedish grabba ` grapple, pack ', Middle Low

German grabben, grabbelen ` catch fast, heap ' (out of it engl. grab, grabble), Middle High grapsen; in addition nasalized Swedish dial. gramma ` snatch ', Swiss grame ` creep ', German grappeln ` grope ', Norwegian dial. grafsa, grapsa `scratch, scrape ', deutsch

Old High German garba ` a handful, bundle ', Middle High German Modern High German Garbe;

Swedish gramsa ` take with full-hand ', Swiss gramse ds.; aschs. garva ` fascicle, sheaf ',

grope, reach for something ', grabstti ` gripe, pack ', lengthened grade grbiu, grbti `

Lithuanian grabs, grabns ` adroit, skilful in the stealing ', grabinti, grabaliti, grabti `

booty'; Latvian grebju, grebt also ` grasp ', grabas f. Pl. ` the bundled together ', greblis together ';

rake, gripe, rob'; previous iterative. grbiu, grbti ` gripe, snatch, rob', grbis m. ` robbery,

`small rake ', grbju, grbt ` grasp, catch, rake ', grbt iterative in addition ` rake, gather Old Church Slavic greb, greti `oar, row', russ. greb, grest ` pile, rake, oar, row',

pile ', Czech hrabati `scratch, dig, burrow, rummage, rake ', etc. Maybe alb. grabit ` rob ' a Slavic loanword. root extension ghre -: ghreb
h

rudder '; iterative Old Church Slavic grablj, grabiti `rob', Serbo-Croatian grbiti ` grasp,

Bulgarian greb ` rake, scratch, scrape, comb, oar, row, (water) scoop ', grebl ` rake,

', Infin. grhtum, participle grbht- ` reigned, caught, held on ', grbhtr, grahtr ` seizer'; Avestan grwniti, gurvyeiti, Old pers. garbyaiti ` seizes, conquers, agrees, perceives, understands '. References: WP. I 652 f., Trautmann 95 f.; different Kuiper Nasalprs. 232.

Old Indic grbhnti, grbhyti ` seizes, sticks, attains '; innovations are: grabht ` griped

Page(s): 455

Root / lemma: ghreb -2 ghre

h

Meaning: to scratch, dig

ghreb Note: (Not always certain from ghre - ` gripe, rake ' to divide; identical with it?; see Note: Persson Beitr. 728 A. 1).
h h

ghreb ghreb gherb Root / lemma: ghre -2 : to scratch, dig; derived from Root / lemma: ghre -1, gher -; root widening ghre - : to grab. ghreb
h

preterit Old Icelandic grfum indicating to a present grefa, really records Old Norwegian German graban ` dig, bury, engrave '; Old Frisian grva schw. v. s. meaning, Dutch

Material: Gothic graban `dig', Old Icelandic grafa ` notch, dig, prick ornaments ' (Plur.

and Old Swedish (grva)), Old English grafan ds., Old Saxon bigraan `bury', Old High

groeven ` trickle, groove, make furrows or channels '; iterative to graban-: Old High grbeln ds.; Gothic grba f. `ditch, trench, channel' Maybe alb. grop `ditch, trench, channel'

German grubiln ` dig naggingly, rummage through, investigate ', Middle High German

Old English grafu, Old Icelandic grf f. `pit, pothole, grave' (Germanic *grab); Gothic

cave, gullet' (Germanic *grb); Old English grf n. `ditch, trench, channel, grave', Old Frisian gref, Old Saxon graf, Old High German grab `grave'; Old Icelandic grptr m. `

grba f. `pit, pothole, cave', Old Icelandic grf ds., Old High German gruoba `pit, pothole,

*graftu), Old Frisian greft f. ` ditch, trench, channel ' (Germanic*grafti), nld. gracht ds., Old High German graft f. `monumentum, sculpture, engraving ' (but Old High German gruft is folk etymology reshuffling from gr.-Latin crypta);

graving, grave, burial, funeral ', Old English grft m. ` sculpture, engraving ' (Germanic

` gouge, type of chisel ' (also rake, see below ghre - ` gripe '); ghreb
h

Latvian grebju, grebt ` hollow out, dig with a chisel; scrape, excavate, seize ', greblis m.

scratch, scrape', with prefix po- `bury', Czech (old) hebu, hbsti `dig, bury', poln. grzeb, grzs `scratch, scrape, dig, bury'; zero grade Slavic *grbti in Old Czech hbieti ` lie buried ', nowadays pohbiti `bury'; iterative Old Church Slavic pogrbati, gribati `bury', russ. pogrebt ds., Serbo-Croatian (old) zagribati ` bury ', Czech hrbati ` upbraid, rebuke', poln. grzebi, grzeba ` curry, scratch, scrape', with po- `bury'; Church Slavic greben

Old Church Slavic pogreb, pogreti `bury', Serbo-Croatian grbm, grbsti ` dig,

Czech heben `comb, garden rake ';

`comb', russ. grben ds., Serbo-Croatian grbn ` comb, sting, prick, carding, ridge ',

Maybe alb. (*heben) krehn `comb' : Russian: grbe `comb'. : poln. grzebie ds.; Old Church Slavic grob `grave', Serbo-Croatian grb (Gen. grba), Czech hrob, russ. grob (Gen. grba).

Maybe alb. graba `erosion, hollowing out', also a zero grade noun *graba, grath `tooth, prong (for digging) ', grehull `thicket'. Page(s): 455-456 References: WP. I 653 f., Trautmann 96.

ghred Root / lemma: ghre Meaning: to march Material: Avestan aiwi-grmahi ` we begin, advance, go forward, march, proceed ',
h

initiating, commencing ' = Old Indic adhi-krtya-, S. LviGA 1912;

grzdi- f. ` (*lineup =) the captured, gained '; but Middle Indic (Aoka-Inschr.) adhigicya ` Latin gradior, - ` to take steps, step, walk, go, advance ', gradus, -s `a step; a step as

made, a pace; an approach; a step as climbed, a stair; hence any tier, gradation; a braid of from *ghr d -, ablaut grade as in Lithuanian grdiju);
h e h

hair; abstr., degree, stage; rank, position; milit., station, post', grallae ` stilts ' (Latin gradGothic gris (only Akk. Sg. grid) ` footstep, grade' (but Middle High German grit `

footstep ', griten ` spread the legs apart ', Modern High German Bavarian gritt, gritten ds. to Germanic *gr- ` straddled, gaping ', the strange link so far is missed); Lithuanian grdiju, -yti (Jukevicz) ` go, wander, err about '. Present nasals: Sg.*ghrn-d -ne-t), (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), compare Thurneysen KZ. 63, 114f., Old Church Slavic grd, grsti ` go, come ', russ. grjad, grjast ` go, march ' etc. Page(s): 456-457 References: WP. I 651 f., WH. I 615 f., Trautmann 98. Old Irish in-grenn-, to-grenn- ` pursue ' (-enn- from -nd -n-, themat. n-present, 3.
h

and - indeed definitely the i-row belonging - graiteln ` lock the fingers or legs apart ' belong

Kuiper Nasalprs. 170 f.;

ghreibRoot / lemma: ghreibMeaning: to grab ghreb Note: compare also ghre -.

h

Material: Gothic greipan ` grasp ', Old Icelandic grpa ` grasp, gripe ', Old English Old

Saxon grpan ds., Old Frisian grpa, Old High German grfan ds., in addition as iterative

greip f. `handle, grasp, span, hand', Old English grp `fist, handle, grasp', Old High

Old English grpian, Old High German greifn ` caress ', and Nom. agentis Old Icelandic

German greifa `fork', Old English gripa m. ` handful, fascicle, sheaf '; in addition Old

Icelandic gripr m. ` preciousness, valuable possession ', Old English gripe m. `handle, griff ` attacking, specially of a free girl without agreement of her parents ', Middle High fork';

grasp, attack, jewel', Old Frisian bi-grip m. ` statute; agreement', Old High German anaGerman grif ` snatch, palpation, grasp ', Middle Low German grpe, grpe `handle, grasp, Maybe alb. grep `hook' from a Romance derivative also Italian grappa `hook'. graiba, graibti, grbnis m. ` quick grasp, grabbing ', Latvian griba f. ` wish, volition ', Lithuanian griebi, gribti (besides greibi, grebti) ` snatch at, seize, gripe ', intensive

gribt ` want ' (originally ` reach for something '). Page(s): 457-458 References: WP. I 647, Trautmann 96.

ghremRoot / lemma: ghrem-1

Meaning: to scratch, rub

Material: Gothic gramsta Dat. Sg. `wooden splinter' (Persson Beitr. 99); East Frisian grum Material: ` residuum, smut ' (such meaning also by ghru- and ghri-), mnl. nnl. grom ` intestines, entrails, smut ', Low German nl. groom ds., Norwegian Dialectal grumen ` cloudy, mixed

Note: extension from gher- ds.

(Falk-Torp under grums);

`smut'; Modern High German Swiss grummen ` pick out, pick up, collect; pinch, rummage ' Maybe alb. grumbull ` pile, collection', grumbulloj ` collect '. Lithuanian grmiu, grmti `scrape', grmdau, -yti `scratch, scrape', Latvian gremu,

fish ', Modern High German Bavarian gramel ` cracklings ', Old Icelandic grm, grmr

with deposit, residuum ', ablaut. West Frisian gram, grim ` intestines, entrails, esp. from

gremt ` gnaw, bite ', gramstt ` snatch ' (against another division of Baltic words see below ger-, grem- `catch'); different Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 637, 649. compare Lithuanian grndiu, grsti under under ghren-. Page(s): 458 References: WP. I 655.

ghremRoot / lemma: ghrem-2

Meaning: heavy sound, thunder, grumble

angry'), npers. aram `fierceness';

of those who are to us grimm ' and participle Perf. Pass. granta- from *ghramita- `becomes gr. , ` neigh ', m. ` creakiness ', (= Old Church

Material: Avestan gram- ` become angry, feel rage ' (only in participle present grmntm `

Slavic grom) `noise, neighing ' (Hes.);

German gram ds., Middle High German gram `angry, irate, uncourageous ', Gothic

Old Icelandic gramr ` enraged, hostile ', Old English gram, Old Saxon gram, Old High

gramjan ` enrage ', isl. gremia ` make angry, irate ', Old English gremman ` infuriate, revile ', Old High German gremmen ` enrage, infuriate ', Middle High German gremen ` cause grief ', refl. ` grieve ', Old High German gramiz ` becomes angry, sad, infuriated ', Old Icelandic grimmr `fierce, grim, hostile, excited, aroused ', Old English Old Frisian Old

Saxon Old High German grimm `wild, cruel, savage'; Old English grimman ` rage ', Old anger or pain ', zero grade Old High German umbegrummn ` gnaw at ', Middle High

Saxon grimman `wheeze, rage, bawl, blaster', Middle High German grimmen ` rage before German Middle Low German grummen `drone, grumble, murmur', Modern High German

Old English grymettan ` growl ';

grummen, grummeln `murmur, scold, grumble, sound vaguely ', Norwegian grymta `grunt', Lithuanian gram, gramti ` fall with noise ', grumi, grumti ` thunder ', grumen,

Beitr. 349) grumzdi, grumsti ` gnash, creak, threaten'; Latvian gremju, gremt ` mumble, murmur, threaten, grumble, rumble; talk with passion ', Old Prussian grumins m. ` distant thunder ', grmons `sung, chanted', grmikan ` ditty '; Maybe alb. gumzhit `sound' a Slavic loanword. clink', Serbo-Croatian grm, grmljeti, Czech hmti, poln. grzmie ` thunder ', wherefore the Old Church Slavic vzgrmit, -grmti ` thunder ', russ. gremt ` thunder, clang,

grumnti ` drone vaguely, grumble, murmur, threaten'; with extension -zd- (see Persson

` thunder, fulminate '; Old Church Slavic grom, russ. grom `thunder', Serbo-Croatian grm `thunder, lightning', Czech hrom `thunder', poln. grom `thunder, thunderbolt '. Page(s): 458-459 References: WP. I 655 f., Trautmann 97.

intensive in Church Slavic grimati `sound, clink', Serbo-Croatian dial. grimt, Czech hmati

ghrend Root / lemma: ghren h

Meaning: beam

rafter ' from *ghrond ;

h

Material: Latin grunda f. ` a gutter ', suggrunda f. ` the lower border of a roof, the eaves; Old Icelandic grind f. ` latticework, grid door, harbour ', Old English grindel, Old Saxon

German grindel, grendel ` transom, bar, bolt, crossbeam of the plow ';

grindil `bar, bolt', Old High German grintil `bar, bolt, crossbeam of the plow ', Middle Low

32, 162 with Lithuanian);

grandico f. `plank, balk', grandan (Akk.) `man, husband' (to meaning compare E. Lewy IF. Slavic grda in russ. grjad `bed, row', Serbo-Croatian grda `balk, beam', Czech hada

grda, also grds ` floor, plank ', grudi m. Pl. ` planks, balks, beams ', Old Prussian

floor ', grindti, grindti, grindi grsti ` cover with boards ', grand ` bridge plank ', Latvian

Lithuanian grinds, gridas, grind ` planking board ', Pl. gridos ` board layer, boarded

Slavic grd in sloven. grd, Gen. gred ` shaft, pole'. Page(s): 459-460 References: WP. I 657, WH. I 623 f., Trautmann 98.

` shaft, pole, balk, beam, scaffold, trestle', poln. grzda ` shaft, pole, furrow, bed'; besides

Meaning: to rub, stroke roughly

ghrenRoot / lemma: ghren-

Material: Gr. ` touch slightly; smear, paint; besmear, anoint; stain; defile; esp. of moral pollution '; in addition with formants -tu- (-to-), Old Icelandic grunnr m. (nn from n) `bottom,

gherNote: extension from gher-2 ds., mostly with dental extension (originally present?)

Saxon grund, Old High German grunt `ground, bottom'. ghren-d-: ghrentherefrom ' (diss. from *-);
h

gramm. variation) `field, earth', Gothic grundu-waddjus ` foundation wall ', Old English Old

place in the water ', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), grund f. (m.

ground' (basic meaning `sand, sandy soil' as `* the pulverized ground '), grunn n. ` shallow

Gr. m. ` a grain or lump of salt; in pl. groats of wheat or spelt: gruel made alb. (-d- or -d -) grund, krund, krunde ` bran ' (*ghrn-d[h]);

maybe alb. Geg grind `quarrel, fight, crush', alb. Tosc grinj `grind' d- > f- shift. Latin frend, -ere ` crunch, gnash the teeth '; common Illyrian gh- > d-, from there Latin Old Icelandic grotti m. `mill'. ghrenghren-d -: with tum), engl. to grind one's teeth `gnash the teeth'; Modern High German (ndd.) Old English grindan ` grind, crunch ', engl. to grind `ds., sharpen ' (Old English grindan
h

Grand `sand', ndd. grand f. ` coarse sand, meal, flour, bran ', Old High German in grente ` sand; scurf ', nld. grind, grint ` coarse meal, flour, sand', Old High German Middle High in earth full of clay ', Old Icelandic grandi m. `sandbank, gravel '; ndd. grind f. ` pebble

German grint ` crust, scab, eschar, scurf', Gothic grinda-frajis ` pusillanimous ' (from an adj. *grinds `*pulverized '); Lithuanian grndu, grsti and grndiu, grsti ` rub hard, scour, clean' (zero grade

present), Iter. grnd-aunder -yti (compare grmti above under ghrem-1); russ. grjada. ghremPage(s): 459 References: WP. I 656 f., WH. I 545 f., Trautmann 96 f.

Meaning: to smear, etc..

ghri- ghri ghrighreiRoot / lemma: ghri- : ghri- : ghr- and (Lithuanian) ghrei-

Material: Gr. `anoint, smear, color, rub, scratch, prick ' (*- or -, compare

Note: extension from gher- `rub'; much less productive than u-extension ghru-.

, ), ` smearing; anointing; colouring, varnish, wash; colour-washing coating of wall, plaster ', ` to rub, anoint; sting, prick '; ` wander above the near, approach ';

', , new ` ointment; anything smeared on; anointing, unction; of spiritual grace; surface, scratch ' etc.; Med. ` bring near; touch the surface of a body, graze, scratch; draw Old Icelandic grma `mask, helmet; riddle ', engl. grime ` dirt, smut ', Old English Old

ablaut. grme f. `smut';

Saxon grma, -o m. `mask, helmet; ghost', Middle Low German grmet ` lined in black ', Lithuanian griej, griti ` skim the cream ' (older present form grej), gramas `cream';

with transference in the mental area (compare similar under ghru-) here Germanic grs- in Old English -grsan `shudder, fear, dread', grslc, Old High German grsenlh `terrible,

grisly', mnl. grsen, Middle Low German grsen, gresen `shudder', greselk ` eerie '

IF. 2, 44 are connected under a basic meaning `*cover', Old Icelandic grma etc.); after
11

(different Wood Mod. Phil. 5, 265: to Old Indic ji-hrti ` feel shame ', wherewith Johansson s. v. Griesgram here Old English grist n. ` milling ', Old Saxon grist-grimmo `

Kluge

Low German gristel ds., also Old English grost, Middle High German gruschel ds. Page(s): 457 References: WP. I 646 f.

High German grisgram ds.; perhaps also Old English gristle f. `gristle', Old Frisian Middle

bruxism ', Old High German grist-grimmn ds. (besides grus-gramn ds.); out of it Middle

ghru- ghru ghruRoot / lemma: ghru-1 : ghru- : ghrMeaning: to fall down Material: Hom. Aor. (F) ` attacked, pressed ', ` attacking violently, furious, raging ' (-F-); Latin ingru, -ere ` to fall upon, assail, attack ', congru, -ere ` to run together, come

together, meet; in time, to coincide; in gen., to be suited to, correspond with, agree ';

of it from:) griv (griv, Trautmann 100), griuva griti ` collapse, fall in ruins ' (griv = collapse ', guvei m. Pl. ` rubble '; double anlaut besides qreu- (see there)? Latin -gru from *ghruu); Latvian gauju, grvu, gaut ` shatter ', gstu, guvu, gt `

Lithuanian griuju, griviau, griuti ` break down (trans. intr.); thunder ' (iau from u; out

Croatian grhm, grhati `crack, creak', sloven. grh ` scree, stone fragments ', gra ` like the pigeon '). Page(s): 460

Russ. dial. grchnut a ` collapse with noise ', klr. hrchnuty ` rumble; crow ', Serbo-

coarse sand, grit ', poln. gruchn ` fall down with crashing sound; hit fast ' (grucha ` coo

References: WP. I 647 f., WH. I 700 f., Trautmann 100. from zum Folgenden?

ghru- ghru ghruRoot / lemma: ghru-2 : ghru- : ghrMeaning: to rub Note: extension from gher- `rub'

Material: Gr. *, Konj. Aor. ` scratch, scrape, graze, wound slightly, injure ', ` hit in ', Cypriot , ` bump, stumble, of lands, touch, be adjacent to ', ` untouched, clean, pure cold water '; with gradation *ghr[u]-: ` surface of a body (*which one touches)', hence `skin, complexion' (Nom. from

 ` touch or coat, color, stain, blemish the surface of a body ', , - `skin, complexion, paint, color, makeup ', , Attic ` body surface, skin, paint, color ' (*F-); gall. *grava ` gravel ', cymr. gro, acorn. grow, mcorn. grow `sand', Middle Breton

*ghr[u]-s, Gen. thereafter from *ghru-s; besides then later ), and

grouanenn ds., (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), nbret. gro(a) f. `sand beach', groan, grouan ` engrave ' (vocalism unclear); Old Icelandic grjn n. ` cereal (*crushed corn, grain)', Middle High German grien m. n. `

Norwegian isl. grugg n. ` residuum ' from *gruwwa- as ` sandy residuum ').

gravel sand, sandy bank ', Middle Low German grn `grain of sand' (*ghruno-; also

grausen' etc., Old High German grunn, -nnes ` misery, woefulness ', griuna ` eagerness, extension ghreu-d-:

horror', Old High German grsn, grwisn ` feel fright ', Modern High German `graus,

German gren, grwen `shudder, fear, dread', Middle High German griul, griuwel `fright,

the mind '), one also assumes affiliation from Old High German ingrn, Middle High

Because the extended root ghreu-d- plural applied is on the mental area (`touch hard in

vehemency, fierceness, atrocity ' (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

durch-griezen ` grind in small parts '; Old Icelandic grjt n. (a-stem) ` stone, semolina ', Old High German grioz, Middle High German griez m., n. `grain of sand, sand, semolina ', Greutungi ` shore inhabitant ' and in Finnish riutta `sandbank, cliff'); English grot n. `sand, dust, earth', Old Saxon griot n. `sand, bank, border, shore', Old

Old High German *firgrioan ` grind ', participle firgrozzen, Middle High German ver-,

Modern High German ` semolina ' (Germanic *greuta- ` rock, sand, gravel ' also in VN Old Icelandic grautr m. ` cereal, grain ' (` ground, scrunched, crushed, crunched roughly

'); Old English grat ` coarsely granulated, big, large, thick' (engl. great), Old Frisian grt, Old Saxon grt, Old High German Middle High German grz `big, large', Middle High ghren-;

German also `coarse, thick' (Germanic *grauta-); about Old Icelandic grotti `mill' see below Old English grytt ` cereal, grain ' (engl. grits `ds., coarse sand'), Old High German

German grz m. `sand, grain ', Modern High German Graus `grain of sand, rubble, detritus

(Dat. gryt) f. ` coarse meal, flour, grape marc ', Old Frisian grt `sand', Middle High

gruzzi, Middle Low German grtte ` cereal, grain ' (Germanic *grutia-); Old English grt

', Middle Low German grt ` brittle as ferment, yeast, substance which causes English grot n. ` coarse meal, flour' (Germanic *gruta-);

fermentation ', Dutch gruit ` malt, yeast, residuum ', Norwegian grt n. ` residuum '; Old with formants -to- or -so-: Middle Low German grs, grs ` crumbled stones, gravel ';

the pearl barley preparation); bump; touch '; ablaut. grauds besides ` brittle ' also `

Balto Slavic *grdi ` stamp ' in Lithuanian grdiu or grdau, grsti `stomp (barley for

stirring, wistful ', Old Prussian engraudsnan Akk. Sg. ` pity ', grdas `corn, grain'; Latvian `corn, grain', grauu, graudu, grast ` rumble, thunder ', graudiens m. ` lightning strike ', Church Slavic gruda `clod of earth', collective grudije and (deriving from an already
h

gru, grdu, grst `bump, poke, stomp', grdenes f. Pl. ` pearl barley '; ablaut. grads m.

grauli Pl. ` rubble, debris ';

collective *ghrud-d ) gruzdije; Serbo-Croatian grda `clump' etc. ( proves initial long diphthong u); with -mn: Serbo-Croatian grmn `clod', russ. grum ds.; here also with transference on the mental area russ.-Church Slavic s-grustiti a ` grieve ', russ. grust f. Indo Germanic u; the old sensory meaning still in gr m. ` grit, mountain rubble '), with weak grade : Serbo-Croatian grst f. m. ` disgust, repulsion, loathing ' (proto Slavic*grst), grstiti-se ` be disgusted ', as well as *grd in Old Church Slavic grd `horrendus, terribilis', Serbo-Croatian grd ` hideous, unsavory, distasteful, nasty ', from '), russ. grdyj ds., Serbo-Croatian grd `stout, proud, terrible', etc.; which also Old Church Slavic grd `stout, proud' (originally ` feeling disgust, fastidiously

` distress, sorrow ', sloven. grst m. ` disgust, repulsion, loathing ' ( from short diphthong,

Maybe nasalized alb. (*krude) krunde, crumps `debris ' about Latin gurdus s. WH. I 627. extension ghru(h?)-: rubble, horror, dismay ' ndd. loanword?); Lithuanian gruas ` gravel ', grutas ` uneven, bumpy ' (is Latvian gruzis, Pl. grui ` poln. gruz ` rubble, mortar', Pl. ` debris, ruins ', klr. kru ` debris ', Pl. ` rubble ' (barely

from Middle High German grs ` horror, dismay ' because of:) poln. gruzla `clump', Upper Sorbian hruza ` clump, clod '. extension ghreu-b -:
h

High German griubo, griobo), Griebs, perhaps also grob; compare with Germanic p, crushed grain, coarse flour '.

presumably in Germanic groups from Modern High German Griebe ` cracklings ' (Old

Norwegian Dialectal grpa, graup ` grind coarsely, crush ', gropa, grypja ds., grop n. ` References: WP. I 648 ff., Trautmann 99.

Page(s): 460-462

Root / lemma: (ghr- :) ghr- : ghrghr- ghr- ghr ghr Meaning: to grow, be green Note: only Germanic (and slavisch?)

Material: Gothic gras n. `grass, herb', Old Icelandic Old Saxon gras, Old English grs, German gruose f. ` young plant shoot, plant juice ', Middle Low German grse f. ` plant without the s-derivative: Old Icelandic gra ` grow, be healed ', Old English grwan `be grs ds., Old High German gras, Modern High German Gras; full grade Middle High

juice ', mnl. groese ` young vegetation, young grass ';

gruot f. ` greenery, fresh growth '; Old High German gruoni, Middle High German grene, Old English grne, Old Icelandic grnn `green, fresh, good'; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Grnaland `Greenland'.

grejen `grow, thrive, be green'; Old Icelandic gri m. ` growth ', Middle High German

green, bloom', engl. grow, Old High German gruoen, gruowan, Middle High German

young branches of coniferous wood ' from ghr-t-, ghr-t-;

With dental extension: Old English grd m. `grass', Middle High German graz, -zzes `

prickles, beard hair ' and its light basic root gher- ds. (see there would be to be covered by gherif from *herz-d `barley' with suffixal of the same kind to *gher-d .
h h

probably to ghr-: ghr-: ghr- ` project, protrude, e.g. from plants shoots, plants

Latin herba ` vegetation; a green plant; a blade or stalk, esp. of corn or grass ' to the latter, Berneker 355 considers doubtingly for Old Church Slavic grozd `grape', grozn ds. a
h

cognate of *ghras-d o-, -nu- as base; the meaning would be justified at most through russ. grnka ` bundle ' : Bulgarian Serbo-Croatian grna `twig, branch'. Page(s): 454 References: WP. I 645 f., WH. I 616 f., 639 f.

ghroudRoot / lemma: ghroud-

Meaning: a protruding body part Material: Old Irish grad (n. es-stem) `cheek', cymr. grudd ds., corn. grud `maxilla'; Old English grada m. `bosom'. Page(s): 462 References: WP. I 658. Note: only Celtic and Germanic

i)eu- i)eu)eu )eu Root / lemma: g(ii)eu-, (ii)euMeaning: to chew Material: Npers. jvdan `chew', afgh. vl, yl ds., `bite, gnaw ' (iran. *jyav-); Armenian kveni ` larch, any of a number of cone-bearing trees which yield a heavy solid

wood ';

English cowan, nengl. chew [common Illyrian-alb. kh- > t-, gh- > d-s];

Old Icelandic tyggja, -va `chew' (for *kyggja after tgla `chew'), Swedish tugga, Old

`chew' (*kewian); Old High German kewa, Middle High German kiuwe f. ` jaw, mandible, kse ` molar tooth ', Middle Low German kse, mnl. kze, changing through ablaut mnl. Balto-Slavic *iaui ` chew ' in: Lithuanian iunos f. Pl. ` jaws ', Latvian anas f. Pl. ` jaws, maxilla, gill'; evt `chew'; in addition (from Balto-Slavic *iun) Bulgarian na f. `lip' and Serbo-

Middle Low German keuwen, Old High German kiuwan, Middle High German kwen

lower jaw bone '; derived: Old English cace, Old Frisian zike f. (*keukn) and Old Frisian

kieze ds.;

r.-Church Slavic uju (*zjou-) and v, vati (*zjv-), Old Czech iji, vti, russ. uj,

vkat `chew', vak ` larch resin as a tooth cleaning material ';

Croatian vlo n. ` pharynxes, throat, gorge ', vle f. Pl. ` set of teeth in the bridle '; russ. Tocharian AB w--tsi `eat' (Pedersen Tocharian Sprachg. 43); compare further gu- `resin'.

119.

References: WP. I 642, WH. I 601, Trautmann 372, Lidn Ann. Acad. Scient. Fennicae 27,

Page(s): 400

glag- glakRoot / lemma: glag- or glakMeaning: milk Grammatical information: Nom. glakt n.

Material: Gr. , n. `milk'; originally probably *, Gen. * (compare Hes., probably a Kinderwort with hypocoristic gemination as ), whence also die initial stress:) , whereupon also instead of *. The form hom. (, later ), on the other hand dissimilated Cretan , goes back perhaps to Nom. * < *. -), out of it *, * (hence Hes. and

Note: only gr. and Latin

further *, with vocal development in monosyllabic word (probably in the child's mouth,

dlicus (*d-lac-os) ` put away from the breast, weaned; the weaned mother's milk '? About altchin. lac (*glac) from Indo Germanic *galakt s. Karlgren DLZ. 1926, 1960 f. Page(s): 400-401 References: WP. I 659, WH. I 337 f., 741 f.

old- and late Latin i-stem lacte, compare Pl. lacts f. ` milk of the male fish '; derived

Latin lac, lactis n., with dissimilation reduction of anlaut. Gutturals from *glact = gr. ;

Meaning: soft, tender

gleRoot / lemma: gle-

moan', Swedish klcka `frighten' (*klinkwan), Old Danish kliunka ds., Danish klynke ` klkka `melt' (*klankwjan); ndd. klinker `tender, weak, lean ';

*klinkuaz), Old Icelandic klkkva ` become soft, show faintheartedness or grief, groan,

Material: Nasalized in Old Icelandic klkkr ` soft, pliable, flexible, sentimental ' (from

whimper ', compare in addition the causative Old Norse klkkva `soft make', Swedish dial. Lithuanian glnas `tender, soft, flabby', glens ds., glt, glea, glti ` soft, slack,

become wilted ', Latvian glzns;

Bulgarian glz, glezl ` forgive, coddle ', razglza ` corruptness, unmannerliness '. Page(s): 401 References: WP. I 661.

gleub Root / lemma: gleu h

Meaning: to cut, slice, pare

Material: Gr. ` carve from, carve out, cut out with a knife; engrave; to note down [on tablets] ', , - f. ` incisure, notched end of the arrow; but perh. of notches or grooves for the fingers; poet. for the arrow itself; also in pl., notches in the arrow-head; pen-knife; chisel; in Architecture, capitals of columns; in pl., a lurking-place, den, hole, cave ';

` a hull or husk, esp. of corn '(forms -sm; glb with = eu, as Modern High German klieben);

Latin glb, -re `to deprive of its bark, to bark, peel; to cast off its shell or bark ', glma

`cleft, gap, the cloven hoof', zero grade Old Norse klofna, -aa `be split', klyfia klufa `split', klof n. `cleft, gap, cleft, fissure', klofi m. ` door latch, clamp ', = Old Saxon kloo m. `cloven hook ', Old English clofe f. ` buckle ', clufu f. `onion, bulb', Old High German klobo-louh, stick, hook for fowling ' = Old High German klobo ` cloven stick for catching or capturing,

Old High German klioban, Old English clefan, Old Norse kljfa `split', Old Norse klauf f.

tongs, split wood for clamping ', Modern High German Kluppe (*klubjn-), Old Norse klyf f. ` the split packsaddle ', Old High German kluft, Modern High German Kluft; after Wissmann (Nom. postverb. 129 f.) with expressive lengthened zero grade : Old High

Modern High German with dissimilation Knoblauch, Old High German kluppa f. ` pliers,

German klbn ` to pick to pieces; defoliate ', Modern High German klauben (in addition probably with Germanic intensive consonant increase Old Norse klypa ` clamp, nip, pinch');

gvaldti ` take out its shell or pod, core ' referring, exactly in such a way, as gvalbti ds. -bis covered by *glaubti. References: WP. I 661, WH. 1 610 f.

loosens the earth '; but Lithuanian glaudti ` take out its shell or pod ' has probably -d from

Old Prussian gleuptene ` mouldboard, curved metal blade on the front of a plow which

Page(s): 401-402

glgh- glgh ghRoot / lemma: glgh- : glghMeaning: spike Material: Gr. ` spike of the ear ', , - f. `cusp, peak', , Attic , Ionian `reed' (originally Nom. * Gen. ); serb.-Church Slavic (etc.) glog `thorn';

Maybe alb. -mb- formant glem, gjemb ` thorn ' similar to alb. delme ` sheep ', zjarm ` fire ' sticking, the clinging ' to Indo Germanic glei-, s. gel-1 ` clench ' extension gl-ei-, S. 363. References: WP. I 662, Trautmann 91, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 474, 3. Page(s): 402 perhaps Old Norse kleggi `gadfly, brake' as ` piercing little animal ', or as *klajjan- ` the

golglRoot / lemma: gol-1, lengthened grade gl-, reduktions stem g lMeaning: to lie; den (of animals) Material: Armenian kala `cave, hiding place, nook, bolt-hole or lair of a wild animal'; gr. `cave, pit, pothole'; and f. (*kol) ` birth of animal young, a full packed egg, children from the same marriage (actually of the same bed '; Old Swedish kolder (= Old Icelandic *kollr from *kolaR), Norwegian dial. kold, kuld m.
o

Latvian gult ` lie down to sleep ', Lithuanian guliu, gulti `lie', Latvian gula ` lair, camp, night campground ', Lithuanian gulta, gult ` lair (of an animal) '; gulis (and at most in *glei-s traceable back to ) with frequent lengthened Because of Lithuanian gvalis (Szyrwid) = gulis, gval, gval Adv. ` lying ', gvalsias =
o

guli (gulu), gulti ` lie down, go to bed, go to sleep, lay down in bed and go to sleep ',

Lithuanian gulis ` lair, camp, night campground ', Latvian gul'a ` lair, nest '; Lithuanian

grade in i-stem; Baltic gul-, Armenian kal- from reduplication-stem g l-.

*gul- with Indo Germanic loss of u;gul- then = Indo Germanic *gul-); it seems Lithuanian References: WP. I 639 f., Trautmann 93 f.

to ) after Trautmann KZ. 42, 373 will place the root as *guol- (lengthened grade *gl- from

gulsias ` lying', gvalni tor = gulsiu kartl tvor (Kv-darna, where uo would have led

gval-forms demand a single-linguistic explanation. compare but Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 93 f.

Page(s): 402

Meaning: branch 326).

golRoot / lemma: gol-2

Material: Armenian kor `bough, twig, branch'; russ. golj `twig, branch' (etc., s. Berneker References: WP. I 640, Meillet MSL. 11, 185.

Page(s): 403 gRoot / lemma: gou- (or gau-?:) gMeaning: hand; to grab Material: Avestan gava Du., gav Akk. Pl. ` hands '; Avestan gnaoiti ` supply, gain ', gr. *F assumed from - ` to give or hand over as a pledge; to have a thing pledged to one, accept as a surety; of a father to give his daughter in marriage, to plight, betroth; to have a woman betrothed to ` to pledge oneself '; postverbal ` a pledge put into the hand: surety, security ', one; also to pledge oneself, give security; to promise or engage that; to answer for '; Med. ` giving security ', Subst. ` bondman, guarantor '; , `( under one's hand, imminent, nigh at hand =) willing, ready; recent; sudden, actual, present '; -- ` of Place, near, nigh, at hand; of Time, nigh at hand; of Numbers, etc., nearly; of

gaona- m. `profit, gain' (see below Lithuanian gunu);

` from nigh at hand; with Verbs of rest, hard by, nigh at hand; hard by him ' and , - ` of Space, in the middle, between; of Time, meanwhile ' (` between the
3

Relationship, akin to ' (as Latin comminus), ` hard by, near; of Time, nigh at hand ',

hands '); ` secured, under good security; reliable; giving security for ', actually ` in the palm of the hand, put into one's hand ' (above under gu- S. 397), a limb; the the hands (?)', s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 620 ; compare but ` properly, to put into

hand ' (under gu- S. 398);

', gvejs ` gainer ', Lithuanian gaklas m. ` acquisition ', guvs, gavs `agile, skilful'; Old Church Slavic o-, po-gymati ` touch' (due to a *gy-m ` giving a hand '?). See also: see also under geu-1. References: WP. I 636 f., Trautmann 101.

`receives', Inf. pogaut, participle Perf. gauuns ` receive ', Latvian gnu, gt ` catch, capture

Lithuanian gunu, guti ` obtain, receive ' (gudyti ` readjust '), Old Prussian po-gaunai

Page(s): 403-404

Root / lemma: gu-, gou-, ggMeaning: to call, cry Note: (onomatopoeic)

Material: Old Indic gavat (only Dhatup.) ` sounds', Intens. jguv ` allow to sound loudly, spoken loudly ', jg- (Gen. Pl. jguvm) ` loud singing ', ga-g-yti ` exclaim shouts of happiness '; gr. [F] ` weeping, wailing ', ` wail, groan, weep ', , - ` magician perhaps here Latin gvia f. ` seagull' (? s. Persson Beitr. 897 f.). Old High German kma f. ` lamentation ', kmo ` with grief, with pain ', Modern High Old High German gikewen `name, call', Old English cegan `call, shout, cry' (*kaujan);

(enchanter, sorcerer)';

(gotl.) kaum n. ` misery '; Norwegian dial. kauka ` entice the cattle with calls '; as base from Danish kaa `jackdaw' (*kav) and in Old English cyta m. ` bittern ', Middle High German squabble', Middle Low German kten (out of it Middle High German kten, kiuten) ` `cottage' (above gu- S. 394); animal names in Middle Dutch cauwe `jackdaw', Old High German kaha, k ` crow ',

Middle Low German kme `faint, languid', Old English cyme `fine, beautiful', Swedish

weak, fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated ', Old High German kmg ` weak, sick ',

German ` with difficulty ', in addition Middle High German kme `(* pitiable, mournful)

kze, Modern High German Kauz `owl ', compare with identical forms isl. kta `quarrel, babble, chatter '; ndd. kter from proto Germanic *kautri, or as ` farm dog ' to ndd. kot

ablaut. godiu, gosti ` comfort ', reflex. ` complain, bemoan ' (*gudieti); gauds ` wistful ', Latvian gauda ` lament ', gust ` lament ', gavilt ` jubilate ' (the Baltic words could also belong to *hau- `call, shout, cry', as also e.g. Old Norse gau ` bark '); Slavic *gdo, *gsti (shaped as *grd and Latin jung) in russ.-Church Slavic gudu,

Lithuanian gauj ` pack of dogs, wolves ', gaudi, gasti `dull sound, clink' (*goudieti),

poln. old gd, g ` fiddle, play ';

gusti, ', klr. hud, hust `play', Serbo-Croatian old gdm, gsti `play; dull sound', Old Church Slavic govor m. `din, fuss, noise', govoriti `rant, roister' (russ. etc. also esp.

gwar (*gv-ar) m. `din, fuss, noise, noise', lengthened grade Czech havoiti `talk, chat, prate', klr. hava `crow' (compare above Germanic *ku), sloven. gvc ` lapwing, European plover; plover, type of shorebird ', and due to a *gou-t ` discourse ' with the References: WP. I 634 f., WH. I 584 f., Trautmann 80 f.

`speak'), wherefore ablaut. russ.-Church Slavic gvor (*gvor) m. `vesicle, blister', poln.

same forms as govor also russ. gtor ` conversation, entertainment, humorous speech '.

Page(s): 403 gras- gr Root / lemma: gras- : grs-

Meaning: to gnaw, to devour

Material: Old Indic grsat `gobbles (esp. from animals), devours' (*gras), grsa- ` mouthful, morsel, bite of food '; gr. ` gnaw, devour ' (= Old Indic grsati) ` grass, green fodder ' (Attic

through assimilation in voiceless internal consonance), ` gormandizer, (originally he-goat; billy goat as nibbler, as : , ), f. `belly' assimil. from -; ` the lower part of a vessel bulging out like a paunch ');

gourmand, voracious eater ', m. ` smell of a goat: hence, of men ' from *- (*- ` devourer', compare ` rack, manger (of horse); in pl., bed-posts ', redupl. due to a *- ` devour ': ` gangrene, the eating ulcer '; ` dough tray; hutch ' (compare `cave': ); Germanic gras compare under ghr-. ghrPage(s): 404 eaten out; eroded, hollowed ' (*grs-no-s), `cavity, kneading or dough trough;

Latin grmen (*grasmen) n. ` grass, turf; any plant or herb ' (esp. as feed herb); about

References: WP. I 657 f., WH. I 616 f.

Meaning: to scratch

Root / lemma: gred- : grodgred- grod-

Material: Alb. grrus, grres, krs() ` rasper' (from its first grade derives Latin grosa ' (from *grd-, Indo Germanic grd-);

Note: Only alb. and Germanic

ds.), to lengthened grade present grruanj, kruanj, kruj, also grruj, grj `scratch, scrape Old Norse krota (*grd-) ` engrave ', ablaut. (with intensive gemination) Old Swedish

kratta `scratch, scrape', Old High German krazzn, Middle High German Modern High Middle High German kretzen ds., kretze ` scabies '; German kratzen ds. (Germanic *krattn), besides j-verbs mnl. cretten (and cretsen),

Old High German Middle High German kreiz (*kraita-) ` circle' (`*carved magic circle '); expressive probably also the s-extension in ndd. kratsen, krassen `scratch, scrape'.

carve, scribble ', also Middle High German krzen ` draw a circle ', with secondary ablaut

here with expressive vocalism Old High German krizzn, Middle High German kritzen `

References: WP. I 607, 651, WH. I 622 f., Wissmann Nom. postverb. 175 f. Page(s): 405

Meaning: damp; to sink

gremRoot / lemma: grem-

Material: Latin grmiae f. Pl. ` a viscous humor, rheum, that collects in the corners of the eyes ', oculi grammsi `eye drip; pus in the eye '; Old Icelandic kramr `humid, wet, half-melted (of snow)', perhaps also Gothic qrammia ` Old Church Slavic grmd ` pus in the eye '; Balto-Slavic root extension gremd-: causative gramzdin, gramzdnti ` sink ', gramzds ` deeply sinking, pensive ', Latvian grimstu, grimt ` sink ', causative grmdt ` sink '; Old Church Slavic pogrznoti ` sink in the water ', Church Slavic grza `ordure', russ. in Lithuanian grimst (*grimzdu), grimzda, grimsti `under-, sink ', gramzdti ds.,

dampness ', if for *krammia;

grzznc, grzzn ` submerge '; causative Old Church Slavic pogro, pogrziti ` sink, submerge ', russ. gruzt ` sink, immerse, freight '. Page(s): 405 References: WP. I 654 f., WH. I 617, Trautmann 97 f.

grjznut ` sink in ordure ', grjaz `ordure, smut', Serbo-Croatian grznuti ` sink in ', poln.

greusRoot / lemma: greus-1

Meaning: to crackle, crush

Material: Gothic krius-tan ` gnash ', krusts ` the creakiness ', Old Swedish krysta ` gnash of crash, rumble of the leg '; teeth ' and `squeeze', Old High German krustila, Modern High German Krustel, Krostel ` Old High German krus-k ` bran ', Modern High German Krsch ` bran ' (also Grsch,

Note: (and other onomatopoeic words)

Grst through hybridization with Gries, Grtze ` cereal, grain '); crunching to bite ';

Old High German kros-pel, Modern High German Kruspel, Krospel `gristle', kruspeln `

maybe alb. kruspull `bent' horror, dismay, gravel ' s. in the end from *ghru-2); Lithuanian grukti ` gnash, rustle, crackle, of sand' (k-insertion?; about gruas ` serb. grhati `crack, creak (from the cannon), hit with crack; husk by hitting ', griti

grchnutsja ` collapse with noise ', etc. Page(s): 405-406 References: WP. I 650 f.

`bump, poke, shuck, husk', sloven. grh ` stone rubble ', gra ` coarse sand', russ.

greusRoot / lemma: greus-2

Meaning: to burn, smoulder

in Aolis';

Material: Gr. or `dry wood, torch; fagot, firebrand', , `town Lithuanian gruzdti, grzti, Latvian gruzdt, grust ` smolder, gleam'; yet is quite doubtful,

whether gr., badly attested words originally rather stand for ` spinney '. Page(s): 406 References: WP. I 651, Persson Beitr. 129.

Meaning: to press; curds

greut Root / lemma: greut-

Material: Irish gruth (*grutus) ` coagulated milk, curd'; Middle High German kroten `urge, press, push', Old English crod n., Middle High German krot `crush, crowdedness', Middle English crudes, curdes, nengl. curds `curd'. Page(s): 406 References: WP. I 650. Old English crdan `urge, press, push', engl. to crowd ` urge, press, push', mnl. kruden,

grb(h)o- grb(h)oRoot / lemma: grb(h)o-s : grb(h)o-s Note: Meaning: hornbeam

grb(h)o- grb(h)oRoot / lemma: grb(h)o-s : grb(h)o-s : `hornbeam' derived from zero grade of Root / gereb lemma: gere - : `to scratch, write (carve wood)'
h

Material: Maked. (Illyrian) `torch' (` oak wood '?); Venetic PN Grbia, Illyrian VN Grabaei, PN , ; Krapuvi, New Umbrian Grabovie, Dat.) borrowed from Illyrian grb- (older grb-); () ds. Umbrian GN Grabovius (== poln. grabowy, see below) ` Oaken God ' (Old Umbrian likewise Illyrian loanword is Latin grabtus `bed' (*from oak wood) from gr.-Illyrian

Grammatical information: m.

Maybe alb. krevat (krabat) `bed' grb(h)ogrb(h)o-s: Balto Slavic graba- m. `hornbeam' in: Old Prussian wosi-grabis ` Spindle-tree ', Latvian PN Grubina (grubas); Serbo-Croatian grb, russ. grab, poln. grab `hornbeam', grabowy ` belonging to beech '; perhaps to gereb - ` crack, split '. Page(s): 404 References: WH. I 171, 614 f., 855, Krahe IF. 59, 63 ff.
h

grd- grd dRoot / lemma: grd-, grdMeaning: hail Material: Armenian karkut (with metathesis from reduplicated *gagrdo- s. Meillet MSL. 10, Latin grand, -inis f. `hail'; frost without snow; mallenders '; Lithuanian grodas (Balto Slavic *grda-) ` hard-frozen street excrement, stone frost,

280) `hail';

Old Church Slavic grad, russ. grad, Serbo-Croatian grd, poln. grad `hail'. References: WP. I 658, WH. I 618, Trautmann 99.

compare Modern High German Hagel: gr. ` pebble ', etc. Page(s): 406 gruRoot / lemma: gru-

basic form *ghrd -, ghrd - must be assumed, to gr. ` pebble ' (see gher-2), gherh h

Because of Armenian word anyhow difficult seems and could be kept away, is perhaps a

Meaning: grunting (of pigs) Note: (gru-d-, gru-n-d-) Material: Gr. `a grunt, as of swine', (*) `to grunt, grumble, mutter',

Hes.;

, `piglet', ` to grunt, of swine', , Latin grundi, with volkssprachl. assimilation grunni `grunt' = grun(n)ian, (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), intensive Old High German grunzian, Modern High German ` grunt ', Old English grunnettan ds., engl. to grunt ds.; (with in onomatopoeic words faltering consonant shift in anlaut) grunnen, Old English

grumble', engl. crout ` croak, caw ', whether not rather to ger-2 C. Page(s): 406 References: WP. I 658, WH. I 624.

Old Norse krytia (preterit krutta) ` growl, murmur', krutr m. `clamor', Danish krotte `drone,

eses os- gusos oz-dooz Root / lemma: gues-, guos-, gus-, extended guoz-doMeaning: branches, leaves 1. with -d-extension: from *guozd-); [common alb. gu- > gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz-]. alb. Geg ghethi `leaf', Tosc gjethe ` foliage, twig, branch' (collective Pl. to a Sg. *gath Material: Norwegian Danish kvas `small, chopped branches ';

foliage bunch, rice broom ';

foliage bunch ', Old Swedish kvaster, koster, Swedish qvast, Norwegian Danish kost `

foliage bunch, sprinkling whisk, besom ', Modern High German Quaste f., aschs. quest `

Old High German questa f., Middle High German queste, koste, haste, quast m. f., `

forest', etc.;

aserb. gvozd m. `wood, forest', apoln. gwozd ` mountain forest ', gozd ` dense wood,

2. with -t-extension: '; gr. ` a curl or lock of hair, anything twisted or wreathed, of a flash of lightning 3. with -p-extension: Old Indic gupit- ` interlaced, intertwined '; Latin vespics Pl. ` dense shrubbery '; Middle Dutch quispel, quespel, Middle Low German md. quispel ` tassel, whisk '. Page(s): 480 References: WP. I 644 f., Berneker 365.

etet Root / lemma: guetMeaning: swelling Note: (extension from gu- `bend'? see there)

Material: Latin botulus ` intestine, sausage ' (Oscan-Umbrian loanword); beak, neb'; perhaps Old Irish bl `lip' (*guet-lo-s), whether not from *beklo-s to gall. beccos `bill, Gothic qius ` stomach, womb', qiuhaft `pregnant'; Old Icelandic kvir m. `belly,

quoden ` interior of the thigh';

womb', kviugr `pregnant', Old English cwi(a) m. `womb', Old High German quiti `vulva', in addition further Old English cwidele f. `pustula, varix', Old High German quedilla ds.,

High German Kutteln ` tripe'. Page(s): 481

ndd. quadel ` inflamed swelling of the skin', zero grade Middle High German kutel, Modern

References: WP. I 560, 671, WH. I 112 f.

ozd(h)oozd(h)o ozd(h)iozd(h)i Root / lemma: guozd(h)o-, guozd(h)iMeaning: nail, penis

Material: Gallorom. bottos `hub of a wheel' (M-L. 1229a), cymr. both `hub of a wheel, shield boss ', Middle Irish bot, nir. bod m. `tail, penis'; Maybe alb. bisht ` tail ' [common celt. kw- > p-, gw- > b- initial shift]. addition poln. g(w)odzik ` carnation, clove ', Czech hvozdk ds. Maybe alb. (*guozd-) gozhd `nail' a Slavic loanword. References: Pokorny ZceltPh. 16, 405, WH. I 574, 636, Berneker 365 f. Page(s): 485 Old Bulgarian gvozd `nail', poln. g(w)zd ds., Czech hvozdj ` punch wood '; in

li- glli Root / lemma: g li-, glMeaning: mouse Material: Old Indic gir-, girik f. ` mouse ' (Lex.); gr. (*g lei-, originally ` the murine '?) `weasel, marten', from which borrowed
e

Latin galea originally `*crest of the weasel fur ', then ` a helmet (usually of leather), headhead, made of undressed skin, a cap, bonnet, hat; so of a priest's cap; wig, a kind of piece, morion; the crest of the Guinea fowl ' (also galrus ` a helmet-like covering for the

peruke; a rose-bud; a conical cap of leather, fur cap ' is uncovered to be borrowed from gr. ` brownwort, Scrofularia peregrine; deadnettle ', actually ` eye of the weasel ', probably also ds.; Latin gls, glris ` dormouse ' (this inflection presumably after ms, mris); rom. also

*); to also (- = Old Indic giri-), further ,

*glre, compare French loir besides liron. common rom. gl- > l-

Maybe alb. gjer (gler) ` dormouse ' common alb. gl- > gjPage(s): 367 References: WP. I 630, WH. I 579, 607, different EM 409.

Root / lemma: b-

Meaning: to show, to watch

stare, gawk', Old English cpan ` observe, look out after, provide for, protect ', changing through ablaut Old English capian up `look up to', aschs. upcapen ` stand out, project,

Material: It derived, if one might place with Zupitza gutturals 194 Old Icelandic kpa (p) `

reach upward ', Middle Low German kapen `gawk, see, show', Middle High German kaffen formation Old High German kapf `place, one looks out from, summit ') and Old High concerned '. ds., Old High German (with intensive gemination) kapfn ` see, show, peer ' (out of it back

German fkepfen `look up' to russ. zabota ` care, worry ', zabotit a ` are worried, are Everything quite uncertain. The beginning of a root, with voiced-nonaspirated initial and
7

f.).

final sound, has from the start little likelyhood for itself (compare Meillet Introduction 173

Page(s): 349

References: WP. I 530.

Meaning: to call, cry

lemma: Root / lemma: r-

onomatopoeic words

Note: besides single-linguistic *garr- through expressive consonant increase in

Material: palatal is proved through osset. zarn, zarun `sing', zar ` song' and through KZ. 47, 287);

Armenian cican `swallow', cicanuk ` nightingale ' (redupl. *oi-gr-n or -no-, Petersson Maybe alb. cicron `(bird) sings' gr. , Doric `voice'; Hes., with rr as

nightingale:) ', garrulus ` gabby, gossipy, loquacious, garrulous, blithering ';

Latin garri, -re ` babble, chatter, chat, prate, chatter (seldom of frogs; of the

enchant, bewitch, fascinate '; Old Irish gairm n. (Celtic *gar-(s)mn), cymr. corn. bret. garm laughter ', cymr. gawr `clamor, fight, struggle'; ds. (: Old Saxon karm ` lamentation '); lengthened grade Old Irish gir f. `clamor', gire `

` sad ' (*du(s)-aro-); Old Irish fo-gor `sound, tone, sound' (*upo-aro-), abret. ar-uuo-art `

`calls' etc.; cymr. gair `word' (*ar-io-), dyar `din, fuss, noise, sadness': Middle Irish do-gar

Old Irish gar- `call, shout, cry' in ad-gair `accuses' (*ar-e-t), ar-gair `prohibits', do-gair

Old High German charag ` grieving ', Middle High German karc `smart, cunning, stingy', Modern High German karg, Old English cearig ` sad, afflicted ', engl. chary ` careful, cautious '), Old Saxon karm (see above), Old English cearm, cierm m. `clamor'.

f., Old English cearu f. ` care ' (therefrom Old High German etc. karn ` bemoan, lament',

Old High German chara f. ` lamentation ', Modern High German Kar-freitag, Gothic kara

See also: compare die similar to onomatopoeic words *ger- and *ger-. Page(s): 352

References: WP. I 537, WH. I 583.

Meaning: branch; stick

Root / lemma: eb h

and m. ds.;

kavelia ` raffle', Dutch kavel m. ` allotment, lot, fate ', Modern High German dial. Kabel f.

` rune stick '; Middle Low German kavele f. ` piece of wood (for drawing lots) ', Old Frisian

Material: Material: Old Icelandic kafi m. ` sliced piece ', kefli n. ` cable, bit of wood, toggle', rna-kefli

Note: only Germanic and Baltic

abju, abti ` bridle ', aboklas m. `rein', -aboklis `toggle', ablaut. obris (uobrs) ` plowshare ', Latvian abut ` put a gag (stick) in the mouth of an animal '. References: WP. I 571, Trautmann 364.

Lithuanian bas m. `bough, deadwood, bridle, rein', ab f. `rod', baras ` thin bough',

See also: compare also egh-, S. 354. Page(s): 353

Root / lemma: egh-, oghegh- oghMeaning: branch; bush Note: (compare also eb -)
h

plug, nail' (Germanic *kaila-);

Dutch kag, kegge f. `wedge' (Germanic *kai), Old High German kegil `picket, pole, peg, in addition with expressive consonant stretch (g : gg : kk):

(out of it engl. cag `stump'), Modern High German dial. kag m. ` cabbage stalk, stump,

Material: Norwegian dial. kage m. ` low bush ' (Germanic *kagan-), Swedish dial. ` stump

sledge skid '; dissim. Kufe ds.;

Old High German slito-chho f. ` tub ', Modern High German (High German) kueche `

Old Icelandic kaggi ` keg, chubby person ', Middle Low German kk `tree trunk, pillory',

igris `fence', Latvian agari `deadwood', agas Pl. f. ` loose foliage '; Maybe alb. d ega ` twig, branch ' [common alb. - > d-]. d1

Lithuanian garas ` thin twig, branch', Pl. `deadwood, shrubbery, bush', gr `plough',

), Middle Low German keie ds.; dubious from Armenian cag `elevation, acme, apex, end' (Petersson Heter. 89 f.). References: WP. I 569 f., Kluge 334, Martinet Gmination 116.

unclear is the origin of Old English cg(e) f. ` key, solution ', Old Frisian kei, kai (*kaiga-

Page(s): 354

Meaning: to suck

eidRoot / lemma: eid-

, , (from a * from * ` sucking, suckling '); Lithuanian ind sti `suck'. Page(s): 356 References: WP. I 552, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 323.

Material: Gr. hom. ` new-born, young, sucking not for long (of animal young) ',

eisRoot / lemma: eisMeaning: gravel Note: (gei-s-, if nld. kei ` stone ' < *keie < *kaijo belongs here or kei < *kagi to kegel? s. Franck-v. Wijk 298) Material: Middle High German kis m. n. ` gravel ', Old English ciosol, cisel m. ds., Old High German kisili, kisel, kisilinc ` pebble, small stone ', nnd. keiserling, keserling, kiserling ds.; coarse sand', igzdros ds., also m. igzdrai . Old Prussian sixdo f. `sand', Lithuanian iezdr, ` gravel, corn, grain', izdros ` gravel,

Dubiously the affiliation of supposedly Phrygian ` stone ' by Steph. Byz. s. v.

Page(s): 356

References: WP. I 553.

lemma: el- el l*geli(e)li iRoot / lemma: el-, el-, l-, (also *geli- :) (e)liMeaning: light, to shine; to be joyful Material: Armenian car, Gen. cau ` laughter ' (probably with u from = gr *, cakan) `flower, blossom';

therefore ), cicaim ` laugh ', perhaps (after Petersson KZ. 47, 289) also caik (Gen.

11

cheerful ' (*- due to being reshaped from *, n. to m. , originally s-stem ' (probably after colored * = Armenian car ds.); , Hes.; (*), (Aeolic zero grade ) `cheeriness, calm (at sea) '; stare at, shows, wonders ', ` the pupil of the eye, eyeball '.

gr. , () ` laugh ', ` laughable ', Doric (Pind.) ` laughing,

as , Indo Germanic *ele-s, Aeolic to n.), , -, Akk. m. ` laughter with reduced grade the 1. syllable - Nereid name (?), `cheerful, peaceful' with zero grade the 1. syllable - n. `superb example, splendour piece; things to

and chl , with unexplained ), Old English clne `pure', engl. clean;
n

triumph; pl., festivities, merriment; adornment, of a horse's mane, colours of oyster's shell; one of the Graces, who presided over victory in the games ' (here also ` glorify, adorn, Med. be adorned, be glad ', with - == n `in'? An other attempt by Boisacq 5); about Old English cln `pure', Old High German kleini `gleaming' see above; Lithuanian geltas `yellow, blond' etc. might be placed because of the Germanic parallels be put together with Lithuanian gulbis etc. here. the Celtic and Balto-Slavic color adjective Old Irish gel `luminous, white', glan `pure',

splendid; lovely bright, superb, pretty ' (*-F?), ` splendour, beauty; joy,

with formants -uo-: [F] ` of persons, famous, distinguished; of objects, events,

preferred to color root hel- (see there); only if galbus was genuine Latin, it would have to References: WP. I 622 ff., 628, WH. I 578 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 682, Specht Dekl. 123,

144.

Page(s): 366-367 emb Root / lemma: em -, mb Comments: Meaning: to bite; tooth

h h h

Root emb ep(h)Root / lemma: em -, mb - :` to bite; tooth ' : Root / lemma: ep(h)-, eb - : jaw, mouth' derived from Root / lemma: hem-, hom-, Gen.- ablative h()m-s Meaning: ` earth, hem- homhis teeth in the ground and fierce men were born from the ground. snake peeled its skin man, dragon ' because the ancients believed that their ancestors killed the dragon, planted
h h

dainty, fine' (Modern High German klein, in old meaning still in Kleinod and Swiss chlei

li- in Hes., at first to Old High German kleini `gleaming, i-

and was reborn again, that is why warriors venerated the snake as the source of immortality in battle. Material:

Old Indic jmbhat, zero grade jbhat ` snaps ', Kaus.-Iter. jambhyati ` crunched ',

zbo, zbsti `tear';

mouth'; alb. dhmp, dhemb ` it hurts me ', Lithuanian embi `cut up', Old Church Slavic

Avestan hm- zmbayati ds.; Armenian perhaps camem ` chew ', cameli ` maxilla, cheek,

edge'; ambis `wooden plow';

`tooth', Old Church Slavic zb `tooth', Latvian zobs `tooth', Lithuanian ambas ` sharp Old High German kamb, Old English comb `comb' (`dentated'), Old Norse kambr `comb,

`tooth', also `peg, plug, nail'; scil. ` incisor tooth ', alb. dhmb, Geg dm

Old Indic jmbha- m. `tooth, Pl. teeth ' (jambhya- ` incisor tooth or molar '), gr.

range ' (but about ndd. kimme see above under gem-), Old English cemban, Old High kampeln `(quarrel =) tear, rend, fight, squabble', with expressive p; Tocharian A kam, keme `tooth'.

jagged edge (: Lithuanian ambas), jagged ridge ', Modern High German ` ridge, mountain German kemben `comb', Swiss chambe ` Kamm bei Hhnen '; in addition Bavarian sich

pro-zbnti ds., Latin gemma (*gemb n) ` eye or bud in the grapevine or in trees; similar plants; a bunch of berries, cluster of grapes ', Modern High German Kamm present formation like srgmi, glbmi, glbu. See also: see also under ep(h)-, eb -. Page(s): 369
h h

lines up the family of Lithuanian mbu, mbti `germinate', Old Church Slavic pro-zbati, gemstone, precious stone ', Old High German champ ` the stalk of a cluster of grapes and (`dentated device '); the Lithuanian glottal stop is explainable through a lengthened grade References: WP. I 575 f., WH. I 588, Trautmann 369, Specht Dekl. 86 f.

Under a meaning mediation `tooth' - ` like a small tooth of protrudent plant shoot ' one

Meaning: to marry

em(e)Root / lemma: em(e)-

second syllable after mtar-; the basic root has been abbreviated *jma-, compare

` man's daughter ', created after other relationship names in -tar- extension, with the

Material: Old Indic jr- ` suitor, lover ' (*m-r-s?); Old Indic jmtar-, Avestan zmtar-

Avestan zmaoya- ` brother of son-in-law ', also Old Indic jm- ` connected, related by

blood ', fem. nachved. ` feminine relatives, esp. daughter-in-law ', ved. v-jmi-) ` relative by marriage ', jm ` daughter-in-law '; gr ` marry ' (Akt. of man, husband, Med. from the wife, woman), (Doric

m. ` wedding '; (* m-ro-) `son-in-law'; mutation.

e

), -; ` husband ', , , - `wife', ` nuptial ',

Maybe alb. dasm `wedding': gr. m. `wedding' common alb. h- > d- phoentic Latin gener-, ds. (for *gemer after genus, gns). Page(s): 369-370 References: WP. I 574 f., WH. I 590 f.

enen n- nRoot / lemma: en-1, en-, n-, nMeaning: to bear Material: thematic present Old Indic jnati ` generates, bears ', Old Latin gen, gr.

gainethar ` it is born ' from *gn-ie-tro), also cymr. genni `be born', (common Celtic -ns-, -nt> -nn-), bret. genel ` to give birth to children '; redupl. present unthematic Old Indic jajanti, Avestan zznti (v. 1. zaznti), themat.

( = Old Indic ajananta), compare Old Irish -genathar Konj. (to Indik. -

jjanat ` gave birth to ', Old Irish Fut. gignithir (*i-en-) ` he will be born ' and with (old) zero grade the root gr. ` to come into being; of persons, to be born; of things, to to be; to come into a certain state, to become ', Latin gign, -ere (genui, genitum) ` produce, bring forth'; be produced; of events, to take place, come to pass, come on, happen, and in past tenses

Avestan zzannti ` they bear '; Konj. zzant ` she should bear ', kaus. Aor. Old Indic

(Schwyzer Gr. Gr I 767, 769), Old Irish rognar (*ge-gn-) ` be born ';

Perf. Old Indic ja-j- ` I am born ', 3. Sg. jajna, 3. Pl. jajr, gr. , *, n-present Avestan z-n-aite ` they are born ?' (*n-n-mi), Armenian cnanim, Aor. cnay

` is born; generate, bear ' (I 456; *gn-n-), gr. ` of the father, to beget, engender; of the mother, to bring forth, to produce ' (*n-n-? different Meillet BSL. 26, 15 f.; postverbal is `birth, origin, source, beginning; an ancestor; descent, birth; offspring, a generation; a race, family', whereof ` suitable to one's birth or descent; of

persons, high-born, noble by birth; so of animals, well-bred; noble in mind, high-minded, of

things, good of their kind, excellent, notable, genuine, intense '); compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr I 694 Kaus.-Iter. Old Indic janyati ` generates, bears ' = Old English cennan ` produce '

(*oni); (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), iio-present Old Indic i Avestan zayeite ds.; with lengthened grade of 2. Basis vowel *n-i: Irish gnu `I make, do' (`*engender, create '); sko-present Latin n-scor (*gn-sk-r) ` is born '; sko common lat n- > nzta-; Latin ntus (cogntus, agntus) ds., ` born m., a son '; to-participle and similar: Old Indic jt- ` born ' (jt-m `gender, sex, kind of'), Avestan to jyat ` is born ' (therefrom jy ` woman '), npers. zyad (* n-i; besides n-i in:)
e

Maybe alb. kunat `brother-in-law', kunata `sister-in-law' from Rumanian cumnat `brother-inlaw', cumnat `sister-in-law'; from Latin cogntus `related, connected by blood; m. and f. as subst. a relation either on the father's or the mother's side. Transf., akin, similar'.

Paelignian cnatois ` the rump, the buttocks ' (*gn-ts; so probably also :) gall. Cintu-gntus

` firstborn ' (could be in itself also = gr ), f. gntha `daughter'; Old Norse kundr `son', Gothic -kunds (himina- ) ` be a descendant of ', Old English heofon-kund, with Old Norse

s-kunnr ` of divine origin '; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), zero grade Latin genitus (*gen- or *gene-tos, as :) gall. geneta `daughter', expressive cymr.

ntas `son-in-law' (*en-to-s), gents `kinsman, relative' (with g after gimti ` be born '),

geneth (*genetta) ds., Old Irish aicned `nature' (*ad-en-tom or *-ene-tom); Lithuanian

Old Church Slavic zt m., Serbo-Croatian zt `son-in-law, sister's husband ' (*en-ti-s);

Maybe suffixed alb. Geg (*en-tar) dhndr, Tosc dhndr ` son-in-law ' [common alb. - > d-]. Phonetically alb. dhndri ` son-in-law ' : Old Indic jnitr) `progenitor'. ds.; with reduced e Old High German kind `kid, child' (*n-tom), Old Saxon kind (*entm) with full grade the second base syllable gr. - ` born ' (-, -; proto gr. --;

brother ', ` sister ', mcymr. gnawt `kinsman, relative', Gothic *kns (Dat. kndai)

Indic jt- m. `kinsman, relative' (originally f. ` kinship'), `kinsman, relative,

` of or belonging to the race, i. e. lawfully begotten, legitimate '), with -grade Old

`gender, sex', Old High German knt, knuot `gender, sex' (compare also Old High German

Latvian znuts `son-in-law, brother-in-law'; also acymr. -gint `kid, child' from gen-t-.

knuosal n. `gender, sex, stem', Old English cnsl n. ` progeny, gender, sex, family '), from the light basis Avestan -zanta-, -znta- ` born ' (compare : bhar-tram);

Indic jnitram `birth place'); zantu- ` district, administrative district ' = Old Indic jantu- Old Indic jnman- n. besides jniman- n. ` birth, gender, sex, lineage '.

jti-); Avestan za- n. `birth, origin' (Aryan *an-tha-m); zra- n. `birth' (against Old

compare an other Aryan forms : Avestan fra-zainti ` progeny ' (against Old Indic pr-

`creature'; Avestan zhyamna- participle Fut. (against Old Indic janiyat, Aor. janita); Gr. `birth', Latin Genita Mana `name of a divinity', Oscan Deva Geneta `

goddess of birth ', wherefore Latin genitlis ` of or belonging to generation or birth, causing generation or birth, fruitful, generative, genital '; gr. ` origin, source, beginning; an ancestor ', Latin genetvus ` of or belonging to

generation or birth '; with reduced : Avestan frazainti (see above), Latin gns (or from country ' (then probably ingns as ` monstrous, vast, enormous '), Germanic kindi- in descendant '. *gnt-) ` a clan, stock, people, tribe, nation. Transf., an offspring, descendant; a district,

Gothic kindins (*enti-no-s) ` provincial governor ', Old Norse kind f. `entity, gender, sex, ti nti- in Old Indic jt- ` birth, family ' = Latin nti- `birth, gender, sex', Umbrian natine ` ti-

source, beginning; an ancestor, descendant ' (engl. kind);

a birth, origin, people, nation ', Old English (ge)cynd f. ` kind of, nature, quality, origin,

or disposition, character; an element, substance, essence, nature'; praegns `pregnant', new praegnans, from *-gntis.

tu-stem Latin nt (maior- ) `from birth', therefrom ntra ` birth; nature, natural qualities

, , - `progenitor, father', `mother', alb. dhndr, dhndr `sonin-law, bridegroom ' (*gen-tr-), Latin genitor, genetrx (: Old Indic jnitr) `progenitor'; Armenian cnau `progenitor, father' (*gen-tlo-);

en-ter- in Old Indic janitr- `progenitor, father', jnitr ` begetter, mother', gr. , en ter-

) ` brother, 1. sister (having the same father and mother)' (*en-men).

sprout, scion, shoot, twig, branch', germinre ` sprouted out ', germnus, -a (-m- from -mnenos- in Old Indic jna (Gen. jnasa) n. `gender, sex', Armenian cin `birth', gr. enos-

Old Indic jniman- (and jnman-) n. ` birth, gender, sex, lineage ', Latin germen `germ,

offspring, descendants; sex; in gen., class, kind, variety, sort; in logic, genus; of action, etc., fashion, manner, way ' (generre ` produce '). on-os in Old Indic jna- (Gen. jnasa) m. `gender, sex', Avestan (in compound) on-

`gender, sex', Latin genus ` birth, descent, origin; race, stock, family, house; hence

zana- `people, humankind ', gr. m., f. `birth, parentage, ancestry'; Maybe alb. Geg zana `nymph, goddess';

proceeding from a goat, of the goat kind ', indigena m. f. ` born in a country, native,

-eno-s, -no-s, -enios, -gnios as 2. composition part e.g. in Latin capri-genus `

patron '), alienigena m. f. ` born in a foreign land; foreign, alien; and subst., a stranger, a foreigner, an alien '; gall. Boduo-genus, Litu-genius; Old Irish ingen, ogom inigena `girl'. Loth RC 36, 106; 39, 63; n n in ncymr. adian ` progeny ' (*ati- n), anian, bret. dial. agnen `nature' (*nde- n), with gr. -, thrak. -zenes ( = thrak. Diuzenus, ), compare venet.
e e

indigenous ' (= Armenian ndo-cin, ndo-cna-c, ` born in the house of the appropriate

volti-enei and volti-nos, Illyrian PN Anduno-cnetis (Gen.), Volto-gnas; Messapic oroagenas ` inhabitant of Uria ';

gall. Ate-gnia; gr. `of the same descent ';

e.g. gall. Truticnos (= Drtignos), latinis. Druti filius, ogom Gen. Coimagni, Irish Coim-n;

born in other matrimony, stepchild '), Celtic -gnos in people's name, originally Patronymica,

singulus (from *sem-gno-) as well as Latin malignus, benignus, prvignus (`separate, i.e.

formants -ko-), also aina-kla- ` isolated, occasional, sporadic (from *-kna-) and Latin

gr. - ` new-born ', Gothic niu-kla-hs ` under-age ' (dissim. from niu-kna-, with

about Cypriot `kid, child' (barely *-) compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 450 ; or divine nature which is innate in everything, the spiritual part, spirit; the tutelar deity or *gn-io- (wherefore the above -gnio- additional weakening) in Latin genius ` the superior
3

genius of a person, place; the spirit of social enjoyment, fondness for good living, taste, (at most zero grades *en-ios), Gothic kuni (*n-io-m), Old High German (etc.) chunni

appetite, inclination; of the intellect, wit, talents, genius ', originally the personified fertility `gender, sex', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), compare Gothic

Irish gein (*genen < *en-n) `birth', Old English cyne- in compound ` royal ', Old Norse konr `son, noble-born man, husband' (Germanic*kuninga-z in Old High German etc. kuning `king', i.e. `sprung forth from, belonging to a noble gender').

sama-kunjans Akk. Pl. `the same gender': gr. -; Latin progenies ` progeny ', Old

head of a family ' (Meillet MSL. 10, 139);

n- in Old Indic j-s ` descendant ', pra-j ` progeny ', js-pati ` paterfamilias, male about Latin ingenuus ` free-born, born of free parents; worthy of a freeman, noble,

f.

upright, frank, candid, ingenuous ', genunus ` innate, native, natural; genuine' s. WH. I 593

References: WP. I 576 ff., WH. I 590 ff., 597 ff., 868, Trautmann 370, Meillet Cinquantenaire 172 ff. Page(s): 373-375

enen n- nRoot / lemma: en-2, en-, n-, nMeaning: to know Note: for the avoidance of the homonyms 1. en- are often used with various with n-

verbal forms.

Material: Old Indic jnmi `I know', anu-j- ` acknowledge, admit, grant', Avestan paitiabsorb, take in '), Old pers. 3. Sg. Impf. a-dn ` he knew ' (Indo Germanic *n-n-mi, besides enclitic *n-nmi in:) Avestan zan-t, zann, afghan. p-an `distinguishes, recognizes';

znnti ` they take care of somebody ' (themat. 2. Pl. paiti-znat ` you recognize, take up,

present *n-n-mi? or from * n-? as:) canaut` `known';

e

Armenian Aor. cancay `I recognize' (an-can ` unacquainted ') insecure basic form (to

a taste or flavor of a thing ' (Fut. -gna from *ge-gn-, Pert ad-gn-sa ` become acquainted with, acquire knowledge of, ascertain, learn, perceive, understand ; perf., to know ' from Marstrander Prs. nasalized 23); *ge-gn-; in present stem gnin- is the Vok. still unsolved; compare Pokorny IF. 35, 338 f.,

Old Irish itar-gninim, asa-gninaim ` to taste, savor; to taste, smack, or savor of, to have

Maybe alb. (*gina) di `know' : Old pers. 3. Sg. Impf. a-dn ` he knew ' common alb. g- > d-. Gothic kunnan `know, have knowledge of ' (kann, preterit kuna; originator of the zero

recognize ' etc. = Old High German kunnn ` know ' (already proto Germanic, Wissmann the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). Maybe alb. Geg njof, Tosc njoh ` recognize' able ' (in the older linguistic times only from insubstantial knnen ` can, be able to; may,

grade plural forms kunnum, kunnun from *n-n-ms); besides weak Verb ana-kunnan `

Nom. postverb. 146 f.); besides zero grades n-Verb Old Norse kanna ` examine '; (under

Old High German (etc.) intense Verb. kunnan (kann) ` know, have knowledge of, to be

Old High German ar-kennen ` recognize ', bi-kennen ` avow ', Modern High German kennen. Lithuanian inau, inti, Latvian zint ` know, have knowledge of ' (no = *g n-,
e

` announce, make known, disclose ', Old English cennan ` apprise, inform, define, impute ',

might' = kennen ` know', contrary to mgen); in addition das Kaus. Gothic kannjan (*on-)

posinnat, participle posinnts), ersinnat ` recognize ';

thereafter Pl. nome, Inf. inti, participle intas) == Old Prussian posinna `I avow ' (Inf. sko-present Old pers. (Konj.) xnstiy ` he should recognize '; gr. , epir.

excuse, overlook, allow, indulge, make allowance ' (compare Old Indic anu-j-); alb. njoh `I know' (*n-sk; 2. 3. Sg. njeh through umlaut); s. also under Lithuanian pastu; Perf. Old Indic jaju, Latin nv, Old English cnow (cnwan) `recognize'; gr. Aor. -

` recognize ', Latin nsco (gnsco) ` recognize ', ignsco ` to pardon, forgive,

become present ds., );

, Old Indic Opt. j-yt; gr. ` to call out so as to be heard ' (also formally

int-) ` recognize '(*gn-i), Old English cnwan (engl. know) ds. (to w compare Latin nv, znati `know, have knowledge of ' (*n-i);

in addition io-present Old Indic jyte (Pass. to jnti), Old High German knu (ir-, bi-,

Old Indic jaju), with Old High German urknt ` cognition ', and Old Church Slavic znaj, Desid. Old Indic jijsati, Avestan zixnhmn ` the yearning to enquire '; Lithuanian

pastu, -ina, nti `know'; after Leumann IF. 58, 118 derived from *n-sk; different Persson Beitr. 341;

rightly Armenian canaut` `known', i-stem = Old Indic japti- ` cognition, knowledge'); but japta- rather retograd from kausat. jpita-, IF. 57, 226 f. to-participle n-t-s (if that has maybe covered secondarily from the verbal forms): n-tto

Kaus. Old Indic jpayati (the p-form would be old, if Charpentier IF. 25, 243 places

addition cymr. gnaws, naws `nature', bret. neuz ` appearance ', as brit. loanword Old Irish unacquainted ', Old Irish ingnad ` strange '; besides *n-t-s (colored from *n-ts after n-?) in Latin nota ` distinguishing mark, sign, spot, stain ' (substantive Fem. of participle), Denom. not, -re ` mark, observe; reprove, reprimand; rebuke ', hence in ` not to perceive or recognize; to be ignorant of; not to discern; fail to ns `custom'), gall. -, Epo-so-gntus; Old Indic ajta-, , igntus `

Latin ntus, Old Irish gnth ` habitual, customary, known' (cymr. gnawd ` consuetude '; in

Old Indic jt- `known', gr. (newer ) ds. (, - ` unacquainted '),

probably also in cognitus, agnitus, compare with the same vowel gradation gr. *--F understand ', , ` want of perception, ignorance; mistaken conduct, a mistake
32

Leumann Homer. Wrter 228 ; Tocharian A -knats, a-kntsa see below. (*d-pro-n-to-), Loth RC 47, 174 f.

'; better about (stands for *) and Latin nota (to `rebuke') currently

n-to-s in mcymr. yngnad, ynad `judge' (*en-n-to-s), dirnad ` power of judgement ' ton-t-s in Lithuanian pantas `known', Gothic kuns, Old English c, Old High t-

German kund ` known ', Gothic unkuns ` unacquainted '; with lengthened grade the 1. syllable Avestan paiti-zanta- ` recognized ' (as -zainti- `knowledge'). n-ti- in Old Indic pra-jti- f. ` cognition ', gr. f. ` cognition ', Latin nti- f., Old n-ti-

German urchnt f. ` a knowing, knowledge ' (*n-ti-s);

Church Slavic Inf. znati, russ. znat f. ` the acquaintance, friends '; compare Old High

`knowledge, cognition ' from *kunia- n.), Lithuanian paints f. ` cognition ';

n-t-s in Old High German kunst (-sti- for -ti-) ` art, knowledge, wisdom ' (Gothic kuni tn-ter- in Old Indic jtr-, Avestan ntar- ` connoisseur, expert ', compare gr. n-ter-

, Latin ntor ` one who knows a person or thing, a voucher, witness; connoisseur, expert '; compare Old Indic jna-m (*n-no-m) `knowledge, cognition '. n-mn in gr. ` purpose; judgement; a mark, token ' (out of it Latin grma ` A n-

surveyor's pole or measuring-rod; the centre of a camp, where the measuring-rod was

planted, so as to divide the camp into four quarters by streets meeting at that point ' and,

of Akk. from, also norma ` a square, employed by carpenters, masons, etc., for znamenije, znak) `mark, token, sign' (influenced by a corresponding Latin *gnmen is making right angles; a rule, pattern, precept '); Old Russian znamja (Old Church Slavic

*cognmen, agnomen); gr. `opinion' (probably for *gn-m[n]), compare Lithuanian '.

ym `mark, sign' (*m); ` one that knows or examines, an interpreter, discerner n-tel- in sloven. zntelj ` connoisseur, expert ', russ. zntel ` confidant '; also Old n-tel-

Indic jtr- could belong here instead of n-ter-.

ebsentliuns ` identified ': Old Indic jtra- n. ` ability of the recognizing ';

en-tlo- : n-tlo- ` mark ' in Lithuanian nklas `mark, token, sign'; Old Prussian en tlo- n-tloGermanic *knla- in Old High German beknuodilen ` become perceptible ', einknuadil `

distinguished by a mark, remarkable, noted, eminent, distinguished, prominent,

extraordinary '; compare Latin (g)nbilis ` that can be known or is known, knowable, distinguishing mark ');
h

known; wellknown, famous, noted, celebrated, renowned ' (adjective of a *n-d lom ` n-ro- in gr. ` well-known; familiar, acquaintance; notable, distinguished ', n-ro-

Umbrian naratu ` a relater, narrator, historian ', naraklum ` a declaring, announcing; a ending from compounds Old Indic -jn-, Avestan uxa-na- ` knowing the speech '.

skilful, practiced, expert ', ignrurs ` ignorantly ', nrrre ` create knowledge, tell ' =

the ablaut grade from ), gnruris Gloss. ` knowing or acquainted with a thing;

expert, skillful', ignrus `ignorant' (ignro rather from *ignro after nsco colored as with

`make known' (to *), wherefore with ablaut *n-r-: Latin gnrus `a thing r-

declaration, announcement made by the augur respecting what he has observed '; as final Here presumably Indo Germanic n-uos `expert who knows about how one has to do n- os

it, skillful ' in Old Norse knr `proficient, strong' (Old English gecnwe ` admitted, known' is against it new formation from cnwan); compare (from *n-uo-s?) Latin nvus (old

gnvus) ` busy, diligent, assiduous, active ', ignvus ` inactive, lazy, slothful, idle, sluggish, familiar with ' (*upo-uks-nuo-?), Middle Breton gnou ` manifesto, obvious ', abret. inschr. `business, affairs'. A similar meaning-development in the Germanic family Old Icelandic nn-), Old English cne `bold, audacious', Old High German kuoni ` bold, pugnacious ' Bodo-cnous (i.e. -gnous, Loth RC 18, 93), Middle Irish gn ` distinguished ', nir. gn listless, without spirit, cowardly, dastardly ', next to which with *-u- mcymr. go-gnaw `

knn ` reasonable, smart, proficient', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -

(lengthened grade as ), compare with zero grade Lithuanian n ` witch ' (`the clever '), nis m. ` sorcerer '; Tocharian AB kn- ` know, have knowledge of, recognize ', A -knats, a-kntsa

`ignorant'.

About Hittite a-an-na-i `adjudicates' s. Pedersen Hittite 201 (a little plausibly). Note: Common IE - > k-. References: WP. I 578 ff., WH. I 613 f., II 176 ff., Trautmann 370 f., Feist 316 f., Meillet Cinquantenaire 172 ff. Page(s): 376-378

enuneuRoot / lemma: enu-1, neu- (*enu-) Meaning: knee, joint onu, nub Grammatical information: n. inflection onu enus, nu s etc.; besides the n-stem
h

according to Old Indic jnun ` both knees ' and gr. etc. from onunComments:

enuneuenen n- nRoot / lemma: enu-1, neu- : `knee, joint' > Root / lemma: en-1, en-, n-, n- : `to bear'. (the euphemism of lower part of te body) Material: Old Indic jnu n. `knee', Pahlavi znk, npers. zn `knee'; Avestan Akk. Sg. knee ', pra-ju- ` saber-legged ', Avestan fra-nu- ` holding the knees forwards ' (:gr. *-);

nm, dat. abl. pl. nuby; Old Indic ju-bdh- ` the bending knees ', abhi-j ` up to the

g-extension (*on-g-o-, compare -);

Armenian cunr `knee' (r-extension to old u-stem *nu-), Pl. cunk-k`, Gen. cng-ac with

Maybe alb. Geg (*nu-) gjuni, Tosc gluri ` knee'. Hes.), besides Gen. Sg. (for *F); lengthened grade gr. , Gen. (Hom.) (*onus), Pl. , Aeolic `knee' (compare also

`point, edge' (*F), zero grade (compare under ) - ` drop to

the part behind the thigh and knee, ham ' (*, -);

one's knees ', ` on the knees ', (besides , Specht KZ. 59, 220) ` popliteus, ` with stretched out knee ' II. 570 stands for * (= Old Indic pra-j-);

joint on the stalk of a plant; angle ';

Latin gen, -s ` knee; of plants, a knot, joint ', geniculum `knee, a little knee, a knot or Gothic kniu n., Old High German etc. knio, kneo (*kniwa-, Indo Germanic *neuo-)

`knee' (Old Norse kn also from `knot in the straw', as Old English cneoweht ` knotty, from Etruscan); an extension with Germanic t in oberschles. knutzen ` squat on the knees ' and if in a tu-stem *knussus from this verb *knutjan ` based on '; Genua, adjective derivative Genava ` Geneva '; plants '; Latin geniculum also ` a knot or joint on the stalk of a plant '; but Latin genista is

perhaps in Gothic knussjan ` kneel ', kniwam knussjands ` bending in the knees together ', Illyrian FlN Genusus, Low Italian PN Genusia, Messapic PN tri-gonooa, Ligurian PN Tocharian A kanwe, kenne Dual. `the knees'; Hittite gi-e-nu (genu) `knee'.

Note: Pronunciation of the labialized laryngeal: Hittite gi-e was gje- as in Albanian gjuReferences: References: WP. I 586 f., WH. I 592 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 463, 518. Page(s): 380-381

Meaning: chin Note:

enuon Root / lemma: enu-2 f. and (end - :) ond en

h h h h

enuon enuRoot / lemma: enu-2 f. and (end - :) ond - : chin' derived from Root / lemma: enu-1, en Material: Old Indic hnu- f. ` mandible ', Avestan znu- ds., in compounds (with secondary Aryan h-, Gntert WuS. 11, 124 f.); Phrygian - Akk. - `beard' (prefix - and *en-); (common Occidental Romance gr. , - f. `chin, mandible' (with secondary -stem; compare `chin beard' Latin gena f. `cheek' (fur *genus after mala), genunus (dens) ` grinder, molar tooth '; neu- (*enu-) : knee, joint'. neu-

vowel prefix)

from *F, , Attic f. ` edge of the hatchet ' from *F);

(older Pl. *geneues);

Old Irish gi(u)n `mouth', cymr. gen `cheek, chin', Pl. geneu, acorn. genau, bret. genou Gothic kinnus f. `cheek' (*genus, *genues, -nn- from -nu-), Old Norse kinn f. ` cheek,

mountainside ', Old English cinn, Old High German kinni n. `chin'; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). Tocharian A anwe-m Dual f. `mandible, lower jaw bone ' (e-extension from enu-). , (compare Specht KZ. 59, 113 );
1

gon gond - in Lithuanian ndas ` mandible', Latvian zuds `chin, sharp edge'; maked. zero grade gr. f., m. ` mandible' (*gnd -); unclear is Armenian cnaut ` mandible, cheek'.
h h

Page(s): 381-382

References: WP. I 587, WH. I 589 f., Specht Dekl. 87, 253, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 463.

ep( Root / lemma: ep )-, eb Note: Meaning: jaw, mouth

h h

ep(h)emb Root / lemma: ep(h)-, eb - : jaw, mouth' : Root / lemma: em -, mb - : to bite; tooth' 1, neu- (*enu-) : knee, joint'. neuh h h h h

derived from Root / lemma: enu-2 f. and (end - :) ond - : chin' : Root / lemma: enuenuon enuen ph: Material: With ph Avestan zafar-, zafan- `mouth, jaw', participle Med. v-zafna, compare s-stem (besides r/n-stem) in rizafah- besides rizafan-;

Maybe alb. Geg za ` capture, bite'. with b : gallorom. expressive *gobbo-, Old Irish gop, nir. gob `bill, beak, neb, mouth'; Maybe alb. gop `vagina'. `muzzle, mandible, jaw ', Middle High German kivel, kiver ` jaw ' (*kefra-) Modern High German dial. kiefe `gill', ndd. keve ` jaw, gill', wherefore the verbs Norwegian kjava ` quarrel, argue ' (` move the jaws ') Maybe alb. (*zifem) zihem ` quarrel' [common alb. - > -z- ; -f- > -h-] Germanic with ph or to partial b Old Norse kjaptr or kjptr (*keuta- or *kefuta-)
h h

Middle Low German Low German kibbelen, kabbelen, kevelen ` babble, chatter loudly ', gnaw, chew '; lengthened grade Old Norse kfl, Old Saxon cfl, Old English cafl (engl. jowl, jole) ` jaw ' (*kfala-). In addition as ` nibbler ': ); changing through ablaut Old English ceafor (*kara- or*karu-), ndd. kavel ds.; Lithuanian biu, bti ` eat slowly ', biu, beti ` eat, peck '; russ. zobt ` eat, peck ', zob m. `bill, beak, neb'; contain a variant with g-.
h

Middle High German kibelen, kifelen `quarrel, squabble', kiven, kiffen ` gnaw ', kifelen `

Old High German chevaro, kevar, Middle High German kevere `beetle, chafer' (*kebran-

Old Church Slavic o-zobati ` ', serb. zbati ` eat, devour ', zb f. ` oat ', Czech bra `gill of the fish ', russ. bry ds. could have covered from the e-grade and from emb - `bite' as a nasalized form belongs to our root?

chafer' and ` jaw '. Page(s): 382

ersRoot / lemma: ers-

Meaning: to turn, bend

farmhand'; cu `slant, skew, crooked' (*orsos);

Material: Armenian ca `tree', Pl. ` brushwood ' (*rso-); caay (*gr-ti-) `servant, gr. n. ` anything made of wicker-work; oblong shield, covered with ox-hide;

wattled screens or booths, used in the Athen. market-place, generally, wattles; wicker body of a cart ' etc., also `penis' (`*rod') (*); Maybe alb. kar `penis' : Gypsy kar `penis'. nonsense ' is gr. loanword; zero grade and . Hes.; from Gr. derives Latin gerdius ` weaver '; Latin gerra ` anything made of wicker-work ', Pl. gerrae ` wattled twigs; trifles, stuff,

11

References: WP. I 570 f., Trautmann 364, Benveniste Origines 10 f., Kluge

s. v. `beetle,

therefrom gyrru ds.?;

cymr. gyrr m. ` drive, impel, drift, propel, push, thrust, livestock drive ' (*ersio-), Old Norse kjarr n., kjrr m. (*kerza-, kerzu-) `shrubbery, bush ', Swedish dial. kars, karse

(*karsin).

back basket ', Swedish krsa f. `creel, net bag ', Norwegian kjessa `basket, bast netting '

m. `basket from withe, small bag, net bag ', Old Norse kass(i) m. (*kars-) ` wicker basket,

time, business '.

`wend, in a certain position bring, intr. turn ', becierran `turn', cierr m. (*karzi-) `time, one

In addition probably Middle High German kerren ` turn ' (*karzjan) = Old English cierran

Page(s): 392-393

References: WP. I 609 f., WH. I 594, 596, Loth RC 40, 375 f.

Meaning: to rub; to be old; grain

er- er rRoot / lemma: er-, er-, r-

noNote: also, esp. in formations with formants -no-, `corn, grain, seed ' (only NW-Indo

Germanic); the oldest meaning seems to have been `rub' (hence ` fruit grater, neatly disease, malady'.

pulverized, ground into fine particles; crushed '), intr.-pass. ` become faded, from age or Material: Old Indic jrant- ` fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated, old, graybeard' (= osset. zrond `old', gr. ; compare also npers. zar ` graybeard, hag '), jrati `makes frail, old', jars- f. (Nom. Sg. jar, Indo Germanic -s) and jar ` age, grow older, senescence, aging process, process of growing older, age'; redupl. jarjara- `frail, fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated, allows to grow old ' (`*rub, chafe '), jara- `

become fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated, rotten, decayed, decomposed; brittle, antiquated, worn out, old, decompose, rotten, decayed, decomposed; brittle, old'; Avestan azarant- `not aging, maturing ' (participle of s-Aor.), azarma- `not decreasing, lessening, diminishing, declining ' (from *zarma- m. `the abandoned, depraved, unkempt, grows old ', participle jr-, jr- ` fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated, decrepit,

Aor. jriu); heavy basis in Old Indic jarimn- m. ` old age, senility ', jryati, jryati `

older ' (= npers. zr `weak, woeful, wretched, miserable ', zr ` graybeard, hag '; also in

breakable, decrepit ' (: gr. ); lengthened grade jra- ` aging, maturing; growing

withered, shabby, dilapidated, neglected '), zairina- ` attritional, tiring, languishing,

wearying, exhausting ', zarta- `altersschwach' (probably = Old Indic *jrta-), with formant u (: gr. ? Old Norse kr, see below) zaurvan- m. ` hoariness, old age, grayness,

senility ', zaurura- ` decrepit, infirm, feeble, weak, frail, aged, fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated ', perhaps also zrvan- : zrn- `time'; Armenian cer `old, graybeard' (*ero-); senatorial ', ` Council of Elders, senate, esp. at Sparta, sacred college ', n. honorific title; award, prize, honorary position, guerdon, reward, recompense, prize, trophy ', ` venerable, stately, respectable ', later also `old, senile ', `old' probably grown old ', participle present ` aging, maturing; growing older ', themat. Impf. from *-; in the meaning `age' is replaced through ; from ` gr. ` graybeard' (-), ` pertaining to the council of the elders,

(Indo Germanic *er-s, from the heavy basis) originally `*age, * age prerogative ', hence `

, etc. auf (for ) figurative, also in ` get old, grow old, mature, ripen ', (by Hes. also ) `old'; Attic , Gen. (*F) (hom. Dat. ) `old one ); perhaps in relationship to Avestan zaurvan- m. ` hoariness, old age, grayness Gr. I, 574; redupl. ` dropping by itself or ripe fig or olive ' (see above); ', perhaps originally Nom. *e-us : Gen.* r-u-s, from which F; s. Schwyzer Gr.
e

wife, woman' (hom. probably later inscription of a right one *(F) after the usual

husband ', engl. churl ` rude person, person from the country, fool ', Middle Low German kerle `free, common man, husband, sturdy man, husband', Modern High German (from Ndd.) Kerl; basic meaning probably ` aged man, husband'; Old Church Slavic zrti `ripen', zrl ` mature, ripe, mellow, seasoned ', causative

High German karal ds., with ablaut Old English ceorl ` free man of the lowest class,

Old Norse karl `man, husband, old man, husband, husband, free man, husband' = Old

szori ` ripe '.

In the meaning ` corn, grain, seed ': grn, cymr. etc. grawn (Sg. gronyn) ds. (borrowing from Latin is not provable) = Lithuanian serb. zno n. `corn, grain'; Gothic karn, Old High German Old English Old Norse korn, rnis, Latvian zirnis m. `pea', Old Prussian syrne f. `corn, grain'; Old Church Slavic zrno, Latin grnum `corn, grain, seed ' (*gr-nm, = Old Indic jr-, see above) = Old Irish

Dialectal kern ` milk cream, milk skimmings ' granular becoming as in butter, Middle High German kern ` churn, vessel in which butter is made ', Old Norse kjarni, kirna ds., Old English iern, engl. churn ds.).

High German krno, Old Norse kjarni m., ds. (probably also Modern High German

Modern High German Korn, Old English cyrnel ` seed ', next to which zero grades Old

Maybe alb. (*kjern) thjerr ` lentil ' not from Armenian sisen ` chickpea ' Latin glrea (*grrei) ` gravel '; d-present *r-d perhaps in Gothic gakrtn ` crunch '. References: WP. I 599 f., WH. I 605 f., 618 f., Trautmann 371 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 514, 574, 682 under Anm. 5. Page(s): 390-391 *grros (*gr-rs) ` pulverized, ground into fine particles; crushed ' is continual probably in

Indo Iran. and Alban. 'love']

Meaning: to taste; to enjoy [` savor, enjoy, taste ', in the Germanic and Celtic 'choose', in

eusRoot / lemma: eus-

Material: Old Indic jati, jut ` tastes, enjoys, loves ', jsyat `where one finds

`where one finds flavor ', Avestan zao ` pleasure ', zut ` liked, beloved, fancied, appreciates ', ysua, ysuyn (ys = z) `treat, delight '; of ' (therefrom ` allow to taste '); desirable, worth having, welcome, wanted '; khotan-sak. ys ` he appraises,

pleasure', ja- ` contentedness, approval, sufficiency ', Avestan zao-, Old pers. dau-

gr. ` feel, enjoy the taste of; experience, have enjoyment of, enjoy the company alb. desha `I loved', present do, dua (*us-n-, Jokl IF. 37, 101 f.);

Also alb. Geg me dasht ` to love '. n-present Latin dgn, -ere `taste' (*gus-n); Pedersen II 549), do-goa (*us--t) `he chooses ', verbal noun togu ` choose ', preterit Gothic kiusan ` assay, try, test, check ', Old Norse kjsa ` choose, wish' (also ` affect Old Irish asa-g (*us-s-t) `he wishes ' (ad-gsi, asa-gssi `he wishes ', s. to form

dorigu ` elegit ' (*to-ro-i-us-t), Pokorny IF. 35, 177 ff., etc. (see Pedersen aaO.);

through sorcery ', Old High German Old Saxon kiosan ` taste, assay, try, choose ', Modern High German kiesen, Kaus.-Iter. Gothic kausjan ` assay, try, taste ' (= Old Indic iyat); compare Old English wl-casig ` choosing corpses ' (of raven). noun actionis of ti-: Old Indic ji- ` Liebeserweisung, favour ', Gothic ga-kusts f. ` ti-

examination ', Old Frisian kest, Old English cyst m. ` object of a choice, exquisiteness,

excellence ' (but gr. previously single-linguistic formation from ): of tu-: Latin tugustus, -s ` a tasting of food, a partaking slightly or eating a little of any thing, a light dish

choice ' in names Irish Oengus, Fergus, acymr. Ungust, Gurgust and in Old Irish guss `

at the beginning of a Roman meal, an antepast, whet, relish, taste, flavor ', Celtic *gustu- `

(good) quality '; derivative of participle *gus-ts: Latin gust, -re `taste, eat, drink; relish,

examination, appraisal, choice, excellence ', Old Norse kostr, -ar ` choice, capriciousness,

skillfulness, power ', Gothic kustus ` examination ', Old High German Old Saxon kust m. `

enjoy ' = Old High German Old Saxon kostn `taste, try, assay, test ', Old English costian ` try, assay, test, plague', Old Norse kosta, -aa ` assay, try, exert oneself, strive '; previous ds. (Modern High German Kur-frst `prince elector, elector, electoral prince, one of the noun actionis is *kuriz in Old English cyre m. ` choice, judgement', Old High German kuri f. princes of the Holy Roman Empire entitled to elect the emperor', Will-kr `capriciousness,

despotism, arbitrariness'), with intersection in neuter Old Norse kr ` choice ', Old English enjoy, try'. ge-cor ` verdict ', derived Old High German korn ` taste, sip; have some experience of;

Page(s): 399-400

References: WP. I 568 f., WH. I 628 f., Feist 312 f.

euRoot / lemma: eu-, eu- (besides geu-) Meaning: to advance; to hurry Material: Old Indic junti ` drive, hurry, set in motion, stir into action as if by fanning;

encouragement ', javn `hurrying', jav- `hurrying, quick, fast', jviha- `the fastest', m. `haste, hurry, quickness ', jvas- ` quickness ', jvana- ` driving, animating, inciting '; Avestan zavah- n. ` power, strength ', zvar- n. `(physical) power, strength ' (esp. of the

arouse, instigate ', jvate ` hurries ', jt- `hurrying', j- `quick, fast', jt ` quickness,

hastiest, most fastest, the most conducive ', uzutay- ` hurrying out, foaming '; fast' could belong to Aryan or ;

feet and the horse), npers. zr ` power ', Baluchi zt `quick, fast', Avestan zvtya ` the besides auf Indo Germanic geu- weisend: Avestan java ` hurry '; npers. zd `quick,

perhaps to Old Norse keyra `drive, ride, push, throw, ride'; in spite of unclear anlaut here. Page(s): 399 References: WP. I 555. Serbo-Croatian riti se ` hurry ', from Trautmann 80 to griti se ` brew ' placed, perhaps

Meaning: to sprout

iRoot / lemma: i- : -

Material: Armenian ci, ciu, ce ` stem, stalk', n-ciu `sprout, germ, sprout'; Gothic keinan, us-keinan `germinate', us-kijans ` germinated, sprouted '; Old High

German chnan `germinate, split, open', Old English cnan `break, crack, be open'; Old

High German chmo m., aschs. kmo `germ, sprout'; Old English c, Old Saxon k m. English con, cun ` gills ' (probably *kijan-).

`germ, sprout, young shoot ', Old High German frumakdi ` first shoot '; Old Saxon kio, Old

Here probably with a previous form the bursting bud, sprout in general meaning `break, Norwegian kle m. `wedge' (or this meaning of the sharpness deriving form of the plant bud? formally from *k-l-, compare *k-la- in:) Old High German kdel, Modern High German Dialectal keidel m. `wedge'; Old Icelandic kll m. ` narrow sea bay ' (`*cleft,

crack, sich split' Old High German kl, Modern High German Keil, Middle Low German kl,

kil m. ` onion, bulb of the leek ', Modern High German Kiel m. ds. (compare Bavarian auskielen from acorn, onion , ` germinating the peel, break through skin '); Latvian ziju, zit ` flourish, bloom, appear, come into view ', next to which with d-

Dialectal kin `col, gap'; perhaps Old Middle High German chil `leek', Middle High German

German kl m. `narrow Meerbucht '; with Old English cinu f. ` cleft, col, gap', Danish

fissure'), changing through ablaut Norwegian keila f. `small gully, canal', Middle Low

extension (probably originally d-present) Lithuanian d(i)u ydti `bloom, blossom', zidt `bloom, blossom'.

prastu, -dau, -sti ` blossom ', edas `bloom, blossom, ring', Latvian zidu (ziu), References: WP. I 544.

Page(s): 355-356

haisoiso- hisoRoot / lemma: haiso- (or hiso- : hiso-) Meaning: stick; dart Material: Old Indic has- n. `projectile' (yet see below hei-1 `stimulate, invigorate'); gr. m. (?) `shepherd's crook; crosier'; `mercenaries'); Old Irish ga `spear, javelin' (gide ` lance '); fo-gae, Middle Irish fo-ga gall.-Latin gaesum, gall.-gr. `heavy iron spear, lance' (gall. gaest

`spear, lance' = cymr. gwayw (see in addition Thurneysen IA. 26, 25, compare also abret.

weapon, missile, as a dart, spear, javelin ', BB. 17, 139), Middle Breton goaff, corn. gew; (*gaizas); Gothic PN Rada-gaisu-s, wand. Gaisa-rk-s.

guu-goiuou ` a little sharp point or sting, a weapon used for fighting at a distance; a missile Old High German Old Saxon gr, Old English gr, Old Icelandic geirr m. ` throw spear '

`lash, scourge, bullwhip, horsewhip; spur', Old Icelandic geisl, geisli m. ` stick of the
h

In addition as -iln-derivative Old High German geisila, Modern High German Geiel

snowshoe runners '; with ablaut (Indo Germanic i? ?) langob. gsil ` arrow shaft ' (but crave'), Old Icelandic gsl(i) `staff'.

about Old High German gsal ` captive = Brgschaftsgefangener ' see below gheid - `lust,

Page(s): 410

References: WP. I 528, WH. I 575 f.

halg(h)Root / lemma: halg(h)Meaning: (flexible) twig Material: Armenian jak `twig, branch, horsewhip, stalk, captive' (< *halg; Petersson

*hlgns);

Heteroklisie 155 expounded den variation from g and gh from a paradigm *hlgh,

Old Frisian galga, Old Saxon Old High German galgo ` gallows, cross', in addition further gallows was a pliable branch in which the criminal would be hanged); rod'. formations Old Icelandic gelgia `twig, branch, shaft, pole, stick' (the oldest kind of the

Gothic galga m. `picket, pole, cross', Old Icelandic galgi ` gallows ', Old English gealga,

Lithuanian alg and algas m. `long, thin shaft, pole', Latvian alga f. `long rod, fishing

Page(s): 411

References: WP. I 540, Trautmann 364.

hal- hal-arRoot / lemma: hal-, hal-arMeaning: flaw, defect Material: Old Irish galar n. `disease, malady, distress ', cymr. corn. galar ` sorrow, loud noise, a banging, rustling, roaring ';

mourning, grief, affliction, distress, lamentation, a striking or beating accompanied by a

the horse ', engl. gall ds., Middle Low German galle ` damaged place', Middle High

Old Icelandic galli m. `blemish, fault, error, damage' (but gealla m. ` sore-grated place of

German galle ` swelling, tumefaction of the horse, damaged place in the rock ', Modern High German galle `swelling, lump, growth, flaw in rock, in farmland etc.' are with Galle Lithuanian al `damage, injury ', alngas ` wicked, harmful ', Latvian zalba, zolba perhaps also klruss. zolok ` the most painful place of a wound ', russ. nazla

=Gall-apfel borrowed from Latin galla);

`damage, injury in the body' (or borrowed from Russian? s. Endzelin KZ. 44, 66); `ruefulness, distress, anger, irritation '.

Pedersen (Hittite 46) compares with Old Irish galar Hittite kal-la-ar (kallar) `evil, bad'. Page(s): 411 References: WP. I 540, WH. I 580.

lemma: hanRoot / lemma: han-sNote: Meaning: goose

hangha, ghe, Root / lemma: han-s- : `goose' derived from Root / lemma: gha gha ghe ghe ghi ghi : `to cackle (of geese)'. Material: Old Indic has- m., has f. `goose, swan'; soghd. z' `sorte d'oiseau'; *ansera- (*gansera-) `gander' in Old Czech hser, polab. gnsgarr, etc.); Note: Common Old Indic : Latin h- > h-. hand in Lithuanian Gen. Pl. s, still the old conservative inflection); italic-illyrian. stem); gr. , -, m. f., Doric Boeotian `goose ' from *, (here, as in Germanic Latin nser, mostly m. `goose ' (originally *hanser; to stem formation compare Slavic

Maybe zero grade in alb. (*he-nos) rosa `duck ' common alb. n/r rhotacism; also gn- > nOld Irish giss `swan' (*gans = Old Indic has, not reshaped from a conservative

gr. ), Old Icelandic gs (Pl.gs) `goose ' (from Old English gs derives Middle Irish goss);

Old High German gans (i-stem has changed), Old English gs (Pl. gs from *gans-iz =

Nom. Pl. ses), Latvian zoss, Old Prussian sansy ds.; sloven. os, poln. g `goose ';

Lithuanian ss f. `goose ' (Akk. s = gr. , Gen. Pl. conservative s, dial. also Slavic *gs (with probably auf Germanic influence based g instead of z) in russ. gus,

Specht Dekl. 204 will also Lithuanian gn--e, gen-- f. ` egret, heron ' here place. as Mask.-formation of stem *gan- after kind of from Old High German kat-aro `tomcat, Old English gan(d)ra ` gander ' (engl. gander), Middle Low German ganre ds. is applied

aquanauts ' as *ganz- with it in Suffix ablaut. (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, nt- > -nn-). Besides certainly of the abbreviated stem ghan- (wherefore ghan-[e]s- as Indo

male-cat'; if ein *ganezan- the basic lies, stand Swiss gann, ganner ` appellation from

Germanic *mn-t-: *mn-[e]s- ` month ') on the exterior formation with -d-: Germanic meaning ` stork ' shows also Lithuanian gadras, Old Prussian gandarus, from Germanic gander ', also ganzo, Middle Low German gante ds. (A derivative therefrom with similar (zuerst by Plin.) ganta `a kind of goose ' (out of it prov. gante `wild goose, stork '; the

*gan[d]ro), Old English ganot `a wild water bird, e.g. a coot ', Old High German ganazzo `

meaning as Tirol gnzen ` flirt ', gnsern `act as a goose', also ` wish, adore cravingly ',

siebenbrg. goaseln ` philander, flirt ' is nisl. ganta ` philander, flirt ', ganti ` an idler, loafer, man about town, a city buffoon, droll, jester, clown, pantaloon, parasite ', Swedish mdart. gant, Danish gante ` dandy, fop, man excessively concerned with his clothes and Maybe alb. goc `girl' family 2. h- ` yawn ' zusammenhngt, also from dem heisern Anfauchen of animals by identical Ausatmen beim Ghnen identified hat. A similar Lautnachahmung (partly also base from Wasservogelnamen) see below gha gha-. There Indo Germanic ghan-s-, -()d- with gr. (see han-) and generally with the

appearance ', wherefore as fem. Norwegian gjente `girl'.)

open bill, beak, neb den Namen hat, is um so glaublicher, as also h- ` yawn ' originally

References: WP. I 536, WH. I 52, 583, Trautmann 365 f., Specht Dekl. 47, 204. Page(s): 412

hanRoot / lemma: hanMeaning: to yawn Material: Material: Gr. hom. Aor. (actually Imperf. to *--, *-), Perf. (Doric ) ` yawn, gape' (thereafter later present ), `yawn', by comedian also `mouth', (- copulativum) `wide open, enlarged', etc.; besides , `speak with open mouth' Hes.;

about - ` with mouth wide open, greedily ' s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 626;

different about gr. Specht Dekl. 282 f., the in - sees the anlaut of the root; Old Icelandic gan n. ` yawn ' (probably = ), Norwegian Swedish gan `gullet, jaw

', also `gill, head and entrails of small fish '; Old Icelandic gana ` gape, stare with an open han-s-, han-[]d-, is placeed here, see there. Page(s): 411 mouth, lust, crave, glotzen', gnir ` mocker '. Also the name of the goose, Indo Germanic

References: WP. I 534, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 694, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 149 f.

Meaning: twig; pole

hastohazd Root / lemma: hasto-1, haz ohastohazd Root / lemma: hasto-1, haz o- : (twig; pole) derived from Root / lemma: ak-, ok-, (akak sti- : sti- ): (sharp; stone)
h h

Material: Latin hasta ` shaft, pole, staff, spear, javelin, spear, lance', Umbrian hostatu,
h

scion, shoot, rod ' (< *ghasto-); besides*ghazd - in Middle Irish gat ` withe', Middle Irish tris-gataim ` drill through, pierce '; perhaps in addition Old Irish gataid ` steal, rob ' as ` prick, stab with a sharp object '? (Thurneysen KZ. 63, 114 );
4

anostatu ` armed with a spear ' (o not satisfactorily expounded), Middle Irish gass ` lap,

maybe alb. full grade heshta `spear' is older than Latin hasta `spear' fiurgard ` poker, tool used to arrange hot coals ', Old High German gart m. ` stimulus '; in Gothic gazds m. `sting, prick', Old Icelandic gaddr `sting, prick, cusp, peak', Old Saxon

addition with i-derivative Old English gierd f. `rod', afr. ierde ` horsewhip, measuring rod ', References: WP. I 541, WH. I 636, 869. Perhaps identical with:

Old Saxon gerdia `horsewhip, rod, staff, ray', Old High German gartia, gertia `rod, scepter'.

Page(s): 412-413 hastoRoot / lemma: hasto-2

Meaning: hand, arm Page(s): 413

hestoSee also: s. more properly under hesto-2.

hauRoot / lemma: hau-, hau-

Meaning: to call, *priestess, *goddess hau- : `to call'

Alb. shows that Root / lemma: huen- : `to sound' derived from Root / lemma: hau-, enen Root hau-

Material: Old Indic hvate ` call, shout, send for, call out to, summon ' (other phrase

charged, filled with emotion, called', hvtave Infin., hvman- n. `appeal, request, plea; ';

formations in hvyati, huv, hma, juhmsi), Pass. hyte, participle ht- ` loaded,

prayer', hva- m. n., havs-, hvana- n. ds., hman n. ` caller of the price ', hvtar- ` caller Avestan zavaiti ` calls, shouts, curses' (besides the present zbayeiti, zaozaomi),

call', zbtr- m. ` shouter, caller'; [common alb. Romanian Iranian -v- > -b-]. Maybe Albanian zana ` nymph ', alb. geg (*h-) z, zani `voice, call'

participle zta- ` call ', zavana- n. `shout, call, appeal, request, plea; prayer', zavan `shout,

curse something ' (compare Avestan zavaiti ` enchanted, spellbound, bewitched ');

Lithuanian avti `conjure, perform magic', Latvian zavt ds., actually ` somebody to Old Church Slavic zov, zvati `call, shout, cry', Serbo-Croatian zvm, zvti `call,

shout, cry', Old Czech zovu, zvati, russ. zov, zvat ds.; in addition sloven. zv m. `shout, call (whether not noun post-verbal, = Old Indic hava-, m. `shout, call'). Armenian jaunem ` consecrate, sanctify, bless; ordain', n-zovk` ` curse '; from which back formation f. ` boastfulness '; gr. a ` praise, oneself, boast, brag' (*ghaughau-, compare Avestan zaozaomi),

maybe gemination alb. (*ghaughau-) geg `northern alb. people. probably from *hutu-ptr `father (that is to say master) of calls (a god)', Loth, RC 15, 224 Old Irish guth m. `voice' (*gutu-s); in addition gall. gutuater name a class of priests,

ff., 28, 119 ff., Rev. Archol. 1925, 221;

Here probably (as *ghu-t-m `angerufenes creature '): Indras) in Gothic gu m. `god' (the originally neutral form still in Pl. guda and in galiugaGermanic *gua- n. `god' (compare Old Indic puru-ht- `loud call', ved. epithet of

gu ` idol '), Old Icelandic go, gu n. ` heathenish god'; gu m. `( Christian) god', Old English engl. Old Frisian aschs. god ds., Old High German got ds.; therefrom derived Old High German gutin(na), mnl. godinne, Old English gyden

`priest';

heathenish priest' (Proto Norse guija), gyja f. `priestess'; Middle High German goting previous Christian formations are Old High German *gotfater, gotmuoter, Old English

`goddess'; Gothic gudja m. `(originally heathenish) priest', Old Icelandic goi m. `

godfer, Old Norse gufaer, gumer ` godfather, godmother ', in addition of the German *goto, gota, Middle High German gt(t)e, got(t)e ` godfather, godmother '. References: WP. I 529 f., Trautmann 367; ausfhrl. Lithuanian by Feist 227 f. Page(s): 413-414

name indicating fondness also Swedish gubbe ` graybeard', gumma ` hag ', Old High

Meaning: young of an animal or bird

hgh hRoot / lemma: hgh-

Material: Npers. zq `young animal, esp. young chicken ' (q Arabic spelling for ); [Armenian jag `the young of an animal, esp. a bird, nestling, chick' is pers. loanword]; alb. zok, zogu `bird, young bird, the young of the donkey'. Page(s): 409 References: WP. I 531.

Meaning: ferret

eh Root / lemma: (h)eh-

Material: Old Indic jhak `polecat' (or `hedgehog'?), Lithuanian kas `polecat'

compared with Old Indic ajik ds. Page(s): 424

(originated through double assimilation from*ekas); compare Lithuanian ok `goat' References: WP. I 570, W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 630; different Mhlenbach-Endzelin III 820.

heihiRoot / lemma: hei-1, hi-

Meaning: to drive; to throw; to wound

Note: from the meaning `projectile' or at most verbal `whereupon toss, fling, meet' could have derived ` wound, hurt ' (group B) (root form hei-s-). Material: A. hei- `antreiben':

Germanic *gaid);

hurl, sling, fling', participle hit-; hmn- n. ` eagerness '; hti- m. `projectile' (compare Avestan zani- ` astir, keen, eager', zaman- ` active, awake', n. `wakefulness, agility,

Old Indic hinti, hnvati (participle hyant-) `set in motion, motivate, energize, stimulate,

liveliness, lively being, aroused being ', zanahvant- (from a *zanah- n.) `waking, weapons ', zayan- `armed'. energetic '?;

watchful, wakeful'; zana- m. `weapon', zaya- m. `(*weapon), tool, piece of armament, Also Old Indic hya- `steed' = Armenian ji, Gen. jioy ds. here as ` the living, the

Old High German Gaido; in addition Old Icelandic gedda f. ` pike ' < geiida, compare lapp. kaito ds.;

langob. gaida f. `spear, javelin', Old English gd f. `sting, prick, cusp, peak, stick ', PN

Gothic langob. gain- `weapon' in PN (Gainhard, Gainwald), Old English gn- in PN; Geil-muot. Gothic *gails m. `spear, javelin' in PN Gl-mrus, Old English Gl-fri, Old High German B. heis- ` wound, hurt ': in addition probably hsati (previously nachved. hinsti) ` hurt, harm, injure '; down, cut off, kill, slay ' (*hoizd-); Old Indic has- n. `projectile' (but it could also be Indo Germanic *haiso-s, see there); Old Irish gite ` a wounding, wound ', Middle Irish getas ` strike down, knock down, cut

extension by heis : heizd- ` angry, furious '.

Lithuanian eidi, eidiau, esti ` wound, hurt ', aizd `wound'. The same d-

Page(s): 424-425

heis- heizdhaisoSee also: compare still heis-, heizd- ` be angry, furious ', as well as haiso-.

References: WP. I 546, Pokorny Urillyrier 64, Holthausen Gothic etym. Wb. 34.

Meaning: winter; snow of mn to m.

heihiRoot / lemma: hei-2 : hi-

menNote: after Specht Dekl. 14, 330 f. older -men- stem, with already Indo Germanic change hei-men- heimnMaterial: A. hei-men-, *heimn-: The r-extension is analogical after *s mero- `summery'. Old Indic hman (Lok.) `in winter', hmant- m. `winter' (: Hittite gimmanza ds.); Latin hiems, -is `winter'; Note: Common Old Indic : Latin h- > h-. he

winter' (in addition also ` spigot ', it would be pulled out if the ship was brought in the land); alb. Geg dimn m., Tosc dimr() `winter' (older Akk. *hei-men- m); alb. Tosc dimr() `winter' = Armenian me `winter' = gr. n. `winter'. Also alb. Geg (*) dzbor, Tosc dbor ` snow ' = Armenian (*dzemon) youn ` snow ' = gr. chin ` snow '. hibernus (< *gheimrinos) `cold']. alb. (*) dbor, dzbor, bdor, vdor `snow' [shift -m- > -mb- > -b- like Latin Balto Slavic *eim (from *eimn) in Lithuanian iem, Latvian zma, Old Prussian
o

gr. n. `winter, winter storm, coldness', m. ` winter storm, winter weather,

semo `winter' and Old Church Slavic zima, Gen. zimy, russ. zim, Bulgarian zma, SerboCroatian zma, sloven. zma, Czech zima, poln. zima `winter'. Hittite gi-im-ma-an-za `winter' see above. In addition heim(e)rinos and heiminos `wintery'. zimn, russ. zmnij, Serbo-Croatian zmn, Czech zimn (Czech zimn `cold'), poln. zimny In gr. , Latin hibernus (< *gheimrinos), Lithuanian iemnis, Old Church Slavic

`cold, wintery' (compare with ablaut. i in the root syllable Armenian jmen `winter').

meaning to Avestan hamana `summery'). Note:

and with Vrddhierung Old Indic hyana- `annual, yearly', hyan- m. n. `year' (rhyme

To *ghei- allein: Avestan zayan-, zan- m. `winter', npers. dai; Avestan zayana- `wintery'

Gr. `year' : Latin annus `year' (*atnos ) `year' : Old Indic hyana- `yearly', hyan- m. etet Root / lemma: uet- : `year' [prothetic u- before bare initial vowels] derived from Root / heihi- hei-men- heimnlemma: hei-2, hi-, hei-men-, *heimn- : `winter; snow' B. him, ghiim, Gen. hiems, hims, also hioms (m from *mn?). m, m, hiems, hims, ms Avestan zy f. `winter' (Akk. zym, Gen. zim); Armenian jiun `snow' (< *ghiim), Gen. jean (< hii n-, s. Meillet Esquisse 45); gr. (*), `snow'; Ligurian mns Berigiema (` schneetragend '), with a reshaped ending; compare Thurneysen KZ. 59, 2, 8; 61, 253); acymr. gaem, ncymr. gauaf, acorn. goyf, bret. gem-rad n., mcymr. gaeaf-rawd `winter' (*hii mo-rto-, to ret-`run'); also Irish gamuin ` rete o

n. `year' prove that Root / lemma: en-2 : `year' : Root / lemma: at-, *atno : `to go; year' : enat- *atno atno-

Middle Irish gem-adaig ` winter night ' (gam `winter' is reshaped after sam `summer',

goanv, gall. winter month Giamon[ios], Eigenname Giamillus, other formations Middle Irish

one year-old calf ';

middle of March ', isl. ga, under f., Norwegian gj f., Swedish gjemnad (g- < gi- after Bugge Ark. f. nord. Fil. 4, 123 ff.). doubtably the apposition from Old Norse gamall `old', gemlingr `one year old sheep', Old

Old Icelandic gi f. and g f., gi-mnar ` the month from middle of February till the

English gamol `old', gamelian ` grow old ', Old Saxon gigamalod `aged', Old High German only in proper name as Gamalbold, Gamalberht, Gamalberga etc. as `aged', compare Latin annsus. C. himo- (from hi-mn-o-?): himohi-mnwinter storm ' (compare den Gen. from zy : zim under .); Old Indic him- m. `coldness, frost, snow', hm f. `winter', Avestan zmaka- m. `

goat)', `goat'

gr. `wintery, stormy', `he-goat', ` the one-year-old (nanny

Maybe alb. geg (*hein-) dhj, tosk dhi Pl. dhen ` goat ' [common alb. h- > dh-]. Latin bmus (< *bihimos), trmus, quadrmus ` two years old or lasting two years ' (compare gimmerlam ` female lamb', dial. but ` one-year-old lamb' (Pedersen KZ. 32, 248), andfrk. ved. at-hima- `hundred-year-old'), Norwegian dial. gimber, Swedish dial. gimber, Danish

influence of not related - by the way, uninterpreted - Old Icelandic gymbill, PN Gumbull, `aries, ram', see Hellquist SvEO. 210. Page(s): 425-426

year-old sow', Norwegian gymber, Swedish gymmer `lamb' are based probably on

(Lex Salica) ingimus? ` porcus anniculus '. The forms with y: Old Icelandic gymbr `one-

Old Swedish gummerlamb `aries, ram', isl. gummarr, Norwegian gumse, Swedish gumse References: WP. 1 546 ff., WH. I 106, 645 f., Trautmann 367, Specht KZ. 53, 307 f.

helghelhel hl- hl- hl Root / lemma: hel-1 (and ghel-?), also as i-, u- or n-stem; hel- : hl-, hl- : hlMeaning: to shine; green, gold, blue, yellow, moon helghelhel hl- hl- hl Root / lemma: hel-1 (and ghel-?), also as i-, u- or n-stem; hel- : hl-, hl- : hl- : to (e)li- : light, to shine; to be joyful. (e)lii shine; green, gold, blue, *sun; derived from Root / lemma: el-, el-, l-, (also *geli- :) el- el l*geliMaterial: In view of the frequent cases, where Indo Germanic palatals in Balto-Slavic are with Persson (Beitr. 790) and Kretschmer (Gl. 21, 115) the Balto-Slavic *gel- is defined Note: through borrowing from a Centum language (Venetic-Illyrian?). Note: (*hwel-) hwel

represented by velar, instead of through a concurrence of el-, hel- and ghel- agreeable

The enxtended root (*hwel hwel-)-nta, -na, -ta formants follow the model of Illyrian - Anatolian attribute nouns, adjectives. (see alb. numbers). Old Indic hri- `blond, yellow, golden, green yellow, pale', hari- ` gazelle ', hart- `

dun-colored, light grayish brown ', hrita- `yellow, green', hraya- n. `gold, medium of

being based on velar root Old Indic ghoa- `horse' as originally `fox'? (Sommer IF. 31, 364 under A. 3);

trade', hiranyya- `golden'; about haaka- n. `gold' s. Kuiper Proto-Munda 30; in addition

gilvus `light yellow' (with dial. i from gall. *gelvos); herbage, vegetables, cabbage '; Note: Common Old Indic : Latin h- > h-. h-

the normal development in Latin helvus ` honey-yellow, golden ' (*heluos) = gallo- Latin in addition Latin (h)olus, -eris (from *holos, *heleris) n., dial. folus, old helus, helusa `

after the color as gr. , Latin fel, [common Latin ghw- > ph- > f-], Old Norse gall usf.; 523 with Lithuanian); Note:

pers. daraniya- n. `gold', zaranana `from gold, golden', zra- m. `gall' (= gr. ), named with velar root anlaut gr-krta- ` cutting out the gall '? (see Bartholomae Altiran. Wb.

Avestan zari- `yellow, yellowish, golden ', zairita- `yellow, paled-yellow ', zaranya-, Old

lemma: elolohl- : `to shine; green, gold, blue, *sun' derived Root / lemma: d el-1, d olo- : `curve; hl alb.-Illyrian h- > d-].
h h h h

From Root / lemma: hel-1 (and ghel-?), also as i-, u- or n-stem; hel- : hl-, hl- : helghelhel hl- hlhollow', Root / lemma: d el-2 : `light, shining', Root / lemma: d el-3 : `to tremble' [common elelthrak. `gold' (?), Phrygian Hes.; Phrygian and

Hes. (borrowed from gr. ??); kulturhist. Stud. 297 ff.); Wrong etymology:

alb. dhelpr, dhelpn, dhelbun(e) `fox', actually `the yellow one' (see Jokl Linguist.

Alb. alb. dhelpr, dhelpn, dhelbuna `fox' derived from the transposition of Griko Salentino lipunddha; alipna `fox', from earlier Greek Greek `fox'. gr. `gall, rage, fury', `gall, rage, fury', - ` stomach disease ', `

pale green. green yellow, fresh, strong' (:Old Icelandic glr ` radiance ');

dialect; WH. I 474, EM 342 would be placed to fel and Lithuanian geltas `yellow' etc. (see below) a root *ghel- (??); Note:
2

Latin fel, fellis (*fel-n-is) n. `gall' (older n-stem as Old High German galla), f probably

Latin fel, fellis (*fel-n-is) n. `gall' derived from root *del because of common Latin d- > f-. Illyrian loanword (*gh l-b o- or *gh l-b o-, further to Lithuanian gulbis see below);
h o h e

here also Latin galbus ` xanthous bird', galbinus ` green yellow ', whether Celtic or

Maybe alb. (*gelben) gjelbr ` green ' < Rom. galben ` green ' < galbinus ` green yellow '. `brown' (*hel-no-); Old Irish gel `luminous, white', nir. gealach f. `moon'; cymr. gell `yellow', bret. gell

Irish glain `glass, crystal' (*ghlni-), cymr. glain `gemstone, jewel' (*ghlnio-);

in addition *ghl- in Irish cymr. corn. bret. glan `pure, clean', Celtic FlN Glanis, Glan, *ghl

shine, clear up ', Swedish dial. glana `shine weakly, stare, peek', asch. FlN Glana (further see below den s-extensions). Old Icelandic gall n. `gall, poison ' (*galln-, Indo Germanic *ghol-n-), Old English gealla zero grade Old Icelandic gulr `yellow', besides full grade Old English geolo, Old Saxon Gothic gul n., Old Icelandic gull, goll n., Old English Old Frisian Old Saxon Old High Ablaut grade *ghl- in Old Icelandic glmr `moon', glmsyni ` optic deception, illusion ',

also in isl. glana ` clear up ', glan ` radiance ', Norwegian dial. glana `shimmer, gleam,

m., Old Saxon galla, intense f., Old High German galla, weak f. `gall'; Old High German gelo, Gen. gelwes ds. (< *gelua-); German gold n. `gold';

(*glia = Lithuanian lj under).

Swedish glmig ` gray-yellow in the face, with sunken eyes ', Old Icelandic glr `bright' *hl- (as in gr. ) appears in Old English glm ` twilight, dawn, dusk' (yet hl-

before m is ambiguous), Old Saxon glian, Old High German gluoen `burn', glhen `shine glowing coal, coal', Old Frisian gld `blaze, glow', Old High German gluot `blaze, glow, ', Old Icelandic gl `blaze, glow, glowing coal', Old English gld f. `blaze, glow, flame,

glitter'; s. also under S. 433 hlu-;

glowing coals'; Old Icelandic -glr n. ` radiance ' (: ), Old Icelandic glra `sparkle, Lithuanian eli, liau, lti, Latvian zel'u, zelt `be green'; ablaut. Lithuanian lias,

Latvian zils `blue', Lithuanian elvas ` greenish ', Latvian zlts (previous Neutr.) `gold',

Old Prussian slin Akk. `herb', Lithuanian las `red' (from cattle); Lithuanian las `gray',

Latvian zal', Old Prussian saligan `green', Lithuanian ol, Latvian zle f. `grass, herb',

East Lithuanian eltas `golden'; Lithuanian lj ` twilight, half darkness, dusk ' (*hli), Latvian ults ds. (*hlt-); to u-stem in Lithuanian alvas, elvas (= Latin helvus) `green', alik ` green frog', etc. s. Specht Dekl. 120;

Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 364 f., 368, 372; Lithuanian tuls `gall', through Metath. from *ults;

zel n. `herb, cabbage');

` vegetables ', russ. zelje `herb, medicinal herbs ', Serbo-Croatian zlje ` herbage ', Czech in addition also russ. zo `ash', Bulgarian zol `Holzasche, out of it cooked lye'; Old Slavic *zolto in Old Church Slavic zlato `gold', russ. zoto, Serbo-Croatian zlto, Czech

poln. zielony ds. (compare Old Indic hraya- `gold'; in addition Old Church Slavic zelije n.

Old Church Slavic zelen `green', Serbo-Croatian zlen, Czech zelen; russ. zelnyj,

Church Slavic zlak `herb', russ. zlak `grass', Bulgarian zlakove ` grasses, herbs '; zlato, poln. zoto ds., `golden';

besides Slavic *zolt `golden' in russ. zootj, sloven. zlt, Czech zlat, poln. zloty Old Church Slavic zl `gall' (*hl-ki-s); Bulgarian zlka `chicory' (z in folk etymology

connection with zelen etc.?); compare under Old Church Slavic lt ds. with velar anlaut. Besides anlautendes Balto-Slavic g- in: `yellowish');

Balto Slavic *gelta- and *gilta- `yellow' in: Lithuanian geltas `yellow' (therefrom gelsvas

serb.- Church Slavic lt, Serbo-Croatian t (f. ta); Czech luty; russ. t (f. et); `chicory', Serbo-Croatian , Czech lu, poln. ds.; compare above with palatal. in addition Old Church Slavic lt, l `gall', russ. ol, Bulgarian lka ds. and

*geltaynan (Hs. gelatynan); Lithuanian geltnas; Latvian dzeltains and dzltns `yellow';

Latvian dzlts `yellow', dzeltt ` become yellow '; therefrom derived Old Prussian

anlaut Old Church Slavic zl ds.;

russ.- Church Slavic lna, Serbo-Croatian dial. ln ` black woodpecker ', poln. na ` woodpecker ', russ. en ` black woodpecker ';

woodpecker ' in Lithuanian gilna ` fieldfare ', Latvian dzilna ` woodpecker '; Slavic *lna in

besides the t-suffix in Farbadjektiv in n-suffix in animal names Balto-Slavic *giln- f. `

addition alv f. ` panicle, loose cluster of flowers ', elvs m. ` green stem');

addition above Latin helvus and with palatal. anlaut Lithuanian elvas ` greenish ', in here probably also (compare but ohen S. 428 under el-) Old Prussian gulbis,
h o

with other suffix Czech luva f. ` oriole, songbird ' (from Slavic lva; compare in

to ghel- `call, shout, cry');

Lithuanian gulbis m. (*g lb io-) gulb f., Latvian glbis `swan' and ` white cow' (hence not further with unexplained k-:

spoonbill, large wading bird with a long bill with a broad flat tip ';

Slavic *klp, *klp in Upper Sorbian ko, Kashubian kp ds., russ. kpik m. ` in addition further russ. goubj, Old Prussian golimban `blue', Lithuanian gelumb f.

`blue kerchief, cloth', Old Bulgarian golb `dove', Serbo-Croatian glb m. ds., Czech holub ds., etc.; to this formation compare Latin columba, palumbs ds.; Root extensions with Dental: ` yellow '; Middle Low German glate, Middle High German glaz m. ` baldness '. hlend(h)- `gleam, see, show, glance, look' in: hlend(

hld- in Old English glterian ` become bright, begin to shine, derive lustre ', participle hldd

search into ', fo-gliunn `I learn', bret. goulenn `long, want'; Old Irish do-gliunn `I collect ' (verbal noun dglaimm), bret. dilenn ` choose, select, pick ', gallorom. glennre ` hren lessen ' (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), (glenn- < *glendn- s. Pedersen KGr. I 157, II 539), glse `gleaming' (<*glendtio-); bret. glein `clear, bright' (*glandio-, Indo Germanic *ghlnd io-);
h

Old Irish as-gleinn `he guides ', in-glennat ` trace out, find out, discover, investigate,

gleam out, slightly opened ', Middle High German glinzen `shimmer, gleam', Old High German Middle High German glanz `gleaming', Middle High German glanz, glunz `

Norwegian dial. gletta `peek', glett `clear Fleck am sky, heaven', Swedish dial. glnta `

radiance ', Old High German Middle High German glenzen `gleam'; Swedish glindra ` glint, glitter ', Middle High German glander `gleaming, glimmering ', glander m. n. ` radiance, shimmer '; compare with other meaning under hlend(h)-; Balto Slavic *glendi `look, see' (with anlaut. Velar) in: Latvian (Curonian) glendi `search, seek';

Slavic *gldj, *gldti in: ds. and as originally iterative Old Church Slavic gldati ` look at, see ', Bulgarian gldam, Serbo-Croatian gldm, gldati, Old Czech hladati, poln. glda `see, show' (Trautmann 92 f). Here ghl -, hld - `gleaming, smooth '? ghld hl Latin glaber ` smooth, hairless, naked, bald, bleak' (*ghld -ro-); Old English gld `gleaming, glimmering, blithe, glad, joyful, gratifying, pleasant', gladian Saxon gladmd (= Old English gldmd) ` cheerful ', Old High German glat `gleaming', German glatz ` bald head, baldness ' (compare Middle High German glitze ` radiance; bald head '); Lithuanian glods, gldnas ` smooth, appurtenant; (about clothing) slinky, tight, form`gleam, shimmer, make shine, caress, comfort, cheer ', Old Frisian gled ` smooth ', Old Old Icelandic glar ` smooth, gleaming, blithe, glad', gleia, glaa ` cheer, entertain ',
h h h

russ. gljadt `see, show, glance, look', Serbo-Croatian gldm, Czech hledm, hledti

Middle High German glat `gleaming, smooth '; with intensive gemination Middle High

fitting; adjacent, near, adjoining; enclosed, gentle', gldiu, glsti `polish, smooth', Latvian glatu, glstt ` caress', Old Prussian glosto `whetstone'; Old Church Slavic glad-k ` smooth, even ', russ. gdkij ` smooth ', Bulgarian gladk

` smooth, polished', Serbo-Croatian gladak, Czech hladk, poln. gadki ` smooth, beautiful, glditi, Czech hladiti, poln. gadzi ds. (Trautmann 91). cute '; causative russ. gdit `smooth, iron, caress', Bulgarian gldja, Serbo-Croatian

Maybe alb. pr-kdhel : Slovenian gladiti, po-gladiti : Albanian Kosovo gdhel `caress', truncated alb. dhel ` caress ' : Rom. gudura `caress' : magj. gedel `caress'. further with nasal infix hlend(h)- `glide, slide' in ndd. glandern ` sled, travel by sled, hlend(h)-

mda. glinta `glide, slide' (compare above gletta `peek');

glentrian ` consume, plunge down, fall' as `glide, let slide '); Norwegian gletta, Swedish Lithuanian galndu, galsti ` sharpen, carve, cut ', Latvian galuods `whetstone', Old

slide, skate, skid ', glander ` floe, floating mass of ice' (perhaps also Old English glendrian,

Prussian glandint ` comfort ', glands ` consolation ' (compare to meaning above Old English gladian ` caress, comfort '; compare above ghlend(h)- `gleam');

about Lithuanian glemb, glbti ` become smooth, soft ' see below gel- ` clench '. gelMaybe alb. glemb ` sharp thorn (smooth, sharp) ' : Old Prussian glosto `whetstone'. st-extensions: s- and st woad, type of plant, Isatis tinctoria, Asp of Jerusalem', 2. ` blueberry ' (M.-L. 3779b); with `river', Middle Irish glaisn ` woad, type of plant', mcorn. glesin ` vermilion or a color like vermilion ', in addition Middle High German glast ` radiance ', glanst ds., glanster `spark', glasten `gleam', Irish glass `green, gray, blue', cymr. glas `blue', bret. glaz `green', gall. glastum n. 1. `

plain -s- gallorom. *glasina ` blueberry ' (M.-L. 3779a); to Irish glass still Old Irish glaiss f.

ablaut. glosten, glusten;

German gls ` amber ', Old Icelandic glsa ` make gleaming, decorate, furbelow,

Latin-Germanic glsum ` amber ' = Old English glr m. ` amber, resin ', Old High

embellish, ornament ', ablaut. Norwegian dial. glsa `sparkle, glitter, gleam, shine, glance, look', Old Icelandic glsi-ligr `gleaming'; Old Icelandic gler n. `glass', Old English with s:

glaren `gleam, glow'.

`glass'; Old Saxon glaso ` grey horse ', Middle English glaren `gleam', Middle Low German hlei- lies before in gr. (poet.) ` become warm or soft, indulge oneself, live hleiIrish gl, cymr. gloew `gleaming, clear, bright' (< *ghlei-uo), gledd (*ghlii) ` green lawn', Old Norse glj ` glint, glitter ', Old Frisian gla `glow', Old English glm ` radiance ', Old

gls n. `glass', Old Frisian gles, Old Saxon glas, gles n. `glass', Old High German glas

lusciously ', ` make warm, soften ', `warm, lukewarm'; Middle Irish glinech `clear, bright', mcymr. try-lwyn `very distinct';

Swedish glina ` smile ', glena `gleam, shine, clear up, laugh '. hleid-: hleidmollycoddle, be luscious ';

glmen `gleam, shine, gleam', glimmen `glow, gleam', Norwegian dial. glna `gleam, stare',

Saxon glmo ` radiance ', Old High German glmo, gleimo ` firefly ', Middle High German

Gr. ` softness, luxuriance, richness ', ` mushy, softish, delicate, Gothic glitmunjan `gleam', Old Icelandic glita, glitra ` glint, glitter ': full grade Old Saxon

gltan ` shine ', Old High German glzzan `gleam', glitzen intensive in addition, Old

Icelandic glit n., Old High German glz ` radiance, lightning', glizemo ds., Old English glitenian, Old High German glizinn `shimmer'. Here probably also hleid - `glide, slide': Saxon gldan ` labi ', Old High German gltan `glide, slide'; Old English -gldan `glide, About Lithuanian glits ` smooth ' see below glei- by gel- ` clench '. hleis-: hleiss-o-); compare cymr. glwys `beautiful', abret. glois, gloes ds. (*ghlei-st-o); Old Icelandic Gall. glso-marg f. ` bright marl ', gallorom. *glso-, older *glso- (Indo Germanic *ghleiOld English gldan ` slide, fall', glidder ` slippery ', Old Frisian glda `glide, slide', Old
h

make slide ', asch. bi-gldian ds., Old Icelandic gleir ` with spreaded legs '.

glissa ` laugh scornfully ', Old English glsian, glisnian `gleam, shine', Old Frisian glisia

`gleam, shimmer'; nasalized Middle High German glinsten `gleam', glinster ` radiance '.

`shimmer, blink', Middle High German glistern `sparkle, glitter', Norwegian Swedish glsa hlu- hlhleu- and hlu-: hl- perhaps in gr. (F), ` greenish-yellow or light green hleu-

colour: hence, pallor ', ` the first green shoot of plants in spring, young green corn or grass ', (F) `green, fresh, strong'; further in Irish gluair (*ghleu-ri-) `clear, bright, pure, clean'; cymr. glo `coal', corn. glow,

Middle Breton glou, abret. glaou (see Pedersen KGr. I 63).

ndd. glau ` clear-eyed, hawk-eyed, smart', Old Icelandic gluggi ` light opening, window'. Trautmann 374.)

bright, distinct, painstaking, stingy', Old English glaw, Old Saxon glau, Old High German (To arrangement of these words with Lithuanian velgi, velgti `glance, look' compare

Gothic glaggw ` clear ', glaggwaba ` carefully ', Old Icelandic glggr, glggr `clear,

-gla f. `moon'; s. also above S. 430 under hl-. hl-

Icelandic himinglva ` daughter of girs and Rn ' (impersonating the surge); -gl- f. `sun', hl-: Norwegian dial. glyma ` dim, lookthreatening or sneaky ', Old Swedish glna ` hl

hlu- in Old Icelandic gla `glow, gleam, shine', Old English glwan ` fulminate ', Old hlu-

look askance ', East Frisian glmen ` see and lurk hidden and secretly after something '; Old Icelandic glmr m. `bear'.

In addition s-(st-)extensions: stIrish gluss (*hlustu-) `light, brightness'; glosten `glow, gleam', gloste `blaze, glow', Middle Low German glren `lurk', engl. to Old Icelandic glys ` radiance, frippery', nisl. glosa ` shine', Middle High German glosen,

glower ` look dim, scowl ', steir. gloren ` stare ', Norwegian dial. glyra ` look sideways, squint, blink', Old Icelandic glyrna f. `eye', Norwegian glr ds. hld- : Middle English glouten, engl. to glout ` stare, look grievingly or sullenly ', to hl

misfortune, exult, look, gaze malicious ', Old Icelandic glotta ` grin ', Middle High German Modern High German glotzen. References: WP. I 623 f., 624 ff., WH. I 473 f., 514, 578 f., 600, 607 f., 639, 654, 868,

gloat (< *glotian) ` feel or express triumphant and malicious satisfaction at another's

Page(s): 429-434

Trautmann 83 f., 88, 364 f., 368, 372, Persson Beitr. 170 f., 790 ff., 876 f.

Meaning: to cut

helRoot / lemma: hel-2

Material: Old Indic hal- m. n. `plough' (originally `bough, twig, branch'?); huu-, hua- m. `aries, ram' (*ghdu-); Armenian jo `picket, pole, stick' etc., jlem ` groove, plow'; shred, tear', Iskallis name of Attis?), out of it Latin gallus ds.; mo- = Old English gielm; gr. `priest of Cybele, the castrator ' (from Phrygian, whence also Hittite iskalla- ` acymr. gylym, mcymr. geleu, gelyf `knife, dagger' (Vendryes t. celt. 4, 60) from *helGothic gila f. `sickle'; Old English gielm m. ` fascicle, sheaf '; Old Icelandic gltr, galti

`boar', gylr, gylta `sow; axe', Old English gielte `young sow', Middle Low German gelte ` a German Middle High German galt, Old English gielde, Old Norse geldr, Old Swedish castrated mother's pig ', Old High German galza, gelza f. ` castrated swine'; Old High

`not giving milk ', galdvee = ` Jungvieh '.

galder ` giving no milk, barren, infertile ', Old Icelandic gelda ` castrate '; Swiss galt also Lithuanian olis ` piece of wood, tree trunk ' (hli-).

the above equation always doubtful. References: WP. I 626 f., Petersson Heterokl. 155 f., . I 581. Page(s): 434

henghRoot / lemma: hengh-

Meaning: to march, step

Avestan zangm `ankle of the foot', -zangra- (in compounds) ds., zero grade Old Indic *);

Material: Old Indic jhas- n. ` footstep, flapping ', jgh ` shank, leg, shin bone ',

jaghna- m. n. `buttock, pubic region ' : gr. ` place between thighs' (assim. from Old English -ght ` gait ', Middle High German ght ` gait, journey' (proto Germanic

*ginxti- from heng-ti-), with gradation o: Gothic gagg n., Old Icelandic gangr, Old English walked ', Old English gengan, Middle High German gengen, gancte ` leave; wade in') and thereafter also *gangan, Gothic gaggan `go' = Old Icelandic ganga (gekk), Old Saxon gangan (geng), Old High German gangan (giang), Old English gongan ds., wherefore Old Old High German gang ` gait ' and Germanic *gangjan Iter. (Gothic preterit gaggida `

High German gengi, Old English genge, Old Icelandic gengr ` feasible, able to be carried frame '; zero grade Old Frisian gunga `go', Danish gynge, older gunge `swing'; ', igsnis ` footstep '. out', Gothic framghts ` advance', Old Icelandic gtt ` incision in doorposts', gtti ` door

Lithuanian engi, egti ` march, step, stride, strut ', praang ` contravention, violation A duplicate Anlaut (through dissimilation?) perhaps in Old Irish cingim ` march, step,

stride, strut' (3. Pl. cengait, Perf. cechaing), cymr. rhy-gyngu ` going pass ', Old Irish cing, (*kenksmen), cymr. corn. cam, bret. camm ` footstep ' (*kanksman). hasty, sudden' take into consideration. Page(s): 438-439

Gen. cinged `warrior', gall. Cingeto-rx, zero grade proto Celtic *kngsmn in Old Irish cimm An other variant *ghenk- is (under ku-s `quick, fast') for Old High German ghi `rash,

References: WP. I 588, WH. I 217, Trautmann 370.

herd gherd Root / lemma: her - and gher Meaning: to encircle, enclose herNote: because of Latin hortus (see her-4) extension from *her-4 `catch';
h h

the centum languages):

gherd Material: A. gher - (here also about the original anlaut nothing conclusive about words of
h

here also about ursprngl. Initial sound nothing to determining words of the Kentum spoke Behausungdaevischer Wesen ' (an older meaning `house, dwelling' could be proven ` underground dwelling, vault, sepulchre, grave',); Old Indic grh- (*grdh-) `house, dwelling', Pl. ` rooms', Avestan gra- m. ` Hhle als

through fiugr. loanword, as wotj. gurt ` residence, village', syrjn. gort `house, dwelling' and alb. garth, gardhi ` hedge ' (*ghordhos, Jokl Slavia 13, 297ff.); Phrygian -gordum `town, city' in Manegordum ` Mannesstadt ' (besides Manezordum); gr. (by Hes.) , , ;

Icelandic gyrell, Old English gyrdel, Old Frisian gerdel, Old High German gurtil(a) ds.

Old High German gurten ds.; Gothic garda f., Old Icelandic gjr `belt, girdle', ablaut, Old

Gothic bigardan ` cincture ', Old Icelandic gyra, Old English gyrdan, Old Frisian gerda,

garr m. `fence, paddock, courtyard, homestead ', Old English geard, Old Saxon gard `

(Middle High German gurt is nomen post-verbal); Gothic gards m. `house', Old Icelandic

enclosed, fenced property ', Plur. `dwelling', Old High German gart m. ` circle ' in mittilgart ` circle; territory, region; sphere ', heimgart ` forum ' etc.; Gothic garda ` hurdle, stockyard ', Old Frisian garda `garden', Old Saxon gardo, Old High German garto ds. (or from Indo Germanic *hor-t-; compare under her-4); herLithuanian gardas m. `corral, pen, fold', gards f. ` gate, trellis, grate '; Slavic ograd `garden' (therefrom Old Church Slavic grad m. `stall'), russ. grod `town, Slavic *gord in Old Church Slavic grad `castle, town, city, garden', russ.- Church

`long, thin shaft, pole', poln. erd, sloven. rd ` point tree ';
n

poln. grd ds.; zero grade Slavic rd in Old Church Slavic rd `wood', russ. erd Tocharian kercye `palace' absents (Pedersen Tocharian Sprachg. 34f.); Hittite gurtas `fortress' (Benveniste BSL. 33, 139)?; s. also her-4. herabout Latin urbs `town, city', ostensibly from *ghord os, s. Georgiev IF. 56, 200. B. her -: herd
h h

city', Bulgarian grad, Serbo-Croatian grd, sloven. grd ds., Czech hrad ` castle, palace ',

Phrygian -zordum `town, city' (in Manezordum, see above); stray animals, animal pound ', Latvian zrds ` rack for drying, wooden layer, pyre ', with Lithuanian rdas ` rack for the drying of grain or flax sowing, pinfold, place for housing

intonation change Lithuanian ardis ` horse garden ' m., Prussian sardis `fence' (= ` unfenced horse garden '); russ. zord `barn, haystack', weiruss. azord ` dry hurdle '. Page(s): 444 References: WP. I 608 f., WH. I 242 f., Trautmann 78 f., 366.

Meaning: to yearn for

herRoot / lemma: her-1

Note: partly with forms from a basis *her(i)- : heri- (see Persson Beitr. 728)

Material: Old Indic hryati `finds pleasure, desires'; Avestan zara- m. ` striving, purpose '; Oscan herest (for *heriest), Umbrian heriest ` volet ', heris-heris ` conj. and adv. prop.,

will, choose, take your choice, hence, as disjunctive conjunction, to introduce an

alternative as a matter of choice or preference, or as not affecting the principal assertion, that is, where one must be right and the other wrong ', Oscan heriam ` a judgment,

either ... or, be it ... or, in general but where the alternatives are necessary and exclusive, decision of an arbitrator, mastery, dominion, authority, power, will, free-will, choice,

hiretum ` a decree, decision, ordinance, vote, resolution, principle, doctrine, dogma '; Latin horior, -r ` actuate, encourage', horitor, syncopated hortor, -r ds. Note: Common Old Indic : Latin h- > h-. hfavour ', `pleasure, joy', ` glowing joy of battle ', n. `pleasure, joy,

pleasure, denoting or containing power ', Herentates ` Veneris ', prlign. Herentas, sabin.

gr. (*-), ` be pleased', f. ` pleasantness, agreeableness,

pleasure'; also `fight, struggle', originally ` joy of battle, lust of battle '?
f901

`joyful, gratifying' (?); after Pedersen 5 dcl. Latin 73 here etc. S. under her-6; here herafter Leumann Homer. Wrter 318 unworried, undisturbed, light' (previously later in `hand' attribute); also ` unfriendly, unpleasant', `

gar `very lucky' (: gr. ); cymr. dyar ` sad ', hyar `pleasant' (I. Williams RC 40, 487);

Old Irish gor `godly, pious', goire ` devoutness, piety'; Middle Irish do-gar ` unlucky ', so-

Maybe alb. gjor ` poor, wretched ' gerag ` greedy '; Gothic fahu-garns ` avaricious, greedy', Old Icelandic gjarn, Old English georn `wherefore willing, inclined, whereupon eager, avid', Old High German Old Saxon gern ` eager, avid, eager after something', Adv. Old High German gerno, Modern High Old High German ger ` yearning', gern `lust, crave', Old High German girg, Old Saxon

Saxon girnean `lust, crave'.

h

German gern, Denom. Gothic garnjan, Old Icelandic girna, Old English giernan, Old

hungry', Old Icelandic grr, gri m. `greed, lust, hunger', Old English gnd `greed, lust', greedy '. In addition as *ghrd - Germanic *graa- ` eager, avid, rutting, in heat' in Old
h

h(e)r-: Perhaps here as d -formation from the basis h(e)r Gothic grdus `hunger', grdags `

Modern High German jrt `hunger' (Berlin), Old English grdig, Old High German grtag `

ablaut. Indo Germanic *h[e]ri-d - or *h[e]r-d - to search, could be possible. direction or position borrowed (d instead of th after grad ` step; position '). Page(s): 440-441 References: WP. I 600 f., WH. I 657 f.
h h

eagerness ', grtec ` eager, avid', Old Icelandic gr f. `vehemency', grijungr m. `bull' ein Middle Irish grd n. `love' is from Latin grtum facere alicui and similar change of

Icelandic grar ` not castrated ', graungr `bull'? In Middle High German grt m. `

Meaning: to scratch, scrape

herRoot / lemma: her-2

Material: Material: Gr. ` Erdri, crevice, gorge, ravine, gulch '; , Attic - `whet, sharpen, notch, incise', , - `picket, pole, vine-prop, pole, pale, used in fortifying the entrenchments of a camp, cutting, slip, esp. of an olive, a seafish, one of the breams, on coins and seals, distinctive mark or token impressed (as it were) on a person or thing, by which it is known from others, characteristic, character ' (Kretschmer Gl. 20, 254); Lithuanian eri, erti ` scrape, scratch', arstti ` scratch often, scrape '. Page(s): 441 References: WP. I 602.

Sargus', `engraver, one who mints coins', then `mark engraved, impress, stamp

herher hrRoot / lemma: her-3 and her-, hrMeaning: to shine, shimmer

Frisian gr, Old Saxon gr, gr, Old High German gro (Gen. grwes) `gray'; f. `glowing coal', Old Prussian sari f. `blaze, glow';

Material: Old Icelandic grr (*hr-uo-s), Old English grg (*hr-uio-s), engl. gray, Old Lithuanian eriu, erti ` shine in brilliance ', ruti `glow, sparkle, glitter', ablaut. arij

poln. rze ds., Old Church Slavic zorja `shine, radiance ', zarja `ray', klruss. zrja `star, Czech zoe `aurora', ze `shine, radiance, ray', poln. zorza `aurora'; Old Church Slavic Maybe alb. zor `difficulty, shame'

Old Church Slavic zrj, zrti `see, glance, look', russ. zrt, sloven. zrti, Czech ziti,

stars, aurora', russ. za ` redness in the sky, heaven', Serbo-Croatian zra ` rosy dawn',

pozor ` sight, spectacle ', russ. pozr `sight, shame', nadzr ` custodianship ';

Czech pozor ` attention, Acht ', nzor ` outlook, conception'; here also Old Church Slavic

zrak `sight, form, kind of', russ. dial. zrok `look, front ', Serbo-Croatian zrk `light', Czech zrak `vision, face, eyesight', poln. wzrok `eyesight, face'; ablaut. Old Church Slavic zrcalo about Latin grvastellus s. WH. I 620. root extension hri-: hriOld Irish gran f. `sun' (*ghrin);

n., Serbo-Croatian dial. zcalo, Czech zrcadlo `mirror';

grs ds., Swedish Danish gris `piglet, swine'. root extension (*gheru-) : ghr-. *gheru ghr*gher

German greis `gray, old', wherefore probably also Old Icelandic grss `piglet', Old Swedish

Old Frisian Old Saxon Old High German Middle High German grs `gray', Modern High

English greghund `greyhound'? Page(s): 441-442

gry n. `fright'; here also Old Icelandic grey n. `bitch, wimp ', greyhundr `greyhound', Old

In Old Icelandic gryiandi f. `aurora', Old Swedish gry `(of days) fright', Danish gry ds.,

References: WP. I 602 f., Persson Beitr. 300 ff., Trautmann 366.

Meaning: to gripe, grab, enclose

h

herRoot / lemma: her-4

Note: extended herd - (see below)

donation ' etc., hras- n. ` receiving, griping, handle, grasp, power, force, might';

Material: Old Indic hrati ` brings, carries, gets, takes ', hraa- n. `the bringing, receiving, gr. m. ` enclosed place (v. sub fin.), but always with collat. notion of a feeding-

place: in Il., farmyard, in which the cattle were kept, generally, any feeding-ground,

pasturage, fodder, provender, esp. for horses and cattle, courtyard, meadowland ';

doubtful, whether here ` dancing place, place for dancing ' as originally ` inserted hes-; hes-

place'; about ` placenta, afterbirth ', etc. see below her-5, about `hand' under erOscan heriiad ` furled, ', [h]errns ` wrinkled, to drawn together in wrinkles ', Latin cohors

` fenced courtyard, stockyard, troop, multitude, crowd, cortege ', from *co + Indo Germanic Oscan hrz ` hortus lucus '; dubious is Latin hr, r ` palm of the hand ', s. WH. I 649;

*hrts ` summarization', in ablaut to hortus `garden as fenced place' (in old latin also villa), Irish gort ` cornfield, the standing corn, growing corn, crop in a field, a field, ground, soil

', gall. gorto- and gorti ` hedge ' (v. Wartburg), cymr. garth `corral, pen, fold, hurdle,

paddock ' (das a after Old Icelandic loanword gardd), bret. garz ` hedge, fence', in addition Irish lub-gort `garden', acymr. Plur. luird, ncymr. lluarth, acorn. luworch-guit `wild garden', mcorn. lowarth `garden', bret. liorz ds.

Maybe Albanian gardh ` fence ' : Welsh garth `fold, enclosure' common Illyrian Celtic -th suffix. Is not to be decided, whether Gothic garda ` hurdle, stockyard ', Old Frisian garda, Old
h h

are based on (see below *her -). - Norwegian gaare ` annual ring (in a tree) in wood', herd Swedish gra, nisl. gri `col, gap in wood' Ablauts form to as ` place for dancing, choir, band of dancers and singers ', is incredible. AIGr. 251); compare above gr. ; Doubtful, whether here Lithuanian ras `run, flow, way, circle, turn ' (Wackernagel Hittite gurtas `fortress' (Benveniste BSL. 33, 139)?; s. also her -. herd Page(s): 442-443 References: WP. I 603 f., WH. I 242 f., 660, 857.
h

Saxon gardo, Old High German garto `garden' in Indo Germanic *hor-t- or in *hord o-

Meaning: bowels

herhorRoot / lemma: her-5, hor-n

Material: Old Indic hra- m. `band, strap', hir f. `vein'; from the inspection of the entrails of victims ' actually ` intestinal beholder ', hra ` jejunum, intestines of animals (other than men and sheep), a kind of sausage, smoked sausage ' ( Sabine for ), hernia ` medical condition in which an organ protrudes through an opening in its surrounding walls, break'; Latin haru-spex ` a soothsayer, diviner among the Etruscans, who foretold future events

middle part of the small intestine', Pl. ` intestines, entrails ', hillae ` the smaller and anterior

Note: Common Old Indic : Latin h- > h-. hdubious ` placenta, afterbirth, meal from milk and honey, skin, leather'; gr. f. ` intestine, catgut, gut string, string made from animal intestines, sausage '; Old Icelandic grn f., Pl. garnar ` intestine ', Pl. ` intestines, entrails ' (*horn), Old

Low German garn, Old High German garn `thread, string'; ` intestines, entrails '. Note:

ds.; Old Icelandic garn n. `thread, string, lift (in weaving)', Old English gearn ds., Middle

English micgern n. ` fat, lard, suet', Old Saxon midgarni, Old High German mitti(la)-garni

Lithuanian arn, Akk. rn ` intestine, small intestine', Latvian zarna f. ` intestine ', Pl.

Maybe alb. zorr (*horn) `bowel', Pl. ` intestines, entrails'. herhorlemma: her-5, hor-n : ` bowels '. [common alb. h- > z-]. modify meaning according to the root. Page(s): 443

Albanian proves that Root / lemma: ger-1, ger- :` to devour; throat ' derived from Root / ererwhether Armenian ja ` twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved ' belongs here, to

References: WP. I 604, WH. I 635 f., 869, Trautmann 367.

Meaning: short, small

her her hrRoot / lemma: her-6 (her- : hr-?)

Material: Gr. (Aeolic ) from * `bad', in addition Superl. and hom. Kompar. , etc. (see Leumann Mus. Helv. 2, 2 ff., different Schwyzer

Gr. Gr. I 538), , - ` dazzle, blind with bright light'. In addition perhaps ` it is necessary ', ` necessary, necessity, need, desire', *, , , ` necessary, desire, blame', ` take advantage of, utilize etc.' (< *), besides dial. -, `thing (the man used), event', Pl. `fortune, currency, possession '; s. different under her-1; hergarait, nir. goirid `short'. Old Irish gair `short' (*h ri-s), gaire ` life shortness, near proximity, shortly ', Old Irish
e

root extension heres-, hres-, hers-: heres- hres- hershrasati ` abate, reduce, become shorter ', Kaus. hrsayati ` decreases', Avestan zaraMiddle Irish gerr `short', gerraim `I shorten, abscise, remove, cut off', gerrn `( Old Indic hrasv- `minder, short, small', compounds hrsyas-, Superl. hrsiha-,

heh `the small, weak' (for zra . .); castrated) horse'. Page(s): 443

References: WP. I 604f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 538 under Anm. 10, 539, 675 under Anm. 8.

Meaning: ` gaze, stare ' hersSee also: s. hers-. Page(s): 443

herRoot / lemma: her-7

Meaning: rigid, *pig Note:

hersherRoot / lemma: hers- and partly her-

gherNote: (see also gher-3) From an extended zero grade of Root / lemma: ehi- (*ehi-no-s): `hedgehog (*serpent ehi ehi-no- : hi- ehi

eater)' derived Root / lemma: hers-, her- : `rigid, *pig' > Root / lemma: porko-s : `pig' : hers- herIllyrian-italic-celtic h- > p-; also (*ehi-no-s) > (*hers abbreviation and rhotacism n/r ehi n/r. ehi-nohers) Note:

Root / lemma: ehi- (*ehi-no-s): `hedgehog (*serpent eater)' derived from Root / lemma: ehi- ehi-no- : lemma: hi ehi ang(h)i- eghi- oghi hiehi : hiang(h)i- (*eghi-, oghi- and ehi-): `snake, worm, (*hedgehog = snake eater)' (h)i eghi Material:

aroused ';

Old Indic hrat, hryati ` becomes stiff, ruffles, shudders, is excited, is glad, is

hirpus `lupus' (whereof the people's name Hirpini); in addition also hirtus `bristly', hirstus `rough'; mars. sabin. herna n. Pl. ` rocks ' (*hers-no-); Note: Common Old Indic : Latin h- > h-. hMaybe Latin horre, -re ` dread ' > alb. n. urrejtja, v. urrej ` hate ': Sardinian v. horreur ` hate '. Campidanesu n. trriu ; trria, v. tirriai : Romanian n. ur, v. ur ; urgisi : French n. horreur, Probably Latin Latin horre, -re ` dread ' (*ghorre) : Basque n. gorroto, v. gorrotatu : Tungus: Turkic: *K(i)al : Mongolian: *galau : Tungus-Manchu: *galu- : Japanese: *krp-. n. ` stone '; Hungarian n. gyllet, v. gyll ` hate ' as in: Proto-Altaic: *gli Meaning: to hate, wild Proto-

hircus, sabin. fircus `he-goat' (hirqunus, hircnus `of he-goat; billy goat ') = Oscan-sab.

*gher-ko- with dial. i from e before r + gutturals (e.g. stircus : stercus) based on Latin

shudder, quake, shudder at, tremble at, be afraid of, dread ' (= Avestan zaraya-); in

Latin horre, -re ` to stand on end, stand erect, bristle, be rough, tremble,

`struppig, rough'; based on parallel to *hers-kos (as Oscan-Umbrian loanword) hispidus

Avestan zarayamna- ` die Federn aufstrubend ' (zar- = zr- = Latin horre); zartva-

Armenian jar (-i, -iv) ` mane of horse ' (*h ri-); Maybe from Armenian jar (-i, -iv) ` mane of horse ' > turk. yele ) ` mane of horse ' > alb. jele ` mane of horse '. gr. (Attic ) f. ` mainland, continent or the main part of a continent as
e

distinguished from islands or peninsulas', nachhom. also Adj. ` barren, dry, tight, firm'; Maybe alb. (*her) djerr ` barren, dry land '. gr. perhaps lengthened grade noun from the s- loose root form her- (or gher-): `hedgehog' (= Latin r, ris ds., rcius, rinceus, hrinceus ds.); Maybe Latin rcus , ii, m. [er] , ` a hedgehog, urchin ' : Romanian (*rcius ) arici phonetic trait)].

`hedgehog': Albanian (*rcius ) iriqi `hedgehog' [conservative singular definite form (alb.

` project, protrude', see there); *hr-n-k); Note: Note

gr. (< *horios) `piglet' (as pig), ` inflated gland in the neck; cliff' (or to gher-3 gheralb. derr `swine' (< *hr-n- with lengthened grade as in ), derk `piglet, sow' (<

Common alb. shift h- > d-; also alb. (*derk-us) derkuc `piglet', (*hork-os) dos `sow' : in proto alb.

Latin hircus, sabin. fircus `he-goat' proves that solidified -us : -os ending was attested also Unique similarity Albanian derri : Basque txerri `pig' Old Irish garb, cymr. garw `rough' (ghr-uo-); Note: common Illyrian g- > b-. Old English gorst ` gorse ' and the etymological cognate group herzd- `barley'. Lithuanian about the fish names Norwegian gjrs ` Pike Perch ', Swedish gers ` ruffe, perch, chub', prakrit. jhaa- `a kind of fish'). Page(s): 445-446 References: WP. I 610, WH. I 413 f., 650, 659. compare in allg. Fick I 219, 435, II 107, III 130 (and Falk-Torp under gjrs m.
4 4 4

herzd(h), zd(h)-es; zd(h) Root / lemma: herzd(h) Gen. hrzd(h)-es herzd Meaning: barley, grain, spike
h

Material: Gr. n. (conservative stem, as alb. drith) `barley', probably from Indo Germanic *hrzd , from which proto gr. *krth; , mostly Pl. `barley', Sg. (later covered) `barley'; alb. drith (*hrzd ), drith m. n. `barley, corn, grain ';
h

Maybe alb. driz ` bush'. adjective); Latin hordeum (dial. fordeum) n. `barley' (from *hrzd(h)eiom ` grain awn ', substantive

zero grade: Old High German gersta `barley' (*herzd).

the antike VN ;

, gr. - `wild pear tree' ( < *sm-), alb. dardh `pear, pear tree' (*hor-d -) and
h

In addition perhaps gr. (*kherdo-s) - f. `wild pear tree, hawthorn', maked. -

alb. dardh `pear, pear tree' = Armenian tan `pear' grsa ` darnel ' here place (see below ghers-2). ghersPage(s): 446 only under assumption a of guttural change (above S. 18, Anm. 1) has made Lithuanian

References: WP. I 611, WH. I 414, 657, Specht Indog. Dekl.

hslo sloRoot / lemma: hsloNote: Meaning: thousand

hslo slohesorhesrRoot / lemma: hslo- : `thousand' derived from Root / lemma: hesor-1, hesr- : `hand, Material: Old Indic sa-hsram n. ` thousand ' (sm -hslom, to sem- ` one '), sa-hasriya`tausendfach', Avestan hazanrm n. `thousand', npers. hzar, from which borrowed Armenian hazar; sogd. z'r (= *zr), afgh. zr; thousand '; *sm : gr. . (*). *hand count' [r/l allophones]

Perhaps also Latin mlle ` thousand; a thousand ', whether from *sm zhl (hsl) ` one gr. Ionian , Aeolic ( ` a division of the people at Ephesus '), Attic

of Finno-Ugric languages (Jacobsohn Arier and Ugrofinnen 105 ff.). Page(s): 446

The basic word component *- has been found in Sakisch ysra and in loanwords

References: WP. I 633, II 488, 491, WH. II 88 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 593.

hesorhesr- hestor), hestar) Root / lemma: hesor-1, hesr- (*hestor (*hestar Note: Meaning: hand

Both Root / lemma: hesor-1, hesr- : `hand' and Root / lemma: hesto-2 : `hand, arm' hesorhesrhestoderived from an extended archaic root hes + reduced form of the common PIE suffix variants -tar, -ter, -tra, -tre.

Material: Material: Armenian jen (*hes-r-m), Pl. je-k` `hand' (Meillet Esquisse 83); gr. f. `hand', Gen. , Doric , Dat. Pl. (thereafter the form -); labialized gr. - Tocharian k -> t-). = gr. ?); Tocharian A tsar, ar `hand' (after Pedersen Tochar. 236 from *kesar =) (common Hittite ki-es-sar (kessar) n. and ki-es-si-ra-as (kesseras) m., f., Dat. Sg. ki-is-sa-ri (kesri

The earlier Hittite form was probably hes-tar > hessar common Illyrian suffix -tar, -tor. hesabout Latin r, hr `hohle hand' (from Oscan-Umbrian *hr < *ghsr?) s. WH. I 649. Maybe alb. (*hestor) dor ` hand ' Note: Note hesorhesrhestolemma: hesor-1, hesr- : `hand'; Root / lemma: hesto-2 : `hand, arm' through Illyrian intermediary. Page(s): 447 Clearly Root / lemma: der-1 (: dr-, d r-) or dr- : dr- : `hand span' derived through Root / derdrdr- re e

hestoRoot / lemma: hesto-2 (*hes-tor hes-tor) Meaning: hand, arm Note: Both Root / lemma: hesor-1, hesr- : `hand' and Root / lemma: hesto-2 : `hand, arm' hesorhesrhestoderived from an extended archaic root hes + reduced form of the common PIE suffix variants -tar -ter -tra -tre tar, ter, tra, tre. tar ter tra tre Material: Old Indic hsta- m. `hand', Avestan zasta-, Old pers. dasta- ds.;

Maybe alb. (*dasta) djathta `right hand' Maybe Latin r, hr `hohle hand' Note: Common Old Indic : Latin h- > h-. hMaybe alb. (*hestor) dor ` hand '

see below st-; st-

Latin praest ` at hand, ready, present, here ' from *prae-hestod (EM 805f.)?; different

Lithuanian pa-ast, pa-asts f. ` place under the arm, armpit '. Note: common Baltic-Illyrian h- > z. expounded better from *her-s, there further alb. dor f. `hand', Pl. konson. duar required There Armenian jen also in *her-m could also go back to gr. forms could have

ff.) could be considered, if not for the Hittite and Tocharian metathesis from -rs- to -sr- is to be accepted, and to be placed the group 1 from 2 to separate and to her- ` grasp '. her211, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 446, 569, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 75. Page(s): 447 References: WP. I 541, 603, WH. I 243, Trautmann 367, Duchesne-Guillemin BSL. 39, References:

a basic form *hr- (hsr- has produced *dostr), with Belardi (Riv. Studi Orient. 23, 69

heuRoot / lemma: heuMeaning: to pour Material: Old Indic juhti, juhut ` pours in fire, sacrifices ', Passiv hyt, hut- `

sacrificed ', hman- n. ` sacrificial downpour, sacrifice, oblation' (= gr. ), hma- m. `sacrifice, oblation'; ds., htar- ` offerer, sacrificer, priest', htr f. ` oblation ', havs- n. ds., hvanam n.

maybe alb. dhjam `fat' : gr. `fat' [common alb. h- > d-]; zaora n., zaor f. ` liquid sacrificial donation, sacrificial drink, sacrificial downpour ', wealth'; Note: heulemma: heu- : to pour + -tra suffix. o)? ; First of all Old Indic then Avestan, Middle Persian, npers. and alb. seem to employ Root / Armenian joyl ` poured' (< heulo-), jew `form, shape'; here also jor `valley' (< houernpers. zr ` holy water ', Avestan ztay- f. `fat, lard, luxuriance, abounding fullness, Avestan zaotar, zaor- m. `priest, priest of sacrifice ', Middle Persian zt, Avestan

Phrygian Hes. (= gr. ); thrak. (*heutr-), FlN i, -

that which is poured, stream, cast vessels, bowls, river, libation, drink offering made to the gods ', , ` a copper cup, mold ', ` libation for the dead', m., f. ` measure for fluids ', ds., Gen. and , older dial. m., f. ` heaped earth', anything that can be poured, liquid, fluid, water for washing, the bath, a mixture of water or system, promiscuously, indiscriminately, in unfettered language, i.e. in prose, ` earthwall', ` pile up earth, pour '; , ` earthen pot, pan, `

gr. (F) ` pour', Aor. hom. < *, Perf. , ` poured ', `

and oil, running water, stream ', ` as if poured out, in floods or heaps: without order abundantly, rich ' (to compare the root extension gheud-), ` stream forth

copiously ', , Hes.; ` shedding, pouring out or forth, diffusion, e.g. of nutriment, melting, liquid poured forth, flood, stream, of dry things, heap, of fluency or mndl.), ds. (< hu-smo); further here `rage against, be unwilling ' copiousness of speech, quantity, abundance ', `juice, sap' (< *huslo-, W. Schulze ( = a severe critic; the term is derived from the name of the Greek grammarian and critic Aristarchus, who was known for his harsh judgments)? Latin f-tis f. ` watering can, canister used for pouring water', f-tilis, futtilis ` that easily

pours out, a water-vessel, broad above and pointed below, used at sacrifices to Vesta and effti ` babble out'. Note: Note common Latin d- > f- shift. derived only from an intermediary Illyrian (*heu- > du- > fu-). Modern High German Gaul (in Bayr. ` stud ', Swiss gl `rooster, cock', compare Dutch guil very dubious is the affiliation from Middle High German gl `male animal, boar, horse', Ceres, that can not contain, brittle, untrustworthy, vain, worthless, futile ', exfti = effs,

`mare, has not given birth to young yet ', s. Sommer IF. 31, 362 ff.), as ` seed spiller, seed molder '. Root extensions: heud-: (about fsus ` spindle' s. WH. I 474); Note: Note Latin fund, -ere, fd, fsum ` pour, lay the bottom, make a foundation, found, begin '

According to phonetic laws Latin initial d- > f- hence Latin fund cognate must have

derived only from an Illyrian (*heun- > deun-) since there is no other cognate among IE lang. to start with d-; see maybe alb. dhjam `fat' : gr. `fat', common alb. h- > d-; also common alb. n > nd shift .

`cave, narrow alley', Old Swedish giuta ` mold ', Old High German giozo `running water', Old English gyte ` downpour, flood ', Old High German guz ` a pouring out, a melting, founding, casting of metals ', ndd. gte ` low waterway ', Norwegian gota ` incised gully',

schtten', Old Frisian jta, Old Saxon giotan, Old High German giozzan ds., nisl. gjta

Gothic giutan `pour', Old Icelandic gjta `( boy) throw', Old English gotan `pour, flow,

English gutt, engl. gut ` intestine '. Maybe alb. got `glass of water'. gheus-:

Old Saxon gota ` canal ', holl. goot ` gutter, gully', Modern High German Gosse, Old

Middle Irish guss (*ghus-tu-s) ` power, vehemency, rage, fury'; stir, agitate ', Geysir ` the known hot jumping streams in Iceland ', nisl. gusa `effervesce', German gussa ` inundation ', urgusi ` overabundance '. Old Icelandic gjsa, gaus ` burst out, break out, effervesce ', geysa ` bring into motion,

Old Icelandic gustr `gust of wind', engl. gush, Middle Dutch guysen ` flow out ', Old High

gauss, gausngas `rich, productive, fertile', gausnga p ` plentiful amount of water of lot, well-spoken ' (compare Norwegian dial. gausta ` fast and indistinct talk, as if one hastens to tell something '), Latvian gass ` long lasting '. References: WP. I 563 ff., WH. I 563 f.

contrariness of irregular Anlautes (compare above S. 18 Anm.) perhaps here Lithuanian

the main river ', gausti ` be provided with plentiful ', gausakalbis ` who is able to speak a

Page(s): 447-448

Meaning: to disappear, get away

heu- heuRoot / lemma: heu-, heu-d-

wickedness, disease, malady' (*hud-tu-s);

Material: Middle Irish gass f. (*houd-t) `danger', guss ds. = cymr. gwst ` evil, Old English getan, -getan `injure, slay';

lost ', zaudt `lose'. Page(s): 448

Lithuanian vu, ti ` perish ', uda, udti `slay'; Latvian zdu, zust ` disappear, get

References: WP. I 564, WH. I 568, Loth RC 45, 193 ff.

Meaning: to be empty, lack; to leave, go out

hhiRoot / lemma: h-1, hi-

gapingly ' can also be changed ` leave, depart '. Material: With the meaning- coloring B:

Note: perhaps to h-, hi- ` yawn, gape' (compare ` yawning emptiness '); from ` stand

conceding ' (vihyas- ` empty room' because of prefixes, that also in vi-h- ` gape '); compare S. 427;

hyat ` become abandoned, falls behind '; hni- f. ` lack; release, giving up, giving way,

Aor. aht, ahyi, participle hn-), jht `goes, run into, bump into, come up against ',

Old Indic jhti ` leaves, gives up, abandons, leaves behind ' (jahima, Imper. jahhi,

the ending under -particle); Note:

Latin hrs ` heir ' (*ghro- + -d[]-, ` das verwaiste Gut an sich nehmend '?, s. about

Common Old Indic : Latin h- > h-. hwith upa- and fra- ` leave, allow here, lead here, conduct here '; -z- ` go near, approach Avestan zazmi `I dismiss from, fire from ', with av- ` leave, go away, scare, frighten ',

', uz-z- ` jump, be elevated ' (uzayant participle Nom. Pl.); Maybe alb. Geg me zan ` quarrel, capture, occupy '

Fut. ep. , Aor. ep. ` retreat, flee, cease, stop, halt, desist ', tr. ` drive back, repel ', intr. ` retreat, go back', as Med. ` reduce, decrease, become limp ' in partizip. Adj. *h-lo-s ` going away, leaving ' or ` gaping, loose, slack '? be based ` peaceful, friendly ' (with Indo Germanic kh-);

participle present `reach, catch up, meet, attain, take'; with formant -d-: gr. ,

gr. hom. (*F), Attic (*gh-n-u-), Inf. present hom. ,

on, is perhaps mentionable; after Meillet Esquisse 36 rather to Armenian xa `game', xaa

Maybe alb. ndal ` cease, stop, halt, desist ' [common alb. h- > d-] : gr. ` reduce, decrease, become limp '. Old High German gn (= Old Indic hna-m) `go', Old Frisian Old Saxon Old English gn, 193, Braune Old High German Gr. p. 382 ; Lithuanian by Feist,
1 5 11

182 b.

German gn s. Kluge

Old Swedish Old Danish g, Crimean Gothic geen ds.; about the additional form Old High

With the meaning- coloring A: ablaut. (*gh-t-) , `lack, need, long for, yearn for, lust, desire'; ` stolen; , ` empty, free room, free country (in contrast to town, city), region', epid. gr. * (Risch word formation d. hom. Spr. 74), Dat. ` in absence of, lack of ',

looted, empty, bare, lacking' (= Latin*hro- in hrs), ` orphan, widow'; with gradation ` empty eye socket ', Adv. and preposition m.Gen. `apart, separated; without; with exception from; besides', `slit, separate', `catch, can absorb, from container' (actually `make room') and ` withdraw, leave, depart; go forever ';

in addition probably also Old High German geisini ` indigence, penury, necessity, want ', Old English gsne ` lacking, missing'; Page(s): 418-419 References: WP. I 542 ff., WH. I 451, 641 f.

necessary', Old Saxon Gen. Pl. metigdeono ` lack of food, famine' (basic form *hi-tu-);

Gothic gaidw n. `lack', Old English gd, gd n. `lack, need, desire', Old Frisian gd `

Meaning: to gape, yawn

h- gh hi- hRoot / lemma: h-2 : gh- and hi- : h-

(see also under hans- `goose '; similarly, but with Velar, gha gha for gaggle, cackle, either as other perception of yawning sound, or with originally formant u.

Note: onomatopoeic for the yawning sound (in addition the further formation stem hii-);

chitchat, talk, snicker and likewise, see there). Beside hi- also hu-: hu- (see there),

shell ', after Hes., f. ` hutch, chest; drawer '; ` the yawn, mussel living in the coral seas, mussel whose bowls have a leafy surface '. Maybe alb. (h-sk) guask ` shell ' a Greek loanword. Von hi- from: Old Church Slavic zj ` to gape wide ' (*hi).

, see below han-), ` gaping mouth '; `hole', `a big, giant

Material: Gr. (h-sk) ` yawn, gape' (only present and Impf.; later replaced by

Von hii-- from: (an animal sacrificed, victim, sacrifice) ', Umbrian ehiato ` let go, let loose, release, drop, Lithuanian i-ju, -ti `open', reflexive itis ` yawn ' (itys Pl. f. `crack, deep cleft, gap; Latin hi, -re (*hiia-i) ` yawn, gape, be open ', Oscan eehianasm ` mittendrum

let out ';

')

mouth, jaw '), wherefore Lithuanian ivauti, Latvian vtis ` yawn ' (vas f. Pl. ` yawns and with p: Lithuanian iopsa, -sti ` sit there, remain with open mouth '; russ. zijju, -t ds. and sloven. zvati ` hold the mouth open ', Czech zvati, russ. zvt ` yawn ' (sloven. zv, poln. ziew, russ. zv ` jaw '); with p (compare under the root form heip-): blg. zpam, poln. ziepa ` breathe with Serbo-Croatian zjm, zjti ` open the mouth', iterative Old Church Slavic zijaj, zijati,

difficulty ', klr. zpaty ` struggle for breath ', Czech zpati `pant, gasp'.

aida); besides with still the need for clarification (but barely deriving from from the root form hu-) w in Hiat Old High German anagiwn ` gape, be open mouthed with astonishment, covet, desire ', gwn ` open the mouth, yawn ' (Middle High German mouth, greedy whereupon pant for, long for, desire '); in addition Old Icelandic gj f.

similarly, but after -verbs, Old High German gn ` yawn ' (would be Gothic *gijan, -

gewen, giwen ds.), Old English giwian, giowian `long, want, arrogate' (from ` *with open (*giw) on the one hand `col, gap, cleft, gap in the earth', on the other hand (from ` pant pleasure, joy', giuden ` boast, brag (*open the mouth wide); be in noisy joy, live wastefully split' from *ginuan is probably Causative to Old High German ginn (see below) in formal ', Modern High German vergeuden; Old High German inginnan ` open up, open, lacerate,

for, long for, desire ' from) ` voluptuous life', Middle High German giude (*giwi) ` loud

connection with the similar sound biginnan. (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, nt- > -nn-). sko-present: Latin hsc, -ere (*h-sk) ` yawn, gape, be open '; similarly Old English sko

giscian, Middle High German gischen ` sob, weeping ' and Norwegian Dialectal geiska ` stretch the legs ' (see Persson Beitr. 318).

ginn, genn, Modern High German ghnen = Old English ginian, gionian ` be far open ',

`gape, yawn '; with Old Icelandic gine, Old High German ginn, Middle High German

n- present and related nouns: Old Icelandic gna stem V., Old English t-gnan stem V.

Old English gionian;

Swiss gine, Gothic *gainon, Old English gnian; but engl. yawn ` yawn ' for *yone from Old Church Slavic zin, -ti (*hn) ` yawn, gape '. other nominal formation: with u: Old English giw, gow m. ` vulture' (*gwaz `the voracious '); Meeresschlund '; nisl. geimr ` big, empty room'; with m: Old Icelandic gma f. ` cleft, mouth ', Swiss gm ds.; Old Icelandic geimi m. `

Germanic hi-? or rather the preterite ablaut of stem V. gnan?) Old High German geinn,

Old Icelandic gina ` yawn ', gin n. `gullet', Old English gin n. ds.; with Germanic ai (Indo

gr m. ` eagerness, ferventness, passion', Old High German gri ` eager, avid', gr ` vulture'; narrow passage between mountains', Old High German Middle High German gil `break, Low German glen `lust, crave, beg' (from *gla- Adj. ` yearning', compare to meaning with l: Old Icelandic Norwegian gil n. ` cliff crack ', Swedish Dialectal gilja f. ` defile,

with r: Germanic *gr(i)a- ` greedy ' (actually `* long for, desire '), in Norwegian Dialectal

hernia'; Old Icelandic geil f. ` defile, narrow passage between mountains, Engpa'; Middle

above Old English gwaz).

probably to be added ndd. Dutch gillen ` abscise slantwise ', Dutch gillinghout ` cut through (*gailjan) `hinder, hesitate'; from r-forms Low German gren, Dutch (out of it Modern High German) gieren, Norwegian Dialectal gra ` deviate from the course '; Dutch geeren ds., Norwegian Dialectal geira ` run crookedly '. extensions with i-vocalism: m. `damage' (originally outlook `* stand crookedly, gape' e.g. from woods); compare corner; Pl. the thighs ', Modern High German Heugeige ` Stecken mit seitwarts *hei-gh- : Old Icelandic Norwegian dial., geiga ` deviate sideways ', Old Icelandic geigr wood at an angle ', further isl. geila `separate' (` *make gape '), Old English glan

With meaning-development from `gape' to ` stand crookedly (at first e.g. from woods )'

Modern High German Swiss Geigle ` double branch in a tree which breaks up in any

abstehenden Astresten zum Aufschobern des Heus '; Modern High German dial. geigen ` Modern High German Geige as musical instrument; Old English for-, of-ggan ` deviate

move to and fro ', Old Icelandic ggja, from Middle Low German Middle High German gge,

from, overstep ', ggl and ggol ` exuberant, bending ', Old Frisian gia ` contravene,

refrain from, desist from, penance, atonement pay for, atone'; Norwegian dial. giga, gigla, gigra `lose stand, wobble, sway', engl. gig (nord. loanword) ` light cart, light racing boat ', whirligig, Danish gig ` spinning top as plaything '; ndd. giggelen, engl. to giggle ` titter, laugh in a foolish high-pitched manner, furtive, sneering laugh '; as ` sticking out freely,

and Middle Low German geck from revolvable things (e.g. lid, top, cover, shutter,

movable sail pole ' here Dutch gei ` Raa ' (basic form geig(*j)a?), ndd. gk, Dutch gijk ds. Pumpstangen), also `fool' (Modern High German Geck); here (after Wissmann Nom. S. 427.

postverb. 41) Gothic geig f. `greed, lust', ga-geigan ` gain ', fahu-geigan `lust, crave'; s. similar is (from hii- from) with gh shaped Lithuanian zigauti ` yawn ', igas ` locust,

grasshopper ', igris ` palisade, fence made from stakes; protective fence made from poles that are inserted into the ground '. hei-p- (in Germanic perhaps partly also hei-b -):

Maybe with b- formant alb (*hi-bo-n) zhgabonj, shqiponj ` (greedy, voracious) eagle, vulture ' : Old English giw, gow m. ` vulture' : Old High German gr ` vulture' weeping '); Czech zpati `pant, gasp' (etc., see above); Latin (Gloss.) hippitre, exippitre (*hpitre) ` hietare, gape; yawn ' (span. hipar ` sob,

engl. to gibe, jibe ` mock '. In Germanic also:

mouth ndd. gib(b)elen ` mocking laugh ', Modern High German geifeln ` mocking laugh ',

loose ' Norwegian dial. geivla ` deviate sideways; shiver', also geivra; from stretching the

dial. geifen, geiben, geipen ` yawn, gawk, desire greedily '; from ` stand crookedly, stand

Old English gfer ` devourer', Old Icelandic gfr m. `fiend, demon'; Modern High German

schwed dial. gipa ` stretch the mouth ', ndd. gpen ` struggle for breath '; Modern High meaning ` twist mockingly the mouth '.

Middle Low German gippelt `crazy, stupid'; Swedish dial. gippa `crack, col, gap'; with

Dialectal gipa ` make gape, struggle for breath ' = Old English gpian ` struggle for breath ';

hei-b-, Germanic *gp-: Old Icelandic gpr m. `muzzle, jaw ', FlN for Gipa, Norwegian

German Bavarian gaif(f)en von einem nicht festsitzenden, schlotternden Schuh; with the With Germanic ai: Old Icelandic geipa ` babble, chatter ', Norwegian dial. geipa `

chatter; open the mouth wide; sit or go with spread legs ' ;

*gspian, probably from *gaipsn (through amalgamation from *gaip- and *gais).

Old Icelandic geispa ` struggle for breath ', Middle English gaspen < Old English gheis-: isl. gisinn ` leaking, cracked from dryness ' (participle from *gsa =) Norwegian

Swedish gistinn ` leaking, cracked from dryness '; from this meaning further Middle Low

dial. gsa ` grin, blink'; Norwegian dial. gista `get split, become thin, of the wood ', Old

(related u-forms Low German gste, Dutch gust ` infertile, dry, gelt' from the basis hu-?? S. Persson Beitr. 318). extensions with - : -vocalism (fast only Germanic): *hgh- (: hgh-): Middle Low German ggel, ggel m. n. ` palate, gums' (*ggula-, -ila); Old English gagl m. n. `mandible, lower jaw bone, throat', Pl. ` grinder, molar tooth ', Modern High German dial. gagen, gageln, gagern `spread themselves (from the legs,

German gst, Old Frisian gst, gst ` the higher dry land in contrast to marsh depression '

the fingers), wobble, gesticulate, flutter ', gackelicht `foolish, loony', Middle High German

backward (e.g., from crooked standing off device parts) ', engl. gag-toothed (nord. look ', and (both with consonant-sharpening) md. gken `gawk'. ` '

humped, crooked behind ', gaghals ` back crooked neck ', Norwegian dial. gag ` crooked loanword) ` with protruding teeth ': ablaut. Old Icelandic ggjask ` prestretch oneself to

gagen, gageren ` move to and fro, thrash, wriggle ', Old Icelandic gagr ` writhed, crooked,

Maybe alb. guak ` gawk ', expressive form alb. (*h-sk), gogsij ` yawn, gape ' probably more properly with Armenian gez `col, gap, crack, incisure '. *hp-: Old Indic hphik ` echo, resound, ring ' (with new ph instead of p, Persson Beitr. 565). open the mouth, cry', Old English gapian, ndd. gpen, Middle High German Modern High *hb -:
h

Old Icelandic gjgrar Pl. ` cliff gaps ' (*gegura-) compares Lidn Armen. Stud. 70 f.

*hb-: Old Icelandic gap ` wide aperture, hole, chaos; shout, call, scream ', gapa `

German gaffen ` look with open mouth '.

eph-), Old Danish paa gafle `weit offen', Swedish p gavel ds. eph-

Old English geaflas Pl. ` jaws ' (in the meaning directed after ceafl ` jaw ', see below

Maybe Latin (*gnoffula) offula (-ae) [n] ` slice ' : alb. nofulla ` jaw ' : Rumanian falc ` jaw '. deride, mock ', gaffetung ` derision ', gafsprc ` brainless speech ', Dutch gabberen ` trifle, teases, vexes ', s. Berneker 287 f. - also about poln. gaba `stir, tease, irritate, banter'). References: WP. I 548 ff., WH. I 647 ff., Trautmann 368, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 694. places eine root *ah-- etc. an; see above under han-. Page(s): 419-422 See also: compare still h-1 ` empty, bare, lacking sein, fehlen'; Specht (Dekl. 282) Old Icelandic gabba ` play jokes, play a joke on, fool ', Old English gabbian `babble;

joke ' (probably from Ndd. derive Lithuanian gabl(i)-ju, -ti ` banter, vex ', gabls ` one who

Root / lemma: hl Meaning: wine Material: Old Indic hl `alcohol'; gr. , - ` unmixed wine ', - ds.; maked. . Hes.; thrak. Hes. (*hl-). Maybe alb. (*hl) gjella ` food, dish '. Page(s): 434 References: WP. I 631. very dubious.

hu- h(u)uRoot / lemma: hu- : h(u)- : huMeaning: to yawn, gape Note: (see above hi-)

*F), ` gaping, lax ', -- `with spread teeth';

Material: Gr. n. `the empty room, airspace' (later also `cleft, gap'; probably from whether here also Gothic gawi `land, region', Old High German gawi, Modern High

German Gau, Old English g, etc. from *huiom with similar meaning-development as by area, region'? or from Germanic *ga-awja (to ak, above S. 23) ` scenery in the water '? gr. , (see below hi- ` lack; abandon ') and Armenian gavar ` portion of land,

guomo (*h[u]-m-) ` roof of mouth = palate'; about Lithuanian gomurs see below;

Norse gmr `gums, palate', Old English gma (engl. gums `gums'), Old High German

Old High German goumo m. (*hu-men-), giumo (*hu-men-) ` palate ', ablaut. Old

Old Icelandic gauta ` babble, chatter, brag, boast', ndld. guiten ` scold, mock ', Modern High German dial. gauzen, guzen `bark, bay, cry', Gothic gaunn ` wail, grieve ', Old Icelandic gaula `howl'; about Lithuanian gasti see below gou- `call, shout, cry'.

gegan `cry', Old Icelandic go-g ` blasphemy ', hund-g ` bark ' and further formations

in addition probably Old Icelandic geyja `bark, bay, scold, chide, mock ', Old English

In spite of the non-palatal root initial sound (see above about Lithuanian gomurs) it could belong here, because many originally palatal gutturals appear in Lithuanian as g, k. further in the meaning ` yawn ' with l-forms (: gr. -) perhaps here Middle High

German giel m. ` jaw, gullet', Old Norwegian -gjl in place names? as well as Norwegian High German glle `puddle, pool, slop', Middle Low German gle, goel `swamp, marsh' as Modern High German Gosche, Gusche, ndd. goske, guske `big muzzle' as sk-formation dial. gyl `cleft, gap, cliff gap ' (*gulja-; so also Swedish gl `puddle, slop, pond', Middle

` the cavity in which water is collected '?).

howls' are related (see Persson Beitr. 116 f.), it is not likely a trivial expression without pursueable history; Maybe alb. gusha `throat'

belongs here however, they would possibly be used with Old Indic ghati ` calls, shouts,

gmer) f.; Latvian gmurs m. ` windpipe, larynx' (only by Mieinis doubtful guomurs); a ); perhaps in vocalism it influenced German; to g- compare above S. 18 Anm.
h

Baltic *gmuria- m. ` palate' in Lithuanian gomurs, Gen. gmurio m., also gomer (Akk.

sound equivalent to Modern High German Gaumen produced Lithuanian Latvian o (Baltic An extension heub - in Old Icelandic gaupa f. ` lynx, wildcat ' (probably actually `the

thirsting, the greedy ', as Old English earn-gap ` noble falcon '), ablaut. Norwegian dial

gp `gorge, ravine, gulch, abyss '; Old English gap `wide, capacious '; gopan `intertwine, entwine; devour, swallow up, engulf, consume', Old Icelandic gaupn f. ` the hollow hand ', compare still Persson Beitr. 835 m. A. 2. Maybe alb. gop `vagina, hole' Old High German goufana ds., wherefore Lithuanian ipsnis ` a little less than a handful ';

Page(s): 449

References: WP. I 465 f., WH. I 470, Trautmann 77.

hem- homRoot / lemma: hem-, hom-, Gen.- ablative h()m-s Meaning: earth, man, dragon Note: It was developed from the zero grade, from where the simple anlaut h- also in

lengthened grade spread forms (about Old Indic anlauts jm-, gm- besides km- compare Comments: Johansson Xenia Lideniana 1912, S. 116-126)
h h

emb hem- homRoot / lemma: em -, mb - :` to bite; tooth ' derived from Root / lemma: hem-, hom, Gen.- ablative h()m-s Meaning: ` earth, man, dragon ' because the ancients believed that their ancestors killed the dragon, planted his teeth in the ground and fierce men were born from the ground. snake peeled its skin and was reborn again, that is why warriors venerated the snake as the source of immortality in battle.

Material: compare to anlaut still Wackernagel Old Indic Gr. I 129, 241, pp. 109, 209b, III 241 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326, 631, 10, Benveniste BSL. 38, 139 ff., Specht Dekl. 241. Old Indic stem kam-, Nom. Sg. k (= Avestan z) f. `earth, ground; face of the earth,

earth's surface' [common Old Indic h- > k-], (Akk. km = Avestan zm; Lok. kmi and *km, if kman from this form with postposition *en `in' to define is, compare Old Indic kmya- `placed on earth, earthly '; earth's surface'; Note: the -m- suffix similar to alb. delme ` sheep ', zjarm ` fire '. Illyrian Nominative is the same as Indo Iranian and in general Indo European Locative. gr. f. `ground, earth; face of the earth, earth's surface' (*; thereafter with pri-jman ` all around on the earth'; Instr. jm; Gen. jm, secondary gm, km);

Avestan z, Akk. zm, Lok. zm, Gen. zm `earth, ground, earth; face of the earth,

also Gen. , `subterraneous, underground' etc.), originally ` on the and presumably also = Latin hum `to bottom'), ` to the ground, on the ground ',

ground, to earth ', (in addition to the other vowel gradation = Old Prussian semmai `low' `low', ` near the ground, on the ground, low ' (: Latin humilis), perhaps

- ` new, always of things, drastic, egregious, rude, flagrant, discourteous, impolite (*low)';

can be genuine Phrygian (Indo Germanic > Phrygian ), gd- : z- as Old Indic k : Avestan z; common Old Indic h- > kalb. dhe `earth' (= ) ; Note: Albanian dhe `earth' : Phrygian */h / for the non -colouring laryngeal. [common Old Indic h- > k- : Avestan h- > gz-] Note: [common Old Indic h- > k- : Avestan h- > gz-]
1

Hes. (compare russ. elovek `person' and `servant') ; `X '

Phrygian (thrak. ) `mother earth' (?), also Phrygian

Avestan gz- > Greek - > Baltic dz- > Illyrian d- : Baltic dz- > Slavic z-] compare gr. , Doric , Thessalian , Aeolic ; Illyrian -, , epithet of Demeter, s. WH. I 321; Note: Clearly `mother earth' was shaped according to Illyrian and alb. phonetic laws is an Illyrian goddess of earth. Note: gr. `mother earth' : Old Irish duine, cymr. dyn, corn. bret. den : Illyrian , d-, dh-] suggesting a shared origin of those lang. alb. dhe cognates evolved according to Illyrian and alb. phonetic laws [common alb. h- > Latin humus (from *homos) `earth, ground, earth; face of the earth, earth's surface', [common alb. h- > d-, dh-] - common venetic Illyrian suffix -ter,-tre . Therefore - (Pisani IF. 53, 30, 38) from Indo Germanic *h, respectively Vokat. *ghom; about

(: ); in Oscan-Umbrian *homi-teros, -temos as Kompar. Superl. of Lok. *homi

probably reshaping of an old consonant -stem *hom-; hence also f. as ; humilis `low' `under' (: Old Indic kmi) : Oscan hu[n]truis ` below, beneath, underneath, lower ', huntrus ` below, beneath, underneath, lower '; Umbrian hutra, hontra ` on the under side, below,

about Latin hmnus see below;

underneath ', Abl. hondomu ` the lowest '; Umbrian hondu ` pessumdat ' from *hon(d)-td;

as in extended from the full grade *dn - from *dm - from d); Note:

development from h to d- similar to t from -k- in art `bear' from rkos; n instead of -mm
e

Old Irish d, Gen. don `place' (Pedersen KG. I 89, s. also under to duine; the

Old Irish duine, cymr. dyn, corn. bret. den : Illyrian , alb. dhe cognates evolved according to Illyrian and alb. phonetic laws [common alb. h- > d-, dh-] suggesting a shared origin of those lang.

mas, Latvian zms `low';

(: , see above), Latvian zem `under' (probably Verkrzung of Lok. zem); Lithuanian Old Church Slavic zemlja `earth'; in addition also Old Church Slavic zmja `snake'

Lithuanian m, Latvian zeme, Old Prussian same, semme `earth', semmai `base, low'

(`creeping on the earth'), zmj `dragon' : gr. ` near the ground, on the ground, low '. Maybe alb. (*dhemle) dhemje ` earth worm ' very important see up or below. In addition words for `person' as ` earthly,of the earth ': from *ne-hem), Akk. hemnem; to humus probably hmnus ` human, of human beings, `people', whether here lay before an older diphthong, but for Indo Germanic *ghoimLatin hom, -inis `person', Old Latin hem (also in nm ` nobody, no person, no one '

of people; humane ', with unclear vocalism (*hoim- wrde to o of Old Irish Pl. doni

lacks every probability; s. also under); Oscan-Umbrian *homn- (ablaut grade *hom- as human being, man, person ', Umbrian homonus ` a human being, man, person ';

humus, compared with Latin hemn- or dialectic umlaut from *hemn-), Oscan humuns ` a Gothic guma, Old Icelandic gumi, Old English guma, Old High German gomo `person,
o e

man, husband', Modern High German in Bruti-gam (Indo Germanic *h mon- or *h mon); Lithuanian (old) mu (Dauka m. Akk. mn) `person', nowadays mogs, mgus (g-

formations Old Prussian smunents m. `person', smonenawins ds., and smni f. `person', Germanic hmn ns).
e

forms as in Old Church Slavic m-) `person', Old Prussian smoy (leg. smoa?), other

Lithuanian mon f. `wife, woman', mns Pl. m. `people' (Akk. Pl. mnis dial. from Indo

bret. den `person', Proto Celtic *donio- from *homio- = , Old Indic kamya-;

Pedersen (KG. I 69, 89, 116, 173) places here also Old Irish duine, cymr. dyn, corn.

however, this would be the only evidence for Celtic ni from mi; it could be considered the transferenceof n from the paradigm *dn `place' (see above). However, then the Pl. Old Irish doni, nir. daoine `humans, people' (typical diphthong) would have to be separated from duine; far likely it is connected doni as *d euenio- or *d ouenio- and duine etc. as
h h h h h

under d eu- `die'); incredible Borgstrm NTS. 12, 83 f.; euNote: common Illyrian-celtic h- > dhemnem); s. Pedersen Tochar. 107 f.; ds.

strong grade *d unio- with Gothic diwans ` perishable, mortal ' connected (see *d uen-

Tocharian A om `lad, young boy, youngling ', aumo, Pl. mna `person' (: Latin Hittite te-e-kan (tegan), Gen. tagns `earth' and Tocharian A tka, Gen. tkanis, ke n n n n

Luvian: tiyamm(i)Meaning: `earth' Attestations: [NSg] ti-ya-am-mi-i: 54 ii 41.42.43*.51.iii 28 .35; 56,2*; KBo XXIX 40,5e. ti-ya-am-me-i: 107 ii 4*. [ASg] ti-ya-am-mi-in: 103 iii 13; 139 i 4(?).iv 10e(?). ti-ya-am-me-in: 107 ii 11. [D-LSg] ti-ya-am-mi: 94,11e; VII 53 + XII 58 i 59e; KBo XXII 254 Vo 7*. [ErgSg] ti-ya-am-ma-an-ti-i: 39 ii 15. [GenAdj] [NSgC] ti-ya-am-ma-a-i-i: 45 ii 26; 107 ii 12*. [NPlC] ti-ya-am-ma-a-i-in-zi: KBo XXII 254 Vo 11*. Commentary: Delocatival formation, as per Kimball, Hittite Plene Writing 42720, NOT direct formal match of Hittite tkan!

Hittite: tekan n., gen. taknas ' earth ', dagan, tagan ' down, to the ground '; HLuw takamia ' earth ', Luvian tiyammi- id. (Friedric 204, 220) common Old Indic h- > kNote: Common Hittite Tochanrian h- > tk- : common Old Indic h- > k- : Illyrian Albanian h- > dh- : Celtic h- > d-. They derived through metathesis from *(e)hom-, *h(e)hom (Pedersen Group. 41 f.),
h h

substantial reasons Beuveniste Ml. Van Ginneken 193 ff.; a root in *d egh- places also Specht Dekl. 241; I with Benveniste would rather keep away the Hittite and Tocharian forms. References: WP. I 662 ff., WH. I 654 f., 663 ff., 869, Trautmann 369. Page(s): 414-416

these explained from Indo Germanic *d (e)hom (Kretschmer Gl. 20, 66 f.); against it with

Meaning: yesterday

lemma: hi his?), h hs Root / lemma: his (zero grade his vereinfacht (?) to hs, his, hs

Material: Old Indic hy ` yesterday ' (ghis), hyastana- ` yesterday'; Germanic *gestra-); Common Old Indic : Latin h- > h-. hAvestan zy, Old pers. diya(ka), pers. d(g); yesterday, two days ago'; alb. dje ` yesterday ', dial. ` morning' (*hes), djethine ds., para-dje ` the day before Old Irish in-d (*gdis), cymr. doe, acorn. doy, ncorn. d, Middle Breton dech, nbret. Latin her, her ` yesterday ', hesternus ` yesterday' (from *hestrinos with -tro- as in

deac'h ` yesterday ' (the brit. forms from *gdiies); cymr. neithiwr etc. ` yesterday evening' rather from *nokti + cymr. hwyr `late' (loanword from Latin srus); gr. eleisch - Hes. (from *, Indo Germanic his?); gr. (*hs),

(after : , independent particle or suggestion vowel, see above S. 283 and Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 413, Lejeune Trait 182); , adverb. ` yesterday', after Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 351 from + * to Old Indic a-dy `today' (Instrum. from Indo

Germanic *dios `day'; lacks above S. 183), with sound weakening from to , after Specht

KZ. 68, 205 from *his > his with adverbial suffix (as in gr. -); ` yesterday'; Gothic gistra-dagis `morgen', Old English geostra, wschs. giestran-dg, North
4

72, 263 1); s. above Specht KZ. 68, 202 f. 201 ff.

yesterday '; lengthened grade Old Norse gr (*gz-), i gjr (Noreen Old Icelandic Gr. p.

Umbrian gioster-dg ` yesterday ', Old High German kestre, gesteron, gestern `

References: WP. I 664, WH. I 642 f., 869, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326, 631, 10, Specht KZ. 68, Page(s): 416 h Root / lemma: h- (or hi-?)

Meaning: fish

Material: Armenian jukn `fish' (extension as in mu-kn ` mouse '); predatory birds belonging to the hawk family type of predatory bird, kite ': Armenian cin `falcon, kite', Indo Germanic kno-); huu-: Lithuanian uvs (Gen. Pl. uv) f., Latvian zuvs, zivs m. ds.; in addition the Gutturalsuffix: Old Prussian suckis m. (Akk. Pl. suckans) `fish' (Lithuanian uk- in kgr. , - (*hs) `fish' (- is a vocal development as in ` a number of small

verbs East Lithuanian sta, vo, ti ` fish, catch fish ';

mistras ` Fischmeister ', uk-sparnis ` Fischaar ', kls ` fisherman '); in addition further

Latvian zutis m. ` eel, snakelike fish '; Lithuanian vejs m. ` fisherman ', Lithuanian vejti, Latvian zvejut ` fish, catch fish ', vnas m. ` fish scale ', Latvian zvi m. Pl. ` fish scales '; Old Prussian sucka-ns besides , as Latin sucu-la besides ss, Old Norse askr besides Lithuanian osis.

same kind especially : m, and a parallel proposed with k- : cin. No quite Swedish gius, New Swedish gs `Perca Lucioperca', Modern High German dial. giesen *gjuse ` fisherman '. sure indication is in *ghi-, because in its affiliation somewhat dubious, the fish name lt.

To the initial sound question (h or hi?) compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 325; it is of the

`Cyprinus cephalus' and lt. Swedish fiska-giusen `a bird of prey, Falco haliaetus', wherein

References: WP. I 664, Trautmann 373, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 325, 413; to Indo Germanic compare lastly Lejeune Trait de Phontique grecque S. 31 f.

Page(s): 416-417 hldRoot / lemma: hld-

Meaning: to sound, call

Material: Old Indic hrdat ` sounds', hrda- m. ` Getn, noise', Avestan zrda- m. ` coat zirih `armor, coat of mail, garment made of linked metal rings ';

of mail, garment made of linked metal rings ' (`rattling, clashing, clinking, chinking '), npers. gr. (Pind.) `swell, of sound, ring out, murmur, rustle, roar, blossom ', `

plash or bubble, of the sound of liquids, of the sea, of rain, of boiling water, frothing forth foam '; Old Irish ad-gldur `I address, speak to; refer '. below gher-1. Page(s): Page(s): 451

The Aryan words can but just as well with Indo Germanic r to Gothic grtan belong; see

References: WP. I 659 f.

Meaning: behind, towards

Root / lemma: h

Material: Armenian z preposition and preverb ` referring to, applying to, pertaining to ' etc. (Meillet Esquisse 166);
2

Grammatical information: preposition and Partikel

instead of', East Lithuanian auomara ` oblivion '); Latvian az (compare azuots `bosom' = (unexplained) ` behind, after, because of, instead of', also verbal prefix ` behind, from, to, to-'; Slavic za ` behind; for, after, because of, during, at, in, on', also verbal prefix; also in Old East Lithuanian autis ds., to Latvian *uots = Lithuanian atis `bosom'), newer aiz

Baltic *a- in Lithuanian dial. ao, au, a ` behind, for' (compare aot ` instead,

Church Slavic zad ` the behind, buttocks part', compare na-d; s. also under d.

perhaps instrumental a Pronom.-stem ho- to ghe, gho (above S. 417) with anlaut. h-;

Page(s): 451-452

References: WP. I 533 f., Trautmann 336, Endzelin Latvian Gr. 485 f.

Meaning: to bend, swerve

elel Root / lemma: huel-

Material: Material: Old Indic hvrat ` turns from the straight direction, makes crooked way ', hvlati ` makes on error, stumbles, wanders ', juhur- ` failing ', vhruta- ` defective, faulty, hrchati ` fails, glides, sways, falls '; hvras- n. ` curvature ', hvar- m. `snake', vihrt- f.

lewd, sick ', hruti ` go astray, lose one's way ', participle hrut-, it has changed hvrt-; `kind of snake or worm';

Maybe alb. zvarranik ` reptile ', zvarris, zvarrit ` drag ', zvarritem ` draggle, creep along, trapes, crawl '. Avestan zbarmna- ` walking in a crooked way ', zbaraa- n. ` foot of a davischer

being ', zbarah- n. `hill', zrah- n. ` wrong; injustice, deception ', npers. zr ` incorrect; lie, falsity'; gr. Hes., `stammering, deaf, stupid' Hes. and probably

m. `horn of a helmet', presumably , epithet of Thersites B. 217, perhaps `

bowlegged, bandy-legged'; perhaps also `empty, vain, idle, useless, fruitless, ) cheat, deceive, swindle; betray, be disloyal; gull, fool'; deceitful, deceptive ' (-grade), ` deceitful ', ` cheater ', (Doric Latin fall, -ere ` trip, cause to fall: glacies, deceive, trick, dupe, cheat, elude, fail,

disappoint,be misled,lead into error, be deceived, err, mistake, deceive oneself,to mistake, swearing, swear falsely, be perjured, swear falsely by, faith pledged to, lie concealed, be unseen, escape notice, remain undiscovered, elude, arrive secretly, infuse undetected, escape recognition, lighten, appease, silence, beguile ' (`*walk in a crooked way; veer, swerve, turn about '; *hu ln, compare Old Indic hruti);
e

be deceived,violate, break, betray, deceive, disappoint, put on, avoid, confound, deceive in

high degree of inclination, sloping, oblique '; vals `skilful; agile, nimble; graceful; sharp,

Lithuanian nuovelns ` declive, sloping downwards; precipitous, very steep, having a

keen ' (`*slightly bending '); ablaut. vilnas ` slantwise, slant, skew' (*hu-), pavil-ti, -au ` palnus ds.; atlas, -us ` brusk, curt, rude; abrupt, sudden, steep, hard, rude, pitiless ' ;

bend oneself ', vyloti `swing, waver'; praulnas (*hul-) ` slantwise, sloping, slant, skew', Latvian zvel'u, zvl'u, zvelt ` roll, move, knock over, knock down, hit ', refl. ` move

slowly, roll, fall down ', zvalsttis ` stagger, sway ', zvalns ` fluctuating ';

za) ds.;

Old Church Slavic zl `mad, wicked, evil, bad ', Serbo-Croatian zo (f. zla), russ. zo (f. perhaps *hu-el- from a heu- `slant, skew' extended; compare *hu-er- in Lithuanian

leguminous plants which bear tall clusters of flowers in a variety of colors ' (*guher-mo-). Note: Greek h- > - common Greek Dorian Illyrian Celtic. Page(s): 489-490 References: WP. I 643 f., WH. I 448, Trautmann 372 f.

url ` a tendril plant ' (*ghur-lo-), gr. m. ` lupine, lupin, any of a number of

Meaning: to glance

elgelg Root / lemma: huelg-

Material: Gr. ` properly, to stroke or touch with magic power, in bad sense, to cheat, cozen, to produce by spells, beguile, enchant, charm, captivate; bewitch, entrance; cast a spell on ' (incredible above S. 247); Note: Greek h- > - common Greek Dorian Illyrian Celtic.

Iterat. valga, valgti and vilgis m. `look', vlgiu, vilgti ` look briefly '. Page(s): 490 References: WP. I 644, Trautmann 374, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 302.

Lithuanian velgi, velgti ` look, gaze; watch; stare, gaze fixedly with wide open eyes',

enen Root / lemma: huenMeaning: to sound Note: extension from hau-, s. Persson Beitr. 191 Geg z (< *huono-s);

Material: Armenian jain (huon-ii-), i-stem `voice' (with i-Epenthese); alb. Tosc z `voice',

Armenian ayn = Albanian Geg zani `voice' conservative definitive forms versus indefinite forms (alb. phonetic trait)] Note:

hau- : `to call'

Alb. shows that Root / lemma: huen- : `to sound' derived from Root / lemma: hau-, enen hau-

zvn `bell', Bulgarian zvn `sound, clangor ', zvnec `bell', Serbo-Croatian zvno, russ. Czech zvon, poln. dzwon ` clangor, bell'. Balto-Slavic root extension hueng-: engeng `loud, resounding ', vngu, vangti `rattle, clash, ring, clang, clink', Latvian zvegt ` neigh Old Church Slavic zvg ` announce ', russ.- Church Slavic zvjagu `sing, babble', russ. Slavic root extension huenk-: enkenk Serbo-Croatian zvk `sound', poln. zwik, dwik `sound, clangor '; with ablaut Old Church Slavic zvk `sound', russ. zvuk, Czech zvuk `sound, tone, sound, clangor '; Slavic root extension huent-: entent Bulgarian zvntja `sound, clink '. Page(s): 490-491 References: WP. I 642, Trautmann 374. Old Church Slavic zvk m. `sound', zvknti `sound, clink', zvcati `call, shout, cry', Lithuanian vngiu, vngti ` neigh ', su-vingu, -vngti ` burst in neighing ', vangs

Czech znti, altpoln. wznie ds., ablaut. Old Church Slavic zvon `sound, tone', Slavic

russ.- Church Slavic zvnju, zvnti `ring, sound, clink', russ. zvent, Old Czech zvnieti,

';

dial. zvjag, zvja `bark, bay'.

Meaning: wild beast

rr Root / lemma: hur-

) `animal'; Note:

Gr. Gr. I 424), Lesbian , hom. , Thessalian ( = ,

Material: Gr. , -, m. late f. (, = East Lithuanian vres, vr, Schwyzer

Common Greek Illyrian Celtic h- > d-, -. d' (*huero-s); Latin ferus, -a, -um ` wild, untamed, rude, uncultivated; savage, barbarous, fierce, cruel

Maybe alb. ferr ` thorny bush, prick, blackberry, blackthorn ' Latin loanword.

Latvian zvrs m.; Old Prussian Akk. Pl. swrins;

with structure in i- declination (after Akk. Sg. Pl. -, -i = m, -ns) Lithuanian vrs m. f.,

Old Church Slavic zvr `wild animal', sloven, zvr, Old Czech zv m. f., russ. zvr; car ferna ds. Page(s): 493 substantive adjective Lithuanian vrien f., russ. zvrna ` venison, deer meat', to Latin

References: WP. I 642 f., WH. I 487 f., Trautmann 374 f.

oig oig Root / lemma: huoigMeaning: to shine; star Material: Gr. `pure, clean gleaming', , (*huig-) `impure, unclean';
h

Note: common Illyrian g- > b-.

From Root / lemma: huoig- : `to shine; star' derived Root / lemma: b eig- : `to shine' oig oig eig (sse above) common hu- > Greek ph- > Old Indic bh-. Balto Slavic *uaigzd- f. `shine, star' (Indo Germanic *huoig(e)s-d) in: vaigzd, vaigd, dial. vaizd, Latvian zvigzne f. `star'; in addition further Lithuanian `shimmer'; vyguls ` radiance ', vnas ` silberfleckig ', Latvian zvaigstties `gleam', zvaidrt Old Prussian Akk. Sg. swigstan `shine', poswigstinai `illuminate' (?) ; Lithuanian

Slavic dzvzda, Serbo-Croatian zvigzda, poln. gwiazda, russ. zvzd f. `star'. 166 f. Probably inaccurate about gr. etc. above 118.

Slavic *gvzda (from *guaigzd, through dissimilation from *uaigzd) in Old Church

References: Trautmann 373 f., Pedersen La cinqunder dcl. Latin 74, Mikkola Urslav. Gr. Page(s): 495

Meaning: to shine, shimmer

k k kk Root / lemma: huk-, hukMaterial: Gr. Hes., Hes.; - - . . . Hes., reduplicated ` dart, rush about, quiver, wave violently'; Latin fax (old facs), facis f. `torch; agitator, inciter, troublemaker, fomenter ', Demin.

facula `torch', factus `elegant, witty ', factia and -ae ` a jest, witticism; drollery, piece of humor, a witty or clever thing in action or behavior, Wit, witty sayings ';

Lithuanian vk `candle'. Page(s): 495 References: WP. I 645, WH. I 438 f., 471, 864, Trautmann 374.

leiRoot / lemma: lei-

Meaning: to run up to

Material: Old Indic jryati ` onrushes, attacks, starts, activates ', jryas- n. `

Note: Only indoiranisch.

impetuousness, hastiness, run, flow, river flow ', prthu-jrya- ` distant running '; Avestan zrayah-, Old pers. drayah- ` sea ', Middle Persian zray, npers. (with metathesis)

dary, pru-zrayah ` wide water surface stretching above '. Page(s): 401 References: WP. I 660, WH. I 608.

erer er er Root / lemma: uer-, uerNote:

Meaning: to burn and be hot

erer er er herRoot / lemma: uer-, uer- : to burn and be hot' derived from Root / lemma: her-3 and her-, hr- : to shine, shimmer'. her hrMaterial: Old Indic jvrati ` has a temperature, is feverish ', jvara- `fever, pain, distress ', glows, shines ', jvalita- ` flaming, burning, luminous', jvalan- ` burning, ignitable ', m. `fire', n. ` the burning, blazing ', jvala- m. `light, flame, torch', jvl f. ds.; mnl. coorts m., Middle Low German korts `fever'??; Lithuanian iri, irti `see', ir `view, look', iras `eagle owl'; full grade Latvian zvrs `scintillant, flickering, sparkling', zvruot `glow, flash'. Page(s): 479 References: WP. I 643, Wackernagel Old Indic Gr. I p. 228. jrvati `singes, burns', jr- `blaze, glow' (< *jvr-, *ur-); besides jvlati ` flames up,

Root / lemma: ( )lulu Meaning: sister-in-law

e e e e

, Gen. `a husband's sister or brother's wife, a sister-in-law ';

Material: Gr. *F in hom. Dat. Sg. and Nom. Pl. , Gen. Pl. , Attic Latin gls, glris ` a husband's sister, wife, woman of brothers' (*l[u]s);

sister '; ').

sptChurch Slavic zlva, Old Czech zelva, serb. zova, russ. zovka ` a husband's

perhaps also Armenian tal ` a husband's sister ' (for *cal after taigr ` husband's brother That Phrygian Hes., also , belongs here, is most After Jokl EbertsRL. X 142 were the non-palatal guttural through influence of limited,
e e b

doubtful; whether recommended for *F?

sister ' should indicate; compare though that under hel- it is explained by Balto-Slavic gel`yellow'. A gr. conservative stem *[u]- has contravened (only the case oblique) in the o-

whereupon also poln. ew, owica (*g luu) besides zew, zowica (* luu) ` husband's

compared with Latin gls. Page(s): 367-368

Dekl. experienced; in Slavic lies an older -stem zly, Gen. zlve, before which could be

References: WP. I 631, WH. I 610, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 480.

Meaning: to sink, submerge

Root / lemma: gd h

', gh- `depth, the interior '; with a: ghana-, ghvara- `deep, dense', n. `depth, abyss, thicket ', dur-gha-m ` wicked place or way'; the participle gh- is probably analogical form after roots with Old Indic h = Indo

Material: Old Indic ghat `dives, permeates, soaks', participle gha- `deep, dense, tight

an Old Indic root noun g (to Indo Germanic g- ` gait ') + dha as ` granting passage ' to define; Avestan Akk. Pl. vi-g ` canyon, gorge, gulch, ravine, abyss, steep narrow valley

Germanic h; gdh- ` shallow, having little depth ', m. n. ` shallow, ford' is perhaps from

carved by running water ' (: Old Indic vi-gh-) ` dipping oneself ', zero grade gua`depth';

esp. of the sea ' with instead of after ; ` with no bottom, bottomless, unfathomed ', n. `depth'; `depth' secondary after : ; Note: common Illyrian g- > b-.

gorge, ravine, gulch '; n. ds. (*), zero grade , ` the depth,

gr. , Doric (*) f. ` wooded combe, glen, mostly in the mountain glens,

from *di-spad- (*d-eks-bad-). Note:

corn. bedhy, Middle Breton beuziff ` drown '; cymr. diffoddi ` extinguish, annihilate, erase '

Old Irish b(i)dim ` go under, dive, submerge; sink, drown', cymr. boddi ` drown, flood ',

Page(s): 465

References: WP. I 665, Schwyzer Rhein. Mus. 81, 193 ff.

From Root / lemma: gd - : to sink, submerge, derived Root / lemma: b u-1 : b - : to hit.
h h h

Meaning: to go, come Note:

emRoot / lemma: g-, gem-

ema- he : he Root / lemma: g-, gem- : `to go, come' from zero grade of Root / lemma: a- (*he-): `to lead, *drive cattle'. Material: Old Indic j-g-ti `goes' (= gr. *, compare lak. 3. Sg. , hom. participle

` walking along with big steps ', in addition also hom. ), Aor. -g-m ` I got Armenian kam ` stand ', gr. , Doric ` I undid; (a jacket, package, door, etc.) opened, went '; Note: common Illyrian g- > b-. to, arrived at, reached, got there , left ' (Avestan Injunkt. gt ` he will get to, arrive at ') =

`place, couch, long upholstered seat, folding bed; small spare bed; camp bed, seat,

Old Indic gtram `limb, member, body'; gt- ` gait, way, room, place', Avestan gtu-

n. ` footstep ', Old Indic gya-m ` footstep ' in uru-gy- ` walking further, walking far ' (of way), Avestan gya- (Akk. gim) ` footstep ' (with formants -ya-); Armenian kam ` stand ' ( : gr. ); * or * ` das Fuaufsetzen ' + ` structure, composition '); , gr. *, , see above; ` dance ', ` dancer ' (from

further '; compare gmin- `going', further formations an o-stem gma-), Avestan g-man-

throne', Old pers. gu ds.; Old Indic v-gman- n. ` footstep ' (prth-pra-gman- ` walking

Ionian ` dispute, argue, fight ' (` nach zwei Seiten auseinandergehend '),

n. ` footstep ' changing through ablaut m. ` step, tread; kick, strike or blow delivered by the foot; footprint, track, grade, rack, altar'; infinitive ; m. ` doorsill '; , Doric , kyren. ` enterable, unhallowed, not consecrated, not

sanctified ' (contrast from ` immortal, holy'); zero grade `certainly' (*good ', ` foundation ', ` man's shoe '; Note: common Illyrian g- > b-. alb. - > d-.

feasible); Adv. `in footstep '; m. `way', m. `grade, threshold, footstep alb. ng `I run, drive' (*ga-ni); Actually (*ga-sni) nasalized form prevented common

Maybe alb. ngatht `slow, lazy (walk)' [common alb. - Old Irish -s > -th] Maybe zero grade in alb. gar `race' < Rumanian goan `race, battue'. ahead, whose j would be present formant), therefrom further gjums ` gait, row'; gita ` Lithuanian dial. gti `go'; Latvian gju (preterit to it) `I walked ' (places a present *gi

gait ' (with analogical ai, Endzelin Latvian Gr. S. 678); gtis Pl. ` Fluglcher der Bienen '; g); Lithuanian gtv ` road, livestock pasture ', Latvian gatva `way, passage ' are

Lithuanian prga ` occasion, opportunity, term, deadline (*end of the road)' (prefix *pr +

Germanic loanword

`pest, pestilence', bret. bad ` anesthetization ', corn. bad-us ` phrenetical '; Old Irish bs

Irish bad `dead' (*b-a-ti from *g-), at-bath `died' (*-g-t . .), bath `death' = cymr. bad

Perhaps here also Celtic words for `die' (as ` leave, depart ', ), as Old

728 is a stem bs- not proved; s. more properly Pedersen Litteris 2. 89 f. Note: common Illyrian g- > b-. 2. gem-: emj after forms with original *gm-, *gm-; 1. Sg. gamam), gata (*gm-), gman, gmata;

`death' is shaped after gns ` consuetude ' etc.. Contrariness of Thurneysen Gr. pp. 547,

Unthematic *(e)-gem-t (> *e-gen-t), -gm-t, -gm-ent in Old Indic Aor. gan, gan (g for

Gatha-Avestan 3. Sg. Inj. uz-jn, 3. Pl. g mn; ekin see Meillet Esquisse 134 f.; > b-.

Armenian 3. Sg. ekn `he comes ' (= Old Indic gan); about still unclear 1. Sg. eki, 3. Pl. gr. 3. Du., 3. Pl. probably to root form *g-; Note: common Illyrian g-

Indo Germanic *gem-); Old English cyme see below;

Old Indic gamyt, Avestan jamyt, ap. jamj (j for g from forms with lengthened grade thematic: zero grade Old Indic gmati, Avestan jamaiti `goes' (Old Indic gamyati
h

Konj. *gemeti in Old Indic gm-at, -anti, Gatha-Avestan jama ti, jima ti; Opt. gm-it in
i i

(Gatha-Avestan-g mat) `he comes over, joins; ensues, follows as a consequence of, happens as a result of ', Old pers. a-gmat;

Aor. gamat; Perf. ja-gma `I walked ' (compare Gothic 1. Pl. qemum); Avestan fr-mat

side, flank '), zero grade Old Indic (Opt. Aor.) gamt, gamma, gamemahi, probably also

`allows to come, brings about, causes, makes happen ', Avestan jmayeiti ` brings to the

perhaps with analogical -en- after the forms as Latin veni, ventum, vn);

', Umbrian benust, benurent ` venerit, -int '; Latin Konj. advenam (about n for m see below; Gothic qiman (preterit qam, 1. Pl. qemum: Old Indic 1. Sg. Perf. ja-gma), Old High

Oscan kmbened ` it agrees, came together ', cebnust (from *ce-benust) ` (huc) vnerit

German queman and (zero grade?) coman = Old English cuman, Old Norse kma `come'; Old English Konj. Prter. (older Optat.) cyme (*g m--t); Tocharian A km-, kum-, km-, kam-, em `come'. alteration from -mi- to -ni-; after Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 309 could n also be related to forms as sko-present *gm-sk: Old Indic gcchati, Avestan jasaiti `he goes', gr. `go! Verbaladjektiv: Old Indic gat- ` gone, departed, left; dead; lost ', Avestan gata- ds., gr. i iio-present *gm-i in gr. `go' (Fut. etc.), Latin veni `come' with very old
e

Avestan jantu (*gem-tu-), Armenian ekn (*e-gem-t); to vnimus stimmt Gothic qemum; come!' Tocharian A kumn `he comes ', Med. kumnstr, knmastr. ` feasible, able to be carried out ' (*gm-to-s), Latin in-ventus. other nominal formation:

', Gothic gaqums ` gathering, assembly, meeting, convention ' (*-gm-tis), Old Norse samkund f. ds., Old High German cumft, Modern High German Ankunft ` arrival,

f. ` footstep; base' (*gm-ti-s), Latin con-venti- ` gathering, assembly, meeting, convention

Old Indic gti- f. ` gait ', Avestan aiwi-gati- ` coming along = entry, beginning ', gr.

arrival, appearance, approach, incoming '; Gothic qums ` arrival, appearance, approach,
e

appearance, approach, incoming '; Old Indic gntu- m. ` gait, way', Latin adventus, -s ` incoming ' (*g m-is), Old English cyme, Old High German cumi; Old Indic gamya- ` where

one can go or should go ', Oscan kmbennies Gen. ` meeting, rendezvous, coming, bequem ' (compare ` digestible '), Old English gecwme `pleasant, fitting', Old Norse kma ds.; together, circuit, congress, assembly, union, session '; Old High German biqumi `

kvmr ` capable or allowed to come '; kvma f. ` coming, visit, dropping by; inspection ', Tocharian A kum-, AB kam-, A km-, em- `come', A kumn, Med. kumntr ` With a meaning- development ` come (to the world) ' = ` be born ': Avestan ni-jmayeinti ` be born ' (*ni-jma- `birth'); gr. - Hes.; alb. pre-gjim ` feast in the first birth '; (common pronunciation alb. gj- = Slavic dz-) pronunciation see Schulze KZ. 45, 230) = Latvian dzmstu ds., Lithuanian gimin ` family ', Latvian dzmts ` congenital, existing from birth, innate, inherited ', dzma `birth' = Old Lithuanian gem, gimti ` be born ' = Latvian dzemu, dzmt ds., Lithuanian gmstu (for

comes ', A kakmu, kekamu ` arrived; resulted '.

gmis `birth', gmas ` the innate ', causative gamnti ` generate children, breed cattle ', Prussian gimsenin Akk. Sg. `birth', Old Prussian gemton ` to give birth to children ',

gemmons participle Perf. ` born '.

707 , Trautmann 76, Pedersen Tocharian 170 ff., 221, 234. Page(s): 463-465
2

References: WP. I 675 ff., Meillet Esquisse 134 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 309, 689, 742 ,
3 2

Meaning: to push, hit, harm

ed Root / lemma: ge h

Material: Old Indic gandh- `bump, poke, prick, injure, destroy' (by grammarians), gandh- m. `smell, odor, fragrance ', Avestan gantay- ` fetidness ', Middle Persian gand ` fetidness loathing ', Baluchi gandag `evil, bad'. (to meaning development `bump, poke, prick' > ', Old pers. gasta- ` disgusting, unsavory, distasteful', afgh. andal ` disgust, repulsion, feel `smell, odor' compare e.g. Old High German stinkan `smell, stink' against Gothic stigqan ` clash, bang together, collide, crash ' and gr. ` steam and odour of fat which exhales from roasting meat, smell or savour of a burnt sacrifice ' compared with Old Icelandic hnta

`bump, poke, prick'.)

m. ` envy ' (present * from *gd -en-); Note: common Illyrian g- > d- ; g- > b-. quetschen;
h

Gr. ` vituperation, shame' (*gend no-); after Kuiper Nasalprs. 65 here

h

about Middle High German quetsen, quetschen `hit, bump, poke, squeeze' s. Kluge s. v. Lithuanian gendu, gsti ` be damaged, spoil, be destroyed, perish; wither, wilt, die ',

gadin, gadnti `spoil, damage, disturb, bother', pagadas `ruin', Latvian instu, int ` be destroyed, perish; wither, wilt, die '. Maybe alb. godas ` hit' a Slavic loanword. Page(s): 466-467 References: WP. I 672 f., Benveniste BSL. 38, 143.

eid(h)Root / lemma: geid(h)Meaning: mud Material: Gr. ` filth, slime, mud ' (*geid -ia or -sa, or *geid-s-a); perhaps Old Norse
h

pustule', besides Norwegian kvisa, Swedish kvissla ds.; etc. dkij ` fluid, liquid, runny; soft, pliable'. Page(s): 469 References: WP. I 671.

kveisa f. `swelling, blister, lump, growth', Middle Low German quse ` blood blister, blood

Old Church Slavic idk ` succous, succulent, sappy, sapful, juicy, rich, opulent ', russ.

Meaning: to cry, weep

eiRoot / lemma: gei-1

Material: Gothic qainn `weep, cry, grieve ', Old Norse kveina ` lament', Old English

Note: Beyond the Germanic only unsafe comparisons; probably onomatopoeic.

cwnian ` wail, be sad ', Old Norse kveinka ` wail, lament' and with other derivative Old

anxiety, fear, dread, alarm ', kvi m. ds.; Old English cwan, schw. Verb. ` wail, bemoan ', Old Saxon quian `lament';

Icelandic stem Verb. kva ` be frightened ', kva f. ` trembling, quaking, shaking, terror,

meaning in question. Page(s): 467

registered root in Satem languages *gi- `sing' (see there); it is not listed because of

here recalled formally Lithuanian gedu and gestu, giedti `sing, crow ', etc., to the only

References: WP. I 665 f.

Meaning: to put together, enclose common Illyrian g- > b-.

eiRoot / lemma: gei-2

Material: Umbrian bio, Paelignian Akk. biam ` enclosed district, region, area '; Note: Old Norse kv f. ` pen, fold, narrow enclosed passage ', kva ` coop, place in a pen or

coop, pen '.

Page(s): 467

References: WP. I 666.

Meaning: to prevail, be mighty

Root / lemma: gei-

Material: Old Indic jy, jiy f. ` suzerainty, sovereignty, political control ' (= gr. ) = alb. f. (*gei) zija ` mourning, grieving, lamentation; act of feeling sorrow for someone's death; period of mourning; clothes worn by mourners; signs of mourning '. Old Indic jyna-m, jyn- ` oppression, depression, exploitation, suppression ', jyyn ` jigya) ` overmatched, overpowered, defeated ' (Avestan Inf. jayi, full grade I the root, `to mightier, more prepotent ', jyha-, jyeha- ` most incredible, strongest '; jyati (Perf.

participle jt-) ` beaten, overpowered, oppressed'; jgati `will defeat, conquer ' ( : Avestan jijiaiti ` tries to attain for himself, cause to be found '), jigyu- ` victorious '; Old Indic jinti stands also for ` bring about sth ', jyni- also ` decrease, loss' and is so

defeat, conquer'), jayinu- ` victorious ', jtr- ` defeating '; jinti (Fut. jysyati, Pass, jyte,

grasp, snatch, take abruptly, seize hastily, take away by force ' (external Aryan correspondences not known);

zyn, zyni- f. ` damage, harm ', Inf. zyni `to harm', Baluchi zina ` seize, take forcibly;

adint `bring about, take away, take off, remove ', participle Perf. Pass. dta-, Avestan

both the extender of the palatal anlaut. root from Avestan zint ` damages ', Old pers.

Maybe alb. Geg me zan ` to gripe, capture ', Geg me u zan, Tosc zihem ` quarrel '.

 ` force, coerce ', ` violent, brutal ', probably = ; ` futuere Indic j-na-, Gramm.,); after Lidn IF. 19, 328 with npers. gyad ` futuit ', Inf. gdan, gn, with gei- as lengthened grade of the o-gradation at most theoretically; ', Hes. ` rape ' (whereas would have derived from a participle *-- = Old

gr. ` force, might, power ' Note: common Illyrian g- > b-. (= Old Indic jiy), ,

from a root *gi- or (?) *gi-, which would be compatible only with the latter beginning

Maybe alb. (*zyn) dhun ` force, violence, forcing, viciousness, rape ' : Old pers. adint `bring about, take away, take off, remove ', participle Perf. Pass. dta-. with gei- ` suppress, crush; repress ' appear also the following words for ` exhaust,

weaken, make feeble ', Intr. Pass. ` go altogether, grow old, dwindle ' originally belonged together: Old Indic jinti also ` grows old ', jyni- ` senility ', jyni- ` immortality ', jna- `aged,

completeness, entireness, wholeness ', jvri- `old, fragile, easily broken; unstable,

old', -jta- ` unbroken, unmarred, unscathed, undamaged ', -jti- ` intactness,

dilapidated, helpless ', Avestan jy-, present jiniti ` exhausts, weakens ', ajyamna- ` not decreasing, inexhaustible ', wherefore Middle High German verqunen, preterit quein ` dwindle away, decrease ', Old English cwnan, -cwnan, preterit cwn ` dwindle away, abate ' (Kaus. with ablaut neologism cwencan, engl. quench ` extinguish, put out '), and From Germanic seem in both meaning of colouring addable: German quisten ` let perish, waste ', quist `damage, loss', mnl. quisten ` rub, rub away, Old Norse kveita ` dazzle, blind with bright light ' (d-present); s-extensions Middle Low

decrease, abate, pain, feel ill ', extended Old English cwincan, cwincan ` disappear,

with m-forms wfl. kwmen ` pain, feel ill ', kwmelig ` softened, made soft; overindulged '.

wear away, bruise, grind, bray triturate, rub against, wear ', Gothic qistjan `spoil', Old High crush, squeeze hard, squash ', jt. kws `press, extract, squeeze ', nisl. kveisa ` stomach

German quist f. ` annihilation ', archwistan, firquistan `spoil, destroy', Old English cwesan `

ache '; Norwegian kveisa ` verkmmertes Geschpf ', kvisla ` dwindle away, decrease '; greduced meaning in Prussian queicheln ` fondle '. Page(s): 469-470 extension (fragmented reduplication?) Frisian kwke, kwikken ` pinch, tweak, nip ', in the References: WP. I 666 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 300, 694.

i Root / lemma: gei-3 and gei- : g(i)ii- : g(i)i- : g-, frequent, often with -u- extended

Meaning: to live

Material: A. from *gei: Old Indic jvtu- `life' (see below), gya- ` house, courtyard, Hauswesen ' (see below);

'; gay m. `life, lifetime, lifestyle ' (= Old Indic gya- ` house and courtyard, Hauswesen ' = russ. goj `peace; salvation!'); Avestan ga, Old pers. gai `entity, house and courtyard '; Armenian keam ` live ' (*giy-ye-mi); Meillet Esquisse 110, 176. Illyrian g- > b-. gr. hom. ` I will live ' (*; Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 780, 788 ); Note: common Lithuanian gajs ` slightly healing '; Lithuanian gyj, gti (*gti-) ` revive, recover,
1

*jigyaa); jjinti (originally subjunctive) ` be refreshed, nourished ', jaya- m. ` incitation

Avestan jiasa ` you should live ' (2. Sg. present Med., or themat. 2. Sg. Opt. for

become healthy ', gdau `heal', Latvian dzidt `heal, cure' (Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 559), `life' (*gtis), pa-it ` pasturage, food, fodder, provender, esp. for cattle, grass, generally, Slavic *goj ` life' (*goio-s) in Old Russian goj `peace', old Serbo-Croatian gj ds., Old Old Church Slavic iti ` live ' (present iv see below); in addition Old Church Slavic it

become healthy ' (in addition -gti- ` attain ', actually ` live there '), Latvian dzt ` heal;

any feeding-ground, any moist, grassy place, meadow ';

Serbo-Croatian gjiti ` care, fatten, overfeed ', etc.;

Czech hoj `fullness, wealth' (: Old Indic gya-), causative Slavic *gojiti ` make live ', Tocharian sai- ` live ', Van Windekens Lexique 127. *gi- in: ii

became *jy-tu- after jvati to jvtu-);

Avestan -jyiti- f. (in compounds) `life', jytu Gen., jytum Akk. `life' (in Old Indic if this ep. Ionian , gort. ` live ' (from *-, Indo Germanic *gi-i), Aor.

(*gii-m with vokal. i, which was presumably supported by ), Attic , , (*, Indo Germanic *gi-), ` living ', `life', `animal'; gr. `fit, healthy' (*sugiis ` living well ');

smart'; Old Prussian geits `bread', Old Church Slavic ito ` corn, grain '.

Avestan jti- f. `life', Old Indic jr- `agile, lively, rash, hasty', Avestan jra- ` brisk of mind,

*g *g- (except in baltosl. *gti-, see above) in Avestan yava-j- ` perpetually living ',

Maybe alb. Geg gja `thing, property' : Old pers. gai `entity, house and courtyard '; living ', Modern High German keck, Swiss check `strong, tight, firm' (kk from a form with kw kvikr, kykr (Akk. kykkvan) ` living ', also Modern High German Quecke, Old English cwice ` as Middle High German quicken ` refresh '), Old English cwicu, cucu ` living ', Old Norse With Indo Germanic g-suffix (gg-): Old High German quh and quk, Gen. quckes `

orchard grass, cocksfoot grass, cock's foot' (from the extraordinary vitality and germ strength of the plant); Latvian dzga `life' (as dzve ds.), dzgut ` live ' (as dzvut ds.).

quiver `agile, lively, nimble', Frisian kwistern ` wave, wag (tail, etc.), sashay ', kwispeln ` awake, smart'.

kindle, inflame', with other further formation Old English cwiferlce Adv. `keen, eager', engl. sich rasch und unruhig hin und her bewegen ', Swedish dial. kvd `throw', jt. kwr `alert, B. from *giiu-, gu-: iuu Latin vvus ds., Oscan bivus Pl. ` vivi ', cymr. biw, corn. biw ` horned cattle ' (`*living cattle '), Lithuanian gvas, Latvian dzvs, Old Church Slavic iv ` living '; with : gr. `life' (*gi-u-os), Gothic qius ` living ' (gaqiunan ` '), air, biu, beo, with : Old Indic jv- ` living, m. life', Old pers. jva-, Avestan jva- (i.e. jva-) ` living ' =

Germanic words for lively movement of all kind, thus except Old Norse kveikja ` animate,

active ' to, seems unjustified. Wood KZ. 45, 68 puts in a line an nord. kvikr etc. also plenty

Latin vigre `be lively ' separate from vegre ` move, excite, quicken, arouse, be lively,

cymr. byw, bret. beo, corn. byw, bew ` living ' (therefrom Celtic *bivo-tt-s in Old Irish bethu, Gen. bethad = cymr. bywyd `life'); *g- in Celtic *bitu-, Old Irish bith (Gen. betho), cymr. byd, bret. bed `world';

Maybe alb. (*g(i)i-t ) bot `world' : ; `life, means of living, substance, the world, mankind, etc.' common Celtic - Illyrian gr. g- . b-. gall. Bitu-rges, i.e. ` Leute des Weltknigs ' (compare the similar meaning from Avestan

ga); besides zero grades Indo Germanic *geito- in cymr. bwyd `eat', acorn. buit `dish,

food', abret. boitolion ` esciferis ', nbret. boed `nourishment, food'; the disyllabic Old Irish biad, Gen. biid `nourishment, dish, food' (previous *biveto-m). with k-suffix: Latin vvx ` tenacious of life, long-lived, vivacious, lively, vigorous ', similar with t-suffix: 1. with : Old Indic jvita-m ` life, living being etc.', Lithuanian gyvat `life,

formation with Lithuanian gyvkas ` living ', distant Old Indic jvaka- ds.;

jvatha-; common Latin g- > gv- > v-.

livelihood, farm ' = Latin vta `life' (*guot) and Old Church Slavic ivot m. `life', Old Indic

Maybe alb. jeta : Bolognese vtta : Bresciano eta : Latin vta `life'. Root / lemma: aiu-, aiu- : `vital energy, vitality' derived from reduced Root / lemma: gei-3 and gei- : g(i)ii- : g(i)ii- : g-, frequent, often with -u- extended: to live i i : English Italian Spanish French Aragones Basque Breton Bolognese Bresciano Albanian Calabrese Catanese Corsican Furlan life vita vida vie bida bizi buhez vtta eta jet vita vita vita vite Note:

Galician Irish Scots Gaelic Welsh Manx Papiamentu Latin Leccese Leonese Lucchese Mudns Napulitano Paduan Portuguese Romanian vita bea

vida beatha beatha bywyd

bida

vita vida vita vtta vita vita vida via vida

Sardinian Logudoresu Sicilian Triestino Umbro-Sabino Wallon vye vita vita vita

Note: common Illyrian g- > b-.

2. with : , masc. ; `life, means of living, substance, the world, mankind, etc.';

with oi: Lithuanian gaivs `alert, awake, smart, living '; viv, Old Church Slavic iv ` live ' (Inf. iti see above), extended Lithuanian gyven ` live '; Old Indic jinvati, pr-jini ` be alive, get excited; stimulate, animate, refresh '.
7

verbal derivative: Old Indic jvati, Avestan jvaiti (i.e. jvaiti) `lives', ap. jv ` live!' = Latin

Page(s): 467-469

I 298, 300, 330, 501 , 675 , Trautmann 75 f.

6 4

References: WP. I 668 ff., Meillet Introduction 165, Specht KZ. 62, 111, Schwyzer Gr. Gr.

elb Root / lemma: gel h

Meaning: womb; young of animal

an animal '; Old Indic s-garbhya- ` son of the same mother, brother and sister ' (= gr. ds.);

Material: Old Indic grbha-, Avestan garwa- `womb, foetus', grbu n. ` the young of

from (Hom.) `couterinus, brother ' (*-[]-), next to which Attic Germanic Dekl. 268) reconstructs from gr. - . (Hes.) an originally root *gel-; ds.; m. f. `piglet', , - m. `dolphin', Hes.; Specht (Indo

gr. , - f., Doric ` womb, uterus' (see below); * n. ds. as base

English cilforlamb ds. (besides of es-stem Old High German kilbira ds. and - with gradation *gel-, *geleb - ` clench '), which point to purely velar anlaut (as gall.-Latin galba and Gothic kil-ei `womb' etc.). Different and mutually influencing but similar in sound families lie before: *gelb -,
h h h h h

the -us-stem reappears in Old High German kilbur n., chilburra f. `mother lamb', Old

after o-stem as , grbha- - Modern High German Kalb, see above S. 359 under

*gereb -, and from gel- extended b -forms whose stem formation and specific meaning, however, in Germanic are presumably assumed by absorption from gelb -forms. References: WP. I 692 f., WH. I 578, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 295.

Page(s): 473

Meaning: to stick; pain, death

elRoot / lemma: gel-1

Material: 1. Gr. ` wasp, hornet', Hes.; [g- d- Illyrian Albanian].

gr. f. `cusp, peak, needle', Hom.; but n. `projectile' probably `trickle down, drip; throw'; , , Arcadian Doric ` spit, cusp, peak, pointed square pillar, obelisk, coin' s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 295; Balto Slavic *gelieti ` it stings, hurts ' in: prick', Giltin ` death goddess, death ', glas m. `end, death, bottom, stretch, part, slice, lump ' and gl `pain' (= Modern High German Qual), Latvian gals `cusp, peak, end, ablaut. gulsennin Akk. `pain'; region', dzelt `prick'; Old Prussian Akk. gallan, Vok. golis m. `death', gallintwei `slay', russ.-Church Slavic elj, elti ` mourn ', Old Czech eleti ` bemoan ', Old Church Lithuanian glti `prick', unpers. `ache', glti ` begin to ache ', gelu, geluons `sting, rather to , s. about the secondary amalgamation with the latter family under 2. gel-

Slavic elja f. `affliction', ablaut. Old Church Slavic al f. `pain', Old Russian al ds., russ. al f. ` pity', dial. `grave, graveyard ', etc.;

branch, finger' (from e before ), in alb. glisht `finger' (Pedersen KZ. 39, 393, Jokl IF. 36, ` touch, feel, grope '), alb. gr. glimp (gjmp, gjmbi) `thorn' (*gle-mo-, Jokl aaO. 141);

the pure physical meaning ` pricking, pointed ' presumably also in Armenian ciu `twig,

125, whereupon at first from *glen-st-; Brugmann IF. 11, 286 Anm. had compared

but Middle English quille, engl. quill ` long feather; weaver's reel, pen made from a feather; hollow spine found on some animals (i.e. porcupines) ', Middle High German kil, Modern High German Federkiel (why w dwindled?), westfl. kwile ` quill ' have derived because of

mrhein. Keil `keel, wedge ' (Middle High German *kl) probably an i-root, whether not folk etymology distortions exit through influence of Middle High German Middle Low German kl `wedge' and Middle High German kiel `ship'. 2. With the meaning `pain - sorrow - death': Armenian keem ` afflict ' (Meillet Msl. 8, 165);

nevertheless barely after Pedersen KG. II 459 as namely `it throws life away ' to -, esp. an infectious or contagious disease, a plague, pest, pestilence', cymr. aballu (*ad.
e

Old Irish at-baill ` dies ' (ess + baln- from *gl-n- with prefixed object pronoun `it';

because of the meaning `die' returns also out of Celtic; compare also corn. bal `a deadly,

ballu), ballu `die' (*gl-n-), ad-feilio (*ate-bal- from *g l-) ds.; Note: common Illyrian g- > b-

different EM 1129);
2

perhaps Latin vallessit ` perierit ' (placed as Celtic verb, a present *gal-n ahead;

Old Norse kvelia ` afflict ', Old Saxon quellian, Old High German quellen ds., Old English murder'; Old Saxon qula ` agony, torture ', Old High German qual ds., `violent death',

Old High German Old Saxon quelan, qual ` endure sorrow ', Old English cwelan `die';

cwellan `slay'; Old Norse kvl f. ` torment, pain, agony', Old English civalu `killing, violent

Modern High German Qual (lengthened grade as Lithuanian gl, Old Church Slavic al); Old High German, Old Saxon qualm ` death. devastation ', Old English cwealm ds., Swedish kvalm ` abrupt indisposition, minor illness, nausea '; Old English cwield `death' Old Norse kveld n. (*gel-t-) `evening'. KZ. 40, 420.

(gel-t-), cwieldtd ` eventide (*end of day'), Old High German quiltiwerk ` evening work ', About ` anlaut variations ' (probably at best rhyme meaning) s. Siebs KZ. 37, 315, Lewy

References: WP. I 689 f., Trautmann 83, Vendryes RC 40, 433 ff. Page(s): 470-471

elel- l Root / lemma: gel-2, gel-, gl-

Meaning: to drip, flow; to throw, *boil over

Material: a) Old Indic glati ` trickles down, falls down, disappears ', galit- ` vanishes, retreats, withdraws ', Kaus. glayati ` pours away, makes flow, strains off '; Old Indic runnel ' = ga-rana-m (Gramm.); galana- ` dribbling, running ' (Lex.), n. ` the trickling, gully, trench, ditch, small ravine, gr. ` bath attendant ', `spa, bath' (> Latin balneum); , `

Note: though after Wackernagel KZ. 67, 159 belong a) and b) variant verbs.

gush forth ' (formation after ), `humid, wet' Hes., and from the family of in Eryke', compare also ` flow '; Note: common Illyrian g- > b-. In e- grade: Hittite: kweluwana- (kuluwana-) c. ' washbasin, bowl ' (Tischler 604) English (ge)collen `swollen', Old High German quella, Modern High German Quelle,

in similar meaning ` bubbling up (of water)', ` bubbling fountain

Old High German quellan (quall) `spring up, bubble, to swell' (ll probably from ln), Old

Middle Low German qualm (`*the gushing forth ' =) `fume, smoke, vapor, smoke', Old

Danish kval `vapor, haze, mist'; Modern High German Qualle, Dutch kwal, kwalle ` medusae '. In connecting meaning (perhaps from ` cave in, crumple, collapse inward ') Old Indic

gl-ti, glyati ` feels tired, is irritated, dwindles ', participle gln-, glna-m, glni- ` decay '?

exhaustion, feebleness, decline, reduction ', Kaus. glpyati ` exhaust, press; allow to b) Avestan nirire ` they are flung down ' (ni-gar-);

, Hes., Aor. , Perf. --, Aor. ` received a

gr. `throw, cast, hit, strike ' (*g ln-), zero grade Arcadian =
e

shot, was offended, hurt ', , ; ` throw, cast, of dice, of a missile, shot, --;

wound, coverlet ', , m. ds., , - ` missile ', , - `projectile', Note: common Illyrian g- > b-. From New Testament Greek - ` to throw beside or by ' > ` juxtaposition, comparison, a comparison, illustration, analogy, a parable, i. e. a fictitious parabola `parable ' > Italian narrative by which some religious or moral lesson is conveyed, a by-word, proverb ' > Latin bai : Ladin bai : Bresciano parl : Calabrese parl : Catalan parlar : Catanese parari : Furlan sfevel : Galician falar : Portuguese falar : Albanian geg me fol ` to speak ', Albanian tosk flas ` speak', Aorist fola ` spoke'. speak', Aorist fola ` talk '. parlare : Spanish hablar : French parler : Bergamasco

Also Spanish hablar : French parler : Galician falar : Portuguese falar : Albanian tosk flas ` from Celtic perhaps cymr. blif ` catapult ' (*gl-mo-, compare gr. -); about Old Tocharian AB kl- `fall', Van Windekens Lexique 40. ' places one to also (?) the gr. family of ` will, wish, be willing ' counsel '; but Thessalian , Doric - from *gelso-; here also ` prevail With a meaning development ` sich im Geiste auf etwas werfen, ,

Irish at-baill ` dies ' s. gel- `prick';

(*, Konj. of s-Aor. to ); , Doric : f. ` resolution, decision, advice,

god, O that! Would God!'.

References: WP. I 690 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 284, 693 under Anm. 9.

Page(s): 471-472 ell Root / lemma: gel-3, g l-, glMeaning: acorn; oak? Note: only in derivatives with the meaning ` acorn ' receive (after Specht Indo Germanic
e e e e e

`oak';

Material: Armenian kain, Gen. kanoi ` acorn ' (*g l()-eno-, from dem Gen.); kani gr. m. ` acorn ' (g l-no-); Note: common Illyrian g- > b-.

Dekl. 60 f. previous noun gel-s, secondary gl-s, Gen. g l-s) el

and *gliia in Lithuanian gl ` acorn ', Old Prussian gile ` acorn, oak'; extension -n-d- in: Latin glns, glandis f. ` acorn ';

Proto Baltic *gls (*gl-s), Gen. *gls, what from *glii in Latvian (d)zle, Lithuanian gyl,

Maybe alb. Geg land, tosk (*glandis) lnde : Galician landra ` acorn ' [Italian ghianda, French gland, Albanian geg land, Catalan gla, Galician landra, Romagnolo, gnda, gianda, Bolognese gianda, Bresciano gianda.] Roman ghianna, Romanian ghind, Umbro-Sabino ghianna, Venetian gianda, Zeneize Lithuanian gilndra, gilndr ` rich harvest in fruits (originally acorn '); lud m. ds. 173, 230. russ.-Church Slavic elud (Slavic *eld) m. ` acorn ', Serbo-Croatian ld m., russ.

References: WP. I 692, WH. I 604 f., Trautmann 82, Specht KZ. 66, 56, Indog. Dekl. 60 f., Page(s): 472-473 emRoot / lemma: gemPage(s): 473

See also: see above g-.

Meaning: to raise the voice; praise

er()Root / lemma: ger()-4

abhigrya), sam-girat ` promises, pledges ', gurt `greets', gr f., Gen. gir ` laudation,

Material: Old Indic grti, grt ` sings, praises, praises, announces ' (Fut. gariyati, Abs.

jartay- ` laudation song ', aibi-jartar- `lauder' = Old Indic jaritr- ` caller, singer, bard,

praise, laudation; praise song ' (=Old Indic gir), garah- n. ` laudation, canticle ', aibi-

song ', Avestan gar-, aibi-grnte ` praise, lobend einstimmen ', garo Gen. f. ` laudation,

` laudation ' = Latin grts Pl. f. ` gratitude ' (in addition grtia `acceptableness, good favor, grace, gratitude '), Old Indic grt- ` welcome ' = Latin grtus `compliant, praiseworthy, grateful '; Oscan brateis ` favor, esteem, regard, liking, love, friendship, partiality;

glorifier', Avestan *-gra- ` approving ' in grmati- ` sense of approval '; Old Indic grt- f.

thankfulness, gratitude, acknowledgment ', ` a service, office, post, employment, Note: common Illyrian g- > b-.

function, duty; burden, tribute; a service, favor, kindness; present, gift ', Paelignian bratom; here gall.-Latin bardus ` bard ', Old Irish bard, cymr. bardd ds. (*gr-d(h)o-s); alb. grshs, grish ` invite to the wedding '; Also alb. grthas `scream' Maybe alb. Geg grshan `scissors', grshet `braid, tress, plait, queue, tail, plat' `praise, laud', pogirrien Akk. Sg. ` laudation ', also Lithuanian gras `good' and Old Church With b- extended: Lithuanian gerbti `honour', garb `honour', Old Prussian gerbt, grbt Lithuanian giri, grti `praise, laud, vaunt ', Latvian dzirtis ` boast ', Old Prussian girtwei

Slavic gran (*gornos) ` formula, verse' (u likewise, see Berneker 332).

`speak', grbin `number'; Old Norse karp ` boastfulness ' does not prove for original g in through hybridization with onomatopoeic words with Germanic k- in anlaut.
h

this b-extension ger-b-, because it would be reshuffled from from the equal meaning garp With d -extension perhaps here (see above gall. bardus) Armenian kardam ` raise the

voice ', Lithuanian gerdas `clamor, message, official notice, communication transmitted

Prussian gerdaut `say', Latvian dzrdt `hear', Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 552 with Lithuanian maybe alb. (*garsas) grthas > thras `scream' : Lithuanian garsas ` clangor '. probably - from *ger-s-); gr. . ; . ; Hes. (i.e.

through a messenger ', i-girsti ` accepted to hear ', girdti `hear', garsas ` clangor ', Old

Old High German queran `sigh'.

everywhere possible; however, the concept of high utterance is unmistakeable here under ger- combined words, not surely to be attached therefore up to d -extension. Page(s): 478 References: WP. I 686 f., WH. I 583, 619 f., Trautmann 88 f.
h

Compared with the similar onomatopoeic words ger-, r- a sure separation is not

Meaning: to devour; throat

ererRoot / lemma: ger-1, ger-

-gr (in compounds) ` devouring ', -gara- ds. (aja-gara- ` devouring nanny goats , boa ' :gr. -, Latin carni-vorus, gr. ` voracious ') Note: common Illyrian g- > b-,

Material: 1. Old Indic girti, gilti, grti `devours' (Fut. gariyati, participle gr- ` devour';

gala- `throat' (perhaps to parallel root *g()el- `intertwine, entwine; devour, swallow up, engulf, consume'), tuvi-gri-, -gra- ` devouring a lot '; Avestan jaraiti ` gulp, sip, swallow, send down the throat', -gar (in compounds) `

gar- ` drink, beverage, liquid which is swallowed to quench one's thirst, draught, potion',

devouring ' (asp-gar- `horse v.'), f. Pl. `throat, neck ', npers. gul `throat', Avestan garman- `throat, neck '; Maybe Latin gula ` throat '. `throat' (also krcum ` gnaw '?? Pedersen KZ. 39, 427); alb. ngran ` eaten '; Note: alb. hangra `I ate' : Armenian eker ` ate ' (common Avestan Greek Armenian aorist prefix); From there alb. Geg. hangr ` to eat ', ha ` to eat '. above), `consume', hom. Opt. Perf. ; , , `dish, Gr. I 361); Note: common Illyrian g- > b-. gr. f. ` food fed to livestock, dish, food' (= Latin *vor, whereof vorre), (see Armenian ker `dish, food, food fed to livestock ', kur ds. (*g r-), eker ` ate ', kokord
u

food', ` trencherman '; - could have also originated from *gr- (Schwyzer Gr. Maybe alb. bar ` fodder, grass, food fed to livestock '. gr. , hom. , Arcadian , `gullet';

n) ds., Jokl Ml. Pedersen 139 ff.; Note:

*grn, in addition zgurdh (*dz-g rda) ` intestines, entrails', nger(r), angrr (*a-n-g ro ou

alb. zorr ` bowel ', Pl. ` intestines, entrails' (`*food fed to livestock, bowels ') from

herhorger- : to devour; throat; but from Root / lemma: her-5, hor-n : bowels. [common alb. erh- > z-]. Latin vor, -re (see above) ` engorgement ', vorgo `gullet', carni-vorus; Maybe alb. uri `hunger' a Latin loanword. Maybe alb. Geg (*ger- gha) verza ` (*throat), gill of fish'. crow ' (proto Celtic *brvato-, *brvan after Fick II 181; *br = gr. -?); Old Icelandic krs f. ` tidbit ' (*gr-so-);
4

Maybe alb. zorr `bowel', Pl. ` intestines, entrails' didn't derive from Root / lemma: ger-1, er-

Old Irish tarae `dish, food' (*to-gr-ii?), mcymr. breuad ` dead worm ', breuan ` carrion Old High German querdar ` sugarplum, bait' (*kver-ra-), Modern High German `bait';

Balto Slavic *gir and *ger ` gobble' in: Slavic *ger), ablaut. Lithuanian gris m. ` drinking, drink ' and gir f. ` beverage, drink '; Kaus. Lithuanian grdyti, Latvian dzirdt ` water, soak '; Slavic *r-o, erti in Old Church Slavic pro, porti, sloven. porm, porti, Old Lithuanian geri, grti, Latvian dzeu, dzert `drink' (Baltic *geri reshaped from Balto

Czech poru poieti ` entwine; devour, swallow up, engulf, consume, gobble up ', besides Slavic *er, rati in Czech eru, rti ` devour ', compare russ. port ` eat up '; Balto Slavic participle Perf. Pass. *grta- in Lithuanian grtas ` drunk, intoxicated ': Old

Church Slavic port ` devourer ' (*gr-to-, compare Old Indic gr- ` devour'); Balto Slavic gurtla- n. `craw, throat' in: cartilage in the front of the throat ';

Old Prussian gurcle f. ` gullet ', Lithuanian gurkls m. `craw, Adam's apple, projection of

Maybe alb. (*gurk-) gryk `throat' a borrowing of Lithuanian gurkls m. `craw, Adam's apple, projection of cartilage in the front of the throat ';

', poln. gardo ds., russ. goro ds., besides Slavic *rdlo in russ.-Church Slavic vozopi jaw, gullet'; Old Russian erelo ` embouchure, estuary ';

Slavic *grdlo n. in russ.-Church Slavic grlo `throat', Serbo-Croatian glo ` neck, gullet

erlom ` crying voice ' and klr. rlo ` riverbed '; as well as Slavic *erdlo in sloven. rlo `

Maybe alb. grell `deep place, abyss' a Slavic borrowing. wolverine ' (compare above Old Indic -gara- ` devouring ', gr. ` voracious ', Latin 2. With full or fractured reduplication: jrgura-; Old Indic grgara- `gullet, whirlpool'; Intens. ni-galgalti, ni-jalgulti `devours', participle Baltic -gara- ` devouring ' in Lithuanian pra-garas `abyss, hell', Latvian pragars `

carni-vorus ` carnivorous ').

';

whirl, deep pool ', gurgustium (suffix after angustiae) ` a small, mean dwelling, a hovel, hut Old High German quer(e)kela, querka ` gullet ', Old Norse kverk (*gerg) `craw,

Latin gurguli (-ur- as in Balto-Slavic) ` gullet, windpipe ', gurges `(gullet =) whirlpool,

whereof Old Frisian querka, Old Norse kyrkia ` strangulate ';

gvrgti, gvardti ` be hoarse ', Latvian gverg(z)dt `creak, babble, chatter '; s. above WH. I 628; 3. With formants -u-: gr. Attic , Ionian , Lesbian :, , Doric ` neck, nape ' (*ger-u); Note: [common Illyrian Albanian g- > d-]. due to an - feminine *g(e)r: *gru ` neck, throat area ' in: r land between rivers ', grvis ` tall grass'; Old Indic grv f., Avestan grv ` nape ', Latvian grva ` embouchure, estuary; triangular Old Church Slavic griva `mane', grivna `collar, neckband'. Maybe alb. krifa `mane', grifsh ` jay, shrew, lumberjack ' Slavic loanwords.

Lithuanian gargalioju ` groan, gurgle '; after Specht KZ. 59, 110 here Lithuanian
1

4. As gh gh-extension presumably here *grgh-: ghgh Hes., m. `gullet, throat'; Note: common Illyrian g- > b-. in gr. , Aor. ` devoured ', hom. -, -, -,

Old Norse kragi ` neckwear, collar ', Middle English crawe, engl. craw ` bird or insect's

Middle High German krage ` neck, throat, nape '; Modern High German Kragen ` collar ',

crop; stomach ' (lengthened grade in addition Middle Low German krch, krch ` hostelry, small, mean dwelling, a hovel, hut ');

inn ', Modern High German Krug in the meaning ` inn '? meaning as in Latin gurgustium ` a Old Irish brgae ` neck, nape ' (*grg-nt-), acymr. abal-brouannou ` throat ' (actually `

abret. Brehant-Dincat gl. ` guttur receptaculi pugnae ', maybe from *brg-, Pedersen KG. 100. Note: common Illyrian g- > b-. With nasalization in addition perhaps gr. m., Ionian ` windpipe ',

Adams apple'), mcymr. breuant ` windpipe ' (proto Celtic *brg-); acorn. briansen `guttur',

, ` gill of fish; trachea, windpipe ' seems in Vok. reshaped after 103), but it must be separated from to (: ` jangle, crack, shout ', Old Indic brhati ` barrire '? Johansson KZ. 36, 345). Note: Gr. , ` gill of fish' : alb. Geg (*ger- gha) verza ` (*throat), gill of fish' : ererard Root / lemma: ger-1, ger- : ` to devour; throat ' > Root / lemma: b ar : ` beard'
h h

`be hoarse', ` hoarseness ', that related to Old Irish brongide `hoarse' (above

Latvian brda `gill of fish' : Latvian : brda `beard' [f ]; brzda (dial.) `beard'.

`gurgle' (: Armenian kerkerim `become hoarse'?) perhaps through labialization after forms with - ( `subterraneous, underground jail, water pipe '), yet is previously gerReferences: WP. I 682 ff., WH. I 627 f., Trautmann 89 f., 98, Specht KZ. 59, 110, 1. Page(s): 474-476 besides ger- because of gel- besides gel- is safe.

5. With pure velar: gr. Hes., ` uvula in mouth',

Meaning: heavy

erer- eru- er Root / lemma: ger-2, ger-, geru-, ger-

Material: Old Indic guru- ` heavy, important, venerable ' (compounds gryn, Sup.

griha-), gru- ` available, unoccupied; unmarried', gru-mu- ` heavy handful ',

garim ` heaviness' (*ger-); Avestan gouru- (in compound) ` heavy '; npers. girn ` heavy ' (*grna-; reshuffling after *frna- `full'); gr. ` heavy ', `beschwere', n. ` heaviness'; Note: common Illyrian

g- > b-.

Maybe alb. barr ` burden, pregnancy '. Latin gravis ` heavy, weighty ' (*gr-u-is); bryw `strong, strength ' (*bruwo-), Middle Irish br `bulk, mass'; Note: common Illyrian g- > b-. Gothic karjs Nom. Pl. f. ` heavy ', karjan ` grouch'; (from the winds) ', gurds ` fatigued, faint, languid' (compare also and gravis in the Lithuanian grstu, grti ` lie down (from the winds) ', Latvian gurstu, gurt ` tire; lie down Middle Irish bair ` heavy ' (?), baire ` distress (?)', bruth ` weight, mass' (*grutu-), cymr.

meaning ` weighted, pressed down, faint, languid'), whereof with further shifting from ` sorrowful ' : gr. `tame, domesticated') perhaps:

faint, languid, weighted ' to `tame, domesticated, mild' (compare Old High German jmar ` Gothic qarrus ` of persons, gentle, kind ', qarrei ` gentleness, softness, kindness ', Old

Norse kyrr, kvirr `still, peaceful', Middle High German krre, Modern High German kirre ` tame, domesticated, trustful ' (*ger-rs or -ers, -urs); insensible, unreasonable '; Latvian grts ` heavy ' = Latin brtus (Oscan-Umbrian loanword) ` heavy, clumsy, Tocharian A kra-marts ` heavy ' (?); Van Windekens Lexique 44. (Esels)mhle ' (*gernu-), Old Norse kvern f. (*gern) ` millstone, quern ', Old English cweorn ds., Old High German quirn, quirna ds.; zero grade Balto Slavic -stem grn- f. `quern ' (*rnu-) in: Here further as n- derivatives from ger- and geru-: Gothic (asilu-) qarnus `

dens molaris ';

f. Pl. and Lithuanian grnos f. Pl.; in addition Lithuanian gerktis, Latvian dzerkslis m. `

Old Prussian girnoywis (*girnuwis), Latvian dzirnus, dzirnavas; besides Latvian dzirnas

f. `quern ', poln. arna N. Pl. ds.; russ. rnov m. ` millstone ';

Old Church Slavic rnvi f. Pl. `mill', in addition rnov m. ` millstone '; sloven. rnv Old Church Slavic rny `mill', and on the other hand Old Indic grvan- m. ` stone to

millstone, quern ', cymr. breuan (from the stem of the oblique case *grun-), acorn. brou, bret. breo (nominative case form *gru) ` millstone '. ger-: besides Old Indic gr-yan (?, see above) here: er trans. grouch ', probably also `( massive) attack, rage, fury, abusive word, insult ', gr. n. ` force, weight, load', ` massive, heavy ', `be heavy, loaded,

press the Soma ', Armenian erkan ` millstone ' (*grn), Old Irish bru, Gen. broon `

Hes.; `tight, firm, strong', next to which the composition form *()- in - ` crying intensely ' Note: common Illyrian g- > b-. Maybe alb. britm ` scream', britm ` autumn month '. and perhaps previously from den compounds released, gr. - (`wer groen Schaden bringt'), - Hes. (

` heavy be angry with', `vast, grand, strong', ,

towards something '; --present , Hes.; worth '; Note: common Illyrian g- > b-.

man, husband' on grounds of the image ` rush with the whole weight of ones strength

from the pride of strength or from passion, insolence, lust, lewdness ', ` violent

liberated), here with prefix gr. - (*ud) probably also gr. ` wanton violence, arising

Old Irish brg ` force, power, value, worth ', cymr. bri ` stateliness ', corn. bry ` value, Modern High German Krieg, Old High German krg ` stubbornness ', Middle High

themselves, strive, fight, attain, achieve ' (*grgh-, respectively Germanic partly grigh-)?? '? Latvian grins `cruel, savage, angry, irate', grnums ` hardness, austereness, severeness

German kriec ` exertion, fight, struggle', md. Middle Low German krgen ` exert

Page(s): 476-477

References: WP. I 684 ff., WH. I 117 f., 621, Trautmann 89.

Meaning: mountain

Root / lemma: ger-3, goreror-

Material: Old Indic gir- m. `mountain', Avestan gairi- ds.; tableland, hill, plateau ' (*gerio-?); Note: common Illyrian g- > d-. Anm. 2); Hes.?; loanword *;

ores, ros Grammatical information: originally inflection gores Gen. g ros gr. (Hes.) `hill', ` with high cliffs ', , Cretan f. `hill,
e e e e

in addition `northerly wind' (to * ` mountain ', Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 461 and the thrak. VN - ` living beyond the mountain ' contains probably gr. lit nugar `back, ridge ';

`wood, forest', Latvian dzi ds., and Old Prussian garian n. (Akk. garrin) `tree'; further Latvian gar `wood, forest', gras `swamp, marsh';

with the meaning development ` mountain - mountain wood - tree ': Lithuanian gr, giri

Old Church Slavic gora `mountain', Serbo-Croatian gra `mountain, wood, forest', etc. alb. gur `rocks, stone' (g ri-) = Armenian ar ` stone' Also alb. (*g res) grxh `rock' References: WP. I 682, Trautmann 78, Pedersen La cinqunder dcl. Latin 37, 66. Page(s): 477-478
e e

eruRoot / lemma: geruMeaning: pole, pike kniu); Material: Avestan grava- `stick, cane, rod, reed ' (to ablaut compare Latin genu: Gothic Latin uer, -s n. `spit, pike'; Umbrian berva ` uerua ', berus ` ueribus '; common Illyrian g- > b-. Old Irish bi(u)r n., later f., `spear, javelin, spit, pike', cymr. corn. bret. ber f., m. ds.; Note: Gothic qaru n. `picket, pole, sting, prick';

bursting with, to be bristling ', n. ` moss, catkin, type of flower without petals ', High German Middle High German krt, aschs. krd `herb'.

perhaps as `twig, branch' to gr. ` sprout, bud, to be full of, to abound with, to be

n. ` the newborn child ' and (?) Germanic *krda- (Indo Germanic *gr-to-) in Old About Latin bruscum ` an excrescence on the maple-tree ' s. WH. I 117. Page(s): Page(s): 479 References: WP. I 689.

Meaning: to extinguish

es- zges esRoot / lemma: ges-, zges-

Material: Old Indic jsate, jsyati ` is exhausted ', jsyati ` extinguishes, exhausts '; inextinguishable ', with - after - (see below) for lautges. -, that in (*zdn- from *zgesn-) Hes. is present; Note: common Illyrian g- > b-. `I die, I am extinguished ' (from the 2. Sg. -zgs-s, 1. Pl. -zgs-me `from which , , whereupon also etc. because of type and weil also in the root final sound s for the sense of language no longer existed); Ionian gr. Attic ` extinguish ' (for *), Aor. hom. -, `

` extinguish, put out ', from * from a present *[], next to Lithuanian gst (old gsu), gesau, gsti ` die, be extinguished, be exhausted ',

which with from the type carried anlaut [], [] Hes.; causative gesa, gesti and gesin, gesnti ` extinguish, put out ', gesm `small, still extinguished, become cool ', dzu (dzeu), dzsu (dzesu), dzst (dzest) ` quench;

smoldering fire'; Latvian dzistu (from *genstu), dzisu, dzist (ablaut derailment), ` die, be annihilate ', dzesma (dzsma) `the cool breath, breeze in the morning ', dzstrs `cool';

Maybe reduced alb. (*ga-su) shuaj [extinguish, put out] Slavic ugasiti ` extinguish '; it is insecure, if in addition the changing by ablaut gs- in Old Old Bulgarian causative *ga, *gasiti ` die, be extinguished, leave', in Old Church

(Pedersen IF. 5, 47; perhaps as *gd-s-os to nasalized Lithuanian gadinu-, -inti `daunt, 155). from here Celtic *bs- `die'? (see below gem-, g- `go, come'); em-

Bulgarian uas, russ. as `fright', Old Bulgarian asiti `daunt, scare' is present

scare', isi-gst, -ganda -gsti `frighten, intrans.', gstis `fright', Scheftelowitz IF. 33,

die, be extinguished ', whereof Gothic qistjan, fraqistjan `spoil, trans.', fraqistnan `spoil, intrans.', Old High German firquisten `spoil, trans.'. Page(s): 479-480 References: WP. I 693, Trautmann 86, Feist 388 f.

doubtful is the kinship from Old High German quist f. `ruin, annihilation ' as *ges-ti-s `*

Meaning: resin

etRoot / lemma: get-1 Material: Old Indic jtu n. ` varnish, rubber '; Latin bitmen ` bitumen, asphaltum ' (Oscan-Umbrian or Celtic loanword); betulla `birch'

(gall. loanword), Middle Irish be(i)the (*betui) ` the pale, evergreen box-tree ', cymr. bedw bitumen ex ea Galli excoquunt ', Plinius NH. XVI 75); Note: common Illyrian g- > b-.

(*betu) ` the birch ', corn. bedewen `populus', bret. bezuen ` the birch ' (named, because ` Old English hwt cuidu, cweodo, cwudu ` mastic ', Old High German cuti ` gluten ',

Middle High German kte, kt, Modern High German ktt, kitt ` putty '; changing through Norwegian kda, kvda ` beestings '. Page(s): 480 References: WP. I 672, WH. I 112.

ablaut Old Norse kva f. `resin', Old Danish kvade, Norwegian dial. kvde ` birch juice ',

Meaning: to speak

etRoot / lemma: get-2 Material: Old Indic gadati `says' (whether through analog. influence from *gtati)? sogd. ym, am `I say', ut `he says' (Proto-Iranian *jt-ati);

nouns); Gothic qian `say, speak, name', Old Norse kvea ds. and ` sing, poetize ', Old Old Saxon quean, Old High German quedan ds.; Old Icelandic kvir ` saying, gossip ',

Armenian koem (*got-i-) ` shout, name, invite ', ko `invitation' (probably to post verbal

English cwean `speak, say, name, order, define', Old Frisian quetha `say, speak, signify',

(compare Old Norse sam-kvr ` accordant, suitable; harmonious, agreeing, concordant,

summoning, commitment ' is to kvea retrograde shaped; Gothic un-qs ` inexpressible '

say ` bring to the discussion '); Old Norse kv ` demand, subpoena, invitation to court,

speak to, arrogate, exert', Old Saxon queddian, Old High German chetten `greet' (that is to

Old Saxon quidi stem m. `discourse, word'; causative Old Icelandic kveja `greet, address,

congruous '), sama-qiss f. ` accord, agreement, settlement ' (*get-ti-), to Old English gecwiss f. ` conspiracy, plot '. References: WP. I 672, Feist 389, G. Morgenstierne NTS. 7, 116 ff.

Page(s): 480-481

Meaning: to sink, submerge, plunge

b Root / lemma: gb -1 (or gb -?), g h h h

Material: Gr. ` dip, dunk ', , ` diving, coloration ' (Aeolic Hes. after , the same hybridization from with ; reconverted with metathesis from ); Note: common Illyrian g- > b-. maked. ` residuum of oil ' Hes.; whether also `dives' Hes.? submerge, choke; suppress, crush', kvafna intrans. `choke; suppress, crush', kaf n. ` depth Old Norse kvfa (Indo Germanic !), kfa trans. `choke; suppress, crush', Middle High A possible cognate, but only the meaning `deep' showing the Aryan root *g()emb -,
h h

Old Norse kafa `dive', kvefja (and kefja after the preterit kf from *kvf) trans. `

of the sea ', then ` dive, submersion, swimming under water '; Old Swedish kvaf `depth',

German erqueben ` choke; suppress, crush' (= Old Norse kvefja).

*g()mb - (whereas in Old Indic g of the zero grade or o-grade is carried out, compared

down at the bottom or inside ', Avestan jaiwi-vafra- Adj. `with deep snow', jafra- `deep', jfnu- ` immersion, sinking in '; compare Frisk nominal formation 30.
h

gambhra- n. `depth, abyss', gabh- m. `vulva', gabhi-k Avestan Adv. perhaps ` right

with Avestan j of the e-grade): Old Indic gabhr-, gambhr- `deep', gambha-, gmbhan-,

ablaut is a new formation. Page(s): 465-466

Fick places the root *gb - in what squeezes to the acceptance that Old Norse kvfa

References: WP. I 674, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 75.

Meaning: slimy; toad Note:

b(h)Root / lemma: gb(h)-2

b(h)/ lemma: gb(h)-2 : slimy; toad.

From Root / lemma: gb -1 (or gb -?), g - : to sink, submerge, plunge, derived Root b
h h h

Material: Presumably onomatopoeic; yet it is possible to reckon, that an old word for frog was involved previously only in the Germanic sound-coloring family. Aschs. quappa, quappia, quappo ` burbot ' (with onomatopoeic words of frequent

consonant gemination), out of it Middle High German quappe, quape, kobe, Modern High ` jelly or gelatinous things', Swedish dial. (s)kvabb ` something fat ', (s)kvebba ` squabby wife, woman', engl. quab `morass', quaver `tremble, vibrate '. In addition the verb of Norwegian dial. kvapa ` emit liquid ', Swedish dial. kvabba, ndd. quabbeln ` shake from Old Prussian gabawo ` toad ' (*gb(h)-); Maybe alb. zhgaba, shkaba, shqiponj, gabonj, zhgabonj ` vulture, eagle '. Slavic *gb ` toad ': in Old Church Slavic aba, russ. ba, Serbo-Croatian ba, etc. Maybe alb. zhaba ` toad ' a Slavic loanword. Page(s): 466 References: WP. I 674, WH. I 121, Trautmann 8.

German Quappe, holl. kwab(be) ` tadpole, frog or toad larva, craw, dewlap ', isl kvap, kvapi

fatness ';

Meaning: skin

iRoot / lemma: gi- (or gei-): g-

Note: with formants -no-, -locommon Illyrian g- > b-.

Material: Old Indic jna- ` leather bag', jla- `hose'; Middle Irish ban `skin, fell, fur'; Note: the Irish cognate word could certainly belong also to b ei- `hit', whose Celtic representative eih

have also the meaning `cut, clip' (compare scortum : scheren ) ; see above S. 118. Page(s): 469 References: References: WP. I 666.

n n) n Root / lemma: gn (*n

Meaning: woman, wife, *goddess Note:

n*g s, en- en Grammatical information: Gen. gn-s and *g n-s also Nom. gen-, gene

lemma: au auRoot / lemma: gn ` woman, wife, *goddess' could be a truncated Root / lemma: au-, n auvana): au- (*auvana : `to call, *priestess': mnl. godinne, Old English gyden `goddess' au auvana

Material: Old Indic gn (*gn) f. ` divine woman, goddess ' (to partly disyllabic *g n),
a

ds.;

ds. (Old Indic also jn); in compounds Old Indic lengthened grade -jni- = Avestan jni-

Gen. gns-; Avestan gn, n `wife, woman'; Old Indic jni- = Avestan jaini-, npers. zan

, New Phrygian ` woman, wife ' is probably loanword from Aeolic Gr.; differently Kleinhans with Pedersen Groupement 48 Anm.
u

Armenian kin (*gena) `woman', Pl. kanai-k (*g n-ai + Plur.- ending-k) ; Old Phrygian
e

suitor ', ` courtship ', ` lawful wife ' (with secondary --);
e

*gn-, from it *-, gr. - puts in ` unengaged, free ', in addition ` Old Irish ben (*gen), Gen. Sg. mn (*gn-s), Gen. Pl. ban (*g n-m), ), in the

gr. `woman' (*g n), Gen. , beside Boeotian (*g n), Pl. ;
e

feminine, female ', corn. ben-en ` bride, betrothed woman '; [common Illyrian g- > b-]. alb. gheg. grue, Tosc grua `wife, woman' (*gn-n), pl. gra; Note: alb. grua : Breton gwreg : Welsh gwraig `wife, woman'.

compound ban-(ban-ch ` female dog '); besides b n. ` woman ' (*gen); cymr. ben-yw `

after Vetter Gl. 23, 204 here Messapic benna `wife' and (?) lepont. venia (Gl. 15, 12); Note: corn. ben-en ` bride, betrothed woman ' = Messapic benna `wife'. German quene `woman, wife'; besides zero grade Middle High German kone, ds., Old
e

Gothic qino (*gen-n-) = Old English cwene, Old High German quena, Middle High

`wife' (*gni-s = Avestan jni-, Old Indic jni-), Old Norse kvn, kvn, Old English cwn, aschs. qun ds.; Old Prussian genna, Vok. genno `wife, woman'; Old Church Slavic ena `wife, woman'; enin ` female ' = Gothic qineins ds.; alb. zonj ` mistress, wife, woman' (*geni). Maybe alb. (*gani) zana `nymph, goddess', (*goni) zot m., Pl. zota f. `god' [common alb. n > nt > t] : npers. zan, Old Church Slavic ena `wife, woman'

Norse kona (Gen. Pl. kvenna) `wife, woman' (*g n-on-); lengthened grade Gothic qns

Sprachg. 37 f.

Tocharian A (Pl. snu) = ana (Obl. no) `wife, woman'; Pedersen Tocharian

References: WP. I 681 f., WH. I 112 f., Trautmann 84, Meillet Esquisse 84, Schwyzer Gr. Page(s): 473-474 Gr. 296, 582 f., Tagliavini L'Albanese di Dalmatia 126.

Meaning: to beg, wish for

hed Root / lemma: ghe h

Material: Avestan jaiyemi, Old pers. jadiymiy `I beg for, entreat'; gr. Aor. (*ghed -s-) ` plead, beg', participle - in ` curses,
h

disdains ', ` longs very much ', Pers.-N. -, Boeotian -; m., f. `longing, yearning, desire', ` long for, miss painfully, ask '; f. ` curse, enchantment, spell, bewitchment, taboo ' (*ghed -ti-s); guide `prayer' (*ghod i); foigde ` begging ' (*uo-gedi); cymr. gweddi `prayer' (*uo-godm);
h h

Old Irish guidiu ` beg ' (= ), Perf. 1. Sg. ro-gd, s-Konj. 1. Pl. gessam (etc.); geiss

long; be sad, mourn '; nasal present pasigend, -geda, -gsti `long; miss something ',

Lithuanian gedu-ju, -ti ` long, seek longingly, ask, want ', ged (and gedi), gedti `

of uo) from gdas `greed, lust; burdock', gods `avaricious, stingy', godios, godtis `lust, crave, whereupon crave, wish, eager, be avid '; in Slavic with implemented nasalization: Old Church Slavic d, dati, Old Czech

ablaut. causative gadnti `spoil, disturb, bother', hence secondary the -vocalism (instead

dati `lust, crave, after which covet ', d, dti ` cupere ', da ` thirst ', poln. dza ` lust, greed, lust, longing, yearning, wish'; doubtful because of the anlaut Old Norse ge n. (*gaia-) `sense, mind, character,

desire, lust', gelauss ` characterless ' perhaps = Old High German getils, Middle High German getls ` unrestrained, bratty'; one follows the correspondent grouping : = Irish gess-am (*ghed -sh h

o-mos) : guidiu (*ghod -ei). Page(s): 488

References: WP. I 673, Trautmann 84 f., Endzelin Latvian Gr. 577.

hei- h Root / lemma: ghei- : gh-

Meaning: vein, sinew

Material: Cymr. gi-au Pl. ` nerves, tendons '; strings'; Lithuanian gij ` Faden im Aufzug eines Gewebes ', Latvian dzija ` filament', Pl. threads, Old Church Slavic i-ca `sinew', russ. dial. ca ` worsted, knit made from spun wool ',

Serbo-Croatian ca ` filament, wire, cord, string '; the Balto Slavic-forms could also belong to gii-. ghslo-: hsloslo Armenian jil `sinew, cord'; Latin flum ` filament '; Maybe alb. fill `thread' a Latin loanword. (the nasalization in emait. gnsla is secondary), Old Prussian pettegislo ` Rckenader '; to i-ca, see above. Page(s): 489 Lithuanian gsla `vein, sinew, midrib, center vein of a leaf ', Latvian dzsla, dzksla `vein'

but Old Church Slavic ila, russ. a, Serbo-Croatian la etc. `vein, sinew' are neologisms

References: WP. I 670, 694, WH. I 497 f., Trautmann 87, 90.

Meaning: to wish

Root / lemma: ghelhel-

Material: Gr. , - (to prefix s. -, o-particle) `will, wish, desire ', changing through ablaut Hes.; `violent'; Old Norse gildra f.; gildri n. ` dragnet ', gilja `allure, entice', Old Swedish gil-skaper `

lubricity ';

elja `wish, longing, yearning' (also ` grieve ' and `mourning, grief' through support in al `pain' from *gel- `prick'). Page(s): 489 References: WP. I 692.

Old Church Slavic elti, elati, iter. russ.-Church Slavic alati `wish', Old Church Slavic

Meaning: to spring, hop

hembRoot / lemma: ghemb-

Material: Gr. (`exuberant ') Hes.; jumping, farce play ', gmpel, Modern High German Gimpel; with High German consonant shift Middle High German gampf m. ` the swaying '; Norwegian dial. gimpa `sway, swing', gamp m. ` big clumsy guy, ungainly horse '. A short root form ghem- perhaps in Old Icelandic gaman n. `pleasure, joy, friskiness, Middle High German gampen, gumpen `spring', gampel, gumpel ` amusing wilful

playfulness, sensuality, voluptuousness', Old High German gaman n. ds., etc. Page(s): 490 References: WP. I 678 f.

Meaning: to swell, abound `compact mass';

henRoot / lemma: ghen-1

Material: Old Indic -han- `tumescent, plentiful, luscious', ghan- `dense, thick', m. npers. -gandan `fill', gani `full';

prefix o- standing next to Aryan -);

Armenian yogn ` much, great, many, of things ' (Prap. i + *o-ghon- or *o-ghno-, in

blossoming state ', lengthened grade Ionian `rich, in fullness, wealth', Ionian Attic = , , etc., reduced-grade Hes., probably actually `be horny, lustful'; Lithuanian gan ` sufficient ', ganti ` suffice ', gandti ` have enough ', Latvian gana `

gr. `rich, in fullness, wealth', Hes. ` flourish', ` fullness,

` flourish, be in bloom, blossom and power ', f. `fullness, wealth'; o-grade

sufficient ';

Old Church Slavic gonjet, gonti ` suffice ', Denomin. from *gona = Lithuanian gan; owning property ' ( and the vowel suggestion from the vowel loss form ()- or *smgh(e)n-?), also - `virgin' (physical fullness, wealth?)? whether here gr. , n. `plentiful supply, richness ', ` propertied,

Page(s): 491

References: WP. I 679, WH. I 479; Trautmann 77 f.

Meaning: to hit

hen-2() )Root / lemma: ghen-2()hno nottMaterial: nominal formation: ghno-s ` hit ', ghn-t-s `beaten', ghn-t-s and ghn-ti (?) ` Old Indic hn-ti (newer thematic hanati) ` hits, strikes, kills, slays ', 3. Pl. ghn-nti, Imp.

hit ', ghen-tel- ` hit ', ghen-tuo-s ` occidendus '. hen- elhen-

ja-h, Opt. han-yt, ghn-ta, Perf. jaghna; jaghanvs, Gen. jaghn--a, Pass. hanyte, participle hat- `beaten, killed' (= Avestan jata-, gr. -), hntva- `to hit, to slay' (: jan-, Gen. --n) ` knocking down the opposition ', ghan- `killing, m. shillelagh, club, mace, joint' (= gr. -, Latvian gans), sa-h-t ` layer, stack, pile ', hat- `

Avestan jwa-, Old Church Slavic tva), vrtra-hn-, Gen. -ghn- (= Avestan vrra-

hitting, blow, multiplication ' (: gr. -, Avestan-jaiti-, Old Norse gur, gunnr), (under gundea, Lithuanian dial. gini), hantr- ` one who hits or kills ' (= Old Church Slavic telj); from the heavy basis Old Indic hanitum (late!) and ghta- `killing ', m. `blow, knock, killing, annihilation ', ghtayati ` slays '; Note: common Old Indic gh- > h-. the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), haty (late!) `killing' (: Old High German

`the hits, knocks, slays ', janti- f. ` the hitting, the killed ', -jaiti- (as 2. compound part) ` the han-; hitting ' (= Old Indic hati-); Vrrajan- ` knocking down the opposition ' = Old Indic Vrtra-

janv, npers. ajanam `I killed = defeated ', 3. Sg. aja ; Avestan jana- ` punching ', jantar)n(

participle jata- (= Old Indic hat-, see above), jwa- ` occidendus ', participle Perf. Akt.

I knock down ', Opt. paiti-nta (= Old Indic ghnta) ` he would like to fight around ',

Avestan jain-ti (= Old Indic hnti-) ` he hits, strikes, kills ', Imp. jaii, 1. Sg. Med. ni-ne `

en), jnjem `destroy, clean' (from *gheni = , Lithuanian geni);

), jnem `I hit' (about *jinem from *ghen = hnati, Lithuanian gen, Old Church Slavic

Armenian gan, Gen. gani (*gh -n) `blow, cudgel ', ganem ` hit, beat ', jin `stick' (*ghene

(= Old Indic hat-), also in Hes. i.e. `double' (`Mal' = `blow,

geni ` stle ab ') `hit', , ; redupl. `slay', ; - in hom. -

gr. (*ghen-i = Armenian jnjem `slay, kill', alb. gjanj ` hunt, chase', Lithuanian

knock', also:) -- (: Old Indic hat- s .above); `murder' (= russ. gon), common Illyrian gh- > d-, b-.

ds., `murderer', ` men killing ' (see also Boisacq under ); Note:

alb. gjanj ` hunt, chase, pursue' (*gheni); *infend) ` hostile '; Latin dfend, -ere ` refuse, defend ', offendere ` stumble, offend ', infensus (participle

Old Irish gonim `wound, slay, kill', Perf. 1. Sg. gegon, 3. Sg. geguin; guin `wound'; = Old Indic haty besides the pronunciation) `fight, struggle, battle', Old High German Old Norse gur, gunnr f. (= Old Indic hati-), Old Saxon gea, Old English g (*gunj

gund-fano ` war flag '; Old Norse gandr `stick', Swiss gunten `a kind of wedge'; Norwegian dial. gana ` clear out the boughs in trees ' as Lithuanian genti; Lithuanian gen (= Old Church Slavic en, Old Indic hnati, Armenian jnem) giti `

haty), gias `fight', giklas m. `weapon' (*gintlas, compare Old Church Slavic lo from *gindla-), igans ` salutary, beneficial ' (Lithuanian ginioti is iterative to giti; Latvian (compare to meaning under Old Church Slavic lo `sting, prick'); dzenis ` das in der Gabel der Pflugschar eingeklemmte Holz ', dzenulis `sting, prick'

Lithuanian gens, Latvian dzenis ` woodpecker ', Lithuanian dial. gini (= Old Indic

pastures ', lengthened grade Lithuanian nakt-gonis m. ` night bird, reveller, merrymaker ';

Lithuanian gnas, let. gans `herdsman, shepherd' (= Old Indic ghan-), gani m. Pl. `

= Old Indic hat : ght-); to gen Iterat. ganti ` (drive cattle =) protect, graze cattle ';

`branch off, ramify, fork, divide' and ginu, gnti `defend, shield ' (giti : gnti, gitas : gntas

drive (cattle on the pasture) ', Latvian dzenu-, dzt ds., heavy basis: geni (= ) gen-ti

drift, propel, push, thrust, hunt' (= ), Czech hona ` injury, damage', serb. prijgon `damage, ruin', ugonba ` annihilation, Untergang '); Maybe alb. (*ghanas) gjah ` hunt '. `harvest' ( : Old Indic hntva-); also lo (*dlo) n. `sting, prick', poln. do ds., russ. `fight, struggle' (in addition perhaps klr. honba ` annoyance, plague', sloven. gonba

`drive, push, hunt, chase', whereof again poganjati ` pursue '; russ. etc. gon ` drive, impel,

Old Church Slavic en, gnati `drive, push' (as Lithuanian gen), Iter. gonj, goniti

Old Church Slavic nj, ti (serb. ti, also heavy basis) `reap', tva (serb. tva) f.

Old Church Slavic telj (= Old Indic han-tr ` one who hits, kills '); Indic ghnnti (*ghn-enti).

o `sting, prick, cutting edge of a knife, an axe'; Slavic *gen-tel- m. `reaper, mower' in Hittite ku-en-zi ` slays ' (= Old Indic hnti), 3. Pl. ku-na-an-zi (kunanzi); compare Old

Page(s): 491-493

References: WP. I 679 ff., WH. I 332 f., Trautmann 85 f.

herRoot / lemma: gherMeaning: hot, warm Material: Old Indic hras- n. `blaze, glow' (= gr. , Armenian jer), ghr- m. `blaze,

glow, heat' (= Latin fornus, Old Church Slavic grn), ghrti `glows, shines', gharm- m.

name of a month, perhaps `* beginning of the heat' (= Latin formus, German warm `warm'; Old Prussian gorme); Note: common Old Indic gh- > h-. Armenian jer ` warmth, good weather; warm', jernum ` warm me ', jerm `warm' (= gr.

`blaze, glow, heat', Avestan garma- `hot', n. `heat, blaze, glow', Old pers. in garma-pada-

gr. f. ` warmth ' originally a neuter?);

; perhaps as *gher-mn-os derivative of men-stem:) jermn Gen. jerman `fever' (also thrako-Phrygian germo- `warm' (in many PN: Jokl Eberts Reallex. 10, 142 f., 13, 285,

292, 294), kappadok. garmia(s) ` Stadtname auf der Peutingerschen Tafel ' (a = Indo Germanic o);

`oven';

Gr. n. `summer heat, harvest', `become hot', `warm', also Germ- in Illyrian PN, as also probably in originally North Illyrian VN Germani

), ngroh `warm' (*ghr- as in Old Church Slavic greti `warm', Latvian grmens `pyrosis, heartburn'); alb. gats `burning coal' (*ghorti?); Maybe alb. grij ` freeze ' : ngroh `warm ' Maybe other alb. cognates: zjej `boil, cook', duplicated zez adj., f. `black, burnt'. Also alb. Tosc zjarr `fire, glow, heat, fervour ' : Rumanian jar `fire, glow, heat, fervour '. based on a fem. -stem), fornix, -icis ` dome ' (*fornicos ` having the figure of a stove '); Note: The shift (h)- > d- is of Illyrian alb. origin, hence the common Latin shift d- > f- testifies a loanword from Illyrian Latin formus `warm' (Festus), fornus, furnus (*ghorno-s), fornx `oven (latter being

(Pokorny ZceltPh. 21, 103 ff); alb. Tosc zjarr `fire, heat' (rr from rm), gheg. zjarm (:

Middle Irish grith `sun, heat' (*ghrtu-s), Middle Irish gorim, guirim `warm up, get warm,

Old Irish fo-geir ` warms up, heats up ' etc., bret. gred m. ` warmth, heat; courage ' =

cymr. gwrm `dark-(blue)' and this together with abr. uurm in Uurm-haelon MN ` aux

fire, boil '; Old Irish gorn `fire' (= Latin fornus); against it is Irish gorm `blue' loanword from

burn', nir. gor `heat; brood; ulcer'; cymr. gori `brood', gor `brood, pus', bret. gor ` burning

63ff.); Old Irish goirt `bitter' (`*the burning taste'), wherefore Old Irish gorte (*ghorti) `hunger'; Maybe truncated alb. (*ghoria) uria `hunger', ura `burning log'.

sourcils bruns ' from Old English wurma ` purple color ' borrowed (Gwynn Hermathena 20,

German garo ` prepared, ready ', Old English gearu, Modern High German gar, Old Norse grva, Old High German garawen, Middle High German gerwen ` finish, prepare, make ready, tan, convert hide into leather', Old English gierwan `prepare, concoct, cook', Old `preparing '), Middle High German gerwe ` yeast, filth ', Middle Low German gere `

Old Norse grr (*garwa-), gerr, grr (*garwia-) ` ready, willing, perfect ', Old High

Norse ger (*garwi) ` fermenting the beer ' (formal indeed = Old High German garawida fermentation, stench, dung pool, dirt ', geren `ferment, seethe' are rather after Holthausen Wb. of old westn. 102 defined from prefix ga- and *-arwa- > Old Norse rr `rash, hasty, skilful' (above S. 331);

Middle Low German gre `puddle, slop', Norwegian dial. gurm `yeast, ordure, food mash', Old English Middle Low German Old High German gor `crap, muck, manure'; to meaning compare above cymr. gor `pus'; here probably Old Norse gersta ` embitter ', Middle High German garst, Modern High

Old English gyrwe-fenn `morass', gyre ` manure', mnl. gore, gre `smoke, smell, odor',

Old Norse gor n. ` the half-digested stomach contents ', gjr (*gerva-) ` residuum, sludge ',

German garstig `spoil';

about Gothic warmjan `warm' etc. see though under uer-`cook'; goro f. `stove, hearth', gorme `heat', Latvian garme ` warmth ', Old Prussian garewingi Lithuanian gras `vapor; intense desire', Latvian gars `vapor, ghost, soul', Old Prussian

Adv. `rutting, in heat', Latvian grmens `pyrosis, heartburn';

`blaze', grn ` Kessel ' (= Latin fornus), grnil `oven', russ. gorn `stove, hearth', poln. garniec `pot, pan'; further Old Church Slavic gork (*ghori-ko-) `bitter' (`*burning of

Old Church Slavic gorit, gorti `burn, grj, grti `warm', erav ` blazing ', poar

taste'; compare above Irish goirt), but sloven. grk also `warm', Czech hork `warm',

`blow!'

Berneker 232; Old Church Slavic gorj compounds `evil, bad' (`*burning, bitter'), gore ghr-ns-o- (due to es-stem ghre-nes-): hr ns-

against it Old Czech hok `bitter'; isolated Serbo-Croatian grk, f. gka `bitter', compare

influence of tes ds.); from Old Irish grs `fire', grsaid ` fires, stimulates ' probably from *ghrnso-, in spite of Thurneysen Gr. 130. Page(s): 493-495 References: References: WP. I 687 ff., WH. I 532 ff., Trautmann 79, 102.

(*ghrenso-) `solar heat', cymr. gwres `heat' (to w s. Pedersen KG. I 108, e through the

Old Indic ghras- m. ` solar glow, sunshine, brightness ' = bret. groez, grouez

hei()Root / lemma: ghei()-

Meaning: to perish, destroy

participle kit- `exhausted' (= gr. ; rva- kitam = gr.

Material: Old Indic kiti, kiti ( : gr. *F-), kyati ` destroyes, allows to pass ',

`indestructible fame'), k- ds., kyt ` schwindet hin, nimmt ein Ende ', kay- `

compare -tu-stem Latin situs); [common Old Indic h- > k- : gr. h- > ph- : Latin k- > s-] prakr. ajjitah- (= ), jha- (= Old Indic ka-); Avestan anvamnm ` sich nicht mindernd ' (Kuiper Nasalprs. 65 ); perish ', - ` decay, wane, make disappear', Fut. (Attic ), Aor. gr. ep. , Attic (*F, see above) `destroy', mostly intr. ` decay, wane,
1

decline, reduction, ruin' (: gr. f.), kit- `crime, ruin' (= gr. and -?- Latin sitis;

(Attic ), , `destroy', Pass. `be destroyed, perish',

participle Perf. Pass. , `consumption, tuberculosis', ds. (see above); ', Hes., s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326.

about perhaps old double forms, as , ` allow to drop, lose flowers or fruits From Latin probably situs, -s ` rust, mould, mustiness, dust, dirt, filthiness of the body,

neglect, idleness, absence of use, a rusting, moulding, a wasting away, dulness, inactivity ' and sitis ` thirst ' (if actually `*decline, languishing').

Maybe alb. et ` thirst ' : Italian sete, Spanish sed, Catalan set, Croatian e, Czech ze, Furlan st, Galician sede, Leonese sede, Portuguese sede, Romanian sete, Sardinian Campidanesu sidi, Valencian set ` thirst ' < Latin sitis ` thirst '. Page(s): 487 References: WP. I 505 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326, Benveniste BSL. 38, 139 ff.

herRoot / lemma: gherMeaning: to run, flow Note: (or better ger-??)

Material: Old Indic krati ` streams, flows out, melts away, disappears ', kara-m `water', I 241); Avestan araiti `streams, boils up ', rayeiti `allows to flow ', with v- `allows to

krayati ` allows to flow ', klayati ` washes away ' (compare Wackernagel Old Indic Gr.

overflow '; further formations in -rayeiti `allows to surge ', v-rayeiti ` leaves Old Indic h- > k- : Avestan h- > gz- > gr.

apart, flows '; reconverted with metathesis ar- in avifra-araiti ` flows here to '; common probably Armenian jur, Gen. jroy `water' (*ghro-); Maybe alb. (*ghro-) bdor, vdor, dzbor ` snow '.

spirant pronunciation of ), ` destruction, ruin, of persons, death, esp. by some general visitation, as pestilence, of animals, loss by death, passing out of existence, miscarriage, gradation of colours in painting, storm-tossings or shipwrecks ' also then also ` melt, mix generally ', `flow together'. modern Greek ` louse ' : Basque zorri ` louse '. Note: mer mer- : to rub, wipe; to pack, rob, common Illyrian gh- > b. Page(s): 487-488 It seems that from Root / lemma: gher- : to run, flow, derived Root / lemma: mer-5, hermerReferences: References: WP. I 700, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326, 714, Benveniste BSL. 38, 139 ff.

(*) ` ruin '; in addition also `louse' ( Hes. is result of the later

gr. Attic (*; Lesbian , Arcadian ), zero grade Doric

ceasing to be, deterioration, loss by deterioration, damage, seduction, rape, abortion or besides ` ruin at the same time or totally ' also ` let colors flow into each other ', Maybe truncated alb. (*bdr ) morri `louse' ` the scratching '? : gr. ds.: :

hrenRoot / lemma: ghren-

Meaning: phrenic; soul, mind

Material: Gr. ` phren' (Pl. ` intestines, entrails '), `soul, ghost, reason, heart', ` think', ` thought, reason', (: Old Icelandic grundr) ` care ', ` favorable ', `make glad, entertain'; ', grunda `think'. Page(s): 496 injudicious, crazy', `sensible, wise', ` the kindly time; of sense, pleasing, Old Icelandic grunr m. ` suspicion ', gruna ` be suspicious of', grundr m. ` contemplation

References: WP. I 699.

hr Root / lemma: ghr-

Meaning: to smell, scent

Material: Old Indic jghrti, ghrti ` it smells, it smells in anything, kisses, perceives ', ghrti- `olfaction, smell, odor';

participle ghrt-, ghra- m. n. `smell, odor, fragrance ', ghr f. and ghra- n. `nose', gr. `smell, scent, feel' (< *odes `smell, odor' + *ghr-), Aor. Attic ; Tocharian A kr, kor `nose'. Page(s): 495 References: WP. I 697, WH. I 540.

`olfaction, smell, odor' (: Old Indic ghrti-);

Root / lemma: gii, giis Meaning: sinew Material: Old Indic jy ` sinew, tendon, string esp. of the bow', Avestan jy ` bowstring (in compounds also sinew of flesh)'; gr. m. ` bowstring '; Note: common Illyrian g- > b-. about Lithuanian gij ` filament ', Old Church Slavic i-ca `sinew' etc. see below ghei-. Page(s): 481 References: WP. I 670, 694, Trautmann 87, 90.

is-tiRoot / lemma: gis-ti-s

Meaning: finger

Germanic PN Bissula ` little fingers '?; Note: common Illyrian g- > b-. Old Norse kvistr m. `twig, branch';

Material: Cymr. bys, acorn. bis, bes, bret. biz `finger', Middle Irish biss ega `icicle'; Celto-

from Old High German zwisila ` fork-shaped object, twig, branch '; see above S. 232. Maybe alb. gisht, glisht `finger', bisht `tail' common Illyrian g > b. b Sanskrit: aguhPart of speech: [m] Meaning: `thumb' Note: alb. proves that Root / lemma: gis-ti-s : ` finger ' derived from zero grade of is-ti-

what is as doubtful, as Old Norse kvsl f. `twig, branch, fork, arm of a river ' to be separated

Middle Low German twist `twig, branch' had to be a miscellaneous word from kvistr,

First attestation: B+

Proto-IndoProto-Indo-Iranian: HangutHaPage in EWAia: 49 See also: aguri-

Avestan: YAv. aguta- [m] `toe' Khotanese: hagua- `finger' Page(s): 481 References: WP. I 694.

Meaning: resin pine, larch';

Root / lemma: gu-

Material: Armenian kiv m., Gen. kvoy ` resin, mastic ' (*guo-), therefrom kveni ` the pitchOld Irish b f. (?) `tar (*gu); Note: common Illyrian g- > b-. russ. ivca, Lower Sorbian yvica `resin'; the connection with g(i)eu- `chew' is dubious, but not impossible. )eu ii)euReferences: Thurneysen Ml. Pedersen 301 f. Page(s): 482

Meaning: vulture

ltur(os) Root / lemma: glltur(os)

', hence Adj. `with terrible eyes, grisly looking, hairy, shaggy, bristling, ', etc.; Note: common Illyrian g- > b-. Latin voltur (vultur), -uris and volturus ` vulture'. Page(s): 482 References: M. Leumann, Homer. Wrter 141 f.

Material: Gr. * (with Aeolic for ) ` vulture', Hom. - ` grim-looking

Grammatical information: m.

or- (or)oRoot / lemma: gor-g(or)oMeaning: dirt, dung Material: Armenian kork `smut'; gr. `slime, mud, smut, ordure, crap, muck'. Note: common Illyrian g- > b-. Page(s): 482 References: WP. I 694.

Meaning: cattle Lok. goui

Root / lemma: gououGrammatical us, os?), os m, Grammatical information: m. f. Nom. Sg. gus Gen. gous (and gouos Akk. gm

g (= Avestan g, Indo Germanic *gs, gr. Doric ) ; therefrom g-p- `herdsman, shepherd', gpyti, gopayati `htet', etc.; Armenian kov `cow'; real ), Akk. *], Doric , Akk. , Gen. (F), etc.; also in - m. ` time Modern High German ` butter'), actually ` cow's cheese ' ( `cheese'), further in gr. Attic m. f. `cattle, cow', Akk. [both with fake in place of old * (with

Avestan gm); Pl. Nom. gva (= Avestan gv), Gen. gvm (= Avestan gavm), Akk.

Dat. gave (= Avestan gave), Lok. gvi (= Latin Abl. boue), Akk. gm (also 2silb., as

Material: Old Indic gu m. f. `cattle' (= Avestan gu ds.), Gen. g (= Avestan gu),

of unyoking oxen from the plough, evening', - m. ` butter' (out of it Latin butyrum,

strengthening prefix - from - ` ravenousness ', etc. (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 434, 6; 577 ); Note: common Illyrian g- > b-. Latin bs, bovis m. f. `cattle' (Oscan-Umbrian loanword for Latin *vs); derivatives of

stem bov- (*gou- before vowel) or b- (*gou- before consonance), bb- (redupl.

medulla ', bbulus ds. (lautl. identical with gr. ` gazelle ', that with Old Indic

formation): bovle ` cowshed ', buble ds., bovnus ` of or pertaining to oxen or cows:

Umbrian bum ` bovem ' (*gm), bue ` bove ', Oscan in Bvaiand, Volscan bim ` bovem '; bo, b, in Brit. replaced through the derivative acymr. buch, ncymr. buwch, acorn. buch, engl. Boyne, Old Irish B(f)ind ` die Kuhweie '; *gou-, Celtic *bou- in compounds Old Irish b f. `cow' (from arch. *bu, Indo Germanic *gus), Gen. arch. bu, bu, later

gavala- `wild Bffel' is not to be immediately equated), Bubona ` cattle goddess ', etc.;

bret. buc'h `cow' (*boukk); here the Proto Irish FlN (= *Bovovind), nowadays gallorom. b-tege (*gou-tegos) ` cowshed ' (M.-L. 1229a), cymr. bugail (*gou-kolios) ` nn-), next to which *bovo-tegos in abret. boutig, cymr. beudy ` cowshed '; Middle Irish basach `rich (in cows)' from buas ` richness ' (*gouo-uid-to-s `cow- knowledge ');

', bret. bugenn ` cowhide ', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -

*gm), Old English Old Frisian c, Old Icelandic kr `cow' (*kz from gus; Old English c could also be = Old High German kuo); Latvian govs `cow', Demin. gutina; steers out the grain '; Slavic *govdo `cattle', Old Church Slavic gu-mno `threshing floor', i.e. ` place where

Old High German chuo, aschs. Old Swedish k (from dem Akk. *kn, Indo Germanic

*gou-urso-, to Old Indic vra- `bull'.

Tocharian A ko `cow', Pl. kowi, kau, Pl. Obliq. kewn; A kayur, kaure `bull' <

Maybe alb. (*ko-) kau `ox' : Rumanian (*go-) bou `ox' common Illyrian - Celtic g- > b-. ` worth four steers ', Armenian kogi ` butter' (*gouio-), and the zero grade Old Indic ata-gu- ` owning hundred cows ' = Old pers. atagu- `name of a country ' (originally people, actually ` owning hundred cows '), Old Indic nva-gva, da-gva-, compare still io-derivative Old Indic gvya-, gavy-, Avestan gavya- ` bovinus ', hom.

offering of a hundred oxen; sacrifice'; against it is Latin b-bulcus ` one who ploughs with oxen, a ploughman, a herdsman ' after s-bulcus ` a swine-herd ' shortened from

Avestan ata(*g)va- EN, i.e. ` one who has gleaming steers '; gr. - (*-gu-) `an

*bbulcus; after Specht Indog. Dekl. 234 here Old Norse kvgr ` bull calf', kvge `young kussi, kursi `calf', etc.

cow' (after Holthausen Wb. of old westn. in addition westfl. qune, nld. kween ds.) and To cattle name one places the gr. family of ` graze, feed ', , ` feed,

shepherd', ` man-feeding, nurse of heroes, epith. of fruitful countries '; Note: common Illyrian g- > b-. Maybe alb. (*) bari `herdsman, shepherd'. as well as Lithuanian gauj `herd', guju, giti `drive, push', gotas `herd'; the oldest parts shepherd '? About gr. `old' see below per-3. perSpecht Indog. Dekl. 33. Page(s): 482-483 of these rows may have possibly been *g[u]-to-m ` herd of cattle ' and *goui ` be cattle numerous would become borrowings from sumer. gu (older *gud) `bull, cattle'. Against it

pasture ', `cattle', ` pasture herb, feed ', , `herdsman,

References: WP. 1696 f., WH. I 112, 118, Trautmann 94, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 577, 708.

Meaning: dung, dirt

uRoot / lemma: gu-, g-

disgust, repulsion, loathing ' to `small, disgusting animal, reptile' and from ` pollute, soil, defile, mutilate, deform' to `vilify, revile, rebuke'. Material: Old Indic g-tha-, -m `excrement', Avestan g-a- n. `smut, ordure' (only by Armenian ku and koy `crap, muck' (*gu-so; ? see below); Oscan-Umbrian b for g), as bovle to buble; Note: common Illyrian g- > b-. maked. (leg. ) Hes. (?); in russ.-Church Slavic ogaviti ` vexare ', serb. gaviti se ` be disgusted ' (and changing through ablaut gv mi se ` disgusts me, I must throw up ', gviti se), Czech o-haviti `

Note: in Germanic and esp. in Balto-Slavic with meaning -development from `repugnance,

Gramm. also guvti ` cacat ', gnam ` cacatum ');

Latin bbinre ` soil with the menstruations ' could be transfigured from old *bovin (with

Slavic *govno `ordure' in russ.-Church Slavic govno etc., in ablaut Slavic *gavj, *gaviti

mutilate, deform', ohavn `hideous', russ. dial. gved f., `horror', klr. hveda ` plebs ',

lice; rabble, mob '.

h

Czech havd' ` fowl, plebs ', poln. gawied ` small children and domestic animals; fowl, d -extension g[u] d -, g[u] d -, gd -.

revile ', Old Prussian gdan Akk. `shame';

Lithuanian gda f. ` shame, disgracefulness', gdingas ` schandbar ', gdinti ` humiliate, Old Church Slavic gad m. ` reptile (*disgusting animal); harmful animal' (*gd -),
h

Church Slavic gadu, gaditi ` abhor, detest, rebuke', russ. gdit `smudge, befoul, spoil', Berneker 289);

serb. gd ` disgust, repulsion, loathing; snake, worms ', Czech haditi `vilify, rebuke' (etc., s. poln. ada si ` abominari ', adny, adliwy `ugly, nasty ' (*gd -); russ. dial. gdkij
h

Dialectal gizd ` disgust, repulsion, loathing, smut, impure person' (with other meaning change serb. gzda `pride, elegance, jewellery, pleasantness, agreeableness ' , s. Berneker 374);

(*gyz-d) ` disgust, repulsion, loathing, repugnance', hyzditi `rebuke, vilify, reject', poln.

`disgusting', klr. hyd ` disgust, repulsion, loathing '; with formants -d(h)a in Czech o-hyzda

Middle High German qut, kt, kt, Modern High German Kot, Tirol kt ` disgusting

Middle Low German qud ` dung, excrements, ordure, manure ', Old High German qut,

animal', Pl. kter ` all kinds of vermin ', Middle Low German qud, Middle Dutch qwaet, with Indo Germanic -u-: u-

holl. kwaad `mad, wicked, evil, ugly, spoiled', md. qud `mad, wicked, evil, disgust, weak';

(compare Pedersen KG. I 112); Note: common Illyrian g- > b-. Old English cwad `ordure', Old Frisian qud `evil, bad'; slander, blaspheme, accuse, blame ' ;

cymr. budr `dirty, filthy', budro `smudge', Middle Irish buadraim `cloudy, bewilder'

with u from *-u- slovak. ohuda `monster', klr. ohda `reprimand', Old Russian guditi `

koder, Kder ` glutinous mucus, catarrh';

dampness, mucus' = Middle Low German koder `mucus', Modern High German dial.

with -- as zero grade from -[u] or Germanic ablaut neologism ndd. quadder ` dirty

German quatschen, engl. quask, squash and perhaps the people's name Quadi;

also ndd. quassen (*kwadsn) ` dribble (in humidity) ', quasken, quatsken, Modern High

famine '.

alb. z (*gued io-), fem. zeze (*gued i) `black, unlucky, bad ', z f. `mourning, grief,
h h

Page(s): 483-485

References: WP. I 694 ff., WH. I 118f., Trautmann 81.

Meaning: embryon, young common Illyrian g- > b-. References: WP. I 689.

reb Root / lemma: gre h

Material: Gr. n. ` foetus, youngling ', Middle Irish brommach (*gromb kos); Note: Old Church Slavic rb ` plenitude'. Page(s): 485
h

Meaning: to sleep, dream common Illyrian g- > b-.

reiRoot / lemma: grei-

Material: Gr. (*) `sleep, be inactive', Hes.; Note: russ. grzit ` talk in sleep, fantasize' (barely *grez-, rather *grz-), grza `dream,

maundering, silly discourse '. very doubtful; s. also Berneker 351. Page(s): 485 References: WP. I 698.

Meaning: to swell; breast

rend Root / lemma: gren h

Material: Gr. `pride', ` bear oneself haughtily, hold one's head high, swagger, plume oneself on '; Note: common Illyrian g- > b-. Latin grandis ` Of things, full-grown, large, great, full, abundant: tumulus, Of persons, Old Church Slavic grd `breast', slovak. hrud `elevation', poln. old grdzi `breast', grd
o e

grown up, large, big, tall: Of style, great, lofty, dignified, noble ' (a = or ); ` erhhte Stelle im Sumpf, alt ` Insel, Werder ' (etc.). Page(s): 485 References: WP. I 699, WH. I 617 f.

Meaning: thick, big

retsoRoot / lemma: gretso-

vocalism a problem, and Middle Irish bres `already' is barely an additional obstruction. Whether bras rather as *gr-sto- to Latin gravis, above S. 476? Page(s): 485 References: WP. I 698, WH. I 623. Note: common Illyrian g- > b-.

bret. bras `big, large, thick', Middle Irish also `strong'. However, it makes the Celtic

Material: Latin grossus `thick' one maintains to bring together with Middle Irish cymr. corn.

ruh r Root / lemma: gruh-, grh-

Meaning: to gnash the teeth; to bite

(besides through derailment from , ) `bite', `biting', ` bruxism ', `cold fever' (`chattering of teeth'). b) Old Irish brn ` distress ', cymr. brwyn ` piercing, biting pain ' (proto Celtic *brgnos);

Material: a) gr. ` crunch with the teeth, to eat with much noise, to eat greedily '

Note: common Illyrian g- > b-.

Lithuanian gruiu, gruti ` gnaw ', sugrinti `destroy'; grief; here probably also sloven. gre Pl. f. ` scabies '). Old Church Slavic gryzo, grysti ` gnaw ' (in other Slavic languages also from gnawing To gryz probably russ. grust ` distress ', sloven. grst ` disgust, repulsion, loathing '. Page(s): 485-486 References: WP. I 697 f., Trautmann 100.

Meaning: interjection of laughter

Root / lemma: ha ha!

German ha ha, serb. ha ha, russ. cha cha. Maybe alb. ha ha

Material: Old Indic ha ha, gr. (ngr. inscribed), Latin (ha)hahae, Modern High

References: Hirt Indo Germanic Gr. I 284 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 303, WH. I 630, 632; Schwentner Interjektionen 18. Page(s): 497

Root / lemma: h

Meaning: ha! oh! (surprise)

Material: In certain interjections is probably to be accepted the anlaut h- or a kind of guttural spirant; s. also above S. 293 and under kha kha. Old Indic ha, gr. , Latin h, Modern High German ha. Page(s): 497

Meaning: unripe, raw Material: Note:

ilo- lolo Root / lemma: ilo- : ilo-

Note: only Celtic and Balto-Slavic

labialized laryngeal e- > e-, o- > u-, a- > a- Hittite labialized laryngeal PIE - > u-, -, y-, i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indic = j- East Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g h 2 3 1 2 1 2

Armenian, Celtic, Illyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc. cymr. ial f. ` clearing ', PN Ial (J. Loth Mabinogion II 356); an-ial ` waste land, wilderness '; Note: labialized laryngeal a- > ya- > ia- Celtic Latvian jls ` unripe, uncultivated, raw, sore (from the skin)'; Note: labialized laryngeal e- > ye- > je- Baltic jlov ` infertile ', Czech jalov ds., poln. jaowizna ` empty, waste place'. Note: labialized laryngeal a- > ya- > ja- Slavic Page(s): 504-505 References: Trautmann 107, Dottin Langue Gauloise 262. Slavic *jal and *jalov in russ. jyj and jovyj ` infertile, uncultivated (of land)', serb.
2

Gall. -ialo- ` clearing ', often in PN, as Nanto-ialo-, French Nanteuil `valley- clearing ', etc.;

Meaning: ` year, summer ' Note: labialized laryngeal e- > e-, o- > u-, a- > a- Hittite labialized laryngeal PIE - > u-, -, y-, i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indic = j- East Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g eiSee also: see above S. 296 f. (ei-). ei
h 2 3 1

i-roRoot / lemma: i-ro-

Armenian, Celtic, Illyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc.

Page(s): 506

Meaning: to chase, wish for Material: Note:

iaghagh Root / lemma: iiagh-

labialized laryngeal e- > e-, o- > u-, a- > a- Hittite labialized laryngeal PIE - > u-, -, y-, i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indic = j- East Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g h 2 3 1 2

Armenian, Celtic, Illyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc. Old Indic yahu-, yahv- ` restless, rash, hasty shooting ahead', yahv ds. (from Flssen), evolved from ` the cheerful, movable '; in any case, it corresponds to the latter usage of Avestan yazu pur `the youngest son', yeziv dugdrm ` the youngest one of the but shas yah `son of the powerful ', whereas the concept `kid, child, son' has probably

yakya- `active, quick, lambently fast ' (previous to s-formations). Note: labialized laryngeal a- > ya- Old Indic

strives ', yakin- perhaps `keen, eager, vivid ' (after Gramann ` pursuing, avenging '),

daughters ' (Bartholomae Airan. Wb. 1280); Old Indic (pra-)yakati ` penetrates, hurries,

Old High German jagn, holl. Modern High German jagen, Middle High German jaget Gramann Wb. 1001 to Old Indic. Note:

(*jag), Modern High German Jagd, Middle Low German holl. jacht ` hunt ', perhaps after

labialized laryngeal a- > ya- Old Indic > ja- Germanic Page(s): 502 References: WP. I 195 f.
2 1 2 2

Meaning: to worship Root / lemma: iag- : to worship : Root / lemma: a- : to lead. ag aiiagfor sacrifice '. Material: Note: Comments:

iagag Root / lemma: iiag-

see Latin ag, -nis `of the priests killing the sacrificial animal', agnium ` a victim, beast

labialized laryngeal e- > e-, o- > u-, a- > a- Hittite labialized laryngeal PIE - > u-, -, y-, i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indic = j- East Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g h 2 3

Armenian, Celtic, Illyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc. Old Indic yjati `venerates with prayer and sacrifice, oblation' (Perf. j, participle i-) = Avestan yazaite ds. (participle yasta- with lengthened grade after the present), Old Indic

to regulation' = ` sacrificial priest ', ijya- `to worship, revere, m. teacher ', ijy `sacrifice, Note: oblation';

satya-yj- ` really adoring, veritable ', with zero grade rtv-j ` sacrificing regularly according

labialized laryngeal a- > ya- Old Indic oblation', * ` totally holy'; Old Indic yajas- n. `worship, veneration' = gr. n. `blame, maculation, sacrifice,

candid ';

Avestan yesnya- `honorable offering, belonging to the sacrifice '), gr. `holy, pure, Tocharian A yks- ` hug, embrace, hold tight ' (Van Windekens Lexique 167f.)?

Old Indic yaj-, Avestan yasna- m. ` worship (of God), sacrifice, oblation' (yajya-,

Note: labialized laryngeal a- > ya- Tocharian

worship ' has been used in Vopadeva as a gerund. Debrunner GGA. 1910, 9), ` consecrate, sanctify, bless; ordain'; Note: labialized laryngeal a- > a- = Greek `holy'; Meillet (BSL. 21, 126ff., EM 845) will connect the gr. words rather with Latin sacer
2 2

gr. (*) ` shy', `holy, consecrated' (identical with it Old Indic yjya- `to

Page(s): 501-502 ii Root / lemma: iii Note:

References: WP. I 195, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 303.

labialized laryngeal e- > e-, o- > u-, a- > a- Hittite labialized laryngeal PIE - > u-, -, y-, i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indic = j- East Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g See also: see above S. 285 (e-3) e
h 2 2 3 3 1 1

Armenian, Celtic, Illyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc.

Page(s): 502

Meaning: to dig Comment: sea.

Root / lemma: im-

mori, Root / lemma: im- (*i-mor-): to dig, derived from a prefixed Root / lemma: mori mri : i mor- : see Old Saxon meri m. ` ditch, pond '. Note: (or iem- : i m- : im-) Material:
e

Note:

labialized laryngeal e- > e-, o- > u-, a- > a- Hittite labialized laryngeal PIE - > u-, -, y-, i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indic = j- East Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g h

Armenian, Celtic, Illyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc.

and through that dial. russ. ama, grown from *vn-jam, *jamo). Note: labialized laryngeal a- > ya-, ja- Old Indic = ja- Slavic
2

Old Church Slavic jama `pit, pothole' (originally anlaut j- verified through Old Bulgarian

Gr. f. `shovel, hack, mattock, hoe', - `dig up, excavate, dig out', , - ` dig out '; `ditch, trench, channel, canal, furrow', ` irrigate '; Note: labialized laryngeal a- > a- = Greek References: References: WP. I 198 f., Berneker 444. Page(s): 502
2 1 1

im Root / lemma: iim Note: labialized laryngeal e- > e-, o- > u-, a- > a- Hittite labialized laryngeal PIE - > u-, -, y-, i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indic = j- East Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g See also: see above S. 285 (e-3) e
h 2 2 3 3

Armenian, Celtic, Illyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc.

Page(s): 502

Meaning: to be angry; to be punish Material: Note:

i i Root / lemma: ii- : ii-

labialized laryngeal e- > e-, o- > u-, a- > a- Hittite labialized laryngeal PIE - > u-, -, y-, i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indic = j- East Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g h

Armenian, Celtic, Illyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc. -yt- ` avenging the guilt ', Old Indic y-t- m. ` witchery, ghost, magic demon ';

Old Indic ved. y-van- ` attacker, persecutor, pursuer', y-tr- ` avenger', ra-y-, -y-van-,

Avestan y-tu- m. `sorcery, magician ', y-s `wish'; Note: labialized laryngeal a- > ya- Old Indic Armenian janam `I exert myself ' (Meillet Esquisse 52); Note: labialized laryngeal a- > ya- Old Indic > ja- Armenian vehemency', russ. jryj `irascible, irritable, gamy, violent, fiery, fast, rapid, hurried', etc.; in Slavic *ira- `violent' in Old Church Slavic jar ` strict, harsh ', jarost `rage, fury,
2 2 2 2 1 1

addition nsloven. jl ` envy ' (: gr. )? Different above Berneker 28. Note: labialized laryngeal a- > ya- Old Indic > ja- Slavic In -m- formant: Maybe alb. jerm `rage, fury, vehemency';

mixed (of wine), pure, sheer, prop. of wine without water ' (: Old Church Slavic jar); ablaut. -; ` onrush, attack, press '?; Note:

', , Doric ` punishment, penance, atonement, loss'; `fiery, strong, not

gr. , Doric m. ` eagerness, jealousy, envy ' (: nsloven. jl), `tormenter

labialized laryngeal e- > Proto Greek ye- > ge- > Old Greek ze-, o- > Proto Greek yo> go- > Old Greek zo-, a- > Proto Greek ya- > ga- > Old Greek za2

';

iolaf `I praise, laud ', eiriolaf (*are-il-) `I beg urgently ', abret. 3. Pl. Konj. iolent ` precentur Note: labialized laryngeal e- > Proto Celtic ye-, Old Celtic ie-, o- > Proto Celtic yo-, Old Celtic io-, a- > Proto Celtic ya-, Old Celtic ia2 3

Old Irish (i)lid ` wishes eagerly, requests, craves', cymr. iawl ` command, laudation ',

Jones, Welsh Gr. 383. Page(s): 501

References: WP. I 197, 775, WH. I 718, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 330, Trautmann 108, J. Morris-

i Root / lemma: iiNote: Meaning: ` go '

labialized laryngeal e- > e-, o- > u-, a- > a- Hittite labialized laryngeal PIE - > u-, -, y-, i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indic = j- East Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g eiSee also: see above S. 296 (ei-). ei
h 2 2 2 3 3 3 1 1 1

Armenian, Celtic, Illyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc.

Page(s): 501

i Root / lemma: iieb Note: labialized laryngeal e- > e-, o- > u-, a- > a- Hittite labialized laryngeal PIE - > u-, -, y-, i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indic = j- East Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g eib See also: see above S. 298 (ei -) ei Page(s): 503
h h h

Armenian, Celtic, Illyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc.

Meaning: ice Material: Note:

iegeg Root / lemma: iieg-

Note: only Germanic and Celtic

labialized laryngeal e- > e-, o- > u-, a- > a- Hittite labialized laryngeal PIE - > u-, -, y-, i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indic = j- East Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g h

Armenian, Celtic, Illyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc.

Old Norse jaki m. (*ekan- < *jekan-) ` ice piece', compare Swiss jch, gicht (= gejicht) ` icicle, glacier '; Old English gicel(a) m. `icicle, floe, floating mass of ice', engl. icicle = Old hoarfrost, frozen dew on trees '; demin. formation Old Norse jkull m. ` hanging down

shekel, jkel `icicle' (Middle Low German jokele ds. might derive from Nord.); Old High German ihilla (= *jichilla) `a frozen drop; an ice-drop, ice-drop, icicle '; Note:

English ses gicel, Old Norse ichilla ` a frozen drop; an ice-drop, ice-drop, icicle ', ndd.

labialized laryngeal e- > Proto Germanic ye-, Old Germanic je-, ie-, o- > Proto
3 2 1 1 1 1

Germanic yo-, Old Germanic jo-, io-, a- > Proto Germanic ya-, Old Germanic ja-, iaMaybe alb. akulli `ice', abbreviated (*ihella) helli `icicle' : Old Norse jkull m. ` hanging down icicle, glacier '. Middle Irish aig f. (Gen. ega) `ice' (*iegi-s), cymr. i m. ds., iaen (*iegin) ` glacicula ',

`cold'. Note:

acorn. iey gl. ` glaties ', iein gl. ` cold, coldness, coolness ', mcorn. yeyn, yen `cold', br. ien

labialized laryngeal e- > Proto Celtic ye-, Old Celtic ie-, a- > Proto Celtic ya-, Old Celtic iaabout Hittite e-ku-na- `cold' compare Pedersen Hittite 171. Note: labialized laryngeal e- > e- Hittite. References: WP. I 206; Swiss Idiotikon II 112 f., 1120, III 5, IV 1010. Page(s): 503
2

Meaning: to speak Material: Note:

iekek Root / lemma: iiek-

labialized laryngeal e- > e-, o- > u-, a- > a- Hittite

2 3

labialized laryngeal PIE - > u-, -, y-, i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indic = j- East Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g h

Armenian, Celtic, Illyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc. Old Indic ycati ` begs, demands ', yc `request'; ycit-, ycitum, ycitar-, etc. Note: labialized laryngeal a- > ya- Old Indic yca ` beggar'. Note: labialized laryngeal a- > ya- Tocharian German jiht (*jeti-) `declaration, confession, admission', bijiht = Modern High German Beichte ` confession, admission ', in addition illness name Gicht `gout, disease characterized by the inflammation of the joints' (`caused by discussing'); High German Jux ` joke'; against it Trautmann 108; Note: labialized laryngeal e- > Proto Germanic ye-, Old Germanic je-, ie-, o- > Proto
3 2 1 2 2 1

Tocharian yask- `long, want, beg' (Van Windekens Lexique 165 f.), A yuce,

Old High German jehan, gehan `say, speak, avow ', aschs. gehan ds., Old High

Lithuanian jukas, Latvian juks ` joke ' is perhaps Latin loanword, as well as Modern

Germanic yo-, Old Germanic jo-, io-, a- > Proto Germanic ya-, Old Germanic ja-, ia` inconsecratione '; Latin iocus ` funny speech, joke '; Umbrian iuka, iuku Akk. Pl. n. ` prayers ', Oscan ikle

mcymr. ieith, cymr. iaith, bret. iez `language' (*jekti-); Note: labialized laryngeal e- > Proto Celtic ye-, Old Celtic ie-, o- > Proto Celtic yo-, Old References: WP. I 204 f., WH. I 715 f.; Sommer WuS. 7, 104 ff. will also put here ik`heal, cure', but because of Old Irish hcc (Indo Germanic ) it is not credible. Page(s): 503-504 Celtic io-, a- > Proto Celtic ya-, Old Celtic ia2 3

Meaning: to hold Material: Note:

iemem Root / lemma: iiem-

labialized laryngeal e- > e-, o- > u-, a- > a- Hittite labialized laryngeal PIE - > u-, -, y-, i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indic = j- East Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g h 2 3 1 1 1 1

Armenian, Celtic, Illyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc. yma- m. `rein', yntra- n. `rope, band, strap'; Avestan yam-, yasait, Old pers. Imperf. compare the heavy root form Old Indic ymitavai, Bartholomae IF. 11, 141 f.); Old Indic Avestan Yim; Note: Old Indic ymati ` reins, steers; stretches, presents ', ycchati ds., yat- `kept, held',

ayasat, participle Avestan yata- `hold, stop', yta- `assigned allotment, possession ' (to

yam- m., Avestan yma- m. `twin'; Old Indic GN Yam- `twin, hermaphrodite ' =

labialized laryngeal e- > yei-, yi- Avestan, a- > ya- Old Indic root gem- ` grasp, press together ' (above S. 368 f.); gemNote: labialized laryngeal e- > je- Proto Illyrian > ge- Latin, Illyrian (an Illyrian substrate because Latin would have produced je- > ie-) Middle Irish emon m., emuin f. (*emno-, *emn) ` pair of twins ', emnaid ` double '; Note: labialized laryngeal e- > e- Celtic = e- > e- Hittite *jemn-, in Gothic ibns ` even ', Old Norse jafn, jamn, Old English efn, engl. even, aschs. ean, Old High German eban ` flat, even '; after Gntert (Weltknig 337 ff.) here the Old Norse GN Ymir as ` hermaphrodite ' from Germanic *iumiiz, Indo Germanic *i m(i)is?
e 1

Latin geminus ` born at the same time, twin-born, twin ' probably g- is attributed to the

perhaps here Germanic *ibna- ` even, equable, uniform ', whether from *imn- <

Note: labialized laryngeal e- > Proto Germanic ye-, Old Germanic e-, i-, y-, o- > Proto
3 2 1 1 3 2 1

Germanic yo-, Old Germanic jo-, io-, a- > Proto Germanic ya-, Old Germanic ja-, ia, - ` the cultivated vine ', ` tame, make tame ' (with lengthened grade ), crown', as well as infula `a white and red fillet or band of woollen stuff, worn upon the
h

it is not certain, whether it also belongs here gr. `tame, domesticated, mild',

and as zero grade Latin redimi `to bind round, wreathe round, encircle, gird, wind, deck,

forehead, as a sign of religious consecration and of inviolability, a sacred fillet; so a priest's fillet' (*im-d l??). That with gr. identical Old High German aschs. jmar, Old English gomor `

mourning, lamenting ' (originally supposedly ` sad, gloomy ') might belong though because interjection. Cymr. afar `affliction, lament' (Middle Irish amar ds.) could not have lost j- and of Old Norse amra ` lament', that to emja, ymja `howl', has rather originated from an

sad ', Subst. Old High German jmar ` sorrowful, sad, regretful, full of pain, grieving,

therefore it must have already been been absent. Note:

labialized laryngeal e- > Proto Germanic ye- > e- Celtic, Greek labialized laryngeal o- > Proto Germanic yo- > o- Celtic, Greek labialized laryngeal a- > Proto Germanic ya- > a- Celtic, Greek References: WP. I 572, WH. I 587, Marstrander riu 5, 160. Page(s): 505

Meaning: husband's brother's wife Comments:

teri tr- i trtr Root / lemma: inter-, reduced case ii ntr- (intr-)
e e e e e

teri tr- i tr- : tr Root / lemma: inter-, reduced case ii ntr- (intr-): husband's brother's wife = Root / Material: Note: enen n- nlemma: en-1, en-, n-, n- : `to bear' suffixed in -ter formant.

labialized laryngeal e- > e-, o- > u-, a- > a- Hittite

2 3

labialized laryngeal PIE - > u-, -, y-, i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indic = j- East Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g h

Armenian, Celtic, Illyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc. Old Indic ytar- ds. (pronunciation the strong case + vocalism of the weak case); Note: labialized laryngeal a- > ya- Old Indic Phrygian Akk. ; Note: labialized laryngeal a- > ya- Proto Phrygian > ia Phrygian verbalized metr. lengthening for -), inschr. (klein Old Saxon-gr.) ; Note: labialized laryngeal e- > e- Greek = e- > e- Hittite the wives of the same husband ' (to the basic form supposition by Hbschmann Arm. Gr. I 478; Bugge IF. 1, 445, 449, Meillet BSL. 30, CR. 90, in the end Cuny Recherches 66 f.); brothers ' (i derives from *ianiter); Latin janitrcs (extension from *ianiter after Fem. of noun agents in -c-) ` the wives of Old Lithuanian *jnt, -ers ds. (gent, ent through hybridization with gents `kinsman, Truncated (*ianiter) Armenian ner, more properly nr, Gen. niri ` the wives of brothers or
1 1 2 2

gr. ` husband's brother's wife ' (Ionian Psilose), Hom. , - (-

relative', ntas `son-in-law'), Latvian etere, ital'a and Curonian jentere ds.; ds.

Old Church Slavic *jtry (ending after svekry), russ.-Church Slavic jatry ds., serb. jtrva

References: WP. I 207 f., WH. I 668, Trautmann 107 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 568. Page(s): 505-506

Meaning: to foam, boil Material: Note:

ieses Root / lemma: iies-

labialized laryngeal e- > e-, o- > u-, a- > a- Hittite labialized laryngeal PIE - > u-, -, y-, i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indic = j- East Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g h 2 3 1 1 1 1

Armenian, Celtic, Illyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc.

Old Indic *ysati, ysyati ` bubbles, boils; struggles ', yayastu ` shall scald '; with - ` exert ayati `strains, fatigues, afflicts'), pr-yasta- ` boiling, bubbling ', Intens. i-yas-yat ` grows boils (intr.)';

oneself ' (-yas-ta- ` arouses, instigates, strains, exhausts, grows tired, languishes ', -ystired, dies away, disappears ', redupl. yeati (*ie-is-) ` flows, bubbles ', Avestan yayeiti `

Note:

labialized laryngeal e- > yei-, ye- Avestan, a- > ya- Old Indic ` decoction, extract acquired by boiling', (`scum, froth, foam') Hes.; gr. (= ysati) `cook, boil, simmer, seethe, boil (intr.)', , , and
2

Maybe alb. (*ie-) ziej, zjej ` cook, boil, simmer, seethe ', in -m- formant like (*) ` decoction ' : alb. (*zesm-) zemroj ` make angry', zemrim ` anger', zemr ` heart '. Note: labialized laryngeal e- > Proto Greek ye- > ge- > Old Greek ze-, o- > Proto Greek yo> go- > Old Greek zo-, a- > Proto Greek ya- > ga- > Old Greek za2 3

seethe' perhaps abstracted from gell `yeast' (*upo-ies-lo-); (common Celtic Illyrian -sl- > ll-) Note: labialized laryngeal e- > Proto Celtic ye-, Old Celtic ie-, o- > Proto Celtic yo-, Old Celtic io-, a- > Proto Celtic ya-, Old Celtic ia2 3

bubbles, cooking '; Old Irish ess m. (older n., from *iestu) `waterfall'; bret. gi `ferment,

gallo-rom. iest `scum, froth, foam' (v. Wartburg), cymr. ias f., Pl. iasau ` boiling, foam,

seethe', Norwegian se, Swedish Dialectal sa (*jsian) ds., Norwegian Dialectal asa (*jasn; preterit s) `flare up, foam, ferment, seethe, roar, storm, dash', esja (*jasjan)

Old High German jesan `ferment, seethe, foam ' = Swedish Dialectal esa (as) `ferment,

`ferment, seethe', Old Norse sa (*jsjan) ` stir in violent movement ', compare Norwegian

Dialectal ` the roaring, restlessness in animals and people ', Old Norse jstr, Gen. jastar m.

English giest (engl. yeast) `scum, froth, foam, slobber, yeast', Middle Low German gest and Gischt `scum, froth, foam, yeast';

(at first from *estuz, *estauz, older jes-) and jastr n. (at first from *estra) `yeast', Old

`yeast', Middle High German jest, gest m. `scum, froth, foam', Modern High German Gest Tocharian A ys- `simmer, seethe, boil'. Page(s): 506 References: WP. I 208. O'Rahilly riu 13, 144 f.

ietet Root / lemma: iietMaterial:

Meaning: to set out for; to strive

Note:

labialized laryngeal e- > e-, o- > u-, a- > a- Hittite labialized laryngeal PIE - > u-, -, y-, i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indic = j- East Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g h 2 3 1 2

Armenian, Celtic, Illyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc. Old Indic ytati, -te after Pet. Wb. ` connects, joins together; set out for; to strive ', after agitates after, competes; it is jealous, envies, argues; pushes to the front, attacks, stirs oneself, hurries, marches ', Kaus. ytyati ` forms an alliance, combines; lays the Geldner Ved. stem 3, 11 ff. (doubt by Sommer Gr. Lautst. 157) ` amounts, is equal with,

responsibility, prosecutes, avenges ', yti- m. `ascetic' (`*striver'), yatna- ` keen ', yatnm. ` aspiration, endeavor, exertion, toil', Avestan yateiti, yatayeiti ` sets into movement

concerns somebody about something ', Kaus. ytayeiti ` brings to the use, pursues, worries, takes pains '; perhaps here Tocharian A yat- `reach, attain ', present Med. yatatr, yototr, Schulze-

(Perf. be in motion), stirs, is industrious, strains eagerly ', with fr- ` approaches; it

Sieg Tocharian Gr. 487, Van Windekens Lexique 167, Pedersen Tocharian 221; also AB yt- ` be able, command ' (Van Windekens aaO.)? Note: labialized laryngeal a- > ya- Old Indic, Avestan, Tocharian , -nt- > -nn-), Ad-ietuanus (: Old Indic yat-na-), nasalized (compare with nasal suffix Old

cymr. add-iad `longing, yearning', gall. Ad-ietu-mrus, Ad-iatunnus, (common Celtic -ns-

Indic yat-n-) cymr. add-iant `longing, yearning', Irish t (nir. ad) ` eagerness, jealousy ', thirst ' maybe from lengthened grade *itu-tut-s; Maybe alb. etja `thirst'. Note: labialized laryngeal e- > Proto Celtic ye-, Old Celtic ie-, o- > Proto Celtic yo-, Old Celtic io-, a- > Proto Celtic ya-, Old Celtic iaPage(s): 506-507 References: WP. I 197.
2 3 1

gall. Iantu-mros, Ientu-mros (= Irish tmar ` jealous '); Old Irish tu, Akk. tith, nir. ota `

Meaning: to move swiftly, to fight Material: Note:

ieueu Root / lemma: iieu-d h

labialized laryngeal e- > e-, o- > u-, a- > a- Hittite labialized laryngeal PIE - > u-, -, y-, i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indic = j- East Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g h 2 3 1 3

Armenian, Celtic, Illyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc. involves in fight ', ydhyati, ydhati `fights', ydh- m. ` combatant ', f. `fight, struggle,

Old Indic ud-ydhati ` boils up (from the water); make someone angry ', Kaus. ydhyati ` battle', yudhm- ` warlike ', m. ` combatant ', ydhyas- ` more pugnacious, combative,

Note:

better fighting '; Pali yhati `fights';

labialized laryngeal o- > yo-, yu- Old Indic = o- > yui- Avestan = o- > yuTocharian Avestan yiyeinti ` sie kmpfen ', yiita- ` he fights best of all '; Tocharian A yutk- `worry about'. Note: Reduplicated laryngeal in o e- > Avestan (*you-ei-) yui1 3 3 3

wake somebody's passion , entice somebody ', refl. ` be agitated, get excited ', Latvian jada `fortune, power ', jadt ` have the necessary strength '; Note: Reduplicated laryngeal in a o- > Baltic (*ya-ou-) yau3 2

changing through ablaut Lithuanian jaud f. `enticement, seduction ', whereof judinti `

the radiance of the heavenly bodies, light, splendor, brightness, sunshine ' see WH. I 724); acymr. Jud-gual, abret. Iud-uual ` tremendous fight '; this Jud- (= iu-) became later in acymr. acorn. abret. Jud- `fight, struggle' (*ioud o-), ` combatant ' (*ioud ios), in MN as
h h

the neck of an animal, the mane' (`*the shuddering, flowing ones ') ; (about jubar, -ris `

(alt. ious), jussum actually `* set in movement, rouse ', hence; juba f. `the flowing hair on

Latin jube, -re ` order, give an order, bid, tell, command ' (= Lithuanian judti), juss

anlaut polysyllabic names of mcymr. to Id- (= -), in all other positions to ud (= ), so (*ioud ios);
h

acymr. Mor-iud ` sea fighter ' to mcymr. Mor-u, independent cymr. udd `master, mister' Lithuanian jud, -ti `be shaking, trembling, move, quarrel, squabble', jund jsti ` in

zitternde Bewegung, in Aufruhr geraten ', Old Lithuanian juds `quarrelsome', judra `whirlwind'; poln. judzi ` stir, tease, irritate, incite, argue about something bad ' (: Old Indic

ydhyati); perhaps Old Church Slavic ojmin, Pl. ojmi `warrior' (= Old Indic yudhm- with prefix o-); (common Occidental Romance = Slavic prefix) also Bulgarian juda ` nymph '; Note: labialized laryngeal e- > yei-, yi- Avestan, a- > ya- Old Indic s-m-s, compare Old Indic yudhm-); (Illyrian substrate abbreviation) Page(s): 511-512 References: WP. I 203 f., WH. I 724 f., Trautmann 109. gr. hom. Dat., ` fight, battle, combat' (*iud -s-mn-, derivative from a *iud h h 2 1

Meaning: to wave, unsteady

uRoot / lemma: ieu-

Material: Note: labialized laryngeal e- > e-, o- > u-, a- > a- Hittite labialized laryngeal PIE - > u-, -, y-, i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indic = j- East Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g h 2 2 3 3 1 1

Armenian, Celtic, Illyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc. yati- ` activity, wakefulness, agility, liveliness '; Armenian yuzem ` enrage' is iran. loanword; Tocharian A yok-, yuk- `defeat, conquer'. Note:

Avestan yaozaiti ` be moved, be excited, sprunt up (from the water, from restless lands) ',

Reduplicated labialized laryngeal in a o- > Avestan yao- > Armenian yu-, Tocharian A yo-, yuGothic jiuka `rage, fury, fight', jiukan `fight', Middle High German jouchen, juchen
3 3 2 1

`drive, push, hunt, chase' and Old English gocor `full of hardship', gocre Adv. `stern'; Note: Reduplicated labialized laryngeal in e o- > Germanic (*yiu-) jiu-, jeo- > Old English jeo- > geoReferences: WP. I 203, Feist 301 b.

Page(s): 512

Meaning: to mix (of meal preparation)

ieueu Root / lemma: iieu-1

), originally probably ` set in motion '; s. iieu-d -. ieueu Note: Material: Material:
h

Note: (: iu-, i[u]-; iu-, i-; latter due to the lengthened grade or from a heavy basis *ieu-

labialized laryngeal e- > e-, o- > u-, a- > a- Hittite

labialized laryngeal PIE - > u-, -, y-, i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indic = j- East Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g h

Armenian, Celtic, Illyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc. yt- f. ` mixture ', -yvana- n. ` mixing spoon '; Old Indic yuti, yuvti ` mixed ', ud--yuti ` agitates, stirs up ', pra-yuti ` stirs, mixes ',

javs ` mixture of cattle feed ', Lithuanian jvalas ` pig's food; waste, pigswill, grape marc '; Note: Reduplicated laryngeal in a o- > Old Indic yau- > Baltic jau- = o o- > Baltic jougr. , ` Egyptian barley beer '??; (Illyrian substrate g- > z-) Note: labialized laryngeal o- > Proto Greek jou- > gou- > Greek zualb.-Tosc gjr `soup' (*i-no-), Geg gjan `smut, pond, pool, watering-place '; Note: labialized laryngeal a- > Proto Albanian ja- > Albanian gjaMaybe alb. (*jesla) gjella ` soup, dish ' (common Celtic Illyrian -sl- > -ll-) uwd, iwd m., acorn. abret. iot, nbret. ioud, iod `porridge, mash'; Old Irish th `porridge, ablauteud gallorom. iutta from gall. *iu-t, Middle Latin iotta `broth', mcymr. iwt, ncymr.
2 3 3 3 3 2

Lithuanian jaun, joviau, jati ` pour hot water about ', Latvian jut ` stir in, mix dough ',

mash, broth' probably is attributed to th `fat' (Thurneysen Gr. 39). Note: Reduplicated labialized laryngeal o o- > Celtic iouu)s- ss s-stem i(u)s-, is- `broth':
3 3

High German Jauche from West Slavic); in addition to- derivative of New Swedish st

Prussian juse `broth, meat broth', Old Church Slavic jucha (*ious) `broth, soup' (Modern

Lithuanian j (*isii) ` bad soup from sour dough mixed with water thoroughly ', Old

Old Indic y (only Nom.), y-, ua- m. n. `broth', Latin is, iris `broth, soup',

(*isto), Old Norse ostr (secondary ) `cheese' and Finnish-Proto Norse juusto, New Swedish dial. st ds.; Note: Reduplicated labialized laryngeal o o- > Germanic juu(*i[u]smos or *i[u]mos). Page(s): 507 perhaps in addition gr. ` sourdough' (*ism or im) and `broth, soup'
3 3

References: WP. I 199, WH. I 734, Trautmann 110.

Meaning: to tie together, yoke Material: Note:

Root / lemma: ieu-2, ieu-, ieu-geu iieu- iieu

h

ieueu ieu-nieu Note: probably as 1. ieu- ` mix' evolved from ` set in motion '; s. also iieu-d - and iieu-ni-.

labialized laryngeal e- > e-, o- > u-, a- > a- Hittite labialized laryngeal PIE - > u-, -, y-, i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indic = j- East Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g h 2 3 1 2

Armenian, Celtic, Illyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc. Old Indic yuti, yuvti `bands, joins together, harnesses, places a harness on a draft animal ' (also ` mixed '), participle yut-, yt- f. `connection' (and ` mixture '), ni-yt- f. `row, yoke, pair of harnessed oxen ', yth- m. ` association, troop, multitude, crowd', ' (present yavayeiti, Inf. yt, yta), yaona- n.

`occupation ', yav- (yu-) Adj. ` holding, standing by somebody ' = Old Indic yu- ` `duration');

journeyman, fellow ' (see Bartholomae Airan. Wb. 1264 f., where also about yv-

Note:

labialized laryngeal a- > ya- Old Indic = o- > yobefore wagon, a beast used for drawing or carrying, draught-cattle ' = Latin jmentum; Latvian Pl. jtis `joint (*connection), crossroads ', Lithuanian jutis m. `ox' (`*strained
3

Baltic heavy root); here also Latvian jumis ` Doppelfrucht, Felddmon ', jmt `(roof) cover'

.hts htiw fleseno ypucco

Avestan yav- `

ytra- n. `rope, band', yna- n. `band, strap, cord', avayava- m. `limb, member, part';

vocalism (iran. loanword?).

(Mhlenbach-Endzelin II 177ff.). doubtably Armenian yaud `connection' because of Perhaps here Latin juvre ` support, help; delight'; probably compatible with Old Indic

yu-y-ti ` cuts off, protects from, separates, severs, defends, keeps away, it is separated ', v-yavanta ` tending to repel, driving away ' merge to a particular family. Note: Reduplicated initial laryngeal in o a- > Latin juv- = o o- > yu-ywith as g-derivative also Old English (*jeoc) goc `help, consolation, certainty ', gocian `preserve, protect, rescue'; see below iieu-4. (common Occidental Romance j- > g- ) ieueu against it M. Leumann Gl. 29, 173 f. i goiiu-go-m ` yoke ': Old Indic yug- n. `yoke; pair' (also `gender, sex, generation') = gr. `yoke ' = Note: labialized laryngeal eu- > Proto Greek yeu- > geu- > Greek zuLatin jugum ds. (see also WH. I 728 f. about Umbrian Iguvium) = joch yoke; also so much land when one can plow with an ox's pair during one day '; Lithuanian (with n after jngiu) jngas ` yoke '; *jgo, see also Berneker 421 f.; in addition Old Russian b ` a land size; so much that Old Church Slavic igo (Gen. iga) ` yoke ' (es-stem), Czech jho ds. (Slavic *jgo from Gothic aschs. juk n., Old English geoc, Old Norse ok ` yoke ', Old High German juch,
1 3 3 2 3

Specht (KZ. 65, 207 f., 68, 52 ff.) places juvre to Old Indic vati, whereat above S. 77;

of Indo Germanic stem *ieugos-, see below);

Deichselarme des Hakenpflugs '; Church Slavic Pl. iesa, sloven. Gen. isa with results cymr. iau f., acymr. iou, acorn. ieu, bret. ieo, geo ` yoke ', kazely, kazelg ` bondage,

a man plows with a horse ' from *ob-jgj, nowadays oba and obga- d. j. *ob-jga- `

slavery ' = mcymr. kesseyl-yeu `axillary yoke' (Loth RC 40, 153 f.); gall. PN Ver-iugo-

dumnus; see also Pedersen KG. I 98; Thurneysen IA. 26, 26 doubts the affiliation of Irish yoke '; after Hessen ZceltPh. 9, 39 maybe from *uing (*iungis) through influence of the Armenian luc ` yoke ' created not originally for anlaut li- root; influence of lucanem ` and proto relationship of brit. words; doubtful is also the assessment from Irish cuing `

preposition com-; furthermore mcymr. kyn-iwng ` association ' (Loth RC 38, 160);

unhitch, unharness'; (common Celtic Armenian j- > l- see acymr. Jud-gual, abret. Iud-uual ` tremendous fight ') Hittite i--ga-an (yugan) ` yoke '; Note: labialized laryngeal ou- > yu- > iu- Hittite Tocharian A yokm f. `door, gate' (Old Indic loanword?). (Demin.) ` cheekbone, collarbone', jugulae ` the three stars which form Orion's belt; also, Maybe alb. Slavic jugu ` south, southern night sky' Gr. ` loop attached to the yoke, through which the beasts' heads were put, crossbar of the double rudder '; with Hittite yugas `annual', dyugas ` biennial ' compare Lithuanian dveigs ` biennial ' (treigs ` triennial ', etc.), above S. 229, 230. ieu-goseu iieu-gos- es-stem: Maybe alb. Geg zgjedh,-a ` yoke ', gjedh ` (harnessed) oxen ', zgidh, zgjidh, Tosc zglidh ` untie ', Geg zgjedh ` select' (common alb. -g > -dh). gr. ` yoke, pair of harnessed oxen ', Pl. = Latin jgera (*iougesa), without historical connection between them are Old Indic yugal- n. `pair', Latin jugulum
3

the whole constellation '

wherefore a new Sg. jgerum ` an acre, or rather measurement of land, measuring 28,800 measurement of land ', compare also above Church Slavic iesa, further perhaps (that S. 510); zero grade (as , but from could be a neologism from) probably Gothic jukuzi f. ` yoke, bondage, slavery ', compared with Old English gycer ` yoke ' square feet, or 240 feet in length by 120 in breadth ' = Middle High German jiuch n. `

certainly late) ` not joined, unmarried ', as well as Latin iouxmenta, imentum (see

(*jukizi-), with u the 2. syllable through assimilation? (common Occidental Romance Old English j- > g-)

verb stem iieu-g-: ieueu ', compare full grade yjayati (*jeugeieti) ` joins '; Avestan yaoj-, yuj- ` harness an animal, gr. `harness, bandage ', ; Latin jung, -ere, -nxi, -nctus ` connect '; full grade Old High German untar-jauhta ` subjugavi '; Avestan yuxta-, with prs. -n- Latin junctus, Old English geoht, iukt n. ` yoke ', Lithuanian ; jngtas, with the (as in present deriving from , etc.) lengthened grade root nouns iiug- in: iugug not in pairs ' = gr. `unyoked, unpaired, unmarried, isolated ', `of a wedded pair, near together, in close proximity, near at hand, near, near by, hard by, close to, by the side of, next to, immediately after, beside, on a par with ' (*jugist, scil. vi ` via, by way of, by means of '); in the strong Kas. analogical Old Indic yj-, Latin conjunx. Additional derivatives in: Norse eykr ` draft animal, horse' (Germanic *jaukiz, compare also Kaus. *jaukian ` harness ' assumed through Old Norse eykt f. ` working hours between the meals ' from *jauki) = Latin jgis `perpetual; bestndig flowing ' (besides iges, -tis `angespannt'); Old Indic ` harnessing, bandage', Latin juncti-m, juncti-, compare of es-stem Avestan yjana- n. ` a road measure ', Avestan yujasti- f. ds.; Old Indic yukti- f. ` harnessing ', gr. yaxti- `ability, capacity, skill, adroitness '; Old Indic yktr- `harnesser', yktra- n. `rope, Old Indic g- m. ` harnessing, connection '; gya- m. ` draft animal ', compare Old united ', Latin conjux ` husband, wife'; Superl. *iugistos in Latin juxt `of several objects, Old Indic yj- ` Gefhrte, Genosse; geschirrt, bespannt mit ', ayj- ` without comrades, Lithuanian jngiu, jngti ` connect, tighten in the yoke '; participle Old Indic yukt-, Old Indic yunkti (3. Pl. yujnti = Latin jungunt), yujati ` harnesses, tightens, connects

yoke up; accustom ';

is used for joining, a band, bond, yoke, a bridge of boats ', Latin jug(u)mentum ` jamb, ` yoke, pair of harnessed oxen '.

straps', Latin junctor, junctra; Old Indic yugmn- ` paired, coupled', gr. a ` that which crossbar, crossbeam', due to es-stem in addition Old Latin iouxmenta, Classical imentum

belt', Avestan yaxra- n. ` warlike strain, undertaking, attack', gr. `yoke

commitment, liability, bond' and is- ` gird ' as *i[u]s-. 109, Renou BSL. 41, 18 ff. Page(s): 508-510

Perhaps with ieu- are also related the families ieu(e)s- ` statute ' as ` obligation,

References: WP. I 201 f., WH. I 261, 726 ff., Trautmann 109 f., Kuiper Nasalprs. 70 ff.,

Meaning: young Material: Note:

ieueu Root / lemma: iieu-3

labialized laryngeal e- > e-, o- > u-, a- > a- Hittite labialized laryngeal PIE - > u-, -, y-, i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indic = j- East Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g h 2 3 1 3 3 3

Armenian, Celtic, Illyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc. , yvia-; Avestan yvan-, yavan- (both written for yuvan-), Gen. yn ` youngling '; Note: labialized laryngeal ou- > Old Indic yu- = a- > Old Indic ya-

Old Indic yvan- (yv, Gen. yna) ` young; youngling ', f. yn, compounds Sup. yvyas-

instead of *iuu due to the old conservative case Gen. juven-is, Dat. -, Akk. -em etc.; jnnew jn- (through Latin development from *juvenios); Umbrian iouies ` juvenibus, militibus ', Akk. Pl. jovie (one of the back formation compounds *jovi-s `troop, multitude, crowd of juniors?); x `young cow' Latin -c-extension besides Old Indic yn, against it compounds jnior with

Latin juvenis ` young; youngling, virgin' (to -ven- instead of -vin- compare EM 509)
2

Note: labialized laryngeal ou- > Proto Latin you- > Latin ju-, Umbrian ioustem after *seno-s `old'; iuueno- after Kompar. reconverted with metathesis to *ieueno-, Balto Slavic *iuno-). Note: labialized laryngeal ou- > Proto Latin you- > Latin ju-, Umbrian iouLithuanian junas, Latvian jans; Old Bulgarian jun ` young ' (-no-stem instead of -n-

yowynk ` young ', gall. Jovinc-illus, -a (Indo Germanic *iuunks, see below), unvocalized after compounds-Sup. to Celtic *ieu-, *iounko-; Note: labialized laryngeal e- > Proto Celtic ye-, Old Celtic ie-, o- > Proto Celtic yo-, Old Celtic io-, a- > Proto Celtic ya-, Old Celtic iaderivatives of stem *iuuen-: enen cow, youngling ', Umbrian iveka, iuenga ` young cow| heifer; girl ', Gothic juggs, Old iuunk-s: Old Indic yuva-, yuvak- ` juvenile ', Latin juvencus, -a `young bull, young
2 3 1

Irish ac (arch. oc), Middle Irish c, cymr. ieuanc, bret. iaouank, acorn. iouenc, mcorn.

ieuaf (so also ncymr.) ` youngest', bret. iaou ` younger ', next to which the Positive Old

Old Irish (*ho-ia) a ` younger ', am ` youngest', mcymr. ieu (ncymr. iau) ` younger ',

Icelandic ungr, Old High German jung, Old English geong ` young ' (Proto German *jngaz from *juwungz; in addition a new compound *jnhizan- in:) Gothic jhiza, Old Icelandic re ` younger ' (compare also Old Icelandic ska ` youth ' from *j[n]hiskn-).

Old Saxon jugu, Old English geogu (g instead of w after *duuni- ` virtue, uprightness, integrity, skillfulness '), Gothic junda ` youth ' (*iuunt); Latin juvents, -ttis ` youth ' (jventa = Gothic junda?) = Old Irish etiu, itiu, Gen. -ted ` youth ' (*iountt-s, reshaped A s-extension probably in Old Indic y, Gen. *yh, N. Pl. y, yaa ` young

ent iuuent-, iuunt-: Old Indic yvant-, f. yuvat- ` young; virgin'; Old High German jugund, ent-

from iuuntt-, see above to ac).

present stem in-; different Leumann-Stolz 239. Page(s): 510-511 References: WP. I 200 f., WH. I 735 f.
5

the goddess actually stands for ` youth, young persons ', it has derived from jnx, jnior

woman, wife '; for Latin Jn ` Juno, goddess of marriage and wife of the god Jupiter ', if

Meaning: to separate; to hold off Note: labialized laryngeal e- > e-, o- > u-, a- > a- Hittite
2 3 1

i Root / lemma: iieu-4

labialized laryngeal PIE - > u-, -, y-, i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indic = j- East Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g h h

Note: see above S. 508; after Renou (mndl.) is the Old Indic root yu- `separate' with yu- ` Page(s): 511 connect ' identical and meaning included in the compounds with pa- and v-.

Armenian, Celtic, Illyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc.

Meaning: the right way Material: Note:

ieu-ni- iou-nieu ou Root / lemma: iieu-ni- or iiou-ni-

labialized laryngeal e- > e-, o- > u-, a- > a- Hittite labialized laryngeal PIE - > u-, -, y-, i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indic = j- East Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g Armenian, Celtic, Illyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc. Old Indic yni- m. `residence', f. `womb', Avestan Akk. Sg. yaonm `way' (probably from yaonim, see Wackernagel KZ. 46, 266); in addition Old Indic syon- `comfortable' from *su-yon-, Wackernagel KZ. 61, 203f.;
2 2 3 3 1 3 1

Note:

labialized laryngeal o- > yo- Old Indic leisure, time'. Old Irish ain f. `possibility, opportunity (i.e. the more proper place = the right time),

ieueu See also: probably to iieu-1 ` set in motion '. Page(s): 512

References: WP. I 204;

Meaning: corn; barley Material: Note:

Root / lemma: ieuo-

labialized laryngeal e- > e-, o- > u-, a- > a- Hittite

labialized laryngeal PIE - > u-, -, y-, i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indic = j- East Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g h h

Armenian, Celtic, Illyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc.

npers. jav `barley' (= Lithuanian java); Old Indic yavya- m. ` fruit supply ' (: Lithuanian juja grainfield '; `barn'); yavas- n. `grass, food', Avestan yavaha- n. ` willow '; Avestan yvn- m. ` Lithuanian jvas m. `species of grain', java Pl. ` corn, grain ', juja `barn'. Note: Reduplicated laryngeal in a a- > Old Indic yava- > Baltic javaproducing grain ' (for *F), - () ` grain-giving, producing grain ' (: ieuo-s = - : ); Note: labialized laryngeal e- > Proto Greek ye- > ge- > Old Greek ze-, de-, o- > Proto Greek yo- > go- > Old Greek zo-, doPage(s): 512 References: WP. I 202 f., Trautmann 107.
3 1 2 2

Old Indic yva- m. ` corn, grain; barley, millet, sorghum' = Avestan yava- m. ` corn, grain ',

hom. Attic f. Pl. ` spelt ', hom. ` grain-giving, as epith. of the earth,

osos Root / lemma: ieuosMeaning: norm, right Material: ieueu Note: perhaps as ` obligation, commitment, liability ' to *iieu-2 ` connect '

Note:

labialized laryngeal e- > e-, o- > u-, a- > a- Hittite labialized laryngeal PIE - > u-, -, y-, i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indic = j- East Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g Tosc. Armenian, Celtic, Illyrian = z- Old Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Old Indic y n. `salvation!' (only in connection with ; to form s. Bartholomae Airan.
2 3 1

Wb. 1234); Avestan yaoda-iti `makes bright, purifies, cleans ritually ';

Note:

labialized laryngeal o- > yo- Old Indic Latin iovestd) ` justified, legitimate '; jr, -re `swear, vow' (Old Latin probably in iouesat
2

Latin is ` statute, enactment, right' (Old Latin ious from *iouos, compare:) istus (Old

WH. I 732 ff., EM 506 ff.; about jdex `judge' see above S. 188, WH. I 726; Note: labialized laryngeal o- > you- > iu-, ju- Latin Old Irish huisse ` justified, legitimate ' (*ius-tios). Note: labialized laryngeal o- > Celtic huPage(s): 512 References: WP. I 203, WH. I 733 f., 870.
3 3

Duenos-Inschr.), about jrg, iniria; pe(r)ierre, jerre, dierre (zero grade is-) s.

ig g Root / lemma: iig Meaning: force Material:

Note:

labialized laryngeal e- > e-, o- > u-, a- > a- Hittite labialized laryngeal PIE - > u-, -, y-, i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indic = j- East Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g Tosc.
h 2 3 1

Armenian, Celtic, Illyrian = z- Old Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Lithuanian nuo-, pa-jg ` power, ability ', jgi, jgti ` be capable, be strong ', Latvian

jglyj `violent; keen, eager; fast, rapid'? (see Berneker 443). Note:

jga `reason', jgt `catch, understand, comprehend '; whether here the isolated russ. dial.

labialized laryngeal e- > ye > je- Baltic = a- > ya- > ja- Slavic
2 1

Gr. `youth strength, pubescence', `be nubile, marriageable', `become m.', - ` youngling ' (compare -); (common Illyrian g- > b-)

full of strength in youth '. Note:

Doubtful is the interpretation from gr. `tender, fine, luscious' from *ig-rs ` being

roro- : g g Root / lemma: ab ro- (* ab ro-): ` strong, mighty ' derived from Root / lemma: ig : force extended in -r- formant. r Note: labialized laryngeal e- > e-, a- > a- Greek gr. `tender, fine, luscious' = also, whether Latin Iegius, Oscan Ieis (with ?) belong here. Note: labialized laryngeal e- > ye- > je- > le- Latin (common Celtic Armenian j- > l-) Page(s): 503 References: WP. I 206 f., Trautmann 107.
1 2 1 h 2 h

Meaning: to heal Material: Note:

ik- ikk k Root / lemma: iik- : iik-

labialized laryngeal e- > e-, o- > u-, a- > a- Hittite labialized laryngeal PIE - > u-, -, y-, i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indic = j- East Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g Tosc.
h 2 3 1

Armenian, Celtic, Illyrian = z- Old Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Old Irish hcc (*ikko-) `healing, payment ', cymr. iach `fit, healthy', corn. yagh, bret. iac'h

ds. (*ikko-), with unclear consonant doubling.

Note: labialized laryngeal e- > hye- > hi, a- > ya-, ia- Celtic `physician, medicine man, savior, redeemer', `healer, physician, medicine man', Epic -ionische Psilose), in Attic prose seldom used words; Note: labialized laryngeal e- > e-, a- > a- Greek ekek See also: see above iek- `speak'. Page(s): 504 References: WP. I 195, WH. I 716, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 303;
2 1 2 1 1 2 1

Gr. n. `remedy', `heal', delph. , (as epithet of Apollos,

Meaning: liver Material: Note:

(t(t iek ek Root / lemma: ik-r(t-), Gen. iiek-n-s

labialized laryngeal e- > e-, o- > u-, a- > a- Hittite labialized laryngeal PIE - > u-, -, y-, i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indic = j- East Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g Tosc.
h 2 3

Armenian, Celtic, Illyrian = z- Old Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Old Indic ykrt, Gen. yakn `liver'; pers. jigar (*yakar-), afghan. yna (obl. *yaxna-);

lifra f. ` sister ') = Note:

Avestan *ha-ykana-, compare Old Norse lifre m. ` belonging to the same liver, brother ',

lengthened grade (?) Avestan ykar (after W. Krause KZ. 56, 304 ff. perhaps also

labialized laryngeal a- > ya- Old Indic gr. , - (*-n-tos); Note: labialized laryngeal e- > e- Greek Latin jecur, -oris and -inoris (proves previously *jecinis; amalgamation of r-and n-stems);

Prussian iagno (Hs. lagno) f. Note:

Baltic *iekn f. in Lithuanian jknos, old jeknos, jekanas, Latvian aknas, aknis f. Pl. Old

labialized laryngeal e- > ye- > je- Latin, Baltic = a- > ya- > ja- Baltic eggs of a fish, eggs of various crustaceans ' and Church Slavic ikra, russ. ikra, Upper After Pedersen KG. I 129 here Middle Irish i(u)chair (*ikuri-) f., Gen. i(u)chrach ` roe,
2 1 1

that Baltic correspondences or rather leaning forms, Old Prussian yceroy, Latvian ikrs, Old Lithuanian Gen. ikr) under a basic meaning `clump, intumescence '. Also Indo Germanic *iekrt could be based on the same view. It is difficult perhaps distorted taboo Armenian leard, Gen. lerdi `liver' (compare finally

Sorbian jikro, jikno ds., that is further identical with Slavic ikra `plaice' and ikra `calf' (and of

liver, Old High German libera, lebara to gr. `fat' (see Root / lemma: leip-1: to leipwas displaced, like Latin jecur fictum has lead to Italian fegato etc.. A proto Indo Germanic basic form *liekrt appears to be risky. Benveniste Origines I 8f. Page(s): 504 References: WP. I 205 f., WH. I 673, Trautmann 103, 106, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 518,

Cuny Recherches 68 ff.). Whereas belong Old Norse lifr f. `liver', Old English lifer, engl.

smear, stick), so that the original epithet of the (fattened) liver also the old word for liver

lemma: i i k- ikk k Root / lemma: ii- : ii-, with -k- extended ik-, iikMeaning: to throw; to do Material:

Note:

labialized laryngeal e- > e-, o- > u-, a- > a- Hittite labialized laryngeal PIE - > u-, -, y-, i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indic = j- East Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g Tosc.
h 2 3

Armenian, Celtic, Illyrian = z- Old Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian

`neglect'? Note:

carried out in the whole paradigm; after Van Windekens (Lexique 167) here also yk-

Tocharian A ya- `make', supplied through y-pa-, in preterit through ym-, in has been

labialized laryngeal a- > ya- Tocharian Latin iaci, ici, iactum, iacere `to throw, cast, fling, hurl, catapult; spread'; Note: labialized laryngeal a- > ya- > ia- Latin (from *i-ja-ru?) ` it should be done '?; Note: labialized laryngeal a- > ya- > ja- Hittite n. ` throw, shot'; (common Avestan, Greek aor. prefix) Pedersen places also here gr. ` send, dispatch '. Note: labialized laryngeal e- > ye- > ie-, a- > ya- > ia- Greek doubting Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 686, 741. Frisk (Eranos 41, 49 f.) decides because of animals, seed, race, a shoot, graft, scion, set, slip, cutting ') for *si-s-mi. Lykisch under Hittite 30. Page(s): 502 Against derivation from gr. from *si-s-mi with good reasons WH. I 667, EM 468.
2 1 2 2 2

Hittite i-ja-mi `I make', p-ja-mi ` send to', u-i-ja-mi ` send here '; here Luvian a-i-ja-ru

Gr. (Inf. , Fut. , Aor. -, ) `set in motion, throw, cast, send' (*ii-i-mi);

Armenian himn ` foundation ' (`*the thrown?' = Latin smen ` of plants, seed, of men or References: WP. I 199, II 460, WH. I 667, Pedersen Hittite 129, 198, Tocharian 166, 191,

ioi-nioi Root / lemma: iioi-niMeaning: bulrush Material:

Note: labialized laryngeal e- > e-, o- > u-, a- > a- Hittite labialized laryngeal PIE - > u-, -, y-, i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indic = j- East Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g Tosc.
h 2 2 3 3 1 3 1

Armenian, Celtic, Illyrian = z- Old Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Latin iuncus ` bulrush' (*ioini-ko-s) belongs to Middle Irish an ` bulrush' (*ioini-), Gen. ane; Note:

about Latin iniperus ` the juniper-tree ' s. WH. I 731, 870 and Leumann Gl. 27, 74; labialized laryngeal ou- > you- > iu- Latin

which the meaning change of bulrush : juniper (see above) would be assure as old. However, it is then with Middle Low German eynholz and Modern High German 126.

Old Icelandic einir, Swedish en ` juniper ', ndd. n(e)ke ds. whether from *jainia-, by

Einbeerbaum (from Old Icelandic eini-ber ` juniper berry ') to be influenced by ein ` one '. Page(s): 513
11

References: WP. I 208f., Kluge

Meaning: a kind of roebuck iorkork hers- herRoot / lemma: iiork- : a kind of roebuck : Root / lemma: hers- , her- : rigid : alb. derk `pig' Material: Note: (< *hr-n-k); Note:

lemma: iorkork Root / lemma: iiork-

labialized laryngeal e- > e-, o- > u-, a- > a- Hittite labialized laryngeal PIE - > u-, -, y-, i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indic = j- East Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g Tosc.
h

Armenian, Celtic, Illyrian = z- Old Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian gallo-rom. *iorkos `roe deer', cymr. iwrch ` male roe deer ', corn. yorch, bret. iourc'h `roe

deer' (presumably from Celtic come the later isolated forms , , by Opp. and Hes.); gall. FN Jurca.

Note: labialized laryngeal o- > Celtic yo-, io-, ju-, iuGr. , , with folk etymology connection in mostly , ; f., m. `roe deer, gazelle '; (Illyrian substrate) Note:
3 1 1 1

labialized laryngeal e- > Proto Greek ye- > ge- > Old Greek ze-, de-, o- > Proto Greek yo- > go- > Old Greek zo-, doPage(s): 513 References: WP. I 209; M.-L. 9678.
3

Meaning: ` already; before, ever; just ' Note: labialized laryngeal e- > e-, o- > u-, a- > a- Hittite labialized laryngeal PIE - > u-, -, y-, i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indic = j- East Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g Tosc.
h 2 3

iou, i ou Root / lemma: iiou iiu

Armenian, Celtic, Illyrian = z- Old Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian See also: see above S. 285 (e-3, etc..)

Page(s): 513

i Root / lemma: iioNote:

Meaning: relative stem

labialized laryngeal e- > e-, o- > u-, a- > a- Hittite labialized laryngeal PIE - > u-, -, y-, i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indic = j- East Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g Tosc.
h 2 3

Armenian, Celtic, Illyrian = z- Old Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian See also: see above S. 283 (e-3, etc..)

Page(s): 513

Meaning: belt; to begird Material: Note:

i[u]s- is[u]s s Root / lemma: ii[u]s- : iis-

eueu Note: (presumably to ieu-2)

labialized laryngeal e- > e-, o- > u-, a- > a- Hittite labialized laryngeal PIE - > u-, -, y-, i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indic = j- East Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g Tosc.
h 2 3 1

Armenian, Celtic, Illyrian = z- Old Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Avestan yhayeiti (mostly with aiwi-) ` girds ', participle ysta- ` girded ', yh n. ` belt gr. v ` gird ', (= Avestan ysta-, Lithuanian jostas) ` girded ',

string ';

*?

compare russ.-Church Slavic pojasn ds.); Hes. perhaps thessal. = alb. n-gjehs, ngjesh ` gird, put on a belt '; gird ' (ablaut u : );

`belt, girdle', ds. (*- compare Lithuanian juosmu `belt'), ds. (*-,

Lithuanian josiu, josti ` gird ', jostas ` girded ', josta `belt, girdle' besides pa-jsti ` Old Church Slavic poja, -jasati ` gird ', pojas `belt, girdle' (etc., see Berneker 449).

References: WP. I 209, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 330, Trautmann 108 f. Page(s): 513

Meaning: you (pl.) os *iuos?) os

i Root / lemma: iiu-1 es Grammatical information: originally only Nom.; case oblique of stem us-, us- (from *iues i es,

Material: 1. Old Indic yuvm ` you ' Du., yym Pl., Avestan ym, gathav. y; nobis ', k`ez ` tibi '); Armenian having a lasting effect in those with je- anlaut. case e.g. Dat. jez (e after mez `

English g, Old Saxon g, ge, Old High German ir; Du. Gothic *ju-t (: Lithuanian j-du), otherwise reshaped after ` we ' Old Icelandic it, Old English Old Saxon git; Lithuanian js, Latvian js, Prussian ios, ias ` you ' Pl., Lithuanian j-du ` you both';

Gothic js ` you ' Pl. otherwise reshaped after ` we ' (see ue-) Old Icelandic r, Old

Old Prussian iouson, Lithuanian jsu, Latvian jsu ` your '.

alb. ju ` you ' from *u = Old Indic va with hiatus erasing j-; Also alb. juve `you', jush `from you'. of Akk. *us-sme (= Lesbian ) from with takeover of nominative i- Old Indic yumn us-, us-: Old Indic va, Avestan v enkl. for Akk. Gen. Dat. Pl., Dual. Old Indic vm;

Akk. (etc.), Avestan Abl. ymat; well as Attic etc.;

gr. Lesbian (*us-sm-), Doric Akk., out of it nom. Lesbian , Doric , as

Umbrian uestra ` vestr '; vam, Instr. Pl. vami;

Latin vs (= Avestan Akk. Pl. v?), Paelignian vus ` vos ' and ` vobis ', Latin vester, Old Prussian wans Akk.; Old Church Slavic Nom. Akk. Pl. vy, Gen. Pl. vas, Dat. Pl.

Hittite u-(um-)me-es (sumes) from *usme (compare Pedersen Hittite 75 f); Tocharian A yas, yes (y from the 1. Pl.). etc. chwi ` you ' (- < -*oi of Nom. Pl. the o-stem?); Irish far n. ` your ', indala-sr ` one of izwis ` you ', izwara ` your ', Old Icelandic yr, yuar ds., West Germanic without s (i.e. Besides with anlaut su : Old Irish s, sissi ` you ' (uai-b `from you ' from *-su), cymr.

you both ', sethar ` your ' (compare Thurneysen Gr. p. 449), and with anlaut esu- Gothic probably with s- reduction) Old High German iuwih ` you ' (Akk.), iuwr ` your ' etc.;

perhaps it is also gr. ` you both' after the reflexive, where *F- through - it was replaced the older *F. Page(s): 513-514 References: WP. I 209 f., Trautmann 110, 364, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 600 f.

Root / lemma: i 2

Meaning: exclamatory interjection

Material: Gr. ` exclamation of sorrow!' (, :), : ` interjection of amazement'; with

silbischem, to partly long i- (u-) ranks ` howling, shrieking, as of men in pain, but also

by Bezzenberger BB. 27, 164 f., the also auf Lithuanian vas ` a night-owl, an owl ', Old here, but to au1 (above S. 71) there belongs ` scream ', older inschr. F;

of the shout of heralds, the hissing of snakes ', ds., (Fut. ) `cry' (Lithuanian Prussian ywo-garge `owl's tree' and in n-present refers , Hes.); not Latin jbil ` rejoice, shout, to raise a shout of joy, call out to a person ' (perhaps *id-

d -l) ; in addition iug, -ere ` to utter the note of the red kite ';
h

Middle Irish ilach (*iiuluko-) `victory cheering'; exclamation and shout), therefrom Middle High German jwen, jwezen ` shout, jubilate ', Modern High German johlen, jodeln, also Old Norse yla, engl. yowl `howl' from *jljan; serb. j, j, ijuju ` hurray, hoorah!, hurrah!!'; Lithuanian vas ` a night-owl, an owl ' see above. Page(s): 514 References: WP. I 210, WH. I 725 ff. jchezen, Modern High German jauchzen ` whoop ', Middle High German jlen, jodeln, Middle High German j, jch `exclamation of pleasure, joy' (similarly j with the

Root / lemma: lili-

Meaning: groin, intestines

Hes. (presumably -, compare:) genitals' constructed by Catull); or Latin loanword?

Material: Gr. ; . Latin lia, -um ` intestines, guts; loin, flank; the lower abdomen' (Sg. lium Gl., le `the

Scots Gaelic island Old Irish le, Gaelic le, engl. Islay (Watson, Celtic Place-Names 87)? lanita `cheek', isto `kidney', lysto `calf', usta `mouth') in wruss. jality `testicles', serb. old intestine ', dial. ` sausage ', Pl. ` intestines, entrails ', russ. litnja ` manyplies of jelito ` a sausage, a small sausage ', ak. olto ` intestine, a sausage ', poln. jelito ` Perhaps here Slavic *jelito (from *jilito?) etc. ` groin, intestines, testicles' (t-forms as in

whether here cymr. il ` ebullition ' (*swelling?), gall. PN Ilio-mrus `with big groin ' and

ruminants, psalterium ' (Old Prussian laitian n. ` sausage ' probably from apoln. *lito?).

Page(s): 499

References: WP. I 163 f., WH. I 673 f.

Meaning: dirt; black

Root l- luRoot / lemma: l-, luMaterial: Gr. , - f. `slime, mud, ordure; dregs, sediment (of wine); impurity ', Latvian ls ` very dark ' (*lus); jl `slime, mud, loam, clay', poln. i, je ` clay, natural dampness of earth ', wherefore Old Church Slavic il ` mud, mire, dirt; clay; bog ', russ. i, Gen. a `slime, mud', Czech

(i.e. ) Hes.;

maybe the name of the whitefish living in the mud (Squalius vulgaris), russ. jelc, Gen. under li- ` groin, intestines '). Page(s): 499 jelc, Czech jelec, jilec, poln. jelec, Lower Sorbian jalica (to anlaut alteration compare

References: WP. I 163, Trautmann 103.

Meaning: a kind of fish

*ati- ateliRoot / lemma: *ati-, ateli-, -o-

of large fish found in the Po ' (probably gall. or Ligurian: Holder Altcelt. Sprachsch. s. v., turbot, type of flatfish eaten as food '. Page(s): 70 References: WP. I 44, WH. I 78. M.-L. 766; different Hirt IF. 37, 222); Old Lithuanian ats, Lithuaniantas, Latvian te `

Material: Gr. ` a kind of fish ' (could be assimilated from *), Latin attilus ` a kind

mRoot / lemma: *dh-mMeaning: slant Material: Old Indic jihm- ` slantwise, slant, skew ' (Proto Aryan *ihm- assim. from References: WP. I 769, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I, 302 g, 327. *dihm-), gr. , `slant, skew' (assim. from *?).

Page(s): 181

*ghihi- hid- hd dRoot / lemma: (*ghi- :) ghi-, ghid- : ghd*ghi Meaning: bright, shining

Material: Gr. `clear, bright, luminous; cheerful' (= Lithuanian gidras), next to form *-F or -); Hes.; Note: common Illyrian g- > b-.

which - in `gleaming, stately'; ` dim, dark, hazy, brownish, gray' (basic Lithuanian gidras, gaidrs `cheerful, clear, bright' (therefrom giedr, gaidr f. ` nice

weather '), Latvian dziedrs ` azure, sky-blue color', changing through ablaut dzdrums

heaven'; probably also Old Prussian gaylis `white'. Page(s): 488-489 References: WP. I 665, Trautmann 75.

m. ` gleam in the sky, heaven, conflagration; rage, fury', gazdras m. ` gleam in the sky,

giss m. `air, weather', gais (*gaisus) `clear, bright', gisma f. `light', Lithuanian gasras

`brightness'; Lithuanian gasas (*ghid-so-s), gaisa ` gleam in the sky, heaven', Latvian

*s, sen- osRoot / lemma: *s s-i-s, s-en-, os-k- (*wks-, wsk- in centum languages) wks- wsk) Meaning: ash tree Material: Latin ornus ` the wild mountain-ash ' (*os-en-os); cymr. acorn. onn-en, bret.

ounn-enn `ash tree', cymr. Pl. onn, ynn (proto Celtic *onn < *osn); (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old Irish (h)uinnius, Dat. uinnsinn (*onn-is-) ds.; Lithuanian osis f., m., Osones); Slavic *jasen (*jasen) m. in serb. jsn, russ. jsen; Latvian usis m., Old Prussian woasis (*si-s; in addition Illyrian-Pannonian VN Osi, PN with k-extension: Armenian haci `ash tree'; alb. ah `beech' (*osk); Note: Maybe wrong etymology as alb. (*phau) ahu ` beech ' : Spanish haya, French htre, fayard, foyau, fau, fagette, faye, Fayette, Italian faggio, Aragones fau, Bresciano f, Breton favenn, Calabrese fagu, Catalan faig, Furlan fajr, Galician faia, Irish fe, Manx faih, faig, Venetian fagaro, fagher, Welsh ffawydden ` beech '. Piemontese f, Portuguese faia, Romagnolo fz, Sardinian Campidanesu fau, Valencian gr. `beech, spear shaft' (*[]-?); Ligurian PN `ash-tree forest' (?); Old High German asc `ash tree';

Icelandic askr m. `ash tree, spear, javelin, ship', Old English sc (Germanic *askiz), Old compare tscherem. oko `ash tree'. References: WP. I 183 f., WH. II 223, Trautmann 203, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 59. Page(s): 782

*(s)pen- (s)pon- (s)pond Root / lemma: (*(s)pen-2), (s)pon-, (s)pon o*(s)pen Meaning: a kind of wooden vessel (pail) High German Span). sphNote: related to sph-, sph- `long, flat piece of wood' (compare -no-derivative Modern
h h

sofa, bed, couch, bier '; Middle Irish sonn m. ` jamb, pillar ', (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > bucket, pail ' (Danish spand ` bucket, pail '), Middle Low German span, -nnes ` wooden stem *spanan-, or from *spond -no- or *spon-uo-); Old Church Slavic spd ` a cornh h

Material: Armenian p`and `vessel' (*phond o-); Latin sponda ` the frame of a bedstead,

nn-), sonnaid ` bumps, presses ', cymr. ffon f. `stick' (*spond ); Old Icelandic spann n. ` bucket ', fat-span ` wooden vessel handle ' (Germanic *spanna-, perhaps o-Ableit. an enmeasure, measure, peck ';

High German Spind ` cupboard ' derive from Middle Latin *(dis)penda (Frings, Germania Romana 146). References: References: WP. II 662, WH. II 578.

e-forms missing; Dutch spinde ` larder, pantry, warehouse for storing food ', Modern

Page(s): 989

Root / lemma: *(s)p(h)ereg-, (s)p(h)erg-, (s)p(h)rg- (nasalized spreng-) *(s)p(h)ereg- (s)p(h)erg- (s)p(h)rgsprengg Meaning: to rush, hurry; to scatter, sprinkle sp(h)erNote: g-extension to sp(h)er

Material: A. With onomatopoeic word formation: , sphrjaka- m. `a certain plant'; onomatopoeic word formation also gr. `be Old Indic sphrjati, sphrjyati (`bursts out, appears' and) `beats, rattles, roars'; sphrja-

abundant, bristle, hiss, be full to bursting (from full udder' and) `beat, hiss, burst with loud bang'; Lithuanian sprga, -ti ` crackle, crack, creak', causative sprginti ` make crackle, roast';

sprga f. ` Hopfenblte ', Latvian spurdzes f. Pl. ds.; spurgt `spray'; proto Slavic *pragn, causative slov. priti `braise', ablaut. serb. piti `roast' (proto Slavic *priti); maybe alb. (*priti) przhit `burn' a Slavic loanword. *pragnti in Czech prahnouti `dry up, wilt, wither, languish ' PN Praha ` clear place';

ablaut. sprgti ` burst '; Latvian sprgt and sprgt `break, crack', spruogt `bud', Lithuanian

ffraeth (*spr h-to-) `quick, fast, willing, ready', bret. fraez, freaz `distinct', corn. freth `agile, lively' belong to sperh- S. 998; cymr. ffreg `gossip' has unclear -g (from *-k); Old English sperh Saxon sprca, Old High German sprhha `language' (besides forms without r unclear sprecan, Old Saxon sprekan, Old High German sprehhan `speak', Old English sprc, Old occurrence: Old High German spehhan, Old English specan `speak', spc ` discourse ', in more general onomatopoeic word formation Old Icelandic spraka ` crackle, patter ' C. In other meaning: Old Indic sphrjati ` bursts out, appear, come into view ' (see above); pargas ` pollen '; Maybe alb. shprthej ` blow, blossom, appear, come into view ' common alb. -k > -th. fraspara- `sprout, twig, branch'; Avestan sparga- `scion, shoot' (` from the barbs below the head of the arrow '), gr. ` burst with a noise, crackle, sputter, as liquids when thrown upon the
e

. alb., Germanic and Celtic of speech: alb. shpreh `I speak' (*spreg-sk-); but cymr.

engl. to speak, speech, Middle High German spaht `gossip, loud song', spehhen `babble'); (spraki `rumor'), Danish sprage `crack, creak, rustle '.

fire, groan with fulness, to be full to bursting ', ` to be full to bursting, swell, be

ripe, of nursing mothers, swell with milk ', Hes., Hes., , ` stone sperage, Asparagus acutifolius, the edible shoots thereof, the shoots of other plants '; Latin sparg, -ere `strew, distribute, scatter, sprinkle, spray'; spearcian ds. (engl. sparkle), spircan ` spark, produce sparks, spray', Middle Low German `sparkle, glitter', mnl. spranke `spark, the spraying, small stain '; Middle Low German sparken ` spark, produce sparks, sparkle, glitter', Old English

sparke, Old English spearca (engl. spark) `spark', nasalized Middle Low German spranken Old Icelandic sparkr `agile, lively, strenuous ', Old Icelandic sprkr, Norwegian sprk,

Swedish dial. sprker `agile, lively', also `radiating, gleaming', Danish dial. sprg `

haughty, boasting ' (*sprgi-); engl. sprinkle ` sprinkle, spray', Swedish dial. sprkkel `

High German spreckel ` chloasma, skin spot, brown spot on the skin ', nasal. Middle High sprinkel, mnl. spekelen `sprinkle', nl. spikkel ` stain, speckle ', Old English specca ds.,

children that is characterized by red spots on the skin', Norwegian and nisl. sprekla, Middle German sprinkel, sprenkel ` speckle, stain '; r-lose forms are Middle Low German spinkel =

stain ' (`*splash, dash '), sprckla ` measles, morbilli, contagious virus occurring mostly in

Lithuanian spogas ` stain, dot, speck '; - without anl. s, and concomitant as variant Norwegian and nisl. frekna ` freckle ', engl. freak ` make striped ';

besides *perk-, *prek- ` dappled ' (see 820 f.): Old Icelandic freknttr ` freckly, freckled ', Old English sprc n. `scion, shoot, twig, branch', spranca m. ds. (sprincel `basket-

snare'); in the meaning ` crackle, rustle, break, crack' based on Norwegian sprek `dry

deadwood', Old Icelandic sprek ` rotten, decayed, decomposed; brittle wood', Old High sprokkig ` brittle ', sprokkeln `break, crack', Norwegian dial. sproka, sprokka ` crack,

German sprahhula `splinter, chaff', Middle Low German sprok, sprokkel `deadwood'; holl.

spring, cleft, fissure', Old English forspiercan `dry, dehydrate, desiccate'; mnl. sporkel `deadwood, dry twig, branch';

`february' (probably of bud sprout, compare engl. spring ` spring '), Low German sprickel compare also Old English spracen ` alder ', Norwegian sprake ` juniper ', Old High

German sporah, spurcha ds., also (`twitching, shooting up, elastic') Old High German houue-spranca `locusta (grasshopper)', Old Saxon sprinco ds., Middle Low German spranke, sprinke, sprenkel ds.; Middle High German sprinke ` bird trap ', Low German Old High German springa ` shackle, fetter, or chain for the feet, a springe, gin, snare ',

Modern High German Sprenkel `speckle ' ds.; Low German sprenkel ` clamp wood ';

older Modern High German Sprengel ` bird trap ', engl. springe, springle ` bird's loop ' are influenced by springen; Latvian spirgt ` become fresh, strengthen ', spirg(t)s `fresh, alert, awake, smart, fit,

awake, smart'; spurguls `small, munteres child', sprgans ` brittle, alert, awake, smart'; Lithuanian sprgis, Latvian spradzis ` Erdfloh '; D. without anlaut s- compare still: Old Indic parjnya- ` rain cloud (squirting, spraying);

(`*Weggespritztes '); spridzint ` spray around, spring ', spridzgs `rash, hasty, alert,

healthy'; spirgsti (pirgsti) `glowing coals under the ash'; spirgulis `splinter'

the rain God and thunderstorm God ' (see above S. 819, 823); Old Irish arg `drip', mcymr. > zero Celtic Armenian.

eiry, cymr. eira `snow', acorn. irch, ncorn. er, bret. erc'h ds. (*pargo-, *pargio-); common pprobably also Old Church Slavic prga ` neuer Kornansatz des Weizens ', russ. perg `

pollen ' ; Old Church Slavic is-prgnti `spring out', poln. pierzgn `break, crack (skin)';

nasalized Old Bulgarian vs-prgnti ` sprout ', prg ` locust, grasshopper '; as `shooting `jumping feather', u-prgij ` shooting up flexibly, bulging ', also the family proto Slavic

up ' Old Church Slavic prglo ` a little snare, noose, a little stretcher ', russ. prga, pruina

poln. poprg `belt' etc.

*prg ` tighten, hitch, harness an animal; tense, pull taught, stretch tight ', prg ` yoke ', Maybe alb. pranga ` cuffs ' : Slavic prg ` yoke '.

References: WP. II 672 ff., WH. II 566 f., Trautmann 276 f., 278 f., Vasmer 2, 337, 450. Page(s): 996-998

epep upRoot / lemma: *uep-1 : up- : upMeaning: water Material: Material: Old Indic vp- f. `deep pond, pool'; the above S. 52 mentioned pre-Celtic FlN

with -up- in Celtic bottom, wherefore still Uxantia (*upsanti) ` Ousance ' (Orlans), the
2

Ligurian PN Vappincum ` Gap '; Lithuanian p `river' (barely to ap-); Old Prussian wupyan Russian vap `paint, color' etc.); Hittite uappu- ` riverbank, wadi, dry river valley '. References: Trautmann 11, 342, Vasmer 1, 168 f., Krahe BzNF 5, 98 ff. Page(s): 1149 `cloud'; Old Church Slavic vapa `sea' (*upa; barely after W. Schulze, Kl. Schr. 115 to Old

kad Root / lemma: ka h

Meaning: to guard; to cover

perhaps Middle Irish cais `love', mis-cuis `hate' (*kad -ti-s);

h

Material: Latin cassis, -idis `helmet' (if first Latin, s. WH. I 177, then from *kad -tis); Old English hdre ` thoughtful, anxious '; Old High German huota f. `the hat, guarding,
h

huoten, Old English hdan `look after, watch over, keep, guard, watch'; Old High German Old English htt, engl. hat `the hat' (*had-tu-), Old Icelandic hetta ` covering; shelter' huot m. `the hat, bonnet, helmet', Old English hd m. `cap'; Old Icelandic httr and hattr, (*hattjn-); Kluge under Hut, Zupitza gutturals 206 f.; Old English heden `dress' = Old

wardership', Old English hd, Old Frisian hde `guarding', whereof Old High German

Icelandic heinn ` fur skirt ' (*haina-). (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > nn-). References: WP. I 341 f., WH. I 177.

Page(s): 516

kaghloRoot / lemma: kaghlo-

Meaning: small round stone

Material: Gr. , - `stone, pebble ', Abl. from * =

Old High German hagal, Old English hagol, hgel m. Old Norse hagl n. `hail'. Page(s): 518 References: WP. I 338.

kagh- koghRoot / lemma: kagh- : koghMeaning: to sew, plait, etc.. Material: Latin caulae (*caholae) ` sheepfold, enclosure around temple and altars ',

net, a net of wicker-work for catching fish, a wear, fish snaring net' (all from wickerwork), Diac. ` the strap by which the plough-beam was fastened to the yoke ' as ` holder, encirclement ', in addition incoh, -re ` to lay the foundation of a thing, to begin, commence ', actually ` harness ' (word of farmers); cl, -re ` strain, filter with a sieve or strainer, purify '; ablaut. Latin cohum, after Paul.

wherefore (dial. development) clum ` A vessel for straining, a strainer, colander, a bow-

occupaverint ' = Latin capere : cpi (see below S. 527 f.); Umbrian cehefi ` captus sit ' is Konj. Pass. of f-Perfekts (E. Fraenkel, Fil. Biedr. Rksti 1940, 8 f.);

here Oscan , ` incipias ', kahad ` capiat ': Umbrian 3. Pl. Konj. Perf. kukh(n)s `

Gall. (out of it French quai, Old French chai ` river dam '); abret. caiou Pl. ` munimenta ', cymr. cae ` paddock ' and `collar, neckband', corn. k ` paddock ', Middle Breton kae

gall. (5. Jh., Zimmer KZ. 32, 237 f.) caii `cancelli' Gl., caio ` breialo sive bigardio ' Nom.

'; perhaps cymr. caen f. ` covering, operculum, skin' (*kagh-n) Vendryes WuS. 12, 242;

`thorn hedge, fence'; derived cymr. ca ` make a hedge, fence ', bret. kea ` make a hedge out of it borrowed Middle Irish can ` surface '); cymr. cael ` das Erlangen ' (*kagh-l), see above S. 408; ablaut. in bret. mor-go (*mon-go, to *mon- ` neck ') ` Halsring der Pferde ', whether -go from *kogho- (after V. Henry, Lexique, though to cymr. caw `band, strap'), and

`collar, neckband';

cymr. myn-ci ds., whether from *-cei, Indo Germanic *koghio-; out of it Middle Irish muince Old High German hag ` hedge, paddock ', Old English haga m. ` hedge, garden', engl.

haw, aschs. hago, Old Icelandic hagi ` meadowland '; Old English hg n. ` paddock,

heckia, heggia ` hedge ', to Old Icelandic hegg-r ` Ahlkirsche ' (*hagj; out of it French haie ds.); derivatives: Old English hagu-rn `charm, spell', hegi-tisse, Old High German hagazussa `witch'; Old Icelandic hegna ` make a hedge, fence, shield ', to Old High German hagan `briar', PN Hagano, Old Norse Hgni, etc. References: WP. I 337 f., WH. I 187 f., 243 f., 631, Loth RC 45, 198 f.

small area of land', engl. hay, Old English hecg f. ` hedge ', engl. hedge, Old High German

Page(s): 518 kao koo Root / lemma: kao- or koo-, -Meaning: goat Note: only Slavic and Germanic

In Albanian the old laryngeal gave h- > k-. Note: From the older root Root / lemma: ai- (*h evi-): `goat', derived Root / lemma: agh-no-s ai- h evi- : evi agh noh(*hegh-no-s ): `lamb' and Root / lemma: - : `goat' : Root / lemma: kao- or koo-, -- : hegh-no- : kao koo hegh `goat'. Material: Old Bulgarian koza `goat', kozl `he-goat' (Latvian kaza `goat' from Russ.),
2

leather': Lithuanian os `he-goat');

therefrom abgel. koa `skin' (*kozj, originally `* goatskin ', as Church Slavic (j)azno `skin, from the meaning ` (nanny goat fur as of covering, mantle ' goes probably also Gothic

hakuls `mantle', Old Icelandic hkoll ds. (fem. hekla ` mantle with hood, cowl '), Old

hoekijn `young goat, kid' (*hkna-).

lengthened grade probably Old English hcen, Middle Low German hken, Middle Dutch Meillet t. 246 reminds an *aos `goat(nbock)' (above S. 6 f.) as ` rhyme word ', what

English hacele, Old Frisian hezil (*hakil), Old High German hachul m. ds. back; with

would speak for kao- with a. The low spreading of the word can be explained from the f.

extent of the standing contest among nanny goat names, s. in addition Lidn Arm. stem 13

Maybe alb. kedhi `yound goat, kid' but not keci `yound goat, kid' from Turkish kei ` goat '. Page(s): 517-518 References: WP. I 336 f., Feist 238 f.

kai-koRoot / lemma: kai-koMeaning: one-eyed Material: Old Indic kkara- ` squinting '; Latin caecus `blind, dark', Old Irish caech ` one-eyed, squinting, blind', cymr. coeg `

vacuus, deficiens ', coegddall ` one-eyed', acorn. cuic ` luscus vel monophthalmus ', Gothic haihs ` one-eyed'; Middle Irish leth-chaech ` squinting';

olis);

compare aquilo : aquilus above S. 23; against it Fick GGA. 1894, 238: , a river the Lithuanian kikti ` curse ', actually `lay an evil eye ' (*kikmi : *kaikms). Because of the basic meaning ` one-eyed' compare *kai- ` alone '. *kai-

perhaps here gr. `northeasterly wind' as ` *the dark ' (Gntert, Kalypso 67 ,
6

Page(s): 519-520

References: WP. I 328, WH. I 129.

Root / lemma: kaik- or koik-

Material: Old Indic ka- m. ` hair of the head ', kn- mhnig ' (as Old Church Slavic kosa `hair' : esati `comb' from *kes- `scratch, scrape, comb'); Maybe alb. (*cs-) qeth `to cut hair of the head' common alb. -s > -th. katuvas ` plane instrument of the cooper ', Old Prussian coysnis `comb', coestue `comb, bristle brush'; Old Bulgarian csta `way, road' as `smooth way'. Page(s): 520 References: WP. I 328, Trautrnann 113. Lithuanian kati `scrape, rub, smooth', ikati `glass, wood make smooth inside ',

Meaning: to scratch, itch, comb, *dress (the hair), cut the hair

kai- kaikai- eloelo Root / lemma: kai-1, kai-uo-, kai-ueloMeaning: alone, whole Material: Old Indic kvala- ` belonging exclusively to somebody ', hence ` alone ' and Latin caelebs, -ibis ` unmarried, single (whether of a bachelor or a widower) ', probably

`whole, complete ';

single, childless '.

from *kaiuelo-lib(h)-s ` living alone ', to Gothic liban ` live ' etc.; compare Latvian kals `

kai-ko- kai-loSee also: compare also kai-ko-, kai-lo-. Page(s): 519

References: WP. I 326, WH. I 130, 455;

kai-lo- kai lukaiRoot / lemma: kai-lo- (kai-lu-) Note:

Meaning: bright; safe, healthy

kai-lo- kai lukaikai- kaiRoot / lemma: kai-lo- (kai-lu-) : bright; safe, healthy, derived from Root / lemma: kai-1, kaikai- eloelo uo-, kai-uelo- : alone, whole. Material: Cymr. coel f. `omen, sign', acymr. Pl. coilou ` auspiciis ', abret. coel ` cl ` augurium ' brit. loanword);

(h)aruspicem ', leg. ` (h)aruspicium ', acymr. coiliaucc, acorn. chuillioc ` augur ' (Old Irish Gothic hails, Old Icelandic heill, Old High German heil `fit, healthy, whole', Old English

hl, engl. whole `whole', Old High German heil n. ` salvation, luck', Old English hl `

auspicious omen, sign, luck, haleness, healthiness', Old Icelandic heil (*heilz, s-stem) n. f. `good omen, luck', Old High German heilisn `emblem, landmark, mark observe', Old also Gothic hails!, Old English wes hl! as greeting), Old English hlettan, Old High placenta, afterbirth ' = Norwegian heile ds.; English hlsian `(mad, wicked, evil ghost) adjure ', Old Icelandic heilsa `greet' (compare German heilazzen `greet', Old High German (etc.) heilag `holy'; Old English hlan Pl. ` Old Prussian kailstiskan Akk. Sg. ` haleness, healthiness' (derivative from *kailsta-s

Adj., this from *kailu-s), kails! - pats kails! ` Heil! - selbst Heil! ', Trinkgru;

undamaged ', clj, cliti `heal, cure', cluj, clovati ` greet ', then also `kiss'. kaiSee also: Perhaps to kai- ` alone ', above S. 519. Page(s): 520 References: WH. I 130, Trautmann 112, Lidn KZ. 61, 25 f.

Old Bulgarian cl `heil, fit, healthy; whole, unbroken, unmarred, unscathed,

Meaning: hair Note:

kaisRoot / lemma: kais-

kaisRoot / lemma: kais- : hair, derived from Root / lemma: kaik- or koik- : to scratch, itch, comb, *dress (the hair), cut the hair. Material: Old Indic ksara- m. n. hair, mane' (s instead of from a form *ksra-, e.g. Latin caesaris ` hair of the head '

Wackernagel Old Indic Gr. I 232); compare above ka- under kaik-;

f., E. Schwentner IF. 57, 59, Pedersen Tocharian 247. Page(s): 520 References: WP. I 329 f., WH. I 133.

about Tocharian A ik, ecake ` Leo (constellation) ' s. Van Windekens Lexique 120

kaitoRoot / lemma: kaitoMeaning: forest Note: (Celtic and Germanic)

Material: Acymr. coit, ncymr. coed `wood, forest', acorn. cuit, mcorn. coys, cos ds., bret. rom. pronunciation -ztum lies den Modern High German place names auf -scheid am Gothic haii f., Old Icelandic heir, Old English h, engl. heath, Old High German

coet, coat `wood, forest, spinney', gall. PN -, Cto-briga, Eto-ctum (die sptere

linken Rheinufer the basic);

probably similar to Latin pgnus (: pgus `land'), in addition Gothic hain f. ` pagan,

English *h, engl. dial. hoath; proto Germanic *haianas ` steppe inhabiting, wild',

heida f. ` heath ', Middle High German heide f. ` moor, heath, moorland '; besides Old

heathen ', Old Icelandic heiinn, Old English hen, engl. heathen, aschs. hthin, Old different W. Schulze Kl. Schriften 521 ff. 398.

High German heidan, heidin, heidanisk `heathenish, of or pertaining to heathens, pagan'; about Latin bctum `a pasture for cattle, cow-pasture ' s. WH. I 120, Vendryes RC 48,

Page(s): 521

References: WP. I 328 f., Feist 237 f.

Meaning: hole, ravine

Root / lemma: kaiur-t, kaiun-t Material: Old Indic kvaa- m. `pit, pothole'; gr. Hes., hom. (; so for expressed

originate) ` klftereich ', Erdschlund in Sparta ( as in - : Lithuanian dimt-). Page(s): 521 References: WP. I 327, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 25.

Root / lemma: kai 2

Meaning: and

Material: The equation gr. `and, also' : Old Church Slavic c in a ce, c i ` ,

, ' (compare the still unclear forms Arcadian Cypriot , Cypriot ) is very doubtful; for c is probably as `*as = as also, as probably' at first with Lithuanian ka,

have barely evolved from k- (infolge proclitic position?); not to Latin ceu `as' (*kai ue barely with from ai as prehend after Wackernagel and Niedermann IA. 18, 76). 474, WH. I 209. Page(s): 519
2

Latvian k, ka, Old Prussian kai ` like, as' of Pron. stem ko-, to connect, during could

References: WP. I 327, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. II 567 , Trautmann 112, Endzelin Latvian Gr. p.

Meaning: to defecate

kakkaRoot / lemma: kakkaNote: babble-word the Kindersprache

Material: Armenian k`akor `crap, muck', gr. ` cac ', ` human excrement ', caugh ds., russ. etc. kkat `defecate', Modern High German kacken; Maybe alb. kaka `ordure'. you! for shame!' - also gr. `evil, bad'; New Phrygian `evil, harm', after horseman's God (in Lycian), compare above S. 309. Page(s): 521 References: WP. I 336.

Latin cac, -re, Middle Irish caccaim ` caco ', cacc `ordure', cymr. cach, bret. cac`h, corn.

in addition perhaps as baby talk - compare Modern High German gegga `fie, shame on

Friedrich (Eberts Reallexikon I 139) gr. loanword; barely here , klein Old Saxon

kalRoot / lemma: kal-1

Meaning: hard; blister

kahina-, kahora- see below kar-3; kar-

Material: Old Indic ka- m. `weal, callus' (Middle Indic from *kra-s); about Old Indic Latin callum n., callus m. ` hardened thick skin, weal, callus' (in addition calle, -ere ` to

be callous, to be thickskinned, To be hardened, insensible, unfeeling, To be practised, to be wise by experience, to be skilful, versed in; in a pun on the literal sense, to know by experience or practice, to know, have the knowledge of, understand ', callidus `sly, cunning');

alb. a-kul, akull `ice'; Note: Wrong etymology. alb. akull `ice' derived from Old Norse jkull m. ` hanging down icicle, glacier ' see Root / lemma: iieg- : `ice' iegeg Old Irish Middle Irish calath, calad `hard', cymr. caled ds., gall. VN Caleti, Caletes; in

marcus ` coltsfoot, herb (Tussilago Farfara), whose leaves and root are employed in

addition gallo-rom.*calio-, *caliauo- `stone' (M.-L. 1519a), as well as gall.-Latin callio-

bret. kell f. `testicle' (Dual *kalnai);

ebul-calium (for *eplo-callium, to mcymr. ebawl, bret. ebol ` plenitude ') ds., to cymr. caill, Church Slavic kaliti ` temper, harden (glowing iron)', serb. prkala ` hoarfrost '. Maybe alb. kalit ` temper ' a Slavic loanword.

medicine to treat coughs ' (for*callio marci ` testiculus equi '), epo-calium (leg. -callium),

References: WP. I 357, WH. I 139 ff.; 388. Page(s): 523-524

kelSee also: Zusamenhang with kel- `hit' would be possible.

Meaning: handsome; healthy

kal- kali- kaluRoot / lemma: kal-2, kali-, kalu-

Material: Old Indic kaly- `fit, healthy, lively ', kalya- `beautiful, healthful ' (-a- = *lnoto gr. , , above S. 308 f.); gr. *- = Old Indic kalya- (?) as base from , `schner, schnst', n. `beauty'. `make beautiful',

and perhaps n. (mostly Pl.) ` cockscomb, crest on head of cock, rooster's comb '. hle() `man, husband', aschs. heli, Old High German held `man, husband, i-stem Old Norse halr (*hali-) `man, husband, master, mister' (poet.), Old English

F = hom. , Attic etc. `beautiful'; in addition as Spottname `ape'

Ionian `beauty', - as 1.composition part; besides with formants -u- Boeotian

husband' (*halu).

combatant, hero ', Old Swedish hlith, besides u-stem Old Norse hldr `free farmer, man,

References: WP. I 356, 443, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 128, 195; Seiler, The primren gr. Steigerungsformen 68 ff. Page(s): 524

Meaning: narrow passage

kalniRoot / lemma: kalni-

Material: Latin callis ` lane, trod, path, footpath, forest path, pathway, sideway, trackway, mountain-track, forest pastures '; bulgar. klnik `room between stove, hearth and wall', serb. klnac, Gen. klnca ` defile,

narrow passage between mountains ', sloven. klnc ` defile, narrow passage between mountains, mountain path, rivlet of a brook, village lane ', Czech klanec ` saddle, pass, narrow road between mountains '. References: WP. I 356 f., WH. I 140 f.

Page(s): 524

Meaning: ` bend, curve, crook ' (s)kambSee also: see below (s)kambPage(s): 525

kambRoot / lemma: kamb-

kam-erRoot / lemma: kam-er-

Meaning: to bend, curve, vaulted

Material: Old Indic kmrati (only Dhtup.) `is crooked'; Material: Avestan kamar f. `belt, girdle' (and `* dome '); dome, four-poster bed; covered cart ' (to Solmsens BPhW. 1906, 852 f. assumption Carian vault, an arched roof, an arch'); at most `oven' (certainly this could have derived from a culture word); camerus. Latin camur(us), -a, -um `arched, writhed, crooked, humped ' (dial.), genuine Latin gr. `beam, ceiling, roof, house' (probably dissim. from *), `

origin, , s. Boisacq 402 Anm.; Latin loanword camera, camara `a

References: WP. I 349 f., WH. I 146 f., 149 f., 306, Feist 6, 256; Page(s): 524-525 kamSee also: s. also kam-p-.

kamRoot / lemma: kam-pMeaning: to bend

Material: Old Indic kapan `worm, caterpillar, inchworm' (*kmp n), kampate `trembles', if originally ` writhes, curves ' (doubtful); ablaut. kumpa- (uncovered) ` lahm an der Hand '; doubtful Old Indic kapaa- n. `deceit, insidiousness' (would be *kmp-). '; `caterpillar, inchworm'; Pannonian PN Campona; gr. `bend', `curve, bend', , ` writhed, crooked, humped . [(O)Fr.
e

jambe leg, vertical support, f. Proto-Romance (whence late L gamba hoof) f. gr. .] The characteristic alb. m > mb shift. Latin campus `field' (originally `bend, indentation, lowland, depression', as Lithuanian Gothic hamfs `mutilated', Old English hf ` paralyzed hands ', aschs. hf, Old High

lank `valley, meadow' to lekti `bend'); German hamf `mutilated, lamed ';

(with Indo Germanic = in dark environment) Lithuanian kumpti ` crook oneself ', kumpas `crooked', Latvian kmpt ` become hunchbacked, crooked ', Old Prussian etkmps Adv. together '; `against'; in addition probably Lithuanian kmst `fist' as *kmp-st ` the fingers bending perhaps poln. kpa `river island covered with bush, shrubbery', Old Church Slavic
e u

Lithuanian kampas `point, edge, angle ', Latvian kampis ` Krummholz '; reduced grade

mound, knoll; bunch, fascicle, sheaf ';

kpina ` thorn - bushes, thorns, rubus, bush, shrub', russ. kupin `shrubbery, bush, Indo Germanic kamp- is possibly an extension from *kam- `bend, curve ' (see also the

nasalized equal meaning family of Old Indic cpa- m. n. `bow', capal- `restless,

similar root (s)kamb- from gr. , gall. Cambio-dnum etc.); yet compare also the (s)kamb-

in Latvian kaparutis ` wriggle ', k`epart ` wriggle, move with difficulty ', Lithuanian kpanotis ` liegend sich aufzuhelfen suchen ' or ` go laboringly '. Page(s): 525 References: WP. I 346, 350 f., WH. I 148 f., Trautmann 116.

fluctuating ', npers. ap `left', i.e. `*crooked'; Endzelin KZ. 44, 63 reminds of *capala- also

Root / lemma: kand-, skand- and (Old Indic) (s)kendlemma: kand- skand(s)kendMeaning: to glow; bright, *moon

EM

Maybe alb. Geg kama, Tosc kmba `leg, bent leg' : engl. jamb n. Also jambe. .

kand- skand(s)kendRoot / lemma: kand-, skand- and (Old Indic) (s)kend- : `to glow; bright, *moon' derived Material: Old Indic candati `shines', Intens. participle cni-cadat ` exceedingly gleaming' (*sknd-), candr- (candr-, EN Hri-candra-) `luminous, gleaming, burning; m. moon', candana- m. n. ` sandalwood (incense '); gr. Hes.; alb. Geg hn, Tosc hn `moon' (*skandn) : Urdu chand `moon' PN Candavia : Maybe Illyrian PN Sca(n)din-avia Sca(n)din(), Candavii Montes. The mountains separating Illyricum from Macedonia, across which the Via Egnatia ran. Latin cande, -re `gleam, shimmer, bright glow', transitive *cand, -ere in accend, from Root / lemma: sen(o)- (*heno): `old, *old moon' sen(o):

Note:

` A dazzling, glossy whiteness, a clear lustre, clearness, radiance, brightness, brilliancy, splendor, glitter ', candla, candlbrum `candlestick, flambeaux' (out of it cymr. etc.

incend ` set on fire, ignite, inflame ', candidus `blinding, dazzling white, gleaming', candor

cannwyll ds. {common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-}), cicindla ` little luminous beetle, oil lamp ', cicendula ` lamps ' (redupl. *ce-cand-); cymr. cann `white, bright', Middle Breton cann ` full moon ', abret. cant ` canus ';

splann), but cymr. cannaid `luminous; sun, moon' and numerous derivatives leave perhaps a genuine Celtic *kando- seem possible, whereas the FlN Kander (Baden, Switzerland) does not belong to Indo Germanic gand- ` waste, desolate reclining land', Bertoldi BSL 30,

borrowing from candidus takes Pedersen KG. I 190 (compare Latin splendidus > bret.

111 and Anm. 2. Page(s): 526

References: WP. I 352, WH. I 151 f.

Meaning: angle, curve

kan-thoRoot / lemma: kan-thokam-tho- kamNote: probably from kam-tho- to kam-p- `bend' from Latin cantus;

Material: Gr. ` corner of the eye'; in the meaning ` wheel rim' meaning-loanword Latin cantus `iron wheel rim' is again loanword from:

Middle Irish ct `round stone pillar'; derivatives: gall. cantalon, probably ` pillar ', cantena, pig's snout, plowshare '; compare Jud Arch. Rom. VI 210 f.); dss.?; also gall. cando-soccus ` Rebsenker ', lies canto-soccus (to gall. succo- `

penny, coin ') ds., bret. kant ` circle ', Old Irish ctad `(round) seat' from *kanto-sedo-,

gall. (also gallo-rom.) *cantos `iron ring, edge, point, edge', cymr. cant (hence ceiniog `

kantos, Latin cave); to kant ` circle ' > ` perfect ' compare acymr. lloergant ` full moon'; meeting', probably as *` a division of 100' identical with cymr. cant `100' above S. 92; Slavic *kt m. ` angle ' in russ.-Church Slavic kut etc. Maybe alb. knd `angle' a Slavic loanword?.

abret. int coucant `complete'; mcymr. yn geugant ds. (actually `very skillful ' from *kouo-

cymr. cant `troop, multitude, crowd', in addition Middle Irish cte (*kanti) `congregation,

References: WP. I 351 f., WH. I 155 f., Loth RC 42, 353 f., 47, 170 ff., Vendryes RC 45, 331 ff. Page(s): 526-527 kanRoot / lemma: kan-

Meaning: to sing, sound

Material: Gr. (), Aor. ` pour with a gurgling sound ', ` shrilling, noise', , ` sound, ring out ' (compare , : ), `rooster, cock' (`cackling in the early morning '); `noise'?

Maybe alb. kndes ` rooster' a Greek loanword.

` song' (*canmen), Umbrian kanetu ` canito ', procanurent ` praececinerint ', a-kani `* accinium, cantus flaminis '; perhaps also Latin cicnia ` stork ' (out of it probably knja); syncopated praen. cnea; compare to vowel gradation Old High German huon, russ. maybe alb. Geg kanga ` song '. ` song', bret. kentel f. ` lecon ' (*kan-tlo-m, previously brit. has changed to Fem., s. `fame';

or pertaining to melody, melodious, harmonious, euphonious ' (compare sonrus), carmen

Latin can, -ere ` o utter melodious notes, make music, sing, sound, play ', canrus ` of

Old Irish canim `I sing ', cymr. canu, bret. cana `sing', Middle Irish ctal n., cymr. cathl f.

Pedersen KG. II 66); lengthened grade mcymr. g(w)o-gawn `illustrious', cymr. go-goniant

hnsn (hns, hsn) ` chicken ', Old High German huon ` chicken ' (Germanic s-stem *hniz);

Gen. -nna (*hanen-i, -is), henna (*han[e]n-, -is) and Old Norse hna `hen' (*hnjn), Pl.

Gothic hana, Old High German etc. hano `rooster, cock', fem. Old High German henn,

Weihe, durch sein Geschrei lstiger Raubvogel ' (: cicnia); Tocharian A kan ` melody, rhythm '. Page(s): 525-526 References: WP. I 351, WH. I 154 f., 212 f. References:

perhaps (Berneker 483 between) russ. (etc.) knja, kanjk ` kite, type of predatory bird,

kaproRoot / lemma: kaproMeaning: goat Material: Old Indic kprth- m., kaprth- m. `penis'; gr. `boar', also ; well as due to of Adj. *capreus ` of a goat ' : caprea `roe deer', capreolus ` roebuck '), Umbrian kabru, kaprum ` caprum ', cabriner ` caprn '; Maybe alb. kaproll ` roebuck ' a Latin loanword. *cabrostos ` honeysuckle, privet '; gall. *cabros ` he-goat; billy goat ' reconstructs Bertoldi (RC 47, 184 ff.) from gallo-rom. Old Norse hafr `he-goat', Old English hfer ds. (figurative `crab', as French chevrette), Latin caper, capr `he-goat, billy goat ' (in addition a new formation Fem. capra `goat' as

Modern High German Habergei (from the grumbling estrous sound of the bird);

(Noricum) ` goat's field ', ` Bhmerwald ' (Illyrian?), Old Irish gabor, cymr. gafr m. ` he-goat; billy goat ', f. `goat', Old Irish also `mare', etc., g-is perhaps attributed to an equivalent from Indo Germanic ghaido- (above S. 409). ghaidoTo Germanic hafra- ` he-goat; billy goat ' seems to belong as ` goat's grain ' the word

proto Celtic *gabros ` he-goat; billy goat ', *gabr `goat', gall. PN Gabro-magos

haoro, Old High German habaro, Modern High German Haber, Hafer.

Hafer, because this was built originally only as cattle feed: Old Norse hafri m., Old Saxon :

A miscellaneous word is agutn. hagre, Swedish Norwegian dial. hagre, Finnish loanword kakra ` oat '; it belongs to after Falk-Torp aaO. as the hairy, i.e. begranntes grass to cymr. ceirch, bret. kerc'h ` oat ', if this through dissimilation from *korkrio-. Page(s): 529 References: WP. I 347 f., WH. I 157 f. Norwegian dial. hagr n. ` coarse horsehair ', perhaps concomitant to Middle Irish coirce,

Meaning: head; pan, etc..

Root / lemma: kap-ut, -()lokap-ut )lo )loNote: originally perhaps ` Schalenfrmiges ', see below Latin caput, -itis ` head '; bi-caps ` bicipital '; Maybe truncated Albanian (*conca) kok : Bergamasco (*capoccia) c : Bolognese : (*capoccia) zcc : Bresciano (*capoccia) c : Calabrese capa; capu : Catalan cap : Griko

Material: Old Indic kapcchala- n. (from *kaput-) ` hair on the back of the head, tuft, bowl';

Salentino (*capoccia) cccalo (contaminated by Greek ) : Greek : Lombardo Occidentale coo : Marchigiano (*capoccia) zocca : Napulitano (*capoccia) capa; chiocca; coccia : Occitan cap : Reggiano (*capoccia) sca : Romagnolo zca : Romansh chau : Sardinian (Limba Sarda Unificada) (*capoccia) conca : Sardinian Campidanesu capocia : Viestano : chep' : Welsh copa ` head '.

(*capoccia) conca; corroa ; carroa Umbro-Sabino capoccia : Valencian cap : Venetian Maybe Galician caluga, cocote : Romagnolo cppa : Sicilian cozzu : Venetian copa : head '.

Romanian ceaf : Albanian qafa ` nape ; nape of the neck ' : Furlan cjf : Turkish kafa ` Old Norse hfu n. ` head'; in Germanic besides Gothic haubi ` head ', Old Norse

through amalgamation with one to Old Indic kakbh- f. `cusp, peak, acme, apex '. Maybe alb. kaube ` bush '.

haufu, Old English hafod, Old High German houbit, Modern High German Haupt

Old High German hba `bonnet' etc. (compare keu-2) respective words; Cretan keu Hes. With l-suffixes: Old Indic kapla- n. `bowl, cranium, Pfanne am Schenkel,

144) `vessel', kapl ` kneecap ', kapla- m. `cheek';

schalenfrmiger oder scherbenfrmiger Knochen ', Pahlavi kaprak (Scheftelowitz BB. 28,

Old English hafola `head'. doubtably is affiliation from Latin capillus `hair, esp. hair of the head ', see WH. I 158. Page(s): 529-530 References: WP. I 346 f., WH. I 158, 163 f.

Meaning: to grab

kapRoot / lemma: kap-

Note: (Varianten s. am Schlusse); various in words for Gefe

Material: Old Indic kapa `two handful ' ( Middle Indic for t), Old pers. ` catch ';

'; with Indo Germanic e npers. aspdan, apsdan, cafsdan ` grasp, capture, gr. `a measure of capacity ', ` crib, manger ', ds., Thessalian ` the

cross-piece in a chariot seat, the side-pieces ', ` snap, swallow ', `handle, grasp';

root form *kab - to Modern High German haben);

h

alb. kap ` gripe, seize, catch', kapas ` oil vessel ', kam `have' (*kapmi or *kab(h)mi- to

ceps ` sharing, partaking, participant ', capx ` that can contain or hold much, wide, large, spacious, roomy, capacious, susceptible, capable of, good, able, apt, fit for, suitable ', capdo, -inis ` a bowl or cup used in sacrifices; drinking vessel', capulus `barrow, bier,

Latin capi, -ere, cp, captus `take', au-ceps, -cupre ` a bird-catcher, fowler ', parti-

bowl with handles ' (capulre ` von einem Gef ins andere schpfen '), caputrum ` loop for catching a thing; esp. halter ' (but capis, -idis ` a bowl with one handle, used in

later coffin' and `handle, grasp, that by which any thing is seized or held ', capula ` a small

sacrifices ', Umbrian kapie ` a bowl with one handle, used in sacrifices ', Oscan capisterium loanword from ); capsa ` a repository, box, esp. for books, ` a pot, jar ' maybe from gr. with s-drop in all three Italian languages; certainly is

bookcase, satchel ', capsus `the carriage body; cage for wild animal' (out of it gr. , ); Maybe alb. (*capsa) kafsha ` (*captive) animal ' from ` cage for wild animal ' common alb. ps- > - fsh- similar to npers. aspdan, apsdan, cafsdan ` grasp, capture, catch '; also from Latin capesso ` seize ' > alb. kafshoj ` (*seize with the teeth) bite '.

acorn. caid ` taken prisoner, captive ', nbret. keaz ` unlucky, arm', gall. Moeni-captus ` Latin captre ` try to seize ' (coincidental also = aschs. haftn ` stick '); Irish can

Latin captus, -a = Old Irish cacht ` maid, female servant, slave ', cymr. caeth `slave',

slave of Main (river in Germany) ', Middle Irish cachtaim ` to take somebody prisoner' =

(*kapno-) `(sea-) harbor, seaport ';

Gothic haftjan `fasten, clip, bind', Old Norse hefta `bind, hinder', Old English hftan, Old Saxon heftan, Old High German heften `bind, arrest, detain'; Modern High German haschen (*hafskn) = Swedish dial. haska ` run after to catch up ';

Old Norse hefti n. ` haft, hold, grasp', Old High German hefti n. ` haft, handle, grasp' and

haft ` bound, attached, engaged, caught, afflicted with ', m. n. `custody, manacle', whereof

strap, manacle', n. ` haft, handle, grasp', Old Saxon haft ` a binding ', Old High German

haptr ` a prisoner, captive ', hapt n. `manacle', Old English hft m. `captive, slave, band,

Gothic -hafts (= Latin captus, Irish cacht) ` to be marked with something ', Old Norse

German heben (Swiss only `hold, stop'); in addition (compare to form Latin habre) Gothic habban, Old High German habn `have'; haban, -aida `hold, stop, have', Old Norse hafa (hafa), Old Saxon hebbian, Old English

English hebban, Old High German heffen, heven, Middle High German Modern High

Gothic hafjan (= Latin capi) `heave', Old Norse hefja (hafa), Old Saxon hebbian, Old

hfen(e) f., Middle Low German havene, Middle High German habene f. ds. (Modern High German Hafen from Ndd.; compare Irish cuan); Old High German havan m. `pot, pan, kitchenware ', Modern High German Hafen; Old Norse hfugr, Old English hefig, Old Saxon heig, Old High German hebc, -g ` heavy ' (actually `holding something'); Old

Middle High German hap, -bes `sea, harbor '; Old Norse hfn f. ` harbor ', Old English

Old Norse -haf n. `lifting', Old English hf n., Middle Low German haf `sea' (ndd. Haff),

English hefe, hfe m., Old High German heve, hepfo, Modern High German Hefe (` what Low German hevelte (*hafala-; Old High German haba, Modern High German Handhabe Old Norse hfr m. ` creel, basket for holding fish after they have been caught ' ( as in lifts the dough '); isl. Norwegian dial. havald n. `band, strap', Old English hefeld, Middle

` hold, grasp'; Latin cp);

gahbains ` abstemiousness, austereness ', Old English behfian ` have need of, need ', Old High German bihuobida ` praesumtio ', Middle High German behuof m. ` business, purpose, benefit, advantage', Modern High German Behuf ` end, purpose, aim, goal ';

Old Norse hf n. ` the right measure or relation', hfa ` aim, fit, send ', Gothic

hawk' from Germanic *hauka- (Finnish loanword havukka), are to be compared probably better with russ. (etc.) kbec, poln. kobuz ` names of falcon's kinds '] Maybe alb. (*gabokna) gabonja, zhgabonja, shqiponja ` eagle' (common alb. -kn- > -nj-). with the meaning from gr. and Germanic pp as intens. consonant-Gemination
h

from this Old Irish sebocc `falcon'), Old Saxon hauk- in EN, Old High German habuh `

[Old Norse haukr (*hukr), Old English heafoc ` hawk' (out of it mcymr. hebawc, and

Albanian has preserved allophones shift k- : g- guttutals (typical in Celtic Baltic languages). (due to the root form in p or b or b) Modern High German (actually ndd.) happen, hapsen ` devour '. holl. happen ` snatch ' ; Lithuanian kopa 1. `troop, multitude, crowd, dividing off, partitioning off', 2. ` ransom for about Trojan name , Latin capys, capus `falcon' (Illyrian?) s. Bonfante REtIE 2, The vocalism is absolutely almost a, also in Old Indic kapa (that as an isolated word

distrained livestock ' (= gr. ); Latvian kmpju, kmpt ` gripe, catch'; 113.

(n, Lithuanian kopa, presumably also Germanic hf-), the barely placed as normal

could not have been a as derailment for i = ); besides occasional (cpi, hfr) and

grades (: : ) (vocalization by Reichelt KZ. 46, 339). The same vocal relation between considering of vocalization appears in the root anlaut and auslaut (final sound ) sway

Oscan hafiest : hipid, Lithuanian gabnti : preterit atgbau, Gothic gabei : Old Norse gfr;

between Tenuis (*A tenuis consonant is one which is unvoiced and unaspirated. That is, it explained from the imitation of short snapping sounds (kap, ghap, ghabh etc.) and

has a voice onset time close to zero), voiced-nonaspirated, voiced-aspirated, which can be imitation of quick snaps through this sound (`catch, grasp, snap '). 407ff.; different EM 173. Altaic etymology : Meaning: to squeeze, press together Mongolian protoform: *kajii Tungus protoform: *kapTurkic protoform: *KpProtoform: *kp`
3

About that in detail Collitz preterit 85 ff., K. H. Meyer IF. 35, 224-237; s. also above S.

doubts (TMN 1, 450), the Turk. and Mong. forms cannot be separated from each other. It is interesting also to mention the forms meaning 'to wink' ( < *'press eyelids together') *kapta- (usually confused with *kapta- 'flat'). Cf. also *k`ap`V. Page(s): 527-528 References: WP. I 342 ff., WH. I 159 f., 169.

Comments: KW 180, 270, Poppe 48. A Western isogloss. Despite Doerfer's

among the reflexes of PT *Kp- (usually confused with *Kp- 'spark') and the TM derivative

karRoot / lemma: kar-1

Meaning: to scold, punish

Material: Gr. , Hes.; Latin carin, -re ` scoff, mock ' (probably );

error', corn. cara `rebuke', Middle Breton carez `reprimand' (*kri);

Old Irish caire f. `reprimand', acymr. cared ` wickedness; idleness', cymr. caredd `fault,

` sharp, tangy', Finnish loanword karvas ` bitter| brackish| pungent; harsh| shrill; sad| calamitous;
ill-natured| caustic

` deride ', Old Norse herfiligr ` contemptible, degrading', Middle High German here, herwer '; zero grade Old English gehornian ` affront, offend';

Old High German harawn, Middle High German herwen ` deride ', Old English hierwan

Latvian karint `banter, stir, tease, irritate'; ablaut. East Lithuanian krinti ds.; koriti ` subject, subdue', Czech po-kora `humility', po-korn `humble, humiliated', ablaut. Maybe alb. korit `make ashamed' a Slavic loanword. perhaps here Tocharian A krn-, karn- `torment, smite'. References: WP. I 353, WH. I 168 f.; Trautmann 118 places Balto Slavic words to Indo Page(s): 530 Germanic korio-, see there. Old Church Slavic kor, u-kor ` indignity| affront| abuse/insult ', u-koriti `vilify, scold', po-

serb.-Church Slavic kara f. `fight', Czech kra ` reproach, accusation, punishment ', etc.;

kar- kar Root / lemma: kar-2, karMeaning: to praise, glorify

k and r included roots

Note: also (still) more in general onomatopoeic words as many other, the connection from Material: Old Indic carkarti ` erwhnt rhmend ' (Aor. krt), carkrt- `fame, praise, also kr-, krn- `singer'); kru- `singer, bard' (: );

laudation', karkar-, karkar ` a kind of sound ', krt- f. `fame, knowledge' (thereafter with gr. ` thunder out, roar, rumble ', , Doric ` herald '; hror m. `pleasure, joy', hr (*hri-) `fame', Old High German (h)rd-, (h)ruod- ds. (in (h)ruom, Old Saxon hrm `fame, laudation, honour', in addition Old English brme `illustrious' (*bihrmi-); Old Norse herma (*harmjan) ` apprise, notify ', hrr m. `fame, laudation ', Old English

EN), Gothic hreigs ` glorious ', Old Norse hrsa ` vaunt ' (*hr-s-n); Old High German

Maybe alb. mbrmbje `evening, dark' common alb. b > mb. Saxon Old English hrpan, Old High German (h)ruofan `call, shout, cry', Old High German perhaps as b-extension: Gothic hrps `clamor', Old High German ruof `shout, call', Old

Gercht . ` rumbling, rumor, hearsay '; `hear'.

German ruchte, rochte n. `shout, call, scream, rumor', Modern High German (from Ndd.) Lithuanian kardas ` echo ', Old Lithuanian ap-kerdiu `I announce ', Old Prussian kirdt

(h)ruoft, Middle High German gerefte, geruofte n. `shout, call, scream ', Middle Low

Page(s): 530-531

References: WP. I 353 f.

Meaning: hard

karkarkarRoot / lemma: kar-3, redupl. karkar-

Material: Old Indic karkara- `rough, hard' = gr. Hes., Old Indic karkaa`rough, hard' (also karaka- m., `hail'?); presumably gr. [F] `hard, rough, rocky'. In addition probably die words for ` Cancer, 4th sign of the zodiac': Old Indic karkaa- m.

loanword from gr. ), karka- m. `crab';

` Cancer, 4th sign of the zodiac' (karkin- ` Cancer, 4th sign of the zodiac as constellation', gr. ds., Latin cancer, -cr ds. (dissim. from *carcro-, perhaps already Indo

Germanic, compare Old Indic kakaa- m. `armor, coat of mail, garment made of linked metal rings ' from *kakrta-);

borrowing of Norwegian words ahead;

possible; die hnlichkeit with Norwegian (etc.) rke `cc squilla, prawn, shrimp' places further words for hard shell, nut, dry fruit contained in a shell: gr. ` nut, dry fruit

Old Church Slavic rak ` Cancer, 4th sign of the zodiac' from *krak dissim. sei, is

contained in a shell', f. ` walnut'; Latin carna f. ` nutshell, the keel of a ship, ship' (*carso-) `kernel '.

(maybe from Gr. after Keller Volkset. 279, in which case is the origin); cymr. ceri With t-suffixes: Gothic hardus `hard, stern', Old Norse harr `hard', Old English heard

`hard, strong, valiant', Old Saxon hard, Old High German hart, herti `hard, tight, firm, heavy harde `very, particularly, specially, especially, particular: in particular, peculiarly, ', Adv. Old Norse hara, Old English hearde, Old High German harto, Middle Low German

separately, extra, notably ' (compare gr. ), proto Germanic *haru- from Indo

Germanic *kar-tu-; due to an Indo Germanic extension *kre-t-, *krt- Aeolic (Gramm.)

, next to which with the vocalism of Adj. Attic , ep. Ionian ` strength, ep. , Adv. `strong', , `strong, tight, firm, violent' (etc.); remains far off Old Indic krtu-, Avestan xratu ` spiritual power '.

power ', hom. `strong' Komparat. Ionian , Attic , Superl. ,

to cymr. caled, Middle Irish calad `hard', gall. -caletos (see kal- `hard').

Old Indic kahin-, khora- `hard, tight, firm, stiff ' could also belong to Indo Germanic l

stones set up as a memorial or mark of some kind ' (v. Wartburg FEW. s. v.) the affiliation of the following words is dubious, they could partly belong here or to (s)ker- `cut, clip': (s)kerOld Irish carrac f. (nir. carraig) `rocks, cliff' and crec f. ds., Gen. craice, creice, Middle

Because of the existence of a widespread iber.-mediterr. *carra `stone, cairn, pile of

Irish also Nom. craic (nir. craig) f. ds., Gen. creca, derive all from Brit., also Middle Irish

crach `rough' (= scabbed); to acymr. carrecc, cymr. carreg f. `stone, rocks' (*karrik), bret. karreg, corn. carrek ds., compare cymr. carrog `stream, brook' (*karrk), actually ` rock s. v), acymr. creik, cymr. craig f. (*krak) `rocks', bret. krag ` sandstone ', cymr. crach brook ' = Middle Irish carrach ` scabbed ' and gallo-rom. *cracos `stone' (v. Wartburg FEW. `scurf' = bret. (Vannes) krah ` small hill, cusp, peak' (*krak-, *krakk-, perhaps through *(s)kr-s- (ergbe Celtic carr-), respectively *kar-k-; also zweidentig Italian-venezian. (Tirol), Carantania `Carinthia, region in southern Austria', etc.;

metathesis from *kar-k-) etc. basic forms are Proto Indo Germanic*karr- or Indo Germanic (Venetic) scaranto, caranto ` stony mountain brook ' and Venetic PN Scarantia > Scharnitz

some kind, sacrificial altar ' in Old Norse hrgr ` cairn, pile of stones set up as a memorial ` grove, temple' (Finnish loanword karko ` woodpile, pile, stack ', harkko `clump, heap'), hart ` mountain forest ', Old English hara, -e ds.; barely here as `woodlander, forestHrdar; rather to Old Irish caur, cur ` hero ' (*karut-s).

likewise Germanic *har(u)gaz ` cairn, pile of stones set up as a memorial or mark of

or mark of some kind ', Old English hearg m. ` heathenish temple', Old High German harg perhaps also to Old Irish cymr. bret. corn `stone hill, stone grave ', and Old High German dweller ' the Old Germanic VN , Harudes, Old English Hreas, Old Icelandic References: WP. I 30f., 345f., WH. I 8, 151, 166, 168, Loth RC 43, 401 f., Thurneysen KZ. Page(s): 531-532 48, 71; 59, 7 Anm., Much Hoops Reallex. s. v. Harudes.

Meaning: to scratch, rub

karsRoot / lemma: kars-

kaya- `tangy, bitter, sharp' etc. (also kuha- n. ` leprosy ', Middle Indic from *krha-?); scraping, coarse '); Latin carr, ere `(wool) krmpeln', carduus `thistle' (due to from *carridus ` grating,

Material: Old Indic kaati ` rubs, scrapes, scratches ' (Middle Indic from *krati), unclear

Maybe alb. (*koro) kore : russ. korsta `scab'. Lithuanian kari, karti `comb, curry, krmpeln', Latvian kru, krst `wool comb'; scab, eschar '; Old Bulgarian krasta (*kor-st), russ. korsta f., Serbo-Croatian krsta ` scabies, crust,

become rough, hard '; with Germanic ablaut neologism and anlaut. s- from the root skerHigh German scherren intense Verb `scratch, scrape', intensive formation *skarzn in Norwegian skarra ` produce a scratching sound ', Middle Low German Middle High scratching sound '.

wound ', Dialectal harsch ` snowy crust ', Middle High German harsten, verharsten `

German harsch `hard, rough', Modern High German verharschen ` form hard crust over a

Middle Low German harst ` rake ', probably also Middle Low German Modern High

here also andd. ofskerran intense Verb ` scrub, scrape ', Old High German scerran, Middle

German scharren `scrape, scratch', Swedish skorra, Middle Low German schurren ` give a

Maybe alb. (*schurren) shkurre `thorny bush'

remains to be explained. Page(s): 532-533

The root vowel is a; the the intonation difference between Lithuanian and Slavic still

References: WP. I 355 f., WH. I 173 f., Trautmann 118 f.

Meaning: to link or weave together; chain, net

katRoot / lemma: kat-1

Material: Latin catna ` chain ' (*cates-n), cassis, -is ` a hunting-net, snare, net' (because of catna rather = *kat-s-is as *kat-ti-s; perhaps also casa `primitive cottage' (originally from easy netting; probably dial. from *cati, as Oscan Bansae from Bantiae); caterahamo ` catervamini, congregamini ', yet see below under ket-1. ketcymr. cader `fortress' (only in PN), Old Irish cathir `town, city';

perhaps here caterva f. `heap, troop, multitude, crowd' (*kates-ou), Umbrian kateramu,

confinement, jail ';

the hand, hanger' (*hain: catna; rightly doubtful), probably Old English heaor n. `

perhaps Old Icelandic hadda f. `ring, handle, part of an object designed to be gripped by

kotr ` district, region, area ' (see Berneker 386, 588); Maybe alb. kotec `cell, nest' a Slavic loanword. Page(s): 534 References: WP. I 338, WH. I 175 ff., 181 f.

Serbo-Croatian ktar `fence', ktr ` region, area, limit, boundary' (`*from fence '), sloven.

ktac ` small stall'; dial. `kind of fishing' etc. and Bulgarian ktara, ktora, ktor ` hurdle ',

Church Slavic kotc `cella, nest', russ. kot Pl. ` fish weir ', Serbo-Croatian kt, (dial.)

Meaning: to bear young; animal cub

katRoot / lemma: kat-2

Material: Latin catulus ` a young of an animal, esp. a whelp, puppy [animal-young, esp. young dog or cat]', Umbrian katel, Gen. katles ` catulus '; Maybe alb. kotele `young cat' . Swiss hatle `goat';

Old Icelandic hana f. `young goat', Middle High German hatele, Modern High German-

Serbo-Croatian kot `brood', poln. wy-kot `young goat, kid' etc. (see Berneker 589 f.). Page(s): 534 References: WT. I 338 f., WH. I 183.

Slavic kotiti s (russ. kottsja etc.) `kitten, give birth to kittens ', dial. ktka `lamb',

kau- kuRoot / lemma: kau-l-, ku-lMeaning: hollow; bone Material: Gr. m. ` stalk; quill, shaft'; Latin caulis (clis, caulus) ` the stalk or stem of

a plant'; Middle Irish cuaille `picket, pole' (*kaulnio-); Lithuanian kulas m. `bone' (glottal stop secondary), Latvian kals ` stalk, bone', Old Prussian caulan n. `bone, leg'. zero grade: Old Indic klyam n. `bone', kuly f. `stream, brook, ditch, trench, channel,

canal'; Old Norse holr `hollow', Old High German Old English hol ds., Gothic ushuln `hollow out'. References: References: WP. I 332, WH. I 188 f., Trautmann 122; compare under 2. keu-. Page(s): 537

kausRoot / lemma: kaus-

Meaning: to draw lots

Material: Gr. `lot, fate' (*-); Church Slavic k m. `lot, fate'; kiti s ` draw lots for ', prkiti ` gain in dice game '.

Page(s): 537

References: WP. I 332, Berneker 672.

Meaning: to put down, discourage

kauRoot / lemma: kau-

Material: Gr. (, in latter meaning to , Schulze KZ. 29 270 Anm. 1) Hes. and (or ) , also Hes.; Gothic hauns `low, humble' (haunjan ` abase, degrade'), Old High German hni `

derision, ridicule';

Old Saxon hna ` shame', Old Frisian hnethe ` accusation ', Old High German hna ` Old Norse h (*hawia-) n. ` derision ', Middle High German hren ` cower, cringe';

`low, woeful, wretched, miserable, pitiful ' (hynan `vilify, scold'), Old High German hnida,

despised, woeful, wretched, miserable, low' (hnen `vilify, scold, scoff '), Old English han

stupid ', kungs ` shamefaced, shy, bashful, stupid '; Lithuanian kvios, kvtis ` be ashamed'. Page(s): 535 References: WP. I 330, Feist 249 f., Trautmann 122.

Latvian kuns m. `disgrace, shame, shame, the genitals', kuntis ` be ashamed, be

Meaning: to harm, rob, chase have arranged destruction ';

lemma: Root / lemma: kd-

Material: Old Indic kadana- n. ` annihilation ', cakda (doubtful, if not cakra?) kadanam ` gr. hom. ` causing deprivation ', Fut. ` will rob ', ,

, Hes., in medial-pass. meaning hom. to `caused to retire ', Hes. Page(s): 516

(Konjektur) () Hes., Hes.;

References: WP. I 341, WH. I 128; compare under kd-.

Root kikiRoot / lemma: ki-d-4, ki-tMeaning: ` bright, radiant ' Page(s): 519 See also: see below (s)ki-d-, (s)ki-t-.

Meaning: heat

Root / lemma: ki-3, k-

Gothic Dat. Pl. haizam ` the torches ' (es-stem *hai-iz-).

Material: Old High German hei `arid', gihei n. `heat, aridity ', arheigtun `withered, wilted ', With -d-extension: Old High German heiz, Old Saxon ht, Old English ht, Old Icelandic

Old Icelandic heita ds.); Gothic heito f. `fever'; Old High German hizza `heat', (*hitj) Old Saxon hittia, Old English hitt f., Old Icelandic hiti m. ds. With -t-extension: Lithuanian kaist, kaita, kasti ` become hot ', kaitr ` fire glow, fire

heitr `hot' (whereof Old High German Modern High German heizen, Old English htan,

hot, burn' , figurative Latvian katint `anger, stir, tease, irritate' (kate `damage, affliction,

heat ', kaitrs ` giving heat ', prkaitas m. ` Schwei ', Latvian kistu, kitu, kist ` become

disability, plague', compare Mhlenbach-Endzelin II 135), Old Prussian ankaittai ` Angefochtene '; Old Icelandic hss (*hairsa- from *hais-ra-), Old English hs (*haisa-), engl. hoarse

(from Middle English hs + coarse), Old Saxon hs, Old High German heisi `hoarse' (unclear is, whether here from *kirsem alb. kirrem ` become hoarse '?). References: WP. I 326 f., Trautmann 113.

Page(s): 519

Meaning: ` light, illuminated, pale, bright ' Page(s): 521 skiSee also: see below under ski-t-

kiRoot / lemma: ki-t-

kkRoot / lemma: kkMeaning: to croak Material: Old Indic kka- m. `crow', kkla-, kkola- m. raven'; Latvian kk'is `jackdaw' FlN Kakupis (compare , FlN in Sicily?)? Different about the Baltic words

(also Old Prussian koce ds., if so to change after kote); to Latvian FlN Kak'upe, Lithuanian

Mhlenbach-Endzelin II 190. Page(s): 521 References: WP. I 335.

Root / lemma: kl-3 (kl-?) k Meaning: prison Material: Old Indic kr ` jail '; Lithuanian kaliu, kalti ` sit in jail ', kalin, kaljimas ` jail ',

Page(s): 524

References: WP. I 356.

kalins `captive'.

Meaning: ` lust, desire, crave; seek after, look for ' kSee also: see above S. 515 k-. Page(s): 525

Root / lemma: km-

phopho phopho Root / lemma: kpho- or kphoMeaning: hoof, *claw, nail

phopho phopho eubeub Root / lemma: kpho- or kpho- : hoof, *claw, nail' derived from Root / lemma: keub- : thorn' Material: Old Indic aph- m. `hoof, claw, nail ', Avestan safa- m. `hoof of the horse'; Old Icelandic hfr, Old English hf, Old High German huof `hoof'. Page(s): 530 References: WP. I 346, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 253.

Note:

Meaning: things that float in water

popo Root / lemma: kpo-

Page(s): 529

References: WP. I 345, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 27.

inundation on the fields leaves behind ', pas ` stem, straw, bough'.

pa- m. ` washed ashore reed '; Lithuanian pai ` scattered stalks, remains which an

Material: Old Indic pa- m. ` was flieendes Wasser mit sich fhrt, Trift, Gefltes ',

Meaning: a piece of land

kp- pRoot / lemma: kp-, kp-

Material: Gr. , Doric `garden', Hes. (Cretan ` uncultivated small area of land', s. Gl. 3, 303); Old High German huoba, Old Saxon ha ` a piece of land ',

References: WP. I 345, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 27, places here Old High German kaproSee also: S. under under kapro-. Page(s): 529 habaro etc. ` oat '.

Modern High German Hufe, Hube; alb. kopsht `garden'.

Meaning: wax

krRoot / lemma: krMaterial: Gr. ` wax ', `honeycomb, a cutaneous disease', although Doric

cra as gr. loanword;

can be secure enough, out of lon.-Attic are loanwords from this dialect group, Latin Lithuanian kors ` honeycomb, honeycomb of the bees'. In -dh extention: dhdh

Maybe (*kro-dh) krodh `beehive'.

Latvian kres Nom. Pl. ds.; poln. skarzyk `the thrust in the beehive'. References: WP. I 355, WH. I 202, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 52. Page(s): 532

Meaning: abscess, boil

u()l u()l Root / lemma: ku()l : kl

`hernia'; . Hes., Hes. (Ionian from *F--, Attic ach. -, - from F--?); *ku[]l);

Material: Gr. Ionian , Attic `swelling, lump, growth, esp. a tumor ',

Old Norse haull, Old English hala, Old High German hla f. `hernia' (*ku[]l, at most

Lithuanian dial. kle f. ` hunch, outgrowth, knag'. Page(s): 536-537 References: WP. I 333, Trautmann 144.

zero grade Church Slavic kyla `ds.'; russ. kil `ds.; knag in a tree', serb. kla ds.;

Meaning: to hit, cut

ku- uRoot / lemma: ku-, ku-

for *caud after many frequent compounds; compare) caudex, cdex ` The trunk of a tree, the stock, stem, The block of wood to which one was bound for punishment, A block of wood split or sawn into planks, leaves or tablets and fastened together, (Since the

Material: Latin (with present formation d) cd, -ere `hit, knock, stomp, stamp ' (probably

ancients orig. wrote upon tablets of wood smeared with wax.) A book, a writing (its leaves one another, A code of laws ', cdicillus ` logwood ', caudica ` barge made from a tree truck ', incs, -dis f. ` anvil '; Tocharian A kot-, kaut- `split';

were not, like the volumina, rolled within one another, but, like those of our books, lay over

Maybe Italian incudine : Basque ingude : Calabrese 'ncudina : Polish kowado : Sicilian a horse with horseshoes)', thua ` nail'?.

'ncunia : alb. (*incdis) kudhr ` anvil', nasalized thundr ` hoof (which the smith shoes, fits Old High German houwan (ho), Old English hawan (how), Old Icelandic hggua (hi)

`hew, hit (blow)' (in addition as `the hitting ' Gothic etc. hawi `hay');

kgis ` haycock, haystack ');

Prussian cugis ds. (Old Bulgarian kyj ds.; Lithuanian kgis is reshaped from kjis after Old Bulgarian kov (later Church Slavic kujo) kovati ` forge ' (= Old High German

nu-kat `slay, kill', kava `blow, knock, layer ' (*ku-), Lithuanian kjis `hammer' = Old

Lithuanian kuju, kviau, kuti (*kui) `hit, forge; fight', kov `fight, struggle', Latvian

', Church Slavic kyj `hammer' (*k-io-), russ. kuzn ` smith's work ', zero grade Old Maybe alb. (*pod `under '-kova) patkua, Czech podkova, Hungarian patk, Polish podkowa, Romanian potcoav `horseshoe', alb. kova `smith' Slavic loanwords. Page(s): 535 References: WP. I 330 f., WH. I 186, 300 f., Trautmann 123.

houwu), serb. kjm (dial. kvm) kvati ` forge, stamp; shoe, fit a horse with horseshoes

Bulgarian kzn `shrewdness' (`forge a conspiracy') etc.; Tocharian A ko-, kau- `slay'.

kRoot / lemma: ku-, ku-, kMeaning: to howl Note: onomatopoeic words, partly with anlaut. k, partly with k.

Material: Old Indic kuti `shouts, howls', Intens. kkyate ` shouts, sounds, sighs ' (Gramm.), kka- m. `owl, dog'? (` shouting; howling '); kokila- `cuckoo'; Armenian k`uk` ` sighing, groaning ' (: Lithuanian kakti, Meillet Msl. 12, 214; the non-

conversion of 2. k to s after u is not an objection in onomatopoeic words);

Ionian -, hom. , - f., , - `a kind of gull'; with fractured reduplication (as Old Indic kka-, Lithuanian kakti, akti, Slavic kukati etc.) , , bird name (Hes.);

gr. -- `cry, lament ' (dissim. from *--), ` lamentation '; , -,

ds. (Ernault RC 36, 206 ) are probably onomatopoeic neologisms; common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
3

but mcymr. cuan, cymr. cwan, abret. couann, nbret. kaouan, dial. cavan, kohan, kouhen

Latin (gall.) cavannus ` a night-owl, an owl ' (Anthol. Latin); (under the influence of

hiuwiln ` jubilate ', Middle High German hiuweln, hiulen `howl, cry', Middle Low German hlen, Middle English hlen, engl. howl;

Old High German hwo `owl ', hwila, hiuwula ` a night-owl, an owl ', Old High German

Lithuanian sukkti `ds., start howling', kaukal `a kind of water bird ', Latvian kaka `whirlwind'; Lithuanian kvas m. `jackdaw', kva f. ` rook, black European bird of the crow family ' russ. kvka `frog', dial. `jackdaw', kvat ` cough intensely ', klr. (etc.) kvka `jackdaw',

Lithuanian (see above) kauki, kakti, Latvian kukt `howl, of dogs or wolves ',

(*ku = poln. kawa);

kavty ` screech, shriek, scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell '; ablaut. (*ku-) Bulgarian vka, serb. vka, Czech avka `jackdaw'; Maybe alb. afka `heron' a Slavic loanword. Old Church Slavic kuja-j, -ti `murmur'; russ. kkat `murmur, mutter, mumble ', serb. kkati `lament' etc. Maybe alb. kuja ` lamentation ' a Slavic loanword. hoopoe' (late, barely genuine gr.); onomatopoeic words are: probably ` a night-

With -b-, -b(h)o-: Old Indic kkkubha- m. `wild rooster, cock, pheasant', gr. `

owl, an owl ' (besides , (out of it Latin cicuma), ds., ` cry in imitation of the screech-owl's note '), Latin cucubi, -re `of scream of an owl' (Thomas

have arisen like that. cry'.

Stud. 39 takes the filling hiatus b); also b(h)-` suffix ' of the aforementioned ones could

With --: Old Indic kjati ` growls, hums, murmurs'; Norwegian hauke ` howl, call, shout,

Maybe alb. kujit ` growl', kuja f. `lament'. hiovan, Old High Germanhiofan, hioban ds. With -p-: Gothic hiufan `lament', Old Norse hjfra ds., Old English hofan ds., Old Saxon With -r-: Old Indic ckra- m. `a kind of partridge, game bird '; Latin caurre `cry, of With anlaut. palatal: `owl ' (: Celtic cavannus); (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Lithuanian auki, akti `cry, Old Indic ka- m. `parrot'; Armenian sag `goose ' (*kau) = Old Church Slavic sova

panther in heat '; Old Church Slavic kur `rooster, cock', Church Slavic kurica `hen';

ti-); doubtful Old Church Slavic um `noise' (*ku-mo-s? Brugmann II 1, 247). Maybe alb. zhurm `noise' a Slavic loanword. `jackdaw' etc.; compare Lithuanian kvas etc. ds.). Page(s): 535-536
2

loud call, shout, cry, name'; russ. sy ` midget owl, sparrow owl ', Czech sc `owl ' (*kk-

compare Suolahti Dt. bird name 185 (here about the neologism Old High German kaha

References: WP. I 331 f., WH. I 184, 190, 298, Trautmann 122.

Meaning: to like, wish

kRoot / lemma: k-

Material: Material: Old Indic kyamna- ` having with pleasure ' (-kyya- ` desirable ' with from this io-present carried-y-), Perf. cak ` take pleasure in, love, long for ', -kti- (in compound) ` -mo-stem Old Indic kma- m. ` lust, wish, love', Avestan Old pers. kma- m. `desire,

demanding, requiring '; Avestan k- `long, want' (kay 1. Sg., kta-; akue); wish'; Note: -m- stem is of Greek Illyrian origin.

`starve'.

kamana- ` eager, avid, lascivious '; Lithuanian kamaros `lust, desire' and Latvian kmt ro-stem: Latin crus `dear, worth, precious (also of price)'; Gothic hors (*hra-) ` ro

km- in Old Indic kmyati, particle Perf. Med. cakamn-; kamra- `charming, beautiful',

adulterer, Hurer ', Old Icelandic hrr ds., hr n. ` wooing, lubricity ', Old English hr n. ds., Old English hre, Old Icelandic hra- (*hrn-) ds.; Latvian krs ` lascivious, covetous ' (krut `lust, crave, long, want'); reduced grade gall. Carant-us, -illus etc., abrit. Carant-nus, -orius, Old Irish caraim

Old High German huor n. ds., Old High German huora (and huorra from *hrin-) ` whore ',

`love', carae `friend'; cymr. corn. bret. car `friend' (*k-rnt-s), cymr. caraf `I love'; about Based on Aryan kan- (Old Indic Perf. ckana, Aor. akniam, Avestan akana), can-

(gall.?) caris(s)a s. WH. I 169; Tocharian Akk. Sg. A krant, krent `good' (= Celtic carant-).

(Old Indic canim; Old Indic cnas- n. ` pleasure, satisfaction', Avestan anah-, inah-

in a Indo Germanic -(e)nes- stem k-e-nes-? The forms cani-, kani- can also be secondary Irish cin, Gen. cena `love, affection ' as *kenu-, would be assessed k-en- : k-as ks-en- : kes-). Old Indic cru- `pleasant, welcome, mellifluous', cyamna- ` covetous ', nicyya- ds., as kami-yate, -tar- besides kma- (if Stokes KZ. 40, 246 has rightly compared Middle

`desire, demand') ` be given satisfaction, find pleasure ', Avestan inman- n. ` lust, strive '

from kan- and can- (see above). Page(s): 515

cy- ` yearning', with previously Indic replacement from k through c after the concurrent

References: WP. I 325 f., WH. I 169, 175, 885, 886, Pedersen Tocharian 109, 234.

ke, Root / lemma: k, ke kom

Material: Old Indic km behind dative from Personen (as Dat. commodi; so also once h, and in indik. main clause;

Meaning: a kind of particle (all right?)

Avestan km) and from abstract (as final dative), also in Imper., after the particles n, s, Old Church Slavic k(n) with Dat. `to'. Slavic -ka (-ko, -ku, -ki, -k, -e, -i, -u), affixture particle esp. by Pron., through Imper. russ. k-vorot ` cervical vertebra, nape '); Nasallos gr. , ( could have ) perhaps `probably', modal particle,

and through Adv., also probably ko- as preposition in Verbal- and nominal compound (e.g. Lithuanian -ki (perhaps originally ke), -k in Imper. (e.g. do-ki, -k ` give !'). References: WP. I 326, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. II 568, Trautmann 111f. Page(s): 515-516

Meaning: to smoke, fume

kedRoot / lemma: ked-

with orange flowers ' and kdamba- m. ` a kind of goose with dark grey wings ';

Material: Old Indic kadr- `brown', perhaps also kadamba- m. ` Nauclea cadamba, a tree Old Church Slavic kadilo ` incense ', kaditi ` fume ', russ. ad `haze, mist', serb. ad ` be

dark, gloomy, misty ', aditi ` become sooty ' (etc., s. Berneker 133, 467), perhaps Old Prussian accodis (*at-codis) ` Rauchloch, durch das der Rauch herauszieht ';

These are placed as ` Rucherhlzer ' (?): kadags, Old Prussian kadegis ` juniper ' (borrowed from Estonian kadakas?). Maybe alb. kedr ` cedar ' a Greek loanword?. Page(s): 537 References: WP. I 384 f., Trautmann 112, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 147. gr. ` juniper; later: Pinus cedrus', ` juniper berry; fruit of cedar '; Lithuanian

Meaning: hook, grappling hook, handle

Root / lemma: keg-, keng- and kek-, kenkkeg- kengkek- kenkak- ankak ank enk- onkenk onk Note: compare das similar kak-, kank-; and kenk-, konkMiddle Irish ail-cheng f. ` rake, weapon rack ' (: Lithuanian kng, see below); f. `chin', Old English haca m. `bar, bolt', hcce f. ` crosier, crozier, bishop's staff '; Old Germanic *hakan-, *hka-, *hkan- m. `hook' in: Old Icelandic PN Haki m. `hook', haka

Material: Npers. ang ` claw, nail, fist' (*kengo-);

Icelandic hkr m. ` Frechling ', Old High German hko, hggo `hook', Old English hc m. Icelandic hkja f. (*hkin-) ` crutch ', hkill m. ` Hinterbug '; with intensive Gemination: `hook', Middle Low German hok, huk m. ` angle, point, edge, foreland, promontory ', Old

Old English haccian `hacken', Middle Low German, Middle High German hacken ds., and

the j-verbs: Old English ofhccan ` cut off ', Old High German hecchen `bite, prick', Middle an object designed to be gripped by the hand ' (out of it Old Icelandic hnk m., hanki f. `

High German hecken `hew, hit, prick'; nasalized Middle Low German hank ` handle, part of

handle, part of an object designed to be gripped by the hand '), Dutch honk, East Frisian hunk `picket, pole, jamb '; Germanic *hakil f. ` hackle, heckle ' (from crooked iron teeth) in: aschs. hekilon `

hecheln? ', engl. hatchel, Middle High German hechel ` hackle, heckle ', Norwegian hekla ` hackle, heckle, stubble, bristle '; Germanic *hakuda- m. ` pike ' (after den spitzen teeth) in Old English hacod; *hakida in

Old English hacid m., Old High German hachit, hechit, Middle Low German heket ` pike '; Lithuanian kng f. `hook, handle '; `thorn, sting, prick' (: Germanic *hakuda-); Slavic *kogt m. in russ. kgot ` claw, nail, crooked iron point ', Upper Sorbian kocht

Maybe alb. (*kgot) kthetra ` claw, nail', kthej ` bend, make crooked ' common alb. -g- > th-, -dh-. perhaps here, ` hang on a hook, scratch, irritate as with a hook ' : Bulgarian k,

hook, hang ', sloven. kiti `banter, anger' (Berneker 465 f.).

k(u)vam ` elevate, raise, hang ', za-k, -kam `hang, catch, banter ', serb. zkaiti ` Maybe alb. kacavirrem ` clamber, scramble, climb up, cling ' a Bulgarian loanword. Petersson, Heterokl. 91 f.; Stokes BB. 25, 252. Page(s): 537-538 References: WP. I 382 f., WH. I 307, Trautmann 112, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 182 f.,

keidRoot / lemma: keidMeaning: to fall Note: only Celtic and Germanic

gouezout ` happen, occur ';

Material: Cymr. cwyddo, di-gwyddo `fall, happen, occur ', cwydd `fall', bret. koezaff `fall', diOld Icelandic hitta ` hit, strike, hurt, meet, encounter ', hitta i ` get involved into, get

into ', dan. hitte paa ` auf etwas verfallen ', Swedish hitta `find', Middle English (from Nord.) '?). hittan ` hit on something, find', engl. hit (originally ` fall on something, go down, deteriorate

Page(s): 542

References: WP. I 364.

Meaning: arm; thigh

keisRoot / lemma: keis-

Material: Old Indic kiku- ` forearm '; popliteus, muscle located in the back of the knee '; Dutch hijse, hijs f. ` muscle, fillet, slice of boneless meat or fish, joint', limb. hies ` Lithuanian ki-k ` popliteus '; Latvian cis-ka ` thigh, hip, haunch'. Page(s): 543 References: WP. I 365, E. Lewy PBrB. 32, 140.

kekuRoot / lemma: keku-

Meaning: a kind of stick or cudgel

Material: Avestan aku- n. ` throw hammer, throw ax ', npers. aku `hammer'; Old Prussian queke ` stick ', i.e. ` firs or spruces branch as a fence stick ', Latvian aka

`cudgel, club with knag as handle, grasp'; compare but Mhlenbach-Endzelin Latvian-D. Wb. I 401. References: WP. I 381.

Page(s): 543

Root / lemma: kekMeaning: weasel Material: Old Indic kaa- m. kak f. `a kind of of rodent animal, weasel'; but with anlaut.

Pal. Lithuanian kas `polecat', Latvian sesks ds. References: WP. I 381.

Different about Lithuanian ka W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 630.

Page(s): 543

kelgRoot / lemma: kelg-

Meaning: to wind; windings, intrigue Armenian keck` ` hypocrisy ';

Material: Middle Irish celg f. `artifice, betrayal ' (out of it cymr. celg ` hiding place, cover');

poln. czoga si ` grovel, truckle, creep, glide, slide, drag onself on '. Page(s): 554 References: WP. I 447.

changing through ablaut Old English hylc ` curvature, convolution ' and Slavic *lgati in

Meaning: to tower, be high; hill; *projection, protrusion * due to an *kol-b o-s);

h

kel- kel Root / lemma: kel-1, kel-

Material: Gr. , `hill', m. ` acme, apex, cusp, peak' instead of Latin ante-, ex-, prae-cell, -ere ` jut, project, protrude, stick out ' (*cel-d- with present

` the rising ');

top, summit, roof, gable ' (*kelomn `elevation'), columna ` a column, pillar, post ' (*kelomn

formation -d-), participle celsus `high'; collis `hill' (*kln-is or *koln-is); columen, culmen ` the

Maybe alb. (*culmen) kulm `ridge, peak' a Latin loanword. Maybe Italian collina : French colline ` hill' > alb. kodrina ` small hill', kodra ` hill' common ascella : Spanish axial : French aisselle : Calabrese ma-scidda; sciddra; titiddra; titilla : Calabrese Albanian -ll-> -dd- similar to changes in Latin axilla; ala; ascilla; ascella : Italian Albanian Geg sqetlla, Tosc sqetull ` armpit ', common Calabrese -ll-> -dd- : Sardinian -ll-> dd-. [see aes-, aks ` (fulcrum, pivot:) axis - shoulder ': from Root / lemma: a- (*e-): ` to aes esae : lead ']. Middle Irish coll ` head, guide, leader' (*kolnos); gall. celicnon `tower' (out of it Gothic

kelikn ` tower, upper room, upper chamber, loft, upstairs room '); gallorom. calma ` desolate land ' is probably pre-Celtic;

`hill', Modern High German Holm, Old English holm `island, sea wave, (high) sea', Old Icelandic holmr, holmi `small island' (*kmo-); Maybe alb. kolm `fat, big'. aggrandize, arouse, wake, awake, rouse, open, shut, ferry, arrange, make up, excite, create, stir ', Latvian cet `heave, life', Lithuanian ikltas `convex, elevated'. Note: adjective prefix i-, e- common alb. Lithuanian. Lithuanian klnas, Latvian kalns `mountain', compare Lithuanian kalv f. ` small hill', `high'. Note: adjective prefix i-, e- common alb. Lithuanian. Lithuanian kilm f. ` lineage, gender, sex', kltis and kilts f., Latvian cilts f. `gender, sex'; kltuvas m. ` ferry '; Latvian celtava f. `small ferry '; Latvian kala f. ` lever '; Lithuanian klnas m. ` ferry, barge', Lithuanian klta f., kltas m. = Latvian kalva `hill, river island'; in addition Lithuanian klti ` rise, ascend, climb', ikils Lithuanian keliu, klti (heavy basis) ` lift, raise, heave, weigh up, advance, further,

Old English hyll m. f., engl. hill `hill' (*hulnis, Indo Germanic *knis); Old Saxon holm

`boat, Weberschifflein ';

Slavic *cln m. in Serbo-Croatian n (Gen. na), `barge', Czech lun, russ. on Old Bulgarian elo `forehead', russ. el `forehead, head, cusp, peak' etc., russ.-Church

chief, principal, excellent ' (originally -es-stem). Page(s): 544

Slavic elesn ` that is taken before other things, particular, peculiar, especial, special,

References: References: WP. I 433 ff., WH. I 197, 245, 249 f., 855, Trautmann 125 f.

kelRoot / lemma: kel-2

Meaning: to stick; sting

Material: Old Indic kaamb- m. `arrow' (*kol-to-); Middle Irish cuilenn, cymr. celyn, corn. kelin, m. bret. quelenn `holly, mouse thorn, forest

thistle ' (Celtic *kolino-);

Maybe alb. Geg kallini, Tosc kalliri ` ear of corn ' = (Celtic *kolino-). German huls ds. (Dutch hulst), Old English hole(g)n, engl. holly and holm-oak, Middle English also hulvir, Old Norse hulfr ds.; Old High German hulis, huls ds., Modern High German Hulst, Middle Dutch Middle Low

(*kallsht), Jokl IF. 36, 124, `straw, chaff' (-s-forms then as in huls);

Old Church Slavic klas ` ear of corn ' (` the piercing '), russ. klos = alb. kall ds., kasht alb. (Jokl IF. 37, 95) r-kuall `thistle' (*pr-kl ` incision, wound, sting, prick').

the top of an ear, beard of corn ', ncymr. cola `awn', col `cusp, peak, awn', colyn `sting, prick', cal, cala, caly `penis', bret. kalc'h ds.

g(h)-extension in Middle Irish colg `sword, awn the barley, sting, prick', acymr. colginn `

Maybe alb. (*kali) kari : Kurdish (Kurmanc): kr m, xirr m, Kurdish (Soran): kr ` penis'. On grounds of Celtic forms take Meillet MSL. 14, 374, Kretschmer KZ. 38, 100f. also an equal meaning root kel- `stick, dig' an: cymr. palu `dig', pal, corn. bret. pal `spade' (from spear; cane ', also `balk, beam, ray').

Latin pla? certainly doubtful because of Ligurian pala `grave', cymr. paladr ` spear shaft; kol-nokol-no-s in Old Indic k- ` durchstochen, being pierced, being poked full of holes,

being perforated, being punctured, like a sieve, like a strainer, one-eyed' (*kolno-; to

one eye closed, one-eyed', Middle Irish (with secondary voiced-nonaspirated) goll `blind'; changing through ablaut gr. Hes. Alb. qorr ` blind' : Kurdish: kor ` blind' from Turkish kr ` blind'. See also: s. kel-3 and skel- `cut, clip' References: WP. I 435.

compare Wackernagel Old Indic Gr. I 168) = Old Irish (acymr.?) coll ` with closed eye, with

Page(s): 545

Meaning: to hit, cut down

kel- kel klkldRoot / lemma: kel-3, kel-, kl- extended kld-

Material: Gr. (*F) ` green woodpecker ' (as ); Hes.; '; compare `hack, mattock, hoe' under skel- `cut, clip'; `mutilated, unhorned ', - ` with trimmed tail ', ` mutilate, hinder; castigate, punish ', ` mutilate; hamper '; `tread, trample on '; with formants -bo-: `mutilate' (compare also the root form *k(e)lemb-); therefrom derived `hew, strike, hoe', from the heavy basis `break' (, with formants -b o-: `slap in the face, box on the ear, slap in the face ',
h

Slavic *klti `prick' = Baltic kalti `hit'.

Note: separation from kel- `prick' and from skel- `cut, clip' is barely feasible; observed esp.

` ' after Hesee below ; ` two-pronged fork, hack, mattock, hoe

modulation of the voice ', `piece, fragment', n. `twig, branch; a vine-twig, m. ` lot, casting of lots, drawing of lots, that which is assigned by lot, allotment of land,

, , ), ` breaking, fracture, bending of the knee joint,

vine-branch, a cutting, slip ', Demin. esp. Pl. `deadwood'; , Doric piece of land, farm, estate, legacy, inheritance, heritable estate, collect., body of inheritors, Astrol., certain degrees in the zodiac connected with planets and important in a nativity, Wagen '); Note: The inanimate suffix -ur : bret. kleur ` Gabelbaum am Wagen ') : , , Illyrians, urur of Illyria, , speak the Illyrian language, :--hence Adv. . , , Illyria, also , , Adj. , , , Illyrian: -, the region or province province, sphere ' (= Old Irish clr, cymr. clawr `board, slab ', bret. kleur ` Gabelbaum am

gr. , m. `sprout, shoot, rod', Hes., Hes.

(close kinship to: Old Icelandic hlunnr ` rolling rollers for vehicles ', hlu(m)mr ` the upper memorial or mark of some kind, rocks';

thick part of the oar ' from *hlunma-?) - , - m. ` cairn, pile of stones set up as a Latin calamitas `damage' (from *calamo- from *calimo-, Indo Germanic *k le-moe

`beaten'), in addition incolumis ` unbroken, unmarred, unscathed, undamaged '; further

from *kel-n : percell, -culi ` to beat down, throw down, overturn, upset ', se procellere ` throw oneself down ', procella f. ` a violent wind, storm, hurricane, tempest ', recell ` to Old Irish clr etc. see above S. 545; wedge ', pre-, prei-klas `anvil, incus', Old Prussian kalo-peilis ` chopping knife, mincer ', Lithuanian kal, klti, Latvian kalu, kalu, kalt `hit, forge ', Lithuanian pkalas ` scythe

spring back, fly back, recoil '; not *kel-d because of gall. GN Su-cellus `good stick ';

Lithuanian kltas `chisel', Old Prussian calte ` unit of currency (coin)', i.e. ` beaten, struck, to forge ', Latvian kaldt ds.; Lithuanian kuliu, klti `thrash', Latvian kul'u, klu, kult `hit,

hit = the stamped currency', Lithuanian klvis ` smith ', causative Lithuanian kldinti ` allow thrash'; Lithuanian klmas ` stump ', could also be ` cut, carved, split';

Maybe alb. kalit ` forge' a Slavic loanword. kolt `prick, slaughter; split, hack'; Old Bulgarian kol `peg, plug', russ. ko, Gen. ko ` sloven. kl (Gen. kl); Czech klanice ` shaft, pole', poln. konica ` Seitenholz am Wagen ' shaft, picket, pole', ablaut.*kl in klr. ko (Gen. ka) ` canine tooth, sharp tooth, fang ', Old Bulgarian etc. kolj klati `prick, slaughter ' (Old Bulgarian also `sacrifice'), russ.

(in participle *kolno- being based on klati); serb. klto `kind of neck yoke for swine ', Czech klt ` stump, clot, chunk, club, cudgel' (= Lithuanian kltas see above); Church Slavic proklju, -klti `germinate', russ. (etc.) klin `wedge' (formation as mlin to melj); doubtful Slavic*kolt-j, -iti in Old Bulgarian klat, klatiti `move, shake, bump, poke', russ. kolo, sway'?

kolott `hit, knock; chatter' etc.; whether in addition zero grade r. kolttsja ` move, wobble,

Maybe alb. kolovit ` shake, swing ' a Slavic loanword. keld klddd-extension keld-, kld-: ablaut. Hes., m. `twig, branch', conservative d-stem *, etc. ds., , - Hes. ds., ` dress vines, cut grapevine '; Gr. (*kld ros) `frail, breakable; decrepit, antiquated ', Hes.,
e

Latin clds f. ` injury; damage, mischief, beating '; cymr. claddu, bret. claza `dig', Middle Irish clad, cymr. cladd `ditch, trench, channel'; Middle Irish claidim `ditch, grub' (with ad- ` pursue, hunt, chase, fish, catch fish ' etc.),

trench, channel, hedge ' (*kldo-); cymr. cleddyf `sword', bret. klze `sword, blade' (cleddyf diss. from *cley, Celtic *kladios), Irish claideb is loanword from Cymr., Latin gladius `sword' from Celtic;

lengthened grade cymr. clawdd, corn. claud `ditch, trench, channel', bret. kleuz `ditch,

of woodland, forest pasture, meadow with shade, grove ' (Celtic *kald);

Middle Irish caill (Gen. caille) `wood, forest', cymr. celli `wood, forest', corn. kelli ` a tract Old Irish cymr. coll, bret. koll `ruin, damage'; Middle Irish cellach `war, fight' and those

` struggle, war, fight', Old High German hiltia, hilta `fight, struggle' have Indo Germanic -d and probably as basic meaning `hit, lash out '; Gothic halts, Old Icelandic haltr, Old English healt, Old High German halz `lame' (= Old
h

related to it Old Icelandic hildr f. `fight, struggle, fight goddess ', Old Saxon Old English hild

Irish coll; basic meaning ` broken '), perhaps at first from fragmented limbs;

addition Old Icelandic hjalt n. ` the hilt of a sword ', Old English hilt f. ds., Old High German helza ` the hilt of a sword, haft ', Old Saxon helta ` handle in the oar '; Old Bulgarian klada `balk, beam, block ', russ. kolda ` chunk of wood, clot, chunk, tree

Old Icelandic Old English holt, Old High German holz `wood, forest' (= ), in

*kld-: Latin clds). Labial extension:

block, from a chopped piece trunk ' etc.; Church Slavic kladivo `hammer' (proto Slavic

(Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 262); compare Lithuanian klumbas `lame'. 262, 322, Trautmann 114 f. Page(s): 545-547

klomb(h)oklomb(h)o- in: gr. `mutilated', Old English laempi-halt, lamp-healt ` lame '

References: WP. I 436 ff., WH. I 135 f., 225 f., 691, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 130 f.,

Meaning: a kind of dark/light spot Meaning:

kelklRoot / lemma: kel-4 and kl-

Note: compare also ker-3 and kers-1.

Material: I. Old Indic kalaka- m. ` stain, Rost', kalana- n. ` stain, smut', klua- `dirty,

filthy, black', kalmaa- m. ` stain, smut', kalma- `varicolored, dappled '; with formants ko-: karka- `white', m. ` mildew ', kark va ` white cow', kark ` white mare' (Persson Beitr. 169), kalk- m. `ordure, filth ', ca- m. `the blaue Holzhher' (*kel-so-); npers. arma ` mildew ', Kurdish erme `white' (: Swiss helm); besides ; -- from --?); very probably (*kolu-mb os) ` diver (bird's kind)
h

gr. `black', `gray', ` donkey ' and ` cicada ' (vowel as in

', whereof ` dive ', called from the dark color; here also - ` wagtail ' Hes.; Latin columba f., -us m. ` a dove, pigeon ' from *kol-on-b o- or *kolu-mb o-, then Modern High German Swiss helm `weier stain beim Vieh auf the forehead', helme
h h h

identical with ; to -mb- from -mb - s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 333;

wherefore Old High German huliwa ` moisture, dampness, swamp, marsh, bog, mud ', Middle High German hlwe `puddle, slop, pool, swamp ' stands in ablaut; here (from the black berries) also Old High German holuntar, holantar `elder', Old

Bavarian gehilb `fog, Herdrauch' (-w- in relationship to u from Old Indic klua-),

(compare to m-forms Old Indic kalmaa-); probably Middle High German hilwe f. `fine fog',

`name of a cow with white-mottled head ', Swedish dial. hjlm ` white ox or white horse'

opulus, common snowball ' considers affiliation to kal (see below). II. root form kl- : kl- (with unclear relationship to kel-): kl- l-

Swedish hylle ds.; s. Berneker 473 m. Lithuanian, the also for russ. kalna `Viburnum

, Hes.;

Gr. , - (Doric ) ` stain ', `sully, dirty, soil ', Hes.,

vehement, hasty, rash, practised, shrewd, experienced, adroit, dexterous *(from horses)' = Umbrian kaleuf (buf) ` adroit, (oxen)'; Latin clgo f. `fog, darkness '; Old Irish caile, Middle Irish gaile ` stain '; Lithuanian kalbas, kalvas ` weihalsig ';

Latin clidus, callidus (Gl.) ` warm, hot, fiery, rash, eager, spirited, fierce, impassioned,

opulus, common snowball ', as also sloven. kalina `puddle, slop' and russ. kal-ga `morass', kalu-a `puddle'. Maybe alb. kaush ` cup ' a Slavic loanword. Trautmann 113 f., Petersson Heterokl. 146 f. Page(s): 547-548

morass, smudge with ordure '; in addition (after the paint, color) russ. kalna ` Viburnum

Old Church Slavic kal ` dark-coloured, ordure' with the meaning `swamp, marsh,

References: WP. I 440 ff., WH. I 139 f., 249, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 118, 140, 143 ,
3

Root / lemma: kel-5 kel-

Meaning: to drive, force to move quickly

Material: Old Indic klyati ` floats, carries, perceives, holds '; produce cheese, active component in rennet (derived from the mucous membrane of the fourth stomach of young cows), a means of coagulation, a coagulum or coagulator (the curdled milk in the stomach of a sucking animal, the stomach itself, etc.), rennet or runnet, (that which holds or binds together) ', probably also kal, kall ` cause, make happen, bring about, put, place ' (Jokl IF. 30, 198); alb. Geg qil, sizil. qel `bring, bear', shqilts ` rennin, enzyme used to curdle milk and

(present only by Gramm. and in - trans. ` go ashore; run ashore, fail, be

gr. `drive on; land; go ashore (from a boat); arrive on the ground, touch ground '

unsuccessful, make unsuccessful, break down, fall through '; otherwise only Aor. Fut.

, ), , - ` rusher, racer (horse); quick-sailing ship'; ` intense movement', ` drive tumultuously or in confusion, o be agitated, rush wildly, o be (Persson Beitr. 179) und, `kind of dance ' Hes.; visited, thronged, crowded, populous, abounding ' (*kele-d lo-, -d li-);
h h

beaten by the waves ' (compare -, -; Boisacq s. v. m. Lithuanian); perhaps Latin celer `quick, fast, rash, hasty' (as ), celeber, -bris, -bre ` frequented, much

181), Old High German haltan `beware, guard, hold, stop', Old Saxon haldan, Old English healdan, Old Icelandic halda, Old Swedish halla (*halan) `hold, stop', Middle Low German hilde, hille `rash, hasty, keen, eager'. References: WP. I 442 f., WH. I 194f.;

as t-present Gothic haldan ` tend, feed, graze cattle ' (to a-Vok. s. Brugmann IF. 32,

See also: probably identical with kel-6; s. also keleu- ` wander '. Page(s): 548

Meaning: to call, cry

kel)l)l )l)l Root / lemma: kel-6, k( )l-, k( )l- or kl-?

e e

Material: Old Indic u-kala- m. `rooster, cock' (`-'), kaldhika-, kalvika- ds., kala-

clamor, noise';

vka- `sparrow', kala- - ` leise tnend, undeutlich vernehmbar ', kalakala- m. ` bewildered gr. (instead of *) ` call, summon, name, rufe herbei' (Aeolic ), Futur.

, Attic , Perf. , ; `epithet', `shout, call,

invitation, subpoena, invitation to court, summoning ', , ()w `Rufer', `name' (*-F--?); zero grade ()- in `treibe an (through shout)', hom. Aor. (), Doric = (); [about see below kleu-]; `rausche, riesle (water )', Hes.; extension ` din, fuss, noise', e.g. of a new-born babe, sing of, celebrate loudly '; bring along, force towards ' (*kaltd);

`shout' (to 1. part see below om-); (or ) `rufe an, flehe', ,

, ` roaring ', ` sound as flowing; shout aloud, of various cries, Umbrian kaitu, kaetu, carsitu ` to call together, summon, convoke, drive to, move up,

erste day of month ' would be named from this exclamation, is probable (Salonius Z. rm. Dat. 1 ff.); Latin cal, -re `exclamation, to call together, summon, convoke ' (: Latvian kal'ut),

calendar data Dies te quinque, respectively septem, calo, Iuno Covella and calendae `the

the fact that a corresponding Latin*cale has stood once in the proclamation formula of the

monitor ' (back formation from nmen calre), calbra (curia) ` Curia Calabra, a court, curia so called from the proclamation of the dates which was there made ', perhaps concilium ` a meeting, rendezvous ' (*cn-caliom), con-cilire `unite, connect, gain etc.', clrus `lauttnend, fernhin resounding; illustrious; clear, bright', Umbrian anglar Nom. Pl., anglaf Akk. Pl. `oscines' (*an-kl `avis inclamans'); Latin classis `Aufgebot: army, fleet; class, dividing off, partitioning off' (*klad-ti-: ?); Maybe alb. Geg kla, Tosc qanj, qaj ` cry, scream '. clm, -re `call, shout, cry' (compare Old High German hlamn etc.), clmor `scream',

caltor ` a servant for calling, etc., a crier ', nmen-clator ` one who calls by name, a

(*kaljkos);

Old Irish cailech, ogam Gen. calic, cymr. ceiliog, corn. chelioc `rooster, cock'

sounding ' (Modern High German hell `gleaming'), hllan ` resonate', Middle High German conversation, fight noise, fight, struggle'; Old Frisian halia `herbeiholen, heimfhren, take', aschs. haln ` appoint, bring, carry with, take with ', Old High German haln and ablaut. Latvian kal'ut ` babble, chatter ' (kalada `clamor, din, fuss, noise' is russ. loanword), hal `echo, clangor ', Old Norse hjala ` babble, chatter ', hjal n. `gossip', hjaldr `

hluoticla ` a barking '; with lengthened grade the first syllable Old High German hel `loud,

Middle High German lejen `roar, bellow'; Old English hltan `grunt'; Old High German

Old English hlwan ` roar, cry out, resound ', Old High German (h)lian, (h)luoen,

Old English geholian ` attain, achieve, fulfill (goal, desire, etc.); get, receive, obtain ', holn, holn `call, shout, cry, get, fetch', ndd. halen `pull, drag'.

redupl. Lithuanian kakalas (*kalkalas) `bell', Old Church Slavic klakol, russ. klokol `bell', koloklit `chime, clink; babble, gossip ', Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 115. Hittite a-ra-a kal-li-i-ta (sar kallesta) ` rief (lockte) herauf '. bellows, roars, neighs ' (*klem-d-?); Old English hlimman, hlymman `ring, sound, clink, extension *k(e)lem- (compare Latin cl-m-re): Old Indic krndati ` shouts, howls, *k(e)lem-

Lithuanian kalb `language', Old Prussian kaltz, kelsi ` sie lauten ' (Lithuanian *kalsti);

German (h)limmen `drone, grumble, howl', Old Norse hlymja ` clink, crack, creak, rant, roister ', Old High German hlamn `sough, rustle, bawl, blaster'; *k(e)len*k(e)len- in Old English hlyn(n) ` clangor, din, fuss, noise, violent stream', hlynnan, Similar to skel-, (s)kel- (s-Dublette besides kel-): skel- (s)kel s el-

sough, rustle, roar, bellow', hlimme ` violent stream', hlemm (*hlammi) ` clangor ', Old High

hlynian `echo', hlynsian ds., hlynrian ` thunder ', gehlyn, aschs. gihlunn ` din, noise ';

bang, rant, roister, scold, chide, laugh loudly ', Middle High German schellen schw. V. ` skelda `scold, chide, rebuke, define loudly ', Old High German sceltan `scold, chide, vilify, allow to sound, shatter ', Modern High German zerschellen; t- or d -present Old Frisian
h

High German verschollen ` fade, disappear, decline '; Kaus.-Iter. Old Icelandic skella `

`sound, sound, clink', Old High German scellan `sound, clink, ring, rant, roister', Modern

1. skel-: Old Icelandic skjalla stem V. `sound, clink, loud hit' = Old English sciellan skel-

(*skalli-z) ` clangor, Knall' = Old High German scal (-ll-) ` clangor, row'; Old Icelandic skjallr

scold, revile, rebuke'; Old Icelandic skll f. ` derision, ridicule, din, fuss, noise', skellr

` lauttnend ' = Old English sciell, Dutch schel ` echoing, schrill'; Old High German scella `bell'; with plain l (-ll- based on the aforementioned in a n-present *skel-n) Old Icelandic skal n. `din, fuss, noise', skjal n. ` chitchat, small talk '; Lithuanian skliju, -yti `continuously bark, strike ' (of hound), whereof skalkas ` a

pointer, setter ' derives from poln. skoli ` whine like a dog '; Latvian skal' ` clinking, sharp rumor '; sounding '; with (b)h-extension (as Lithuanian kalb) Lithuanian sklb-iu, -ti ` spread a Czech skoliti ` belfern ', poln. skoli, skul ` whine like a dog '. call, shout, cry', skvaldr n. ` loud discourse '; without s- Old Icelandic hvellr ` sharp sounding '; 2. (s)kel-: Old Icelandic skval n. ` useless gossip, torrent of words ', skvala `loud talk, (s)kel el-

continuously barking hound (see below because of gr. ); Old Prussian scalenix `

also . Hes., as from *skel- the above called Lithuanian skalkas, and cuiln, cymr. colwyn, acorn. coloin, bret. kolen `young dog', (Celtic *koli-gno-); these names for young animals, esp. dogs, would be taken from yelping or whining.
o

the changing by ablaut sk l- perhaps in gr. ` young dog, dog; young animal',
e

from kel- from: Lithuanian kl, kal `bitch', alb. klsh `cub, esp. young dog', Middle Irish

alb. klsh.

(influence of ?) could belong together directly from Celtic *koligno-, Lithuanian kl,

At least, however, , as (s)k l-, also as Indo Germanic or gr. reduction forms

References: WP. I 443 ff., WH. I 141 f., 227, 228, 258, Specht KZ. 59, 85 ff.; See also: probably identical with kel-5. Page(s): 548-550

kel- kol kolRoot / lemma: kel-7 (kol-, k l-) Meaning: goblet Note: with k-suffix
o

Material: Old Indic kala- m. `pot, pan, crock, pitcher, bowl' (*koleko-, -oko-); gr. , - `goblet' (*k li-k); chelih, Modern High German Kelch ` calix '), wherefore perhaps with moveable s Umbrian = Latin calix, -icis m. `deep bowl, goblet, calix' (from calix derives Old High German
e

skalce-ta, scalse-to `former low bowl, flattened dish, saucer, libation-saucer ', scalsie `in a

 (*-) ds.;

low bowl, flattened dish, saucer, libation-saucer '; Latin culigna ` small calix' from gr. There s- also in Modern High German Schale ` shell ' (that to (s)kel- `cut, clip') and in gr. In addition gr. , - f. ` fruit cup, grain cup ' and perhaps Old Indic kalik f. `bud'

, ds. Hes.,.

(different in gutturals of suffixes from kala-). Page(s): 550-551 References: WP. I 442, WH. I 138 f.

kelRoot / lemma: kel-7

Meaning: Meaning: ` chop, cut '; ` be at fault, be to blame, be wrong; ` parch, dry '; ` bend ' (s)kelSee also: see below (s)kelPage(s): 551

Meaning: jar, cauldron

kelpRoot / lemma: kelp-, klp-

Material: Gr. , -, f. `crock, pitcher; cinerary urn '; ); Latin calpar, -ris ` wine cask ' (*calp-li-, probably Latin further formations of gr. Old Irish cilornn, cilurnn ` urn ' (*kelpurno-), cymr. celwrn ` milk bucket ', bret. kelorn `

bowl, basin ', brit. PN Celurnum. Note:

The inanimate suffix -ur : brit. PN Celur ururnum : , , Illyrians, , , Illyria, also ur ur , , Adj. , , , Illyrian: -, the region or province of Illyria, , speak the Illyrian language, :--hence Adv. . Page(s): 555 References: WP. I 447, WH. I 142.

Meaning: name of a plant hemern ds.;

kemero- komero- meromero Root / lemma: kemero-, komero-, k meroe e e

Material: Old High German hemera (*hamir) `hellebore', Modern High German dial.

(etc. s. Berneker 142 f.);

r.-Church Slavic emer ` poison ' (originally the hellebore), russ. emerca f. `hellebore' Lithuanian kemerai Pl. ` Alpkraut, Wasserdost '; presumably gr. ` larkspur, any

of a number of tall flowering plants ', , (latter spelling after hom.

` ubject to destiny, i.e. ill-fated '?) ` a poisonous plant, wolf's-bane, aconite ' and Old Indic kamala- n. `lotus' (would be besides gender = Old High German hemera; also in the flower form similarly), camarika-m. ` Orchid Tree '. Page(s): 558 References: WP. I 390, Trautmann 126.

kem kom kmRoot / lemma: kem-, kom-, km- (*ank-mnos) kem kom kmRoot / lemma: kem-, kom-, km- (*ank-m(e)nos): piece, derived from Root / lemma: : ak-, ok- : sharp; stone. Material: Gr. ` without Imbi, hungry', (Aeolic) , Hes.; zero grade Hes.? Latvian kumuss `morsel, mouthful' (-um-reduced grade; the ending -uoss from -ansas Meaning: piece

perhaps through hybridization with a *kan[d]s-as = Old Church Slavic ks `piece, morsel, mouthful'? compare Mhlenbach-Endzelin Latvian-D. Wb. II 313); ndd. ham, hamm `bite, morsel, mouthful, piece, cut'. Page(s): 557-558 References: WP. I 389.

Meaning: to press, squeeze

kemRoot / lemma: kem-1

Material: Armenian k`amel `to press, squeeze, wring; to filter, make flow'; Ruderband ', Middle High German hemmen and hamen `hinder, hamper', sal- Franconian Old Norse hemja (hamda) `curb, restrain, hinder, hamper ', hemill ` leg fetter ', hamla f. `

hamen ` horse collar ' (compare that maybe from a Gothic *hamands hemmend `

chamian ` clamp, press', Old Frisian hemma `hinder', Modern High German dial. ham,

German ham, Old English hamm ` enclosed piece of land', ndd. hamme ` fenced field', Old

hindering ' borrowed Slavic *chomt, russ. etc. chomt ` horse collar '); Middle Low

surround';

English engl. hem(m) `edge, hem', engl. to hem (in) `to hem, gird, border, envelop, Old Norse hafna ` abandon, give up from ' (`*be restrained '), causative hefna ` avenge ';

with labial Middle English hamperen, engl. to hamper `hinder, bother, annoy' (: Old Prussian kmpinna ` hindered ', kumpint `move, displace'); (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

devour ', Lithuanian kam ` crush, squash, corduroy, brushwood road ';

Lithuanian kem, kimti ` stuff ', Latvian emsu, imst (Lithuanian loanword) `ds.', also ` russ. kom `clump', komt ` clench together ', serb. km ` husks of grapes ' (` what

Latvian kamuolis ` ball, tangle, knot '; ablaut. Latvian cmu(o)rs m. `grape', extended

kamenas m. `stem', Latvian kamuot `torment, smite, plague', Lithuanian kamuols,

kamoti ` press together, stuff ', kmanos ` leathery bridle, rein', kmuras `grape',

Balto Slavic *kama- m. `clump' in Latvian kams m. `clump', in addition Lithuanian

remains of the pressed grapes '); in addition russ. kmel m. `thick end of a rod ', poln. ablaut Slavic *kmy, Gen. *kmene m. in Czech kmen `stem'; as ` be pressed '

komel m. `knag' (*kamlia-), russ. komlja f. `clump', serb. kmina f. ` husks of grapes '; in

displeasure, hold on'; Old Church Slavic st `dense' (= Lithuanian kimtas `stuffed'). branch of laurel, placed before the gates, reed-bed ', ` revel, carousal, merry-

presumably also Slavic *ma in serb. ma ` boredom, weariness ', mati ` wait with Doubtful is Perssons (Beitr. 159) apposition from gr. , - ` bundle, truss of hay,

making, concrete, band of revelers, the ode sung at one of these festive processions, `muzzle' is not compatible in vocalism.

festival to honor of the Dionysios '; gr. (*kmos because of Latin loanword cmus) References: WP. I 388 f., Trautmann 115, 126.

Page(s): 555

Meaning: to buzz

kemRoot / lemma: kem-2

Material: Old Indic camara- m. ` Wild Yak '; Middle High German Modern High German hummen, Modern High German hummeln,

holl. hommelen `buzz', Middle English hummen, engl. hum ds., Norwegian humre ` neigh quietly '; in addition originally probably also Old High German humbal, Middle High

German humbel, hummel m. `bumblebee', Middle Low German hummel f., engl. humbleb, Norwegian Dialectal humla f. ds.; Lithuanian kmstu, kmti ` become hoarse ', kminti `make the voice dull ', kims `

hoarse, raucous, thick, husky ', kamn ` bumblebee, humblebee ', kamn ` Feldbiene ', Latvian kamines f. pl. ` bumblebees, humblebees ', Old Prussian camus `bumblebee'; Slavic *mel (ablaut equally with Hummel) in russ. dial. mel etc., ` bumblebee,

kamn).

humblebee '; Church Slavic russ. komr etc. ` mosquito ' (ablaut equally with Lithuanian

Page(s): 556

References: References: WP. I 389, Trautmann 115 f.

keng- kenkRoot / lemma: keng-, kenkPage(s): 565

kegSee also: see above under keg-.

kenkRoot / lemma: kenk-1

Meaning: to bind, girdle

made of linked metal rings, jerkin, corsage', kc f. `belt, girdle';

Material: Old Indic kcat (Dhatup.) `binds', kacuka- m. `armor, coat of mail, garment gr. ` lattice, latticework, trellis, structure of interwoven strips of wood or metal ' (to

plague, a kind of stocks ';

from s. Solmsen Beitr. I 214 f.), n. Pl. ` walls ' (*knk-), -() ` foot

present as cling, ming; WH. I 217 places here Celtic cing- ` march, step, stride, strut'

justice ' (*kinked-); Latin -g for c derailment due to the ambiguous cinxi, cinctum after

also cihcea ` a lattice, enclosure, grating, grate, balustrade, bars, railings, bar in a court of

Umbrian sihitu ` go around, surround, encompass, environ, gird, wreathe, crown ', perhaps

Latin cing, -ere ` go around, surround, encompass, environ, gird, wreathe, crown ',

(different above S. 439), whether originally `*turn in circles '; however, the variation of the Auslauts would be easy to understand, as the page 439 accepted initial sound variation; still different about Celtic cing- Kuiper Nasalprs. 168 f.; Lithuanian kinka, -ti ` harness horses '.

(`*fastened together '?); scar, band, strap' and Latin cictrx `scar, scratch ' (due to a *cicre from *cecre ` tie together, heal ')? References: WP. I 400 f., WH. I 211, 216 f.

An unnasalized root form *kek- one seeks in Old Indic kaca- m. ` hair of the head

Page(s): 565

kenkRoot / lemma: kenk-2

Material: Old Indic kkati ` longs for ' (` brennend verlangen '), kkat (Dhatup.) ` covets, thirsts '; common Old Indic h- > kgr. (after Aor. * originated a new present *, compare:)

Meaning: to burn, be dry; a burning feel (hunger, thirst)

Hes., hom. () ` parching, very dry ', `arid', , Hes., Hes.; 329 *aid - `burn');
h

; ; Hes. (in the ending supposed Schulze Kl. Schr. Gothic hhrus, with gramm. variation Old Norse hungr, Old English hungor, Old High

German hungar (*knkru-) `hunger' (= gr. -); ablaut. Old Norse h `plague, torment, smite' (*hanhn'); Lithuanian kank `pain, agony', kanknti ` afflict ', kekti `harm'. References: WP. I 401, Trautmann 126, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 42. Page(s): 565

kenkRoot / lemma: kenk-3

Meaning: knee-cup, heel

Material: Old Indic kakla- m. n. `bone, skeleton '; Old Norse h (*hanha-) in h-mt m. ` ankle joint, heel joint ', h-sin f. ` Kniesehne des

Hinterbeins bei Tieren, Fersensehne beim Menschen ', Old English hh-sinu f., Old Frisian `calcaneus, heel bone ' (*hanhila-), Old English hla m. `calcaneus, heel bone ';

h-sene ` heel tendon ', Old English hh `calcaneus, heel bone ' (*hanha-), Old Norse hll Lithuanian kenkl ` popliteus, muscle located in the back of the knee ', knka `ds., hock,

joint in the hind leg of a quadruped; shank, leg ', Latvian cinksla `sinew in the knee-bend '. References: WP. I 401.

Page(s): 566 kenRoot / lemma: ken-1 Note:

Meaning: to press, pinch, etc.. kengenRoot / lemma: ken-1 : `to press, pinch, etc.' derived from Root / lemma: gen- : `to pinch, pluck, press, etc.'. genNote: meaning- scope as in gen-. Old Icelandic hnakki, hnakkr m. ` nape ' (Norwegian nakk also ` mountain top, small

knekMaterial: knek- (only german.):

hillock '), Old High German hnac, -ckes ` nape, acme, apex ', Bavarian nacken `bone',

press together '?).

nk, engl. nook ` angle, point, edge' (Old Icelandic hnekkja ` repel, hamper', actually ` to knesknes- perhaps in Old High German hnel, Middle High German nel(le) `cusp, peak,

hnakki `anchor', Norwegian nakke ` small iron hook', nkia `crook, bend', Middle English

ds., Middle High German genicke ` nape '; with the meaning ` snap; crease, fold ' here isl.

changing through ablaut Old English hnecca ` nape, occiput ', Middle Low German necke

acme, apex, peak, highest point, top, summit ', Old High German hnol ` acme, apex ', Old English hnoll `Scheitel' (*hnezl-, hnuzl-?) and Latvian knese `club, cudgel'. A i-basis in kneigh-, knei-b- ` incline '? (see there). kneuu-basis kneu- and extensions: Middle Breton knoen `nut, dry fruit contained in a shell', gall. *knou; derived Middle Irish Middle Irish cn, Gen. cn (*kns, *knuuos), cymr. cneuen, Pl. cnau, mcorn. knyfan,

cnuas ` nuts; harvest '; with d-suffix Old Icelandic hnot, Old English hnutu, Old High

fruit contained in a shell' (`nut, dry fruit contained in a shell' also actually ` pellet, globule, clots '); Lohmann ZceltPh. 19, 62 ff. kneu-b-: Lithuanian knibti ` bend down ', Latvian knubt ` incurve, bend inward '; kneucrouching down position '. nisl. hnypra sig saman ` squat, sit on one's haunches, crouch down low ', hnypur `

German (h)nuz ` nut, dry fruit contained in a shell'; with k-suffix Latin nux, -cis ` nut, dry

Icelandic hntr m., hnta f. `swelling, lump, growth, ankle', Swiss nossen m. ` cliff point, protrusion'.

kneukneu-d-: Norwegian nut `knag in wood, mountaintop, mountain peak, summit ', Old

kneukneu-g-, -k-: cnwc) (ablaut. cnuch ` joint, coitus '), abret. cnoch ` mound, hillock; mound, tomb '; Old Irish cnocc, nir. cnoc (*knukkos), cymr. cnwch (and as loanword from Irish also Old Icelandic hnka ` curve together ', hnokinn ` writhed, crooked, humped ', hnykill

`swelling, lump, growth, knot', Norwegian nykkja `bend, crook (e.g. an iron nail); jut,

nykkla n. ` ball, tangle, knot ', nisl. hnokki m., Norwegian nokka f. ` small iron hook ', Old incision in a arrowhead ', ndd. nock, nocke ` protruding end of something ', Old English

project, protrude, stick out ', nisl. hnjkr, hnkr `round mountain top ', Norwegian dial.

English hnocc `penis' (engl. nock ` incision ' is Swedish loanword), Middle Dutch nocke `

ge(*h)nycned ` puckered, wrinkled, creased, rugose, furrowed ', Modern High German dial. Old Icelandic hnykkia ` seize, take forcibly; grasp, snatch ', perhaps from ` to press remaining Germanic language area), nock, nocken ` small hill; dumpling, small mass of dough which is boiled or steamed ' (also

together '?); besides nock stands Modern High German dial. knock `hill' (also in whole the above S. 372 on top middle should be mentioned (compare also Old Norse knjkr,

knykill besides hnjkr, hnykill), but also secondary Germanic formation could be neologism Knppel etc.; compare Weisgerber Rhein. Vierteljahrsbl. 1939, 34 ff.;

to nock, and kn- could be attributed perhaps to words, as Knollen, Knopf, Knorren, Knoten, compare Latvian knak'is ` Knirps; Querholz am langen Sensenstiel ' and gr.

, Hes.; Tocharian A k`uk ` nape '.

kneukneu-p-: Latvian kpt ` zusammengekrmmt liegen ', Lithuanian knipoti ds.; Old Icelandic hnfa ` blunt, stop short, crop, trim, prune '. kneukneu-t-: Old Icelandic hnoa n. ` ball, tangle, knot '. kondokondo- ` the pursed, constricted into folds or wrinkles, puckered ': kanduka- n. `pillow, cushion'; Old Indic kanda- m. `tuber, bulb', kandka- m. ` balloon d'essai, ball for playing sports ',

of the finger (middle joint), (a slap in the face), pudding and knuckle-sauce to it, i.e. a good thrashing, knot in a string, any hard, bony knob, of the teeth ', `swelling, lump, growth'; Lithuanian knduolas m. ` seed '. References: WP. I 390 ff., WH. II 191 f., J. Loth RC. 40, 366. Page(s): 558-559

gr. . Hes., ` knuckle of any joint, as of the humerus,

ken- ken keni- kenuRoot / lemma: ken-2, ken-, keni-, kenu-; Meaning: to rub, scrape off; ashes Note: various with conservative extensions

Material: I. Light basis: Gr. , - f. `dust, ash' (-is-stem, compare `cloud of be sprinkled as with dust, roll in the dust, like birds, horses ' from *-, hom. dust', - Theokr., ` make dusty, cover with clouds of dust, cover with dust, o

without effort, usu. of the conqueror ' (Jthner Gl. 29, 76);

`dust, sand, ash' from ); ` without the dust of the arena, i.e. without struggle, ablaut. with Latin cinis, -eris f. m. `ash' (from *cenis), Dimin. cinis-culus (, cinis are

probably originally a neutr. is stem, and have suffered gender changes only singleislinguistically because of Nom. in -is is). is Maybe zero grade Latin cinis -eris m. f. `ashes' : alb. Geg hini `ash' Note: [conservative definitive forms versus indefinite forms (alb. phonetic trait)].

scratch; itch', , , `the itchiness', ` the grating, scratch; itchiness', ` scrapings ', ` scraper ', ` rasper ' and `backbone, on wrestlers, a demon of the same class as Priapus, lascivious dance ' (in an Aryan KZ. 45, 200). spine' and ` stinging nettle '; Attic ` cloud of dust, the mixed dust, oil and sweat *knth- same meaning would go back to Avestan xnaait ` name of a Pairika 'Gntert Old High German nuoen, Middle High German nejen ` durch Schaben gltten, genau

II. Heavy basis ken-, kn-: Attic , 3. Sg. present , later - ` scrape, ken kn-

zusammenfgen ', Old High German hnuo, nuoa ` seam, suture, joining together of two

two sides of a wound or incision, groove, narrow scratches ', Middle High German nuot `

sides of a wound or incision, groove ', Old Saxon hna ` seam, suture, joining together of

mortise, recess or groove in a piece of wood or another material that fits together with a

rabbet, groove or notch in a timber into which another timber is inserted (for joining timbers without using nails or screws) '. doubtful; Middle Irish cnm `consume, gnaw '; cna ` consume ' (Stokes KZ. 41, 385) is quite

corresponding projecting piece of material, joint, slot ', Modern High German Nut, Nute `

Middle Irish cnim m. `bone' (*kn-mi-s ` the gnawed '), cymr. cnaw, Pl. cnofein. nd 1. d-extension k nd-, ken-d-: nd- ken edged sword, sword', , - m. ` pin or pivot on which a body or machine turns, axis of a sphere, sockets in which the axes of a drum turn ' (`*tooth'), `( snappish =) any dangerous animal, from a lion to a serpent or worm, a monster, beast ' , see below) sizil. `fox', Attic as swearword, by Hes., , '; Maybe alb. kunadhe `marten' : sizil. `fox'. Albanian kunadhe ` marten ' derived from Greek (*-) [common Albanian -v- > -dh-], similar to Croatian kuna, Czech kuna, Polish kuna, Slovak
e

gr. , - Pl. ` projecting teeth on the blade of a hunting spear, ', Sg. ` a two-

(from Hom.), zero grade Hes., with the first syllable (as ,

Macedonian , kuna, Serbian , kuna, Belarusian , kunica, Russian , kunica, Ukrainian , kunicja, Lithuanian kiaun, Latvian cauna. Lithuanian kndu, ksti (*kond-) `bite', kndis `mite', kadis `morsel, mouthful'

kuna, Slovenian kuna, Sorbian (upper) kuna, Sorbian (lower) kuna, Bulgarian , kuna,

(secondary second accent) ksnis `morsel, mouthful', Latvian kuu, kudu, kust `bite, be sharp, divide'; Church Slavic kus ` a piece, bit ', serb. kus `morsel, mouthful, piece', Church Slavic

s-extension poln. kdek `morsel, mouthful, piece, gobbet '. 2. Labial extensions: `animal, esp. venomous beast, esp. serpent '.

kusaju, kusati, serb. ksm, ksati (etc.) `bite'; Old Bulgarian st `part' (*knd-ti-); without

nn k n-p-: gr. , - ` snappish animal', Hes.; (*k np-)

e

Maybe alb. (*knafsa) kafsha ` animal', kafshoj ` bite '.

e e e e

e e e e

nn ken k n-b -, ken-b -: () ` to card or dress cloth, (which was done either with a prickly plant, the teasel, or with a comb):--of torture, to card, lacerate ', ` the prickly teasel, a plant used by fuller, cloth-carder or dresser, kind of fish ', ( Eur., fullers to dress cloth, a carding-comb, also used as an instrument of torture ', ` Alkaios) ` wool torn off in carding or fulling cloth, flock, used for stuffing cushions or - =n- is incredible, s. Persson Beitr. 139); gr. ` scabies, mange ', with anlaut. s- Hes. ` stinging nettle ';
h h

pillows: hence, cushion, pillow ' (the perception from - as hybridization from - and gall. GN Cnabetius (: Runic Gen. Hnab[]das), Old Irish cnai ` wool shorn off, a fleece '

(from Cymr.), cymr. cnaif ` fleece ', cneifio ` to shear, clip, crop, shave ', ncorn. (?) kneu, bret. kreo, Vannes kaneo ` fleece '; different J. Loth RC 43, 408 f.;
h

to pieces ' and the j-verbs Old Icelandic hneppa `nip, pinch, clamp, press', Old English (once)hnppan ` hit, bump against something ';

English Hnf, Old High German Hnabi; geminated Old Swedish nappa ` nip, pinch, to pick

preterit hnf `cut, clip', hnefi m. `fist, sword', Middle High German neve `fist', PN Old

Runic Gen. Hnab(i)das (Indo Germanic *knb ets `mutilated'), Old Icelandic hnafa,

Modern High German dial. na(p)fezen ds. (Wissmann Nom. postverb. 183);

remain far off though Old English hnappian ` drowse ', Old High German hnaffezen ds., Lithuanian kniebi, knibti ` quietly pinch '; Latvian knb-ju, -u, -t ` peck, pluck', Iter.

collect; pinch', Latvian knibt, knibint Iter. ` pick out, pick up, collect; pinch' (-ni- could be the i-row have or partly old remnant of the i- variation of kenei-b - are, is not certain;
h

skilful', knabnti, knebnti `pick up, dig ', knimb, -a, knbti `pluck, pick out, pick up,

knbt; Lithuanian knab-, -ti ` peel (potatoes)', knabs ` light-fingered, thievish, sneaky,

zero grade of -n-); whether the following words inferred previously from knib- ablaut after

Lithuanian knburiuoti ` be occupied with any manual labor or finger work ', Latvian knibju, -u, -t ` pinch, tweak, nip ', Iter. knaibt. 3. s-extension kene-s-, k(e)n-s-: kene- k(e)nOld Indic redupl. ki-knasa- m. ` parts of the ground grain, groats, semolina '; that irritate the skin on contact ' (probably from *[]); gr. , - ` spurge-flax, kind of nettle, any of numerous plants with stingy hairs

e e e e

weich gemacht ' oder ` weich wie gekratzte Wolle '), Old English hnesce `tender, soft, Latvian knosti, knuost ` pluck the plumage with the beak '. compare from the i-basis III. i-basis keni-, k n-i: keni-

Gothic hnasqus `soft, fine' (from dress; originally either ` durch Reiben oder Knistern

weak', Old High German [h]nascn ` naschen (*abknipsen), Leckerbissen genieen ';

kenei-s-: Lithuanian knis etc., see below.

e

grate away, to be lacerated, wear out, wear away ' (seems *kni- with after -, - preserved i); in addition gr. ` catamite, generally, lewd fellow, public

1. base of -w-stem gr. , Latin cinis, see above; gr. -, -, - `scrape or

dancer, obscene poems, a sea-fish, wryneck ', actually ` itch ', grown from an Adv. auf as ` walk, march ' from Adv. 2. Dental extensions: k(e)ni-d-: irritation, lovers' quarrel ', ` scratches, irritation, of lovers' quarrels '; ` stinging nettle '; Middle Irish cned `wound' (*knid), in addition Irish cymr. cnes `skin' (*knid-t); affront, offend', hnita, -aa `rivet', Old English hntan `bump, poke, prick ', hnitol (Middle Old Icelandic hnta (hneit) ` stumble against something ', hneita (*hnaitjan) `bump, poke, gr. (Fut. ) ` scrape, scratch, prick ' (*), ` itching, tickling,

struggle', Old Saxon of-hntan `tear away';

Low German netel) ` kicking, pushing, goring with horns ', gehnst n. ` crash, fight,

creep, move '; besides from a root form in t: Latvian knest, 3. present kne preterit knete `itch', knitt ds. Under the imagining of the scratching, piercing smell are addable: hom. ` steam

Latvian knidt `rivet' (as Old Icelandic hnita); Latvian knidt ` itch, grovel, truckle,

and odour of fat which exhales from roasting meat, smell or savour of a burnt sacrifice, the a-Dekl. transferred Attic );

fume, smoke' (*--, compare Latin lixa : liquor, Lithuanian tams : Old Indic tamas-; in Latin ndor (*cnds) m. ` a vapor, steam, smell, fume (from something burned) ';

`bump, poke': Old English Old High German stincan `stink'). 3. Labial extensions:

Old Icelandic hniss n. ` smell, revolting taste of food ' (: hnta; compare Gothic stigqan

the bark of trees, eaten by the woodpecker, an insect which attacks vines ', , Hes., (see in addition also *gen-, gneib - ` to press together ');
h

devour the fig-insect, small ants ', with anlaut. s- ` skniphes, an insect found under ` bigoted, narrow minded, stingy ', , , `nip'; Middle Dutch nipen stem and schw. V. (Dutch nijpen) ` pinch, nip, press, feel; touch on,

gr. , Akk. Pl. `sknips, small creatures which infest fig and oak trees and

grasp ', Middle English npin `press' (Germanic -p[p]-, compare:) Old Icelandic hnippa

', engl. nip, Low German Dutch nippen `sip', Modern High German Bavarian nipfen, nipfeln `sip'; Low German nibbelen `bite off'; perhaps Lithuanian knimb (see above under kenb -), if with old i-vocalism.
h

`bump, poke, stick', hnippask `quarrel, squabble', Middle English nippen `nip, pinch, clamp

mosquito '.

4. s-extension: Lithuanian knis, knsti ` gnaw, dig', Latvian knisis, knislis `small IV. u-basis kenu-, kneu-: enu- kneu-

n. ` scabies ', Hes.;

` scratching, k. tn daktuln, of a person feeling for the door-handle in the dark ',

1. Gr. (F), ` the box of a wheel, sound of footsteps ', `scratch lightly ',

scrape') = Old High German hniuwan, Middle High German niuwen ` grind, crush, squeeze the meaning ` penurious ' (compare schbig : schaben) Old Icelandic hnggr `concise, hard, squash ' (Old English hnygelan, Plur. ` Abschnitzel ' from *hnuvilan-?); further with

Old Icelandic hnggva, hngg (and weak hnyggja) `bump, poke' (originally `rub, scratch,

genau ` accurate ';

Middle High German nou, nouwe `eng, accurate, painstaking ', Modern High German

Middle Low German nouwe `eng, narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin, concise, small, genau',

penurious, economical ', Old English hnaw ` penurious, bigoted, narrow minded, stingy ',

compare with root-like treated -d- also knudt ds.); poln. knowa ` dismember, steln ', *kiga `book', whereat different Berneker 663, 664).

Latvian kndu and knstu, Inf. knt and knst, preterit kndu `itch' (d(h)- and st-present,

knowie ` straw splinter '? (see also Brckner KZ. 45, 313 because of Slavic *kn `stem',

2. Dental extensions: below; Old English hnot ` worn out, naked, bald, bleak, shaved '. With d : gr. Hes., Hes.; `fasten, clip, bind', Middle High German niet m. f. ` broadly hit nail, rivet ', nieten `rivet'; Old Norwegian dial. nuddast ` become dull ' (with s- Swedish Dialectal snudda ` touch softly Old Icelandic hnja, hnau `bump, poke, hit, rivet', Old High German pi-hnotan
h

With d: gr. , ` scabies ', ` kratze myself '; about see

Icelandic hnyia ` tools for hitting or beating ';

', Falk-Torp under nudd); Old High German hnotn `shake', Middle High German notten ` ' (`hammered '), Old English hnossian `knock'. About Latvian knudt etc. see above 1. With t: presumably Gothic hnu, hnut ` anything pointed: esp. pale, stake ', Old

move to and fro ', Middle English nodden, engl. nod ` nod '; Old Icelandic hnoss f. ` Kleind

Icelandic hnr ` shaft, picket, pole', Latvian knute, knutele `thin shaft, pole' (or loanword from Modern High German Knttel?). 3. g-extensions: gr. , , ` strong-smelling plant, Erigeron

viscosumL.' (if -- from -- ; also -- is equally possible; the smell formation compare nykr ds., late anlaut alteration forms). 4. Labial extensions: Swedish niupa `nip, pinch', Old English -hnopan ` pick '; with intensive consonantLow German noppe `flock, tuft of wool, Hechelhede ';
h

above , ndor); Old Icelandic hnykr (*hnuki-) ` fetidness ' (besides fnykr, snykr, knykr,

With Indo Germanic b: Gothic dis-hniupan `tear', dishnupnan ` become torn ', Old

doubling Norwegian Dialectal nuppa `pluck', Old English hnoppian `pluck', Danish Middle with Indo Germanic b : Old Icelandic hnyfill ` short, blunted horn, lamb with such horns ',

(rather loanword from Middle Low German noppe).

ndd. nobbe, nubbe `flock, tuft of wool', Middle High German noppe, p ` Tuchflocke '

5. s-extension: Latvian knasis `small mosquito ' (as knisis, knislis from the i-basis). Page(s): 559-563 References: WP. I 392 ff., WH. I 217 f., II 166 f.

Meaning: to appear, be born; to begin; young

kenRoot / lemma: ken-3

Material: Old Indic kanna- ` young ', compounds Sup. knyas-, kniha-, kanih-; kany, Gen. Pl. kannm (older n-stem) `girl', Avestan kaine, kain-, kainn- ds.; gr. ` fresh, egregious '; young, recent '; Latin recens `fresh, young, new', actually ` lately arisen, not long in existence, fresh,

cenl `gender, sex', acymr. cenetl, ncymr. `gender, sex, nation'; perhaps also acymr. `beautiful' = ` young '?); genuine Irish is cin (*k ni-) ds.;
e

Middle Irish cinim ` rise, puff up, originate ', ciniud `gender, sex, stem, line '; Old Irish

mcymr. cein, ncymr. cain, Middle Breton quen, Old Irish - from Brit. - can `beautiful' (: gr. Middle Irish cano, cana `a wolf cub', cymr. cenau `young dog or wolf' (*k nu: ken-); cyn(t) ` previous, before, rather', cyntaf `the first'; gall. Cintus, Cintugntos (` Primigenitus '), Old Irish ctne, ct- ` previous ', cymr. etc. burgund. hendinos `king'; controversial Gothic hindumists ` extreme, hindermost ', Old
e

High German hintana, hintar ` behind ', Old English hindema ` the last ' (`new, not old, young, fresh, recent ');

child ', russ. enk `young dog', Old Church Slavic ten ` a young animal, whelp '. Page(s): 563-564 References: WP. I 397 f., Wackernagel-Debrunner III 112 f.

High German Kind; s. Berneker 154); with flexible s- Upper Sorbian eo ` the last-born

beginning ', konc `end', Old Church Slavic do `kid, child' (if not loanword from Modern

Old Church Slavic v-, na-n, -ti `begin', zati `ds.; receive (of woman)', kon `

Meaning: to strain, strive

kenRoot / lemma: ken-4

Material: Gr. , , , ,

Hes., , , Hes., , Ionian ` servant, messenger, attendant or official in a temple or religious guild, esp. in the Christian church, deacon, servile, menial ', ` o be quick and active, esp. in service, urge on, incite ', - ` maid ';

effort, begin, make trial of';

Latin cnor, -ri ` to undertake, endeavor, attempt, try, venture, seek, aim, make an proto Celtic *kn- (Indo Germanic *kn-) ` accomplish ' in mcymr. digoni `make',

dichawn, digawn, cymr. dichon, digon ` can ', digon ` sufficient ', acymr. MN Guoccawn, mcymr. gochawn, gogawn ` distinguished ', abr. MN Uuocon. References: WP. I 398 f., WH. I 262.

Page(s): 564

kenth(o)Root / lemma: kenth(o)Meaning: rag, cloth Note: ket(h)Note: also ket(h)-? Material:

Old Indic kanth ` repaired dress'; Armenian k`ot`anak `dress, cover'; gr. ` skirt from rags ' meaning leans from Latin; Latin cent ` a rag cushion, patchwork quilt '; Modern High German Hadern; in addition with l-derivative Middle High German Hadel, ablaut. Modern High German dial. Hudel, therefrom hudeln `smear'. References: WP. I 402 f., WH. I 200. without nasal Old High German hadara f. `rag, clout' (*har, Indo Germanic *kotr),

Page(s): 567

kerdRoot / lemma: kerd-1 Meaning: to girdle Note: only Celtic and Slavic

', cri(u)ss `belt, girdle' (*krd-su-), Middle Irish fo-chrus ` Grtung ', cymr. crys `belt, girdle, shirt', gwregys (fur *gwe-grys from *gwo-grys) `belt, girdle', acorn. kreis ` shirt ', grugis `belt, girdle', bret. krez ` shirt ', gouriz `belt, girdle';

Material: Old Irish fo-cridigedar ` to gird to, gird on, bind on, put on with a girdle, gird round

klr. res ` leathery, wide belt, girdle, Geldkatze ', poln. trzos ` Geldgurt, Geldkatze '; perhaps an extension from (s)ker- `turn'. (s)ker-

russ. res (besides rez, has z through influence of the preposition rz) ` Geldgurt ',

Page(s): 579

References: WP. I 423, Berneker 148.

kerdRoot / lemma: kerd-2

Meaning: talent, craft; talented

` der Verschlagenste (Hom.); ersprielichst ', ` captivating, useful, workman of the lowest class ';

Material: Gr. n. `profit, gain, benefit, advantage', ` useful, beneficial ',

cunning', , `fox', ` gain '; from gr. * derives Latin cerd ` a Old Irish cerd f. ` art, handwork; artist, bard'; cymr. cerdd f. ` art, poetry ';

German horsc ds. (*hort-ska-). Page(s): Page(s): 579 References: WP. I 423.

Old Icelandic epithet horti m. `smart' (?), horskr ds., Old English aschs. Old High

Meaning: 1) onion, garlic; 2) ash-tree

keremkermRoot / lemma: (kerem-), krem- (: krom-) and kermkerem krem- krom-

Note: (esp. with s-forms); anlaut k-, occasionally kRoot / lemma: (kerem-), krem- (: krom-) and kerm- : 1) onion, garlic; 2) ash-tree, derived kerem- krem- kromkermkerem (s)ker(s)ker-d-: Illyrian Scordus, (): gr. () n. ` garlic ', alb. hurdh, hudhr ds. (*sk rd-); Material: Gr. Hes., otherwise (through Assimil. out of it) ` onion kind ' (*kremusom); Middle Irish crim, Gen. crema, cymr. (reduced grade) craf ` garlic '; Middle Low German ramese, remese ds., Old High German ramusia, Modern High Lithuanian kerm f. `wild garlic '; Old English hramsan, engl. ramsons ` ramson ', Norwegian Swedish Danish rams ds.,
o

from an -m- suffix of Root / lemma: (s)ker-4, (s)ker-, (s)kr- : to cut. see in -d- formant: (s)ker- (s)ker (s)krm d

German (Bavarian) rams `ds.' (Allium ursinum, Bear's Garlic L.);

Prunus padus, Bird Cherry, Mayday tree, Maybush ' (likewise strong-smelling plant);

uud srjemu, -a `kind of wild-growing vegetables '; in addition of the appellation of `

ursinum, Bear's Garlic ', poln. trzemucha ds., with Pal. Serbo-Croatian srjemu m. -a f.

Slavic *erma, *ermucha in russ. erem, eremca, ermuka ` ramson, Allium

srmkslis etc. ds., with other guttural line Latvian crmauksis etc., ds.;

Lithuanian ermknis m. ermkl, ermkn f. ` rowan, mountain ash ', Latvian russ. ermcha, erma, ermucha ` alder buckthorn, alder dogwood, Ahlkirsche,

-sa ds., poln. trzemcha, Czech temcha, nowadays stemcha ds., perhaps here the venet. PN Cremna.

Prunus padus', klr. erm-cha, -ucha ds., sloven. rm-ha, -sa (and with palatal) srm-a,

References: WP. I 426 f., Trautmann 128 f., Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 168. Page(s): 580-581

Meaning: to burn

ker() )Root / lemma: ker()-3

about kuku-, kaku- see below;

Material: Old Indic kayti ` singes ' (*kr-d-, i.e. *k r-d-); nasalized kuat `burns'; dubious Latin carb, -nis m. `coal' (Indo Germanic *k r-d ?), from Specht Indo Gothic hari n. `coal', Old Icelandic hyrr m. `fire' (*hurja-, Indo Germanic *k r-io-);
h h e h e e

Germanic Dekl. 266 placed to color root ker- (*k r-b ?); [common Latin -d -> -b-].
e

German harsta ` a frying-pan ', gahurstit ` roasted, fried ', Middle Low German harst ` grill (to roast) ', Old English hierstan `roast', hierstepanne ` frying pan '; Lithuanian kuriu, krti ` heat ', krnti ` heat continuously ', krstyti `schren', Latvian

Old High German herd, Old Saxon herth, Old English heor `stove, hearth'; Old High

kur'u (kurstu), kurt, frequent. kurstt, kurint ` heat ', Old Church Slavic kurj, kuriti s

`smoke', kurenje ` coal fire ' etc.; Baltic kr-, Slavic kur-, must be explained through this interpretation ablaut neologism to *kr from a Indo Germanic reduplication-grade ; an
o

other interpretation under (s)ker- `cut, clip';

eren ` Salzpfanne der Salzsiedereien ', klr. eren `bottom of the oven and high-level stove, fire stove ', poln. trzon `stove, hearth';

Latvian cri ` glow stones ', cras ` fervor, ardor ', cert `love, sehnen, hoffen'; russ.

`rage, fury', kers, kerngas ` full of rage ', kirti ` become angry '; probably to Old Indic kuku- ` burning; fire, sun ' and kaku- `fire, sun' (both Middle Indic from *krku-;

arouse, instigate ', (*kor-s-); wherefore as `stormy, hot tempered' also Lithuanian kertas

Lithuanian krtas `hot', kartis `heat', Latvian karsts `hot', karst ` warm up, inflame,

compare Armenian xarem `cook, burn' from intensive *khrs-); compare MhlenbachEndzelin Latvian-D. Wb. I 375, II 164. A cognate root form kr-s- as ` fire brilliance, blaze, glow', from which partly `red', partly

`luminous, bright, beautiful', in Old Church Slavic krasa ` charming, pleasing, winning,

agreeable, beautifu, pulchritude ', russ. kras `beauty, adornment, jewellery', Old Church Slavic krasn ` nicely, pleasantly, whitely dressed ', russ. krsnyj `red, beautiful', Czech krsn `beautiful', old also ` light, gleaming' and `reddish' (etc.); Latvian krsus `beautiful'

is russ. loanword

Maybe alb. Geg kreshnik `noble man, lord' a Slavic loanword. fire (tr.)', Umbrian krematra Pl. *crematra ` kind of vessel to the roast of the meat, roast '; consume by fire, a thick vegetable juice '; further gall. , , Old Irish coirm n., cereal, grain, porridge, mash', kulma- m` sour mucus of fruits, sour rice mucus '; compare further Tocharian kark-, krk- `fry, roast'. Page(s): 571-572 References: WP. I 418 f., WH. I 165 f., 287 f. in addition as ` decoct, extract a substance through boiling ' also cremor ` to burn, One seeks a root ker- widened to *k(e)r-em- in Latin crem, -re `to burn, consume by

mcymr. cwrwf, acorn. coref, coruf `beer', wherefore perhaps Old Indic karam-b(h)- m. `

kerp krppRoot / lemma: kerp-, krp-

Meaning: cloth, leather; shoe

suspicious as the similar carpatinus from gr. `from leather', ` leather shoe '); Old Irish cairem ` shoemaker ' (*kariamos, Indo Germanic *k r[]p-), cymr. crydd ds.
e

Material: Latin carpisculum `a kind of shoes' (previously by Vopiscus and of foreign origin

(*cerdd, Celtic *karjos), acorn. chereor, bret. kere, kereour ds.; Old Icelandic hriflingr, Old English hrifeling ` shoe '; *k rp-);
o

Lithuanian krp, Latvian kurpe, Old Prussian kurpe ` shoe ' (*krpi, Indo Germanic

Bulgarian krpa `rag, kerchief, cloth; patch ', serb. kpa ` patch, shred, piece of canvas,

Old Church Slavic krpa ` a web, texture, rag', is-krpiti, -ati ` patch up, mend ',

fabric'; with the meaning ` shoe ', serb. kplje `snowshoe', poln. kierpce ` kind of shoe ', Czech krpec ` bast shoe '; with full grade the 2. syllable , - ` man's high boot, half-boot, soldiers' boots,

shoeshaped cake, groundwork, foundation, basement of a building or altar, walled edge of a river or canal, quay, ox-tongue, Helminthia echioides, a bandage ' (Latin loanword crpda ` a sandal, sole with straps, half-shoe, Grecian shoe '). There kerp- is probably an extension from (s)ker(e)- `cut, clip',. Page(s): 581 References: WP. I 425, WH. I 172, Trautmann 146.

Meaning: to wrinkle, become thin Note: (or at most kark- : krk-) krsa- ` skinny ';

kerk Root / lemma: (kerk-:) kork- : krkker

Material: Old Indic kr- ` emaciated, lean, weak', kryati ` peaks, becomes thin ', Avestan

Maybe alb. (*kerk) krthi ` young, small', krthiz ` umbilical cord of the baby' (common alb. -k > -th). Latin cracents, leg. gracents ` thin, slight, slender, slim, meagre, lean ' to gracilis ` Old Icelandic horr (*hurha-) ` thinness, leanness '; kr ` senility ', Latvian nuo-krst ` become old, mature, ripe, mellow, become seasoned '; klr. kors ` cleared line of land ', Serbo-Croatian kljav ` be slow in growth ', sloven. kr Lithuanian karti, intensiv krtu, krti ` become old ', ikrs ` frail before age ',

skinny, slim, arid', dissim. from *cracilis;

crooked tree, firewood'. Page(s): 581

m. `shrub, bush', Czech krs ` dwarf tree ', krs-ati, -nouti ` abate ', poln. dial. karlak ` low,

References: WP. I 420 f., WH. I 284, Berneker 670.

ker- kor- krRoot / lemma: ker-1, kor-, krNote:

Meaning: a kind of sound (hoarse shrieking, etc..), *crane

ker- kor- krRoot / lemma: ker-1, kor-, kr- : `a kind of sound (hoarse shrieking, etc..), *crane' derived (s)kerNote: anlaut mostly k-, rare k- also with moveable s- : (s)ker-. from Root / lemma: ger-2 : `to shriek (in expr. forms), *crane'. ger-

Material: I. Old Indic karaa- m. `crow' (?), karyik `a kind of crane '. cor-n-x), `dismiss contemptuously (from ), `crow', Latin corvus `raven', cornx, -cis `crow', Umbrian curnco ` a crow ' (-k- besides -k-);
h

Gr. , - m. `raven', `bill, beak, neb of raven ' (*kor-n-k-, compare Latin

Hes. (*kor-n-b os); `rumbling noise, tumult';

Specht, Indo Germanic Dekl. 118, 161 places whereas corvus and cornx to color root ker-; Alb. korb : French corbeau ; corbin : Bresciano corf : Catalan corb : Finnish korppi : [common alb. -v- > -b-]. Romanian corb : Sardinian Campidanesu crobu : Swedish korp : Valencian corp `raven' Czech krkorati ` gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker ' (*kor-kor-, compare see also kar- `loud praise '. kar1. Dental extensions: Dialectal skrata ` gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker, scold, chide, loud lachen', skratla `rattle, clash', Swedish skratta `lachen', Danish skratte `einen gesprungenen Ton give'. 2. guttural extensions: A. Auf -k- (broken reduplication): kerk-, krek-, krok-: kerk- krek- krok`rooster, cock', krka, krklik `bird name'; Avestan kahrkatt- f. `rooster, cock', npers. (uncovered) `lacht', krkama-, -kraka-, -krakin- perhaps `knarrend'; common Old Indic h- > klachen, roar'; Armenian perhaps as neologism karka `Rauschen, noise', karkaem `excessive krk ` chicken ', Avestan kahrksa- m. ` vulture, actually Hhneesser'; Old Indic karkati Old Indic krkara-, krakara-, krkaa- m. `a kind of partridge, game bird ', krka-vku- m. Old Danish skrade `rattle, clash, groan ', Swedish Dialectal skrata `sound', Norwegian

), serb. krakoriti ` cackle ', klr. kerekorty ` gobble, coo '.

`', . Hes., `eine Vogelart', m. ` hoarseness ' (if from *-), , f. `Turmfalke'; Latin crci, -re and crc, -re ` croak, caw ' (: Irish crin, Lithuanian kroki, Latvian

... Hes., , Hes., ... Hes.,

gr. Hes., Hes., Hes.,

krcu, Slavic krakati, compare with -g: gr. , Old Norse hrkr);

from Old Norse skrkr); abret. corcid, nbret. kerc'heiz, cymr. crychydd `Reiher', Irish corr (*kork-so-) ` crane '; Old Prussian kerko f. ` aquanaut (bird)', Latvian rcu, rt ` gaggle, cackle, chitchat,

cymr. ysgrechf. `scream' from Old English *scrc `clamor'; Middle Irish scrch `scream'

Middle Irish crin, Gen. crna `sow' (`grunzend'; proto Celtic *krkni-); cercc `hen' (but

caw, gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker ', Lithuanian kirki, kirkti ` screech, shriek,

talk, snicker, sough, rustle, din, fuss, noise make', Lithuanian karki, karkti ` burr, croak,

grunt' (: Latin crci etc.), kr(i)okls `waterfall', Latvian krcu, krkt ` croak, caw,

kracco) ` black woodpecker ', Lithuanian krk ds., Lithuanian kr(i)oki, kr(i)kti ` groan,

`rutting, in heat sein (of swine)', Latvian krect `hoarse become'; Old Prussian kracto (lies

scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell (from the Bruthenne)'; Lithuanian krkinuos, -intis

compare Mhlenbach-Endzelin Latvian-D. Wb II 296, 270, 322;

`quarren' (: Old Church Slavic krknti; changing through ablaut with Lithuanian kvarkti?); Old Church Slavic krknti ` croak, caw ' (etc.); russ.-Church Slavic kreet ` cicada ',

schnarchen, groan, bawl, blaster'; Lithuanian kurki, kurkti `quarren', Latvian krcu, krkt

russ. krk `Aufstehnen', kreet `Jagdfalke', serb. krka `clamor of the chicken or Frsche' `Tauchergans', Bulgarian krkon `raven', serb. krm, krkati ` croak, caw ' (etc.); russ.Church Slavic (etc.) krau, krakati ds.; in addition slovz. krk (*krak) m. `raven'. Also alb. krokat ` croak, caw ' a Slavic loanword. clink ', Old Norse hrang n. `din, fuss, noise', hringia `chime', Lithuanian kranki, krakti ` Nasalized: Old English hringan `sound, clink, rattle, clash, clatter', engl. to ring `lauten, (etc.), Czech kek `clamor', Upper Sorbian kekava `Eichelhher'; russ. krochl

caw '; Tocharian krako rooster, cock; Old Indic kru, kruca-, kruca m. `Brachvogel'.

croak, caw, groan ', kranki, kraksti ds., russ. krjkat `crack, creak, groan, burr, croak,

`Star'; Lithuanian rka, Old Prussian sarke ` magpie ', russ. sorka, Czech straka, serb. srka ` magpie '; besides Old Church Slavic svraka, serb. svrka ds., see below. With anlaut. ku-: alb. sorr (*kurn) `crow' (Jokl, Ml. Pedersen 146); Note: Wrong etymology because of alb. sorr, sorra f., Bresciano cornacia, Calabrese ciavula, Catalan cornella f., Corsican curnachja, currachja, French corneille f., Friulian ore, cornile, Greek (kourona), Irish carg dubh, Italian cornacchia, Reggiano

With anl. k-: Old Indic ri- f. `a bird', srik `the Indian magpie '; Armenian sareak

curnacciun, Romagnolo curncia, Romanian cioar, Romany korung m., Sardinian

Campidanesu carroga, corroga, Sardinian carroga, corrancra, corranca, Scottish starrag, Old Church Slavic soraka, serb. svrka ` magpie'. B. Auf -g-: Old Indic kharjati `knarrt', khargl `ein certain Nachtvogel (owl?)'; Hes.; gr. `krchze', , , ` croak, caw (of raven), cry';

Spanish corneja f., Valencian cornella `crow' from Latin cornix (-icis) ` crow, carrion crow '.

harke `sich ruspern', Swiss harchlen ` groan ', Old Norse hark, skark `din, fuss, noise', herkir, skerkir `fire' (`*knisternd'), Old Norse harka `rant, roister', ndd. harken `scratch,

Old Norse hrkr, Old English hrc, Old High German hruoh `crow'; ndd. harken, Danish

m. (uncovered) `the itchiness, scratch ', khrgala- m. ` crutch ' (?);

scratch, scrape', harke ` rake ', Modern High German loanword Harke; to Old Indic kharjuOld High German rachisn `sich ruspern', Old English hraca m., hracu f. `throat', Old

High German rahho ` jaw ', Old English hrca m. `das Ruspern; saliva', hrcan `sich skrkja, skrkta `cry', skrk n. Pl. `lie, falsity', skrkva `erdichten, erlgen'; Lithuanian kregd `swallow', krgti `grunt', krogi `rchle, grunt'. 3. Labial extensions: A. With -p-: Old Indic krpat, Aor. akrapia ` lament';

ruspern, spucken', Old Norse hrka m. `saliva'; Old Norse skrkr m. `scream' (*skrki-),

krcchr- ` bad '; n. `need', Middle Indic from *krpsra-; npers. srfk ` clangor ', surf (iran. *srfa-) ` cough '; as Kinderspielzeug, Kastagnetten' (after M. Leumann, Gnomon 9, 240, rather Etruscan); EM 268;
3

Latin crep, -s and -is, -re `knattern, rustle, crack, creak', crepundia, -rum `Klappern

German hraban, hram `raven' (Middle High German also rappe), Old Saxon naht-ram ` a night-owl, an owl '; With s-: Old Norse skrafa ` babble, chatter ', skraf (and skrap see below) n. `gossip'; Old

Old Norse hrafn `raven', Proto Norse HrabnaR, Old English hrfn `raven', Old High

m. ds., Modern High German Scharbe; bret. scrav `Meervogel' is Germanic loanword; `*ruspern'), Lithuanian skreplnti ds., Latvian krpalas Pl., Lithuanian skreplia Pl. Latvian krept, krpt `dirty, filthy become', krpt `zhen mucus auswerfen' (from

Norse skarfr `Seerabe', Old English skrf ds., Old High German scarba, scarva f., scarbo

kropott `drone, grumble, grumpy, surly, sullen sein, sich sorgen' etc.

`Schleimauswurf, Old Church Slavic kroplj, kropiti ` besprinkle, sprinkle' etc., russ. With -b-: Old Norse skrap `das Rascheln, gossip', skrapa `rustle, babble'; Lithuanian

skrebti `rustle', Old Church Slavic skrobot `noise'. Nasalized gr. `Kastagnetten'. II. i-basis (s)(k)erei-: (s)(k)erei-

Old Irish scret f., nir. scread `scream' from *skri-zd(h); compare Persson Beitr. I 348; with s-: bret. screo (*skriu) `kreischender Meervogel'; schrwen, Dutch schreeuwen `cry' (*skraiwian), West Flemish schreemen, engl. scream ds. (*skraimian); without s-: Old Norse hreimr `clamor', Old Norse hrna `cry' (of swine); compare Latvian Old High German Old Saxon scran `cry', Old High German screi n. `scream', ndd.

krna `sow' (also Irish crin ds. : Latin crcio) and piem. crin (Ligurian?) `swine'. guttural extensions:

screech, shriek, scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell ', kriksti `quaken'; Old Church Slavic krik `clamor', kriati `cry';

A. With -k-: gr. `(the yoke) knarrte, kreischte'; Lithuanian kryki, krkti `

with diss. Schwunde of first r;

High German heiger and reiger, Modern High German Reiher (*kroikro-, *krikro-), partly cymr. cryg `hoarse', fem. creg, therefrom creg-yr `Reiher';

Old Norse hegri, Old English hrgra, Old High German heigaro and (h)reigaro, Middle

s. Berneker 132);

eine various Lautnachahmung is Bulgarian crkam `zwitschere, zirpe; cry, spritze' (etc. B. With -g-: gr. `das Schwirren; creakiness (the Zhne)', Hes.,

, , ` screech, shriek, scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell, growl ', Boeotian ( = ) `';

cymr. cre (*krig), dychre (*d-eks-krig) `clamor'; derived cr-ydd, cr-yr `Reiher'; Old Norse hrka ` gnash ', hrikta ` screech, shriek, scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell '; `Wrger', Norwegian skrka, skreik `cry', Old Saxon skrikn ds., Old Norse skrkr `scream'; with s-: Old Norse skrkia `Vogelschrei', as verb `chirp, twitter', Old English scrc

kriek, krekel ` cricket, Heimchen', French criquet ds., Dutch kricken, kreken `Zirpen (from the cricket)', Middle English creken `creak', engl. creak ds., French criquer ds.; `Geknirsche'. with s-: Old Church Slavic skrgati (i.e. skrg-) ` gnash ', skrt (i.e. skr-) III. u-basis (s)k(o)reu-, (s)k(o)rau-: (s)k(o)reu- (s)k(o)rauschraulen, Norwegian skryla, ryla `cry', Norwegian dial. skrynia `clatter, noise make, sharp noise, rumor', Modern High German schrummeln ` thunder ', Old Norse skrum `gossip; 1. Latin corvus (see above S. 567); Middle Irish cr `raven' (*krouos); ndd. schrauen,

late neologism: Modern High German Krickente, Swedish krickand, krikka ds., Dutch

clink; cough'; Old Norse skraumi ` bawler, crier, Hanswurst'; North Frisian skrummel ` din, Lithuanian kriun, -ti `cough, groan, moan'; perhaps also Tocharian keru `drum'.

2. Dental extensions: With -d-: `schnarchen, pant, sniff, snort', Old High German rzan, rzn `rattle, clash, schnarchen, buzz'; compare Old English hrot m. ` thick Flssigkeit, mucus', etc. under S. 537; Middle Low German schrten `schnarchen, wheeze, prusten', wfl. Schrute `Truthenne', Old Norse hrjta `roar, bellow, schnarchen, drone, grumble', Old English hrtan

praise, laud, brag, boast', ryta ds.). dial. ryda, skryda f. `mucus in neck'. 3. guttural extensions:

jewellery', skreyta `adorn', if actually `brag, boast', compare Norwegian skryta `adorn, With Indo Germanic -t-: Old Norse hryja f. `Spucknapf', isl. hroi `saliva', Norwegian

prusten', skrota (*skrutn) `brag, boast' (perhaps also Old Norse skraut n. ` splendor,

Swedish skryta `brag, boast', dial. `schnarchen', Norwegian dial. skryta `pant, sniff, snort,

`grunt', krk `Gegrunze'; Latvian kraklis m. `raven', krais ` rook, black European bird `Schleimauswurf'; of the crow family ', kraukt `cough, mucus auswerfen (of cattle)'; kraka f. Old Church Slavic kruk `raven' (etc.); rcheln `groan', Norwegian rugde ` Waldschnepfe '; in addition probably Old English hrog ` nasal mucus '; with gemination -kk-: Danish skrukke `chortle, chuckle', skrokke `chat, prate', next to isl. hrygla `rattle in the throat', Middle High German r(c)heln, Modern High German

With -k-: Lithuanian kraukls `crow', krauki, krakti ` croak, caw ', ablaut. krik-i, -ti

`grunt; hoarse cry (of raven)'.

which Old Danish krokke `call, shout, cry, from chickens ', Middle Low German krochen With -k-: Old Indic krati, Avestan xraosaiti ` shrieks, shouts, howls', Old Indic kra-,

npers. xurs `rooster, cock'; s. W. Schulze Kl. Schr.166. Gothic hruk Akk. ` the crows ', hrukjan ` crow '.

kla- m. `scream, earshot ', (: Old English hram ` emergency call ' from *hrauhma),

With -g-: gr. `clamor', (`kind of woodpecker ') Hes.;

References: WP. I 413ff., WH. I 275 f., 290, 291 f., 293, Trautmann 128, 139 f., Wissmann Nom. postverb. 130 f. Page(s): 567-571

kerRoot / lemma: ker-2 Meaning: `cut' (s)kerSee also: see below (s)ker- .

Page(s): 571

kerRoot / lemma: ker-4 Meaning: cherry Material: Gr. m. f. = Latin cornus (*krnos) ` a cornel cherry-tree ', = Latin

cornum ` cornel, cornelcherry ', Lithuanian *kirnas as base from Kirnis ` deus cerasorum '; in addition probably gr. ` cherry tree ' (out of it Latin cerasus), perhaps thrakischPhrygian word. Contrariness to phonetically concordance remain far off the meaning because of:

f. `shrub, bush'.

Lithuanian krna f. ` Strauchband aus Weiden ', kirnis `swamp, marsh', Old Prussian kirno Maybe alb. (*kurna) shkurre ` shrub, bush '. ablaut. Lithuanian kras ` hoher, verwitterter Baumstumpf; Staude ', kerti ` shoot in the Wirsenholz ' (perhaps ` birch shrub '), with formants -ba, Lithuanian krba (out of it Latvian irba) `swamp, marsh, morass'; russ.-Church Slavic krj, russ. kor `root', Czech ke `shrub, bush', o-grade Old Church Slavic (etc.) koren, Gen. -ene (en-stem) `root'; branch ', Latvian crs `shrub, bush, gnarled tree root ', Old Prussian ker-berse `

Berneker 146 f.); perhaps to (s)ker- `cut, clip'. (s)kerPage(s): 572-573 References: WP. I 411 f., WH. I 221 f., 276 f.

together with russ. ren, erenk ` Heft, Stiel, Griff eines Messers; Pfropfreis ' etc. (see

Meaning: to hang

kerRoot / lemma: (ker-5?), krker

Material: Lithuanian kariu, krti ` hang, halter, gibbet ', Latvian kar'u, krt ` hang ',

Lithuanian pakara ` Kleiderstnder, Pflock zum Kleideraufhngen ', Latvian pakars ` hook

for hanging up ', Old Prussian paccaris `strap', Lithuanian pakor ` gallows '; perhaps also

Lithuanian pr-kartas ` crib, manger ', Old Prussian pracartis `trough', if originally ` vorgehngter Futtersack '; in addition perhaps as extension *krem()- in gr. ` hang ', older ds.

grade `slope'. Page(s): 573

(besides , s. Specht KZ 59, 97), `hang', ` hammock ', zero

References: WP. I 412.

kerRoot / lemma: ker-5

Meaning: ` jump, turn '

Page(s): 574

(s)kerSee also: see below (s)ker-.

kermRoot / lemma: kerm-

Meaning: to be tired, rest

Material: Old High German Middle High German hirmen, Middle Dutch hermen `rest, halt'; Lithuanian kirmy-j, kirmti, kirmti ` start to rot, become faul ' (influenced from kirms `worm'?).

Page(s): 582

References: WP. I 426.

Maybe alb. krmill ` snail, slow creature'.

kererer Root / lemma: ker-6 and ker-

Meaning: dark colour; dirt, etc..

Material: Old Indic karaa- ` oxblood, indigo ' (?), kurug-, kulug- m. ` antelope ',

kerb(h)ersNote: often extended with -i and -u; s. the extensions kerb(h)- and kers-.

`catarrh, snot', Hes., Hes., Hes.; Maybe alb. qurrat ` nasal mucus, snot ' a Greek loanword. about Latin carb ` burning or burnt wood' see above under 3. ker-;

cardeh ` blackish, darkish ', kari, karah `smut', Pahlavi karic `crap, muck'; gr.

smut, manure'; kalka- m. `ordure, filth ', karka- `white' (: Middle Irish corcach); npers.

kirmira- `varicolored', kra- n. ` sputum, spit, saliva, manure', kardama- m. `slime, mud,

Middle Irish corcach f. `swamp, marsh' (: Old Indic kalka-, karka-, see above);

Icelandic horr m. ` nasal mucus, snot, smut'; Old English hrot m. `snot', Old High German

(*kr-u-); Old English horh, Gen. horwes, Old High German horg `dirty, filthy' (*kr-k-u-o); Old hroz ds., aschs. hrottag `snotty'; Old High German ruoz, rouz, Middle High German ruoz,

Old High German horo, Gen. horawes, Middle High German hor, hurwe `ordure, smut'

PN Rum-olt;

ruost, aschs. hrot `smut'; Old English hrum m. `smut', aschs. hrum, Middle High German with palatal in anlaut: Armenian san, Gen. sain `ice', sanum ` freeze ';

With -m- formant: see below kor-men-; Venetic-Illyrian PN Carm (Steiermark, Austrian province), rtoroman. carmn `weasel';

(*k r-mo-); s. Jokl Ml. Pedersen 153 ff.;

o

alb. thjer-m `gray', per-thjerm ` lazuline' (*ker-uo- with secondary -m); i surm `ashen'

Note: alb. Illyrian Celtic Greek common -m- formant. m hornunc, Modern High German Hornung ` february '; Old High German harmo m. `ermine' (: Venetic-Illyrian carm); common alb. - Illyrian h- > k-. Lithuanian irvas `gray, greyish-blue' (*kr-uo-s), irmas ds. (*kr-mo-s), Latvian sirms Old Icelandic hjarn n. `frozen snow' (: Armenian san, Slavic *sern); Old High German

Latvian sermulis m. `(*gray) ermine'; Note:

carm); armuons m. `(*gray) weasel', with ablaut East Lithuanian irmuonlis ds.,

Lithuanian armu, ermu `(*gray) ermine' (: Old High German harmo, Venetic-Illyrian

`(*gray) hare'; in addition Lithuanian arm f. ` hoarfrost', Latvian sarma, serma ds.,

`gray' (compare Old Indic y-m- `black, dark' besides y-v- ds.); Lithuanian irvis

-m- common stem formation Illyrian Greek. dappled ', Old Russian serenyj `white' (from horses) and as m. sloven. srn, srnj ` hoarfrost (: Old Icelandic hjarn); proto Slavic. *sern in russ.-Church Slavic srn ` many-coloured, spotted, pied,

Raureif, gefrorene Schneerinde ', russ. sern `frozen snow', poln. szron (older srzon) `

ablaut. irknas ` hoarfrost ' and irsija irnyti ` cover itself with white frost '; Latvian Schnee trgt '. Note:

Lithuanian erknas (besides erktas) ` white-gray, mouldy', erknas m. ` hoarfrost ',

serns, serksns m., also sersni m. Plur., sersna f. ` hoarfrost ' and serstu laiks ` Zeit, da der

Maybe (*hurve) Hrv > Hrvat `dark people' = Sarmoi > Serboi, Srb from Lithuanian sarma are distinctly similar (Srb/Hrv). Sarmantia PN

`gray, white weasel', Thee names actually originate from the same root: indeed, the roots

References: WP. I 409, 428 f., Trautmann 300, 303, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 118 f., 179, 199, W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 113 under Anm. 1. Page(s): 573-574

kernoRoot / lemma: kernoMeaning: jaw kerNote: only Celtic and Slavic; compare ker-2.

Material: Cymr. cern `mandible, lower jaw bone ', bret. kern ` Mhltrichter, Scheitel, Tonsur vor);

'. Middle Irish cern `point, edge, angle ' (es liegt die Vorstellung des Knicks am Kinnbacken Slavic *ern in: Old Bulgarian rnovnaja ` ', r.-Church Slavic rnovn

(zub), rnovtc ` ' ` dens molaris ', slovak. ren `mandible, lower jaw bone ' etc. `chew'. After Bga RFV. 67, 234 to Latvian cruo-k(s)lis ` grinder, molar tooth ', Old Indic carvati

Page(s): 582

References: WP. I 427, Trautmann 129, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 141, 169.

Meaning: a kind of colour (black)

kersRoot / lemma: kers-

no-forms Lithuanian kras ` mottled, speckled black and white, *tabby', kr ` dappled cow', kris `black dappled ox', kerulis ` Ringeltaube '; kars f. `Brassen, lead (fish)', kirls m. `ash'; the intonation from kras fits but not to Old Indic;

Bulgarian rn, russ. ren, Serbo-Croatian crn etc. `black' (*rxn, *rsn); without -

Material: Old Indic kr- `black' = Old Prussian kirsnan ds., FlN Kirsnappe = Old

kerNote: and probably also bloes ker-; compare also kel-4 and ker-6.

Note:

Old Church Slavic: rn `black' : Lithuanian: kirsnas `black (of a horse)' : Old Prussian: kirsnan `black' : Krishna ` Vedic black god ' Swedish Norwegian harr ` ash ' (*harzu-); Old English heard-hara, heardra- m., Modern

High German holl. harder, herder `sea-ash'. Page(s): 583

References: WP. I 428 f., Trautmann 118, 134 f.

kert- kert krt- kuersters Root / lemma: kert-, kert-, krt- (*kuers-t) kert- kert krt- kuers- : ters Root / lemma: kert-, kert-, krt- (*kuers-t): to turn, roll, wind, net, derived from the suffixed with -t- formant of Root / lemma: kures-, kuers-, kurs- : wood, trees. resres ersers t ker(s)kerNote: extension from ker-7, S. 574; see below (s)ker-3. Meaning: to turn, roll, wind, net

Material: Old Irish krtti ` twists the thread, spins ', karttar- `the spinner ', crtti ` binds,

fixes together ', kaa- m. `netting, mat ' (Middle Indic for *krta-), probably also ku-, ku f.

`cottage' (*krt), kuya- n. (*krtya-) ` (*geflochtene) Wand ', pli koccha- ` wickerwork ' (Old gr. () m. `basket', ` excrescence on trees, esp. on the olive,

Indic *krtsa-); Old Indic krtsn- `complete, whole' (compare Latin crassus, Slavic *rstv); fragments of bronchial cartilage ' (*); with u-colored reduced grade , Latin crtis ` wicker-work, a hurdle ', crts dentatae ` harrow ', crti, -re `harrow'
e

` a fishing-basket, fish snaring net, cage', ` wickerwork ';

coarse'; probably cartilgo `gristle' (probably k r[]t-, compare palma : ); In e-grade:

e

(*k rti-, or *krti-, compare Latvian krti, Lithuanian krtai); crassus `thick, strong,

Maybe alb. krthiza ` navel, navel cord ' : sloven. krotca ` knot in the weave ': alb. kurth ` trap, (net) '. Middle Irish ceirtle f. ` ball, tangle, knot ' (*kerteli); cert f. `scrap, shred, sundries ';

alb. kjerthull ` circle, thread reel, thread coil, windlass ' (: Middle Irish ceirtle see below);

German hurd, Pl. hurdi ds., Modern High German Hrde ` hurdle ', Old English hyrdel and (old) hyril ` wickerwork ';

Gothic hards (*krtis) `door', Old Norse hur ds., Old Saxon hurth `netting', Old High

German harsten, Old High German hersten, Old English hierstan `roast'), Norwegian dial. `shrubbery, bush', Old High German horst, hurst m. `shrubbery, bush', Modern High German Horst ` eyrie, nest of a bird of prey '; Old Prussian corto ` paddock '; nasalized (as Slavic kr[t]nti) perhaps Latvian kretns rust ` spinney', Old English hyrst m. `wood, forest', Middle Low German horst, hurst

Middle Low German harst ds., `deadwood, shrubbery, bush, Rost' (whereof Middle Low

doubtful (*kert-s-to-, *krt-s-ti-?) Old Saxon harst m. ` wickerwork, Rost ', harsta `Rost';

below);

(would be Lithuanian*kretnas) `proficient, valiant' (if originally as much as russ. krut, see Lithuanian kratas ` steep bank, border, shore'; compare klr. krutj `winded, upright,

brusk, curt, rude; abrupt, sudden, steep ', kra ` steep bank, border, shore' (Trautmann 142); r.-Church Slavic rstv, rstv `tight, firm; pure, candid, genuine', russ. erstv `hard, nasalized Slavic *krtati, *kr[t]nti, russ. ktat, knut `move from the place, upset;

dry; unfeeling; old ', serb. vrst ` tight, firm, hard; vollfleischig ' etc. (*krt-tu-os);

touch ', sloven. krtati ` turn, steer, move ' etc., changing through ablaut *krt in russ.-

twist, bend, wind ', russ. krutt `turn, coil, whirl, lace, tie ' etc., sloven. krotca ` knot in the weave ', Czech krutna `ds.; convolution: cradle ', poln. skrtka ` Weidenseil '; after Pedersen Tocharian Sprachg. here Tocharian kerccye `palace'. Page(s): 584-585 References: WP. I 421 f., WH. I 285 f., Trautmann 142, 146.

rotated, revved, revolved, curled ', Church Slavic krt, krtiti s ` turn about, turn away,

hard, strict ', serb. krt `violent', poln. krty ` twisted tightly; winded, crooked; twiddled,

twisted tightly; abrupt, upright (see above to Lithuanian kratas); thickly preserved; cold;

Church Slavic krut ` a twisting, winding coil, not mellow, harsh, unripe, sour ', russ. krut `

kesRoot / lemma: kes- (*hes-) Meaning: to scratch, itch Material: Gr. (to form s. Boisacq) ` oakum ' (*kes-kes-); Middle Irish cr f. `comb' (*ks-r); [common Celtic Albanian abbreviation]

(*hezd), in addition heordan Pl. ` oakum ', engl. hards, Middle Low German herde

Old Norse haddr m. ` hair of the woman ' (*hazda-z); Old English heord f. `hair'

`Flachsfaser'; hde, Middle Low German hde, heide (Dutch Modern High German Hede) ` oakum '; [common Latin Germanic -s- > -r- : common Germanic Anatolian s- > z-]. ksti ` dig over ', Latvian kast ` rake ', kast `scrape, scratch, rake, scratch, scrape'. Alb. kosit `harvest the crops' Slavic loanword. Lithuanian kas ` braid, plait, pigtail ', kasa, -ti ` continuously scratch mildly ', kas,

hair, (development from a participle *kestas or a *koz-d o- = Germanic *hazda-); maybe alb. (*e) qeth `dress hair' [common alb. s > th shift] Slavic loanword.
h

In addition Lithuanian kasa f., kasus m. kais m., ` scabies '; Old Prussian kexti f. ` braid

el `comb', Czech pa-es m. ` buckwheat, oakum ', russ. ska ` buckwheat, oakum ', euj `dandruff', esotka ` scabies '; Church Slavic kosa `hair', russ. (etc.) kos `lichen, pigtail ', Church Slavic kosm `hair'; Old Church Slavic kosnti `touch, feel; touch on',

Old Church Slavic e, esati ` comb; wander, stray (e.g., berries) ', Bulgarian (etc.)

perhaps `krauen'; compare Berneker 152, 491, 538, 580 ff.). Root extensions:

esati; Czech (etc.) kochati `delight, caress, love' (to kosnti as ` caressing, zrtlich touch',

kasati s `touch' (from `pluck'), serb. ksm, -iti `lacerare, vellere' probably iterative to

combing wool ', ` carded wool ', ` chopping-block, executioner's block '; shaggy, bristly, prickly ' (by Prudentius ` thorny '); ks- euks-n-eu- in: kut- Avestan hu-xnuta- ` well sharpened '; common Old Indic h- > kOld Indic kuti ` trails, races, rubs ', ktra- n. `grindstone, whetstone', participle Latin sentis (*ksen-tis) `briar', sentus ` thorny, rough, rugged, standing on end, rough,

ks-enks-en- in gr. (*ksni) `scratch, comb; drum; tumble, beat ', ` card for

Latin novcula `a sharp knife, razor' (due to a verb *novre from *ksneu-); English besnyan `mug, rob', Middle High German besnoten ` sparse, poor, needy ', snde `small, weak', Modern High German schnde ` disdainful '. Old Norse snggr ` shaved ', snoenn ` clipped bald '; snaur ` bald, poor, needy', Old

Old Indic h- > k- : Avestan h- > gz-, z- : gr. zks-euks-eu- in: common Old Indic h- > kNote:

ks-esks-es- in: gr. (*ks-es-), Aor. `scrape, smooth', ` scraped '; common

Old Indic kur- m. ` shearing knife, thorn plant '; npers. or ` salty ', Kurdish r ds.;

The inanimate suffix -ur : Old Indic kur- m. ` shearing knife, thorn plant ' : , , urur Illyrians, , , Illyria, also , , Adj. , , , Illyrian: -, the region or province of Illyria, , speak the Illyrian language, :--hence Adv. .

spear shaft', ` scrapings ', `currycomb', ` rasper', (: Old Indic carved of wood, image, statue, esp. of a god ' common Old Indic h- > k- : Avestan h- > gz-, z- : gr. zgr. , Hes. (`currycomb '), rather with ks[u]- here, as with *ksskur-) ` shearing knife ', , , Hes.; (*ks-ou- nom) ` image
e

gr. ` scrape, rub, smooth ', participle ` scraped, smoothed ', - `(smooth)

to root form ks-es-; skut, sksti ds.

here probably with metathesis Baltic *skuu ` shave ' in Latvian skuvu, skt, Lithuanian

References: WP. I 449 ff., WH. I 178 f., Trautmann 119 f., 268, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 239, 250, Kuiper Nasalprs. 85 . Page(s): 585-586
1

Meaning: to cry

lemma: keud dRoot / lemma: keud-, kd-

Material: Old Indic kutsyati ` blasphemes, reproves ', kuts ` abuse, reprimand ', npers. nikhdan `rebuke, vilify, scold'; gr. , - ` abuse, revile, scold ', x, Hes.,

Hes.; from a stem - : ` din of battle, uproar, hubbub ', ` make an uproar, spread confusion ', - ds.;

at a dog shout threateningly, contemptuously treat ' (Middle English hten, hten, nengl. to hoot `cry, make a sound like the cry of an owl ' from Old Norse hta `threaten'); Maybe alb. huta ` owl'. derision, ridicule', Old English hosp ` disgrace, shame, insult', hyspan ` mock ' (with -spOld English hsc (*kd-sko-) Old High German Old Saxon hosc (*kd-sko-) ` abuse,
,

agutn. huta ` send for, call out to, summon ', Norwegian dial. huta ` shout, make a noise,

suffix), Middle High German hiuze ` cheeky, alert, awake, smart', hiuzen ` sich erfrechen ' shout to the pursuit ' (in addition the Interj. hussa?); (`*shout challengingly '), gehiuze, gehze ` din, clamor, derision, ridicule', hiuzen, hzen ` with anlaut. s- (previously after schallen, schreien ?) perhaps Middle English schten `

derision, gibe ';

cry out, shout, bawl, exclaim ', engl. to shout ` cry loudly ', Old Icelandic skta, skti ` Old Bulgarian kud, kuditi ` ruin ', Church Slavic also `vilify, scold, rebuke', russ.

prokdit ` make bad pranks, play practical joke ', kd f. ` black art, black magic, `spoil, tire, bore '.

witchcraft ', Serbo-Croatian kudm, -ti `rebuke, slander', poln. dial. prze-, przy-kudzi

Page(s): 595-596

References: WP. I 378 f.

Meaning: to notice, observe, feel; to hear

keu- skeukuRoot / lemma: keu-1, skeu-, lengthened grade ku-

kud- kdkouo-s `sorgsam'; d-extension kud-: kd- in kudos : kdos `fame'.

keuNote: heavy basis kou-; s-extension keu-s-; about forms with anlaut. s- s. at the end;

Material: 1. Old Indic kav- `smart, wise; seer, bard', kavr- ` selfish; penurious ', -kava`not stingy'; -kvat ` intentional, deliberate ', -kta- n., -kti- f. ` intention'; Avestan v 1. Sg. Med. Aor. ` ich erhoffte, versah myself '; in Ionic-Attic ` carefully, look well to a thing, give good heed to it '; Doric gr. ` mark, perceive, hear' (Denomin. from *kouos; = Latin cave); *F placed

Hes.; , ; , ; , below to Slavic udo); Hes.; maked. `number'; PN -(F), -, etc.; n. `fame' (see

(*), ` hearkening, answering with both gifts, a hearer, scholar, obeying, Vok., during depends from *:); about see below;

from the basis keu-s-: `hear' (*), , hom. ` ear, hearing ' keu-

subject ', lak. ` witness, testifier ', Hes., gort. (with old e ` hear, understand ' etc. at first related to Gothic hausjan etc., see below; - is

barely = n `in', but = - (*h-h, *h-h) through breath dissimilation, or Indo have to be kept away what is not likely;

Germanic sm- `together'; different above S. 18, whereas ablaut formation would Latin cave, -ere ` to be on one's guard, take care, take heed, beware, guard against,

avoid ' (*covre, Denom. from *kouos), cautus ` careful ', Umbrian kutef ` careful '; Maybe alb. (*koutos ) kujtoj ` mark, perceive, remember '.

German hr(r)en `hear' (see above); lengthened gradees *ku- in Old English hwian `see, show'; Latvian kavt (: Latin cavre) ` vacillate, hesitate';

Gothic hausjan, Old Icelandic heyra, Old English heran, Old Saxon hrian, Old High

perceive, hear, become aware' (denominative a (s)kou-mo-, -m); Old Bulgarian uj, uti ` feel, mark, perceive, hear ', serb. jm ti `hear, feel ' (etc.; *ku-); dos, changing through ablaut:) Old Bulgarian udo, -ese `wonder, miracle', uditi s ` to wonder at, be surprised ' (*ku-

wruss. s-kum-ju, - ` understand, comprehend ', Czech koumati, s-koumati ` mark,

Maybe alb. udi `wonder, miracle, surprise', uditem ` to wonder at, be surprised ' a Slavic loanword, common Slavic alb. > . gr. `fame, honour', ` most honoured, noblest '; ieviti, nowadays navtviti ` call, visit '. . serb. vati `beware, guard'; proto Slavic *ev, *eviti in Old Czech v-ieviti, na-v-

Maybe alb. ohem ` get up, wake up', oj ` send' Slavic loanwords, common Slavic alb. > keukeu-s- in russ. dial. chat `perceive, hear', sloven. ha-m, -ti `feel, foresee, predict ',

Czech ich `sense, mind, scent, spoor'; compare above to .

2. With initial sound s-: majesty, stateliness '; Armenian cucanem ` allow to look, point, show ' coyc ` pointing, gr. ` sacrificing priest ' from gr. `a sacrifice, offering'; Old Saxon skauwn, Old High German scouwn `see, show'; Old Icelandic skygn ` seeing Gothic us-skaws `(* looking out =) prudent, cautious, careful ', Old English scawian, miran. kh, np. ikh, ukh (Proto-Iranian *skauaa-) ` splendor, glory, magnificence,

show ' (skeu-sk);

', skygginn `clear, bright' (*skuvvini-), whereof skygna ` peer '; Gothic skauns `beautiful'

grade *sku-ni- in Old Icelandic skyn f. n. `order, information, message, discernment', skynja ` examine, understand, comprehend '; Old Icelandic skoa ` peer '; Maybe alb. shquaj ` perceive, distinguish '. Old Prussian au-schaudtwei `trust'. Page(s): 587-588 References: WP. I 368 ff., WH. I 186 f., Trautmann 132.

Old Saxon skni `gleaming, beautiful', Old English scenc ds. (actually `conspicuous'); zero

(ibna-skauns ` from the same figure '), Old High German scni ds., Old Icelandic skjni,

keuRoot / lemma: keu-2, keuMeaning: to bend Note: Numerous parallel formations from the root geu- see there, compare esp. the with (s)keu- `cover' see there.

confrontations by Persson Beitr. 100 f., 104 Anm. 1. - About the attempt of a mediation

Material: The f. root in Old Indic kora- m. ` movable joint '; Avestan fra-, apa-kava- ` vorn, hinten buckelig '; klr. klity ` shrink up, before coldness', poln. kuli `pull together, crook'. because of the rhyme relation to guza etc. not certain, see below geu- `bend' above S. Under an initial sound variation kh Petersson KZ. 47, 277 here will place Old Indic Also the prehistory from Latvian kuza `craw, goiter ' and such is not to be judged

395.

lymph glands of the neck ', russ. uljata `testicles', serb. ljevi ` golden vein'.

xoyl, Gen. xuli ` a scrofulous tumor, swollen gland, struma, scrofula, tuberculosis of the

khlaka- ` ant heap ' (also Lithuanian kls ` bundle straw'), more confidently Armenian

Maybe alb. kul ` hernia' = Armenian xoyl, Gen. xuli ` swollen gland ', alb. kulpra, kulpr `bendable ivy, clematis ' = (*kupra) thupra, thupr ` twig, rod' see below. Maybe alb. pr-kul, prkul ` bend'. oral cavity, palate', kakdmant- ` provide with a summit or hump '; Latin cacmen `cusp, A. Dental extension (redupl.) ka-ku-d-: Old Indic kakd- ` summit, acme, apex ', kkd- ` ka-ku-

bulge '; in Germanic *hagu = Old Indic kakd- one introduces also Old Frisian heila `head' apex ' under `labial extensions'. B. guttural extensions. B. I. keu-g-: keu` grovel, truckle, creep ', hykiask `sink down, creep together ', Middle High German Old Icelandic hka ` cower, cringe, crouch ' (hkta, stem participle hokinn), hoka, hokra back (*hagila-, with suffix change for hagu-la-); compare also Old Indic kakbh- ` acme,

peak, acme, apex ' (the men- further formations probably after acmen), basic meaning `

Tirol hocken m. `heap of hay', with anlaut. s- Middle High German schoche m. ` stacked heap of hay ', (with kk:) aschs. skok m. `60 pieces', Middle High German schoc(kes) `heap tussock, number of 60 pieces ', Middle English shock ` heap sheaves (12 - 16)'; Lithuanian kug, ablaut. kigis ` hay heap ', Old Prussian kugis ` Knauf am

hchen ` cower, cringe, crouch ', Modern High German hocken; Swiss hock m. `heap',

about Schoch s. lastly Sommer ` Zum Zahlwort ', S. 78 ff., S.-B. Bayr. Akad. 1950, Heft 7; Schwertgriff ', Lithuanian kaugur ` small precipitous hill ', Latvian kudze `heap, barn, B. II. keu-k-: keukcayati ` raises together ', kca- m. ` the shrinkage ', npers. k ` crooked, hunchbacked '; Old Irish car `crooked' (*kukro-); (common Celtic Alb. abbreviation). Old Icelandic hr, hr, Old English hah, Old Saxon Old High German hh `high' (`*bulged '); Old Icelandic haugr, Middle High German houc `hill', Gothic hiuhma `heap; bulk, mass', hhjan ` heap, gather, collect', Modern High German (md.) Hgel ` hill'; Middle High German hocker, hogger, hoger ` hump, hunchback, hunch '; Gothic hauhs, Old Indic kucti, kucat ` contracts, curves ', kucik ` key ', kuca- m. ` female breast',

haystack' (and skaudze).

`fairy demon, ghost, dwarfish ghost', Old Prussian cawx `devil', Lithuanian kaukar `hill',

Lithuanian kakas `swelling, blister, purulent ulcer ', kakos Pl. f. ` glands ', kakas

Latvian kukurs, kukms ` hunch, swelling, blister', kki's ` dwarf; wren, songbird ', kka ` eine vom Alter Gebeugte ', russ.-Church Slavic kukonos ` crooked-nosed ';

kukuls ` dumpling, small mass of dough which is boiled or steamed ', kkis ` Misthaken ',

` hook nosed ', kkara ` Haken bei der Pflugdeichsel ', kuka, ku f. ` bend of a river ';

russ. kka `fist', Bulgarian kka `hook, crutch ', Serbo-Croatian kka `hook', kkonosast

Serbo-Croatian m, ati ` crouch, cower, cringe', sloven. um, ati and kum, ka `heap', dial. `haystack', kkat ` conglobate, heap', kki ` Pleiades {pl} ', Czech

kati ds.; russ. dial. keri Pl. f., klr. kuery Pl. m. ` curls '; with a meaning `heap' russ. kue `mass', poln. kuczki Pl. `small heap'. Old Bulgarian kknj ` shank, leg, shin bone '.

From klr. kuery Pl. m. `curls' derived Ukraninian kcheri, kucher'vij, Czech N kuera, A dredh, kaurrel, bj kaurrela. common alb. slav > . Lack of this cognate in Bulgarian, Romanian, Russian, Serbian speaks of an early borrowing of Albanian from Old Slavic Church. C. Labial extensions. C. I. keu-b-: keua. In application to bends in the body, bend in the joint:

kuerav : Slovak N kuera, V kueravi sa, A kuerav : Albanian diminutive n kaurrel, v

Suff. -- or reshuffling from ds. - from Latin cubitum - under influence from );

of the cattle; vertebrae ' (out of it Latin cubus; `elbow' Poll. either from with

gr. ` a cube: a cubical die, marked on all 6 sides, in pl., dice, cavity before the hip

i.e. cuba[t], besides loferta ders. Inschr., proves Italian b; also Paelignian incubat), Latin press, support oneself ', sabin. cumba ` a litter, sedan, portable couch, palanquin, sofa, lounge '; cymr. gogof `cave' (derivative mcymr. guocobauc), bret. kougo ds. (*upo-kub);

Latin cubitum n., -us m. ` elbow' (out of it gr. ds.);cub, -re `lie' (Faliscan cupa,

(ac-)cumb, -ere ` to lay oneself down, lie beside ', (in-)cumb, -ere ` to lay oneself, lean,

Old Icelandic hopa, Old English on-hupian ` recoil ', Old English (fen-, mr-)hop n. `hiding place, nook, bolt-hole' (as ` lair, cavity'); intensive j-verb is ndd. hppen, Modern High German hpfen, Middle High German

Gothic hups m. (stem hupi-), Old English hype m., Old High German huf f. `hip, haunch';

hobba, hubba `bump, poke', Modern High German dial. hoppen ` jump ', engl. hobble ` limp ' (Wissmann Nom. postverb. 174 f.). b. Mit nicht aufs Biegen des Krpers gewendeten Bedeutungen : Hes.;

hoppettan, Modern High German hopsen; geminated voiced-nonaspirated in Swedish dial.

hpfen, hupfen, hopfen; -verb with gemination: Old Icelandic hoppa, Old English hoppian,

Old Indic kubra- n. `cavity in the earth, pit, pothole; Ohrring'; gr. ...

hoep `ring, hoop', Old Icelandic hp n. `bay' to Lithuanian kab `hook'?];

[but Old English hpig `in hills and hollows', hp m. ` ring, hoop ', engl. hoop, Dutch

crowd', Middle Low German hpe, Old High German hfo, Modern High German Haufe (also), Middle High German hste (see above under keu-p-).
h h

Old English hap m. f., Old Saxon hp, Old High German houf `heap; troop, multitude,

. II. keu-b - (including from words, can contain the b or b). keuOld Indic kubhany- perhaps ` rotary, gyratory, dancing '; kakubh- ` protruding, towering ' (previously reshaped after kakd-?); redupl. Old Indic kakbh- f. ` fingertip; rounded projection; small hillock, acme, apex ',

Maybe alb. kaube ` shrub, bush ' [hill = forest, bush very often in Indo Germanic]. `goblet', gr. ` cube, esp.cubical die, marked on all six sides, mostly in pl., dice ', nasalized gr. etc.; Uhlenbeck Old Indic Wb. 59); in final sound ambiguous bakhi (pmird.) kubn ` wooden drinking bowl' (: poln. kubek

bend forward, curve ', probably also ` bend forward, stoop, hang the head from

gr. ` crouched, writhed, crooked, humped ', n. ` hump, hunchback ', `

shame, bow down under a burden, of animals, to be bowed forward, opp. the erect figure of man ', ` humble', ` with the head forwards, stooping forwards ' (original labial not objectively noticeable); Hes.; maybe from the northern language (thrak., maked.) derive hence probably ` head, ' EM., `

stooping with the head, Kubbos, minister of Cybele, one ecstatic or frantic ' EM., ` to be frantic ' EM., ` be seized by rage ' Hes. Poll., as well as ` tumble head foremost '; to the labial extensions in the meaning from probably ` any

hollow vessel: chest, box (whence Cypselus was called), hollow of the ear, ear-wax ', ` of swallows' or sand-martins' nests, wax in the ears '; cap'; Old High German hba, Old Saxon hva, Old English hfe, Old Icelandic hfa `bonnet,

kbarem `headfirst, hastily', kubc `a humming spinning top, a spinning top that makes a humming noise ', kbl Dialectal ` wooden ball to the play ', kbok `goblet, cup ', klr. poln. kubek `goblet, Schoppen, Obertasse '. C. III. keu-p-: keua. Old Indic kpa- m. `pit, pothole, cave'; `goblet', m. ` grain measure '; gr. Hes. (?), , ; kub ` aus Holz ausgehhltes Geschirr ', kbok ` Napf, hauchiges Gef, kleines Geschirr ',

russ. kubar `a humming spinning top, a spinning top that makes a humming noise ',

seems late short form with consonant doubling besides to sein); about respective forms from Latin and Rom. directed Berneker 645 f.; Maybe alb. qyp ` jug' a Latin loanword.

Latin cpa f. ` cask, butt ', roman. also ` bath' (besides gloss. and roman. cppa `goblet'

root form in -b - or -b-) probably also Old English gehopp ` a small bag, little sack ', hoppe flax ';
h

Old Icelandic hfr m. ` hull, hulk, body of a ship ', Old English hyf `beehive'; here (or to

f. ` a round swelling; in water, a bubble, capsule ', Middle English hoppe ` boll, seedpod of at most Slavic *kp, Czech kep `vulva', poln. kiep `ds.; fool, good for nothing, useless

person' (Berneker 664 f. between).

b. Meaning group ` curvature upwards, heap ':

(place -ph- ahead);

Apers. kaufa- `mountain', Avestan kaofa- `ds.; camel hump ', npers. kh `mountain'

alb. (South Tosc) kjip `heap' (*kp-j); Middle Irish can f. `group, bunch, heap' (*koup-n); ds., Old High German hubil `hill', Old Saxon huvil ds. (therefrom Modern High German Old High German hovar ` hump, hunchback ' (: Lithuanian kupr), Old English hofer m.

hobeln as `smooth wood using a plane, make smooth, remove rough areas '); perhaps Old High German hfila, hiufila `cheek', Modern High German Swiss hfelin ` part of the cheek lying down under the eyes '; Norwegian hov n. ` tableland, hill, plateau, small hill', Old

Icelandic hof n. `temple', Old English hof n. `paddock, house, temple', Old Saxon hof, Old position on hills); Middle High German hste ` auf dem Felde zusammengestellter

High German hof m. ` surrounded space at the house, court, property ' (originally from the Getreidehaufen, Hauste ' (: Lithuanian kpstas); *hfsto is ablaut equally with Old High also connected with russ. kust `shrub, bush, bunch', klr. kust `shrub, bush, bunch';

German hfo and appears like this probably rather to belong to keu-b- to (see there); is Maybe alb. (*kupra) thupra, thupr ` twig, rod' (the meaning ` bush' derived from ` hill, hill forest' (common alb. k- > th-) = Lithuanian kupr ` hunch '. Lithuanian kapas `heap' = Old Bulgarian kup ds. (serb. kp certainly with other

intonation as kapas; s. Berneker 646); Lithuanian kaupi, kapti `hufeln', kupi, kpti ` haystack ', kpinas `gehuft', Latvian kupt `sich ballen', kupenis `Schneehaufen', kuprs ` hunch '; with lengthened grade *k[u]p-: Lithuanian kuopi, kupti ` pile up, heap up (corn, russ. (Berneker 646) kupr, kper ` coccyx, small triangular bone at the base of the

lay, place on a heap, sort, order, arrange', kupr ` hunch ', kpstas `hill', kpeta ` haycock,

grain)', Latvian kuops `heap', kuopin ` fascicle, sheaf '; spinal column, rump ', poln. kuper `rump, buttocks '. D. Nasalized kum-b -, mostly kum-b- : kumkumh

npers. xumb, xum `pot, pan, crock, pitcher' (this with anlaut. Tenuis asp.);

both rises on the forehead of the elephant ' = Avestan xumba- m. `pot, pan; extension ',

Old Indic kumba- m. `the thick end (bone)'; kumbha- m. `pot, pan, crock, pitcher', Du. `

compares Tocharian A kumpc `drum'); Leumann Hom. Wrter 231 ff.;

(after Banateanu REtIE. 1, 120 from Semitic qubbh; Van Windekens Lexique 48

gr. `bowl, bowl, barge', , `vessel', mostly Pl. `cymbalum, bowl'

`head' EM., Suid., hom. `crown of a helmet ' (compare ), s. Latin (with present nasalization) -cumb (see above S. 590);

komm `trough' (m.); from urbrit. *kumbos derive Old English cumb `valley', engl. coomb,

Middle Irish comm `vessel'; cummal `goblet, bowl', cymr. cwmm `valley' (m.), bret.

combe `basin, hollow, coomb, narrow valley ', whereas is gall.-rom.cumba `valley, trough' Fem.; from French derives bret. komb `valley'; compare the unnasalized vascular names Old Icelandic aptr-huppr, Norwegian Dialectal hupp and hump ` the hip of the cattle ',

pam. kubun, poln. kubek, also gr. ` cup. bowl ';

especially on the bending of the body ability meaning:

Modern High German humpeln, Middle Low German humpelen ` limp ' and in not

perhaps Modern High German (ndd.) Humpen (compare ). Page(s): 588-592

', ndd. humpe f. `thick piece', humpel ` low hillock', Dutch homp `thick piece of bread';

Norwegian hump m. `bumpiness, knag' (ndd. loanword), engl. hump ` hump, hunchback

References: WP. I 370 ff., WH. I 127, 297 f., 298, 305, 306, 310 f., 859, Trautmann 121 f.

p pp pp (e)p(e)p epep Root / lemma: (keup-:) kup-, kup-, kp- next to which occasional keu(e)p-, k(e)uepkeupMeaning: to smoke; to boil; to cook simplification Note: From ku- plural only k- probably through previously proto Indo Germanic Material: Old Indic kpyati (= Latin cupi) ` is seething, is angry ', kpa- m. `surge, rage,

fury', kpyati ` shakes, angers'; cpati ` moves, stirs '; kapi- (uncovered) `incense', alb. kapitem `breathe heavily ' (as Lithuanian kpoti ` breathe heavily '); Maybe alb. kputem ` be tired', kput ` cut '.

wherefore as `* smoke-color ' kapil-, kapi- ` brownish, reddish', also kap- m. `ape';

 uud Hes., Hes., Hom. `exhaling'; compare to dissimilation from *kuap-no-s to Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 302;

gr. `smoke', hom. `exhale, breath out; give off ' :

eagerness, passion ', also cupps ` lascivious, esp. of treat, delight ', cuppdium `

Latin cupi, -ere `lust, crave' (= Old Indic kpyati), cuppdo = ` a desire, wish, longing,

snacking, tidbit '; Umbrian Cubrar ` Bonae ', sabin. cuprum ` good ' (`*worth having,

vapor', old uaps (*kuaps); `wish', Thurneysen Gr. 139;

welcome, wanted, desirable ' with passive forms -ro- as clrus etc.); vapor `haze, mist, Old Irish ad-cobra ` wish, desire, want ' (*-kuprt), verbal noun accobor (*ad-kupro-) Gothic afapjan (*kub- besides other *kup-) `choke; suppress, crush, extinguish,

annihilate, erase ', afapnan ` die, be extinguished ' (: -), Middle High German verwepfen ` kahmig werden, vom Wein ', nisl. hvap `dropsical flesh'; Lithuanian kvpas m. `breath, breeze, haze, mist, Wohlgeruch' (: Latin vapor), kvepi, -

ti ` smell ' (-- could be Baltic ablaut neologism), kvpi, kvpti `breathe', Latvian kvpt `smoke', kvpes Pl. `breath, breeze, fume, smoke, smut', kvpt ` fume ', changing

kupsins `fog' (derivative from an es-stem as Latin vapor);

dust, cause dust', kupinties `aufgehen (of dough)', kupt `ferment, seethe', Old Prussian Old Church Slavic kyplj, kypti `boil, overflow', kypr ` lax, porous ', Czech kypr old

through ablaut Lithuanian kpoti ` breathe heavily ', Latvian kpt `smoke; steam, raise

Church Slavic kopr `dill' (smelling plant; s. Berneker 564). Page(s): 596-597 References: WP. I 379 f., WH. I 312 f., Trautmann 147.

kpot (*koput-) f. `fine smut, dust', koptt ` make black with smoke, fume '; perhaps Old

`keen, eager, fresh'; klr. kvpyty a ` hasten, hurry'; with (Indo Germanic) reduced u russ.

Meaning: to move, go, departure, *die kieiei Root / lemma: ki- : to move, go, departure, *die, derived from Root / lemma: kei-1 : to lie down. i- eu-basis (partly with n-Infix) k-(n-)eu-; heavy basis ki- (: ki-?) k-(n-)euki kiNote: (: ki- : k-); eu Note:

kiRoot / lemma: ki-

Material: Gr. `go away, travel' is late neologism to Aor. ; Imper. , participle ;

 Hes. (heavy root); -, - `muleteer, driver of mules', `movable, nimble, easily moved, agile,' (compare to formation , ); backwards and forwards ', `set in motion, drive' (*F-); Slavic alb. > ).

hom. imperfect -, - ( metr. lengthening) ` folgte nach, durchstreifte ',

from k-n-eu-: gr. ` to set in motion, to move ', ` waver, sway k- eualb. qoj ` awake, animate, arouse ' (*kini), oj `send, dispatch ' (*ds-kj) (common

syen (*kiu-n-i) ` assail, assault, spring on, attack ' (Jokl Ml. Pedersen 149 f.); Maybe prefixed alb. mb-syj, msyj ` attack'.

alb. cys, cyt ` irritate, annoy, itch, anger, tease; arouse, excite, banter ' (*ter-kiu-t-i), syei,

Germanic ki(i)-??), citus `quick, fast', cit, -re ` to put in quick motion, rouse, excite ', together, the whole, all, entire '.

Latin cie, cire (secondary ci, cre) ` to cause to go, move, stir, drive ' (cire = Indo

solli-citus ` thoroughly moved, agitated, disturbed ', cunctus (*con-citos) ` all in a body, all

Maybe nasalized alb. nxit ` urge, stir, drive ', nxitoj ` hurry ' < Latin excito, (*ex-citare) ` to call out, summon forth, bring out, wake, rouse '. extensions from the simple root form kei- from: keiPass. Konj. as-cesar gl. ` to stretch out, thrust out, put forth, take out ' (etc., Pedersen KG. II 490 f.), very probably Gothic haitan, Old High German heizan, Old English htan, Old `call, shout, cry'. Saxon htan, Old Norse heita `call (= set in motion), order, name'; compare osset. sdin With l(o) l(o)-formants: On *ki-lo-s `moves, seesawing ' can be based: Lithuanian kel, With d (d-present?): perhaps Irish cid- e.g. in cisse ` to carry in, bring to, introduce ',

kl, Latvian cilawa, Old Prussian kylo ` wagtail ', Old Czech il `agile, lively'; Latin cill, -ere `move' is perhaps only grammarian's invention. gesticulation '. With s: Old Indic cati ` moves the limbs, is in motion ', ca- n., c `movement, root form ki-eu- without nasal infix: eu-

Avestan yaona- n. ` deed, action, work ', yaoman- n. `feat, dead, act, work';

march ', Old pers. aiyavam `marched', Old Indic cyautn- n. `undertaking, endeavor ',

Old Indic cyvat ` stirs, goes away, leaves, departs ', Avestan (y)avaite ` gets going,

(*kiou-):

leave on a journey, set out on a trip, depart ', Aor. (to present ert`am) ogay `I walked ' gr. ` put in quick motion, drive, hunt, chase, set on, let loose at, drive or hurry

Armenian u (= Old Indic cyuti-) ` departure ', vem ` I sally, burst forth, rush forward;

away to or from a place ', Med. ` to be put in quick motion, and so, run, rush, dart or shoot along, be excited, aroused ' ( = cyavat), hom. ` to put in quick motion: to drive, hunt, chase away ', participle Perf. , - `hurrying, eager,

impetuous, eager, yearning for ' (= Old Indic cyut- `driven, propelled ', compare Avestan fra-ta- `get in motion '), - `in haste, hurry'; Attic ` move quickly or violently ' (*F), (Bacchyl.) ` driven ', , Hes., hom. - ` causing the people to gather, popular, urging the people to the `o be employed upon, engaged in, concerned with a thing, be busy, bustling, '; a long grade formation as Old Indic cyautn-, but with reduced u, is probably here suitable felloe '.

fight '; Attic `undertake; pursue, persist in' (compare Avestan yaoman-);

` wooden felloe of the wheel ', ` wheel rim, the metal hoop round the References: WP. I 361 ff., WH. I 213 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 679, 686, 745. Page(s): 538-539

kl- kl- lRoot / lemma: kl-, kl-, kl-

Meaning: to deceive, enthrall, etc..

Material: Gr. Attic (proto gr. ) ` enchant, beguile, bewitch ', ` enthrallment ', Pl. f. ` enchanting creature '; Latin calvor, - and calvi, -re ` devise tricks, use artifice, attack one with artifice, to

intrigue against, to deceive ', calumnia `false accusation, deceit, slander, trickery, artifice, ', cavillor, -r to jeer, mock, criticise, satirize, jest '; -v- is unclear;

chicanery, cunning ' (*calvomni), very probably also cavilla (*calvilla) ` badinage, mocking Gothic hln, afhln `slander', Old Norse hl n. ` laudation, boastfulness ', hla `

vain, groundless ', hlan `slander', Old High German huolen `cheat, deceive'.

praise, brag, boast', Old English hl n. ` slander ', hlian `slander', hlunga, hlinga ` in

grade, Latin cal- reduced grade. Page(s): 551

would be assumed the root as short vocal, hence gr. - and Germanic hl- lengthened

Should probably Perssons (Beitr. 148) citation of gr. ` adulator ' apply to (?), it

References: WP. I 446, WH. I 143, 187; Wissmann Nom. postverb. 125.

Meaning: dwelling space kotkatRoot / lemma: kt-, kot- : dwelling space, derived from Root / lemma: kat-1 : to link or weave together; chain, net. Material: Avestan kata- m. ` chamber, storeroom, cellar ' (: Gothic hj), npers. kad `cottage', Old English cot `cottage, chamber ' etc. see above S. 393 f.; Note:

kotRoot / lemma: kt-, kot-

`house', from which Finnish kota; but about Old Norse kot `miserable cottage', kytja Maybe alb. (*kotu-) katua `stable, basement, cellar', katund `house, village'. Gothic hj ` chamber '; original meaning, can be added:

Church Slavic kotc `cella, nest' etc.; whether `residential pit, hole in the earth' the

Maybe alb. kotec `animal shelter' a Slavic loanword. goblet'; gr. , ` cavity, hole, empty space, hollow ', further ` hollow vessel, bowl, Latin catnus ` a deep vessel of earthenware, bowl ' (Demin. catillus, out of it Gothic

Old English heden ` pots and pans, set of cooking utensils '. Page(s): 586-587 References: WP. I 383 f., WH. I 176, 182.

katils, German Kessel ` kettle ', out of it again Old Bulgarian kotl, Lithuanian ktilas) =

k(i) k(i) h(i) (i)(i)(i)Root / lemma: k(i)-, k(i)- (*h(i)-) Meaning: to acquire, possess Material: Old Indic kyati ` owns, controls ' (*ki-ti) = Avestan xayati ` has power,

Avestan ap. kara- n. `power, rule, empire; imperious power' (Proto Aryan neologism to

force, it rules, disposes of what owns ', xay `power'; Old Indic katr- n. `power, rule',

kayati), Old pers. xyaiya- ` king in the possession of the imperious power ' (npers. Old pers. h- > x- : npers. x- > -.

h), Xayran- ` Xerxes ' (xaya-aran- ` ruling heroes '); common Old Indic h- > k- : gr. ` acquire ' (= kayati), Perf. ` possess ', (with unclear ) `

possession, property, fortune', poet. , Dat. Pl. ds., n. ` acquisition, with the same initial sound relation as between : gort. also Attic [] = -; through hybridization from - and - (: ) dial. ` land acquisition '.

possession, property', n., Pl. ` possession, fortune', Sg. ` the single piece of cattle ';

hom-, Gen.- ablative h()m-s : `earth'. homPage(s): 626

common Old Indic h- > k- : Hittite h- > tk- : gr. tk- > kt- see Root / lemma: hem-, hemReferences: WP. I 504, BSL. 38, 143, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 325 f., 519 .
6

Meaning: interjection of laughter

Root / lemma: kha kha!

Material: Old Indic kkhati (Gramm.) `laughs'; Armenian xaxank ` laughter ', gr.

Note: with partly einzelsprachlicher neologism

(from *) ` laugh loudly'; Latin cachinn, -re `to laugh aloud, laugh immoderately', cachinnus ` laughter '; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old High etc. chochotati ds.; compare Lithuanian kiknti, kiknti ` giggle '. German kachazzen, kichazzen, Old English ceahhettan ` laugh loudly '; Old Church Slavic Similar to onomatopoeic words kk- ` flout, show scorn, mock ' in gr. ` abuse, kk-

Germanic -k-: Old English hocor n. ` derision '. --------------------------------

revile '; Old High German huohn ` mock, scoff ', Old Saxon hhi-lk ` laughable'; with

Specht (Indo Germanic Dekl. 263, Anm. 4) set kh-mo- `crooked';

`feeble', khen `dig' are not to be proved as Indo Germanic, just as little as those from

) According to WP. I 341, 348 f., 399 mentioned roots khd- `bite', khbh- : khbh-

those mentioned by him (see 256) Old Indic Beispiele khalati-, kharva-, khara-, khaa-, khora- are all not of Indo Germanic origin. Old Indic khdati ` bites to pieces, chews ', npers. xyad ds., could belong to Armenian xacanem `bite', but also with secondary

expressive Aspiration as *knd- to Lithuanian kndu `bite' (somewhat different above S. 560). To the same root root ken- (above 559 ff.) could belong Old Indic khnati ` digs ', Inf. ken-

mole ', kh- `stream, brook'= Avestan Nom. Akk. Pl. x ds.; Old Indic khan- ` burrowing ', channel'; Avestan Old pers. kann- `dig' (k- from kh- from the compounds with us-, ham-). Maybe in -m- formant etymology in alb. Tosc f. (*kamur-is) hamuridhe ` mole ' > Geg m. m m m urithi ` mole ' ; common alb. Avestan k- > h-. Note: f. ` mousehole, entrance to the burrow of a mouse ' = Avestan kani- `ditch, trench,

khni-tum, participle kht- (*khn-to-), together with the neologisms kh- n. `cave', -kh- `

The inanimate suffix -ur : alb. Tosc (*kamur-is) hamuri ururidhe ` mole ' : , , Illyrians, ur uri of Illyria, , speak the Illyrian language, :--hence Adv. .

, , Illyria, also , , Adj. , , , Illyrian: -, the region or province The anlaut from gr. , `drone', `dull, deaf' is doubtful, also from Church Slavic chabiti `spoil', chaben ` woeful, wretched, miserable ', as also the from Church ` writhed, crooked, humped ' (and ds.) (different above S. 555). Slavic chom-t ` horse collar ', placed by Specht to Latin hmus (*kh-mo-) `hook', gr. About the problem of the Tenues Aspiratae, which is to be understood partly indeed as

secondarily expressive, compare Hj. Frisk, Gteborgs Hgsk. Arsskr. 1936: 2, S. 38 ff., (1938), 161 ff. and J. J. Mikkola Urslav. Gramm. 174 ff. mentioned, by Kuiper, Proto-Munda 47 ff. Page(s): 634

Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 251 ff. For Slavic beginning ch- compare V. Machek Slavia 16 numerous Old Indic words not of Indo Germanic origin with anlaut. kh-, below the above

References: WP. I 336, WH. I 126. compare above S. 497 ha ha.

kikRoot / lemma: kikMeaning: jay Note: onomatopoeic words sound imitation);

Material: Old Indic kiki-, kikidv- m. ` blue wood jay ' (k not to c to the firm position of the

gr. , Attic (*-) `jay'; German heger n. `jay', Old High German hehara `jay'. Page(s): 598 References: WP. I 451. Old English higora m., higore f. ` a woodpecker (magpie or wood jay)', Middle Low

Meaning: a kind of basket-work

Root / lemma: kist

Material: Gr. `box, case, basket, hamper ' (out of it Latin cista, cisterna); (compare but Pedersen KG. II 491). Page(s): 599 References: WP. I 452. = Old Irish cess f. `basket, hurdle ' (compare ro-cess ` get twisted '), cisse `twisted'

klauRoot / lemma: klauMeaning: to weep Note: only gr. and alb.

and ): alb. klanj, kanj, qaj `cry, weep' (*klauni). Page(s): 599 References: WP. I 490; compare 6. kel-.

Material: Gr. (Ionian), (Attic) `cry, weep' (*F- : , ,

Meaning: alder

kld Root / lemma: kl r

h

ludere, ludern (Schmeller I 1542) `Alpine alder, Betula nana L.'. Page(s): 599 References: WP. I 490.
2

Material: Gr. ` alder, Betula alnus L.', Modern High German dial. (Zillertal) lutter,

Meaning: to heap up, to put

klRoot / lemma: kl-

Material: Lithuanian klju, klti ` hinbreiten, breit hinlegen ', Latvian klju, klt ds., bed covering' (-d- from d- or d -present as:)
h

Lithuanian kltas ` das Pflaster im Hofe ', klodas ` bedspread ', pakld `sheet, type of

Old Bulgarian klad, klasti `load, lay, place' (etc., in addition also russ. klad `clip, cut '); Icelandic hlaa, Old English Old Saxon hladan, Old High German hladan (participle t-present (partly perhaps also original to to-nouns) in Gothic afhlaan `overburden ', Old

gihlatan) `stratify, layer, load'; Old Icelandic hla `Pflaster im Hofe, pile, stack, heap', Old

kltas) nisl. hl Nom. Pl. `stove, hearth' as well as Old English hl f. `booty; bulk, mass, `load, big, giant bulk, mass, gang'. troop, multitude, crowd', Old Franconian hltha `booty', Middle High German luot, md. lt sto- sti-to- or -sto-, -sti-noun to *hlaan is Old Icelandic hlass n. `load, cargo', agst. hlst n., to-

English hld n. ` Erdaufwurf, heap', hldel ` dipper ', and full grade (compare Lithuanian

Old High German last, Pl. lesti f. `load'.

German landri ` a mercenary soldier ', Old Icelandic hlenni ` robber, thief', hlanna `rob', Middle High German luot, md. lt, which have not derived from *hlan-, whose meaning `gang', is only for the Old English. References: WP. I 489, Trautmann 135 f. Germanic *hlan-); (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), then also

Special position from Old English hl f. ` robbery, booty', hlere ` robber ' (: Old High

Page(s): 599

Meaning: to press, squeeze

Root / lemma: kleik-

`pain, affliction, complaint ', sa-kli- `squeeze'; kleiioti ` run with crooked feet ';

Material: Old Indic kliti `afflicts, bothers ', klyat ` is tormented, suffers ', kla- m. Lithuanian kl f. `crab's claws' (therefrom probably also klas `crooked-legged'), Slavic *klia and *kla `pliers, scissors' (from Balto Slavic *kleii- and *klaii-) placed

in poln. kliszawy and klr. *klavyj ` bowlegged'; besides r.-Church Slavic kla `pliers', sloven. kle, klr. kli f. Pl. ds. (from Balto Slavic *klaiti-); torment', russ. dial. klestt (= klstt) `press, clamp ' etc. Page(s): 602 References: References: WP. I 492, Trautmann 137. Church Slavic klta `pliers', kltiti ` press ', Old Bulgarian s-kltati s ` torture,

Meaning: weak, ailing, feeble

klem- klmRoot / lemma: klem-, klm-, kl me e e e

Note: (barely better as klm- : klm- must be assumed)

Material: Old Indic offers on the one hand klmyati, klmati ` becomes tired, grows tired ', on the other hand rmyati ` becomes tired, struggles, castigates oneself ', rnt- `

after they arrived to Europe (Indo Germanic change chain of events?; also the ambiguity of the liquid complicates the judgment; from kerm- `exhaust, get tired ' in any case, at least through the divided vowel position);

castigating, mendicant ' is to East Asiatic languages as Schamane ` shaman, magician '

fatigued, exhausted ', rma- m. ` fatigue, tiredness, exhaustion, feebleness '; rama- `

gr. , Hes.; Breton claff, nbret. klav, kla ` sick '. Page(s): 602-603 References: WP. I 498. Old Irish clam ` leper, outcast, one who is rejected by society', cymr. acorn. claf, Middle

klengklenkRoot / lemma: kleng- and klenkMaterial: 1. Latin cling, -ere ` go around, surround, encompass, environ, gird, wreathe, Old Icelandic hlykkr ` curvature ', hlekkr `ring' (*hlanki-, =) Old English hlence `limb, Meaning: Meaning: to bend, wind

crown ' (Paul. ex Festo 49 L., Glossen);

member or ring in a chain '; Old High German (h)lanca `hip, haunch' (`incurvation ' or `

hill'; Tocharian kleke ` fortification '; 2. with auslaut. Tenuis:

` slim, thin' (actually `pliable'), gehlencan `flax, wattle, braid', also Old English hlinc `slope,

Middle High German lenken `bend', Modern High German lenken `lead', Old English hlanc

Middle High German gelenke `bend', Modern High German gelenk Subst., gelenk `pliable',

place where one bends oneself '), Middle High German lanke ` haunch, side, hip, flank ',

Croatian klknem, kli ` kneel ', sloven. klcati ` limp ', etc.

klenct ` hobble, limp ', Old Church Slavic kl, klati, klr. klja, kljaty, Serbo-

Balto Slavic *klenki ` hobbles, limps ' in: Lithuanian klnkti ` go quickly, fast ', Latvian

Page(s): 603 klenoRoot / lemma: klenoMeaning: maple Note: partly with still unsettled i, ei

skrenk- ds.

See also: compare the rhyme roots lenk- `bend', sleng-, slenk- ` coil, turn', skreng(h)-,

References: WP. I 498 f., WH. I 233 f., Trautmann 136.

(loanword);

Material: Maked. (see G. Meyer IF. 1, 325 f.) ` a kind of maple ', gr. Middle Low German lnenholt ` maple '; ndd. lne, lne in pomm.-rg. ln etc. ` maple '

(*hluni-z; from Low German Modern High German Lehne, Lenne ` Spitzahorn ') = Old

better as hln); besides Old High German Middle High German ln-, lm-boum, Modern High German Leim-, Lein-baum, -ahorn; Lithuanian (with quite unclear v) klvas ` maple '; etc. russ. kln ` maple ', serb. kln and kljn `common maple', kn (*kln) `kind of tree'

Icelandic hlynr (hlunr), Danish ln, Swedish lnn ` maple ', Old English hlyn ds. (probably

Page(s): 603

References: WP. I 498, Trautmann 136.

klepRoot / lemma: klepMeaning: wet Material: Gr. , , , Hes.; Old Irish cluain `meadow' (klop-ni-, also kleu-ni- possible); (common Celtic Alb. Lithuanian lamp, lapti ` become damp ', lapum ` wet place on the field ', lpias

abbreviation).

`damp', Latvian slapt ` make damp '; See also: s. still under kleu- ` rinse '.

References: WP. I 497, Trautmann 306.

Page(s): 603

klg- klg- klg klang- kleg- klg- kleig- kleikgRoot / lemma: klg-, klg-, klg-, klang-; kleg-; klg-; kleig-; kleikMeaning: to cry; to sound kelNote: various extensions of onomatopoetic words kel-6 `call, shout, cry'

sound: of birds, scream, of dogs, bark, bay, of things, as of arrows in the quiver, clash,

Material: 1. Gr. f. `rattle, woozy din, fuss, noise', ` make a sharp piercing

a horse ';

() `flick, crack, cry', `clucking of hens, clucking sound by which we urge on Latin clang, -ere ` clang, to sound, resound; cry, caw (from birds)', clangor ` a sound,

rattle, of men, shout ' (*; , , , ); full grade

clang, noise ';

deride '; Old Frisian hlakkia `laugh';

Old Icelandic hlakka (= Latin clang) `cry (eagle), jubilate '; Old English hlacerian `

Latvian klgt `cry', Lithuanian klegti ` laugh loudly ';

Lithuanian klagti, Latvian kladzt ` gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker '; with :

klegt, Iter. klagt `cry' (Leskien Abl. 275, Mhlenbach-Endzelin II 231 f.). -form: Lithuanian klugti `chortle, chuckle'; 2. with final sound Tenuis:

-forms: Lithuanian suklgo ` he squealed ', Latvian klidzt `cry like a hawk', kledzu,

gr. ` cluck ' (late, perhaps rather back-formation from ); etc. is Middle Latin-rom. clocca `bell'; Middle Irish clocc m., cymr. etc. cloch f. `bell'; the origin of Modern High German Glocke Gothic hlahjan (hlh), Old High German (etc.) lahhn, lahhan `laugh', hlahtar n. `

Old Icelandic hlgia `make someone laugh', Gothic ufhlhjan ` make burst into laughter '; Old Icelandic hlja `laugh', Old English hliehhan ds.; russ.-Church Slavic klegtati, klektati `cry, esp. of eagle', Old Bulgarian klt `

laughter ', Old English hleahtor ` laughter, jubilation, lust', Old Frisian hlackia `laugh', Kaus.

cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker ' (etc., Berneker 521).

chattering of teeth ' (etc., s. Berneker 511), Old Bulgarian klokot, -otati ` cluck n, gaggle,

Old Frisian hla ` notify, avow ';

`account, shout, call, fame', Middle Dutch len b-len, lhen `say, notify ', Dutch belijden, Lithuanian klink klkti ` scream suddenly, whistling '; ablaut. klyki, klkti ` screech,

-forms: Old English hlgan `to give a reputation for (wisdom); attribute to', hlsa, hligsa

shriek, scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell '; klik `clamor' (etc., Berneker 519).

russ.-Church Slavic kliknuti `squeal ', Iterat. Old Church Slavic klicati `call, shout, cry',

High German klukken, Old English cloccian ds.; Old Icelandic klaka `babble', engl. clack ` Slavic klcati `knock', Lithuanian klukti ` cluck '; The sound root offers onomatopoeic words ker-1 S. 567 f. kerReferences: WP. I 496 f., WH. 227 f., 606, Trautmann 136. rattle, clatter ', Middle High German Klechel, Kleckel ` bell stick '; with anlaut. k-: Church

Similar to onomatopoeic words are, with anlaut. g-: Latin glci, -re ` cluck ', Middle

Page(s): 599-600

klpRoot / lemma: klpNote:

Meaning: to hold in the arms, in one's lap

Root / lemma: klp- : `to hold in the arms, in one's lap' derived from labial extensions klp*fathom, arm' [see above].

geleb( glb( glb b( gleb( gelgeleb(h)-, glb(h)- (: glb(h)-) and gleb(h)- (:glb(h)-) of Root / lemma: gel-1 : `to curl; round, : Material: Middle High German lfter ` fathom, arm', Latvian klpis `lap, lapful', Lithuanian klbs ` fathom, armful, armload ' (b perhaps after glbs ` armful, armload '). Initial sound variation besides Lithuanian glbs, Modern High German Klafter ` fathom'?

(see above S. 359 under gel- ` clench '). - Old High German halftra ` halter ', Lithuanian klpa ` loop, noose, snare, steep hill ' (Persson) see below skel- `split'. Page(s): 604 References: WP. I 498, Bga Kalba ir s. I 71, Mhlenbach-Endzelin II 224.

klukluRoot / lemma: klu- (also klu-?) and klu-

Meaning: hook; hooked branch or piece of wood, etc..

`bar, bolt; hook-shaped noose; oarlock ')., Doric secondary , epidaur. Gen.

Material: Gr. Ionian -, Old Attic , Attic , Doric , - ` key ' (also

ds., (Ionian), (Old Attic), (Attic) ` draw forward the bolts closing the door, by means of the thong, bar, bolt, key ', (Ionian), (Old Attic), (Attic) ` bar for closing a door, boom of a harbour, fences, railings ';

(*klui-d, with present formation d); in addition probably claudus `lame' (to cldus, cldus s. WH. I 231), claude, -re ` limp '. Old Irish cl, Pl. cli `nail'; unclear mcymr. clo m. `bar, bolt, fastener ', Pl. cloeu ` nails ',

Latin clvis ` key ', Demin. clviculae ` a tendril ', clvus `nail ', claud, -ere `shut, lock '

Middle Breton clou ` ferrement ' (Ernault RC. 37, 104 f.);

slaten `bar, bolt', Middle Low German slt from *sleuta- ` flexible shaft, pole', if from ` little peg, branch piece '. without s- perhaps Old Norse hljta strong. V. ` draw lots for, receive', Old English

High German sloz n. ` lock ' (sl- from skl-); compare Middle English slote = Low German

German slten, Old Frisian slta `shut', Old High German sluzzil, aschs. slutil ` key ', Old

from Germanic probably here (with moveable s-) Old High German sliozan, Middle Low

hlotan, Old Saxon hliotan ` draw lots for, release, liberate ', Old High German hliozan ` Old Icelandic hlautr `lot, fate', Old High German hlz n., Old Saxon hlt `lot, fate, the

draw lots for, forecast, soothsay, conjure, perform magic', Gothic hlauts `lot, fate, heritage', assigned right or property', Old Icelandic hlutr `lot, fate, allotment, thing', Old High German (h)luz ` lot, closed allotment, portion of the land, allotment, plot of land', Old Frisian Old English hlot n. `lot, fate', Dutch lot ds.; Latvian kt `become, succeed, attain ', ktas `fate, destiny', Lithuanian neklitas Lithuanian kliv, kliti ` hook, hang, remain hung', klits, klit ` hindrance ', kliut `

`mishap, mischief ' and Lithuanian kliudti ` make hang ';

hindrance '; causative with -d-: Lithuanian kliuda, -ti ` make hang ', kliauda, -ti `hinder', (see above); kliaud ` the physical disability ' (see above to Latin claudus), Latvian kdt Iter. to kt

kt `( remain hung), (whereto) obtain, become', kausttis ` remain hung ', km-s, -a, -e `

hindrance, disability ', pasikliu-ju, -ti ` trust on ' (`*cling on to something '), Latvian kstu,

kljuk ` crutch, crosier, crozier, bishop's staff, Ofenkrcke ', serb. kljka `hook, key, agrafe, clasp ', Old Church Slavic klju-im, -iti `bend, crook', also Church Slavic kljuka `artifice,

with k-forms Old Church Slavic klju `hook, key ', klju-, -iti ` combine, merge '; russ.

assemble '; probably also serb. kljna `kind of hook, cramp', kljn ` something crooked'. Maybe alb. els ` key ', el `open, unlock ', iltr `sincere ', elt `light (color) ', alt `lame (with crooked legs) ', aloj ` limp ', alaman ` limped person ' Slavic loanword (common Avestan Slavic k > : alb. k > ts > : Greek Tocharian labialized k -> t-). Page(s): 604-605 References: WP. I 492 ff., WH. I 231, Trautmann 137 f.

deceit' , and as ` hook, hang = fit together, suit, occur ' Old Bulgarian kuiti s ` fit,

knei- h- kneiRoot / lemma: knei-gh-, knei-bMeaning: to incline, bend Material: Latin cnive, -re, -nv and -nx ` to go together, come together, meet,

assemble, collect ', as *con-cn(g)ue to nict, -re `wink, wink at, nod ', ntor, -, nsus and nxus (gnixus Festus) ` to bear upon, press upon, lean, support oneself '; Umbrian ' (as though *conigtus: -g- probably analogical form after verbs in -g); conegos, kunikaz ` to put forth all one's strength, make an effort, strive, struggle, endeavor Gothic hneiwan, hnaiw ` bend ', hnaiws ` humble, low' (`*crouched '), Old Icelandic knga

` bend, sink ', Old Saxon Old English hngan ds. (Old English hng ` stooped, bowed,

German hneicken ` incline ', Old Icelandic hneigja ` incline, bend, bow before '; humble, humiliate '; Old High German nicken `bend, be bent, bow, nod '.

inclined ', Old English hnigian (see in addition Schulze Kl. Schr. 599 f.); Kaus. Old High denominative (from hnaiws) Gothic hnaiwjan ` abase, degrade', Old English hngan `

contemptible'), Old High German hngan ` incline '; Old High German hngn ` be willing,

hang, be disgruntled ', hnpinn ` sullen, gloomy ', gnpa f. (*ga-hnpn-) ` overhanging rock ', Old English hnipian ` allow the head to hang, be disgruntled '; Gothic *ga(h)nipnan ` be sad '; Lithuanian knimb, knbti ` snap together '. Page(s): 608

Besides Indo Germanic knei-b- in Old Icelandic hnpa (*hnpn, -n) ` allow the head to knei-

References: WP. I 476, WH. I 261; Wissmann Nom. postverb. 64, 183.

Meaning: expr. root

Root / lemma: kneugkneug-

Material: Gr. , - ` growl (of dogs), whimper (of infants)': Lithuanian kniakti ` cry References: WP. I 476. like a cat '. Probably only accidental resemblance.

Page(s): Page(s): 608 knid- nid- sknidnid Root / lemma: knid-, knid-, sknid-

Meaning: louse, nit

Note: often distorted taboo; compare above S. 437 ghnd ds.

knid- nid- sknidnid ghenRoot / lemma: knid-, knid-, sknid- : ` louse, nit ' derived from Root / lemma: ghen- : `to crack open, grind, scratch' hereupon root ghnd ` nit, louse '. That means zero grade ghnd Swedish gnet, Danish gnid; Latvian gnda ` nit, louse ' (Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 633), poln. gnida; about Latin lns, -dis f. ds.compare WH. I 783f. and Specht Dekl. 44. mutations: ghen > kn-, skn-: Old Icelandic, Norwegian dial. gnit f., Old Swedish gnether, Lithuanian glnda (from *gnnda dissimilated?); russ. gnda, sloven. gnjda, Czech hnda,

Material: Armenian anic `louse' (*nid-s);

Maybe alb. (*koni) thoi, thua, Pl. thonj ` nail' (for scratching louses?) gr. , - f. (*knid-s), probably assimilate `dust'; bret. nez ds. (*s(k)nid);

alb. thn `louse' (*k()nid-); alb. Tosc (*konida) thrriza ` louse ' (common alb. n- > r-).

Middle Irish sned f. `nit, egg of an insect (usually a louse) ', kymr. Pl. nedd, nkorn. ne,

Common kentum k- > sk- > satem s- >. louse' (*knid). Old English hnitu f., Old High German (h)niz, Modern High German Nisse `egg of the

Could belong to (s)ken- `scratch, scrape', as ghnd to ghen- ds. References: WP. I 461, WH. I 783 f., Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 44, Trautmann 93. Page(s): 608

ko, kak(k)- ku(r)kurRoot / lemma: ko ko kak(k)-, ku(r)kur-

Meaning: expr. sounds of a hen or cock

Material: I. Gr. f., f. ` partridge, game bird ', from the cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker ';

physical sound of the partridges (also the borrowed Latin cacabre), ` gaggle, Latin cacillre ` gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker (of the hen)';

Modern High German gackern, dial. gaggezen, Modern High German Gockel (see also under ghegh-). II. Latin coco coco ` physical sound of the chickens ' (Petron 59, 2), franz. coq `rooster,

cock)', next to which Old High German gackizn ` cluck (of the hen laying an egg) ',

ndd. kakkeln ` gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker ', nl. kokkelen ` coo (of rooster,

cock', Danish kok, Swedish Dialectal kokk `rooster, cock', Old Norse (Old French cock', koko `hen', russ. kokott ` gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker ' etc. Maybe alb. kokosh `rooster, cock' a Slavic loanword.

loanword) kokr, Old English cocc, nl. old cocke ds.; Old Church Slavic kokot `rooster,

*kurkubha-) ` pheasant'; Latin ccurri, -re `kollern' (of rooster, cock), ccuru interjection; `crow, cackle'; Lithuanian kakark ` cock-a-doodle-doo, call of a rooster ', klruss. etc.

III. Old Indic kurkua-, kukkua- m. `rooster, cock', kukkubha- m. (Middle Indic for

Modern High German kikeriki (older kkeruk, kkerlkh), md. kuckern, kockern, kcken

kukurku ds., serb. kukrijem-, -ijkati, russ. kukorkat etc. `crow, cackle', gr. ds. Maybe alb. kukurisem ` laugh ' a Slavic loanword. Maybe alb. kikiriku ` cock cackle ' a Germanic loanword. Maybe alb. kakaris ` hen cackle ', a Lithuanian loanword. probably `gamecock, fighting cock '. Page(s): 611 IV. Gr. , `rooster, cock' Hes.; Oscan cicirrus, cognomen of Messius,

References: WP. I 455 f., WH. I 126, 212, 242, 300.

Meaning: to fare well, be successful

kobRoot / lemma: kob-

Material: Old Irish cob n. `victory', gall. Ver-cobius, *Cobo-nertos > Cobnertos MN, bryn, poln. Kobry in Gouv. Grodno);

Cobrnus, -rnius MN (also in Slavic shifted as Kobryn, whereof the town name of russ. Old English gehp ` fitting', nasalized Swedish hampa sig ` occur ' = Norwegian heppa

happen ` occur ', happy `lucky' from Nord.);

ds., heppen `lucky, gnstig', Old Icelandic happ n. `luck' (engl. hap ` chance, luck ', to

(Greek Mythology), protective ghost ', Church Slavic kob ` augury, the observance of

Old Bulgarian kob f. ` fortune, chance, good or bad, Muse, poet's source of inspiration

bird's flight or encounter ', today dial. ` horror, monster ', Serbo-Croatian kb `good omen, congratulation; foreboding, bad foreboding ', etc. Maybe alb. kob ` horror, bad omen ' a Slavic loanword. Page(s): 610 References: WP. I 457 f.

omens, interpretation of omens, divination ', russ. old kob ` divination, foreboding after the

Root / lemma: koi-lokoi-lo-

Meaning: naked; miserable Note: Note: only Celtic and Baltic

macilentus, macer ';

Material: Old Irish cil, cel ` narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin ', cymr. corn. cul ` Latvian kals ` naked, bald, bleak, bare', kali audis ` married couple without children '

(could also belong to kai- ` alone '). Page(s): 610

References: WP. I 326, 455, WH. I 130.

Meaning: to care for, cure

koisRoot / lemma: kois-

Material: Latin cra ` care ', cr, -re `to care for, take pains with, be solicitous for, look solicitous for, look to, attend to, regard ', Umbrian kuratu ` to care for '; in addition at most Gothic ushaista `poor' as ` neglected '? Here perhaps gall. PN Koisis, Coisa. References: References: WP. I 455, WH. I 314, 859. Page(s): 611

to, attend to, regard ', Old Latin coiravit etc., pal. coisatens ` to care for, take pains with, be

Meaning: squeaking noise

Root / lemma: koi-, kukoi-

Material: Gr. ` squeak as a sucking pig ', Modern High German quieken, quieksen, References: WP. I 455, Berneker 656 f., Trautmann 147. quietschen, Lithuanian kvkti, russ. kvit ` squeak, chirp, twitter, whimper ' etc.

Page(s): 610

s Root / lemma: koks (*hoh) Note: (Aryan also *kokso-s)

Meaning: a part of body (foot, hip. etc..)

kaa- m. `Achsel' (proves -ks-); common Old Indic h- > kLatin coxa f. `hip, haunch';

Material: Old Indic kk f., kaka- m. `Achselgrube, Gurtgegend the Pferde', Avestan

Maybe Rumanian coaps `thigh' : alb. kofsha `thigh', kafsha `animal (*meat)', kafshoj `bite (like an animal)' common Rumanian-Illyrian khs- > phs-, fs-.. borrowed from Latin); Old Irish coss f. `foot', abrit. - perhaps ` white foot ' (but cymr. cs `leg' is Old High German hhsina ` knee bow of the hind leg ', Middle High German hehse,

Modern High German Hchse, Hesse Bavarian Haxn. Page(s): 611 References: WP. I 456 f., WH. I 188, 283, 858.

Meaning: glue Note:

kol( Root / lemma: kol()i-

kol( Root / lemma: kol()i- : `glue' derived from a reduction of the extended *glei-b - Root / gellemma: gel-1 : `to curl; round' [see above]. Material: Gr. ` glue ' (*);
h

Middle Dutch Middle Low German helen `stick, glue' (*haljan); Berneker 659 f.); Lithuanian kleja ` glue ' is loanword from Slavic; Slavic -l- reduced Old Church Slavic klj, klej ` glue ' (proto Slavic. forms *klj, klj, ke, s.

grade to -ol-.

Page(s): 612

References: WP. I 464, Trautmann 144 f.

Meaning: to spin

kol klRoot / lemma: kol- : kl-

Material: Gr. , ` spin ', actually `die Spinnerin', , - ` filament, spindle'; Latin colus, -s or - `distaff'.

distaff does not turn.

Against connection from colus with kel- `be spinning, move around ' speaks, da the

d ); the kinship at first with `basket' (`*netting') would be possible. Page(s): 611-612 References: WP. I 464, WH. I 250.
h

formally could be a d -present from a heavy basis kol- : kl- (*kl-d - or k lo h h

Meaning: ` young dog, animal-young ' Page(s): 612

koliRoot / lemma: koli-

See also: s. S. 550 under kel- `call, shout, cry'

Root / lemma: kom

Meaning: by, beside, at, with

cooperation, together' from *-- (*-i-s `going'); pleutica (Ligurian? veneto-Illyrian?);

Material: Gr. ` collectively, communally, jointly, cooperatively, conjointly, in unity, in Ligurian FlN Com-beranea, Venetic PN Com-petalis, hispan. PN Com-pltum, ComLatin cum `with, by', preposition and (after Pron.) postposition in Abl. (= Instr.), as prefix

com-, from which con- and before v- (as in Celtic) and vowels mostly coc-; eyes, in the face, openly, face to face ';

also cram, which is reshaped after palam, clam from co-ro- ` in the presence, before the Oscan com, con preposition `with' in Abl. (= Instr.), com-, km- prefix `with' (derivative

comono, Lok. comenei ` a place of assembly, place of meeting ' from *kom-no-); Umbrian the meaning ` with, at, by, near ', likewise in Abl. (= Instr.), prefix kum-, com- (c- again

com `with', preposition (only by pronoun postposition) in Abl. (= Instr.), stets postposition in

before v-: coaertu, kuveitu); Faliscan cuncaptum ` to take hold of, take up, take in, take, cria ` a court, curia, association ' probably from *co-uri); Note: The inanimate suffix -ur : Latin cria ` a court ' : , , Illyrians, , , Illyria, ur ur ria , speak the Illyrian language, :--hence Adv. . also , , Adj. , , , Illyrian: -, the region or province of Illyria, Italian comparative in -t(e)ro-, -, which together from two ones, the compared with receive ', Volscan co-uehriu Abl. ` a court, curia, association ' (*ko-urio-, compare Latin

typically, in Latin contr `compared with, against it, against' contr-versia ` a contention, face to face, in front, on the other side ';

quarrel, question, dispute, controversy, debate ', Oscan contrud ` in opposition, opposite, Old Irish cn- `with', preposition in Dat. (= Instr.), prefix gall. com-, Old Irish com-

(proklit. con-), cymr. cyf-, cyn-, corn. kev-; reduction of -m before u-, e.g. cymr. cy-wir, abret. keuuir-gar, gall. Covrus MN, cymr. cy-wely `bed'; therefrom different Old Irish c `to, twice, at two times, on two occasions ', preposition
h

originally k; *kom-d o-s `understanding ' is perhaps the base of Old Irish cond `sense, mind, reason' (= Old Church Slavic s-d `judgement'); alb. k- = Latin co(m)-;

m. Akk. co a chle ` to his comrade ' = cymr. bw-y gilydd `(from one) to other', also with

Gothic ga-juka ` a connection, conjunction, comrade', ga-mains `com-mnis', ga-qiman ` con-venire ' and similar congruities; Germanic g- from - in the unstressed prefix;

for citation also of Germanic prefixes ga- speaks this basic meaning `with', compare e.g.

the nasal faded before the association with verbs and and according to their model also in Franconian ham-dii ` conirtres '; possibly overcome olde nominal compounds as gamains; unequivocal *kom stecktin Old Old Church Slavic s-d `judgement' see above. cognate kmta `besides, along, downwards, with' in: ta Note:

cognate kmta ` with' is used as an adjective like Anatolian and Albanian numbers in suffix ta n- > -nt-. gr. , preposition in Akk. `along, about - toward, through - to, in, by' in Gen.

`about - toward, along, downwards ', in Gen. (= Abl.) ` von etwas her herab ', also prefix; the verb Subst.; acymr. cant, mcymr. can, gan, acorn. cans, bret. gan `with, by, alongside'; `from, back, for, to - down'; kat-ta-an ds., in addition also (?) enclitic -kn, Pedersen Hittite Hittite kat-ta (a from m?), postposition in Dat` under, below, at, in, on,, by, with ' in Abl. Old Irish ct-, preceding ceta- (*kmta); in ct-buith `sense, mind' and also otherwise with

158 f.

22, 325 ff.

References: WP. I 458 ff., WH. I 251 ff., 857, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. II 473 ff., wrongly ZceltPh.

Page(s): 612-613 konmo knmo momoRoot / lemma: konmo-, knmo- or k nmoe e e e

Meaning: shin; bone

(Aeolic Akk. Nom. Pl.) ` shin pad ';

Material: Gr. f. `shinbone, spoke, the radius or ray of a wheel', , - f. Old Irish cnim `leg, bone' (whether gr. Celtic -n- = Indo Germanic n, i.e. - n-, or = with full grade the 1. syllable (kon[]m) and Assim. from -nm- to -mm- (out of it partly e

Indo Germanic -n-, i.e. full grade is the 2. syllable, is undecided); m-):

Old English hamm ` popliteus ', Old Icelandic hm f. ` thigh of (an animal)'.

Old High German hamma ` thigh, popliteus, muscle located in the back of the knee ', It is doubtful, whether the meaning from hom. ` projecting limb, shoulder of a

mountain (above the foot), mountain wood, covered mountain slope, public grove, an acrid maybe as fenced woodland is to be connected with Middle Low German ham ` enclosed piece of land', ndd. hamme ` fenced field' (see kem- ` to press together '). Page(s): 613-614 References: WP. I 460 f. herb ' through ndd. hamm ` mountain forest ' would be verified as old, because latter

kopsoRoot / lemma: kopsoMeaning: blackbird opop Note: (: kop- ` onomatopoeic words'?)

Material: Gr. - `blackbird', - (diss. from *-) ds.; assumption from Indo Germanic k- (because kos would be held on following see russ.-Church Slavic (etc.) kos `blackbird'. - Meillet legt (MSL 18, 171) under

consecutive s as k) an onomatopoeic word kop- the basic: Church Slavic sop ` play the b-d-a- m. `sound, clangor, discourse, word' (to -d-suffix in words for din, fuss, noise s.
2

flute ', Old Bulgarian sopc ` the court-yard ', russ. sopt `pant, gasp' etc. and Old Indic

Brugmann II 1, 467), pati ` curses ', -t ` declares, promises '.

Maybe alb. shqiptoj ` pronounce, utter, speak', shqiponj, shkab, gabonj, zhgabonj ` eagle (as black bird?)', (common gutturals k- > g- Celtic Baltic), shqiptar ` eagle man', shqip ` clear, fluently '. Page(s): 614-615 References: WP. I 457, Trautmann 299.

Meaning: war, warrior

koroRoot / lemma: koro-s, korio-s

Old pers. kra- m. ` war people, army; people', npers. kr-zr ` battlefield '.

Material: 1. without formant -io-, -ia-: Lithuanian kras `war, fight' and lengthened grade 2. Gr. (from *) ` military leader, king, master, mister' (derivative from

epithet of Odins from harja- ` army ' from; ` command; rule ', `power, rule', compare of the unadjusted *- EN as (Boisacq s. v.); Vlkernamen (`die drei-, vierstmmigen'); Middle Irish cuire m. `troop, multitude, crowd, bulk, mass', gall. Tri-, Petru-corii

* from * with formants -no-; also Old Icelandic herjann ` father of the army ' as

heri ` army, bulk, mass', PN Old Germanic Hari-gasti (Dat.), perhaps god's name (Neckel KZ. 60, 284);

Gothic harjis, Old Icelandic herr, Old English here ` army ', Old High German Old Saxon

military march';

', Old Prussian kargis (consigns kragis) ` army ', caryawoytis Akk. Sg. `military parade,

Lithuanian krias ` army ', kr `war, fight', kars `warrior', Latvian kar' `war, fight, army

compare also above kar-1 S. 530, where Balto Slavic examples can also belong here. karPage(s): 615-616 References: WP. I 353, 462, Trautmann 118.

Meaning: hazel hazel-wood ';

kos(e)loRoot / lemma: kos(e)lo-

Material: Latin corulus ` a hazel-tree, filberttree ', colurnus (*corulinos) ` of the hazel, of Old Irish coll, acymr. coll etc. ` hazel' (also gall. Coslo- in EN); (common Celtic alb. Old High German hasal(a), Old English hsel, Old Icelandic hasl m. ` hazel', Old High

abbreviation). [common Celtic sl- > ll-]

German hesiln, Old English hslen ` of hazel-wood '; Old Lithuanian kasulas ` Jgerspie ' as ` Hasler '. Page(s): 616 References: WP. I 464, WH. I 280.

kostRoot / lemma: kostMeaning: leg; bone Material: Latin costa f. ` rib '; Old Bulgarian kost f. `bone' (Serbo-Croatian kst ` rib '). assumption of a k- prefixe (to Latin os etc.) is incredible. Maybe alb. Geg koc, Tosc kos-k `bone, leg bone', kasht `straw, *bone? ' (common alb. diminutive -k k) k Page(s): 616 References: WP. I 464, WH. I 281.

krtRoot / lemma: krtPage(s): 616

See also: see above S. 584 under kert-.

kr[u]- kru kr uRoot / lemma: kr[u]- : kru- : krNote:

Meaning: to heap up, put together; heap; roof, cottage, shed

kr[u]- kru kr uRoot / lemma: kr[u]- : kru- : kr- : to heap up, put together; heap; roof, cottage, shed, derived from Root / lemma: ker-, ker- : kr-, kerei-, kereu- : head; horn, cow. er- er er er r- erei- ereur erei ereu corn. crow, bret. kraou ds.; Material: Old Irish cru, cr m. `stall, cottage, shack, shed' (*kruo-), cymr. craw m. `stall', Lithuanian kruju, krviau, kruti ` place one on top of other, heap, pack, load'; Latvian

some kind '; Lithuanian krv (Akk. krva) `heap', kriut, krut ` loft '; Maybe alb. (*kruva) krye ` head, top'.

kravt ` snatch ', krauja, kava, kuva ` cairn, pile of stones set up as a memorial or mark of

kanu (kauju), kvu, kat `heap'; Iter. Lithuanian krustyti, Latvian kastt `heap',

Old Bulgarian krov `roof' (*kruo-), ablaut. kryj, kryti `cover, wrap, conceal' etc.; with s-extension: russ. kra `roof', serb. krom Adv. ` clandestine ' (etc., also:) Icelandic hraun n. ` cairn, pile of stones set up as a memorial or mark of some kind, stony ground'. Auf kr[u]- based on perhaps Latvian krju, krt `gather, collect, heap', Old Bulgarian Labial extension (-b -): gr. `hide', ` clandestine ' , ds.; deceive', Lithuanian krpti `steal'; about Gothic hrt and Old English hrf `roof' see below with p-extension (compare above ) Latvian krpju, krpu, krpt `steal, cheat,
h

Old Icelandic hreysar Pl. f., hreysi n., besides Norwegian rsa, ndd. rse `heap'; Old

(with present formation d) krad, krasti `steal'.

krop- `gather, collect'; compare also klep-;

kred- and krapo-, also Mhlenbach-Endzelin Latvian-D. Wb. II 269; Tocharian kraup-, for Old Icelandic hraukr, Irish cruach `heap', such which could be descended

same sense dubious is Old Norse skrf n. `piled heap', skrfr m. `tuft', Norwegian dial. skrauv ` Schaumgipfel ', etc. (would have the movable s-). Dental extensions seem: Old Icelandic hrau f. poet. ` medieval coat of mail ', Old

themselves from a k-extension, s. another interpretation under sker-, skereu- `turn'. In

English hrad f. `jewellery'; Old Icelandic hrja `cover, adorn', Old English hrodan ds. (compare Lithuanian krudinu `allow to load?') besides hyrst m. `jewellery, armament,

armor', Old High German hrust m. ds., Old High German (h)rusten `arm, equip with weapons'. References: WP. I 477, Trautmann 139, 140.

Page(s): 616-617

krebRoot / lemma: kreb-5 Page(s): 617

See also: see above S. 567 ff. under ker-1.

kredRoot / lemma: kred-

Meaning: beams, roof

kredkr[u]- kru uRoot / lemma: kred- : beams, roof, derived from a suffixed Root / lemma: kr[u]- : kru- : kr krMeaning: to heap up, put together; heap; roof, cottage, shed.

Note:

Note: (kred-? see below)

Material: Gothic hrt n. `roof', Old Norse hrt `roof, attic ', Old Saxon Old English hrst ` Sparrenwerk des Daches ' (*krd-s-to-) = Dutch roest `perch, chicken roost, chicken ladder', Middle High German rz, rze `pyre, stake' (*krd; fem. collective as Old Church

Slavic krada); with Middle High German rz(e) `pyre, stake' corresponds to Middle High mnl. rte (*hretn-) and rte, Dialectal still rte (*hruti-) `honeycomb'; Old Bulgarian krada `pyre, stake, woodpile ' (*krd). krslas `stately stool', Latvian krsls, Old Prussian creslan `armchair', Lithuanian krs `oven', Church Slavic krosno ` a weaver's beam ', russ. krsno `loom; piece of canvas, Als ` Sparrenwerk, aus Latten usw. Gezimmertes ' kann hierher gehren: Lithuanian

German rz, rze `honeycomb', afr. rta, mnl. rte `honeycomb', next to which with ablaut

`stool', russ. krslo, Czech keslo `armchair', as well as Lithuanian krsnis, Latvian krsns

fabric', Bulgarian krosn ` Aufzug beim Webstuhl; Torriegel ', krsna f. ` cradle ', Serbofood or supplies'. Croatian krsna `loom', Czech krosna, krusna (old krsna) `pannier, basket for carrying

Page(s): 617-618

References: WP. I 485 f., Trautmann 141.

kregkergRoot / lemma: kreg-1 (and kerg-?)

Meaning: to suffer

Material: Old Indic krjati `afflicts, torments' (Dhtup.); Old Icelandic hrekja `torment, smite, bother, annoy, pursue ', Old Frisian hreka ` rend '. References: References: WP. I 484. Page(s): 618

kregRoot / lemma: kreg-2

Meaning: ` onomatopoetic word '

Page(s): 618

kerSee also: see above S. 569 under ker-1.

Meaning: to touch, brush

kreiRoot / lemma: krei-1

Old English hrenian ` give off a smell ', Old Frisian strong. V. hrena ` sense a smell '; Old English Old Icelandic hrm, Middle High German rm ` hoarfrost '; Lithuanian krn f. ` skimmings, cream' (` was man abstreift, abschpft '), Latvian kreju,

German hrnan `touch, stripe' (no-present); after Wissmann Nom. postverb. 152 ff. here

Material: Old Icelandic hrna ` have an effect, seem ', Old English aschs. Old High

krju, kret ` skim, remove the cream from the top of milk ', krims m. ` skimmings' (from the verb krjums ` was man abstreifen kann '); besides with Germanic p: aschs. hrpo, Old High German hrfo ` hoarfrost '. Page(s): 618 References: WP. I 478, Trautmann 141.

Page(s): 618

kerSee also: see above S. 567 ff. under ker-1.

krei- kreig- kreikRoot / lemma: krei-2, kreig-, kreik-

krek- Root / lemma: krek-1 (-k-?) Meaning: to hit Material: Gr. `hit, beat; weave, strike a stringed instrument with the plectron, of any

sharp noise ', (Cf. Old Norse hrll (*hrahilaz) 'weaver's sley', Old English hrgel 'dress', 'garment', perh. Lett. krekls 'shirt'.)

 ` Einschlagfaden, Gewebe ', ds., `to weave', , - f. `flock, tuft of wool'; Old Icelandic hrll (*hrahilaz) `a weaver's reed ', Old English hrol (*hrehulaz) `

High German hregil n. ` a garment, the skin, hide, fell '; Latvian krkls ` shirt ';

windlass, reel '; Old English hrgl n. `dress, garment ', engl. rail, Old Frisian hreil; Old

can also be followed by the Slavic family: russ. kre, krest ` mit dem Feuerstahl

if the Latvian word has received a second k through West Indo Germanic influence, it

Feuer schlagen ', klr. kresty, kresnty `fire hit', dial. `hew, hit, strike ', Serbo-Croatian (etc., s. Berneker 611).

krm, krsati `fire hit; scabble, cut or chisel stone roughly; branch cut off the branch '

Maybe alb. krism n. `strike, shot ' a Slavic loanword. Page(s): 618-619 References: WP. I 483 f.

Meaning: roe; slimy stuff in water spat, spawn of oyster '; refer to water moss ';

krekRoot / lemma: krek-2, krk-

Material: Old Icelandic hrogn n., Old High German (h)rogan, rogen ` spawn, fish eggs, Lithuanian kurkula Pl. ` spawn of frogs ', Latvian kurkulis ds., Lithuanian apkurkti `

Maybe alb. karkalec `grasshopper (jumping like a frog)' : Bulgarian (skakalec) misinterpretation of Lithuanian kurkula Pl. ` spawn of frogs ', Latvian kurkulis.

`grasshopper' [bullg. erroneous folk etymology from Bulgarian (skakam)`I jump' a in spite of phonetic difficulties here Slavic family of serb. krijek ` water moss, algae ',

coating in pools, water moss ', with remarkable ja: russ. krjak ` spawn of frogs ' (common Slavic alb. -e- > -je-, -a- > -ja-, ). Czech Dialectal okaky ` collective name for water plants '? References: WP. I 483, Berneker 613 f.

slov. krk, abo-krina ` spawn of frogs ' etc., ablaut. slov. krk ` spawn of frogs; green

Page(s): 619 krekRoot / lemma: krek-3

Meaning: ` onomatopoetic word ' Page(s): 619

kerSee also: see above S. 567 ff. under ker-1.

kremRoot / lemma: kremPage(s): 619

keremSee also: see above S. 580 f. under kerem-.

krepRoot / lemma: krep-1, krpMeaning: body erpNote: (or kerp-? see below)

krep(s)ker- (s)ker Root / lemma: krep-1, krp- : body derived from -p- suffix of Root / lemma: (s)ker-4, (s)kerMaterial: Old Indic krp Instr. Sg. `shape, beauty', Avestan krf, khrpm `shape, body', , (s)kr- : to cut (s)kr-

Comments:

Middle Persian karp ` body ' (Avestan xrafstra- n. ` predator ' from *krep + *[e]d-tro- to ed`eat'?);

compare to meaning Old High German gi-lh ` alike ': lh `body'); Common alb. Celtic -e- grade.

perhaps (?) alb. sh-krep, sh-kep ` resemble a little ' (sh = Indo Germanic sem, som, sm-,

Maybe taboo words alb. shkrep ` rock, fire rock ', shkrep, shkref, shkreh ` trigger, fire', shkrepje ` glance, flare, gun '. But alb. qep ` sew ' < sh-kep , shqep ` unpick, rip, tear, take out stitches; unfasten threads, resemble a little '; shqepoj ` to be lame'. Comments:

krep(s)ker- (s)ker Root / lemma: krep-1, krp- : body derived from -p- suffix of Root / lemma: (s)ker-4, (s)ker, (s)kr- : to cut (s)kr) (s)kerp-, (s)krep-: (s)kerp- (s)krepalb. karp, karm (*korp-n-) `rock, cliff' krep, shkrep `rock, slope';

Latin corpus, -oris n. ` body'; Middle Irish cr f. `body' (*krpes); Old English hrif n. `womb, belly' (*hrefiz- = *krepes-), Old English mid(h)rif, Old Frisian Old High German (h)rf m. `body, lower abdomen, womb', Old Frisian href, hrif `belly',

from the abdominal cavity ' (`*cavity in the middle of the body ').

midref ` phren, diaphragm, wall of muscles or membranes that separates the chest cavity Gr. , mostly Pl. - ` phren', which would prove the initial sound as k , is

probably based on the first part of the compound;

doubtful in its affiliation, because the suitable meaning from Old English mid(h)rif is

RC 44, 313 ff., Specht KZ. 68, 193 ff. would be Indo Germanic *kerp- taboo metathesis to *perk- `life, world, oak' (Gothic farus `world'). Page(s): 620 References: WP. I 486 f., WH. I 277 f.

it would have to be then a short form to a similar composition; after Vendryes

krepRoot / lemma: krep-2 Page(s): 620

kerSee also: see above S. 567 ff. under ker-1.

kretRoot / lemma: kret-1 Meaning: to shake kretskerNote: (whether as `bump, poke' with kret- `hit' identical? or extension from sker- `turn,

kreisend schwingen'?)

` move to and fro, shudder, shake ', Latvian krst `shake', Iterat. kratt, krtulis ` kind of sieve ' (Latvian kraitt `lurch' derailment from a *krit-); Maybe alb. kredh `turn, twist', shkrydh, shtrydh ` squeeze ', kridhem ` dive'; Middle Irish crothaim `shake', gall.-rom. *crottire `shake'; Old Icelandic hrar `quick, fast', Old English hr, hred `quick, fast, nimble, agile;

Material: Lithuanian krei, krsti `shake, strew shaking ', Iter. krata, -ti ds., kret kretti

Old High German redan ` sieve ', Modern High German Dialectal rder, rdel ` sieve ';

graceful; sharp, keen ', engl. rather ` very, quite ', Old High German hrad, hrat ` swift, fleet,

rapid, speedy, brisk, nimble, quick, prompt, active, vigorous, strenuous '; Old Icelandic hra `frighten (trans.)', hrddr ` to be horrified '; also Old English -hreddan ` set free, release, rescue', Old High German retten `move,

drive, push; set free, release, rescue' as ` von der Gefahr wegstoen '? Page(s): 620 References: WP. I 484, Mhlenbach-Endzelin II 274, 261, 256.

kretRoot / lemma: kret-2 Meaning: to hit Note: probably originally with kret-1 identical kret-

Material: Gr. ` rattling noise, made to collect a swarm of bees '; ` bang,

clap, knock, hit', ` clapper, tongue of a bell; rattle', ` temple, flattened region on either side of the forehead ' (actually `* the beating '); `mountainside, mountain slope; side', ` pointed hammer '; Old English hrindan, hrand `bump, poke';

in addition with probably original bare present nasalization of Old Icelandic hrinda, hratt, perhaps the Slavic family of Old Bulgarian krot, krotiti `tame', krotk `gentle, mild,

sparse, reduced ', if originally ` durch Prgeln mrbe machen '? Page(s): 621 References: WP. I 484 f., Berneker 624.

Meaning: blood, raw flesh; ice, crust

kreu- kreu kr- kreus- krusRoot / lemma: kreu-1, kreu- : kr- ; kreus-, krus-

wields a bloody wooden weapon ', i.e. xruvi-dru-, Avestan xr- f., xrm (= xruvm) Akk.

cruel, savage' (: Latin crdus?) in compound with i- for ro-stem, Avestan xrvi-dru- ` he

Old Prussian krawian n.), kr-r- `bloody, cruel, savage' = Avestan xrra- `bloody, frightful,

Material: A. Old Indic kravs- n. ` raw flesh' (= gr. F), kravyam n. `blood' (*krouio- =

`piece of bloody flesh', xrvant- (i.e. xrvant-) `terrible, frightful ' (: Latin cruentus), xrvyant` blutdrstig, Grausen erregend ', xrta- ` frightful, cruel, savage', xrnya- n. `bloody deed, congealed, coagulated* = `thick, hard', Old Indic kryati `makes dick, tight, firm', vaah- ` speaking with crude, loud voice '), xraodva- `hard'; serious crime, bloody abuse ', xrma- `terrible, frightful '; with a meaning `*clotted,

Avestan xrdra- `hard' (besides again with i- instead of ro-stem in compound xrudi-

gr. n. `flesh' (*kreus); krustatar ` crusta tegitor ' (Denom. from *krus-t), Latin crusta `crust, bark, scurf', originally ), crdlis `cruel, savage, heartless '; ` das fest gewordene Blut auf einer Wunde ' (*krs-t), crdus `raw, rough, hard' (*kr-dogall.-rom. crdios `hard' (*kroudios); maybe alb. (*krodios) krodhe `bread crust, coagulated blood, coagulated snot'. (see Pedersen KG. I 61, 251 f., II 97, Lohmann ZceltPh. 19, 63 f.), Old Irish craid from Latin crdus); because d in Celtic and Latin through dissimilation from r? Middle Irish cru (*krs), Gen. cru, cr (*kruuos), cymr. crau, corn. crow (*kruu) `blood' Latin cruentus `bloody' (see above), cruor m. `the raw, thick blood' (*kreus), Oscan

(*kroudis) `hard, tight, firm', bret. kriz (*krdis) ` cruel' (Pedersen KG. I 207; not loanword Lithuanian krajas `blood' (: Old Indic kravya-m), Old Prussian crauyo, krawian ds.,

Latvian kreve `coagulated blood, scurf, crust';

Lithuanian krvinas `bloody', krvinu `make bloody', participle krvintas ` made bloody ', maybe alb. kruaj `scratch, damage, injure', krua, kroje Pl. `liquid, rapid', (*krev-) kredh `plunge in water' [common alb. f > th, v > dh shift]; Kruja alb. city. Old Church Slavic krvn `bloody' (= Lithuanian krvina); `raw' (*hrawa-). '); Slavic *kry (*krs), Gen. *krve `blood' in slov. kr, apoln. kry, Old Church Slavic krv; Old High German (h)r, (h)rawr, Old Saxon hr, Old English hraw, Old Icelandic hrr B. Skyth. *xrohu-kasi-, gr. ` Caucasus, Caucasus Mountains ' (as ` smooth ice gr. `frost' (= *?), `make congeal, freeze ', `ice;

crystal', `frost' (*), from derived (?) ` eerie ', ` eerie, cruel, savage'; Old Icelandic hrisa, hraus `shudder', hrjstr n. ` rough bottom' (: Latin crusta), Old High

hrse `earth, ground' (these s-forms in relationship to and:)

German (h)roso, (h)rosa `ice, crust' (in addition also the name of Monte Rosa), Old English

Maybe nasalized alb. (*kri-) ngrij ` freeze', ngric ` frost' (common k- > g- gutturals in Celtic Baltic). Latvian kruvesis, kruesis `frozen ordure', Lithuanian atkrsti, preterit -krsa `

wiederaufleben, von Erfrorenem ' (`*freeze '); Mhlenbach-Endzelin II 291. Note: adjective prefix i-, e-, (*at t- common alb. Lithuanian. at-) at tdoubtfully Old English hroh `rough (of weather), grieving, wild'. (1922), 3 ff.

without -s- presumably Norwegian dial. ryggja `shudder' (compare ), much more s

References: WP. I 479 f., WH. I 294 ff., Trautmann 141 ff., J. Markwart Morgenland 1 Page(s): 621-622 kreuRoot / lemma: kreu-2

Meaning: to fall down, collapse

Material: Old Icelandic hrun n. ` breakdown, collapse', hrynia `fall'; as loanword to klr. krutoj ` sinuous, crooked, precipitous, steep ', see below kert- `turn'); perhaps Latvian krulis `falling, tumbling, dropping', kruja ` steep bank, border, shore', krauta `bank, border, shore'; with -s- Old English hrosan `fall'; with -d- Old Icelandic hrjta `fall, spring', Middle High German rzen ` move in a hurry '; Icelandic hroi `offal', hryr ` it bursts out ' (of vapor, fire under likewise), hryja `cold, damp weather, rain and snow'. Page(s): 622 References: WP. I 480, Trautmann 143, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 127. with -t- Old English hrig `snowcapped, topped with snow (about a mountain) ', Old Old Prussian krt `fall', kruwis `fall' (but Latvian kruts ` steil abfallend, steil abhngend '

Note: only Germanic and Baltic

kreu- krouRoot / lemma: kreu-3, krou-sMeaning: to push, hit, break

irritate somebody ', Modern High German reuen, Old English hrowan `afflict, sadden', Old Icelandic hryggr ` grieving ', Old English hrow ds., f. ` repentance ', Old High German (h)riuwa ` repentance ' (different Persson Beitr. 178); about Old Bulgarian krupa ` gobbet, lump, tiny bit, a slight amount, a little, a bit, a pinch ' (would be a p-extension) see below

Material: The unadjusted root perhaps in Old High German (h)riuwan `afflict, sadden, to

Maybe alb. kryp ` salt' a Slavic loanword. `pushing, thrusting, echoing '); hom. `stamp, strike with the hoof ' (*), ` ruptured, broken, damaged ' (*); Old Icelandic hrosti m. `crushed malt '; Lithuanian Iter. kriaua, -ti, Latvian krust `stomp', Lithuanian kr(i)aius, pakraius `slope'; Old Bulgarian u-kruch (Church Slavic also kruch) `piece, fragment, gobbet ', Old Lithuanian kru, krti (kriti) `stomp, grind ', kru f. `hail', Latvian krusa `hail', krous-: gr. `poke, push, hit' (*, compare , ; krous-

kreupkreup- `scurf'.

Bulgarian s-kruiti `break, rupture, grind (trans.)', s-kruenje `remorse, contrition' (poln. s-krucha ` repentance '), ablaut. *krch ` gobbet, tiny bit, a slight amount, a little, a bit, a pinch ' (russ. kroch `shred'), *krchk `frail, breakable, brittle ' (poln. krechki), *kriti (slov. kiti) ` dismember, break, rupture, grind' (etc., s. Berneker 628-630).

Alb. kris ` break', krism ` strike', krasit ` mow ' a Slavic loanword. Page(s): 622-623 References: WP. I 480 f., Trautmann 143.

kreuRoot / lemma: kreu-4

Meaning: ` onomatopoetic word '

Page(s): 623

kerSee also: see above S. 570 f. under ker-1.

kreupRoot / lemma: kreupMeaning: scab Material: Material: Gall. cruppellarii ` armoured gladiators of the Aedui [Celtic tribe] ', brit. Mons

Urillyr. 131);

Graupius (leg. *Croupios), because of Indo Germanic p veneto-Illyrian origin (Pokorny

hrof `rough, scabby, having leprosy, scabby ', Old High German riob ` having leprosy,

Old Icelandic hrjfr `rough, scabbed ', hryfe `scurf, scab', hrfa ` sore bark ', Old English

scabby ', hriup `scabies', (h)ruf, Pl. hruvi, Middle High German ruf `blister, bubble, scurf, earth ', rfe, riefe ` leprosy, scurf, scab', Old High German ge-rob, Modern High German Lithuanian su-si-krapti ` shudder together ', nu-krps ` scaly, scabby ', kraups

scab, crust, eschar, leprosy ', Modern High German Bavarian ruff f` crust on quickly dried grob;

`rough', Latvian kapa ` crust, scab, eschar, wart ', kapis ` crust, scab, eschar; toad ' toad, dwarf '; of the ruptured skin (becoming rough) (` goose bumps ') also Lithuanian pakrapti, kruptis `shudder, frighten'. Maybe alb. krup ` horror' a Slavic loanword.

(from the warty skin; Old Prussian crupeyle `frog'), kpu, kupu, kupt `shrunk', krupis `

alb. krip(), krp f. `salt' (*krp)]; this family probably actually `the ruptured ' or likewise to kreu-3, krou-s- `break, rupture, bump, poke', see there. References: WP. I 481 f., Trautmann 143.

at first to Old Bulgarian krupa ` gobbet, tiny bits ', etc. [in addition changing through ablaut

Against it russ. krpnyj ` coarsely granulated; big, large', Czech krup ` clumsy, rough '

Page(s): 623

Meaning: to shake, throw, move vividly

kreu- kreu kreuRoot / lemma: kreu-t- (kreu-d -?)

h

hrae-ms `bat'; probably Old Icelandic hraustr `rash, hasty, gamy'; perhaps as `be Old English hrod ` reed ' (*kreu-d o-); compare Tocharian A kru `reed'? Lithuanian krut, -ti ` stir, move ', kruts ` strenuous, active '; Page(s): 623 References: WP. I 481, Trautmann 143 f.
h

rttet', zerrttet ` shattered, ruined, destroyed', engl. rudder, ruddle ` sieve '; Old English shaking, fluctuating ': Old High German hriot, Modern High German Riet, Old Saxon hriod,

Material: Middle High German rtten (*hrudjan) `jolt, shake', Modern High German zer-

kr krokRoot / lemma: krk-4 : krok-

Meaning: to tower; beams Material: Gr. ` stepped copings of parapets, courses, steps of the Pyramids' lappets'; (*kroki); in addition probably also as ` protruding filament ' ` tassels, fringe, Note: with -u- extended

acme, apex ';

Old Irish crch f. (*krku) `end, limit, boundary, furrow' = cymr. crib `comb, cusp, peak, Old High German *hragn, Middle High German Modern High German ragen, Middle

High German rac ` stiff ', to rhe, Old High German *hrhi ` rigid, stiff ', further Middle High German Modern High German regen ` stir, move, uplift, set up'; Old English ofer-hrgan ` exceed; surpass, tower'; Lithuanian em. krk f. `stick'; forms the framework of a roof ', Czech krokva, old krokev, Gen. krokve ` rafter, sloped beam that forms the framework of a roof ' (Berneker 621). Maybe alb. (*krake) krcej ` jump, dance', krcnoj ` threaten (dance in a threatening manner)', diminutive (*krak-al-ec) karkalec ` grasshopper ' Slavic loanword. Page(s): 619 References: WP. I 482, Trautmann 139. Slavic *kroky, Gen. -ve in russ. krkva ` shaft, pole; toggle; rafter, sloped beam that

krpRoot / lemma: krp-1 Meaning: strong Note: only Germanic and Slavic

persevere'); Old Bulgarian krp, krpk `tight, firm, strong';

Material: Old Icelandic hrfa `bear, endure' (compare russ. krpitsja `endure, cymr. craff `quick, fast' from Old Icelandic krappr ds. (= krappr `narrow', S. 388). Page(s): 620 References: WP. I 487.

krpRoot / lemma: krp-2 Page(s): 620

kerp pSee also: see above S. 581 under kerp-.

Meaning: arm

kr(o)k-skoRoot / lemma: kr(o)k-sko-, -u-

Material: Old Indic kiku- m. ` forearm; Stiel an axe; ein measurement of length' (Middle Indic for *krsku-); (common alb. Indic kr- > k-) alb. krak ` upper arm, shoulder, wing' (*krok-sko-?); Maybe alb. krah `arm', kraharor `chest' [common alb. -sk- > -h-]. Lithuanian kirklis m. `stilt'; probably to Lithuanian krka ` Schweinefu, Vorderbein des Schweines ', ablaut. East Slavic *korka f. in sloven. krka, kra ` Schweinefu '; Slavic *krok m. in Serbo-Croatian krk (Gen. krka), Czech krok ` footstep ' and Slavic Quite unclear the ablaut relation. besides Slavic *kork in Bulgarian krak `leg, foot', russ. korok `ham'; in addition ablaut.

*korak m. in Serbo-Croatian krk, sloven. kork ds.

Page(s): 624

References: WP. I 488, Trautmann 118.

kromRoot / lemma: krom-

Meaning: wooden fence, etc..

Material: Old Icelandic hremma `catch, clamp ', Old English hremman ` tighten, restrict,

Note: only Germanic and Slavic

above the ship ground ' and Gothic hramjan `crucify ' (as ` an ein Gestell heften '); domesticate', russ. s-krmnyj `blushful' etc. (common Slavic alb. k- > sk- , shk-). Page(s): 623-624 References: WP. I 487 f.

block (a wheel) ' (`*with a beam'), presumably also Old Icelandic hrefni ` the lowest plank russ. krmy Pl. `loom', zakromt ` mit Brettern umstellen ', klr. prykromty `tame,

hinder' (probably from `*fence'), Old Frisian hrembend `manacle', Dutch remmen ` restrain,

Root / lemma: krtkr

Meaning: protuberance; breast; belly

Material: Middle Irish crott f. ` hunch, harp', nir. cruit ds., altbrit.-gall. crotta `harp', cymr. crwth m. ` hunch, fiddle, violin', croth f. `belly, uterus, vulva'; Lithuanian krts ` female breast', krtin `breast', Latvian krts `hill, breast'. Probably to kreu- ` curve ', see below (s)ker-, (s)kereu- `turn'. Page(s): 624 References: WP. I 485, 489, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 77 .
2

Meaning: to throw, be thrown

Root / lemma: kseip-, kseibkseip- kseib-

Material: Old Indic kipti ` throws, flings ', Kaus. kpyati, kipr- `quick, fast'; with ibt `throw', bkij `quick, fast', oibt `chop, cut, reject', oibtsja ` wander '. common Old Indic h- > k- : Old pers. h- > x- : npers. x- > Hence Slavic x- > - is of npers. origin. voiced-nonaspirated Old Church Slavic oiba-j, -ti ` avert, prevent; turn away ', russ.

Page(s): 625

References: WP. I 501.

Page(s): 625

kesSee also: see above S. 585 f. under kes-.

ks-en- ks-es- ks-euRoot / lemma: ks-en-, ks-es-, ks-eu-

Root kseub Root / lemma: kseu - (*hseub -) Meaning: to sway, swing Material: Old Indic kbhyati, kbhat (kubhnti, -nti) ` sways, trembles ', kbhayati ` sets in motion ', kbha- m. ` sway, tremor '; Avestan xaob- `go into raptures, become
h h

tumult ';

excited ' (xufsn), npers. -uftan, -oftan ` in Bewegung versetzen ', -b `perplexity, common Old Indic h- > k- : Old pers. h- > x- : npers. x- > poln. chyba ` swing, move to and fro '; chybki ` nimble, agile; graceful; sharp, keen,

error' etc.

rash, hasty'; klr. chybty ` be ambivalent, have mixed feelings ', chba (*kb) `lack, fault, common Old Indic h- > k- : Slavic h- > ch-

Page(s): 625

References: WP. I 502 f., Trautmann 144.

kseudRoot / lemma: kseud- (*heud-)

Material: Old Indic kdati ` stamps, crushes ', kda- m. ` push, stamping, crushing; flour, speck'; common Old Indic h- > k- : Slavic h- > ch). powder, mash ', kudr- `small; low, despicable ', compounds kdyas-; kudr- n. `mote,

Meaning: Meaning: to grind in little pieces

Old Bulgarian chud `small; small, evil, bad', compounds chudj (: Old Indic kdyasMachek (Slavia 16, 174) takes as originally meaning ` skinny ' an (Czech chud ` poor,

bad, lean '), which he consequently would place to Old Indic kudhyati `starves', kdhuka- ` hungry'.

Old Church Slavic: xud `small, insignificant, scanty' [adj o]; xudii `worse'; Russian: xudj `thin, lean, bad, full of holes' [adj o]; xe `worse' alb. Italic -d- > -l-. Maybe alb. (*kda-) holl ` poor, bad, lean ' common Slavic- alb. ch/h reading; common connection from Old Indic kudr- with Avestan xudra- `fluid' (see kseud-2) attempts kseud-

explain Batakrishna Ghosh (Les formations nominales en p, S. 21). Page(s): 625 References: WP. I 502.

Meaning: cuckoo cooing

Root / lemma: kuku

`goose; wolf' see below kn kn). ` shout cuckoo';

Material: Old Indic kkil- m. `the cuckoo pertaining to India ', kka- m. `cuckoo' (also Gr. , - m. `cuckoo' (dissim. from *-), : `shout of cuckoo ',

Latin cuclus `cuckoo' (directly shaped from *cuc); `cuckoo'; Modern High German Kuckuck; Middle Irish cach (or neologism to Old Irish ci < *kovik-s, Gen. cch?), cymr. cog

etc. ds., r. kukuvt etc. ` cry like a cuckoo '.

Lithuanian kukoti, Latvian kkut `cuckoo cry'; serb. kkavica `cuckoo' russ. kuka

maybe alb. kukuvajk `cuckoo' a Slavic loanword. Page(s): 627 References: WP. I 466 f., WH. I 299.

ku- kusRoot / lemma: ku-, kus- (*kukh-) Meaning: to kiss buNote: (compare bu S. 103)

Comments:

Material: Gr. , `kiss' (Greek -ne infix of the present *---[]). nene

Greek infix -ne : Hittite infix -nin which is used, like the more frequent suffix -nu in order neninnu-, ne nin nu to build the causative of some verbs : hark- "to collapse" harnink- "to throw down", istark"to be ill" istarnink- "to make ill". With the stop of the consonant shift in onomatopoeic words of Old Icelandic koss, Old

English coss, Old High German kus `kiss', Old Icelandic kyssa, Old English cyssan, Old High German kussen `kiss'; Gothic kukjan, East Frisian kkken seems out of it to be reshaped in the baby talk; Hittite 3. Pl. kuwassanzi ` they kiss '. (common -wa infix of the present in Hittite). wawa similar Old Indic cati `sucks', cucu ` munching the food '. Page(s): 626 References: WP. I 465, Kuiper Nasalprs. 151.

akak Root / lemma: kuak-

Meaning: croaking, quacking

Material: Gr. ` of the croaking of the frog ', Latin coaxare `quack' (probably imitation of ), German quack, quacken ` from frogs; cackle (duck) etc.', Swedish Dialectal kvaka ` cackle like a duck ', Old Icelandic kvaka `chirp, twitter', russ. kvkat `quack',

Page(s): 627

References: WP. I 468.

Maybe alb. (*kuak) kuak `croak'.

at(h)at(h) Root / lemma: kuat(h)-

Material: Old Indic kvthati ` boils, cooks ', kvth- m. ` Decoct ';

Meaning: to ferment, become sour

froth, foam', Old English hwaerian, hwoerian ` foam, seethe';

Gothic a f. `scum, froth, foam', ajan ` foam ', Swedish dial. hv (*hvaa) `scum, Latin cseus `cheese' (from *cso- from *kut-so- ` the coagulated ', ablaut equally with

Old Bulgarian kvas; the absence of u still awaits the explanation); Maybe alb. kos `sour yogurt, clotted curds' a Slavic loanword. v(s)-kysnti, -kysti ` become sour ', kysl `sour' (-s- from t + s);

Old Bulgarian kvas `sourdough, sour drink ' (kut-so-) etc., zero grade Old Bulgarian

`melt'; the from `ferment, seethe, sour become' entwickelte concept `faulen' schlgt die bridge to Church Slavic ksn `slow'; compare Latvian kust `melt, thaw - exhaust',

Latvian kst ` simmer, seethe, boil', ksuls ` mineral water ', also probably kstu, kust

Prussian ucka kuslaisin `the weakest '. Page(s): 627-628

kusint ` make tired '; Latvian kusls ` stiff, weak', Lithuanian dial. klas, kuls `weak', Old

References: WP. I 468, WH. I 176 f., Trautmann 147.

Meaning: bundle, bale elp kuelp-2 ` curve '. elpPage(s): 630

elk elk- kelk kolk kkRoot / lemma: kuelk- or kelk-, kolk-

Material: Old Indic krc- m. `bundle, bale, tussock ', Latin culcita `pillow, cushion'; s.

References: WP. I 473, WH. I 302.

Meaning: to stumble, stutter; to trot

elpelp elbelb p/b- klup/bp/b Root / lemma: kuelp-1, kuelb- : kulp/b- : klup/bMaterial: Gr. `trot' (*F, *kulp); Modern High German holpern, Dialectal holpeln, hlpen, holpel ` clumsy person'; under

German (h)loufan `run' (Middle High German participle geloffen);

us-hlaupan ` jump ', Old Norse hlaupa `spring, run', Old English hlapan ds., Old High

assumption secondary lengthened grade *kleup/b- one has added Gothic hlaupan `run',

klpau, klpoti ` kneel ', Latvian klpu Adv. ` stumbling ', Lithuanian klaupios, klaptis `

Old Prussian po-quelbton Nom. Sg. `kniend' (b = p), Lithuanian klump, klpti `stumble',

here or to Latvian klambt ` walk clumsily '). Page(s): 630 References: WP. I 473 f., Trautmann 137.

bow, kneel '; Latvian kluburt ` limp ', kluburs ` lame person' (Lithuanian klumbas `lame'

elpelp Root / lemma: kuelp-2

Meaning: to be curved

Material: Gr. ` a bent surface, curve, fold, hollow, coil ' (from kuolpos through diss. reduction of u against the following p); Old Icelandic participle holfinn `arched', Middle High German preterit walb ` arched ',

Kaus. Old Icelandic huelfa ` curve ', Old High German (h)welben ds., Old Saxon

(heofon-hwealf) ` vault of the sky, firmament, heavens, skies ': gr. ), Adj.

bihwelbian ` vaulted ', Old Icelandic hualf n. ` dome ', Old English hwealf f. ` bulge '

`arched', Middle High German walbe ` gewlbtes Oberblatt der Schuhe, Einbiegung des (two hollow dugouts put on top of each other).

Daches an der Giebelseite ', Modern High German Walm ; Gothic ilftrjm Dat. Pl. `coffin' That Old Indic krc- m. `bundle, bale, tussock ', Latin culcita `pillow, cushion' stand in

relationship to the root variation (*kuel-k- : -p-) of the above words, is quite doubtful. Page(s): 630 References: WP. I 474, WH. I 302.

Meaning: Meaning: to turn, wind Note:

erperp kuerb- (s)k(u)er (s)k(u)erRoot / lemma: kuerp-, also kuerb- (*(s)k(u)er-p-)

erperp kuerbRoot / lemma: kuerp-, also kuerb- : to turn, wind, derived from a suffixed Root / lemma: Material: Gr. `wrist' (fulcrum of the hand), ` agile, quick, fast' (s)ker(s)ker-3 : to turn, bend as Gr. `wrist' : Old Icelandic hreife m. `wrist'.

(formation as ; reduction of u through Diss. against the final position labial);

besides with auslaut voiced-nonaspirated ` drehbarer Pfeiler mit Gesetztafeln '; 172; compare perhaps tela vibrre, fulmina torqure); (common Celtic ku- > p p) zero grade probably Middle Irish carr f., cymr. par m. `spear, javelin' (Stokes ZceltPh. 1, Gothic arban ` ' (eilaarbs ` fickle, changeable ', gaarbs ` obedient,

submissive '), Old Norse hverfa ` turn, sweep, disappear', Old English hweorfan ` turn,

travel, change ', Old Saxon hweran ` turn, return, stroll, change ', Old High German

hwerban, hwerfan ` turn, turn back, work at '; trans. ` set in motion, tackle', Modern High German werben (compare the meaning of Latin ambre), Gothic etc. arbn `change',

next to which zero grade Old Norse horfa ` turn, think, belong' (*hwurn), Kaus. Old Norse hverfa, Old Saxon hwerian, Old English hwierfan, Old High German werban

`change', Old Norse hverfr `quick, fast', hvirfill, Old High German wirvil, wirbil `whirl' (and

Old High German werbil from *hwarbila- ds.), Old Saxon hwarf ` circle, swarms of people, crowd ', Old High German warb ` turn, rotation of circular battlefield ', Old English hwearf m. `exchange, variation', anord hwarf `das Verschwinden'; Tocharian A krp- `climb down, go down', krp- ` sich wenden nach, gehen '.

Page(s): 631

References: WP. I 472 f.

tt tt Root / lemma: kut- : kut- : ktMeaning: to shake, winnow Material: Latin quati, -ere, quassum ` shake; shatter, poke, push, swing, brandish'; Middle Irish cith ` a needle, bran ' (`*Abgebeuteltes'; *kvti-); ` bran ' in spite of still unclear is not to be separated; very doubtful gr. (bran), . Hes., whereof

quati possibly gr. , Attic (, , ) ` scatter, spray ' (in the weavers' language ` weave colored figures ', hence ` gold embroidered ', Doric Hes., epidaur. ;

there from `shake' could have also evolved ` shake out, strew, distribute', is identical with

m. ` bridal chamber, bridal bed '); certainly is to be connected at first with

`shake, toss, fling'; about forms with s- see below (s)kt- `jiggle'; (*aufrtteln).

Old English hdenian `shake', Middle High German hotzen `run, swing', nisl. hossa

Lithuanian kutintis ` sich zurechtzupfen ' (of birds), kunt, atkutu, ksti ` sich erholen '

Page(s): Page(s): 632

References: WP. I 511, II 601, WH. II 399 f.

Meaning: to wish for; to invite request, invitation';

oioi Root / lemma: kuoi-, ku-

Material: Old Indic kta- m. `volition, eagerness, intention, request, invitation', ktana- n. ` gr. (?) Hes., dubious also , Attic (*) ` morbid

desire of a pregnant women '; kvisti ` invite '. Page(s): 632

Old Prussian quits `volition', quoi `he will', quoitt `want, desire, will', Lithuanian kviei,

References: WP. I 475 f., WH. I 714, Trautmann 146 f.

resres ersers Root / lemma: kures-, kuers-, kursMaterial: Gr. `Steineiche', whether from *kurs-no-s (?); gall. prenne ` arborem Meaning: wood, trees

ablaut. Old Irish crann (*kurs-no-), Gen. cruinn ds., cymr. prys (prysg) ` spinney' (*kurs-to); Old English hyrst `shrubbery, bush, spinney', Old Saxon Old High German mud. horst, hurst ds., Modern High German Horst ` eyrie, nest of a bird of prey ' (*kurs-to-; less `deadwood, shrub, bush', slov. hrst `oak' (*kuors-to-?), with unexplained anlaut. probably above S. 548); Slavic *chvorst, Church Slavic chvrastije, russ. chvrost

grandem ', cymr. corn. bret. prenn `tree' (*kures-no-); (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-),

Maybe alb. shkurre ` bush' [common Italic Illyrian sr- > rr].

Mikkola Urslav. Gr. 177. J. B. Hofmann (Etym. Wb. of Gr. 284) contemplates gr. because of Carian PN as pre Greek - Asia Minor. Page(s): 633

References: WP. I 524, Morris-Jones Welsh Gr. 128, Machek Slavia 16 (1939), 182 f.,

Meaning: bald

leu Root / lemma: k luo-, k leuoe e

` hairless, naked, bald', Old Indic klvlkrta- ` made bald ';

Material: Old Indic ti-krva-, -klva- ` completely naked, bald', Avestan kaurva-, npers. kal Latin calvus `naked, bald, hairless ' (basic form Italian kalouos from Indo Germanic

commentary also `skull'.

Calauan[s]), wherefore Latin calva `cranium, the scalp, bald head', calvria ds., in

*k leuos because of:) Oscan Kalvies (besides Oscan Kalaviis ` Calvius ', Paelignian
e

Germanic initial sound variation see below kal- `naked, bald'; other assonant words are kal(with expressive kh-) Old Indic khalat- ` baldheaded ', khalvta- ds. (: Armenian xalam `cranium'?). References: WP. I 447, WH. I 143 f.

About the tried arrangement with Modern High German kahl under assumption Indo

Page(s): 554

Meaning: cancer, turtle mermer kam-erRoot / lemma: k mer- : cancer, turtle, derived from Root / lemma: kam-er- : to bend, curve, vaulted. Material: Old Indic kamaha- m. `turtle, tortoise' (Middle Indic from *kamar-tha-); gr.
e

Root / lemma: k mermer merNote:

e e e e e e e

() ` sea cancer, lobster ' (out of it Latin cammarus ds.) = Old Norse humarr, Low German Modern High German Hummer; presumably as ` vaulted animal' to kam-er- ` curve '. References: WP. I 390.

Page(s): 558

Meaning: Meaning: gold; honey, yellowish

kRoot / lemma: k nk-

Material: Old Indic kcana- `golden', m. `name of a plant', kcana- n. `gold'; tinctorius '; gr. , Doric `yellowish, safflower-coloured ', ` safflower, Carthamus Latin canicae ` bran '; High German honag, honang `honey' (named after the color; basic form probably Old Icelandic hunang, Old Swedish hunagh n., Old English hunig, Old Saxon honig, Old

Note: (with unclear vowel gradation relations)

Germanic *hunaga-, from which Finnish hunaja; partially before g appearing n based on suffixes -ung-, -ing-); nasalization of the vowel through the preceding n and supporting influence of Germanic

vowel in disyllabic base);

Old Prussian cucan `brown' (l. ccan, i.e. cuncan; u is Baltic development from reduced

about Old Indic knaka- n. `gold' s. Kuiper, Proto-Munda 30 f.; marsh grass ' (: cymr. pn ds.); Page(s): 564-565 gall. caneco-sedlon barely as ` golden seat' here, also not to Middle Irish canach `

References: WP. I 400, Vendryes RC 47, 200 f., H. Lewis t. Celt. 1, 320 f.

Meaning: to fall cad);

adad Root / lemma: kad-1

Material: Old Indic ad-, Perf. ada, Fut. atsyati ` drop off, fall down, fall out' (: Latin Armenian cacnum (*kadio-) `fall, get low '; fallen ' (*kad-ues); cadcus ` fragile '; bret. kazerc'h `hail'. Page(s): 516 Latin cad, -ere `fall' (Oscan ankaum? s. WH. I 128); cadver n. ` corpse ' as `the Old Irish casar f. `hail; lightning' (*kad-t-ar), Pl. cymr. cesair `the finished ', corn. keser,

References: WP. I 339 f., WH. I 127 f.

Meaning: to shine, to flaunt protrude, stick out ';

Root / lemma: kad-2 ad ad-

Material: Old Indic Perf. ad, participle adna- `sich auszeichnen, jut, project, gr. Perf. , Plusqpf. , participle (Hom. Aisch.) ` honor,

grant ', (Pind.) ` prangend ', actually ` the shining ' (?), - ` excellent among men ', etc.; in addition m. `beaver' with transference of GN present seems neologism after ; inviolable, sacred, inviolable ' C. Gl. L. V 493, 30; because of the healing effect of the castor: (> Old Indic kastr f. ` musk '); perhaps Middle Irish c(i)d `holy', wherefore gall. caddos ` consecrated, established as abrit. Belatu-cadrus epithet of ` god of war '?? reshuffling a *katros `valiant' (compare

katkat- `fight') to kadros would be certainly excluded totally.

Page(s): 516-517

References: WP. I 340.

akak Root / lemma: kak-

Meaning: to become thin

Material: Avestan kasu- ` small, little', compounds Superl. kasyah-, kasita-; Modern High German hager (Trautmann ZfdtWtf. 7, 267, KZ. 43, 153); Lithuanian nukati ` become totally weakened '.

Page(s): 521-522

References: WP. I 334.

ak- kekak ek Root / lemma: kak- (kek-?) (*keh-) Meaning: to help; to be able Material: Old Indic aknti ` can, is able, helps ', Desid. kati ` helps, honors, serves,

ka- m. ` power, help', k- `strong, helpful; m. helper ', kman- n. `help'; compare kvan- `skilful'; common Old Indic h- > k- : Avestan h- > x-, Maybe alb. sak-t ` accurate '

learns ', akt- f. `help', akr- `wealthy', agm- `wealthy, helpful', sc f. `fortune, help',

saxt `hard, tight, firm, very' = Old Indic akta- `wealthy'; Old Irish ccht `power' (*kankt- or *kenkt-);

Avestan saaiti `of course, certainly, surely, naturally ', Desid. sixaiti ` learns ', npers.

also Old English hagan ` genitalia ', Middle High German hagen ` breeding bull ', Modern High German dial. hegel ds., haksch ` breeding pig ', Modern High German hecken ` copulate (of birds)', engl. hatch `brood', Old High German hegi-druosa `testicle'.

Perhaps Lithuanian kank, kkti ` reach, suffice, hand, give ' (Reihenwechsel?); doubtful

Also, because never -h-, but only -g- in root final sound, Germanic family Old Icelandic

hagr ` fitting, skilful', hagr m. ` position, benefit, advantage, prosperity ', haga `dispose',

the ti-stem Old Indic akti-), Old High German stem participle ki-hagan, bihagan `cheerful', Middle High German behagen `fit, suit, be right ', Modern High German behagen, Middle High German hage m. `enjoyment, satisfaction ', Old Saxon bihagn `please, favor ', Old

hgr, hgr ` fitting, comfortable ', httr (*hahtu-) `manner, way ' (would be tu-stem besides

English onhagian `fit, please ', gehagian unpers. `chance, occasion ';

under assumption from auslaut -gh- compares Zupitza gutturals 104 with prakr. ca(y)ati `is rafrm) ` granting help ', agman- n. `gift', agvah- ` offering, granting ', admittedly on Tocharian A kkmart, kamart `power, rule'. Page(s): 522 References: WP. I 333, 334. able ', Acoka-Inschr. caghati ` is ready, willing for something ', Avestan agd- (with

the other hand in its e-vocalism does not agree so directly with Germanic a : ;

ankank Root / lemma: kankPage(s): 526

See also: s. kk-1 and kk-2.

Meaning: gray

as- as-noas as Root / lemma: kas-, kas-no-

Material: Latin cnus (*cas-no-s) `gray, ash-colored ', Paelignian casnar ` old, aged, cas-cus `old' (originally ` aged-gray ');

advanced in years ', Old High German hasan `gray gleaming, finely polished '; sabin.-Latin Old Norse hss (*kas-uo-), Old English hasu ` gray-brown', Middle High German heswe

`pallid, faint, languid'. `gray'):

In addition the descriptive name of rabbit (compare russ. srjk ` grey hare' : sryj

Germanic e seems Norwegian Swedish Dialectal jase = Old Norse *hjasi), Old Prussian sasins m. `hare', sasin-tinklo ` hare's snare', PN Sassenpile ` hare's mountain'. An extension of the stem *kasen- (: kas-n-o-) and *kaseu-, kasou- (: kas-u-o-) with
h h

haso, with gramm. variation Old English hara, Old Norse heri (an ablaut formation with

extension of a *cein = *kasn ` doe, female hare', Pedersen KG. I 86); Old High German

Old Indic a- m. (from *as-), afghan. soe, Pmird. si; cymr. ceinach (-ach-

formants-d o- and zero grade of the root syllable is supposed in gr. `blond, brown' ostensibly ` golden ', whether from *ks-ou-d o-, but very dubious. 329.
h

from *ks-en-d o- (whether - amalgamation from *- and *- =*n-)? and

References: WH. I 156, Hofm. Etym. Gr. Wb. 221, Trautmann 330, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I

Page(s): 533 atat Root / lemma: kat-

Meaning: to fight; battle

Material: Old Indic tyati ` smashes to pieces, throws down '; tru- m. `besieger, fiend'; troop, multitude, crowd', cymr. cad ds., corn. cas m. `fight, struggle'; cymr. cadr (*kat-ro-) kadarn `valiant'; in addition also after Loth RC 42, 84 f. cymr. cadw m. ` troop, multitude, crowd' (*katuo-), as Verb `preserve, protect, shield '; abrit. Mars Belatu-cadros contains whereas the root kad- `gleam'; adad Old Icelandic ho f. `fight' (= gall. catu-), GN Hr, Gothic MN Theuda-hatha-s, Old gall. catu- `fight, struggle' in GN Catu-rx `battle king', Old Irish cath `fight, struggle;

`strong', abret. cadr, Middle Breton kazr, nbret. kaer `beautiful'; cymr. cadarn `strong', bret.

English heau-, Old High German hadu- `fight, struggle' in names as Hadu-mr, Hedwig; Middle High German hader `quarrel, fight'; whether one here Slavic k- for k- accepts the possibly (compare above S. 18 ), Old
1

Bulgarian kotora, russ.-Church Slavic kotera ` fight, struggle ';

possible would be citation of thrak. VN the , -; interrelate with Armenian sayl ` cart ' (Armenian-Phrygian *satilia), which is the original That in gr. ` luxury chariot ', , as Phrygian words

meaning of ` chariot ', is unproveable. Page(s): 534

References: WP. I 339, 340, Vendryes RC. 43, 246, M. Leumann Hermes 68, 359.

Meaning: uneasiness, displeasure, hate Note: It derived from Root / lemma: od-2 (*had-): `disgust, hate' earlier Root / lemma: od-1 (*hadodhadodhadhad : had ): `to smell, *have repulsive smell', old laryngeal centum - > a-, e- : satem - > s- ; : Material: Old Indic ri-das- ` worrying about the stranger '; Avestan sdra- n. `affliction, labour pains, mischief ' (Geldner KZ. 27, 242f.); dead, funeral rites, mourning, connexion by marriage ', ` most worthy of one's gr. n., Doric `sorrow, mourning, care about, anxiety, grief, esp. for the

d- des- dd des d Root / lemma: kd- : kdes- : kd-s-

care, most cared for ', ` cared for, beloved, areful of, or caring for, of a funeral or supply, tend, look after; bury; be related by marriage ', ` protector; undertaker; connexion by marriage ', `make worried, sadden ', also ` injure, hurt '; ` untroubled, unburied ', whereof `neglect'; 242);

tomb, sepulchra ', , Cretan ` connexion by marriage ', ` provide,

Oscan cadeis amnud ` inimcitiae caus ' (: Modern High German Ha, Kern KZ. 21,

(*kdo-s) `affliction, mourning, grief';

passion, displeasure, indignation, disdain ' corn. cueth, Middle Breton cuez, nbret. keuz

from Gothic hatis); cymr. cawdd ` disfavor, offence, hatred, enmity, anger, wrath, rage, ire,

Middle Irish caiss, cymr. cas, bret. cas `hate' (*kds-i- as further formations of -es-stem

m., Old High German haz m. `hate' partly also `lose control of in pursuit', hence the

Gothic hatis n. `hate, rage, fury', Old Norse hatr n., Old English hete m., Old Saxon heti

meaning ` pursue ' from Old Norse hata, Old Saxon hton partly also Old High German '; ablaut. Old Saxon hoti ` hostile '; Tocharian A kat ` destruction '. See also: compare above kd-. References: WP. I 340 f.,

hazzn, compare also Old High German hetzen from *hatjan; for a basic meaning ` pursue

Page(s): 517

Meaning: to jump, spring out

Root kk kk [i]k- k[i]k k Root / lemma: kk-1 : kk-, probably k[i]k- : kk-

Material: Gr. ` rise, bubble out ', . Hes., , -, Doric f. ` all bubbling out (blood; magenta juice; burning fat; steam) '; Lesbian ds. Hes.;

Note: (with kk- as ablaut neologism from kk-)

horse) ' (compare ) and Old High German hengist, Old English hengest `stallion, besides *hanhista (gramm. variation) in Old Norse hestr `horse', to Positive *hanha-, in

Lithuanian kti `spring, dance '; nasalized anks `agile', anknti ` make spring (of a

uncastrated male horse', actually Superl. ` best of all jumping, riding ', Germanic *hangista

addition Dat. Proto Norse hahai `the rusher, racer' and Old High German Hh-, Hang-, Old

Icelandic H- in PN; in addition Celtic *kankstik `mare' in cymr. caseg ds., bret. Pl. kezeg ` horse', dial. ` mare', acorn. cassec `mare', gall. PN Cassiciate (Lok.) ` Pferdepark '. For kik-: kk- one introduces probably thrak.-Phrygian () ` dance of the satyrs to

honor of the Dionysos ' (namely by Lex., but Eur. Cycl. 37 also may be evaluated with ), probably also f. ` power ', accurate ` flexibility, briskness', , Zonar, ep. Ionian , - `weak, flabby'; acorn. chic `flesh'. Page(s): 522-523

Pedersen KG. I 51 places here (:) Irish cch f. ` female breast', cymr. cig, bret. kik, s. v. Hengst.

Meaning: branch

ankank Root / lemma: kk-2, nasalized kank-

Material: Old Indic kh f. `bough' (: Gothic hha, Armenian cax); kala- m. n. `chip,

splinter, splinter, wooden log, schnitzel, shred' (: Lithuanian akals); ak- m. ` wooden akti- f. `spear, javelin' (: Old Irish ccht);

nail, peg, plug, picket, pole, stick ' (: Old Church Slavic sk, cymr. cainc, Old Norse hr); Armenian cax `twig, branch', perhaps loanword from pers. x ds., and these from Old
8 2

*kskh-;

Indic kh; after Meillet Esquisse 36, Slave commun 23 f. rather from Indo Germanic because of the meaning doubtful alb. thek `fringe, tail ', compare after all the same

meaning from Norwegian hekel ` corner, tail' under *keg-;

`bough', Middle Irish gc, nir. gag `bough' (with secondary voiced-nonaspirated in anlaut), Hubschmied Vox Rom. III 123 ; Old Irish gscae `twig, branch, bough'; with t-suffix Old
3

cymr. cainc (*kank, compare u-stem of Old Indic aku-), Pl. cangau, mcymr. canghau

with -sk- suffix gallo-rom. *gascaria (French jachre) ` arid land', actually ` arable field ',

Irish ccht `plough' (probably as *kank-to- next-related to Old Indic akti-);

(*hanhila-);

'; nasalized Old Norse hr ` oarlock' (*hanha, Finnish loanword), hll `peg, plug, stick'

Gothic hha `plough' (= Old Indic kh), Old High German huohili ` a small arable field

Old Indic kala-), akns, Old Prussian sagnis f., Latvian sakne `root'; Lithuanian akarnis

Lithuanian ak `bough' (ablaut. with Old Indic kh), k ` fork ', akals `splinter' (:

11

References: WP. I 334, Hofmann Etym. Gr. Wb. 142, Kluge

twig, branch, shoot, sprout, sprig ';

` brachiating ', Latvian sakrnis ` Wurzelende '; Old Church Slavic *sk ` a tender young Slavic socha `club, cudgel (Old Church Slavic etc.), hook, plough (russ.), Gabelstange '

(poln.), poln. rozsocha ` forked bough', Old Church Slavic posoch m. `cudgel, club'. References: WP. I 335, Trautmann 297 ff., Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 55, 254;

See also: compare under ke(n)g-, ke(n)k- `peg, plug, hook' S. 537 f. and kenk-, konk`waver, hang ', S. 565. Page(s): 523

Meaning: to teach, indicate

Root / lemma: ks-, kss s s- s-

Material: Old Indic sti, 1. Pl. im `weist zurecht, zchtigt, herrscht, befiehlt, belehrt', , as Avestan ssta-); Avestan ssti ` is called, teaches ', Opt. sit, a-sta- ` promise ';
v

Note: only Aryan and Armenian

participle Aor. int- `teaching', si- ` reprimanded, instructed, instructed ' (newer staOld Indic str- ` castigator, lord, master' = Avestan sstar- ` master, prince, lord ', Middle

n. `doctrine', ssn `doctrine, command ', Old Indic ii- f. ` punishment, command, order' (newer sti-), siya- `to instruct', m. ` learner '; Armenian sast ` reproach, accusation, threat, austereness, severeness, authority ',

Persian sstr `ruler', Old Indic str- n. `directive, teaching, textbook ', Avestan sx an-

sastem ` threaten, urge, order ', sastik `violent' (all iran. loanword?). Page(s): 533 References: WP. I 358, WH. I 179.

eiei Root / lemma: kei-1

middle, recumbent, lying down ', ni--tha- m. ` midnight ', etc.; Maybe alb. Geg katun, Tosc katund `village'. Maybe alb. kotem ` rest '.

sire, Old Indic ayate, -ti ` lies, rests ', ay, ayy ` lair ', madhyama-- ` settling in the Maybe alb. katua `basement, cellar, stable' a Greek loanword.

Material: Old Indic t (older y), 3. Pl. r, Avestan sate (: gr. ) `lies', 3. Pl.

Meaning: Meaning: to lie down, *die

(: Old Indic ayant); m., f. ` lair ', ` wife ' (with Ionian reduction

gr. `lies', 3. Pl. from *jnt-, reshaped after -, hom. ; new is hom.

from *-); compare bret. (d)argud ` light sleep (*-are-koito-); `bring to bed, put to sleep ' (compare Gothic haims, Old Irish cim, Latvian sime, also Lithuanian eimna, Old English hman). Second composition part --- in , , very probably (*kei-to-); Latin cnae, cnbula Pl. ` cradle, nest' (*koi-n) and Old Norse h, hi n. ` lair of bears ' Hittite Mediopassiv ki-it-ta (kitta) and ki-it-ta-ri (kittari) `lies'; perhaps also Lycian sijni

`lies' (Pedersen, Lykisch under Hittite 17). Note:

Anatolian Albanian k- : s- allophones before the kentum : satem differentiation. With the concept `home, trusted, dear': husband ' (*kei-liio-s), with secondary i cymr. cilydd `comrade', etc.; with m-suffix: Note: -m- suffix is of Illyrian Greek origin. lengthened grade f. `village' (*k[i]m); gr. (see above), ` preserved blessing' (from * n. ` lair '); with l-suffix Old Indic la- n. ` consuetude, character', Old Irish c(i)le `comrade,

Old Irish cim, cem `dear', acymr. cum, ncymr. cu etc. `dear' (koimo-); ing-heimr `die beim Thing anwesende congregation, meeting', Old English hm, Old Gothic haims f. (i-stem) `village, dot; Pl. ', Old Norse heimr m. `homeland, world',

`sleep on, marry', originally ` '); seimns m. ` servants ';

Saxon hm, Old High German heim `homeland, house, dwelling' (Old English hman Latvian sime f. ` house servants, family ', ablaut. Lithuanian eimna f., Old Prussian

Old Church Slavic smja ` servants, slave', smin ` belonging to the servants, slave'; Old Prussian caymis `village', Lithuanian kaimnas `Nachbar', kamen `herd' are the Lithuanian kimas ` farmstead, kimas `village', Latvian cems `village, meeting-house',

borrowing from Germanic *haimaz dubious;

Germanic i : ai);

Trautmann (112 f.) takes ablaut. Proto Baltic *kaima- m. and *kim f. an (Indo with ro ro-suffix: Armenian sr `leaning, tendency, love', sirem `I love' (*keiro-);

(= Germanic *hwa-) `intimate, dear, healthful '; Gnomon 9, 237);

with uo-suffix: Old Indic va- (= Germanic hwa-) ` trusted, friendly, dear, worth ', iv-

Latin cvis `guarantor' = Oscan ceus ds.; the i-inflection after hostis (M. Leumann Gothic heiwa-frauja ` householder ', Old English hw-cund `homey', hw-rden f.

`housekeeping', Old High German h-rt ` marriage', Old English h-rd ds., agutn. h-skepr siv- in Old Norse hera, Old Swedish h-ra ` district, region, area ', h-skaper ` family ' Hausgenossen(schaft) ' in Old Norse hj(n), hjn ` married couple, servantship, servants ', Old English hwan, hgan ` housemate, family ', hwen n. ` household ', aschs. sinhwun ` housemate, farmhand', hwa `wife', aschs. hwa ds.; with -ro- extended Old Norse hyrr husband', Old High German h(w)un ` married couple, servant', h(w)o ` husband; from *hwa-); the Germanic stem *hwa- is composition form *hwan- ` ` family ', Old Norse hy-byli Neutr. Pl. ` house beings ' (besides ablaut. *hwa- = Old Indic

gihiure `mild, comfortable', Modern High German geheuer, Old High German Old Saxon unhiuri ` scary, terrible '; Latvian siva `woman' (*eiu with the intonation change of Femin.). References: WP. I 358 ff., WH. I 224 f., 306 f., 856, Trautmann 112 f., 300 f. Page(s): 539-540

`friendly, kind, gracious', Old English hore, here `friendly, gentle ', Middle High German

eiei Root / lemma: kei-2

Meaning: a kind of dark colour Material: Old Indic i-ti- `white', iti-g-a- `whitish'; gr. , `fox' Hes., ` orange-yellow ' (-rr- probably expressive); Note: (see also k-ro-)

` tar coal '; co (*ki-uo-k-s) `fog', Gen. cach (: Gothic hiwi);

Middle Irish car `dark brown' (*kei-ro-), carann m. `beetle, chafer'; cir (*kiru-), Gen. cera

(*haira-) ` dignified, honorable, convex, elevated'; comparative *hriro, hr(r)o ` army '; Old English hwen `blue' (*haiwina-); Gothic hiwi n. `shine, appearance ', Old Icelandic hy n. ` fine hair, fluff, underfur ', Swedish hy `skin, complexion', Old English hiew, hi(o)w n. `apparition, paint, color, beauty', engl. hue `paint, color' (Indo Germanic *ki-uo-);

Old Icelandic hrr `gray, old', Old English hr, engl. hoar, aschs. Old High German hr

Church Slavic sd, Serbo-Croatian sjed, russ. sedj `gray' (if not reshaped after smd `gray', Old Czech div ds. show nevertheless of a proto Slavic. anlaut. ch-, that from whereas Persson Beitr. 304 Anm. 1 takes for proto Slavic. *chr a borrowing from Germanic *haira- an, which in itself has mixed with genuine Slavic sr. Besides an extended root form the same meaning: moki-, k-; ki-mo- ` dark grey '.

Old Church Slavic sr, russ. sryj, sloven. sr `gray' (*koi-ro-), with -d-suffix (?) Old

`pale, wan', bld ` greenish-yellow, pale green, pale, pallid '); Old Czech r, poln. szary

Pedersen (KZ. 40, 176 f.) is expounded from Indo Germanic kh- (probably expressive);

Maybe alb. (*kei-mo-na) shqiponja, zhgabonja, gabonja `eagle, black bird' : Old Indic ym- ` black', ymaka- ` swart, blackish ', yen- m. `eagle, falcon' : gr. EN . Old Indic y-v- ` brownish black, dark', Avestan syva- `black', npers. siyh `black'; Armenian (probably iran. loanword) seav `dark, black'; `gray', Old Church Slavic siv ` dark grey ', russ. svyj, serb. sv ds.; reduced grade Lithuanian vas `whitish, moldy (from horses)', Old Prussian sijwan

Bartholomae Airan. Wb. 1571);

Avestan symaka- m. ` name of a mountain ' (also sma- `black' with s- from sy sy-, Lithuanian mas, mas `greyish-blue, blue';

Old Indic y-m- ` black-gray, black-green, black', ymaka- ` swart, blackish ' =

after the conservative Dekl. as sene-x to Indo Germanic *seno-s); perhaps in gr. EN Mayeb alb. qime ` hair '. with other suffix: Old Church Slavic sin, russ. snij ` dark blue';

reduced grade *k-mo- probably in Latin cmex `bedbug' (`swart '; forms -ko-, as Subst.

In -n- formant: n Maybe truncated alb. (*kna) thinj `grizzle, gray hair' [common alb. k- > th-] Slavic loanword. based on a root form kiei- shine, appear, seem Old Indic yn f. (wherefore m. yt-

probably previously created anew after n : ta-, hri : hrita- etc. and vt-) a kind of falcon', Avestan sana- ` a big bird of prey, probably eagle'. In -b - formant:
h

colour `bright, white, reddish', and those named after the color Old Indic yen- m. `eagle,

Maybe alb. (*kie-b -on) shkaba, gabonj, shqiponj ` eagle' : Old Indic (*kiei-na) yen- m. `eagle, falcon', Avestan sana- ` a big bird of prey, probably eagle'. 179. References: References: WP. I 360 f., WH. I 216, Trautmann 306, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 121, Page(s): 540-541 eipo- oipoeipo oipo Root / lemma: keipo-, koipoh

Meaning: peg, sharp piece of wood or stone Material: Old Indic pa-, pha- m. ` tail, penis ' (with sk- prakr. cheppa- ds.); Latin cippus ` a pale, stake, post, pillar ' (*keipos); `edge, cusp, peak'. alb. thep m. ` sharp cliff ' (*koipos), tsep `prick, sting, point, edge, angle ', metath. step eipoeipo Note: also skeipo-

Maybe alb. sqep ` beak'. Additional connection with Latin scpio, gr. and root skip- `cut, clip' is probably. Page(s): 543 References: WP. I 364, II 545, WH. I 219 f., 856.

eipeip Root / lemma: keip-

Meaning: to wag, wave, pull faces

Material: Old Indic ipr f. `whisker, moustache, flowing plume, feather', Avestan (with meaning of Avestan sapa- is unclear; metathesis) srifa- m. ` nostril '; Avestan saf ` whisk, small broom for dusting '; the Lithuanian iepios, iptis and aipas, aiptis ` making faces, making facial

broadly, bare the teeth, grimace '. Page(s): 543

expressions ', ypl ` mocker, person who mocks, scoffer ', ypsa, -ti ` grin, smile

References: WP. I 364, Frisk Le monde oriental 30, 78 ff.

Root / lemma: kekek ek

Meaning: to defecate

Material: Material: Old Indic krt n. Gen. akn n. `crap, muck' ; compare chagaa- n. ds.; gr. `crap, muck, manure, smut';

meaning). Note:

(*kekur), Middle Irish cechair `slime, mud, ordure' (if ` bodily excrement ' is the original

Lithuanian ik, kti `defecate'. Perhaps here also Old Irish cechor f. Gl. `palus'

The inanimate suffix -ur : Celtic (*kekur `slime, mud, ordure' : , , Illyrians, urur) ur ur of Illyria, , speak the Illyrian language, :--hence Adv. .

, , Illyria, also , , Adj. , , , Illyrian: -, the region or province References: WP. I 381, Benveniste Origines 9.

Page(s): 544

*kakkaSee also: See still *kakka- `defecate'.

Meaning: to help

elb- elpelb elp Root / lemma: kelb-, kelp-

German helfan, helphan `help'; to glbti `help'. Page(s): 554

Material: Gothic hilpan, Old Icelandic hjalpa, Old Saxon Old English helpan, Old High Lithuanian elpiu, elpti, Old Lithuanian elbinos `help, aid '; unclear is the relationship

References: WP. I 447 f., Trautmann 302, Feist 255 f.

elel Root / lemma: kel-1

Meaning: cold; warm

Material: 1. Old Indic iira- `cool, cold', m. ` cool time, coldness', Avestan sarta- `cold', npers. sard ds., osset. sald `coldness', Avestan sar-- ` bringing coldness '; Old Icelandic hla ` hoarfrost (hi-hln-, compare Old Indic i-ira-); Dutch hal n. `frozen

smooth, cunning';

German Bavarian hl, Swiss hl ds., Old English hlig ` changeable ', Old Icelandic hll ` Lithuanian l, lti ` freeze ' (Latvian salt), ltas `cold' (Latvian salts), aln `

bottom', with lengthened grade Old High German hli ` slippery, smooth ', Modern High

hoarfrost (Latvian salna), palas `frozen earth' = Old Prussian passalis `frost', Lithuanian paols ` night frost, frost in the earth'; Old Bulgarian slana ` hoarfrost '. Avestan sar- f. `year' (see also Solmsen KZ. 34, 78 to Lydian `year'), osset. srd 2. Old Indic ard- f`autumn', with numeral, word that represents a number `year',

properly ilius);

`summer', npers. sl `year' (`autumn' as ` warm time ', also Lithuanian ilus `August', more Latin cale, -re `warm, be hot, glow', calidus `warm, hot', calor ` warmth, heat';

extension cymr. claear ` lukewarm ', bret. klouar ds.?

cymr. clyd (*kl-to-) `warm, warming' (: Lithuanian iltas); in addition perhaps from an eiOld Saxon halian `burn'; in Germanic became an extension *kleu-: Old High German

lo, flect. lwr `lukewarm, warm', Old Icelandic hlr ds., of weather (*hlwia-), hlna `mild hly n. ` warmth ', Old English hlowe `lukewarm', Old Icelandic hl (*hlwa-) n. ` protection, lee, side protected from the wind', Old Saxon hleo m` protection before the weather ', Old Frisian hl, Old English hlo, hlow n. `hideout, cover, protection' (compare also Middle become', Bavarian lunen `thaw', Old Icelandic hlka `thaw': Old Icelandic hlyr `lukewarm',

High German liewe, lie f. `bower, network of branches, shaded place', Swiss l `sheltered position, sunny side', Swedish lya `cave of animals '); Norwegian Danish lum, lummer `mild, lukewarm', Swedish ljum ds., Swiss lm `mild, of weather' , ndd. luk, holl. leuk `lukewarm'. Lithuanian yl, ila, lti `warm become'; iltas `warm' (: cymr. clyd).

Page(s): 551-552

References: WP. I 429 f., WH. I 137, Trautmann 297 f., 304 f.

elel Root / lemma: kel-2 Meaning: to incline Material: The base of the root form developed much more klei- `lean' (see below) and very Latin auscult ` to hear with attention, listen to, give ear to', originally ` bend the ear '

probably in consecutive words to recognize:

from *auscltre, derivative from *aus-kltos (Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 285, 333); different WH. I 86 f.; Lithuanian als `side, region';

German halda, Modern High German Halde ` mountainside ' (Old Icelandic halla ` incline ', helde), Gothic wilja-halei `leaning, tendency, favour '; Gothic huls ` sense of inclining, German hold ds. (Old High German huld ` grace, inclination ' etc.); in addition also Middle Old High German haldn ` bend ', Old Icelandic hella ` pour out, tilt a vessel ', as Swiss

Old Icelandic hallr, Old English heald, Old High German hald ` willing, inclined', Old High

gracious', Old Icelandic hollr, Old English Old Saxon Old High German Modern High Low German helde f. `slope', Low German hille ` space about the cattle stables for

sleeping ' (from hilde ` inclined, sloping cover ') and the nord. family of Norwegian hjell Icelandic hjallr `scaffold, trestle, elevation', hjalli ` bench, step, terrace ', hilla ` cornice, Swedish hylla.

`scaffold, trestle, bottom', Old Danish hjld `hayloft, chicken steep track, top seller ', Old board, shelf ' (= Middle Low German hilde); changing through ablaut Danish hylde ` shelf ',

Page(s): 552

See also: about kel- ` incline ' (with velar) s. (s)kel- `bend'.

References: WP. I 430 f., WH. I 86 f., 235;

elel Root / lemma: kel-3

Meaning: a thin shaft, stalk

porcupine', aly- m. n. ` arrowhead, spearhead, thorn, sting, prick', lyak- m. moorland '; in addition ar- `reed, arrow', ru- `arrow, spear, javelin'; doubtful Armenian saart` `foliated twig, branch, long hair';

Material: Old Indic al- m. `stick, sting, prick of porcupine', alala- n., alal `sting, prick of

`porcupine'; dial. additional form ablaut. ila- m. ` ear ' = Lithuanian las ` moor, heath,

gr. `arrow, projectile'; Middle Irish cail `spear, javelin', celtair f. `spear, spearhead'; Old Norse hali m. ` apex of a shaft, tail '; moor, heath, moorland ' (after the rigid stalks). Page(s): 552-553 References: WP. I 431 f., WH. I 304. Old Prussian kelian `spear, javelin' with West Indo Germanic k for k; Lithuanian las `

elel Root / lemma: kel-4

Meaning: to conceal

shelter, protective roof, cover, guarding' (: Modern High German Helm), lengthened grade enclosure, hedge ', lna- `verlegen' (*hidden, concealed); very doubtful Old Indic a-m., f. `kerchief, cloth, bandage'; gr. : `cottage, barn, nest'; m. `sack, bag, pouch '; hom. , stretched (as Latin cl, cella, Old High German hli) la f. `cottage, house, chamber ', l- m. `

Material: Old Indic ara- `sheltering', n. ` shelter, protective roof, cottage', rman- n. `

metrically , Attic `vagina' (*F; unclear Latin culleus `leather sack', Prussian kuliks `bag '); with labial extension ` wrap, hide', `hideout, hulft ` quiver ' (see below); Maybe alb. kul `hernia'. ris `paint, color' (arch. cols, actually `sleeve, wrapping, external side '); lengthened

from which russ. kul, poln. kul `sack, bag', out of it again Lithuanian kuls ds., kulkas, Old cottage', n. `bowl, husk'; labial shows also probably cognate Middle High German

Latin *cl (= Old Irish celim, Old High German helan) in occul, -ere `conceal'; color, -

grade cl, -re ` hide, conceal', nominal cella `storeroom, chamber, cell ' (probably with *cl), clandestnus `secret ' from *clam-de; also Oscan kala ` a place of concealment, cilium (from Plinius) `eyelid, esp. the low' and the older supercilium ` upper eyelid' consonant increase for *cl = Old Indic l); zero grade clam ` clandestine ' (Akk. a

store-room, cell, granary ' (*kalj);

probably from *super-keliom `the upper cover';

kitchen ' (not from Latin culna, but influenced in the meaning therefrom), Middle Irish luid ar cel ` obiit ', actually ` fuhr zur Hlle '; Middle Irish cul ` protection', culaid `sleeve, wrapping ' (*colu-), probably also colum, Dat. Pl. colomnaib `skin, hide' and cuilche

Old Irish celim `hide', cymr. celu `conceal', Old Irish cuile `cellar, warehouse ' and `

`mantle' (*koliki); Middle Irish clithar m. ` protection' (*kl-tu-ro-);

Aorist -hulan, Gothic hulundi f. `cave' (*k lnt ` the rescuing '), Gothic huljan, Old Norse
e

Old High German Old Saxon Old English helan `conceal', next to which from an present

hylja, Old High German hullen ` veil, cover ', whereof with Germanic Suff. -stra-, Gothic

hiding place, nook, bolt-hole, darkness' with Germanic suffix vowel gradation or at most

German hulse, Old High German hulsa, hulis `husk' (Old English helustr, heolstor `sleeve,

based on whereas probably Middle High German hulst f. `cover, sleeve ' and Middle Low

hulistr n. `sleeve, cover', Old Norse hulstr ` sheath '; in an old -es es-stem (see Latin color) es

Old High German helawa, helwa ` oat chaff ', Swedish dial. hjelm m. ds., Old High German Old Norse hjalmr ds., Old English helm also ` protector ' (: Old Indic arman-; word has shifted in this Slavic in Baltic: Lithuanian lmas `helmet' etc.); Gothic halja, Old High death goddess ' from *halja-, Indo Germanic *kolio-, compare Finnish-ugr. Koljo ` underworld demon '; German hella, Old Saxon hellia, Old English hell f. ` underworld, hell ', Old Norse hel ` hala `cover, bowl'; Gothic hilms, Old High German Old Saxon Old English helm `helmet',

with Indo Germanic *kelu-); compare in similar meaning Old English hulu f. `bowl, husk',

forest elf ', Modern High German Frau Holle `hell';

Norse hll f. `big house' (*koln); Norwegian hulder (participle Pass. f. *hul), hulda `

also under (s)kel- `split'; Old High German Old Saxon halla, Old English heall ` hall ', Old (s)kel-

the dead ' have merged already early with *hallj(n) `flagstone ' (to Gothic hallus `rock'); s.

after Szadrowsky (PBrB. 72, 221 ff.) soll Germanic *halj ` the concealing, the kingdom of

` concealment ', Old Norse hli n. ` hideout ', Old High German hli ` concealing, hidden '. Low German hulfte ds. (: ); compare also klep-. leplep leplep See also: s. also under klep- `conceal'. Page(s): 553-554 With labial extension: Middle High German hulft, holfte, hulfe, hulftr ` quiver ', Middle

lengthened grade Old High German hla ` the concealment ', Middle High German hle

References: WP. I 432 f., WH. I 195 ff., 214 f., 226 f.; J. Loth RC. 42, 88 f.

em// em//Root / lemma: kem//-4

Meaning: to be tired

Material: Old Indic amnt, mati, amyati, Imp. am-va ` exert themselves, slave,

`amyati', ima- m. `Zubereiter' are through das bedeutungsgleiche m `diligence'); myati ` stops, decreases ' from `*fatigued', Aor. aamat, aamt; nt- `relieved,
e

pieces, fabrics, leather', m f., mi n. ` endeavor, work, Flei' (brought about imyati =

work, prepare, concoct', amit- ` prepares ', amitr- `worker for preparing of pressure

peaceful, gentle, mild' (*k mts, is associated partially in the meaning close to myati); to be sick or suffering, to be distressed, meet with disaster, of the dead, i. e. either gr. `work, win by toil, oil, labour, o be hard-pressed, worsted, in battle or contest,

outworn, or those whose work is done, or those who have met with disaster ' (probably

participle (F), , Doric , ` wrought with much toil, epith. of ` fatigue, exertion, hardship, affliction ', -, -, , - ` untiring, fresh',

*km-n--, as Old Indic amnt), Fut. , Aor. , Perf. , Doric ,

iron (as distinguished from copper), elaborate, laborious, of persons, toiling hard ', ` the dead people ', as Attic ; o-grade - ` preparing wool ',

- ` groom, stableman ', `tend, look after' etc., `nourishment, care, cultivation etc.'; lengthened grade ` deep, peaceful sleep'; Middle Irish cuma, Middle Breton caffou ` distress ' (Pedersen KG. I 47, 361); Middle

Irish cumal ` slave ' (`*striving, strenuous ', as:) gall. Camulos ` god of war '? Page(s): 557 References: WP. I 387 f.

Meaning: stick, pole, horn

emem amam Root / lemma: kem-1 or kam-

seems Indo Germanic ; or = Old Indicmy?) `a part of the harness of the horse-drawn chariot ', npers. sm ds.; Armenian sami-k` Pl. ` Stirnholz des Ochsenjochs ' (iran. loanword?); gr. f. m. ` shaft, pole, picket, pole, shaft of javelin '; the chariot ', Middle High German hamel ` shaft, pole, clot, chunk'; Danish Swedish hammel, Norwegian dial. humul (-hmull) ` the crosspiece in front in

Material: Old Indic my `stick, spigot, wooden nail, supporting nail', Avestan sim (-i-

J. Hubschmid ZrPh. 66, 9ff. Page(s): 556

about the difficult Latin camox `chamois, small goatlike antelope', vorrom. *kamsso-, s.

References: WP. I 385, WH. I 148, 633.

Meaning: hornless, young deer

emem Root / lemma: kem-2

Material: Old Indic ma- `hornless'; gr. , - f., later also `young deer'; Hes.;

);

Old Norse hind f., Old English hind, Old High German hinta `hind, female deer ' (*kem-t-

+ forms -lo-), liv. loanword smoul';

Lithuanian em. mlas `hornless', mlis m., ml f. ` ox, cow without horns ' (*km--

perhaps here russ. komolyj `hornless'; compare also W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 619. Page(s): 556 References: WP. I 385 f., Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 132.

Meaning: to cover, wrap

emem Root / lemma: kem-3

legume, pod vegetable, bean ';

Material: Old Indic muly- n., mla- n. `woolen shirt ', am `Prosopis spicigera; Latin camisia (late) ` shirt ' (gall. word; borrowed from Germanic *amija- ` shirt ';

kamps ` mess garment, priest's garment used during Mess (Roman Catholicism) '); Alb. kmisha ` shirt' a Latin loanword. English cemes ds. is loanword from camisia;

previously from Latin stamen again Old Irish caimmse ` shirt ', acorn. cams ` white ', bret.

unclear is the anlaut in mcymr. hefys ` chemise ', akorn. hevis, bret. hiviz ds.; Old Old High German hemidi n. ` shirt ', Old English hemee (*hamiia-) `shirt'; Old Norse

hamr m. `wrapping, skin, shape', Old English homa `wrapping, cover, suit '; lc-hama, Old Saxon lk-hamo `body', Old High German lhhin-[*h]amo ` body, corpse', Gothic ana-, ga-

hamar ` core '; here also Gothic himins, Old Norse himinn (Dat. hifne with -n- from -mn-, compare:) Old English heofon, Old Saxon hean `sky, heaven', next to which Old High German Old Saxon himil, md. humil `sky, heaven'; Old High German himil also ` ceiling ',

bucket '; Old Norse hams `bowl, husk, serpent skin ' (*hamisa-), compare Norwegian

hamn ` get dressed ', Old Norse hama-sk `(* be disguised in animal figure, hence:)

`stone'.

German himiliz(z)i, Middle Low German hemelte ` ceiling '; barely right above S. 22 to akA s-form skem- one seeks incredible in Gothic skaman ` be ashamed', Old English

Dutch hemel ` palate, roof', Modern High German Himmelbett ` four-poster bed ', Old High

skamian ds., Old Icelandic skmm, Old High German scama `the genitals, shame' etc. (`*be covered'?). References: WP. I 386, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 346.

Page(s): 556-557

Meaning: to sway, hang `worried';

enk- onkenk onk Root / lemma: kenk-, konk-

Material: Old Indic kat ` sways, doubts, fears ', ak ` anxiety, fear, doubt', akitaLatin cunctor ` to delay, hesitate ' from *concitor frequentative to *conc, respectively Old Icelandic htta `venture, risk' (*hanhatjan-), htta f. `danger, risk ', hski m. ds.

Ableit. of participle *concitos = Old Indic akita-;

(intrans.); causative Old Icelandic hengja, Old High German hengn ` hang '; Old High German Middle High German henken ` hang ' from *hengjan, therefrom Modern High German Henkel, Swiss henkel ` sling, strap ', compare Middle High German hengel ` iron hook, handle, part of an object designed to be gripped by the hand '; in addition probably hang or lift pots ' (*hanhil); Old High German hhila, -ala f., Middle Low German hale n. ` pothook, metal hook used to Hittite ga-an-ki (kanki) ` hangs '. References: WP. I 382 f., WH. I 307; compare above kk- and keg-.

hang ', Old Icelandic hanga, Old English hongian, Old High German hangn ` hang '

German hhan (preterit hiang) ` hang ' (trans.); Gothic schw. V. hhan (preterit hhaida) `

uncertain ', Old Icelandic hanga (preterit hekk), Old English hn (preterit heng), Old High

(*hanhaskan-); Gothic stem V. hhan (preterit hahh) ` hang, keep suspended or

Page(s): 566 ensens Root / lemma: kens-

Meaning: to proclaim, announce

(*kns-), s f. ` song of praise to God ';

asati ` recites, praises ', sa- m. ` laudation, glorification prayer ', ast- f. ` laudation ' Avestan sah- ` to make publicly known, publish, proclaim, announce ', Optat. sahyt, alb. thom `I say' (*knsmi), 2. Sg. thua, thue, ablaut. participle than ` said ' (*thonsno-);

Material: Old Indic asyati `allows to recite, proclaims, announces ' (= Latin cnse),

sasti- `word, instruction '; snghait, Old pers. tiy `speaks, announces' (*a(n)hati);

'), an-censto f. = in-cnsa ` non censa ', Latin cnsus (: Old Indic ast- ` spoken, praised '), censtom-en ` in censum ', Kenssurines Gen. (= Cnsrnus); Old Bulgarian st ` to say ' (older root Aorist? compare Meillet, Slave commun 209). References: WP. I 403, WH. I 198 ff., EM 201. Page(s): 566
3 2

assess, rate, estimate ', keenzstur, kenzsur (= cnsor: Old Indic astar- ` he recites there

Latin cnse, -re ` examine, assess ', Oscan censamur ` censetor ', censaum ` to tax,

Meaning: to stick

entent Root / lemma: kent-

Material: Gr. (from the 5. Jhd.; older:) *, Aor. `prick', `sting,

besides --), ` embroidered ' (*-), ` pointed iron', `arrow', contus ds., whereof percontr actually ` to question strictly ');

prick' (forms-ro-) ` pricking ', ` goader, driver ' (to shaped after other -

f. ` pointed hammer ', ` pole, punting-pole, pike, crutch, goad ' (out of it Latin Old Irish cinteir (Latin loanword) ` a spur ', cymr. cethr `nail', corn. kenter ds., bret. kentr

` spur ' (borrowing aller from Latin centrum ` the stationary foot of the compasses ', only the ir. word to derive from Brit.);

Pedersen KG. I 198, is barely provable, but probably; Vendryes Ml. Saussure 319 allows Old High German hantag `sharp'; Gothic handugs `wise', Old Norse hannarr ` skilful,

smart' from *hanara-, actually `sharp witted, shrewd'?; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

Latvian sts (= Lithuanian *itas) ` hunting spear '. Page(s): 567 References: WP. I 402.

Meaning: empty, puny

enen Root / lemma: ken-

Material: Armenian sin ` empty, bare, lacking, vain', gr. hom. [F], Cypriot F, References: WP. I 390. Ionian (*F) = Attic ` empty, bare, lacking, vain'.

Grammatical information: only gr. and armen.

Page(s): 564

Meaning: variegated

erberoerbero kerberoRoot / lemma: kerbero- and kerbero-

Material: Old Indic rvara- `varicolored, dappled, dotted, spotted ', rvar f. ` animal of

Note: (compare S. 573 ker- besides ker-6 in color names)

karvar-, kabara-, karbura-, karbu- ds.); Note:

abra- (diss. reduction of first r) `varicolored, dappled, dotted, spotted ' (besides karbar-,

the Maruts, night ' (v stands for b, compare Wackernagel Old Indic Gr. I 184 and:) abla-,

The inanimate suffix -ur : Old Indic karbura- ` dappled ' : , , Illyrians, , , ur ur Illyria, also , , Adj. , , , Illyrian: -, the region or province of Illyria, , speak the Illyrian language, :--hence Adv. . arvar; gr. originally ` the dappled '; compare the mythological turn of Old Indic

Slavic sobol ` sable ' seems to derive from Aryan. Lithuanian krba (> Latvian irba) `swamp, marsh, morass' and contemplates *kerb- as The root kerb- seeks Lidn Stud. 50 f. in Old Irish corbaim `besmirch, sully' and

extension the color root ker- (see S. 583 kers-); Mhlenbach-Endzelin II 383. kersPage(s): 578

References: WP. I 425, Schulze Kl. Schr. 125, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 119, 262.

erd er erd er Root / lemma: ker o-, ker Meaning: troop, line Material: Old Indic rdha- m., ardhas- n. `herd, troop, multitude, crowd', Avestan sara, Old pers. ard- ` kind, type '; gr. `heap', ` rise to a head, tower up ', ` gather, pile up '; mcymr. cordd f. ` troop, multitude, crowd, family ' (*kord ; wrongly Loth RC 42, 276 f.); maybe alb. kordh `sword (of soldiers)'. (therefrom Gothic hardeis, Old High German hirti etc. `herdsman, shepherd') and Old High in Balto Slavic with West Indo Germanic guttural: Lithuanian kerdius (and skerdius) Gothic harda, Old Icelandic hjr, Old English heord, Old High German herta `herd'
h h h

German herta `variation' (actually `order ');

`herdsman, shepherd' (places ein *kerd `herd' ahead), Old Prussian krdan Akk. `time' (actually `*row, order '); Old Bulgarian rda ` division of the priests for the daily service of the temple, the

service itself, series after order of the day ' and ` herd', rditi `(* queue, dispose =) host ', klr. ered `row; herd' (etc.). Page(s): 579 References: WP. I 424 f., Trautmann 127 f.; compare paelign. PN Corfinium.

ered erd rd redred Root / lemma: (kered-:) kerd-, krd-, krd-, kred- (nasalized PIE kered- erd- rdMeaning: heart Material: Armenian sirt, Instr. srti-v `heart' (*krdi-); gr. (Attic), (hom.), (Lesbian), (Cypriot) `heart; stomach;

marrow of flowers ' (*krd(i)a), poet. , - n. `heart' (*krd); neologism after : ; Maybe alb. (*) krthiz `navel, center of the body', krthi `baby' Greek loanwords. disagreeing, inharmonious, at variance '; Latin cor (from *cord), cordis `heart', con-cors, -dis ` harmonious ', dis-cors ` discordant,

Maybe alb. krdia ` massacre ' a Latin loanword.

Latin cor (cordis) ` heart', Latin ex corde > Italian scordare, Asturian escaecer, Bolognese Portuguese esquecer, Sardinian Campidanesu scadesciri ; scaresci ; scarsciri, Zeneize ascord, Albanian harroj (common alb. sk- > h-). Old Irish cride n., nir. croidhe `heart, center ', cymr. craidd ` midpoint ', corn. cre(y)s,

dscurdr, Calabrese scordara, Galician esquencer, Mudns descurdr, Napulitano scurd,

dark colouring of the anlaut. consonance explanation finds (after cr `blood'?); the brit. forms require against it a basic form *krediom);

bret. kreiz ` center ' (the Irish can be explained from *krediom or *krdiom, provided that the

(*krd-on-);

Gothic harto, Old High German herza, Old English heorte, Old Norse hjarta n. `heart'

compare the old Gen. Sg. irds and Gen. Pl. ird, the Indo Germanic based on *k rds extended sras, Akk. sran `heart'; russ. sered ds.; and *k rdm; see Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 302); Old Prussian seyr n. (*krd), to m. o-stem
e e

(older m.) `heart' and serde f. ` marrow, seed in wood' (basic forms *rd- and ird-,

Lithuanian irds f. (older m.), Akk. rd `heart, seed, marrow of trees '; Latvian sirds f.

akl. srdce, serb. sce `heart'; zero grade Old Church Slavic srda ` center ' (*serda),

Hittite ka-ra-az (karts) `heart', Gen. kar-di-a (Pedersen Hittite 41). whereupon place, believe, trust' in Old Indic rd-dadhti ` trusts, believes ' (separated still e.g. rd asmi dhatta ` have faith in him, trust him!'), rad-dh `reliance', Avestan zrazd`believe' (from *srazd- through folk etymology support in zrd- `heart'); zrtNot here (but to Middle Irish cretair ` relic ') Indo Germanic kred-d - ` witchcraft red redh

Meaning: `heart'

[D-LSg] za-ar-ti-: 133 ii 4. zar-za `heart', zart- `heart' (with loss of nasal before dental stop) : Avestan zrazdcommon alb. Luvian Hittite -n- > -m- > -p-, -fUZU UZU

Maybe Alb. nasalized (*zanra) zemra `heart' : Hieroglyphic Luvian:

`believe' (Melchert, 1987:197-198; MA:262-263)] (Sapir, 1936:263, VW:235; H:100).

UZU

Attestations: [N-ASg]

UZU

Luvian:

Maybe

za-a-ar-za: 16 i 7*(?); XXXII 7,12.

zrt-,

za-a-ar-za,

Latin crd ` believe ' (*krezd-, Indo Germanic *kred-d -); changed to a fixed composition ), corn. crey, Middle Breton cridiff, nbret. credi `believe'; rhyme word to ker(e)d- is hrd-, hrd-, only Aryan, in Old Indic hrd `heart', etc. Old Irish cretim ` believe ', cymr. credaf ds. (not *crethaf, hence previously late has
h

in addition Old Irish cretar, mcymr. creir, cymr. crair (*kredr) ` relic '.

References: WP. I 423 f, WH. I 272 f., 286 f., 857, 858; Vendryes RC 40, 436. Page(s): 579-580

er rer r Root / lemma: ker-, krMeaning: to mix; to cook Material: Old Indic ryati ` cooks, roasts ', rti ` mixes, cooks, roasts ', rt- ` mixed ',

warm milk with Soma';

ablaut neologism as Kaus. rapyati ` cooks, roasts, burns pots etc. '), -ir- f. ` mixture of Avestan sar- med. ` sich vereinigen mit, sich anschlieen an, es halten mit ', sar- f. ` gr. `mix, mingle, bandage, balance ', newer , , , Attic

rt- ds. (: gr. -), rt-, rt- `cooked, boiled, roasted' (ryaa- n. ` the mixing ',

association, connection';

v, Fut. , Attic , Aor. (), Ionian Perf. . pure, untempered, absolute, of persons, intemperate, violent ' (*k r-ts); f. ` metr. lengthening for * (?);
e

( : Old Indic rt-) ` of liquids, unmixed, neat, esp. of wine, of conditions or states,

mixture ', ` mixing bowl for wine '; hom. p in the meaning `pure (water)',

4 L S S [ .l a t e ' e r v

d n a t s ri f e ht ( ' el d di m

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b r - d V - N A L A Q o sl a e e s ; ] 0 0 4 S L [ ' u a y o b' ) b a

D A C [ n o B O ' t r a e h , d n i m' , ) .l p e h t ni ( ' s e d i s ni , s e ni t s e t ni ' u b r e

B R A , K K A , R G U , B A O M , R B H :] 5 3 1 1 B K [ ; R B H , B R A , K K A :] 1 6 a ml o H[

s e h c n a h s e d rit r a p

R G U ;] 5 1 9 - 4 1 9 w H A[ ,] 6 1 2 D A C[ n o A O ) K K A ni g ni n a e m n i a m

u br e

K K A : ' e l d d i m ) e h t ni ( , e di s ni' g ni n a e m d e vi r e d a e t o N

] 5 3 1 1 B K [ ' str a p

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d r a w ni , sli a rt n e '

? - b r V * f o cit e ht a t e m ;] 0 0 1

, el d di m , t r a e h'

r -i d ( b o k r -i d Q O S .f C

- br V *

e h t ni'

b r

se oN se oN ::::settttoN se oN :::ciiibarA c barA :cibarA c barA :::werbeH werbeH :werbeH werbeH :::ciiitttiiiragU c ragU :citiragU c ragU ::naiidakkA na dakkA :naidakkA gn naeM gn naeM ::::gniiiinaeM gn naeM c meS-o orP c meS-o orP ::::ciiiittttiiiimeS-ottttorP c meS-o orP :rebmuN
521 br - b B A O M - b l a * .f C

in motion, move = bestir ', Old Saxon hrra `movement, agitation', Old High German ruora `movement ', Modern High German Ruhr ` river in western Germany ', Old English Old Saxon hrr ` strenuous, strong', Old English hrr (engl. rear) `half cooked, boiled'.

Old Norse hrra, Old English hrran, Old High German (h)ruoren, German rhren ` set

References: WP. I 419 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 695, 697, Risch Wortbildung 227. Page(s): 582

Root / lemma: ker-2, ker-, krer er r erer rMeaning: to grow Material: Armenian ser ` lineage, progeny, gender, sex', se, Gen. sei ds. (ke-si-), serem ` bring forth, produce, create ', serim ` be born, grow', sen `gender, sex, progeny ', serm,

sermn ` seed, sperm ';

', ` satiation '; *F in Attic = hom. Ionian , Doric ` growing, Dat. Sg. F, Attic , hom. Ionian , Doric `girl, virgin; the pupil of the eye, eyeball ', hom. ` waffenfhige Jungmannschaft '; probably , - `son, offspring, descendant ' (diss. from *, originally n. ` progeny '); *kers- because of common Italic Illyrian rs- > rr-).

gr. , - (later present and ; Perf. ) ` satiate

near maturity, young, youthful ' (later also `lap, sprout, young twig, branch'), fem. Arcadian

alb. thjer m. ` acorn ' (*ker-), thjerr `lentil' (*ker-n-), actually ` food '; (actually alb. root

daughter of Saturn, goddess of agriculture ' (etc.), ` to bring forth, produce, make, create, beget, give origin to ', Latin masc. Cerus manus ` creator bonus ' with r as Old Latin spelling for rr (*cerso-) because of Umbrian Serfe Vok. etc., (Umbrian behaves like satem language) Oscan caria `bread'; lengthened grade Latin pro-crus ` high, tall, long '; from crber ` thick, close, pressed together, frequent, numerous, repeated ' (*kr-d ros);
h

Latin Cers, -eris ` the daughter of Saturn, goddess of agriculture ', Oscan kerr ` the

the heavy basis cre, -re `make, create ' (Denom. a *cri ` growth '), cr-sco, -v `grow', Old Icelandic hirsi (Middle High German loanword) m., Old High German hirso (*kers-

ion-), hirsi ` millet, sorghum ';

Pl. ` burial meal ', Old Prussian sermen ds.

Lithuanian eri, rti `feed' (heavy basis), paras m. `food', ermens and ermenys

References: WP. I 408, WH. I 204, Trautmann 302 f.

Page(s): 577 erer Root / lemma: ker-3

Meaning: rope; to weave

(i-stem) ` spider' (*kr-ti-);

e

Material: Armenian sari-k` Pl. (Gen. sareac, Instr. sarec) `band, strap, cord' (*k rei), sard gr. (*k ri-os) , ' Phot., perhaps `
e

Note: only Armenian and gr.

row of thrums in the loom, to which the threads of the warp are attached, ravel ', ` ds., of the web so fastened ', ` band the fabric together ', zero grade ` the strap of the bedstead ', Pl. (NT.) ` shroud ' (the forms , s. Liddell-Scott; the meaning ` shroud ' through connection in ` death goddess '?). Page(s): 577-578 References: References: WP. I 409, Kuiper Proto-Munda 122 f.

erer er er rr Root / lemma: ker-4 and ker- : kr-

Meaning: to hurt, harm; to be spoiled

Material: Old Indic rti ` breaks, crushes ', ryate, ryte ` it is broken, disintegrates ', participle r-, -rt-, rt- `broke, decayed ', Inf. arito; Avestan asarta- ` not broken, not made discouraged ' (= Old Indic rta-), sari- m.

gusilem `rupture, slit, separate' from Old pers. *vi-srdmiy;

`piece, fragment, shard', sri- f. `break, ruin'; ein d(h)-present in addition is perhaps npers. gr. `devastate, despoil ' (*F-, due to a *F-; - = Old Indic ari-

), ` unbroken, unmarred, unscathed, undamaged ', `thunderbolt,

lightning' (*-F[]-, actually ` smasher '); lengthened grade gr. , , f. `death, secondary Nom. * from * with from previous paradigm : *); Hes. contains reduced grade, as alb. ther; ` unharmed by the Kres; `pure, candid ' (reduced also with `not mixed ');

ruin; death goddess ', (proto gr.; Attic saying () ... one explains from a

generally, unharmed, harmless ', `spoil, hurt ', whereof `unharmed', also Latin caris (*kr-i- to present *cari) ` the rotten being, decayed being ', carisus ` full

beloved ';

of decay, rotten, decayed, decomposed; brittle ', carius ` dear, precious, valued, esteemed,

alb. ther ` slaughter, cut, bite' (*kr-), tsirrs ` prick ' (*ker-n-); Maybe alb. jerr ` prick '; (common Avestan Slavic k > : alb. k > ts > : Greek Tocharian labialized k -> t-). Old Irish ar-a-chrin (*-kr-nu-t) ` decomposed ', do-cer `he fiel' (*-ker-t), crn ` wilted;

faded, flaccid, withered ' (*kr-no-s), irchre n. `ruin' (*peri-kr-io-m); Tocharian A kryap, karep `damage'. References: WP. I 410 f., WH. I 167 f., Thurneysen Gr. 437, 462. Page(s): 578

Root / lemma: ker(s)-1 er(s) er(s)-

Meaning: bristle, stiff hair

Material: Old Indic *ala in kapucchala- n. ` hair at the back of the head '; Middle Irish carrach ` scabbed, scabby, stony '; different above S. 532;

Old High German Old Saxon Old Icelandic hr, Old English hr `hair' from a s- loose the abbreviated root form (lengthened grade); Lithuanian ers `bristle', erios, rtis ` lose hair, go bald, come off badly, come out of

Icelandic herstr `rough, harsh', Middle High German hersten ` solidify, congeal '; perhaps

Old High German hursti ` a tuft, comb, crest ', Norwegian herren ` stiff, hard', Old

something not without damage ', iurkts, iurgds `rough'; ablaut. East Lithuanian eras ` shiver '; Latvian sari ` bristle, stiff hair ';

srst ` animal hair ', russ. erst `wool', ablaut. russ. ro m. `rough surface ', Old srchk ` rough, harsh, bitter, stubborn ', sloven. shk `unkempt, shaggy'. Page(s): 583 References: WP. I 427, Trautmann 305.

Slavic *srst (= Old High German hurst) in russ.-Church Slavic srst f. `wool', sloven.

Bulgarian vsor `rough'; Slavic *srch in sloven. srh m. ` shiver ', russ.-Church Slavic

Meaning: to run

ersers Root / lemma: kers-2

*krs;

-rr- from -rs-) ` a foreign chariot ' could have originated Illyrian *sarsa = Indo Germanic Note: [k- > s- satem: Maybe pre-Illyrian substrate satem?] gr. `to help hurrying' (*korsos); Note:

Material: For palatales k speaks Hes., as Latin sarrcum, serrcum (Italian

The inanimate suffix -ur : gr. `to help hurrying' : , , Illyrians, , ur ur , speak the Illyrian language, :--hence Adv. .

, Illyria, also , , Adj. , , , Illyrian: -, the region or province of Illyria, Latin curr, -ere `run' (*krs), cursus `run, flow', currus ` cart ', equirria ` chariot race ' gall. carros, Latinized carrus ` carriage, cart ', Old Irish mcymr. carr; bret. karr ` biga,

(*equi-curria, from which assimilatorisch *equi-quirria and Haplologic equirria);

vihiculum ' (*krsos); compare mcymr. carrawc f., ncymr. carrog ` torrent, stream ' (*karsk ` the running '?), different above S. 532. alb. karroc ` cart' a Latin loanword. Icelandic Old Saxon hross, Old English horg `horse, steed' (*hrussa-), Old Low German Middle High German hurren ` move quickly '; doubtful Old High German hros, -ses, Old

consonant increase in a shortened name; hence rather to a dental extension (: Old Indic krdati ` hops, jumps ') the not palatalen root (s)ker- `spring'; Armenian kark` ` cart ' is probably loanword from Galatian. Page(s): 583-584 References: WP. I 428 f., WH. I 315 f.

hers ds. (*herssa-), because -ss from one has understood in -s auslaut root maximally as ssss s

er- er er er r- erei- ereur erei ereu Root / lemma: ker-, ker- : kr-, kerei-, kereuMeaning: head; horn, cow Material: Old Indic ras- n. (ved. only Nom. Akk.) `head, cusp, peak', Avestan sarah- n. the reduplication-grade of the first syllable, instead of *aras-, is carried previously by Indic or Proto Aryan from preceding Old Indic Gen. r etc.), Gen. Old Indic r, Abl.

`head' (in the 2. syllable not genau = gr. from ker-s from the heavy basis;

rat (*krsn-tos : gr. );

g, compare gr. `crab' and from the u-basis gr. -- (see also under about Irish congan);

rga- (*kr-n-go-) n. `horn', of n-stem *ker-(e)n- with perhaps originally bare nominative

(*sr + bhara-), srv-sty- ` with horny barbs ';

from the u-basis Avestan sr-, srv- ` horn; nail in fingers and toes ', srvara `horned ' Armenian sar `height, acme, apex, slope' (k ro-);

upwards', originally probably *ker Gen. *k r-s (), from which analogical , ; p with - as zero grade to ), -- ` brain '; ds.; besides , Ionian ` head'; an s- loose stem - is decisive for - (and perhaps here Ionian , -, Attic , - f. ` a shrimp or prawn ', Doric
e

gr. in hom. ` on the head ', Hippokr. ` up to or towards the head,

see below Latin cerebrum;

e

kerskers- in gr. `horn' (Gen. ep. , Attic -, newer -, later Epic -) s *- (*k rs-) in: Attic `head' (n. *k rs-n > *), Ionian ds., oblique
e

stem *krsn- (with -- for -n-) Aeolic Gen. , out of it ; hybridism are

and (*- = Old Indic r-); ; in addition ` sich

schwer im Kopfe fhlen '; hom. Nom. Pl. ` heads, mountain summits ' (secondary Leumann Homer. Wrter 159.

Sg. , Attic Doric , Aeolic -), basic form * Pl.; compare M. Hes. (*-; therefrom , father of ); (= ' ) s. Leumann Hom. Wrter 56 ff.; about , Doric ` head fascia ' s. Schwyzer Gl. 12, 20; about hom.

` drinking-bout, intoxication, drunken headache ' is to be understood because of ), []- could stand beside *-, as adjective e.g. - besides

perhaps ` accomplish, complete, perform, execute, achieve, finish, fulfill '. If

Latin crpula as ` drinking-bout, intoxication, drunken headache ' (in 2. part then

Theoc.2.53; of the fringe or tassel worn by Jews, affection of the uvula, fimbria '; (*--) ` two-headed ';

*- (*krs- or *-, *krs-) in Attic ` edge, border, skirt, esp. of cloth,

alb. Geg (*karena) krena, Tosc krer Pl. ` heads', shqipja me dy krena ` double headed beginning', (through metathesis) (*kreu) krye ` head'.

eagle', krye ` head' a Greek loanword (common alb. -n- > -r-), alb. krenar ` proud', kreu ` alb. Geg krena Pl.` heads' = gr. neut. nom. pl. ionic - ` two-headed '. `cranium', [], `elbow'; Hes. next ` the chief official of a division, of the citizens for financial and administrative people '; in addition f. `head', etc. (from *-); either side of the forehead, head' (Indo Germanic *kors-); to which with lengthened grade (: ) Hes., gr. - ` 100 headed ', Ionian Hes., Attic

purposes' (diss. -, -), Boeotian from *- ` head of o-grade *- in Ionian , Attic , Doric ` temple, flattened region on

, Pl. `transverse processes of the vertebrae' (*kern- or *kers-n);

of -(e)n-stem ker(e)n- : `helmet' (*krno-s); ... , Hes.; er( er (

`crab' (compare above Old Indic rga-); unclear is the formation from , - ` light ship ' (> Latin carbus ds.), perhaps with maked. (?) derivative (gr. *-) to ` Von kereu- : m., f. ` crested lark ' (: Germanic herut- `deer'); , - ereuereu

stag-beetle '; m. ` horned or cerambycid beetle, a prickly crustacean, crayfish, a

shrimp (Crangon) and prawn (Palaemon) ', see above; but all doubtful.

`helmet', hom. ` rears up ' , ` acme, apex ', ` butt with the head, the horns ', v Hes. (to -- see above to rga-). Norse hreinn, Old English hrn ` reindeer '. Von kerei- : `aries, ram' (compare in the meaning ), ablaut. with Old ereierei Vereinzeltes: . Hes. (if *kr-t ` the horned '); ,
o

` butt with the horns, like goats or rams ' (as ; *k r-);

cernuus, cernulus ` turning a somersault, stooping forwards, head-foremost ' (*kers-nouos; if not rather loanword from gr., compare ), crbr `hornet' (see below). From (e)n (e)n-

Latin cerebrum ` brain ' (*kers-ro-m, compare gr. ); cervx ` nape ' (*cers-vc-);

of n- and u-stem); compare also Illyrian PN (Moesia), PN Cornunus etc. (Krahe IF. 58, 222 f.) from *krn-; to crbr ` hornet ' (*crsr, k rsron-) is placed (Indo Germanic krs-n-): n-

stem: corn `horn' (the u-stem perhaps as gall. ; ` trumpet ' through amalgamation

Maybe nasalized alb. (*kerenza), grenz, grerza, grer, greth ` wasp ' (common k- > ggutturals in Celtic Baltic). (common alb. Tosc -n- > -r-). horzel (*hurzla-), Modern High German Horlitze; Latvian sirsis, Old Prussian sirsilis ` hornet '; compare Bga Kalba ir senov I 191, 224; Old High German hurnz, hornaz, m., Old English hyrnet(u) ` hornet ' (*hurznuta); Dutch

Lithuanian r f., irls m., ruolis, old iruo `wasp', ruonas, rnas ` hornet ',

russ.-Church Slavic (etc.) sren ` hornet, gadfly, brake', serb. sljn ` hornet '; bret. kern ` Scheitel, Wirbel des Kopfes ', Middle Irish cern f. `point, edge'; gall. `

trumpet ', . ; cymr. corn. bret. karn `hoof the soliped, animal horn ', cymr. corn `horn'; because of brit. VN Cornovi etc. barely from Latin);

which does not have cloven hoofs ' (from `*horn'; but Middle Irish corn. bret. corn ` drinking Old High German hirni, Old Norse hiarni ` brain ' (*kersniom), Dutch hersen ` brain ', Old

Norse hiarsi ` Scheitel, Wirbel des Kopfes ' (*kerson-); ' (see above to Latin cornu).

of (e)n-stem: Gothic harn, Old High German Old Norse horn `horn, drinking horn, trumpet (e)nwith t-suffix (compare above gr. ) in addition Old High German (h)rind, Old English `rother, cattle'. hrer n. ` horned animal ', zero grade Old English hryer ds., Low German Dutch rund

`aries, ram';

hjrtr, Modern High German Hirsch (-d-forms as in gr. ; also in:) Old Norse hrtr Latvian sirnas Pl. ` roe deer '. (Endzelin KZ. 42, 378) = Old Church Slavic srna `roe in addition belongs the derivative:

From the u-basis: Old High German hiruz, Old Saxon hirot, Old English heorot, Old Norse

deer' (: ); ablaut equally with cymr. carw;

er keruo-s : kuo-s ` horned, deer-headed, as Subst. of deer' or `cow'. er gr. ` horned '; cervsia, cervsia ` deer-coloured, brown drink, beer ' (Pokorny Vox Rom. 10, 259); Karawanken; Latin cervus, - m. `deer', cerva f. ` hind ', therefrom cervnus ` of a deer ', gall.-Latin

cymr. carw, corn. carow, bret. karo m. `deer' (*kruo-s); in addition the mountain name

also sarve, lapp. uarvi ` elk ');

Old Prussian sirwis m. `roe deer' (out of it borrowed Finnish hirvi ` elk, deer' compare probably from a centum language derive: alb. ka `ox' (*kru-);

Note: gou- : `cattle'. ou'); Wrong etymology because alb. kau `ox' : Rumanian bou `ox' derived from Root / lemma: Lithuanian krv `cow'; in addition krviena f. ` cow's meat ' (: Czech kravina ` cowhide russ.-Church Slavic krava, poln. krowa, russ. korva f. `cow' (*koru); ablaut. apoln.

karw (*kruo-s) ` aged ox' (out of it borrowed Old Prussian curwis Vok., Akk. kurwan `ox'). Trautmann 119, 305 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 583, Benveniste Origines 24 f., 175. References: WP. I 403 ff., WH. I 164, 203 f., 206, 207, 276, 283 f., 284, 856, 858,

Page(s): 574-577

eses Root / lemma: kesMeaning: to cut Material: Old Indic sti, ati ` cuts, slaughters ', asta- ` massacred ', str- n. `knife, dagger', s- m. ` butcher's knife '; gr. (*kesazo) `split', - `light to split', (*kesarnon) `carpenter's alb. thadr (*kas-d r) ` two-edged ax ';
h

axe';

unpolluted, spotless, guiltless, virtuous, an abstinence from sensual enjoyments on

necessary, is proper, is becoming, behooves '; to-participle, Latin castus ` morally pure,

Latin care, -re ` to be without, be free from, be destitute of ', Oscan kasit ` it is

religious grounds ', originally ` cropped, truncated, cut off , apart, separated'; thereof

castg ` chide, scold, attack '; neologism is cassus ` empty, void, hollow '; *kastrom `

peku- `cattle');

pour, pour out, shed ', Umbrian castruo, kastruvuf ` the bottom, lowest part ' (u-stem after Middle Irish cess f. `spear, javelin' (*kest); Old Norse hes f. ` spigot in cow's rope '; the following s?). Page(s): Page(s): 586 Old Church Slavic kosa f. `sickle, scythe' (k- instead of s- through dissimilation against

castrate ', castrum ` encampment ' as ` sliced piece of land', Oscan Gen. Sg. castrous `

cutting tool ' ( : Old Indic astrm) was assumed from Latin castr, -re ` abscise, clip,

References: WP. I 448 f., WH. I 167, 178 ff.

Meaning: thorn

eubeub Root / lemma: keub-

f., engl. hip, Norwegian hjpa ` rosehip, dog rose '; Old Prussian kaubri `thorn'.

Material: Aschs. hiopo `briar', Old High German hiufo ds., Old English hopa m., hope

Maybe alb. (*keub-) thumb `thorn' common alb. s- > th-. Page(s): 595 References: WP. I 380 f.

eukeuk Root / lemma: keuk-

Meaning: to shine, glow

pain, mourning, grief', ci- `luminous, gleaming, pure', ukr-, ukl- ` light, white, pure', `*gleaming'), perhaps ukt- `sour' (if ` burning from taste') ; ukti- f. ` shell, pearl mussel, mother of pearl, iridescent lining of a mollusk shell ' (if

mourns ', ocyati ` kindles, saddens; it is sad, deplores ', ka- m. `blaze, glow, flame,

Material: Old Indic cati, cyati ` lights, shines, glows, burns, suffers violent pain,

urge on, hurry, hasten, accelerate, quicken ', npers. sxtan `kindle, inflame, burn ',

Avestan saoint- ` burning ', saoayeiti ` set on fire, light up, kindle = set in rapid motion,

fire)', np. surx `red';

distress ' (Armenian sug `mourning, grief' is iran. loanword); Avestan suxra- `luminous (of gr. `swan' as `the white'.

Avestan upa-suxta- ` kindled ', tr-saoka- m. ` firebrand ', np. sg `mourning, grief,

eueu References: WP. I 378. extension from keu-2. Page(s): 597

Meaning: to mix, to whirl Note: very doubtful. `Rhrkelle';

Root / lemma: keuk-, kuk-

Material: Gr. ` mixed drink ', ` stir in, mix in, mix into, mingle', Lithuanian uktas `spoon', ikms ` a rubbing away, sweepings ', iukts ` mixed

with chaff or bran '. Page(s): 597

References: WP. I 377, WH. I 218 f.

Meaning: to swell

eueu Root / lemma: keu-1, keu- : k-, ku-

Material: Old Indic v-yati ` rises, becomes strong, mighty ' (Perf. -uv-u); u-n- n. ` growth, prospering; flourishing, luck, salvation'; vas- n. ` strength, heroic strength ', vra- `strong, mighty' ( probably secondary for , so that = gall. ), viha- `

bermchtigst ', n- `swollen, turgid ' (Old Icelandic hnn etc.; about Old Indic na-m `lack' s. Thieme KZ. 69, 172f.); ny- ` empty, bare, lacking' (and Armenian sun ` sehr gering, entblot von '); ra- `strong', mostly ` hero ' (= Avestan sra-, gr. - etc.); m. ` the young of an animal ', Old Indic i-u- m. `kid, child, youngling ';

-tha- m. ` intumescence, swollen state ', -pha- m. `swelling, lump, growth, ulcer'; vav-tr- ` thriving, strong', n. ` power, strengthening '; -vant- ` each, every ', see

below; from an s-extension probably sui- m. `cavity' (= Old English hyse ` youngling '), suir- (from u-?) `hollow'; n. `cavity, a wind instrument ';

`strong, vast, grand', Superl. svita- (= Old Indic viha-); sra- m. `hole, lacuna', npers. srx `hole' (: = : ; s. also Armenian sor, at most Latin caver-na); *sovaro- = Old Indic *avra-, gr. ), soil `cave' (*keu-lo-); Armenian sun (see above to Old Indic na- ` emptiness '); sor `hole' (*so[v]oro- from alb. thel, thell `deep' (= (F); to a and through umlaut to e); than ` cornel,

Avestan sp(y), redupl. present participle sispimna- `swell up', sra- (= Old Indic ra-)

(common Celtic alb. abbreviation) Maybe alb. Tosc i thart ` sour '.

cornelcherry ' (*kousn), Tosc i thant ` made of cornel, strong ' (Jokl by WH. I 277);

`hollow' (F = alb. thel), lengthened grade `cave, jail '; (*kuur)

gr. , Hes. (: Latin cavus, Middle Irish ca),

`hole' (see above to Avestan sra- `hole', Armenian sor); (perhaps borrowed word `goblet' and ` Laconian drinking-vessel, used by soldiers, drinking bout, carousal, the inner harbour at Carthage ' from *F?);

Hes. (also ` the parts under the eyes, groove above upper eyelid ' Poll., actually ` gawper, starer ';

Suid.; also , ; in addition, as it seems, ` gawk around ', with the meaning `to swell' etc.: , (), Aor. ` be pregnant ', n.

Hes. (`*the strong', ablaut. with Old Indic avra-, gall. ) ; - ` invalid ' (= Old lord, master ', n. `power, force, influence, verdict '; in addition from the grade *kuIndic ra-), ` having power or authority over, legitimate, lawful, goodness proper,

`foetus' (: cymr. cyw), `pregnant', (?) ds.: ` surge ';

alike, anyhow, generally '; in addition ` busy oneself about, take heed of, care for ', ` gripe, seize, assault ' (`*take in possession '), `expert, skillful, knowing, practised ';

something ', `Besitztum', PN - ( < ku), Ionian , Doric `

(as Old Indic vtr-) Doric Aor. , Perf. ` received possession, power on

vant- (*sa-vant-) ` jeder der Reihe nach, vollstndig ';

`whole' (*-- from *ku-nt-); also = - ` someone, each, every ', Old Indic Latin cavus `hollow, arched (concave)' from *couos (compare port. covo etc.), caverna

`cave'; cumulus (*ku-me-los ` intumescence ') `heap'; incins `pregnant' (*en-cuiens,

similarly Old Indic vayat); here also cavea f. `cage', Middle Latin cavellum `basket', roman. *cavneum (M.-L. 1786) `basket, cradle '; gall. PN , Cavarillus (assimil. from *covaro-: Old Indic avra-), cymr. cawr

(*cawar), corn. caur ` giant '; Middle Irish Nom. Plur. craid ` heroes ', religiously

aggravated to ` sinner'; Middle Irish ca (*kouios) `hollow' (: , Latin cavus); cass );

`cave'; bret. ko ` grot, cave ' (*kouio-); cymr. cyw m. ` the young of an animal ' (*kuuos: gr. Old Icelandic hnn m. `dice, cube, block-like piece; youngling ', (under the influence of

common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old English hn m. ` youngling ', *hni- ` power, strength ' in EN as Old High German Hn-mr (= Old Indic n-), elsss. hnsch ` tumefaction of the milk veins '; probably also the strengthening Old Icelandic hund-, e.g. hund-diarfr ` - ', i.e. participle*hunda = *ku-nt- (: *ku-ent-, during gr. -, *ku-nt has stalk '), hoss m. `twig, branch';

derived from the heavy basis ku-); Old English hyse ` youngling ' (: Old Indic ui ` hollow Latvian va ` fissure or cavity in the tree shaped like a sheath ' (lengthened grade,

woodpile ', tis `heap of stone or wood '??);

aulis (Old Lithuanian) `hip, haunch', uka ` haycock on the field ', snis `heap', tis `

pan ` power, strength ' (: Old Indic un-m; Persson Beitr. 192, would like to add also

compare ); from `to swell' from: Lithuanian anas, auns `strong, proficient',

Maybe alb. suk `hill'. (in PIE word and hill are of the same origin). Old Bulgarian suj ` void, vain'; compare Bga Kalba ir. sen. I 291. growth ', wherefore hwelian ` fester ' and (?) Latvian kveldt, kvlt `glow' (MhlenbachA root form ku-el- perhaps in Old English hwylca (leg. hwelca) ` pustule, swelling, lump,

Endzelin II 352).

References: WP. I 365 ff., WH. I 188, 191 f., 277, 306, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 301. Page(s): 592-594

Meaning: to shine, bright

eueu Root / lemma: keu-2

from *savah- ` morning, east '), with zero grade root syllable Old Indic va Adv. `early to-

Material: Avestan savah- `name of the continent situated in the east ' (actually Nom. Du.

conservative stem), a-siri ` in the morning darkness ' (sirya-), Akk. sirm ` breakfast '; `glamorous etc.'), ol `ray, beam of light' (as *kuo-lo-), noyl ` light, radiance, sparkle ' (*niparticiple-stem ku-ent- : ku-nt- derive ). kuolio), probably and, ant` `spark, lightning, glowing iron' (kunti-; probably from a perhaps Armenian ukh ` radiance, splendor, fame' (as *ku-ko-; therefrom khe

morrow morning '; r-stem Avestan srm ` early in the morning' (thematic Akk. a

*cuan-dae, Middle Irish cuanna, (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), cymr. cun ` mellifluous' (Sommerfelt BSL. 24, 219 ff.); russ. sunica, sunika, Serbo-Croatian sunica ` raspberry '; could lie a corresponding color adj. from a root form with velar of the basic; about
e

no-stem: Old Indic a- `red, bright red ' (n for n), gall. COVNOS (coin), Old Irish no

russ. kun `marten' etc., Lithuanian kiun, Latvian cana, cane, Old Prussian caune ds. Lithuanian vnas `lead', Persson Beitr. 745 between adds as ku no-, s. Boisacq s. v.

`cyanus, a dark-blue substance'.

Maybe alb. kunadhe f. `marten' : gr. `marten' : russ. kun `marten'. Root extensions: bhan- `beautiful, gleaming', ubha- `pretty, pleasant, joyful, gratifying', ubhreu keu-b -: Old Indic mbhati `shines', bhat ` ist stattlich, nimmt sich schn aus ', euh h

`beautiful, gleaming, light color ' = Armenian surb `pure, holy', srbem `clean, holy, sacred '. Kaus. undhayati `purifies, cleans' (Avestan sudu- ` cleaning of the grain? grain mill? ' s. Bartholomae Wb. 1583). eu euk keu-k- see below esp. headword (keuk-); eukeukku-en- `hold festivities, sanctify '? see below esp. headword (ku-en-); enk eneituei ku-eid-, ku-eit- see below esp. headword (kuei-3). eidkueiPage(s): 594-595 onon References: WP. I 368, Trautmann 122 f., Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 121; s. kuon- `dog'. keu-d -: Old Indic ndhati `purifies, cleans', udhyat ` becomes pure ', uddh- `pure', eu eu-

See also: see below koPage(s): 537

Root / lemma: ke-

ii Root / lemma: ki-b h

Meaning: quick, hasty

sibhr- `horny, lustful (?)';

Material: Old Indic bham Adv. `rash, hasty, quick, fast', bhya- ` wandering quickly, fast ', Gothic haifsts `fight, quarrel', Old Norse heipt, heifst f. `enmity, rage, fury, hate', Old

German heisti `violent, forcible '. Page(s): 542

haest `haste, hurry', Middle Low German heist `vehemency'; Old English hste, Old High

High German heiftg `violent'; Old English hst `force, might, vehemency', Old Frisian

References: WP. I 364 f.; belongs to ki-gh-, see below.

Meaning: quick, hasty

i-ghi Root / lemma: ki-gh-

Material: Old Indic ghr- `rash, hasty, quick, fast'; Old English hgian ` stretch, make tense, stretch out, spread out, distend, extend,

hasten, make haste, be in haste, hurry, be quick, bear upon, press upon, lean, support have the hiccups ' (onomatopoeic words?);

oneself ', engl. hie `hurry', geminated Norwegian hikka ` sob ', Old Swedish hikka ` gasp, russ. sigt, signt `spring', wruss. sig, signu ` walk, make big steps '; wherefore

also russ. sig `a kind of fish', as Salm to sali, so that Lithuanian skis etc. and Old Norse skr maybe are borrowed from Russ.. References: WP. I 363, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 174, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 249; Page(s): 542-543 ii See also: belongs to ki-b -, see above.
h

(i)- (i)- (i)(i) (i) (i) Root / lemma: k(i)- : k(i)- : k(i)Meaning: to sharpen, whet Note: probably further formations from ak- `sharp' (see 18 ff.)

pointed ' (= Latin catus, Old Irish cath), sta- ds., sa- m. (with Middle Indic n for n) ` Indic il `stone, rock' (*k-l);

Material: Old Indic i--ti (i--t), y-ti ` sharpens, whets ', participle it- ` sharpened,

whetstone, touchstone, yardstick, criterion ' (= npers. san `whetstone'); perhaps also Old

Avestan sani- `cusp, peak, treetop, sharp' (npers. sya `reibt') = Old Norse hein; `cutting edge' (*ke-ri-), compound sairadir `cutting edge', therefrom *sardrem, sadrem ` Armenian sur `sharp' (*k-ro-), srem `sharpen', sur, Gen. sroy `sword, knife', sair

irritate, annoy, itch, anger, tease; arouse, excite, set in motion '; perhaps also sal, Gen. sali `flagstone, anvil ' (*k-li-, compare above Old Indic il); gr. m. ` cone, a pine-cone, the cone of a helmet, top ' (= Old Indic a-),

therefrom ` hemlock, Conium maculatum ' (after the leaves);

Irish cath); cos, cotis `whetstone', also cotes, cautes f. Pl. ` pointed rock, reef' (-auhyperurbanism); catanus ` cedar juniper ' is perhaps gall. loanword; Old Irish cath `wise' (= Latin catus, Old Indic i-t-);

Latin catus (after Varro Sabine) `acutus, sharp witted, shrewd' (= Old Indic i-ta-, Old

`whetstone' (*ki-n- : Avestan sani-); Middle High German hr ` tools to sharpen the scythe ' (*k-r-), Middle Low German haren ` sharpen, be sharp '. Page(s): 541-542 References: WP. I 454 f., WH. I 181, 183 f., 190 f.

Old Icelandic hein f. `whetstone', Old English hn ` boundary stone ', engl. hone

Root / lemma: kkoko ko-

Meaning: green grass, green fodder

Material: Old Indic ka- m. n. ` edible herb, vegetables '; schokis `grass' (these at first from *sjkas; -j- from --?); Lithuanian kas ` freshly mowed grass, green fodder '', Latvian sks ds., Old Prussian Old Icelandic h f. ` bumper crop, byproduct' (probably from Germanic *hhn-). Page(s): 544 References: WP. I 381.

Meaning: a kind of colour

Root roRoot / lemma: k-ro-

Material: Old Indic r- `varicolored, dappled, dotted, spotted ', this -ra- as formant was verified through the Avestan composition form *-(i)i- in si-muay- EN ` varicolored colored female donkey '; gr. `the blue kingfisher ' (diminutive formants -). *k-ro- perhaps as *ke[i]-ro- to kei-2 in ` color names '? Page(s): 582 References: WP. I 420, WH. I 133.

Meaning: to sway

uu Root / lemma: ku-1 : k-

wagging of the tail of a dog), to fawn, flatter ';

Material: Latin cve, -re `wobble, sway; to agitate one's self, (the figure taken from the Old Bulgarian po-kyva-j, -ti (mainly with glav) ` shake the head, nod ', Czech kvati

`wave, beckon, nod, wag, move, shake' (etc.). Page(s): 595 References: WP. I 376.

Meaning: to light, to burn

uu uu Root / lemma: ku-2 (: ku-, k-)

as of incense, fragrant ' (from a *F `blaze, incense '), , n. `blaze', ` dry wood' (*F-), Aeolic ` burning hot', hom. (*F) etc.; Celtic alb. abbreviation) Lithuanian klti ` become blight-ridden, of corn, grain ', kl ` smut, blight '. (common

, delph. , ', and ds. Hes., hom. ` smelling

Attic Gen. Sg. (*F-), New Attic , Med. Epic , Pass. ,

Material: Gr. (Ionian), (Attic) from *F- `to light, kindle', Aor. hom. F, Old

Note: Only gr. and Lithuanian

Maybe alb. kul ` hernia '. Page(s): 595 References: WP. I 376 f.

eroero eroero roro Root / lemma: kuero-, kuero- (also skro-?)

Meaning: north, north wind

Material: Latin caurus (crus) `northerly wind' (*kuero-); Lithuanian idur f. `north', iaurs m. `northerly wind'; Old Bulgarian sver (*kuero-) `north';

Maybe reduced alb. (sveri) veri ` north' a Bulgarian loanword?. moreover perhaps changing through ablaut and with anlaut. s-: Armenian curt `cold; coldness, shiver ' (*skr-do-); Old Frisian Old Saxon Old English scr, scor ` shiver ', Gothic skra windis `whirlwind', Old Icelandic Old High German skr ` thunderstorm ', Modern High German Schauer,

Norwegian dial. skyra (*skaurin-) ` Windschauer ', skjra (*skeurn-) ds., Norwegian skyra, skra ` drive off blindly on something ', Old Icelandic skyra ` run there fast '. Note: Uralic etymology : Alb. (*kuero-) veri ` north ' Proto: *orja English meaning: slave 'Sklave')

Finnish: orja 'Sklave, slave ' ( > Saam. L r'j 'Leibeigener, Knecht, Sklave', oarji (I) Estonian: ori (gen. orja) 'Sklave, Frohnarbeiter'

Saam (Lapp): oar'je -rj- (N) 'who, which is found in or belongs to the southwest'; vu<rjel< (Kld.), vrjel< (Ko. Not.) 'Nordwesten' ?

southwest, west', r'jel (L) 'Leute von Sden', virje (T) 'Norden', orjal (A) 'Nordwest',

Mordovian: ue (E), u (M) 'Sklave; Lohndiener', uede- (E) 'mhsame Arbeit verrichten' Udmurt (Votyak): var (S), war (G) 'Sklave, Diener, Knecht' Komi (Zyrian): ver (altsyr.) ', ', Ud. veres, veres 'Ehemann, Gatte' References: WP. I 377, WH. I 190, O. Szemernyi KZ. 70, 65. Page(s): 597

eiei Root / lemma: kei-

Meaning: to settle

Material: Old Indic kti, kiyti ` stays, dwells ', Avestan aiti ds., Old Indic kit-,

residence ', Old Indic kma- m. ` quiet, peaceful staying ';

Avestan iti- ` residence, settlement', Old Indic ktra-, Avestan ira- n. ` estate,

Maybe alb. (*kati) fshati `village' : Rumanian sat `village, countryside' identical to [see Root / lemma: koks : a part of body (foot, hip. etc..)]. s

Rumanian coaps `thigh' : alb. kofsha `thigh' common Rumanian-Illyrian khs- > phs-, fs-. Armenian n, Gen. ini ` inhabited, farmed, village ' (: gr. ); Common Old Indic h- > k- : Old pers. h- > x- : npers. x- > -; hence Armenian n ` village ' is of Persian origin. gr. ` of a city, to found, plant, build; to plant; set up, establish; to create, bring into

being, bring about; to make so and so; to perpetrate a deed ', ` well-built,

dwellers around, neighbours ', ` they that dwell round, next neighbours ' (to form Lithuanian by Boisacq 525 Anm. 2), ` a founding, foundation, a doing, an act, a creating, the creation of the universe, that which was created, the creation, an authority created or ordained ', rhod. ` a local division, township ', also ` peaceful, tame; a ram ' (actually ` tame, docile, gentle, domesticated '); common Old Indic h- > k- : Hittite h- > tk- : gr. tk- > kt- (see Root / lemma: hem-, hemk(i) k(i) (i)(i)See also: belongs probably to consecutive: k(i)-, k(i)-

furnished, well-made, of a garden, well-wrought ', ds., , `

hom-, Gen.- ablative h()m-s : earth) homPage(s): 626

Meaning: strap

ikik Root / lemma: kik-1 Material: Old Indic ic- f., ikya- n. ` loop, noose, snare, suspenders ', ikya- ` gr. and `ivy' (?); Lithuanian ikn ` fine leather to manufacture straps '. Page(s): 598 References: WP. I 451. References:

damascenes, provide with loops ';

erer Root / lemma: kikerMeaning: pea Note: barely indogermanisch

Material: Armenian sisen ` chickpea ' (seems to continue keiker- or koiker-); sequence) . ; gr. ` chickpea ' (would be from * dissimil.); Latin cicer ` chickpea '; Alb. qiqr ` chickpea ' a Latin loanword. family Latvian k'eis ` umbel, grape', Lituanismus to Latvian cekulis ` pigtail, tassel, fringe, [Lithuanian kek `grape', Latvian k'ekars ds. seem to form against it with a different gr. (maked.) (so for expressed demanded through alphabetical

shaggy, frill, friz '.]

bunch, tussock ', cecers `frizzy hair, curly head' and Czech eeiti ` make unkempt, Maybe alb. (*katsurel) kaurel ` curly hair' a Slavic loanword. Page(s): 598 References: WP. I 451 f., WH. I 212.

iphiph Root / lemma: kiph-

Meaning: a small twig or root

Material: Old Indic iph `thin root, rod'; gr. messenisch n. ` a crown, wreath, wood, wooden log'.

garland, chaplet '; at most also Latvian sipsna `strong rod', Lithuanian ipuls `chip of References: WP. I 452.

Page(s): 598

Meaning: to rain, drizzle higl `fine rain'. Page(s): 598

Root / lemma: kk-2

Material: Old Indic kra- m. `fine rain', kyati ` dribbles '; Norwegian higla `drip, trickle',

References: WP. I 451.

Meaning: pillar

s Root / lemma: kn- (ksn-?) ks

Page(s): 598

References: WP. I 451.

Material: Armenian siun = gr. ` pillar '.

Note: only Armenian and gr.

lemma: leilei Root / lemma: klei-

Meaning: to tip, incline, lean srita- (: sray-) `leaned';

Material: Old Indic ryati ` leans, puts against ', ryat ` leans, resides ', rit- = Avestan Avestan sray-, srinav-, srinu- `lean' (compare gr. ); Armenian lean, Gen. lein `mountain' (*kleitrno-??); doubtful Armenian linim `become, originate, befall, be' (compare Old Indic ryate `be');

hill' (hellen. , `hill'), n. ` inclination, slope of ground ', f. `ladder'; reshuffling a *kl-n-mi), acclnis ` leaning on, inclined to ', triclnium ` a couch for three

, `couch, bed, place for resting ', (lies , Herodian.) f. `slope, Latin cln, -re `bend, bow, incline ' (previously to compounds neologism and thematic

`suitable', `tendency', f. `cottage, tent', `double door', `bed',

make another recline, make subservient, inflect ' (Fut. , Perf. ),

gr. , Lesbian (*) ` make one thing slope against another, turn aside,

personal dependant, client ', clmens `milde, gentle' (*kliomenos?); cltellae ` a pack-

persons reclining at meals, eating-couch, dinner-sofa, table-couch ', clins, -tis ` a

saddle, sumpter-saddle ', diminutive of a *kleitr = Umbrian kletram ` a litter, bier, sedan, hlaiw n. `grave'), clvius `slant, skew = unlucky, of omen, sign';

portable couch, palanquin, sofa, lounge ' (and Gothic hleira f. `tent'); clvus `hill' (= Gothic Middle Irish cl, cymr. cledd, bret. kleiz, corn. cledh ` left, unlucky ' = `slant, skew'

wish' (: cymr. dichlyn `watchful, wakeful' from *d-eks-klin-, Loth RC 42, 87 f.);

(*kleios), Middle Irish fo-chla, cymr. go-gledd `north'; Middle Irish clen `leaning, tendency', Old Irish clin, clen `slant, skew, krummrckig '; gallorom. *clta ` hurdle ', Middle Irish

`grove, hedge ' (kleito-, -t); in addition acymr. clutam ` lump, mass together ', clut, ncymr. clud `heap' (*kloi-t); Middle Irish clthe n. `roof beam, roof', zero grade cymr. cledr-en `rafter, lath, fence' (*kli-tr = Middle Irish clethar `pad'), Middle Breton clezr-en, nbret.

clath `crates', cymr. clwyd ` hurdle, barrier ', acorn. cluit gl. ` clita ', bret. kloued-enn

klerenn ` main piece of the wicker rack ' (ablaut. with Umbrian kletram, Latin cltellae, Gothic hleira and Old High German leitara); Old High German (h)linn `lean (intr.)', aschs. hlinn, Old English hlinian, hleonian

railings, bar in a court of justice '; Kaus. Old High German (h)leinen, Old English hlnan

` lair ', Old High German hlin ` a lattice, enclosure, grating, grate, balustrade, bars,

(*hlinn) ds.; Old High German hlina ` the back of a couch ', Old English hlinbedd, hlinung

` mound, hillside, slope' (: Latvian slains); Gothic hlaiw `grave', Proto Norse hlaiwa ds., Old gravestone ' (= Latin clvus); Gothic hlija m. `tent, cottage'; Old High German (h)lta, High German Old Saxon hlo `burial mound, grave', Old English hlw `burial mound,

`lean (tr.)'; Gothic hlain Gen. Pl. `the hill', nisl. hleinn ` rock ledge ', Norwegian dial. lein f.

Modern High German Leite ` mountainside ', Old Icelandic hli f. `slope, mountainside '

(compare gr. , Lithuanian latas); Old Icelandic hli f. `side', Old English hl n. ` Latin cltellae etc.); Old High German (h)leitara `ladder', Old English hld(d)er ds.; Old German Augenlid), Old Icelandic hli `door, Gattertr', Gothic hleiduma `linker'; English -hldan `cover', hlid n. `cover, door', Old High German lit `cover' (Modern High

heap, mound, hill' (: , Lithuanian lt); Gothic hleira `cottage, tent' (see above to

in addition Lithuanian lti ` lean, incline, verge ', su-ljs ` be bending ', causative nuPrussian slayan n. ` sledge skid ', Nom. Pl. slayo ` sled ', Lithuanian ljos f. Pl. ds.; at-

Lithuanian liej, liti (older em. lej = Old Indic ryati =) Latvian sleju, slet ` lean ',

lajnti ` turn over, overturn, capsize; keel over '; nouns: Latvian slejs m., sleja f. `line'; Old

latas m. `slope', lna f. ` loam, clay ', at-lamas m. `forecourt'; Latvian slita f. `fence', f. ` Garbenhocke ' (: gr. ), Old Lithuanian lit `ladder'; Lithuanian leivas `

lainis m. ` wing, outhouse, outbuilding ', Latvian slains ` wo man einsinkt ', Lithuanian

Lithuanian em. p-litas `slant, skew' (= Old Indic rit-, gr. ); Lithuanian lt, lits

bowlegged' (compare Latin clvus `slope'), ablaut. livs m. `bowlegged person'; to the rhyme word Lithuanian klevas, klvas ` bowlegged' see below (s)kel- `bend'; different Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 130, 317 ;
1

formal above Old Prussian slayan n. ` sledge skid '.

Slavic *sloj ` layer ' (*kloio-s) in sloven. slj ` layer, lair ', russ. Czech sloj ds.; compare

(Lithuanian kltis ` granary, garner, barn ' is Slavic loanword) under assumption from West Indo Germanic Guttural s. Berneker 517 f. References: WP. I 490 ff., WH. I 231 f., 233, 234 f., 236, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 144 f., Trautmann 308 f., Loth RC 42, 87 f., Vendryes RC 46, 261 ff.

About the extremely dubious affiliation from Old Bulgarian etc. klt ` room, cell '

Page(s): 600-602

elel (s)kelSee also: extension from kel-2 ` incline '; s. also under (s)kel- `bend'.

Meaning: to cover, conceal, steal

lep- skleplep lep Root / lemma: klep- (sklep-?)

(out of it Latin clepta), , , `thief', ` theft '; Latin clep, -ere ` to steal '; Gothic hlifan `steal' (hliftus `thief'); `deceitful';

Material: Gr. (*) `steal' (, and ), n.,

Middle Irish cluain (*klopni-) f. `deceit, flattery, insincere compliments', cluainech

Old Prussian auklipts (*-kl pts) `hide, conceal'; s. also under klp-. With anlaut. sl- from skl- seems related Lithuanian slepi, slpti `conceal'. German hulft ` quiver ' seems to be justly zero grade our root form, as Old Prussian auklipts; Old Prussian auklipts indicate then West Indo Germanic guttural. Page(s): 604 References: WP. I 497, WH. I 232, Trautmann 137. The meaning is made probably, that klep- extension from kel- `conceal'; Middle High elel
e

Meaning: to hear, cry

leuleu ll Root / lemma: kleu-1, kleu- : kl-

, Latin inclutus, Irish cloth n., Old High German Hlot-, Armenian lu) etc., ravyati `allows to hear', ryate ` is heard ', rti- ` the hearing '; famous ', srti- `das zu Gehrbringen, Vortrag'; Avestan surunaoiti (*klu-n-) `hrt, steht im Rufe, heit' etc., participle srta- ` heard,

Material: 1. Old Indic rti (*kl-neu-) ` hears ', rudh `hear' (= *), participle rut- (=

elel Note: (extension a root kel-);

Old High German hliumunt);

sraman- n. ` ear, hearing ' (: Gothic hliuma), Old Indic rmata- n. `good shout, call' (=

High German hliodar), Avestan sraota- n. ` the hearing ' (compare serb. sltiti), Avestan

Old Indic rtra- n. `ear', Avestan sraora- n. ` the singing ' (= Old English hloor, Old

Aor. luaj `hear, heard' (*klu-ke-); the -s- of thepresent tense is the most likely -sko-); s gr. (F), -, ep. ` praise' are secondary; `heard' (= Old Indic

Armenian lu ` renowned, glorious ' (= etc.), lur `knowledge, rumor, tidings ', lsem,

ruvam), , `hear!', `illustrious', `illustrious' (*F, as , - (*F-) `shout, call', etc.;

, Latin genitus), ` praise; shout, name' (*F[]- of es es-stem), , Latin clue, -re (later also clu, -re) ` to hear, be spoken of, be said ' (-verb with the

Umbrian only in names (Kluvatiis ` Clovatius ', Umbrian Kluviier ` Cluvii ' ); fame, renown, esteem ';

renowned ', inclutus `illustrious' (about Latin from-cult see below kel-2 ` incline '), Oscanelel Old Irish cloth n. `fame' (= Old Indic ruta-), cymr. clod ` praise, commendation, glory,

zero grade klu-), cluvior (Gl.) ` that is known, well-known, famous, noted, celebrated,

Germanic *kl-) ` hears ', Perf. 1. Sg. ro-cuala, cymr. cigleu ` hear ', Old Irish Konj. rocloor ` da ich hre ', -cloth, newer -closs ` was heard '; Thurneysen Gr. 357, 439; Old Icelandic hlj `listening, quietness; sound' (= Avestan sraota-), Old English hloor

clevout `hear', Old Irish ro-clui-nethar (reconverted with metathesis from *cli-nu-, Indo

cymr. clywed ` the hearing, sense of hearing ', mcymr. clywaf, corn. clewaf `I hear'; bret.

`sound, tone, melody ', Old High German hliodar n. `sound, tone, clangor ' (= Old Indic German hliumunt, Modern High German Leumund (= Old Indic rmata-), participle rtra-), Gothic hliuma m. ` ear, hearing ', Pl. `ears' (= Avestan sraoman), Old High

*hlua-, *hlua- in Old High German Hluderch, Hlothari, Old English Hlo-wg, Hlo-here etc.; besides with (heavy basis, see above), Old High German hlt, Old English Old

Saxon hld, Modern High German laut;

`glory, magnificence, splendor ', ablaut. East Lithuanian lv `fame';

Latvian sludint ` announce, declare '; lengthened grade Lithuanian lov and lv Old Bulgarian slov, sluti `call, be illustrious', lengthened grade slava f. `fame',

therefrom slaviti ` make illustrious ', serb. sltm, sltiti ` foresee, predict ' (Denom. a *slut; sloven. slt ` suspicion ' is probably postverbal), slytije `shout, call, names'; Tocharian AB klw- ` announce, declare '; A klots, klautso `ear, gill'. (Pedersen IF. 5, 36). With West Indo Germanic guttural: alb. kjuhem `be called', gjuanj, kjuanj `name'

` glory, splendour, effulgence, the opinion which others have of one, estimation, reputation, from the Gen. Sg. derives; Old Church Slavic slovo `word'; Tocharian A klyw, klywe 3. s-extensions: Old Indic rati ` hears, listens, conforms ', rti- ` compliance, credit, honour ', Old Irish cl `fame' (but cymr. clyw ` ear, hearing ' is a new formation), this

Illyrian EN Ves-cleves (= Old Indic vasu-ravas ` possessing good fame '), Latin cluor (Gl.)

2. es es-stem: Old Indic ravas- n. `fame', Avestan sravah- n. `word', gr. F `fame',

(*kleuos) `fame'; Pedersen Tochar. 225.

obsequiousness ', Avestan sraoa- ` ear, hearing ' etc.; Armenian lu ` closemouthed ' (klus-ri-);

Old Irish cluas `ear' (*kloust) = cymr. clst ` ear, hearing '; `lend ear, listen ', Modern High German (Bavarian) Alemannian losen ds.; Old Icelandic Gehr, Ohr, Hren, Lauschen ', Old Icelandic hlusta, Old English hlystan (engl. listen) German lstrn, Modern High German (schwb.-Bavarian) laustern `lend ear, listen ', Modern High German lauschen (*hls-skn); Old English hlor, Old Saxon hlior, Old Old Icelandic hler `das Lauschen' (from *hloza-, older *hluza-), Old High German hlosn

hlust `ear' (= Old Indic ruti-), Old English hlyst ` ear, hearing ', Old Saxon hlust f. `

`wake up, become alert, listen '; with (as Old High German hlt, see above): Old High

Icelandic hlyr `cheek' (= Old Bulgarian sluch); basis as slyati) `hear';

Old Bulgarian slyati `hear', sluch ` ear, hearing ', sluati (serb. slati, also heavy

Tocharian A klyo-, klyau- `hear'; klo, klausane Dual `ears'. Lithuanian klausa, -ti `hear', Latvian klust `hear, obey ', Old Prussian klauston = `*will hear' from *kleu-s-i has future s). With West Indo Germanic gutturals: Messapic klaohi `hear!' (: Old Indic ri);

`erhren', Lithuanian paklusns ` obedient, submissive ' (against it Lithuanian klusiu `ask'

References: WP. I 494 f., WH. 86 f., 237 ff., Trautmann 307 f., Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 285, 333; Hj. Frisk, Gteborgs Hgsk. Arsskr. LVI 1950: 3. Page(s): 605-607

Meaning: to rinse, clean, tear

leuleu l[u]- ll[u] l Root / lemma: kleu-2 : *kl[u]- : kl-

leuleu l[u]- ll[u] l leuleu Root / lemma: kleu-2 : *kl[u]- : kl- : to rinse, clean, tear, derived from Root / lemma: kleull 1, kleu- : kl- : to hear, cry. leuleu Note: extension kleu-d-, Latvian also klu-k-.

Material: Gr. (*) ` rinse, wash with water ', m. ` wave, billow, surf, m. ` a clyster-pipe, syringe ', root nouns Akk. Sg. ` surge '; Latvian slukt `milk'.

rough water', n., m. ` gurgle, sound made by water flowing over stones ', Maybe alb. Geg (*klusmos) klumsht, Tosc qumsht ` milk' : gr. m. ` gurgle' : Old Latin clu ` to free from what is superfluous, make clean, make pure, clean,

cleanse, purify' (*klou), Latin cloca (cluca, clovca) ` drainage ditch, drainage canal '; `clear, bright, cheerful, pure' (*kl-ro-s); altgal. Cluad, acymr. Clut, Ptol. river name, engl. Clyde (Celtic *klout); cymr. clir

bright', Modern High German lauter (*kld-ro-s); Old Norse hlr ` sea' (*hlewa-, Indo Germanic *kleuo-);

Gothic hltrs, Old English hlt(t)or, Old Saxon Old High German hlt(t)ar ` pure, clear,

lota ` besom ', Latvian sluta ds.; extension klu-k- in slact ` sweep, wash away, ` sweep, wash away '.

Lithuanian loju, lavia, loti, dial. lav (= Latin clu) ` sweep, wash away, whisk ',

whisk', slaukt ` splash, fall violently and noisy ', slukt `milk', Lithuanian liaukti, laukti Perhaps extension of *kel- `humid, wet, damp', there also lie the consecutive roots of

the basic: klep-`humid, wet' (see there), klek- ds. (Lithuanian lak, -ti `drip, trickle', lkti, liknti `spray' etc.), kleg(h)- ds. (russ. slez `tears', Old Church Slavic slza ds.). If this applied, would be for kleu- : kel- the relation sreu- ` flow ' : ser- either model or parallel.

Page(s): 607

References: WP. I 495 f., WH. I 239 f., Trautmann 307.

lou-nilou Root / lemma: klou-niMeaning: hip Material: Old Indic ri- m. f., Avestan sraoni- f. `buttock, hip, haunch'; Latin clnis ` a buttock, haunch, rump of people and animals' (clunculum ` small sword cymr. corn. clun f. `hip, haunch', bret. klun `buttock';

or dagger which one carries behind ');

Old Icelandic hlaun n. `buttock'; Prussian slaunis `thigh'. Lithuanian launs ` femur, thigh, hip, haunch, ham ', Latvian slauna `hip, haunch'; Old

spinal column ' is still unexplained. Page(s): 607-608

The Lautform from gr. , - ` coccyx, small triangular bone at the base of the

References: WP. I 499, WH. I 239, Trautmann 306, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 162.

Meaning: grass

oi-nooi Root / lemma: koi-no-

Material: Gr. Hes. (perhaps Neutr. Pl.); Lithuanian inas, Latvian sens `hay' feeding-ground, pasturage, grass ', Serbo-Croatian sjeno `hay', Old Czech sno ds. Page(s): 610 (Finnish loanword out of it signify `hay, grass, herb'); Old Church Slavic sno ` any

References: WP. I 455, Mhlenbach-Endzelin Latvian-D. Wb. III 859, Trautmann 297.

Meaning: stalk; reed

olmo olmoolm olm Root / lemma: kolmo-s, kolm

Material: Gr. , `reed' (assimilated from -?); Latin culmus ` stem '; Old High German halm, halam, Old Norse halmr, Old English healm ` stem '; Old Prussian salme `straw', Latvian salms ` straw '; `straw'; Old Church Slavic slama (*solm, Indo Germanic *kol-m), russ. soloma, serb. slma Tocharian A kulmts- `reed' (?). Latin calamus `reed', from which again cymr. etc. calaf `reed'. Maybe alb. kallam ` reed ' a Latin loanword. Maybe alb. kalli, kalliri ` ear of grain '. From gr. are borrowed Old Indic kalma- m. ` a kind of rice, writing pipe ' and

f.).

relationship to kel- perhaps `thin shaft, arrow, stiff stem ' is worth considering (see 552 elel

Page(s): 612

References: WP. I 464, WH. I 136, 303 f., Trautmann 298.

onkhoonkho Root / lemma: konkhoMeaning: clamshell Material: Old Indic akh- m. ` shell, temple, flattened region on either side of the gr. , ` shell, measure of capacity '; , ` shell, snail shell, Latin congius ` a measure for liquids ' is most likely a gr. loanword; doubtful Latvian sence ` shell ', there zence seems the right form. References: WP. I 461 f., WH. I 260, J. B. Hofmann Gr. etym. Wb. 151. Page(s): 614

forehead ';

snail', maybe from *-;

onkonk Root / lemma: konk-

Meaning: to doubt; to sway

anxiously before ', ak ` anxiety, fear, suspicion, doubt'; akita-);

Material: Old Indic akat ` sways, doubts, is procured, fears ', akita- ` anxiously, Latin cnctor, -r ` to delay, hesitate' (*concitor frequentative, compare Old Indic Old Norse htta `chance, risk' (*hanhatjan), htta `danger', hski ds. (*han-h(a)skan-). About Old High German hhan ` hang ' etc. s. S. 566 under kenk- `waver'. Page(s): 614 References: WP. I 461.

op(h)eloop(h)elo ap(h)eloap(h)elo Root / lemma: kop(h)elo-s or kap(h)elo-s Material: Old Indic aphara- m. ` Cyprinus sophore ' = Lithuanian palas ` Cyprinus dobula '; Meaning: a kind of carp

possibly popular etymology after , because * would allow to think in . References: WP. I 457, WH. I 171, Trautmann 299.

gr. `carp', perhaps reshaped after , x, etc.; -

Page(s): 614

Meaning: gravel, boulder Meaning:

ork krok?), l rok Root / lemma: kork (krok - l

e e e

Material: Old Indic rkar (rkara-) ` powder, gravel, stone, powder sugar '; gr. , `pebble'; perhaps has a * : arkar previously after

`hit' metathesis experienced in . Page(s): 615 References: WP. I 463.

Meaning: ` weasel ' Page(s): 615

ormenormen Root / lemma: kormenSee also: see above under ker-6.

Meaning: acid liquid, lye, urine

ormno- mnoormno mno Root / lemma: kormno-, krmnoMaterial: Middle High German hurmen ` fertilize ' (originally probably with Jauche), Modern High German harn, harm Old High German haran `urine'; Lithuanian rmas ` alkali, leach, lye, buck ', Latvian srms `lye', Old Prussian (with the

ablaut grade from Middle High German hurmen) sirmes (for *sirmis) `lye'. Page(s): 615 References: References: WP. I 463, Trautmann 300.

ormoormo Root / lemma: kormo-

Meaning: suffering, pain

Material: Avestan farma- m. ` sense of shame before ', Middle Persian arm ds.; Old Icelandic harmr ` sorrow, distress, damage, injury', Old English hearm m. ` distress,

pain, damage, pity', Old Saxon harm `pain, injury', Middle Low German harm `pain', Old

High German har(a)m `affliction, damage, insult', Modern High German Harm, Old English hearm, Old Saxon harm `painful, hurtful '; Old Bulgarian sram `the genitals'. Page(s): 615 References: WP. I 463, Trautmann 299.

(e)i(e)i i Root / lemma: ko-, ke- (with particle ke `here'), k(e)i-, k(i)iio- (*ke-) Note: common Proto k Germanic -u- > --, -y-, -i-. Meaning: this

Material: Armenian -s `article' (e.g. mard-s `the person'), sa `this', ai-s ds., a-s-t `here'; s Phrygian () `this' (*kem + i); different Pedersen Tochar. 259.

back formation () `there', () etc.; *kio- in , Attic `today' Note:

gr. particle * in and , Doric Lesbian `that' from *()-; out of it

(*), whereupon also *F `this year' in , Attic , Doric ;

(common Avestan Slavic k > : alb. k > ts > : Greek Tocharian labialized k > t, gutturals g - > d).
w

wird hergekommen sein '), cterus `the other, remainder, rest' (*c + *etero-, compare

Latin -ce, ce-particle in ce-do ` hither with it, give, bring here ' (also Oscan ce-bnust ` er

esu-c ` he, she, it, the one mentioned '; Oscan d-k, Umbrian ere-k ` he, she, it, the one Umbrian esmi-k ` Of that which is at hand; in space, this . . . here, this ', Latin ecce mentioned ', Oscan ekas-k ` Of that which is at hand; in space, this . . . here, this ',

ekk ` to this place, hither ' = Paelignian eci-c, marr. iaf-c ` he, she, it, the one mentioned ',

ill-c, tun-c, nun-c etc., Oscan ekak ` Of that which is at hand; in space, this . . . here, this ',

Umbrian etru ` one, another, the one, the other '); hi-c (*hi-ce), hs-ce, s-c (s-ci-ne), ill-c,

(probably from *ed-ke, s. *e Pron.-stem), Oscan um -um extended ekk-um `also', after puz accordingly, as has been said '; conglutination e-ko- e.g. Oscan ekas ` Of that which is at

` as, like' reshaped from *kuti-s ekss ` in this manner, in this wise, in such a way, so, thus,

Oscan exac ` Of that which is at hand; in space, this . . . here, this ';

this . . . here, this ', ecuc ` to this place, hither ', ecic ` to this place, hither ', *e-k(e)-so- e.g.

hand; in space, this . . . here, this ', Paelignian acuf ` Of that which is at hand; in space,

hither side ', citimus ` On this side ', Umbrian cive ` on this side, on the hither side ' (stem *ki-uo-), cimu, simo ` behind, on the back side, in the rea '; Old Irish c `here, on this side ' (*kei, compare changing through ablaut Ogom coi

*ki- in Latin cis ` on this side ', citer ` on this side ', citr `here', citr ` on this side, on the

etic besides eti `also' could contain likewise -ke;

' etc.) ` on this side ' (in cen-alpande ` cisalpinus ') and `without', centar ` on this side '; gall. Old Norse hnn, hann `he' (*hnaR, Indo Germanic *knos from *ke-eno-s), hn ` she '; Gothic himma ` Of that which is at hand; in space, this . . . here, this ', hina ` Of that

`here', gall. ), cen (compare to n-suffix Old High German hina ` away, in another place

aschs. h, he, hie, Old High German h, her `he', only Nom., Old English h ds.;

which is at hand; in space, this . . . here, this ', hita n. `now, yet', aschs. hiu-diga, Old

Gothic hr, Old High German hiar, Old English hr `here' (*ki-r); Gothic hidr `here', Old hitumum, hitamun ` previous, at length, at last, not till then, just, precisely, only ' (: Latin Maybe nl. heden `today' : alb. sonte ` today ' see below. hindan, Old High German hintana `behind', Old Norse handan `from that side her, beyond', hindumists ` hindermost, endmost, outermost ', Old English hindema `last', whereas n from firstborn ', Old Irish ctne, cymr. kyntaf `first' etc. to *ken- `frisch kommen, soeben sich recent '? comparative Gothic hindar, Old High German hintar ` behind ', superlative Gothic controversial, whether here: Gothic hindana ` behind, beyond', Old English aschs. English hider, engl. hither `here' (: Latinciter, citr), nl. heden `today', Old High German

come over here ' (basic form doubtful); Old High German hra, Old Saxon her `here';

High German hin, hinweg (compare Old Irish cen); Gothic hiri ` get over here, come here,

(from *hiu + postposition t `to'); Old High German hina ` away, in another place ', Modern

jru) `this year', Modern High German jetzt, sterr. hietz(t), Middle High German (*h)ie-zuo

High German hiu-tu `hoc die, today' (: aschs. ho-digo ds.), Old High German hiuru (*hiu-

citimus);

*ki-n-t-, *ko-n-t identical would be as in Old High German hina; or with gall. Cintugntos `

einstellen, anfangen' (above S. 564) with the meaning `last' = ` new, not old, young, fresh, Old Prussian schis (Adverb schai `here'), Lithuanian s (Latvian is = Old Church Slavic

s `this'), Gen. Lithuanian i, Old Church Slavic sego, Akk. Pl. Old Church Slavic sj, fem. Lithuanian (Latvian ) = Old Church Slavic si, Akk. Sg. f. sj, Lithuanian -tas `this' (*ki-to-), in addition ta `here, there, that' (old itai), Old Prussian stas `that ';

Lithuanian iadien, Latvian odien `today', Lithuanian , Latvian e `here', Old Church Slavic si-c ` of such a kind, such ' etc.; Maybe alb. (*sodiena) sonte `today' : Latin hodie, Latvian odiena, Lithuanian iandien `this day, today'. Hittite ki ` this ', ki-nun `now, yet' contains *ki (Pedersen Hittite 50). Maybe alb. Geg m. ky, Tosc ki `this', f. kjo ` that', (*ky-ta) kta m. ` these', (*ky-to) kto f. ` these', (*ky-tu) ktu ` here'. (common Polish alb. -y- > --). languages prefix e-, a-. he'; Alb. Geg (*a-ji) aji, Tosc ai` he', (*a-jo) ajo ` she'. Note: Occidental (western) Romance Alb. (*a-jo) ajo ` she' = Lithuanian ji ` she', alb. (a-ji) Geg aji, Tosc ai ` he' = Lithuanian jis ` References: WP. I 452 ff., WH. I 192 f., 208 f., 222, 390, 644 f., 855, 862, Trautmann 304, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 613. Page(s): 609-610

Meaning: roof

po- k popo po Root / lemma: krpo- (krpo-?)

', engl. roof, Middle Low German rf ` shelter, cover, cover';

Material: Old Icelandic hrf n. `roof, hanger, shed ', Old English hrf `roof, deck of the ship Old Bulgarian strop `roof' (*krpos). (common Slavic sk- > st-) Page(s): 616 References: WP. I 477 f., Trautmann 309.

Note: only Germanic and Slavic

rr Root / lemma: krPage(s): 616

also: See also: see above S. 574 ff. under ker-1 and S. 582 under ker-.

reb re remb rem Root / lemma: kre -, krb -, krem Meaning: to trust Material: Old Indic rambhat, participle rabdha- (with vi- and other preposition) .) ` trust,
h h h

count on ', nirmbh- ` appearing surely ';

`faith, belief' would have attributed e to credu `believe'. Page(s): 617 References: WP. I 478, Kuiper Nasalprs. 146.

Old Irish crbud ` devoutness, ascetic' (*krb itu-s) m.; cymr. crefydd (new creddyf)
h

lemma: redred Root / lemma: kredPage(s): 618

See also: see above S. 579 f. under kered-.

Meaning: to appear, show oneself

reirei Root / lemma: krei-

Avestan sr- `beauty', Old Indic r-l- `beautiful, lovely, superb, pretty, splendid', -rra- ` ugly, not good looking ', Avestan srra- `beautiful', Kompar. Old Indic ryas-, Avestan srayah-, Superl. Old Indic rha- (rha-), Avestan srata-, Old Indic rmn- m. `

Material: Old Indic r- f. `beauty, splendor, satisfaction, richness, glory, magnificence',

n. `beautiful';

decoration, preference ', Avestan srayan- n. `beauty', Adj. `beautiful', Old Indic riys Dat. hom. poet. `noble, princely, ruler' ( , ) Pind. Aisch.,

nachhom. EN (*[]-- participle ` shining out ' (?), stands perhaps as comparative for -). References: WP. I 478, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 526.

Page(s): 618

re- reire rei Root / lemma: kre-, krei-, krPage(s): 617

See also: see above S. 574 ff. under ker-1.

rr Root / lemma: krPage(s): 617

also: er-4. er See also: see above S. 578 under ker

Meaning: shank, leg

rsrs Root / lemma: krs-

Material: Armenian srun-k` Pl. (Gen. srvanc, sruni-c) `shinbone, calf' (*krs-ni-);

Latin crs, -ris n. ` shank, shin bone, leg'. Page(s): 624 References: WP. I 489, WH. I 295.

s- k s Root / lemma: ks- (*keu-s-) Meaning: to burn Material: Old Indic kyati `burns', kt- f. `blaze, glow', km- `singes, burns, withers,

dries up ', kr- ` burning, searing '; Kaus. kpyati `makes burn '; common Old Indic h> kto latter p-form perhaps Armenian cav `pain', casnum `rage against', Aor. caseay (`*be

words show ks-).

stormy, hot tempered '; s = ps-); to km- probably Armenian camak` `dry' (the Armenian

See also: see below ks-ro-. Page(s): 624

References: WP. I 500, Frisk Nominalbild. 6;

ro- k Root / lemma: ks-ro- (*keus-ro-) s roMeaning: dry; bright (of weather) Material: Gr. (only Akk.) ` solidified, dry land ', lengthened grade `dry, arid'; Latin serescunt (Lucil. I 306) `(the dress) dry (in the sun), grow dry ', sernus ` clear, Old High German serawn ` become dry, dwindle, waste away, melt, decay, become

compare above S. 624 Old Indic kar-; common Old Indic h- > kfair, bright, serene ' (of sky, heaven and weather);

faint, grow weak, sink, be enfeebled, be faint, droop, be feeble, be languid ', Middle High German Modern High German serben ` wither, become wilted; faded, flaccid, withered '; Tocharian A ksr(k) ` morning '? There ks-ro- is probably an extension from ks- `burn, scorch'. Page(s): 625 References: WP. I 503, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 329.

ueiuei kuei- kuei- kueiRoot / lemma: kuei-3 extended kuei-d-, kuei-s-, kuei-t- (*ke-) Note: common Proto k Germanic -u- > --, -y-, -i-.

Meaning: shining; white

mountain name `the white', PN (?); Gothic hveits, Old Icelandic hvtr, Old Old Frisian hwit ds.;

ueiuei Material: a. kuei-d-: Old Indic vindat `glares, gleams' (Dhtup.), Perf. ivind; gr.

Note: probably extension from keu-, S. 594 f.

English Old Frisian aschs. hwit, Old High German (h)wiz `white', zero grade nld. ndd. witt, o-grade Gothic hveiteis, Old Icelandic hweiti n., Old English hwte, Old Frisian aschs. English white, Swedish dial. hvite, westfl. wit `wheat'.

hwti, ahd weizzi, Modern High German Weizen `wheat'; changing through ablaut Middle b. kuei-s- Lithuanian vies f. `light', vais f. ` gleam'. ueiuei c. kuei-t- (kuei-to-, kuei-tio-, kui-t no-, kui-t ro- `bright, white'): uei- k ei-touei ei eiei nono roro svt `light'); Old Indic vtya- `white, light ', fem. - (= Old Bulgarian svta `light'), Old Old Indic vt- `white' (f. vn by Vopadeva) = Avestan spata- ds. (= Old Bulgarian
)( )( )( )( )( )( )( )(

Indic vtat `is white', vtna-, vitny-, vitr- (= Lithuanian vitrs ` sandpaper ') `white', Old pers. -, npers. sipihr `sky, heaven'; composition form Aryan viti- in Old Indic vity-ac `gleaming', Avestan spiti-doira- ` having bright eyes ';

ds., dissimil. from *kuit-u- no-s PN T, Aeolic lakon. ; mountain name ; Note: Greek Tocharian labialized k > t, gutturals g - > d Illyrian, Celtic Greek Avestan k - > p-, g - > balways, shimmer ', vint, vsti `be getting bright ', Kaus. vaita, vaitti ` make bright '; vtras m. ` sandpaper ', vytroti `flicker'; Old Church Slavic svtit s, svtti s `gleam, shine' and Slavic *svn (from *vitn Lithuanian viei, visti `gleam, shine': veii, vesti `clean', vit, vitti ` to shine
w w w w

doubtful gr. f., m. ` calc, lime, limestone, gypsum, chalk ' (*kuit- no-s),

jemandem leuchten '; Slavic vaita- m. `light' in Old Church Slavic vt `light, world'; in addition Slavic *vaitja in Old Church Slavic vta `light, candle'; besides with West Indo Germanic k-: Latvian kvitu, kvitt `flicker, gleam', Kaus. kvitint;

besides Lithuanian vint) in russ.-Church Slavic svnuti; Kaus. Old Church Slavic svtiti `

bloom, blossom', Old Czech ktvu, kvsti; ablaut. Old Church Slavic cvt, Czech kvt etc. `bloom, blossom'; besides Slavic *kvtti in russ.-Church Slavic cvtti `bloom, blossom' and Serbo-Croatian cvtjeti `bloom, blossom' (= Latvian kvitt). References: WP. I 469 f., Trautmann 147 f., 310 f., Osthoff ZONF. 13, 3 ff.

Slavic *kvt, *kvisti `bloom, blossom' in Old Church Slavic pro-cvt, -cvisti `flower,

Page(s): 628-629

Meaning: shoulder

Root / lemma: kup- (*keu-p-) up up- k

Note: (Germanic with anlaut. s-)

common k- > sk- > s- kentum > satem.

formant -t-); Middle Low German schuft m., East Frisian, Dutch schoft `shoulder blade of a Note: Note cow, a horse' (*skuftu-).

Material: Old Indic upti-, Avestan supti- `shoulder'; alb. sup `shoulder, back' (without

Clearly alb. alb. sup `shoulder, back' is the oldest form IE cognate while other IE forms are extensions with suffix -ti, -tu.

Page(s): 627

References: WP. I 467.

eiei ei-no- k ei Root / lemma: kuei-1, kuei-no- (*ke-no-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > --, -y-, -noMeaning: dirt; to defile i-.

urbanized for the plebeian *cnum from *coinom, *quoinom), in-, con-quinre `smudge, befoul ', cnre ` produce, dung, excrements, ordure, manure ', ancunulentae ` feminae menstruo tempore '; Swedish dial. hven ` marshy field', Old Icelandic hvein (*kuoin) in place names,

obscaenus (back-formation from*obscnare) `dirty, filthy, disgusting, indecent' (caenum

Material: n(o)Material: With formants -n(o)-: Latin caenum `smut, ordure, dirt, filth', obscnus,

wherefore as ` marsh grass ' probably Danish hvene ` couchgrass, type name for several (Middle English whin `broom' from Danish hvine);

stiff grass kinds ', Swedish hven, Norwegian dial. hvein ` couchgrass, thin blade of grass ' Latvian svnt refl. ` make oneself dirty ', svns `smudges';

much more uncertain Old English hwg, Middle Dutch wey `wheys' (*kuoio-?). Page(s): 628 References: WP. I 469, WH. I 131 f.

with other formant presumably Armenian iv ` deposit of pressed grapes ' (ku-uo-);

Meaning: to hiss, whistle, etc..

eiei Root / lemma: kuei-2 (*ke-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > --, -y-, -i-. k -

Note: (see similar under kues- `pant, gasp')

Material: Nisl. hva ` neigh ', Swedish dial. hwija `loud or violent cry', Middle High German weihen ` neigh '; in addition as causative `weep, cry make': Old English -hwnan wihe-n- -nen, -len, -ren ` neigh ', Old High German hwaijn, waijn, Middle High German

`plague, torment, smite', Old Swedish hwin ` annoyance ';

` buzz, whirr ', hwinsian, Old High German winisn ` lament', Modern High German

Old Icelandic hvna ` buzz, whirr ', hvinr `schwirrender sound, tone', Old English hwnan

winseln; Old Icelandic hvskra ` whisper', hvsla `whistle, whisper', Old English hwiscettan `whistle, from the mouse ', hwistlian `whistle', hwisprian `mumble, murmur', Old High German (h)wispaln `hiss, wispern', Old Church Slavic svistati `hiss'.

Maybe alb. (*hvskla) fishkllej `whistle' = Old Icelandic hvskra ` whisper', nasalized alb. (*hvinkla) hingllin ` neigh '. whistling '. ei kuei-k- in Armenian em ` fizz ' (*iem from *kuki) and Lithuanian vkti ` breathe ei-

Page(s): 628

References: WP. I 469.

Meaning: to gape ';

ekek enkenk uk- k uk Root / lemma: kuek- (nasalized kuenk-) : kuk- (*keuk-) k

Material: Old Indic vcat ` opens', ucchvak- m. ` the gaping, gap, shard, the opening Lithuanian k f. ` notch', kos Pl. `comb', Latvian suka f. `bristle brush, currycomb ' Slavic *set f. in polab. sact `bristle, bristle brush', sloven. t `bristle brush', russ.

(probably from `*comb'), suk'is m. `shard', sukums m. ` fracture, notch'; et `bristle'.

References: WP. I 470, Trautmann 309 f., Kuiper Nasalprs. 142. Page(s): 629

Meaning: muddy

el- k e l el Root / lemma: kuel- (*keul-)

slime, mud, cement, mortar ' (-al- = l or l); Lithuanian velns ` soft, tender, tendere

Material: Armenian aem ` wet, moistened, prepared cement, mortar ', aax ` loam, clay, hearted, gentle, delicate, sensitive, subtle, subtile, kindly, fond, sweet, affectionate, loving, dulcet, merciful, lenient, facile, smooth, fine, mild, clement, bland, meek, velvet, genial, fleecy, balmy '? Maybe alb. (*kuel-k) thuk ` mortar ' el k el-

Page(s): 629

References: WP. I 473.

en- k e en Root / lemma: kuen- (*keu-) Meaning: to celebrate; saint Material: Avestan spnta- `holy' (= Lithuanian vetas, Old Church Slavic svt `holy'), compounds Superl. Avestan span-yah, spnita- ` sacred, holiest ', es-stem Avestan spnah- n. ` holiness'; );

probably Gothic hunsl n. `sacrifice, oblation', Old English hsl n. ` sacrament' (kun-s-lo Lithuanian vetas `holy', Old Prussian swenta- in PN, Old Church Slavic svt, russ.

svjatj ds.; further to Latvian svint `hold festivities, sanctify '. Page(s): 630

References: WP. I 471, Trautmann 311, W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 366.

end ro- no- k e en roRoot / lemma: kuen -ro-, -no- (*keud -ro-) Material: Latin combrtum ` a kind of rush'; nir. cuinneog ` Angelica silvestris ' (common hunn ` Angelica silvestris ' from kuond -n, Danish fr. quander ds., Swiss References: WP. I 472, WH. I 253.
h h

Meaning: a kind of plant

Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), (Marstrander ZceltPh. 7, 359); based on kuond n = Old Icelandic Wannebobbell ` arum maculatum ', Lithuanian vedrai Pl. `a kind of reed, Typhalatifolia '.

Page(s): 631

Meaning: to puff, sigh

lemma: es- us- k e s es us Root / lemma: kues-, kus- (*keus-)

Material: Old Indic vsiti (inflection perhaps previously after aniti ` breathes '), vsati ` breathes, wheezes, sighs ', su- ` piping, whistling ', Avestan sui ` both lungs '; vsati); Latin queror, -, questus sum ` to express grief, complain, lament, bewail ' (: Old Indic lengthened grade Old Icelandic hvsa, Old English hwsan `pant, gasp';

High German ssn ` buzz, whirr, whiz, swish, whistle ' an independent onomatopoeic word).

Lithuanian uinti ` mit zischendem Gerusch durch die Luft fahren ' (it could be like Old

(perhaps rather like t-kr- new onomatopoeic word formation?), Armenian sulem `

supposes because of the same initial sound in Old Indic t-kr- m. ` the whistle, hiss '

The kues- is an extension of a ku-, keu through -es (at most onomatopoeic origin), one eueu eses

gasp': Armenian un `breath, breeze, soul, ghost' (kuonkio-); Lithuanian virkti `whistle, root kuei-2 `hiss ' see there. eiei Page(s): 631-632 buzz, whirr ', vilpti ` whistle, pipe, sing, whine, howl, whiz, whirr, hiss, hurtle ' and in the

whistle, fizz ' (from *soyl = keu-lo- or kou-lo-); Lithuanian v-akti `breathe, wheeze, pant,

References: WP. I 474 f., WH. II 403 f.

Meaning: dog (*animal with a strong sense of smell) Material:

on- un- k e on un Root / lemma: kuon-, kun- (*ken-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > --, -y-, -i-.

(n), (n) ns Grammatical information: originally Nom. Sg. ku(n) Gen. kuns In e- grade:

French chien : Albanian (*kjen) qen : Furlan cjan : Dzorati tsin : Breton ki : Welsh ci : Viestano ch : Wallon tchn ` dog'. Note: Common Hittite Slavic u- > alb. Geg y, alb. Tosc i, j j. u Maybe under the influence of Occidental Romance languages even the Greek cognate changed towards the common u- > alb. Geg y, alb. Tosc i i. u : Greek > Greek > Griko Salentino (*scillo) sciddho ` dog'. In a- grade:

Luvian: UR.ZR Meaning: `dog' Attestations: [NSg] UR.ZR-i: 109 iii 7. 202.

Commentary: Probably *zuwani-, cognate with HLuv. z-wa/i-ni-. See Melchert, Gs Cowgill Hittite: h.l. uwanis (Tischler 500)

Old Indic v and (u)v `dog', Gen. nas, Akk. vnam, Akk. Pl. nas; Avestan sp, `wolf'), Middle Persian sak, npers. sag, Kurdish sah, wi a; from Iran. derive alb. compare npers. sabah;

spnm, Gen. Pl. snam, med. (Herodotus) (*kun-ko- ` doglike': Old Indic vaka

shak() `bitch', gr. Hes. (from *) and russ. sobka `dog';

to discussed names of the animal young?;

dog', whether from *kuon-to-, -t; or to those above S. 564 under *ken- ` be born recently ' *kenwith for the Thrak.-Phrygian obvious gutturals Lydian `-', thrak. GN quite unclear Latin canis `dog', cns originally previously fem. `bitch', cancula
h

Armenian un, Gen. an `dog' (with unclear ); not well compatible with skund ` little

- (to 2. part s. d u- ` strangle, throttle, choke '); u-

(compare Old Indic un f.) considering of a; perhaps interference a the Middle Irish cano, also Lydian -?); cana `a wolf cub', cymr. cenaw `young dog or wolf' (see ken-3) corresponding words (so ken-

dogs of Hecate, a pack, a term of reproach, dog, of a backbiter, of a miser, of parasites, worst throw (of dice), dog-throw (opp. Venus) ' turns in gr. again, as well as in Old

The meaning from Latin canis as ` a dog, shameless, the barking mouths (of Scylla), the

the constellation, the Dog (canis maior, or Sirius; and canis minor, or Procyon), In play, the Indic va-ghnn- actually ` Hundetter ', i.e. `professional, dishonest players avoiding the

bad throws '; compare also gr. `danger (*In play, the worst throw (of dice), dogabove.

throw (opp. Venus))' from *-, to Old Indic dyt `game'? Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 335 In o- grade: ; to compare Lithuanian un-mus ` Hundsfliege '); gr. , (*F) `dog' ( `hndischer, i.e. unverschmter', Sup.

ki `dog' from *ku; t-), see above;

Old Irish c (Gen. con = ), cymr. ci (Pl. cwn - , Lithuanian nes), bret. corn.

Gothic hunds, Old Icelandic hundr, Old English hund, Old High German hunt `dog' (kun

Latvian suns, Old Prussian sunis `dog'); t- form Latvian suntana `large dog'; Latvian kua `bitch' probably with West Indo Germanic gutturals, Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 310? or k from kuca ds. (Lockruf); compare Bga Kalba ir s. I 196; quite doubtful but russ. poln. suka `bitch'; Tocharian A ku, Obl. kon, Nom. kunder Germanic Dekl. 32, 121 f. References: WP. I 465 f., WH. I 152 f.; Kuryowicz Accentuation 19; after Specht Indo

Lithuanian u (Gen. us) `dog' (has changed to i-stem in Lithuanian dial. unis,

See also: derivative from the color root keu-2, S. 594. u Page(s): 632-633

Meaning: dirt

Root keud -) Root / lemma: kd - (*ke ke

h h

Material: Gr. - Hes., Hes., ` semen ' Hes.; Lithuanian das, Latvian sds `crap, muck, ordure'.

Page(s): Page(s): 627

References: WP. I 467. Different Specht Indog. Dekl. 252 f.

Meaning: sharp; pike Note:

keu-) Root / lemma: k- (*ke ke

keu-): `sharp; pike' derived from zero grade of Root / lemma: ak-, okRoot / lemma: k- (*ke ke : Material: Old Indic -la- m. n. `spit, pike, pointed picket, pole; stechender pain', Armenian slak` (from *sulak`) `spit, pike, dagger, arrow', Old Irish cuil ` a gnat, midge ', cymr. cylionen ds., Latin culex ` mosquito '; : `sharp; stone'.

szan `needle', sk ` ear, awn'; dubious prkr. osukkai ` whets, sharpens '; Latin cuneus `wedge' (due to from ku-no- `cusp, peak').

Old Indic -ka- m. n` sting of an insect, awn of the corn', Avestan s-k- f. `needle', np.

Maybe alb. kunj `wedge' Latin loanword. Page(s): 626-627 References: WP. I 465, WH. I 302 f., 308.

Meaning: a kind of big fish Page(s): 635

alo loRoot / lemma: kalo-s (*ke lo-s) keu-lo

(s)kalo aloSee also: see below under (s)kalo-s.

as-i lo- keus loRoot / lemma: kas-iio-, -lo- (*ke s-lo-) Meaning: basket-work Material: Latin qulum (quallus) `a wicker basket' (*kuaslom, compare the diminutive:) ss-); ss

qusillus, -um ` a small basket for various purposes; esp., a wool-basket ' (with emphatic Old Bulgarian ko `basket' (*kas-io-s), russ. ko `basket, fish snaring net; hurdle ' etc.,

also Church Slavic koar(j)a ` hurdle ' etc., russ. kol `basket, bread basket '. Maybe alb. kosh `basket' a Slavic loanword. Page(s): 635 References: WP. I 507, Trautmann 119, WH. II 397.

s- s- kes-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > --, -y-, -i-. Root / lemma: ks- : ks- (*ke Meaning: to cough Material: Note: [addendum to S. 635]

In a- grade: (* as-) as
2 3

Old Indic ks-, ks- ` cough ', therefrom ksate `coughs'; Middle Irish cassacht(ach) m. ` cough ', cymr. pas ds. (*ks-t-), pesychu `cough' (*ks-t-isk-), bret. pas ` cough ', corn. paz ds.;

Latvian ksju, kst ds., Latvian ksulis ` cough '; Slavic *kal in russ.-Church Slavic kael ` cough ', etc.

In o- grade: (* os-) os

Lithuanian ksiu (old kosmi), ksti `cough', Lithuanian kosuls ` cough ', alb. koll, kolla ` cough ' (*kos-l) (common alb. -sl- > -ll-) References: WP. I 506, Trautmann 119. Maybe alb. pshtyj ` spit' : cymr. pesychu `cough' a Celtic loanword. Page(s): 649

German huosto, Alemannian wute ds.;

Old Icelandic hosti m. ` cough ', Old English hwosta, Middle Low German hoste, Old High

Meaning: to observe; to appreciate Note:

eiRoot / lemma: kei-1(t) (*ke -t) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > --, -y-, -i-. ke-

(common Avestan Slavic k > : alb. k > ts > : Greek Tocharian labialized k -> t-). In a- grade: Material:

A. Old Indic cyati ` perceives, observes, is shy, is concerned ', cy- ` showing reverence ' = Old Bulgarian aj, ajati ` expect, wait, hope ' (lengthened grade *ki-); Old Indic cinti, cikti `notices', cit- f. ` sympathy, appreciation ', c-t f. `ghost, intellect ':

gr. ` not to honour, not to heed, slight, treat lightly, deprive of honour due ' from *-- ` unheeding '; In e- grade: and wait, lie in wait and make a surprise attack', perhaps also Old Indic cra- m. ` spy, `be grieving ', `timorous, grieving '? k[i]-ro- in gr. `warden, guard', ` perceive, protect; observe, wait, hide out

scout '; it may be added because of Old Indic cyati `is anxious ' with zero grade also gr.

To *ki- `move' (above S. 538 f.) belongs k[i]so-, k[i]s `time' in: *ki k[i]soIn a- grade: Old Church Slavic as m. ` time' (* ai-ska). ai-ska In o- grade: alb. koh, koha f. ` time', (* ei-ska) Jokl Mel. Pedersen 159 f. ei-ska Note: Note
1 1 2

Also alb. ast `moment' : Old Church Slavic as m. a Slavic loanword. In a- grade: ); B. Old Indic cyat `racht, straft', ctr- ` avenger', pa-citi- f. `repayment' (= ,

, Slavic cna, compare also Lithuanian kina), npers. kn- `enmity, hate, rage, fury', punishment ', osset. ith `honour' (as ); In e- grade: participle Pass. ` assess; esteem, honour', - ` highly honored ', hom. , Attic (*F-) ` atone, pay ', Med. ` allow to pay or atone, punish ', gr. and (Arcadian reshuffling after , ), Fut. , Aor. , Avestan ka- n. `repayment', ii- f. ` atonement through payment ', i `ds.,

kayayanta ` sie sollen als Bue auf sich nehmen ', kan- f. `penance, atonement' (=

Avestan ky- ` repay, atone', e.g. ikayat `shall atone, punish, curse, avenge ', pairi--

`unhonoured, not honouring or regarding ';

(Eur. Or. 323), hom. (as Cretan after , ); Fut. , Aor. (Thessalian , Cypriot ), ` payment, penance, atonement, punishment, revenge, vengeance ', ` atonement, punishment, revenge, vengeance ' (out of it Latin poena); ` appraisal; honour; penance, atonement, punishment ', ` dishonouring, derisive '; probably Middle Irish cin, Gen. cinad `blame' (*kinu-t-s, compare -); In a- grade: release '; Lithuanian kina ` value, worth, price'; Old Prussian er-knint `(of the devil) set free,

In e- grade: cniti ` assess '. In a- grade: Old Bulgarian cna ` valuation, price, satisfaction, penalty, punishment; honour, price ',

okajati ` deplore, lament ', russ. kjat `rebuke', -sja ` feel repentance '. In e- grade: root extension keis-, keit- (compare above Old Indic ct, cit-): eis- eitetc. (Lewis-Pedersen 350);

Old Bulgarian kaj, kajati s ` feel repentance ', pokajati s ` make penance, atonement ',

Old Irish ad-c (*kis-e-t) ` sees ', call f. `reason' = cymr. pwyll, bret. poell ds. (*keis-l), Old Indic ctati, cktati ` hat acht auf etwas, nimmt Wahr ', Perf. cikta, participle

ctti- f. ` thought, reasoning, discernment', Avestan isti- ds., Old Indic cint ` thought, care '; Old Bulgarian t, isti ` count, calculate, read a script; honor ', *ki-t-ti- > st (= Old *ki tii-

cikitvn ` understanding, knowing ', Avestan ikiv ` thinking over, deliberative ', Old Indic

Indic ctti-) `worship, veneration, honour'; with anl. s- Latvian etu, itu, ist `mean', Impers. `shine, appear, seem'. In a- grade: Latvian skaitt ` count, recite prayers ', Lithuanian skait-a, -ti `count, read '. References: WP. I 508 f., Trautmann 113, 124, 135, 138, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 686, 697. Page(s): 636-637

Root / lemma: kei-2 (*ke-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > --, -y-, -i-. eike Meaning: to pile, stow, gather Material: Old Indic cinti, cyati ` piles up, lines up; collects, accumulates; joins, is based ', cya- m. ` accumulation, heap '; kya- m. ` abdomen, body ' (actually `* build, figure, body

structure '; or `*mass'?); cit ` layer, woodpile, pyre, stake', cti- f. ` accumulation, layer, pyre, stake', ct-f. ` the collecting '; Avestan kay-, ayeiti, invaiti `(*legere) aussuchen, choose ' with v- `divide,

distinguere', with ham- `colligere, (Schrittlngen) aneinanderlegen'; np. dan `gather, collect'; gr. `create' (arg.-Boeotian F ), then also ` poetize, write poetry ',

denominative of a *-F- ` constructing, creating ' (compare - ` baker ');

 the first syllable, as Old Indic ct-) `order, row, rank', initi ` sort, order, arrange, put in a `murder instigate '), poln. dial. koi si `succeed, proceed, go ahead'.

Old Bulgarian in (probably u-stem: Old Indic cin-ti, Avestan invaiti, yet in Slavic with

line, build ', probably also klr. koj, kojty ` instigate, prepare something evil', as gr. A s- further formations in Avestan ka- (with Prverbien) ` to place together, heap up,

429).

pile, arrange ', fr- `prepare, make ready ', v- ` prepare, get ready ' (Bartholomae Wb.

References: WP. I 510, WH. II 406, Berneker 538, Trautmann 124. Page(s): 637-638

Meaning: to rest quietly, quiet, peaceful

Root / lemma: kei-, kii- (*ke -es Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > --, -y-, -i-. ke-es)

Material: Old Indic cir-m ` indecisiveness, delay', cir- ` lasting, continuing; ongoing, long compare gathav. yeitiby), Avestan yta-, ta- ` pleases ' (= Latin quitus), a-ta- ` np. d `blithe, glad', oss. ancayun `rest'; sogd. 't ` gleeful ';

'; Old pers. iyti- ` complacency ' (= Latin quis), Avestan iti- `pleasure, joy' (- = y-, unhappy ' (= Latin inquitus), -, Avestan ita- ` most cozily, most gratifyingly ', Armenian han-gim `I lie, rest ', han-gist ` tranquility ' (-gi- from *-ki-); Germanic*hwl-) tranqulus, tranquillus ` peaceful' (trans + klos); Latin quis, -tis ` tranquility ', qui-sco, -scere, -v, -tum `rest', with formants -lo- (as

Maybe alb. qet `quiet' a Latin loanword. hvla `couch, bed, place for resting ', hvld ` tranquility ', Gothic eilan ` stay, linger, Gothic eila, Old English hwl, Old High German (h)wla ` while, time', Old Icelandic

hesitate, cease', Old English Hwla MN, Old High German wln, -n ` stay, linger '; `rest'; Old Church Slavic pokoj ` tranquility ', pokoj, pokojiti ` calm, appease ', poij, poiti Tocharian te `rich' (: Avestan yta- ` pleases '); Lycian tezi ` sarcophagus ' from *kjtis (?), Pedersen Lycian and Hittite 50. Page(s): 638 References: WP. I 510, WH. II 406, Trautmann 124.

Root / lemma: kek-, kk-, kek-s- (*ke k-s-) keuk Meaning: to seem, see, show Material: Old Indic kate `appears, glares, gleams, shines', cakiti, cakyt `shines, looks ', kaa- m. ` being visible, shine'; Avestan kasat ` perceives '; npers. gh `expert, skillful', nigh `sight'; s-extension

keks-: Old Indic c (3. Pl. cakat) `appears; beholds ', in compounds also ` announce, a(te, -ite) `instruct, teach' (actually ` allow to notice '), Middle Persian tan `instruct, show', cakas- n. `shine, face', caku- ` seeing ', n. ` brightness, face, eye'; Avestan

teach', Avestan Old pers. aman- n. `eye', npers. am, ds.; (common Old Indic h- > k: Old pers. h- > x- : Middle Persian x- > -) gr. , young (after ) `mark, token, sign, feature, characteristic with voiced final sound Old Church Slavic kao, kazati `show, urge, remind', u-kaz ` a

mark or property' (*kek-m[]r-?); different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326;

showing forth, exhibiting, a setting forth, exposition, proving, proof ' (also kazn ` decision, h- > k- : Slavic h- > -, zPage(s): 638-639

judgement, alignment '), probably Indo Germanic *ke- besides *kek-? common Old Indic References: WP. I 510 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326, 519.

eRoot / lemma: ke- 2 (*ke -) keuunko oSee also: s. unkoPage(s): 636

elel- keul Root / lemma: kel-1, kel- (*ke l-) Meaning: to turn; wheel; neck? Material:

Old Indic crati, calati ` moves, walks, grazes, drives ' etc. (heavy basis in critum, carit-, vigorous '), lengthened grade cra- m. ` way ', etc.; Avestan araiti ` versatur, obliegt einer Ttigkeit ' etc., arna- `field', Old pers. parikar `cultivate!'; s-extension in Old Indic kar- f. `furrow, headland ', krati, krti ` turn over, rotate cr-; cartra- n. `foot, leg', carcryma-, crt-, also probably tuvi-krm- ` energetic,

In a- grade:

something, plow ', Avestan kara- m. n. `furrow', karaiti `ridge, mark with ridges ';

Tocharian A kll ` brings ', preterit l, Pl. kalar (Pedersen Tochar. 183). In e- grade: (*kolei), a-sul ` willow ', sule ` boat ', (Note: Occidental (western) Romance languages '(*k l-b -);
h e

alb. sjel, sjell ` turn round, twist, turn over, bring' (*kel-); besides kjel `bring, bear'

prefix e-, a-), pr-kul, prkul `bend, curve ' (*kel-n-), kulp, kulpr, kulpra ` forest shoot

celis ds.; Lithuanian kelnas m. `knee', ablaut. Old Church Slavic kolno n. `knee, stem, `limb, member';

Balto Slavic *kelia- `knee' in Lithuanian kels, East Lithuanian klias `knee', Latvian

gender', perhaps further to Slavic *eln m., sloven. ln `joint, limb, member', klr. en Gothic Old Icelandic aschs. (*heals) hals m., Old English heals, Modern High German

Hals ` neck '; Old Icelandic hvel n. `wheel' =

Old Prussian kelan `wheel', Latvian f. Pl. du-celes ` 2-wheeled cart '; move round, be round about', with Aeolic - = *ke-: in the meaning gr. , `be in motion ' ( Aeolic), Aor. , participle `to

( ` accomplish, perform duties, rites, etc, make to arise ' Pind.), hom. `be, to pass, performance, consummation, power of deciding, supreme power, magistracy,

become', Cretan ` to be, to exist ', Cypriot `he will be ', also n. `coming office, decision, doom, something done or ordered to be done, task, service, duty, services or offerings due to the gods, state of completion or maturity, completion, end, finish, full realization, highest point. ideal, the end or purpose of action ' ( ` finish, complete,

bring to an end, accomplish, execute, perform ', , from *-F- ` perfect, of victims, entire, without spot or blemish, fully constituted, valid, of animals, full-grown, married, of persons, accomplished, perfect in his kind, in relation to quality, of prayers,

vows, etc., fulfilled, accomplished, of numbers, full, complete, of the gods, having power to fulfil prayer, mature, ripe, mellow, seasoned, grown', ` consummation, termination, end'), wherefore (*F, compare above Old Indic kar-) ` furrow, headland ', i.e. ` headland, i.e. land where the plough turned '; In o- grade: gr. ` piuot on which anything turns, axis, axis of the celestial sphere, pole-star, celestial sphere, vault of heauen, sky, orbit of a star, crown of the head, centre of the circular threshing-floor, pole passing through the axle-tree of a carriage, as a shock-

absorber, concave sun-dial (called polos from being shaped like the vault of heaven), on which the shadow was cast by the interpreter, head-dress, worn by goddesses ', `go about, range ouer, haunt, revolve, turn up the earth with the plough, plough ',

` maid (Hom.), servant' = Latin anculus ` a man-servant ', ` nanny goat shepherd ', ` minister in things divine ' (besides - `priest'); with in ` tending kine, worshipper of Dionysos in bull-form, in pl., title of play by bugail `herdsman, shepherd' from *kol(i)os with labialization after u; Maybe alb. bariu `herdsman, shepherd' a Celtic loanword. ' ( ` plough up '), Ionian Attic ` on the surface, on the top, uppermost ', `merchandise, traffic, purchase, gain made by traffic, profit '; ` go up and down or to and fro: hence, go or come frequently '; ` of Place, back, backwards, of Time, again, once more, in turn ' (Akk. a * ` turn '); see below; the gr. -forms contain probably partly Indo Germanic pel- see below; pel ` turn or go about, the planet presiding ouer a day, turn up the soil with the plough Cratinus, Osorapi devotee of Sarapis, cattle shepherd ' = Middle Irish bachaill, cymr.

of the soil ', incolere `inhabit, to be at home, abide, dwell ', incola ` an inhabitant, resident ', inquilnus ` of foreign birth ', Esquiliae ` the largest of the seven hills of Rome '; about anculus ` a man-servant ' see above;

Latin col, -ere ` to till, tend, care for, cultivate ' (*kel); colnus ` a husbandman, tiller

hals);

the neck, the neck (of a flask or bottle), (of the poppy), mountain ridge ' (*kol-so-, Gothic Old Irish cul ` cart ' (Dual. *kol); Middle Irish coll ` head' = and keles- n.); Old Church Slavic kolo n., Gen. kolese `wheel', Pl. kola ` cart ' (mixture from kolo- m.

colus, -s f. m. or - f. `distaff' (*kelos ` spindle'), collus, - m. (Old Latin), collum, - n. `

keklo-, koklo- (?) `wheel' in: eklo- okloIn a- grade: axra- m. `wheel'. In zero - grade: Old Indic cakr- m. n. (pronunciation secondary) ` cartwheel, disc, circle ', Avestan

gr. ` circle ', Pl. and ` wheels ' In e- grade: wheel), besides hweowol, hweogol (Germanic *hweg(w)ul-), Middle Low German wl Old Icelandic hjl, hvl (*kk lon-, Germanic *hwh(w)ula-) n., Old English hwol (engl.
e

Phrygian ` big, giant bear ' (`cart '), Lithuanian kklas, Latvian kokls ` neck '; Tocharian A kukl, kokale ` cart '.

`wheel'; also Frisian fial is probably eine dissimilation-form for *hwewla-; compare also

Old Icelandic hvll and hll m. (latter from dem Dat. Pl. hlum from hvlum) `roundish hill'. References: WP. I 514 f., WH. I 45, 245 ff., 250, 846, Trautmann 125. Page(s): 639-640

Lengthened grade perhaps (as ` twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved, round ')

elRoot / lemma: kel-2 (*ke l-) keul Material:

Meaning: far (with regard to place and time)

time, since long ago ' ( `old', , -). In e- grade:

Old Indic caram- ` the last, extreme ', cirs `chronologically long', gr. ` for a long

In a- grade:

gr. , Aeolic `afar, wide' (-, -, -), cymr. corn. bret. pell `afar' (*kel-s-oReferences: WP. I 517. ?), cymr. pellaf `the extreme'.

Page(s): 640

elRoot / lemma: kel-3 (*ke l-) keul Material:

Meaning: swarm, flock, shoal, school, clan, herd, crowd

In o- grade:

Old Indic kla-m n. `herd, bulk, mass; gender, sex'; In zero- grade: In e- grade: Old Indic kr- f. `people, people'; gr. n. `troop, multitude, crowd';

elo-.

Old Church Slavic eljad f. ` servants ', collective to that in elovk `person' present

References: WP. I 517, Berneker 141 f., Meillet BSL. 22, 18 f., Kuiper Proto-Munda 55. Page(s): 640

em- keum Root / lemma: kem- (*ke m-) Meaning: to swallow, sip Material:

In a- grade:

Old Indic cmati and camati `* slurps ', participle cnta-, camas- m. `drinking bowl, ';

goblet', cam- m. ` platter '; npers. am ` the eating ', aman `drink', osset. cumun ` slurp

In e- grade: [probably ] Hes., whereas in the later meaning ` soak, saturate, In o- grade: with ablaut grade : npers. km ` palate', afghan. kmai ds.; engulf, consume', hvma f. ` esophagus, gullet'. Page(s): 640-641 References: WP. I 514. nisl. hvma (from *hvma, Indo Germanic *km = Old Indic cmati) ` swallow, devour, Armenian k`im-k` Pl. `faux, guttur' (*km-); dubious is gr. and

absorb the liquid, squeeze ';

Root / lemma: kene (*ke s-) keus Material:

Meaning: particle of generalization/uncertainty

In a- grade:

e.g. Old Indic n ka cana `no, not at all, not'; Maybe alb. ca ` any, some '; In e- grade:

Old Indic cana, Avestan in ` any, whatever, anyone, anybody, at all '; often negative,

English aschs. Old High German hwer-gin ` anywhere, in any place, someplace,

Germanic -in in Old Icelandic hver-gin ` by no means, not at all, in no way ', Old

Middle High German iergen, Modern High German irgend. (Common Hittite alb. u- > y, i, u .) References: WP. I 399 f., Wackernagel-Debrunner III 562.

somewhere, in some place ' (from hwar `where' + -gin) from Old High German io-wergin,

Page(s): 641

enth- keuth thRoot / lemma: kenth- (*ke th-) Meaning: to suffer, endure Material:

In e- grade:

Gr. n. `affliction, mourning, grief, misfortune'; nachhom. n. `affliction, `suffer, bear, endure ' (- for - after the forms with -, -);

misfortune, ferventness, passion', (*knth-sk), Fut. , Aor. , Perf. Old Irish css(a)im `I suffer' (*kenth-t or *kenth-s-), cssad ` a suffering '. spares, takes pity ' (meaning would be as in Lithuanian pakentti ` be patient with Pedersen KG. II 486 assumes a nasalized cognate in Old Irish ar-cessi (*ket-s-) `

somebody '), cymr. arbedu (*ket-) `spare, look after', bret. erbedi ` recommend ' (older stingy, penurious, parsimonious '.

also `spare, look after'), acorn. henbidiat ` sparing, frugal, thrifty, economical, niggardly, Lithuanian keni, ksti ` withstand, suffer, bear, endure'. In a- grade: distress, martyrdom, excruciation, torment, torture, purgatory, rack, sting ', iem-kitis ` Lithuanian (*pa-kant) pakant f. ` patience ', kani ` suffering, pain, anguish, misery,

type of low shrubs: Pyrola '; Page(s): 641

(*kentsia-) ` member one to the family of the winter green plants (Pyrolaceae) belonging

den Winter ber aushaltend ', Latvian ceu cest `suffer, bear, endure, brook ', ziem-ciesis

References: References: WP. I 513, Trautmann 126 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 708.

erRoot / lemma: ker-1 (*ke r-) keur

Meaning: to do

` doing, making ', m. `hand, elephant's trunk ', kra- ` making ', m. `feat, dead, act', with s- pari-kar- and sa-skar-;

Material: Old Indic karti (Imper. kuru), krti ` does, accomplishes ', participle krt-; kar-

krman- n. `action, work', karmra- ` smith '; krti- `feat, dead, act'; sa-krt `once'; besides Avestan krnaoiti ` makes, performs, acts ', krtay- `feat, dead, act', Infin. krte,

artifice' (= Slavic ara `charm, spell', see below);

Old pers. akunavam, karta-; Avestan r ` tool, aid ', np. r ` tool ', cra ` tool, help, Oscan petiro-pert ` quadruple, four times, fourfold ' (: Old Indic sa-krt); redupl. present?) probably cymr. pybyr ` energetic, vigorous ';

cymr. paraf ` effectuate, cause, obtain ', verbal noun peri, wherefore redupl. (from a Old Irish cruth `shape', cymr. pryd (*krtu-) `shape, time'; in addition perhaps Old Irish

`bard';

prys, bret. pred `time'; Middle Irish creth ` poem ' (*krto-), cymr. prydu ` poetize ', prydydd Lithuanian kuri, krti `erect, build, make', out of it perhaps `start a fire, heat '; Latvian

island of Great Britain ' the ending is attributed to Rhufain (Rman); acorn. prit, mcorn.

Cru(i)thin, mcymr. Prydyn ` Picts '; cymr. Prydain ` Britannia, ancient Roman name for the

kurt ` stimulate, heat ', Old Prussian kra ` build, construct, create '; different above S. 572. dead, act':) `the bewitching, charm, spell' , gr. n. ` miracle sign ', n. ` monster, horror ', , Hes.; the - is Aeolic; , dissimilated from *, *; Lithuanian keri, kerti ` conjure, practice witchcraft ', kras `charm, Here with the meaning ` cheat somebody, bewitch ', also Old Indic krty (`action, feat,

spell, allurement ' etc.;

spell', Slavic ara f. `charm, spell' in Old Bulgarian arodj ` magician ', ari f. Pl. `charm, perhaps with anlaut. s- (compare Old Indic sa-skar-) Old Indic -carya- ` strange,

giantess ', skyrse m. `( nauseous) omen, sign, phantom ' (whose suffix includes the zero grade of es es-stem ). References: WP. I 517 f., WH. I 165, 273, Trautmann 127.

wonderful ', n. `wonder, miracle', Old Icelandic skars n. `a monster; giantess ', skersa f. `

Page(s): 641-642

erRoot / lemma: ker-2 (*ke r-) keur

Meaning: a kind of dish or pot `cranium';

Material: Old Indic car- ` kettle, pot, pan', wherefore probably karkar `water jug', karakaOld Irish co(i)re (though not from *kerijo-, but from *k rijo-), cymr. pair, corn. pr `
e

kettle ';

Old Norse hverr m. ` kettle ', Old English hwer, Old High German (h)wer ds. head ', Norwegian dial. hvann ds.; Gothic arnei f. `cranium', Old Icelandic hverna f. ` pots and pans, set of cooking utensils '. References: WP. I 518. n-extension lies before in: Middle Irish cern f. ` platter ', nisl. hvrn ` bone in the fish

Page(s): 642

Meaning: to chew; to grind

eru- keur Root / lemma: keru- (*ke r-)

Material: Old Indic crvati `chews up, crushes ', participle cra-s, m. `fine dust, powder, crvati above S. 576, 582; meal, flour' (in -- influenced the second vowel after the basis keru-?); different about

from gradational *korun or Aeolic form of ), n., Pl. (Hom.) ` wheat bread ' (-- in still to inquiring connection with the second vowel from *keru-). References: WP. I 519.

gr. Hes. (assimil. from *), Hes. (development

Page(s): 642

Meaning: four Material:

er- etu er turtur etes(o)rsorRoot / lemma: ketuer-, ketur-, k tur- m., ketes(o)r- f. (*ke t-esor-) keut sor
e e e e

Note: (contains?? *sor `wife, woman') In a- grade:

aturm), atar f., npers. ahr; In e- grade:

Old Indic catvra m. (Akk. catra), catvri n., ctasra f.; Avestan awr m. (Gen. Latin quattuor (a seems, as hom. , to continue);
e

Armenian ork` from *orek` < *ketuores (Akk. ors); Ionian Arcadian hellen. (*ketueres); gr. hom. , Attic , Boeotian (with secondary weak grade);

reduced grade hom. (Akk. = Old Indic catra, Lesbian = Avestan aturm), Lesbian also ; Doric wgr. (*ketuores); Oscan pettiur; petora n. (compare petiro-pert ` quadruple, four times, fourfold ' from Old Irish ceth(a)ir (fem. cethoir after toir `3'), acymr. petguar, ncymr. pedwar (fem. Gothic fidwr, nord. and West Germanic due to an assimilation form *kuekuor (besides

*petri-, that after *tri in Umbrian triiuper ` thrice, three times '); pedair), corn. peswar (abrit. town name );

the composition forms salfr. fitter-, Old English fyer-, Old Swedish fier-: Gothic fidur-): Old Icelandic firer m., firar f., fiogor n., Old High German feor, fior, Old Saxon fiuwar, fior, Old English fower; Lithuanian ketur (Akk. kturis = Old Indic catra), fem. kturios; Latvian etri; Old

Church Slavic -etyre m., -i f. n.

e

Tocharian A twar (*ketu r-), (t)wr, (t)wer (*ketuores) `4', A twark `40'. In a- grade: limbed '], with zero grade of the 1. syllable Avestan -xtirm ` quadruple, four times, Avestan aru-[gaoa-]; In e- grade: from *F (Indo Germanic *ketur-): gr. -[], -; contaminated from and -: gr. ; - `helmet' (compare - ` with four horns ') probably zero grade *[k]tru-, as Oscan trutom (if it stands for ` for the fourth time '); Latin In compounds (and derivatives) ketur-, ketur-, ketru-: Old Indic ctur- [aga- ` four eturetru-

fourfold ' Old Indic turya-, trya-, Avestan tirya- ` the fourth '; Avestan awar-aspa-

quadru-[ps]; Umbrian petur[-pursus ` four-footed; quadruped ']; gall. Petru-corii ` the 4born ', petru-deca-metos ` fourteenth ', cymr. pedry- ` fourfold ' (gall. petor-ritum

Armenian k`ta-a-sun `40' (from *twr-, compare Old Indic turya- ` the fourth ').

fidur-dgs (West-Germanic see above); Lithuanian ketur-[kjis ` four-footed; quadruped '];

`vierrderiger cart ' probably with the vowel from *ketuores), ` rectangular, strong'; Gothic

ordinals: In a- grade: Old Indic caturth-, turya-, trya-, Avestan tirya-; In e- grade: Armenian orir, orr-ord, ka-ord; gr. Attic , hom. (for * ` the fourth ' in ), Boeotian ; Latin qurtus, prn. Quorta, Oscan perhaps truto- (see above); Old Irish cethramad (*ketru-metos); gall. petuarios = acymr. petuerid;

In zero grade: Old High German fiordo, Old English fora, Old Icelandic firi; Lithuanian ketvirtas (*keturtos), twerne. (Latvian ceturtas as Old Indic caturth-), Old Church Slavic etvrt; Tocharian A trt From other attachments is accented Latin quattuordecim, Gothic fidwrtahun, Old High
o

quater (*ketrus); Old Indic catvar- m. ` rectangular place', Lithuanian ketver ` quadruple ', Old Church Slavic etver, etvor ds., Old Irish cethorcho `40' (*ketru-komt-s). 400 f., F. Sommer Zum Zahlwort, 27. Page(s): 643-644 References: WP. I 512, Trautmann 131 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 351 f., 589 f., WH. II 394,

quadrgint `40'; Avestan aru ` quadruple, four times, fourfold ', Old Indic cat = Latin

German viorzhan `14'; Doric Ionian delph. p (*ketu r-komte) = Latin

Meaning: and (encl.)

Root / lemma: ke 1 (*ke keu-)

Note: from `* anyhow, somehow ', as also to Pron.-stem ko-, ke- of interrogative and

indefinite standing in same relationship, as *ke `here' to ko-, ke- `this'. With it identically ke behind forms of interrogative - indefinite -stem to the strengthening of the indefinite mode.

-ke, lepont. -pe, piken. -p; Latin -que; ne-que = Oscan-Umbrian nep, neip ` not; and not, nor; rarely not even ' = Old Irish na-ch, mcymr. etc. nac `not' (to a from e see below ne

Material: Old Indic ca, Avestan a, . enclitic `and'; Lydian -k `and'; gr. `and'; venet.

`not'), compare Latin atque `and in addition' (ad + que) = Umbrian ap(e) ` in which place, in what place, where, with, together with, in the company of, in connection with, along with, together, and '; Gothic ni-h (etc., see below ne `not'; (see also Old High German etc. noh ne)

under *nu ` but, well, now that '); Bulgarian e ` but, and, that, because ', Czech old a-e, Maybe alb. Geg nuk, Tosc nuku ` not ' : mcymr. etc. nac `not'. Maybe alb. n se ` if not', se ` that'. the indefinite mode, mind intensifying e.g. Old Indic k-ca, Avestan i-ca ` wer irgend, a `if', poln. acz ` even though, although ';

welcher irgend ', in relative clause with Rel.-Pron. ya-; Avestan i-ca also ` whoever it be, whatever, each, each one, every, everybody, every one, everything '; of equated with the plural); Armenian -k` e.g. o-k` `whoever' (if drop of e from *ke before the palatalization; with k` gr. - (here behind the relative; s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. II 575 f.);

everybody, every one, everything ';

relativen mode, quisque (mostly against) ` whoever it be, whatever, each, each one, every, Gothic -h, -u-h in az-u-h, -h, a-h ` whoever it be, whatever, each, each one, Hittite ku-i-ki (= Latin quis-que) = Lycian ti-ke; ni-ik-ku (: Latin ne-que) = Lydian ni-k.

Umbrian pisipumpe ds.; quisque (from *qu quisque: Old Indic y k-ca) in sentences of

(as in Modern High German wer immer `whoever') just generalizing, e.g. qucumque,

company of, in connection with, along with, together, and ', then with coloring of time mode

Latin quom-que, cunque, Umbrian pumpe originally `* with, together with, in the

every, everybody, every one, everything ';

Old Indic cit (cid), Avestan it, . iy generalization particle (z. . Old Indic ka-cid ` any one, anybody, anything, some one, somebody, something ') = Indo Germanic *kid in putres-pe ` which of both ') = Armenian - (in- ` something '); s. also *kene. Page(s): 635-636 Oscan -pd, -pid, Umbrian -pe, -pei (e.g. Oscan ptrs-pd ` which of both ', Umbrian

In similar meaning also other forms from of the stems ko-, k, ki-: Latin quis-quam;

References: WP. I 507 f., WH. I 309 f., II 401 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. II 573 ff., 648 f.
2

Meaning: to prick; to drill, sharpen eded Note: (older keued-?)

tt-) Root / lemma: kd-, kd- (*ke tt keutt

set in motion, hasten ', Old English hwt `quick, fast, gamy', Old Saxon hwat ds., Old High

Material: Old Icelandic hvatr `quick, fast, gamy, sharp', hvt f. ` Anreizung ', hvata, -aa `

German (h)waz `sharp, violent', Gothic gaatjan ` set in motion, whet', Old Icelandic hvetja ` sharpen, incite ', Old English hwettan ds., Middle Low German wetten `whet', Old High participle Gothic assaba Adv. `sharp, stern' (assei `vehemency, austereness, German (h)wezzen, Middle High German wetzen `stir, tease, irritate, stimulate, whet'; to-

severeness '), Old Icelandic hvass `sharp, rash, hasty', Old English hwss `sharp', Old Old Icelandic hvta ` penetrate '; Old Swedish hta ` bore holes '; with an allegorical

High German (h)was, Middle High German was(ser) `sharp, spiky, violent, stern'; ablaut. meaning Old Saxon for-hwtan, Old High German far-hwzan ` curse ' and Gothic ta f. probably Latin tri-quetrus ` with three corners, triangular ' (`tricorn, three-cornered ';

` threat ', tjan `threaten', Old Icelandic ht n. ` threat ', hta `threaten';

motion, presses ' (*keud-). Page(s): 636

probably from *tri-quedros); possibly also Old Indic cdati, cdyati ` invigorates, sets in

References: WP. I 513, II 554, Wissmann Postverbalia 64 f.

Page(s): 649

See also: s. more properly above S. 487 under ghei()-.

eiRoot / lemma: kei-

o- eei- ke-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > --, Root / lemma: ko-, ke-, fem. k; kei- (*ke Meaning: indefinite/interrogative pronominal base -y-, -i-.

o- eeso, Material: 1. stem ko-, ke-, fem. k-; Gen. keso, Instr. k, time adverb kom. A. Case forms and only single-linguistically provable derivations: something; everything ', Gothic as `who?'), fem. k `who?' and indefinite; Indo Germanic kos probably the old Nom. Sg. m.; Avestan k (Gen. Gatha-Avestan ka-hy, a-hy), fem. k `who?, who, what, which, the Old Indic k- (= Phrygian ` anyone, someone; anybody; somebody; anything;

Note: the relative has partly changed single-linguistically

uGrammatical information: (presumably once only in Nom. Akk. Sg.); ku- (only in Adv.);

one that?', Old pers. ka[-iy], as Indef. with -t, or placed in reduplication, or in neg. or Pindar ` also, i.e. especially '; rel. sentences; Avestan k `as?'; Old pers. ada-kaiy ` then, at that time ' = gr. by

the comparative' (= Latin quam), k`anak ` quantita ' ; Latin quantus `of what quantity?', formants-to to-; to

o-mn `who' (relative o-r `who, what, which, the one that'); k`ani `how much', k`an `as, after Umbrian panta ` how great? how much? of what amount? ' has derived from qum with

Armenian `who?' (*ko-, Meillet Esquisse 189), indef. o-k` `whoever' (-k` = Latin que),
2

Maybe alb. (*k) sa ` how great? how much? of what amount? '. German hwes; Indo Germanic *kes(j)o); Dat. Sg. f. Doric , Attic , Ionian (*k-) gr. Gen. Sg. hom. , Attic ` whose, of whom?' (= Old Bulgarian ceso, Old High

`whereto?, wherefore?, how?'; Instr. f. Ionian Attic `whereto'; Instr. Sg. m. n. Cretan -

`where, whereto', Doric -, -, Attic - ` when? at what time? ', , Ionian `(* during a period, sometime =) still' and modal ` anyhow, somehow ' in ` not yet, not at this time, not just now, not to this point in time ' and ` not anyhow, on no `how'; ` from what country?: hence, generally, whence? where born? of account ' (compare Gothic as well as Latin qu `whereto', if not ablative); , Ionian what sort? ' (neutr. *kod + forms -ko-, compare - above S. 25 under *alios

`other'); Attic etc. `whereto', Doric `where' (Lok.); Attic , Ionian `where' (Gen.); Maybe alb. (*ko-) ku ` where' : Ionian `where'.

`from where?'; hom. , Ionian `where'; `when?' (Doric `when', one of these days, some time or other, once ', wherefore also after Interrogativen, under poti-s), `whereto' (- from -) = Gothic a, ad `whereto'; Cretan

compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 629), , Lesbian , Ionian ` someday, one day, e.g. ` what then' and - with previously gr. reduplication - ds. (see in addition Hes., Attic ` of what sort, of what nature, what kind of a ' from *ko- + oiuo- =

below ei `go'; to variation from - (: Ionian -): - s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 293 f. ei-

Old Indic va- `kind of way', Old High German wa, compare Gothic laiwa `how?', see

*kd with analogical palatalization?), si `how, as?' (*kei?); (common alb. Polish y > ) Latin qu (Old Latin quoi from *ko + Demonstr. -), quae, quod Rel. and indefinitive,

alb. k ` whom?' (*ko-m), se ` what, which?', se ` then (in comparative)', n se ` if' (Abl.

some one, somebody, something, in what manner? how? whereby? by what means? why? what? what kind of a? ', Latin cuius, cui, qu, qu etc., Umbrian pusme ` who? which? ', Umbrian po-i, -e, -ei ` who? which? what? what kind of a? ', pue, porse ` who? which?

Oscan pui, pa, pd ` who? which? what? what kind of a?, any one, anybody, anything,

what? what kind of a? '; Adv. Latin qu `whereto' (Abl.) = Umbrian pu-e ` in what manner?

Latin quam ` in what manner, to what degree, how greatly, how, how much ' (Akk. Sg. f.) = in irgendeiner, jeder Weise ', Old Latin quam-de = Umbrian pane, Oscan pan ` who? Umbrian [pre-]pa ` former, previous, prior, first ', Oscan pruter pam ds. (Avestan km-it `

how? whereby? by what means? why? ' (u = , that is not abbreviated before the enclitic);

which? what? what kind of a? '; Latin quantus see above;

together, and ' (Akk. Sg. n. as primum etc. = Avestan km `as', Gothic an `when', Old Slave commun 470;
2

Latin quom, cum ` with, together with, in the company of, in connection with, along with,

Prussian kan, Lithuanian (dial.) k `if'; Old Church Slavic ko-gda from *ko-g(o)da, Meillet with -de extension Umbrian pon(n)e, Oscan pn ` with, together with, in the company of, de

+ d), Umbrian panu-pei ` at what time soever, whenever, whensoever, as often as ', Umbrian panta ` how great? how much? of what amount? ' (see 644); Middle Low German wante ` twice, at two times, on two occasions '; Latin quantus,

in connection with, along with, together, and '; Latin quand `when' (*qum Akk. extension

(*ne-ko-s, with coloring of the negation in neg. sentences with repeated negation, also somebody, some person, someone, anybody, anyone '); Old Irish cch, connected to

Old Irish nech, adj. (proklit.) nach ` some, any; any one, anybody ', cymr. corn. bret. nep

Lithuanian kaz-ne-ks `somewhat', kad-ne-kad ` sometimes ', Old Bulgarian nkto `

cach, mcymr. pawp, connected to pop, corn. pup, pop, pep, bret. pep ` each, every ' (*kor k-ko-s; to Old Bulgarian kak `who, what, which, the one that?'), Irish cech ` each, every ' (e after nech); Old Irish can, mcymr. pan (*kan), Middle Breton -ban e

mcymr. po-ny ` In a direct question, not? ' (*k-);

`whence?'; Old Irish cuin `when?', mcymr. etc. pan, pann `as, if' (*kani?), Old Irish ca-ni, Gothic as (*ko-s) `who?' and indefinite (Gen. is, Old High German hwes = Old

Bulgarian ceso, gr. ), Old Swedish hvar, har, Old Danish hv, Old English hw `who', (*ko-d), Old High German hwaz, Old Norse hvat, Old English hwt, Old Saxon hwat ` with e of Gen. Old Saxon hw, Old High German hwer (*ke-s) `who'; neutr. Gothic a

what '; fem. Gothic `who? what? which?' : Gothic an `when, how', Old Saxon hwan, because of the meaning), Old Saxon hwanda ` because, for, due to the fact that, since ',

Old High German hwanne `when' (close comparison to Old Irish can `whence' is doubtful

Old High German hwanta ` why '; Gothic `wherewith?' (Instr.); Old Frisian h, Old anyhow, somehow ';

Saxon hw, Old High German hwu `how' to Latin qu `whereto' (Ablat.), gr. , `

kas f. quai, quoi, n. ka (Akk. also kan, kai) ` what, who, which, the one that; some, any;

Lithuanian ks `who?, what?' also indefinite, fem. k, Old Prussian kas m., ka n. `who?',

' (conjunction as Latin quod, from the questioning use, compare Old Indic kad, Avestan kat `how?' (= Old Bulgarian c; but about gr. see below *kai `and'); kind of a? ', c ` and indeed, and further, and yet ' (see above). adv. interrogative particle ` then, whether, if?'); Lithuanian ka, ka-p, Old Prussian ki-gi

what a '; Lithuanian kad ` than, but, whereas, that, as, in order to, in order that, because, if

Old Bulgarian k-to `who?' (Gen. eso), kyj, f. kaja, n. koje ` who? which? what? what

Maybe alb. kujt ` whose' a Slavic loanword. Slavic alb. -j- consonant. j two? '; k-li- `how?'; ko-ti-, ke-ti- `how many?'. lio-ti- e-tiB. The derivations which can be pursued by several languages: ko-tero- ` who of the o-teroOld Indic katar-, Avestan katra- ` who of the two? ', gr. , Ionian ds.,

Old English hwer ` who of both ' (Old High German hwedar, Modern High German still in weder, with e, as hwer `who' : Gothic as), Lithuanian katrs ` which?', Old Bulgarian koteryj, kotoryj ` what, who, which ' comparative formation (restriction on the choice stem ku- : Latin uter. between two opposites); superlative Old Indic katam- ` which of several '; compare of Old Indic kad, Avestan kaa `when?'; but Lithuanian kad `when?' from *kadn; to

sides, in each direction ', putres-pe ` which of both ', Gothic aar, Old Icelandic hvrr,

Oscan Lok. ptere-pd ` in utroque ', Umbrian podruh-pei adv. ` to both places, on both

ending see above S. 181 ff. (also for Old Bulgarian kd, kd `whence', Latin quan-do). what kind of a', Lithuanian klei, kl' `how long'; of stem ko- from: Old Bulgarian kolik `of what quantity?', kol ` as much as, so much as, to as great an extent ' (Trautmann 111). Gr. - `how great or large? of what age', Latin qulis `of what sort, of what nature,

which in order, of what number ' = Latin *quotitei (Lok. m.) di > cott-di ` in how many what quantity? ' (*koti-os; ` which in number, which in order, of what number,

` which in number, which in order, of what number '), Old Indic kati-th- ` which in number,

Old Indic kti `how many' = Hittite kuwatta, Latin quot ds. (of apocope quot from: quotus

days, always, daily '; gr. Lesbian (hom. ), Attic , Ionian ` of

aiti `how many', bret. pet in pet dez `how many days', petguez ` how often? how many times? '.

which in the ordinal series? ' from *; besides with Indo Germanic e Avestan

Saxon hwr `where'; -grade Latin cr ` why, wherefore ', old qur. Maybe alb. kur ` when', apocope (*kur) ku ` where'. where '.

kurs `who, what, which, the one that'); -grade Old English hwr, Old High German Old

`where he', as from Lithuanian kur [*kr] `where' + js `he' arose Lithuanian Rel. kurs,

(therefrom Gothic arjis, Old Icelandic hverr `who, what, which, the one that', actually

Old Indic kr-hi `when?' = Gothic ar, Old Icelandic hvar (*kor) `where?' and relative

A parallel formation to Latin quis in Old Latin quir-quir ` in which place, in what place, 2. stem kei-, same form for Maskul., Neutr. and Femin.: ei-

instead of c; latter sound according to the rules in:) Old Indic cit (cid), Avestan cit, Old

Old Indic km ` what? which', k `who?', n-ki- ` nobody, no person, no one ' (with k

i `who', ica = Latin quisque, gr. , Old pers. i-iy ds.; Avestan `how' (Instr.); Maybe alb. si ` how'. drop of k- as i (z-i) ` what?' (*kid-), Instr. i-v ` which, wherewith', (see also above to Armenian `who'); to Alb. see above under 1; Armenian - in in- `somewhat' (= Old Indic kim - cid), that also in first part here, with

pers. iy ` even, anyhow ' (originally Nom. Sg. n. *ki-d; s. also under ke `and'); Avestan *ki i-

which?' and , ` who, what ', Akk. m. * (*kim) extension to , whereupon ,

gr. (*kis) m. f. (Thessalian , Arcadian Cypriot ), n. (*kid) `who? who, what,

Ionian , Attic , ` something, some, ' (through false separation from ) and with the relative connected , Attic ; Maybe prefixed alb. (*pre-se) prse, pse ` why?'; (common Slavic alb. prefix pre-). what? what kind of a? ' (it could be Abl. *kd, but yet probably due to an Instr. *ki = (from -ne) ` why not? wherefore not? ', quia-nam ` wherefore? ', quia ` wherefore?, because, for, due to the fact that, since ' (Akk. Pl. *ki) see above; Oscan pis, pd ` any one, anybody, anything, some one, somebody, something '

, Pl. n. *ki in Megarian ` why?' ; Boeotian ` why ' = Latin quia; also in

Latin quis, quid `who, what ' (interrogative, indefinite, relative), qu Adv. ` who? which?

Avestan , sloven. i `if', Czech i `if', Old English etc. hw `how, wherefore, why '); qu-n

(interrogative, indefinite, indefinite -relative), Umbrian sve-pis ` s quis ', pis-i ` any one,

anybody, anything, some one, somebody, something, whoever, whosoever, whatever, whatsoever, every one who, everything which '; doubled Oscan pispis, Latin quisquis, argiv. in generalizing indef. mode; ed;

Old Irish cid ` what?' with i from c-id ` although it is '; originally as the adj. ced from *ce Old Irish cia `who', cymr. pwy, corn. pyw, bret. piou `who' (*kei); connected to cymr. py,

pa, p- etc. (Old Irish cote, cate ` what is', `where is' is unclear);

English hw, Old Saxon hw, hwiu, Old Icelandic hv `how, wherefore, why ' (k Instr.); Maybe alb. cili ` which ' : Gothic i-leiks, Old English hwilc ` what kind of a '.

Gothic i-leiks, Old English hwilc ` of what sort, of what nature, what kind of a '; Old

particle ', Czech i `if', poln. czy `if', russ. old i `if', Old Bulgarian i-m Instr. extended out of it; Maybe alb. ', compond (*' + far ` kind ') 'far ` what ' a Slavic loanword. 121; about Tocharian A kus, kuse `who, what, which, the one that' s. Pedersen Tocharian

Old Bulgarian -to ` what '; Instr. k (see above) in sloven. i `if; also interrogative

Maybe alb. kush ` who ' : Tocharian A kus ` who '. kui kui etc. (= Latin quisquis) ` whoever ', indefinitive kui-ki (= Latin quisque) ` whoever Latin quidque); Lycian ti-ke (= Hittite kui-ki); s. P. Tedesco Lang. 21, 128 ff., A. Hahn Lang. 22, 68 ff. 3. stem ku-: uOld Indic k, Avestan k `where?' Maybe alb. ku `where', k `whom'. `how?'); Old Indic kva, kv `where, whereto'; Old Indic ktra, Avestan kura `where? ved. kuv-d ` if, whether, perhaps', Avestan ` how, in which quantity? ' (- after it be, whatever, each, each one, every, everybody, every one, everything ', n. kuit-ki (= Hittite question- and relative pronoun kui `who, what, which, the one that', generalizing

Bulgarian kde; Indo Germanic *ku-d e; see below Latin ubi); Maybe alb. kudo ` everywhere '.
h

whereto?'; Old Indic kta `whence'; Old Indic kha = gathav. kud `where' (= Old

the bad, defective (actually ` of which kind !'), e.g. Old Indic ku-putra- `bad son', Avestan ku-niri ` whore ', compare Boeotian ` ravenousness ' (*-), Old Boeotian

Avestan kua `how'; here also Aryan ku as 1. first part of the compound the expression of

demon, ghost, dwarf ' (W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 399 f.); );

living creature, goblin, ugly mischievous sprite ', ka-pya- ` stinking ', ki-purua- `fairy Cretan - `whereto', syrak. (*-), rhod. `whereto' (* neologism to

, also from stems ko- and ki-: Old Indic ka-, k-, kad-, kim-, e.g. k-purua- `

);

kurr ` ever, never ' (*kur-nei), ku `where', ku-sh `who', k-sh `how' ( from Indo Germanic Maybe alb. Tosc (*k-sh) qysh ` how' (common Balric Celtic alb. gutturals). whence ' shaped after ibi : inde), next to which inlaut. -cub in n-cubi, s-cubi, ali-cubi, Latin ub ` in which place, in what place, where ' (in addition unde ` from which place,

alb. kur `as, when' (see below 1. with r-formations = Lithuanian kur, Armenian ur),

nesci-cubi, nun-cubi (n-cunde etc.);

u preserved q- before u to qw- and qwu- are attributed to anl. wu-, u-, in *n-qwubi etc. as a result of the syllabic separation nq-wub the gutturals were preserved; Note: Latin (*ku-wa-d i) ubi ` where ' : Hittite ku-wa-pi (kwabi) `where, when?'. Common Anatolian Latin d > b .
h h h

it is that has changed through the stem Latin quo-, qu, qu before the labialization through

it is ub reshaped after Lok. in - (*ei, *oi) from *ub = Old Indic kha, Avestan kud, Old

pufe ` in which place, in what place, where ')?; after Pedersen Hittite 50 f. contain ubi, ibi `where, when?'; correspondingly Latin ut ` where ' (uti-nam, -que) and ut, Old Latin utei rather the Indo Germanic adverbial ending -b i (gr. -), compare Hittite ku-wa-pi (kwabi) (reshuffling as in ub) from *ku-ti (us-piam, -quam ` anywhere, in any place, someplace,
h

Bulgarian kde = Oscan puf ` in which place, in what place, where ' (Umbrian extended to

somewhere, in some place ' from ut + adv. s = Oscan puz, Umbrian puz-e from *kut-s-), umquam ` someday, one day, one of these days, some time or other ' (kum- of time Akk.); whether Umbrian pu-e (-o particle) `where' = Old Indic k is or *k, is doubtful; mcymr. cw, cwd (= ), cwt (= d) `where, whereto' (*ku-) = Old Irish `how?'; English h `how', engl. how, Old Frisian h, Middle Low German w; Gothic -hun to the formation of indefinite pronoun: ni ains-hun ` not anyone ', etc.; Old Lithuanian kur `where' (see above 1. B); also Lithuanian dial. k ` what?' from *kun? Old uter, utra, -um ` which of both ' from *ku-teros (parallel with etc.), unquam,

Prussian quei `where' from *ku-ei and probably the originator of qu- instead of k- in fem. Nom. quai, quoi etc.; References: WP. I 514 ff., WH. I 313, II 397 f., 404 ff., 408 f., 410 ff., Trautmann 110 f.,
2

Wackernagel-Debrunner 3, 558 ff. Page(s): 644-648

120 f., 133, 134, Meillet Slave commun 442 ff., 469, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 293 f., 615 ff.,

rei- ker Root / lemma: krei- (*ke r-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > --, -y-, -i-. Meaning: to buy ri-nGrammatical information: present kri-n-mi

Material: Old Indic krti ` buys ' ( after krt- participle; ved. also krnti according to xardan `buy';

poetic meter, as also Pli kiti), Infin. krtum, kray- ` purchase, purchase price'; npers. gr. ` buy '; ', crthid ` fond of buying '; cymr. prynu ` receive, ransom, to purchase the freedom of; `buy', cymr. prid (= Irish crth) ` mortgage, pledge, pawn '; Old Irish cren(a)im (*kri-n-mi) `I buy ', Konj. ni-cra (*kriit), crth ` payment, purchase

sometimes, to set free for a ransom ' (3. Sg. acymr. prinit), corn. prenne, perna, bret. prena Maybe alb. blenj ` buy ' : corn. prenne, perna, bret. prena `buy' [common Illyrian Celtic k> p-. Middle Irish tochra ` the wooing ' (`*purchasing of the bride'), t-ind-s-cra n. ` purchase price

suffix); verbal noun Akk. Middle Irish creicc (formal after reicc ` sell ', whereat s.

recompense, prize, trophy ', corn. gober, bret. gobr ds., cymr. also go-brwy ds. (-wy wywy

for the bride' (seems *kroio- = Old Indic kray-), cymr. g(w)o-br ` price, guerdon, reward,

Thurneysen Gr. 454), Old Irish fochr(a)icc f. ` guerdon, reward, recompense, prize, trophy '; Old Lithuanian (Gen.) krieno ` price for guarantee, price for engagement ', Latvian

kriens, krienis ` present to the bride ', also Lithuanian kratis ` dowry, dowry of the bride'; (*u-krjen) ` bought ' without the present nasal; Old Russian krnuti, krenuti `buy', Infin. kriti, russ.-Church Slavic once also u-kri-jen

Tocharian A kuryar `trade', kuryart ` trader ', karyor ` purchase ', kryorttau ` trader '. References: References: WP. I 523 f., Trautmann 142, Mhlenbach-Endzelin II 284, Kuiper Nasalprs. 197. Page(s): 648 mi- kermi mi rmi-) Root / lemma: krmi- (*ke rmi Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > --, -y-, -i-. Note:

Meaning: worm, grub

Material: Material: Old Indic krmi- `worm, maggot '; np. kirm `worm'; alb. krimp (krim-bi), Geg krm ds.; (common alb. -w- > -y-, -i-) Also alb. krmill ` snail ' : Lithuanian kirml ` worm ' (common Polish alb. y > ) gall. FlN *Primia > Modern High German Pfrimm, Primantia > Modern High German Prims; cirmins m. ds., Latvian crme f. ` worm, mawworm, hook-worm, bot, helminth ' Mhlenbach-Endzelin I 378 under 386; Old Prussian girmis (leg. kirmis) ` maggot '; Lithuanian kirms m. f. etc. ds., Latvian Old Irish cruim `worm', Proto Irish krimi-, cymr. pryf, corn. ds. `worm', bret. prv ds.;

-m- suffix Illyrian Greek stem formation.

Serbo-Croatian crn ` metallic oxide, rust ' for *crm?) ` worms in the rotting meat ', czermie ` Dragon tea ', czermiwka ` morel, nightshade, any of various herbs and shrubs of the genus Solanum '; in addition Adj.-formation of Slavic *rmn `red', Old Bulgarian rmn `red',

sloven. rm ` carbuncle, red gemstone, finger worm ', poln. czer (for *czer? compare

rmnovati s ` turn crimson ' etc.;

erv etc.; compare Lithuanian *skirvis ` ant '? 181.

besides sl.*rm is found *rv with peculiar vi- suffix: Old Bulgarian rv `worm', russ. vi-

the e-lengthened grade seems to exist in Latvian crme f. ` earthworm ', cerme `worm';

References: WP. I 523, Trautmann 134, Specht KZ. 65, 212 f., Indo Germanic Dekl. 45, Page(s): 649 Root / lemma: ksep- (?) (*seup-) sep se p Material: Old Indic kp, kap `night', Avestan xap- `darkness'; common Old Indic h- > gr. , n. ` darkness', , `dark'; ` darkness'; Note: common gr. ks- > ps-. s- psMaybe alb. Geg mshef, Tosc fsheh `hide (in the dark)' common Old Indic h- > k- : alb. ` darkness ', later ds., hom. `dark', ` dark (as the common Old Indic h- > k- : Illyrian-alb. - hom. h- > d-, zThe changing gr. anlaut based on taboo images. References: WP. I 524 f., WH. I 289, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 11. Page(s): 649 kh- > ph- > fk- : Old pers. h- > x- : npers. x- > Meaning: dark

flower), purple-dark '; ` darkness', `dark'.

Meaning: to grab, hold

lab leub -) Root / lemma: la - (*le le

h h

Material: Old Indic lbhat, lmbhat, rbhat (Perf. lalbha) ` grasps, seizes ', lbha- m. ` the obtaining, profit, gain, benefit, advantage', rbhas- n. ` impetuousness, hastiness, force, might', rabhas- `wild, boisterous, vast, grand'; gr. `booty', - `wide, big, large';

m. `blessing', also ` good ', Latvian Old Prussian labs ` good '.

Lithuanian lbis m. `blessing, possession, richness ', lbti ` become rich ', ablaut. lbas

References: WP. II 385, Trautmann 148, Kuiper Nasalprs. 148 f.

Page(s): 652 lablab lap(h)- le leub -) Root / lemma: lab- and la - (?), lap(h)- (*le
h h

Meaning: to sip, chaw, etc..

lakNote: onomatopoeic (compare the similar lak-) Material: Armenian lap'el `lick'; gr. ` devour, swallow up ' (-ph-? or *lab uk-i, standing next to Slavic lobzalb. lap ` lick water'; Latin lamb, -ere `lick'; lepel ds. (: Gothic *lapins, from which borrowed Old Prussian lapinis); Old English lapian Old High German laffan (luof) `lick', Old High German leffil `spoon', Middle Low German
h

ati?); ` lick slurping ' is secondary besides old , ;

`lick' to schlecken;

Middle High German Modern High German lappen ds. behaves to schlappen as lecken besides Modern High German dial. labbe `lip', labern `talk slowly, simply; drink licking ',

' = Middle High German leffen `lick, slurp ', Old High German gilepfen ds.; intensive.

`drink, slurp ', Old Swedish lapa ds. (*lapn), nisl. Norwegian lepja ` lick slurping like a dog

Serbo-Croatian lbati ` drink like dogs or cats ';

gobble', etc.; also Old Bulgarian lobzati `kiss' (`*munch, smack, chew loudly ')? Maybe alb. lop `cow (eating slowly?) '. References: WP. II 383 f., WH. I 754, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 72 f. Page(s): 651

here perhaps russ. dial. lopa ` devourer ', lopat ` devour '; Bulgarian lpam ` devour,

laid lid led -) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > --, -y-, -i-. Root / lemma: lai -, li - (*le le Meaning: to cut, hurt Material: Gr. n. ` shovel, poker, spade; spoon', ` hoe around ', ` level, even ', n. `spoon'; `hack, mattock, hoe' (*--); Latin laed, -ere `injure, damage';
h h h

untilled land '. (common Baltic alb. y > i) References: WP. II 379, WH. I 749.

Latvian ldu, lst ` clear, cut away ', Lithuanian ldymas, lydmas ` clearing, virgin soil,

Maybe alb. (*lydo) lndoj `hurt', lndin `meadow, virgin soil '; (common Polish alb. y > ). Page(s): 652

Meaning: fat

lai- le os) leuRoot / lemma: lai- (*le -os

Material: Gr. ` fattened, fat' (*laies-r-nos?); Latin lridum, lardum ` the fat of agos); lae-tus `fat, luscious, fertile, gleeful, cheerful', laetre ` fertilize '.

Note: Only gr. and Latin

bacon, lard ' (*laies-idom?); lrgus ` abundant, copious, plentiful, large, much ' (*laies-

Page(s): 652

References: WP. II 379, WH. I 750, 764 f.

uo- le uo leu-os Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > --, -y-, -i-. Root / lemma: laiuo- (*le -os) Meaning: left Note: originally `crooked'?

from ` crooked = weak, left' as basic meaning; Old Bulgarian lv `left' etc. Page(s): 652 References: WP. II 378 f., WH. I 750 f., Trautmann 148.

Lithuanian ilaivti ` make bent ' in `crooked, writhed, crooked, humped ' perhaps in sense

laevus ds.; gloss. laevi boves ` with horns crooked downwards ' point at in association with

Material: Gr. ` left '; Illyrian PN Laevicus, Laevonicus, Levonicus, Levo etc.; Latin

Meaning: water basin (ditch, lake, sea) Material: Proto-Baltic-CelticProto-Baltic-Celtic-Illyrian: *lek-men-i f., *lak-men-^ f. : pool, puddle

laku- le leuk Root / lemma: laku- (*le k-)

Lithuanian: lekmn 'plash, pool, pond', lakmen 'deep pond in which is quite a lot of mud'. alb. (*leik-men) likien, liqen = Armenian li = Breton (*lek-men) lagen, lenn, Welsh llyn, Scots Gaelic loch, Irish loch, Ladin lch, Mantuan lach, French lac, Basque laku, Valencian llac, Wallon lac ` lake '. Bergamasco lac, Bresciano lak, Catalan llac, Napulitano laco, Occitan lac, Romanian lac, Gr. (*) ` cistern, pond, pool';

Maybe alb. (*pe-llegu) pellgu ` pond, pool ' (common Slavic alb. pe- prefix)

slop', Old English lacu f. `river, stream, brook' etc., are Latin loanword) `pit, pothole, sea, trough', lacna ` a ditch, pit, hole, pool, pond ' (therefrom lacnar n. ` Felderdecke ', as laquear ds. directly from lacus);

Latin lacus, -s m. (Old High German lahha `puddle', Middle Low German lake `puddle,

also in gall. PN Penne-locs (Gen. *-ous); (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

lagen `sea, pond, pool'; Southeast French loye probably from venet.-Illyrian *loku; unclear Old English aschs. lagu (*lak-) `sea' (in addition the nordwestd. FlN Leine from

Old Irish loch n. `sea, pond, pool' (*laku), out of it borrowed cymr. llwch, etc.; acorn. bret.

Lagina), Old Icelandic lgr m. `sea, water, liquid '; in addition l, l f. ` beach water, sea' (*lah), Middle High German l `stream, brook, marsh water '; etc. Old Bulgarian loky f. (*lak), Gen. -ve `puddle, cistern ', serb. lkva `puddle, pool, slop',

Uralic etymology : Proto: *lakte English meaning: bay

Finnish: lahti (gen. lahden), dial. laksi, laaksi 'Meerbusen, Bucht' ? Estonian: laht (gen. lahe, lahi) ? (Lapp): Saam (Lapp): luok't (N) 'creek, bay', luokta (L) 'Meerbusen, Meerbucht', lkt (T), lt Khanty (Ostyak): k (V), l (DN), lo (O) 'lange, schmale Bucht' ( > Nen. O loe 'Winkel', Lj. lo 'schmale Seebucht') Mansi (Vogul): lk (KM), l (LO) 'bay, bight, loch' Page(s): 653 References: WP. II 380 f., WH. I 748, Trautmann 149. (Kld.), lut (Not.) 'Bucht, Meerbusen' ?

Meaning: to lick, lap

lak- le leuk Root / lemma: lak- (*le k-) Material: Armenian lakem (from *kk) `lick'; Lithuanian lkti, Latvian lakt ` devour slicking '; Church Slavic lou, lokati `lick'.

Similar to onomatopoeic words as lab-, lap(h)-. lab- lap(h)Page(s): 653 References: WP. II 380.

Meaning: to be spotted; salmon

leuk Root / lemma: lak- (*le k-) le

Material: Old High German lahs, Old English leax, Old Icelandic lax m. `salmon'; Old

`salmon'; after Lwenthal (KZ. 52, 98) as ` the spotted ' to Lithuanian las `drip', lati `drip, trickle', Latvian lse ` speckle, spot, stain ', lsans ` dotted, dappled ', etc.; Tocharian laks `fish'. After Thieme KZ 69, 209 ff. in addition also (?) Old Indic lk `

Prussian lasasso f.; Lithuanian lai f., besides lis and Latvian lasis m.; russ. loso

unbersehbare Menge '. common Old Indic h- > k-

lacquer; varnish; enamel ' (*`salmonoid, resembling a salmon, *red') and (?) lak- ` References: WP. II 381, Trautmann 150, Petersson Heterokl. 199 f., Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 31, Heine-Geldern Saeculum 2, 247. Page(s): 653

Meaning: willing, active, covetous

las- le leus Root / lemma: las- (*le s-)

ullasita- ` exuberant, bratty', lasati ` strives, plays, shows, is cheerful'; `blind'; perhaps originally various group;

Material: Old Indic laati ` longs for ' (*la-ls-ati), llasa- ` eager, avid, violent, longing ', latter stands for also `seems, shines', compare gr. ` gaze ', wherefore also - gr. a ` long or desire earnestly ' (*-), Perf. (analogy after

` be grieving '); Hes., ` a mockery, derision, wantonness '

(etc.), (*[]-) , Hes., . Hes. (*-), ` female bacchant, a female priest or devotee of Bacchus, god of wine ' (out of it Latin lna ` a bawd, procuress '); Latin lascvus `bratty, exuberant, unrestrained, luscious, horny, lustful' (further

formations Adj. *las-ko-s); in addition also (?) Lr, Lris, Old Latin Lars ` ghost' (actually grade); `the greedy'), lrua, lrva (*lsou) `ghost, larva, mask' (Lr has nominative lengthened Old Irish lainn ` greedy ' (*las-ni-s); (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

`pleasure, joy, lust, eagerness ' (reduced grade); lyst f. ds. from Middle Low German lust; Lithuanian lokns ` loving ' (*lsknus); keen, lickerish ', lasovat ` nibble ', etc.; lasko-srdyj ` lustful, greedy ', lsit ` flatter ', serb. lska `flattery, insincere compliments', Czech lska `love'; compare russ. lsyj `

Gothic lustus, Old High German Old Saxon Old English lust `lust', Old Icelandic losti m.

lstit ds., etc. Page(s): 654

References: WP. II 386 f., WH. I 762 f., 766 f., Trautmann 150.

Meaning: wet, damp; swamp

lat- le leut Root / lemma: lat- (*le t-)

Material: Gr. , - `drip, the drops of wine in the bottom of the cup which were

thrown into a basin with a splash, water-quadruped, perh. beaver ' (compare the loanword Middle Irish laith `beer, liquid; swamp, marsh' = gall. Are-late town, city ` to the east of

Latin latex, -icis), `throw the drops of wine in the bottom of the cup ', ds.; the swamp ', corn. lad ` fluidity ', acymr. llat ds., cymr. llaid (*latio-) `slime, mud', Middle

Irish lathach ds.;

Modern High German Letten;

Old Icelandic leja (*lajn-) ` loam, clay, smut', Old High German letto `clay, loam ', Lithuanian FlN Lt-up, Latuv, Latvian FlN Late (Mhlenbach-Endzelin II 425).

Note: Latuv ` muddy place ' is a translation of Albanian Balta ` mud, bog, baltic place '. Page(s): 654-655 References: WP. II 381 f., WH. I 770.

Meaning: throat, jaw

lauk(o)leuk Root / lemma: lauk(o)- (luk-) (*le k-) le

wruss. ka (*lkati), Iter. ka ` gulp, sip, swallow, drink' etc. (klr. hati ` gulp, sip, swallow ').

Material: Hom. `throat, gullet', Lithuanian -lakis ` the dewlap of the cow ',

swallow ' with h from proto Slavic g, compare probably the cognate root (s)leug- ` gulp, sip, (s)leug-

Page(s): 655

References: WP. II 380.

gh- le gh leugh-) Root / lemma: lgh- (*le gh

Meaning: to cut, a cutting instrument

Page(s): 652

References: WP. II 381, WH. I 757 f., different O'Rahilly riu 13, 152.

(*lgj), ligen ` lance '(*lgin), cymr. llain `blade' (*lgn).

Material: Gr. `ditch, grub', ` garden herb, vegetable '; Irish lige `spade'

lgh le h- leugh-) Root / lemma: lgh- (*le gh Meaning: ` catch ' Page(s): 652 (s)lghSee also: see below (s)lgh-.

ll- le leud -) Root / lemma: l-1 and l- (*le

h

Material: Old Indic ryati ` barks ' (possibly also to r- `cry'); osset. ran `bark, bay'; Armenian lam `cry, weep'; unclear lor ` quail ' (see below gr. ); (contains l- or l-), ` to be foolish or silly, speak or act foolishly, of a sick person, to gr. m. `gossip, prank, trash, trumpery, of what is showy but useless, delirium '

li li i Grammatical information: present li and lii

Meaning: expr. roots (bark, howl, etc..), onomatopoeic words

be delirious '; unclear is the vocalism (onomatopoeic?) in ` seagull' (compare Armenian lor ` quail '); alb. leh `bark'; lamatir ` should be cursed ';

Latin lmentum ` lamentation ', lmentri `lament', ltr, -re `bark, bay'; perhaps Oscan

Old Irish lid (*lieti) ` accuse '; cymr. edliw (*ate-lu-) `rebuke'; curlew, long-billed wading bird ', Pl. lr; lmr ` sea diver, loud crying bird', compare isl. Gothic lalun ` be blasphemed ' (present *laian, Indo Germanic *l-); Old Norse l f., `

lmur `clamor, lamentation ';

curse ';

Lithuanian lju, lti `bark, bay', Latvian lju, lt `bark, bay, curse ', ldt ` curse '; ldt ` Old Church Slavic laj, lajati `bark, bay, inveigh' etc. (lajati for *lati after the preterite Reduplicated lal(l)a-: Old Indic lalall ` babble '; gr. ` gabby, gossipy, loquacious, lal(l)a-

stem, compare Lithuanian ljo).

garrulous, blithering ', `gossip', `babble', ` prattle'; Latin lall, -re ` to sing lalla ', lallus ` a singing lalla or lullaby ' (compare PN Lalla, Lallia, Lall, Lollia); Modern High German lallen ` babble '; Lithuanian laluti ` babble ', russ. lla ` babbler ',

etc.

Maybe alb. laluc, lal ` people from the south (pejorative)' a Slavic loanword. Note: lukklulahiLycian language < Carian lukk ` (a Leleg) *babbler ' : Luwian lulahi ` (a Leleg) *babbler ' < gr. ` light murmuring '. similar lel-, lul- ` lull, rock to sleep, swing' in: lel- lulllyati ` sways, swings '; Latin lolium ` darnel, cockle, tares, dizziness exciting plant '; Maybe alb. lule ` flower, narcotic plant ', (*luludi) lulzoj ` blossom ' : Greek : Griko Salentino luldi ` flower '. Middle Low German lollen, Modern High German lullen; Lithuanian leliou, lelioti `lull, Old Indic llati ` moves to and fro ', lulita- `fluttering', llati ` walks daintily, plays, shows',

m. ` night raven, pitch black '; Latvian llis ds. and ` clumsy person'; serb. lljati `lull, swing, lullabies) ', lelja `aunt', etc.; in addition russ. lelek, poln. Czech lelek ` night raven, pitch Maybe alb. lejlek ` stork ' < Turkish leylek ` stork '. Perhaps here with k-extension: Doric -) ds., Hes. ` gabby, gossipy, loquacious, garrulous, blithering '; gr. (*-), Aor. , Perf. , Doric ` speak loudly, cry', cradle, dangle', ljljati ` lull, swing, cradle ', russ. ljulj ` little poplar = (traditional in

craddle, swing', Latvian leluoju, leluot `lull, cradle children'; in addition Lithuanian llis, lls

black ' (see above Lithuanian llis).

after Jokl L.-kunder U. 205 to alb. laikatis ` flatter, cajole '. References: WP. II 376 f., WH. I 752 f., 754 f., 819, Trautmann 146, 156, J. Loth RC 38, 49 f. Page(s): 650-651 lleud -) Root / lemma: l-2 (*le le
h h

Note: also li- and l[i]- d l i l [i][i]

Meaning: to be concealed, covered

, ` nefarious, evil, wicked ' (*F-F ` im verborgenen tuend, was das Licht scheuen mu ');
h

Material: Gr. , Hes., due to a *-F `hide, conceal' perhaps

escape notice, skulk', ` a forgetting, forgetfulness, a place of oblivion in the lower

from the d -extension (d -present?) , Doric `to lurk, lie hid, be concealed,
h

apparent, of persons, etc., truthful, honest ', (, , ) ` to escape notice, to be unknown, unseen, unnoticed ', ` clandestine ', Ionian , Attic Adv. ` clandestine ', hom. - ` banishing care '; lili-d - in - besides -; *l-t-s); Latin late, -re ` to lurk, lie hid, be concealed, escape notice, skulk ' (from a participle Old Icelandic lmr ` betrayal, deceit', Middle High German luo ` pestering, temptation;
h

world ', Doric n. ds., , Doric ` unconcealed, so true, real, opp. false,

snare'; Old High German luog `cave, lair ', luoga ` lair (of an animal) ';

Czech (due to a *l-k = Old High German luoga) lkati ` make advances, pursue '; Pl. A lntsec, late (Pedersen Hittite 173, 189). Page(s): 651 References: WP. II 377 f., WH. I 768 f.
n

Old Bulgarian lajati ` be after someone, to follow somebody, to pester somebody ', Tocharian A lt-, lnt-, lt-, lant- ` go after ', preterit 3. Sg. A lc, lac (: gr. ), 3.

leumta Root / lemma: lm (*le mta le mta-) Meaning: swamp, puddle Grammatical information: f.

Material: Latin lma f. `puddle, slop, swamp, marsh', probably barely genuine Latin; as

appellative still today in Spain, southern France, northern Italy, frequent, often in PN in N Illyrian FlN (Bruttium), nowadays Lamato; Latvian lma `puddle, slop, pit,

Portugal and Spain, Corsica, northern Italy and Apulia, also in venet.-Illyrian region, area; pothole', Lithuanian lom (one expects lma), Akk. Sg. lm ds.; Bulgarian lam m. `pit, Maybe alb. llom, llum, lloh `mud'.

pothole, hole'.

References: WP. II 385 f., WH. I 753, 870 f., Trautmann 162, R. Menendez Pidal ZrPh. 59, 202 ff. Unclear is the relationship to Finnish lampi, Gen. lammen `pond, pool', Estonian lomm `puddle, slop, lowland, depression', etc. Page(s): 653-654

Meaning: cow Note:

lp- le leu-p Root / lemma: lp- (*le p)

lp- le leu-p : Root / lemma: lp- (*le p): cow, derived from zero grade of gr. ` deer ' see Root / el- ollemma: el-1, ol-, l- : red, brown (in names of trees and animals).
e

Maybe Celtic: *lpego- > OIr leg m. ` calf'; Cymr llo (for *lloc after Pl. lloau < *lloceu); References: WP. II 383. OCorn loch ` calf', NCorn leauh (-ch- < -gn-) ` calf', Bret leue ` calf'.

Material: Alb. lop `cow' (*lp), Latvian lups `cattle'; also Swiss loobe, lioba `cow'.

Page(s): 654

Meaning: to acquire, to make use of smth.

lu- le leu-) Root / lemma: lu- (*le

Material: Old Indic ltam, ltram n. `booty, robbed property '; gr. ` eat, drink ', Doric , Ionian and , Attic `booty' (*lui),

also ` seed, Feldfrchte', Doric , ` sown field ' as `* gain, yield'; hom. (? *lueros);

o ` capture, entrap ', , , , Doric ` robber '; probably

`arm', ` rich, affluent ' (originally in arable land); ` delicious, tasty ' Latin lucrum n. `profit, gain, benefit, advantage' (*lu-tlo-m); ' = cymr. golud ` richness ', acorn. wuludoc ` rich, wealthy, opulent ' (*upo-lau-to-m); cymr. Old Irish lg, lag, lach `earnings, price' (with g- or gh-forms), folad (foluth) ` substance

llawen `cheerful' (`*enjoying '); also cymr. llawer `much, a lot of', Old Irish lour ` sufficient ' as original Subst. `number, big, giant bulk, mass' from *lueros = gr. ; Gothic laun n., Old High German ln (n., m.) `earnings, repayment', Old Norse laun n.

Pl., Old English lean ds.;

chase'; Lithuanian lvinti ` train an animal ' etc. is russ. loanword Page(s): 655 References: WP. II 379 f., WH. I 826, Trautmann 153.

Old Church Slavic lov ` catch, capture; ensnarement, hunt', loviti ` capture, hunt,

l[i]p [i]piplep Root / lemma: l [i]p-, lip-, lp- (*le p- ) Note common Proto Germanic -u- > --, -y-, ip p le i-. Meaning: to burn, be bright Material: Gr. ` shine ', `torch', `luminous' (with originally bare present formation nasal); Old Irish lassaim ` burn ', lassair ` a blazing fire, blaze, flame ', cymr. llachar `gleaming'

(*laps-);

Lithuanian lp `light', Latvian lpa `torch', Old Prussian lopis `flame'; Hittite lap- `glow, be hot'. liepsn `flame', lpst `burns', Latvian lipt `gleam, kindle, inflame', Lower Sorbian lipota `flicker'. References: WP. II 383, Trautmann 149, Kuiper Nasalprs. 152, Mhlenbach-Endzelin II 439, 475. Page(s): 652-653 legh- le ghleugh Root / lemma: legh- (*le gh- ) Besides with i-Vok. Old Indic lip- ` ignite ', Old Icelandic leiptr `lightning', Lithuanian

Meaning: to put down; to lie down, woman in childbed

Material: Gr. Hes., , , ` lie down, lay asleep, lull to

kind of state-bed or bier, a marriage-bed, and generally marriage, a bird's nest ', `

sleep ', ` lull, put to sleep ', Hes., n. ` a couch, bed, a

childbed, or one who has just given birth '.

lair ' (= Old High German lehtar), ` womb, uterus, placenta, afterbirth ', a woman in Maybe alb. lehon ` woman in childbed ', apocope alb. Geg me le ` be born, give birth ', Tosc (*leigh- ) lind ` be born' (common alb. -gh > -d). gr. rhod. ` final resting place; resting place, couch, bed = grave', Attic ` a place

Irish lesc, Old High German irlskan), ` ambush, place for lying in wait, child-birth ', ` woman in childbirth, woman in the childbed ', - ` bedmate, wife' (: Slavic *s-log), ` thicket, copse, esp. as the lair of wild beasts '; alb. lagje f. `troop, multitude, crowd, quarter, borough' etc. (older *lag = ); couch, palanquin, sofa, lounge '; Latin lectus, - `deposit, layer, bed' (from *legh-to-), lectca ` a litter, sedan, portable

where people assembled to talk and hear news, a lounge ' (*leghsk, compare under Old

bret. gwele, corn. gueli `bed' (upo-leghio-); cymr. gwal `bed' = Old Irish mucc-foil ` pigsty, pigpen ' (*u(p)o-legh-s); gall. legasit ` has put down, set down, put, placed, set, fixed '; lain down ', l(a)ige ` a lying together, concubinage ', Middle Breton lech, nbret. leac'h Middle Irish laigid ` lies down ' (to a from e see Thurneysen, KZ. 59, 9), Perf. dellig ` has `place'(*leghs-o-); Old Irish *luigim (Kaus. *loghei) in fo-lgim (*fo-ad-log-) ` knock down ',

Old Irish lige `bed, grave' (*leghiom), cymr. lle, corn. le `place' (*legho-), cymr. gwe-ly,

bringing about', in-loing ` combined ' = mcymr. ellwng, ncymr. gollwng `to let go, drop'; sediment '; about Old Irish lesc see below; lengthened grade gall.-rom. lga (*lgh) ` settlings,

`grave'; nasalized and in gradation to Slavic lg probably Old Irish im-fo-lngai ` causing,

fu-llugaimm `hide'; Old Irish fo-lach n. ` hideout ', cymr. bret. go-lo ds., gall. logan Akk. Sg.

not strong, weak, feeble, infirm, faint, dull, sluggish, languid ', basic form *legzgho- from *legh-sko-; In o- grade: , pa- ) + log-t from Indo Germanic *lg- ` to disregard, not heed, not trouble oneself about, not attend to, slight, neglect, be regardless of, be indifferent to ' proves Indo Germanic g for our family.

here very probably Old Irish lesc ` unwilling, reluctant, averse, backward ', cymr. llesg `

alb. plok, plogu, plog, plogt `careless, neglectful, idle' (common Slavic alb. prefix pe-

be extinguished, extinguish, put out ' (the trans. meaning must be then secondary);

probably as `lie, lay, place': Old High German lscan, irlscan, Old Saxon leskan ` die,

ds.; Gothic ligrs ` lair ', Old High German Old Saxon legar n. ds.; Old Icelandic lag n.

leg(g)en, Old Saxon leggian, Old Frisian ledza, Old English lecgan, Old Icelandic leggja

Bulgarian le), Kaus. Gothic lagjan `lay, place' (= Old Bulgarian loiti), Old High German

Old Saxon liggian, Old English licgan, Old High German ligen, licken, `lie' (liggiu = Old

Gothic ligan `lie' (neologism); previous i-present Old English licgan, Old Frisian lidza,

from Proto Norse Old English lagu, engl. law, Middle Low German lach ` lair '; Old Saxon lot, fate' (: gr. ); postverbal are rlg N. Pl. `fate, destiny', Old Saxon orlag, orleg aldar-lagu Pl. n. ` die bestimmte Lebenszeit ', gi-lagu n. Pl. ` determination, fate, destiny, `ds.', Old English orlaeg n., Old High German urlag m. ds.; Middle High German urlage

`place, position ', Pl. lg ` law, state community '; Old English ge-lg `surface, plain, area';

grade Old Icelandic lg Old High German lga ` position ' (: Lithuanian pa-lgs); maybe alb. Geg logu `place for men'.

afterbirth ' (: gr. ), Old Icelandic ltr (*logh-tro-) n. `lair of animals'; lengthened

Middle Low German orloge, s. leugh-); Old High German lehter ` womb, uterus, placenta,

`fate, destiny, war, fight' (latter meaning probably originating from Old High German urliugi,

with gradation Old English Old Frisian lg n. `place', lgian ` to place here and there, array, lgi ` tranquility '; distribute, set in order, arrange, dispose ', Old High German luog `cave, lair ', Old Icelandic about Old High German lescan see above; Lithuanian pa-lgs ` bedriddenness, confinement in bed'; `lie, lay, place', causative loiti (= Gothic lagjan) `lay, place', Iter. lgati `lie, lay, place', Iter. sulog) ` a bedfellow, spouse, wife ', za-log ` pledge, agreement' (etc.); Tocharian A lake, leke ` lair '; A lk- `lie', lyalye ` the lying '; Hittite la-a-ki (lagi) ` brings to collapse', la-ga-a-ri (lagari) `lies'. Maybe alb. loth, lodh `to weary, tire' [the common alb. shift -g > -th, -dh] References: References: WP. II 424 f., WH. I 777 ff., Specht KZ. 62, 40 ff., Trautmann 158. Old Bulgarian le (= Old High German liggiu), leati (*legti) `lie', nasalized lg, leti

v lagati `inlay' etc.; loe ` lair, womb, uterus', *s-log (Serbo-Croatian- Church Slavic

Page(s): 658-659 legleug Root / lemma: leg-1 (*le g- ) le

Meaning: to drip, ooze, flow out

Material: Armenian li `swamp, marsh' (*lgi); lega) `destroy', dlgend ` annihilation ', mcymr. dlein (*d-leg-ni-) ds., dileith ds., cymr. llaith ` death, annihilation, a cutting-down, violent death, murder, slaughter ' as `* soften, forgive ', dlgud ` forgiveness '; Old Irish legaim ` dissolve, melt, disappear ', fo-llega ` the ink leaks ', d-leg- (3. Sg. do-

llaith, bret. leiz (*lekto-) `humid, wet', cymr. dad-leithio `melt', Old Irish lecht `death', cymr. dissolving ', lleas `death' (*leg-astu-); perhaps also as Kaus. Old Irish do-luigim (*logei) ` Old Icelandic lekr ` leaky, leaking ', leki m. ` leak, leakage ', Old English hlec (with false

leccan ` moisten, make damp ', Middle Low German lecken ` strain ', Middle High German lecken ` moisten, make damp '; Middle Low German lak m. n. `fault, error, lack, disability ', Icelandic lkr m. `stream, brook', Norwegian also `puddle, slop'. Page(s): 657 References: WP. II 422 f. Middle English lac, nengl. lack ds., Old Frisian lec `damage, pity'; lengthened grade Old

(lechezen ` parch, dry ', Modern High German lechzen); Kaus. *lakjan in Old English

lechen ` Flussigkeit durchlassen, vor Trockenheit Risse bekommen, verschmachten '

German leken ds., Old High German ze(r)lechen ` leaky, leaking ', Middle High German

Middle Low German lak, Old Icelandic leka strong. V. ` let the water through ', Middle Low

h) ` leaky, leaking ', Modern High German (actually ndd.) Leck, Adj. lech and (ndd.) leck,

Meaning: to take care about smth.

legleug Root / lemma: leg-2 (*le g- ) le

Material: Gr. ` to trouble oneself, have a care, heed, regard, respect ', ds., as ` bringing bitter grief, cruel, ruthless ', as also that presumably for - inserting W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 538 but to ` count '; Page(s): 658

` provide, supply ' (- = the preposition n- `in'); hom. -, epithet of death, -, likewise epithet of death, at best is to be understood as ` inconsiderate '; after References: WP. II 423 f., WH. I 351 ff.; Leumann Homer. Wrter 55.

le- le leu Root / lemma: le- (*le - )

Meaning: to gather

` lay down ', ` collection ', ` selection, collection of items

Material: Gr. ` pick up, choose for oneself, pick out, count, tell, say, speak ',

available to choose ', , ` discourse ', ` calculate, think; consider ' (also ` number, count something ' with - `-'), Hes., Doric Hes.;

Maybe alb. Geg log `meadow for gathering of men, place of discourse', loth, lodh (*log) `to tire, weary, exhaust, be choosy, elegant'. Latin leg, -ere `to bring together, gather, collect; choose; read ', legi `a body of

soldiers, legion ' = Oscan leginum ` a body of soldiers, legion ', legulus ` a gatherer,

collector ', legns `choosy, elegant'; here probably also lignum as ` gathered wood,

moral obligation, duty '; Paelignian lexe ` to bring together, gather, collect '. mblodha (: Latin lg), Pass. mblidhem;

neglect, be regardless of, be indifferent to ', religi ` conscientiousness, sense of right,

gather ', neglegere ` to disregard, not heed, not trouble oneself about, not attend to, slight,

(*inter-leg-) ` to come to know, see into, perceive, understand, discern, comprehend,

firewood '; further dligere (*dis-leg-) ` to single out, value, esteem, prize, love ', intellegere

palatal proves alb. (*mb-le) mb-leth, mbledh ` collect, harvest, assemble ', preterit

Maybe alb. ledh (*leg-) n. `caress, fondling' proposition for a law, motion, bill ', lgre, lgtus, Oscan ligud ` to bring together, gather, bean '; to leg presumably also as ` collection of the regulations ' Latin lx f. ` a formal

collect ', ligats ` to bring together, gather, collect ' and legmen ` legume, pod vegetable, Germanic *lkja- ` sayer of a magic spell, physician, medicine man' in Gothic lkeis, Old

Icelandic lknir, Old English lce, Old High German lchi; in addition Old High German Slavic lk `remedy' from Germanic; about Old Irish liaig see below lep-1. lepPage(s): 658 References: WP. II 422, WH. 351 ff., 779 f., 789 f.

lchin n. `healing', Middle High German lchene f. ` sayer of a magic spell, witch '; Church

Meaning: light (adj.)

legh- le leughRoot / lemma: le gh- (*le gh- )

lenghngh Note: nasalized le ngh-

*lengh-);

Superl. lghiha-; Avestan ragu-, f. rv `agile'; Kompar. rnjy, Superl. rnjita- (of stem zero grade Old Indic rhnt- `weak, small' (`*light'); Avestan rnjaiti, rnjayeiti `makes

Material: 1. Old Indic lagh-, ved. ragh- `rash, hasty, light, small', Kompar. lghyas-,

light, agile, allows to be moved', Old Indic rhat, rghati, lghati ` runs, it hurries, jumps up, jumps about ';

`light, agile' (probably from *lghrs = Old High German lungar); after Schwyzer * (from *-F = Lithuanian legvas); perhaps Ionian ` recover, relax, slacken, trans. ease, dismiss, set free, release '; Gr. Gr. 1, 302 though contaminated from * (= Old High German lungar) and

lgk and Celtic *lag-; Old Indic lagh- perhaps also or zero grade as Latin levis);

Gr. 1, 538 and Anm. 4), Superl. ( from Indo Germanic *l gh-, as Slavic
e

gr. `small', Kompar. , Attic (with secondary , s. Schwyzer Gr.

Italy FlN Lambrus (: ), Krahe, Gymnasium 59 (1952), 79; Note: common Illyrian g- > b-. Latin levis ` light, quick, fast ' (based on f. *leghu to m. *legh-s);

Illyrian lembus (*lengho-s) ` light vessel ', out of it gr. , Latin lembus ds.; northern

not at all, to no purpose, in vain ' (proto Celtic *lag-is, Indo Germanic *l gh-, see above), Middle Irish lau, l ds.), Old Irish lagat ` smallness, littleness, slightness '; Old Irish lingim `spring' (preterit leblaing with analogical imitation of p : b-reduplication), Old Irish limm, cymr. etc. llam `spring' (*lg-smen-); Maybe alb. (*leiht) leht `light'. Modern Dutch licht n. ` placenta, afterbirth ' (*linta-, Indo Germanic *lengh-to-); Gothic leihts, Old English loht, Old Icelandic lttr, Old High German lht(i) `light',
e

petty, puny, inconsiderable ', corn. le ds. bret. -lei in abret. nahu-lei ` nothing, in no respect,

Old Irish Kompar. laigiu (and laugu) `small, bad' = mcymr. llei, ncymr. llai ` little, small,

Superl. Old Irish lugimem and lugam, mcymr. lleiaf, abret. lau, mcymr. llaw `small' (out of it

fast, bald' (*lghro-, see above); Old High German gilingan ` vonstatten gehen, Erfolg haben, gelingen ', Middle High German lingen ` progress ';

Old Saxon lungor, Old High German lungar `quick, fast', Old English lungre Adv. `quick,

Lithuanian legvas, lengvs, Latvian ligs `light'; Slavic (je) lz ` it is permitted ' (Dat. Sg. to lga), po-ldza, po-lza `benefit', russ lzja, old lz ` it is possible, one may ', besides lga, ds. (etc.). 2. Here also names of the lung (lighter than the remaining meat parts, swim on top of Old Church Slavic lgk (*l ghu-, see above) `light', lgota ` lightness', Old Church
e

the water): Old High German lungn Pl., Old English lungen, Old Norse lunga n. ` lung ', engl. lights ` lungs of an animal (especially of a sheep or pig) ', russ. lgkoje ` lungs '; hence also Armenian lanjk` `breast' (older `* lungs '; *lghio-). Page(s): 660-661 References: WP. II 426 f., WH. I 788 f., Trautmann 158 f., Kuiper Nasalprs. 143.

leib leb -) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > --, -y-, -i-. Root / lemma: lei - (*le le Meaning: ` live ' See also: see below leip-1 `besmear'.
h h

Page(s): 666

leid- le led Root / lemma: leid- (*le d-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > --, -y-, -i-. Meaning: to play, joke Material: Gr. , Hes. (from *, compare

Hes.); ` scolding ', ` abuse, revile, scold ' (compare to meaning Middle High German schimpf ` joke, pastime, entertainment ': Modern High German Schimpf); diversion ';

Latin ld, -ere, ls, -sum ` to play, play at a game ', ldus (old loidos) ` a play, game,

Maybe alb. (*loidos) luaj, loz `play, joke', alb. (*loidos) loj `game' Latin loaword. [common alb. -d- > -j-]. perhaps Middle Irish ladid (*loid-) ` stimulates, invigorates, sings '. Page(s): 666 References: WP. II 402, WH. I 829 f.

leig igleik ikoleig-/k- le leg Root / lemma: le ig-1 and le ik- better oleig-/k- (*le g) Note: common Proto Germanic -u> --, -y-, -i-.

Meaning: poor, miserable leig igleik ikoleig /kigRoot / lemma: le ig-1 and le ik- better ole ig-/k- : poor, miserable, derived from Root / Material: elglemma: elg- : miserable, poor. In zero grade: Note:

1. Gr. `ruin, mischief, death', ` ruinous, deadly '; `small'; alb. lig `mad, wicked, evil, lean', lig `malice, evil, wickedness '; ablaut. Lithuanian (*pa-liegis) pliegis m. ds.; In a- grade: anam ` be or become poor; decrease, become weak ' : Armenian akak ` miserable, poor, small, evil, bad' see Root / lemma: elg- : miserable, poor. elg(*alik`- must be assumed from Indo Germanic *oliko-; accordingly is also that - from gr. miserable, unlucky '; Old Prussian licuts `small'. See also: probably to lei-2. References: WP. II 398, Trautmann 161; probably old, the root also as *(o)leig-/k-); Old Irish lach ` woeful, wretched, 2. Armenian ak`at ` poor, miserable, a little, concise '; Subst. ` poor beggar ', ak`atLithuanian lig `disease, malady', Latvian liga `heavy disease, malady, epidemic ',

Page(s): 667

Meaning: to jump; to tremble ` makes tremble, shake ';

leig loig le igig- leg Root / lemma: le ig-3, lo ig- (*le g) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > --, -y-, -i-.

Material: Old Indic rjati ` makes jump, allows to tremble ', rjat ` jumps, shakes ', rjyati npers. ltan ` jump, kick (of the horse) ', Kurdish be-lezium `dance', lzim ` play '; the enemy, rally it, move in coils or spires, of a serpent ', [*]- ` shaking the outleap, jump before -, jump forward ', ); gr. , ` cause to vibrate, whirl round, of an army, cause it to turn and face

earth, epith. of Poseidon ' (in addition probably also - ` tear off, dash off ' in `

calves ' (Sg. llo) is Irish loanword;

Old Irish log m. `calf', bret. dial. lu- ds., lu ` blockhead, laughable'; cymr. Pl. lloi `

German leichen ` jump, make fun, laugh at ', Old High German leih, leich `game, song,

`be quick, move fast, play, fence ', lc `game, fight, struggle, booty, gift', Middle High

(lk) `join somebody to play, lick (flame), fence ', leikr `game, derision ', Old English lcan

Gothic laikan (lalaik) ` jump, spring', bi-laikan ` deride ', laiks ` dance ', Old Norse leika

spawning, spawn ', Modern High German Laich (from Germanic entl. Old Bulgarian lik ` round dance, peasant dance '); Lithuanian ligyti ` run around wildly ', verbal noun ligymas. Page(s): 667-668 References: WP. II 399, Trautmann 148.

melody ', Modern High German dial. laich ` lusus venerius ', Middle Low German lk ` the

leig lei le igi- leg Root / lemma: le ig-4, le i- (*le g) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > --, -y-, -i-. Meaning: to bind, *vow, make an oath fascicle band, truss '; Material: Alb. lith, lidh Pass. lidhem `bind, bandage, gird ', lidh, lidhe `band, strap, chain;

Note: Note

Also alb. lidh besn `vow, make a sacred oath' is identical with Hittite li-in-ga-in Akk. `oath'; alb. common g > dh, k > th. Alb. and Hittite prove that Root / lemma: le ig-4, le i- : `to bind, *vow, make an oath' leig lei igiderived from Root / lemma: dnh dnhu : `tongue' [common Latin-italic d- > l-]. h, Latin lig, -re `to tie, bind, bind together, bind up, bandage, bind fast', obligti ` an Middle Low German lk `band, strap', out of it Old Icelandic lk ` hemline rope ', changing

engaging, pledging, obligation'; lctor ` a lictor, official attendant upon a magistrate'; through ablaut probably Middle High German geleich ` joints, joint';

Hes.;

presumably also Lithuanian laignas ` brother of the wife, woman', wherefore Hittite li-in-ga-in Akk. `oath', li-ik-zi (lenkzi) `swears', 3. Pl. li-in-kn-zi.

anknpfen, in Beschlag nehmen ', nalhaty ` Zaum, Schlinge anlegen, fesseln ',

with g: klr. polhaty a ` bandage oneself ', zalyhty ` in Bande schlagen, schnren,

Page(s): 668

References: WP. II 400, WH. I 800.

lei slei ih ih le le Root / lemma: le ih-, sle ih- (*le h-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > --, -y-, -i-. Note: Meaning: to lick

lei slei ih ih h, Root / lemma: le ih-, sle ih- : `to lick' derived from Root / lemma: dnh dnhu : `tongue' [common Latin d- > l-. information: leih Grammatical information: present leih-mi oneself ', np. litan `lick';

Material: Old Indic lhi, rhi, lihati ` licks ', lh- m. ` licker ', Avestan 3. Pl. razaite ` lick Note: comon alb. Old Indic h- > dh-. Armenian lizum, lizem, lizanem ` leak '; lick ', ` forefinger ' (`licker '); gr. ` leak ', `lichen, skin rash', ` delicious, tasty, snacking ', ` Latin ling, -ere, linx `lick', ligurrio, ligrio ` leak ' (compare formal Old Irish ligur, Corm.

KG. I 100), Middle Breton leat `lick'; Old Irish ligur `tongue'; Maybe alb. lug, luga ` spoon' a Latin loanword.

`spoon' (*leigh), Old Irish ligim ` leak ', cymr. llyfu, llyw `lick' (f is a hiatus push, Pedersen

`tongue'), ligula (*ligh-l) `spoon', as also Middle Irish liag, cymr. llwy, bret. loa, corn. lo

Maybe alb. lpij `lick' : cymr. llyfu, llyw `lick' common Illyrian Celtic k- > p-. Old Saxon likkon `lick'; Gothic bilaign ` lick '; ablaut. geminated Old English liccian, Old High German lecchn,

nibble '; das s- has perhaps in the varying onomatopoeic words of licking on the grounds as perhaps westfl. slappern besides other *lab- `lick'; Lithuanian li, liszti `lick', iter. laia, -ti ds., sz-lios f. Pl. ` space between the Old Bulgarian li, lizati `lick', Serbo-Croatian lznm (*lzn) ds.

besides with anlaut. s-: Old Icelandic sleikja `lick', Middle High German slecken ` lick,

teeth ', Latvian laischa `sweet tooth, love for sweet foods ';

References: WP. II 400 f., WH. I 800 f., Wissmann, Nom. postverb. 183 f., Trautmann 155 f. Page(s): 668 leik iklek Root / lemma: le ik-1 (*le k) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > --, -y-, -i-. le

Meaning: to prepare for sale

allowed, is permitted', liceor, -r ` to bid, make a bid ', pollicr ` to hold forth, offer, promise ', Oscan lktud, licitud ` to be for sale, be priced, be valued ';

Material: Latin lice, -re ` to be for sale, be priced, be valued ', licet ` it is lawful, is

assemble ', nuolkums `pact, covenant'. Page(s): 669 References: WP. II 395, WH. I 797.

constrain, compel, possess, oblige, bid, cause, rest, tell, back ', salkt `ds., put, place,

Latvian lkstu, lku, lkt `get, put, suggest, set, lay, place, bring, order, make, have,

Meaning: to bend

leik iklek Root / lemma: le ik-2 (*le k) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > --, -y-, -i-. le Material: S. above S. 309 E (el-8, eli-, li-), wherefore further the Celtic (?) FlN Licus `

Lech, River (the name is of Celtic origin), river in the west of Austria, rises south of Rote Wand, the highest peak in Vorarlberg ' (Bavaria), Lithuanian FlN Lik and Leik,

FlN Pacco-licus (Bruttium), mod. FlN Lika (Kroatien). Page(s): 669

Lithuanian lekna `marshy meadow', Latvian likna ds.; compare Illyrian Epi-licus portus,

Root leik ik le lek Root / lemma: le ik- (*le k) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > --, -y-, -i-. leik ik liGrammatical information: imperfect le ik, perfective li-n-k (originally athematic); Aor. 3. Sg. e-lik-e, Perf. le -lo ik-e; participle Perf. likt-s lik le-loik ik liktMaterial: Old Indic rikti (3. Pl. ricanti) ` leaves, lets go, puts away, gives, grants ', rikt- ` Meaning: to leave

`unproductive', atirka- m. ` remnant, leftover item ', rkas- n. ` inherited possession, releases ', npers. rxtan `diffuse', gurxten `miss'; exhausted ';

blank, empty, freely of something ', rcyt ` wird befreit von etwas, geht verlustig ', rku-

property ' = Avestan raexnah- `blessing, treasure, tribute, inheritance', -irinaxti ` clears up, Armenian lk`anem ` allow ', Aor. elik` = , lk`anim ` will leave, becomes weary,

ds.;

Hes. (probably with , from *link-i); n. ` remnant, leftover item ', Latin linqu, -ere, lqu ` to go away, leave, quit, forsake, depart from ' (*loikai, compare

gr. ` allow, leave ', `residual, remaining', ` allow ',

`residual, remaining';

Old Indic rirca, gr. , and esp. Gothic lai), relictus ` leave behind ', relicuos Old Irish licid `allows, lets go ', after Strachan (BB. 20, 31) from *link-, with the Gothic leian, Old Icelandic lj, Old High German lhan, Old English lon ` lend '

vocalism of Fut. and Aor. *leik-s-;

(*leik), participle Old Saxon Old High German farliwan ` lend ', Old Icelandic leiga ` rent ', feudal estate, land held on condition of service and loyalty to the feudal lord who granted it ' (*laihna- = Old Indic rkas-, compare to n-forms also Czech liknav); Lithuanian liek, old liekm (reshaped from *link-mi), Infin. lkti ` let, allow ' and ` abide, Old Icelandic ln, Old English ln, Old High German lhan ` borrowed property, fief,

eleventh ', plaikas ` residual, leftover, remaining ', lakas ` certain time, time, period '

remain ', lktas `residual, remaining', likas ` to leave something [for somebody] ', old `

(Latvian laiks `time'), laika, -ti `keep, retain possession of, hold onto the remaining ', spare; phoney '; Old Prussian polnka ` he remains ', also Old Lithuanian palinkt ds.;

lkius ` rest ', tlykis ` work break '; Latvian leks (= lekas) ` supernumerary, excessive, Old Bulgarian otlk ` remnant, leftover item ' (: Old Indic atirka-), Czech liknovati se `

leiqso-); liiti `mug, rob';

lich ` extraordinary, eminent, remarkable, wicked, evil' etc. (*lik-ch, Indo Germanic Maybe alb. m. lig, f. lig ` mad, evil'.

refuse, shy, hesitate, flee ', liknav ` negligent ' (see above), with s-forms Old Bulgarian

eleventh '; but Gothic ain-, twa-lif, Old High German ein-, zwe-lif `11, 12', Old Icelandic or according to Marstrander (riu 5, 206) borrowed from Celtic *lipi- (*liki-).

here also Lithuanian vienu-, dv-lika etc. `11, 12' etc. (bis 19), Old Lithuanian liekas `

ellifu, Old Norwegian llugu `11', llykti `the 11.' etc. are to be put either to either to leip-1 References: WP. II 396 f., WH. I 808 f., Trautmann 154 f., Kuiper Nasalprs. 123 f., 179,

Speeht KZ. 62, 89, 114. Page(s): 669-670

Meaning: to eliminate, dissipate, disappear; weak, thin elNote: (from *el-ei-) el i

lei leRoot / lemma: le i-2 (*le -) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > --, -y-, -i-. le

Material: a. Gr. Hes., ` bend, incline, go aside, recoil, shrink, sink, fall, retired, drew back ', (handschr. ) Hes. (= plague '; - ` with soft, tender body '; Lithuanian lelas), m. ` hunger, famine ', ` pestilence, epidemic disease, Middle Irish lan (*lei-no-) `gentle'; line f. `shirt' (`*soft untergarment '); ` ductile ', Old Icelandic linr `tender, soft, weak'; lina ` relieve, slacken '; Middle High German ln `lukewarm, faint, languid', Old High German Lino PN, nld. lenig Gothic af-linnan ` cease, leave, depart ', Old Icelandic linna `cease let, hamper', Old

English linnan `cease', Old High German bi-linnan ` withdraw, cease', with -nn- from -nu-; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). Old Icelandic l n. (*laiwa-) `damage, pity, misfortune, deceit', Old High German Gen.
h

(*li-b o-);

lwes ` unfortunately ', Old English lw ` mutilation '; Old English Old Saxon lf `weak'

Germanic lut- (in aschs. luttil, Old High German luzzil, liuzil `small', Old English lytel ds.) lei elleu elle i- must have originated from *el-ei-, besides le u- from *el-eu-; el i el u with other suffixes Lithuanian lenas, letas ` slim ', ablaut. linas ds.; lebas `lean, thin', ablaut. libas `tender, thin, slim '; Lithuanian lelas `thin, slim ' (from *leras, to gr. ), Latvian lils `big, large' (`*slim '),

Old Frisian ltik, Bavarian dnn-leizig, Old Icelandic Adverb ltt ` little, evil, bad') and West

from the concurrent Gothic-nord. lit- (in Gothic leitils `small, little ', Old Icelandic ltill ds.,

periodically ', Denomin. from *lein- (: Lithuanian lenas), slov. liliti `huten' (: Lithuanian libinti ` make thin ');

Church Slavic libv, libav, libiv `lean', serb. linjati ` dwindle ', linjati se ` moult, shed

leilti `lean become'), leviti se ` skin, flay, flesh, remove the skin from oneself ' (: Lithuanian Tocharian A lalask-, lalaske `tender'. b. s-extension le is-, lo is- in: leis lois isis-

from *h, superlative to *h

gr. ` warm, lukewarm ' (*lis ro-s), ` left behind, last ', ds., maybe
e

Kompar. Old English lssa (*laisiza), Old Frisian lessa, Superl. Old English lst and

= Germanic *laisiz `less, smaller ', Old English ls, nengl. less, Old Saxon ls ds.,

German lso Adv. ` soft, smooth, mild, gentle, easy, calm ', Middle High German Adj. and Adv. lse, Modern High German leise; Old English ge-lsian ` slip, stumble, glide, slide'; Lithuanian lesas, Latvian less `lean'; Lithuanian lesti and lsti ` become lean ', Latvian

lrest, engl. least, Old Frisian lrest and lst, to Crimean Gothic lista ` little '; Old High

lest ds.

References: WP. II 387 ff., WH. I 807 f., Trautmann 154, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 125, Page(s): 661-662 Machek Recherches 75 ff. Probably here 1. leig- and leik-, see below S. 676.

Meaning: slimy; to glide Material: sleiNote: various also slei-

lei leRoot / lemma: le i-3 (*le -) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > --, -y-, -i-. le

Hittite: halina- 'clay' (Tischler 131-2) gr. (-- from --) ` spread, anoint, smear, rub'; about lmus see below; besmear, anoint, to spread or rub over ', lini, -re ds.; Latin lin, -ere, lv (*leuai) (from d-lv seems to derive dle), ltum ` daub,

In a- grade:

better to glynu, Irish glenaid ` get stuck, stick '), Old Irish lenomnaib ` a smearing on a out, erasure, correction ', Old Irish as-lenaim `besmirch, daub, smear over ';

Old Irish lenaid, Perf. rolil `follow' (actually ` stick to someone '; cymr. can-lyn `follow'

writing tablet, blotting out, erasure ', abret. linom ` a smearing on a writing tablet, blotting Latin lmus ` earth mud, sludge, ordure, smut' (*loimos) = Old High German leim ` loam,

clay ', Modern High German Lehm, Old English lm ` loam, clay, humus ', Old High

based on a weak es es-stem *loies- Old Icelandic leir n. ` loam, clay ' (lajiz-), leira (*laizn). Fem. ` loamy beach, seaside ';

English Old Icelandic lm ` glue, calc, lime, limestone ' (`* Erdmasse zum Verkleben ');

German leime ` loam, clay ', Modern High German Leimen, ablaut. Old High German Old

Tokharian: A, B li(y)- 'wipe away, cleanse oneself' (Adams 553). 1. Old Indic linti (gramm.), lyat, lyat lyati ` adhere; cling or press closely, stick to '; and Old Prussian layso f. (*lais) ` clay, natural dampness of earth, earth clay '; in the

lna- ` nestling up, snuggling up; clinging to, adjoining ';

meaning from a d-extension Old Prussian laydis ` loam, clay ' and alb. leth, ledh `damp clay';

lindu- `slimy, slippery ';

Lithuanian laistau, -yti ` make sticky, smear with loam or lime ', compare also Old Indic 2. as appellation of slimy fish:

lnas, Latvian lnis, Old Prussian linis `tench ', russ. lin etc. ds.;

gr. ` mullet ', Old High German slo, Old English slw, slo `tench ', Lithuanian 3. as appellation of `(slimy) the smooth ': gr. ` smooth ': Latin lvis (*leiuis) `

kerchief, cloth', ` smooth rock '; , Attic ` smooth, rub or scrape

smooth ', gr. ` smooth, simple, inexpensive, frugal ', and , - ` smooth

against ' are unclear; Latin lma `file, tool for smoothing surfaces' probably from *(s)l-m or also gr. `snail'); *(s)lei-m (compare Old High German slm `mucus', slmen ` make smooth, rub shiningly ', Alb. lima ` file, tool for smoothing surfaces ', lmoj ` smooth with a file ' Latin loanword. 4. with initial sound sl-: sleven ', acymr. limnint `be smooth', abret. gur-limun `smooth', Middle Breton di-leffn `hard'; `mucus' (Old High German slmen `smooth'); compare Old Icelandic sly n. `slimy water plant'; Old English Old Icelandic Modern Frisian Middle Low German Middle High German slm Celtic *sli-m-no- `slimy' in Old Irish slemun ` smooth, slippery ', cymr. llyfn ` smooth,

slna `saliva';

Latvian slinas f. Pl. `saliva' (*slins), Old Church Slavic sliny, serb. slne `snot', russ.

5. with k-suffix:

compare Old Prussian slayx m., Lithuanian slikas m., Latvian slika f. ` earthworm ' and Latvian slikas f. Pl. `saliva'; perhaps also Lithuanian sils, Latvian seilas f. Pl. `saliva' (from *slils?). 6. extensions: (s)leib(s)leib- `slimy, slippery, glide, slide, darber stroke, smooth'. Gr. ` slippery, smooth ' Hes., Hes.; perhaps cymr. llym `sharp', bret. lemm `sharp; sharp side of a knife' (as *slibsms); Middle Low German slpen ` sharpen, make smooth; intr. slink', Old English tslpan ` Old High German slfan ` glide, slip; sharpen smoothly ', Modern High German schleifen,

gr. ` snail without covering ' (out of it Latin lmx ds.) = russ. slimk `snail';

German sleif ds., Old English slipor, Old High German sleffar ds., Norwegian slipra `glide, schleppen), Old High German Middle High German sleifen ds., Middle High German eine slipfen ` slide, hatch', Middle High German slipfec, slipferic ` slippery '; slide', Kaus. Middle Low German slpen `drag, sharpen ' (out of it Modern High German

dissolve, melt '; Old Icelandic slpari ` grinder ', sleipr ` slippery, smooth ' = Middle High

burc sleifen ` they make to the surface of the earth immediately ', Intens. Old High German besides with Germanic -bb-: Dutch slib, slibbe `silt, slime, mud', slibberen `glide, slide',

Middle Low German slibber, -ich ` slippery '.

h

(s)leid (s)lei - ` slippery, glide, slide', see below the particular headword. Maybe alb. ledh ` fondling, caress ', ledhatoj ` to caress '. sleigsleig- `slimy, glide, slide, smooth': Gr. `the grazing surface ', , ` clay mould, lye, used as soap, mortar'; tempt, entice, draw ' (cymr. llith ` sugarplum ', llithio ` decoy, lure ' < *slig-t-), perhaps - as `stroke = hit' = Old Irish sligim `hit', in addition slige `road' (?); Old Irish sliachtad ` the smoothness, flattening '; Old Irish slige `comb'; Old Icelandic slkr ` smooth ', slkisteinn `grindstone, whetstone', Old High German Old Irish sligim, fo-sligim ` to reduce to a straight line, to make straight ', adslig ` lure,

High German slich `silt, slime, mud'; participle *slihta- ` smoothed ' in Gothic slahts

slhhan `slink' (= `glide, slide'), sleihha `loop, sled ', Middle Low German slk, slick, Middle

`straight, even, evil, bad', Modern High German schlicht and schlecht, Old English sliht, Middle English slight, sleght ` smooth, even '; kind of loop'. Old Bulgarian slzk ` ', russ. slzkij ` slippery ', sliz `mucus', slzy Pl. `a

`simple, even ', Old Icelandic slttr ` smooth, even, straight', Old High Germanslht

leipleip- ` besmear with fat ', see below particular headword (leip-). beg, ask, invoke', `imploring', `invoke'; Latin litre `to make an acceptable Latvian litt `stroke, caress', Lithuanian liei, listi `touch, betreffen'. Maybe alb. lut, lus ` pray'. References: WP. II 389 ff., WH. I 789, 801, 802, 807 f., Trautmann 148, 162, 269, 270; different about 3. and 4. lei- EM 553 f. Page(s): 662-664
2

leilei-t- ` glide over, touch softly, stroke ': probably `request', , `bid,

sacrifice, obtain favorable omens' (based on *lit from ); Lithuanian lytti `touch',

leip iplep Root / lemma: le ip-1 (*le p) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > --, -y-, -i-. le Meaning: to smear, stick leiNote: probably extension to lei- `slimy'.

Material: Old Indic lip- (limpti-, lipyt) `besmear', lipta- ` sticking, adhesive ', lpayati `

`smut' (similarly gr. , alb. lapars), rip ` malicious, cheater ';

gr. Akk.), lpa- m. ` the coating, the smearing, smut', rpas- n. ` stain, smut', ripr- n. npers. fi-rftan `cheat, deceive', rw `deceit', osset. f-lwun, -lwyn `cheat, deceive';

smears ' (= Slavic lpiti), rip- `smear, stick, glue, cheat, deceive'; rp- f. `deceit; pollution '(=

`anoint, smear, rub', , ` ointment '; with the meaning ` climb, ascend ' (as Hes., actually `unersteiglich', , ' Hes.; glep `eye discharge, glama ' (prefix k- + *loipos or *loip);

gr. n. `fat', `fat, being anointed ', with final sound derailment

Lithuanian lip, lpti) gr. `destitute even of goats, hence, steep, sheer ', alb. lapars ` dirty, soil, stink ', laprdh ` dirty discourse ', glep, shklep f, sklep m.., Latin lippus ` blear-eyed, bleared, inflamed ' (with expressive consonant increase);

lifna ` be left ', Old Icelandic lifa `be residual, remaining ';

High German leipa, Old English lf ` remnant, leftover item '; Gothic aflifnan, Old Icelandic Germanic l- `stick, glue' has also absorbed the meaning ` be left ' from l (leik- ` [a various, also in Latin cae-lebs from *caivi-lib- (see kai- ` alone ') available root *lei - ` *leib
h

Old High German leiben, Old English lfan ` leave '; Gothic laiba f., Old Icelandic leif, Old

remain, be left ' (to s. Meillet MSL. 14, 351), Kaus. Gothic bilaibjan; Old Icelandic leifa,

Gothic bileiban, Old High German bilban ` abide, remain ', Old English belfan ` abide,

abandon '), thereby now in the meaning ` abandon, lend ';

Old English libban, Old Icelandic lifa ` live ', lifna ` come to life '; Old Icelandic lf n., Old m. n. `life; body, person'];

live ' contain Gothic liban (3. Sg. libai), Old High German lebn, Old Saxon libbian, len,

English lf, Old Saxon lf, l n. `life', Old High German lb, lp, Middle High German lp, lbes Lithuanian limp, lpti `stick' (and lip, lpti ` climb, ascend ', see above), lipns ` humid

and sticky ', lips `ds., sticky', Latvian lpu, lipt `be attached, be linked ', lipigs ` humid and sticky ', lipns, laipns `mild, affable, friendly'; Slavic *ln, *lnoti in Old Church Slavic pri-lnti `stick, cling ' and Slavic *lpti in Old

Church Slavic pri-lplj, pri-lpti `stick, cling ', in addition Kaus. Old Church Slavic priBulgarian lp ` fitting, beautiful' (originally `sticking'); Tocharian A lip- ` be left '; lyipr ` rest '; Hittite lip- `smear'. lpiti s ds., etc. and Old Church Slavic *l m. ` glue ' (= Old Indic lpa-), also Old

References: WP. II 403 f., WH. I 811 f., Trautmann 161 f., Jokl L-k. U. 314, Specht KZ. 64, 67. Page(s): 670-671 leip iplep Root / lemma: le ip-2 (*le p) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > --, -y-, -i-. le Meaning: to wish for, request Material: Gr. , new , participle Perf. Med. (in akt. meaning) `lust, crave', Hes., `desire to urinate ';

Note:

The inanimate suffix -ur : gr. `desire to urinate': , , Illyrians, , ur ur , speak the Illyrian language, :--hence Adv. . so-stem), pallaips twei `lust, crave', laipinna ` demanded '. Page(s): 671 References: WP. II 404, Trautmann 155.

, Illyria, also , , Adj. , , , Illyrian: -, the region or province of Illyria, Lithuanian liepi, lipti, pa-lipti `order', Old Prussian pallaips, Akk. -san ` command ' (-

Meaning: furrow, to furrow; to pursue, learn

leis le is- les Root / lemma: le is- (*le s) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > --, -y-, -i-.

silly, doting, crazy ', dlr, -re ` to be crazy, be deranged, be silly, dote, rave ' (also dialekt. dlrus, dlrre); Umbrian disleralinsust ` inritum fecerit ' (*dis-leisa-li);

Material: Latin lra (*leis) ` the earth thrown up between two furrows, a ridge ', dlrus `

Middle High German leis(e) ` track, line '; zero grade Middle Dutch lese (*ls-) f. ` track,

Old High German wagan-leisa `wheel track, groove, furrow' (= Old Bulgarian lcha),

furrow, line in face, wrinkle', Old High German lesa `wrinkle'; Gothic laists m. `spoor, track ' (i-stem f. old o-stem), Old Icelandic leistr m. `foot; sock ', Old English lst, lst ` footprint, spoor'; Old High German Middle High German leist `spoor, track, groin ' (*lois-to-), whereof

einem Gebote oder Versprechen nachkommen, leisten ', Old English lstan `follow, help, commit, withstand ' (engl. last `endure'); Gothic lists f. `artifice', Old Icelandic list f. `skillfulness, shrewdness', Old High German Old Saxon Old English list `skillfulness,

Gothic laistjan `( follow up on the spoor, strive after, aspire to ', Old High German leisten `

present ` I know, I know to do something ' (example wait), Kaus. laisjan `instruct, teach'

Klugheit, artifice' (Old Bulgarian lst `artifice, deceit' from Gothic lists); Gothic lais preterit-

(galaisjan sik `learn'); Old High German lrran, lren, Old Saxon lrian, Old English lran Old English leornian `learn', Old Saxon lnn ds.; Gothic lubja-leis `poison-expert' (example Old Bulgarian lcha `a field divided into beds', russ. lech, Serbo-Croatian lijha, Czech Lithuanian ls `garden bed, garden plot', Old Prussian lyso `a field divided into beds'. `instruct, teach'; Old High German lirnn, lrnn, lrnn (*liznn), Old Frisian lirna, lerna,

weis);

lcha (*lois);

Page(s): 671

References: WP. II 404 f., WH. I 812 f.

leit(h) it(h)leth Root / lemma: le it(h)-2 (*le th-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > --, -y-, -i-. le thMeaning: to go out; die; go Material: Avestan ra- `die' (present iriyeiti); end, pass away ', Old Saxon lthan stem V. ` go, walk, drive, drive, pass ', schw. V. lithon ` bring, proceed '; Old English lan stem V. ` go, travel ', Old High German ldan stem V. `go, leave, pass, go bad; get to know, experience, suffer', Modern High German leiden Gothic ga-leian `go', Old Norse la stem V. ` go, pass, dwindle away, run, come to an

(different of Subst. Leid, s. *leit- ` abhor, detest '); Old Norse li n. `vessel', Old English n. `vessel, ship'; Old High German z-lit ` a departure, demise '; Germanic *laid: 1. `way' in Old Icelandic lei f. ds., Old English ld ds., ` watercourse ',

Primrbildg. to Germanic lan `go, drive'; 2. ` direction ' in Old English ld f. n. ds., `

means of transporting, sustenance, livelihood', Old High German leita ` direction ', to

Franconian lde ds., also to *laidjan as ` Beibringen von Eideshelfern ', also Old High German laida (d from leida ` accusation '); d Kaus. (Germanic *laidian) Old Norse leia ` lead, escort, accompany ', Old English

causative Germanic *laidjan `go, make, guide, lead'; 3. Old English ld `clearing oath', Old

ldan, Old Saxon ldian `lead, bring', Old High German leittan, leiten ` lead, guide '; Old procession, funeral rites, burial, funeral ', Middle High German bileite n. `burial, funeral'; Norse liinn ` dead ', lii n. ` tomb ', Old High German leita (*leitia), leit ` a funeral

with latter meaning presumably also gr. ` a burial, funeral ', Hes., also Hes.? Tocharian A lit- ` leave, depart, tumble, fall down'. etc. (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). from extension from *lei ` duck, disappear '?? compare Gothic aflinnan ` leave, depart ' leilei

Page(s): 672

References: WP. II 401 f., Wissmann Postverbalia 57 f.

Meaning: to be disgusted; to violate

leit itlet Root / lemma: le it-1 (*le t-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > --, -y-, -i-. le

Material: Gr. ` delinquent', Aeolic ` avenger', ` delinquent', mad, wicked, evil';

` commit an outrage, commit a sin', ` sinner, delinquent', `ds.,

Old Irish liuss `repugnance' (*lit-tu-), ni er-lissaigther ` nunquam fastiditur '; Old High German leid ds., Modern High German Subst. Leid (in origin quite different of Old Norse leir `unpleasant; detested ', Old English l (engl. loath), Old Saxon lth,

verb leiden ` suffer, bear, endure');

Saxon slthi `fierce, grim, cruel, savage, mad, wicked, evil', Old High German sldc ds. Page(s): 672 References: WP. II 401, WH. 1 813, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 411.

Gothic sleija (N. Pl. n.) ` harmful, bad ', Old Norse slir ` bad ', Old English slie, Old

leizd loizd le zdizdizd- lezd Root / lemma: le izd-, lo izd- (*le zd-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > --, -y-, -i-. Meaning: edge, fringe Material: Old High German lsta ` bandfrmiger Streifen, Saum, Borte, Leiste ', Modern High German Leiste, Old English lst ` border, hemline, edge ' (from aschs. lsta : Old

Icelandic lista f. ` stripe, edge, strip '); alb. leth, ledh ` the raised edge of a property, margin, wall, riverside ' (*loizd-). Page(s): 672-673 References: WP. II 405.

Meaning: to scold, reprove

lek lok le leuk Root / lemma: (le k-1?) : lo k- (*le k-) le

Material: Old Irish locht m. (*lok-tu-) `blame, fault, error'; leahtor m. ` vice, crime, reprimand', mnl. lachter ` shame, derision, ridicule'; Old Frisian Icelandic lstr m. `fault, error, vice ' (*lahstru-). Old High German Old Saxon lahan, Old English lan `rebuke', nisl. l ds., Old English

Note: Note: Only Celtic and Germanic

laster, Old High German Old Saxon lastar `reprimand, insult, fault, error' (*lahstra-), Old Unclear, whether to connect with lengh `vilify, scold' (Osthoff MU. VI 7 ff.) lenghReferences: References: WP. II 436 f. Page(s): 673

lek lk Root / lemma: le k-2 (: l k-) and l k- : lk- (*leuh-) k Meaning: joint, member; to bend, wind
e

Material: Old Indic rkal ` ankle of hoofed animals ' (*lk-s-el); common Old Indic h- > kgr. , `with dem Fue ausschlagend', (*) `das Ausschlagen

with dem Fue', `stoe with dem Fue'; , - `Mrserkeule'; ablaut. , Hes. (: Latvian lkt); Hes. (*l q-); s. S. 308 under el- `bend';
e

draught-cattle ' (would be a late short form with consonant-Gemination); lcusta ` locust, grasshopper; sea cancer '; gall.-rom. *lakre `bend', v. Wartburg FEW s. v.;

elbow, upper arm ', lacerta `lizard' (`the flexible ')?? lacca ` a swelling on the shinbone of

whether Latin lacertus, mostly Pl. ` the muscular part of the arm from the shoulder to the

(*lagiz); langob. lagi ` thigh '; Old Icelandic lr, Old Swedish lr ds. (*lahaz- or *lhaz- n.), Old English lra ` the thick meat in calves, thighs, flanks and bottom ' (*ligizan-); Middle High German lecken, Modern High German old lcken ` kick behind, jump ', Norwegian Lithuanian leki, lkti `fly', Iterat. lakstti ` run, run about, trot about, scamper, scurry,

Old Icelandic leggr ` Unterbein, bone', arm-, hand-leggr ` arm ', ft-, lr-leggr `calf'

dial. lakka `(auf a foot) jump, walk on tiptoe; trip ' (*lakjan);

hurry-scurry, hustle, shuttle ', causative lakinti ` feed, give to lap, make fly ', lakt ` roost, `spring, jump ', Iterat. lkat (: ), lkas f. Pl. ` heartbeat '; Old Prussian lagno (from before dark vowels or contaminated from lek- and pet-.

perch ' (`*Aufflug'), laks ` fleeting, nimble, agile; graceful; sharp, keen ', Latvian lezu, lkt

*lakno) `breeches, pants, trousers '; perhaps Old Bulgarian -let, -letti `fly', if from *lek-t-

References: WP. I 420 f., WH. I 743 f., Trautmann 156; compare also above S. 308 f. Page(s): 673

lem leum Root / lemma: le m-1 (*le m-) le Material: Gr. , - ` fatigueless ', maybe from `not zusammenbrechend', due to one with preposition o- refined *- n. *-; Venetic MN Lemetor; Note: common Illyrian : Iranian : Old Indic -tor, -tar suffix. Meaning: to crush; fragile

Middle Breton lafuaez ` able, dare ', also cymr. cyflafan ` malefaction ', perhaps to Middle Irish la(i)me `axe'; with other meaning: Middle Irish lem `fade, crazy, impotent', Old Irish livriz ds., mcymr. llyveithin `weak' (*lemekt-); lemnat ` marshmallow ', Middle Irish lemlacht, lemnacht ` sweet milk', cymr. llefrith, bret. perhaps alb. lem, Geg lam, Tosc lm ` threshing floor, oil grinder ' = russ. lom; German lemmen, aschs. lemmian ` lame, cripple, disable ', Old English lemian `ds., tame luomi `faint, languid, nachgiebig, mild', Middle High German lemen, luomen `languish', reduced grade Old Icelandic luma ` release, let go, free, set free ', Alemannian lumme ` Lmmel; Middle High German lunzen ` drowse lightly ', East Frisian lm ` lamed, lame, faint, languid', Swedish lma ` be stiff or clumsy '; become slack ', Modern High German dial. lumm `slack', in addition Modern High German Old High German Old Saxon lam (*lom-), Old Icelandic lami `lame, crippled ', Old High

Old Irish ro-la(i)methar ` ventures ', cymr. llafasu `venture, risk', corn. lauasos ds.,

(a horse)', Old Icelandic lemia `hit, smash to pieces; hinder', -grade Old High German

-grade: Norwegian laam `lame'; `break, rupture'; Lithuanian lmti `decide, settle, govern, condition, reserve, ordain, Latvian l'imstu, l'imt, Lithuanian lmti `break down under a load ', Old Prussian limtwei

destine, determine, fate, doom, augur ', Latvian lemt `decide, define, ordain, determine, also Lithuanian lomas ` estate, caste ';

adjudicate'; Lithuanian lamnti, causative lmdyti `train, coach, guide'; in addition probably Old Bulgarian loml'j, lomiti `break, rupture', -s ` struggle, come to grips with, put in a

Bulgarian prlamati `break, rupture' etc.;

great effort, go to a lot of trouble ', russ. lom `break', Pl. lmy ` rhumatic pains ' etc.; Old

e-grade in Upper Sorbian lmi `break, rupture', probably also Church Slavic leme Croatian ljemm, lijmati `hit'. Page(s): 674

`plough' (from an es es-stem, as ), Latvian lemesis ` plowshare '; with -grade SerboReferences: WP. II 433 f., WH. I 760, Loth RC 39, 67 f., Lidn Ml. Vising 378.

Root / lemma: lem-2 (*le m-) le m leum le Meaning: open jaws (?)

Material: Gr. `gullet', N. Pl. ` Erdschlund ', ` cannibal, human being that nettle' as `figwort, scrophularia, snapdragon '; also Bulgarian lmija, la `snake' from ngr. ), ` voracious, greedy '; Latin lemurs ` night spirits, ghosts; souls of the dead '; Note: The inanimate suffix -ur : Latin lemurs `ghosts' : , , Illyrians, , , Illyria, ur ur , speak the Illyrian language, :--hence Adv. . also , , Adj. , , , Illyrian: -, the region or province of Illyria, cymr. llef `voice', mcymr. llefein `cry', bret. lev `clamor, lament'; lamatas ` mousetrap '. Page(s): 675 Lithuanian lemti ` pant for, long for, desire ', Latvian lamt `inveigh, scold, chide', eats human flesh ' (Latin loanword lamia ` a witch, sorceress, vampire ', lamium `dead-

References: WP. II 434, WH. I 755, 781 f., Trautmann 162.

len leun len Root / lemma: le nd -1 (*le nd > *le nd ) le le Meaning: liquid, spring liNote: only Celtic and Germanic; or as li-n-d - to li-4?
h h h h

Material: Old Irish lind (u-stem) n. ` liquid, drink, beverage, liquid which is swallowed to

quench one's thirst, draught, potion', Gen. lenda, nir. lionn, Gen. leanna `ale', (common

Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), cymr. llyn ` drink, beverage, liquid which is swallowed to quench pond, pool, sea', cymr. llyn `pond, pool', acorn. len `water', bret. lenn `pond, pool', abrit. PN, gall. Lindo-magus Swiss river name ` Limmat ';

one's thirst, draught, potion', therefrom different (s-stem) Old Irish lind, Gen. linde f. `water, s

Linda FlN. ` Lenne ', Old Frisian lind `pond, pool'; ablaut. Middle High German lnde f. (*(*le nd ) > (*le nd )) `wave'. leun len le le Note common Proto Germanic -u- > --, -y-, -i-. References: References: WP. I 438; Holthausen Altwestn. Wb. 182, 365.
h h

from Old Irish (?) derives Old Icelandic lind (poet.) `wellspring', but compare Old Saxon

Page(s): 675 len leun Root / lemma: le nd -2 (*le nd ) le Material: Latin lumbus, older only Pl. lumb ` loins' (*lound uo-); [common Latin -d -> -b -]. Note: common Hittite Greek Latin zero grade lo u- > lu-. ledvina `kidney'; Old Church Slavic ldvj Pl. f. ` loins' ', russ. ljdveja ` hip, thigh ', Czech ledvi n. ` hip ',
3 h h h h h h h

Meaning: hip; kidney

lendenu N. Pl. ` loins', Old Icelandic lend f. ` hip ' (a Gothic *landj is assumed a Finnish Pl. ` loins', lund-laga `kidney', lynd f. `(*nephritic -) fat', Old High German lunda `tallow, suet', luntu-ssa ` a little breast '. acorn '.

Old High German lnt f. `kidney', Pl. lent(n) ` kidneys, loins' (*lond un-), Old English
h

loanword lantio); zero grade Old Icelandic lund ` hip, sense, mind ', Old English lendenu N.

Maybe taboo word alb. lnda ` matter', taboo word for loins lnde ` seed of the oak tree, References: WP. II 438, WH. I 832, Trautmann 157, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 86. Page(s): 675

len leun Root / lemma: le nd -3 (*le nd ) le Meaning: free land, heath, steppe Material: Old Irish land `free place' (Dat. ith-laind `area', with ith ` corn, grain '), gall.-rom.

*land ` moor, heath, moorland ', mcymr. llan `area' (acymr. it-lann, ncymr. ydlan `area'), ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

corn. lan, bret. lann ` moor, heath, moorland, steppe, dry and level land '; (common Celtic Swedish dial. linda ` fallow ' (*lend i), Gothic Old Icelandic Old Saxon Old English Old Prussian Akk. Sg. lindan `valley'; russ. ljd ` field covered with new wood; new
h

land, Old High German lant `land'; in addition with zero grade Old Icelandic lundr ` grove '; crack, clear land; low, wet and poor soil ', Czech lada, lado ` fallow '. Page(s): 675

References: WP. II 438 f., Trautmann 157; after E. Lewy PBB. 32, 138 to lend -2. le n
h

lengh le nghngh- leungh Root / lemma: le ngh- (*le ngh-) Meaning: to scold Material: Gr. ` scold, tadle, find guilty, convict ', n. ` reproach, accusation, unclear, whether here Middle Irish lang `the genitals, deceit, betrayal '; Latvian langt `affront, insult, offend, inveigh, attack with words '. See also: compare under (lek-) : lok-. Page(s): 676 References: WP. II 436 f.

insult, shame'; to Hittite link- `swear, vow'?

leng l ngngRoot / lemma: le ng- (*leung-) ng

Meaning: to bend oneself; to sway alb. lngor `pliable';

Material: Old Indic ragati ` move to and fro ';

Maybe alb. lngoj ` suffer '. Maybe alb. geg langu, Tosc lngu ` liquid ' : Lithuanian lng, lnk f. `immersion', Old Prussian Langodis ` marsh name '. Lithuanian lng, lnk f. `immersion'; ablaut. lingoti ` swing, sway, nod ' (in addition

ling f. ` pole to suspend the cradle ', lig f. ` harrier, any of a number of short-winged hawks '), langti ds.; Latvian lgut `swing, sing', Imper. lg(u) ` Jubelruf bei den

marsh name ';

Johannisfeiern ', luodzt `waver, swing'; Langa f. ` brook name '; Old Prussian Langodis ` Slavic lg `pliable' in slovz. lgo `pliable' (Adverb), lgc `bend, crook', ablaut. Old

Church Slavic lg m. ` oakthicket, coppice ', Serbo-Croatian lg ` grove, reeds, thicket of cane ', Lower Sorbian lug ` grassy swamp, marsh', therefrom uyca ` Lusatia ', etc.; perhaps also russ. ljagat sja `swing, waver'.

Maybe alb. lug ` grove, valley ', lug, luga ` spoon' : Polish yka ` spoon' Slavic loanwords. References: WP. II 436, Trautmann 157 f., Berneker 739. Perhaps variant to lenk- `bend'. Page(s): 676

Meaning: to bend

lenk le nknk- leunk Root / lemma: le nk- (*le nk-)

Material: Old English lh `strap' (in mst-ln Pl., sceaft-l, lh-sceaft) from *laha-, Old

Icelandic lengja f. `strap, stripe', Danish lnge ` rope, string', here also Old Icelandic lyng n. `heath', Old Icelandic endi-langr Adj. ` in seiner ganzen Ausdehnung ', Old Saxon Old

ling `backwards', Old High German hrucki-lingn `backwards, to the rear'. chrumbe-lingn ` in curved direction '; Lithuanian lenki, lekti `bow, bend'; lnk ` immersion ', linkst, likti ` bend, crook,

English and-lang, Old Frisian ond-ling, Modern High German entlang; Old English b-

stoop, turn for, tend, slope ', linki, linkti ` lean towards, feel inclined towards, wish ', Latvian lkt ` bend ', liks `crooked', Iterat. Lithuanian lanka, -ti ` call on, visit, attend, haunt ', lnkiti ` veer, swerve, turn about ', Latvian loct `bend, bow, steer', lockla

loks ` twisted piece of wood, rim of the wheel ', loks `pliable', Old Prussian perlnkei Prussian lunkis ` angle ', Latvian lnkans `pliable', Old Prussian lonki `narrow bridge,

`joint'; Lithuanian lank `valley, lowland, depression'; lakas ` ring', lanks `pliable', Latvian

`belongs', perlnki ` be fitting, deserve, be worthy of, have a right to'; reduced grade Old gangplank, footbridge'; Lithuanian laktis ` windlass, reel, thread reel, thread coil ', Latvian

Haspelstock ' from lektas : gr. , ` spindle', Aeolic-Doric ); Maybe Lithuanian lenkai ` Polish, Pole: the Poles ', lenkas ` Pole, Polack ', lenk ` Polish ', Lenkija ` Poland ', Lenkijos ` Polish ' meaning ` lowland, depression' . Old Bulgarian -lk, -lti `bend', l, lcati ` put a trap (*noose), catch ', pol ` a

luoks, luoki ds. (also Lithuanian lekti stands for ` wind up, reel up '; lenktas `

l, -iti `separate', sloven. liti `separate, segregate' and `bend';

lk ` a bending, curving ', Church Slavic lije ` bulrushes ' (`bend, twist '), Old Bulgarian compare vorrom. (Celtic?) *lank ` sinking in, riverbed ' (from *lonk) in southern

deceit', Church Slavic also `gulf, bay, valley, meadow, swamp, marsh', Old Bulgarian si-

noose, halter, snare, trap ', russ. ljkyj `crooked', Old Bulgarian lk ` bow ', lka `artifice,

France, West Switzerland and northern Italy, Swiss lauch `trough'. Page(s): 676-677

References: References: WP. II 435, Trautmann 159 f., J. Hubschmid Praeromanica 34 f.

lento le ntonto- leunto Root / lemma: le nto- (*le nto-) Meaning: flexible Material: Old Indic lat ` tendril, liana, kind of climbing plant ' (*lnt);

Latin lentus `pliable, tough; slow'; smooth, gleaming' (*lnt-ro-), ablaut. bret. lintr (*lent-ro-) ds., corn. ter-lentry `gleam', cymr. glide, smooth flowing movement, slipping, skidding ' from *slip-tro- to *(s)leib- above S. *(s)leib663; Old English le, Old Saxon li `moderate, mild' (*lentiio-), engl. lithe `pliable, ductile ', llethr f. `slope' (*lent-r), Middle Irish leittir f. ds. (brit. loanword); against it cymr. llithr ` gall. (?) lantna ` Schlinggewchs '; compare Bolelli Italian Dial. XVIII 182; cymr. `

gelinde, Modern Norwegian linn `pliable, flexible, mild '; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). East Lithuanian letas `still, peaceful'; basts; Old Norse lind f. ` linden (also spear, shield of linden '), Old English lind(e) f. ds., in addition probably the Germanic-Slavic name the Linde (*lent), because of her pliable

Old High German lind, lindi `soft, tender, pliable, flexible ', Modern High German lind,

strap of linden bast ' Old Norse lindi m. `band, strap, belt, girdle', Middle Low German lint n. `flat band, strap' (out of it Lithuanian linta ` Zierbaud '), Old Norse lindi n. ` limewood, linden ', Modern High German dial. lind, lint n. `bast'; probably Lithuanian lent `board' (`of limewood, linden?'); willow branches ', ut `horsewhip, skin'; with o-grade Slavic *lt in russ. dial. lut, lut `linden bast ', klr. t' n. `linden bast;

Old High German linta, lintea, linda ds., Modern High German Linde, wherefore as `band,

linni m. `snake', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), poet. ` tree, dragon '.

perhaps as ` the bending, winding ' Old High German lind, lint (*lento-s), Old Norse linnr,

celebration ', linn-ormr `dragon' = Old High German lindwurm ` lindworm, wingless dragon, References: WP. II 437 f., WH. I 784 f.

Page(s): 677

lepleup Root / lemma: lep-1 (*le p-) le

Meaning: expr. root, onomatopoeic words

Material: Old Indic lpati ` chats, whispers, wails, talks', rpati ds., pm. lwam, lewam ` speak, say', np. lba, lwa `flattery, insincere compliments';

Maybe truncated alb. llap `chat, talk, speak'.

It seems that from Root / lemma: plab- : (to babble, etc..) derived Root / lemma: lep-1 : plablep`chat, talk, speak'. presumably as *lpagi- ` sayer of a magic spell ', Old Irish laig (disyllabic), Gen. lego russ. lepett ` stammer, babble, chatter, babble ', Old Bulgarian lopotiv ` stammering,

(*l-ago) `physician, medicine man' (keinesfalls to Gothic lkeis);

stuttering ', russ. lopott ` babble, rant, roister, gossip ', with somewhat other meaning Serbo-Croatian leptati `flutter'. Maybe alb. llomotit ` babble ' a Slavic loanword. rodomontade ', ` swaggerer, bragger ' and `whirlwind' (as ` howling '). Page(s): 677-678 References: WP. II 429.

Perhaps based on the onomatopoeic words, but with a-vocalism, gr. ` swagger,

Meaning: to peel, flay

lepleup Root / lemma: lep-2 (*le p-) le Material: Gr. ` exfoliate, remove in layers, peel off in thin sections', n., flat dish or plate, in which food was served, shell-fish ', `einschalige shell,

m. `bowl, bark, skin' ( `schle ab'), , f. ` scale, husk, bowl, bark', ` Napfschnecke', n. `bowl, husk', epithet the Fische (actually `in Schuppen thin, dainty, weak', `hlse from; make thin', `fragile, flimsy, thin'

being'), ` leprosy ' (`*sich schuppende skin'); `enthlst (from Krnern); fine, (*); lengthened grade (): `wrapping, sleeve, garment, Ledermantel' Hes.;

(`*abgezogenes fell, fur' or at most from `abgetrennten rag'), n. ds., alb. ljap ` peritoneum of animal for slaughter ', lepj ` chisel, cut ', lat `small axe, hack, Latin lepidus ` pleasant, agreeable, charming, fine, elegant, neat ' (compare above

mattock, hoe' (*lapt);

lapit ` to turn into stone, make hard like stone, to petrify, harden ' (*l p-);
e

), leps `fineness, pleasantness, agreeableness, bright witticism '; presumably also Old English lfer, leber f. ` bulrush, reed ', engl. Pl. levers, Old High German leber `

bulrush', Old English lf m. ` headband, head fascia' (= Lithuanian lpas);

vamp, clout ', lpt ` patch ';

Lithuanian lpas ` patch, vamp, clout, rag', lpau, -yti ` patch ', Latvian lps ` patch, Lithuanian leps ` mushy, softish, delicate, mollycoddle ', leputi `be minxish, wanton', sloven. lpen `leaf', Upper Sorbian changing through ablaut opjno n. `leaf'; russ.

lpinti ` spoil, pamper ', Latvian lepns `pride';

lepn (*lepn) `shred, scrap, shred', lpest `rag; petal ' (further formations of es es-stem lpot (*lapt) m. ` Bastschuh ', lpit ` patch ', etc. Page(s): 678 *lepes- = gr. ), lepcha ` leprosy ' (as gr. ); -grade (as gr. ) russ.

References: WP. II 429 ff., WH. I 785 f., Trautmann 149 f.

Meaning: stone, rock

lep leup Root / lemma: le p-3 (*le p-) le

Material: Gr. n. (only N. Akk. Sg.) ` bare rock, stone', ` rocky'; Latin lapis, idis `stone'; Umbrian vapee Abl. Sg., vapersus Abl. Pl. `seat' (of stone?); Latin a is understood as a reduplication-vowel ;
e e e e

an other possibility would be a borrowing of gr. and Italian words not from Indo Germanic (saxum : sec) is possible.

but Mediterranean language. The relationship to lep- ` split off ' as ` cleaved stone piece '

Page(s): 678

References: WP. II 431, WH. I 761 f.

lerd le rdrd- leurd Root / lemma: le rd- (*le rd-) Material: Armenian Pl. lorc-k` ` convulsio partium in posteriora '; `after vorwrts gebogen sein'; gr. `with dem Oberkrper after vorwrts writhed, crooked, humped ', , Gaelic lorcach, lurcach `lame in the foot'; lurc m. ` lame foot'; joke', Middle High German lerzen ` stammer ', Middle High German lurz, lerz ` left ' Lortzing. Old English be-lyrtan `cheat, deceive', Middle High German lrzen ds., Danish lyrte ` Meaning: to twist

(`crooked'); Old English lort `crooked?', in addition the PN Lorting = Modern High German

References: WP. II 439, Holthausen Aengl. etym. Wb. 206, 209. Page(s): 679

lemma: lerg le rghrg- leurgh Root / lemma: le rg- (*le rgh-) Meaning: smooth, slippery Material: Armenian oork ` even, smooth, polished, slippery ' (o- probably of the preposition *po-), lerk ` smooth, hairless '; Middle Irish lergg f. ` slope, declivity, descent, decline, way, plain ', less-lergg ` willow ',

track ';

Middle Irish lorgg m. `line, troop, multitude, crowd, progeny ', cymr. llwry > llwrw `spoor, in addition Modern High German Lurch, ndd. lork (*le rgh-)? leurgh le rgh-

cymr. llyry ` path, track, spoor', corn. lergh, bret. lerc'h `spoor, track '; ablaut. Old Irish lorc,

References: WP. II 439. S. still *lorgo- `stick'. Page(s): 679

les le leus Root / lemma: le s- (*le s) Meaning: to gather, pick up Material: Gothic lisan stem V. ` compile, collect, reap', Old Icelandic lesa `gather, collect, compile, work in ', later (through Modern High German influence) ` read (a book)', Old English lesan `gather, collect', Old Saxon Old High German lesan ` pick up, select ' and

Middle High German (Modern High German dial.) lismen ` knit ', Old High German lesa, stuff ';

(after the double meaning from Latin legere) ` read (a book)'; here also Old Icelandic lesa, Middle High German lese ` a kind of clothes material ', Old Icelandic lesni ` a kind of head Lithuanian les, lsti (*le sti leusti le sti)`peck, pick ', Iter. ap-lasti ` peck out, pick out, sort,

choose ';

`ship'? basic meaning would be ` vessel for collecting of berries '. Page(s): 680 References: WP. II 440, Trautmann 160.

whether here Old Irish lestar, loanword from cymr. llestr `vessel', acorn. lester, bret. lestr

leto lti lto lto totitoto- le toleuto Root / lemma: le to -, l ti -, l to -, l to - (*le to -) Meaning: heat

Material: Mcymr. aelet (*ad-let-) `pain', llet-gynt ds., lengthened grade llit, tra-llit `rage, mcymr. aelawt `din, fuss, noise, pain' = Old Irish lad n. `wound' (*ad-lto-), cymr. trallod `din, fuss, noise, pain'; klr. it f. `rutting, heat', ityty ` impregnate, fertilize '. Page(s): 680 References: WP. II 428, Ifor Williams t. Celt. 4, 391. fury', ncymr. llid m. ds., with gradation llawd `rutting, heat' = Middle Irish lth m. ds.;

letro le trotro- leutro Root / lemma: le tro- (*le tro-) Meaning: leather Material: Old Irish lethar, cymr. lledr, bret. lezr `leather' = Old High German leder, Old

Pedersen KG. II 45. Page(s): 681

borrowing from Celtic and latter as *pl-e-tro related to Latin pellis etc. (see pe l- `skin')? S. pel

English leer (engl. leather), Old Icelandic ler n. `leather'. Is the Germanic word old

References: WP. II 428.

leu Root / lemma: le ub h

Meaning: to care for, love

Germanic*laujan, but denominative to *laua-, Old English laf), lbha- m. `desire, gr. , Hes.; Note: common Hittite Greek zero grade lo u- > lu-. `fame, salvation, beatitude ' (participle *lub -no- actually ` what one has with pleasure, praises ');
h 3

Material: Old Indic lbhyati ` feels violent desire ', lbhyati ` excites, arouses ' (formal =

greed, lust' (= Old English laf etc.), lubdh- ` greedy, licentious; enticed ' (= gr. );

alb. laps ` wish, lust, desire', probably also Tosc lum, Geg lum `lucky, blessed ', lumn

libens ` willing, with readiness, with good will, with pleasure, glad ', lubdo, libdo `

Latin libet, older lubet, -re, -uit, -itum est ` it pleases, is pleasing, is agreeable ', lubens,

eagerness '; Oscan loufir ` choose, take your choice, or if you will, or as you prefer, or at

least, or what is the same thing, or else, or ' (compare Old Bulgarian ubo - ubo `either or'); Gothic liufs, Old Icelandic lifr, Old High German liob, Old English lof `dear' (= Old

Bulgarian ub); therefrom derived *liubn ` be dear, like ' in Old English lofian, Old High (ga)liuben, originally ` make dear '; Gothic galaufs ` desirable, estimateable, valuable '; Old German Middle High German liuben; *liubjan in Old English ge-lfan, Old High German

English laf ` permission ', Old High German urloub (and urlub) ` vacation '; Gothic

Denom. ga-laubjan `believe', us-laubjan `allow', Old Icelandic leyfa (Denom.) `allow;

praise, laud'; Old High German gilouben `believe', irlouben `allow', Old English lefan, -

Modern High German loben, geloben, verloben; Gothic lubains `hope'; Old English lufu, lubn `love', Old High German gilubida ` profession, declaration ';
h

praise, bear, permit ', Old High German lobn (Denom.) `praise, laud, grant, promise ',

n. ` laudation, praise ', Old High German lob n. ds. are Postverbalia to Old Icelandic lofa `

lefan `allow', gelefan `believe'; Old Icelandic lof n. ` laudation, permission ', Old English lof

Old High German lupa f. `love', therefrom *lubn in Old English lufian, Old High German Lithuanian (due to an es es-stem *leub es-) liaups ` glorification ', liupsinti ` glorify '; Old Bulgarian ub `dear' (russ. byj etc.), whereof ubiti `love', uby `love' (etc.). Maybe alb. (*lup) lyp, lip `beg, like, want', lyps ` beggar' (common alb. u > y, i). References: WP. II 419, WH. I 793 f., Wissmann Postverbalia 37 ff., 80 f. Page(s): 683-684

leu Root / lemma: le ud -1 Note:

h h

Meaning: to grow up; people; free

h

leu Root / lemma: leud -1 : `to grow up; people; free' : Root / lemma: le u-d -2 : `drive, go' u derived from a zero grade of Root / lemma: el-6, el- : l -; el-eu-(d -) : `to drive; to el- el - l- el- u move, go'.
h

Material: Old Indic rdhati, rhati ` rises, grows ', Avestan raoaiti (*aroaiti) ` increases, a sinking, subsidence, fall, drop, lowering, sag, decrease ', Avestan raoa- (*aroa) m. a `growth, prestige', npers. ri `face'; gr. `free' from *leud ero-s = Latin lber `free'
h

grows ', Old Indic rha- m. `ascension, elevation, height', avardha- m. ` aerial root,

Maybe Illyrian TN Liburni [common Latin -d -> -b-]. Latin liber > Italian libero, Spanish libre, French libre, Bolognese lbber, Furlan libar, lyffethair) lliure, Welsh (*di-lyffethair dilyffethair, gr. ` free'. lyffethair Note: Common Greek e-, Avestan a- : Occidental Romance languages e-, a-, i- prefix = Albanian pronoun a- prefix, feminine adjective e-, masculine adjective i- prefix. Note: The inanimate suffix -ur : Welsh (*di-lyffethair dilyffethair, Greek ` free' : (*iliur urlyffethair) uriur lyffethair ur ) , , Illyrians, , , Illyria, also , , Adj. , , , Illyrian: Adv. . (common Greek - Illyrian -li- > -ll-). alb. i lir `free' = Iliuri ` free people '; Faliscan loferta ` a freedwoman '; Maybe Tocharian A lyutri `the upper (men), overseer?' (Duchesne-Guillemin BSL 41, 181). alb. perhaps lenj ` is born, comes into being ' (*leud -n-), lind `give birth', (*po-lem)
h h

Albanian (*i-liure) i lir, Illyri (Albanian tribe), Catalan (*i-liure) lliure, Valencian (*i-liure) i i i

, the region or province of Illyria, , speak the Illyrian language, :--hence

polem ` people ' (leud -m-); Also lindje `sunrise'. (common Slavic alb. pe-, po- prefix). Note: lenj ` is born, comes into being ' seems wrong etymology since from Root / lemma: le gh- : legh ghto put down; to lie down, woman in childbed. vjehrr ` father-in-law']. Note: alb. vlla ` brother ' : Phrygian: vela- f. `family, relatives' (?) : Estonian veli ` brother '. his, her' + Root / lemma: leu -1 (*leugh-): to grow up; people; free]. leud :
h h

Alb. vla ` brother ' (*sue-loud ` member of clan ') [common alb. sv- > v-, see alb.

According tos alb. cognate derived from the Root / lemma: sue-lo -, sueliio(n)- [(*sue ` lo(n)lii (n)

]: (a kind of relation): (*svila-) vlla `brother' [common alb. initial sv- > v-]. : sv- vEtymological comments: Possibly, goes back to PIE *suel-, cf. Hes. , `brothers-in-law, whose wifes are sisters' and at Pollux 3, 32 (

), which may represent metrical lengthening of * or *. Cf. also ON svilar `id.' and Gr. (Dor. ) `friend, associate', as `heat of the sun' (Gr. ). svilar ` brother '. Brixhe - Drew-Bear 1997: 90. Less probable is Orel's (Orel 1997: 108) rendering of Albanian vlla : Phrygian: vela- : Estonian vend, veli : Finnish veli : Saami viellja : ON : etymology: Uralic etymology Proto: Proto: *welje English meaning: brother, friend

Finnish: veli (gen. veljen) 'Bruder, Freund' ? Estonian: veli (gen. vele, velja) 'brother' ? Saam (Lapp): viel'lja^ -llj- (N), viel'ja (L), vlj (T Kld.), vielj (Not.), vi (A) ? her'

Hungarian: -vel 'with' (case suffix), vel-em 'with me', vel-ed 'with you', vel-e 'with him, with Alb. klsh ` youngling '; Note: kel)l)l )l)l Root / lemma: kel-6, k( )l-, k( )l- or kl-? : `to call, cry'. (see above)
e e e e e e e e

This seems erroneous etymology because alb. klsh `cub, esp. young dog' derives from Latin Lber `Italian god of growth, fertility, cultivation', Oscan Gen. Lvfres ` Liberi ',
h

the young '; lber `free' see above; [common Latin -d -> -b-]. bret. louzou ds.;
h

Latin lber, -rum ` free persons; hence, the children of a family, children', also `* offspring, Old Irish luss m. `plant' (*lud -stu-), acorn. les ds., mcorn. leys, Pl. losow, cymr. llysiau, Gothic liudan, Old High German liotan, Old Saxon liodan, Old English lodan `grow', Old

High German sumarlota ` summer scion ', Old Norse loenn ` grow over, cover with swa-, sama-laus `so big, large', jugga-laus ` youngling ', Middle High German lt

(vegetation), hairy, rough', loa `(* have grown =) be stuck, stick '; Gothic laudi f. `shape', `obtain'; Gothic ludja `face (with the eyes and mouth)' (compare np. ri), Old Saxon lud `

eyes and mouth)'; (the young, offspring = bulk, mass, people :) Old High German liut, Old of single people Old High German liut `person', Modern High German dial. das Leut

the extreme, physical strength (? only Hel. 154), Old High German ant-lutti `face (with the

English lod `people', Middle High German liute `people', Old English lode ds., then also `person', Low German ld, lt `woman, girl', burgund. leudis ` the commonly free, layman '; the commonly free, man, village, layman ', Latvian udis Pl. `people, servants ', Lithuanian liudis `people'. Maybe alb. lndin, lndina ` meandow' from Church Slavic: ljudin `man, village, layman'. See also: ld; ldje Proto-Slavic form: ludin; ludna Page in Trubaev: XV 192 Old Church Slavic ljudje (*leudeies) Pl. `the people' (Sg. russ. ljud, Czech lid), ljudin `

Ukrainian: ljudna `man' [f ]

Russian: ljudna (dial.) `man (pej.)' [f ]

Church Slavic: ljudin `man, village, layman' [m o]

Serbo-Croatian: ljdina `strong man' [f ]

Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: lioudeies

Page(s): 684-685

References: WP. II 416 f., WH. I 791 ff., Trautmann 160 f.

Meaning: drive, go Note:

leu Root / lemma: le u-d -2

h

leu leu Root / lemma: le ud -1 : `to grow up; people; free' : Root / lemma: le u-d -2 : `drive, go' derived from a zero grade of Root / lemma: el-6, el- : l-; el-eu-(d -) : `to drive; to el- el - l- el- u move, go'. elSee also: see above under el-6 S. 306 f. Page(s): 685
h h h

Meaning: to bend (intr.); bent, small, etc.. weakening, invalidating ');

Root leud udRoot / lemma: le ud-

Material: Cymr. lludded ` tiredness ' (*loudet, compare Old High German luzeda ` a

-V. ds., Old English ltian `hide, conceal lie, lurk', Old High German lzn ds.; Old High German lskn, Middle Low German lschen `be hidden, concealed, hide, conceal'; `Gaukler', liutei ` deception ', lutn `cheat, deceive, tempt, entice ', Old English lot n. spoil, disgrace, rebuke'; Gothic luton in lutondans ` ', zero grade liuts ` false, two-faced ', liutai Pl.

above under 2. lei-); Old Icelandic lta stem V. ` bend forward, fall', Old English ltan stem

little ', Old English lyt `small', Old Saxon luttic, Old High German luzzc `small, little ' (see

Middle High German ltzel `small, little, small', Old English lytel, engl. little; Old Saxon lt `

Old Saxon luttil `small, woeful, wretched, miserable ', Old High German luzil, luzzil, liuzil,

`deceit', lytig ` crafty, cunning ', Old Icelandic ljtr `ugly', lyti n. (*liutia-) ` disability ', lyta ` Lithuanian list, listi ` be sad ' (`gedrckt sein'), lidnas ` sad ', Old Prussian laustinti ` r.-Church Slavic lud `crazy', post-verbal to Slavic *ludj in russ. lu (*laudei), ludt

humble, humiliate ' (from *laustas ` humiliate '); `cheat, deceive, exchange'. Page(s): 684

References: WP. II 415 f., Trautmann 151.

Meaning: to lie

leugh ughRoot / lemma: le ugh-1

`lie, falsity', Middle High German luc m. `lie', Old High German luggi, lucki, Old Saxon lug f. `lie, falsity', Old English lyge m. `lie, falsity' (: Slavic la `lie, falsity'); Old High

Icelandic ljga `lie, blunder, fail'; Old High German Old Saxon lugina, Old English lygen

Material: Gothic liugan, Old Saxon Old High German liogan, Old English logan `lie', Old

luggi, Old English lycge ` fallacious ' (= Slavic l), Old Icelandic lygi f., Old High German German lougan m., lougna f. ` the denying ' = Old Icelandic laun f. `ds., concealment ',

Gothic analaugns `hide, conceal', laugnjan ` deny ' etc.; probably also Old High German entice ', Old High German lockon ` entice '; in addition Middle High German Gelcke `luck'? Lithuanian lgoti `bid, beg, ask', Latvian lgt ds.;

lochon, j-verb lucchen, geminated Old Icelandic lokka, Old English loccian, mnl. locken `

Maybe alb. (*lukt) lut, lus `pray, bid, beg, ask'. Old Bulgarian l, lgati `lie', l ` fallacious, liar ', l `lie, falsity'.

Page(s): 686-687

References: WP. II 415, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 176.

lemma: leugh lughughRoot / lemma: le ugh-2. lughMeaning: oath Note: only Celtic and Germanic

Material: Old Irish lu(i)ge n., cymr. llw m., bret. le `oath, vow, pledge' (*lughiom); liugja) `war, fight' (`*state without agreement '), zero grade Middle Low German orloge, Gothic liugan, -aida `marry', liuga ` matrimony ', (*oath), Old High German urliugi (*uz-

High German urlage `fate, destiny' etc. partly the meaning `war, fight', see below leghlegh`lie'); Old Frisian logia `marry'. Maybe alb. logu `lists (*fight)' Page(s): 687 References: WP. II 415.

orloch, Old Saxon orlag, -logi, Old Frisian orloch ds. (therefrom is attributed also Middle

Meaning: to bend Note:

leug ugRoot / lemma: le ug-1

leug ugleu lulRoot / lemma: le ug-1 : `to bend' : Root / lemma: le u-g-2 : lu-g- : l-g- : `black; swamp' derived from Root / lemma: leu-2 (*le uh-): `to cut off, separate, free'. le u leuh : le u Material: Gr. `bend, coil, turn, twist, rotate ', f. `flexible twig, branch', Latin lucta f. ` a wrestling, wrestling-match ', luct, sek. luctor, -r `wrestle, struggle',

`twisted';

luxus ` a dislocation ', luxre ` to put out of joint, to dislocate ', luxus, -s ` excess, mentha, a thorn (?)' from *lg(s)m; Note:

indulgence, luxury, debauchery ', luxuria; probably lma ` mint, mentha, plant of the genus

The inanimate suffix -ur : Latin luxuria ` to be rank, be luxuriant, abound to excess ' : urur uria

, , Illyrians, , , Illyria, also , , Adj. , , , Illyrian: -, the region or province of Illyria, , speak the Illyrian language, :--hence Adv. .

Maybe Rumanian lupt ` struggle, fighting, battle, fight, strife, combat, action, efforts, affair, striving, quarrel, encounter, stour, war, warfare, match, mix ' : alb. lufta ` struggle, fighting, battle ' common Rumanian-Illyrian k- > p-, f-. Old Irish fo-long- `endure, bear, carry' (from *-lung-); Lithuanian lgnas ` ductile, pliable'; ds., Old Icelandic lykna ` bend the knees '; Old High German loc, Modern High German Locke, Old English locc, Old Icelandic lokkr

together ' seems to have originated the meaning `close, shut' (?) in Gothic ga-lkan `

Old Low German lk, Old English lac, Old Icelandic laukr ` leek '; from `bend, bend

with gradation besides perhaps Old High German louh, Modern High German Lauch,

fracture', ndd. Luke. Page(s): 685-686

` lock, hideout, cave, hole', Gothic us-luk n. `aperture '; Old High German lucka (*lukkja) `

lock, bar, bolt', lykja `shut', Old English loc n. ` lock, bar, bolt, jail ', Old High German loh n.

`shut', antlhhan ` open, unlatch, unlock '; Old Icelandic lok n. ` end, lock, cover', loka f. `

unlatch, unlock, finish, end', Old English lcan `shut, open', Old High German lhhan

enclose, surround ', us-lkan ` open, unlatch, unlock ', Old Icelandic lka `shut, open,

References: WP. II 413 f., WH. I 826 f., 831.

leu lulRoot / lemma: le u-g-2 : lu-g- : l-gNote: Meaning: black; swamp

leug ugleu lulRoot / lemma: le ug-1 : `to bend' : Root / lemma: le u-g-2 : lu-g- : l-g- : `black; swamp' derived from Root / lemma: le u-2 (*le uh-): `to cut off, separate, free'. Root leu leu le uh : Material: Gr. `dark, dim', wherefore (with prefix -, compare Old Indic -nla- ` , - ` cloud, make dim, cover ';

blackish, darkish ') `dark', `( whereas is darkness =) providing shadow ',

Maybe alb. lug, luga `spoon, scoop', Geg lug `valley, ditch', Tosc lugin `valley' ), whereof with Latin forms -tum derived alb. lgat `puddle, pool, slop, swamp, tum marsh'; Maybe nasalized alb. Geg lang, Tosc lng `drink, liquid, broth, juice'; Illyrian lugas m. or luga f. `swamp, marsh' (Strabo 314: by

Lithuanian ligas `morass', besides lgas, Latvian FlN Ludze (*lugi); Indo Germanic *lougi in: russ.-Church Slavic lua `swamp, marsh, puddle, slop', etc.; perhaps here gall. `raven' in PN Lugu-dnon `Lyon', etc. Maybe alb. lugat `monster, ghost' : gall. `raven' References: WP. II 414, Trautmann 163; to 1. leu-. Page(s): 686

Root / lemma: leu- (*le uh-) le u- leuh u le u Meaning: to break Note: in Aryan with g, in Baltic with ; Aryan g probably through influence of leug- `bend'

ruj ds., rga- m. ` disability, disease, malady', log- ` clod, plaice, type of European flatfish '; Avestan uruxti- ` breakage, rupture '; Armenian lucanem ` detach, open ', loic `released, liberated, free'; terrible';

Material: Old Indic rujti ` breaks, torments', rugn- `broke', -ruj f. `pain, disease, malady',

gr. -- ` non-tearing band, strap', , (*) `sad,

alb. lung ` ulcer '; ' (probably *lgos-ri-s); Latin lge, -re ` grieve ' (*louei), lctus, -s `mourning, grief', lgubris `sad, pitiable

burden, tribe', gall. luchtos `part' (?), Adj. luchtodos, LVXTIIRIOS, Lucterius MN;

Old Irish lucht `load, content, troop, multitude, crowd, people' (*part?), cymr. llwyth `load,

lok n. `weed'; here GN Loki as ` destroyer ';

Low German lken `pull, drag, pluck', Old English lcan ` weed ', Swedish luk, Old Norse ` fracture, hole', Modern High German Lcke, (Low German) Luke; ltu, lti, Latvian lstu, lst, intrans. `break, rupture'; in addition Lithuanian luas m. Lithuanian luiu, luti, Latvian lau, lazt, trans. `break, rupture', ablaut. Lithuanian

Old English to-lcan `destroy', Old High German liohhan `tear, rend, pull, drag', Middle

`heap ruptured, broken branch ', lis m. `break', Latvian lai ` broken tree '.

Page(s): Page(s): 686

References: WP. II 412 f., WH. I 830 f., Trautmann 152 f.

leuk ukRoot / lemma: le uk- (*leuh-)

Meaning: bright, to shine; to see

Material: 1. Old Indic rcat `shines, seems', Avestan raoant- `luminous', Old Indic l);

rcyati `allows to shine, lights up ', Avestan raoayeiti ` illuminates, lights up ' (= Latin Old Indic rcan- `luminous', rok- m. `light' (= Armenian lois `light', cymr. llug), rc n.

`light' (= Old High German loug, Old English lieg, Old Icelandic leygr m., Slavic lu m.), lk- m. `free (bright) room, world' (= Latin lcus, Lithuanian lakas `field', Old High

German etc. lh); rc- `luminous' (: Lithuanian Adj. lakas ` outdoors, field, plot '), rucradiance ' (= Old Prussian luckis), rukm- n. `gold', m. ` golden jewellery', rkmant-

`bright' (: gr. , -, cymr. am-lwg, Old Icelandic log n. `flame'), rci- f. `light,

`gleaming' (compare Germanic Latin -men men-stem); rcas-, rcs- n., Avestan raocah-, ap. men `gleaming' common Old Indic h- > k- : Old pers. h- > x- : npers. x- > -

rauah- n. `light, radiance, esp. of heaven ', Old Indic ruk- `gleaming', Avestan raoxna-

(= Old High German liehsen) f. `light' (= Latin lna, Middle Irish luan, Old Prussian lauxnos, Old Bulgarian luna, zero grade gr. ; based on this -es es-stem also Latin lstrre, es lucubrre, Old English lioxan, Old Icelandic ljs, Lithuanian lkestis);

ignite, burn', Aor. luci (originally sk sk-present);

Armenian lois, Gen. lusoi `light', lusin `moon', lusn ` white spot in the eye ', lucanem ` gr. (*) ` light, gleaming, white' (, fish names),

`weier seed in Tannenholz' (: Old Bulgarian lua from *louki); f. `fury' (after the
4

Hes.;

22, 262 to `wolf'); ` light ' (*luk-s-nos, due to of -(e)s (e)s-stem); unclear is Illyrian PN , in addition venet. (?) PN (Silesia); Maybe alb. lush `berserk, carrion, lush `bitch, berserk woman' : f. `fury' shine, beam, glow, glitter ', Old Latin also ` let the light shine ' (*louki = Old Indic Latin lx, -cis ` light, brightness ' (older i-stem) lce, -re, lx ` to be light, be clear,

Neumondstag ', is unclear; (compare Leumann, Hom. Wrter 212 ; after Kretschmer Gl.

sparkling eyes); - ` twilight ', - ds., - ` fright image '; `

rcyati), pollcre originally `let shine (or see)', hence pollcte `precious', pollcibilis ` sumptuous, lovely, superb, pretty, splendid', pollctra ` a sumptuous entertainment '; lculentus ` full of light, bright, splendid ', lcerna ` a lamp, oil-lamp ' (compare Old Irish

lcharn, see below); Juppiter Lcetius perhaps ` light bringer ' (Oscan; compare gall. Mars Leucetius, Gothic liuha): lcus, Old Latin Akk. loucom ` a sacred grove, consecrated wood, park surrounding a temple ', actually `(wood, forest-) clearing, light ' (compare

collcre ` in einem Wald eine Lichtung vornehmen ', interlcre ` prune trees, let the light through '), Oscan lvke ` in lc ' (see above Old Indic lk-); perhaps also Umbrian Vuvcis ` Lcius ';

period of five years, a purificatory sacrifice, expiatory offering, lustration ' (*leuk-s-trom ` brighten, light up ', back formation illstris ` lighted up, clear, bright, light, lustrous ',

Old Prussian lauxnos, Avestan raoxn, Middle Irish lan, Old Bulgarian luna); lstrum `

Latin lmen `light' from *leuk-s-men; lna `moon goddess ') (*louksn), praen. Losna (:

enlightenment '), lstr, -re ` to light up, illuminate, make bright ', also `clean', illstrre `

lcbrum `dawn, twilight' (*leukos-ro-), lcbrre ` to work by lamp-light, work at night '; Loth RC 39, 73; gall. *leuxos `bright', *leuk `the white', s. Wartburg FEW. s. v. v. cymr. llug ` shimmer, radiance ', llug dydd `daybreak' (= Old Indic rk-, Armenian lois) Old Irish luchair ` radiance ', laichtide `gleaming', luach-te ` white-hot, extremely hot ';

Old Irish lcharn, luacharn f. `shiner, lantern, lamp, light', cymr. llugorn (also llygorn m., Pl. llygyrn), corn. lugarn ds., bret. lugern m. ` radiance '; gall. Leucetius, Loucetius `epithet of Mars' (compare Latin-Oscan Lcetius); Middle Irish

lch, lach `gleaming', Old Irish lchet (n. nt-stem) `lightning', out of it borrowed cymr.

Monday ' (*leuk-s-no- : Latin lna); cymr. llwg `gleaming', llygo ` einen Glanz werfen '

lluched, acorn. luhet, bret. luc'hed-enn `lightning'; Middle Irish lan `light, moon', da lain `

(compare with the meaning from gr. as `in view, visible, apparent, obvious' under

`gleaming black';

(*luko-), cymr. llwg ` black-yellow ', zero grade llug `black' (*louko-) probably originally

cymr. am-lwg, cyf-lwg, eg-lwg `in view, visible, apparent, obvious'); Middle Irish loch `black'

`bright' and n. `light', Old English loht ds.; Gothic lauhatjan `gleam, shine, flash', Old High `lightning'; Old High German lh ` bewachsene Lichtung, niedriges Gebsch ', Middle Low German lougazzen and zero grade lohazzen `blaze, burn, be fiery', Old English legetu f.

Gothic liuha `light' (: Latin Lcetius, gall. Leucetius), Old High German Old Saxon lioht

German lh, lch ` spinney, bush', names as Water-loo, Old English lah ` open land,

meadow', Old Icelandic l fn. ` clearing, glade ' (= Old Indic lk- etc.); Old High German

lauc, loug, Old English leg, Old Icelandic leygr, mask. i-stem `flame, fire' (= Old Indic rc-, `flame'; Old Icelandic ljmi m., Old Saxon liomo, Old English loma ` radiance ' (*leukmon-), Gothic lauhmuni `lightning, flame' (u, compare engl. levin `lightning' from *lauhuni-); Slavic lu), Old Icelandic logi m. = Old Frisian loga `flame', Middle High German lohe

shining calm '); lieren ds.;

Old Icelandic ln f. (*louhn) ` still water', logn n. ` calm ' (compare gr. ) ` Old Icelandic ljri m. ` Rauchloch ', Norwegian ljra ` clear up ', Middle High German zdue to of -es es-stem Old Icelandic lyr m. (*leuhiz) ` Lub, Gadus pollichius ' (from the es

Whiting ', Norwegian lysing ds., compare Swedish lja, lga ` Abramis alburnus ' from German liehsen `bright' (*leuhsna- = Avestan raoxna-), Old Icelandic ljs n. `light' English lexan, lxan `gleam, shine';

bright color of the sides and the belly of the fish), Old Icelandic lysa f. ` Merluccius vulgaris, *laugin, Modern High German Lauge ` Cyprinus alburnus and leuciscus '); Middle High (*leuhsa-), lysa `gleam, shine, gleam, make bright, define, announce, declare ' = Old Lithuanian lakas ` outdoors, field, plot ', lakas `field' (`clearing '), see above Old Indic

lk-, roc- etc.; Old Prussian luckis `wooden log' (= Old Indic ruc-), ablaut. with sloven. l etc. ` Lichtspan '; FlN Lithuanian Laukes; Old Bulgarian lua `ray' (louki, compare gr. ), Church Slavic also lu m.

russ. lu `ray', lu ` chip of pinewood ', Czech lou ` pine '; Old Bulgarian luna `moon' (*louk-s-n, as Latin lna etc.); Tocharian luk- `gleam, shine, brighten '; A lok, lokit, laukito ` strange ', lauke

`ray, light' (= Old Indic roci-, Old High German loug), sloven. l f. `light', Pl. ` Lichtspne ',

(*lauke);

`wide' (compare Lithuanian lak, lakan ` outwards, out, outside ' from lakas `field') Hittite luk(k)- `gleam, shine, ignite, set on fire' (*lo- uukk-).

Note: (common Hittite zero grade lo u- > lu-) 2. with the meaning `black' (from `gleaming black' or ` burnt '): see above S. 688;
3

but Latin lcius ` a fish ' stands for ` the fluorescent '. 3. To le uk `gleam, shine' corresponds le uk- `see': leuk ukleuk uk`eye'; Old Indic lkat, lcat ` beholds, notices ', lkyati, lcyati `contemplates', lcanam

gr. `see, observe' (*); (also cymr. etc. llygad `eye' from *lukato-); cymr. am-lwg, cyf-lwg, eg-lwg ` in view, visible, apparent, obvious ', go-lwg `vision, face'

'; from ` see, show' : ` aim, hit, throw ' and `receive, attain, achieve ' : luiti s ` meet, happen by chance '; in russ.-Church Slavic luiti ` meet somebody ', etc. 4. A parallel root le uk- in: leuk

watch, bargain ', lkti ` await a little ', Latvian lkut ` look, try ', Old Prussian laukt ` seek

Lithuanian lukiu, lukti ` wait, await, expect, anticipate, look forward, hope, hold, tarry,

lsyj `naked, bald, bleak'; in addition perhaps the name of lynx, wildcat (development from (whence the nasalization?), Old High German luhs, Old English lox, next to which the sparkling eyes or rather after his greyish white fur): Armenian lusanunk` Pl., gr. ,

Old Indic rant- ` light, bright, white', Church Slavic vs-lys `naked, bald, bleak', russ.

Old Swedish l from *l(a)uha- (compare perhaps German Fuchs ` fox ' : Gothic fauh), after rvati ` escape, flee '?);

Lithuanian lis, Latvian lss, Old Prussian luysis, Old Bulgarian rys (with r instead of l

Maybe alb. mixed etymology ` (ryks + buall) ' = ` (cat bull) ': rqebull, riqebull ` lynx, wildcat ' the same as Romanian name for lynx, wildcat. Vasmer explains Slavic r perhaps through iran. borrowing; not definitely there stands the

meaning ` lynx, wildcat ' for that furthermore on voiced-nonaspirated final sound Middle `moon' from *lug-r, so that one so that one could understand -g, -k, -k as extensions; Irish lug, Gen. loga; on the other hand explains Loth RC 36, 103 cymr. lloer, bret. loar

compare also above S. 688 gr. . different Kuiper Nasalprs. 107 . Page(s): 687-690
3

References: WP. II 408 ff., WH. I 823 ff., 827 f., 832 ff., 839, Trautmann 151 f., 164;

leu *leu Root / lemma: le u-1, *le u- : lMeaning: dirt Material: Gr. `smut, disgrace, shame', , ` vituperation ', ` scold; alb. Tosc lum, llum `slime, mud', Geg lm, lym, Tosc ler, ler ds. (lum-, respectively

maltreat; richte elendzugrunde '; , - ` defilement, contamination'; leu-d(h)r-), Illyrian PN Ludrum (: gr. ); Maybe alb. lum ` river '. haunt, den of beasts ', lutum ` filth, ordure, mud, mire ' =

Latin pollu ` to soil, defile, stain, foul, pollute ', lustrum `puddle, slop, slough, bog,

open sea, high sea, main, deep ';

`muddy'; with other suffix Middle Irish con-luan ` dog's dirt, dog poop ', bret. louan ` the

Old Irish loth f. `smut', gall. PN Lutva, in addition cymr. (with lengthened grade) lludedic

Lithuanian lutnas, -n `pool, loam pool '; here probably also Lithuanian linas `morass'. leug ug-2. See also: see also under le ug Page(s): 681 References: WP. II 406.

leu leu Root / lemma: le u-2 (*le uh-) le uh Note:

Meaning: to cut off, separate, free

leuleuh leu le uh : u- leu Root / lemma: leu-2 (*leuh-): `to cut off, separate, free' : Root / lemma: le u- (*le uh-): leu : leu lu leu Note: also le u- and l u- : lu- (: l-), partly le u-su `to break'

harvester ';

the reaping, fleece, wool, hair, branch ', lva- `incisive', lvaka- m. ` whittler, reaper,

Middle Irish lon), lavtra- n. `sickle', lav- f. ds. (: gr. , Old Icelandic l ds.), lava- m. `

Material: Old Indic lunti, lunti `slices, clips, cuts', ln- ` cropped, truncated, cut off ' (:

separation', f. ` lysis, dissolution, disintegration ', n. ` ransom '; - m. `time of Ausspannens the steers, evening' (: so-ltus); ` plowshare ' (F; lav- ds.); (*F), Attic (*F) f. `threshing floor'; compare Old Icelandic l, Middle Low German l, lehe `sickle' from *lewan- and Old Indic

gr. ` release (from a debt or duty), set free; exterminate etc.', f. ` dissolving,

alb. laj ` wash away; pay the debt ' (*luni, ablaut equally with gr. (F)); Albanian aorist lava (*launi) ` I washed '; alb. (*pr-laj) prlaj `rob', perhaps also let `mane' (*leu-t-) and (from the root form in -s) Jokl L.-k. U. 127, 147 ff. (*p-luer) fluer ` drawer, area of a chest ' (*v-lor- from Indo Germanic *lu-r-), sh-lor ` slope of a scaffold ', pluar, plor (*p-luar) ` plowshare ' (common Slavic alb. pe-, po- prefix), lug, lugu `trough', flug `board', lug `spoon'; Maybe alb. flues ` ramrod of the gun', flug ` flounce, pounce, inrush, rampage ', alb. Geg fjug ` throw, thrash, beat out grain from husks '. Latin lu, -ere `atone, pay, loose, free, pay off ', in Glossen `', relu ` redeem again lesh (*leus-) `wool, hair' (compare the same meaning in Old Indic lava-); because after

(`*dissolving ', hence:) `that which is not bound'; (*lui), l ds. (*lu);

', solv (*se-lu) soltus `to loosen, unbind, unfasten, unfetter, untie, release', lus

Middle Irish lon ` wether, castrated ram ' (: Old Indic ln-), Old Irish lo f. `wool, fleece ' Gothic lun Akk. Sg. ` ransom ', us-luneins ` deliverance ', Old English -lynnan `release';

weariness '; Old Icelandic l m. `sickle' (see above); *lawa ` removed bark as tanning German l ds.; Old Icelandic lgg f. ` sediment, sludge ' (*lauu); Old High German lh agent ' in Old High German l, Gen. lwes n. Modern High German Lohe, Middle Low

Old Icelandic lyja ` hit, knock, weaken ', participle linn ` fatigued', nisl. li ` fatigue,

lawi (lhla, lhla), Middle Low German lk-lawe `scar' (ibd.); Old Icelandic lr `trough' (lowcut, excavated trunk); Old High German ldara ` cradle '; ablaut. Swedish dial. ljuder ` aged crack an a tree';

lva ` bedstead ', Latvian lva ` fool's wand, bedstead ', Danish older lo, Swedish lofve, old Ablaut form *lwan-);

with the meaning ` sliced board' here russ. lva `board, bench, steep path ', Lithuanian

loge, Old Swedish loi, lo, Old Icelandic lfi m. `threshing floor, barn' (Old Icelandic lfi is an Tocharian A lo, lau `remote, distant, apart, separated'; A law-, lyu- ` send away,
2

dismiss; send off '; A lot `ditch, trench, channel, hole' (*la- u-ut-ti);
3

Hittite lu-uz-zi (luzzi) `tax, encumbrance ' (*lo- u-ut-ti) (compare gr. ). Note:

(common Hittite zero grade lo u- > lu-) get lost ', Old Icelandic losna ` loose, become lax ', losa `loosen', postverbal los n. ` lysis, dissolution, disintegration ', Old English losian ` get lost ', Denomin. to los n. `loss'; lysu `evil, bad, mad, wicked, evil' (*lausiwa-), Gothic fralusts, Old High German forlust `loss'; s-extension: Gothic fra-liusan, Old High German far-liosan ` loose '; Gothic fralusnan `
3

Gothic laus `loose, empty, lacking', Old Icelandic lauss `free, loose, scattered ', Old High German ls `free, stolen; looted, loose ', Old English las ` empty, bare, lacking, stolen; falsity', lasian `lie'; Gothic lausjan, Old High German lsian, lsn ` draw lots for ';

looted, deceitful ', Old Icelandic lausung f. ` Unzuverlssichkeit ', Old English lasung `lie, perhaps Old Danish liuske m. ` flank ' > Old Icelandic ljski, Middle Low German lsche, Middle Dutch liesche, Modern Dutch lies, Old English losca `flank', as well as Middle Dutch liesche `thin skin', Swiss lsch ` lax '; with a meaning` hit, knock ' probably also Old

(`*chopped branch piece' );

Icelandic ljsta `hit, prick, meet', ljstr ` Gabel zum Fischstechen ', nisl. lustr `cudgel, club'

llosten `tail', bret. lost `tail' are to be added;

as old this application is proved, if Middle Irish loss `tail, end', cymr. llost `spear, javelin', here (Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 56) Latvian laska `splinter, shard', ablaut. Lithuanian

related is *l u- `stone', see there. lu l

lskos `rag', lzgana `husk, scale, husk ', lusn `husk, bowl', russ. lust ds., etc. Possibly

References: WP. II 407 f., WH. I 830, 834 f., Wissmann Nom. postverb. 84 ff.; from

French lache etc. ` a reed grass, sedge ' reconstructs J. Hubschmid ZcP 24, 81 ff. an Indo Germanic ele i-, ele u-, el- `cut, clip'. elei eleu el Page(s): 681-682

vorrom. and proto Germanic *leisk, *leusk, *lask in Modern High German Lische,

Meaning: to peel, cut off, harm, etc.. Material: With b:

leup upleub leu ubRoot / lemma: le up- and le ub-, le ub h

Note: leu-2. Note: probably extensions from leu Old Icelandic laupr m., -leypi n., -leypa f. ` basket, woodwork ', Old English lap m.
h

`basket, trunk', Middle Low German lp m. ` wooden vessel', lpen n. `basket'; the BaltoSlavic examples under can contain b as b just as well. With b :
h

Latin liber `bast, book' (*luber, *lub -ro-s); Alb. libr, libri : Furlan libri ` book ' Latin loaword. alb. lab `bark, cork' (*loub -); Old Irish luib, nir. luibh f. `herb', Old Irish lub-gort `garden', acymr. Pl. luird ` gardens '; n. ` poison, charm, spell', lyfesn f. `charm, spell'. Old Saxon lubbi, Old High German luppi ` Gothic lubja-leis `poison-expert', Old Icelandic lyf f. ` medicinal herbs ', Old English lybb
h h

plant juice, poison, charm, spell'; Gothic laufs m., lauf n. ` foliage, leaf', Old English laf, Old High German loub n. ds., louba f. ` shelter of bark', Modern High German Laube; Lithuanian lub `board', Latvian luba ` shingle ', Old Prussian lubbo f. `board', ablaut.
h

Lithuanian lubas m. ` bark, outer covering of a tree ' (*lub os), Latvian lubs m. `bowl'; Lithuanian lbena ` fruit bowl '; russ. lub ` bark, bast', etc., Church Slavic lb `cranium', serb. lbina ds.; With p: Lithuanian laupti), lptra- n. `swelling, blister'; gr. f. `injury', ` sadden ', etc.; Latvian laupt ` peel, exfoliate; rob', Lithuanian lpena ` fruit bowl ', lupsns ` abgeschlte Tannenrinde '; russ. luplj, lupt ` schlen, abschlen; aufpicken Eier; die Augen aufreien, glotzen; Lithuanian lup, lupti ` skin, peel ', Latvian lupt `ds., mug, rob', Lithuanian laupti, Old Indic lumpti ` breaks, damages, loots ', lpyati ` injures ' (= Slavic lupiti,

(etc.);

schlagen, prgeln ', lpa ` dandruff, flaky scales of skin ', Church Slavic lupe ` robbery ' unclear is the labial (b, b or p) in Middle Irish luchtar `boat' (from bark), Old High b
h h h h

German lo(u)ft `bark, bast', Old Icelandic lopt n. ` ceiling, attic ' and `air' (`sky, heaven as

Middle Low German lucht ` upstairs, loft '; also unclear in Old Irish lomm, cymr. llwm `bare, naked' (*lup-smo- or *lub(h)-smo-), (common Albanian Celtic abbreviation) Middle Irish lommraim ` peel '; unclear is Middle Irish lumman `covering'.

top cover '), Gothic luftus f., ahd Old Saxon luft m. f., ags lyft m. f. n. Luft `air, sky, heaven',

Page(s): 690-691

References: WP. II 417 f., WH. I 790 f., Trautmann 150 f.

Meaning: to hang down loosely; lip

lb Root / lemma: lb-, lb-, l b-, l be

the end) forms in -p-; nasalized (s)lemb(h)-. Many expressive formations. (s)lemb(h)-

lepNote: partly with anlaut. s-; besides, but less frequent, often (see in addition lep- `peel' at Material: Gr. `Schotenhlse, Samenkapsel; Ohrlppchen',

`schotentragend', `Schlangenhaut, Bohnenhlse' Hes., `Erbsen'; Latin only with : lab, -re ` to totter, be ready to fall, begin to sink, give way, be

loosened ', lbor, -, lapsus ` to glide, slide, move, slip, float, pass, flow '; lbs, -is ` to totter, be ready to fall, begin to sink, give way, be loosened ' and ` a spot, blot, stain, blemish, defect, a falling, sinking in, subsidence '; perhaps labor, -ris ` labor, toil, exertion

(labeum), labrum n. (mostly Pl. labia, labra) `lip, edge'; It evolved richly in Germanic:

', labrre ` to labor, take pains, endeavor, exert oneself, strive '; probably labium

High German erlaffen ` languish, tire, slacken ', Modern High German laff `slack, faint,

1. isl. Norwegian lapa ` schlaff herabhngen ', isl. lapi ` homo sui negligens ', Middle

languid'; geminated: Old Icelandic leppr m. (*lappja-) `rag, curl ', Old Saxon lappo ` corner, tail, rag', Middle Low German lappe `piece, rag, dewlap ', Old English l, lappa m. ` corner, tail, rag' (engl. lap `lap'), Old English ar-liprica, Modern High German (Low

`ear of rabbit', Modern High German die Lffel); ndd. laps, schlaps, lapp ` foolish person',

German) Ohr-lppchen (with p Middle Low Germanr-lepel ds., Middle High German leffel

Modern High German Laffe (*lapan-); besides in Indo Germanic -p: holl. laffaard ` braggart ' - at first from holl. laf `faint, languid, slack, clownish ' - and with Germanic bb Middle High

German lappe - also lape - and Modern High German Lapp, lppisch, finally lengthened grade Middle High German luof ` fool ';

down turned horns '; Swedish dial. labba ` attach with a hinge, hook ', ndd. labbe `( `hanging piece of stuff, cloth ';

High German participle erlaben ` grow tired ', Swiss labe `horse with hanging ears, ox with

from the root form in Indo Germanic p further Old Icelandic lafa `dangle, hang ', Middle

hanging) lip', Old High German (from Ndd.) lappa f., Middle High German lappe f. m.

Maybe alb. lap `hard piece of meat or skin, peritoneum, leaf', llap `tongue'.

(*lep-s);

Old High German leffur, Old Saxon lepur ds., Old High German lefs ` lip (of an animal) '

German Lippe, Old Frisian Old English lippa m. `lip', (*lepi-an-), Norwegian lepe (*lep-an-),

2. with the meaning `lip' as `the hanging ' (as Latin labium): mnl. lippe f., Modern High

Old English slpan ` sleep ', Gothic slps etc. `sleep', Old Icelandic slpr ` sluggish

3. with anlaut. s-: Gothic slpan, saizlp, Old Saxon slpan, Old High German slfan,

flattened region on either side of the forehead '; Middle Low German Dutch slap `slack', schlaffherabhngen '; geminated Old Icelandic slappi `tall, deformed person', Swedish

person ', Dutch slaap, Old High German slf m., Modern High German Schlfe ` temple,

Old High German slaf (-ff-), Modern High German schlaff, isl. Norwegian slapa (= lapa) ` slapp ` poor, needy, destitute, inactive';

imagining pendulous slime - probably also isl. slafra ` drool, drivel, slaver ', Middle English slaveren, engl. slaver ds., isl. slevja f. `slobber', Norwegian slevjen `slimy, faecal, mucky'; Norwegian slabbe, Swedish slabba ` pollute ', Middle Dutch slabben ` befoul, slurp ',

with Indo Germanic -p-: Old Icelandic slafask ` languish, tire, slacken ' and - from the

Modern High German schlappen (also ` drool, drivel, slaver '), Middle English slabben ` roll in the excrement ', Modern High German (ndd.) schlappern, schlabbern, Swedish dial. slabb ` mud water ', engl. dial. slab `slimy, slippery ', Subst. `mud puddle'; slbnas `weak', Latvian slbt ` crumple ' (of a swelling, lump, growth); Old Church Slavic slb etc. `weak'. Nasalized le mb(h)-: lemb(h) mb(h)pendulous jewellery, phlegm '; Old Indic rmbate, lambate ` hangs down, holds on ', lambana- ` droopy, sagging ', n. ` Latin limbus ` a border, hem, edge, selvage, fringe '; about gr. see below;

Lithuanian slobst, slbti ` become weak ', Lithuanian em. slbnas, East Lithuanian

chance, luck ', Middle High German g(e)limpf ` Angemessenheit, schonungsvolle

limfan, Middle High German limpfen ` be measured ', Old English gelimp n. ` event,

Old English (ge)limpan ` proceed, go ahead, succeed ', Old High German limphan,

Modern High German (ndd.) Lumpen `scrap, shred'; compare from a Germanic additional
h

German limpfen ` limp ', engl. to limp ` limp ', limp ` droopy ', ndd. lumpen ` limp ', also

Nachricht; Benehmen ', changing through ablaut andd. gelumplk ` fitting', Middle High

root lemb- (would be Indo Germanic *lemb -): Middle High German lampen (and slampen),

ndd. lempen ` welk niederhngen ', Swiss lampe ` dewlap, pendulous cloth '; Old English lemp(i)healt ` lame '; Maybe alb. lapr `dewlap'. Norwegian dial. slamsa ` hang loosely, dangle '; Norwegian (Middle Low German) slump ` with anlaut. s-: Norwegian dial. slampa ` go carelessly ', engl. dial. slamp `ds., limp ',

chance, luck ', engl. slump ` morass, wet place ', to slamp, slump ` plop, flop, bang, clap ', Middle High German slampen ` schlaff herabhngen ', Modern High German dial. slut' (probably with ndd. p);

schlampen ` schlaff herabhngen, nachlssig sein ', Schlumpe, Schlampe ` untidy woman, Old Icelandic sleppa, slapp ` fail, slide, slip ' (*slemp-), Kaus. sleppa (*slampian) ` let

(compare gr. `mucus, snot'); Middle Low German Middle High German slam (-mmeat plentifully', Norwegian slemba f. `slut', slemba ` bang, clap ', isl. `dangle'; further ), Modern High German Schlamm (*slamba-), Late Middle High German slemmen `feast,

drive ', engl. dial. slemp ` dodge, sneak away, fall down '; from a root form in Germanic b

slantwise ' ; perhaps to Latvian slps from *slimpas ` slantwise, steep', Lithuanian nuslimpa ` slip away, sneak '. Page(s): 655-657 References: WP. II 431 ff., WH. I 738 ff., 802 f., Trautmann 270.

perhaps the group from Middle High German slimp (-mb-), slim (-mm-) `slant, skew,

Meaning: twig

l(h)Root / lemma: l (h)-1 : l(h)(h)Material: Alb. leth, laith, lajthi (*l-) ` hazel shrub '; (common Slavic alb. -j- consonant) j da), secondary l(g)zda ds., Old Prussian laxde f. ds., kel-laxde `spear shaft'; Slavic ls-k-a f. in serb. lijska ` hazel shrub ', poln. las-k-a `stick'; s. also under lo - `rod, horsewhip'. lo Recherches 25 ff. Page(s): 660 doubtful whether here Old Church Slavic loza ` vine, sprout', serb. lza ds., etc. (*l); Lithuanian laz-d- `stick, hazel bush ', Latvian lazda ` hazel bush ', lagzda ds. (*laz-g-

References: WP. II 378, 442, WH. I 766, Trautmann 153, Jokl L.-k. U. 203 ff., Machek

l Root / lemma: l h-2 : lh

Meaning: to crawl on the ground; low

German lge `low';

Material: Old Icelandic lgr `low' (out of it engl. low), Middle High German lge `flat', Low Latvian lzns `flat', lzt, lt ` skid ', Lithuanian lktas `flat', loas ` bending down of

grain ', new lo ds.; Old Prussian lse `crawls';

ascend ', to russ. lazna ` regret ', Serbo-Croatian lz ` steep path ' etc. Is lh- a variant from le gh- `lie'? legh ghPage(s): 660 References: WP. II 425 f., Trautmann 161.

Slavic (Old Bulgarian etc.) lz, lsti ` grovel, truckle, creep, march, step, stride, strut,

lgRoot / lemma: (lig-2), lgl g

Meaning: appearance; body; similar

Material: Gothic leik n. `body, flesh, corpse ', Old Icelandic lk ` body, corpse ', Old English lc ds., Old Saxon lk, Old High German lh (Gen. lhhi, fem.) ` body figure, appearance, body, corpse '; Gothic galeiks ` alike ', Old Icelandic glkr, lkr ` alike, equally well ', Old English gelc, Old Saxon gilk, Old High German gilh, Modern High German gleich

(`having the same figure'), Gothic ileiks ` of what sort, of what nature, what kind of a,

identical to, be measured ', Old Icelandic lkr ` fitting', lkna ` forgive ' (` be compared ');

like ` want; prefer '), Old Saxon lkn ds., Old High German lchn ` ds., be equal to, be

which ' etc.; Gothic leikan, galeikan ` like ', Old Icelandic lka ds., Old English lcian (engl.

ldzis ` alike ', Old Prussian polgu Adv. ` alike ', lgint ` direct, aim, point ' = Old Lithuanian liginti ` hold a hearing ', Lithuanian lginti `compare, equalize '. Page(s): 667 References: WP. II 398 f., Endzelin Latvian Gr. 508 f.

Lithuanian lg, lgus ` alike ', lgti ` resemble ', Latvian lgt ` come to an agreement ',

Meaning: ` bend ' Page(s): 661

Root / lemma: li-1, le k- lek also: lei-. See also: see above S. 307 ff. under elei lei

l(i)Root / lemma: l(i) -2

Meaning: to grant; possession; to acquire, possess

Material: Old Indic rt- `willing to give, willingly; f. bestowing, mercy', rti ` lends, grants'; `diene um Sold'; Latin latr is gr. loanword; gr. n. `earnings, pay, guerdon, reward ', , `Lohnarbeiter',

Note: originally ` abandon, forsake ' and = l(i)-3 ` let, allow '

unld(e) ` woeful, wretched, miserable ', with gradation Old Icelandic l f., n. `yield of the ground'; with s-suffix here probably also Old High German -lri (e.g. in gz-lri ` Goslar '), Old

Old Icelandic l, Old English l n. ` estate ', Gothic unls `arm' = Old English

forest';

the Swedish-Danish place name ending -lsa, -lse and (?) Old Bulgarian ls `wood, Maybe alb. lis `oak, oak forest' a Slavic loanword from Old Church Slavic: ls `forest, wood(s)', Russian: les `forest, wood(s)', Ukrainian: lis `forest, wood(s)'.

High German ga-leswes ` Angrenzer ', Old English ls, g. lswe f. ` grassland ' (*lsu),

Lithuanian lima `luck', laims ` bringing luck ', laimti ` gain '. Page(s): 665 References: WP. II 394, WH. I 471, Trautmann 157.

`thing, affair ', loanword from Latvian leta `thing, supplementary', and probably also

Old Bulgarian lt, ltij jest ` licet '; in Baltic only diphthong forms: Lithuanian leta

l(i)Root / lemma: l(i) -3

Note: (= l(i)- `grant', see there)

Meaning: to weaken; feeble

(originally `slack'); Latvian laita ` the decayed '. b. root extension l[i]d- : ld-: l[i] d d gr. `be idle, tired';

suffixes Latvian l-lis ` limp person'; lts `light, cheap ', Lithuanian ltas ` stupid, oafish '

peaceful, tame, domesticated, slow'; Latvian lns ds., Old Bulgarian ln `idle'; with other

annihilation '; lnis `gentle, mild' (perhaps reshaped from *lnos =) Lithuanian lnas `

Material: a. Probably in gr. -- `be idle, lazy, halt, stop, pause '; Latin ltum ` death,

(*ld-n), participle Geg lan, Tosc ln ` relaxed ' (*ldno-);

alb. loth, lodh `make tired ', lodhem ` become tired ' (*ld-), Geg la, Tosc l `I allow ' Latin lassus ` faint, languid, weary, tired, exhausted ' (*ld-to-);

English ltan ` let, allow, abandon ', zero grade Gothic lais `idle', Old Icelandic latr ds., Old from Ndd. - letzter), Old Saxon lat `idle, late' (Superl. letisto, lazto `last', Old English lt High German laz ` idle, faint, languid, late ' (Superl. lazzst, lezzist, Modern High German (Superl. ltost, engl. last) ds.; causative *latjan ` allow to do, restrain ' in Gothic latjan ` do

Gothic ltan (lalt), Old Icelandic lta, Old High German lzan, Old Saxon ltan, Old

Low German lasch, West Frisian lask `light, thin' (Germanic *latskwa-);

Old English lettan, Modern English to let `hinder'; Old Icelandic lskr `soft, slack', Middle lid li d- in Lithuanian lidiu, lidmi, listi ` allow ', ablaut. palidas ` loose ', palida `

sluggishly, hinder, slow down ', Old High German lezzen `hamper, hinder, damage, injure',

promiscuity, prostitution, harlotry ', lydti ` guide ', lidoti ` bury '; Latvian last ` let, allow ', abbreviated Imper. la, permissive particle (also Lithuanian dial. la, Old Prussian -lai in bo-lai ` would be '). p. 694.

References: WP. II 394 f., WH. I 767 f., 782 f., 787, Trautmann 154, Endzelin Latvian Gr. Page(s): 666 Root / lemma: li-4 leiNote: perhaps identical with lei -3. (`dissolves '?); Meaning: to pour

Material: Old Indic perhaps pra-lna- ` aufgelst, ermattet ', vi-linti ` melts, resolves ' gr. n. ` cup, goblet ' (*lei-tu-om);

';

dubious alb. lum, lym `river', lis, lys, lus ` bourn, burn, small stream, brook, rivulet Latin ltus, -oris n. `beach, seaside, seashore, strand (the bank of a river, the coast of cymr. lli m. `flood, sea' (*liant-s = Old Irish li ds.), Pl. lliant `floods, sea' (*liantes); llif m.

the sea ' (`flood area ') from *leitos;

`flood'; cymr. llyr- m. `sea, Sea God ' (engl. PN Lear), Old Irish ler ds. (*li-ro-); cymr. llin,

`flood, inundation ' (*l-mo-), corn. lyf ds., Middle Breton livat ` inundation ', bret. liva

corn. lyn, bret. lin `pus' (*l-no-); mcymr. dy-lly ` pouring out ' (*-liio-), di-lly ` pours out '; Old Irish do-lin `streams' (*-li-nu-t), tu(i)le n. `flood' (*to-liio-), tlae n. ds.(*to-uks-liio-); about li see above; Gothic leiu n. Akk. ` fruit wine ', Old Icelandic l n. `beer', Old High German lth,

aschs. l m. n. ` fruit wine ';

lditi ` allow to be raining, melt fat '; lyts m. `rain', lyts f. `form, shape' (`*mold '), t-lajis m. pour ', Old Prussian pra-lieiton, pra-leiton and pra-liten ds.; is-liuns ds.; ` drain '; Latvian lit `pour', lt `rain', litus m. `rain'; letas and Latvian lits ` shed, spill,

Lithuanian leju, leti `pour' (old lju, Indo Germanic *li), lja lti `rain, stream', ldau,

perhaps here Lithuanian Lietuv ` Lithuania ' (`Kstenland'), Latvian Letis ` Lithuanian '; t-lajis ` drain ') in Church Slavic loj etc.; slov. pre-lit ` poured over ', Czech lit ` poured, Old Church Slavic ljo lijati and lij liti `pour'; ablaut. Slavic *loj `tallow, suet' (Lithuanian

shed '; Slavic present *lj is neologism. Page(s): 664-665

References: WP. II 392, WH. 794 f., 815, Trautmann 156, J. Loth RC 46, 66 ff., 50, 143 ff.

Meaning: trap Comments:

lk Root / lemma: l k-1 : lkk

Note: word of the jargon spoken by hunters (Vendryes Arch. Ling. I 25) lemma: lk lk Root / lemma: l k-1 : lk- : trap' : Root / lemma: l k-2 : lk- : to tear, fell, fur, leather, k k nogo d(h)o nog nod(h)ono god(h)o -, no g-no - : naked'. bark, outer covering of a tree, pod ' derived from *nak(u), lak(u) of Root / lemma: no g-, nog Material: Latin laci, -ere `lure, seduce, decoy ', lacess, -ere ` challenge, banter, stir, tease, irritate', lact, d-lect, d-lici `lead astray, enrapture ', lax ` bait, loop, noose, snare ' , laqueus ` a noose, halter, snare, trap ' (from one u-stem *lacus?);

Maybe alb. lak `trap, snare, rope' a Latin loanword. blow' (*lhil-)?

Old English ll(a) `twig, branch, lash, scourge, bullwhip, horsewhip; spur, mark from a

lekSee also: Perhaps to lek-2. Page(s): 673-674

References: WP. II 421 f., WH. I 744 f.

Meaning: to tear, fell, fur, leather, bark, outer covering of a tree, pod lemma: lk lk Root / lemma: l k-1 : lk- : trap' : Root / lemma: l k-2 : lk- : to tear, fell, fur, leather, k k nogo d(h)o nog nod(h)ono god(h)o -, no g-no - : naked'. bark, outer covering of a tree, pod ' derived from *nak(u), lak(u) of Root / lemma: no g-, nog Material: Gr. `scrap, shred', n. ds. ( . Hes.), `tear, rend' . Hes.; alb. lakur `naked', lkur, likur `fell, fur, leather, bark, outer covering of a tree, pod '; Maybe alb. lakuriq ` bat ' Notes: ` bat ' in Baltic Languages: Latvian "siksprnis" = "leather wing", Lithuanian "iknosparnis" = "leather wing", Celtic Languages: Breton "askell-groc'hen" = "skin wing", Irish (A) flitch of (bacon)"; "ystlumyn bacn" = "a flitch of bacon". "sciathn leathair" = "leather wing", Welsh "ystlum" = "a flitch of (bacon)", "slumyn" = "a Albanian lakuriqi i nats ` bat of the night [literally (the naked skin of the night)] ' derived from Albanian lakura ` skin, leather ', lakuriq ` naked skin, stark naked ' which was a reminiscent of the way that "bats" hang when roosting. translation of Celtic, Baltic names for bat. Suspended from the ceiling on hooks, skins are Latin lacer, -era, -erum ` to tear to pieces, mangle, rend, mutilate, lacerate ', lacerna ` a Comments:

lkkRoot / lemma: lk-2 : lk-

cloak worn over the toga, hooded shawl, lacerna, travelling-cloak, military cloak ', lacinia f. ` a lappet, flap, edge, hem '; lancin, -re `tear, rend, squander, dissipate '; poln. ach, russ. lchma `scrap, shred' (express. ch), etc. Maybe alb. llokma `scrap, shred' a Slavic loanword. Page(s): 674 References: WP. II 419 f., WH. I 742 f.

lp lp Root / lemma: l p-, l p-, lpp Meaning: flat Material: Kurdish lapk ` paw ';

Windseite ', actually ` big rudder with which the ship was held to the wind '; changing

Gothic lf m., Old Icelandic lfi m. `flat hand'; Middle Low German Middle English lf `

Danish lab ` paw ', isl. lpp f. < Modern High German dial. laff ` dandelion '; with m-forms Norwegian dial. lm ` paw ' (*lma-), handlm `palm', isl. lumma `big, giant hand'; Latvian lpa f. ` paw; Huflattig ', also ` water lily, lotus plant ' (compare above Modern

blade ' (also in Modern High German Brlapp `lycopodium'), Norwegian Swedish labb m.,

High German laffe `flat hand, shoulder', Old High German lappo m. `flat hand, rudder

through ablaut geminated Old High German laffa f., Middle High German and dial. Modern

Latvian lpa, Lithuanian lpa ` paw '; also Lithuanian lpas `leaf', Latvian lapa ds.; Czech tlapa, slovak. dlaba `paw', poln. aba = apa; `spade'; with other forms and ablaut : rudder, helm ';

High German laff ` dandelion '); ablaut. East Latvian lopa, through derailment of ablaut

russ. etc. lpa ` paw ', poln. apa ds., apiniec ` lycopodium, type of plant, clubmoss ';

Lithuanian lopet `shovel', Latvian lpsta `shovel, spade, scapula', Old Prussian lopto Old Bulgarian lopata ` throw shovel ', russ. lopta `shovel', loptka `scapula', loptina `

Maybe alb. lopat `shovel' a Slavic loanword. Page(s): 679 References: WP. II 428, Trautmann 149 f., 160.

ls Root / lemma: l s: lss Meaning: weak, feeble Note: extension to l(i)- ` slacken '

Old Icelandic lasinn `weak, destructed', las-meyrr `weak, woeful, wretched, miserable ', Middle Low German lasich = lasch, las `slack, faint, languid', isl. larar ` tired '; Maybe alb. lasht `old, *weak'.

Material: Gothic lasiws (*las-uos) `weak', Middle High German er-leswen ` become weak ';

very doubtful is citation of Latin sublestus `weak, small'; Alb llosh ` fool ' a Slavic loanword.

Slavic *lo in Bulgarian lo ` evil, bad, ugly ', Serbo-Croatian l ` unlucky, evil, bad' ;

`rag, scrap, shred'; Lithuanian lskana `rag, clout', russ. lskut `piece, rag'; Tocharian A ljk- `flank'. (common Slavic alb. -j- consonant) j References: WP. II 439 f., Trautmann 150 s. v. *lasia- and *laskan-. Page(s): 680

Danish Norwegian las, lase `rag', Middle Low German Middle High German lasche m.

here as ` hanging scrap, shred ' perhaps Middle Low German las ` wedge-shaped rag',

lto totoRoot / lemma: l to-, ltoto

Meaning: warm season; day, summer

Material: Old Irish la(i)the n. `day', gall. lat... `days' in the calendar of Coligny; spring ' (*lt-); wind ', etc. altgutn. laigs `in spring ', Swedish dial. lding, ling ` spring ', i ldigs ` in the last Old Bulgarian lto ` warm season, year', russ. lto `summer, year', dial. `south, southern

Page(s): 680

References: WP. II 427, Berneker 713 f.

Meaning: to slacken

lu Root / lemma: l u-1

Note: compare also (s)leu- `slack'

forsake '), Old English lwan ds., Old High German gi-, fir-len ` betray ';

Material: Gothic lw n. `possibility, opportunity', lwjan ` relinquish, betray ' (`*abandon, Lithuanian liujuos, liviaus, liutis `cease', Latvian aju, wu, at ` admit, allow',

auts ` addict, to addict to ', Old Prussian aulat `die', ablaut. Lithuanian lavnas ` corpse auns `mad, wicked, evil';

'; probably as ` unrestrained ', Lithuanian linas ` loose, pliable, mad, wicked, evil', Latvian klr. l'ivty ` slacken, nachgeben', l'ivkj ` lax, loose ', Czech leviti ` relieve, weaken,

gentle, cautious '. Page(s): 682-683

let go, free, set free '; ablaut. Old Church Slavic vlovn ` ', Czech povlovn `

temper ', levn ` cheap '; russ. dial. lun `death', lnut ` open fire, begin shooting, release,

References: WP. II 405, Trautmann 161.

lu Root / lemma: l u-2 : luu Material: Gr. hom. , Gen. `stone' (Ausgleichung from originally *F; Meaning: stone

F[] n.), Attic and m., Gen. etc.; hom. , Pl. f. ` small

stones ' (probably with suffix exchange for *-, compare Celtic *luank-); Germanic *lus-); ablaut. (*lus-) m. `Steinarbeiter' > `mhselig, woeful,

`hartfelsig' (*-F); Attic `stone' (), `Steiniger' (from *-, Indo wretched, miserable, with Steinen belegter Hausgang', `wolf (*Reier);

Schpfhaken'; besides dem --stem ein --stem *F as base from Attic , Hes., mountain N ;

Ionian `in rock gehauener way, alley', alb. ler, -a ` rock, rack fall, landslip' (*lu r), Jokl RE Balk. 1, 46 ff.; *luank- or -nk-); bret. lia, liac'h ` stone ' is Irish loanword Page(s): 683 References: WP. II 405 f.; Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 578. Old Irish le, new la, Gen. lac (disyllabic) ` stone ' (Celtic *luank-, from Indo Germanic
e

lemma: lu lu Root / lemma: l u-3 or l u-

Meaning: expr. root, onomatopoeic words

Note: (see also l-, l-), insufficiently certified

Material: A d-extension in Latin laus, -dis f. ` laudation ', laudre `praise, laud'. A t-extension in Old High German liod n., Old English lo n. ` song ', Old Icelandic lj

lja, Gothic liun `sing', awiliudn ` honor with a hymn of praise, praise ', awiliu ` hymn of praise, song of praise '. References: WP. II 406, WH. I 776.

n. ` strophe ', Pl. ` songs ', Old High German liudn, Old English loian, Old Icelandic

Page(s): 683

Meaning: wrathful Note:

Root / lemma: lut- : ltl ut- ltut

lut ltutleto lti lto lto totitotoRoot / lemma: l ut- : lt- : wrathful, derived from Root / lemma: le to-, l ti-, l to-, l to: heat

ncymr. llid ` anger', m. llawd ` estrus, heat, state of sexual activity; rut ' : Cymr. llid (*lto-?) ` anger'. Material: Cymr. llid (*lto-?) ` anger, wrath, rage, passion, indignation, a proneness to terrible', ute Adv. ` exaggeration or exacerbation, indignation, frowning, strong, stout, able, furious, rage, rave ' etc.; different about cymr. llid above S. 680. anger, hasty temper, irascibility ', Old Bulgarian lut ` violent, brutal, cruel, savage,

powerful, robust, vigorous ', Serbo-Croatian-Church Slavic utiti s ` to be fierce, be References: References: WP. II 415. Page(s): 691

Meaning: to wish

l[i]iRoot / lemma: l[i]-1 : liMaterial: Gr. (Doric) `want, desire, will', el. ` ', gort. , etc., Ionian n. `volition', * `wish, choice ' (to , as to ), therefrom Kompar. `better' (hom. only , ), Superl. , ; ` pert,

audacious', `wild, exuberant ', also ` cheeky, lascivious '; doubtful , Ionian `very, allzusehr', (Epicharm) ds., Hes., Verstrkungspartikel -(), -(), -(; rhythm. lengthening for *-), as well as (*F), `very, to very'? Ionian Adv. `whole, complete '; whether `after wish, in gewnschtem Ausmae' Perhaps here Old Irish air-le f. ` consultation ' (*ari-lai), irlithe ` obedient, submissive '; laaleik Adv. `willing', denominative Gothic lan ` invite, appoint ', Old Icelandic laa Germanic *la- f. `invitation' in Old Icelandic l ` the invitation ', Runic lau, Gothic

Luder.

High German luoder ` sugarplum, gluttony ' (out of it French leurre), Modern High German

ds., Old English laian, Old High German ladn `load, appoint '; in addition ablaut. Middle

References: WP. II 394 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 539, M. Leumann Mus. Helv. 2, 7 f. Page(s): 665

Root / lemma: llSee also: s. l-1. Page(s): 655

Meaning: flax

noRoot / lemma: l-no-

Material: Latin lnum ` flax'; lliain, corn. bret. lien ` linen ' (uncertain basic form; s. Pedersen KG. II 103, Pokorny KZ. alb. Tosc li-ri, Geg l-ni m. `flax' : Latvian lini `flax' a Baltic loanword; Gothic lein, Old Norse Old English Old High German ln `flax' (from Latin). linno `flax', Old Church Slavic *ln ` flax', lnn ` linen '. Page(s): 691 References: WP. II 440 f., WH. I 810 f., Trautmann 162. With : gr. `flax', Lithuanian lnas `flax', Pl. lina `flax', Latvian lini Pl., Old Prussian Old Irish ln `net', nir. lion `flax, net', cymr. etc. llin ` flax' (from Latin); irregular cymr.

45, 361 f.);

Meaning: rod, twig

lo Root / lemma: lo Material: Gr. - , Hes., - () Hes. (probably as ` densis hastilibus horrida myrtus ' Verg. Aen. III 23, formation alike -; after Schulze Qunder ep. 496 to:)

stem, willow ' (etc., s. Berneker 736). References: WP. II 442.

Old Church Slavic loza ` vine; sprout esp. of grapevine ', russ. loza `rod, horsewhip; rod,

Page(s): 691

See also: compare above under l(h)-.

Meaning: stick, club

lorg lorgi rg rgiRoot / lemma: lo rg-, lo rgi-

lorch `staff', bret. lorc'henn `shaft';

`shinbone', Gen. lurgan, mcymr. llory `club, mace, joint', llorf ` foot of the harp ', acorn.

Material: Old Irish lorc (lorgg) f. `club, mace, joint, cudgel, club, penis', Middle Irish lurga f.

Note: only Celtic and Germanic

Modern High German Tirol lorg, lork ` mythical giant '; Old Icelandic lerka ` tie up, torment, smite'; Old English lorg m. f. ` shaft, pole, spindle' is Celtic loanword

Old Icelandic lurkr m. `cudgel, club' Old Danish lyrk ds. (*lurki-), Swedish lurk ` fool ';

Page(s): 691-692

References: WP. II 443, Loth RC 40, 358.

lou lou Root / lemma: lo u-, lo uMeaning: to wash Material: Armenian loganam ` bathe myself' (*lou-n-); gr. `wash' (Hom. = Latin lavre), , , , afterwards also new

present ; (F) ds., (Hom.), (Attic) `spa, bath' (: gall. lautro, Old Icelandic laur); Latin lav, -ere and -re, lv `wash, bathe' (out of it borrowed Old High German labn `

l(av)trna ` a bath, a water-closet, privy, a brothel ', l(av)brum `a basin, tub, bathtub, vat', sanctuary '; probably also Umbrian vutu (*lovetd) `to wash, bathe'; Maybe alb. laj `wash'. lthar `pelvis, a pipe, groove, channel, canal, passage for a fluid, conduit ', Middle Breton Irish l-chasair `rain' (*louo-); Old Irish laith, cymr. lludw, corn. lusow, bret. ludu `ash' Old Icelandic laur n. `lye, lather, soapy foam, scum, froth, foam', Old English laor ` gall. lautro ` a bath ' (gall. -ou- to -au- before a, basic form *lou-tro-), Old Irish lathar,

washed, made clean ' (with vulg. : ltus) and Adj. ` clean, nice ', in-ltus ` unwashed ',

refresh ', etc.), ab-lu, -ere etc. (out of it a new Simplex lu, -ere), participle lautus `

diluvium, adluvis, polbrum ` washbasin ', dlbrum `a place of cleansing, temple, shrine,

lovazr, nbret. laouer `trough';

(*lou-tu-i- ` washing powder '); mc. glau, cymr. gwlaw `rain';

lather, soapy foam ' (*lou-tro-); Old High German louga, Modern High German Lauge, Old English lah ds., Old Icelandic laug f. ` Badewasser ' (*lou-k), ablaut. Old High German luhhen `wash' (*luk-); Hittite la-u-uz-zi (lauzi) ` pours out '. References: WP. II 441, WH. 773 ff.; O. Szemernyi KZ. 70, 57 f. Page(s): 692

Meaning: louse

Root / lemma: ls, Gen. luu-s s

Note: often distorted taboo

Material: Abrit. *luu > lou > cymr. llau ` louse' (Sg. lleuen), corn. low bret. laou, Vannes leu ds.; Old English Middle Low German Old High German Old Icelandic ls f. `louse'; Old

Icelandic lyski f. ` louse disease';

ablaut and reduplication) vevesa, vieves f.; Church Slavic v, Serb. v, Gen. vi and , etc. (*usi-); about Tocharian luwa `animal', Pl. lwsa s. Pedersen Tocharian 72; compare Danish

with taboo distortion: Old Indic -k, pali -k, prakrit ; Lithuanian u-t, and (with

olyr `animal' and `louse'; or to Old Church Slavic lov above S. 655? ZceltPh. 19, 62 ff. Page(s): 692

References: WP. II 443, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 44, Trautmann 336, Lohmann

mad Root / lemma: ma dNote:

Meaning: wet; glossy, fat, well-fed, intoxicating

h

madmd Root / lemma: mad- : wet; glossy, fat, well-fed, intoxicating : Root / lemma: m u : honey, intoxicating. Material: Old Indic mdati, mdate `boil, effervesce, be cheerful', mdyati, mamtti, mndati ds., mda- m. ` Rauschtrank ' = Avestan maa- ` Rauschtrank, Rauschbegeisterung ', Old Indic matt- ` intoxicated, gleeful, excited, aroused ', Avestan mad- (maait, maayaha) ` become intoxicated, get amused '; Old Indic madg- ` a certain water bird, a fish '= np. m `a water bird ', Old Indic mtsya- m., Avestan masya

`fish' (` the wet '; derivative from an -es es-stem *mades-); Old Indic mdas- n. `fat', mdanaes n. ` fattening ', mdyati, mdat ` becomes fat ', mdya- `fat' (mda- from *mazda-, Indo Germanic *mad-do- or *mad[e]z-do- = Old High German mast ` fattening '; the specific meaning ` fattening ' also in this formation previously Indo Germanic); mstu- n. `sour

madir- ` intoxicating '; ';

skimmings' (*mad-stu-), npers. maskah `frische butter' (*mad-sk-?); Old Indic mdya-, skyth. ` Danube, river in Europe ', PN , VN ` Danube resident Armenian mata ` young, fresh, tender'; macun `sour, coagulated milk' (*madio- +

Armenian Suff. -un macanim, macnum ` stick, adhere, cling to, coagulate '; additional un); un

iran. words for Dickmilch , so npers. mst `sour milk', msdan ` curdle, coagulate, harden ', etc.; gr. `zerfliee, lse myself auf, verliere die hair'; `humid, wet'; against it
z

ds. (reshuffling after `breast');

` nipple ' (= Old High German mast, *mad -dos), `breast' (*mad-ts), alb. manj (*madni) `fatten', maim `fat', maz ` skimmings, cream, skin in milk' (*madi);

madh ` cornmeal mash ', changing through ablaut modul, motul `pea', modh ` ryegrass '; Latin made, -re ` to be wet, be moist, drip, flow ', mattus ` drunk, intoxicated ' (*madi-

to-s);

made); in-madae ` in vain, without success ' (in addition probably c. maddeu `legislate, `urine ' (*mad-tri-); Middle Irish mt f. `swine' (*mdd ` fattened pig '); pass, approve, forgive ', abret. in madau ` to the ground, to the bottom '; Gaelic maistir Old High German mast `food, fattening, acorn mast ', Modern High German Mast,

Old Irish maidim `break (intr.), break in pieces ' (actually ` dissolve, melt ', formal = Latin

Old English mete m., Old High German maz n. ds. (Modern High German still in Messer

Mstung, Old English mst ` beechnut'; Gothic mats `dish, food', Old Icelandic matr m.,

metja ` slurp ', Old English mettan `feed', Middle Low German mat(e) `buddy, friend, esp. Middle Low German met ` pork ', nnd. mett ` chopped flesh', Old High German (actually `porridge, mash, dish, food', Old High German muos ` cooked, esp. mushy dish, food, eating generally ', Modern High German Mus, Gemse (*mdso-).

from Old High German mezzi-rahs), as well as Gothic matjan `eat, devour ', Old Icelandic in the nautical slang ' (Maat), Old High German gamazzo `buddy, friend '; in addition also

ndd.) Mettwurst (from andd. *matja-); changing through ablaut Old English Old Saxon ms

Page(s): 694-695

References: WP. II 231 f., WH. II 6 f.; Kuiper Nasalprs. 140.

lemma: maghos ghos, Root / lemma: ma ghos -

Meaning: young, servant, servant of god alb. makth `young hare';

Material: Avestan maava- ` unwed, unmarried, single ';

'; Fem. corn. mowes `girl', bret. maouez `wife, woman'; Celtic -smo- derivative in Old Irish abstract noun Celtic *magot-akt `maidenhood, virginity, young femininity' (other

`slave'; corn. maw, bret. mao ` youngling, servant', cymr. meu-dwy ` hermit, servant of God

Celtic *magus in gall. PN Magu-rx, Proto Irish (Ogam) Maguno-, Old Irish maug, mug

mm, mam(m) ` a yoke, the condition of a servant, slavery, serfdom, service, servitude '; formations from*maghotis = Gothic magae, from which Celtic *makkot-akt through Old Irish ro-macdact gl. ` fully mature ', mcymr. machteith, acorn. mahtheid ` a maid,

contamination with makko- `kid, child') in Middle Irish ingen maccdacht `young adult girl', maiden, virgin ', mcorn. maghteth, maghtyth ds., bret. matez ` maidservant '; nickname Proto Irish maqqas, Old Irish macc, nir. mac `son';

*magguos in gall. Mapo-no-s GN, acymr. map, ncymr. mab `son'; double intensification in Gothic magus `knave, boy', Old Icelandic mgr `son, young man, husband', Old Saxon

mawil, Old Icelandic meyla, Old English mowle `small girl'; abstract noun *maghotis

Gothic mawi `girl' (Gen. maujs), Old Icelandic mr (Akk. mey) `girl', Demin. Gothic

magu `knave, boy', Old English mago `son, man, husband, servant'; Fem. *ma()w in

High German Magd, Demin. Mdchen; Latvian ma (from ma) `small'. Page(s): 696 References: WP. II 228, Feist 339.
3

Old English mge (engl. maid), Old Saxon magath, Old High German magad, Modern

`young femininity', from which specifically `girl', in Gothic magas `young wife, woman',

Meaning: to be able; to help; power, sorcerer magh mgh ghghRoot / lemma: ma gh- : m gh- : to be able; to help; power, sorcerer : Root / lemma: Material: Old Indic magh- `power, richness, gift', maghvan-, maghvat `strong', iran. magu-, Old pers. magus ` sorcerer, magician ' (out of it gr. , Latin magus); maghos ma ghos, - : young, servant, servant of god. ghos Note:

magh mgh ghghRoot / lemma: ma gh- : m gh-

Maybe alb. (*magh-) math `big, powerful' [common alb. -g > -dh; -k > -th shift] Armenian marthankh ` aid ' (*mag-thra-); aid, tool, artifice'; gr. n. (Doric ), poet. ` aid ', , Doric (> Latin machina) `

Low German mgen, Old High German magan, mugan ` possible, could be, might be, may be '; 1. Sg. present Gothic Old Saxon Old High German mag, Old Icelandic m, Old English mg, Old Frisian mei; Old Icelandic magn, meg(i)n n. `power, essence ', Old

Gothic Old English magan, Old Icelandic mega, maga, muga, Old Frisian muga, Middle

English mgen, Old High German, Old Saxon magan, megin ds.; Gothic mahts f. ` power ', Old High German Old Saxon maht, Old English meaht, might, Old Icelandic mttr ds.;

Maybe truncated alb. Geg (*mugn) mun, Tosc mund `might' [common alb. n > nd shift] Maybe alb. mund ` defeat' Lithuanian mgulas `numerous, much, a lot of'; magati `help' etc., Old Church Slavic mot, russ. mo etc. `power, strength ' (= Gothic Old Church Slavic mog, moti ` to be able, to be capable of ', po-moti, Iterat. po-

mahts).

References: WP. II 227, Trautmann 164 f., H. Gntert, Weltknig 108 f.; whether E.

mogh-; compare Tocharian A mokats `mighty'. Page(s): 695

comprehend ' goes back to a root mkh-, the other words could go back also in megh-:

Fraenkel (Lexis 1, 169 f.) rightly gr. with Lithuanian mokti ` to be able, understand,

ma Root / lemma: ma hMeaning: to fight Material: Gr. , loanword through Aeolic mediation from an iran. people's name

battle', `sword, knife' (fem. to * `incisive'? Oder Semitic loanword, to hebr. References: WP. II 227, WH. II 3, 4. mekhrah `sword'?).

and (of VN Hamazan-); gr. ` fight ', `fight, struggle,

*ha-mazan- `warrior', compare ' (: Aryan kar- `make') . Hes.

Page(s): 697

ma Root / lemma: ma -

Meaning: to press; to knead

kneading ', f. ` kneaded mass', (actually ) ` cook ', `shred bread zum Fettabwischen'; f. ` kneading or dough trough; dough tray; hutch ';

Material: Gr. , to (to present s. menk- `knead'), ` the

fight, pushing through the mix ' (*maged-);

Middle Irish maistrid ` makes butter ' (*magis-tr-), bret. meza `knead', cymr. maeddu ` Old Bulgarian ma, mazati `anoint, smear', russ. maz ` ointment ', Old Bulgarian

muzt `circumvent, by-pass, outmaneuver, outsmart ';

maslo ` butter, oil, ointment ' (*ma-slo-), mast ` ointment, fat' (*ma-sti-), Latvian izwith esp. use in the building of the family of Modern High German machen (from `knead,

`make, cause'; Old Saxon gemaco `comrade, the likes, one's equals ', Old High German ' (gimahha ` one who is united in marriage, a consort, spouse, wife, husband '), Old

build', Old High German mahhn ds., Modern High German machen, Old English macian

form, mould, form, join; shaped, suitable, fitting), Old Saxon (gi)-makn `make, erect,

gimahho ` sharing, joining in, partaking, united, associated, kindred, allied, fellow, common English maca ds., gemcca `ds., husband ' (Old Icelandic maki ` equal, like, even, on a

(gimah `connection, domestic comfort, chamber '), un-gamah ` malus, minus idoneus ', Old loanword); Old Frisian mek n. ` marriage ', mekere ` matchmaker ', Middle High German English ge-mc ` fitting, suitable, (Old Icelandic makr ` fitting, comfortable ' is ndd.

par ' is ndd. loanword), Old High German ga-mah, gi-mah ` related, fitting, comfortable '

on a scaffold, a mason, bricklayer, one who lays bricks, one who builds with stone '; out of it rom. *matsi, whence again Old High German stein-mezzo ` stonecutter '. See also: compare mak-2 and menk-. Page(s): 696-697 References: WP. II 226 f., WH. II 3, Trautmann 173;

mechele ` matchmaking '; from Germanic *mak derives Latin mac(h)i ` one who works

Meaning: to cut down, work with a sharp instrument with sharp tools '.

maiRoot / lemma: mai -1

Note: probably actually mi- and s- loose form besides smi- : smi- : sm- ` carve, work

ncymr. moel ` bald, hairless, smooth ' (*mai-lo-s ` broken ');

Material: 1. Old Irish mel ` bald, dull, without horns ', acymr. mail ` maimed, mutilated ', 2. d-extension: Gothic maitan `hew, hit, cut, clip', Old Icelandic meita, Old High German

meizan `cut, clip', Old Icelandic meitill m., Old High German meizil `chisel', Old High

German stein-meizo ` stonecutter '; in addition Old English mte, Old High German mza `mite' (probably to gr. ` maggot '), perhaps also Old English -mette, engl. ant, emmet, Old High German -meiza ` ant ' (`whittler ');

Maybe alb. miz, miza ` fly', miz mjalti ` bee', miz dheu ` ant '. whether also Old Bulgarian md `ore', russ. md ` copper'? without horns', `cut (flesh)'; Old Icelandic meia ` injure physically, mutilate, 3. t-extension: Old Indic mthati ` injures ' (expressives th), gr. `mutilated,

Gothic *gamai-s ` crippled ', wherefore (probably after the court jester) Old High German gimeit ` crazy, mad ', Middle High German transformed gemeit ` full of life, pert, beautiful, dear', Old Saxon gimd, Old English gemd, mded `verrckt', engl. mad ds.; Old Lithuanian ap-maitinti ` wound, hurt ', Latvian mitt `spoil, destroy', Lithuanian

destroy ', Middle High German meidem `male horse' (actually `eunuch, castrated man '),

matlis ` castrated, fed for slaughter boar', Old Prussian nomaytis ` castrated boar', Endzelin II 552.

ismaitint ` lose, shed; suffer a loss, be defeated ' (as it. perdere); different MhlenbachReferences: WP. II 212, Holthausen Altwestn. Wb. 193, 194.

Page(s): 697

Meaning: to smudge, dirty

mai- moi moiRoot / lemma: mai -2 (moi -?)

Material: Gr. (Aor. ) `sully, besmirch', n. ` maculation ', (*miuros?) `besudelt', - `with murder befleckt'; Old English ml n. ` blot, stain, taint, blemish', Old High German meil n., meila f. ds.;

meadow '?

Lithuanian Pl. mils, Latvian meles `yeast'; perhaps also Lithuanian miva ` marsh

Page(s): 697

References: WP. II 243.

Meaning: wild, unbridled, bold of happiness, celebration ';

makh kh(s)loRoot / lemma: ma kh-o-s, -(s)loMaterial: Old Indic makh- `alert, awake, smart, funny, exuberant ', m. ` sign of joy, display

Maybe alb. makth `bogey, nightmare'. gr. `horny, lustful; uppig (from Weibern); in wilder lust tobend'.

References: WP. II 226.

Page(s): 699 mak Root / lemma: ma k-

Meaning: leather pouch

Material: Cymr. megin `bellows' (*makn); Old High German mago ` stomach ', Old English maga, engl. maw `craw, stomach', Old

Icelandic magi `stomach';

scabbard, sheath (of sword or knife)', Old Prussian danti-max `gums, gingiva '; Old Church Slavic mona `bag '; ` qui inhiant '. Page(s): 698 doubtful is affiliation of Old Irish mn (from *makno- or *mekno-) `mouth, bay', mnaigte

`bag, pouch ', makstis ` a scabbard, sheath ', Lithuanian makn ` sheath ', makts ` a

Lithuanian mkas, mkeris ` pocket, purse '; Latvian maks, Demin. maci, maelis

References: WP. II 225, Trautmann 166.

Meaning: a kind of fly

mak mok Root / lemma: ma ko- or mo k-o- (*maho-)

Note: (-lo-, -ko-, diminutive formants) -lo- ko-

mosquito ', Latvian masalas ` measles ', wherefore russ. moslit `plague, torment, beg obtrusively ' (of the form of obtrusive swarm of mosquitoes), and with other forms

Material: Old Indic maka- m. `horsefly, biting housefly, mosquito ', Lithuanian maalas `

as well as probably also Lithuanian maju, -ti `beget a child ';

(*most?) Upper Sorbian mosi so, mose so ` to swarm (as a swarm of mosquitoes) ', compare with velar the Aryan family of Old Indic mka- m., mak f. `fly', Avestan

maxi- `fly, mosquito ' etc., and Lithuanian mkatas ` blackfly '. common Old Indic h- > k- : Old pers. h- > x- : npers. x- > Page(s): 699 References: WP. II 225, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 43 f., Trautmann 170.

mand ndRoot / lemma: ma ndNote:

Meaning: hurdle, plaited twigs, horse fence, stable

mandRoot / lemma: mand- : hurdle, plaited twigs, horse fence, stable, derived from Root / mend- mond- mn lemma: mend-, mond- (mnd-?): to suck (breast), to feed; breast. : Material: Old Indic mandur ` stable ', mandirm n. `house, chamber '; gr. (Illyrian?)

stable, horse fence ', perhaps to mendo- ` the young of an animal ', S. 729 (mend-). Note:

Garbenband '; Illyrian PN Mandurium or Manduria (Calabrien whether primary meaning ` Calabrien); Calabrien

f. `corral, pen, fold, stall, hurdle ', `bar, bolt'; thrak. `

The inanimate suffix -ur : Old Indic mandur ` stable ' : , , Illyrians, , , ur ur Illyria, also , , Adj. , , , Illyrian: -, the region or province of Illyria, References: References: WP. II 234, Krahe Festgabe Bulle 205 f. Page(s): 699 , speak the Illyrian language, :--hence Adv. .

manu numonu nuRoot / lemma: ma nu-s or mo nu-s Meaning: man Material: Old Indic mnu-, mnu- `person, man, husband' (also ` male ancestor of the

ancestor of the Germans, Gothic manna (Gen. mans), Old Icelandic mar, mannr, Old English Old Frisian Old High German mann `man, husband', Gothic mannisks, Old

people'), Avestan in PN Manus-ira-, proto Germanic *manuaz in PN Mannus (Tacitus),

mu `man, husband' (*mangia-, suffix similarly as in Lithuanian mo-g-s `person').

people; humane'; Old High German mannisko etc. `person'; Old Church Slavic mo, russ.

Icelandic mennskr, Old English Old High German mennisc ` human, of human beings, of

Maybe the root word is related to the name of the moon in PIE; Menelaus 'moon god?'; Lion was the beast that fell from the moon.

also egypt. Menes? 'lion of revenge' (the chariot of the moon was pulled by lions in Egypt). References: WP. II 266, Trautmann 169; perhaps to 3. men- `think'.

Page(s): 700

In Sanskrit, the name Manu appropriately came to mean "man" or "mankind" (since Manu, or Noah, was the father of all post-flood mankind). The word is related to the Germanic Mannus, the founder of the West Germanic peoples. Mannus was mentioned by the

Roman historian Tacitus in his book Germania. Mannus is also the name of the Lithuanian Noah. Another Sanskrit form. manusa is closely related to the Swedish manniska, both words meaning "human being."

The same name may even be reflected in the Egyptian Menes (founder of the first dynasty of Egypt) and Minos (founder and first king of Crete). Minos was also said in Greek mythology to be the son of Zeus and ruler of the sea.

The English word "man" is thus also related to the Sanskrit manu, as well as its used the form Manna, and also gaman ("fellow man").

equivalents in other Germanic languages. Gothic, the oldest known Germanic language,

The name Anu appears in Sumerian as the god of the firmament, and the rainbow was In Egyptian mythology Nu was the god of waters who sent an inundation to destroy identified with the primeval watery mass of heaven, his name also meaning "sky." marko rkoRoot / lemma: ma rko-

called "the great bow of Anu," which seems a clear reference to Noah (note Genesis 9:13). mankind. Nu and his consort Nut were deities of the firmament and the rain. Nu was

Meaning: horse

Material: Irish marc, cymr. etc. march `horse', gall. Akk. Sg., Marcodurum PN; German in Mar-schall, -stall), fem. Old High German meriha, Old English mere, Old References: WP. II 235. Old High German marah, Old English mearh, Old Icelandic marr `horse' (Modern High

Note: only Celtic and Germanic

Icelandic merr, Modern High German Mhre. Page(s): 700

math thmoth thRoot / lemma: ma th-1 or mo thMeaning: a kind of harmful insect Material: Material: Armenian mat`il `louse'; Gothic maa, m. Old High German mado, Old English

References: WP. II 228, H. Petersson z. Kenntnis the Heterokl. 32 f. Page(s): 700

matikka ` little worm'.

maa `worm, maggot ', Old Icelandic makr ds., Old Swedish matk, Finnish loanword

mat Root / lemma: ma t-2

Meaning: hack, flapper

Material: Old Indic maty- n. `harrow or stump ', matkrta- ` harrowed or rolled '; Latin

mateola ` a kind of mallet '; Old High German (gl.) medela `plough' (Lehmann Afneuere

Spr. 119, 188); from Vulgar Latin mattiuca: Old English mattoc, engl. mattock `hack, mattock, hoe', Old Bulgarian motyka `hack, mattock, hoe'; Page(s): 700 References: WP. II 229, WH. II 49.

Meaning: weak; dark

mau roRoot / lemma: ma u-ro-

m(a)udNote: also m(a)ud- ds. darken';

Material: Material: Gr. () `weak; dim, nebulous; blind', () ` weaken, exhaust, Old Norse meyrr ` friable, brittle, crumbly; mellow, ripen ';

look sour ' ();

russ. (s)muryj ` dark grey ', chmra `dark cloud', Czech chmouiti, mouiti se ` be dim,

exhaust', ` nebulosity, faintness ', Old Church Slavic iz-mdti, u-mdnti ` become weak '. References: WP. II 223.

perhaps in addition gr. `dark, heavy to recognize, weak', ` darken,

Page(s): 701

lemma: mazdoRoot / lemma: mazdo-s Meaning: pole, mast Material: Latin mlus m. ` an upright pole, beam, mast ' (with `sabin.' l = d from *mdos,

*mazdos or support in plus) = Old High German mast ` shaft, pole, flagpole or spear pole, esp. mast ', Old English mst (from Middle Low German mast derives Norwegian mastr ` mast '); Middle Irish maide `stick' (Old Irish *maite, i.e. *maidde, from *mazdios), Old Irish
2

matan `club, mace, joint', Middle Irish ad-mat, nir. adhmad `timber'. As Germanic loanword material used to cover a road or path ', po-most ` floorboard '; rather is it is a collective References: WP. II 935 f., WH. II 19. *mazd-to- ` Stangenwerk '. contemplates Schrader RI 168 Old Bulgarian most ` wooden bridge ', russ. mostovja `

Page(s): 701-702

lemma: k(en)Root / lemma: mk(en)Meaning: poppy

Material: Gr. , Doric ` poppy'; Old High German Old Saxon mho, Middle High German mhen, mn and with gramm. variation Old High German mgo, Middle High German mage, Modern High German Bavarian magen ` poppy', ndd. mn, Dutch

Page(s): 698

References: WP. II 225, Trautmann 166.

derives from Germanic, Old Prussian moke from Poln.; Church Slavic (etc.) mak ` poppy'.

'); Middle Latin mahonus ` poppy' and Lithuanian magn - next to which dark aguon -

maan-kop, Old Swedish val-mughi, -moghi ` poppy' (in first part *wala- ` anesthetization

Meaning: damp, to soak skin on liquids ';

Root / lemma: mk-1

Material: Armenian mr `ordure, slime, mud, swamp, marsh' (*mk-ri-); alb. mak ` glue, Lithuanian makon `puddle, slop', maknti, maknti ` wade through ordure ', probably

also Latvian mkunis ` cloudiness, dark cloud', apmktis `be clouded ';

marshy place'; compare Ligurian FlN Macra, span. FlN Magro;

damp ', moit, Iterat. mivat ` make damp, moisten ', mo ` urine ', moag `damp, lengthened grade Slavic *makaj, *makati in Czech mkati, meti ` wet ', etc.

Old Bulgarian mokr `damp, humid, wet', mo, -iti ` ', russ. mknut ` become

References: WP. II 224 f., Berneker II 8, 69 f., Trautmann 167. Page(s): 698

Meaning: to knead, press

mk Root / lemma: m k-2

Material: Lett, mcu, mkt `urge, push, press, plague, torment, smite', Czech mak-m, ati ` press ' (diminutive formation, assuming a basic *makati); here also Latin mceria, mceris f. ` a wall of soft clay, enclosure, wall '; in addition

mcerre ` to make soft, make tender, soften, soak, steep, macerate'. See also: compare the similar roots menk- and ma-. References: WP. II 224, WH. II 2 f., 5.

Page(s): 698

mk Root / lemma: m k- : mkk

Meaning: long, slender

Material: Avestan mas- `long', compounds masy ` the great ', Sup. masita-, ap. maita` the highest ', Avestan masah- n. `length, greatness, bulk, extent' (*mas- for *mis- from Indo Germanic ms- through influence of mazy ` further, extra, in additional amounts, ') `lnger', ` the longest ', , Doric n. `length', ` highlands,

more ': ), gr. , (*) besides (after ` nearer, closer mountains ', hence ` highlander ', ` slim ', nachhom. ds., happiness, felicity, good fortune '; thinness, meagreness, atrophy ';

`long' (= Latin macer, German mager `thin'); perhaps n. ` blessedness,

Latin macer, -cra, -crum `lean', mace, -re ` to be lean, meagre ', macis f. ` leanness, perhaps here Old Irish mr m. `finger' (*makro-);

l-suffix Hittite ma-ak-la-an-te-e (maklantes) Nom. Pl. `lean'. Page(s): 699

Old High German magar, Old English mger, Old Icelandic magr `lean'; in addition with

References: WP. II 223 f., WH. II 2, Benveniste BSL. 33, 140 f.

mRoot / lemma: m -1

miNote: (extended mi -?) (or to 3. m-?);

Meaning: to beckon with the hand; to deceive

Material: Old Indic my ` transformation, dream image, phantasm, ghost, deceit, illusion ' gr. , Doric ` zeige an, verrate ' from *-- ` wave with the hand '; s-

extension `touch, inspect', Fut. , - `touched' = `stained', bullwhip, horsewhip; spur, whip, scourge'; t-extension: gr. ` offence ' (*m-t), , Doric - ` futile ', ` vain, worthless'; wave with the hand, beckon', mditis ` make trickery ', mdi ` dreamlike image, phantasm, ghost ';

, `searcher, enquirer', `coupler', , `lash, scourge,

Lithuanian mju, mti `wave with the hand, give a sign ', Latvian mju, mt ds., mdt `

with s-extension: `wave, beckon'; Lithuanian msinti ` entice ', mosoti `wave, swing', mostagoti ds., msterti, mstelti Slavic *maj, *majati (from *mati after the Balto-Slavic preterite stem *mi-) in Old

Bulgarian na-maj, -majati `wink at, blink one's eyes at, close one eye at; wave to ', pomavati, -manti ds., russ. na-mjat `cheat, deceive, swindle' , with formants -mo-: moserb. mmm, mmiti ` entice '; with formants -no-: noruss. ma, mat `lure, tempt, deceive ' (of Slavic derive Lithuanian mnai Pl. `sorcery', Latvian mnt `cheat, deceive'); Maybe alb. mahnit ` surprise ' a Slavic loanword. with formants -r-: rruss.-Church Slavic mara ` emotion, strong feeling ', poln. mara ` deception ', etc.; Maybe alb. (k-mer) kmer, (t-merr) tmerr, mner, mer ` horror ' a Slavic loanword : Polish koszmar ` horror '; s-extension in: Church Slavic machaju, machati ` to toss in the air, fan, air ', etc.; Maybe alb. (*maru) mru, miru ` handle' a Slavic loanword; t-extension in: aserb. matam, matati `lure, tempt', Czech mtati ` haunt (of a ghost) ', etc. Page(s): 693 References: WP. II 219 f., WH. II 33, Trautmann 166.

mRoot / lemma: m -2

Meaning: good, timely

mn `early, matutinal';

noMaterial: With formants -no- Old Latin mnus ` good ', immnis `terrible', adverbial mne, Latin mane : Italian mattino : Spanish maana : French matin : Corsican mane ; matina : Galician ma : Irish maidin : Portuguese manh : Sardinian Campidanesu mangianu ; mengianu > alb. mngjes ` morning' (special relation Sardinian = Albanian). here also Latin mns f. ` the secluded souls ', later ` underworld, death '; perhaps

`grudge'? compare S. 727.

Phrygian `secluded soul', ` '; or belongs Latin mns to gr. , Doric With t-formant: Latin Mtta ` the goddess of the early morning, the morning brightness,

but also the maturity, the ripeness', mttnus ` matutinal ', mtrus ` timely = mature, ripe, (*Mts = ` d Mns '); reduced grade perhaps Celtic *m-ti- in Old Irish maith, cymr. mad, also Old Irish maithid ` forgives '. Page(s): 693 corn. mas, Middle Breton mat, nbret. mad ` good ' and gall. PN Matidonnus, Teuto-matos; mellow, seasoned ' (based on *m-tu-, perhaps `good, suitable time'), Oscan Maats

References: WP. II 220 f., WH. II 27 f., 53 f.

lemma: m-no- m-niRoot / lemma: m -no-, m -niMeaning: wet, damp Material: Latin mn, -re ` to flow, run, trickle, drop, drip ', hence ` rise'; bret. Vannes mn ` moss, lichen', cymr. mawn `turf' from brit. *mni-, from which borrowed Old Irish min f. `

moss, swamp, marsh, turf'; perhaps in addition ablaut. aschs. -mannia, -mennia in FlN > -nn-).

and PN, as Throtmennia ` Dortmund ', etc. (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -ntReferences: WP. II 224, WH. II 30 f., J. Loth RC 42, 91 f.

Page(s): 699-700

lemma: mt tr Root / lemma: m trm-, Note: based on a babble-word m see there. Meaning: mother

etc.); Old Phrygian Nom. Akk. , , Gen. ; gr. , Doric (with postponed nominative accent as ); in addition hom. , Thessalian ; alb. motr ` sister ' (originally ` the older sister representing

Material: Old Indic mtr- `mother', Avestan mtar-, Armenian mair ds. (Gen. maur = gr.

mother's place '); Latin mter, -tris `mother, wet nurse', Oscan maatres, Umbrian matrer `of a mother '; gall. (?) ` mothers '; Old Irish mthir `mother' (cymr. modrydaf

Slavic mati (Gen. matere) `mother'; Tocharian A mcar, mcer. In derivatives (e.g. m truui compare: mtruui) i

mte `mother', Old Prussian mti, mothe `mother' (pomatre ` stepmother '); Old Church

Lithuanian moters) `woman, wife' (mtyna `mother', motera ` female, woman'), Latvian

mdor, Old Icelandic mir `mother'; Lithuanian mt (Gen. Old Lithuanian mots,

`beehive' with bydaf `nest of wild bees' as 2. part); Old High German muoter, Old English

ncymr. modryb ` mother's sister ', acymr. modrep-ed Pl., abret. motrep, nbret. moereb ds. (*mtr k, to ok- `see', as ` looking like a mother ');
o

Old Indic mtrka- ` maternal ', m. `mothers brother ', mtrk `mother, grandmother'; but

propagation, a breeding-animal, of plants, the parent-stem, womb, matrix, a source, origin, cause ', Old High German muodar ` belly of a serpent ', andd. mder, Old Frisian mther ` Brustbinde der Frauen ', Middle High German meder, Modern High German Mieder;

gr. f. ` womb, uterus, marrow of the plant ', Latin mtrx ` a mother in respect to

grandfather on the mother's side', ` maternal ' (meaning changes after ); matter, material, timber, substance'; gall. FlN Mtrna `river in France; region in France ' = cymr. GN Modron f. Slavic *mtero- in russ. materj `extraordinary, big, large, strong, tight, firm', serb. mtor Latin mtrna `wife'; mtertera `mothers sister ' (*mtro-ter); mteria, mteris `stuff,

with lengthened grade forms *mtr[]-: gr. , -[F], Doric ` uncle or

`mothers sister ' (*mdruuin-, Old High Germanmuotera ds. reshaped after muoter?),

n-stem extended in Old English mdrige, Old Frisian mdire, Middle Low German mdder

Armenian mauru, Gen. maurui ` stepmother ' (*mtruui =) gr. ` stepmother ', to

`old, esp. of animals', Old Bulgarian materstvo ` ' (: Latin mteris). References: WP. II 229 f., WH. II 49 ff., Berneker II 25, Trautmann 170 f. Page(s): 700-701

Meaning: mother (expr. root)

m Root / lemma: m 3

m, mamm mm; mn n, Note: redupl. mm ma mm partly (dissimilation?) m n mann of dubious age Material: Old Indic m `mother';

sister ', Old High German holz-muoja ` witch '; mm, mm `mother';

wet nurse, midwife ', Doric `grandmother'; derived Middle Low German mje ` mother's Old Indic mma- vocative m. `uncle' (from *mm ` mother's sister '); npers. mm,

Doric `!' (in `o mother earth', Aisch.), whereof Ionian Attic `mother,

Maybe vocative alb. mami ` mother ', mamia ` midwife '. whereof Ionian Attic `mother', `mother'; Latin mamma nickname of affection Armenian mam `grandmother' (gr. loanword as pap?); gr. baby word vocative,

mam, mom, Latvian mma ds.; russ. (etc.) mma `mama, ma, mommy, mom, mother'; mna `mother', Middle Low German *mne, mme ` mother's sister '. there). Hittite divinity Mamma; compare Asia Minor , ngr. `mother', Old Icelandic

Old High German muoma ` mother's sister ', Modern High German Muhme; Lithuanian

(*mammi); Modern High German Alemannian mamme `mother', changing through ablaut

mam `mother'; Irish cymr. corn. bret. mam `mother', Old Irish muimme `foster mother'

`mama, ma, mommy, mom, mother', also ` brisket ', mamilla ` nipple '; alb. mm Geg

References: WP. II 221 f., WH. II 21 f., Traulmann 168; m is (?) base from mter- (see

Page(s): 694 med med i Root / lemma: me i-, me iioh h

Meaning: middle

Avestan mama- ` medial' (= Gothic miduma); Armenian mj ` center '; gr. (ep.) , (Attic) ` medial'; Maybe alb. mes `middle'. Oscan messimas presumably ` medioximas ';

Material: Old Indic mdhya-, Avestan maiya- ` medial', Superl. Old Indic madhyam-,

Latin medius ` in the middle, in the midst, mid, mean, middle ', Oscan mefia ` in medi '; gall. Medio-lnum, -mtrici, Old Irish mid- (*med u-) in compound ` in the middle, in the
h

midst, mid, mean, middle ', Middle Irish mide ` center ', Mide ` county in the Republic of

Ireland ' actually ` middle province ', Old Irish i-mmedn ` in medio ', cymr. mewn, mcymr.

mywn `in' (*medugno-); mcymr. mei-iau ` middle - yoke ' (*med io-); gall. FlN Meduana; venet. FlN Meduana; with prolonging of -s- from a Superl. probably also Old Irish messa `bad', actually ` s Gothic midjis, Old Icelandic mir, Old English midd, Old High German mitti ` in the
h

average, middle ' (or to 2. meit(h)-, Germanic missa-?);

middle, in the midst, mid, mean, middle ', Superl. Gothic miduma `the middle', Old

Icelandic mjm f. `hip', Old English midmest `the centermost', Old English medeme, Old High German metemo ` of middling size, medium, middling, moderate, ordinary ' (: English middan-geard ` earth circle ', Old High German mittamo ` of middling size, Avestan mama-) and Gothic *midjuma (= Old Indic madhyam-) in midjun-gards, Old medium, middling, moderate, ordinary ', in mittamen ` amid, in the middle of '; Old High Old Bulgarian meda `road' (originally ` boundary strip ').

German mittar ` in the middle, in the midst, mid, mean, middle ';

Maybe alb. mezhd, mezhda ` baulk, strip of land between fields ' a Bulgarian loanword. russ. me ` limit, boundary, slope ' (etc.), Old Bulgarian medu (Loc. Du.) ` between ' boundary strip ': Old Prussian median, Latvian mes `wood, forest', Lithuanian mdias `tree'; Lithuanian FlN Meduy. Page(s): 706-707 References: WP. II 261, WH. II 57 f., Trautmann 173, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 133 f. Adv. preposition, Old Russian mei (Lok. Sg.) ds.; here also probably as `* forest,

md Root / lemma: m u
h

Meaning: honey, intoxicating drink, mead Grammatical information: n.

meli limd Root / lemma: me li-t : `honey' : Root / lemma: m u : `honey' derived from a truncated mel smel mel - ml- mel ml-ed- mel ml-iRoot / lemma: me l-1 (auch sme l-), me l- : ml-, me l-d- : ml-ed-, me l-d -, ml-i- : ml mel ml- mlu- ml ml-, me l-k- : ml-k-, mlu- : ml- : `to grind, hit; fine, ground'. Note:
h h

Note:

Note: actually nominalized adjective `sweet'

mad Root md Root / lemma: ma d- : wet; glossy, fat, well-fed, intoxicating : Root / lemma: m u : honey, intoxicating.
h

`honey-eater': Old Church Slavic medv-d `bear'); Avestan mau- n. ` berry wine '; honey '); ` be intoxicated', `make intoxicated ';

Material: Old Indic mdhu- n. `honey, mead ' (in addition mdhu- `sweet'; madh(u)v-dgr. `wine ' (from the meaning `honey' has been abbreviated in = , - ` Old Irish mid (Gen. medo), cymr. medd, acorn. (Plur.?) medu, bret. mez ` mead ', Middle
h

Irish medb ` intoxicating ' (*med uo-), cymr. meddw ` intoxicated, drunk ', bret. mezo ds., mezvi ` intoxicate '; Old Icelandic mjr, Old English meodo, Old High German metu m. ` mead '; `honey, mead ', Old Prussian meddo (*medu) `honey'; Lithuanian meds m. `honey' (mdus ` mead ' from Gothic *midus), Latvian mdus

Tocharian mit `honey'.

mditi se `spoil, ruin e.g. of fat', actually ` sweetish, become tasteless or ferment');

Old Bulgarian med (Gen. medu and meda) `honey' (in addition among others serb. o-

ugr. comparison (Finnish mete-, lapp. mtt, Mordovian ed'; chin. m `honey') s. Gauthiot MSL. 16, 268 ff., Schrader RL. 85, 139. Page(s): 707
2

Zur Konkurrenz with *melit `honey' (not in any way ` honey mead ') and about Finnish4

References: WP. II 261, Trautmann 173 f., Berneker II 31.

med Root / lemma: me d-1

Meaning: to measure; to give advice, healing

Material: A. Old Indic masti- f. ` the measuring, weighing ';

Maybe alb. mas, mat `measure'. Old pers. azd ds., Old Indic addht- `smart man, sage' with the meaning from Latin meditri etc.? s. Pedersen Decl. Latin 72; Note: whether also zero grade of Old Indic addh (*md-d ) `certainly, yea, in truth ', Avestan
h

zero grade of Old Indic addh (*md-d ) `certainly ' : Avestan Old pers. azd ds., Old Indic me(h)(h)lemma: me (h)- : m (h)- : big
e

addht- `smart man, sage' similar to gr. zero grade of gr. *m - `very' see Root /

Armenian mit (Gen. mti) `thought, notion, sense, mind' (: etc.); lengthened grade `ersinne, catch einen Beschlu', Nom. Pl. `sorrows, advice, counsel ', , - `kluger Berater', PN -, -; Latin meditor, -r ` to reflect, muse, consider, meditate, give attention ', modus ` a gr. `bin whereupon bedacht', , `Walter, ruler', ` bushel ';

umpire in any matter ' (*medo-dik-s) etc.;

fixed by law, according to law, lawful, legal, legitimate ', Oscan med-diss ` a judge, decider, Old Irish midiur, Perf. ro-mdar (: gr. , Gothic mtum, Armenian mit) ` to consider

Umbrian mes, mers ` right, privilege; law ' (*med-os-), mersto ` just, upright, righteous,

restraint upon, moderate, mitigate, restrain, allay, temper, qualify ', modius ` bushel ',

forbearing, temperate, sober, discreet ', moderre ` to set a measure, set bounds, put

measure, extent, quantity ', modestus ` keeping due measure, moderate, modest, gentle,

thoroughly, ponder, weigh, reflect upon, think, to examine judicially, to judge, be a judge,

` scales ', cymr. meddwl ` the rational soul, the mind, disposition, feeling, character, heart, soul, a thinking, considering, deliberating, thought, reflection, meditation, imagination ', mcymr. medu ` be able, control ', cymr. meddu `possess, control' (numerous Irish

pass judgment, decide ', airmed ` measure ', mess ` a judgment ' (*med-tu-), med (*med)

`inquit' etc.;

296; 40, 347 ff., 350 f.; Ifor Williams RC. 40, 486; J. Lloyd-Jones RC. 43, 272); medd

compounds by Pedersen KGr. II 577 f., British formations by J. Loth RC. 35, 446; 38, 177,

meta ` assess ', met n. ` weight ', Old English ge-met n. ` the measuring ', Adj. ` fitly,

Gothic mitan, Old English metan, Old High German mezzan ` measure ', Old Icelandic

mjtur `fate, destiny', Old Saxon metod m. `knife, orderer, arranger, creator, god', Old English metod m. `fate, destiny', Gothic mitas ` dry measure ';

Gothic mitn, Old High German mezzn ` evaluate, estimate, consider', Old Icelandic

measure', Old High German mezzo ` small dry measure ', Modern High German Metze(n);

reasonable', Old High German mez ` measure, drinking vessel', Old English mitta m. `grain

German mza ` measure, fitness, suitability ', Old Icelandic mtr ` respectable, valuable ', Old English gemte ` suitable; fitting ', Old High German mzi ds.; -grade: Gothic ga-mt `may, find space, have place, permission ', Old English mtan `

mt n. ` the measuring ', Middle High German mz n. ` measure, kind of way', Old High

-grade (besides Pl. preterit Gothic mtum etc.) Gothic us-mt ` lifestyle ', Old Icelandic

can, to be able, have the occasion ' (engl. must ` must, have to ' from the preterit), Old Saxon mtan ` should, must find a place, have an occasion ', Old High German muoz,

German mssen; Middle Low German mte `free time, time, period ';

muozan ` to be able, possible, could be, might be, may be, may, might, can ', Modern High

Old High German muoza `free time, attention, opportunity to something', Modern High = engl. empty ` empty, bare, lacking'; Old Icelandic mt n. ` image, sign, kind, way ';

German Mue; Old English -metta, mta, from *-mtia f. ` leisure ', whereof m(e)tig Gothic mta ` customs duty ', Middle High German muoze ` Mahllohn ', Old English mt

` customs duty, tribute, tax'; probably from Gothic derive Old High German (Bavarian) mta, Modern High German Maut, Middle Latin mta, Old Bulgarian myto.

sie sollen die Heilkunde ausben ', gr. , , etc. ` Heilgottheiten '; Latin (with secondary formants -icus of Subst. *md `physician, medicine man' = derived medeor, -r ` to heal, cure, remedy, be good for ', medicus `physician, medicine man'

lies in: Avestan v-mad- ` one skilled in medicine, physician, medicine man', v-maayanta `

B. An already Proto language application for ` wise counsellor = one skilled in medicine '

Avestan v-mad).

Latin medicus : Calabrese medicu ; miericu : Catalan metge : Catanese mericu : Furlan miedi : Sardinian Campidanesu migu : Sicilian mricu : Valencian (*meiku) mjeku ` doctor. Note: Alb. belongs to Occidental Romance languages. med m-3 (above S. 703 f.). See also: me d- is related to m Page(s): 705-706 References: WP. II 259 f., WH. II 54 ff., 99 f.; mege : alb.

med Root / lemma: me d-2 Meaning: to swell

Material: Gr. (Hesiod), (Archil.), (Hom.; lies ?) ` male genitals '; corn. mes f. ` acorn ', bret. mez ds.; also Middle Irish mess ` foster child '? Page(s): 706 References: WP. II 231; different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 208. `full'; Middle Irish mess m. (*med-tu-) ` acorn, acorn mast, fruit harvest ', cymr.

me(h)(h)Root / lemma: me (h)- : m (h)Meaning: big Note: (to Old Indic Aspiration s. Pedersen 5 dcl. Latin 48 , Hittite 36, 181 f.); to reduced
1 e

grade compare Pedersen Hittite 169 f.

Material: Old Indic mahnt-, Avestan mazant- `big, large', Old Indic mah-, Avestan mazfront part Old Indic mah- (Avestan mz- is a text mistake), mostly extended maht- = Avestan mazant- `big, large'; Kompar. Superl. Old Indic mahyas-, mahiha-, Avestan mazyah-, mazita-; ds. (only out of Nom. Akk.), Old Indic mhi Nom. Sg. neutr. (-i = -, then = gr. ), as

mahyt ` rejoices '; Avestan mima ` you should try to glorify ', that is to say `hold festivities'; Old Indic mahas-, Avestan mazah- n. `greatness, bulk, extent', Old Indic majmn-

Old Indic mahyati ` pleases, venerates', mah- m. ` celebration, sacrifice, oblation',

`greatness, bulk, extent', Avestan mazan- `greatness, bulk, extent, grandeur', Old Indic mah ` the great, the old people, the earth ' (: Latin Maia); Adv. Gatha-Avestan ma `very' (*mehs), zero grade (*mhs) jav. a `very'; ); Armenian mec `big, large', Denomin. mecarem ` uphold, preserve, honour; ' (: gr. gr. , , (*me-n) `big, large' (to is , - neologism; -

Ionian Doric Arcadian from * (Attic after ), Superl. ; (: Armenian mecarem) ` schlage hoch an, bewundere; halte fr zu hoch, mignne '; zero grade from *m - `very' (- etc.), `to very', ` envy', ` adore, venerate', ` glorify ', `love', `admirable, venerable'; Note:

the case obl. and of Fem. contains *alo- `growth, stature ', as `low'); Kompar.

`aegre fer', compare , Hes. and jav. a- `very'; in addition probably gr.

zero grade of Old Indic addh (*md-d ) `certainly ' : Avestan Old pers. azd ds., Old Indic medlemma: med-1: to measure; to give advice, healing. addht- `smart man, sage' similar to gr. zero grade of gr. *m - `very' see Root / alb. math, madhi `big, large', madhnj ` aggrandize, praise'; Maybe alb. zmadhoj ` increase ' Slavic z- prefix. Note: Alb. math `big,: mcymr. maith `long, big' large' common alb. - mcymr. -k > -th. completely ', maior ` greater ' (*m -is), Superl. maximus (*m -s mo-s); in addition
e e e e h

Latin magnus `big, large' (*m -n-s), Kompar. mag-is ` more, in a higher degree, more
e

maiests ` greatness, grandeur, dignity, majesty ' (*m -ies-tt-), compare alb. madhsht Maia ` Daughter of Atlas and Pleione, and the mother of Mercury by Jupiter '; deus Maius `Juppiter' (Tusculum), whereof the month Maius (as Oscan Maesius ` May ' derives from the missing God's name, s. Schulze Eigenn. 469 ff.), Oscan PN Maii Dat. Sg. (compare also Celtic magio-); Latin (Celtic, also alb.) -a- is Indo Germanic ; about Latin mailis ` a Latin mactus ` worshipped, honored ', macte `(sacrificial call) hail!', mact, -re ` to
e e

(*m is-t-ii) ds. (about Oscan mais, maimas, Umbrian mestru see below m `big, large'), m-

gelded boar, a barrow hog ' s. WH. II 13;

magnify, extol, honor, glorify, elevate, to offer, sacrifice, immolate, devote, to kill, slaughter, which magnifies ' can be a formation of magnus after augmentum; put to death, to overthrow, ruin, destroy, to afflict, trouble, punish '; magmentum ` that

name, Magalos PN, Middle Irish mag-lorg `club, mace, joint' (*mago-lorg `large cudgel,

abrit. PN Maglo-cune (cymr. Mael-gwn), Cuno-maglus etc.; gall. Magalu Dat. Sg. god's

Middle Irish ml (*malos) ` noble person, prince, lord', gall. Maglo-s in gods- and PN,

Poimp Maige `Pompeius Magnus', gall. Magio-rx, Are-magios (formal = Latin Maius);

Maginus ; compare the n-forms from Latin magnus), Middle Irish mag-, maige `big, large',

Old Irish mochtae `big, large' (o!), Middle Irish maignech ds. (*maginikos, compare gall.

corn. mehin `fat', Middle Breton bihin ` fullness; abundance ' (*magesno-); mcymr. maon (*maones) ` the big ', maith `long, big, large' (*ma-tio-), probably also Old Irish do-formaig ` to increase, augment, enlarge, spread, extend ', -magar ` to increase, augment,

club'), mass `stately' (*maksos compare Latin maximus), Kompar. Old Irish maissiu; cymr.

to divide from cymr. magu ` bring up ' (*mak-);

enlarge, spread, extend ', acymr. di-guor-mechis ` has increased ' (acymr. ch from *-g-s-);

'), cymr. maes (*magesto-) `field', to Old Indic mah `earth'?

Arganto-magus (whereof Irish magen `place', cymr. maen, corn. men, bret. mean ` stone Gothic mikils `big, large', Old High German mihhil, Old Saxon mikil, Old English micel,

whether Old Irish mag n. ` plain, the open countryside', mcymr. ma- `place', gall.

*meku- after felu `much, a lot of'; (mekki) `big, large'. Page(s): 708-709

after leitils, Old High German luzzil; Old Icelandic mjk `very' (engl. much) at first from Tocharian A mak, mak `big, large an number, much, a lot of'; Hittite me-ik-ki-i

Old Icelandic mikell ds., Old English mycel, Proto German *mikilaz probably with -lo suffix

References: WP. II 257 ff., WH. II 4 f., 10 ff., Szemernyi Word 8, 48.

Meaning: to glimmer, twinkle; mist meigh ghMaterial: 1. mei gh-:

meigh ghmeik Root / lemma: mei gh-, also mei k-

tremble, beat, palpitate '.

A. with the meaning `flicker, blink, move quickly to and fro, vibrate, quiver, shake, Middle Low German micken `observe ', Old West Frisian mitza `heed';

Old Prussian enmigguns `dozed off', ismig ` passed away '; Latvian migt ` close the Lithuanian mieg (old miegmi), miegti and Old Prussian meicte `sleep';

Lithuanian ming, mgti ` fall asleep ' (with u-); Latvian megu, migt ds. (with iz-, e-);

eyes ', Old Prussian maiggun Akk., Lithuanian migas, Latvian megs `sleep', in addition Slavic *mig in Bulgarian russ. mig `instant, eye blink'; Slavic *mgnti in russ.-Church

` drowse '; serb.-Church Slavic migliv ` blinking ';

with aor.-pass. meaning Slavic *mati, sloven. mti ` keep the eyes closed ', russ. mat B. with the meaning ` dunkel vor den Augen werden, Nebel, Wolke '. Armenian mg `fog'; gr. (Attic ) `cloud, fog', hom. `foggy, Old Indic mgh- m. `cloud', mh ` fog, watery precipitation ', Avestan maa- `cloud';

beckon', and mgati `blink'; Iterat.-Kaus. Old Church Slavic s-meziti ` close the eyes ',

Slavic megnuti ` to move the eyelids up and down, to wink, blink ', serb. namgnuti `wave,

epithet of Lemnos' (with vowel suggestion);

Dutch miggelen `staubregnen'; Old Icelandic mistr `trbes weather ' etc. (*mistu-); mga `snow flurry, cold fog', Czech mha `fog', russ. mt ` rain lightly, fog, cloud ' etc. Note: gr. Gr. `dark' derived from alb. mje(r)gul ` fog, darkness ' [common gr. < gw, p < kw]; alb. proves that from Root / lemma: mer-2 ; *extended mer-ek-: `to shimmer, shine' mermer-ekderived the truncated Root / lemma: meigh-, also meik- : `to glimmer, twinkle; mist'. meighmeik2. mei k-: Npers. mia, mua (Pahlavi *miak), bal mi ` eyelash '; meik palpitate ' (*miki); d-mic ` to struggle, strive, contend, to be in conflict, be in peril, run a Latin mic, -re ` to move quickly to and fro, vibrate, quiver, shake, tremble, beat, Lithuanian migl `fog', Latvian migla ds. (= ); Old Bulgarian mgla `fog', russ.

meccim (cc = g) ` despise ' is brit. loanword; Old Bulgarian mt `vision, ghost, shimmer '; Upper Sorbian mika `blink, glitter, flash', etc. meis-. See also: s. also under meis References: WP. II 246 f., WH. II 86, Trautmann 174, 184;

risk, risk, hazard '; cymr. mygr `luminous', di-r-mygu ` despise ' (as d-spici); Old Irish de-

Page(s): 712-713

Meaning: to urinate

mei Root / lemma: mei h-

Material: Old Indic mhati ` urinates ', participle mh- (= Latin mictus), mha- n. `ordure', mha- m. `urine'; Avestan mazaiti ` urinates, dungs, manures ', maesman- `urine'; Armenian mizem ` urinate ', mz `urine';

Hes. (-, - are probably vowel suggestion); compare m., , - f. ` adulterer, adulteress '?? water ' (*meigh-i); Latin mei, -ere, mixi, mictum (secondary ming, minxi, minctum) `urinate, to make

gr. , Aor. (= Latin mx), new `urinate, to make water ',

water ', Old English micga m., micge f. migoa `urine', Gothic mahstus, Old Saxon Old High German mist `crap, muck', Old English meox `ordure, manure', Modern Frisian

Old Icelandic mga, Old English mgan, Middle Low German mgen `urinate, to make

unfermented malt juice, mash ', Old English msc-, mx-wyrt ` mash spice ', engl. mash ` mash, crush, squeeze hard, squash '; Lithuanian m (neologism for *min), mti `urinate, to make water ', Latvian meznu

formants:) Middle High German meisch ` mash ', Middle Low German meisch, msch `

English mistel, Old Icelandic mistil-teinn ` sprig of mistletoe '; (with refreshed Tenuis of

the crap, muck, droppings of the bird Mistel ` mistletoe ': Old High German mistil, Old

German mes, Old Frisian mse ds.; probably here transform the name the only through

mjuks, Old English miexen f. ` dung heap ', Old Saxon mehs n. `urine', Middle Low

and mu, participle mzu, Inf. mzt `urinate, to make water ' (but Lithuanian miu, mti ` grade root noun the basic *m[i]h-); work on the fertilizer ' is rather miu = Latvian mu, mto, mzt; it lies a lengthened Serbo-Croatian m-m, -ati `urinate, to make water ' ( from the present *miz-j);

(*moizgh from *moih-sk) ` tree juice ' in Serbo-Croatian mzga, Czech mzha, mza etc.; Tocharian mio `urine'. 54. References: WP. II 245 f., WH. II 60 f., Kuiper Nasalprs. 159, Trautmann 185, Berneker II

sloven. mz, mzti ` produce (liquids)', mzna ` swampy land '; Slavic *mzga

Page(s): 713 meiRoot / lemma: mei -g-

Meaning: to exchange

Material: Gr. ` change ', Med. ` reciprocate, repay, reward, retribute, shift, wander ', ` changing ', `variation'; Note: common Illyrian g- > b-. Latin migr, -re ` to remove, depart, flit, migrate, to go away, depart, pass over,

change, turn, to leave, abandon, transgress, violate ', Denom. of *mig-ros. meiSee also: extension from mei `swap, vary, exchange'. References: WP. II 245, WH. II 86 f.

Page(s): 713

Meaning: to mix, stir

meimeiRoot / lemma: mei -k- (and mei --?)

mei- mi- k mi- k soGrammatical information: also mei- : mi- k-, mi-n- k-; Prsensstmme also with -so-, -sko-;
e e e e e e e e

Material: Old Indic mkyati, mimik ` stirs, mixes ', mir- ` mixes ', miryati ` mixes '; Avestan minati ` mixes ', misvan- ` containing the composite '; mysaite ` sie mischen sich '; common Old Indic -h- > -k- > -- : Avestan -k- > --, --

ds., , Adv. ` mixed ', , - `mixture' (with unclear ); `mix, mingle' from *-, or to mezg-; common Old Indic -h- > -k- : Gr. - Illyrian -h- > -d-, -zLatin misce, -re ` mix, mingle, intermingle, blend ' (extension from mi[k]-sk); immerses in a liquid, baffles '; cymr. mysgu `mix'; Old Irish mesc ` drunk, intoxicated ', Middle Irish also ` baffle '; mesc(a)id ` mixes, Old High German miskan, Old English miscian `mix' (rather Latin loanword); ds.; also ` plow for the second time '; compare Old Prussian maysotan ` mixed ', i.e. Lithuanian miei, miti (*meiki) `mix', Iterat. maia, maiti, Latvian misu, mist

gr. (more properly ), , , (), `mix, mingle',

agitation' mras ` mixed ', Latvian mistrs ds.; mad '

confused ', Latvian samist ds.; Latvian mist `mix, make mad'; Lithuanian matas m. ` Maybe alb. Geg mshoj `press, push', msoj `learn, teach (mix in one's mind?), *make Old Bulgarian m, miti etc. `mix', has lost its iterate meaning.

`varicolored'; Intransit. sum and sumt, -mti ` get tangled, make a mess, get

medg, cymr. maidd, ncorn. meith, abret. meid, gall.-Latin *mesga (French mgue) `wheys' Celt. -h- > -d-, -thPage(s): 714

Here probably Old Indic -mk `curd of milk', osset. misin ` buttermilk ', Middle Irish

(*misg), Old Icelandic mysa `wheys' (*mihswn-). common Old Indic -h- > -k- : Illyrian References: WP. II 244 f., WH. II 95 f., Trautmann 175; Kuiper Nasalprs. 50, 123.

Meaning: to strengthen; pole

meiRoot / lemma: mei -1

Material: Old Indic minti ` fastens, founds, builds ', mit- f. ` erection, fundation ', mit-

nail' (*maia-), sogd. myk ds., Old Indic sumka- ` well founded, tight, firm';

`fastens', mtar- ` der Aufrichter ', maykha- m. `peg, plug, ray', npers. m `peg, plug,

moeni), -re ` to wall, defend with a wall, fortify, defend, protect, secure, strengthen '; mrus, old moiros `wall'; alb. mur ` wall ' a Latin loanword. Old Irish -tuidmen (*to-d-mi-na-t) `fastens', verbal noun tuidme; boundary, region, area', Old Icelandic landa-mri `limit, boundary, border land ', etc. posts ', madt ` decorate, ornament, adorn '. With t extended m[i] t- : mi t- : mit- in: m[i]t it mitcolumn, jamb ' (perhaps also in Avestan brzi-mita-, if ` high column '), Armenian moit` ` pillar '; Latin mta ` a cone, pyramid, a conical column at the end of the circus, turningpost, goal, a goal, winning-post, mark, an end, period, extremity, boundary, limit '; Middle Old Indic mth- m., mth f. (Prakrit mdh-, mdh, mh) ` pillar, jamb ', mt- f. ` Germanic *mairja- `boundary post, frontier post ', Old English mre, gemre `limit,

Latin Pl. moenia ` defensive walls, ramparts, bulwarks, city walls ', mni (arch.

mei-d(h mei -d(h)- in: Middle Irish m(i)de m. ` nape ' (*mei-d-io-); Latvian met ` enclose with

Stecken zum Netzestricken '; probably also Old Bulgarian msto, Serbo-Croatian mjsto, Czech msto `place' from *mit to- or *m[i]t to-.
s s

shaft, pole'; Lithuanian mitas, Latvian mets `picket, pole'; zero grade Lithuanian mita `

Irish methas ` border land, frontier land ' (*mitostu-); Old Icelandic meir `tree, balk, beam,

References: WP. II 239 f., WH. II 30 f., Trautmann 165 f.; Page(s): 709 mei-4. See also: compare mei

Meaning: to change, exchange

meiRoot / lemma: mei -2

Material: Old Indic myat `tauscht', ni-maya- m. `exchange'; Latvian mju, mt `exchange'. service, office, post, employment, function, duty, a service, favor, kindness, a present, gift, a public show, spectacle, entertainment, exhibition, show of gladiators (given by magistrates) ', mnia, -ium (old moenia) ` duties, functions, official duties ', immunis ` not With n-formant: Latin mnis ` ready to be of service ', mnus, -eris (arch. moenus) ` a

` common, general, universal, public ' (= Gothic etc. gamains), Oscan mnikad ` common,

bound, free from obligation, disengaged, unemployed ', commnis (Old Latin comoin[em])

function, duty ';

general, universal, public ', Umbrian muneklu ` a service, office, post, employment, Old Irish min, min ` preciousness, treasure, tribute', dag-mini `good gifts, favors';

ablaut. cymr. mwyn ` value, worth ' (*meino-);

` exchanged = falsified, misrepresented, forged, counterfeit, distorted ' also Old High Old Icelandic meinn ` harmful ', mein `damage, pity, misfortune';

Gothic gamains, Old English gemne, Old High German gimeini ` common, shared '; as

German mein ` incorrect, deceitful' (Modern High German Meineid), Old English mn ds., Lithuanian manas m., Latvian mains `exchange', Lithuanian maina, -ti, Latvian mant

`swap, vary, exchange, barter '; Old Bulgarian mna ` variation, change ', izmniti `

, '. Here also Old Indic mn- f. ` revenge, vengeance ', Avestan form meit-).

mani- ` punishment ' (compare Old Bulgarian mst ` revenge ' from the extension root

Maybe alb. Geg mni, Tosc mri ` revenge, vengeance '. extension root form see below mei-g-, mei-k-, mei-t(h)-. Page(s): 710 References: WP. II 240 f., WH. I 254 f., II 128, Berneker II 48 f., Trautmann 175 f.

Meaning: to wander, go

Root / lemma: mei-3 mei -

present *mi-nmi : Old Bulgarian min, -ti ` pass, elapse ' (also minuj, minovati ` gr. ` mummer, performer '?)

Czech mjm, mjeti ` pass, elapse, avoid '; on this basis could also be based *mei- n ') and mcymr. mynet `go'; Old Bulgarian mimo ` over, past, finished '; (compare here also the river names gall. Moenus ` Main, river in Germany ', Middle Irish Mon (in

Material: Latin me, -re ` to go, pass' (perhaps previous -verb =) poln. mijam, mija,

Lithuanian Minija, poln. Mnina, hispan. Minius (Galicia), Etruria Mini. Note:

Kerry, the county in Ireland), poln. Mie, Mianka; *mein- in poln. Minia, zero grade min in min-

Around 1700 BC, a highly sophisticated culture grew up around palace centers on Crete: the Minoans Minoans.

exchange' as ` local change ' seem possible. Page(s): Page(s): 710

The relationship migrare : allows the old resemblance with mei `swap, vary, mei-

References: WP. II 241, WH. II 73, Trautmann 176, Berneker II 59, Krahe BzfN 1, 256 f.

Meaning: to bind

meiRoot / lemma: mei -4

Material: Old Indic mitr- n. (secondary m.) `friend' (originally ` friendship' from of the covenant) ', Old pers. Mira- ` God's name ';

`*association '), Avestan mira- m. ` friend; pact, covenant; name of a God (personification gr. hom. `belt; head fascia, Mitra'; doubtful ` Einschlagfaden '; Latvian memuri, meimuri ` Femerstricke '. mei-1. See also: compare mei References: WP. II 241 f., Gntert Weltknig 50 f.;

Page(s): 710

Meaning: to lessen, small

Root mei- mi-neuRoot / lemma: mei -5 mi-neu-

diminishes ', participle Perf. mt-; manyu-m- ` the diminishing, destructive rancor '; ` ein kleines Weilchen, nur kurze Zeits ' (Akk. *, extension after -); , ` less, fewer, inferior, smaller ', after for * that still in `better' = `* not less ' has received (*mei no mei-no mei no-); Latin ni-mis ` beyond measure, too much, overmuch, excessively, too ' (*ne-mi-is), gr. ` reduce, lessen ', Adj. *- in - ` short-lived, transitory ',

Material: Old Indic minti, minti ` diminishes, damages, hinders ', myat, myt `

and Adv. minus ` little, small, petty, puny, inconsiderable ', minimus ` least, smallest, very small, minute, trifling, insignificant ' (*minu-mos), minister ` subordinate, servant, that serves, ministering ' (after magister; Oscan minstreis ` little, small, petty, puny,

nimius Adj (*ne-mi-os) ` beyond measure, excessive, too great, too much '; Latin minor, n.

inconsiderable '), minerrimus ( : minus after vet-errimus : -us), minu ` to make small, lessen, diminish, divide into small pieces ', Oscan menvum ` to make small, lessen, diminish, divide into small pieces ' (probably with neglectful e for i);

the crusts of bread ';

corn. minow ` reduce, lessen ', Middle Breton mynhuigenn, nbret. minvik ` bread without

Gothic minnistr, Old High German minnist, Old Icelandic minnstr ` the smallest, least ' (-nnfrom -nu-, Indo Germanic *minu- with new real increase formation through -izon-, -ista-), Adv. Gothic mins (*minniz), Old Icelandic minnr, Old High German Old English min ` fewer, Old Bulgarian mnj (f. mi) ` smaller, less, fewer, younger ' (*mnvj-j); Slavic*ml-k in altserb. mioki ` shallow, having little depth ', Czech mlk `small, here also Lithuanian mila ` sundries, little thing, small fish ', Latvian male `small fish',

Gothic minniza, Old Icelandic minni, Old High German minniro ` fewer, less ', Superl.

ndd. minn, minne `small, little, lean' is from the comparative back formation; Kompar.

less';

mr ` narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin' from *maiwa-, *maiwi-; Tocharian maiwe `small, young '. References: WP. II 242, WH. II 92 f., Trautmann 165, 184.

shallow, having little depth ', mliti ` crumb, spall, crumble ', and Old Icelandic mjr, mjr,

Page(s): 711

Meaning: expr. root

meimin(u)- mim(ei)Root / lemma: mei -6, meiu-, min(u)-, mim(ei)-

mia- ` speaking indistinctly through the nose ';

my- m. ` the bleating, roaring '; presumably maya- m. `steed', mayra m. `peacock'; migr. ` neigh ', ` the neighing ', Hes.,

Material: Old Indic mimti `` bleats, roars, shouts ', mimyat, mmt ` roared, bleated ',

`whimpering', , ` whimper, whine '; from Latin minur(r)i ` to mmati, mmati ` stammer '.

twitter, to chirp, to coo ' (gr. loanword?) reshaped mintri, -re ` squeak '; Old Bulgarian Maybe alb. memec ` mute ' a Slavic loanword. m-. See also: s. also m Page(s): 711 References: WP. II 243, WH. II 93;

mei-noRoot / lemma: mei -no-

Meaning: wish, intention

Material: Old Irish man n. `wish, desire', cymr. mwyn (*meino-) `enjoyment', er mwyn ` Old Frisian mne, Old English mn f. `opinion, mentioning, lament'; Old High German

unwillingness, reluctance '; Old High German meina f. `sense, mind, opinion, intention', meinen `mean, say', Old English mnan ds., also ` wail '; Slavic *maini ` mean ' in Old

consider ', etc. Page(s): 714

Church Slavic mnj, mniti ` mention, take for, think of something accidentally; think of,

References: WP. II 302, Trautmann 165.

meis Root / lemma: mei s-

Meaning: twinkling, glimmering; mist

Material: Old Indic miti ` opens the eyes ', ni-mi f., ni-mia- m. ` the blinking, closing of do- `verstohlen'?), mlati ` closes the eyes '; powder rain';

the eyes '; mia- n. `deceit, deception '; mam ` peaceful, tranquil, quiet, silent, low ' (*mizndd. mis ` misty weather ', miseln ` fine rain', Dutch (Flemish) mijzelen, mzelen `dust,

be mistaken '.

Old Church Slavic mel ` turpis quaestus ', russ. mel `profit, gain', ob-michnta `

See also: extension the also in meigh meik- present root. mei gh-, mei k gh Page(s): 714

References: WP. II 248 f.;

meit(h) t(h)Root / lemma: mei t(h)-1 Meaning: staying (place) Material: Avestan maanm n. `residence for people and gods, dwelling, house', miniti Lithuanian mint, msti `be nourished ', mtas ` livelihood ', maitnti ` nourish ', mastas

` stays, dwells, remains ';

`nourishment, food', also Lithuanian mait, Latvian mita ` carrion '; Old Prussian mait ` live, stay, have one's food '.

nourishes '; Latvian mitit ` provide abode, residence and nourishment, food ', mtu, mist ` References: WP. II 247, Trautmann 185, Berneker 2, 52.

Page(s): 715

Meaning: to exchange

mei-t(h)Root / lemma: mei -t(h)-2

Material: Old Indic mthati, mithti ` alternates, quarrels, joins to ', mith- Adv. `mutual, mth, mthus, mithuy Adv. ds., Avestan miwa(na)-, miwara- Adj. ` paired, coupled'; gr. (sizil.) `repayment, gratitude ' (loanword from Italic); alter, change, transform, vary, modify, Of style, to vary, change, diversify, Of substitution, In return, in exchange, reciprocal, mutual '; Latin mt, -re (*moiti) ` Of motion, to move, move away, remove, Of alteration, to alterant, changeable, together' = Avestan mi Adv. ` inverted, incorrect '; Old Indic

to change, replace, make a change in, To exchange, barter, sell ', mtuus ` borrowed, lent, Old Irish negative prefix m-, mis(s)-; the full form in mis-cuis `hate'; compare under

Germanic missa-; here also Old Irish messa `bad'?

Icelandic Pl. f. meimar, Old English mum, Old Saxon mom `gift, preciousness,
s

Gothic maidjan `change, falsify', in-maidjan `transform'; Gothic maims `gift', Old

jewel'; participle *mit to- ` confused, confounded, incorrect ' in Gothic miss `reciprocal,

`battle of words'), Old Icelandic mis- (seldom missi-), Old Saxon Old English mis-, Old High German missa-, missi-, Modern High German miss-; somewhat different Old High German Old English missan ` miss, feel absence, miss,

High German mifarben ` of different colors, varicolored, ', perhaps also Gothic missa-qiss

(missa-dds = Modern High German Missetat, missa-leiks `different', compare Modern

unfavorable', Old High German missi ` various', prefix Gothic missa- ` wrong, incorrect '

each other, one another ', Old Icelandic ()miss, Middle Low German to misse ` inverted,

fail', Old Icelandic missa ` miss, lose ', Middle High German misse f. `lack', Old English miss n. ` loss, defeat; casualty ', Old Icelandic missir m. missa f. `loss, damage', to Old

mthan, mdan ds., Old English man ` hide; avoid';

High German mdan `avoid, miss', refl. ` abstain '; intr. ` stay away, lack, hide ', Old Saxon Balto-Slavic *meitu- in Latvian mitus m. `exchange, variation', in addition mitut and Old Church Slavic mit `alterant, changeable', russ.-Church Slavic mitus Adv. ds., etc.;

mietut ` exchange ', mitt ` change ', refl. `cease', Adv. pa-mu ` alternately '; in addition Old Church Slavic mst etc. ` revenge, vengeance '. References: WP. II 247 f., WH. II 137, 140, Trautmann 176 f.; meiSee also: see below mei-2.

Page(s): 715 mek Root / lemma: me k-

Meaning: to bleat (expr. root)

Material: Old Indic makamakyat `bleats', mk- m. ` he-goat; billy goat '; Armenian mak`i `sheep'; gr. hom. `grouse, bleat'; Latin micci, -re `grouse, bleat'; Middle High

bleat, bleat', etc.

mecke `he-goat'; Lithuanian meken, -nti `grouse, bleat, stammer '; klr. mkaty `grouse, Maybe alb. me `goat bleat' meksh ` buffalo-calf ' (diminutive -sh suffix). References: WP. II 256, WH. II 85 f., Trautmann 177;

German meckatzen, mechzen, Modern High German meckern, Middle High German

Page(s): 715-716

meiSee also: compare mei -6.

meRoot / lemma: me -1

Meaning: 1sg personal pronoun (oblique stem)

*me-me Material: Gen. accented *me -me ` from me, mine ' in Old Indic mma; dissimil. *meChurch Slavic mene, Lithuanian man; different dissimil. *eme in Armenian im, gr. hom. , etc.; Dat. accented me -hi `me' in Old Indic mhy-a(m), Latin mihi, Umbrian mehe; mene in Avestan mana, Old pers. man; cymr. fy , Bret. ma, Vannes me (as Possessiv);
n

Grammatical information: Nom. Sg. e(h)om `I' (see 291)

Armenian inj from *emeh-; enclitic moi (also as Gen.) in Old Indic m, me, Avestan me, Gatha-Avestan moi; gr. ; Old Irish infix and suffix Pron. -m-; Old Lithuanian mi, Old m Prussian maiy; Hittite -mi mi; mi

Old Church Slavic m; with -ge erweit. gr. -, Venetic meo, Gothic mik ` me ', etc., Hittite am-mu-uk (muk) ` me ' (above S. 291), enclitic -mu mu; mu ablative m -d in Old Indic mt, Avestan mat, Latin m(d); mlocative moi in Old Indic m; (article i + em);

'); m -m in Old Indic accented mm, Avestan mm, alb. mua, mue, Old Prussian mien, m-

, ; Old Irish me-sse, m (`I'), infix and suffix Pron. -m- (cymr. mi `I' with i after ti ` you

Akk. m in Old Indic Avestan m (enclitic), Armenian is (*eme-ge?), Latin m(d), gr.

Possessiv mo - in Old Indic ma, Avestan ma m. n., m f., Armenian im, gr. , alb. im mo-

Also alb. Geg eme ` mine '. me-mo-io- in Old Bulgarian moj, Old Prussian mais, f. maia; me-io- in Latin meus, Hittite mi-i mo-ii Tocharian i (*mi). Page(s): 702 (mes); secondary Gothic meins, Old High German etc. mn (*mei-no-); Lithuanian manas,

References: WP. II 236, WH. II 84 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 599 ff.

meRoot / lemma: me -2

Old English mi, Old Icelandic me(e), Old High German mit(i), etc.; compare under S. Maybe apocope alb. (*me-ti) me `with'. between '. 706 f.

Material: A. me-d i (also basic form me-ti possible) in Gothic mi `with', asch. mid(i), me me h

Meaning: in the middle of, by, around, with

B. me -ta in gr. (ending as in , above S. 613), alb. mjet ` between ', ndr-mjet ` me-

mouth of a river Rhone) ` between the waters '; compare Illyrian locative Metu-barbis ` between marshes ' (in Save river valley, northern Bosnia); in Aetolian VN mi, Old High German mit(i). (hellenist ) etc., Old Icelandic me(r) `with, between ', Gothic mi, Old English C. me -hri-(s in Armenian merj `by' (the final sound receive in merjenam ` nearer, me- hri-(s)

Illyrian Met-aurus ` mid river ' (Brutt., Umbrian), Ligurian Os Metapnum (estuary, the

closer myself ') = gr. () ` bis '; contains the locative of words for `hand' (see above S. 447); zero grade Indo Germanic*m-hri-(s) in gr. () ds. etc. D. Unclear are gr. Arcadian , Cretan kyren. ` bis ', hom. , Thessalian

References: WP. II 236, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 629 f., 840; 2, 481 ff., 549 f. Page(s): 702-703

mel Root / lemma: me ld -1

h

Material: Armenian malt`em `I beg '; aschs. meldn ` brag, boast, tell', Old High German melda ` bragging, slander ', meldn, -n ` notify, brag, boast, betray ', Old English meld `

Meaning: to pronounce ritual words

announcement '; Lithuanian meldi, melsti `bid, beg, ask, pray', mald f. `request; prayer', Iterat. malda, maldti; Old Prussian maddla `request, prayer'; due to dissimilation from *mold-l to *modl `request': Czech modla ` idol, temple' and poln. moda f. `prayer'; with and slaughter ' then ` slaughter at certain time ' in russ. molt, etc.;

dl- to -l-: Old Church Slavic molj, moliti `bid, beg, ask', refl. `pray', etc.; from ` consecrate Maybe alb. lut ` pray, bid, beg, ask ' : Old Church Slavic moliti `bid, beg, ask' a Slavic loanword. Hittite ma-al-ta-i, ma-al-di (mald-) ` prays '. i i Mudge Lg. 7, 252. Page(s): 722 References: WP. II 289, 291, WH. II 20, Trautmann 177, Benveniste BSL. 33, 133 ff.,

mel Root / lemma: me ld -2 Meaning: lightning Material: Cymr. Pl. mellt, Sg. -en `lightning', with secondary t; Old Icelandic mjllnir ` Thor's hammer ' (*mel[u]niiaz); in addition Old Icelandic poet.
h

the hammer of thunders '; wruss. malada `lightning' (*melda), zero grade Old Bulgarian mlnji, russ. mlnija ds. (*mldnji). References: References: WP. II 300, Trautmann 177. Page(s): 722

myln `fire'; Old Prussian mealde (*meldi) `lightning', zero grade Latvian milna (*mildna) `

Meaning: to swell

mel lh Root / lemma: me lhMaterial: Old Indic malh- ` mit Zpfchen an der Wamme (von Kuh und Ziege) ', Armenian Avestan mr zna `belly'. Lithuanian milinas, Latvian milzis ` giant ', Latvian melto, milz `to swell, fester '.

maj, Gen. -i `gall' (*mlhi-, originally probably `cholecyst, gallbladder ');

Page(s): 723

References: WP. II 300; extension from 4. mel-?

meli liRoot / lemma: me li-t

Meaning: honey Note:

information: mel-ns Grammatical information: n., Gen. mel-ns

h

meli limd Root / lemma: me li-t : `honey' : Root / lemma: m u : `honey' derived from a truncated mel smel mel - ml- mel ml-ed- mel ml-iRoot / lemma: me l-1 (auch sme l-), me l- : ml-, me l-d- : ml-ed-, me l-d -, ml-i- : Material: ml mel ml- mlu- ml ml-, me l-k- : ml-k-, mlu- : ml- : `to grind, hit; fine, ground'.
h

Armenian mer `honey', Gen. melu (it has changed to u-stem probably after *med u), , Attic - ` a bee, one of the priestesses of Delphi, honey ' (* or *- ` , Attic ` gentle, soothing, mild, gracious; propitiatory offerings, as referring alb. mjal, mjalt (*melitom) `honey'; common alb.-celtic -kh > -ht, -t : gr. -kh > -tt. Note: Note Common alb. m > mb > b in (*melita, *mbleita) bleta f. `bee' while alb. Arbresh uses miz honey'. (fly, insect) bletje ` (*honey insect) ' = `bee' : gr. ` cut out the comb of bees, take the Latin mel, mellis (*melns) `honey', mulsus ` mixed with honey; sweet as honey, honeysweet; stirred or cooked with honey ' (*melsos; old imitation from *saldtos, salsus); Old Irish mil `honey' (*melit to *meli, whereupon Gen. mela), cymr. corn. bret. mel ds.; Irish meu, Gen. meui `bee'; skyth. Hes.; gr. , - `honey',
h

honey- luscious '), ` cut out the comb of bees, take the honey ' (*mlit-i); compare to honey mixed in the drink-offerings ';

milis, cymr. melys `sweet', gall. PN Melius, Melissus; also cymr. etc. melyn `yellowish' is Old English mildaw `nectar', Old English milisc ` mellifluent '; In -m- suffix: m Maybe alb. (*melitom) mjellm ` swan (*white, honey-colored)' : cymr. etc. melyn honey 'see Root / lemma: k nk- : gold; honey, yellowish}. kHittite mi-li-t `honey'. References: WP. II 296, WH. II 61 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 283, 518, 838. Page(s): 723-724
e e e e

probably `honey-colored' (see below me l- color name); Gothic mili (*melitom) `honey', mel

`yellowish'. (common alb. -m- inanimate formant) {the same formation as German Honig ` m

melk lkRoot / lemma: me lk-1 Meaning: to rub (?) Note: parallel root to mel-.

Material: Latin mulce, -re, muls, -sum ` to stroke, graze, touch lightly, fondle; rustle

through; to move; to soothe, soften, caress, flatter, delight; to relieve, alleviate ', mulcetra ` II 120); mulc, -re ` to beat, cudgel; to maltreat, handle roughly, injure, damage '. Page(s): 724 References: WP. II 297.

a plant, called also heliotropium ', mulcdo ` pleasantness, agreeableness ', Mulciber (WH.

Meaning: wet

melk melg lklgRoot / lemma: me lk-2, me lg-

wet', Lithuanian malkas m., mlka f. ` gulp of drinking ', Latvian mlks, mlka ds.

mlka ` watery bottom', mlkva `puddle', poln. pa-moka `fog', etc.; Czech mlkl `humid, melgmelg- in Slavic *moliti, russ. dial. molt, za-molaivat ` become cloudy ' (of weather).

ablaut. Slavic *malka- in Old Russian molokita probably `swamp, marsh, pool ', serb.

soak grain to feed cattle '; Slavic *melko- in Old Bulgarian mlko, russ. molok etc. `milk';

Material: Gr. Hes.; Gothic milhma m. `cloud'; Middle High German milgen `

References: WP. II 297, Trautmann 177. References: Page(s): 724

mel smel mel - ml- mel ml-ed- mel ml-i- ml Root / lemma: me l-1 (also sme l-), me l- : ml-, me l-d- : ml-ed-, me l-d -, ml-i- : ml, me l-k- : ml-k-, mlu- : mlmel ml- mlu- ml Meaning: to grind, hit; fine, ground
h

Material: A. Old Indic mrti, mrati ` crushes, grinds ', mr- ` wilted, limp' and ` crushed ' (also merged partly with 3. mer ml- ` become soft, wilted; faded, flaccid, withered, mer-), slack ', mlt- ` tanned softly ', Avestan mrta- ds., perhaps Old Indic malv- `crazy silly;

molawn, Lithuanian malvinti; from the i-basis Old Indic mrityati ` disintegrates, resolves '; `presses'; Armenian malem ` grind, crush ' (*m l-), ml-ml-em `rub', mem `soft, slack', ma-mul
e

immature ' (`*weak' in intellectual sense); compare Gothic ga-malwjan, Old High German

gr. f., late m. `mill', Italian mulino : French moulin : Bresciano mol : Breton milin ; meilh : Catalan mol : Croatian mlin : Czech mln : Galician muo : Irish muileann : Leonese muln : Albanian

Geg mullini Tosc mulliri : Reggiano mullein : Romagnolo mulin : Valencian moli : mullini, Venetian molin : Welsh melin `mill'. gr. ` mill, grind, pulverize, crunch ' (also as Latin mol ` grind ': sizil. `

pudendum muliebre '); ` crunching '; ` flour' is hybridization of ' (compare to meaning Modern High German Melde under mel-d -), - ` blockhead ', ` worthless wife, woman'; alb. mjel ` flour ' (*meluo- = Modern High German Mehl); Alb. miell ` flour '. Note: Albanian miell, mjel : Danish mel : Dutch meel : Icelandic mjl : Swedish mjl ` flour '. Maybe alb. mjellm ` swan, white ' : Gothic malma m. ` white sand, dust, earth'. kumaltu, kumultu, comultu ` to grind thoroughly ', kumates, comatir ` to grind thoroughly ', *mulisi, Indo Germanic *ml-is ` the soft ', Kompar. to mollis ` yielding, pliant, flexible, maletu ` the ground ' (Indo Germanic *m l); Latin mulier ` a woman, female ' (from
e h

and ; `weak, tender', `feeble, weak'; from the i-basis gr. ` Melde

Latin mol, -ere ` grind ' (= Old Irish melid), molna `mill', mola ` millstone '; Umbrian

supple, soft, tender, delicate, gentle, mild, pleasant ' [S. 718]); marcus ` a large hammer ', in Latin palma : gr. ; Latin malleus ` a hammer, maul ';

back-formation to marculus, martellus (*mal-tl-os) ` a small hammer, a hammer ' has -a- as a

Italian mulino : French moulin : Breton milin : Galician muo : Irish muileann : Leonese muln : Reggiano mullein : Romagnolo mullein : Alb. Geg mullini Tosk mulliri ` mill '. Old Irish melim ` grind ' (with com- ` grind ', with to- `consume, eat or drink'); cymr. malu
e

`slime, mud'; from heavy basis gall. *blto- (French bl), mcymr. blawt, ncymr. blawd,

Mhlstange '; *maluo- `soft' in bret. divalo `(not tender =) raw, ugly', cymr. malwoden

(*m l-), bret. malaf ` grind ', meil `mill' (*meli); Old Irish mlith Dat. `to grind, (*ml-t-), mol `

acorn. blot, bret. bleud `meal, flour' (ml-t- = Lithuanian mltai) Old Irish mlith, Middle Irish blith `gentle, smooth ', Middle Breton blot `soft, tender' (*ml-ti-; cymr. mwlwg `rubbish' (*molu-ko-); Celtic *molto- in cymr. mollt, corn. mols, bret. maout, Middle Irish molt, gall.-

rom. multo, -ne `(castrated) ram';

Old High German muljan ` crunch ', Old Icelandic mylia ds., Old High German gimulli `

Gothic Old High German malan, Old Icelandic mala ` mill, grind' (Germanic a-present);

late Latin molna); Gothic mulda, Old English molda, Old Icelandic mold, Old High German molta f. `dust, powder, earth' (*ml-t); Gothic malma m. `sand', Old Icelandic malmr `ore', ablaut. Old English mealm-stn ` sandstone ', Middle High German malmen ` crunch ', Old

Gemll ' (but Old High German mul, -n, Old English myln, Old Icelandic mylna `mill' from

powder, rotted wood'; Old High German Old Saxon mlo, Gen. -wes, Old English melu-, Gen. -wes, Old Icelandic mjl ` flour' (*meluo- = alb. miel); Old High German mil(i)wa `mite' (*melwj); Gothic mal n., Old Icelandic mlr (*molu-) `

nephrolith, kidney stone '); Modern High German dial. mulm ` decomposed earth, dust,

Saxon Old High German melm `dust, powder, sand' (: Lithuanian melmu ` calculus,

moth '; Old Bulgarian mol (*moli-) ds.,

Russian (mol') : Czech mol : Polish ml : Romanian molie : Serbian moljac : Slovak mo : Albanian mol : Swedish mal : Italian camola : Hungarian moly : Sicilian camula ` moth '.

malka- m. `kind of worm', Armenian mlukn `bedbug', which reminds Old Saxon Middle `lizard', Modern High German Molch, Armenian moz `lizard'; rather to 6. mel- S. 721; Gothic ga-malwjan ` crunch, grind ', Old Icelandic mlva `break in pieces ', Old High

Armenian dial. mm (from *momo) ` moth '; very doubtful is affiliation from Old Indic Low German mol m., Middle High German n. `lizard', Old High German mol, molm, molt

dial. mjl(l)a ` kind of fine sand earth ' (*meln); Gothic mulda, Old English molde, Old High German molta `dust, powder, earth' (participle *ml-t ` the ground one ');

German molawn ` to melt away, waste, consume '; Old Icelandic mjll `fine snow', schw.

Prussian malunis `mill', mltai, Latvian milti `flour' (= cymr. blawd), Old Prussian meltan

Lithuanian mal, mlti (pronunciation of the heavy basis) ` mill, grind', malnas, Old

malvinti, mulvinti `plague'; with formants -to-: Latvian mltt, miltt `hit'; Lithuanian melmu see above; Old Church Slavic melj, mlt, russ. molt, Serbo-Croatian mljti (heavy basis) ` mill,

`flour'; Lithuanian malins, milins, Latvian mlna ` whisk, utensil for stirring '; Lithuanian

grind'; poln. mlon ` grasp the hand mill ' (*meln), russ. mlen (*mel-eno), Serbo-Croatian German melo, alb. mje; besides serb. ml--vo, russ. ml-i-vo `grist'); klr. mot m. ` Treber, Hlsen von Malz ', sloven. mlto n., mlta f. ` Malztreber ', Czech mlto ds., Old Prussian ak. mln (*moln) ds.; Serbo-Croatian mlvo, mlijevo `grist, corn, grain' (= Old High

piva-maltan ` Biermalz ' (Germanic? s. mel-d-) etc.; probably also (light basis) Old Church Slavic mlat, russ. mlot etc. `hammer'; Church Slavic mlatiti (*moltiti) `hit'; lengthened grade mlk `small' and Old Church Slavic ml ` calc, lime, limestone ' etc.; Tocharian A malywt ` you pressed, crushed ', melye ` be crushed '; Hittite ma-al-la-i ` ground, crunched '; i of bread ', aschw. smola, smula, smule ` gobbet ' (besides Old Icelandic moli ds., ml f. ` with anl. s-: Norwegian smola ` crunch '; Middle High German smoln ` remove tiny bits

heap of stones '); Latvian smelis, smlis ` water sand in the field ', Lithuanian smls, Gen. smlio `sand', smilts ds. B. basis m(e)li- : ml- in: cymr. blin ` tired ' (*ml-no-), abr. Pl. blinion ` the unskilful, m(e) li- mlli

incompetent '; Latvian blnis ` tired person', blnt ` infirm, ailing '; serb. mltm, -ati `

become faul, amble' (compare with : Old Indic mrityati, gr. ), russ.-Church Slavic die, wilt, wither ', Kaus. mloity ` stimulate nausea ';

mlin ` cake', russ. blin ` pancake ', serb. mlnac ` unleavened dough, matzah '; klr. mlity ` doubtful serb. mldan `lean, thin, weak', dial. ` tasteless, dull ' (in Slavonien mldan), etc.

sorghum'; originally inflection *m l-i-, -n-s. ml

here probably gr. , Latin milium (*m liio-), Lithuanian f. Pl. malnos `millet, *m lii
e

etc.): Avestan mruta- ` faded, weak', mrra ` attritional, ruinous '.

C. Von an u-basis (compare gr. , Old Indic malv-, Modern High German Mehl

mel m(e)le ledu- m(e)ldu du me l-d- (perhaps first in d-present); m(e) le-d-; mldu-, m(e) ldui- `soft'. mornda-t from *mrnda-) `ruin, wreck, destroy', Kaus. Old Indic mardayati ` crushes, Old Indic mrdati, mrdnti ` crushes, rubs, chafes ', Avestan mard- (mardaite;

d- same meaning); Old Indic mrd- (= gr. ) `soft, tender', fem. mrdv, Kompar.

breaks, presses, afflicts' (these Aryan words can partly carry on also Indo Germanic me rmer mradyn, Superl. mradiha-; vi-mradati ` softens '; Old Indic mrt- (mrd-) `earth, loam,

`dust, powder');

clay', mrtsn- m. n. `dust, powder ', mrtsn `fine earth, good loam, clay' (: nisl. mylsna Armenian mek ` mushy, softish, delicate, mollycoddle, slack' (*meldu-i-);

`slack' (*-, *mld-); ` melt ' (tr., med. intr. = Old English meltan etc.);

gr. ` exhaust, destroy, smash' (to *[]- = Old Indic mrd-); ,

with the vowel position and meaning from Old Indic vimradati, mradyn also f., Old Indic mrt-sn-);

n. `mucus, snot', `langsam from reason, verdummt' (*mled-sno-, compare Latin mollis ` yielding, pliant, flexible, supple, soft, tender, delicate, gentle, mild, pleasant

caressing ' from *mlndo-?;

' (*mldu-is, compare Old Indic fem. mrdv); blandus ` of smooth tongue, flattering, fawning, cymr. blydd `gentle, tender', bret. ble `weak' (*mldo-), Old Irish meldach `pleasant' (can

also belong to mel-d -; also:) Scots Gaelic moll m. `chaff'; ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
h

Middle Irish blind, blinn ` saliva of a dead man ' (probably *mld-sno-?); (common Celtic Old English meltan `melt, burn, digest ', Old Icelandic melta ` dissolve, digest in the

stomach ', Norwegian molten ` mellow, soft', Kaus. Old English mieltan `melt, clean, digest '; Gothic g-malteins f. ` dissolving ', Old Icelandic maltr ` decayed, spoil', Old High German malz ` melting, feeble'; Old High German malz, Old English mealt, Old Saxon Old with Old Indic mrd-, mrtsn- compare nisl. mylsna `dust, powder', Old English with anl. s-: Old High German smlzan ` deliquesce, melt', smalz ` lively fat or butter ',

Icelandic malt ` malt ' (Slavic *molto, Czech mlto etc. ds. borrowed from Germanic); formolsnian ` become dust, powder ' (see above);

Old English smolt, smylte `quiet, of the sea', Old Swedish smultna ` become peaceful '; here perhaps Old High German milzi, Old English milte f., milt m., Old Icelandic milti ` spleen ' (can be easily struck out, as if melting);

Maybe alb. mlia `the spleen (that of a domestic animal)' a Germanic loanword : Italian milza, German Milz, Catalan melsa, Romagnolo mlza ` spleen '. Old Bulgarian mlad, russ. mlod etc. ` young, tender' (*moldo-); Old Prussian maldai

Nom. Pl. m. ` the young ', mald-ni-n Akk. Sg. ` youth ', maldian `foals'; Old Prussian *moldin-); maldenikis `kid, child', Old Bulgarian mladenc, mladnc ` youngling ' (*molden-, mel *mel me l-d - (perhaps first in d -present *me l-d -): slack = faded ');

Old Indic mrdhati, mrdhti ` decreases, neglects, forgets ' (`*becomes soft, floppy,

Hes., ` weakling ', ` soften '; here (or to mel-d-) cymr. blydd etc.;

gr. `soft, tender, mild' (after extended from:) ` wax ',

friendly';

`gracious, merciful ', Old English milde, Old High German milti ` mild, kind, gracious, Old High German melta, Old English melde, Old Swedish mld, molda, Old High

Gothic unmildjai Nom. Pl. ` the unfriendly ', mildia ` mildness ', Old Icelandic mildr

German malta, multa `Melde' (compare gr. `Melde'. (s)mel (s)me l-k-

Old Icelandic melr ` sand-hill ' (*melha-), Swedish dial. mjg (*melga-) ds. smulksne `speck, dust particle, sundries '; Latvian smelknes ` Mehlabfall ', smalknes ` filings, file dust, saw filings ', smalks `fine', Lithuanian smulks `fine', smlkti ` become fine ', smulkm ` sundries '; Lithuanian smilts, Latvian smlts, smilkts `sand'. mel - mlk me l-k-, ml k- `soft, weak, faint, languid, clownish '. , hom. `weak, gentle' (*-); `das solidification vor coldness, Erfrieren', `habe vor Klte steife Glieder'; from *mlakn; Gr. `soft', , - `slack, idle, mushy, softish, delicate, mollycoddle, crazy';

Middle Irish malcad ` decay '; presumably Middle Irish bln (Old Irish *mln) `the flanks '

Slavic u-mliti ` rule, control ', u-mlknti ` fall silent ' (: Irish malcaim ` decay '); Bulgarian serb. mlk ` lukewarm ', etc. in addition Lithuanian mlkis (*mlkios) ` blockhead '. proud', Modern High German mulsch `soft', mulschen dial. `sleep'. Page(s): 716-719 With -sko-: Gothic un-tila-malsks ` heedless; impetuous ', Old Saxon malsc `stout,

Old Church Slavic mlati, russ. molt ` keep mum, keep quiet ' (*m lk-), Old Church
i

References: WP. II 284 ff., WH. I 508, II 16, 103 ff., Trautmann 167 f., 177, 184, 188.

Meaning: to fail; to deceive

mel Root / lemma: me l-2

Material: Avestan mairya- ` deceitful, knavish, villainous '; Armenian me, Pl. mek` ` sin ';

gr. ` futile, worthless, unlucky, woeful, wretched, miserable ' (seems to be based as *[] on -es es-stem *meles this weak grade *mls-, - perhaps in - as ` meles-, es meles

wrong, inappropriate saying '); perhaps ` wicked person; deformed person '? to

, ` have a miscarriage '; Middle Irish mell `fault, error' (*mel-s-os, of es esstem), mellaim `cheat, deceive, swindle; betray, be disloyal; gull, fool', maile `evil, harm'; wander, make a mistake ', mldt ` wander, fantasize, worry ', mlst ` confused talk '. References: WP. II 291. cymr. mall `spoiled' (*mlso-); Lithuanian mlas `lie, falsity', Latvian Pl. mli ds., mldt `err,

Page(s): 719-720

Meaning: to hesitate

mel Root / lemma: me l-3 Material: Gr. , Fut. `zgere, bin in Begriffe' ( `barely'?); `es sense lie, besorgtsein', , , ` care ', ds., `

liegt mir am Herzen', , -, -, (Doric ), `am Herzen, in Frsorger '; Latin pr-mellere (-ll- = -ln-) ` ltem prmovre ', re-melg ` she that delays or

mall (*ml-so-) `slow'. Page(s): 720

hinders, the (fem.) delayer, hinderer ', re-mulcum ` a tow-rope ', pr-mulcum ds.; Old Irish

References: WP. II 291 f., WH. II 370, 427 f.

Meaning: strong, big

mel Root / lemma: me l-4

Material: Gr. `very', `more' (for * = Latin melius eingetreten after , : ), ` mostly, in most situations '; Latin melior `better'

punishment, penance, atonement', mult, -re ` to punish ', dialect word, compare Oscan money penalty, fine, amercement, mulct ', mutu ` a money penalty, fine, amercement,

(originally `*stronger'); multus `much, a lot of' (*mlto-); here multa, older molta `

moltam ` multam ', moltaum ` moltare ', multasikad ` of fines, of a fine ', Umbrian motar ` a

mulct ' (*mlt ` reimbursement, replacement'; compare Germanic *bt `penance, References: WP. II 292, WH. II 63 f., 123 f. Page(s): 720 atonement': *bata- `better'); Latvian milns `very much, a lot of'.

See also: A through -(h)- extension root form is perhaps melh- `to swell', see there.

Meaning: member; to join

mel Root / lemma: me l-5

Material: Old Indic mrman- n. ` penis, open, unprotected body part ', Armenian marmin groin, loins'; different Mhlenbach-Endzelin II 596 (from *meldm- to S. 718);

`body, flesh' (from Iran.?), Lithuanian mlmenys ` flesh in the kidneys ', Latvian mlmei ` gr. n. ` member' and `gegliederte way, song, melody ', hence ` celebrate in

joint, knuckle, a joining, uniting; a juncture, seam, juncture, commissure ' (proto Celtic together a jigsaw puzzle, fit together '. Page(s): 720 References: References: WP. II 292. *melso- : = Lithuanian tamsi : Old Indic tmas n.); Tocharian AB mlk- ` piece

song, sing the praises of '; bret. mell m., corn. mel, Pl. mellow `ankle', cymr. cym-mal ` a

mel mel Root / lemma: me l-6, me l-

Meaning: dark colour (black, dirty, etc..)

ordure, sin ';

Material: Old Indic malin- `dirty, filthy, black', ml-na- `black, swart ', mla- m. n. `smut, gr. , -, - `black' (probably for * after Fem. = Old Indic

weals, marks from blows, bloodshot place'; ` unlucky ' (*mel-ro- `black'), etc.; Maybe alb. mllenj ` blackbird '.

sea-fish, red barbel ' (ablaut as Latin mulleus, Lithuanian mulvas), with -grade ` alb. mel-n (collective *mel-inio-) `elm' (from the color of the wood), mel-z ds., mjer

malin), `red chalk', `besmirch' (maybe from *), ` an edible

vorrom. *melix, -ice (French mlze) `larch'; Latin mulleus `reddish, purple' (*m lneios); compare Old High German mol S. 717; German ana-mal ` stain, scar', Middle High German ml n. ` stain ', Old High German color '); Gothic mla Nom. Pl. ` characters, letters or symbols ', mljan ` write ', Old High
u

mln, -n ` paint, draw, sign ', Old Norwegian mla ` paint ' (originally ` paint with black

Maybe alb. mjellma ` swan, white dappled bird '. Lithuanian melsvas ` bluish' (also Lithuanian melet, -at ` green woodpecker; hazel Baltic *mlna- (*mel-no-) in Latvian mlns `black', Old Prussian melne ` blue stain ',

mlas, mlynas `blue', mlyn ` bruise, bilberry, huckleberry, whortleberry, blue, azure ', Latvian ml ` dark blue' (*mlias); Old Prussian mlinan Akk. fem. ` stain '; Lithuanian mlis, Latvian mls ` loam, clay ';

grouse, grouse, wild chicken ', Old Prussian melato ` green woodpecker '?); Lithuanian

`besmear', mulv `slime, mud, swamp, marsh'; russ. malna ` raspberry, blackberry '.

with u-colored reduplication-grade: Lithuanian mulvas `reddish, yellowish', mulv-yti, -inti

Maybe Latin mlum, i, n., = Greek (Doric ) = Albanian moll ` an apple, i. e. also to quinces, pomegranates, peaches, oranges, lemons, etc. ' Maybe Hittite: mahla-s ` vine'. mlo- smlomel- mel Root / lemma: mlo-, smlo- : small animal, derived from Root / lemma: mel-6, mel- : dark colour (black, dirty, etc..) Page(s): 720-721 References: WP. II 293 f., WH. II 122 f., Trautmann 177 f., 188. Note:

any tree-fruit fleshy on the outside, and having a kernel within (opp. nux); hence, applied

Meaning: wool

mel Root / lemma: me l-7

Material: Gr. (*ml-n-) ` tuft of wool, flake, flock '; Lithuanian mlas `kerchief, cloth', Latvian mil(n)a ` coarse kerchief, cloth', Old Prussian milan ds. (Serbo-Croatian mlje, Gen. mlj Pl. f. ` fluff, underfur, Milchhaar ' is loanword from ngr. Pl.). Page(s): 721 References: WP. II 294.

Meaning: to appear, come up, mountain

mel mel - mlRoot / lemma: me l-8, me l- : ml-

Material: Perhaps Old Indic mai- ` pearl ', maika- m. `round water pot'; gr. `go, renegade ', - ` Auslauf eines Berges, Flusses ', ` cut the plant scions '; come' (Aor.), present , Perf. ; ; - ` traitor,

PN Malontum, etc. (Krahe, Wrzburger Jahrb. 1, 214);

venet. FlN Mal-ont-na ` Maltein ' (Carinthia, region in southern Austria), South Illyrian

Maybe truncated Latin (*mal-ont-na) mns, -tis ` a mountain', Meru `mount in India'. alb. mol `wood, forest' (`mountain forest ') from *mlo-; Geg moje ` high-situated place ' alb. mal `mountain' (*mol-no-); Tosc maj `cusp, peak, acme, apex, summit ' (*moli);

(*ml-i); vorrom. malga ` alpine economy ' (*mal-ik);

Maybe alb. malsi `highland', Illyrian Molossii Illyrian TN n. hill, raised area of land, hummock, knoll, mound ' (*mel-no-) = bret. mell `big ball '; Old Irish Akk. Pl. mailgea (*mal-ik-), Middle Irish Nom. Sg. mala ` eyelash '; mell `clump,

Middle Irish mul `ball, clump' (*molu-), mul-lach ` acme, apex, vertex '; abrit. island name , later Malea Insula (Adamnn), neugael. Muile ` duff, layer of organic material which covers the forest floor ';

boundary ';

Latvian mala f. `edge, bank, border, shore, region'; Lithuanian lg-mala ` height of the

protrude, stick out ', etc.; f.

endure; stall, put off ', molti ` tower, rise higher, stand tall, be of great height, jut, project,

serb. z-molm, iz-mlti ` hervorzeigen ', slov. molti ` hold out, stretch forth, hang on,

References: WP. II 294 f., Jokl L.-k-U. 162, Berneker II 74, J. Loth RC. 44, 293 ff.; 46, 161

Page(s): 721-722 mel ld Root / lemma: me l - (mold -, m ld -) Meaning: elevation; head

h h h h

(*mlod -rs or *m ld rs with Indo Germanic- ) `high aufschieend, high

h h o h

Material: Old Indic mrdhn- m. `head', Avestan ka-mra- ` head of a demon '; gr.

(*meld rom); Old English molda `the top of the head', Old Frisian meldke (*muldi-k); Tocharian A malto ` first '. Page(s): 725 References: WP. II 295.

gewachsen', also `scion, shoot, stalk ' (*mld -tos); ` Stubendecke, roof'

mels lsRoot / lemma: me lsMeaning: to taste Material: Old Irish mlas, nir. blas, cymr. blas, bret. blaz `taste' (*mlasto-, probably from ` tidbit '.

*mlsto-); russ. molst (*mlsati) `suck, gnaw ', Czech mlsati `lick, nibble ', poln. pomoski References: WP. II 300.

Page(s): 725

Meaning: to reproach

mem Root / lemma: me mb h

Material: Gr. `tadle', `reprimand, reproach, accusation '; Gothic bi-

mampjan ` deride, mock '; has Old Irish mebul ` shame', nir. meabhal ` betrayal ', cymr.

Dekl. 261, Anm. 1. Page(s): 725

mefl, corn. meul ds., Celtic -bl- from -mbl-?? For Gothic p compare Specht Indo Germanic

References: WP. II 261 f.

`Gedachtnis, remembrance ', mazdh- m. name of the highest God (*mazd from *mnd t); gr. (secondary present to) , `learn', Doric-Aeolic , Ionian
h h

Material: Old Indic mdh ` wisdom, discernment, reason', Avestan mazd, mazdh- n.

Meaning: to pay attention to; vivacious, wisdom Meaning:

men Root / lemma: me nd h

n., Ionic-Attic ` learning, lesson '; `forehead; '; perhaps creativity for the arts (Greek Mythology)';

(*) ` Muse, any of nine goddesses who are associated with inspiration and Maybe Albanian msoj : Griko Salentino mattnno : Latvian mcties : Lithuanian mokytis ` learn'. alb. mund ` can, win '; Maybe alb. mundoj ` exhaust '. Maybe (*mundi) Muji ` Heracles of Albanians ', mundje ` struggle, defeat '

will, volition', (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), cymr. go-fin(n) `long, want, bid, beg, ask, inquire ', corn. govyn ds.; Gothic mundn ` look up ', mundrei ` purpose ', Old Icelandic munda `aim, strive', Old

cymr. mynnu `want, desire, will', corn. mennaf `I will', mynnes, mynnas `want, desire,

High German muntar ` keen, eager, joyful ', muntar ` eagerness '; Old High German mend `pleasure, joy', menden, Old Saxon mendian ` be glad '; Lithuanian madras, mandrs `alert, awake, smart, minxish, wanton'; Latvian mudrs

and mus ds. (*mandus), mustis `wake up'; Old Bulgarian mdr `wise'. Lithuanian mandrs `alert, smart'.
h

Maybe alb. Geg men(d)-t `brains', alb. mend-im `thought', (*mentsur) menur ` smart ' : Indo Germanic men-d - through compression from *men-d - ` sense, mind ', compare
h

memorize ' (therefrom mzdra- `sensible, smart, wise'). - From gr. - ` : gem-), seems possible. Page(s): 730
h

Old Indic man[*z]-dhtr- `the thinking, the pious ', Avestan mz-d- ` commit to memory,
h

precautionary ' (Doric --) to be closed in Indo Germanic *m-d - besides*men-d - (as g-

References: WP. II 270 f., Trautmann 168 f.

Meaning: to suck (breast), to feed; breast

mend mond mn ndndRoot / lemma: me nd-, mo nd- (mnd-?)

Material: Alb. ment, mnd ` suckle, suck', mezej ` suckle '; mes, mezi m. ` fullness ', mezat `young bull, the young of an animal ', mezore `young cow' (*mondio-), mz ` colt, foal'; Illyrian PN Menda f. `mare', ablaut. PN Mandeta; mandos `small horse', out of it dial.

mannus: (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-) Latin mannus ` a small whom horses were sacrificed '; from Illyrian derives rom. mandius ` fertility, cattle'

Gallic horse, coach-horse, cob '; Messapic Juppiter Menzana (*mendio-no-) ` the God to

infertile cow', Rhineland Minzekalb, Basque mando ` a mule ', etc.); Middle Irish menn

(Rumanian minz ` fertility ', manzat `young cow', Modern High German Tirol Manz, Menz `

(*mendo-), mennn `young animal, calf, fertility ', secondary bennn ` little calf, kid, little

young goat, kid ', bret. menn `young animal', menn gavr `young goat, kid'; (common Celtic loanword?); probably also the Bavarian FlN Mindel; Old High German manzon m. Pl. `teat, udder'; Illyrian gall. mand- could also contain Indo Germanic ablaut mnd-. -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), gall. PN Epo-manduo-durum, brit. PN Mandu-essedum (Illyrian

deer ', nir. binnseach, gael. minnseach `young goat, kid', cymr. mynnan `kid', corn. min ` a

1, 189, 202.

References: WP. II 232, WH. II 29 f., Marstrander ZceltPh. 7, 384 f., Krahe, Wrzburg. Jb.

Page(s): 729 mend nd( om) Root / lemma: me nd , -om Note:

Meaning: defect, flaw, *mental disability

mend nd( om): Root / lemma: me nd , -om : defect, flaw, *mental disability, derived from Root / lemma: Material: Old Indic mind ` body defect ' (for *mand after nind `reprimand'); improve, amend ', whereof mendcus ` beggarly, needy, in want, indigent, poor, paltry, Latin mendum, menda ` a fault, error, blunder ', -mendre ` to free from faults, correct, mend men - : to pay attention to; vivacious, wisdom. Probably taboo word.
h

sorry, pitiful, a beggar, mendicant ' and mendx, -cis ` given to lying, false, mendacious '; grade Old Irish mind `mark, token, sign, feature, characteristic mark or property' (*mndu n.; also in the meaning ` a royal headdress, diadem ' = ` a mark, indication, proof, sign, token, signal ' dass. word), cymr. mann `place', mann geni ` birthmark '. Page(s): 729-730 References: WP. II 270, WH. II 69, J. Loth RC. 44, 362 f. perhaps Old Irish mennar ` a spot, mark, stain ', (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), zero

Root / lemma: men(e) gh-, mon(e) gh-, mnghme n(e)gh- mo n(e)ghgh n(e) gh n(e) gh ghMeaning: abundant, excessive Material: Old Indic magh- n. `gift, present', maghvan(t)- ` rich in gifts, generous '; m. `

donor, giver ', mahat ` gives, makes a donation ', mahiha- ` im hchsten Mae freigebig, beraus reichlich ', mahn ` gladly, willingly'; Old Irish menicc `often, rich, frequent', cymr. mynych ` often, frequently ', corn.

menough ds. (*meneggi-, expressive); Gothic manags, Old High German Old Saxon

mass'; mangr, margr ` many, much, a lot of, friendly '; Old Church Slavic mnog `much, a lot of' (*m nogo-), compare also Lithuanian mini `bulk, mass' (*m ni).
e o

manag, Old English manig, menig `much, a lot of, many ', Old Icelandic mengi n. `bulk,

Page(s): 730

References: WP. II 268 f., Trautmann 189.

men()k n() Root / lemma: me n() k-

Meaning: to knead

with probably apposition also from:) Old Indic mak- `weak, fluctuating '; languid, weak', mek ` blockhead '(*mnk-);

Material: Old Indic mcat, macat ` crushes, betrgt, is minxish, wanton (?)' (Dhtup.; alb. mekem ` make humid, become unconscious, become frozen ', i mekan `faint,

ambiguous ` kneading or dough trough; dough tray; hutch '), Hes.; Old English mengan, Old Saxon mengian, Middle High German mengen, Modern High

combined with Aor. Pass. , to etc., root ma -, see there; in gutturals ma

gr. Ionian (*mnk-i), Attic `push, press, knead, stroke, rub ' (paradigmatic

German mengen (actually ` knead randomly '), Old Saxon gi-mang, Old English (ge)-mang n., Middle High German ge-manc, -ges, Gemenge m. ` mixture, blend '; Lithuanian mnkau, -yti `(dough) knead', mnktas `soft', ablaut. mnkau, -yti (=

Germanic *mangjan), Latvian mct `tread', mksts `soft';

mjki ` the softness of bread ', ablaut. Old Church Slavic mka `meal, flour' (SerboCroatian mka, russ. muk ds.), mka `agony' (Serbo-Croatian mka ds.) etc.; References: WP. II 368, WH. I 508, II 3, 23 f., Trautmann 184 f.

Old Church Slavic mk-k `soft', *mknti ` become soft ', o-m-iti ` soften ', russ.

See also: compare the similar roots mk- and ma-. m k ma Page(s): 730-731

meng ngRoot / lemma: me ngNote: only nominal

Meaning: pretty, beautiful; useful thing (?) Material: Old Indic maj-, majul- ` beautiful, mellifluous', magal- n. `good omen,

slavedealer '), `cheat, deceive, swindle; betray, be disloyal; gull, fool' etc.; Middle Irish meng ` deception, artifice', mengach ` treacherous '; from Modern High person'; Tocharian A mak `blame, fault, error'. German mange derives Old Prussian manga ` whore ', Lithuanian mnga ` naughty

machine for smoothing and ironing cloth '), gr* (out of it Latin mang ` a monger,

etc., Middle High German mange ` catapult ', Modern High German Mange(l) ` mangle,

machine ' etc. (out of it borrowed Latin manganum ` machine ', alb. mang ` hemp-bray '

luck'; osset. mng `deceit'; gr. n. ` magical cure, magic potion; philtre, war

Page(s): 731

References: WP. II 233, WH. II 28 f.

men Root / lemma: me n-1 Meaning: to tower Material: Avestan framanyente (: Latin pr-minre) ` they obtain projection ', mati- (*mti-) ` Latin -mine, -re ` to stand out, project, reach upward ', im-minre ` to project over,

protrusion of mountain range';

lean towards, hang down over, overhang, overarch ', pr-minre ` to stand out, jut, be

words to define: minae ` projecting points, pinnacles ', minor, -r ` to jut forth, project ', minx ` jutting out, projecting, overhanging '; mns, -tis ` a mountain, mount, range of

prominent, overhang, project, extend '; from these compounds are probably -i- consecutive i

jaw, mouth ' as *mto- equatable (out of it Middle Irish mant ` the place of an unusual tooth, gums '); abret. -monid, redirected cymr. mynydd, corn. meneth, bret. menez Irish formna `shoulder'); s. also under menth-2; me nthnth ` tower ';

mountains ' (hybridization from *montos and *mti-); mentum ` the chin ', with cymr. mant `

`mountain' (*moniio-), cymr. gor-fynydd ` ascension, process of ascending ' (formal = Old Old Icelandic mnir `ridge of the roof' (lengthened grade besides Celtic *mniio-), mna

related is probably *mo no - ` nape, neck '. *mono noPage(s): 726 References: WP. II 263, WH. II 73 f., 90, 108 f.

men Root / lemma: me n-2

Meaning: to step, tread over, press

Petro-mantalon ` fourfold road' (= Petru-), Mantalo-magus `Straenfeld', Phrygian PN ; also Middle Irish men f. `meal, flour, dust, powder'; Lithuanian min, mnti

mathru `with Fen treten', bret. mantra ds. (*mntr-), gall.-mantalon (*gestampfter) `way' in

stepping, treading ' (*), Hes., Denom. from a mn-ts `getreten'; cymr.

Material: Old Indic carma-mns Nom. Pl. ` skinner, tanner '; Aeolic ` kicking,

`tread, flax brechen, Felle gerben', Latvian minu, mt `tread, tan, convert hide into leather'; Old Bulgarian *mn, mti ` to press together ', russ. mnu, mjat `break, rupture (flax or hemp), knead, tread (loam, clay), zerknittern, zerknllen';

fluff, underfur ', Hes., Lithuanian mniava ` Flachsseide, Filzgras '. Page(s): 726 References: WP. II 263, Veudryes BSL 38, 113 f., Trautmann 185.

gr. ` moss, Meergras ' (, ` mossy '), , (*F) `soft

men Root / lemma: me n-3

Note: extended men- : mn- and mn-, m ni- : m nme n - mn mn ni n nine e e e e e e e

Meaning: to think, mind; spiritual activity

Material: Old Indic mnyat ` thinks ', Avestan mainyeite ds., ap. mainyhay (Indo
e

Irish -muiniur, Slavic mnj ` mean, indicate ', see below), Old Indic Perf. ma-mn, mn; many-ati `is keen, eager', man-- `keen, eager, godly, pious', man-s ` wisdom,
e e

Germanic *m n-i-o-, = gr. ` bucket, careen, fly, travel at a reckless speed ', Old

mitas, Old Irish dermat);

mntum, participle Perf. mat- ` thought ' (= gr. -, Latin commentus, Lithuanian from the -basis (= gr. -): Old Indic mnt- ` mentions '; mnyt ` it is mentioned '; ); ap. Hax-mani ` von Freundessinn beseelt '; Old Indic mnmancommentor); mni- m. `the eager, seer (compare ), ascetic'; mntra- m. ` religious formula ', Avestan mr ds.; Old Indic su-mn- n. ` goodwill '; Old Indic mat-, mti-, Avestan -maiti- `sense, mind, Old Indic mnas-, Avestan manah- n. `sense, mind' (= gr. ); Old Indic durmans (=

Lithuanian -monis `reason'), Avestan mnayn `one could believe'; Supin. Old Indic

(= Lithuanian men, poln. -mion, Czech -menu); Old Indic mnyati ` honors ', (:

reason; devotion, prayer' (*m ni- : m n-); Old Indic manut ` thinks '; mnati ` mentions '

`sense, mind, thought, notion' (= Old Irish menme); mantr- `thinker' (= gr. , Latin

Indic manti- `think' (= Gothic ana-minds); mntu- ds.; abhi-mti- f. ` pestering, temptation; snare ' (*-mnt-i-); Maybe alb. Geg menu, Tosc mendosh ` to think '.

Latin mns ` the mind, disposition, feeling, character, heart, soul '), next to which also Old

thought, notion, opinion' (= Lithuanian mints, Old Bulgarian pa-mt, Gothic ga-munds,

Armenian i-manam ` understand ' (*m n-mi, compare under Old High German mann); demand ' (preterit-present as Latin memin ` I remember, recollect, think of, am mindful of, gr. (; , with metr. lengthening ) `gedenke, have lust,
e

bear in mind ', unredupl. Gothic man), Imper. Perf. (= Latin mement); - `from sich selber herausdenkend and handelnd'; `bin verzckt, rase' (= mnyat etc.), Aor. , , Perf. ; compare `fury', ` seer ', , `die Verzckte', , - ` frenzied '; from the basis auf -: Perf. (Doric --) `bin eingedenk', present

(Aeolic ) `erinnere', Med. `erinnere myself ', Fut. ; `erinnere

myself ' in hom., ; f. ` remembrance ', `eingedenk',

, Doric `Erinnerungszeichen, grave, monument, tombstone '; n. (= Old Indic mnas-) ` courage, rage, fury'; `have in sense, mind, have vor', `wish', due to eines Subst. *() (compare den woman's name n , and die derivative , ); , Doric `grudge' (*?); compare above S. 693; Maybe alb. Geg mni, Tosc mri ` grudge, revenge ' : Romanian mnie ` anger '; Maybe alb. ze-mrim, zemrim `anger', ze-mr, zemr `heart' similar to poln. msta (arch.), : to exchange. zemsta `vengeance, revenge' (common Slavic alb. ze- prefix) see Root / lemma: mei-t(h)-2 mei-t(h)Also alb. Geg ze-mnuem, Tosc zemruar : Romanian mnios ` angry '; alb. mund, mnd ` can, be able to; may ' (*mn-d -); compare Oscan memnim ` that which brings to mind, a remembrancer, memorial, Latin memin ` I remember, recollect, think of, am mindful of, bear in mind ' (: gr. ;
h

` erinnere mich '; mns, -tis ` the mind, disposition, feeling, character, heart, soul ' (from *mnti-, see above Old Indic mat- etc.) Maybe alb. Geg Pl. men, Tosc mendja ` mind ' a Latin loanword? mitiu), Denom. mentior, -r ` to invent, assert falsely, lie, cheat, deceive, pretend '

monument, memory, remembrance '); from the basis in - (: -i) minscitur ds., comminscor

Latin menti ` a calling to mind, making mention, mentioning, naming, mention ' (= air air(compare Old Prussian mntimai ` we lie', compare z. meaning still commentum ` an

invention, fabrication, pretence, fiction, falsehood ', to participle commentus ` devised, concocted, incorrect '); Kaus. mone ` remind; warn ' (= Lithuanian i-manti, lengthened monumentum ` that which brings to mind, a remembrancer, memorial, monument ', grade Old Indic mnyati), monitor m. ` one who reminds, a monitor, suggester ', invented, feigned, fictitious ', and Lithuanian pra-mantas ` fabricated, invented,

instruct, tell ', etc.;

strom), mn-strre ` to point out, exhibit, make known, indicate, inform, advise, teach,

mnstrum ` a divine omen, supernatural appearance, wonder, miracle, portent ' (*mone-

from -ma and many other compounds; Simplex in ro-mnair ` he has considered ', dia-ruma-) ma muinestar ` fr die er bestimmt hat '; with o-grade (compare mone) abret. guo-monim gl. ` to hold forth, offer, promise '; Old

Old Irish do-moiniur ` believe, mean, indicate ' (= , Old Indic mnyate, with -mo momo

Irish menme (= Old Indic manman-) `ghost, sense, mind'; Old Irish dermat ` oblivion ' (*mnto-), airmitiu (*are-menti) `honor', etc.;

Irish cuman, cuimne (= mcymr. covein) ` remembrance ', cymr. co-f (*kom-men) ds.; Old

commemorate, remember ', munu, mono `intend, mean, aim, become', Old English mon, man ` commemorate ', Old Saxon far-munan (preterit -munsta) ` do not think, deny ';

, memin, ), ga-munan ` sich einer Sache erinnern ', Old Icelandic muna `

Gothic *man, munum (Inf. munan, preterit munda) `mean, believe' (preterit-present as

Gothic schw. V. munan (3. Sg munai, preterit munaida) ` commemorate (to do), ' (munai from *m ni-eti = Old Indic many-ati, compare m n- in:) Old High German firmonn ` despise ' (and Slavic monti, Lithuanian minti, as well as gr. );
e e

desire, love', Old Saxon muni-lk ` mellifluous' (= Old Indic mni-); Gothic ana-minds `

opinion', Old Icelandic munr `sense, mind, desire, lust', Old English myne ` remembrance,

Armenian i-manam ` understand ' from*m nmi); Gothic muns m. `thought, notion,
e

High German mant 3. Sg. = Lithuanian mno `understands', compare reduced grade

o-grade Old High German Old Saxon mann, Old English manian ` urge, remind' (Old

suspicion ' (= Old Indic mant-), ga-mini n. ` keepsake, souvenir, reminder ', Old Icelandic minne ` remembrance ', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old High English ge-mynd, Old High German gi-munt ` keepsake, souvenir, reminder, memory ' (= Old Indic mat- etc.); Lithuanian men (= West Slavic *-men, Old Indic mnati), miti ` commemorate ', German Old Saxon minn(e)a `love, courtly love ' (*minj, *mindj); Gothic ga-munds, Old

skill, ability '; pr-mintas ` named '; Old Prussian mntimai ` we lie';

monis `reason'; Lithuanian mints `thought, notion' (= Old Indic mat- etc.); mnas m. ` art,

mint ds., ablaut. Lithuanian manti ` understand, comprehend '; lengthened grade -

reduced-grade mini, minti ( : Old High German firmont etc.) `ds., mention ', Latvian

', pamt ` memory, recollection '; Tocharian A mnu ` thought, reasoning ', mau `desire'; Hittite me-im-ma-i (memmi) ` says ', whether from *memn- or *men-? compare i i

Old Church Slavic mnj (mnii), mnti `mean', -mnti ` commemorate, remember

Benveniste BSL. 33, 140, Pedersen Hittite 116, Bonfante Lg. 17, 205 ff. Page(s): 726-728

References: WP. II 264 ff., WH. II 65 ff., 68 ff., 107, 109 f., Trautmann 180 f.

men Root / lemma: me n-4

Meaning: small, to diminish

knave, boy, servant'; gr. - Hes., (Hs. ) Hes., , Attic (*F) `thin, lax, sparse ', diss. (= ) Hes.; in addition as ` be isolated ' after Brugmann RhMus. 62, 634 f. (Lithuanian)

Material: u-, uo-stem: Armenian manr, Gen. manu `small, thin, fine', manuk `kid, child,

Note: partly with u-, uo-, partly with k-formant

Hes.; i.e. ` to draw aside, pervert ' and with Diss. possibly Attic `(*

who keep away apart from others ' =) ` der kleine Mann mit beschrnktem Gesichtskreis ';

mn (*mni-) ` smooth, gentle'; menb `small', old Menueh Gen., cymr. di-fanw ` insignificant ', di-fenwi (*mnu-) ` reduce, vilify, scold'. With k-formants: Old Indic mank ` a little, a bit '; Old High German mengen (*mangjan)

o-grade Ionian , Doric , Attic (*F) ` alone, occasionally '; Old Irish

and mangoln `miss', Modern High German mangeln, Middle High German manc (-g-) `lack, disability '; Lithuanian mekas `small, insignificant ', mnk ` codfish, cod-like predatory fish ', etc.; Tocharian menki ` small '; Hittite ma-ni-in-ku-wa-an-te-e Nom. Pl. `short'. anan tePage(s): 728-729 References: WP. II 266 f., WH. II 93.

Root / lemma: men-5 me n

` abide, remain, wait, hold on', Avestan fra-man- ` persist, stand firm '; Armenian mnam `

Material: Old Indic man- (parimamandhi, maman) `hesitate, stand idle ', Avestan ap. man-

men Note: (= me n- `think'?)

Meaning: to stay, stand still

stay, expect ' (*mn-); gr. , () ` stay ', f. ` staying ', `

ainmne, cymr. amynedd, mcymr. anmynedd ` patience ' (*an-meni); Tocharian msk- ` be, exist '; Hittite mi-im-ma-i `refuse'. i Page(s): 729 References: WP. II 267, WH. II 26, Pedersen Hittite 121.

stay, remain, abide, tarry ' (*m nei), Denomin. mantre ` to stay, remain, wait '; Old Irish
e

persisting ', ` donkey ' (`persistent '); Latin mane, -re (compare -) ` to

Meaning: to mix up, stir

menth meth nththRoot / lemma: me nth-1, me thMaterial: Old Indic mnthati, mathnti ` swirls, mixes, stirs, shakes ', mntha- m. ` gyration, mixing spoon ', Avestan mant- ` bestir '; gr. m. ` Schlachtgetmmel ', (*F) f. ` haft of Ruders', Doric Latin (Oscan) mamphur, better manfur ` ein Stck der Drehbank '; Mandelholz ` Rollholz, walzenfrmiges Holz '; Old Icelandic mndull m. ` Drehholz an der Handmhle ', Modern High German Mandel, Lithuanian mentris, -r (Latvian mieturis) `verticil, whorl, group of parts (leaves,

m. ` Metkenkind '; Attic `Frechling', lak. ds.;

flowers, etc.) arranged in a circle, mashing stick, twirling stick ', meni, msti `stir blade, palm, vane, fan, paddle, turner, trowel, float, shovel '; Old Bulgarian mt,

(meal, flour)', Lithuanian ment ` spatula ', met f. ` shoulder-blade, shoulder, chuck,

*s-mtana;

*s-metana (russ. smetna etc.) `cream, milk cream, milk skimmings ', dissimil. from Old Bulgarian motati s ` to set in violent motion, drive onward, move, impel, urge ',

msti ` , to make an uproar, move confusedly, be in disorder ', Iter. mtiti,

russ. mott ` wind up, roll up, shake; waste ', etc. Page(s): 732

References: WP. II 269, WH. II 22 f., Specht KZ 64, 13; 66, 49, Trautmann 181 f.

Meaning: to chew, mouth

menth nthRoot / lemma: me nth-2

Material: Old Indic math- ` devour ':

(from *-, Indo Germanic *mnth-i), ` chew ', f. `mouth' and `

gr. Hes. (compare maked. `meat dish '), ` chew, bite'

mouthful ', `knirsche with den Zhnen', Hes. (probably with from before , from *() ` assumed from Attic , m. ` a female parasite '); e-grade Hes. (*menth-to-); Latin mand, -ere, -i, mansum ` to chew, masticate ' (*m nth); nir. madal `belly, intestines ' (*menth-l or *mnth-l); Old Icelandic ml (*minl), Old Swedish ml ds.; Old Icelandic minna-sk `kiss'; (under the mur, munne, Old English m, Old High German mund `mouth'; or to cymr. mant, see above me n-1. men References: WP. II 270, WH. II 24; Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 253 f. Page(s): 732-733 influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), zero grade Gothic muns, Old Icelandic Old High German mindil, gamindel n. ` set of teeth in the bridle ', Old English ml ds.,
e

mere ghregh Root / lemma: me re ghMeaning: to soak, drizzle Material: Gr. ` wet, rain, flood ', , `rain'; Latvian mergut `gentle

rain', mrga, mrg ` soft rain'; Czech mrholiti `drizzle', mrhulka `fine rain', russ. morgat ` become cloudy ' (*mrgat), moroch, morozg `fine rain' (*morgh-s-), morosit ` fine rain'. Page(s): 738 References: WP. II 280, Trautmann 182.

mere re Root / lemma: me re Meaning: edge, border Material: Npers. marz ` portion of land, region '; Latin marg, -inis ` an edge, brink, border,
e

region ', cymr. corn. bret. bro ` district, region, area ', brogae Galli agrum dicunt (Schol. to

margin ' (*m r-n-, -en-); Old Irish mruig, Middle Irish bruig (*mrogi-) ` portion of land,

Juvenal VIII 234), gall. PN Brogi-mros, VN Allobroges (= urnord. alja-markiR ` foreigner ') ', Old English mearcds., Old Icelandic mrk f. ` border land, wood, forest' (*mor), Old Icelandic landa-mark n., Old English gemearc n. `limit, boundary, border line, abuttal, border' (*morom), probably also Old Norse mark n. ` token, sign, mark ', Middle High

; Gothic marka f. `limit, boundary', Old High German marc(h)a `limit, boundary, border land

German marc(h) n. ` brand, mark, sign ', Modern High German merken (also mark as References: WP. II 283 f., WH. II 39 f. currency, actually probably ` Merkstrich am Gewicht ').

Page(s): 738

Meaning: to boil; to jolt, shake

mer mrd Root / lemma: me rd -, mr Material: Gr. , Attic (*-), Aor. , Ionian - `simmer,
h h

mrdt ` to bubble up ', murdi ` mineral water ', Lithuanian mrdau, -yti ` hineinstoend versenken '. References: WP. II 280.

seethe, roar, flare up; foam, bubble, effervesce, winnow ', ` the boiling '; Latvian

Page(s): 738

mer rRoot / lemma: me r-1

Meaning: to strip off, to wipe

Material: Old Indic mr-a-j-ni (1. Sg. Konj.), mrjata (3. Pl.) `whisk, strip, wipe ' (compare wipe (leaves, fruit)', ` ausdrckend ', ` the waste in pressing olives, dregs wipe, clean; rub; clear, wash; squeeze ' (-- probably from -er under influence of erer of oil ' (out of it Latin amurca ` the waste in pressing olives, dregs of oil '); ` ); s. also under mel-; Armenian merem ` banish, expel '; gr. ` strip,

merg-) Note: (partly also East Indo Germanic merg

consecutive ); Latin mergae, -rum ` a two-pronged pitchfork ', merges, -itis f. ` fascicle, sheaf '. References: WP. II 283, WH. II 76.

Page(s): 738

mer rRoot / lemma: me r-2 Page(s): 738

merkSee also: see below merk-1.

meri Root / lemma: me rio-

Meaning: young man, woman

Material: 1. Old Indic mrya- m. `man, young man, lover, suitor ', maryak- m. ` young man vowel of the 2. syllable probably after ); alb. shemr f. `concubine, mistress,
e

' (= Middle Persian mrak), gr. m. f. `knave, boy, girl', `knave, boy' (the

female rival' (*sm-m r), compare mrkosh ` young man, husband, couvade ',

perhaps also martoj `I wed ' (*mr-tonj), Jokl L.-k U. 5 ff.; (Latin loaword) Romagnolo marid : Romanian a mrita ` marry ' ;

Latin maritare > Italian maritare : French marier : Albanian martoj : Bresciano marid : Albanian martesa : Bresciano marids : Cal romandio ; romandinipn ` wedding '; conjugal, nuptial, marriage '. a fem. *m r `young woman' can be in Latin mar-tus ` of marriage, matrimonial, 2. With g-formant: Lithuanian merg, Old Prussian mergo `girl, maidservant, bondmaid ';
e

maid-servant, handmaid ', cymr. mor-forwyn ` mermaid, siren ' (from Brit. derives Old Irish muir- moru ds.). 3. Auf -t: Lithuanian mart `bride, virgin, maiden ', Old Prussian mrtin Akk. Sg. `bride',

Celtic *morign, acorn. moroin ` a maid, maiden, virgin, a female child, girl, maiden, lass, a

cymr. merch, bret. merc'h, corn. myrgh `daughter, woman'; with -gn- behind formant i:

presumably also with brit. -ch- from -kk- (consonant- doubling in nickname of affection):

Latvian mra ` brother's wife ', Crimean Gothic marzus ` a marriage, wedding, nuptials ' of Artemis.

(i.e. marus? or from *marjs sibilant), gr. probably (?) in , the Cretan name

Page(s): 738-739

References: WP. II 281, WH. II 40 f., Trautmann 170.

Meaning: to rot

merk mer merk- mer rkrRoot / lemma: me rk-1, me r-, me rk-, me rmer merk rkNote: originally = (me r-), me rk- ` chafe ' (see 737). me

withered, wilted ', marcor ` a withering, decay, rottenness, faintness, languor, indolence '; gall. bracis ` variety of grain for the malt preparation '; Middle Irish mraich, braich, cymr. wellt ` marshy grass '; gall. mercasius `swamp, marsh', Old French marchais; gall. corn. brag ` malt ', gallorom. *bracu- (*mraku-) `morass' (: Slavic *morky ds.), cymr. bragembrekton ` soaked morsel ' (out of it Latin imbractum); Middle Irish brn, cymr. braen Middle Low German meren ``bread dunk into wine or water ' (*merhen), Lithuanian merki, (*mrakno-) ` rotten, decayed, decomposed; brittle, faul'; Middle High German mer(e)n,

Material: Latin marce, -re ` to be faint, droop, be feeble, be languid ', marcidus `

merkti `soak, sodden, steep, drizzle, wink ', ablaut. mirkst, mirkti ` soak, sodden ', markti immerse in a liquid '; klr. morokv `morass' (reshuffling from *morky), wruss. mjara ds. (*merki). ` steep ', mark ` Flachsrste ', Latvian marks ds., mrka ` dampness ', mrct ` dip,

mermer merg rgme r- in same meaning (compare S. 736 me r-, me rg ` chafe '): r meirc (nir. meirg) ` rust ', mergach ` corrugated ' (*mergi-); nir. meirgeall ` scabrousness ', cymr. merydd `humid, wet, idle'; merddwfr ` ckish water, briny water, salted water ', abret. mergidhaam ` grow blunt, dull, dim, faint ' (bret. mergl ` rot, rust ' is Irish loanword); Middle Alb. mardhem ` shiver, shudder ', marth m. ` strong frost' (= Slavic *morz); Old Irish

nisl. morkinn ` rotten, brittle from decay ', Old Icelandic morkna ` become rotten, decayed, decomposed; brittle '; Bulgarian mrzel ` idleness ', Old Church Slavic mrzit (*mirti) ` ', slov. mrziti ` disgust ' (basis *mer-); Maybe alb. mrzit ` bother ' a Slavic loanword. Dutch broek; with it is as ` cold as a result of moisture ' or as ` goose bumps ' (compare morz (likewise intonation the heavy basis) `frost'. Page(s): 739-740 compare Old High German bruoh ` quagmire, swamp, marsh', Middle Low German brk, Old Irish meirc `wrinkle') identical Old Church Slavic po-mrznti ` freeze ', mraz, russ.

High German murc ` rotten, decayed, decomposed; brittle, wilted; faded, flaccid, withered ',

References: WP. II 281 f., WH. II 36 f., 129, Trautmann 182, 187.

Meaning: sullen

merk mork rkrkRoot / lemma: me rk-2, mo rkMaterial: Corn. moreth ` anger, irritation, distress ', bret. morc'het ` worry, mishap,

Page(s): 740

mer-), See also: relationship to (mer merk- ` chafe, consume' (see 737) probably. mer merk-

References: WP. II 282.

Lithuanian markatnus `sullen' and wruss. markoci ` make sullen ', markotn ` boring ').

misfortune '; poln. markot ` growl, growl', markotny ` querulous, sullen ' (out of it

merk Root / lemma: me rkMaterial: Old Indic mrti ` touches, fingers ', gr. , ` heavy to behandeln' Hes., , Hes.: Maybe alb. (*perk) prek ` touch, finger '. Meaning: to grab

robber '; through metathesis: ` gripe ', , Hes.;

besides through assimilation from *markt: gr. , ` gripe ', `

amirikum ` trade, traffic, commerce '. Page(s): Page(s): 739 References: WP. II 283, WH. II 78 f.

hire, pay wages, salary, fee, reward ', mercr ` trade ', Oscan amiricadut ` massive trade ',

doubtful is affiliation to Latin merx ` goods, merchandise, ware ', mercs, -dis ` price,

Meaning: to plait, bind; rope

mer Root / lemma: me r-1

meregh merghreghNote: extended me regh-, me rgh-

Material: Gr. , - f. ` filament '; lengthened grade `wickle together,

wickle auf', ` filament, cord' ( Plato with secondary -), is assumed, basket for holding fish after they have been caught '.

Theokrit 1, 29 Hyperdorismus; Old Swedish meri, Old Icelandic mer `fish-creel, meregh- merghme regh-, me rgh-: gr. (*) m. `rope, loop, noose, snare, stitch ', Demin. regh

Latvian merga, ablaut. marga `handrail', perhaps Lithuanian mrka ` linen, fishing net', whether from *morgh-ska; Old Church Slavic mra `net, loop, noose, snare ', russ. merga ` texture, netting, embroidery '), serb. mra `net'. Page(s): 733 References: WP. II 272 f., Trautmann 182.

f., `basket of bark' (from *?); Middle Irish braige, braga `captive';

mera ` net bag ', Demin. merka ` stitch in the net, fine pattern ' (out of it backformation

Meaning: to shimmer, shine

mer Root / lemma: me r-2

Material: Old Indic mrci-, marc `beam of light, mirage ' (mar-: gr. , ); Hundsstern'; ` sparkle ', ` radiance, sparkle ' (-- through metrical gr. , `shimmer', :- ` Glutkohle ', `the funkelnde

sparkle ', probably from a basis meru-; perhaps f. `shape, (*glimmering) outward ds.); appearance ' (*mor-b ), - Hes., ` swart ' (rhyme word to
h

lengthening, compare:) ` radiance, quick movement ', (*-ki) `

Latin merus ` pure, unmixed, unadulterated ', probably originally `clear, bright, bright';

Icelandic mura f. ` Silberkraut ';

Old English -merian ` purify; examine, try, test ', Old English mare f., ablaut. Old russ. dial. mar ` blazing heat (of the sun); sleep', mrevo ` the heat from which the air

is cloudily white; Hhenrauch, mirage ' (*mreuom) ; with *mr- klr. mryj ` misty, dusky, dank, musty ', mrju, mrty `shimmer, dawn, become misty ';

unadulterated ', as well as gr. () `a certain small fish'. guttural extensions:

doubtful Middle Irish br ` trout ' as previous Fem. *mr to Latin merus ` pure, unmixed,

mer()k me r() k- ` shimmer, the eyes shimmer; darken ', also of `twilight'. r() braith ds., corn. bruit ` variegated, party-colored, mottled ', bret. briz ` marked, stained ', fish ' (Marstrander ZceltPh. 7, 373 f. under apposition from :) isl. murta `small trout ', Norwegian mort ` roach, cockroach '; Gothic margins ` morning ', Old Icelandic myrginn, morg-inn, -unn, Old English Old Irish mrecht- ` spotted ' (*mrkto- `varicolored'), nir. breachtach ds., ncymr. brith, f.

cymr. brithyll ` trout ', corn. breithil ` mugil ', bret. brezel ` mackerel, edible North Atlantic

mergen, morgen, Old Saxon Old High German morgan ` morning '. -marka ` one who blinks ', marksta, -ti `blink';

Lithuanian mrk-iu, -ti ` close the eyes, blink ', mrks-iu, -ti ` perpetually blink ', ablaut.

become dark ', Old Church Slavic nemremyj ` impenetrable ', Old Czech mrkati ` dawn slovak. mrk `cloud', klr. smerk `dusk, twilight', ablaut. Slavic *mork in Old Church Slavic perceptions, apparition; wicked ghost', Bulgarian mrzgav ` cloudy, unfriendly (of root final sound through distant assimilation), Czech dial. midti se ` dawn '; mer()g me r() g-: r() common Illyrian g- > b-. Gr. `dark' (Aeolic for ); alb. mje(r)gul, mjegull ` fog, darkness ' Note: mrak ` darkness', russ. mrok ` darkness, fog, clouds'; russ. mrek ` imaginary ', Czech `blink, drowse, become dim '; in addition Slavic *mrk in serb. mk `black',

Slavic *mrknoti in Old Church Slavic mrknoti ` darken ', Aor. po-mre, serb. mknuti `

weather)', mrd, mrt ` become murky, dim', mrdolj ` twinkle, glimmer ' (voiced

Note: alb. mje(r)gul ` fog, darkness ' : Saami mierk ` fog '.

Saxon mirki, Old English mierce `dark';

Old Icelandic myrkr (*mirkwa-), acc. myrkvan `dark', mjrkvi, myrkvi m. ` darkness ', Old Lithuanian mrgu, -ti `flicker', Latvian mirdzt `flicker, blink, glitter, flash', mirgas `

marga ` shimmer ', mrgi ` imaginary image, aurora borealis, northern lights, display of colored lights in the sky '; russ. morgat `blink, wave, beckon'; mrgyati `hunts, scuds, chases')? Page(s): 734 perhaps here the family of Old Indic mrg- ` gazelle ' etc. as ` dappled animal' (whereof

sudden blinking ', Lithuanian mrgas `varicolored', marguoti ` gleam brightly ', Latvian

References: WP. II 273 ff., WH. II 78, Trautmann 182 f.

Meaning: to blacken, dark spot

mer- mor-(u)Root / lemma: (mer-3), mor-(u)mer Material: Gr. `', ` (rauch)geschwrzt '; Lithuanian mora

Pl. ` mildew '; russ. marju, -t `smear, slander', marka ` stain, taint ', Czech morous ` ash-colored striped cow ', morat ` black striped ', poln. morus ` sloven, untidy or dirty Hes. (` schmutziggelb '). Hes., perhaps also with s-

person '; n-stem in poln. morg `with colourful stripes ' ; here also gr.

extension Armenian mayl ` darkness, fog, cloud; dim, dark' (*muayl due to from *mor-sobathe, wallow '. Page(s): 734

), maaxul `thick vapor, darkness' (mrso-) and Lithuanian mrinu `besmirch', mr(k)linu `

References: WP. II 279 f., Trautmann 169, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 119.

mer- mer Root / lemma: mer-4, merMeaning: to die merNote: (= mer-5 ` become faded ')

Material: Old Indic marati, mrat `dies', Armenian meanim `die', gr. ` died ' Hes. mryati ` slays ', osset. mryn `slay', Lithuanian marnti, serb. mriti ds., etc.; zero grade Latin morior (*mr-ir) `I die, expire '; Balto-Slavic *mir- in Lithuanian mrtu, mirti `die',
i i

(compare Lithuanian mris m., mre f. `death', mrdti `be dying'); causative Old Indic

Old Indic mriyt `dies', Avestan miryeite (= m rye t) ds., Old pers. a-mariyat `he died ',

death '); Old Church Slavic mr, mrti and -mrti ds., Hittite me-ir-ta (mert) ` died '.

Latvian mirstu, mirt ds. (in addition Lithuanian mr `the dead ', Latvian mirjs m. ` dying,

`person' (`mortal, human being'), Latin Morta, `Death goddess', Balto-Slavic *mirta- ` dead mrtije n. `death', etc.; n-mr-to- `immortal, living ' in Old Indic amrta-, Avestan am-, gr. to (Aeolic for ), therefrom ` belonging to the immortal '; from gore, coagulated blood ' (M. Leumann, Homer. Wrter 126 ff.). abstracted ` perishable ' and ` blood that has run from a wound, mr-t-m `death' in Old Indic mrt- n. `death', Old High German mord, Old English Old t' in Lithuanian mirtji dien ` anniversary of somebody's death ', Old Church Slavic u-

participle mr-t- ` dead ' in Old Indic mrt- = Avestan mrta- ` dead ', Armenian mard t-

Icelandic mor n. `murder' (besides *mr-tro-m in Gothic maurr n., Old English moror n. `murder'). mr-ti- `death' in Old Indic mrti-, Avestan mrti-, Latin mors, -tis, Lithuanian mirts, Old ti-

Church Slavic s-mrt (from *-mrt), serb. smt, etc.

Maybe alb. mort `funeral', mortje `death' a Latin loanword. Avestan mryu- ds. mr-t `death' in Armenian mah, older marh; with -ti- contaminated: Old Indic mrty-, mr tomr-to- ` perishable ' in Old Indic mrta-, Avestan maa- `person', with sound change

marta- ` perishable, mortal, human being', gr. `person, mortal, human being' Hes. (for *); derived *mor-tio- in Old Indic martya-, Avestan maya-, Old pers. martiya- ` perishable, mortal, human being'.

gall. (?) Mori-marusa ` mortuum mare '; through influence of mr-tu- to *mr-tu-o- in Latin mortuus ` dead ', Old Church Slavic mrtv (mrtv) ds. mor ds.

mr-u- ` dead ' in Old Irish marb, cymr. etc. marw, gall. *marvos (M.-L. 5387a); unclear

mromro-s `death' in Old Indic mra- `death', Lithuanian mras ` plague ', Old Church Slavic ro After Thieme Studien 55 here (?) gr. (*-), -, hom. ` witness,

testifier ' (` Schwrender ') from *mrt-tur- (??) `the griping death ' (root tuer- `catch'). erer Page(s): 735 References: WP. II 276, WH. 112 f., Trautmann 186 f., Thieme Studien 15 ff.

Root / lemma: mer-5, mermer- mer

Meaning: to rub, wipe; to pack, rob

mer- mer Root / lemma: mer-5, mer- : to rub, wipe; to pack, rob, derived from extended Root / mrlemma: m -1 : to beckon with the hand; to deceive + with formants -r-: Material: Old Indic mrti, mrati ` robs ', -mar-tr- ` robber ', mrat ` robbed ', mal-mlurather to mel also mar- m. `sand, desert, waste, wasteland, rock'; mel-1; ` robber'; but mrti ` crushes, smashes ', mr- ` crushed, damaged, faded ' belong gr. ` rub, wipe, consume, weaken', Pass. ` verzehre myself, verschwinde

Note:

allmhlich, ermatte ', ` Hinschwinden, Krfteverfall '; ` fight '; stone, marble ' (out of it Latin marmor);

` stone, boulder ' (compare Latin rps : rump), later (after ) `white Latin mortrium `mortar' (due to from *mr-ts ` pulverized, ground into fine particles;
h

crushed '); about mortum ` a rustic dish made of garlic, rue, vinegar, oil ' s. WH. II 112;

morbus ` a sickness, disease, disorder, distemper, ailment, illness, malady ' (*mor-b os); ui-); Middle Irish meirle f. ` robbery, theft ', meirlech ` robber '; Old Irish mrath ` betrayal ', Old Icelandic merja (preterit mara) `hit, grind '; Old High German maro, marawi and Old Irish meirb ` inanimate, lifeless ', Middle Irish meirb, cymr. merw `slack, weak' (mer-

cymr. brad ds. (*mr-to-) to Old Irish*marnaid ` betrays ', subjunctive -mera;

decomposed; brittle '; nisl. mor n. `dust, powder', Old Swedish mor ` crumbly mass, offal'; gnaw, crumble '; serb. mva ` crumbs '; Old Bulgarian iz-mrmrati `roden', Old Russian -moromradi ` Hittite marriattari ` it is shattered '. head and torso and a snake's body (Classical Mythology) ', actually ` evil queen ' mor f. ` goblin ': Old Irish mor-(r)gain `lamia, mythological monster having a woman's

tender', Old Icelandic morna ` wither ', Norwegian moren, maren ` rotten, decayed,

mur(u)wi ` friable, tender, mature, ripe, mellow, seasoned ', Old English mearo ` friable,

English mare (Modern High German Mahr, Nachtmahr m.) ` the supernatural female being mora ` goblin, ghost' etc.

(mrrgain supported in mr `big, large'), Old Icelandic mara, Old High German mara, Old

which sits down on one's breast at night ', Serbo-Croatian-Church Slavic mora ` witch ', klr. Maybe alb. (k-mer) kmer, (t-merr) tmerr, mner, mer ` horror ' a Slavic loanword : Polish koszmar ` horror ' < russ.-Church Slavic mara ` emotion, strong feeling ', poln. mara `

deception ', etc.; See Root / lemma: m -1 : to beckon with the hand; to deceive + with mformants -r-: rmermer-g-: oppressive, gnawing (of hunger) '; s. further under (merk-), merg- ` rotten, decayed ' etc., mermer-d-: Avestan 3. Sg. mrndat (= mrnd-) ` destroys ' (these Aryan words also are carried in Indo through influence of mrti (see above S. 735); Armenian mart `fight, struggle'; darken', Hes.; to Aor. neologism ; Middle High German murz `stump', Swiss murz, morz `small shred'; gr. Hes. (*mrd-); `rob' and ` blind, East Frisian murt ` crumbly mass, dust, powder', Low German murten ` decompose ', Old Indic mrdnti (mrdnta-, mrdit-), mrdati, mardyati ` grinds, crushes, rubs ', Middle Low German morken `crush', Old English murc(n)ian ` grieve ', murc `

Germanic meld s. mel Old Indic mrdnti perhaps instead of *mrtti (*mr-n-ed-ti) meld-, mel-1;

mrdmi, mrdiu `die', that based on do- or d o-present to *mer- `die', as also mer d- `rub' mer-d would go back to do-present; is placed Latvian mrdt likewise to mer `die'?); merfrom feelings and sensations of taste; compare the s-forms: `ache', smerzo `pain', Middle Low German smerten, Low German Dutch smarten, Old gr. , `terrible, dreadful' (`*attritional '), Old High German smerzan Latin morde, -re, momord ` to bite, bite into ' (= Old Indic mardyati, mamrd), also
h

Latvian mrdt ` let starve ' (latter meaning closer to Lithuanian mrdti, present

smerdsmerd- `stink'. mermer-k-:

English smeortan `ache', engl. smart `biting, sharp, witty ' and ` nice, dainty'; compare also

hurts, disables', mark- m. ` dying, death' = Avestan mahrka- `death', conservative stem

Old Indic marcyati ` endangers, injures, hurts, disables, damages ', mrkt- `injures,

Old Indic Instr. Sg. mrc-, Avestan mrx `ruin, destruction ', Avestan mrnaiti `injures, hurts, disables, destructs '; Armenian mor ` young, tender' (*morkio-); perhaps alb. morr `louse' (*mrko- ` the scratching '? compare ds.: ); Maybe alb. (*bdr ) morri `louse' : gr. ds.: : modern Greek : Basque (*) zorri ` louse '. Note: mer mer- : to rub, wipe; to pack, rob, common Illyrian gh- > b. High German morgen `slack'. It seems that from Root / lemma: gher- : to run, flow, derived Root / lemma: mer-5, hermer-

Latin murcus `mutilated' (out of it sizil. ` dumb ') and murcidus `idle, slack'; Middle With anl. s- Lithuanian smerkti ` condemn, censure, blame, reprobate, reprehend,

declaim, deplore, sit in judgement ', smarks `cruel, savage', pa-smerkti `spoil', Modern High German dial. schmorgen ` starve, suffer '. Here (as ` chaff ') Old English mearg ` sausage ' = Old Icelandic mrr `ds., intestinal fat '

(*marhu-), redupl. gr. ` blood sausage '; Hittite mar-kn-zi ` cut up '. see also merk `sullen' and 1. merk ` rotten, blight etc.'. merk-2 merkmermer-s-: Old Indic maam, mam kar- ` pulverize ', mai-, ma ` powder ';

morsen, mrsen ` crunch, shove ', Middle High German Low German mursch, murs, Modern High German morsch, Dutch morzelen ` grind '. References: WP. II 276 ff., WH. 42, 110 ff.; Page(s): Page(s): 735-737

High German zermrsen `crush, squeeze hard, squash ', md. zermorschen ds., Swiss

Old High German morsri `mortar' (reshaped from Latin mortrium, s. S. 736), Middle

See also: identical with mer-4.

mer- merRoot / lemma: mer-6, mer-s-

Meaning: to bother, anger, etc..

Esquisse 40); Gothic marzjan `anger', Old English mierran, Old Saxon merrian, Old
2

`free, wrong ', Kaus. marayati ` suffers, forgives '; Armenian moanam `forget' (Meillet, Frisian meria, Old High German marren, merren `hinder, disturb, bother'; Old English -

Material: Old Indic mryate ` forgets, neglects, forgives ', mara- m. ` patience ', mr

addition mars ` forgetful ', Latvian iz-mra f. `forgetfulness'; Lithuanian mirt, mirti make forget '.

mierran `spoil', Old Frisian mre `band, strap, manacle'; Lithuanian maras ` oblivion ', in

(only with u-, pa-) and Latvian iz-mrstu, iz-mrst `forgotten', Lithuanian Kaus. marnti `

Page(s): 737-738

References: WP. II 279, Trautmann 187.

metRoot / lemma: metPage(s): 741

m-2 m-3. See also: see above S. 703 f. under m and m

meugRoot / lemma: meug-1

Material: Latin muger ` der Falschspieler beim Wrfelspiel ' (*mug-ro-s ` lurking '); lurk secretly, attack ', Middle High German vermchen ` heimlich auf die Seite schaffen ', late-Old High German mhhilri (to *mchiln), Modern High German Meuchler, Middle High German miuchel ` secret ', Old High German mh-heimo ` cricket, leaping insect concealed ', Middle English micher `thief', engl. dial. to mich `hidden, concealed sein, steal'. which is related to the grasshopper ', ablaut. Middle High German mocken ` lie hidden, Old High German mhhari, mhh(e)o ` highwayman, mugger, footpad, thief ', muhhn `

Meaning: to take by surprise, wily

Maybe alb. mih ` dig, hoe '. References: WP. II 255, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 137; probably to Folgendem. Page(s): 743-744

Meaning: to slide, slip

Root / lemma: meug-2, meukmeug- meuk-

Note: also with anlaut. s-

Material: A. Latin mcus `mucus', mcor ` mildew ', -mung, -ere ` to wipe the nose, blow the nose, to cheat, swindle '; mgil m. ` mullet ';

Maybe alb. myku ` fungus ' a Latin loanword.

cheat, deceive, swindle; betray, be disloyal; gull, fool', - ` the blowing one's nose ' (: Latin -muncti), `nose, nostril '. Maybe Greek (s) `nose, nostril ' > Basque (*smuktor) sudur ` nose' : Albanian (*smukta) hund, hunda ` nose', hundor ` nasal'. gr. `mucus, nose' (based on *-- `slimy', as also:) , , `

gr. - ` blowing one's nose, clear one's nasal passages by forcible exhalation;

fungus ';

Hes. (*--), , ` unsoiled; untainted, pure, holy'; , - ` cymr. mign (*mkino-) `swamp, marsh';

mullet ' (also with anl. s-, as by Hes. also , ),

with anl. s- gael. smc, smug `snot' (expressive); Middle Irish mocht `soft', cymr. mwyth ds. (*muk-to-); Old Icelandic mygla f. ` mildew ', mugga `fine rain', Middle English mugen ` become

foggy ', Modern High German dial. maugel `foggy, cloudy, dim, hazy', Old English formogod ` decayed '; with Indo Germanic g: Old Icelandic mykr and myki f. (*muk) `

of it engl. meek) `soft', changing through ablaut Gothic mka-mdei ` gentleness, softness, rotten, decayed, decomposed; brittle, faint, languid, hungry' (as Swiss mucht `faint, *mauk in prov. mauca ` intestines '; marsh '; kindness ', mnl. muik `soft', Modern High German dial. maukig ` decayed ', Swiss mauch ` languid, hungry'); Middle High German mche ` quittor, infection of the hoof ', Gothic Latvian mukls, muklans ` fenny, boggy, marshy ', mku (*munku), mukt ` sink into a

manure', Middle High German mucheln, mcheln ` moldy smell', Old Icelandic mjkr (out

Serbo-Croatian mukljiv `humid, wet'. dissolution, disintegration, release, abandonment '; Avestan fra-muxti- ` loosening '; B. Old Indic *munkti, mucti, mucti ` releases, allows to loose', mkti- ` lysis,

compare Old Indic muhate ` flees ', Old pers. amu(n)a ` he fled ' from *mu-n-eth-mi; (and ` sink into a marsh ' see above); Lithuanian (s)makti ` wander stealthily ', Latvian maukt ` strip, wipe ', Lithuanian (s)munk, (s)mkti ` sink sliding, slip '; Lithuanian munk, mkti ` escape; to get away ' = Latvian mku, mukt ` get free, flee'

stumble, glide, slide, strip, wipe '), russ.-Church Slavic mknuti sja ` go over, go across, cross over, pass over, pass by, pass ', Old Church Slavic mati (mk-) ` throw, cast, hurl ', etc.

Church Slavic Refl. smy, smykati s ` grovel, truckle, creep ' (modern Slavic also ` slip,

Slavic *(s)mknti ` slip, slide' in Czech smeknouti ` withdraw from, take away ', Old

(*muxam) ` stick in, stick into, put in, dive, bathe ', mux `dyeing', mxim ` enrare, insinuarsi, ingolfarsi ', at first to gr. m. ` internal angle ' (perhaps `*hiding place, nook, bolthole'), ` innermost, inmost, located farthest within '. Auf (s)meugh- based on the Germanic family: (s)meughstumble, grovel, truckle, creep ', Middle High German smiegen ` crouch ', Modern High Old Icelandic smjga ` creep into or crawl through ', Old English smgan ` slip, slide;

A root form meukh- with the specific meaning ` slip into ' probably in Armenian mxem meukh-

German schmiegen, Kaus. Old Icelandic smeygia ` nestle, cuddle, snuggle, lure, tempt ', Middle High German sich smougen ` crouch ', Old English smag `smart, sharp witted, shrewd', smagan `think, seek ', smagol `narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin ', Old Icelandic smuga f. ` loop hole; hiding place ', further Swedish i mjugg, Norwegian i mugg ` furtive '. smughandel ` illicit trade ', ndd. smuggeln, Modern High German (out of it) schmuggeln mogelen, muggelen ` heimliches, betrgerisches Spiel treiben '; with Germanic k(k): with s- Danish Norwegian i smug, Dutch ter smuig (ter smuik) ds., Danish Norwegian

(with kl Dutch smokkelen ds.); probably also Modern High German mogeln, Low German

nibble '; in the meaning ` nestle, cuddle, snuggle' Middle High German smuck ` nestlling Old High German smocco; Old English smock `shirt', Old Icelandic smokkr m. ` German gesmcket ` slim ';

Norwegian dial. smokla, smukla `lurk, creep forward ', Swiss schmauchen ` steal secretly, up, jewellery', smcken, Middle Low German smucken ` nestle, snuggle, apparel, adorn', Frauenbrustlatz ', Middle Low German smuk (-ck-) ` sleek, smart, neat ', Middle High -g- or -gh- in Latvian smaugs ` slim ', Lithuanian smugti ` throttle, strangle ', Latvian

smudi, smdzi ` mosquito, small fly ', poln. smug, smuga (besides smuk) ` defile, narrow passage between mountains, bottleneck, narrow stripe '. 129. References: WP. II 253 ff., WH. I 402 f., Trautmann 189 f., 271, Kuiper Nasalprs. 124 f., Page(s): 744-745

Meaning: to scratch, tear

Root / lemma: meuk-

Material: Gr. , Hes., , Attic ` split, scratch ', `crack, scratch ', etc.; Latin mucr ` a sharp point, edge, sword's point '; perhaps to Old English ge-myscan `plague, deform' (*muhskjan) and Lithuanian mti `hit'; perhaps also Old Indic mut f., Avestan muti- `fist'? Page(s): 745 References: WP. II 255, WH. II 117 f.

meuRoot / lemma: meu-1, meu- : mMeaning: wet; dirt; to wash, etc.. German modder etc.); Material: A. Old Indic mtra- n. `urine', Avestan mra- n. ` filth, smut' (: Middle Low

Maybe alb. mut, mutra (pl) 'excrement, dirt' Armenian -moyn `wash in the pot' (*mou-no-); gr. Cypriot `be washed', Hes. (*m-dlo-); Middle Irish mn m. `urine'; mr `slime, mud'; made clean '); perhaps (?) Dutch mooi, mnl. moy, Low German moi(e) `beautiful' (*mou-io- ` washed, Latvian mat ` submerge, swim, swig ', Old Prussian aumsnan ` wash, cleansing ',

mustyti ds.; Latvian mudt `soft, become moldy ';

causative (Iterat.) Lithuanian mudyti, Latvian maudt ` bathe somebody ', Lithuanian

Old Bulgarian myj, myti `wash, rinse ', mylo (proto Slavic. Czech etc. mdlo-) ` soap '; Maybe alb. Geg myt, Tosc mbyt ` drown, strangle ' a Slavic loanword? sloven '; with. anl. s- Latvian smalis ` ein schmutzig gewordener ', smult ` befoul ', smulis `a

with r-suffix, respectively r-extension see below;

poln. klr. mu `slime, mud', russ. dial. mlit (vdu) `(water) go cloudy ' (mou-lo-); forms

(of women), the world, earth, inhabitants of the earth, mankind ' (after gr. ); B. extensions: 1. meu-d-; mud-ro- `alert, awake, smart' (compare `humid, wet-cheerful'). meu- mud-ro-

also Latin mundus ` clean, cleanly, nice, neat, elegant, toilet ornament, decoration, dress

from *mu-n-d-os (-d- to root extension meu-d-) in the meaning ` washed, made clean '

distasteful', Old Indic mud-, mud `lust, pleasure, joy', mudr- ` funny ';

Indic mudita `blithe, glad', Avestan a-hmusta- (*a-sam-musta-) ` disgusting, unsavory,

mda- m., mdana- n. `lust, cheerfulness ', Avestan maoan-karana- ` causing lust ', Old

Old Indic mudir- m. `cloud', lex. also `frog'; in addition Old Indic mdat `is funny',

`humid, wet' (hom. : through metr. lengthening, whereupon newer ` irrigate '); Latin mundus (see above meu-); Middle Irish muad (*moudo-) `pure, stout, proud'; Swedish dial. muta ` fine rain', Dutch mot `fine rain'; Middle Low German mten ` wash the face ', Old High German muzzan `clean',

gr. w (*mudi) `suck', m. ` damp, decay ', `be humid, wet, decayed ',

with anl. s- engl. smut ` smirch, stain, splotch ', Middle High German smuz, Modern High German Schmutz, Middle English smotten, smoteren ` befoul '; Lithuanian mudrs, Latvian mudrs `alert, awake, smart' (: Old Indic mudr-), Lithuanian

mdrinti, Latvian mudt ` set in motion '.

From in -es-stem m(e)udes- have derived: esm(e)udes(*) n. ` maculation, blemish'; ` dishonorable '; Old Irish mossach `impure, ` drool, drivel, slaver ', musljk ` dribbler, unclean person'. Maybe alb. musht `must, new wine' a Latin loanword. 2. meug-, meuk- ` slippery ' see below esp. headword. meug- meukLatin mustus (*muds-to-s) ` young, new, fresh ' (originally `damp, humid, wet'); gr.

unclean' (*mud-s-ko-), cymr. mws, bret. mous ds.; ndd. mussig `dirty, filthy'; russ. mslit

3. meu-r(o)- etc.: meu-r(o)(*), ` let flow, weep, cry', - ` flowing to the sea '; whether here Armenian mr `smut, swamp, marsh' (*mu-ri-?), mrur ` deposit ' (*murur); gr.

mars m. `lawn', Lithuanian muras `slime, mud', ablaut. mras m. `smut', Latvian murt ` dark grey ', etc.; compare S. 741 Middle Irish mr `slime, mud'.

murstu, mrti ` become soppy ', m. Pl. maura ` duckweed, stemless water plant ', Latvian

` eternal, infinite, endless ', `10.000'? Latin muria ` brine, pickle '? Lithuanian

befoul '; russ. mur m. murva f. ` oat-grass, false oat, tall oatgrass ', dial. ` mildew ', mryj ` 4. meus-, muss, from which ms, muss, root nouns ` moss, mildew '. meus- muss, muss,

f. (*meuz--) `moor, fen, swamp, marsh'; Lithuanian msa m. Pl. ` mould on sour milk ',

zero grade Old High German mios, Old English mos ` moss, swamp ', Old Icelandic myr-r ablaut. msos f. Pl.; Old Bulgarian mch ` moss ' (*musos), Modern Bulgarian muchl ` rouge; in gen., paint, dye of any color; bee-glue, alga, muscus, layer ' (*memus-ro-).

Old High German Old English mos n. ` moss, swamp, marsh', Old Icelandic mosi m. ds.,

mildew '; in addition presumably Armenian mamur ` red or purple dye; red or purple color; 5. With formant guttural: Latin muscus m. ` moss '; Norwegian dial. musk `dust, powder,

Church Slavic; muzga (*mouz-g) ` brine, pond ', russ. mzgnut `spoil', mozgnut ` peak, ', moit ` steep '.

fine rain, darkness', Danish dial. musk ` mildew ', Middle Dutch mosch, mosse ds.; Old

become thin ', Old Bulgarian mditi ` dull, exhaust, weaken ', russ. mozg ` rainy weather

Maybe alb. muzgu `darkness, dusk' from Russian: muzga (dial.) `grey, dank weather, Nw. (dial.) musk `dust, drizzle, darkness' [m] '. 6. meut-: meutmass', nir. `swamp, marsh' (*mutr- =)

mould' [f ]; mozg (dial.) `grey, cloudy weather' [m o] not from Latin muscus `marsh' [m];

Armenian mut` `dark; darkness, fog', mt`ar `dark'; Middle Irish mothar ` thicket, dichte Middle Low German modder `slime, mud' = md. moder ` decaying stuff, swamp, marsh'

(Swiss mott `turf'), East Frisian mudden `smudge', muddig `dirty, filthy', Swedish modd ` snowy dirt ', dial. muddig `dirty, filthy';

mudde `thick slime, mud' (holl. modde), md. mot (-tt-) ` peat-containing earth, morass '

Weinmutter), engl. mother `yeast' (*mutro-); engl. mud `slime, mud', Middle Low German

(Modern High German Moder ` mould, dank decay ', genuine Modern High German Essig-,

rain', West Flemish smodder `morass', Middle English smod `smut', smudderen, Dutch

with anl. s- Middle Low German Old Frisian smudden `smudge', ndd. smudden ` fine

smodderen ` get dirty ', old Dutch also `to feast' (originally ` eat and drink uncleanly '; so also East Frisian sms, Modern High German Schmaus, old Dutch smuisteren `to feast' and `besmear', Low German Dutch smullen `to feast' and ` pollute, smudge' probably from

*smu-ln; Lithuanian smtnas `sad' derives from poln. smutny ds. (Vasmer in writing). Maybe abbreviated alb. Geg (*smutny) s()mun, alb. smur `sad, ill, sick', alb. Geg smundje `illness, sadness'. References: References: WP. II 249 ff., WH. II 126 f., 130, 134, 136, Trautmann 172, 188, 190 ff., Specht Indog. Dekl. 65, 257 f. Page(s): 741-743

meuRoot / lemma: meu-sMeaning: ` steal ' Page(s): 745 msSee also: s. S. 753 (ms-). ms

Root / lemma: meu-2, meuMeaning: to move Note: (Aryan partly also mieu- : mu-)

take away ', Avestan a-muyamn ` unbeweglich, wovon nicht abzubringen ', Old Indic kma-mta- ` moved by love ', mr- ` pushing, hurrying';

Material: Old Indic mvati `shoves, throngs, moves' = Avestan ava-mivmahi ` we remove,

compare Old Irish mn- ` direct, guide ' (E. Lewy);

` plead, allege ', ` alleged reason, avoidance, excuse, escaping, fleeing '; Latin move, -re ` to move, stir, set in motion, shake, disturb, remove ', participle mtus Lithuanian muju, muti ` aufstreifen, anstreifen (e.g. a ring to a finger)', mov ` alles,

` ward off, drive back, Med. ` verteidige mich ', `Abwehrer, avenger',

gr. ` advance, excel, surpass ', gortyn. F `trade drive, push',

(*movi-to-s) = Umbrian comohota Abl. Sg. f. ` a moving, motion ';

was aufgestreift wird ', rakt mova ` muff '; Middle Low German mouwe f. ` muff ', Modern High German hemds-mauen ` shirt sleeve '.

ms.

thief', Franconian (Lex salica) chro-msido ` corpse spoliation '; see below S. 753 under

A s-extension seems *meu-s- in Old Indic muti, mati `stiehlt', ma- ` robber, *meu-

Page(s): 743

References: WP. II 252 f., WH. II 116, Trautmann 172.

Meaning: to plunge

mezgRoot / lemma: mezg-1

*mazgn-), Kaus. majjayati ` sinks '; Latin merg, -ere ` to dip, dip in, immerse, plunge, several times, wash' in Lithuanian mazgti, Latvian mazgt `wash'. compare Estonian whether here gr. `mix, mingle' from *mi-mzg; different above S. 714. Page(s): 745-746

Material: Old Indic mjjati ` disappears, goes down ' (particle Perf. Pass. magn- from

sink, bury ', therefrom mergus m. ` a diver (a water-fowl) ': Baltic iterative *mazgi ` dive mskma, Mordovian mukms, Samojed masu Hungarian mosni `wash', etc.; doubtful,

References: WP. II 100 f., WH. II 76 f., Trautmann 173, H. Gntert Kalypso 51.

Meaning: to bind, attach Icelandic mskvi ds.;

mezgRoot / lemma: mezg-2

Material: Old High German Old Saxon msca, Old English max, mscr ` stitch ', Old Lithuanian mezg, mgsti ` tie, bind, knot, knit ', mzgas, Latvian mazgs `knot',

Lithuanian mazgti Iter. ` knit ', makstti `flax, wattle, braid', Latvian met, mit ` spider'? s. Berneker II 28).

dislocate, luxate, crick ', met ` grow around, entwine itself around ' (russ. mzgar ` References: WP. II 301, Trautmann 172.

Page(s): 746

ghgh Root / lemma: mgh-

Meaning: well-disposed, friendly

Icelandic mgr `kinsman, relative through marriage', Old English mg, Old Saxon Old fond of ', mgnti ` assay, try ', Latvian mgt ` be good for, be suitable for '.

Swedish mg ` son in law, husband of the daughter ' (compare French belle-mre), Old

Material: Gr. - `be unwilling ' (from *- ` unwilling '?); Gothic mgs,

High German mg `kinsman, relative', etc.; Lithuanian mgstu and mgmi, mgti ` like, be

Page(s): 707

References: WP. II 256, WH. II 5; Hj. Frisk Eranos 50, 11 f.

mi- mi- mRoot / lemma: mi-7 : mi- : mMeaning: mild, soft Note: often with l-, n-, r-, t- extended

Indic miydha- m. ` sacrificial food ', Avestan myazda- m. `sacrificial meal'; as *mei-d oOld Indic mdha- m. ` Fettbrhe ', mdhas- n. `sacrifice, oblation'; with l-: cymr. mul `blushful', di-ful `bold' (*mi-lo-); Old Prussian mijls, Lithuanian melas
h

Material: Old Indic myas- n. ` relief, pleasure, joy, lust', in addition *m(i)ies d () in Old
h

and mlas `dear, pleasant', mil f. `love', meils `affectionate, loving', mliu, mylti `love', pa-mlstu, pa-mlti `growing fond of'; Latvian ml (older u-stem) and mils (from *mielas) `dear', mlt `love', milut ` host '; Old Church Slavic mil `pitiful', russ. mlyj `dear', etc.;

Alb. mir ` dear, nice, kind ' a Slavic loanword (common alb. -l- > -r-) no-); Old Irish mn ` smooth, gentle' (*m-no-); with n-: cymr. mwyn `friendly', acorn. muin, moin `dainty', bret. moan `thin, tiny' (*mi-

loanword);

(*moiro-), apoln. mier `peace' (Old Lithuanian mieras, Latvian mirs ds. are Slavic

with r-: alb. mir `good, beautiful'; Old Church Slavic mir `peace'; ablaut. aserb. mijer

'; Latvian at-mist ` become soft ', at-mett ` soften '. Page(s): 711-712

m(i)th `fat, fertile'; cymr. mwydo (*mit-) ` soften ', mwydion ` soft parts, external genitalia

with t-: Latin mtis `mild, soft' (*mit-); Old Irish mith, meth (*mit-) ds., also (?) Pl.

References: WP. II 244, WH. II 96 f., Trautmann 174, 175.

mRoot / lemma: m-1

Meaning: prohibitive particle

Grammatical Grammatical information: prohibitiv

= Indo Germanic *m + s, that perhaps goes back to Indo Germanic ke). Protoform: *ma From PIE the prohibitive particle passed to Altaic:

Material: Old Indic Avestan Old pers. m, gr. , Armenian mi ds., alb. mos ds. (from *mo

Meaning: a negative particle Turkic protoform: *-maTungus protoform: *-me

Korean protoform: *m-t

Japanese protoform: *-ma-

Note: 2, 57. A monosyllabic root, but, unlike the 1st p. pron. or the accusative

particle, it did not undergo denasalization in PA. This may be explained by the fact that it note Mong. *bi, *bu 'neg. particle' - which may be originally the same morpheme, but functioning as a separate word and thus subject to the rule *mV > *bV. References: WP. II 236 f.

was in most cases already incorporated into the verbal form as a suffix. It is interesting to

Page(s): 703

mRoot / lemma: m-2, m-e-t- (ame-) Note: Meaning: to reap

mRoot / lemma: m-2, m-e-t- (ame-): to reap derived from Hittite ame(a)-, ameant- ` : spring, season between winter and summer '. Material:

Hittite ame(a)-, ameant- ` spring, season between winter and summer '. s m. `sickle'

gr. `mow, cut, bite', mto-s m. `harvest', amt-s f. `id.', amtr m. `reaper', amtMaybe Tokharian: B mtre 'sharp' (Adams 448) Old English mwan ds.; Old High German mato-screch ` Wiesenhpfer, locust, f. `meadow, willow ' (*mdwu), engl. meadow, Old Swedish ma ds. Indo Germanic *met- stands besides *m- (or *am-) in Old High German men `mow',

grasshopper ', Modern High German Matte `meadow which is mowed ', Old English md Latin met, -ere, messum ` to reap, mow, crop, gather, collect, harvest ' (messor `reaper, Irish meithel `a party of reapers', acymr. medel ds., anter-metelic ` half-pruned ', Middle mower'); cymr. medi ds., acorn. midil ` a reaper ', Old Irish meithlerai ` reapers ', Middle

Irish de-mess `scissors' (`double knife '); Old High German md `reaping, harvesting, reaping ', originally *).

mowing, hay harvest', Old English m ` the mowing, the mowed hay ' (= gr. ` the

Page(s): 703

References: WP. II 259, WH. II 82 f.

mel mel Root / lemma: ml- (or mel-?) (*melh-) mel Meaning: to pluck; to milk l-ms l tml mi, lGrammatical information: present ml-mi Pl. m l-ms, participle Perf. Pass. ml-te

participle Perf. mr-, s-present mrkti ` glides, rubs, curries ', mrkyati, mrakyati ` coats '; common Old Indic h- > k- : Avestan h- > x- > - : h- > -, z-

Material: Old Indic mri, mrjati, mrjti ` wipes, rubs down, polishes, purifies, cleans',

Avestan marzaiti, mrzaiti ` berhrt streifend ', zast-marta- ` durch Handschlag (d. i. gracious, verzeiht, verschont', Avestan mrd- ` forgive ' (mrdika-, mardika- ` taking pity ', n. ` mercifulness '); these Aryan words can also contain *mer-; Old Indic nir-mrg shows lacking palatal guttural) ` Verwischung; Abgestreiftes, Abfall ', ni-mrgra- ` nestlling up ', vi-mrgvar f. `clean, neat, tidy', apmarg- ` Achyranthesaspera ' (J. Schmidt KZ. 25, 114); Berhrung der Hnde) geschlossen (Vertrag) '; d-present Old Indic mrti, mryati `is

, ` steed-, Kuhmelker ', , ` a milking-pail, milkpail '; Latin mulge, -re, mulsi, mulctus (= Old Indic mr- ` abgewischt ') `milk' (from

gr. ` milk ', hom. `in instant, eye blink of nchtlichen Melkens';

propose openly, publish, promulgate '; mulctra ` a milking-pail, milkpail ';

*molei : Lithuanian mlau, mlyti), also pr-mulgre legem ` to bring forward publicly, Middle Irish bligim `I milk ' (from *mligim), Perf. do-om-malg ` mulxi ', mlegun ` the

milking ', melg n. (es es-stem) `milk', Gen. b-milge ` the cow's milk ', mlicht, blicht `milk' es

(*mlg-tu-s); besides b-mlacht (from *b-mlicht ` cow's milk '): Old Irish *to-in-uss-mlig- ` to `milks, blackmails, mulcts '; cymr. blith m. `milk; producing milk ' (*ml-ti-); gallorom. alb. miel, mil ` milk ' (*mel-); English meolcian, Old Icelandic mjolka Denominative from *meluk- `milk' see below), Old Old High German milchu, melchan, Old English melcan `milk' (stem V.; against it Old

bring forward publicly, propose openly, publish, promulgate '; causative Middle Irish bluigid

*bligicre `milk';

Norse mjaltr ` producing milk ' (*melkta-); with zero grade Old English molcen, Middle High German molchen, molken ` thick milk', Modern High German Molken, and Old Icelandic schw. V. molka `milk', mylkja ` suckle ';

High German chumelktra ` a milking-pail, milkpail ' (perhaps replicated Latin mulctra), Old

extension in Old English milc and Modern High German Hessian mel (*mili-k-); after West Germanic probably Latin melca f. ` sour milk ';

miluks, Old High German miluh, Old English meolc, mioluc, Old Icelandic mjlk `milk'; i-

because of second of the vowel controversial is the original affiliation from Gothic

Specht (Indo Germanic Dekl. 126) must be assumed is generally a dissyllabic root; from Lithuanian mlu, mlti, participle mltas (= Old Indic mr-, Latin mulctus) `milk';

russ. molzivo (etc.) ` beestings ';

Iterat. mlyti; russ.-Church Slavic mlzu, mlsti `milk', Slavic *melzivo in slovak. mlzivo, with o-grade: serb. mlz m. ` Milchstrahl ' by milking (the glottal stop from serb. msti = *mlz-ti is wrapped from the old lengthened grade of Inf. mlsti = Lithuanian mlti); Tocharian A mlklune ` the milking '; A malke, malk-wer `milk'.

References: WP. II 298 f., WH. I 741 f., II 62 f., 121 f., Trautmann 178, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 147 f.; melkmer-. See also: compare also melk and mer

Page(s): 722-723

Meaning: small animal Note:

mlo- smloRoot / lemma: mlo-, smlo-

mlo- smlomel- mel Root / lemma: mlo-, smlo- : small animal, derived from Root / lemma: mel-6, mel- : dark colour (black, dirty, etc..) Material: Gr. n. `small cattle, sheep'; Old Irish ml n. `(small) animal', cymr. mil,

acorn. bret. mil `animal'; Germanic in mla (Lex Salica), Dutch maal `young cow', Old

aries, ram'.

Germanic - `the resin'; changing through ablaut Armenian mal `sheep, There `small cattle' could be an old nominalization of an Adj. meaning `small', one

`young sheep', etc.), Latin malus `evil, bad' (as small'), Oscan mallom, mallud ` malum ' (with expressive ll?);

compares further Old Bulgarian mal (*mlo-) `small, little' (whereof klr. mal' f. collective

with anl.s- Gothic smals (*sm-lo-), Old High German Old Saxon smal, Old English sml s High German smala-nz, smalaz fihu, Middle High German smal-nz, smal-vihe `ds., `small, little, narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin ', Old Icelandic smale n. `small animal', Old

young animal ', Middle High German smal-hirte `herdsman, shepherd for small cattle'.

References: WP. II 296, WH. II 20. Page(s): 724 mRoot / lemma: m-3, m-e-tMaterial: Old Indic mti, mmti `mit', mit- ` measured, calculated ', mtr f., mtr- n. ` measure ', mna- n. `the measuring, measure ' (: Czech mn), mti- f. ` measure, right

Meaning: to measure

cognition ', prkr. mettam ds. (= Old Indic *mitram); about my s. 1. m-; Avestan miti- ` measure, weight, value, worth ';

cognition ' (= gr. , Old English m), pa-mti- ` allocation ', miti- ` measure, weight, Avestan ap. m- ` measure ', participle -mta-, -mta-, ap. fra-mtar- `lord, master',

matem ` raise the hand to strike, throw, cast' (`gauge = aim'); Maybe alb. mosh ` age '. Irish to-math- (e.g. 3. Sg. do-mathi) `threaten';

alb. mat, mas (*mati) ` measure ', mat ` measure ', mt (*mto-) `year, weather',

*d-); `plan, artifice', ` decide ', ` think up, dream up; invent ';

gr. ` measure ' (after Brugmann Grundr. II 1, 342 as Old Indic d--tra-m `gift' to Latin mtior, -r, mnsus sum (rhyme meaning to pnsus) ` measure, gauge ', whereof
2

probably mnsa `table, a table, meal, course, a money-changer's counter, a sacrificial or oil, and baked) ' as subst. Fem. of participle Perf. Pass.;

table, alter ' = Umbrian mefe ` measure ', mefa ` a cake, pancake (flour, made up with milk mcymr. medru ` ein Ziel treffen, to be able ', to medr ` dexterity ' (: gr. ?); gall.

bawd ` thumb ' (as measure?);

mataris `spear, lance'; perhaps here acymr. maut, Middle Breton meut (*m-t), ncymr. Old English m f. ` measure '; Gothic mla m. ` bushel '; Old Icelandic mlir m. ds.,

Old English mle, mle ` paten '; Old Icelandic mla ` measure '; Gothic ml n. `time', Old Icelandic ml ` measure, moment, time, repast, meal', Old English ml ds., Old High German ml ` moment, repast, meal', Modern High German mal `meal'; Lithuanian mtas `year, time, measure ', Old Prussian mettan `year', Latvian mts

`stretch of time' (vocal as gr. to beurteilen); in addition (*gauge > *aim > throw)

measure ', mtas m. ds., matoti ` measure ', pmatas ` foundation ' etc.;

` throw to and fro '; Old Prussian metis = Lithuanian mtis m. ` throw, shot'; mstas m. ` Old Church Slavic met, mesti `throw', slov. motti ` wind up, roll up ', russ.-Church

Lithuanian met, msti, Latvian metu, mest `throw', Iterat. Lithuanian mtyt, Latvian mtt

`aim; strive ', etc.;

measure ', mriti ` measure '; Czech old mn ` measure ' (: Old Indic mna-), russ. mtit Tocharian A me-, mai- ` measure '. References: WP. II 237 f., WH. II 70 f., 81 f., Trautmann 179, 183; related with 1. med-. Page(s): 703-704

Slavic Iterat. vmtati `throw', slov. mt ` throw, shot', etc.; Old Church Slavic mra `

m- mRoot / lemma: m-4, mm-ro- m-roMaterial: Positive m-ro-s, m-ro-s: gr. - in - `big, large (?) in Meaning: big, important

large', bret. meur ds., gall. -mros in proper name as Nerto-mros (`big, large in power '); Germanic *mrjan `* depict, portray, praise as great ', from which ` proclaim, announce ': with Old High German -mr in names as Volk-mr etc., further the denominative

Speerwerfen ' , Old Irish mr ( from the comparative), mr `big, large', cymr. mawr `big,

Gothic mrjan, Old Saxon mrian, Old High German mren, Old Norse mra ` announce, declare ', wherefore Modern High German Mr, Mrchen , as well as the post-verbal Adj. mrr ds., Gothic waila-mreis ` von gutem Ruf '; Slavic -mr in names as Vladi-mr; bret. meuliff ds.; m-lom-lo- in cymr. mawl ` laudation ', moli `praise, laud' (out of it Old Irish molur `praise'), comparative *m-iies, -is, respectively (with the zero grade of superlative suffix) m-ies, m-ies, es,

Old High German Old Saxon mri `illustrious, gleaming', Old English mre, Old Norse

m-is: Old Irish mu, out of it mu, m (from *m-is); cymr. mwy, corn. moy, bret. mui Irish mit `greatness, bulk, extent', acymr. pamint gl. ` in what manner, to what degree,

`more' from *mis; an abstract formation in proto Celtic -ant (*mant from ma-ant) in Old how greatly, how, how much ', ncymr. maint `greatness, bulk, extent', corn. myns, Middle

Breton nbret. ment; perhaps Oscan mais (*m-is-) Adv. `more', maimas ` maximae '

(probably from *mais[e]mo-), GN Maesius ` Maius ', Umbrian mestru f. ` maior ' (from

*maister); Gothic mais `magis', maiza ` maior ', maists ` maximus ', Old Icelandic meir(i)

`more', Old English m, mra, mst, Old Saxon mr, mro, mst, Old High German mr, `as', mant `so' (= Old Irish mit?). Page(s): 704 mro, meist; Old Prussian muisieson Adv. `more' (muis from*m-is-); Tocharian A mnt

References: WP. II 238, 292, WH. II 14.

Meaning: flesh

mmso- m(m)s-roRoot / lemma: mmso-, m(m)s-ro-

Material: Old Indic ms- n. `flesh', ms-pacana- ` cooking meat '; ms n. `flesh'; ` einzelne Schenkelstcke ', , `die ausgeschnittenen Schenkelknochen' ( = Old Irish mr, Indo Germanic *m(m)s-ro-); Latin membrum `limb, member' (*mms-ro- ` the meaty '), membrna `thin, soft skin'; ds. (slav loanword?); Old Prussian mens `flesh', Latvian mesa ds.; Lithuanian em. meisa, Lithuanian ms gr. `skin, meat skin, meninx ' (*msno- or *mmsno-); ` Schenkelstck ',

Grammatical information: n. conservative stem ms n. (from *mms)

Eies', russ. mjazdr (*memzd r) ` Fleischseite des Fells ' etc.; probably also klr. znty ` become fat ', az ` muscle; corpulence, fatness, mass' etc.; Tocharian misa n. Pl. `flesh' = Armenian mis, Gen. msoy `flesh' = alb. mish `flesh' (at
h

Old Bulgarian mso `flesh'; Slavic *mzdra in russ.-Church Slavic mzdrica `skin of

first from *miensa) = (*mis) Old Irish mr `morsel, mouthful' (`*piece of meat, slice of meat '; = ) = Gothic mimz n. `flesh'; -i- < Illyrian -i- grade. Page(s): 725 References: WP. II 262, WH. II 64 f., Trautmann 178 f., Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 50.

m- mRoot / lemma: m-5, m-, m-

Meaning: to have a strong will; to be intent on smth.

Material: Gr. (Aeolic ) `strive, endeavor ', wherefore the names , with reduplication-grade the root as - etc.), Infin. `strive', participle ; (Epich.) , Hes. (and other Glossen),

, (*m-io-); with Intensive reduplication ` demand violently' (-

from o-grade Perf. grown; ` Muse, any of nine goddesses who are associated with inspiration and creativity for the arts (Greek Mythology) ' here or to mend -?
h

*, where after also = ; Hes.; morals

auf a participle * based on `search, seek, suche auf; strive '; participle Latin ms, mris `custom| habit; mood| manner| fashion; character (pl.)| behavior|

', mrsus `stubborn '; Middle High German muot ` power of senses; ghost, courage, rage, fury, lust, resolution, Gothic ms (-d-) ` courage, rage, fury' (mdags `angry, irate'), Old High German

`rage, fury';

decision ', Modern High German Mut, Gemt, Old English md ds., Old Icelandic mr Balto-Slavic *mat `perceive, feel, sense ' in Latvian matu, mast ` perceive, feel ',

matrs ` careful '; based on a Subst. *motro- Church Slavic motrj, motriti ` observe| `venture, risk'.

originally iterative Lithuanian mata, matti `see', Latvian matu, matt `feel', Lithuanian watch| look at| see; test; consider ', etc.; in addition probably Old Bulgarian s-mjo, -mti References: WP. II 238 f., WH. II 114 f., Trautmann 171; probably to m-, m-lo-.

Page(s): 704-705

Meaning: month; crescent

mnt, mneses, mnes- mns- ms- mnRoot / lemma: mnt Gen. mneses from which mnes-, mns-, ms-, mnGrammatical information: m.

Note: probably as personified ` time measurement ' to m- ` measure '.

alb. muai ` month ' (*mn- from Indo Germanic *mn-); lat mnsis m. ` month '

(Lesbian ), Nom. Ionian , Doric m. ` month ' (*mns), (*) `moon';

Armenian amis, Gen. amsoy ` month ' (*mnsos); gr. Attic neologism , to Gen.

Material: Old Indic ms, msa- m., Avestan m, Gen. mh, npers. mh `moon, month ';

(conservative Gen. Pl. mens-um), mnstruus ` monthly ' (GN Mna is gr. loanword),

sm(n)stris ` 6-month, half-years of age, six-month-old ', Umbrian mnzne ` mense '; Old Irish m (*mns), Gen. ms (*mnsos), cymr. acorn. mis, bret. miz ` month '; Gothic mna,

stem); Gothic mns, Old Icelandic mnar, Old English mna, Old Saxon mnuth, Old

Old Icelandic mni, Old English mna, Old Saxon Old High German mno `moon' (-en-

High German mnt, Modern High German month (*mnt-), Lithuanian mnuo (*mnt), mnesis m. `moon, month ', Latvian mnes(i)s `moon, month ' (dial. Lithuanian mnas month ' (*ms-n-ko-); `moon'. from a neutr. *mnos), Old Prussian menins `moon'; Old Bulgarian msc m. `moon,

Tocharian A ma ` month ', ma kt `moon' (= ` month god '), mee ` month ', me

References: WP. II 271 f.. WH. II 71 f., Trautmann 179 f., Brandenstein Studien 11 f. Page(s): 731-732

Root / lemma: mud -, mud -, md mu u m

h h h

Meaning: to complain or care about smth.

m. ` discourse ', ` speak, think; consider '; Gothic maudjan, ga-maudjan ` remind sb'; Lithuanian maudi, masti ` long, want strongly ', pmaudas ` displeasure, References: WP. II 255 f., Trautmann 171 f.

Material: Npers. mja ` lament' (-j- from -d-, compare:) must ` lament ' (-st- from -d st); gr.
h

care '; Old Bulgarian mysl `thought, notion' (*md-slio-); perhaps nir. smainidh ` thinks '.

Page(s): 743

Root / lemma: m-r, Gen. m-n-s, mnts s Meaning: hand Grammatical information: heteroklitischer r/n-stem

, - m. ` liquid measure, measurement of fluid quantities '; alb. marr `take, receive, on somebody '). hold, catch' (*marn, n-present as denominative formation from *mar- ` to get one's hands On *m-n- the case oblique is based: Latin manus, -s f. `hand, used for an oath ' (the *m

Material: On the r- nominative are based: gr. f. `hand', ` manageable ',

in Umbrian manf Akk. Pl.; Latin mancus `mutilated' (originally `in the hand'); here Latin

u-stem), Umbrian mnuv-e ` in manu ', Abl. mani, Oscan Akk. manim, consonant-stem still

mand, -re `entrust, order', Oscan aama-naffed ` to put in hand, deliver over, commit,
h

confide '? from manus and -dere (root d -), wrtl. `to put in hand, deliver over, commit, consign, intrust, confide '; Middle Irish montar, muinter `lawful wife';

consign, intrust, confide ', manafum ` to put in hand, deliver over, commit, consign, intrust,

Maybe Latin manica, Italian manica, French manche, Bresciano mnega, Breton mach,

Catalan mnega, Galician manga, Irish muinchille, Modenese Orientale mndga, mnga,

Romagnolo mndga, Sardinian Campidanesu mniga, Valencian manega, Venetian sleeve '.

znega, Zeneize mnega, Spanish - Portuguese - Reggiano - manga, alb. manga `

From there Albanian (*manga) mngjr, e majt (common Slavic alb. -a- > -aj-, alb. -r r inanimate suffix) : Bolognese man stanca : Catanese manu manca : Romagnolo manstnca : Romanian stnga : Venetian sanca ` left ';

cohort; handful| bundle ' (*mani-plos ` a handful, bundle ') also Celtic *manatlo- in corn. manal ` fascicle, sheaf ', Middle Breton malazn (for *manazl), nbret. malan ds.; prepare, make ready ';

with a similar meaning as Latin manipulus ` maniple| company of soldiers| one third of a

perhaps Gothic manwus `willing, ready' (`to hand '?), manwjan ` make willing, ready, Hittite maniia- ` submit, hand in, present, administer '.

Vormund .

f. `hand, protection, paternalism ', Old High German munt f. ds. Modern High German

the guardianship acquired by the purchase of this ', Gothic PN Mundila, Old English mund

based on mn-t- Old Icelandic mund f. `hand', mundr m. ` purchase price of the bride and

References: WP. II 272, WH. II 24 f., 34 f., Vendryes RC. 43, 210. Page(s): 740-741

Meaning: fee

mizd Root / lemma: miz h

Material: Old Indic mh- n. ` price of the battle, cut-throat price, contest ', Avestan mdan., osset. mizd, myzd `earnings', np. muzd `earnings'; gr. ` pay, guerdon, reward '; Gothic mizd `earnings', Old English meord ds. and Old English md, Old Saxon mda,

Page(s): 746

References: WP. II 301, Trautmann 188.

mzda `earnings'.

Old High German mta, miata ds., Modern High German Miete; Old Church Slavic mzda,

mod ro- mad roRoot / lemma: mo ro- or ma roMeaning: blue; a kind of plant
h h

Material: Old Icelandic mara ` Our Lady's Bedstraw, Yellow Bedstraw, Maid's Hair, Petty ', Old High German matara ` madder, type of plant ', Old English mdere, mddre f. ds.,

Mugget, Cheese Renning ', isl. hvt-, kross-mar etc. `Galium boreale, smooth green red

Page(s): 747

References: WP. II 305.

Middle Low German mde, Old Frisian mde ds.; Slavic*modr (e.g. Czech modr) `blue'.

Meaning: sheep; hide, leatherwork sheep';

moisomaisoRoot / lemma: moiso-s or maiso-s

Material: Old Indic m- m. `aries, ram', m- ` fleece ', Avestan maa- `aries, ram, Old Icelandic meiss m. `basket', Old High German meis(s)a ` baggage ', Middle Low

German mse `barrel'.

mias, mie `Heunetz ', Latvian miss, mikss `sack, bag', Old Prussian moasis `bellows'; References: WP. II 303, Trautmann 165, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 52 f. Page(s): 747

Old Bulgarian mch `hose', russ. mch `fell, fur, hose; sack, bag' (etc.); Lithuanian

Meaning: soon

Root / lemma: moks, Aryan *moks

Material: Old Indic Adv. mak `rash, hasty, bald, early, matutinal', makmaku ` right Avestan mou ` immediately, right away'; common Old Indic h- > k-

away '; Instr. Pl. makbhi, Superl. maktama-; with nasal: Old Indic maku ` soon'; Latin mox ` soon ' = mcymr. moch ` soon ' (out of it Middle Irish moch ds.), Old Irish m `

soon ', as preverb mos-, mus- : mos-riccub- sa ` I will come soon ', mus-creitfet ` they will believe soon'. References: WP. II 303 f., WH. II 117.

Page(s): 747

molkoRoot / lemma: molko-

Meaning: leather pouch

Icelandic malr `sack, bag', gr. tarent. `sack, bag from cowhide '; the inconsistency

Material: Old High German malaha, Middle High German malhe ` leather bag', Old

in gutturals is expounded probably through borrowing from from an other language References: WP. II 308; Vendryes BSL. 41. 134 ff. (Thrak. ?) and use from gr. g for which belongs to k.

Page(s): 747

monoRoot / lemma: monoMeaning: neck i Note: in derivatives (esp. with formants -, -iio-) also ` necklace, Halsschmuck'

Material: Old Indic mny f. ` nape '; Avestan minu- ` Halsgeschmeide ' (i from Avestan ) ` bison ' (`mhnenartig'); gall.-gr. , , `collar, neckband Celtic Bulgarian moni-sto); Old Irish muin- ` neck ' in muin-torc ` necklace ', muinl ` neck

and with lengthened grade manaor ` neck, nape ' (*mon-eu-tro-); pon. -, -

Vlker' ( Doric?); Latin monle `collar, neckband as jewellery' (from *mon- as Old '(*moniklo-), cymr. mwn, mwnwgl ` neck '; Old Irish formnae `shoulder' (*for-monio-); Old Irish muince ` collar| neckband; chain for neck ', loanword from acymr. minci ` necklace| collar; collar (for horses and other animals) ' (from mwng ` mane ' + ci, see above S. 518); from *moniio- ` neck ': cymr. mynydd `mountain', corn. meneth, abr. -monid, bret. menez ds.; Old Icelandic men, Old English mene, Old High German menni (*manian) `

Halsgeschmeide ', Old Icelandic mn, Old English manu, Old High German mana mimestia ` coral '; with formant g: Middle Irish mong ` mane, hair', cymr. mwng ` mane ', Old Icelandic makke ` oberer Teil des Pferdehalses ', Danish manke ` mane '; perhaps here Illyrian (paeon.) , - ` bison ' (`mhnenartig'); menSee also: compare above S. 726 men ` tower '. (Germanic *man) ` mane '; Old Church Slavic monisto `collar, neckband', polab.

References: WP. II 305, WH. II 108, Trautmann 169, J. Loth RC 45, 196 ff. Page(s): 747-748

mori, Root / lemma: mori mri Meaning: sea Material: Latin mare, -is n. (i-stem; Gen. Pl. marum secondary; with unclear a); Old Irish muir Gen. mora n., cymr. corn. bret. mor `sea', gall. Mor-in, Aremori-c VN `

Meeranwohner ', mori-marusa ` mare mortum '; PN Mori-dnum `moor '; Gothic marei f.

`sea', Old Saxon meri, Old High German mar, mer ds. (-n-stem); Gothic mari-saiws m. m. n. `sea', Old English mere m. `sea, pond, pool', Old Saxon meri m. `ditch, trench,

`sea', Old Icelandic marr, Gen. marar m. ` sea', Old High German mari, meri (Gen. meres) channel, pond, pool';

with -sk sk-Suff. Old English merisc m. `swamp, marsh' (compare Middle Latin marisca ds., Germanic loanword), Old Saxon mersc, mndd. mersch, marsch, ` walk, march '; with -gSuff. Old English merece m., Old Icelandic merki; lengthened grade Old English mr m.,

Old Saxon mr n., Old High German muor n. `moor, fen, sea', Old Icelandic mrr f.

`lagoon' (*mar); Lithuanian mr, mostly f. Pl. mrs, mrios `sea, Baltic Sea, Curonian Lithuanian pa-mars m., pa-mr f. `seashore', Old Church Slavic po-morije ` Meeresgebiet ', Modern High German Pommern. lagoon'; Old Church Slavic morje `sea'; Balto-Slavic *pa-mariia- n. ` Meeresgegend ' in

`marshland', Old High German salz-muorra `salt swamp' (*mri); Old Prussian mary

References: WP. II 234 f., WH. II 33 f., Trautmann 169 f.; after Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 119 to mer-3. merPage(s): 748

Meaning: to murmur

mormor murmurmorRoot / lemma: mormor-, murmur-

Material: Old Indic marmara- ` soughing ' m. `the rustling', murmura- m. ` sizzling fire', murmle, bellow'; gr. (*) `murmle, rustle'; Latin murmur `murmle', murmur `name of a river'; Armenian mrmram, mrmrim (*murmur-am, -im) `grumble,

murmur n. `murmur, Gemurr '; Old High German murmurn, murmuln, Modern High

German murmeln, short form Old Norse murra, Middle High German Modern High German murren; further formations Old English murc(n)ian ` wail, murmur'; changing through ablaut Norwegian dial. marma `roar (of sea)'; Lithuanian murmlnti, murmnti `mumble, murmur', form with Dissim. m - m to m - v seems marv, merv `gadfly, brake'); Old Church Slavic murmti, marmti `murmur, drone, grumble'; ablaut. marmala `big, giant horsefly ' (a short

Maybe alb. mrmrij `murmur' a Latin loanword. Unredupl. with n-suffix Irish muirn (*murni-) f. ` Lrmen, Sausen '. mormo(ro)See also: to consecutive (mormo(ro)- )? mormo(ro) References: WP. II 307 f., WH. II 130 f., Trautmann 190;

*mrmrati `mumble, murmur'.

Page(s): 748-749

Meaning: fear, terror

mormo(ro)Root / lemma: mormo(ro)-

Material: Gr. , f. `bugbear, spectre, bogeyman', `fear', ` fright image ', -, `put in fear', Hes., actually `das people the Schreckgespenster';

from *morm- (as by formca : ). Page(s): 749 References: WP. II 308, WH. I 532.

Latin formid ` rope strung with feathers used by hunters to scare game '; form- diss.

Meaning: blackberry

moroRoot / lemma: moro-

Material: Armenian mor, mori, moreni ` blackberry '; gr. ( Hes.) ` mulberry; blackberry '; however, cymr. merwydden ` mulberry

', is explicable with e as an umlaut from also as a further formation of a Celtic moro-; good from borrowing; is also perhaps a *mrum ` blackberry ' through the borrowed mrum has been absorbed from phonetically? from to mer-3 S. 734? mer-

Latin mrum ` mulberry, blackberry ' gr. loanword, Latin as replacement of closed gr. o-

Maybe truncated alb. (*) man ` mulberry ', mana-ferr ` dewberry, blackberry ' (man ` mulberry ' + ferr ` shrub ') a Greek loanword; mulberry ' and Lithuanian mras ds. Page(s): 749 From Latin derive Old High German mr-, mrbere, Middle High German mlber `

References: WP. II 306, WH. II 114, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 119.

Root / lemma: morumaiRoot / lemma: moru- : ant, derived from Root / lemma: mai-1 : to cut down, work with a sharp instrument, ant. ormo- mormo- mouroormo meuroNote: distorted taboo uormo-, mormo-, mouro- (Germanic also meuro-) f., npers. mr ` ant '; Meaning: ant

Material: attributable to moru- are: Avestan maoir- (secondary m. maurvay-), sogd. 'm'wr

Maybe expressive -rr- in alb. morr ` louse '. it reshaped russ. muravj, slov. mrv, Bulgarian mravij). Old Irish moirb, Pl. cymr. myrion, bret. merien, corn. muryon; Old Bulgarian mravi (out of In morm-: Latin formica (compare to phonetically above Latin formd: gr. ); gr. morm-

(Lycophr.), , Doric (k-extension to -stem, as Latin formica,

(*murjimno-), Gen. mrjman.

Old Indic valm-ka- to -stem, and Old Indic vamra-k to o-stem); unclear Armenian mrjiun Maybe Italian formica : Spanish hormiga : French fourmi : Asturian formiga : Bergamasco frmga : Bolognese furmga : Bresciano : frmiga : Welsh morgrugyn; myrionyn; myrionen; mr : Breton merienenn : Albanian (*merienenn) milingon : Calabrese

furmicula : Catalan formiga : Dzorati fremi; froumi : Furlan furmie : Galician formiga : spider') = Griko Salentino mrmico : Latin formica : Leonese formiga : Lombardo furma : Romagnolo furmga : Romanian furnic : Romansh furmicla : Sardinian formgola : Viestano furmich' : Wallon furmi : Zeneize formgoa ` ant'.

Greek : Greek : ( > alb. merimanga mirmanga milimanga merimajka ` merimanga, mirmanga, milimanga, Occidentale formga : Napulitano furmcula : Portuguese formiga : Reggiano : furmiga; Campidanesu fromiga : Sicilian fummicula : Valencian formiga : Venetian formiga; In uorm-; gr. , Hes. (- Schriftbehelf for F, compare also ormorm

vamr f. ` ant '.

Hes.); Old Indic valmka- m. ` ant heap '; besides with totally single sound result vamr- m., Auf mouro-: Old Icelandic maurr, besides *meur- in Danish myre, Swedish myra mouro-

(*meurin-), Middle Dutch Pl. mure (once covered) miere, Modern Dutch mier, Middle Low German mre (to s. van Wijk), Middle English mire, myre (Scandinavian loanword), Old English myre, engl. mire, nowadays only still pis-mire (vom Ausspritzen ihrer Sure), Crimean Gothic miera.

References: WP. II 306 f., WH. I 531 f., Trautmann 170, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 45. Page(s): 749

Meaning: root, plant

mo[u]-lo- m-loRoot / lemma: mo[u]-lo- : m-lomNote: as `mouth of the plant' to m- S. 751.

Material: Old Indic mla- n. `root', mla-karman- n. `sorcery with roots'; Dioscor.)', ` Knoblauchart '. Page(s): 750 gr. `ein fabelhaftes Wunderkraut (Hom.); gelbblhende Knoblauchart (Theophr.

References: WP. II 303, 310, Wackernagel Sitz.-Ber. Pr. Akad. 1918, 410 f.

mozmoz- en- mosRoot / lemma: moz-g-o-, moz-g-en-, mos-k-o-

Meaning: brain

modeni ` marrow ', Old Prussian musgeno ` marrow ', wherefore (with metathesis from ` marrow '.

Swedish mirgher; Church Slavic mozg ` brain ', modan (*mozgn), Akk. Pl.

Saxon marg, Old English mearg, Old Icelandic mergr (Gen. mergjar) ` marrow ', Old

cranium'; Avestan mazga- ` marrow, brain '; Old High German mar(a)g, mar(a)k, Old

Material: Old Indic majjn, majj, majjas- ` marrow ', mastka- ` brain ', mstaka- `head,

*mazgens) Lithuanian f. Pl. smgens, Latvian smadenes ` brain '; Tocharian A munt

References: WP. II 309, Trautmann 172 f., Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 78 f. Page(s): 750

mozho hoRoot / lemma: mozho-s Meaning: young bull Note: only Armenian and gr.

`young bull, calf', f. `young cow, girl'; probably identical with ` Pflanzentrieb, sprout '. References: WP. II 309.

Material: Armenian mozi `young rother, cattle, calf' = gr. , Demin. to m.

Page(s): 750

Meaning: to meet, approach

lemma: mdd- mddRoot / lemma: md- : md- or md- : md-

Material: Armenian matim ` approach, come near to, draw near ', Aor. mateay, matucanem ` make accessible ' (maut ` near ' after Pedersen with Armenian uEpenthese);

congregation, meeting', Old English (ge)mt, Old Saxon mt, Middle High German muoz ds., Gothic ga-mtjan, Old Icelandic mta, Old Saxon mtian, Old English mtan, engl. meet `meet'; on Indo Germanic*m[d]-tlo-m based Gothic mal ` forum, place of

Old Icelandic mt n. ` encounter, gathering, assembly, meeting, convention, public

Saxon Old High German mahal n. ` Gerichtssttte, court, pact, covenant' (Modern High German Mahlstatt), Old Icelandic ml ` Sprechvermgen, discourse, negotiation, legal matter', Middle Latin (Germanic) mallum, mallus ` Gerichtssttte, judicial appointment ', mahelen, Old Icelandic mla `talk' and (from the public promise) Old High German gi-

Old English ml ` discourse, fight', Middle Low German ml `congregation, meeting', Old

assembly, market ', Old English mel ` council, assembly, discourse ' and (as *mal-)

whereof Gothic maljan, Old English maelian, mlan and mlan, Old High German

mahalo ` husband, consort, partner, bridegroom ', gi-mahala ` wife, bride', Modern High German vermhlen. References: References: WP. II 304 f., Feist 349 f.
3

Page(s): 746-747

Meaning: stupid, crazy

m[u]-ro- m-roRoot / lemma: m[u]-ro- : m-ro-

Material: Old Indic mr- ` mindless, dull, stupid'; gr. , Attic `stupid, crazy' (out of it Latin mrus `foolish, loony, clownish '). Page(s): 750 References: WP. II 303, WH. II 114.

m- mo-loRoot / lemma: m-, mo-loMeaning: to strain oneself Material: Gr. ` exertion, toil', , Cretan ` litigate ', ` exhausted ', perhaps `barely' ( for after ); - ` fatigueless '; Latin mls f. ` mass

(huge); bulk; monster; massive structure; difficulty| trouble| danger ', Denom. mlior, -r ` annoying; troublesome; tiresome ' (analogy to modestus); Gothic af-mauis ` fatigued', Old struggle| labor| labor at; construct| build; undertake| set in motion| plan ', mlestus `

Old Saxon mi ` tired ', Old English me ` tired, grieving ', Old Icelandic mr ` tired '; hard exertion ', etc.

moeijen `bother, annoy, make an effort, try hard, exert oneself '; Old High German muodi,

High German muoan, Middle High German men, mejen ` frighten, grouch', Dutch

Lithuanian pri-si-muolti ` labor '; russ. mj-u, -at `exhaust, plague', maj, majet `plague,

Page(s): 746

See also: probably to m-5.

References: WP. II 301 f., WH. II 101 f., Trautmann 188;

mregh-m(n)oRoot / lemma: mregh-m(n)oMeaning: brain Material: Gr. , n. (and ) `Vorderkopf, Oberschdel', Old English

Page(s): 750

References: WP. II 314.

bregen, Modern High German Brgen m. ds.

bregen, brgen n. ` brain ' (engl. brain), Old Frisian brein, Middle Low German bragen,

Meaning: short

mrehu huhuRoot / lemma: mrehu-, mrhuMaterial: Prkr. mhu-, Avestan mrzu-jti-, -jva- ` ', sogd. murzak `short'; Maybe alb. murriz `haw, hawthorn, thorn-apple, brier, whitethorn, short shrub' : sogd. murzak `short'. gr. `short', ` shallow place '; in addition ` upper arm ', Latin brevis (at first from Fem. *bre()u) `short', brma ` the winter solstice, winter,

comparative besides ;

coldness' (*brevi-m, *breu-ma `time of short days');

Maybe alb. bryma `hoar, rime, frost, hoarfrost' a Latin loanword. breakable', Old English myrge `pleasant', engl. merry. Page(s): 750-751 References: WP. II 314, WH. I 115. Gothic gamargjan ` shorten', Old High German murg(i) `short', murgfri `frail,

mrkRoot / lemma: mrk-

Meaning: edible root, carrot

Modern High German Mohr-rbe, Mhre, Old English more, moru ds., Late Old High morkv, morkva ` carrot', serb. mrkva has been borrowed from Germanic.

Material: Gr. `wild vegetables ' Hes.; Old High German mor(a)ha `Daucus carota',

German Demin. morhila ` morel' (mushroom similar to carrots); against it seems russ.

Page(s): 750

References: WP. II 313.

Root mutRoot / lemma: mut-o-s Meaning: circumcised Material: Latin mutilus, mutidus `mutilated', *muticus ` truncated, chopped down, cut down, cut off, circumcised ', mt, mutt `penis', GN Mutunus, rom. mutt- ` dull '; Irish mut, gael.

mutach `short' (with expressive tt); perhaps also Irish moth `penis' as ` stub'.

` dumb ': ` mutilate '. Page(s): 753

References: WP. II 312, WH. II 136 f.; after E. Lewy rather to Latin mtus S. 751, compare

Meaning: heap, etc..

Root / lemma: mk-

Material: Gr. Hes.; proto gall. *mukina ` cairn, pile of stones set up as a memorial or mark of some kind ' (Jokl V. Rom. 8, 193); Old Icelandic mgi, mgr `heap, bulk, mass', Old English mga m. `(corn, grain-) heap', mha ds. (also mwa), compare further Swedish dial. moa ` pile up, collect, accumulate' (*mhn), Old High German m-

werf ` mole ', with -k(k)-: Middle Low German mke, Dutch muik, Middle High German mche, Modern High German (half Low German) Mauke f., Bavarian (genuine High

German) Mauche ` Auswuchs, Fugeschwulst der Pferde ', Swiss mauch m. ` Auswuchs Middle High German mocke m. `clump, gobbet ' (with it identical is Middle High German mocke ` Zuchtsau '); Old Icelandic mostr `big, giant bulk, mass' (*muh-stra-); unique References: WP. II 311; after Hubschmid ZnPh. 66, 33 f. not Indo Germanic Page(s): 752 lengthened grade form in Old English magol `(*lumpy, massive ' =) `tight, firm, strong'.

an Rebholz, unordentlicher Haufe ' and with : Norwegian dial. mukka `heap, bulk, mass',

lemma: Root / lemma: m-1

Meaning: to murmur, moo (expr.)

Material: 1. Gr. , ` cry of pain ', Latin m facere, mutmut facere `stir, move, budge '. , Hes. ` dumb ', Latin mtus ` dumb '; compare also Old Danish mue, 2. Old Indic mka- ` dumb ', Armenian munj ` dumb ', gr. , , , ,

Old Saxon mu ds.

also Modern High German Mwe, Old English mw, mw, Old Icelandic mr (Pl. mvar), 3. [Old Indic mukh- n. `mouth' derives from Dravidian]; gr. `lip';

German mwen `cry', Latvian maunu, mwu, mat `roar, bellow', Czech myjati `moo'; here

Norwegian mua ` keep mum, keep quiet, remain silent, do not mutter, mumble '; Old High

`verzieheden mouth, cut, bite Gesichter' ( ` upper lip, whisker, moustache', s.

Middle Low German mle `muzzle, snout', Old Icelandic mli `muzzle, esp. upper lip of an animal, bulging crag ', Gothic farmljan ` das Maul zubinden ' (whether with anl. s- in addition Norwegian smaul, Latvian smaule `muzzle'??); s. also under mu-lo- S. 750. 4. With dental formant: mutmut); Old High German mutiln `mumble, murmur, trickle ', musse ` spring ', Old Latin mutti, -re ` mutter, mumble ', muttum nullum ` keinen Muckser ' (compare above

Boisacq m. Lithuanian), Old High German mla f., Middle High German ml n. `muzzle',

Icelandic mula `mumble, murmur', besides with Germanic t: Norwegian dial. mutra, Middle English muteren, engl. mutter ds.; Lithuanian mt `muzzle'. 5. guttural extensions (compare above 2.): mgen, mwen `roar, bellow', Old Bulgarian myk ` bellowing, braying, roar ', russ. myat With g: Old Indic mjati, mjati `gives einen Ton from sich' (Dhtup.); mucchan ` With k: gr. ` bellow', `snort, spotte', Middle High German mhen,

`roar, bellow', Serbo-Croatian slov. Czech mukati `roar, bellow'.

growing sound, tone'; gr. `bringe with closed Lippen einen sound hervor, sthne' (out hem/haw; hesitate '), `sigh'; of it Latin mussre ` mutter/whisper (discontently); hum (bee); keep quiet (about);

ngr et quasi tard cnri '), Umbrian muieto `mutttum ', mugatu ` muttt ', Latin

Latin mgi, -re `roar, bellow', conmgent ` convocant ', mgnor ` loiter| dally ' (also `

mgilre of Naturlaut of Esels; Old High German muckazzen ` talk quietly, mutter, mumble ', Modern High German Middle Low German mucken ` talk with half-open mouth ' (kk is expressive), East Frisian muk `kiss'.

Augen zusammenkneifend, shortsighted '; `bite die Lippen together'; from * `verschwiegen': `in die Mysterien Eingeweihter', `die Mysterien

6. s-extension: gr. `sich shut, from den Lippen and den Augen' (hence `die

betreffend', ` mystery, secret Zeremonie', compare also `in die Mysterien Low German mummelen, engl. mumble `mumble, murmur', mump, Norwegian mumpa ds.; German mopen, engl. mope `gawk', engl. mop `grimace'; perhaps Modern High German Latvian musint `whisper, mumble, murmur'; Hittite mu-u-ga--mi (mgmi) ` spreche Middle High German mupf, muff ` Verziehung des Mundes ', mupfen, muffen, Middle Low einweihen'; Norwegian mysa `to screw up one's eyes'; from Germanic here also Middle

Bavarian muen `ruminate' ; Klagegebete '.

References: WP. II 309 ff., WH. II 117, 119 f., 135, 139 f., Trautmann 188. Page(s): 751-752

Meaning: fly n.

Root / lemma: m-2, musm- mus-

Material: Armenian mun, Gen. mnoy `a mosquito, gnat ' (*mus- or *mu-no-); alb. m-z,

mi-z (z diminutive suffix) ` mosquito '; gr. (*) `fly'; Latin musca; Old Icelandic

Old High German mucka ` mosquito ' (*muki);

my n. (*mja-) ` mosquito '; Swedish mygg, mygga, Old English mycg, Old Saxon muggia, with -s- gotlnd. mausa (*msa), Flemish meuzie (*mus); Lithuanian mus, Old Prussian s References: WP. II 311, WH. II 133, Trautmann 191, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 43. Page(s): 752

muso, Latvian msa, mua `fly'; Old Bulgarian mucha `fly' (*mous), mica ` mosquito '.

Root / lemma: ms Meaning: mouse Note: (older *ms, muss from *meus, muss)

Material: Old Indic m- m. ` mouse, rat', np. m ` mouse '; also ` muscle '; alb. m, miu ` mouse ' (*miusn) Alb. Geg mini, minj (Pl) ` the mouse ' Latin ms m. ` mouse ' (mrnus : Middle High German miusn `of the mouse'); Old High German Middle High German Old Saxon Middle Low German Old Icelandic Old English ms ` mouse, muscle ' (consonant-stem); Old Bulgarian my f. ` mouse '. Often applied on body parts: Armenian mukn ` muscle ', gr. ` muscle ', Armenian mu-kn ` mouse, muscle '; gr. (, after , , ) ` mouse ',

`muskelreiche region of Leibes' (from which also ` voluptuous woman' in gr. ), , '; Latin musculus ds., ` muscle ', Old High German etc. ms ` muscle, esp. of the upper

- m. ` mussel, spoon': Latin mrex ` Mediterranean sea snail, snail emitting purple dye arm', Middle Low German ms esp. `the spherical flesh of thumbs', Modern High German

m. `testicle, vulva', npers. muk ` castor, beaver ' (from Pers. derives gr. , Modern High German Moschus `musk'); gr. ` genitals '; Maybe alb. Geg muskul `muscle', mushk `shoulder', mushkni `lungs'. probably to Old Indic muti ` steals, robs ' etc., see below meu-2 `push away '. meuReferences: WP. II 312 f., WH. II 132 f., Trautmann 191, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 40 f. Page(s): 752-753

Maus, Muschen, Old Bulgarian my ` '; on the other hand Old Indic muk-

nini Root / lemma: m nie e e e

Meaning: a kind of fish

Material: Gr. (out of it Latin maena), `a small sea fish', Slavic *mn, russ.

of dravid. origin; perhaps here Old High German muniwa, Old English myne, engl. minnow `minnow, small freshwater fish, a fish'. (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > References: WP. II 267 f.; Page(s): 731 nn-).

men etc. `toad '; but Old Indic mn- m. `fish' (whereof minik-, minal- ` fisherman ') is

men-4. See also: belongs probably to men

Meaning: fur

nakRoot / lemma: nak-

Material: Gr. n., f. `woolen fell, fur, fleece', f. (for *-) ` fleece ', () Hes.; Old English nsc `soft leather as e.g. buckskin ' (*nak-s-ko-, k; compare the -es es-stem ); Old Prussian nognan (from *noknan) n. `leather' (*nkes

'.

no-); in addition after E. Lewy Old Indic nka- ` vault of the sky, firmament, heavens, skies

Page(s): 754

References: WP. II 316.

Meaning: mother, etc.. (child word)

nana, Root / lemma: nana nena etc.

Material: Old Indic nan `mother, old woman ', *nann reshaped (after svas : svasr-) to Alb. Geg nona, nana ` mother ' nanndar `of a husband's sister ', np. nana `mother';

gr. , ` aunt ', , `uncle'; alb. nan `mother, wet nurse '; Latin

nurse, caretaker of a baby or young children, nanny ' (dial. also `older sister '), Bulgarian neni `older person, elder', Serbo-Croatian nena, nana `mother', Sorbian nan `father'; compare also Modern High German Nenne, Kinderwort for `milk'. Page(s): 754 References: WP. II 317, WH. II 175.

also ` nurserymaid '; cymr. nain (*nan) `grandmother'; russ. njanja ` children keeper,

nonnus m., nonna f. late ` word used by young monks when addressing elders, a nun ',

Meaning: to dare, risk

nantnant-) Root / lemma: nant- (*e-nant nant

Material: Old Irish nit m. `fight, struggle' (*nanti-); Gothic ana-nanjan `venture, risk', Old ), Old High German preterit ginand ` have courage ', ginenden, Old Saxon nthian, Old

Note: only Celtic and Germanic

Icelandic nenna ` give one's heart ', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-

Page(s): 755

References: WP. II 317.

English n f. ` courage '.

genende(c) `keen, eager', Old High German nand (also in names as Ferdinand), Old

English nan `venture, risk', Old Icelandic nenninn ` active, keen ', Middle High German

Meaning: nose

nasneuRoot / lemma: nas- nasalized (*neu-s) neu

Note: (ns- from the lengthened grade case this conservative stem, originally Nom. Sg.), originally probably ` nostril ' Note:

nasneu-ks- neuRoot / lemma: nas- : `nose' derived from Root / lemma: neu-ks-, neu-s- : `to sniff, smell' ansu- susu ansu-, nsu- : `ghost, demon': Old Indic su-, Avestan ahu- ` breath of life, world '. : Material: which derived from zero grade of Root / lemma: an()-3 : `to breathe' : Root / lemma: an() )-

Maybe through metathesis alb. Geg (*u-nah) huna, Tosc hunda f. ` nose' from alb. hundoj ` u insult, make sad ' (common Baltic Slavic Albanian prefix u-). Old Indic nas-, -, - Instr. Lok. Sg., Gen. Du.; ns Nom. Du. `nose' (originally ` nostril

'), secondary ns f. `nose', nas-t Adv. `of the nose', nasya- ` located at the nose ', etc., nsik ` nostril, nose'; Avestan nh-, nhan- `nose', ap. nham Akk. Sg. (= Latin nrem)

`nose'; Latin nris, mostly. Pl. -s, -ium ` nostril ' (i-stem has changed to; Akk. Sg. Pl. still [common Latin Germanic -s- > -r-]. conservative form); nsum n. (Old Latin) and ns(s)us m. `nose' (expressives ss);

Old English nse f. ` foreland, promontory ', Old Swedish Norwegian ns `snout', Old

Frisian nsi ds. (*ns-); ablaut. Old High German nasa `nose', Old Norse ns f. ` nostril, compound, Old Norse nes n., Gen. Pl. nesja ` foreland, promontory, tongue of land ',

nose, projecting cliff', Old English nasu `nose' (presumably Dual ` both nostrils '); ns- in Middle Low German nes (-ss-) m. ds., Old English nss m. ds. (Germanic *nasja-); Old Prussian nozy, Lithuanian nsis f. `nose', nasra m. Pl. ` jaw ' (old nsras `mouth'), Old Church Slavic nozdri `nostril' (from -sr-), s `nose' (russ. `foreland, promontory'). Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 75. Page(s): 755 References: WP. II 318, WH. II 143 ff., Trautmann 193 f., Holthausen KZ. 69, 166 f.,

ngh hngh Root / lemma: ngh- (*e-ngh-) nghMeaning: sober Note: Only Armenian and gr. References: WP. II 317.

Material: Armenian naut`i `sober'; gr. v, Doric `be sober'. Page(s): 754

Material: Old Indic n-tha- n. `help', m. `guarder', n-tha-t ` begs '; gr. ---, -- ` use, take advantage of ', Fut. --, Med. ---, Aor. `have benefit', n., more properly , - `benefit' (*o-n-ur), etc. Page(s): 754 References: WP. II 315.

Meaning: Meaning: to help, be of use

nnRoot / lemma: n-1 (*e- n-1)

Meaning: to be afraid, ashamed

nnRoot / lemma: n-2 (*e-n-2) n

Material: Old Irish nr `blushful' (*n-sro-), n(i)re `the genitals' (*n-srii); Hittite na()References: H. Pedersen Hittitisch 187. `fear, dread, be afraid', naariia- `be afraid'.

Page(s): 754

Meaning: death; corpse

nuu- nnuRoot / lemma: nu-2 : nu- : n- (*e- nu-2)

Material: A. Gothic naus ` corpse ' (ga-nawistrn `bury'), Old Icelandic nr ds., Old English n(o) m. ds.; Old Russian nav ` corpse ', h. nv, -i m. ` hereafter, life after death, `slay', nwtis ` strive oneself, kill oneself '; Old Prussian nowis `trunk'.
e

future life, world to come, world of the dead, hell', Latvian nwe `death', therefrom nwt B. Old Irish nne (older naunae) f., cymr. newyn m. ` famine' (*nu nio-), bret. naoun
e

(*nu no-) ds.; mcymr. neued `longing, yearning, need' (*nu-it); Latvian nwtis (see Slavic Czech unaviti `exhaust', Postverbal Czech nava ` fatigue ', russ. dial. onva ` nti ` dahinschmachten ', russ. nt ` become elegiac '.

above), Lithuanian nvyti `torment, smite, slay', i-nvyti `destroy'; causative Old Church

tiredness ', zero grade Old Church Slavic unyti `be slack, languish, tire, slacken ', Czech

tribulation, Notwendigkeit', Old Saxon nd, Old High German nt ` crowdedness,

nu-ti- in Gothic naus f. `need, compulsion ', Old Icelandic nau, naur f. ` compulsion, u-ti-

tribulation, need', Old English nad-, ned f. `need, obligation, tribulation'; Old Prussian nautin (*nuti-) (Akk.) `need'; in Slavic forms with u and , t and d (see Meillet, Slave
2

nasalization.

stands as Indo Germanic extension besides -t-, das has originated through secondary

temptation ', Bulgarian nut ` compulsion ', poln. nuci (16. Jhdt.) `constrain, oblige'; the -d-

compulsion, need', nuditi `ntigen', poln. nuda ` boredom, weariness '; with t poln. nt `

ndza `need', Old Bulgarian nditi `ntigen', but also Old Church Slavic nuda `

commun 61 f.): Old Church Slavic nda ` compulsion, force, might, necessity', poln.

Page(s): 756

References: WP. II 316, Trautmann 201 f.; Loth RC 45, 199 ff.

Meaning: boat

nusnus Root / lemma: nus-1 (*e-n us-1) n us-

nu Grammatical information: f. Akk. num

Material: Old Indic nu- (Nom. nu) `ship, boat' (nvya- ` navigable'); ap. nviy `fleet' (: gr. ` belonging to the ship '); nvja- m. ` skipper, captain of a ship; sailor', Avestan navza- ds (: gr. - ds., compare also Latin nvig-re, -ium); Avestan nvaya- `
1

Pers.?); gr. hom. , (*F), Attic , `ship'; Latin nvis ds. (originally n, Dat. Pl. nib) `ship'; cymr. noe `flat vessel, kneading or dough trough; dough tray; hutch ', bret. neo ds. (*nui); here gall. (vorrom.) nv ` Talschlucht ', also FlN; gall.

navigable' (about Old Indic ati-nu s. Brugrnann II 137 Anm. 2); Armenian nav `ship' (from

conservative stem, compare Akk. nvem = Old Indic nvam, gr. ; Old Irish nu (Gen.

nausum `ship'; Old Icelandic nr m. `ship', nau-st ` Schiffsschuppen ', na-tn (na = gr. High German nwe, nwe `small ship', Modern High German dial. Naue from Latin); High German nuosc, Middle High German nuosch m. `trough, gully', Old Frisian nst Nva, polonis. Nawa. `trough', Middle Low German nste ` Viehtrog, Wassertrog '; here the Lithuanian FlN Maybe through metathesis alb. *nviy, anija `ship' maybe Arabic origin. Page(s): 755-756

) ` Schiffsburg ', Old English nwend ` skipper, captain of a ship; sailor', (but Middle Norwegian n ` trough from a hollow trunk ', nla (*nwiln-) `large trough, big boat' Old

References: WP. II 315, WH. II 148 f., J. Hubschmid R. int. d'Onom. 4, 3 ff.

2, nRoot / lemma: ne 2 n (*e-n-2) n

Meaning: Enclitic particles Page(s): 758

See also: see above S. 320 f. (eno-).

Meaning: to burst

neb neb Root / lemma: ne -1 (*e- ne -1)

h h h h

Material: Old Indic nbhat `cracks'; Old Icelandic nfr ` the outer birch bark ' as ` cracking, loose-peeling '. References: WP. II 330.

Page(s): 758

Page(s): 758

See also: see above S. 315 f. (eneb -).

h

neb neb Root / lemma: ne -2 (*e- ne -2)

nednoudRoot / lemma: ned-1 : n d- (*e- noud-1) Meaning: to roll up; to attach, bind Material: 1. Latin ndus `knot' (Indo Germanic *ndos);
e

Maybe abbreviated alb. nje, nyje `knot' a Latin loanword.

`near| nearly; close by; almost ';

` near ' from `narrowly joined': Oscan nessimas Nom. Pl. f. ` proximae ', Umbrian nesimei Old Irish Kompar. nessa, Sup. nessam ` propior, neighbor; nearest one ', cymr. nes,

nex, nectum ` tie, bind, knot, bind' is neologism after plect `plait| twine '; with the meaning

Latin presumably nassa (*nad-s-) `basket for catching fish; a trap| snare '; nect, -ere,

sk), arnenas `I will bind' (etc.), naidm `das Binden, pact, covenant', for-naidm `band, corresponds in u = , further Avestan naska- `anthology (of texts), text collection ', probably actually `bundle'); bret. naska `band, join together '; strap', nasc `ring' (compare to -sk-formation Old High German nusca, that also
e

nessaf, corn. nes, Middle Breton nes, nessaff ds.; Old Irish nascim `bind, verpflichte' (*n de

`net', lengthened grade (as Latin ndus), Old Icelandic nt f. `big net';

Gothic nati, Old High German nezzi, Old Saxon nt, ntti, Old English Old Icelandic net

buckle ', Old Saxon nusk(i)a `clasp, hairpin ' (see above); Old Icelandic nist, nisti n. `

with formant -s-k-, -s-t-: Old High German nuska, Middle High German nsche ` coat

Middle High German nesten (nesteln) ` fasten, lace, tie ', Old High German nestilo, nestila

braces in the dress ', nista `stitch together'; nesta ` fasten with needle or thread, nail ',

`loop, strap, bandage', Modern High German Nestel, Old Saxon nestila `bandage, hairband ', agutn. nast, nestli; reduced grade Old English nos(t)le `band, strap'; Maybe alb. nusk ` magic wrappings ' : alb. nuse ` bride'. meaning also through the s-anlaut. forms Old Irish snaidm `knot' (compare above naidm) and Modern High German Hessian Schnatz ` das geflochtene und um die Haarnadel 2. Here presumably the names of the nettle: nezzila (Germanic *natiln), Old English netele; besides with Indo Germanic -t- (also *n-t, n-t- as t-extension to the supposed root (s)n-) Old Prussian noatis, Lithuanian nter, notr `nettle', ntryn `dead-nettle', Latvian ntre, ntra `nettle', Slavic *nat ` herbal Middle Irish nenaid, nir. neantg `nettle', dissimil. bret. linad ds. Gr. (*nd-ik); Old High German nazza, Old Icelandic ntr, Old High German gewickelte Haar der Frauen, Kopfputz der Brute ' (*snatta- with Germanic -tt-) probably. there ned- is an extension from (s)n- ` zusammendrehen ', besides through the

leaves ' in slov. nt (Gen. nat), poln. na ds. and at most (as redupl. proto Celtic*ni-nati-?) References: WP. II 328 f., WH. II 144 f., 155 f., 172 f., Trautmann 194, H. Jacobsohn Arier under Ugrofinnen 90 f.; See also: see below (s)n-.

Page(s): 758-759

Meaning: to sound, roar, etc.. Note:

nednedRoot / lemma: ned-2 (*e- ned-2)

nedneid- nidRoot / lemma: ned-2 : `to sound, roar, etc' : Root / lemma: neid-2 : nid- : `to flow, stream' Material: Old Indic ndati ` sounds, bellow, roar, soughs', nada- m. ` roarer, bull, river', derived from Root / lemma: neig- : `to wash'. neig

nad- f. `river, flood', nad-na- m., nad-a- m. `sea', etc.; Avestan nad- `vilify, scold'; gr. (Dalm.) from *ned-to-.

(Illyrian) FlN (Arcadian), (measure.); thrak. FlN ; Illyrian FlN

Maybe MoHG Nette N of a river; MoHG Netze Name of a river Note: Again Illyrian displays satem characteristics the same as alb.

References: A. Mayer Ml. Boisacq II 132 f., Krahe IF. 58, 209 ff. Page(s): 759

Maybe zero grade in alb. (*ndeti) deti `sea' : Old Indic nad-a- m. `sea'.

Meaning: reed

nedonedoRoot / lemma: nedo- (*e- nedo-)

Material: Old Indic nada- m. presumably ` reed ', npers. nai, dial. nad `reed'; Armenian net `arrow'; Lithuanian nndr (and lndr) ` reed ' (with nasal after lekti `bend'?); Latvian

nali `reed' from*nadslis? Page(s): 759

References: WP. II 329; compare Kuiper, Proto-Munda 82.

Meaning: to pierce, stick

stick in, stick into, put in

neh neh Root / lemma: neh- (*e- neh-)

Material: Middle Irish ness `wound' (*neh-s-); reduced grade Old Church Slavic v-nz ` hineinstechen '; Old Church Slavic no `knife'; whether here Old Indic ku- ` shaft, pole' (*nh-su-)? common Old Indic h- > k- : Avestan h- > x- > - : Slavic h- > -, z', Infin. v-nznti, Kaus. russ.-Church Slavic v-noziti `

Page(s): 760

References: WP. II 326 f., Trautmann 200.

Meaning: to scold, put to shame

Root / lemma: neid-1 (*e- neid-1) neidneid-

Material: Old Indic nndati, Pass. nidy-t `vilify, scold, rebuke, reproach, despise ',

anc `curse' (*oneid-s-et);

disdain, contempt'; Avestan nad- (nism) `vilify, scold'; Armenian anicanem, Aor. 3. Sg. gr. ` reproach, accusation, disgrace, shame', ` abuse, revile ' (o-prefix `

ndya- ` not to blaspheme, vilify, scold', nd-, nid, nid, nind ` abuse, reprimand,

scold, reprimand, rebuke

English ntan ds.; Lithuanian nedti, Latvian nst ` despise ', nads, nadus `hate, enmity'. References: WP. II 322 f., Kuiper Nasalprs. 130, Trautmann 193; neiSee also: probably to nei S. 312 f. Page(s): 760

naiteins ` blasphemy, sacrilege ', Old High German neizzen `torment, smite, plague', Old

', as also Armenian anicanem); Gothic ga-naitjan `vilify, scold',

Meaning: to flow, stream Note:

neid- nidneidRoot / lemma: neid-2 : nid- (*e- neid-2)

nedneid- nidRoot / lemma: ned-2 : `to sound, roar, etc' : Root / lemma: neid-2 : nid- : `to flow, stream' Material: Old Indic ndati ` flows, streams'; gall. FlN Nida ` Nidda ' and ` Nied ', brit. FlN FlN Nyda ` Neide '. Page(s): 761 derived from Root / lemma: neig- : `to wash'. neig

Nida, cymr. Nedd ` Neath '; full grade poln. FlN Nida, Lithuanian FlN Nied, Old Prussian References: J. Lwenthal ZONF. 6, 81, Krahe BzNF. 1, 248 ff.

neig ng Root / lemma: neig- (*oing-) ng Meaning: to wash nig toGrammatical information: Pass. participle nig-to-

Material: Old Indic nnkti ` washes, purifies, cleans', Aor. anikt, Pass. nijyat, participle nikt-, ninikta Imper. ` wash ', Kaus. njyati; Aor. naniaiti Intens. ` washes off, washes up, washes away '; gr. (*nigi = Irish nigim) `wash', Fut. , Aor. , ` ', - ds., - ` unwashed ' (= Old Indic nikt-, Irish necht); gr.
washing water

` '; Latin noegeum (*noig-io-) ` Schweituch '; common Old Indic h- > k- : h- > - : gr. h- > z-. Old Irish nigid ` washes ' (*nigieti, loss of the liberalization before i), Fut. -ninus = Old

Indic (Gramm.) ninikati; necht `pure'; mcymr. enneint `spa, bath' (*an-nig-antio-; g from present figurative); Germanic *nikwes, -us- in Old Icelandic nykr (Gen. nyks) ` merman, water spirit,
hippopotamus

nichus ` Fluuntier, Wassergeist', Modern High German Nix, Old High German nichussa `
female water spirit, mermaid spirit

', Old English nicor ` water monster, crocodile ', Old High German nihhus,

'.

', Middle Dutch nicker, Middle Low German necker ` merman, water

Page(s): 761

References: WP. II 322, Thurneysen Gr. 115; different Vendryes RC. 47, 442 ff.

Meaning: to winnow grain

neikRoot / lemma: neik- (*oink-) Material: Gr. ` handhabe die Getreideschwinge ', `the das corn schwingt', , `Getreideschwinge', diss. from *, *, compare , , Irish cruth-necht `red wheat', cymr. nithio, bret. niza `winnow, fan' (also probably cymr. Hes., as also Hes. (or haplology behind ); Middle gwenith, bret. gwiniz, corn. gwaneth `wheat');

Note: (common Celtic Armenian e- > gwe-)

Lithuanian niekti, Latvian niekt ` Getreide durch Schwingen reinigen '; besides through dissimilation.

Lithuanian liekoti ds., Latvian lieka `winnowing shovel'; the Baltic l- allows is not defined

Note: (common Baltic Hittite n- > l-) Page(s): 761

References: WP. II 321, Trautmann 195 f.; J. Loth RC. 40, 352 f.; 41, 193 ff.

nei- nei nRoot / lemma: nei-1, nei- : n- (*oin-) Meaning: to lead Material: Old Indic nyati (participle nt-), Avestan nayeiti `leads', Middle Persian ntan

`guide, lead, drive, push', Old Indic nth f. ` direction, way', ntho, net `guide, leader',

Gen. Sg. Proto Irish ntas, Old Irish nath (*nei-t-os; s. also nei-2); Hittite ni- `steer, guide, lead'. References: WP. II 321, Pedersen Hittite p. 77 f., 81, Frisk Suffixales -th- 5 f. Page(s): 760

ntar-, ntr- m. ds., ntr- n. ` direction, eye'; Middle Irish n, na `warrior, hero ' (*neit-s),

Root / lemma: nei-2, nei- : n- (*oin-) nei- nei n-

Meaning: to move vividly, be excited; to shine

thrive ', nitidus ` shining| bright ', nitor ` press/lean upon; struggle; ADVance; depend on (with abl.); strive| labor, radiance ' (from a participle *ni-t-); perhaps re-nde ` shine
h h

Material: Latin nite, -re ` shine| glitter| look bright; be sleek/in good condition; bloom|

nab ` vitality ', cymr. nwyf ds.; noi-b o- in Old pers. naiba-, npers. nw `beautiful, good', noiOld Irish nob `holy'; *nei-m in Middle Irish nam ` radiance, beauty'; *nei-ko- in Middle Irish nach m. ` hero ', nachus m. ` braveness'; *nei-to- in cymr. nwyd `ferventness, passion', *nei-to-

(back)| gleam; smile back (at) ' (with present formation -d(h)-); *nei-b o- in Middle Irish

hispan. war god Nt; Old Irish PN Nall (Gen. Nill) from *neit-s-lo-s; placed perhaps also

References: WP. II 321, 336, WH. II 168, 171, Vendryes RC. 46, 265 ff. Page(s): 760

`eye', ntra- n. ds.

(Indo Germanic *ntu-) `fight, struggle'; dubious Old Indic nla- `bluish black', nayan- n. f. *ntu-

Old Icelandic n ` derision, ridicule, disgrace, shame'; could also belong to Old Irish nth n.

n m. `fight, struggle, hate, enmity', Old Saxon Old Frisian nth ` eagerness, hate, envy ',

in Old Irish na ` hero ' (see nei-1); Germanic *na- in Gothic nei n. ` envy ', Old English

nei niRoot / lemma: nei-3, ni- (*oun-)

Page(s): 760

enSee also: see above S. 312 f. (en-). en

Meaning: death, dying; dead person

Root / lemma: nek- (*ounk-) k

disappear, ruin' (lengthened grade compared with Latin noce `harm'), Avestan nasyeiti ` disappears ', participle Old Indic na- ` lost ', Avestan nata- ds. (= Latin -nectus), nasita- ` most perishable ', nas- f. `need, misfortune' (= Latin nex, gr. -, ; Old

Material: Old Indic nayati, naati ` gets lost, disappears, passes away ', nyati `makes

Indic -na Adj.), nasu- `corpse, carrion ' (= gr. , Latin nequ-lia; compare *nku- in Old Hes. (therefrom ` heap of corpses ', example ), , `corpse',

Irish c etc.), lengthened grade Old Indic na- m. ` das Zunichtewerden '; gr. n. ` sluggishness, Todesschlaf '; about `drink of the gods ' s. Kretschmer Anz. sterr. Akad. 1947, Nr. 4 (to Tocharian kt `god'?) and Thieme Studien 5 ff. (` ber den Tod hinwegrettend '?); Latin nex, necis f. `death, murder', therefrom dnicles friae ` de nece

-nectus `exhausted', whereof nectre ` kill, torment, smite'; pernicis ` ruin; disaster; pest|
bane; curse; destruction| calamity; mischief (with DAT)

purgantes ', nec, -re ` kill/murder; put to death; suppress| destroy; kill (plant); quench/drown (fire) ', ', internecis, -necium ds.; noce `harm| hurt; injure

(due to stem neku-); Old Irish c, bret. ankou, corn. ancow, cymr. angeu `death' (*nku-);

', s-Konj. noxit; noxa f. `hurt| injury; crime; punishment| harm '; nequlia ` dtrmenta '

wilt, wither ', `destroy', Med. ` die, wilt, wither '; about Latin necesse ` necessary| essential;
unavoidable| compulsory| inevitable; a natural law; true

bret. (Vannes) negein `slay', Old Icelandic Nagl-far ` Totenschiff '; Tocharian A nk- ` die, ' see below sed sed-.

Page(s): 762

See also: s. also ank-1 above S. 45.

References: WP. II 326, WH. I 153 ff.;

Meaning: night

nek (t- nok Root / lemma: nek-(t-), nok-t-s (*ounk-(t-)) k (t-

Note: about ablaut forms see below

nokt tnokti noktu titu- nokt(e)r Grammatical information: stem nokt- f. (originally neutr.??), nokti-, noktu- f., nokt(e)r n. nek (t- nok Root / lemma: nek-(t-), nok-t-s (*ounk-(t-)): night' derived from zero grade of Root / k (t- : [m] `flowing; ointment; (light or dark) color; (final part of the) night' (RV+) {3}.

ong lemma: ong- : to anoint, dark ointment' : Old Indic akt- [f] `night' (RV 01.062.08) {2}; aktMaterial: Old Indic nk (*nkt) Nom. `night' (nag jiht), nakt f. Du., naktam Adv. solidified

Akk. ` at night ', Instr. Pl. naktbhi ds. (imitation from habhi), Akk. Pl. nkt ` nights ';

(*Akk. shaped as ), , ` nocturnal ' (: Latin nocturnus); unclear are lasting the whole night ', `in the same night'; alb. nat, net Pl.`night'; Maybe alb. pr-nat ` every night' : mcymr. peu-noeth `each night'. nox ` at night, by night ' from Gen. *nokt-es, -os); nocturnus ` nocturnal ' (: ,

gr. , f. `night', in compound -, -, Adv. ` at night, by night '

Hes., hom. ` nine nights through ', ` nocturnal ', `

Latin nox, noctis `night' (Gen. Pl. noctium i-stem, but distinct conservative stem in Adv.

); of stem *noktu-: Latin noct `by night', noctua ` a night-owl, an owl ';

henoz ds.; cymr. corn. nos, bret. noz `night', probably from *nokt-s u- cymr. neithiwyr, neizeur ds.;

following day ', acymr. henoid, cymr. he-no ` hac nocte ', corn. haneth, Middle Breton

Old Irish i-nnocht ` hac nocte ', mcymr. peu-noeth ` each night ', trannoeth ` during the

neithwyr (contains hwyr `evening') `last night', corn. nehues Middle Breton neyzor, nbr. Gothic nahts (Dat. Pl. nahtam after dagam), Old Icelandic ntt, ntt, Old High German ';

Old Saxon naht, Old English neaht, niht `night' (conservative stem), Old English nihterne `
nocturnal

for the night ', Old Bulgarian not `night', russ. netop ` Nachtschmetterling, bat '; nekciye ` the evening, during the early nighttime hours ';

Sg.) `night', nak(t)v-n `night hostel', nak(t)vti `lodge, stay overnight', nkvinas ` accommodate Hittite neku- `dawn'; Gen. ne-ku-uz (nekuz) `night'; Tocharian A n[a]ktim ` nocturnal ',

Lithuanian nakts (conservative Gen. Pl. nakt), Latvian nakts, Old Prussian naktin (Akk.

Saxon tha f., Old English th(a) m. ` early morning time ', Gothic hteigs ` early ';

Icelandic tta, Old High German hta (uohta), Middle High German hte (uohte), Old

(actually `dawn, twilight'), compare in latter meaning Gothic htw (: Latin noct etc.), Old

zero grade: Old Indic akt `night' (perhaps n-stem), akt- m. ` darkness, night, light, ray'

early on ', anksts Adj. `early, matutinal', Old Prussian angstainai, angsteina Adv. ` early in
the morning

another ablaut grade *onkt- seems Lithuanian ankst ` early, matutinal ', aksto ` from '.

References: WP. II 337 ff., WH. II 181 ff., Trautmann 9, 193, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 11. Page(s): 762-763 n1 n, Root / lemma: n1, n nei (*oun) Meaning: negative particle Note: (ne become single-linguistically also word negation) ne

Indic nd), Old Indic n-v = Avestan na-va `or not' (compare Latin n-ve, and accurate Old Irish n see below); Old Indic naca `and not' (= Latin neque etc.); = alb. nuk ` not'

n: Material: n Old Indic n `not', nd (nid) ds., Avestan ap. na- `not', Avestan nit (= Old

about ne- in Armenian (nua ` languishing' from *ne-val-, etc.) s. Dumzil BSL. 40, 48 f.; , , with which it is contracted, e.g. , , () (thereafter secondary Latin n- in ne-fs, ne-sci (ne-sciens, ne-scius), ne-cesse, ne-uter, n'unquam, gr. - only (as a substitute from n-) before verbs, then also other Adj. with the anlaut ,

- in ` unavenged ', Doric , etc.);

nusquam, nllus, nn (*n'oin[om], compare Old High German Modern High German nein), Old Indic na-ca), osk ne ` non, n '; compare also Latin neg[re, -tium] above S. 418; Latin neu, n-ve, old neive, nve `or not';

ne-que ` not; and not, nor; rarely not even ' (= Oscan nep, Gothic nih, Old Irish na[ch] `not',

nkas ` somewhat any, whatever, anyone, anybody ', nekurs ` a certain, a kind of, as one might cymr. neu, abret. nou `or', also verbal supporting particles (for pronoun infix and the say ', etc.; similarly extended ne-ue `or not' for positive meaning `or' in:) Old Irish n, n, ne-

sentences repeatedly, but not mutually revoking negation; the same process in Lithuanian

Old Indic nakis ` nobody, no person, no one ', but with Abstreifung of negativen mode in

Old Irish ne-ch ` some, any ', cymr. nep `any/somebody| any| some| any/something ' (=

proclitic *ne produced *na (as e.g. Irish ass- `ex') in pretone in the connection Old Irish na[ch], mcymr. nac (etc.) `not' from ne-ke with proto Celtic apocope (?) of auslaut -e; ne-

relative -n-) Old Irish no-, nu-, mcymr. neu- prefixed as originally formulaic form `or not?':

the only poet. meaning ` not ', during n in the meaning ` nor; and not| not| neither ' = Gothic nih (meaning has changed equally with ni) from *ne-ke = Old High German nih-ein, Old above S. 418); Old High German conjunction noh `yet' from *neh (*ne-ke) or from ne + Old High German ouch `also'; Old High German nein, Old Saxon nn `no' from *ne +

Gothic ni, Old High German Old Saxon ni, ne, Old English ne `not'; Old Icelandic n in

Saxon (with gramm. variation) nig-n `not' (but Old Saxon nec `and not' = Latin neg-, see

oinom `not one' (see above Latin nn, nllus); Old English n `never, not at any time, not, no', `never, not at any time'); '). engl. n `no' (also Old Icelandic nei `no' from *ni + aiw = Old Saxon Old High German nio

Maybe aphesis alb. (n)io, jo ` no' (common alb. Slavic -j- = Church Slavic ne-j-vr `
incredulous

`not';

Old Prussian ni, Lithuanian ne `not', nkas, nekurs (see above); Old Church Slavic ne

maybe alb. *(*ne-ke), nuk `not' = Latin ne-que `not; and not, nor; rarely not even' a (encl.)

compound of Root / lemma: n1, n nei : negative particle + Root / lemma: ke 1 : and n1 n, Note: Germanic and Baltic cognates could be of proto Illyrian origin. Hittite natta `not', nwi ` not yet, not at this time, not just now, not to this point in time '. nquam, shortened probably in nutiquam (but n-uter with old *n, see above), n Konj. ` '), Marrucinian ni ` not '; Old Irish n, mcymr. ny, ncymr. ni, corn. ny, bret. ne `not' (partly with secondary abridgement); Old Irish n `is not' is the common n with plentiful copula; Gothic n `no'. negation; Latin n, Old Latin nei Adv. and Konj. 1. older `not', 2. ` si non ', quid-n; Oscan Old High German n emphatic `not'; Lithuanian ni-kas ` nobody, no person, no one ', ne nei accentuated `not': Avestan na-i `no, not at all, not', adv. nai intensified
not; (intro clause of purpose with subj verb); [ne....quidem => not even]

n: n Old Indic (ved.) n `not'; Latin n `not' in n-quidem, nququam, nququam,

', Oscan ni `ne' (ni-p ` nve

nei `not' (nei-p ` nor; and not| not| neither '); Gothic nei (. .) `not', Old Icelandic n `no',

`also not, not even, not once, never '; Old Church Slavic ni ` nor; and not| not| neither ', ni-kto ` not, not at all ', Avestan nit, ap. nay from Indo Germanic *ne id ` not this '; perhaps it
indicates

nobody, no person, no one '; the Germanic forms perhaps but = Old Indic nd `absolutely Indo Germanic nei from *ne + (compare -:).

Old Irish in- (before Med.), - (before Tenuis), an- (before vowel), cymr. corn. bret. an-; Gothic Old High German Old Saxon un-, Old Icelandic -, -; in Balto Slavic replaced Pelikan' s. Berneker 429; Tocharian AB a(n)-, am-, e(n)-, em-, on-; through several

gr.-, before vowel -; Latin in-, oldest en- (the pre consonant form); Oscan Umbrian an-;

n- Negation particle as first part: Old Indic Avestan ap. a-, before vowels (also i, u) an-;

absolutely through ne-; about Church Slavic ne-j-vr ` incredulous ', ne-j-syt ` insatiable =

languages are going through equally e.g.: Old Indic amrta-, , immortlis; Old Indic jta-, , Armenian ancanaut`, igntus, Old Irish ingnad, Gothic unkuns; Old Indic anudr-, , etc. 431 f., 2, 590 ff.

References: WP. II 319 f., WH. II 150 f., 152, 165 f., Trautmann 194 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, Page(s): 756-758 Root / lemma: ne-3, n-, Plur. ns-, ns- (*ounks-) ne- nns -

Meaning: we

Note: (originally out of the nominative case; Nom. see below *ue)

Material: 1. Old Indic Du. Akk. Dat. Gen. nu, Gatha-Avestan Gen. n, Old Church Slavic n, gr. , hom. from *-F (whose 2. part of the nominative stem is *ue-, *ui-); Old compare mik from *me-ge).

Irish n(tha)r Gen., Gothic ugkis, Old Saxon unc, Old Norse okkr ` we both ' (unc = *n-ge, 2. In Plural: Old Indic na enclitic, Avestan n, n, n, Latin ns, alb. Geg na Nom.

`we' (*ns), Old Church Slavic nas Gen. (*ns-sm), Old Prussian nuson (also);

corn. bret. ni, ny ` we ' (*ns), Gothic Old High German uns, Old Saxon s, Old Norse oss based on *nsme (probably ns + particle *sm-, related to the -sm- the Pron.-Dekl., e.g.

(*ns), ne Gen. Dat. Akk. (*ns); Irish ni etc. (seems *s-ns), Gen. ar n- (*ns-r-m), cymr.

Old Indic t-sm-t) Avestan ahma (Old Indic asmn, ap. Gen. amxam) = Aeolic -, ) etc.; Hittite Dat. Akk. anz, enkl. na `we'. Page(s): 758 References: WP. II 320 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 600 f.

Doric -, Ionic-Attic -; Poss. Lesbian , Doric = Avestan ahma-, Ionic-Attic

Meaning: to take; to put in order, count, curse, bad name nemnem- : Root / lemma: nem-1 (*e- nem-1): to take; to put in order, count, curse, bad name, Material: Avestan nmah- n. `loan'; derived from a zero grade of Root / lemma: en(o)mn-, (o)nomn, nmn : name. en( nmn Maybe alb. Geg nem, Tosc nm ` give' imperative. Herod. - `allot, aufrechnen', `distribution; meadowland ', , - gr. `divide from, allow weiden'; later `control, rule', Med. `teile mir to, devour, weide', Note:

nemnemRoot / lemma: nem-1 (*e- nem-1)

`weidend, after willow wandering ', `herdsman, shepherd; Verteiler', ` willow, Wohnsitz', ` alignment, order', `see, observe as geltend an', ` `divide to'; `Unwille, gttliche revenge, vengeance ' (*, actually `das custom, custom, Einrichtung, gebruchliche Geldwhrung'; lengthened grade Zurechnen'), (), -, - `be angry with, rebuke, reproach', `

avenger'; alb. nam, nme `curse, oath, malediction, imprecation', formal = ; nms ` curser, blasphemer, one who blasphemes '; here also Old Irish nmae, Gen. nmait `fiend'? That n. ` meadowland ' here belongs, is not totally certain; see below nem-2; nemallowed, legitimate, lawful,

Latin numerus `number' (*nomes-o-), nummus ` currency, coin' (from gr. ` ordinary ');

`give'); `take';

Old Irish nem f., Middle Irish neim ` give ' (compare Modern High German Gift : geben Gothic Old Saxon Old English niman, Old High German nman, Old Icelandic nma

receiving, robbery '; Old English nm f. ` the griping ' from Old Icelandic nm m. `the receiving, learning '; Gothic anda-nms `pleasant', Old High German nmi `suitable,
appropriate, acceptable

lengthened grade Gothic anda-nm n. `reception', Old High German nma ` forcible

(vowel gradation as gr. ). E. Benveniste BSL. 32, 79 ff. Page(s): 763-764

dial. numa ` dwelling, house ' (*n m-); Lithuanian noma, Latvian numa, `interest, rental '
o

nmas, mostly Pl. nama `dwelling, house', Latvian nams m. `house'; ablaut. Lithuanian

'; Latvian nemt (contaminated from nemt and jemt) ` take '; Lithuanian

References: WP. II 330 f., WH. II 158 f., Trautmann 193, 201, E. Laroche, La racine -;

Meaning: to bend

nemnemRoot / lemma: nem-2 (*e- nem-2)

Material: Old Indic nmas- n. = Avestan nmah- n. ` bowing, bending = worship,

veneration, grace', Old Indic nmati ` bows, leans, bends' (Kaus. nmayati), Avestan nmaiti ` bent, curved '; bends ' (nmaiti, Kaus. nmayeiti), with apa-, fr- `escape, flee'; participle Old Indic nat- `

grove ', PN Nemeto-brig, VN Nemetes, Old Irish nemed ` shrine ', then `privilege, privileged
of western Belarus

gr. n. ` meadowland ' = Latin nemus, -oris ` grove ', etc.; gall. ` sacred

person'; aschs. nimidas ` sacra silvrum '; Lithuanian FlN Nmunas `Neman, Niemen, a river three valleys ', VN Nantuates, cymr. nant `valley, stream, brook' (*n-tu-, compare ' (= ` marshy stream'), nmuog ` blueberry '; gall. nanto `valley', trinanto `

participle Old Indic nat- from nmt-); savoy. n `stream, brook'; perhaps here Old Irish nem `sky, heaven'; different above S. 315. Page(s): 764 References: WP. II 331 f., WH. II 158 f., E. Frnkel REIE. 1, 405 ff.

neptnemtRoot / lemma: nept- (*e- nemt-)

Meaning: uncle; nephew, *descendant Material: Old Indic npt (secondary nptr-) ` grandson, descendant ', Avestan napt-, neptGrammatical information: fem. nept-

naptar-, . napt- ds., Old Indic apm napt, Avestan apm nap- n. name of a divinity (` primeval offspring of the waters '); hom. () ` young ones, children ' from a N. Sg. *; perhaps here lemnisch-tyrsenisch `offspring, descendant, son' (Kretschmer, Glotta 28, 266); alb. nip ` grandson, nephew '; Latin neps, -tis ` grandchild, Old High German nevo ` nephew, kinsman, relative', Old English nefa `grandchild,

grandson ', later also ` nephew '; Old Lithuanian nepotis, nepuotis `grandchild, grandson'; grandson, nephew ', Old Icelandic nefe ` nephew, kinsman, relative' (*nepts); Middle Irish n, Gen. nath ` sister's son ' (for the form in the end Pokorny ZfceltPh. 10, 405 f.), cymr. nei, nai ds., corn. noi `grandchild, grandson', Middle Breton ni ` nephew '. `granddaughter'; Fem. Old Indic napt- `granddaughter, female descendant ', Avestan naptLatin neptis (for -ti(s) after the -stem) `granddaughter', later `niece'; Old Irish necht,

cymr. abret. nith, Middle Breton niz, corn. noith `niece'; (common alb. Celtic -f-, -ph- > -ch-, -h-) Old High German nift `neptis, privigna', Modern High German (actually Low German) russ.-Church Slavic nestera `niece' (*nept-ter). (common Slavic -pt- > -st-) mbes `niece' from *nepti;

Nichte, Old Norse nipt ` sister's daughter, niece'; Old Lithuanian nept `granddaughter'; further formations *neptio-: Avestan naptya- ` offspring, descendant '; alb. (*hamesa)

Note: Alb. Geg mesa, Tosc mbesa `niece (sister's daughter)' derived from Hittite Luwian *nosa(a descendant); Luwian nsa `grandson' : Hittite ama- aa (a grandson) : Latvian + meita `daughter'; alb. has lost the Anatolian old larygeal. '. (Greek Occidental Romance vowel prefix) msas-meita `niece (sister's daughter)' = Latvian msa `sister (: alb. motra, motr `sister') gr. - ` brother's or sister's son ' (*sm-neptiios); russ.-Church Slavic netij ` nephew Probably as ` the under-age, dependent ' to ne- and potis. References: References: WP. II 329 f., WH. II 161 f., Trautmann 196. Page(s): 764

ner-1(t)- aner- nerner-1(t)Root / lemma: ner-1(t)-, aner- (ner-?) (*e- ner-1(t)-) Meaning: vital energy; man Material:

Maybe Hittite: innarawatar 'life power', innarawant= 'strong', Luvian annar-ummi- 'strong' (Tischler 358ff) (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-); Armenian air, Gen. an `man, person' (z. Lautlichen s. Meillet Esquisse 83), aru `virile',
2

whereof arvest, arhest ` art '; New Phrygian `man'; Luvian annar ds. (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-); gr. Hes. (: Lithuanian nras, see below), , -, `man',

` manfulness ' (Hom.; - metr. lengthening), ` manly, gamy', - `rich an vitality ', - `gamy', - (*- ` Mannesantlitz habend '); about Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 426 ;
4

`person' (*- with secondary Aspiration [?]) s. Kretschmer Gl. 28, 246, Old Indic nr- (n) `man, person', Avestan nar- (n) ds. (Old Indic nara-, Avestan nara-

Aryan feminine formation); Old Indic nrya-, Avestan nairya- ` manly, virile ': probably also Old Indic snra- `full of vitality, juvenile ', Avestan hunara- m. ` miracle power ', Old Indic nrt- m. ` hero ', snrt ` vitality ' (su- offers also Celtic: Old Irish so-nirt, cymr. hy-nerth `valiant, strong'); osset.-kaukas VN Nart- (iran. *nar-ra-); alb. njer `man, person'; (common alb. Serbian -e- > -je-).

after Akk. nram, narm neologism); Old Indic nr, Avestan nir `wife, woman' (previously

Note: Note Probably alb. njeriu `man' derived from sabin. Nerius because of solidified alb. Pl. njerz `men, people', njerzim `humanity' where -os, - us ending has been solidified. Latin nerisus ` resistens, fortis ', Neri, -inis ` eine mit Mars in Kultverbindung

stehende Gttin ' (`*the strong '), Ner, Sabine = ` fortis ac strenuus ' (Schulze Eigenn.
husband, great man| nobleman, hero

315, 363, 485; sabin. Nerius agrees with Old Indic nrya-), Oscan Gen. Pl. nerum ` man; ', Umbrian nerf Akk. Pl. ` proceres, principes '; cymr. ner ` hero ', Old Irish ner `boar' (also PN), gall. GN Nerios, Old Irish nert (*ner-to-),

cymr. corn. nerth ` manfulness, army ', bret. nerz ` power ', gall. Nerto-briga, Esu-nertus etc., Old Irish nertaim `I strengthen', cymr. nerthu ` strengthen, support ', bret. nerza ` `blushful' s. S. 754;

strengthen '; Old Irish nr (*nro-) `noble, bighearted ', gall. GN Nria f.; about Old Irish nr Old Germanic Nerthus `a goddess', Old Icelandic Njrr m. god's name; Lithuanian

nartsas m. (*nar-sa-s) `boldness, rage, fury', narss `fierce, grim'; Old Prussian nertien `custom', etc.;

Ner-man; Lithuanian nrtti, ablaut. nartnti `be angry with', -nirts ` becomes angry ',

nras m. ` volition ', nriu, norti `want, desire, will', Old Prussian PN Nor-mans, ablaut.

Akk. `rage, fury', er-nertimai ` we enrage '; Slavic *norv m. in Old Church Slavic nrav gr. hom. after Kretschmer Gl. 32, 3 ff. `ore from Noricum', also not here;

after Kuiper `full of vitality '. Proto-Altaic: *i Meaning: man, young man Turkic: *jene Mongolian: *er-meTungus-Manchu: *(i)ari Korean: *nr-nJapanese: *m(n)t Comments: 291.

Uralic: re Kartvelian: (Georg. nar- 'male camel' < Iran.) Akad. van Wetensch., Nieuwe Reeks, Deel 14, No. 5. Page(s): 765 References: WP. II 332 f., WH. II 164 f., Trautmann 197 f., Kuiper Meded. Koninkl. Nederl.

nernerRoot / lemma: ner-2 (*e- ner-2) Material: Gr. ` unterer, tieferer, unterirdischer ' (through hybridization with `the subterraneous, underground', s. S. 312 *en `in', also ); () (and again (), Doric Aeolic ) `from under'; `the Unterste' (*nerio-); Oscan nertrak Meaning: under

English norerra `more northern', Old High German nordrni `northern' (The north is to the direction of the prayer to the east = on the left); possible kinship from n-er- with *n-ei- `low, base' (see 312). Maybe alb. Geg nr, alb. ndr `under' [common alb. n > nd shift] Page(s): 765-766 References: WP. II 333 f.

` left hand ', Umbrian nertru ` left ' (= ); zero grade Old Icelandic norr n. `north', Old

nernerRoot / lemma: ner-3 (*e- ner-3)

Meaning: to conceal, cover, hiding place, hollow

', Latvian nrt, nirdt ` submerge '; Old Church Slavic nr, nrti `penetrate', sloven. po-

flee, einschlpfen ', ners m. `beaver', nras m. ` Taucherente ', narv ` cell of the queen bee ndrti ` submerge ', klr. po-nerty `dive', Old Church Slavic nora ` , a hiding-place,

Material: established only for the Balto-Slavic: Lithuanian neri, nrti `immerse, swim through,

earth worm ', serb. nrac ` aquanaut '; auf a zero grade *nr- (*n r- to Indo Germanic *nor) based on Slavic nyr-, nur- in russ.-Old Church Slavic nyrjati, ` dip, immerse ', nura ` door|
entrance

lurking-hole, covert, den ', russ. nor `hole, cave, pit, pothole', Old Russian po-norov `
o

References: WP. II 334, Trautmann 196 f., Pokorny Urillyrier 3 f., 45; See also: perhaps to ner-2. Page(s): 766

Prussian Neria ` spit, tongue of land ', russ. Neretva (to Bug).

` Narenta ' = Scots Gaelic Abhainn Narunn ` Nairn '; Lithuanian Ners, Ners, Neret, Old

' (etc.); here probably FlN Old Prussian Narus, Lithuanian Nar-upe, Illyrian

Meaning: to join with; to conceal oneself

lemma: nesnesRoot / lemma: nes- (*e- nes-)

Material: Old Indic nsat ` unites, joins ', redupl. unthematic nsat 3. Pl. ` sie berhren nahe mit dem Krper, kiss ' (*ni-ns-at), participle ns-na- (old Deponentien); GN

Nsatyau m. Dual. ` both helpers in need ', Proto Indic Naattia, Avestan Nhaiya-, compare H. Gntert, Weltknig 259; zero grade Old Indic sta-, Avestan asta- n. `homeland, domicile'; gr. , Ionian

` come happily, return home, journey back home ', actually ` the always

returning ', m. ` home coming, returning home ', redupl. ep. ` go, come with' (*- with preservation of -- after unthematic forms as 2. 3. Sg. *--, -); reduced grade , Fut. `stay, dwell, inhabit ', `stay, dwell, inhabit; be
inhabited

, Attic m. `( god's abode =) temple, shrine '; zero grade ` gerettet, geborgen ';

'; *-F: Doric Thessalian , lak. F, Lesbian (i.e. FF), Ionian

nesan ` are saved, escape, survive ', Gothic ga-nists, Old High German Old Saxon gi-nist `recovery, salvation'; Kaus. Gothic nasjan `fit, make healthy ', Old High German nerian, nerren `rescue, heal, cure', nhren `nourish', Old Saxon nerian, Old English nerian `rescue, shield ' (besides with , : Old Icelandic nra and nra ` animate, refresh,

become, recover, recuperate ', Old High German Old Saxon gi-nesan ds., Old English ge-

alb. knelem ` recover, be living again ' (prefix k- + *nes-lo-); Gothic ga-nisan `gerettet

Old High German ner, nara f. `salvation, nourishment, food'; latter meaning also in Old Old Icelandic nest n. ` provision for a journey| traveling allowance; money saved by soldiers,

Old Saxon lf-nara f. `nourishment, food', Old English neru f. `salvation, nourishment, food', High German wega-nest, -nist n. ` travel food ', Old English nest n. `nourishment, food', nourishment, food'; Tocharian A nas-, nes- `be'; A nau- `friend'.

nourish ', Swedish dial. nra `start a fire'); Old Icelandic aldr-nari m. `( life preserver =) fire',

Page(s): 766-767

References: WP. II 334 f., M. Leumann Homer. Wrter, 191 ff.

Meaning: to yearn for smth.

neuneuRoot / lemma: neu-d - (*e- neu-d -)

h h

Material: Old High German niot ` eagerness ', Middle High German nietlche `with desire,

with eagerness ', Modern High German niedlich, Old Saxon niud m. `desire, yearning', Old

English ned, nod f. `wish, longing, yearning, eagerness '; Gothic PN Neudis (*Niudeis); Lithuanian pa-nstu, -ndau, -nsti ` have craving, long for '. Page(s): 768 References: WP. II 326.

neuneu- Root / lemma: neu-d- (*e- neu-d-)

Material: Gothic niutan `, reach', ga-niutan ` gripe, catch', nuta `seizor, snarer, trapper, ` etwas an sich nehmen, utilize, eat, drink; relish, enjoy ', Old Saxon niotan, Old English notan ds.; Gothic un-nuts ` useless', Old High German nuzzi, Old Saxon nutti, Old English nytt `wherefore use, take advantage of ' (zero grade Old Icelandic nytr); Old

Meaning: to acquire, to make use of smth.

fisherman ', Old Icelandic njta ` utilize, eat, drink; relish, enjoy ', Old High German niozan

English nytt f., Middle Low German nutte, nut `profit, gain ', Old High German nuz, -zzes m. `profit, gain ', Old English notu f. `yield'; Old Icelandic naut n. ` Stck Vieh ', nautr m. ` m. ` Nutz Vieh ', Old Saxon notil n. `small cattle' (Church Slavic nuta `cattle' from

Modern High German ntzen, nutzen; Old Icelandic nyt f. `profit, gain, milk' (nytja `milk'), Old

English nyttian `need, lack, eat, drink; relish, enjoy ', Old High German nuzzen, nuzzn,

valuable possession ', Old English nat n. ` Stck Rindvieh, animal', Old High German nz Germanic); Old High German ganz, -o `comrade', Old Saxon gent, Old English genat, Lithuanian naud `benefit, profit, gain, property', nadyti `lust, crave', Latvian nda ` perhaps Old Irish Nuado, Gen. Nuadat GN, cymr. Nudd GN, abrit.-Latin Dat. Ndonti,

Old Icelandic nautr ds.; currency';

39, 384.

Ndenti GN (participle *neudont-s, -os), actually ` angler, fisherman ' after Vendryes RC.

neuSee also: to consecutive (neu-d -) neu Page(s): 768

h

References: WP. II 325 f., Trautmann 194, Feist 337 ;

9

Meaning: to sniff, smell Note:

Root / lemma: neu-ks-, neu-s- (*e- neu-ks-) neu-ks- neuneu-ks-

nasneu ks- neuRoot / lemma: nas- : `nose' : Root / lemma: neu-ks-, neu-s- : `to sniff, smell' derived from zero grade of Root / lemma: an()-3 : `to breathe'. an() )-

Material: Gothic bi-niuhsian ` find out; track down; ferret out; spy out ', niuhseins ` visitation,
affliction or punishment by god

to -s- s. Sverdrup IF. 35, 149), etc.;

njsn f. ` tidings, search ', Old High German niusen ` try, assay, test ' (to alteration from -hsneusneus- in: Old English nosian, nosan, Old Saxon niusian, niusn ` examine, trail, follow ';

', perhaps to Old Icelandic nysa `scent, snuffle, sniff, peer ',

in addition Old English nosu, engl. nose, Dutch neus `nose', Norwegian nosa `scent', ns the snout ', engl. nuzzle, Dutch neuzelen `snuffle, sniff', Middle Low German noster(en), `smell, odor, scent, sense of smell ', nuska ` seek ', Modern High German nschen ` dig with

nster(en) ` nostril '; russ. njchat `snuffle, sniff, smell', serb. njuiti `snuffle, sniff'. Geg (*nuhas) huna, Tosc hunda `nose' [common alb. n > nd] Page(s): 768-769

Maybe alb. (*njchat) nuhat, nuhas `snuffle, sniff, smell', through metathesis derived alb. References: WP. II 325, Holthausen KZ. 69, 166 f.; probably to 2. sneu-, see there.

Meaning: dark, indistinct

neukneukRoot / lemma: neuk- (*e- neuk-)

Material: Latin nuscitisus `qui propter oculorum vitium parum videret', next to which with l(after lux, lcre?) luscus ` blinking; bldsichtig; one-eyed', luscnus ` dazzled, blinded; ', luscisus, lusctisus ` purblind| dim-sighted '; Lithuanian niksti `grow

amazed, impressed

dark', niki, nikti ` roar, sound vaguely ', apsi-niukti ` get cloudy ', Latvian apnauktis ds. References: WP. II 324 f., WH. I 838 f.

Page(s): 768

Meaning: to call, to praise

neuneuRoot / lemma: neu-1 (*e- neu-1)

Material: Old Indic navat, nuti ` sounds, rejoices, praises ', Old Irish nall (*neu-slo-) n. `scream, din, fuss, noise, proclamation '; perhaps Latin nntium ` message| announcement;
news; notice of divorce/annulment of betrothal

Page(s): 767

References: WP. II 323, WH. II 188 f.

' (*nouention).

Meaning: to make a push; to nod

lemma: neuneuRoot / lemma: neu-2 (*e- neu-2)

Material: Old Indic nvat, nuti ` turns, moves ', nvayati ` turns, sweeps ', as d-present probably nudti ` shoves, pushes '; gr. ` nod, beckon ' (*), ` beckoning
gesture

order', nmen ` beckoning gesture, volition, divine will| divinity; god ' (*neu-men, or as *neu-smen *ate-no- `entrust', verbal noun aithne ` deposit| trust; money placed on deposit/safe keeping;
contract on trust money

hin und her neigen, waver, wobble, give way', ntus, -s ` nod; command| will, beckoning gesture, = gr. from *- with here certainly root-like ); Old Irish nd `makes known', ' = cymr. adnau ds.;

', ` nod '; Latin nu, -ere ` nod, wave, beckon, bow, lean ', nt, -re ` sich

the eyes) '; with the meaning ` stupfen ' presumably gr. , , Hes., and (?) Lithuanian nirkyti `press, squeeze'; with g- further formations: gr. , Attic ` prick, prickle ', Hes., Pass. Perf.

with formant. -r(o)- russ. (etc.) ponryj (*neu-ro-) ` lowered (of the head), low-spirited (of r(o)-

, participle present ; with intensive strengthening Hes.,

or unexpected action or idea, fickleness

Middle Low German nuck(e) `sudden push, malice, spite; danger, peril, perniciousness; vagary, odd ', md. nucken ` fall asleep, doze off, nod off ', Middle High

German ent-nucken ds., perhaps also Old Church Slavic n(j)ukati ` encourage, stimulate '. Maybe alb nduk ` pull, pinch ' Page(s): 767 References: WP. II 323 f., WH. 186, 189 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 717 .
4

Meaning: new

os, ios os os, ios) os os Root / lemma: neuos -iios (*e- neuos -iios

Material: Old Indic nva-, Avestan nava- `new', Kompar. navatara- (: gr. ), gr. (F), Latin novus, Oscan Nvlanis ` Nlns ' (from *Nvel = Latin Nla), Old Lithuanian navas, Old Prussian neuwenen certain Nom. Sg. n. (*nawanjan; Old Prussian

nouuid, neuued, bret. neuez, Gothic niujis, Old Icelandic nyr, Old High German Old Saxon niuwi, Old English nwe, nowe, Lithuanian najas `new'; Tocharian u, une ds., ca ` stepmother '; Hittite neua- ds.; with -ro ro-forms gr. (F), Armenian nor `new' (*nouero-), Latin nover-

Ionian , gall. Nevio-, Novio-dnum (` new castle '), Old Irish n, cymr. newydd, abret.

nauns probably after jauns ` young '), Old Bulgarian nov `new'; -iio-form Old Indic nvya-, i

Maybe alb. njerka ` stepmother ' a Latin loanword.

Maybe aphesis alb. (*nouero-) re (fem.), ri (masc.) `new'.

gr. = Latin novre ` make new| renovate; renew| refresh| change ' (therefrom novlis ` fallowland; enclosed land| field,

being of young age '); = Latin novits ` restored state (as new); being new
appointed/promoted; surprise; modern times

forms as in aequlis ` equal| similar; uniform| level| flat; of the same age/generation/duration ', also ` '; Feminina with - besides -suffix (see Specht Indo

a field which is plowed for the first time or after one-year-old rest';

Germanic Dekl.323 f.) lie consecutive formations the basic: Latin novcius ` new| fresh; esp.
recruit

of persons new to slavery

'; gr. `young scoundrel '; Church Slavic novak ` beginner; novice, neophyte; '; but ` youngling ' from F-- `young

'; russ. novk ` beginner; novice, neophyte; inexperienced person; trainee,

inexperienced person; trainee, recruit

Atmender'; `new' see above S. 414.

Page(s): 769

See also: Changing through ablaut n ` now' see there; s. also *e-neuen ` nine '.

References: WP. II 324, WH. II 181, Trautmann 194.

Meaning: to attack; to fight, rail

nik- nk- niknikRoot / lemma: nik- : nk- : nik- (*e- nik-)

Material: Gr. n. `quarrel, fight', ` quarrel, dispute, argue, fight, scold ', perhaps also , Doric f. `victory', ` win'; Celtic (?) FlN Nicros ` Neckar '; Old English

ge-nstan `quarrel' (*naihstian?); Balto Slavic *nink ` begin violently ' in Lithuanian -

`very', Old Prussian neikaut ` stroll ', Slavic *nikn, *niknti in Old Church Slavic vz-niknti Slavic niknuti ` hervorwachsen ', etc. 213.

nink, -nkti ds., Latvian nikns `angry, irate', ablaut. naks `violent', Lithuanian dial. neikom

` come round, recover consciousness, become conscious again, return to consciousness ', russ.-Church

References: WP. II 321, Trautmann 199, Kuiper Nasalprs. 186 f., Hofmann Gr. etym. Wb. Page(s): 761

Meaning: snake Comments:

n-tr..., tr... n-tr.) Root / lemma: n-tr n-tr (*e- n-tr

n-trtr(s)n(s)niRoot / lemma: n-tr-, n-tr- : snake, derived from Root / lemma: (s)n- and (s)ni- : to sew `adder, viper'. together, to web, spin I formants: -p-: snep-, -u- : snu-, sneu-, -r- (s)ner-, also -tr ntrtr-: u r tr

nathrach ` water-snake; serpent| snake '; cymr. neidr `snake' (*natr), Pl., nadroedd, corn.

Material: Latin natrix, -icis m. f. ` water-snake; whip; a plant, penis' = Old Irish nathir, Gen. nader, mbr. azr, br. aer ds., abret. natrol-ion ` reptile (snake, lizard, or dragon) which is able to kill

High German ntara, ntra f. `adder, viper' (*n-tr). `adder, viper '.

Icelandic nar m., nara f. `adder, viper'; with Old English nddre, Old Saxon ndra, Old Maybe folk etymology Latin natrix ` snake ' + pertica ` perch ' = alb. compound nprka References: WP. II 327 f., WH. II 147; Page(s): 767

with by its look or breath (Classical Mythology); basilisk; bibl. Cockatrice

'; Gothic nadr Gen. Pl., Old

(s)n-. See also: probably as `the winding, turning ', to root (s)n

Page(s): 767

See also: see above S. 312 f. (en-).

ni- neineiRoot / lemma: ni-, nei- (*e- nei-)

Meaning: `nest' Page(s): 769

niz-doniz-doRoot / lemma: niz-do- (*e- niz-do-)

See also: see below sed-.

Root / lemma: nogo- or nago- (*e- nago-) nogo- nagonagoo o o Meaning: tree Material: Old Indic naga- m. `tree, mountain'; Old Icelandic nkkui m., Old High German nahho, Old Saxon naco, Old English naca ` bark, type of sailboat, dugout canoe'.

Page(s): 770

References: WP. II 340.

Meaning: naked

nog nogod(h)o nog nood(h)onego oRoot / lemma: nog-, nogod(h)o-, nog-no- (*e- nego-)

Material: Old Norse nkkva ` make naked '; lengthened grade Lithuanian nogas, Latvian dial. nugs, Old Church Slavic nag `naked'; with dental formants: Latin ndus `naked' from *noged(h)os or *nogod(h)os = Gothic

Note: often distorted taboo

nocht, cymr. etc. noeth `naked' (*nog-to-s); (common alb. Celtic -kt > -th, -gt > -dh) with formants -no-: Old Indic nagn- `naked', Avestan mana- ds. (m- through no-

English nacod, Old High German nackut, nachut, Modern High German nackt; Old Irish

naqas (-d-), Old Norse nkkuir (also nktr), next to which Old Swedish nakuer, Old

dissimilation, the initial grade of westosset. bn); Armenian merk `naked'; hieher also

gr. , by Hes. (for *) and . ; Old *nak(u)-na- after the participle in -inn); Hittite neku-manza `naked'.

Icelandic nakinn, Old Frisian naken `naked' (k instead of nord. ku point to metathesis from Comments:

nog nogod(h)o nog nood(h)olkkRoot / lemma: nog-, nogod(h)o-, nog-no-: naked > Root / lemma: lk-2 : lk- : to tear, fell, fur, leather, bark, outer covering of a tree, pod Maybe alb. (*naku-n-os) lakuriq ` naked', lkur ` skin, naked skin', lakuriq ` bat, hanging skin ' : Greek (for *) (common Baltic Hittite n- > l- = alb. Greek n- > l-) See grain'. Lithuanian liekoti ds., Latvian lieka `winnowing shovel' Root / lemma: neik- : `to winnow neikReferences: WP. II 339 f., WH. II 185, Trautmann 201, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 251. Page(s): 769

See also: s. nek-(t)-. Page(s): 770

nok (t)nek (t)Root / lemma: nok-(t)- (*e- nek-(t)-)

Meaning: pronominal stem Page(s): 769

nonoRoot / lemma: no- (*e- no-)

See also: see above S. 320, eno-.

Page(s): 770

See also: s. enomn.

nmn nmn Root / lemma: nmn (*e- nmn)

Meaning: back, behind

nt- tntRoot / lemma: nt-, nt- (*e- nt-)

Material: Gr. , `back', changing through ablaut with Latin ntis f., mostly Pl. nats `buttock, backside'? References: References: WP. II 340, WH. II 146.

Page(s): 770

Meaning: now

n Root / lemma: n- (*e- n-)

nnm `now, yet, present ' (as Lithuanian nna, Old Church Slavic nyn probably adv.

Material: Old Indic n, n, Avestan n `now', Old Indic ntana- `present, current, young, new', solidified case of the Adj. *n-no- `present, current'), Avestan nrm, nrm, ap. nram ds.

(shaped after parm ` from here on, hereafter '?); gr. , , `now, yet' (latter probably
now| still| yet

from *n-m =) Latin num ` nun noch, noch jetzt ', then base for questions, etiamnum ` even ', next to which nu- still in nu-dis

', nunc ` now| today| at present ' (*num-ce) = Hittite ki-nun ds., n-per ` recently| not

long ago; in recent years/our own time; (SUPER) latest in series

tertius `* now is the third day ' (about Old Irish nu-, no-, mcymr. neu Verbal-particle, see ', Middle High German Modern High German n, previously from Late Middle ', Lithuanian nna `now' (see above); Old

below ne `not'); Gothic nu (n?), Old Icelandic Old High German Old English n `now, yet,

High German time also nn; Lithuanian n, Latvian nu `now', Old Prussian in tei-nu ` now,
since; henceforth, from now on, from this time on

at present

Hittite nu (sentence-prefatory particle); ki-nun `now, yet', n-wa `still', nu-kwit ` numquid '; now, yet' from *nu-ke; about the conjunction ` neither ... nor ' see above S. 757 under ne1 ne1. `present, current' and `new', gr. ` just, recently ', Old High German niwes (adv. Gen.), Indo Germanic n is probably zero grade to neuo- `new', compare Old Indic ntaneGothic nah `still', Old Frisian noch, Old Saxon Old High German noh Adverb `still, also

Bulgarian n ` yet ', nyn `now' (see above); Tocharian nu no enkl. ` yet, because';

Lithuanian nauja `fresh, recently '.

Maybe alb. ta-ni `now' [ta- (a-t ) `this, that' + *ni `now'] : Old Prussian in tei-nu : Skt. n References: WP. II 340, WH. II 186 ff., Trautmann 201. `now, just, but' [adv]; Go. nu `now' [adv]

Page(s): 770

Meaning: under

lemma: os, os) Root / lemma: nd os nd eri (*e- nd os

h h h

Material: Old Indic adh `under' (as preposition m. Akk. and Gen.), Avestan ad `under', ' (?);

Armenian nd (m. Instr.) `under', Old Icelandic und ds., Tocharian a `under, downwards, Avestan aairi `under, below', Gothic undar etc., Old High German untar and untari Old Indic dhara-, Avestan aara- `the lower, those below (pl.)| the dead ', Latin nferus ds. ' ds.(after supernus), infr `below, underneath ' (*inferd) with Anlaut treatment
h

in a downward direction, down

`under', neologism after Indo Germanic *uperi (Old Indic upari etc. `above');

(*enferos, Indo Germanic *nd eros), nfernus ` lower| under; underground| of the lower regions|
infernal; of hell

`under';

despises'); Gothic undaro preposition `under' (Abl. auf -d) = Old Indic Adv. dhart Old Indic adham- ` the lowest ' = Latin nfimus ds.

of -d -; gr. - placed perhaps in ` despise ' (compare Old Indic adhara- `

h

References: WP. I 323, WH. I 698, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 259 . Page(s): 771
1

sisi sisi Root / lemma: nsi-s (*e- nsi-s) Meaning: sword Note: only Aryan and Italic `sword'.

Material: Old Indic as- m. ` sword, butcher's knife '; Avestan ah- f. ds.; Latin nsis References: WP. I 324, WH. II 406, Specht KZ. 66, 34 f.

Page(s): 771

sisi sisi Root / lemma: nsi- (*e- nsi-) Meaning: dirt, black Material: Old Indic si-ta-, fem. si-kn ` swart, black'; gr. `slime, mud (of a river)',

`muddy'. Page(s): 771

References: WP. I 324, W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 116 f.

Meaning: to sweep; to multiply Note: only Armenian and gr.

several; multiple, numerous reproduce, propagate used for sweeping

elelRoot / lemma: ob el- (*eb el-)

h h h

Material: Armenian avelum `I sweep' (a-avelum `I breed, multiply, procreate ': aveli ` poly, many, ', ` broom, tool used for sweeping ' and ` profit ', ` broom, tool '), gr. `sweep' and ` increase, breed, multiply, procreate,

References: WP. I 178, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 57, Leumann Hom. Wrter 120 ff. Page(s): 772

', ` profit, gain '.

' Hes., ` sweep, wash away, rinse, clean with a broom '; ` profit

See also: see above S. 287 (eb i-). Page(s): 772

h

eiRoot / lemma: ob i- (*eb ei-)

h

odRoot / lemma: od-1 Meaning: to smell '; Material: Material: Armenian hot ` fragrance, smell, odor' (sek. o-stem), hotim ` smell ', hototim ` nose,

smell, scent, sniff

Maybe nasalized attribute noun alb. f. (*hounta) hunda ` nose '. Common - > j- Slavic Albanian; o- > ho- Armenian.
3 3

*odi- compatible), , hom. etc. , Doric :, Attic ` fragrance, smell, odor' (*-), -, - ` malodorous, bad smelling, stinky, smelly, giving off a foul odor,
odorous, fragrant, releasing a good smell, sweet-smelling

gr. (* ) ` smell, give off an odor ' (*-, with Latin olre under an extension basis

); Latin odor `smell, odor', odefaci, ol(e)faci ` nose, smell, scent, sniff ', ole, -re

*- (: Latin odor) as first part; haplology alb. am ` unpleasant smell, odor' (*odm = `smell, stink' (`sabin' l = d perhaps tight, firm has changed through support in oleum);

', - ` nose, smell, scent, sniff ' with

Swedish os `smell, odor, suffocating gas ', haplology Norwegian Danish os (*d-s-o-) etc.), actually: ` smelling after shavings ';
smell around,

`haze, mist, suffocating vapor', Old Icelandic spn-sa `newly made, made anew ' (of ship Lithuanian odiu, osti `smell' (*di), Latvian uu, ust `smell', Lithuanian ostyti ` snuffle, sniff' = Latvian ustt (and ukstt ds.; with the same parasitic k

Lithuanian oksauti ` lurk continually ' );

The origin of labialized Old laryngeals: common Armenian Celtic *ue- > gw- > g- ; Lithuanian gw- > u-. Old Czech jadati ` research, examine ' (`*nose around '). Common - > j- Slavic Albanian; - > i-, y- Old Indic Tocharian. References: WP. I 174, WH. II 203, Trautmann 202.

Page(s): 772-773

See also: see also od-2 ` repulsion'; about gall. odocos s. S. 289.

Meaning: disgust, hate Note:

odhadRoot / lemma: od-2 (*had-) had

odhadodhadRoot / lemma: od-2 (*had-): `disgust, hate' derived from Root / lemma: od-1 (*had-): `to had : had : smell, *have repulsive smell'

Material: Armenian ateam `I hate ', ateli ` detested, hostile '; lengthening for -), , , , `be angry with,
(manifestion by/towards group); object of hate

gr. - (as *-- containing the participle Perf.) in Hes. (- metr.

grumble, rumble '; Latin d ` hate| dislike; be disinclined/reluctant/ adverse to ', dium ` haterd
awful| horrible; fierce, savage| bloody; heinous| severe; terrible| frightening| dreadful

'; Old English atol, Old Icelandic atall ` fearful| cruel| '; Hittite atuki

`terrible, dreadful';

as ` aversion as a result of smell ' perhaps to od-1 `smell'. Page(s): 773 References: WP. I 174 f., WH. II 202 f.

oideid-os) Root / lemma: oid- (*eid eid Material:

Meaning: to swell; strong, *fast, swelling, lump, water Armenian ait (i-stem) `cheek', aitnum `I swell' (*oid-nu-mi), aitumn `swelling, lump,

growth';

swelling, tumescence, flood of the sea ', - ` Schwellfu ';

gr. , `swell', n. `swelling, lump, growth', ` unripe fig ', o `

(Old Icelandic also figurative `fury, rage, bitter sense', East Frisian eitel `angry, irate,

of their toxic contents Old High German eitar, Old English t(t)or, Old Icelandic eitr `pus'

Old High German eiz, Modern High German dial. Eis ` abscess, boil, ulcer', and as a name

frenzied '); Old Icelandic eitill m. ` inclusion in a stone ', Norwegian eitel `gland, knag in a

`testicle' (*oid-s-to(n)-, from the zero grade of es-stem: gr. ); perhaps also Old English from oi- probably Old Bulgarian -dro, jadro (etc.) ` bowl for serving wine; sail', poln. Kashubian also `net' (basic meaning `swelling'); te, engl. oat ` oat '; Latvian idra `the the decayed marrow of a tree'; with Slavic *-, *ja-

tree, knot, bud' (= Middle High German eizel `small pustulating ulcer'); Old Icelandic eista

Lithuanian aidinti `stir, tease, irritate' and Old Church Slavic isto, Pl. istesa `testicle, kidney' Russian jestes n. Du. `testicles', if with it *stes; nasalized *ind-ro to *d- (jd-) in Slavic from zero grade *id-s-to-, next to which*oid-s-to- (: Old Icelandic eista) perhaps in Old

Old Church Slavic jad ` poison ' (*oidos), slov. jditi `anger', serb. ijditi ` enrage ';

*jdro, *jdr: Old Church Slavic jdro `quick, fast' (from `*strong' = `*swollen'), serb. jdar

`full, fresh, strong' and russ.-Church Slavic jadro ` kernel; nut; central part; hard round
mass/nodule, testicle

jdro ` seed; Pl. testicles', jdrny `kernig, strong, lively '; Common - > j- Slavic Albanian; - > i-, y- Old Indic Tocharian. Maybe alb. gjendra `(*testicle), lump, tumor, swelling, gland' : Church Slavic jadro `nucleus, testiculus'. (common alb. j- > gj-) in addition Baltic FlN Indus, Indura, Indra, Indraj and Indrica, also Innerste, NFl the

', russ. jadrovtyj `kernig, strong', jdrica ` barley porridge, groats ', poln.

washing or laundry line (Hildesheim), old Indrista (probably Venetic-Illyrian).

ball');

Old Indic indriym n. ` power, fortune'; perhaps also ndu- m. `drip' (originally `Sehwellung, Note: The inanimate suffix -ur : Baltic FlN Indus, Indura : , , Illyrians, , , ur ur , speak the Illyrian language, :--hence Adv. . Illyria, also , , Adj. , , , Illyrian: -, the region or province of Illyria,

Old Indic ndra- `strong', also GN 'Indra-, Proto Indic (mitanni) Indar = Avestan GN Indra-;

References: WP. I 166 f., Petersson Heteroklisie 83, 248, Gntert Weltknig 13 f., Machek Page(s): 774 KZ. 64, 261 f., Pokorny Urillyrier 114, 127, Trautmann 2f., 108.

oi-no- oiRoot / lemma: oi-no-, oi-uo- (*ei-uo-) Page(s): 774 See also: see above S. 286 (e-).

Page(s): 774

See also: see above S. 297 (ei-).

Root / lemma: oiu (*ei-u-) -

okRoot / lemma: okNote:

Meaning: to think over, *understand, see okRoot / lemma: ok- : `to think over, *understand, see' derived from a reduced Root / lemma: ok ok- : `to see; eye'. Material: Gr. ` dubiousness, hesitating ', ` hesitate ', ` dilatorily ';

Modern High German achten, beachten, Old Icelandic tla (*ahtiln) `mean, think, intend, mean, aim'. References: WP. I 169; after Specht KZ 62, 211 to ok-. Page(s): 774

', Old High German Old Saxon ahtn, Old English eahtian `consider, observe, appraise ',

(Modern High German achtgeben), Old English eaht f. ` calculation, consultation, estimate

ahaks `dove' (as spirit bird); Old High German ahta ` observance, paying attention '

Gothic aha `sense, mind, understanding ', ahjan `believe, mean', ahma m. `ghost';

t(u) Root / lemma: okt(u) Note: Meaning: eight

t(u) okRoot / lemma: okt(u) : eight derived from the extended Root / lemma: ok- : `to think over, *understand, see, count' + -ta attribute formant modelled after Illyrian attribute nouns, ta adjectives. Hence PIE numbers derived from previously ordinal numbers.

from *opt with p assumed from seven p); gr. ; alb. tet (*okt-t-); Note:

width of four fingers ' (to Sg. *ata-), Henning TrPhSoc. 1948, 69; Armenian ut` (probably

Material: Old Indic a, au (besides at- f. ` eighty '), Avestan ata to Avestan ati- `

Anatolian languages show a pattern similar to alb. So Lycian aitta `eight' : alb. teta `eight'; Lycian utta `nine' : alb. nanda `nine'. Therefore alb. shtata `seven' derived from a truncated *sa(p)tata `seven' later Old Indic sapttha, Avestan haptaa-, Old Saxon sivotho, Old English seofoa, Lithuanian septitas; also Old Indic saptat-, Avestan

haptiti- 70; in alb. -ta, -t are attribute formants that were solidified in Anatolian and Indic cognates. The attribute -ta formant (used in the genitive and adjectives) is unique to alb.Anatolian languages alone.

Therefore alb. teta `eight' is a zero grade of Lycian aitta (*okt(u)ta) `eight'. It was initially an ordinal number used as an attribute [compare Latin octugint `80']. A better explanation is the fact that Anatolian languages used the Akkadian script which did not permit 2 subsequent consonants, therefore a vowel was introduced between the Northern Runic a:tta tta double consonants found in:

Old Norse

Norwegian Danish otte tta tta Swedish Dalecarlian Faroese tta tta tta Old Icelandic Icelandic tte

compare maked. Otto-lobus ` 8 hill '; Latin oct; Old Irish ocht n- (nasalization after secht

n- and ni n-); cymr. wyth, ncorn. eath, bret. eiz (*ocht, older - from -); Gothic ahtau, Old Old Church Slavic osm (reshaped after the ordinals sm); Tocharian okt, A okt. Icelandic tta, Old High German Old Saxon ahto, Old English eahta; Lithuanian atuo-n; ordinals: Latin octvus (compare also Oscan Uhtavis ` Oktavius ') probably from

*octuos; Old Phrygian F F `in 8. years' (*oktuoi uetesi); gr. Ionian Attic

(F) ( after ), obstructed in (hom. to reshaped after ), compare Latin octugint `80', the former model from septuginta and arisen anew in very late time after the latter again; after the ordinals to septm (and dekm) have been directed Old Indic aam-, Avestan Prussian asman (Akk.), Old Church Slavic osm (oktmo-); compare Tocharian A oktnt, Other congruities are to name ved. adaa- 18, Avestan atadase- `the 18.', gr. atma-, gall. oxtumetos, Old Irish ochtmad, cymr. wythfed, Lithuanian mas, Old

oktante `the eighth', alb. f. e teta ` the eighth ', m. i teti ` the eigth '

octingent `800'. Page(s): 775

(), Latin octdecim, Old High German ahtozehan 18; gr. , Latin

References: WP. I 172 f., WH. II 199 f., Trautmann 15 f.

ok Root / lemma: ok- , (*(*ekh- ) Meaning: to see; eye okNote: besides ok-, see there

ok Root / lemma: ok- : to see; eye derived from Root / lemma: deik- : to show' : Root / zero]. The drop of initial d- in proto Aryan languages lrft the bare laryngeal -. suppose, imagine, expect ', then Marathi dola (*dokula) `eye'.

Note:

lemma: dek-1 : `to take, *offer a sacrifice, observe a custom' [common Illyrian-Baltic d- > One of the oldest cognates is Gr. ` to see, discern, perceive, observe; to think, Material: Aryan out of the compounds only forms of stem *ok- (whereupon partly the iOld Indic ki n. `eye' (this i-stem ved. only Nom. Akk. Sg. and in compounds, aki-pt
h

and n-stem is layered):

`a little, a bit', after ved. also in b -case and in Lok. Pl.), Gen. Sg. ak-- etc., Nom. Du. ak = Avestan ai ` (both) eyes ' Common Old Indic -h- > -k- : Avestan -h- > -x-, --. (compare *ok ds. in Lithuanian ak, Old Bulgarian oi and as base from Armenian a-k` and gr. ), formation of conservative stem *ak-; this stem ak- also in ved. an-k `blind'; Avestan ai for *ax after ui `ears', compare Avestan aiwy-xayeinti ` they

the darkened compounds Old Indic prtka- ` turned, opposite ', n. `face (with the eyes and mouth)' (: -), nka- n. ` the turned, front ', Avestan ainka- m. `face (with the
o

n. `instant, eye blink' (seems grown from a Lok. *[a]kn); is not overgrown the -stem in

(Indo Germanic *k- from *i- k-); aka- m. `dice, cube', i.e. ` provide with eyes ';kaa- m.
o

supervise ', aiwyxtar- `supervisor, custodian, keeper'; redupl. Old Indic kat ` sees '

` greasy (looking); sacrificial spoon ', vitc f. `gleaming'; Nom. Pl. a-k` pluralized from dem Nom. Du. *oki; gr. (*oksi) Nom. Du. `Augen' common Old Indic -h- > k- : gr. -h- > -ss-

eyes and mouth)' (*proti, *eni + k-; compare Slavic nic under *ni- `low, mean'), ghrtc f. Armenian (with expressive gemination) akn, Gen. akan `eye, aperture, hole' (n-stem),

`see, observe (spiritually), foresee, predict', Attic `foresee, predict, dread'; common Old Indic -h- > k- : gr. -h- > -ss-: -tt-

(*okie for *ok), Attic *, whereof ` necklace with three glass eyes ';

 ` I will see ', common Old Indic -h- > k- : gr. -h- > -kh- > -phsredupliz. root ( + > -); `eye' (*-n), common Old Indic -h- > k- : gr. -h- > -k- > -p-- `eye' (*okh- with expressive Aspirata?); common Old Indic -h- > k- : gr. -h- > -k- > -ph-, -fwithout Aspirata Boeotian ; with (after etc.) analogical ; hem- homlemma: hem-, hom-, Gen.- ablative h()m-s : `earth' common Old Indic -h- > k- : Anatolian Tocharian Greek -h- > -kt- see Root / `have seen'; ` gawk at, look after ', ` overseer of girls ' with

lak. , epidaur. ; similarly behaves to Lesbian earrings ' , - ` nets with a lot of openings or meshes '); common Old Indic -h- > k- : gr. -h- > -k- > -plengthened grade `face'; `face (with the eyes and mouth)',

`' (probably with expressive gemination); ` opening, aperture ' ( f. Pl. `

(comparable Latin atr-x, fer-x); common Old Indic -h- > k- : gr. -h- > -kh- > -phsperhaps gr. ` the vengeance or visitation, awestruck fear; punishment, retribution ', actually ` investigation, inquiry '?; common Old Indic -h- > k- : gr. -h- > -k- > -pIndic -h- > k- : gr. -h- > -kh- > -phsp `you have reprimanded, have punished, pressed hard, oppressed ', common Old

`forehead', -, - ; - ` shortsighted '; besides - with abbreviation

- ` rebuking, reproving appellation ', common Old Indic -h- > k- : gr. -h- > -k- > (changed ), Aor. and `rebuke, reproach, reprove, punish, common Old Indic -h- > k- : gr. -h- > -k- > -palb. s `eye'; Note: avenge, scold ' (Indo Germanic *k- from redupl. *i- k, compare Old Indic kat);
o

Wrong etymology; [conservative definitive forms versus indefinite forms (alb. phonetic , suul-, suel-, sl- : `sun'. el- slel

trait)], hence alb. geg sni `eye' : Old Irish (*sli-) sil ` eye ' : Root / lemma: suel-, suolel- suolel ol Finally zero grade alb. geg sni `eye' : Old Irish (*sli-) sil ` eye '. ferus, above S. 493), etc. (: gr. - ` shortsighted ', etc.); Latin oculus `eye' (kelo-s); atr-x ` grisly' (to ter, above S. 69), fer-x `wild' (to Latin

enep ds. and preposition `against', and cymr. wyneb `face (with the eyes and mouth)', -k > -p.

Old Irish enech, mcymr. enep `face, face (with the eyes and mouth)', Middle Breton

acymr. let-einepp ` half a side ' are unclear; common Old Indic -h- > k- : Celtic - > -b : in Germanic we find beside the stem *aw- (*k-, Old High German ac-siuni f. ` species

', auc-siuno ` evidenter ') : *awi- (*ok-) in Old High German awi-zoraht ` seemingly ', Old

abbreviated prefix);

wia, auwia ds. (*awjan), Middle High German z-ounen, Middle Dutch t-nen `show' (with

English awis (*aw-wis) `apparent, manifest, obvious', awan `show, reveal ', Old Frisian

a stem *auan-: Crimean Gothic Pl. oeghene (oe = ), then Gothic aug, Old Icelandic

besides Germanic *aun- (*ok-n-); through balance and influence of *aus `ear' originated

n. `face (with the eyes and mouth)', Old English and-ages, amd. and-ouge ` in view of', Old Icelandic -eygr, Old High German -ougi, Old English -aged `- eyed ones '; Lithuanian aks `eye', ak (= Old Bulgarian oi) `die beiden Augen', Latvian acs `eye',

auga, Old High German ouga, Old English age n. `eye'; stem *augja- in Gothic and-augi

Old Prussian ackis Nom. Pl. ` eyes ', Old Bulgarian oko (russ. ko), Gen. oese, Du. oi

`eye'; Lithuanian aklas ` attentive ', poln. obaczy (lengthened grade) `see, pay attention, perceive, see ', from which through suffix misunderstanding (ob : o): baczy `look out, pay attention, perceive, see'; of n-stem serb.-Church Slavic okno `window'; compare engl. (Old Affiliation from Lithuanian kas ` Wuhne, hole in the ice ', Latvian aka ` of dug wells ',

Icelandic loanword) wind-ow ds., actually ` wind-eye';

russ. river name Ok (different above S. 23), Lithuanian eket (aket, akyt) ` in das Eis gehauenes Loch zum Wasserschpfen, Wuhne ', Latvian akate ` pit in the morass full of lakes; water ' probably: ` water eye ', compare ` sea eyes ' as a name of the Tatra Mountain

compare W.Schulze Kl. Schr. 248. verb, to see

2 2 2 2

Tocharian A ak, Du. a, ek, Du. eane n. `eye'; A ak-mal `face' (`eye + nose');

Maybe Sumerian ig[~] i: noun, eye(s); face; front. prep., before, in front of

References: WP. I 169 ff., WH. II 200 ff., Benveniste Origines 1, 48, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 299, Petersson Heterokl. 121. Page(s): 775-777

Meaning: to destroy

ol-(e)Root / lemma: ol-(e)- (*oul-(e)-) l (e)-

Material: Gr. (*-:-), Fut. `spoil', ` Exterminator ', `destroy', (*F) ` catastrophically '; Latin ab-ole `destroy'; perhaps with sek. h- Umbrian hondu, holtu ` prosternito '; Hittite hulli-, hulliya- `fight, struggle', etc. References: WH. I 4 f. (the arrangement bestreitet), Couvreur H 143. Page(s): 777

Meaning: shoulder

Root / lemma: om(e)so-s (*oum(e)so-s) om(e)som(e)som(e)so

Material: Old Indic sa- m. `shoulder'; Armenian us, Gen. usoy ds.; lengthened grade gr. Umbrian uze, onse ` in umero '; Gothic ams ds. (Germanic *amsa-), Old Icelandic ss ` ridge '; Tocharian A es `shoulder' (*omso-), B ntse (*omeso-). Page(s): 778 References: WP. I 178, Pedersen Tocharian 250; W. Schulze KZ. 63, 28, WH. II 815. ds. from *msos, compare - by Theokr.; Latin umerus from *omesos ds.,

om oum Root / lemma: om- (*oum-) oum

Meaning: to proceed with energy; to make firm; to suffer

disease, malady' (: gr. ), with themat. Creation of the 2. syllable mat ` pressed ', matra- `tight, firm', mavn- ` boisterous, strong' =

promise ' (: -), abhy-amti ` torments, damages ', mv `tribulation, affliction,

Material: Old Indic mti ` presses, insures urgently, swears', themat. sam-amant ` they

= Avestan amavant- `strong, mighty, vast, grand', Old Indic ma- m. `rush, impetuousness, hastiness ' = Avestan ama- ` power, strength, male power, attack strength ', Adj. `strong', Old Indic myati ` damages; it is damaged, ill ', maya- m. `disease, malady'; Avestan

amyav `affliction, hardship ';

Indic sam-amant), hom. ` tormenting, grievously ' (probably metr. lengthening Gr. Gr. 1, 259, 309);

gr. , ` swear ' (, ; Fut. neologism), (: Old

from F, to *-F); , Ionian ` distress ' (dissimil. from *F, Schwyzer Old Icelandic ama `plague, bother, annoy', amask ` take offence, feel displeasure,

struggle with ', nisl. ami `plague', amstr ` indefatigable work, strain, exertion ', aml n. ` without success ', Old Icelandic PN mlungr;

unceasing, esp. fruitless occupation with a thing', Norwegian amla ` struggle, work, esp.

Amali the name of East Gothic royal family, the Amalunge, Amulinge of German and Old

English heroic legend, Old High German Amal-olf ; Old High German emiz ` continuously, ` eager'.

perpetually ', emizzg, emazzg ` continuously, pertinaciously', Modern High German emsig Tocharian A. amike ` discontent ', B omske `evil, bad'. Page(s): 778 References: WP. I 178 f.

omRoot / lemma: om- (*oum-) Meaning: raw, bitter, *sweet Note: reduced grade mo

omsemRoot / lemma: om- (*amel): `raw, bitter, *sweet' : Root / lemma: sem-1 : `to pour' : Root / : semlemma: sem-3 : `summer', Old Indic aml-, ambl- `sour, sorrel, Oxalis acetosella ' : gall. Material: Old Indic aml-, ambl- `sour, sorrel, Oxalis acetosella ' (= maked. -, samon[ios] `summer months', samolus ` sour, sorrel, Oxalis acetosella '.

Germanic *ampra-), zero grade mr- m. ` Mango tree ', m- `raw, unripe ' (= gr. ), Note: Note md- ` eating raw flesh '; skyth. VN from iran. *md-aka- ` raw meat eater ';

Phonetically the closest cognate to Old Indic aml-, ambl- `sour' is alb. Geg amla, Tosc derived from alb. Geg ama `mother', taml ` sour milk (of the mother), breast milk '.

mb()la `sweet' common alb. shift m > mb Clearly the cognate of Old Indic aml- `sour' mb.

Armenian zero grade hum `raw, cruel, savage'; maked. - ` astringent ', Hes.; already Indo Germanic contraction from mo- and ed- `eat'); gr. `raw, cruel, savage', ` eating raw meat ' etc. (= Old Indic md- with

alb. taml `(sour) milk', ambl, mbl `sweet', tmbl ` bile ' (article t-); copper, ore' = cymr. efydd ` copper, bronze ' (*omiio-); Latin amrus `bitter'; Old Irish om `raw', cymr. of ds., in addition Old Irish um(a)e ` Germanic *ampra- (from *ambra- < *am-ro-) in Dutch amper `sharp, bitter, unripe ', Old

Icelandic apr (*ampraR) `sharp', Subst. Old English ampre, Old High German ampfaro `
r

(Sauer)ampfer '; doubtful Old English m m. ` ust ', me f. ` Rotlauf ', Old Icelandic ma f., mu-stt f. ` Rose ' (disease, malady), mr ` reddish brown ', Modern High German Ahm, Ohm ` Rotlauf '; Latvian amuols ` sorrel, Oxalis acetosella '. Page(s): 777-778 References: WP. I 179, WH. I 35, Frisk nominal formation 14.

ondRoot / lemma: ond-, nd- (*ound-) Meaning: stone Material: Old Indic dri- ` stone, esp. used to hit the Soma; cliff, mountain; rock ', Old pers.

Ark-adri (?); Middle Irish ond, onn, Gen. uinde (stem *ondes-) n. ` stone, rock'. (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). Maybe Illyrian TN. (*Adriei) Ardiei

Page(s): 778

References: WP. I 181.

onerRoot / lemma: oner- (*ouner-) Meaning: dream Grammatical r/n-stem Grammatical information: older r/n

Material: Armenian anurj `dream' (*onr-io-, compare gr. : `mark, token, sign'); gr. Nom. Akk. n. `dream' and Adv. `in dream'; , -, Aeolic , Cretan (probably through influence of the preposition -) `dream', Gen. Attic

Ionian (originally *); alb. gegh. drr, Tosc ndrr `dream' (onrio-) [common alb. n- > nd-]. Page(s): 779 References: WP. I 180, Meillet Esquisse de l'Arm. 150.
2

ongangRoot / lemma: ong- (better ang-) (*oung-) Note: Meaning: coal

ongangRoot / lemma: egnis : ognis : `fire' derived from Root / lemma: ong- (better ang-) (*heng-): : Material: Old Indic gra- m. `coal', npers. angit ds.; gael. nir. aingeal `light, fire'; (Latvian ogle is neologism); Old Church Slavic gl m. ds., but russ. ugol, SerboCroatian galj, poln. wgiel ds. etc. (io-stem). (common alb. Slavic > ). 134. Maybe alb. thngjill `(*coal) ash' similar to alb. thua ` nail', thundra, thundr ` hoof' References: WP. I 181, Macbain Etym. Gael. Dict. 8 f., Trautmann 8, H. Wagner, Lexis 3, Page(s): 779 Root / lemma: ong- (*ongh-) ong onghongh Baltic-Slavic. *angli-: Old Prussian anglis, Lithuanian angls, Latvian ogle `coal' coal < Root / lemma: ok- : `to see; eye' ok

Material: Old Indic aj-, ankti (3. Pl. ajnti) ` anoints, coats, decorates ', participle Perf. anointing '; m. n. ` ointment, jewellery', jyam n. ` sacrificial lard ' ( + ajya- < *ngio-); Armenian aucanem `anoint, smear, rub' (compare Meillet Esquisse de l'Arm. 37); Latin ungu, unctus; Umbrian umtu ` unguito '; Old Prussian anctan, ancte ` butter'. Maybe alb. ngjyej ` smear, rub, paint ', ngjyr `color' Latin loanwords. ongenongen- ` ointment, smudge '. en anco m., Middle High German anke ` butter', Alemannian-sdschwb. Anke (m., seldom f.) ` butter'. Latin unguen, unguen-tum `fat, ointment ', Umbrian umen ds., Old High German ancho,
2

Meaning: Meaning: to anoint, dark ointment

akt-, Pass. ajyte; ajanam ` the ointments, ointment ', jas- n. ` ointment ', aj- `

ymen-yn (from *emen-yn); compare above Old Indic jyam.

ng-en-: Irish imb (Gen. imbe) ` butter', acorn. amen-en, bret. amann, aman-enn, cymr. en-

Maybe zero grade in alb. (*ngh-en) ngjyenj `to wet, moisten; to dye, color, imbue'. Page(s): 779 References: WP. I 181, Kuiper Nasalprs. 122.

Meaning: fingernail, claw

onogh- ongh- noghgh- ongh-ligh Root / lemma: onogh- (: ongh-, nogh-; Celtic ngh-), ongh-li- (*uen(e)gh-)

utloNote: partly with formants -u- (extended -ut-) and -lo2

Aryan kh Old Indic nakh m., n., nakhra- m. n., `nail, claw, talon ', np. nxun ds. (Aryan kh- an innovation); perhaps Armenian eungn ds. (*e-nungn): gr. (* ) , - `nail, claw, talon ' (from *-?); The origin of labialized Old laryngeals: common Armenian Celtic *ue- > gw- > g- ; Latin gw- > u-. (*ongh-(e)l); Latin ungu-is `the nail an Fingern and Zehen', ungula ` claw, nail, hoof', later also `nail'
3

Material: Old Indic (* ghli-) ghri- f. `foot' (presumably with r from l, *ogh-li-); with

Maybe zero grade in alb. (*uengla) thua ` nail ', thundla, thundra ` hoof ' : Italian unghia :

Spanish ua : Calabrese ugna : Catalan ungla : Furlan ngule : Galician unlla; ua : Ladin aundla : Portuguese unha : Romanian unghie : Romansh ungla : Sardinian Campidanesu '. unga : Sardinian Logudoresu ungra : Sicilian ugnu : Valencian ungla : Wallon ongue ` nail Ladin aundla ` nail ' = alb. thundla, thundra ` hoof ', thembra ` heel ' reflects common alb. ng- > -nd-, -mb-. Also alb. k-the-tr, kthetr `nail, claw, talon '. ongh- noghgh- ongh-ligh ongongh-, nogh-; Celtic ngh-), ongh-li- (*uen(e)gh-): `fingernail, claw' : Root / lemma: ong: (better ang-) (*eng-): `coal'; alb. has preserved the old laryngeal. ang: Old Irish ingen f. Dat. Pl. ingnib, Nom. Pl. ingnea, acymr. eguin, ncymr. ewin f., corn. euuin, bret. ivin (m. has changed) `nail' (*nghu-n); Note: alb. thoi, thua, pl. thonj ` nail ' : alb. thngjill `(*coal) ash'; Root / lemma: onogh- (: onogh-

Old High German nagal, Old English ngel `nail', Old Icelandic nagl ds. (conservative

Indic ghri-, and to Pl., whereof are attached the additional conservative Dekl.), Gothic ga-nagljan ` nail '; Lithuanian ngas m. ` nail in fingers and toes; claw of birds of prey ', Latvian nags ds.;

stem has changed, Pl. negl); negl perhaps originally reinterpreted Sg. i-stem, compare Old

Bulgarian nogt, russ. ngot `nail, claw, talon ';

(collective -formation); Lithuanian nagtis, Old Prussian nagutis ` fingernail ', Old after Specht to gr. (above S. 46), also root on-. on-

Lithuanian nag `hoof', Old Prussian nage `foot', Old Bulgarian noga, russ. nog `foot'

References: WP. I 180 f., Trautmann 192, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 253 . Page(s): 780
1

onoon (o)noRoot / lemma: ono- and on-, also (o)no-dMeaning: to scold Material: Gr. ` scolds, reproves ', ` reproved, reproachable ', ` scolds, reproves '; with -- the second syllable of hom. and .

Hes.;

Irish anim (i-stem) `blemish, fault, error', acymr. anamou ` mendae ', ncymr. anaf, Middle Breton anaff `blemish, fault, error'. extension (o)no-d- in: Avestan nadnt ` blaspheming, slandering ones ', gr. (o)no-

Middle Irish on ` shame'; perhaps with reduplication-stem also the first syllable of Middle

`rebuke, reproach' etc., ` reproachable '. Page(s): 779 References: WP. I 180.

Page(s): 781

epi. See also: see below epi

Root / lemma: opi

Meaning: to work, perform

Root / lemma: op-1 (*ue-p-) op-

Material: Old Indic pas- n. `work' (= Latin opus), Avestan hv-apah- `good work Avestan afnah-vant- ` richly in possession ';

(verrichtend)'; pas- n. `work, religious action'; pnas- n. `yield, property, possession ',

gr. (* ) f. `nourishment, food, Brotfrucht ', ` nourishing '; The origin of labialized Old laryngeals: common Armenian Celtic *ue- > gw- > g- ; Albanian gw- > v-. Maybe in e-grade alb. (*ueper) vepr ` work' : Latin opus, -eris `work'. oper, -re `work', Oscan psannam ` operandam ', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), upsatuh sent (` fact sunt '), Perf. upsed ` fecit ', uupsens ` fcrunt ', fieret '; Latin ops, opis `fortune, richness, power; help, assistance ', by Ennius also ` (lengthened grades Perf. as in Latin d), Umbrian osatu ` facit ', Paelignian upsaseter ` endeavor, service ', officium ` obligation ' < *opi-ficium ` working performance ', Ops ` Latin opus, -eris `work, occupation, action, work', opus est ` it is necessary ', whereof
3

(Latin: "Plenty") was a fertility deity and earth-goddess in Roman mythology of Sabine

also optimus `the best' (actually `the wealthiest') ; perhaps the name the Osc, Opsc, perhaps Old Irish somme `rich', domme ` poor' (su-, dus-op-smio-); as ` admirers of the Ops' and Latin omnis `all, whole, each, every ' (*op-ni-s);

origin ', inops, cpia (*co-opia), opulentus ` incredibly rich in property, mighty ', probably

uobo ` land farmer ', uoben ` place at the work, exercise, revere, worship ', Modern High practice, agriculture ', Old Saxon ian `hold festivities', Old Icelandic fa ` train, practice ', German ben, Old High German uoba m. Pl. ` celebration ', Middle High German uop `

Old English efnan, Old Icelandic efna ` work, do'; lengthened grade Old High German

fr `vast, grand, violent', Old Icelandic efna ` commit ', efni ` material, stuff for something '; about Old Icelandic afl ` power ' etc. see above S. 52; Hittite appina- ` make rich '. Page(s): 780 References: WP. I 175 f., WH. II 209, 217 f.

opRoot / lemma: op-2

Meaning: to choose; to suggest

*praed-opiont (Festus p. 205 praedotiont) ` praeoptant '; derived *opi(n) ` expectation, expectation '; Frequentativum to *opi, -ere is Latin opt, -re `wish', wherefore opti f. `free choice ', m. ` assistant '; Umbrian upetu ` optt ', opeter Gen. ` lct ', Oscan ufteis ` optt ';

Material: Gr. to -- ` choose, pick out, sort '; Latin *opere is covered by

opinion', wherefore Denominativum opnor, -ri ` assume, imagine, mean' opnio `opinion,

Latin in-, nec-opnus ` unexpectedly ', which are back-formations from inopnatus); Tocharian A opyc, `reason' (iran. loanword?). Page(s): Page(s): 781 References: WP. I 176 f., WH. II 212 f.

Old Church Slavic za-(j)ap ` supposition ', ne-vz-apn ` unexpectedly ' (compare

orb Root / lemma: or oNote:

h

Meaning: orphan; servant; work ` becomes an orphan, orphan '; out of it (Armenian gr. with -ano-, Celtic Germanic with io-

derivative) ` orphan's property = heir', whereof `the heir'; `orphan' = `small kid, child, small, weak, helpless ' (Old Indic, Slavic); ` orphan, defenseless kid, child, slave for doing charitable support all low work ' (Slavic, Armenian), whereof ` farm-hand's work '

`servant, helper, assistant '?;

Material: Old Indic rbha- `small, weak; kid, child'; Armenian orb, -oy ` orphan '; arbaneak Maybe Arban ` Albanian ' = Greek Albanoi ` low caste in Illyrian society ' gr. (* -) - Hes., Hes.,
3

` orphan, without parents, fatherless, bereaved or bereft of, poor ' (compare Armenian arbaneak), Latin orbus `a looted, stolen thing; become an orphan '; The origin of labialized Old laryngeals: common Albanian * uo- > vo-. Maybe alb. Geg (* uorphan) vorfn, Tosc varfr ` poor '. The origin of labialized Old laryngeals: common Albanian *ue- > ve-. Maybe alb. (*uerban) verbr ` blind ' : Latin orbus -a -um > Fr. mur orbe `blind wall'. addition the verb of Old Irish no-m-erpimm ` committo me ', ro-eirpset ` they handed over ' Gothic arbi n. `the heir', Old High German arbi, erbi n. ds., Old English ierfe, yrfe n. ds. Old Irish orb(b)e, orpe m. n. `the heir' (*orb io-), comarbe ` coheir ', gall. Orbius MN (in
h 3 3

etc., maybe from*air-orb-);

(Old Icelandic arfr m. `the heir' is to arfi, arfa `the heir, the heiress ' neologism), Old

barely derive from Celtic;

High German arpeo, erbo `the heir', Old English ierfe n. `the heir'; the Germanic words

Icelandic erfi (Runic arija) n. ` Leichenmahl '; Gothic arbja, Old Icelandic arfi (f. arfa), Old

ardi n., Old English earfo f., earfee n. `toil, work', Old High German arabeit `work' (Old Icelandic erfir, Old English earfee ` beschwerlich '), basic form *ariiiz; very Icelandic armr ` woeful, wretched, miserable, unlucky ', Old High German Old Saxon doubtful is formation from *ar-ma- for Gothic arms ` woeful, wretched, miserable ', Old ar(a)m, Old English earm `poor'; basic meaning would be perhaps ` poor orphan's child '; Old Bulgarian rab ` farmhand', rabota ` servitus ', Czech rob `slave', robe `small kid,
c

to Gothic arbais f. ` hardship, work', Old Icelandic erfii n. ds., Old Saxon arad f.,

from intr. verb *ar-i ` an orphan child put into service to hard work? ' one leads back

child', russ. rebjta ` hildren ', rebnok `kid, child'; the russ. forms go back to rob-, proto Slavic. *orb- (Vasmer in writing); Maybe alb. rob `slave of war, captive' a Slavic loanword. perhaps Hittite arpa- ` Ungunst, Mierfolg '. Page(s): Page(s): 781-782 References: WP. I 183 f., WH. II 219 f., Trautmann 12.

Meaning: entrails, intestine, bowel, gut, *skin

reureu Root / lemma: oreu-, reue

Material: Gr. ` intestine ' (can also stand for *, compare :) Latin arvna ` grease; lubricating oil, fat ' (would be ` mesentery fat belonging to the entrails '); . Hes. (could be of Latin origin). Page(s): 782 References: WP. I 182 f., WH. I 71.

Meaning: ` kill; kill off; zap; deaden ' (?) Page(s): 782 pergSee also: see below perg-.

orgRoot / lemma: org-

orhi hi- hiorhi Root / lemma: orhi-, rhi- (*orhi-a) orhiMeaning: testicle Grammatical information: m.

Material: Avestan rzi- m. ` to scrotum', Du. rzi `testicles'; Armenian orji-k` Pl. `testicles', orji `not castrated' (*orhi-ios), mi-orji ` '; gr. (* ) m. `testicle'; -e- grade in alb. alb. herdhe f. `testicle' (*orhi-); common alb. -h- > -dh-, -d-. The origin of labialized Old laryngeals: common Armenian * ue- > gw- > g- ; Celtic gw- > u-; Albanian * ue- > he-. Middle Irish uirgge f. `testicle' (*orhi), nir. uirghe with secondary gh; Lithuanian ars ` lascivious ', erilas `stallion', Latvian rzelis ds. orhi- hiorhi-, rhi- : `testicle' (hence a taboo word). hi Maybe Root / lemma: ergh- : ` to shake, tremble, *evil, lustful ' derived Root / lemma: ergh1 1 3

Page(s): 782

References: WP. I 182 f., Trautmann 71.

Meaning: vine, *grape Note:

ortorhi Root / lemma: ort- (*orhi-a) orhiorhi orhiarhi arhiMaterial: Armenian (* orhi-a) ort` `vine'; alb. (* arhi-a) hardi, hardhia ` grapevine '. alb. hardhi `vine, *grape, round fruit' : herdhe `testicle'.
2 3

ortorhi orhi hi- hiorhi Root / lemma: ort- (*orhi-a): vine, *grape < Root / lemma: orhi-, rhi- (*orhi-a): orhi- : orhi- :

testicle. Common alb. -h- > -dh-, also alb. has preserved the old laryngeal in alb. herdhe f. `testicle', hardhi `vine, *grape, round fruit'. consequently Armenian cognates derived from alb. References: WP. I 183, Pedersen KZ. 36, 99, BB. 20, 231.

Page(s): 782

Meaning: bone Material:

ost(h)- ost(h)i, ost(h)r(g), ost(h)-(e)nRoot / lemma: ost(h)-; ost(h)i ost(h)r(g) obl. ost(h)-(e)n-

Old laryngeal in -a- grade: Hittite asti- ` bone, Widerstandskraft '.

Old Indic sthi n., Gen. asth-n- `leg, bone', Avestan ast-, asti- n. `bone', Gen. Pl. astm, Instr. Pl. azdb, asti-aojah- ` osseous knochenhutig ', compare to meaning gr. ` sea cancer '); alb. asht, asht `bone';

strength ', astn-tt ` vitality '; pli ahitaco ` Cancer, 4th sign of the zodiac' (*asthi-tvacas `

gr. `bone' (probably *- `*Beinernes ' = Latin osseum ds.), Latin ssu, ossua cancer ' from *-F- ` dessen Haut Knochen sind ', next to which of r-stem hard, white wood ' through dissimilation from *-), `ankle' (assimil. Latin os, more properly oss, Gen. ossis n. `leg, bone' (oss from *ost); Old Latin also unclear is the a- in Old Irish asil `limb, member' (acorn. esel, bret. ezel ds.), Middle Irish probably as innovation after genu, genua; (hellenist. to assimil.) ` sea

`hard bowl, shard', ` oyster ' (probably also , , ` tree with from *; places a Nom. *ost(h)rg ahead); wenat. ostakon ` ossurium '; ossum; (common Illyrian Latin -st- > -ss- phonetic shift)

asna m. `rib ' (*astonio-?), mcymr. ass-en, Pl. eis (*ast), asseu ` rib, slat, pole ', cymr.
h h

perhaps to gr. `hip, haunch' (different S. 773);

Old Irish odb m. `knot, hunch, outgrowth ', cymr. oddf ds. from *ozb o-, older *ost-b o-,

asgwrn (see below), wherefore probably Latin asser `lath, shaft, stake, pole'; perhaps here

).

`bone'; cymr. asgwrn `bone', Pl. esgyrn, corn. ascorn, bret. askourn ds. (Celtic forms -rno-

A ko ko-derivative *ost-ko- lies the basic in: Avestan asa- `shinbone, calf', Armenian oskr *ost-ko-

Page(s): 783

f., Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 74; Meillet BSL 33, 259.

References: WP. I 185 f., WH. II 225 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 518, Benveniste Origines 1, 6

oug- ouRoot / lemma: oug-, ou-? Meaning: cold Material: Armenian oic `cold' (*oug-); gall. month gron...; Middle Irish ar `cold' = cymr. oer ds. (*ougro-); Old Irish cht,

acht m. `coldness' (*ougtu-);

aust, Lithuanian uyti ` temper '; after Pedersen KGr. I 103 would be Lithuanian uti

Latvian aksts `cold'; Lithuanian uti `cold become' (*aug-ske-ti?); causative Latvian

`coldness', also to place to a root au- (ou-) `cold'. Page(s): 783

from *au-s-ti to define and to Old Indic -man- `coldness', Avestan aota- `cold', ao-dar-

References: WP. I 222, WH. I 88, Trautmann 20, Mhlenbach-Endzelin 1, 222 f.

Root / lemma: ui-s Meaning: sheep Grammatical information: m. f. Gen. Sg. uios; f. ouik ds. ios ik iios

vca), vya- `of sheep', compare gr. ; Armenian hov-iw (*oui-p-) ` shepherd '; gr. , fleece, hem' (as Old Indic vika- n.); Latin ovis, Umbrian oui, uvef Akk. Pl. `oves' (au-

Material: Old Indic vi- m. f. `sheep', avika- m. ds., avik ` female sheep (= Old Bulgarian

(argiv. Akk. Pl. F) `sheep', `of sheep', , ` fleece ', lengthened grade ` bubulcus ` pastor bovum ', also avillus `lamb', see below aghnos); Old Irish i `sheep'; Saxon ewi, Old High German ouwi, ou `sheep (*aw, Gen. *awjz), Gothic awistr `

cymr. ewig, acorn. euhic ` cerva ' (*ouk); Old Icelandic r, Old English owu, owe, Old sheepfold ', Old English owestre ds., Old High German awist, ewist (with to st- `stand'

Latvian avins, uns, Old Prussian awins `aries, ram' = Old Bulgarian ov-n ds.; Old References: WP. I 167, WH. II 229, Trautmann 20 f. Bulgarian ov-ca `sheep'.

German ewit ` herd of sheep '; Lithuanian avs, Latvian avs f. `sheep'; Lithuanian vinas,

belonging to the 2. part -sto-, -st[]tro-), Gothic awi, Old English owde, Old High

Page(s): 784

Root / lemma: o 1

Meaning: `to, with'

Note: in addition thrak. VN - ` Forest local resident '. See also: s. S. 280 f. (e-, o-) e oPage(s): 772

Root / lemma: ozdo-s ozdoNote: Meaning: branch

ozdoozghoRoot / lemma: ozdo-s : branch' derived from Root / lemma: ozgho- : bud, sprout, branch' Material: Armenian ost `twig, branch, bough', gr. ds., Gothic asts, Old High German common Illyrian - gr. Doric gh- > z-. gh- z-

ast `bough'; with Vriddhi *zdos in Old English st, Middle Low German st `knot in wood,

sitting in the trunk ', s. prefix -, - and sed- `sit'. sedPage(s): 785-786 References: WP. I 186, W. Schulze KZ 63, 28.

knag' (=` the place where a branch has gone out from the trunk '); probably (?) -ozdo-s `

Meaning: bud, sprout, branch `twig, branch, sprout';

ozghoRoot / lemma: ozgho-

Material: Pahlavi azg `bough', npers. aza `twig, branch, bud': gr. , , the gr. words possibly also in Indo Germanic *o-zdos `' parallel composition -

zgho- (: , ) ` holding itself on the trunk '? Page(s): 786

References: WP. I 185, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 491.

Meaning: stalk

d(e)god(e)go d(e)go d(e)goRoot / lemma: d(e)go- or d(e)go-

Material: Old Indic dga- m. ` tubing staff, stalk'; Lithuanian uodeg `stalk, handle; tail', Latvian uodega ` tail '. Maybe zero grade in alb. dega ` branch '

ost(h)See also: whether here Old Irish odb `knot', under S. 783 (ost(h)-)? ost(h) Page(s): 773

References: WP. I 175;

gRoot / lemma: g-, g-

Material: Lithuanian oga `berry, cherry', Latvian uga ` berry; blister, bubble, Pocke '; Old slov. vin-jga `wild vine '; Church Slavic agoda, jagoda ` , fruit', russ. jgoda `berry', Church Slavic vin-jaga,

Meaning: Meaning: to grow; fruit, berries

akarn, Old English cern, Middle High German ackeran, eckern `wild tree fruit, esp.

reduced grade: Gothic akran n. `fruit, partly of trees, partly of corn, grain ', Old Icelandic

(*agrni) ` sloe, wild plum ', cymr. aeron ` tree fruits ', eirin-en `plum' (umlaut), Middle

acorn, beechnut', Modern High German Ecker, wherefore Celto-rom. *agrani, Irish irne

here also Old Irish ru `kidney' (sek. from *rann < *agrn), cymr. aren f. `kidney, testicle' (new formation to Pl. eirin `testicles, plums').

Breton irin, nbret. hirin ` sloe, wild plum '; perhaps here Armenian aem `grow' (*gi);

Maybe Tokharian: A, B oko `fruit' (Adams 109) Page(s): 773

References: WP. I 174, Trautmann 202, Pokorny KZ. 50, 46 ff.

Root / lemma: k-s Meaning: quick Grammatical s, s istoisto Grammatical information: Kompar. kis Superl. kisto-

`quick, fast', Kompar. sy, Superl. sit; gr. , , poet. , Latin cior ` ec `idle', actually ` unquick ';

Material: Old Indic - `quick, fast', Kompar. yn, Superl. iha-, Avestan su-

faster ', Superl. cissimus (lacks Positive), acymr. di-auc, ncymr. di-og, corn. di-oc, bret. diperhaps in ablaut to ak-, ok- `sharp' (above S. 18 f.); then Latin acu-pedius `swift-footed'

and accipiter ` hawk, falcon' (above S. 19) could also belong here; fast'.

Maybe zero grade in alb. (*ccipiter) skiptar `eagle man', shqipe `eagle', skifter `hawk, flying A cognate *k-ro- (compare to forms *ak-ro- besides *ak-u-) is perhaps the base from

Church Slavic jastrb ` hawk'. Page(s): 775

References: WP. I 172, WH. II 198.

rRoot / lemma: r-, rMaterial:

Meaning: to speak; to call

In a- grade: Hittite aruui- `adore ' (also ariia- ` ask the oracle a question '?). Hittite: arija- (I) ' ascertain through the oracle ' (Tischler 56); aruwai-, arwai- (I) ' adore, pay honor to, pay respect to ' (Tischler 73-74) Old Indic ryati ` praises' (?);

'), whereof `pray, curse'; , ; , ; Hes., In o- grade:

gr. Attic : (*F), hom. `prayer' (*F, compare Arcadian F ` curses

Latin r, -re ` speak a ritual formula, negotiate in court, speak, pray'; Oscan urust ` rverit '; Maybe alb. uroj `wish, pray', urt `sage', urat ` blessing, priest ' Latin loanword. russ. or, ort `cry', serb. oriti se ` resound ' (perhaps also Latvian urdt ` set in motion, scold, chide'?); References: WP. I 182, WH. II 224.

Page(s): 781

Meaning: mouth

ususRoot / lemma: us-1 : us-

Material: Auf Indo Germanic *us go back: Old Indic - n. `mouth' (compare s-n- sd., eyes and mouth), edge, bank, border, shore'; but Middle Irish Gen. Sg. `mouth' from

sym n. `mouth, aperture '), Avestan h-, han- ds.; Latin s, ris `mouth, face (with the *sos;

to ag); sculum `kiss' is Demin. from s;

aureae (reae) ` set of teeth in the bridle, rein', therefrom aurga (riga) ` charioteer ' (-ig Old Icelandic ss m. ` embouchure, estuary ' (Germanic *saz), moreover Old English

present, before ', imitation from palam, clam from *co-ro- ` situated before the face ';

limit, boundary, esp. seashore ', in addition cram Adv. (under preposition) ` in view of, at

in addition -derivative: ved. say `from mouth to mouth' (Instr.); Latin ra `edge, hem,

r n., ra m. `edge, beginning '; from Old English r is borrowed Middle Irish or ` ora, margo, linea ', acymr. r ds..

Pedersen Hittite 47 f.

shore, edging ' (*ausn); possibly also Hittite ai, Gen. ia n. `mouth' (*aies, *aisos)? s. t- derivatives are Old Indic ha- m. n. `lip', Avestan aota-, aotra- ds. (*us-), Latin

The reduced grade Indo Germanic *us- proves: alb. an `side, hem, bank, border, us-

`mouth'; Slavic *ustje n. ` estuary ' is must be assumed after Bulgarian stije, russ. stje etc.; compare Old Church Slavic ustna, slov. stna `lip'; Old Church Slavic ustiti (naustiti) `move, stimulate, persuade '; probably Old Church Slavic (Nom. Plur.?; Akk. Sg. ustin), Lithuanian uioti ` babble, chatter, rumor, gossip ', uzda etc. `bridle, rein'; Latvian ap-ai (*-austi-) ` halter '; Old Prussian austo `mouth'

stium ` entrance, embouchure, estuary ' (= Slavic *ustje); Old Church Slavic usta Pl.

Latvian at ` babble, chatter '; changing through ablaut Lithuanian uost f., ostas m. ` embouchure, estuary, mouth of a river, lagoon ', Latvian uosts m., usta f. ` harbor '. References: WP. I 168 f., WH. II 224 f., Trautmann 19 f.

Page(s): 784-785

Meaning: ear Note:

us- usRoot / lemma: us2 : us- : us-

Note: extended with -i (usi-s), -es (usos- n.) and -en usiusosus- usghousRoot / lemma: us2 : us- : us- : `ear', derived from zero grade of Root / lemma: ghous- : `to sound; hear'. Only Indo Iranian: Old Indic ghati ` sounds, announces aloud, hears ', Avestan gao`hear', Old pers. gaua-, Avestan gaoa- m. `ear', npers. g `ear' Zero -a- grade: Material:

npers. ho (Iran.*au-) `ear'; Zero -e- grade: the ear'.

Avestan (*ausi) ui Nom. Du. ` both ears, understanding, mind, sense', Instr. Du. ui-bya,

grade alb. Nom. (*heusi) veshi, Dat. veshi`ear' similar to Old Church Slavic Gen. uese `of common Slavic heu- > ve- phonetic mutation see below. Armenian unkn `ear' (*us-on-ko-m); kn after akn `eye'; with two handles ', Doric - ` earrings ', - ` palate ', Attic -, hom. gr. Doric (*us) `ear'; u also in F ` auricular, ears ' Alkm., - Theokr. `

) Alkm., tarent. (*); Ionian -, Attic -, Lesbian - ` temple, flattened region on either side of the forehead ' (: Old Irish arae); gr. ous-

n. ` hare ' (*slg-usos) `with loose ears'; us- in gr. lak. `ear', Pl. (*us-

(hybridization of nominative us- with us-) in Attic (*) `ear', hom. Gen. about Attic (*--)s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 348; alb. veshi, Pl. vesht m. `ear' (*us-, s-); (*n), ` earrings ' Hes. (*ous-n-ko-); about see above S. 18, 587;

Maybe truncated alb. vath ` earrings ' : gr. ` earrings ' Hes. (*ous-n-ko-) : Note:

Armenian unkn `ear' (*us-on-ko-m); alb. vath ` pen , shed ' (common alb. -k > -th).

Alb. cognate proves that Illyrian used a prothetic v- before bare initial vowels, while gr. preserved the old laryngeal H-. Baluchi gosh, Tadzik gus, Afghan gvaz, Albanian veshi, Greek Cretan hous, Byelorussian vuchi, vuxa, Lusatian L hucho, Lusatian U wucho, Ukrainian vucho, vuxo, Macedonian uvo, usi `ear' common Slavic hou- > vuho- phonetic mutation. above S. 552;

Latin auris f. `ear' (*ausi-s); aus-cult ` to hear with attention, listen to, give ear to ' see Old Irish u, n. `ear' (*usos-); Old Irish arae m. ` temple, flattened region on either

(Thurneysen KZ. 59, 12); PN Su-ausi f. `with nice, beautiful ears';

side of the forehead ' (*par-ausios), Plur. in PN Arai; gall. PN Arausi ` Orange '

therefrom Old High German ri, Middle High German re ` eye '; Prussian Akk. Pl. usins `the ears', besides ausins Vok. m.; Old Church Slavic ucho, Gen. uese (s-stem). Maybe Saami beallji : Basque belarri ` ear'.

eyra, Old English eare, Old Frisian are, Old Saxon Old High German ra n. `ear';

Gothic aus n. `ear' (Germanic *ausan-); with gramm. variation (*auzan-): Old Icelandic

Lithuanian auss f. (older also m.), Gen. Pl. aus (konson. stem), Latvian uss f.; Old

References: WP. I 18, WH. I 85 f., Trautmann 18 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 348, 520. Page(s): 785

i Root / lemma: (u)ii-om Meaning: egg im Grammatical information: reduced form im

compare Old pers. xya `egg'; Note:

Material: Avestan ap-vaya- `entmannt' (?), whether from apa-vaya- ` without testicle',

Reduplicated labialized laryngeal a a- > vaya- Avestan

2 2

gr. Attic (*uio-m), Aeolic (*uiio-m), Doric (*ueio-m) `egg'; Note: Reduplicated labialized laryngeal o o- > Proto Greek oyo- > oio- Greek cymr. wy, acorn. uy `egg' (*uion from *uiom); without u, which has probably been reduced in long diphthong *uiom: after Szemernyi KZ. 70, 64 f. from Latin *oom, Indo Germanic *iom; > vo-, heu- > ve- phonetic mutation). Armenian ju, Gen. jvoj `egg' (*iio-, through assimilation from *io-); Latin vum `egg'
3 3

Maybe Albanian Geg (*ue-) voe ` egg ', Tosc veja, veza ` egg ' (common alb. -Slavic houOld Church Slavic ajce, slov. jjce, Old Czech vajce, Czech vejce (*ia- n.) `egg'; Old English g `egg' (Germanic *ajjaz-; Old High German Pl. eigir, Old English gru difficult are Crimean Gothic ada (Gothic *addja); Old Icelandic egg, Old High German ei,

*iiam, Indo Germanic *iom.

prove -es-stem); perhaps after Specht from *im, not abbreviated from proto Germanic

References: WP. I 21 f., WH. II 230, Trautmann 202, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 29;

compare above S. 86, where one still could have mentioned gr. `bird of prey' (from *, W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 662). Page(s): 783-784

Specht expounded Latin avis `bird' from the final-stressed Indo Germanic Nom. Sg. ues;

Root / lemma: 2

Meaning: vocative particle

Material: Old Indic a (partly also from Indo Germanic , s. d.). Gr. , exclamation esp. of astonishment, vocative particle (therefrom `oh; call,

shout, cry', ` heda !', compare also , ` encouraging shout of the oarsman'! after Kretschmer KZ. 38, 135 also in gr. - `howl, roar, bellow'). Latin Exclamation of the most different mood. Maybe alb. `vocative particle'.

Irish , a = cymr. corn. bret. a Vocative particle. and (nowadays inscribed oh) exclamation of amazement, emotion, lament (see also Gothic (three times `', once = `, fie!'), Middle High German esp. in vocative,

Germanic , s. d.). vocative particle '.

Weigand-Hirt; Germanic might be partly also phonetically development from Indo

Lithuanian ` Exclamation of the reprimand, the surprise, vocative particle '; Latvian a ` Old Church Slavic `' (neologism).

Page(s): 772

See also: s. also S. 281.

References: WP. I 165, WH. II 192.

Meaning: crooked

pandoRoot / lemma: pando-s

Material: Latin pandus ` writhed, crooked, humped, bent, curved, embowedly ' (pand, -re `bend, crook') = Old Icelandic fattr (*fanta-) ` leaned back, crooked behind '. Maybe a truncated alb. pjer (*pand, -re) `bend, incline' a Latin loanword. References: WP. II 6; Page(s): 788

See also: see below pet-1. pet-

Meaning: to swell

pank- pangRoot / lemma: pank-, pangx x

Note: bedeutungs- and ursprungsverwandt with ba mb-, pa mp-, bu-, pu- etc. (above S. 94 f.) `inflate, bloat, swell ' Material: Latin pnus (*pank-no-) ` inflammatory growth, bundle of the millet ', rom. pna;

(from *pno-caps), pantex `paunch, intestines (due to a participle *panc-to-s `swollen, conceitedly ');

therefrom pncum `plant with a tussock '; panceps ` ' Gloss.

Slavic pgy ` corymbus ', pgvica ` globules '. References: WP. II 6, WH. II 248.

puk `bundle, tussock, bunch ', pca ` flatulence ' etc.; with voiced-nonaspirated Old Church

Old Church Slavic poiti s ` inflri ', pina ` mare ', poln. pk `bud', pk `bundle', russ.

Page(s): 789 Root / lemma: pap(p)a Material:

Meaning: Daddy; meal

(out of it Latin pappus), ` Daddies ', ` say daddy '; skyth. Modern High German pappen `eat' (with faltering consonant shift going alongside

Gr. Vok., - Gen. ` Daddy ', , `grandfather' ; Latin ppa, pappa Child babble word for `dish, food; father', papp -re `eat';

Alb. (*papa) baba ` Daddy ' a Greek loanword.

neologism).

Page(s): 789

See also: compare appa above S. 52.

References: WP. II 4, WH. II 249, 250;

Root / lemma: park Meaning: concubine Note: only iran. and Irish

Material: Avestan pairik ` dmonische Buhlerin ', mp. park, np. par `Peri' (iran. *parka); Middle Irish a(i)rech ` concubine '. Page(s): 789 References: Thurneysen IF. 42, 146 f., WP. II 7.

Meaning: solid

pastoRoot / lemma: pasto-

Icelandic fastr, Old English fst, Old Saxon fast, Old High German festi, Modern High References: WP. II 7 f. German fest.

Material: Old Indic pasty-m ` residences'; Armenian hast (i-stem) `tight, firm'; Old

Page(s): 789

Meaning: to let go `rest';

pausRoot / lemma: paus-

Material: Gr. `make cease', Med. ` stop, give up ', ` tranquility ',

waste, desolate '; pustiti, russ. ustt, puskt ` let go ', sloven. delo-pust ` end of work ' etc. maybe alb. pushtoj `hug, not let go', alb. Geg p()shtoj, alb. shptoj `escape, save, rescue' Slavic loanwords. Page(s): 790 References: WP. II 1, Trautmann 208 f.

Old Prussian pausto `wild', Old Church Slavic pust ` deserted, abandoned, forsaken,

Meaning: to repair, strengthen

Root / lemma: pk- and p-

p mi, pk si, pk Grammatical information: present *p-mi pk-si pk-ti

` thickset, strong';

Material: Old Indic p- (Instr. Pl. pabh) ` loop, noose, snare, rope', pa- m. ds., pajrAvestan pas- ` join each other, fasten, bind, piece together a jigsaw puzzle, fit together ', gr. , Attic m. `peg, plug, nail' (--), , Attic ` ';

fbi ` in chains ' (about pourupaxta- ` a lot, richly folded ' s. Benveniste BSL. 29, 106 f.); (Doric --) ` fasten by hitting; allow to solidify, congeal ' (, ,

), n. `plant, rack ', `tight, firm, strong', n. ` Raute ', - ` shipbuilding master ', Adj. f. ` reifig, icy ', m. `ice, hoarfrost ' (also Dat. Pl.

snare, dragnet ', `make tight, firm, close, block ', - `simple, just'; Adv. `enough!'; here , Doric ` ueulle ';

`frost'), hom. ` crag cliff '; (*) ` hoarfrost, frost', ` loop, noose,

Latin paci ` pacti ', pacunt ` paciscuntur ', px, -cis f. `peace; friendly disposition '

Latin pacsc (sek. -or) ` einen Vertrag oder Vergleich festmachen, abschlieen ', Old

(Umbrian pase tua ` pce tu ' in the address of divinities), plus `picket, pole' (from *pakbefestigen, einschlagen; aneinanderfgen, schriftlich verfassen, festsetzen ' (to the papyrus stripes added to the sheet) ` sheet of paper, side, column ', pgus ` rural slos, compare Demin. paxillus); pang (pepig; renamed pgi after frgi, and panxi) `

nasalization of present compare Germanic *faan), compgs ` joint ', pgina (*the community, village, construction ', prpg, prpgs ` Setzlinge ', prpgre ` einen

Setzling in der Erde festmachen, daher fortpflanzen '; Umbrian pase (see above), paca

Adv. ` caus ', Oscan prupukid ` ex antepacto ?', Umbrian Paelignian Marrucinian pacri- `

propitius, plctus '; Middle Irish ge `limb, member, pillar ' (*pgio-), il `pleasant' (*pgli-;

(*pagltu-);

or as *pkli- to Old Icelandic fgiligr ds., s. *pek-1?); cymr. aelod `limb, member' Germanic Nasalprs. *faan (: Latin pang) in Gothic fhan, Old Icelandic f, Old

gafh n., Old Icelandic fengr, Old English feng m., Old High German fang m. ` catch, booty German fuogen, Old Saxon fgian ` add ', Old English gefgan ` fit, connect ', Middle High German vagen ` add '; from *pag-: Old Saxon fac ` encirclement, Umzunung ', Middle *pagLow German vak m. ds. `dividing off, partitioning off', Old High German fah ` moenia ', '; Old High German fuoga ` joint ', gafuogi ` fitting', h-fuoge ` atchmaker ', Old High
m

English fn, Old High German fhan, Old Saxon fhan and fangan ` capture ', Gothic

Modern High German Fach, einfach; from temporal department Old English fc `stretch of time', Middle Low German vaken, vake, Late Middle High German gevach `often', Middle High German drer vacher ` thrice, three times '; Slavic *pa- m. in sloven. pz ` joint ', p ` wooden wall '.

References: WP. II 2 f., WH. II 232 f., 235 f., 245 f., Trautmann 209. Page(s): 787-788

Root / lemma: pnMeaning: fabric Material: Gr. n., f. ` texture ' Hes., ` rolled up thread, fabric, garment ',

` weave ' (Doric Theokr.); ablaut. Latin pannus ` a piece of cloth, Maybe alb. Geg peni, Tosc peri ` thread ', alb. geg gjyl-pana, Tosc gjilpr ` needle '. garment of cloth ' (expressive nn);

Gothic fana m. `rag, sweat cloth', Old High German fano `stuff, kerchief, cloth', Modern

understand gr. and Latin as expressive (compare above S. 211 to gall. drappus), could be accepted in relationship to (s)pen- ` be tight, spin '. Page(s): 788 References: WP. II 5, WH. II 247 f.

fanu f. `banner, ensign, flag, Iris '; unclear. Middle Irish an-art ` leinernes Tuch '; one might

High German Fahne, Old English fana m. `banner, ensign, flag, kerchief, cloth; Iris', fane,

Meaning: to show; be visible

Root / lemma: pr-

appears ' (parret, after Festus for pret, as bca : bacca etc.).

erscheinen, sichtbar sein, sich zeigen; Folge leisten, gehorchen ', appre, compre `

Material: Gr. ` show ', , Hes.; Latin pre, -re `

Page(s): 789

References: WP. II 6, WH. II 252 f.

ps sRoot / lemma: ps-s Material: Gr. , Doric ` Verschwgerter ', Hes.; Latin pri-cda 6, 458 from *parso-cda to Indic purua- `person' from Old Indic *pura-. Page(s): 789 References: WP. II 7, WH. II 253 f. Meaning: a relation

(*pso-kaid) newer parri-cda `murderer of a close relative '; after Wackernagel Gnomon

puson- psonRoot / lemma: puson- : psonMeaning: name of a deity Material: Old Indic P- m. ` Vedic God, guardian and defender of the herds and the

Paus, -onos, gall. (venet.) PN Pusa m.; doubtful, whether to Old Indic puyati, puti, flourishing, growth ';

human possession generally ', gr. , Arcadian (*); Illyrian (Messapic) PN pati ` prospers, becomes overgrown, makes prosper, nourished ', pa- m. ` prospering;

References: WP. II 2; compare Charpentier Indo Germanic Jb. 19, 90. See also: see below p-1. Page(s): 790

ppRoot / lemma: p- : p- and p-t- : p-tMeaning: to feed, graze Material: Armenian hauran `herd' (*p-tro-), hoviv `herdsman, shepherd' (*oui-p-); gr. fttere', Dep. ` devour, graze' (*ps-sc), pstor `herdsman, shepherd'.

Doric , ; Latin psc, -ere, pvi, pstum `allow to graze,

Maybe Alb. (*pastori) bari `herdsman, shepherd'. Note

Alb. bar `grass, fodder', bares ` walk, stroll ' derived from alb. (*barma) barna `medicine,

herb, grass' from lat. pharmacum < gr. pharmakon from Egyptian Coptic pahre, fahri `cure'. Lat. pbulum `food' (*p-d lom), pnis `bread' (because of pastillus ` pellet, globule from ` bread basket';
h

meal, flour' from *pa-st-nis); Messapic `bread' is Latin loanword; Old Irish ain-chess

perhaps as Venetic-Illyrian element in Celtic *p-ro- ` willow ' in cymr. pawr ` willow ', Pl. Old Icelandic fr n., Old English for n., Old High German fuotar `food'; Old Church pa- (paa-) ` shield '. Slavic pas, pasti `graze' (*psk); Tocharian A ps-, psk- `beware, guard'; Hittite

porion, therefrom Verbalnom. pori, Middle Breton peuriff, bret. peuri `graze'; with -tro- suffix

Maybe alb. Geg me pa, aor. pash `to watch, protect'. drink, beverage, liquid which is swallowed to quench one's thirst, draught, potion'; doubtful fdjan ` nourish ', Old Icelandic fa, Old English fdan, Old Saxon fdian, Old High With -t- further formations: gr. `eat and drink '; ` without meal and

Old Irish s(a)id ` it grows' (` increases '), Middle Irish s ` Wachsen ' (*pt-to-); Gothic

German fuoten ds., Old English fda, engl. food `nourishment, food', Old English fstor German kauatot ` pasta ' (Old High German Gl. 2, 333, 65), fatunga `nourishment, food', ds., Old Icelandic fstr ` upbringing, sustenance, livelihood' (*pt-tro-); ablaut. Old High

Middle Low German vedeme f. ` acorn mast '. See also: compare also pen-1 `feed'. Page(s): 787

References: WP. II 72 f., WH. II 246 f., 260, Trautmann 207 f.;

Meaning: shoulder, hip, side Old Indic -h- > -k-

Root / lemma: (peg- :) pog- : pg-, pk-s- (*peh-) peg- pog- pgpeg Material: Old Indic pka- m. `shoulder, wing' and ` side posts ', pkas- n. `side'; common Latin pectus `breast'; common Old Indic -h- > -k- : lat -h- > -ctTocharian p, pcane ` both breasts '; common Old Indic -h- > -k- : Tocharian -h- > -long vocal Old Indic pjasy- n. ` belly area, groin ', russ. (etc.) pach ` groin ', pacha

Latvian paksis ` house corner ';

`armpit', pachva `armpit, groin '; besides the io-stem *pgio- in Czech pae ` arm ' Note:

pegRoot / lemma: (peg- :) pog- : pg-, pk-s- : `shoulder, hip, side' is a reduced root of Baltic peg pog- gLithuanian pa-ast, pa-asts f. `place under the arm, armpit'. A common satem Root / lemma: dous- : `arm' (see above) derived from an archaic root dousIllyrian-alb..

*heus `hand, arm' (see below). But she shift h- > d- is a unique Old pers., Baltic, celt., Two other roots, respectively Root / lemma: hesor-1, hesr- : `hand' and Root / lemma: hesorhesr-

hesto-2 : `hand, arm' derived from an extended archaic root heus + reduced form of the hesto-

common PIE suffix variants -tar, -ter, -tra, -tre. : Old Indic hsta- m. `hand', Avestan zasta-, Old pers. dasta- ds.; The key link between Root / lemma: dous- (*heus-): `arm' derived from an archaic root dous- heus- : hestolemma: hesto-2 (*heus-): `hand, arm' are Baltic : Latvian pa-duse (zero grade) ` armpit ' heus- : : Lithuanian pa-ast, pa-asts f. ` place under the arm, armpit '. Page(s): 792 References: WP. II 3 f., WH. II 270, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 237 f. *heus `hand, arm' and Root / lemma: hesor-1, hesr- (*heus-): `hand' and Root / hesorhesr- heus- :

Meaning: coloured, speckled

peigpeikRoot / lemma: peig-1 and peikMaterial: A. Old Indic pikt (unbel.) ` painted ', piga-, pigal- `reddish, brown', pinjra-

`varicolored'; Tocharian A pik-, pek- ` write, paint ' (pekant- ` painter '), pink-, pai(y)k- ` Maybe alb. pik `dot, stain'. pa- n., pa- m. `shape, form, paint, color', pal- ` decorates; mellifluous; skilful' perhaps ilp- `varicolored', whether from*pil- (Tedesco, Lang. 23, 383 ff.); Maybe alb. pis `dirty, stained', i pist ` dirty ' = Lithuanian pie `smut'. decoration ', Old pers. ni-pit ` written down ', Avestan fra-pixta- ` decorated '; Avestan pas- ` make colorful, adorn, decorate ', pasa- m. pasah- n. `jewellery, gr. `varicolored'; `sharp (of arrow), bitter, shrilly, screaming, hostilely ' (compare ); piga- `reddish, reddish brown ', pia- m. ` Dammhirsch ' etc.; B. Old Indic piti `lashes out from (esp. flesh), cuts, cuts rightly, forms, decorates ', write '.

pinx, pictum ` paint; with the needle prick ', pictor ` painter '; Old Bulgarian pg

`reddish, golden '; gr. (Hes.) `lizard', ` Kcken ' Hes.; Latin ping, -ere,

'?);

(formal = Old Bulgarian pstr `varicolored'); Latin pignus, -oris ` pledge ' (if ` the pinned

Maybe alb. peng ` pledge ' a Latin loanword. Gothic filu-faihs ` sehr mannigfaltig ' (compare Old Indic puru-pa- ` mannigfaltig '), Old High German Old Saxon fh `varicolored', Old English fh, fg `varicolored', whereof Old

` brightly speckled ', Old English fgian, Old High German fhen `adorn';

Icelandic f (*faihn) ` paint, adorn', f rnar ` scratch Runes ' (originally `red paint '), finn

puiinas, puius ` sooty, dirty, filthy', ipaiu ` adumbr '; Old Prussian peisi ` they write (also s `dog' called from the color). Page(s): 794-795 '; Old Church Slavic pi psati ` write ', pstr (= ) `varicolored', pstrg ` trout '

Lithuanian piti ` paint, write ', paas, pias ` Rufleck ', pie `smut', painas,

References: WP. II 9 f., WH. II 301 f., 305 f., Trautmann 210 f.

Meaning: hostile

Root / lemma: pei-1 and peikpei-

Note: (Baltic peik- probably with West Indo Germanic guttural)

Material: A. Latin piget ` it irritates me, excites, causes aversion ', piger, -gra, -grum `

querulous, slow, decayed '; Old Icelandic feikn n. `ruin', Old English fcen, Old Saxon

High German feihhan n. ` guilefulness, deceit', Old English gefic `deceit', ficol ` cunning, changeable '.

fcan n. ` betrayal, malice, deceit' (Old English fcne ` deceitful, mad, wicked, evil'), Old

the gall. (Venetic-Illyrian) VN Pictones, Pictvi (: Lithuanian pktas) ` Poitou '; Note: The name Pictones was given to Illyrians by centum speaking tribes.

B. Old Indic puna- ` bsgesinnt, treacherous, verlumderisch ', pic- `demon'; here

West Germanic *faihi in Old High German fhida `hate, fight', Modern High German

fh, fg ` outlawed, ostracizes ' (engl. foe ` enemy '); in addition also Old High German

Old Saxon -fhjan ` treat hostilely ', of Adj. Old High German gifh ` hostile ', Old English feigi ` dem Tode verfallen ', Modern High German feige `timorous' (dial. also ` dem Tode Old English fge ` is worried near the death ' (engl. fey), Old Icelandic feigr ` dem Tode verfallen ' (*poikis, compare Lithuanian pakas `stupid'); Lithuanian pakas `stupid', peiki, pekti `rebuke, reproach, vilify, scold'; pktas `mad,

Fehde, Old English fh(u) f. `enmity, feud '; Old High German fhan ` zlre ' and `hate',

verfallen ', `fast mature, ripe, mellow, seasoned ', or ` decayed '), Old Saxon fgi `of death',

wicked, evil, angry, irate', pykst, pkti `rage against, be mad, wicked, evil '; Latvian deceive', pickuls `devil', Lithuanian piklas `devil', Latvian -piks, pikuls `devil'. References: WP. II 10 f., WH. II 300 f., Trautmann 203 f.

peiksts ` changeable person'; Old Prussian paikemmai 1. Pl. Konj., aupaickt `cheat,

Page(s): 795 pei-m(i)Root / lemma: pei-m(i)Meaning: Meaning: quick, perky Note: Only Celtic and german.

fumble ' are distinct imitative sound. Page(s): 795

fimmeren ds., engl. dial. fimble ds.; Swedish famla, fumla, ndd. fummeln, engl. fumble `

adroitness in words'; but Norwegian fimra ` fumble ', Middle Low German fimmelen,

Material: Old Irish im (*peimi-) `rash, hasty, agile'; Old Icelandic fimr ds., or-fimi f. `

References: WP. II 11, Sommer IF. 51, 247.

Meaning: fish

peisk- piskRoot / lemma: peisk-, pisk-

Material: Latin piscis m. `fish', piscna `Fischteich', piscor, -ri ` fish, catch fish '; Gothic fisks m., Old Icelandic fiskr, Old High German Old English fisk `fish' (*piskos), Gothic

: Latin pis-cna); full grade Old Irish asc (*peiskos), Gen. isc `fish', collective `fish'; poln. esc `water', Scots Gaelic FlN Esk (Celtic *isk): acymr. FlN Uisc, ncymr. Wysg (Celtic Note: *sk from *eisk or*eidsk) by chance? s. also above S. 794. From PIE the cognate for fish passed to Altaic languages:

fiskn, Modern High German fischen (: Latin piscri; compare Middle High German vischn piskorz ` Peiker ', russ. piskr `Grndling '; based on the concordance with Middle Irish

Protoform: *psa ( -io-) Meaning: a k. of fish

Mongolian protoform: *basiga Tungus protoform: *puseJapanese protoform: *pansai

Page(s): 796

References: References: WP. II 11, WH. II 310, Max Frster Themse 840 f.

peispisRoot / lemma: (peis-1?) : pispeis Meaning: to grind Material: Old Indic pini ` grinds, crushes ' (3. Pl. pnti = Latin pinsunt), pi- ` ground

', n. `meal, flour', par- ` Zerreiber ' (: Latin pistor), Avestan piant- ` crushing '; gr.

barley ', , ` stamping ', ` squeezed bunches of grapes ' (diss.

` stamp, grind coarsely ' (probably expressives ), , ` shelled

from *); Latin pns, -ere, pinsi, pi(n)s, -re ` crush, grind ' (ps- with nasal plum ` mortar club ' (and `spear, lance'), pistillum ` Stampfer '; Umbrian pistu ` pistum '; paisti ` (Gerste) abklopfen, den Gerstenkrnern die Grannen abschlagen ', primarily psti ` coire cum femina '; Old Church Slavic ps and pchaj, pchati `bump, poke', *peno Maybe alb. bishti ` tail ' a Baltic loanword. Page(s): Page(s): 796 `meal, flour', russ. pen n. ` shelled millet ', Czech Iterat. pchovati `stomp'. Middle Low German vsel `mortar', Middle High German fisel `penis'; Lithuanian Iterat. reduction from pins-), *pstum, pnsum, pinsitum; pistor ` baker ', ps `mortar', pla ds.,

References: WP. II 1, WH. II 267, 307 f., Trautmann 220 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 692.

peis- speisRoot / lemma: peis-2, speisMeaning: to blow Material: With s-: Latin spr, -re `blow, breathe, breathe' (*speis-), spritus, -s `breath, without s-: Old Indic pihr ` whistle, flute'; Middle High German vsen, vsten ` einen

breeze, breath, soul, ghost'; spirculum ` air hole ';

Wind streichen lassen ', vst `breaking wind, fart', Old English fsting ds., ndd. fster ` podex ', Dutch veest (*faist) `breaking wind, fart', Old Icelandic fsa ` fart ', Norwegian fsa ds. and in Lithuanian pykti ` bang ', Slavic *pi, *piati in russ. pi, pit ` cheep, `blow', Modern High German fispern, fispeln `hiss'; Balto-Slavic *pketi ` cheeps, whistles '

Old Church Slavic piskati `whistle' etc.;

screech, shriek, scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell ', Church Slavic pital f. ` whistle ',

maybe alb. piskat `to srceam', piscam `scream' Slavic loanwords. with n-formants: cymr. ffun (*spoi-n) `breath'. Page(s): 796 References: WP. II 11, WH. II 575 f., Trautmann 221.

Root )- Root / lemma: pei()-, pMeaning: fat; milk Material: Old Indic pyat ` swells, is full, makes swell, are full ', pipy ` plentiful, rich in pjusi), Old Indic pn- `fat, obese, thick', pyyat ` swells, is full ', pinvati `makes swell ', Avestan fra-pinaoiti ` makes prosper '; milk ', Avestan (a)-pipy- ` having no milk in the breast, not nursing ' (: Lithuanian pa-

Old Indic pyas- n. `juice, sap, water, milk', Avestan payah- n. `milk', Avestan paman- n. ` penas `milk'), Old Indic pru-, pr- ` swelling, making tumescent ' (probably with Indo Germanic l, so that to Norwegian fl); Norwegian fl ` skimmings, thick-made milk'; Old English fmne `virgin, young wife, mother's milk ' (: Old English fmne); np. pn `sour milk, fresh cheese' (: Lithuanian

woman', Old Saxon fmea `schwangere wife, woman', Old Icelandic feima `girl' (: Avestan paman- ` Mother's milk '); Lithuanian papjusi krv ` the cow which does not hold back the milk during milking ',

pdau, -dyti ` zum Milchen reizen ', pti ` give milk ', penas `milk';

pnguis `fat': hybridization from *pmos and *finguis, see above S. 128). u-formations: peva `meadow' (*poiu); *

pmopmo-s `fat' in gr. `fat', Latin opmus `fat, wohlgenhrt; fertile; rich' (probably

Attic , ep.-Ionian , Doric `grass, Rasenplatz ', from *F = Lithuanian

pvan-, f. pvar `tumescent, plentiful, obese, fat', pvar- ds., newer formation of Fem. From the likewise not old gr. , = gr. , f. `fat, fertile, rich', (only Nom. Akk. Sg. *p-ur) `fat'; Old Irish riu, Gen. renn (*p-uer-i) `ground, earth; face of the tu-stem pei-tu-, p-tu- `fat, juice, sap, drink, beverage, liquid which is swallowed to pei-tu- tutu

pu pu er/-enpuo-s- and pu-er/-en- `fat': Old Indic pvas- n., Avestan pvah- n. `fat, bacon'; Old Indic

earth, earth's surface, land', if actually ` ';

quench one's thirst, draught, potion, nourishment, food': ei in Lithuanian pits ` Midday `fat, obese'), Avestan piwa `fat, obese';

meals '; compare Old Indic ptv-a- m. ` he-goat; billy goat, wether, castrated ram ' (actually p-tu- ` drink, beverage, liquid which is swallowed to quench one's thirst, draught, potion, tu-

dish, food': Old Indic pit- m., Avestan pitu- m. `juice, sap, drink, beverage, liquid which is swallowed to quench one's thirst, draught, potion, nourishment, food, dish, food', Avestan armpiw, ra-piw f. ` midday ', actually ` the time fitting for the meal '; Old Irish ith

`(*nourishment, food), corn, grain', acymr. it, ncymr. yd (*pitu-) etc. `ds.'; Latin ptuta `rich Old Church Slavic pitti, newer pitati ` feed, nourish, gather '; here from the meaning

humidity, a cold, catarrh'; Middle Irish th `tallow, suet' (*ptu-); wherefore as denominative

forms of such a compounds pamird. pit `fir, spruce', gr. ds.; full grade Middle Irish

`resin' from: Old Indic ptu-dru ` a spruce kind ', actually ` resinous tree ', and as short

ath n. (`rich meadow, land' (*pei-tu-); the meaning `resin' also in the k-derivative *pi-k-: gr. *pi(out of it Old High German peh etc.), perhaps Middle Low German v(g), vhe `swamp, Attic f. `tar', n. ` ittle writing board, plaster ', Latin pix, picis f. `tar'
l

marsh, break'; (Lithuanian pkis `tar' is Germanic loanword), Old Church Slavic pcl, because of alb. pish `fir, spruce, pinewood torch' (*pit-s-i) probably from *pit-s-nu-s; The following cognates prove that Albanian cognate is an abbreviated Latin loanword. English Albanian Bergamasco Bresciano Catalan Greek Griko Salentino Ladin Latin pinch pinus ; taeda pscia pine ; fir ; pine tree pish paghra p ; pigna pi pigno russ.-Church Slavic pkl `tar'; but Latin pnus, -s and - `fir, spruce, pine, pine tree'

Lombardo Occidentale Mokshan Occitan Piemontese Reggiano Romagnolo Romanian Valencian pichae pin pin pin pn pin pi

Venetian Zeneize

pin pin

trickle through, gushes forth ', Nom. Pl. n. ` damp places, meadows ' (*p-d-s-es-);

extension poi-d-, p-d-: gr. ` rich in springs ', `wellspring', `allow poi-

English ftan, Old Icelandic feita), *faita- `fat'(Old High German feiz, Old Icelandic feitr), participle Germanic *faitida-: Old High German feizzit, Middle High German veiz(e)t,

Old Icelandic fita f. `fat', Germanic *faitian ` fatten, overfeed ' (Old High German feizen, Old

*pid-sk?

fish '), wherefore Middle Irish esca f. `swamp, marsh', see below peisk- `fish'; or esc from

about Middle Irish esc `water' (see above S. 45 about Middle Irish esc-ung ` eel, snakelike

Icelandic fit `meadow', East Frisian `puddle, slop'; Latvian psa, pse `morass, bush wood ';

Modern High German feist, Old English fted, engl. fat, Middle Low German vet `fat'; Old

References: WP. II 73 ff., WH. 211 f., 306, 308, 311, 312, Trautmann 207 f., 210, 217. Page(s): 793-794

pk pk Root / lemma: pek-1, pk-, pk-

Meaning: to make pretty; to be joyful

Material: Old High German gifehan, Old English gefon ` are glad '; Old Saxon Old High

English fgenian ` are glad ', Old Icelandic fagna ds., Gothic ga-fhaba ` fitting,

Icelandic feginn, Old English fgen `blithe, glad', Gothic Old High German faginn, Old

satisfaction, serve ', Old High German fagn ` stand '; Gothic fahs `pleasure, joy', Old

German gi-fehan ` take pleasure '; Kaus. Gothic fulla-fahjan ` perform satisfaction, give

German fehn `consume', Old High German gi-fehn ds. = Old English ge-fon, Old High

respectable ', Old Icelandic fgiligr `pleasant'; Gothic fagrs ` suitable ', Old Icelandic fagr, meaning Middle High German vgen `clean, scour, rub, clean, sweep, wash away ', Old Old English fger `beautiful' etc.; Gothic ga-fahrian `prepare, concoct'; in materieller

Icelandic fga `adorn, clean', fgja `gleaming make, clean' and Lithuanian poiu Irish il `pleasant' as *pkli- (yet s. also under pk- ` moor '). Page(s): 796-797

(*pkei), poti `adorn', Latvian post `clean, adorn', refl. `be clean'; perhaps here Middle References: WP. II 16, Wissmann Nom. Postverb. 14, 91, Trautmann 229.

Meaning: to fleece; cattle

Root / lemma: pek-2

`cattle' (mostly still `small cattle'), in compound f-, -f-, wherewith Old Indic ku-mn-

Material: Old Indic pu-, pa- n., Gen. pav; pa- m. `cattle'; Avestan pasu- m.

oris n. (formal = gr. ), pecus, -dis f. ds.; derivatives pecnia `property, riches,

pec, -s n. `a head of cattle, beast, brute, animal, one of a herd', next to which pecus, -

`rich in food', puru-k ds. (twice also basic ku) as Diss.-forms for pu- identical; = Latin

= Lithuanian pekus, Old Prussian pecku `cattle' (West Indo Germanic guttural); Gothic bi-, ga-fahon ` bervorteilen ' are after W. Wissmann (The oldest Postverbalia 79 ff.) Denominativa from fahu, and bi-fah `deceit' is noun post-verbal;

fortune', Old Icelandic f, Old English feoh, Old Saxon fehu, Old High German fihu `cattle';

wealth', peclium `property'; Umbrian pequo Pl. n. ` pecua '; = Gothic fahu ` possession,

German fehtan), `comb, shear ', n. ` fleece, wool', m.; ` fleece ', , `comb' (from zero grade *-; Latin pecten); alb. pil ` Werkzeug zum Flachskmmen, -hecheln ' (*pekl); Latin pect, -ere, pex

in open initial sound syllable); gr. (= Lithuanian pe), (= Latin pect, Old High

Armenian asr, Gen. asu ` sheep's wool, fleece ', asve `fleecy' (*poku + r, with from

`comb', pecten, -inis `comb', Umbrian petenata ` pectinatam '; Old High German Old feax ` hair ', Old Icelandic fax `mane' (*-pok-s-o-, compare the es-stem ), Old

Saxon fehtan, Old English feohtan ` fence '; Old High German Old Saxon fahs, Old English

Icelandic fr, Old Swedish fr `sheep' (*fahaz = ), Old Swedish ft (*fahti-) `wool, of cloth, garment of cloth '; Lithuanian pe, pti ` rupfen, an den Haaren zausen ', Iter. pati, susipti `to tear, rend'. Here probably Old Indic pak-man- n. `eyelashes, hair', pak-mal- `with strong

fleece ', Old English feht ` fleece ', Dutch vacht f. `wool, fleece ', Old English fihl ` a piece

eyelashes, thick-hairy ', Avestan pana- n. `eyelid', compare in not so specified meaning np. pam `wool'. common Old Indic -h- > -k- : Avestan -h- > -x-, -References: WP. II 16 f., WH. 11 269 f., 270 ff., Trautmann 217, Specht KZ 68, 205 ff. Page(s): 797

pek Root / lemma: pek- (*kekh) Meaning: to cook pek toGrammatical information: participle pek-to- `cooked, boiled'

); common Old Indic -h- > -k- : Gr. -h- > -kh- : -kh- > -ps-

pobi, alb. pjek, Old Bulgarian pek, compare also Lithuanian kep); Fut. pkyati: gr.

Material: Old Indic pcati, Avestan paaiti ` cooks, bakes, roasts ' (= Latin coqu, cymr.

Supin. paktum = Latin coctum, Old Church Slavic pet; participle pakt- (= gr. , Common Celtic Albanian -k > -th phonetic mutation. Latin coctus, cymr. poeth),

seasoned ', pakt- f. ` das Kochen, gekochtes Gericht ' (= gr. , Latin cocti-, Old ) pk- m. ` the cooking, baking, Reifen ', Avestan nasu-pka- ` cooking, burning digest ' (*peki), to-present ; f. ` cook '; , - ` mature, ripe, mellow, corpse parts '; Armenian probably hac `bread' as *pok-ti-; gr. , Attic `cook, Bulgarian t, Old Prussian pectis), paktr- ` the cooking ' (= Latin coctor, fem. gr.

Old Indic pcyat ` matures, ripens ', pakv- `cooked, boiled, mature, ripe, mellow,

(besides -) ` read baker '; alb. pjek `I bake'; Common alb. Slavic -ie- dipthong;
b

seasoned ' (f. after : ), ` pastry, cake'; *kopos in -

Latin coqu, -ere `cook' (Italian Celtic Assim. from *pek to *kek), coquus ` cook ' (:

-), coquna ` kitchen ', as Oscan-Umbrian loanword popna; cymr. pobi (o from

poaz `cooked, boiled', mcymr. poburies ` Bckerin ', corn. peber, bret. pober ` baker '; common celt.-Illyrian k- > p-

e), corn. pobas, bret. pibi ` bake ', bret. pobet ` baked ', cymr. poeth (*kek-tos) `hot', bret.

Old Irish cuchtar ` kitchen ' from Latin coctra ds.; Old English -figen `roasted'; Lithuanian Maybe Lithuanian kep, Latvian cepu `fry' : ceplis `oven' > alb. (*cepul-ka) kpurdha f. ` Bulgarian pechurka `a small stove, mushroom ' : Polish pieczara `cave' : Old Church Slavic petera `cave, oven' > Polish pieczarka ` mushroom '. (reconverted with metathesis) kep, kpti, Latvian cepu, cept ` bake, fry', ceplis `oven';

mushroom ' : Romanian cuptor `oven', ciuperc ` mushroom ' similar to Slavic formation

without metathesis Old Prussian pectis ` stove shovel ' = Old Church Slavic pet `oven, pm, pi ds., etc.; Old Church Slavic pek `heat', pot `Schwei' (*pokto-), pet Tocharian AB pk- `zum Reifen bringen, cook', participle Pass. pepaku; A pukl, pikul `year' (= ` ripeness'). common Old Indic -h- > -k- : Tocharian -h- > -kPage(s): 798 References: WP. II 17 f., WH. I 270 f., Trautmann 211 f. hle '; Lithuanian pktas `roasted', Old Church Slavic *pek, *peti ` bake ' in serb.

`oven', petera `cave, oven' etc.;

Meaning: wide and flat

pel plRoot / lemma: pel-, pl-

Material: Armenian ho `earth, dust, powder, bottom, land'; Latin palam ` open, publicly ',
o e

Akk. as clam, from a *p l- or l-; alb. sh-pal, shpall ` reveal, proclaim '; Old Irish lthar n.

`plan, place, position ' (*pl-tro-), to cymr. llawdr ` britches ', acorn. loder ` caliga ', bret.

loer ` bas, chaussure ' (originally `base'); Latvian plti ` breitschlagen ', Latvian plt ` thinly spread '; russ. plyj ` openly, freely, uncovered, stamped out (of the water) ', Old Church Slavic polje `field' (`stretched out surface, plain, area', hence the land of Polen Poland); Old Swedish-New Swedish fala f. ` plain, moor, heath, moorland '; Hittite pali- ` broad '; as d -present probably here gr. (*, phonetically adapted to the present
h

from guttural stems), Aor. , `shape from soft mass form ', -, ` spread ', n. ` thing ', m. `molder', n. > Latin

`flat Fruchtkuchen';

f. ` cake board ', - `clay formend, a worker in clay, potter '; nominales d in with formants -no-: Latin plnus `platt, even, flat' (Indo Germanic *pl-no-s) = gall. noh

emplastrum > Modern High German Pflaster ` plaster '; in addition m.,

even, thin', plns `threshing floor', Old Prussian plonis (Old Lithuanian plnas) `threshing floor': Slavic *pol-no- in Upper Sorbian po ` plain ', klr. poonna `Hochebene', Czech plau `

Medio-lnum actually `mitten in the Ebene?', Lithuanian plnas `thin', Latvian plns `flat,

infertile, field-, wood, forest-', pl ` plain, Prrie', sloven. pln, f. plna `free from forest ' etc.;

Baumwuchs', plnja `offene, free surface, plain, area', Serbo-Croatian planna ` mountain here - perhaps of ziellosen sich Ausbreiten weidender Herden - gr. `irrend,

wandering ', m., f. `irrender run, flow', `of rechten way abfhren', (from dem Germanic) flner `sich auf the road umhertreiben'; with n-formants: gr. `flat Opferkuchen, flat coin'; with m- or n-forms, meaning esp. `flat hand': *p lm (plm gr. f. `flat hand'; m m plm): maybe alb. (*p lm) pllmba `palm' [common alb. m- > mb-].
e
e

` wander ', , - f. ` wandering ', Old Icelandic flana `umherfahren', French

Latin palma `flat hand; also Gnsefu, Geweihschaufel of Damhirsches, shovel of Ruders, Old Irish lm, acorn. lof, cymr. llaw `hand' (if in addition Old Irish fo-laumur `wage'?); Old `hand' (Middle Indic from *pari-), Avestan prn `hohle hand'; Palme', palmus `die Hand as measurement of length, span', palmes, -itis `Rebenscho',

High German folma `hand', Old English folm `flat hand'; other ablaut in Old Indic p- m.

English flr ` floorboard ', Middle Low German vlr ` floorboard, meadow', Middle High cymr. etc. llawr (*pl-ro-) `solum, pavimentum'; German vluor `bottom, meadow, sown field ', Modern High German Flur; Old Irish lr, with dentalem forms *pl-tos n., *pel-tu-s m., *pl-t `surface, plain, area': Old High

with r-formants: Old Icelandic flrr m. ` floorboard of Viehstalles; cattle shed', Old

Icelandic fold f. `earth, land', also `Fjord' and FlN, Old English folde, Old Saxon folda from dem Germanic; above examples belong actually to extension plet-. pletMaybe alb. (*fulsa) fusha ` field '. References: WP. II 61 ff., WH. II 237, 240 f., Trautmann 204, 222; plk- pletSee also: extensions under plk-, plet-. Page(s): 805-807

German Old Saxon feld n. `field, bottom, plain ', Old English feld (u-stem) ds.; Old

`earth' (Old Indic prthiv), Old High German FlN Fuld-aha `Fulda'; Finnish pelto `farmland'

peli- pelRoot / lemma: peli-s-, pel-sMeaning: rock Material: Old Indic p- m., py- n. ` stone ', (from *par- = Indo Germanic *pels-); after slab `mountain'); Germanic *falisa- ins Gallorom. as *falsi borrowed (Old French Modern High German Fels, Old Icelandic fjall, fell n. (*pelso-) `rock'; vorrom. (Illyrian) *pella: *palla ds. Page(s): 807 References: WP. II 66 f., Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 24, 156; Hubschmid Zn P. 66, 70 f. falise, faleise); Old High German felis m., felisa f., Middle Low German vels (*falis-), gr. Hes. (*); Pashto para Middle Irish all n. (*plso-) `cliff' (s-inflection

Meaning: to turn, wind

Root / lemma: pelk- : polk-

land', Old English fealg, Bavarian falg ds., russ. polos `dividing off, partitioning off eines Feldes, Streif'.

Germanic *felgam, ` turn ' in Old High German ungifolgan `inflexus'; ablaut. gall. olca ` arid

Material: Old High German Old Saxon felga, Old English fielg ` rim of the wheel ',

addendum to S. 807: (Germanic *falg), engl. fallow, East Frisian falge, Bavarian falg ds., Middle High German Gall. olca ` arable field ' (French ouche ` good arable land ') = Old English fealg ` fallow '

falgen, felgen `umackern', Modern High German Felge `gepflgtes arid land'; ablaut.

ds.; Germanic felgan ` turn ' in Old High German un-gifolgan `ungewendet'; russ. polos etc. `stripe, Ackerfurche';

`Felge, harrow'; besides Germanic *falgiz in mnl. felghe, Old English felg(e), engl. felloe

Germanic *felg ` rim of the wheel ' in Old English fielg, engl. felly, Old High German felga

etc. and Slavic polz in russ. ploz ` Sledge skid ', slov. plz `Pflugsohle, stripe'. WP. I 516, Trautmann 218 f., Vasmer 2, 396, 397, Kluge-Gtze 197 f. Page(s): 807, 850 References: WP. I 516.

perhaps here pel-, pol- in Slavic *lz, *pelzti, russ.-Church Slavic plzet `crawls' pel- pol-

pel- pel plRoot / lemma: pel-1, pel-, plNote:

Meaning: full, to fill; to pour; town (?)

pel- pel plpeRoot / lemma: pel-1, pel-, pl- : full, to fill; to pour; town (?), derived from a prefixed pe + lemma: lakuRoot / lemma: laku- : water basin (ditch, lake, sea). stream', Pass. `flieeber'; Material: A. Armenian heum `I pour from' (*pel-nu-mi), zeum (*z-heum) ` allow to cymr. llanw m. `flood', Verbalnom. llanw, llenwi ` plenitude, Flieen', Middle Breton lano,
e

lanv `flood', corn. lanwes `fullness, wealth' (*pl n-uo-);

pilt `drip, trickle', pile `drip', pilt `drip, trickle', pali ` inundation ', Lithuanian ampalas (*antpalas) `Aufwasser auf dem Eise'; russ. vodo-pol(je), pol(n)o-vodje `Hochwasser', Old Church Slavic pol ` a small bowl with handles '.

Lithuanian trans. pilu, plti `pour, schtten, aufschtten, fllen', intrans. `flow', Latvian

hom. Cypriot ds., Lithuanian pils, Latvian pile `castle, Schlo' (see Schwyzer, Gr. Gr. 1, 325, 344, Specht KZ 59, 65f., 11 f., Trautmann 217). pelC. words for `swamp, marsh' (pel-, pel-eu-), as osset. farwe, frer ` alder ', Old High pel pel-eu-

ds., compare Singapur `Lwenstadt', gr. (Aeolic) `castle, town, city, Staat' (*p li-s),
e

B. pel `castle' in Old Indic pr, Gen. purs `castle, town, city', pura- n., newer puri-, pur

to Old Indic palval- n. `pond, pool' and palvalya- `sumpfig'; in addition still pelk- : plk- in pelk plkk-

Latin palus, -dis f. `stehendes water, swamp, marsh, puddle, slop' (*p l-ou-d-), probably
e

German fel(a)wa, Modern High German Felber `Weidenbaum' (as `Sumpfbaum'), and

Old Prussian pelky ds., Latvian pelce `puddle, slop': plcis `morass'; after W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 112 alle originally color name, also to pel-8. (common Slavic alb. pe prefix). peMaybe alb. (*pe pe-lagu) pellgu `pool' see Root / lemma: laku- : water basin (ditch, lake, sea). lakupe D. `fllen, fullness, wealth': Old Indic pparti : piprm; prti (prti) `fllt, sttigt,

gr. Hes., (*) `bespritze', Lithuanian plk `Moorbruch',

alb. pot; compare also prt- : Latin com-plti-), prt- `full', pra- `full' (= Latin plnus, Bulgarian pln, Old Irish ln; from *pel- whereas Avestan prna- `gefllt'); para n.

prt (: ), Imp. prdh, Perf. papru (: Latin plv), participle prt- (= Latin -pltus,

nourishes, spendetreichlich, beschenkt', also prti ds., pryat, pryt `fllt sich', Aor.

Avestan frna- `Fllung', Old Irishln-aim `flle'), pr- `full' (= Gothic fulls, litt. plnas, Old

(*pel-); Avestan par- `fllen';

`fullness, wealth' (: Avestan parnah-vant- `rich'), par-man- `fullness, wealth, Spende' Armenian li, Gen. liog `full' (from *pl-io-s = gr. ? or from *pl-to-s = Old Indic

prt-?), lnum `flle' (*linum, neologism), Aor. eli-c `I fllte'; lir (i-stem) `fullness, wealth'; presumably holom, holonem `hufe auf, sammle an'; gr. `flle' (originally , the nasal from ), Fut. , Aor.

, Attic , Ionian `full' (*-[]-; = Armenian li?), `full', -, - f. `flood', to S. 742;

', `light fllend, satiating', `Fllung' Hes. (: Latin plminre `fill'); hom.

`bin or werde voll, swell an' (: Latin plbs), `flood', `Anfllung, satiation

`fllte sich', `bin voll, flle myself ', n., Ionian `bulk, mass',

`make voll' (from *- = Latin plrus, compare Armenian lir `fullness, wealth', i-stem); alb. plot `full' (*pl-t-os); also pjel `beget, gebre'? intrans. `full = pregnant sein'?? with

formants -go- here plok, plogu `heap' (*pl-go-? compare Old High German folc `heap, Kriegshaufe, people', Old English folc `troop, multitude, crowd, army, people', Old Icelandic folk `troop, multitude, crowd, people' as *pl-go- or * l-go-);
e

`full', Umbrian plener `plenis'; plrus, -a, -um `zum grten parts', plrusque, plrque `eine big, giant number, very much, a lot of, am meisten'; plbs, -ei and -, plbs, -is
h

Latin ple, -re mostly com-ple, im-ple `flle', participle Pass. (com)pltus; plnus

handful; bundle; Hanteln the Turner; Soldatenabteilung' (*mani-plo-s); plminre `fill' to *plmen = gr. ;

`Volksmenge; die mass of people in contrast to den Adeligen' (*pld us), manipulus `eine

Old Irish comalnur `I flle' (Denom. from comln `full'); u(i)le `whole', Pl. `alle' (*polio-);

acymr. laun, ncymr. llawn, corn. luen, leun, len, bret. leun `full' (= Old Indic pra- etc.), Gothic fulls, Old Icelandic fullr, Old English Old Saxon full, Old High German fol (-ll-)

Old Irish ln(a)im `I flle' (from an Adj. *ln = *plno-s), ln `numerus, pars'; Old Irish ln,

Croatian pn `full'; about Old English folc etc. see above; Middle High German vljen ` rinse ' to - above S. 799.

`full' (= Old Indic pr- etc., see above); = Lithuanian plnas, Old Bulgarian pln, Serbo-

ll pl ios, ispl isof'; besides Indo Germanic p l- Adj. `much, a lot of'; Kompar. pl-iios, -is-, Superl. pl-istt- `more, mostly': Old Indic pur-, Avestan pouru-, ap. paru `much, a lot of' (= gr. , if these from
e e e

plu plu `bulk, mass', single-linguistically also adjektivisch gewordenes neuter `much, a lot

*, Lithuanian pilus), Kompar. Old Indic pryas- Adv. `meistens, usually ', Avestan parv, Avestan paoiryain (*paruiiain-), ablaut. gr. , hom. (*pleuii-), originally `Sternhaufen'; fryah-, Superl. frata- `the meiste'; here iran. *pelu-, *polu- in Plejadennamen npers.

-, -, wohlausgegangen of f. *F Old Indic prv; Kompar. Superl. originally *[] > (*plisn) : (*plisto-), das through influence of * `more' (*plis = Old Irish la) and of Kompar. to wurde; from a Indo Germanic *pleu-esachische Nom. Pl. neologism wurde; also wurde Old Latin plous, Latin pls to Kompar., and with pls- (older Kompar. *pl-ies- in Old Latin pleores, and *plis- in

gr. `much, a lot of' (assimil. from * = Old Indic pur-), brige case of stem

`berflu, big, giant bulk, mass' wurde secondary the gr. Kompar. n. , wherefore the

Superl.plsima) to *plois- contaminated, from which Latin plrimus `mostly' (old ploirume, M. 783;
2

plouruma, plusima); compare Benveniste Origines 1, 54 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 537 f., E.Old Irish il `much, a lot of' (= Gothic filu), la `plus, plures' (*pl-is); acymr. liaus, ncymr.

lliaws `multitudo' (pl-is-tu-s or -to-);

`very; um vieles (beim compounds)', similarly in den other Germanic Sprachen: Old High German Old Saxon filu, filo, Old English fela, feala, feola `much, a lot of, very', Old `more, most' (*pl-is-, -isto-, Avestan frata-); Icelandic fil- `much, a lot of', n. `bulk, mass'; compounds Sup. Old Icelandic fleiri, fleistr

Gothic filu adv. neuter m. Gen. (previous Subst.) as replacement from gr. , also

Lithuanian pilus `in berflu'. `damp sein'; Old High German fledirn, Modern High German flattern, Old High German pildint (*pld-) ds.; pledint `with den Flgeln hit', pledins ` butterfly'; compare E. Fraenkel Ml. Boisacq 1, 357 ff. F. words for ` butterfly': reduplicated Latin ppili, -nis m. (*p-pil-); Germanic*ffalrnpel-edE. pel-ed- in gr. n. ` dampness, decay ', `humid, wet', , -

fledar-ms `bat'; Latvian peldt `swim', peldtis `bathe', peldint `bathe, schwemmen':

in Old Icelandic ffrildi n., Old English ffealde, Old High German ffaltra, Middle High `flatterhaft' (*pel-tel-);

German ffalter, Modern High German Falter; Lithuanian petelk ds., Latvian petelgs from the same root the Balto-Slavic words (*paipal-) for ` quail ': Lithuanian pepala f.,

Latvian papala, Old Prussian penpalo (in addition Old Prussian pepelis, Pl. pippalins `bird'); Czech pepel, kepel, slov. prepelca (also ` butterfly') etc.

`swing, brandish, shake', Med. `spring, wriggle ', `geschwungen', `Zucken, Vibrieren', m. `lot, fate', ` loose '; redupl. Hes. `shake'; Old Icelandic fla `frighten', Old English eal-flo `frchterlich', Middle High

G. words for `swing, shake, tremble, hin- and herbewegen' etc.: gr. (*pl-i), Aor.

?), plaiti `frighten' etc.;

German vlant `devil'; perhaps to Old Church Slavic plach `trembling, anxious ' (*polsothe extension pelem- in gr. `swing, brandish, shatter', Pass. `erbebe', , pelem-

felm `fright';

Old Icelandic felms-fullr ds., felmta `bange sein' (*falmatjan), Old High German Bavarian da Old Icelandic falma likewise `berrascht become', as `tap, feel ' stands for, could

`battle, war, fight' (PN -, ), Gothic us-filma `erschrocken',

here Latin palpor, -ri (also palp) `streichle', palpit ` twitch ', palpebrae ` eyelids ', alb. palun `fluttering, trembling' and ` maple '. Maybe alb. (*palun) panj ` maple ' : Romanian paltin ` maple '. Old English flan etc.) ` feel ' belong, also Middle Low German vlader ` maple ', vladarn as well as West Germanic *fljan (Old High German fuolen, Middle High German felen,

`flutter'.

References: WP. II 63 ff., WH. 320 f., 322 f., 327 f., Trautmann 218;

Page(s): 798-801

See also: die words under G. could also to pel-2 belong; here also pleu- `flow'.

pel-2a, pel plRoot / lemma: pel-2a pel- : pl-

Meaning: Meaning: to cause to move, drive

push, drive, hurl, impel, propel ' (assumed from pultre ` to beat, strike, knock '), pulsus

Material: Latin pell (probably from *pel-n), -ere, pepuli, *pultus ` to beat, strike, knock, (after perculsus : percell) ` a pushing, beating, striking, stamping, push, blow, impulse,

stroke ', pulsus, -s ` to beat, strike, knock, push, drive, hurl, impel, propel ', Umbrian apeltu ` to drive to, move up, bring along, force towards, to move to, move towards, bring goddess of shepherds and pastures '; appell, -re ` to drive to, move up, bring along, force towards, address, speak to'; up, bring near, carry, conduct, drive ', Latin pilio (*oui-pili) ` shepherd ', Pals ` an Italian

`drives' : eblaid (*pi-plseti) and brit. subjunctive with el- (above S. 307); Old Irish la `day' Church Slavic popel `ash' see below pel-2b;

Old Irish ad-ella (*pel-n-t) ` visits ' (= Latin appellat), di-ella ` deviate '; the Futur. to agid

(*pliom), originally *` turn, change of direction or position; change in condition '; about Old probably based on d-present *pel-d-: Old High German anafalz m., Old English anfilte

n. `anvil, incus', Old English felt, m., Old High German filz m. ` Filz ' (*`stomped woolen plait, fold up, merge ';

mass '), Old High German falzan `anfgen, anlegen', Modern High German falzen ` fold, eine specific gr. meaning- development `anstoen' = `sich nhern, near' probably in

`near', (Aeolic ), `sich nhern'; trans. `nherbringen,

heranbringen' ( `warf to bottom'), `neighbor, day labourer '; ` nearer, closer myself ', , Doric `near, by', Ionian -, Doric totally near ', , Doric preposition `besides'. `dem man nicht nahen kann, entsetzlich', `wife' (Aryan Ach. 132), ` References: WP. II 57 f., WH. II 276 f.; Page(s): 801-802

See also: hieher probably also pel-3 `meal, flour'.

Meaning: powder, flour

pel-2b, pel-en- pel- pelRoot / lemma: pel-2b pel-en-, pel-t-, pel-u-

Material: Old Indic plala- n. `ground, pulverized seeds, porridge, mash, smut'; gr. straw, grain husk ';

`dust, powder', -, - ` fine flour'; `bestreue'; Latin palea f. `chaff,

Maybe in -m- formant alb. (*pal-) pjalm `pollen'. Latin puls, -tis ` thick mash of spelt flour ' (*poltos); Middle Irish littiu (Gen. litten), nir. lite, with t-formants: `porridge, mash from meal, flour', Demin. , ;

condiment, relish (fruit, vegetables, salt, etc.), food ' (*plt-; with expressive Gemination); (rom.) *ulvos ds.; with u-formants: Latin pulvis, -eris `dust, powder' (*polui-; inflection after cinis); gall.

cymr. llith (i instead of y after llith `bait') ` flour soup, any thing eaten with bread, a sauce,

Maybe truncated alb. Geg (*pluvini) pluhuni `dust, powder' < Sardinian Campidanesu pruini : Sicilian pruvulazzu < Latin pulvis, -eris `dust, powder'. here (Indo Germanic *pelus, pelu-s) Old Indic m. Pl. palvs `chaff', Balto-Slavic pelus,

pova ds. etc.;

Prussian pelwo f. and Latvian pelvas f. Pl. ds.; Old Church Slavic plvy f. Pl. `', klr. with n-formants: Latin pollen, -inis `very fine flour, dust powder ' (ll from n. equalization

*pel- and *plu- f. `chaff' in Lithuanian pls f. Pl., Latvian pelus, pelavas f. Pl. ds., Old

`stove, hearth', Lithuanian peln `stove, hearth'; Old Prussian plieynis ` ash powder ', Lithuanian plnys f. Pl. ` Flockasche ', Latvian plne `white ash on coal '; s. S. 805; without n-forms, but with Redupl. russ. ppel, Old Church Slavic etc. popel `ash', am

f. `ash', Lithuanian pelena m. Pl., Latvian plni ds., wherefore Old Prussian pelanno f.

in inflection *polen, *polnes); pollenta f. `Gerstengraupen'; here also Old Prussian pelanne

ehesten as `crushed, ground, broken into fine particles' to pel-2a ` pellens, pultre '. References: WP. II 60, WH. II 331, 388, Trautmann 212 f., 225; See also: probably to pel-2 `bump, poke'. Page(s): 802

Meaning: to fold

pelRoot / lemma: pel-3a

Material: . plo- as 2. composition part in Adj. as gr. - `simple, just', -, ` twofold ' (compare Armenian ha `Mal'), Latin simplus, duplus, duplex, triplus, triplex `ein-, two-, dreifach', Umbrian dupla ` double, twice as large, twice as much ', tuplak Akk. Sg. n.

`duplicem', tripler `triplis'; Middle Irish dabul `double' (*duei-plo-); Gothic twei-fls `doubt', hnlichkeit ', in Gr. besides die Umbildungen of type (to ) and Ionian

Old High German zvfal `dubious', m. `doubt', probably also Avestan bifra- n. ` comparison,

double so gro' (*pltio-; ` twofold ' from *).

; further with older t-Ableitg. (see below) , Doric etc. `double, . alb. pal (*pol-n) ` crease, row, yoke, pair'; gr. m. `Frauengewand'; Old

Icelandic fel f. (*falja-) `furrow, stripe, crease ', Norwegian fela f. `Faltenmagen'.

(*pulta-), Middle Irish alt `junctura, artus' (a Redukt. from Indo Germanic , as perhaps also Old Indic pua-), redupl. strong. V. Gothic falan `fall', Old Icelandic falda ` den Kopf cover ', Old English fealdan, Old High German faltan `fold', weak. V Old Icelandic falda `fold', Old Kopfputz the Frau', feldr m. (*faldi-) `mantle', Middle High German valte ` crease, Old English nfeald `simple, just'

. -to-nouns and verbs: Old Indic puati `umhllt with', pua- m. n. ` crease, Tte, pouch ' to-

English fealdian, Old High German faltn ds., Old Icelandic faldr m. ` crease, corner, tail, convolution, angle '; Gothic ain-fals, Old High German einfald, -t, Old Icelandic einfaldr, References: WP. II 55 f., WH. I 383 f.;

Page(s): 802-803

See also: perhaps identical with pel-3b and pel-4.

pel-3b, pel plRoot / lemma: pel-3b pel-, pl-

Meaning: to cover, wrap; skin, hide; cloth

Material: Gr. `skin', - `Hautentzndung', - `nicht verheilte wound'; am Hahnenschnabel', palear n. `Wampe, dewlap '; Old Frisian filmene `skin', Old English n. `Sohle am foot or shoe ', ` light shield' (*of skin), Latin palea f. `Lppchen

filmen `Hutchen'; here with k-Erweit. Germanic *felh- `save, store' in Gothic filhan etc.

`conceal, bury', Old Icelandic fela `conceal, hand over ', Old English folan ` attach with a hinge, hook, eintreten' with gramm. variation Gothic fulgins `hide, conceal', Old Icelandic folgenn ds.; Germanic bi-felhan `entrust, save, store' in Old English be-folan, Old High Germanbi-fel(a)han, Middle High German bevelhan, Modern High German befehlen. With n-formant: gr. Akk. Pl. `Hute', - `pellrius', Latin pellis `fell,

fur', Old High German fel, -lles, Old English fell, Old Icelandic fjall n. `skin', Gothic rts-fill `ledern'); with other Wurzelstufen Old Church Slavic pelena, russ. pelen ` diaper, ` leprosy '; (Latin pellnus `from fell, fur' = Old High German filln, Old English fellen

kerchief, cloth, sleeve, wrapping' (compare without n-forms russ. plka ds.) and russ.

plen (for pln), sloven. plna, Czech plna, plna ds., Lithuanian pln, plns `Hutchen', Old Prussian pleynis ` meninx '; Latin palla `long Obergewand the Frauen, curtain', pallium ` bedspread, esp. ein further With t-formants: Old Indic paa- m. `piece Zeug, linen, garment ', pala n. `sleeve,

berwurf the Griechen', maybe from *par(u)l (?), loanword from gr. `mantle'?

`canvas, fabric'.

wrapping, cover, Schleier, Membrane', gr. ` light shield'; Old Church Slavic platno With u-formant: gr. -[F] `die Netzhaut um die intestines '; Lithuanian plv f.

`feine thin skin', sloven. plva `eyelid'; perhaps Old Icelandic fl, flva f. `thin References: WP. II 58 f., WH. II 238 f., 275 f., Trautmann 226; Page(s): 803-804 See also: perhaps to pel-4 `fold'.

Schneeschicht' (*falw?), as Norwegian folga ds. to Gothic filhan etc. `conceal'.

Meaning: a kind of vessel, dish

pelRoot / lemma: pel-4

certain measure of capacity ', plik ` saucepan, cooking pot ' probably also pala- n. `a

Material: Old Indic plavi `a kind of Geschirr'; pr `Melkeimer', pla- m. `Almosentopf, ein

, - ` platter, bowl', compare , , Demin. (ending nach, ) `goblet', die likewise *pelu-i- sein can (or *peli-); Old Icelandic Old English Old Saxon full `goblet' (*pl-no-m). See also: perhaps to pel-4 and pel-5 as originally ` container from skin'. Page(s): 804 References: References: WP. II 56 f., WH. II 278;

(F) or *peli, compare Old Indic pr `Melkeimer'); from is for figurative auf

platter ', (*ploui-s); gr. , - `helmet' (from *F-) and `Melkeimer' (from

certain measure of capacity ' palya- n. `ein sack, bag for corn, grain '; Latin pluis `bowl,

Meaning: to sell; to make money

pelRoot / lemma: pel-5

fli `verkuflich, feil' (*plio-), Old Icelandic falr ds. (*polo-); Old High German feili, Middle Low German veile, Old Frisian fl `feil' are not related;

Material: Gr. ` sell ', Doric :, Attic (Gramm.) f. `sale'; Old High German

russ. poln `booty'. Page(s): 804

pel'na ` earnings, Gewinst', pe'lnt ` earn, gain, verschulden', Old Church Slavic pln,

Lithuanian pelnas ` earnings, pay', pelna, -ti ` earn ', peldti `spare', Latvian pe'lns,

References: WP. II 51, Trautmann 213.

Meaning: grey; pale

pelRoot / lemma: pel-6

Material: Old Indic palit-, fem. plikn (from *-tn) ` aged-gray, greis' (: ), paru- ` marked, stained ' = Avestan pourua-, paourua- `gray, old'; pers. pr `gray' (*parya-); Armenian alik` `die (weien) waves, billows; white Bart, weies hair' (*pliio-);

pallid, grauschwarz, bluish black' (here the PN ), ds. (*? *?), `gray, greis' (*poli-uo-), Hes.; , `wild dove' (named after the color, compare , , actually die graukpfigen, old, as appellation of the Priesterinnen in Dodona as well as `age' Hes.; also Latin palumbs, Old Prussian poalis `dove'), `swan' (`the schwarzweie'); from

palikn); Ionian out of it after etc. reshaped; (*peli-uo-) `farblos,

gr. `gray' (for * = Old Indic palit- after dem Fem. * = Old Indic

*F()- + ; maked. `' Hes.; probably here also , Doric (*) ` loam, clay, slime, mud, ordure, morass'; Latin palle, -re `pale, wan sein', pallor `paleness', pallidus `pale, wan' (at first from

*paluos, older *poluos = Germanic falwa-, Lithuanian pavas, Old Church Slavic plav); pullus `schwarzgrau' (ul from l infolge of anlaut. p-; forms -no-); palumbs or -is `wood-, 547);
h e

dove, wood pigeon' (*p lon-b o-? rather parallel formation to columbus, -a, see above S.

Note: Note Alb. (*palumb) pllumb `dove' shares the same root with Latin palumbes -is, m. and f. `a wood pigeon, ring dove'. It is not a Latin loanword otherwise the ending -es, -is would have been solidified in alb. like Latin radius > alb. rreze `ray'; actually Latin could have borrowed this cognate from Illyrian since the shift m > mb is a typical alb. not Latin. alb. plak ` graybeard, ltester';

);

Middle Irish liath, cymr. (etc.) llwyd `gray' (from *pleito-, compare Old Indic palit-, gr.

`graue ash' Old Icelandic flski m., Old High German falawiska `ash, Aschenstubchen'); brown, esp. from hellbraunem cattle'; *fela- or *felwa- in westfl. fl ` dun-colored, light bird name here presumably Old High German (etc.) falco `falcon' (late Latin falco from

German falo, falawr `sallow, paled, dun-colored, light grayish brown ' (in addition as

Germanic *falwa- in Old Icelandic flr, Old English fealo, Old Saxon falu, Old High

*falha- (: Lithuanian plas) in aleman.- Rhein Franconian falch ` dun-colored, light grayish grayish brown ', fle `fahles roe deer, fahles horse'; with dem Germanic k-forms as in other

dem Germanic);

`white', serb. plv `blond, blue'; Lithuanian pel ` mouse ', Latvian pele ds., Old Prussian peles Pl. ` mouse (= Armmuskel)', Old Prussian pele `consecration'; as derivative from pel ` mouse ' also Lithuanian pelkas, Latvian pelks `mausfarbig, sallow, paled, gray'; Lithuanianpel-ju, -ti ` mildew ', pelsiai Pl. ` mildew ' and in ablaut plk-stu, -ti ` mildew, `sallow, paled' (*polkos) as well as Old Prussian poalis `dove' (*plis); Slavic *plsn in

Lithuanian palvas `blagelb' (= Germanic *falwa, Latin palli-dus) = Old Bulgarian plav

Lithuanian pelda, Latvian plda `owl ' (`Musefresserin'); from a *pel ` mildew ' derives

modern'; in ablaut Lithuanian plkas `gray', plk `Moorbruch', also plas, Latvian plss russ.-Church Slavic plsn, Old Czech plse ` mildew ' and Church Slavic peles `pullus',

russ. pelsyj `mottled, speckled, *tabby, varicolored'; das forms Indo Germanic -so- or -ko-

References: WP. II 53 f., WH. II 239 f., 242, 386, Trautmann 205, 212; pelSee also: see above S. 799 C (pel-1). pel Page(s): 804-805

Meaning: to burn, be warm

pel- pol- pl- pl Root / lemma: (pel-9), pol-, pl-, plpel

Note: also with -uo- extended; perhaps = (s)p(h)el- `gleam, shimmer'

lukewarm', Modern High German flau (*pl-uo-); Old Church Slavic polj, polti `burn' intr., (*polmen-); whether here Lithuanian plnys above S. 802? Pedersen 29 (to GN Lugus), compare above S. 690. causative paliti `burn' tr., vs-planet s `', plamy, plamen m. `flame'

Material: Old Icelandic flr (*fl-wa-) `lukewarm, warm'; Dutch flouw `faint, languid,

in addition probably cymr. go-leu `light', bret. gou-lou ds. (*plo-uo-); different Lewis-

References: WP. II 59 f., Trautmann 212 f., J. Loth RC. 36, 157. Page(s): 805

Meaning: woodwork

lemma: pelpo- polpoRoot / lemma: pelpo- or polpo-

Material: Old Indic parp- (Lex.) ` bench or Wgelchen for cripple and Fulahme', parp-m (Lex.) `house' (`Bretterbude'), Latin pulpitum `Brettergerst as stage or Tribne'. Page(s): 807 References: WP. II 66.

penke Root / lemma: penke Meaning: five Material: A. Old Indic pca, Avestan pana; Armenian hing; gr. , Aeolic ;

*pompe (compare Oscan pumperias, Umbrian pumpeias `quincuriae'); Old Irish cic, Gothic fimf, Old Icelandic fimm, Old High German fimf, finf, Old Saxon Old English ff

merge '); alb. pes, Geg ps (*pekti); Latinqunque ( after qun(c)tus), Oscan-Umbrian

`an den 5 Fingern zhlen' (: bret. pempt `die Garben [to 5] fold, plait, fold up,

acymr. pimp, mcymr. nc. pump, corn. pymp, bret. pemp, gall. `';

(schwb. fuchze 15 after sechze; das u these forms as well as Old High German funf, penk (inflectional); Old Church Slavic pt 5 (t from kt after dem ordinals; originally
n

funfzich and of Ord. Old High German funfto point at not auf Indo Germanic n); Lithuanian

collective = Old Indic pakt- `Fnfzahl', Old Icelandic fimt f. `number from fnf'; also Umbrian puntes if `quiniones'); Tocharian p, B pi; here.-Hittite pa ta. (), Gothic fimftahun, Old High German finfzehan. B. 15: Old Indic paca-daat, Avestan pancadasa, Armenian hnge-tasn, gr. C. 50: pact, Avestan pancsat, Armenian yisun (from *hingisun), gr. , penktos: D. ordinals penktos: Old Indic pakth-, Avestan puxa- (after *kturtha ` the fourth ',

Latin quinqugint (after quadrgint), Old Irish coco (with diphthong).

compare patahva- `Fnftel'); gr. , Latin quntus, Oscan *pontos (compare above Pntiis, , Paelignian Ponties `Quinctius' = Latin Quinctius, also Oscan pomptis `quinquies'; -m- after dem Kardinale, as also das n from Quinctius and quinctus); Old High German fimfto, finfto, Old Saxon ffto, Old Icelandic fim(m)ti, Gothic (in compound) fimfta-; pacath- (gewhnlicher pacam- after saptam-), alb. ipeste, ipest, gall. pinpetos, Lithuanian pektas, Old Bulgarian pt, Tocharian A pant, pinkce; *penketos: Old Indic *penketos:

Old Irish ciced, acymr. pimphet etc.; with r-forms Armenian hinger-ord `the fnfte';

*penkrs).

Old English finger, Old High German Old Saxon fingar `finger' (*finraz, Indo Germanic

compare perhaps Old Irish cicer `number from fnf' and Gothic figgrs, Old Icelandic fingr,

Page(s): Page(s): 808

References: WP. II 25 f., WH. II 407 f., Trautmann 213 f.

penRoot / lemma: pen-1 Meaning: to feed Material: Latin penus, -oris n. and penus, -s m. `Mundvorrat', also `the interior of Hauses' (where die Lebensmittel aufbewahrt become); penes (solidified Lok.) preposition with Akk. penetr, -re `penetrate'; Pents `die Gtter in the interior of Hauses'; perhaps Gothic pent `verwhnen', Lithuanian pnas `food'. fenea (*finja) `Gerstenspeise'; Lithuanian pen, penti `feed, fatten, overfeed ', Latvian
2

`by'; penitus `(from) inside, deep, grndlich' (*pene-to-); in addition (after intus : intr)

See also: perhaps to p- `feed'. Page(s): 807

References: WP. II 25, WH. II 280 ff., 283, E.-M. 753 f., Trautmann 214;

pen- pen-koRoot / lemma: pen-2, pen-koMeaning: swamp; water, wet Material: Middle Irish en (*peno-?) `water', enach `swamp, marsh', en-glas `wsserige

milk', cymr. en-wyn ` buttermilk ', Middle Irish on-ch `Fischotter' (`Wasserhund'), FlN On, PN Onach (`swamp, marsh'), Celtic FlN , newer *Enios `Inn', gall. FlN *Ona `river',

also as suffix (Bebronna `Biberbach' etc.); zero grade Middle Irish an f. ` water, urine ', gall. anom ` paludem '; Gothic fani n. `slime, mud', Old Icelandic fen n. `swamp, marsh', Old High German

fenna, fenn f., Middle High German venne n., Old Saxon feni n. ds., Middle Low German venne f. `moorige willow ', Old English fenn m. n. `swamp, marsh, moor, fen', wherefore changing through ablaut Old English fyne ` dampness ', fynig ` moldy '

Maybe alb. finj ` soapwater, soap suds'.

*fanja-), Lithuanian paniabd `Fliegenpilz', Latvian pane f. `Jauche'; also Illyrian Pannonia. (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

mnl. vunsc, Middle Dutch vuns `muffig'; Old Prussian pannean `Moorbruch' (= Germanic

Irish icne `salmon' (*penk-nio-); zero grade -t(i)o-derivative *fut(j)a- in Old High German fht, fhti, Old English fht `humid, wet'.

With ko ko-formants: Old Indic paka- m. n. `slime, mud, ordure, swamp, marsh'; Middle

Page(s): 807-808

References: WP. II 5 f., Trautmann 205, Pokorny BzNF 2, 37 f.

pentRoot / lemma: pent-

Meaning: to go, walk; way Note: (in Aryan with th)

pnthnam (= Avestan pantnm), Instr. Sg. path (= paa); i-stem in Instr. Pl. pathbhi ablaut. Old Indic pthas- n. `place, homeland'; Armenian hun, Gen. hni `ford, way' (*pont); Maybe alb. (*hu-) hynj ` enter ' strike or blow delivered by the foot; footprint, track ', `trete'; ` deceive ' (*- `bringe vom Wege ab'), ` deception, deceit'; originally `Brckenmacher'; Lithuanian pons, -tis `Prgelweg through Smpfe, bridge'; pontifex `Oberpriester', Germanic *paa- in Old English p ` path, track, way' (engl. path), Old High German gr. m. `Meerespfad, sea', zero grade m. ` path, track, step, tread; kick, (Avestan padb), Old pers. Akk. Sg. im; Avestan pant also `room, place', as in

Material: Old Indic pnth (= Avestan pant), Akk. Sg. pnthm (= pantm), and

Modern High German pfad derives probably from an iran. Mundart, compare Avestan paGothic finan `find, learn', Old Icelandic finna ds., (under the influence of common Celtic

German fandn = Old English fandian ` examine '; Middle High German vanden

young boy', Old English fa m. `troop, multitude, crowd, Fuvolk' (*fanjan-); Old High

High German fend(e)o `Fuganger', Middle High German vende `Fuganger, young lad,

findan, fintan stem V. `find, learn, erfinden'; Old Saxon fthi n. `the going' (*fanio-); Old

-ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old English findan, Old Saxon fthan and findan, Old High German

`besuchen', Modern High German fahnden; Old Saxon fundon `sich aufmachen after,

Old High German funs `willing, ready, willing' (*fund-sa-), Norwegian fsa `quick, fast run'; maybe alb. fus, fut `insert, thrust in, plant, put in'. Old Church Slavic pt etc. m. `way' (*pontis), zero grade Old Prussian pintis ds.

fss ` willing, inclined, willing', Old Saxon Old English fs `quick, fast, keen, eager, willing',

strive, go, hurry' = Old English fundian ds., Old High German funden ds., Old Icelandic

References: WP. II 26 f., WH. II 336 f., Trautmann 205 f.; Wackernagel KZ 55, 104 ff., Old Indic Gr. 3, 1, 306 f. Page(s): 808-809

Meaning: to fart

perdRoot / lemma: perd-

(mostly Med. as in Old Indic) ds., , ; `breaking wind, fart'; perhaps pordha), pordhe `breaking wind, fart' (*prd); Old High German ferzan, Old English here m. f. ` partridge, game bird ' (of schwirrenden Fluge); alb. pjerth `pedo' (Aor.

Material: Old Indic prdat `furzt' (Gramm.), Avestan raiti `furzt'; gr. ,

feortan, Old Icelandic freta ` fart ', Old High German firz, furz, Old Icelandic fretr `breaking wind, fart'; Lithuanian prdu, prsti, Latvian pirdu, pirstds., Lithuanian pirdis (= Modern High German `breaking wind, fart'); sloven. prdti, russ. perdt ` fart '; cymr. rhech

Swedish dial. prutta ` fart (esp. from horses)'. References: WP. II 49, Trautmann 219 f.;

`breaking wind, fart' (*rikk from *prd-k); for onomatopoeic origin of the root sprche

Page(s): 819

pezd zdSee also: compare pezd-.

Meaning: pole; trunk

pergRoot / lemma: perg-1

Note: (originally ` felled trunk?')

pergRoot / lemma: perg-1 : `pole; trunk' derived from Illyrian : Baltic : Slavic prefix pre- + g

`road' of Root / lemma: g-, gem- : `to go, come' : Lithuanian gita ` way , road ', prga ` emopportunity, term (*end of the road) ' (Prfix *pr + g); gr. m. ` step, threshold, footstep '.

`bar, bolt, lock ' from Latin veruculum);

Material: Old Icelandic forkr m. ` shaft, pole, stick'; (Old English feorcol, Old Saxon fercal Lithuanian prgas ` fishing canoe ' (*dugout canoe); dwelling', progi Pl. ` floorboards, Bnke'; maybe alb. prag `threshold, doorstep'. Old Church Slavic prag ` threshold', porg ds., poln. prg ` threshold, house,

Demin. eines *perg `Geblk'. Maybe alb. pjergull `pergola'. Page(s): 819-820

perhaps here Latin pergula ` protrusion, Vorbau an a Hause; vestibule, Weinlaube' as

perReferences: WP. II 48, WH. II 288; compare above S. 819 Mitte (per-3, per-g-). per per-

Meaning: fear, to fear

pergRoot / lemma: perg-2

Material: Gothic fauhrtei, Old English fyrhtu f. `fear'; Gothic faurhts, Old High German Old Saxon for(a)ht, Old English forht `timorous'; Old High German Old Saxon forhta `fear'; Gothic faurhtjan, Old High German furhten, for(a)hten `fear, dread'; perhaps to Tocharian

prsk-, A prask-, prsk- `fear, dread', A praski, prosko, proskye `fear' (-sk- from -kReferences: WP. II 48, Holthausen Altengl. etym. Wb. 112. sk-).

Page(s): 820

perk- prek ekRoot / lemma: perk-1, prekMeaning: to fill Note: ? Only indisch and Irish.

perk- prek*(s)p(h)ereg- (s)p(h)erg gRoot / lemma: perk-1, prek- : to fill, derived from Root / lemma: *(s)p(h)ereg-, (s)p(h)erg-, Material: Old Indic prkti (prcati, piparkti) `fllt, gives rich; mengt, mischt', participle Old Indic -h- > -k- sa-prc `in Berhrung stehend'; pracura- `much, a lot of, rich'; (s)p(h)rgspreng(s)p(h)rg- (nasalized spreng-) : to rush, hurry; to scatter, sprinkle.

Comments:

prkta- ` mixed, erfllt, voll from', Aor. aprk; upala-praki- `die quern drehend', common

Middle Irish ercaim `flle'.

Page(s): 820

References: WP. II 47, Kuiper Nasalprs. 81.

Meaning: glowing ashes, coals perkRoot / lemma: (perk-2): prk- : glowing ashes, coals, derived from Root / lemma: perk sprinkle. Comments:

perkRoot / lemma: (perk-2): prkperk

*(s)p(h)ereg- (s)p(h)erg (s)p(h)rggspreng*(s)p(h)ereg-, (s)p(h)erg-, (s)p(h)rg- (nasalized spreng-) : to rush, hurry; to scatter,

Pl. ds.; Old Irish riches f. `glowing coal', bret. regez `Kohlenglut' (*prki-st, compare das Latvian forms); unclear cymr. rhys-yn, Pl. rhys-od `glowing ash', with other forms acorn.

Material: Lithuanian pirknys f. Pl. `ash with glhenden Funken', Latvian prkstis, pirkstes

regihten, collective regyth ds.; whether as `sprhend' to *sp(h)er- `strew, distribute, spray '? compare Latvian spirgsti `glowing coals under the ash' under sp(h)er(e)g- ` twitch, spray'. References: WP. II 47, Mhlenbach-Endzelin III 223.

Page(s): 820

Root / lemma: perk-1 Meaning: rib; breast Material: Old Indic pru- f. ` rib, gebogenes knife', prv-, -m `Rippengegend, side',

Slavic prsi `Bruste', f. Pl. probably from `Rippengegend'; compare Lithuanian em. prys Maybe alb. parzm ` chest'. Page(s): 820 f. Pl. `Brust of the horse'.

Avestan parsu- f. ` rib ', prsu- m. ` rib, side', osset. fars `side, line, region'; Old Church

References: WP. II 44 f., Trautmann 220.

Root / lemma: perk-2, prekMeaning: spotted Material: With n-formant: Old Indic prni- `mottled, speckled, *tabby, varicolored', gr.

, originally `', then, dunkelfleckig, dark, blauschwarz', `wird

forhel ` trout ', Old Saxon furnia, Old English forn(e) ds. (*prk-n), ablaut. Swedish frna ` dace ' (*perk-n); with -uo: Old High German faro, Middle High German vare, flekt. varwer `farbig',

speckled, *tabby' (= ); Old High German forhana, Middle High German forhe(n),

speckled, *tabby, oxblood, indigo ', also `salmon, trout, cow, lizard', cymr. erch `mottled,

dark'; Hes.; `die swallow'; without -n- Middle Irish erc `mottled,

`Lachsforelle' (Germanic *farhjn-, older *farhwjn-);

substantivized Old High German farawa `paint, color' (*pork-u-); Latin-Germanic fari other formations: gr. m. `Sperber' (Aristot.), - `weikfige Geierart',

`wird dark, black'; , - f. and , - `Hirschkalb', , - `Tautropfen'; (Latin perca loanword) ` perch ', Latin porcus `ein fish with

Stachelflossen', Ligurian FlN Porco-bera (`trout fhrend'); Middle Irish orc (and erc, see

above) `salmon'; Old Icelandic fjrsungr `trachinus draco' (*perks-k-); redupl. perhaps ein thrak. sea fish (`trout?'); perhaps here through Diss. eines *perk-ro-s to *pelcro-, *polcro-: Latin pulc(h)er, Old

Latin polcher `beautiful' (= `varicolored'). References: References: WP. II 45 f., WH. II 384; perSee also: extension from per-1. Page(s): 820-821

Root / lemma: perk-3, prk-

Meaning: to tear out, dig out; furrow

Material: Old Indic prna- m. `cleft, gap, abyss, sinking in '; divided into beds' mars. Umbrian `porculeta'); cymr. rhch `furrow' (with expressive -kk) Latin porca `furrow in farmland', `Wasserabzugsrinne in farmland' (porcu-ltum `a field

perhaps = bret. rec'h ` distress ', against it with k abret. rec, gl. `sulco', ro-ricse[n]ti

Icelandic Fjrgyn f. as `goddess the Ackerfurche'; burning ache' (from Wunden);

fere m. `a field divided into beds'; after F. R. Schrder, Festgabe K. Helm 25 ff. here Old Lithuanian pra-peris `Blnke in ice', pra-paras `ditch, trench, channel', perti `

furh f. `furrow', Old Icelandic for f. ` drainage ditch, canal' (*prk-); zero grade Norwegian

`sulcavissent'; gall. rica `furrow', French raie `stripe'; Old High German furuh, Old English

in addition *porks `swine' (`Whler'). Page(s): 821 References: WP. II 46, 47, WH. II 340 f.

Root / lemma: perk-4, prek-, prkMeaning: to ask, ask for Material: 1. sko-present *prk-sk, worfrom *prsk: Old Indic prcchti `fragt', Avestan

prsaiti `fragt, longs for ' (participle parta-), ap. aparsam `I frug'; Armenian e-harc `he

demand, beg '; Irish arco `I beg ', cymr. archaf, corn. arghaf ds., Middle Breton archas `il

has gefragt' (: Old Indic -prcchat), therefrom das present harcanem; Latin posc `fordere,

freien' (pirls `Freiwerber'), if with analogical present-ablaut e instead of i; in addition Old

before dem s the basic form *prsk (from *prk-sk); Lithuanian per, pirti `for jemanden

commanda' (Old Irish imm-chom-arc `gegenseitiges Fragen, Begren' etc.) with ar from r

Indic prcch `question, Erkundigung' = Armenian harc ds.; Old High German forsca (diminutive of participle *posctos to posc);in Oscan-Umbrian is *porsc to *persc

`Forschung, question' is post-verbal to forscn ` inquire, research'; Latin postul `fordere'

by the augur's staff ', from which Messapic `Bethaus'.

*pes[c]to- from: Oscan pestlm, peeslm ` an open place for observation, place marked off 2. Old Indic prs- `(gerichtliche) Befragung', Avestan fras f. `question', Old Indic prh-

Umbrian persklu, pesklu `supplictine', further mars. pesco `sacrificum', and of participle

reshaped: Umbrian persnimu Imper. Med. `prector', in addition with (forms -(e)lo-)

(= Avestan part-) `Gerichtsfrage', pran-, Avestan frana- m. `Befragung, question' (= daughter-in-law ' (compare Gothic frahnan); Latin procus ` suitor ', prex f. `request',

Old High German fragan ` woodpecker ' KZ 62, 31, 2), Armenian harsn `bride, newlywed,

precor, -r `bid, beg, ask', Umbrian pepurkurent 3. Pl. Fut. `poposcerint'; Gothic frahnan ` preterit fragn; Old English friccea ` herald '; Germanic *frehti- in Old Icelandic frtt f. inquire ', Old Icelandic fregna, Old English frignan (and io-present fricnan) ds., Old Saxon

`question, Erforschung', Old English freht f. `Wahrsagung'; Old High German frga

prositi `bid, beg, ask';

Saxon gi-frgi `illustrious'; ablaut. Old High German fergn `bid, beg, ask'; Old Icelandic Maybe alb. porosit `order, demand' a Slavic loanword.

`question' (*frg-n, -n, frhn ` inquire '), Old Icelandic frgr, Old English ge-frge, Old

Lithuanian Iterat. praa, -ti `arrogate, bid, beg, ask'; Tocharian A prak-, prek- ` inquire ' Page(s): 821-822 References: WP. II 44, WH. II 346 f.

perku uRoot / lemma: perku-s Note: Meaning: oak

Because of the common Latin, gr., Illyrian, celt. k- > p-, g- > b-s, Latin quercus f. `oak' is kerku-s. erkuu the oldest IE cognate, hence Root / lemma: perku-s : oak derived from an earlier Root perku u-

VN Quarquni `Eichenmnner' (Latin Relikt?); Nymphis Percernibus perhaps Ligurian

Material: Old Indic parkat- ` sacred Feigenbaum', New Indic pargi `Steineiche'; Venetic

(Vaucluse); Latin quercus f. `oak'; Italian-trent. porca `pine' (rt. *porca); Celtic Hercynia hedge ' (*kerk-t-?); Celtic VN Querquerni (goidel.) in Hispania Tarrac.; from *Perkuni

silva `das deutsche Mittelgebirge' (from *Perkuni, older *Perkuni), cymr. perth f. `bush,

probably borrowed Germanic *ferguni, Old High German Fergunna `Erzgebirge', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Middle High German Virgunt f. `Waldgebirge westlich Bhmens', Gothic farguni n. `mountain range', Old English firgen m. `tree, man'; ablaut. Old High German forha `pine tree', Old English furh; Old Icelandic `Waldhhe'; Old High German fereheih, langob. fereha `Speiseeiche', Old Icelandic fjrr

High German Forst; from Old High German kien-forha (kien- to Old English cen `pinewood doubtful whether after Vendryes RC 44, 313 ff. here also Gothic fairus `world', Old torch', ablaut. to Old English cnan, above S. 355) wird Modern High German Kiefer;

fura f. `pine', fyri n. `Fhrenwald'; from Old High German *forh-is `Fhrenwald': Modern

prkuns `thunder, Thunder God ', Old Prussian percunis `thunder';

perknas Thunder God, Lithuanian perknas `thunder', perknija f. `Gewitter', Latvian Maybe alb. prkund `shake' : Latvian prkuns `thunder, Thunder God '

to Old Icelandic frr (*firhw-jR), Old English fras Pl. `Mnner' etc.; Old Lithuanian

English feorh, Old High German ferah `life', West Germanic Alaferhuiae (= *Alaferhwis),

Old Russian Perun ` Thunder God ', russ. pern `thunderbolt, lightning' are transformed (see above under per-3, perg-). perfolk etymology after Slavic *per `hit'; unclear is Old Indic Parjnya- ` thunderstorm God '

References: WP. II 42 f., 47 f., WH. II 402 f., Specht KZ. 64, 10 f., 68, 193 ff., Thieme, Untersuchungen zur Wortkunde of Rigveda 71. Page(s): 822-823

per- per pr- preuRoot / lemma: per-1, per- : pr-, preuMeaning: to drizzle, sprinkle, jet Note: identical as sper- `sprhen etc.'

per- per pr- preuRoot / lemma: per-1, per- : pr-, preu- : to drizzle, sprinkle, jet, derived from Root / scatter, sprinkle.

Comments:

*(s)p(h)ereg- (s)p(h)erg (s)p(h)rggsprenglemma: *(s)p(h)ereg-, (s)p(h)erg-, (s)p(h)rg- (nasalized spreng-) : to rush, hurry; to per pr: Material: . per- : pr gr. --, * (, ) `(fache an =) znde an,

verbrenne; blow; spritze from', , - f. `entzndliche tumefaction ',

`blow violent', `tobe', ` lightning, whirlwind, impetuous stream'; Slavic boil', Old Church Slavic para `smoke, vapor', (Old Prussian pore `vapor' from poln. para); Hittite pari- `anfachen, blow'; with t-forms Old Swedish fradha `scum, froth, foam, slobber', Middle Low German

*prieti in poln. prze `sicherhitzen, braise', russ. prejet, pret `schwitzen, simmer, seethe,

vradem, vratem `haze, mist, breath, breeze'; with s-forms Old Icelandic frs f. `das blast,

Zischen', reduced grade Norwegian frasa ` rustle '; -grade(?) Norwegian frsa Maybe alb. fryj `swell, blow', fryma `breath' compare pravat `springt auf', actually `auseinanderspringen');

`effervesce, pant, sniff, snort, fauchen' (perhaps contaminated from frysa and fnsa).

pr-euB. pr-eu-: unerweitert perhaps in Old Indic vi-pru- `after all Seiten hin spray' (but preuspreus-: Old Indic pruti `spritzt from', Intrans. pryati `spritzt', Old Icelandic frysa

German Old High German prsten; Balto-Slavic *prausi `spritze' in Lithuanian prasti

`prusten, pant, sniff, snort', Swedish frusta ds., frsa `spray'; lautmalend Middle Low

`das Gesicht wash', Latvian praslt `leise laugh', prlut `prusten', Lithuanian prsnos,

prysnti, russ. pryskat `spray'; from Balto-Slavic *pra- (: Swedish frsa) Slavic *prychati element in Gallischen die PN Pruso, Prusonius and the VN Prausi (leg. *Prousi); in Church Slavic prychanije n. `fremitus' etc.; in addition perhaps as Venetic-Illyrian

Latvian prusnas `Lippen, mouth', Old Prussian Akk. Sg. prusnan `face'; Old Church Slavic

schnaubenden Rossen', Old Indic apa-prthati `schnaubt weg, blst weg', pra-prthati froan ` foam ';

preu-t(h)preu-t(h)-: Old Indic prthati `prustet, schnaubt (of Rosse)', Avestan fraat-aspa- `with

`aufpusten, inflate, bloat'; Old Icelandic frau n., froa f. `scum, froth, foam', Old English here einige Germanic words for `frog', as `the Geiferige': Old Icelandic fraur (compare

frau `slobber'), Middle English frde ` toad '. spray, dappled '.

C. consonant extensions from per- s. still under perk-, prek- ` dappled ', pers- `spray,

Page(s): 809-810

References: WP. II 27 f., Trautmann 230 f.

Meaning: to go over; over, through, very, exceedingly Material: A. Dient as preposition, preverb and Adverb: a. per, peri (locative of root noun)

perRoot / lemma: per-2

`vorwrts, in Hinausgehen, Hinbergehen about, in Durchdringen, in berma', from which `about - out, through - toward ';

*peri); Oscan-Umbrian per- and pert (*per-ti); gall. eri-, Old Irish ir-, er- (analogical *ero-); German Old Saxon firi- ds.; Old Prussian per, Lithuanian per, per-; Slavic per- in Old Church Slavic pr- etc.; from `vorwrts' entwickelte sich already Indo Germanic die cymr. corn. bret. er; Gothic far-, Old English fyr-, Old High German fir- `ver-', Old High

Germanic *pro), pej, pe; besides per (*peri) with wiederhergestelltem r; Latin per (*per or

Old Indic pri, Avestan pairi, Old pers. pariy, gr. , , alb. pr (partly also = Indo

meaning `very' (Old Indic pari-pr- `very dear', gr. - `very beautiful', Latin pergood'), then die the berlegenheit (Old Indic pri - as-, pri - bh- ` excel, surpass ', gr.

magnus `very gro'; Lithuanian per-didis `to big, large', Old Church Slavic pr-blag `very

- ds.), of bermaes or hohen Grades (Old Indic pri-vid-, gr. -, Latin `ringsum, umherum' (Old Indic pri i- `umhergehen', gr. -; gr. - = derivatives are: (therefrom Kompar. firr, Superl. first), Old English feor(r), engl. far, Old Saxon ferr, Old Gothic farra Adv. `afar', as preposition `fern from', Old Icelandic fjar(ri) Adv. `afar' per-vidre `genau know, have knowledge of '); esp. Old Indic and gr. is die meaning

Lithuanian pr-jousti `umgrten');

High German ferro Adv. `afar, very', Kompar. ferrr (*fer-ro- from *fer-ero-); Old Church Slavic prd `before; voran; das Vordere' (as na-d), prz `about - toward '; -ko-Adj.: prk `quer', Czech p(ka) ` transom ' = Umbrian percam `virgam', Oscan perk[ais]

`perticis';

derivatives Lithuanian prnai `in vorigen years', Latvian prns Adj. `the previous year, firn', Middle High German verne `the previous year', vern `in vorigen years', Gothic only in af farnin jra `of Vorjahre', Old Saxon fernun gre, fernun ira `in Vorjahre', therefrom with

in zeitlicher Verwendung: Old Indic par-t, gr. etc. (see below uet- `year') and die

wise', Modern High German Firn `old snow'; also to zero grade Gothic far : Old Icelandic Old Indic pur- `vormalig' to pur, ap. paranam ` previously, in the past ' to par; Latin Maybe in -e- grade Latin Greek Albanian: Latin perendie (*peren-dies) ` on the day after e tomorrow ' : Albanian (*peren-diem) perndim m. ` sunset, end of the day ', perndimi ` west ', (*peren-desha) perndesha ` upper goddess ' (*peren-dea) perndia ` divinity '. Albanian (-dea, -desha ` goddess ' : Latin dea : Italian dea : Spanish diosa : French desse : Portuguese deusa ` goddess '.

io-forms Gothic farneis `', Old Icelandic fyrnd f. `age', Old High German firni `old;

forn `old', besides the i-stem Old Saxon an furndagun, Old English fyrn, firn `old'; compare perendi ` the day after tomorrow ' from *peren-die?

 Hes., hom. , Attic ` vollende '; - besides in Old Indic eine gleichlautende family the meaning `knot': Old Indic prva- Nom. Akk. Pl. n. `knot, joint ' (instead of *parvr), pru- m. `knot, joint, limb, member (ocean, sky, heaven)',

, Attic , - `ending, end', hom. ` eternal, infinite ' = (Attic)

auf per- in other Verwendung point at *per-u-r/n- in hom. (Pind. ),

143 ff.).

paru- n. `knot, joint, limb, member'; gr. `knot' is doubtful (G. Bjrck Ml. Boisacq 1, b. Adj. pero-s `further': Old Indic pra- `further, jenseitig, fiend; prior; later', Superl. pero-

para-tara- `fiend'; Old Indic par (Nom. Sg. m. with adv. End stress) preposition m. Akk. `about - out', with Abl. `fern from', with Instr. `beyond from', seldom adverbal = Avestan par preposition m. Akk. `besides - apart from'; Old Indic pr, Avestan para (Instr. Sg.) (Nom. Akk. Sg. n. = Oscan perum) `out about, beyond, after', preposition with Abl.; Armenian heri `remote, distant, afar'; (Gen.); Latin per-perm ` inverted ', per-perus ` incorrect ', from which gr. gr. (), Ionian (Akk. Sg. f.) `darber out, beyond', Adv., preposition m. Abl.

param- `fernster, last, best', Avestan ap. para- `ulterior, the other, sptere, knftige',

adverbal `fort, weg, zur Seite'; Old Indic par (Lok. Sg.) `darauf, fernerhin'; Old Indic param

in another place, fort') ; therefrom `jenseitig' (), `from beyond her', () `gegen Westen'; from a schwundstufigen additional form from through -ko- extended is delph.

`Geck'; gr. `darber out, beyond' (Instr. Sg. f. of stem *pero- = Old Indic pr ` away,

vollfhre, verrichte, do';

`with e. Geldstrafe covered', Ionian Attic `durchfahre, vollstrecke, Oscan perum (= Old Indic param) `sine'; Old Irish re `further, lnger' (*perio-, das after sr `long');

`darber out', postposition `about - out', parranda ds. (*= gr. + ). c. prai, p rai (Richtungsdativ of stem per), also prei, pri, p ri. rai ri. Old Indic par `daraufhin' (Lok. Sg.);
e e e e e e e e

Hittite par (= gr. ) `vorwrts, further, further', postposition `from - heraus'; periia(n)

 (hom. also ) `vorher; before'; probably reshaped from * (*pri-is, to Latin prior, prscus) compare Cretan from *; alb. pa `before', if from *pari- (in vowel reshaped after par `first'?); prai, prae-, Umbrian pre `', prefix and preposition, pre-pa `priusquam', Kompar. Latin Old Latin pr (*prei) ` before, in front ' (prehend ` gripe, seize' from *praehend), Latin prae prefix `voran, ahead, exceedingly ', preposition `before, because of', Oscan

gr. `', out of hom. (Ionian Attic) only in compounds, as kyren. -;

praeter `vorbei an = besides, ausgenommen' (*prai-tero-), Umbrian pretra `prirs';

(from *prs-mos), Paelignian prismu ` the first, first ', presumably also prdem ` long ago, long since, a long time ago '; prs-cus ` of former times, of old, olden, ancient, primitive, ku); prstinus ` former, early, original, primitive, pristine ', Paelignian pri-trom-e ` right antique ' (*preis-ko-, compare Armenian erc, Gen. ericu ` the oldest, the priest ', *preis-

Kompar. *pri-is, *pri-is (from which prs-) in prior ` former, previous, prior, first ', prmus

onward, forward, farther on, onward ', pristafalacirix `*praestibultrx '; here probably also particular ', prv, -re ` to bereave, deprive, rob, strip ', prvtus ` apart from the State, Latin prvus (*prei-uos) ` each, every individual, one each, one's own, private, peculiar,

peculiar, personal, individual, private ', Umbrian prever ` one to each, separate, single ',

apart from the State, peculiar, personal, individual, private, re '; before, esp. stlich from' (compare Irish an-air `from east ');
e

preve ` one by one, one at a time, alone, single, solitary, singular ', Oscan preiuatud Abl. ` riri p ri- = Celtic [p]ari- in gall. are- (Are-morica, Are-brigium, abrit. Are-clt etc.) `by, Old High German Old Saxon furi `before, for, vorbei', Old Icelandic fyr (and with

German fri-liez besides fir-, far-, fra-liez.

Gothic fri-sahts `Bild, example, riddle ' contains zero grades *pri-, as also Old High

fyrstr `the first', Old English fyrsta, Old Saxon Old High German furisto `prince, lord';

Old English fyr(e)st, engl. first, Old Icelandic fyrr adv. ` prior, vorher', fyrri `the frhere',

vordere', Superl. furist, Middle High German vrst `first, vornehmster', Old Saxon furist,

Komparativendung fyrir) `before, for'; Kompar. Old High German furiro `the frhere,

and prefix `by, an, to';

`to, by', as prefix `also, before, an', prisiks m. `fiend'; Old Church Slavic pri preposition

`das Vordere' (*preiti); Latvian pere `forehead, Vorderseite' (*prere?); Old Prussian prei

klas m. ` anvil '), preverb pri-; preposition pri `against', pre `before'; Latvian pre(k)a

preiprei- in Lithuanian pri, em. pr `by, an', Nominalprf. pre-, pri-, prie-, pr- (also prei-

(ram `vor ihm', remi `vor you '), remi- as preverb, preposition re (nasalized).
e e e e e e e e

from Latin pr[s]mus similar *prs mi-, -ei: Old Irish rem- prefix (lenierend) `before, voran'
e

res, ros presd. p res, p ros (and as 1. composition part pres- `before', Gen.-Abl. of stem per-): `vorn, before', preposition `before', gr. Adv. ` prior; voran, vorn', preposition `before'; Old Indic pur Adv. and prefix `voran, vorn', preposition `before', Avestan par Adv.

Old High German frist m. n., Old Saxon frist n., Old English first m. ` time, period ' from *pres-sti-, Old Icelandic frest n. ds. from *pres-sto-, compare Old Indic pura-sthitae

`guide, leader' (*Leitstier), see below gou- `rother, cattle'; to Cretan see above);

prespres- in gr. -, - `old' (`*in Alter vorangehend', compare Old Indic pur-gav-

`bevorstehend'; from *p ros-stti-s `in Alter voran seiend' probably Old Irish arsaid, arsid `vetus' (Old Indic purstt `before, voran, vorn, vorher' is certainly pura + Abl. -tt). e. pr- `hervor', perhaps Nom. Sg. n. of stem per-: gr. in proper name as -

pol-liceor among others, Umbrian pur-douitu `porricito', Faliscan por-ded `brachte dar, Icelandic for- `before', with steigender meaning Old Icelandic for-ljtr `very ugly', Old English for-manig `gar viele, allzu viele';

, in el. - , ; Latin por-tend (: Gothic faraanjan), -rig,

widmete'; Gothic far, Old Saxon for, fur preposition `before, for', Old English for ds., Old

Middle High German vort `vorwrts, further, fort', Norwegian fort `quick, fast, bald', Old Icelandic fora, Old English ge-forian `fortbringen'; Kompar. *furera- in Old Saxon

under S. 815); Old Saxon Old Frisian forth, ford, Old English for `fort, vorwrts';

Germanic derivatives: Old Icelandic forr `hasty, voreilig' (*furha-, compare from *pro: gr.

furor, furdor Adv., Old English furor Adv. `further', furra Adj. ` greater, higher', Old High German furdir, -ar Adv. Adj. `vorder, vorzglicher, prior, vormalig'. compounds with forms from st- `stand' in Old Indic pri- f. ` rib ', pr-h-m

sti-; besides with lengthened grade prefix Old High German first m., Old English fierst f. `hervorstehendes'); gr. (besides ) ` jamb, pillar, Trpfeiler', Hes. (*-), Lithuanian pirtas, Old Church Slavic prst `finger' (`hervorstehend'); Maybe alb. prish `deflower, finger, destroy, waste' `First' from *fir-sti-; probably also Latin postis ` jamb, doorpost ' (*por-sti-s

Middle Low German vorst- f. `ridge of the roof' from *for-st, Old English fyrst ds. from *fur-

`hervorstehender back, acme, apex ', Avestan par-ta- m. `back', par-ti- f. (Du.) `back',

before ', preposition `(to Schutze) before, without. besides', Avestan para, ap. par Adv. Adv. ` previously, in the past '; gr. , verbal prefix `before - toward, dar-',

f. per Instr. Sg. of stem *per; Old Indic pur Adv. ` previously, in the past, prior; ehe,

`zuvor', preposition `before', therefrom Old Indic pur- `vormalig, prior, old', ap. paranam preposition `an etwas hin, along, besides; during'; `by, from the Nhe weg, from seiten'; ahead, before', preposition `before', Old English fore preposition `before'.

Gothic fara, Old High German Old Saxon fora Adv. `vorn, vorher', verbal prefix `vorher, g. pro, pr `vorwrts, vorn, voran', formation as *apo, *upo; pr with Auslautsdehnung.

preverb `before', preposition `before', - (rhythm. lengthening) `in

Adj.), Avestan fr, fra-, . fra- prefix `vorwrts, voran; fort, away, in another place '; gr.

Old Indic pr- prefix `before, vorwrts, fort' (before Subst. and verbs), `very' (before

prdest s. WH. II 365; Oscan-Umbrian preverb. pro-, pru-; e.g. Old Irish ro-mr `to big, large', gall. GN f. Ro-smerta; Gothic far-, see above A.);

`vorwrts willing, inclined' (from *prne, compare pne `behind' from *post-ne); about air- ro-, cymr. ry-, abret. ro-, ru-, Middle Breton nbret. ra-, preverb and intensive prefix,

vorvorigen year'; Latin pr-, pr- in compounds, pr preposition `before, for'; prnus

Gothic fra-, Old High German fir-, Modern High German ver- preverb (latter partly also =

preverb `vorbei-, through -, ver-', compare pr-garas ` wolverine ' = Latvian pra-garis ds.;

Old Prussian pra, pro `through', as preverb `ver-', Lithuanian pra, pr `vorbei', as

ver-', preposition russ. Czech pro `because of', ablaut. russ. pr-dd, serb. pr-djed `great grandfather'; doubled: Old Indic prpra, gr. ` always vorwrts'. `das uerste end from perhaps forming' ( `Hinterschiff' etc.). prupru- (Reim auf *pu, s. *apo?) lies the basic in gr. -- `durchgehend',

Latvian pru-jm ` away, in another place, fort'; Old Church Slavic preverb pro- ` through -,

`early, matutinal' (Indo Germanic *pr); Lithuanian pr `vorbei', Slavic pra- see above.

Old High German fruo `in the Frhe', fruoi, Middle High German vreje (= ) Adj.

Attic (*F scil. ) `krzlich, the day before yesterday, two days ago',

(Attic ) `early, matutinal, morgens', ` matutinal ', Doric , (*),

prpr- `early, matutinal, morgens' in Old Indic pr-tr `early, matutinal, morgens', gr.

derivatives from pro-: vordere, frhere', gr. `the vordere, vorige'; Oscan pruter pan `priusquam' is above; pro-teropro-tero- in Old Indic pratarm, -m Adv. `further, prospectively ', Avestan fratara- `the

single-linguistically to *pr- shaped, also Old Indic prtr `early, matutinal, morgens' see in addition with superlative suffix -t mo-: Old Indic pratamm `vorzugsweise', Avestan
e

Doric ` previous '; but gr. ds. from *pr-to- (reshaped from *pr-mo- ds.); in addition m. ` one-year-old lamb' (see above S. 314); pro-mopro-mo-: gr. `Vorderster, Vorkmpfer, guide, leader', Umbrian promom Adv.

previous ' and einzelne iran. forms with th); gr. *- (from ?) perhaps in

fratma-, . fratama- `the vorderste, vornehmste, first' (besides Old Indic pratham- `

`prmum', Gothic fram Adv. `further', preposition `from - her', Old Icelandic fram Adv.

`vorwrts', fr (*fram) preposition `away from', Old High German fram Adv. `vorwrts, fort, further, immediately, right away', preposition `fort from, from - her', Old English from Adv. `fort', preposition `away from'; Old Icelandic framr `voranstehend, vorwrtsstrebend, distinguished ', Old English fram `tchtig pert ';
e

b uo-s : Old Indic pra-bh- `salient, superb an power and Flle', as well as in Old Bulgarian pro-st `rechtschaffen, simple, just, unsophisticated ', and (from *pr-mo-) Old Saxon pr mopirmas `first', probably Latin prandium `Frhmahlzeit' from *prm-ediom (*prm-). formo, Old English forma ` previous ' (Superl. fyrmest), Lithuanian rmas Old Prussian pr kopr-ko- `voran seiend': gr. (Nom. Akk. Pl. n.) Adv. `sofort', Latin reci-procus
h

Frommen); similarly Latin probus `good, proficient, brav', Umbrian profe `probe' from *pro-

German fromm; Old High German Old Saxon fruma f. `benefit', Modern High German

previous ' (Sup. frumists), Middle High German frum, vrom `proficient, brav' (Modern High

mopr -mo- in gr. `guide, leader' (rather korrupt for ds.?), Gothic fruma `

actually `backwards and vorwrts gerichtet', Old Latin procum Gen. Pl., `procerum', after Balkenkpfe'; procul `afar' (compare simul);

paupers reshaped to procers, -um `die Vornehmsten; die from the wall herausragenden Latin prope ` near by', Superl. proximus, actually *pro-ke `and vorwrts (an etwas

heran)', with Assimil. p - k to p - p; in addition propter `besides' (*propiter) and propinquus `benachbart, related' (compare Old Indic praty-- `zugewandt'); compare above S. 813 Germanic *furha;

Old Church Slavic prok `residual, remaining', proe Adv. `, igitur' (*prokiom); lange', with Proklisenkrzung: bret. rak, corn. rag, cymr. rhag `before'. auf ein *pr-ko- goes back bret. a-raok `vorwrts, voran, prior ', cymr. (y)rhawg `auf

mound '; about Latin prnus see above; gr. , hom. `vorwrts willing,

pr pr-uo-: in Old Indic prava- `(vorwrts) willing, inclined, abschssig', n. `slope, heap,

inclined' after Leumann Homer. Wrter 77 f. from *- `face ahead'; with other

), Gothic frauja `master, mister' (Old Icelandic Freyr GN to o-stem has changed), Old

meaning Old High German fr, Old Saxon frao, Old English fra `master, mister' (*frawanSaxon frio ds., Old Icelandic freyja `mistress; name the goddess', Old High German

auf a *pruin `master, mister, power, rule' being based on; Old Bulgarian prav `right, right' (`*gradaus'); with the same forms, but as Lithuanian pr-mas `first' from *per- `shaped', Indo

`Schiffsvorderteil' (F-, - Indo Germanic *pru-ri); perhaps Latin prvincia, if

from *frwn, Indo Germanic *pr-uo-, das also in Attic (Latin loanword prra)

frouwa `wife, woman'; besides Old Saxon fra, Middle Low German frwe `wife, woman'

Germanic r-uo- in: Old Indic prva-, Avestan paurva-, pourva-, . paruva- `the

vordere, frhere' (Old Indic prvy-, Avestan paouruya- paoirya-, ap. paruviya `prior', then also die base from Old English forwost, forwest `the first'. Note: Phonetically alb par ` first ' : Tocharian A prwat `first' (with -t after the other ordinal numbers) and Tocharian B parwe (*prwe) `earlier, first' os ` equal in '. h. preti, proti `compared with, entgegen, against', partly in sense of remuneration; pretiOld Indic prti (in Iran. through paiti verdrngt) prefix `against, back etc.' preposition `primus'), alb. par `first', para `vor'; Old Church Slavic prv prv `the first'; probably

`against' etc.; gr. hom. (Cretan reconverted with metathesis), Ionian Attic pamphyl. (reconverted with metathesis from *), Aeolic , Adv. `yet in Lesbian (compare () `vorwrts' from *proti, () `from vorn'),

addition, moreover', prefix, preposition `against - toward, to, against', `an', `after a Bereich hin; by (in Schwren)', `from - her, from'; Latin pretium ` value, worth, price of a thing' (Neutr. eines Adj. *pretios), compare Old Indic prati-as- `gleichkommen', aprat (stem

*pratay-) ` without Entgelt, free', Avestan prsk (*prt-sk) `price or value, worth ', Old

Church Slavic protiv, protiv `entgegen', Kashubian procim; wruss. preci, poln. przeciw `against' (also in sense of exchange relation); Latvian pret etc. pors(d): i. pors(d) Armenian a `by, an, besides', verbal prefix and preposition; in addition aaj

`vorwrts, frder'; through ihren o-vocalism auffllige formation.

2

`Vorderseite, beginning ', aajin `first'; gr. , (Pind.) `vorwrts' = Latin porr References: WP. II 29 ff., EM. 754 f., 801, 808 ff., 811 f., WH. II 283 ff., 351, 364 ff.,

Trautmann 214 f., 220, 229 f., 230 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 491 ff., 499 ff., 505 ff., 508 ff., 541 f., 543 ff., 654 ff. Page(s): 810-816

erper- per Root / lemma: per-2: B. per-, per-

Meaning: to carry over, bring; to go over, travel 2: Note: not certainly from per 2 C. to separate Material: Old Indic pparti `fhrt hinber, geleitet, furthers, bertrifft', causative pryati `

Kaus. -prayeit, Old Indic pra- `hinberbringend, bersetzend', m. n. `jenseitiges bank, border, shore, purpose, uerste limit, boundary' (in addition prya- `wirksam'), Avestan pra- m. `bank, border, shore; limit, boundary, end'; Armenian hord `begangen, betreten', hordan ` leave, depart ', hordantam ` allow to

places about' (= playati `schtzt'), Avestan par- (with Prfixen) `hindurch-, hinbergehen',

`ford';

leave, depart ', and heriun `Pfrieme'; thrak. , - in place names = gr. gr. `dringe through ', () `durchdringe, durchbohre' (= Church

hairpin '; ` passage, Zugang, junction, ford; Ausweg; Pl. incomings ', hom. ` obtain ', Med. ` travel, journey', `grant, bestow passage; obtain ', `berfahrt, Meerenge';

Slavic na-perj), - `durchbohrend', `cusp, peak, sting, prick, clasp,

obtain ', Aor. ; `is, war of Schicksal bestimmt' (*pr-), `lead, guide,

`lead, guide hin' (*sem- + *per); pirr() f. `thorn' (*p r-n) etc.;
e

sh-poj, tsh-poj, sh-puay `ds., durchbreche eine wall, breche ein' (dis- + *prei), sh-pie

alb. pruva, prura `brachte, fhrte', sh-poroj `durchbohre, durchsteche' (dis- + *pr-i),

Maybe nasalized (*pr-ind) alb. perndim `sunset, west', perndi, perndia ` goddess' Avestan: prtu- [m] `crossing, bridge'; OAv. (fra)fr [1sg.subj.aor.act.] `to cross' ( Y [common alb. n- > nd-] : Middle Persian: xwarfrn, (Man.) xwrwpr'n `sunset, west' :

46.10); LAv. fra-praiihe [2sg.caus.subj.act.] `to bring over' ( Yt 71.16); ni-praiieiti [3pl.caus.act.] `to lead to' Latin port, -re `bear, carry, guide, lead, drive, bringen, offer', Umbrian portatu Gothic faran, for ` wander, pull, drag', farjan `drive, schiffen', stem V. Old High German

`portato', portust `portaverit' (*porit, to an iterative *porei);

Old English faran, Old Icelandic fara `drive', schw. V. Old Saxon ferian, Old High German ferien, ferren, Old Icelandic ferja `drive, schiffen'(farjan = *porei); Old Icelandic fr f. `journey, Fahrt', Old English faru f. `Fahrt, journey, pull', Middle High German var f. `Fahrt,

Old High German farm ` bark, type of sailboat' (= russ. porom); lengthened grade Kaus. Old Saxon frian, Old High German fuoren, Modern High German fhren, Old Icelandic fra ds., Old English (as Iter.) fran `gehn, pull, drag' (= Avestan pryati, Old Church Slavic pariti); Old High German fuora `Fuhre, Fahrt etc.', Old English fr f. `Fahrt, cart ';

way, kind of, way' (fem. to gr. ); Old Icelandic farmr, Old English fearm m. `shipload',

Old Icelandic frr `fahrbar, suitable ', Old High German gi-fuori ` fitting, comfortable, useful fart `Fahrt' (*por-ti-);

'; Verbalabstr. Old Icelandic fer, Old English fierd, Old High German Middle High German russ.-Church Slavic na-perj (= ), -periti `durchbohren'; per, prati `fly'; Iter. pariti

Slavic porj, prati `carve, slit'; about Modern High German Farn etc. s. addendum S. 850. ) and pu- m. (Proto Aryan *prtu-) ` passage, ford, bridge' (hu-prwa- `good to overstep ' = `Euphrat'); Latin portus, -s `Haustre' (XII tab.); ` harbor ', angi-portus per-tu- por-tuper-tu-, por-tu-, Gen. pr-teus ` passage, ford': Avestan prtu- m. f. (Proto Aryan *prt-

Serbo-Croatian prm ` ferry ' (= Old Icelandic farmr); presumably here also Old Church

`fly, schweben' (= Old Indic prayati, Germanic *frjan); pero ` feather '; russ. porm,

`narrow Passage, Nebengchen'; besides -stem porta `Stadttor, gate' = Oscan [p]rtam; Illyrian PN Nau-portus; gall. ritu- `ford' in Ritumagus, Augustoritum, acymr. rit, ncymr. rhyd, `narrow gulf, bay' from *per-tu-s); besides f. i-stem in Modern High German PN Frth (*furti-). corn. rit `ford'; Old High German furt, Old English ford `ford' (zero grade Old Icelandic fjrr

Maybe alb. port 'door' derived from Latin porta `gate', port 'harbor' derived from Latin portus 'harbor'.

addendum to S. 817:

`Farnkraut' (*Federkraut), Old English fearn m. ds., Lithuanian sparnas, Latvian sprns m. `wing' (das s- from the root spher-); *prti-s in gall. ratis, Middle Irish raith f. `Farnkraut', bret. rad-enn collective ds.; with lengthened grade Slavic *paparti- f. in russ. pporot etc. ds. WP. II 21, Trautmann 206, Vasmer 2, 313. Page(s): 816-817 References: WP. II 39 f., WH. II 344, Trautmann 206, 215 f. *po-port-io- in Lithuanian paprtis, paparts `Farnkraut', Latvian paparde, paparske ds.;

feather, leaf', Avestan parna- n. ` feather, wing', Old Saxon Old High German farn

To Church Slavic pero ` feather ' belong *por-no- ` feather ' in Old Indic par- n. ` *por-no-

Meaning: to sell

perper- per Root / lemma: per-2: C. per-, per-

Material: . Gr. (present and Impf.), , - (formal = `dringe through '), (), and , (Attic ), , `verkaufe', (gr. stem *per-), `meretrix'; Old Irish ren(a)id `verkauft' (*pr-n-: gr. -), Konj. 3.

compare with an old guttural-extension Lithuanian perk pirkti ` buy '.

noun reicc (Dat.) `Verkaufen' (in final sound after cc `healing, payment ' directed);

Sg. -ra- (*r-after Indik. *[p]ri-na- for *[p]er- eingetreten), Perf. 3. Sg. -rir (*ri-r-e); verbal

Latin pr (lengthened grade), pris `gleichkommend, alike, pair', therefrom par, -re est).

atonement, punishment ', pra- m. `blame' (in addition probably also par- `verurteilen');

penance, atonement make', a-prti- ` atonement ', pra- n. ` equalization of (blame),

. Avestan pairyante `sie become compared', aipi-par- `(seine blame) begleichen,

`gleichschtzen', comparre `compare' (Umbrian parsest `par est' has das s from mers . Old Indic prt- n., prt- f. `earnings' = Latin pars, -tis `part' (*p reti-), porti `part,
e

rann, cymr. rhan, mcorn. ran, abret. Pl. rannou `part' (*p r-sn); (common Celtic -ns-, -nthas gewhrt' (*pr-e), Fut. *ebraid (*pi-pr-s-e-ti); ro-rath `is gewhrt worden' (*pr-to-?); > -nn-), Old Irish ern(a)id `grants', Konj. r-a-ra `er mge esgewhren', preterit ro-r `er
e

allotment ' (Post Classical; Classical only pr portine, assim. from *pr partine); Old Irish

Hittite par- `break, rupture, grind, split up, cut up, divide'. References: WP. II 40 f., WH. II 250 f., 256 f., 257 ff.

Page(s): 817 perperRoot / lemma: per-2: D. perMeaning: to bear (child) Note: (as fer: `gebre' in einstiger relationship to per-2: C `allot')

Umbrian Propartie `Propertii', par, -re `bereite, acquire, buy ', compar ` buy ' (`sich etwas besorgen, obtain '); imperre `anschaffen = order'; Lithuanian periu, perti `brte', pera Nom. Pl. `Bienenlarven'.

foetus', Parca (*parica) originally `Geburtsgttin', Propertius actually `the Frhgeborene' =

re, repper, repertum `wiederfinden, find, learn', partus, -s ` to give birth to children, birth;

Material: . Latin pari, -ere, peper, partum, paritrus ` to give birth to children ', reperi, -

English fearr, Old Icelandic farri (*farz-) `bull', with gramm. variation Middle High German verse, Modern High German Frse `young cow' (Germanic *frs, Gen. *frsjs), to Old English hah-fore, engl. heifer; originally from jungen animals, compare engl. farrow `not

cow'; cymr. erthyl `abortus'; Old High German far, farro, Modern High German Farre, Old

`calf of Rindes or Hirsches' (with formants -thu-); gr. , , `calf, young

. Old Indic prthuka- m. `rother, cattle, calf, the young of an animal ', Armenian ort`, -u

pregnant', West Frisian fear `gelt'; lengthened grade Old English fr, Middle Low German vr `Schweinchen'; Old Church Slavic za-prtk `wind-Ei', Czech s-pratek `frh geborenes calf', klr. vy-portok `Frhgeburt'. References: WP. II 41 f., WH. II 255 f., Trautmann 215.

Page(s): 818

Meaning: to try, dare, risk; danger

perperRoot / lemma: per-2: E. per-

Material: Armenian p`orj `Versuch' (express. p`-); gr. f. `Erfahrung, Versuch', Aeolic

Note: (= per- `hinberfhren, durchdringen')

r `versuche, prfe', expermentum `Versuch, examination ', comperi, -re `erfahre genau', opperior, -r, -tus (and -tus) sum `warte, expect ', pertus ` skillful ', perculum `Versuch, Probe; danger; Proze; accusation '; das from per-tus, -culum derives from den

(*), , - `versuche', ` skillful, smart, adroit'; Latin experior, -

farina f. `blame', Old High German firina ` crime ' etc.; Germanic*fra- `danger' in Old Icelandic fr n. `danger, misfortune', Old English fr m., Old High German fr(a) `

aren Pl. `Kundschafter' from *prei; Germanic*firina- `das Auergewhnliche' in Gothic

compounds with -perior; Old Irish a(i)re `Wachen, attention', nir. faire, because of gallo-brit.

frn `auflauern' etc.; perhaps in addition with Abtnunggr. - ` afflicted ' as `Gefahren erduldend'. References: WP. II 28 f., WH. II 288 f.

pestering, temptation; snare, danger', to Gothic frja m. `Aufpasser', Old High German

Page(s): 818

per- perRoot / lemma: per-3, per-gMeaning: to hit Material: Aryan only with t-formants: Old Indic prt-, prtan `fight, struggle, fight', Avestan

partata `bekmpft';

prt-, pan `fight, struggle, battle', prtamna `die miteinander Kmpfenden', paiti-

`thunder', orotam `donnere';

Armenian hari `I schlug' (Aor. to present harkanem, see below), harac `vulnus'; orot

angelegen', pritem `werde geschnitten; scratch myself; kmmere myself um etwas';

alb. pres `haue ab, low, base; cut, bite', Aor. preva, m pret `es kmmert myself, is mir Latin prem, -ere, pressi, pressum `push, press', prlum `Presse, Kelter' (*pres-lom); Lithuanian peri, perti `with dem Badequast hit, jemanden bathe; hit', Latvian peu, prt

root pr-em- (with durativem -em-) and pr-es- as gr. `tremble: ' (*tres) ds.; ds.; Lithuanian pirts, Latvian prts `Badestube';

prm, prti `wash'; ablaut. Old Church Slavic prj, *prti `contendere', s-prja, sprat, peret `press, urge, press, push', napor ` shove ' etc., Old Russian prt

Old Church Slavic per, prati `hit, esp. with dem Bluel hit, wash', Serbo-Croatian

r `fight', Czech pru, piti se `quarrel' and Old Church Slavic *pr, *perti in russ. pru,

`Badestube';

orcaid, Middle Irish oirggid `erschlgt, slays, verwstet'; Middle Irish cymr. orn `Morden,

pergperg-: Armenian harkanem (prg-) `hit, zerhaue (wood), flle (tree), slay, fight '; Old Irish

Zerstren'(*[p]org-no- od. -n); abret. treorgam `perfor', orgiat `caesar' (= caesor), gall.

orge `occide', PN Orgeto-rx; different about Celtic org- s. Lewis-Pedersen 387 (to Hittite Old Indic Parjnya- rain- and Gewittergott; see below perku-s. See also: further to perg-1. References: WP. II 42 f., WH. II 288, Trautmann 215;

harganu- `destroy'; compare das Old Irish verbal noun orcun from *orgen); perhaps here

Page(s): 818-819 persn, sn sno Root / lemma: persn -sn-, -sno-

Meaning: heel

Material: Old Indic pri- f., Avestan pna- n. `calcaneus '; gr. f.; Latin perna f. (*prsn) `Hinterkeule, Schweineschinken, thigh, leg', perns `quick, fast' (with the calcaneus); Gothic farsna, Old Saxon fersna, Old High German fersana `calcaneus ' (a)ni- ` crouch ' (auf den Oberschenkeln).

(*persn), Old English fiersin f. ds. (*prsni-); Hittite parina (leg. parna) `thigh, hip ', par-

Page(s): 823

References: WP. II 50 f., WH. II 289 f., Pedersen Hittite 258.

persRoot / lemma: persNote:

Meaning: to drizzle, sprinkle; dust, ashes

ersperRoot / lemma: pers- : to drizzle, sprinkle; dust, ashes, derived from Root / lemma: per-1, per pr- preu*(s)p(h)ereg- (s)p(h)erg gper- : pr-, preu- : to drizzle, sprinkle, jet < Root / lemma: *(s)p(h)ereg-, (s)p(h)erg-, (s)p(h)rgspreng(s)p(h)rg- (nasalized spreng-) : to rush, hurry; to scatter, sprinkle.

Material: Old Indic prat, prat-m n. `drip'; prant-, f. prat ` dappled, dotted, spotted, perhaps `Schneewasser'; Old Icelandic fors, foss m. `waterfall';

varicolored', prat `scheckige cow, gefleckte antelope '; Avestan paruya- `of water', n., Lithuanian purslas, pursla `Schaumspeichel', purkti `as eine Katze prusten,

schnarchen'; Latvian prsla `Flocke' (of snow, ash, wool) ablaut. prsla ds.; (compare

m. `dust, powder, ash' (= Old Icelandic fors), phati `strew, distribute, whisk ', Czech preti ds. etc.; Tocharian prs- `sprinkle'; participle Akt. paprs, Hittite pappar- `spritzen, sprinkle '. References: WP. II 50; Trautmann 206 f., Page(s): 823

rach ds.; Slavic prst in Old Church Slavic prst `', (*p rs-), besides sloven. prh
e

Latvian spurslt `prusten'); Slavic *para- m. `dust, powder' > *porch in Old Church Slavic

perSee also: extension from per-1 `spray'.

Meaning: pole; sprout Note:

perthorhi Root / lemma: perth- (*pe-orhi-a) orhi-

perthorhi Root / lemma: perth- (*pe-orhi-a): pole; sprout, derived from a prefixed pe- of Root / orhi- : prefix pe-, po- is common of Hittite, Slavic languages. Maybe alb. hardi, hardhia `grapevine' (see above).

ortorhi orhi hi- hiorhi lemma: ort- (*orhi-a): vine, *grape < Root / lemma: orhi-, rhi- (*orhi-a): testicle. The orhi- : orhi- : Material: Armenian ort` (o-stem) ` grapevine, Rebe';

pole', whether not from per-ti-ca to Oscan pert `bis to' from *per-ti, also originally ` transom '; compare Czech pska ds., S. 810. Page(s): 823 References: WP. II 49, WH. II 292 f.

gr. m. `sprout' (compare : etc.); perhaps Latin pertica ` shaft,

Meaning: membrum virile

pesRoot / lemma: pes-3, pesos

Material: Old Indic psas- n. = gr. n. `penis', gr. f. ds., Latin pnis (*pesnis); German vaselrint ` breeding bull ', Modern High German Faselschwein ` breeding pig ', References: WP. II 68, WH. II 281. Old High German fasel, Old Englishfsl, Old High German faselt `penis', Middle High

Grammatical information: n.

ablaut. Middle High German vesil `fertile', visel `penis'. Page(s): 824

petpet Root / lemma: pet-1, p t-, pete

Meaning: to open wide (the arms)

Material: Avestan paana- `wide, breit' (das after pru- ds.); , (from *p t-), n. `curtain', m. `breitkrempiger hat',
e

gr. Aor. , , thereafter `breite from, ffne', previous present

patina ds.);

`ausgebreitet', n. `Platte, leaf', f. ` platter ' (from *; out of it Latin

163), passus m. ` footstep, fathom'; patera `flat bowl' (from patina through influence of `panderent', Volscan Imper. an-patitu `*adpandit'; edau ds. (*petim);

(the variation t : d expounded sich through old athemat. inflection after Kuiper, Nasalprs.

Latin pate, -re `sich erstrecken, be open '; in addition pand, -ere `ffne, breite from'

crater ?); whether here petlus `thin and fragile, flimsy '??; Oscan pat[t?] `patet', patensns Scots Gaelic aitheamh (*eitheamh) ` filament ' (as measure), = acymr. etem, ncymr.

English fm mf. ds. ` filament, fathom', engl. fathom, Old High German fadam, fadum ` filament '; here also Old English foer, engl. fother, Modern High German Fuder?, Old High German fuodar, Old Saxon fther, Old English for `Wagenlast', Modern High

Old Icelandic famr ` hugging, embrace, fathom, filament ', FlN F, Gen. Faar, Old

German vade f. `fence' (as ` encirclement '); Old High German fedel-gold `Blattgold' (:gr. plating '; ), doubtful Old English gold-fell `Goldplatte', Middle High German golt-vel ` gold Lithuanian pets `shoulder', Old Prussian pette f. ds.; pettis m. `shovel, scapula'; Hittite pattar, Dat. paddani `Tablett (?)'. Page(s): 824-825 References: WP. II 18, WH. II 244 f., 262, Trautmann 217.

German Fuder, from Germanic *fra- `das Umfassende'; Gothic faa, Middle High

pet- pet pt- ptptRoot / lemma: pet-2, pet- : pt-, pt- (gr. pt-) Maybe from Slavic padac ` fall'. Meaning: to fall; to fly

), ptyati `allows fliegen, hurl, sling, fling, allows fall' (lengthened grade as ptatrack, pathway' (: , ); Avestan pataiti `flies, hurries ', ap. ud-apatat `erhob -treten' (compare Old Indic ati-patti- `Zeitablauf'), from an u-present parapawant`fortfliegend (of arrow)'; Avestan tta- (*ptt-), `fallend (of rain': gr. ds.); Armenian t`im `I fliege' (*pter-i-sk). , Doric , Fut. ; `quick, fast fliegend', , (*), beflgelt, fliegend', (and , see above) `flattre', ds., , by Suidas `Flug', , Doric `fliegend'; stem -, - `fly', but -, -, - with the meaning `fall': :- (for *- gr. hom. `fliege' (); otherwise also , `entflog', , m. `Flug, fall, Sturz', gr. `flattre'), pra-pat- `hineilen, fall', ptman- n. `Flug, path,

apaptat; pet- in Fut. patiyati, Supin. ptitum, participle patit-); patyati `flies' (= gr.

Material: Old Indic ptati `flies, wirft sich, fllt' (= , Latin pet, acymr. hedat), Aor.

sich', Avestan patayeiti `flies', acapasti Inf. `hinabzufallen', paitipasti- f. `Entgegengehen,

(*) `geflgelt, flgge', `Flug', , - `zum Fliegen befhigt,

(Pind.), (Doric inschr.) `not fallend, nicht dem Falle ausgesetzt'; `fall',

after ) `fall'; Perf. , participle , Attic from *;

- ` comfortable, gnstig', - `vorwrts fallend, willing, inclined' (: Old Indic esp. trauriges', `river', actually `Wassersturz'; , `fall' (: ); `fallend'; with the meaning-frbung of Latin petere: gr. ` intense movement' (: Latin pra-pat-), n.(Gen. from *) `cadaver', `lot, fate, fate, destiny,

petulans; compare also `impetum facere');

meaning `sich niederducken' and `verzagt, in fear sein': - `(the horse)

finally has - : - : - also die probably from `niederstrzen' development

scheuten', `geduckt', ` fear, shyness, fright' (*F, compare , ), () `frighten, in Bestrzung versetzen', Pass. `from Schrecken ergriffen become'; with guttural extension (*-) `ducke myself '

timorous, flee', (*) ds.; , - `shy, fleeting ' (m. `hare'), ablaut. Armenian t`ak`im, t`ak`eay `sich conceal'; m. f. ` wimp ', Gen. ; ` beggar'; to letzteren, as it seems, also

(Aor. , Doric also trans. `frighten'; -), `ducke myself

impetus `assault, attack', praepes `in Fluge vorauseilend; quick, fast';

exuberant ', petulcus `pushing, thrusting ' (from *petulus, compare to l-forms gr. ), acymr. hedant `volant', ncymr. eh-edeg `das Fliegen'; eh-edydd m. ` lark '; Latvian ptt `desire have, nachforschen'. `bird' (*petn-go-s; from den Indern as `in Fluge going' reinterpreted); Avestan fraptrjt- (r- and n-formations: 1. with dem g-forms Old Indic patag- `fliegend, bird', pataga-

also probably petgo ` mange; scabies ' as `Befall'); petulans `aggressiv, pert, bratty,

Latin pet, -ere, -v, tum `auf etwas losgehen, to attain seek, long, want' (pet-tor, -tio,

jant-) `bird'; gr. , - `wing' (compare Old Indic patru-); das Denom. `hit with den Flgeln' after `shake'; Old High German fed(e)rah `wing', anfrk. 2. Old Indic pttra-, pta-tra- n. `wing, feather ', patar-, patru- `fliegend', Avestan fetheracco `alarum' (-a-c- through influence of Old High German fedara-, anfrk. fethera);

patarta- `fliegend'; Armenian t`ir `Flug', t`iten ` butterfly' (redupl.), t`ert` `leaf, foliage' (*pter-); gr. ` feather, wing'; `Farn'; Latin acci-piter, -pitris ` hawk, falcon' (to 1. part see below *ku- `quick, fast'); penna `

feather, wing' (*petn); (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old Latin

pesna from *pets-n; pinna is probably dial. form for penna; pro(p)tervus ` boisterous vordringend, cheeky ' (*pro-pteru-o-); Maybe alb. (*penna) pend `feather' a Latin loanword. Maybe zero grade alb. skifter ` hawk, falcon ', shqiptar ` eagle man ' are Latin loanwords. k- > g- guttutals in Celtic Baltic, also common alb. p- > b-). Also alb. shqiptoj ` speak, From there derived alb. shqipe, shkab, shqiponj, zhgabonj, gabonj ` eagle' (common pronounce ', shqip ` Albanian language '. The name shqiptar ` eagle man ' evolved after the Turkish invasion of Arbria (former Albania). Settlers who escaped to southern Italy before the invasion still call themselves Arbresh. The alb. name shqip is unintelligible to the Turkish occupation, the double headed imperial eagle.

Arbresh in Italy. the alb. name of the eagle derived from the banner of Albanians before acymr. eterin `bird', Pl. atar, ncymr. aderyn, adar ds. (a secondary from e); Old Irish n

`bird' (*petno-), cymr. edn, acorn. hethen ds., abret. etn-coilhaam `hold Vogelschau', (*pet n-), bret. (h)adan ` nightingale ', with secondary a, as cymr. adaf `wing, hand'
e e e

Middle Breton ezn, nbret. evn, ein `bird', acymr. atan (*pet no-), ncymr. adain `wing, arm ' (*pet m); abret. attanoc `volitans'; Middle Irish ette, nir. eite ` wing ' (from *pet-enti),

Middle Irish ethait `bird' = Old Indic ptanti `fliegend' (*pet-ont); Middle Irish eithre n. `tail' (*peterio-); Note: Common Armenian ph- > h-, zero, spread in Sanskrit and Celtic ANATOLIAN pata- 'foot' pe:s, pedis 'foot, of foot' A pts 'foot'

Hittite

Tocharian

Old Irish

Latin

WEST EUROPEAN

'water'

Armenian Sanskrit Avestan Avestan

Greek

SOUTH EUROPEAN

:ts 'foot', p:dam (accusative case) pad- 'foot'

otn, otk' 'foot, feet'

pos, pods 'foot, of foot'

vit(te)k, Modern High German Fittich;

' (*ptr); Old High German fetth, Middle High German vittich, Middle Low German Hittite pattar n., Gen. Pl. paddana `wing'.

Old High German fedara, anfrk. fethera, Old English feer, Old Icelandic fjdr f. ` feather

(, , ), rare tr. `bump, poke, umstrzen', `damage, loss, pushing, thrusting, aufschlagend'), ` feather, Flaumfeder'. Page(s): 825-826 References: WP. II 19 ff., WH. II 282 f., 297 f.

*pti-, pti-: gr. `stoe an etwas (intr.), strauchle, irre, have whereas misfortune'

misfortune, beating ', `geradaus fliegend' (probably actually `geradaus treffend =

Meaning: to stick; to punch

peuRoot / lemma: peuk- and peu-

`with a cusp, peak versehen'; ` pricking, wounding', later `bitter', `sharp, eindringend';

Material: 1. peuk-: gr. * n. `cusp, peak, sting, prick' in gr. -, hom. -

PN , Illyrian VN Peucetii, Middle Irish ochtach f. (*puktk) `fir, spruce, spear,

here as `die stechende' das root nouns peuk- : puk- `fir, spruce' in gr. f. ds., thrak.

javelin'; Old High German fiuhta, aschs. fiuhtia (*fiuhtjn) `fir, spruce', Old Prussian peuse f. `pine tree' (Baltic *piau), zero grade Lithuanian pus f., Gen. Pl. pu, East Lithuanian Nom. Pl. pes (conservative stem). 2. peu-: gr. Adv. `with the fist', f. `fist, Faustkampf', `eine Faust peu-

ds., pugnus m. `fist', pgn, -re `fight', pung, -ere, pupug, punctum ` prick ', pgi m. `dagger'. References: WP. II 15, WH. II 383 f., Trautmann 232, Specht Indog. Dekl. 57 f. Page(s): Page(s): 828

high, dwarf ', , - m. `ulna, ell', -, `Faustkmpfer'; Latin pugil

Root / lemma: peu-1, peu- : ppeuMeaning: to clean, sift

Material: Old Indic Trans. punti, Med. pvat `purifies, cleans, lutert (sich)', pvitum; `reinigend', pvak- (also pavk-) ` pure, candid ' = Middle Persian pavg, np. pk ` Luterung dienend';

pavtr-, ptar- m. `Reiniger, Luterer', pavtram `Luterungsmittel, Seihe, sieve '; pvanacandid, pure'; Old Indic pt- `pure', pti- f. ` cleaning, purification '; Avestan pitika- `zur Latin prus `pure' (formation as cl-ru-s), prg, older prig, -re `clean'; ptus `pure',

grain clean' (*fawjan = Old Indic pavyati `purifies, cleans, lutert');

cymr. ir `fresh, green'; Old High German fowen, Middle High German voewen ` sieve, corn, doubtful gr. , ` throw shovel ' (: Old High German fowen?).

nepus `non prus' (*nept-s); putre `clean, clean'; Middle Irish r `new, fresh, noble',

Page(s): 827

References: WP. II 13, WH. II 390 f.

peuRoot / lemma: peu-2

Meaning: to research, to understand

Material: Material: Gr. - (*-F-) and -- ` injudicious, kindisch', `smart', Hes. (due to eines present *-- from *-); Latin puto -are

(putre ) `to cleanse, clear; of trees, to lop. Transf. to clear up, settle, esp. of accounts; hence, to weigh up, ponder, reckon, estimate; to consider, believe, think'; Old Church Slavic is-py-t `perscrutatio', pytaj, -ati `scrutri, quaerere'.

maybe alb. (*peus) pyes `ask questions', pyetje `question' : gr. , f. `question'. ProtoProto-Slavic form: pytati: Old Church Slavic: pytati `examine, scrutinize' [verb], Russian: pytt' `torture, torment, try for' [verb], Slovak: pytat' `ask' [verb], Polish: pyta `ask' [verb], `cut off branches, estimate, consider, think' [verb]. Note: peupeulemma: peu-1, peu- : p- : `to clean, sift' , Root / lemma: peu-2 : `to research, to understand' (see above). From Root / lemma: b eudh-, nasal. b u-n-d - : `to be awake, aware' derived Root / eudhh h h

SerboSerbo-Croatian: ptati `ask' [verb], Slovene: ptati `ask' [verb], Other cognates: Latin putre

References: WP. II 13 f.; different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 696 . Page(s): 827
2

peuRoot / lemma: peu-3 Meaning: ` foam ' Page(s): 827 See also: see below p-1, S. 847.

Root / lemma: peuPage(s): 828 See also: s. p-2.

puRoot / lemma: peur, pr, Gen. pu-n-s, Lok. puuni (Nom. -r-, Gen. -n- inanimate r n formant) Meaning: fire

Note: with multiple equalization of the r- and n-forms and of vocalism

Material: Armenian hur (Gen. hroy) `fire' (*pr-), hn-oc `oven' (*pn-); gr. , `fire', wherefore `Feuersttte, stove, hearth, pyre, stake', m. `fever', m.

`Brandfackel', korinth. F `Pferdename' (*` feuerrot '), , poet. ` feuerrot ' (*F); Maybe Illyrian TN Pirustae (Pipustae) araigniaria '; Umbrian pir `fire' (*pr), Akk. purom-e `ins fire' (*pr-), Oscan aasa purasia ` in

fiur (*peuri); Old High German older fuir (disyllabic, compare Musp. vugir), Old English fyr (from Lok. *puuri); Gothic fn `fire' (*pun), Gen. Dat. funins, funin (latter from *puneni, a hybridization from

Old Icelandic frr m. `fire' (*pr-) and fyrr, fyri; Old High German Old Saxon Old Frisian

fonke `spark'; with ablaut (*puon-) Middle Low German vanke `spark'; Maybe Illyrian TN Perestae (Penestae) `fire';

*puuni : *pun-s), Old Icelandic funi m. `fire'; Old High German funko, Middle English

Old Prussian panno `fire', panu-staclan `Feuerstrahl' (*puon-u), loanword Finnish panu Slavic *pria- m. `glowing ash' in Czech p m. and pi n. ds.; in addition Old Czech

pyina ` favilla ', Czech peti `glow', serb. upriti `anfachen' etc.;

Hittite paur, pauwar, Dat. pahu(e)ni `fire'; Tocharian A por, puwr, pwr ds. Note: Hittite used reduplicated -hh- for voiced laryngeals!! References: WP. II 14 f., WH. II 391, Trautmann 206, 232, Benveniste Origines 1, 10; Pedersen Hittite 187 f. Page(s): 828

Meaning: to break wind

pezdRoot / lemma: pezd-

Note: (compare *perd- `loudly fart ')

from *pezd), wherefore - ` fetidness ' with new formationer o-grade, and *-- `pdens, scornful, ridiculing' in - `Cleont oppdns', as well as as base from `disgusting', `verabscheue, empfinde disgust, repulsion, loathing ',

Material: Gr. `leise einen streichen lassen' from *z (reconverted with metathesis

Hintere' (*pozd-ek-s), pdis `louse' (because of Demin. pdiculus older *pdex);

`verabscheue, dread', but also `'; Latin pd, -ere ` fart ' (*pezd), pdex `the klr. pezdty and zero grade (proto Slavic *bzd-) bzdty, russ. bzdt `leise einen

streichen lassen', sloven. pezdti, Lithuanian bezd, bezdti, Latvian bezdt `leise einen

b es- `blow', above S. 146.

h

auf *pzdti besides *pezdti; perhaps handelt es sich also um contamination with the root

streichen lassen', Lithuanian bzdas `podex', bzdius `Stnker'; Baltic *bezdti based on

Page(s): 829

See also: compare above pes-1.

References: WP. II 68 f., WH. II 272 ff., Trautmann 221;

Root / lemma: pd-1, pd-

Meaning: container, vessel

Material: Old Indic perhaps palla- m. `Kornbehlter', pall `grain measure' (whether -ll- from -dl-); Old High German fazzn, Middle High German vazzen `in ein vessel tun, catch, manacle', Old English fetel(s) m. `belt, girdle', Old Icelandic fetill m. `Schulterband' rsten, sich bekleiden', Old High German fezzil, Middle High German vezzel `band, strap,

Old English ft n. `vessel, barrel, vat, cask', Old Icelandic fat n. `vessel, fur'; Old English ftels `vessel', Old High German givazzi `Bagage', Middle High German gevzze,

(Germanic *fatila-), Old High German vazz ` container, Kasten', Old Saxon fat n. `vessel',

Modern High German `vessel'; Gothic fetjan, Old English ftan `adorn', Old Icelandic fta

`Getreidegarbe', Latvian pda ` bundle, armful, armload ', ablaut. Lithuanian podas, References: WP. II 22, Trautmann 227. Latvian puds m. `pot, pan'.

`es with jemandem to tun have (`adorn' from `beautiful tunmit?'); Lithuanian pdas

Page(s): 790

Root / lemma: pd-2, pdMeaning: foot, *genitalia ts, ts pedpd Grammatical information: m. Nom. Sg. pts Gen. ped-s/-s, Nom. Pl. pd-es pdaibiy `with den Fen';

Material: 1. Old Indic pad- `foot' (pt, pdam, pad), Avestan pad- ds.; Old pers.

Armenian ot-k` `', ot-n `, '; gr. , Attic , Gen. `foot'

( `100 feet long'); Latin ps, pdis ds., Umbrian pei, persi `pede' (dupursus `bipedibus', -u- probably from --); Old Irish s `below' (whereof se `low') m. dative, from dem Lok. Pl. *pd-su `to Fen' deutbar = alb. posh in prposh `under', posh-t `herab, subterraneous, underground; under, downwards '; Gothic ftus, Old Icelandic ftr, Old

Note: Note

paine;

`foot'; Hittite Luvian pata-, Hieroglyphic-Hittite pat ds.; Tocharian A pe, pai, Dual A pe,

English ft (Nom. Pl. Old Icelandic ftr, Old English ft from *ft-iz) Old High German fuoz

Maybe alb. (*po-s) posht ` below, under ' from the same root as Slavic languages Slavic not from Root / lemma: pd-2, pd- : (foot, *genitalia).

po-d ` below, under ' from zero grade of Root / lemma: apo- (p, ap-u, pu : (from, out, of) apo- p ap- pu): Maybe Tadzik PUST, TAXTAPUST, Lahnda PICCHE, Nepali PITH, Kashmiri PYUTHU, Singhalese PASSA, Baluchi PHUSHT, Gujarati PITH, Panjabi ST PITTH, Hindi PITH, Bengali PIT, Marathi PATH, Persian POSHT ` spine '. to ped- `foot' belongs gr. dial. `', originally `(jemandem) auf dem Fue',

Armenian from het ` footprint ' refined prepositions;

compare Latin pedisequus, -a `servant, -in' actually `auf dem Fue folgend' and under die with -ii-s, -i-t- `going' are shaped: gr. `pedestris', Latin ped-es, -i-t-is `Fugnger, i

Fusoldat'; from Latin ps derives pedre `with a Fu versehen, prop, support', and therefrom again pedum `shepherd's crook; crosier, pad';

`swift-footed', Old High German fizza `Gewinde, thread, string' (= gr. ), Modern High

`foot', gr. f. `foot, unterer edge, border, hem, small fishing net', Latin acu-pedius

pdio- in Old Indic pdya- `den Fu betreffend', pdy `Futritt, hoof', Avestan paiy

German `Fitze', (wherefore Germanic *fet f. in Old Icelandic fit `Schwimmhaut, edge', Old lengva-pdis `leisefig'; ped- in gr. n. `sandal' and Germanic *fet; podio-m: ped-

English fitt `break, section, poem', Norwegian dial. fior-fit `lizard', `'), Lithuanian

Middle Irish u(i)de n. `journey'.

pasti `fall' also po-pasti `catch' actually `auf jemanden fall, spring on, attack ' (or to pd1?); napast `casus'; Lithuanian pdinu, -inti `slowly go, leise tread', pdoti `Futritte

Avestan paiyeiti `bewegt sich after downwards, legt sich nieder'; Old Church Slavic pado,

2. Verbal: Old Indic pdyate `goes, fllt' (-patti- `Unfall'; padti-, pat-t- m. `Fuknecht'),

psias `to foot' from *pd-tios, Latvian pda `Fusohle, Fustapfe, foot as measure ', pc of, gem', Old Church Slavic p `to foot', gr. ` rudder blade ', ` rudder, based on letzten Endes also the Kompar. Latin peior `bad' (*ped-is), Superl. pessimus `the schlechteste' (*ped-s mos); pessum `to bottom, zugrunde' (*ped-tu-m) = Infin. Old English ge-fetan stem V. `fall', Old High German fezzan `labare', gi-fezzan `exire, Indic pttum; Old Icelandic feta stem V. (also with lei, veg, heim) `den way find' Old
e

make', gr. `spring, hpfe'; compare zur -grade still Lithuanian pd ` footprint ',

(from pdis, Instr. Pl. from pds ` footprint ', compare Lithuanian pdas ds.) `after, because helm '; auf the verbalen meaning `more abfallend or to Fallen, Verkommen willing, inclined'

excidere', Old Icelandic fata `seinen way finden', Old English fatian (wf) `uxorem ducere', Old High German sih uazzon `scandere', Old English fetian, engl. fetch `get, fetch' (Old English fatian and fetian could also to pd-1 belong, as generally die beiden the families 3. pedo-m etc.: Old Indic pad- n. ` footstep, step, tread; kick, strike or blow delivered by pedo-

not sharp to separate are).

the foot; footprint, track, Fustapfe', Avestan paa- n. `spoor' (and `foot as measure '), ap. pati-padam `an seine Stelle zurckkehrend';

het, zetoy ` behind after'; Middle Irish ined (*eni-pedo-) `spoor (the Fe); place', Old Irish

Armenian het, Gen. hetoy ` footprint ', preposition y-et (*i-het `in the footprint ') `after', z-

ed n. `stretch of time', gall. candetum `spatium, centum pedum' probably for cant-[p]edum; '; Lithuanian pd ` footprint ', Latvian pda `Fusohle' etc. (see above); gr. compare Latin peda `vestigium humanum', Old Icelandic fet n. ` footstep; foot as measure `ground, bottom', ` plain, field' (- `tight, firm stehend'; about see

peum, persom-e ` `solum'; Hittite pedan n., place';

above S. 198); Latin oppid `vollig, totally and gar' (ob + *pedom `auf the place '); Umbrian

`Untergestell a barrel', Old Church Slavic pod `fundamentum, locus subterraneus'; (from ped- `foot'), a-bda- `where man nicht hintreten, nicht fixed Fu fassen kann'; gr. `day after dem Feste'. 4. Meaning group `(Fu)fessel, hindrance for die Fe': Avestan bi-bda- ` double schwundstufige forms: Old Indic upa-bd- m. `Getrampel', Avestan fra-bda `forefoot'

Untergrund, Unterlage' (preposition pod `below, under'), Lithuanian pdiai Pl.

o-grade: Lithuanian pdas `Fusohle, Stiefelsohle' = Old Church Slavic *pod `bottom,

manacle'; gr. `manacle', , ` tie ', - n. `slave', - snare ' (wherewith e.g. ein Tier an a foot angebunden wird); Latin peccre ` blunder, pesetom `peccatum', compes `Fuschelle, Fublock', impedi, -re `hinder',

`from dem Wege', - `in Wege, obstructive'; Latin pedica `manacle, loop, noose, commit a sin' to *peccos < *ped-cos `einen flaw am foot habend', wherefore also Umbrian Gegensatzbildung expedre `das Hindernis wegnehmen' (probably to *pedis f. `Fufessel'

shaped); in addition oppidum `die Schranken of Zirkus (also `quod pedibus obest');

tribrisine `ternio' as *tri-pediki `Dreikoppelung'; Old Icelandic fjturr m. `manacle, band, strap', Old English fter, feotor f., Old Saxon ftur, Old High German fzzer ds. pengoj (nasalized *pdica ) `hinder' = Latin * pedica, impedi, -re ; maybe alb. peng < Latin pedica -ae f. `a fetter; a trap, snare (for animal's feet)'; alb. ae,

Landstadt' (originally with Hindernissen verrammelte refuge); at most Umbrian tribicu,

References: WP. II 23 ff., WH. I 428 f., II 214 f., 269, 272 f., 293 ff., Trautmann 209 f. Page(s): 790-792

p(i)- pRoot / lemma: p(i)-, p-

Meaning: to harm, scold, put to shame

Material: Old Indic pyati `schmht, hhnt', py-, pyru- `hhnend, schmhend'; ruin' (Indo Germanic *p-mn), Hes., - `lack, Entbehrung'; gr. `ruin, affliction', `unbeschdigt; unschdlich ', `stifte mischief,

mangelhaft'), paenitet `es reut, tut leid', pnria `lack'; from a participle *p-t-s `geschdigt' derives patior, -, passus sum `dulde, bear, endure, suffer';

`beinahe, fast; totally and gar' (originally neuter eines Adj. *p-ni-s ` damages,

, Doric `mutilated, blind', - `unverstmmelt'; Latin paene (pne)

High German fnt etc. `fiend';

fj, Old English fon, Old High German fn `hate', participle present in Gothic fijands, Old with fractured reduplication Old Indic pp- ` bad, mad, wicked, evil'; ppmn- m. `

Indo Germanic pi- in Gothic faian `rebuke, reproach', p- in Gothic fijan, Old Icelandic pip-

mischief, damage, affliction ' previously after dem perhaps lallwortartigen pp- for pmar- ` scabby ', as Avestan pman- ` scabies, surface, plain, area, dryness ',

*pman- eingetreten; Old Indic pmn- stands for `eine Hautkrankheit, scabies ', pman-, wherefore presumably Latin paeminsus, pminsus ` brittle, rissig'; Old Indic pp- =

Armenian hivand- ` sick ' (Ernst Lewy). Page(s): 792-793

References: WP. II 8 f., WH. II 234 f., 264, 283.

Meaning: to blow

Root / lemma: ps-1

Note: (see also ps-2 `dust, powder, sand')

Winde wehender Faden': Old High German faso m., fasa f. ` fibre, filament, fringe, hem', Old English fs(n) n. `fringe', engl. feaze ` fibers '; Old Icelandic fsull m. `band, strap', Middle Low German vese(n) `chaff, fibre, filament, fringe', Dutch vezel ` filament ', Old ` fibers ', Old High German fasn ` examine ' (*rub, wear out);

Material: Old Icelandic fnn f. ` snowdrift, Schneehaufe' (*fazn), -fenni n. ds.; as `in

High German fesa `chaff, Spelze', Modern High German Fehse, Danish fjser, older f(j)s Old Church Slavic chyr ` a round swelling; in water, a bubble, bubble', pachati

fragrance ' etc.; russ. psmo `Garnstrnne', Latvian pusm(i)s `dividing off, partitioning off Czech-poln. pochva `tail' (`wedelnd'), Old Church Slavic - ds.; nasalized poln. perhaps Bulgarian pasmina `Rasse' (compare Old Indic tntu- ` filament, fibre, Geschlechtsfaden, row the Nachkommen, progeny '). References: WP. II 67, Trautmann 229, Vasmer 2, 320. pchn `anblasen, anwehen', pch, pch ` scent, sense of smell (of Hundes') etc.;

`ventilare, agitare', russ. pachnt `blow', pchnut ` smell', zpach `smell, odor,

between zwei Endpunkten', `as much man with zwei Fingern from the Kunkel Flachs zieht';

Page(s): 823-824

pspnsRoot / lemma: ps-2, nasalized pnsMeaning: dust, sand

Material: Old Indic ps-, psuk- `dust, powder, sand', Avestan psnu- ds.; Church Slavic psk `sand'; presumably as `the wehende, gewehte' named and to ps-1 `blow'. psPage(s): 824 References: WP. II 68, Trautmann 216 f.

pu- uRoot / lemma: pu- : pu- : pMaterial: Latin pavi, -re `hit, stomp', depuvere `caedere', pavmentum `geschlagener Boden, Estrich'; from a participle *putos derives put, -re `cut, clip', amputre `rings beschneiden, abscise ', (?) puteus `ditch, trench, channel, pit, pothole, stream, brook' Meaning: Meaning: to hit; sharp

probably pudet, -re ` be ashamed', prpudium `Schandtat, monster', perhaps repudium also Latin pve, -re `sich ngstigen' (pavor ` a trembling, quaking, shaking, terror,

(`ausgestochene pit, pothole'); auf a d- present `niedergeschlagen make, n. sein' based on

`Verstoung', tripudium `dreischrittiger dance ', Umbrian ahatripursatu `abstripodato'; here

anxiety, fear, dread, alarm ', pavidus `timorous') as `niedergeschlagen sein'; Low German arfrian, Old English -fyran `cutting, castrating';

fen `with dem Fuebusch hit' (Fastnachtsgebrauch), Old High German urfr `the castrator', Lithuanian pjuju, pjuti (*pui) `cut, clip, reap, slaughter ', ablaut. pjklas m. `saw',

piov ds.), Old Prussian piuclan n. `sickle';

pjts f. `harvest time, August', Latvian pat `mow, reap', pava f. `meadow' (= Lithuanian da nachhom. `hit' = Latin pavi sei, is after all possible; then mte the Aor.

etc. (instead of *) new neologism zum present sein; to anyhow Doric (Apollo)', then with den words anfangender hymn of praise, song of praise. References: WP. II 12, 76 f., WH. II 266, 267, 381 f., 393 f., Trautmann 217. Page(s): 827

, Ionian , Attic as `the die Krankheiten through Zauberschlag heilende

t trRoot / lemma: pt(r) Gen. ptr-s, -s (*pt(r) p (r)) Meaning: father Note:

It derived from a prefixed pe- of Root / lemma: tos, atta : father, mother. tos, atta

Gen. haur (*ptros); gr. , , in compound - `ein good father'; Latin

Material: Old Indic pitr-; Avestan pitar- besides Nom. pta, ta etc.; Armenian hair (*ptr),

pater, -tris `father'; patres `Vorfahren, Patrizier'; Oscan patir `father', Umbrian Iu-pater

(*ptros) `father'; about gall. gutu-ater see above S. 413; Gothic fadar, Old Icelandic fair, Old English fder, Old High German fater `father'; Tocharian A pcar, pcer ds.; about Old Indic Dyus pit etc. see above S. 413. Ableitnngen: Old Indic ptrya-, gr. , Latin patrius `vterlich', Middle Irish aithre f.

`Juppiter', Dat. Sg. Oscan patere, mars.-Latin patre; Old Irish athir (*ptr), Gen. athar

German fetiro, fatirro, fatureo (Germanic*fauruia-) `Vaterbruder', Modern High German ` verschobener meaning `vterlich'); Old pers. hama-pitar- = gr. -, cousin ', Old English fdera `Vatersbruder' (compare gr. from*ptrus ds., with

`vterliche family'; Old Indic ptrvya-, Avestan tirya- (*ptrvya-), Latin patruus, Old High

`Stiefvater' (after ` stepmother '), Armenian yauray ds.; only single-linguistically are `Schutzherr', patr, -re `vollbringe, vollziehe'; proprius `eigen, eigentmlich, bestndig' gr. , Attic `Vaterland', , - f. ds., Latin patria ds., patrnus

compare Old Icelandic sam-fera `from the same Vater' (*-fadrjans); compare gr.

(?), s. WH. II 374 f.; mcymr. edry `dwelling'could originally as `vterlicher possession ' `vaterlich'); fegin Pl. `parents' (*fer-gin).

from *prop(a)trios `from den , den Altvorderen as ererbter Besitz berkommen' with Middle Irish aithre identical sein; Old Icelandic fegar Pl. `father and son' (compare gr. References: WP. II 4, WH. II 263 ff.; of babble-word p- derive ? Kretschmer WZKM. 51,

Page(s): 829

315 f; or to p(i)- shield, watch?

Page(s): 851

See also: s. (s)p(h)el-.

phelRoot / lemma: phel-

See also: s. (s)p(h)er-. Page(s): 851

pherRoot / lemma: pher-

Meaning: to fall

ph Root / lemma: phl-

Icelandic fella `fllen' etc.; Lithuanian polu, plti, Latvian polu, pult `fall' (*phl); Old Prussian au-pallai `finds' (*verfllt whereupon).

Saxon fallan, Old Icelandic falla `fall' (*phol-n-), causative Old High German fellan, Old

Material: Armenian p`ul `Einsturz' (*phlo-), p`lanim `I falle ein'; Old High German Old

Page(s): 851

References: WP. II 103, Trautmann 229.

phuRoot / lemma: phuPage(s): 851

See also: see above p-1.

Meaning: to bear (child)

pidRoot / lemma: pid-

Nom. Pl. idain `throes of childbirth, pain'; die Middle Irish inflection goes auf Old Irish Sg. mu consequently *idan (*pidun) gelautet have.

attack of a disease, malady', Modern West Frisian fits `bissig'; Middle Irish idu, Gen. idan,

Material: Gothic fitan ` to give birth to children ', perhaps to Old English fitt `fight', engl. fit `

Note: only Germanic and Celtic

inflection back, as e.g. Middle Irish persu `person' auf Old Irish persan; the Old Irish Nom.

Page(s): 830

References: WP. II 70; compare Feist 155 f.

pik(h)oRoot / lemma: pik(h)oMeaning: lump, knot Material: Material: Avestan pixa- `knot' in nava-pixm `neunknotigen'; Latvian piks, pika `Erd- and

Page(s): 830

References: WP. II 70.

Lehmklumpen', sniega-pika `Schneeballen'.

Meaning: hair, felt Note:

pi-loRoot / lemma: pi-lo-

pi-lopu-loRoot / lemma: pi-lo- : hair, felt, : Root / lemma: pu-lo- : `hair, felt ' derived from Root / pel-2a, pel pllemma: pel-2a pel- : pl- : to cause to move, drive, felt. Material: Latin pilus m. `hair', whereof as collective `Haarknuel' also pila f. ` ball, bale, Latin pilleus, -eum `Filzkappe, Filzmtze' (*pilseio-); Old Church Slavic plst ` felt '. Page(s): 830 References: WP. II 71, WH. II 302 f., 304 f.

Strohpuppe'; auf an s-stem based on *pil-s-os `verfilzt', in gr. m. ` felt ', `filze',

piRoot / lemma: pi-n-

Meaning: a piece of wood

Page(s): 830

See also: probably to spei- `sharp, pointed bit of wood'.

References: WP. II 71; Vasmer 2, 335;

vne `Holzhaufen'; Old Church Slavic pn m., serb. pnj etc. `tree truck, -strunk'.

beam, board, Schreibtafel, Gemalde'; Old High German witu-fna f., Middle Low German

Material: Old Indic pnak-m `staff, stick, club, mace, joint'; gr. , - `Sparre, balk,

Meaning: to squeak

pp(p)Root / lemma: pp(p)-

Note: also unredupl. p- with variant derivatives. onomatopoeic word

Material: Old Indic pppak `ein certain bird', pippka- `ein bird'? gr. f. or m. ppi, -re, pp, -re `piepen', pip(p)itre `of Naturlaut the Muse', ppulum `das Wimmern', `young bird', , f. `a kind of Baumhacker', () `piepe'; Latin ppil, -re,

Oscan pipatio `clamor plorantis', Modern High German (Low German) piepen (with verhinderter consonant shift); Lithuanian ppti `whistle' (loanword?); Czech piptti chicken ' (Modern High German Pips) etc.;

`piepsen', sloven. ppa ` chicken; duct, tube, pipe', serb. pi, eine disease, malady of the Czech pikati `piepen', ; Bulgarian pile, Serbo-Croatian ple `Kchlein' ; similarly alb. bib

`young water bird ', Armenian bibem `pigolare', gr. , `a bird'. Page(s): 830 References: WP. II 70, WH. II 309; Vasmer 2, 363 f.

pzdRoot / lemma: pzdMeaning: vulva Grammatical information: f.

borrowed (?) Lithuanian pyzd, Latvian pzda f. ds., and Old Prussian peisda `Arsch'. See also: compare also pezd- S. 829. References: WP. II 69, Trautmann 211;

Material: Alb. pith (pidhi) m. `vulva'; ak. pizd, russ. pizd, poln. pizda ds., out of it

Page(s): 831

Meaning: to babble, etc..

plabRoot / lemma: plab-

Material: Old Irish labar ` talkative, loquacious, wordy, chatterer, one who speaks a lot ', cymr. llafar `language, sound', acorn. lauar ` continued speech, talk, conversation, discourse ', bret. lavar `word', Irish amlabar ` dumb ', cymr. aflafar, acorn. aflauar `infans',

Celtic FlN Labar ` Labor ' (Bavaria); [common Armenian Celtic pl- > l- as in Armenian lu English flappen `hit, gossip, babble, chatter ', engl. flap `hit'; (*plus-) ` flea' see Root / lemma: blou- (b lou-?), plou- : flea ]. perhaps to ndd. Middle bloulou- plouh

Old Irish labraid, rel. labrathar `speaks', cymr. llafaru `talk, speak', corn. lauaraf `I speak ';

Maybe Illyrian TN Labeatae (Labeates) `talkative people, babblers '? : Celtic FlN Labar ` mute, dumb', Greeks called foreigners barbars ` babblers']. `clamre (Old Latin); loud weep, cry'. Root)]

Labor ' [Illyrians called new invaders as babblers similarly Slavs called Germans Niemcy ` in the kind of the onomatopoeic words sound imitation anyhow different is Latin plrre

Maybe truncated alb. *lpati, llap `chat, talk, speak' [see above Root / lemma: lep-1 : (expr. lepAlbanian llaf ` word', llafe ` empty words ' derived from Turkish laf ` talk, word, say, spiel, words, empty words '. Page(s): 831 References: WP. II 93.

Meaning: wide and flat

plpl plepl pleipel plpl Root / lemma: pl-k-1: pl-k-, ple-k- : pl-k-, plei-k- and pel-g- : pl-g- : pl-gNote: extension from pel- S. 805

Material: Gr. , - `surface, plain, area (of Meeres, eines Bergplateaus), Platte' (= Latin placenta) ;

Old Icelandic flr Pl. from *flahiz), `platt', , - m. `flat cake' (out of it Latin place, -re `gefallen, compliant sein', placidus `flat, even, smooth, peaceful',

ablaut. plcre `ebnen, besnftigen', nasalized perhaps plancus `Plattfu';

einer Felswand', Norwegian flaa ds.; Norwegian flag n. `offene sea', Old Icelandic flaga `thin Erdschicht', Middle Low German vlage `Erdschicht'; zero grade Old Icelandic fl fluoh, Middle High German vluo `Felswand, abrupt abstrzender rock', Modern High (*flh) f. ` layer, position ', Old English flh (stnes) f. `Steinfliese', Old High German

Old Icelandic fl, Pl. flr (*flah-iz = -) and flr (*flah) f. ` terrace, bench, step an

German Flhe, Swiss Fluh, Flh `Felswand, Felsplatte'; perhaps Germanic from Indo Germanic because of Latvian pluoci m. Pl. ` position, layer '; Lithuanian plkanas `flat', plkas `Estrich', plk `the lead, Bressem'; `Kuhfladen', plakans `flat'; Latvian plce `scapula', plcenis `flat cake'; ploku (*planku) plakt `flat become', plaka doubtful is die formale Beurteilung from Lithuanian plkias `flat, platt', platak `flat

hand' (at first through Dissim. from *plsktios), Latvian plskans ` smooth, flat and breit zugleich', Old Church Slavicplosk `flat' (*plk-sko-); Tocharian AB plk- `einverstanden sein', A plkm ` permission ', plki auf a light root form *plek- based on probably Lithuanian pleksn `breite beet, turnip ', *plek-

`Einverstndnis', am-plktte ` without um permission to bid, beg, ask';

Latvian pl'ka (besides plaka `Kuhfladen'), plece `Plattfische, Butten', plcs `shoulder', further:

Felsplatte from Sirmione', fass. lia `bottom of Backofens' (Hubschmid Zh. Pr. 66, 62 f.), expressives -kk- in Middle Irish lecc `flagstone ', cymr. llech, bret. lec'h ds.

zero grades *plk f., Celtic *(p)lika in gall. Arelica (Gardasee), actually `eastern from the

vlgen `schichtweise lay, place, fgen, sort, order, arrange, prepare, make ready, adorn', md. vl(h)en ds.

Brust and Schultern, lften', actually `sich breit aufmachen'; to Middle High German vlen,

A i-root plei-k- in Lithuanian pleiki, plekti `breit make', plaikstti `die Oberkleider about plei-

the thessalischen Ebene, die `Flachlandbewohner' (*-); herald. n. `side', `die Seiten, Flanken', `(*die Seite zuwendend =) quer, slant, skew'; Latin plaga `surface, plain, area, net, coating, layer; region, landscape ', plagula nisl. flki m., Old English flc m. `Flunder', engl. flook-footed `plattfig'; Old High

root form auf -g: gr. `offene sea' (`aequor'), wherefore die vorgriech. Bewohner

`BIatt a Toga, leaf Papier', plagella `rag';

German flah (-hh-), Dutch flak, flach ` smooth ', Old Saxon flaka f. `Fusohle', Norwegian krnt. flecken `board, plank, balk'.

flak n. ` disc, floe, floating mass of ice', Old Icelandic flaki, fleki m. `Bretterverschlag', TirolReferences: WP. II 90 f., WH. II 314 ff., Trautmann 222 f.; Vasmer 2, 365 f., 367.

Page(s): 831-832 plk- plgplk- plgRoot / lemma: plk-2, plg- , also plk-, plgMaterial: Material: Gr. (*plki), `hit', , Doric `blow, knock', Latin plga `blow, knock, wound', plang, -ere `hit: die Hand auf die Brust hit, loud grieve ';

Meaning: to hit

`beetle, hammer etc.'; nasalized (*) `hit, verschlage' (, ); Middle Irish ln, Gen. loin `affliction, wound' (*plakno-), lssaim `schlage violent' (*plangSaxon flcan `verwnschen, curse ' (at first from `loud die Brust hit'), Old High German s); Gothic faiflkun `, betrauerten', Old English flcan `Beifall klatschen', Old

fluohhon ds., fluoh ` curse', Old Icelandic flki `gestampfter Filz'; from dem Germanic here Icelandic flaga `sudden attack ', Middle Low German Middle High German vlage ` shove, German flagarn `umherfliegen'; with Germanic k: Old Icelandic flkra (flakurn) attack, storm', engl. flaw `gust of wind, crack'; Old Icelandic flgra `flutter', Old High

probably also words for `Anprall, gust of wind' and `with den Flgeln hit, flutter, flicker': Old

`umherschweifen', Middle High German vlackern, Dutch vlakkeren `flicker', Old English flacor `fliegend', flicorian `flicker', Old Icelandic flkta (*flakutn) `umherstreifen, flutter', expressive Old Icelandic flakka `flutter, umherschweifen', old Dutch vlacken ` twitch '; nasalized Middle Low German vlunke (`wing'); Old Icelandic flengja `thrash' (engl. fling (Celtic word);

`throw' from dem Old Icelandic), wherefore (?) Latin lancea `die originally spanische lance ' Lithuanian plak, plkti `hit, chastise, castigate', plkis m. `Rutenstreich'; Old Church

Slavic pla, plakati s `sich an die Brust hit, weep, cry, wail ';

Lithuanian plek-iu, -ti `hit, thrash, chastise, castigate', dial. plg `cudgel, Zchtigung'. References: WP. II 91 ff., WH. II 315 f., 321 f., Trautmann 222 f.; Vasmer 2, 364 f.; Page(s): 832-833 See also: probably to pel-: pl- S. 805, also originally `breit hit'.

besides plk/g- stands plk/g-: Latin plect, -ere `punish, curse, chastise, castigate', plk/gplk/g-

Meaning: wide, flat

Root / lemma: plt- (pld-), plt-, plt-, pltpl pl pl pl pltpl t

Material: Aryan *pleth-: Old Indic prthati `breitet from', -t `dehnt sich from, verbreitet sich', prtha- m. `flat hand', prthas- n. = Avestan fraah- n. ` Breite', Old Indic prth-,

and plk- : plk- : plk- `hit'

Note: extension to pel- : pl- ds., see there; to Vokalverhltnis compare plk- : plk- ds.

Subst. ` surface '), besides from *plt(h)u- : prthiv f. `earth' (`Erdoberflache') = gr. , gall. GN Litav f., gall.-Latin Letavia, leg.*Litavia, ncymr. Llydaw `die Bretagne', Middle Irish Letha ds.; Armenian lain `breit' (*pl t-no-). Old Indic prthas- after ), `Ruderschaufel', - f. `scapula', Ausdehnung'); `das Klatschen'; formal nicht right clear, bright are `flat hand', `flat bowl'; Boden ebnen'; Latin planta f. `Fusohle' (*pla-n-t); planta `Setzreis' is back-formation to *plantre `den gr. `platt, breit' (= Old Indic prthu-), n. `Breite' (reshuffling from * =
e

Avestan pru- `wide, breit, capacious ', fem. Old Indic prthv, Avestan prw (also as

`sycamore' (`breitstig'); ` each flat body' (: Old Indic prathimn- m. `Breite,

letha `wide', Positive*plt no- in Old Irish lethan, cymr. llydan, bret. corn. ledan `breit', gall. flounder, flat fish '; Old Irish less, cymr. llys `castle' (*plt-to-?); Litana (silva), Litano-briga; Middle Irish leithe `shoulder' (*pleti), Middle Irish lethech `
e

also Old Irish leth n. `side, flank ' etc.), Kompar. cymr. lled `wide, further' (*plet-is), Old Irish

cymr. lledu, bret. ledaff ` outspread ', Old Irish lethaim `dehne from, erweitere' (probably

cymr. lled, corn. les, bret. let, led m. `Breite' (from dem n. *pletos = Old Indic prthas-),

Maybe alb. (*pleti) flet ` (wide) wing, side, flank, (flat) leaf ', fle- ` lie, sleep' : Old Irish

leth n. `side, flank ', Middle Irish leithe `shoulder'; also alb. leth, ledh `mud, alluvium; wall, Letavia, leg.*Litavia, ncymr. Llydaw, Middle Irish Letha .

flat earth, mound, river mouth, balk' : Old Irish less, cymr. llys `castle' (*plt-to-?) : gall.-Latin in Germanic with ablaut. : : Middle High German vluoder `Flunder', nasalized Middle

High German Low German flunder ds., Middle Low German vlundere ds., Dutch vlonder `thin board', Old Icelandic flyra f. ` deadwood ', Swedish flundra ds., Norwegian also High German vlade `wide, thin cake', Modern High German Fladen, Kuh-fladen,

`small platter stone '; Germanic *flan in Old High German flado `Opferkuchen', Middle Norwegian flade m. `small plain, flat field'; Middle Low German vladder `thin Torfschicht'; Lithuanian pltyti ` outspread ', pltas `Platte', pltis `Breite', Latvian pltt, plst, thin

aufstreichen'; Old Church Slavic *plast `tortum', russ. plast ` layer ' (root form *plt-); Lithuanian splei, splsti `breiten, breitlegen' (doubtful because of anl. s-, das in our

family otherwise nirgends), plats `breit' (a = o, different from , prth-), plant, plsti

`wide become', Old Prussianplasmeno f. `Vorderhlfte the Fusohle'; from the root form

plt-: Lithuanian pltti `sich ausbreiten', Old Church Slavic plesna `Fusohle' (*plet-s-n,

here (*plenk-);

to es-stem Old Indic prthas-); but Slavic *plsati ` dance ' because of Lithuanian plti not Old Church Slavic plete `shoulder', russ. ple ds. (russ. blo-plekij `weischultrig', With final sound voiced-nonaspirated: Old Icelandic flatr, Old High German flaz ` even,

neologism to ple = Old Bulgarian plete, compare above Middle Irish leithe).

`geebneter bottom, threshing floor, Hausflur, Vorhalle' (Modern High German Fltz `ebene Bergschicht'); Old High German flazza `palm'; Latvian pladt `breit make'. References: WP. II 99 f., WH. II 316 ff., 319 f., Trautmann 222 f., 225 f. Page(s): 833-834

English flett n., Old Saxon flet, fletti ` floor in Haus', Old High German flazzi, flezzi

flat', Old Saxon flat `flat, untief' (full grade Middle Low German vlt ds.), Old Icelandic-Old

Root / lemma: plek-

Meaning: to plait, weave

Material: Old Indic prana- m. `netting, lurban' (also pli- m. ` intestines, entrails ');

Note: presumably further formations from pel- `falten'

Avestan rzato franm `with silbernem Panzerhemd'; gr. `flechte' (= Latin plic), participle ; `rope, band, net', n., n., `netting, wickerwork ', `netting; Rnke', , , (*--, compare den es-stem ) ` braid, plait, curl ', alb. presumably plaf `bunte, wollene cover' (*plok-s-ko-), plhur `grobe canvas, fabric'; Latin plic, -re `zusammenwickeln, zusammenfalten', with i after den compounds explicre, implicre, applicre; t-present

Old English fleohtan (in addition flustrian ds.), Old Icelandic fltta `flax, wattle, braid'; Old Icelandic fltta f. `lichen', Old English fleohta m. ` hurdle ', Gothic flahta ` hair lock '; Old High German flahs, Old English fleax n. `flax' (about Dutch vlijen `flax, wattle, braid' s. Germanic guttural from *plek-t), ablaut. Old Church Slavic plot `fence'; See also: zur t-extension see above S. 797 under pek-.

plect, -ere, -xi, -xum `flax, wattle, braid, ineinanderflechten' = Old High German flehtan,

Franck van Wijk 749); Old Church Slavic pleto, plesti `flax, wattle, braid' (if with West Indo

References: References: WP. II 97 f., WH. II 321, 323, Trautmann 224, Lommel KZ. 53, 309 ff. Page(s): 834-835

pleukRoot / lemma: pleuk-

Meaning: flake, feather, hair

Material: Old High German (expressive) floccho `lanugo', Modern High German Flocke, Middle Low German vlocke `Woll-, snowflake ';

Norwegian dial. flugsa, flygsa ` snowflake '; Lithuanian plukas `ein hair', plauka `hair', `Abfall beim spinning, Flocken, fibers; Hlsen'; Latvian plcu, plkt `pluck, tear, rend,

Maybe alb. flok ` flake, hair '

Latvian plauki `Schneeflocken; Abfall beim weaving; dust, powder; Mutterkorn', plakas

pluck, schleien', Lithuanian plksna, plnksna ` feather '. Page(s): 837 References: WP. II 97.

pl(e)u-mon- pleuRoot / lemma: pl(e)u-mon-, pleu-tioMeaning: lung Note:

pl(e)u-mon- pleupeRoot / lemma: pl(e)u-mon-, pleu-tio- : lung, derived from Slavic alb. prefix pe + Root / Material: Old Indic klman- m. n. `die right lung ' (Dissim. from p - m to k - m) = gr. (from *pelmnes or *plumnes); legh hlemma: legh- : light (adj.), lung.

` lungs ' (through support in also ); Latin pulm, mostly Pl. ` lungs ' Balto-Slavic *pleuti- and *plauti- n. Pl. in Lithuanian plaiai and Latvian plui,

pluas m. Pl., Old Prussian plauti (secondary f.) ` lungs '; Old Church Slavic pluta and *pljuta n. Pl. (Old Russian pljua ` lungs '), serb. plja f. `liver'. The Lunge schwimmt auf dem Wasser, also as `Schwimmer' to pleu- (pel-) `'. Page(s): 837-838 References: WP. II 95 f., WH. II 386 f., Trautmann 226.

pleusRoot / lemma: pleus-

Meaning: to pluck; plucked hair, feathers, fell

vlies, Modern High German Vlies;

German vlius (*flsi-) `fleece', Modern High German Flaus, Flausch; Middle High German Old English flos, fles n. ds., with gramm. variation Norwegian flra `zottiges hair'; Old

vlsch ` fleece, fleece', nnd. vls(e), vlsch ` tussock hair, Bschel Wolle', Middle High

Material: Latin plma `Flaumfeder, fluff, underfur ' (*plusm); Middle Low German vls,

Icelandic flosa `splinter, offal', Norwegian dial. flos, flus(k), flustr ds. and ` dandruff, scale

auf dem Kopfe', as Latvian plauskas and plaukstes ` dandruff ', Latvian plsni `in Winde flatternde birch bark ', Lithuanian pliinti `rub, wear out', pl `Bastfasern' (in addition l `reed') etc.;

insertion) plauxdine `feather-bed'. Page(s): 838

f. Pl. `Schelfer'; Lithuanian pluzdinis `(Feder)bett, Deckbett', Old Prussian (with g-

Lithuanian plskos Pl. `Haarzotten, hair', Latvian pluskas `Zotten, rag', ablaut. plauskas

References: WP. II 96 f., Trautmann 227.

Meaning: to run, flow; to swim (`berflu, berflieend')

Root / lemma: pleupleu-

Note: probably extension from pel- `flow, swim', and originally ds. as pel(eu)- `fllen voll'

Material: Old Indic plvat `schwimmt, hovers, flies' (= gr. , Latin perplovre, Old

Church Slavic plov), pravat `springt auf, hurries ' (here and in Avestan ava nifrvayenta `sie lassen in Fluge heimkehren', usfravnte `(die Wolken) steigen auf' kann also ein Indo ploviti, Old High German flouwen, flewen); Germanic preu- `spring' vorliegen); Kaus. plavyati `allows swim, berschwemmt' (= serb. lengthened grade Old Indic plvyati `allows swim', Avestan usfrvayit `da er

wegschwemmen could' (= Old Church Slavic plavlj, plaviti `swim let, schwemmen'); `berschwemmt' (= gr. ` washed, made clean '), pluti- f. `berflieen, flood' (= gr. `the washing'), uda-pru-t- `in Wasser schwimmend'; arm luanam, Aor. luapi `wash' (*plu()a-); `schiffen', but , `swim'); Ionian , Attic m. `Schiffahrt', (=klr. gr. (F) (, ) `schiffe, schwimme' (Inf. Ionian , plav- `schwimmend; m. boat, bark, type of sailboat' (= russ. plov); plut-

plov), `vessel' (= Old Icelandic fley `ship'); `wash' (*--; Fut. ,

Aor. Pass. ), m. `Waschgrube', n. `Splicht', , (see above); m. `Fulle, richness '; from the lengthened grade pl[u]- besides , pl[u]-

(see above), `beschiffte', `schwimmend, fahrbar', hom. `in Trnen swim' (from *); Illyrian FlN Plavis: Lithuanian sea N. Plavs;

pluvius, pluor `rain';

Latin perplovre (Fest.) `durchsickern let, leck sein', plovbat (Petron.), pluit, -ere `rain';

flme); Old Irish lu- `move', Abstr. luud ` actuation ', luud `aries = Mauerbrecher'; also ct`das Fliegen', lath `quick, fast', las ` quickness '; Old Irish l(a) f. ` rudder, helm,

Old Irish loun ` trip food ', loan, loon `adeps' (*plou no-; see below Middle Low German
e

lud `coitus'; ess-com-lu- `proficisci', ess-lu- ` leave, depart, entkommen', fo-lu- `fly', lamain

calcaneus, tail', (*pluui), cymr. llyw `ruler, tax, tail', acorn. loe `ruler', Middle Irish lam `Steuermann', cymr. llong-lywydd ds., bret. levier ds.; Old High German causative flouwen, flewen ` rinse, wash' (= Old Indic plavyati), Old

Icelandic flaumr `current', Old High German floum `colluvies; fat (obenschwimmend)',

Flaum m. ds., Old Icelandic fley (= , *plouiom) n. `ship'; Old Icelandic fl f. `blinde cliff' (i.e. `berflutete'; : [] : u); pl- in Middle High German vljen ` rinse '; pl[u]- in fl f. n., Old High German fluot `flood', Old Icelandic fli m. `swamp, marsh'; `offene place in Eise'; plevsoti `flutter'; Old Icelandic fla, Old English flwan ` overflow ', Gothic fldus (: ), Old Icelandic Lithuanian causative pluju, plviau, pluti `wash, rinse ', Fut. plusiu (*plusi); pltis

Middle Low German flme f. ` raw Bauch- and Nierenfett', Modern High German Flom,

Inf. russ. plyt, serb. plti;

Slavic plaviti `swim let', -s `navigare', plavati `swim'; serb. plta f., plto n. `cork'; *pl- in Tocharian plu- `fly, schweben', plewe `ship'. extensions:

`schwemmen, swim', russ. plov `boat', klr. plov `natti', lengthened grade Old Church

Old Church Slavic plov, pluti `flow, schiffe', pluj `schwimme', Kaus.-Iter. serb. plviti

fly around, flit about, flutter ';

`swim', flota `ship', floterian `to flutter', Old Modern High German flutteren ` to fly to and fro, Maybe alb. flutur `butterfly' : Rumanian fluture `butterfly', alb. fluturonj `fly' : Rumanian flutura `wave, flutter, flaunt, fly'.

English flotan, Old Saxon fliotan, Old High German fliozan `flow'; Old English flotian

mention, uern'; in addition Middle Irish loscann `frog' (`jumper '); Old Icelandic fljta, Old

pleupleu-d-: Old Irish im-ladi `exagitat', imlad `agitatio', for-ladi `schwenkt', laid- `move,

dubious is the apposition from Gothic flauts `prahlerisch', flautjan `sich gromachen', Old ds., Lithuanian plstu, pldau, plsti `stream, fluten, overflow ', plud ` Schwimmholz ', `Schwimmhlzer', pldi Pl. ` inundation, flood', pldt `ergieen, stream; bewssern'; Lithuanian plostas ` ferry ' (*plud-t), plustas ds. (*ploud-t). pleupleu-k-: Swedish Norwegian fly `moor, fen, puddle, slop' (*fluhja-); Old Icelandic fljga, pldmas `das Strmen, berflieen', Latvian pludut `obenauf swim', pludi, pludii

High German flzzan `superbire'; Lithuanian pludiu plusti `wash, clean', Latvian plast

Old English flogan, Old High German fliogan `fly' (die Beseitigung of gramm. Wechsels

probably through Differenzierung against fliehen = Gothic liuhan); in addition Old English fleoge, Old Icelandic fluga, Old High German flioga `fly'; dissimil. from Germanic *flug-la(compare Old English flugol `fugax') probably die words for `bird': Old Icelandic fugl, fogl,

plakti `swim'; plnksna f. ` feather ', older plksna. Page(s): 835-837

Gothic fugls, m., Old English fugol, Old Saxon fugal, Old High German fogal m.; Lithuanian

References: WP. II 94 f., WH. II 326 f., Trautmann 223 f.

pli- pli pliRoot / lemma: pli-, pli-, plMaterial: Norwegian dial. flein `naked, bald, bleak, naked', Subst. `kahler stain ', fleina bare, baldheaded ', Lithuanian pln, plen `kahleEbene'; plkas ` baldheaded ', plk ` Meaning: Meaning: naked, bare, bald

`entblt, baldheaded become' and `die Zhne show, grin '; Lithuanian plnas ` even, bald head, nackte Ebene', plek ` baldness ', plink, plkti ` baldheaded become'

Maybe alb. plak old man

`naked, bald, bleak', Czech ple f. ` baldness ' etc., compare also Norwegian flisa ` grin, Icelandic flim ` derision ';

Latvian pliks, pleiks `entblt, naked, bald, bleak'; r.-Church Slavic pl `Kahlheit', pliv laugh, giggle ', fleis `face' (actually `grinsendes face, Grimasse'), flire ` giggle, laugh', Old here also the northern Italy (raet.) PN Plinius. See also: compare under under plk- etc. Page(s): 834 References: WP. II 93, Trautmann 226 f.; Vasmer 2, 371 f.;

plk pl plik plk Root / lemma: plk-, plk- and plik-, plkMeaning: to tear, peel off

fletta (*flahatjan) `(den bag, die dress) abziehen', Norwegian flaga `abgeschlt become

Material: 1. Old Icelandic fl (*flahan), Old English flan `die Haut abziehen', Old Icelandic (from the bark)', Old Icelandic flagna `sich peel'; nasalized Old Icelandic flengja `throw', =flagna (skip-flak `Schiffswrack'), flaka `aufklaffen, sich unpick, yawn ';

Norwegian ds., `losreien'; with Germanic -k- (= Indo Germanic g), Old Icelandic flakna Lithuanian pl-iu, -ti ` rend ' (trans.), nuplti `abreien (e.g. dress), die Haut

abschinden', plzins `fresh aufgerissener farmland'; Latvian plust Iter. ` rend, pull'; Aor. plasa `berste, spring, be destroyed, perish'. perhaps alb. plas `berste, break', plas ` cleft = col, gap, crack; Schiescharte', plss,

make', pl-ti ` rend, Intr.', plys, ply `crack, col, gap'; Latvian Intrans. plst ` rend ',

2. i-, -forms: Lithuanian pliu, -ti ` rend, burst (from the Haut)', plai-inti `break, crack i-

plasa, plasums `crack', plaist `Risse achieve '; diese alien i-forms bear also die citation Pl.flkr and flkar f. `scrap, shred, rag', Old English (kent.) flc (*flaiki) `flesh' (k probably abgetrenntes piece'; Old High German flc, flccko, Middle High German vlec, vlecke (proto Germanic *flikka) `piece Zeug, piece Haut, piece of land, place, andersfarbige of Norwegian dial. flk(e) `ghnende wound' (actually `crack, col, gap'), Old Icelandic flk,

from kk), flicce `Speckseite', Old Icelandic flikki ds., Middle Low German vlicke ds., `Flicke,

stain ' is neuerAblaut);

place, macula'; Old Icelandic flekkr ` stain, piece of land' (Middle Low German vlacke ` because of Old English flc `flesh' is also kinship from Old English flsc, Old Saxon

flsk, Old High German fleisk `flesh', Old Icelandic flesc (*fleisk) `bacon, ham' to consider, `flesh', Old Icelandic flis ` sliced piece, splinter', Swedish fls, flsa ds., Norwegian Dialectal yet barely under a basic form *flaik-sk-, da Middle Low German Middle Dutch vls, vlees

fls ds., kjt-flis ` thin piece of meat ' eine cognate, Germanic root form auf -s instead of Latvian pliska `zerlumpter person' wiederkehrt.

guttural show, in Swedish flister `Schinnen' and Lithuanian pliskanos `Schinnen in Haar', References: WP. II 98 f., Page(s): 835

See also: derived from pl-, pl-, above S. 834.

Meaning: to split, cut off Note: with -s- extended

pl- pl Root / lemma: pl-, pl-

Material: Old Icelandic flasa f. `thin disc, splinter', fles f. `flat cliff', isl., Old Swedish flas ` Lithuanian plskanos Pl. `Schinnen in Haar'.

dandruff, scale ', Norwegian flasa `absplittern, abspalten', isl. flaska `gespalten become';

See also: compare under plk- etc. Page(s): 834

References: WP. II 93;

Maybe alb. plas ` crack '

pli plu i- uRoot / lemma: pli-, plu-

Meaning: to expand; to boast

Viereck', Lithuanian plaittis `sich breit make, brag, boast'; with anlaut. s-: Lithuanian splint, splita, splsti `breit become'. 2. plu-d-, plu-t- in Latin plaud, -ere, -s, -sum `klatsche, hit, klatsche Beifall', plausus, plu u- plu u-

pli iMaterial: 1. pli-t- (compare pleik- under 1. plk- `breit') in gr. n. `lngliches

-s `Beifall' (compare aplda `chaff, bran ' from *ab-plaud `die abgeschlagene') ; Latin Umbrian :Pltus; Umbrian Imper. pre-plotatu `prosternito'; Latvian plaksta `flat hand' (different Mhlenbach-Endzelin III 325). References: WP. II 100, WH. II 319, 320; Page(s): 838

plautus `breit, platt, plattfig', PN Plautus, prn.-Latin Plautios, Paelignian Plauties, with

See also: extensions the root pel- `flat, even ', above S. 805.

plouto- plutoRoot / lemma: plouto-, pluto-

Meaning: a kind of wooden stockade

f. `rafter, sloped beam that forms the framework of a roof ', Norwegian expressive flauta f. `crossbar, crossbeam an einem sled '. References: WP. II 90.

pluts `Wandbrett', plauta `die Bnke an the wall the Badestube' and Old Icelandic fleyr

ablaut with Lithuanian platas `narrow bridge, gangplank, footbridge am beehive', Latvian

Material: Latin pluteus, -um `Schirmdach, Wandbrett, Zwischenwand', changing through

Page(s): 838

lemma: pneuRoot / lemma: pneuMeaning: to breathe Material: Gr. () `blow, pant, gasp, breathe, smell', `das Wehen,

breath, breeze, breath etc.', `das Wehen, snort'; in addition perhaps also

`sich rhren, astir sein', trans. `sich eager wherewith beschftigen', Perf. ` zum Bewutsein come', if `sich rhren, astir, esp. spiritually astir ' from `beim Laufe keuchen' and `breathe = agile, lively sein' has evolved; Old Icelandic fnysa `pant, sniff, snort', Old English fnosan `sneeze' (fnora `das

spiritually astir, sensible, wise sein', , Hes., `again

Niesen'), Middle High German pfnsen `pant, sniff, snort, sneeze' (pf- schallverstrkend *fns-, *fns-, *fnas-: Old English fnesan `anhelare', fnst m. `breath, breath, breeze', for f), pfnust m. `unterdrcktes laughter ', Norwegian fnysa ` giggle '; besides Germanic

fnsettan `schnarchen, pant, sniff, snort', Middle High German pfnsen `pant, sniff, snort', pfnst m. `das snort', Old High German fnsten `anhelare'; Old Icelandic fnsa `pant, sniff, snort'; Old Icelandic fnsa `pant, sniff, snort'; Old High German fnaskazzen, fneskezzen, Middle High German phneschen `pant, sniff, snort, pant, gasp';

pfnuht m. `snort' braucht nicht die zero grade from Indo Germanic pneu- widerzuspiegeln). pneuReferences: WP. II 85, Wissmann Nom. Postverb. 18 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 696. Page(s): 838-839

sniff, snort, pant, gasp', Old High German fnhtente `schnaubend' (Middle High German

Germanic fnh-: Old High German fnehan, Middle High German pfnehen `breathe, pant,

Meaning: fist

kstiksti Root / lemma: pnksti-

Material: Old High German fst, Old English fyst = Old Bulgarian pst (*pnst) `fist'. Note: Obviously Root / lemma: pnksti- `fist' derived from penke `five (fingers)' kstiksti penke References: WP. II 84, Trautmann 218 f.;

Page(s): 839

penke See also: to Germanic faan (pk- and p-, S. 788) or to penke `fnf'. p

Meaning: swollen, fat, big

polo- ploRoot / lemma: polo- : plo-

addition pollex, -icis m. ` thumb, big, giant toe'; proto Slavic pal in russ. bez-palij

Material: Latin polle, -re `bin strong, vermge', Denomin. eines *pollos from *pol-no-; in

`fingerlos'; Old Russian-Church Slavic palc ` thumb ' (*poliko-), etc. ; perhaps in addition as `with the thumb touch ' npers. plidan ` seek, feel', Bulgarian plam `search, seek', Old High German fuolen, Modern High German fhlen, Old English flan, engl. feel, (*fljan), Old Icelandic felma `tap, grope ', ablaut. falma ds. References: WP. II 7, 102, WH II 332 f., Vasmer 2, 305.

Page(s): 840-841 Root / lemma: porko-s Note:

Meaning: pig

Material: Sakisch psa (*parsa), Kurdish purs, borrowed Finnish porsas, Mordovian puts `swine'; Latin porcus `the tamed swine', Umbrian porca, purca ` porcs '; Middle Irish orc m.

hers-, her- : `rigid, *pig' > Root / lemma: porko-s : `pig' : Illyrian-italic-celtic h- > p-. hers- her-

From an extended zero grade of Root / lemma: ehi- : ` hedgehog ' derived Root / lemma: ehi hi-

islands'; Note:

`piglet, young animal', abrit. Orcades (with gr. ending) = Middle Irish Innsi Orc `Orkney-

Latin porcus `the tamed swine' < (*hr-n-k) > alb. derk `piglet, sow'. Lithuanian paras `a castrated boar', Old Prussian prastian `piglet' (*parsistian); Old Old High German far(a)h n., Old English fearh m. n. `swine', (Danish fare `piglet throw');

Bulgarian pras, -te `swine, piglet' (deminut. nt-Suff.); to Latin porcnus `of swine' compare Lithuanian parien `Ferkelfleisch', to Latin porculus `Schweinchen' das Modern High German Ferkel.

Lithuanian parlis `piglet', Old High German farheli, Middle High German varcheln, References: WP. II 78, WH. II 341, Trautmann 207, Benveniste BSL. 45, 74 ff.; after Page(s): 841 Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 34 to perk- `tear open' (see 821).

Meaning: by, about, around, beside

lemma: Root / lemma: pos

Material: Gr. in Arcadian-Cypriot and auf gr. Inschriften Phrygiens , vor vowel also -, geltungsgleich with (see *per `out - about', Nr. 8) and Doric ; Lithuanian ps compare das erhaltene s- in Old Church Slavic poz-d Adj. `late', poz-d Adv. `late', preposition `an, by'; probably also Old Church Slavic po in the meaning ` behind, after'; pozderije (paz-derije) `, '. To Lithuanian ps also pstaras `the letzte,

Note: probably *p + os, Gen.-Abl. to *(e)p-, above S. 53 f.

hinterste'.

secundum, gem'; in addition stor `the untere part'?; Latin post, Old Latin poste `after,

derivatives: 1. with -ti probably Armenian st `after', Adverbal and preposition `after = :

post, pus `post' rtlich and zeitlich, preposition m. Abl., therefrom Latin posterus, Oscan pstre `in postero', Umbrian postra, Latin postumus, Oscan pustma[s] `postremae';

behind ', rtlich and zeitlich, Adverbal and preposition m. Akk., Oscan pst, post, Umbrian

Umbrian postne, Latin pne from *posti-ne; Oscan pstin, Umbrian pustin (from *posti en) postcus `hinten situated'. `je after' preposition m. Akk.; Umbrian pust-naiaf `posticas', purnaes `posticis'; Latin

pasku, pskui (Dat.) Adv. `afterwards, nachher', preposition `after'.

westlich', Avestan paskt Adv. `vonhinten her, hinterdrein' spacial and zeitlich; Lithuanian 3. In ending still controversial is ap. pas `after', preposition rtlich and zeitlich; alb. pas,

` behind, after', rtlich and zeitlich, Old Indic pact (Abl.) preposition ` behind, after,

2. -ko- Old Indic pac (Instr.) Adv. `behind, westlich, later' = Avestan paca preposition ko-

Geg mbas preposition ` behind, after' (Indo Germanic *pos + Demonstr. si). Page(s): 841-842

References: WP. II 78 f., WH. II 347 ff., Trautmann 207, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 508.

potiRoot / lemma: poti-s

Meaning: owner, host, master, husband

teilhaftig' (: Latin potior);

Indic ptn `mistress, wife', Avestan pan- `mistress'; Old Indic ptyat `herrscht, is Avestan x a-pati- `er selbst';

Material: Old Indic pti-, Avestan paiti- `master, mister, lord, master, consort, partner '; Old

Hauses' (*-, from *-), -, - `master, mister of Hauses' (see Indic ptyat);

gr. ` husband ', `mistress (of Hauses), wife'; - `mistress of

above S. 198); alb. pata `had', pash `gehabt' (*pot-to-) (to a present as Latin potior, Old Latin potis (potior, potissimus) `wealthy, mighty', possum, Old Latin also potis sum

Latin potests `power', potior, -r (pottur and pottur) `sich bemchtigen'; com-pos

`kann', potui, potens from an -denominative as Oscan ptad `possit', ptans `possint',

`teilhaftig' (*`Mitherr'), hospes, -itis ` guest's friend ', pael. hospus (*ghosti-pots `Gastherr'); ein unflektiertes *poti `selbst' placed in utpote `as natrlich, da nmlich, namely', actually

*ut *pote (est) `as es possible is = natrlich', further with syncope in mih-, me-, supte etc.; Gothic br-fas ` bridegroom ', hunda-fas `Befehlshaber about 100 Mann'; engl. fad Lithuanian pts `husband' and `selbst' (old patis), Latvian pats ` householder ' and

`strong, valiant, big, large';

`Wirtin'; indekl. particle Lithuanian pt, Latvian pat `selbst, even, straight'; about Old Church Slavic gospod `master, mister', see above S. 453; Hittite -pat `eben(so), also, rather'; Tocharian A pats `husband'. References: WP. II 77 f., WH. I 660 f., II 350 f., 379 f., Trautmann 208, Benveniste Page(s): 842 Origines 1, 63 f., Pedersen Hittite 77 f., Endzelin Latvian Gr. 396 f.

*pat in Old Prussian waispattin Akk. `wife, woman', Lithuanian pat `wife', Latvian pati

` matrimony '; f. Old Lithuanian viepatni; *patn under influence of *pati- transfigured to

`selbst', Lithuanianvipats `master, mister' (old viepats), Old Prussian pattiniskun Akk. f.

Meaning: against

poRoot / lemma: po-ti

Material: Material: Avestan paiti, ap. patiy preverb. and preposition `against, entgegen, to, auf, by'; `an; for, um'; `from - from'; `in - toward, in'; hom., Boeotian, lak. etc. `' preverb. and preposition `against - toward, against, compared with; an, to', `in - toward, from-'. Page(s): 842 References: WP. II 77, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 508 f.

below *apo `ab') extended

Note: through das Adv.-forms -ti (compare *proti- : *pro above S. 815 f.) from *po (see

pougo- poughoRoot / lemma: pougo- or poughoMeaning: clear, sound Note: only Celtic and Slavic simple, just'.

Material: Old Irish g `jungfrulich', ge `Jungfrulichkeit'; Czech pouh ` pure, bare, References: WP. II 77.

Page(s): 843

p(i)Root / lemma: p(i)-1 : (pi-?:) ppi- p-

Meaning: to graze

Material: Old Indic pti, Avestan piti `htet, bewacht, schtzt', Old Indic g-p- m.

`herdsman, shepherd', Avestan rna-p `Beinschutz, -schiene', Old Indic py- `Hter'

=king'; ptra- n. ` container ' (= Gothic fdr);

pvan `Landvogt, Satrap'; Old Indic nr-p-ti- f. `Mannerschutz'; nr-p-a- m. `Mnnerschtzer gr. `herd' (n. to Old Indic py-), `herdsman, shepherd' (: Lithuanian

(compare ), pl- m. `Wachter, herdsman, shepherd', -pvan `schtzend', . xa ar

piemu), `herd', `treibe auf die Weide, hte; ziehe auf; (p-mn) `cover'; Gothic fdr n. (= Old Indic ptra-, yet agrees in addition in pronunciation of only Old

fr n. `food (of clothing)' from Middle Low German vder ds.; Old High German clothing), Futteral;

English for) `, vagina', Old English for, fdor ` sheath, vagina'; Late Old Icelandic

(fedar)ftar `canna', Late Old High German foter `theca', Modern High German Futter (of Lithuanian piemu `herdsman, shepherd', Akk. pemen (*pimen-).

Page(s): 839

References: WP. II 72, Trautmann 204, 207 f.

Root / lemma: p(i)-2 : p- and (from p- from) p p(i)- pppi-p-mi, pi-b-mi, Grammatical information: Aoristwurzel, wherefore secondary present pi-p-mi pi-b-mi Meaning: Meaning: to drink
o o o o

Material: Old Indic pti `trinkt', Aor. pt, py-yati, pyat `trnkt' (: Old Church Slavic poj, pojiti), pnam n. `Trunk' (: gr. `pleasant to drink' Hes., Middle Irish n f. Latin ptor ds.), -pyia-, -pyya- `to water, soak, Trunk' (= Old Prussian pois m. `das ablaut. pt- `getrunken (habend)', pt- f. `das Trinken, Trunk', Avestan vispo-pitay`vessel'), Inf. ptav `to drink' (= Old Prussian potwei ds.), ptar-, ptr- m. `Trinker' (= Trinken'), ptra- n. `drinking vessel' (*p-tlo-m = Latin pculum `goblet'); participle Pass.

themat. pi-b pi-

beverage, liquid which is swallowed to quench one's thirst, draught, potion'); redupl. (= Old Irish ibid);

`alltrnkend'; Old Indic Inf. ptum, ptav, Gerund. ptv- (: Latin ptus m. ` drink,

athematic present 3. Pl. pi-p-at, participle p-p-na-, Aor. -pip-ta-; thematic pbati `trinkt' Armenian mpem ` drink ' (formation unclear);

Fut. (Konj.) , Aor. , Imper. , Perf. , Med. ` drink ', , n. `Trinken, drink, beverage, liquid which is swallowed to quench one's thirst, ', n. `Gerstentrank', (Fut. ) `give to drink'; alb. p ` drink ' etc.; re ` drink strong', ptus ` drunk, intoxicated, getrunken' (= Lithuanian puot f.

gr. , Lesbian (of Nominal stem *p-no-, compare above ) ` drink ',

draught, potion', m., , - and - f. ds., m., n. ` drinking cup

Latin bib, -ere ` drink ' (assimil. from *pib; Faliscan pipfo `I werde drink'; Latin pt, -

`Zechgelage'), ptus, -s m. ` drink, beverage, liquid which is swallowed to quench one's thirst, draught, potion' (= Old Indic ptum Inf.), pti f. `Trinken, drink, beverage, liquid which is swallowed to quench one's thirst, draught, potion' (: gr. - f. `Ebbe', Old

`bibimus', corn. evaf `bibo', Middle Breton euaff ds.; Middle Irish n f. `drinking vessel' (: Old Indic pnam `Trunk'); Balto-Slavic *pi and *pii ` drink ' in Old Prussian poieiti `trinkt', pois m. `das Trinken',

(*pibeti) `trinkt', Verbalnom. Dat. Sg.oul (disyllabic) `Trinken' (*poi-lo-); acymr. iben

Indic ptar-); Umbrian puni, poni `milk' (: Old Indic pnam ` beverage, drink '); Old Irish ibid

Prussian pot `drink' from *pti-), pculum `goblet' (*p-tlo-m), ptor m. `Trinker' (= Old

`beer'; Kaus. Old Church Slavic poj, pojiti `trnke'; Balto-Slavic *pta- and *pta-

Old Church Slavic pij, piti ` drink '; pir m. `Bankett', pivo n. ` beverage, drink ', Czech etc. `getrunken' in Lithuanian puot f. `Trinkgelage' and Old Church Slavic pitij `trinkbar';

beverage, drink ' (Infin. *piti); Balto-Slavic *ptu- m. `das Trinken' in Old Prussian Inf. puton, pouton and poutwei `drink', ablaut. passive russ.-Church Slavic pit. Page(s): 839-840 References: WP. II 71 f., WH. I 103 f., Trautmann 228 f.

Balto-Slavic *pti uud *pti f. `das Trinken' in Old Prussian Inf. pot (*pti-) and slov. pt f. `

pu- uRoot / lemma: pu- : pu- : p-

Meaning: small, little; young (of animals)

Material: 1. With -o-suffix; Gothic fawai Pl. `wenige', Old Icelandic fr ` little, wortkarg', ff, Old English fa, Pl. fawe, engl. few `wenige'. tkr `arm' (as Latin pauper), Old High German fao, f ` little ', Dat. Pl. fouuem, Old Saxon

little erwerbend, little sich constituting, originating '); Old High German fh ` little ';

2. With formants -ko-: Latin paucus ` little ', pauper `arm' (*pauco-paros or pau-paros? ` ko-

Maybe alb. (*pauc-) pak ` little' a Latin loanword. s-lo-lo-). With suffix -lo-: Latin paul(l)us `small, little ' (*pauks-lo-), pauxillus ` totally little ' (*pauklo3. With formants -ro-: gr. `small, little', Latin with metathesis parvus `small', ro-

parum (*parvom) `to little '.

4. ` youngling, the young of an animal ': m. f., hom. , F- `kid, child'; Latin puer `kid, child, knave, boy, girl' (*puuero), puella `girl'; Gothic fula, Old Icelandic foli m., fyl n. (*fulja-), under fylja f., Old English fola, Old High gr. (Attic Vasen), Gen. F (Cypriot, in addition ein new Nom. ), , Gen.

German folo, ful(n) ` plenitude, foals'; besides *p[u]los in Armenian ul `goat', am-ul `

infertile ' (*n-plo-), yi f. `pregnant'(*i-plniy); gr. `foals', also `young man, young

Arbu-pales, if es ` white foals possessing' stands for. `son, kid, child';

girl', `small foals, youngling ', alb. pel, pl `mare' (Fem. to *plos); perhaps med. 5. With t-formant: putr- m., Avestan . pu-ra- m. (latter from ptlo- = Oscan puklo-)

maybe alb. putra `paw (of a young animal', puta `sole' ps(s)us, -a `knave, boy, girl', but psillus `very small' is Demin. from pullus (*putslo-lo-s); pucles; Latin pullus ` young, the young of an animal ' (*put-s-lo-); gr. names as -; Latin putus, putillus `knave, boy', next to which *pt-so- in

Oscan puklo- `kid, child' (= Old Indic putr-), Paelignian puclois Dat. Pl. `pueris', mars. maybe alb. (*putillus) pulisht `donkey's colt'

actually `young bird'), Lithuanian puttis `young animal, young bird' (Zrtlichkeitsausdruck), Baltic *put-n-a- in Latvian putns `bird'; with other, demin. Formansverbindung Lithuanian pa-ktis `bird'. maybe alb. pata `goose' Slavic loanword from russ.-Church Slavic pta `bird' : SerboReferences: WP. II 75 f., WH. II 259, 265 f., 382 f., 385 f., 394, Trautmann 233. Croatian: p tka `duck' [f].

Balto-Slavic *put `bird' in russ.-Church Slavic pta `bird', ptit `small bird' (`bird'

Page(s): 842-843

pri- pri pr- pri ipriRoot / lemma: pri-, pri-, pr- (pri-)

Meaning: to like, feel well-disposed, friendly

prt- `cheerful, befriedigt; geliebt', prt- f. `pleasure, joy, satisfaction', priyyt `behandelt liebevoll, befreundet sich' (: Gothic frijn, Old Church Slavic prija-j), priy- `dear, desirable, worth having, welcome, wanted, liked, beloved, fancied ', m. ` lover, husband ', f. `Geliebte, wife' (= Avestan frya-, Old Icelandic Frigg etc., and Gothic freis, c. rhydd `free'), priyatv-m `das Liebsein or -have' (: Gothic frijawa f. `love'), priyt ds. (= Old

Material: Old Indic prti ` pleases ', Med. `is cheerful about etwas', pryat ds., ` loves ',

teuerst', whereupon Kompar. pryas- `lieber' for older *pryas-; Avestan fry- ` satisfy ', frya- `dear, worth '; perhaps the hispan. (Venetic-Illyrian ?) VN Praesta-marci (: Old English frd-hengest);

favour ', prtr- `Wohltter, Liebhaber, Pfleger', Superl. prha- (ved.), prha- `liebst, e.g. frnmahi participle frita-, frna-, fria- `blithe, glad; befriedigt; geliebt', friti- f. `prayer',

English frod `love'); with*pri- : prya n. `pleasure, enjoyment', prmn- m. n. `love,

Note: Note

alb. Geg prende, Tosc Premte [*prmn- dies] 'Friday' was created on the same basis as Latin L Veneris dies day of the planet Venus (whence Fr. vendredi), based on Gk similar to gr. 'Friday' from gr. ` soft, mild ' Aphrodites hemera day of Aphrodite, Germanic Freitag 'day of Freya = goddess of love' Aphrodite gr. `gentle, mild' from *- with jngerer o-inflection , beweist Indo cymr. rhydd `free' = Gothic freis (akk. frijana), Old High German Old Saxon fr, Old

Germanic i; whereas. belongs Old Irish rar f. `volition, wish' to erei-, S. 330;

Gothic frijn `love', Old Icelandic frj ds., Old English frogan `love, set free, release ', mdn. Icelandic frndi, Pl. frndr `friend, kinsman, relative', Old English frond, Old Saxon friund `friend, lover, kinsman, relative', Old High German friunt `friend, lover '; Old Icelandic frr `beautiful', Old English frd-hengest `stattliches horse'; from *fra- in the meaning `geschont' derives Gothic freidjan `spare, look after', Old High German vrten `hegen'

Wotans', Old English fro f., Old Saxon fr n. `woman from noble lineage ' (`die love');

`free' originally `to den Lieben belonging'); Old Icelandic Frigg, Old High German Frija `wife

English fro, fr `free, loose, free from', Old Icelandic in frjls from *frhals (die meaning

vren, Old Saxon friohan ` woo, court, marry, werben', participle Gothic frijnds `friend', Old

(frthof `eingefriedigter courtyard ', Modern High German Freithof and popular etymology

fridila `Geliebte(r)', next to which from participle *frija- from: Old Saxon friuthil, Old High German friudil ds.; Old High German fridu m. `peace, protection, certainty, Einfriedigung',

Friedhof); with Old Icelandic friill ` lover, lover ', f. frila, frilla, Old High German fridel, f.

`beschtzen';

`Frieden make, vershnen', Old English friian ` shield ', Old High German gifridn

Icelandic frir m. `love, peace', Gothic ga-frin `spare, look after', Old Icelandic fria

Old Saxon frithu m. `peace', Old English friou m. `peace, protection, certainty ', Old

lover '; probably also Latvian priks `pleasure, joy'. host, protect, expect, wait. Page(s): 844

Old Church Slavic prj ` be favorable to, take care of ', prija-jo, -ti ds., prijatel `friend,

maybe alb. prek `touch, make love' : Latvian priks `pleasure, joy', alb. Geg me prit `to References: References: WP. II 86 f., Trautmann 231.

Meaning: to bend

prRoot / lemma: prNote: ?; only Latin and Celtic

and (as `Aufbiegung, bulge, hill'); Middle Irish rth, rith m. f. ` earthwall, fortress', mcymr. bed-rawt, ncymr. bedd-rod m. `burial mound, grave', bret. bez-ret f. `Begrabnisplatz, graveyard ', gall. rtin Akk. Sg. `castle(hgel)', PN Argento-rte.

incurvation of Bodens', compare e.g. Lithuanian lank ` sinking in, meadow': lekti `bend')

Material: Latin prvus ` inverted; slant, skew; evil, bad'; in addition prtum `meadow' (as `

Page(s): 843-844

References: WP. II 86, WH. II 358 f.

Meaning: willing, covetous, active

pregRoot / lemma: preg-

Material: Gothic (faihu-)friks `(geld-) greedy ', Old Icelandic frekr ` greedy, strong, hard, agile, lively', Old English frecc ` greedy, audacious' (*frakja-), Old High German freh `

eager, avid, audacious', Middle Low German vrak, Norwegian Swedish dial. frak, Danish

greedy ', Modern High German frech dial. also `agile, lively, fresh'; Old English frc `

frag `quick, fast, gamy'; Norwegian frc ds. (*frkja-); Old Icelandic frkn, frkinn `gamy', Old English frcne `audacious, wild', Old Saxon frkni `wild, cheeky, foolhardy ', Old High German Frhn, Fruochan- in PN; frhni `iactura'; poln. pragn ` greedy long, want', Czech prahnouti `lust, crave' etc.; here Old Icelandic frakkr `gamy' and the VN Franken.

See also: belongs to gr. `bin horny, lustful', see below sp(h)er(e)g-. Page(s): 845

References: WP. II 88;

Meaning: to come in sight

prepRoot / lemma: prep-

myself, erscheine'; also orovain `belly' etc. (*prop-n-io-)?

sign', eres (*prep-s-), mostly Pl. eresk` `face, Miene, sight, Vorderseite', eresem `zeige

Material: Armenian erevim `werde visible, erscheine', erevak `shape, Bild, mark, token,

`es ziemt sich', -, -, -, -, - `hervorstechend, sich auszeichnend'; ` seer ' (`the sich from god from vernehmlich Machende'); perhaps p ` phren'; different above S. 620. Old Irish richt `form, shape', cymr. rhith `species' (*prp-tu-); ein Ansehen give'), Middle High German vrbe ` cleaning, purification; Sternschnuppe', Old High German furben `clean, clean, sweep, wash away ' (`in die Augen fallend make,

gr. `falle in die Augen, erscheine, steche hervor, zeichne myself from',

Old Low German wel gifurvid `casta'. Page(s): 845 References: WP. II 89.

pret- pr Root / lemma: pret-, prtMeaning: to understand Material: Middle Irish rthaigid `bemerkt'; Gothic frai n. `sense, mind, reason', frajan,

`quick, fast determined, alert, awake, smart, valiant', Modern High German Swiss fruetig `blithe, glad, fresh, valiant, quick, fast', also Old High German frad `strenuus efficax',

Saxon Old English frd, Old High German fruot ds., Middle High German vruotec, vretec

fr ` understand, comprehend ', frs `smart, sensible, wise', Old Icelandic frr, Old

prestun ` understand, comprehend ', is-presnan Akk. `reason', issprettngi Adv. `namely'; Tocharian A pratim, prati ` resolution, decision '. Page(s): 845 References: WP. II 86, WH. I 711, Trautmann 230.

prts `reason, sense, mind, volition, opinion, Gemt', Old Prussianprtin Akk. `Rat', iss-

`reason', Latvianprotu, prast ` understand, comprehend, conceive, mark, perceive, hear ',

prant, prsti ` habitual, customary become', su-prsti ` understand, comprehend ', prtas

fradah-lh `procax'; perhaps Old High German ant-frist `interpretatio' (*pret-sti-); Lithuanian

preusRoot / lemma: preus-

Meaning: to fry; to burn

Material: A. Old Indic pruv f. `drip, hoarfrost, gefrorenes water'; Latin pruna ` hoarfrost,

frost' (*prusun); Gothic frius `frost, coldness', Old Icelandic frr, frer n. `Frostwetter', Old frren ` congeal, freeze make', Old High German Old Saxon frost (*frus-taz); Old English forst m. Old Icelandic frost n. `frost'; B. Old Indic plati `singes, burns', plua- `singes, burns, verbrannt'; alb. prsh

Icelandic frjsa, Old English frosan, Old High German friosan ` freeze ', Old High German

`burning coals, blaze, glow'; Latin prna `glowing coals' (*prusn), prrre `itch'. Page(s): 846 References: WP. II 88, WH. II 378 f.

Meaning: to jump

preuRoot / lemma: preu-

High German frouwen, frewen `sich freuen', frew, frewida `pleasure, joy'; russ. pryt f. `schneller run, flow', prtkij `nimble, hasty'.

glad', Old High German frao, fr, frawr `strenuus, alacer (Gl.); blithe, glad', whereof Old

agile', Proto Norse Frawa- (actually ` jumping ' = Old Indic prav-), Old Saxon fr `blithe,

gama- m. `frog, ape' (that is to say `in Sprunge going'); Old Icelandic frr `quick, fast,

maka-pluti- m. `Froschsprung = berspringung mehrerer Sutra', plava-ga-, plav-

Abkmmlingen from *pleu- `rinnen', see there), plava- m. `frog', actually ` jumper ',

fliegend', upa-pr-t `heranschwebend, heranwallend' (amalgamation with den

Material: Old Indic prvat `springt auf, hpft, hurries ', prav- `fluttering, schwebend,

Maybe Rumanian (*breuska) broasc `toad, frog' : alb. (*breustka) bretkosa `toad, frog'; gr breshk `turtle, tortoise '.

`frog'; also Rumanian broasc-estoas `tortoise, water animal ' : alb. (*breuska ) guttural extension in Old Icelandic frauki, Old English frogga `frog'; from *prug-sk

`hpfe' Germanic *fruska- in Old Icelandic froskr, Old English frosc, forsc, Modern High `spring, Satz'.

German Frosch; russ. prgnut `a spring, einen Satz make', prgat ` jump, spring', pryg

Page(s): 845-846

References: WP. II 87 f.

prsRoot / lemma: prs-

Meaning: to granulate

Material: Gr. (, ) `durchsge, knirsche with den Zhnen', , `saw', `das Gesgte, scrapings; dreiseitige column '; alb. prish `spoil, rupture, destroy, smash'. Page(s): 846 References: WP. II 89.

Note: only gr. and alban.

prkto- pr toto to Root / lemma: prkto- : prktoMeaning: buttocks Note: only gr. and armen.

besides gr. `rump, After' sein. Page(s): 846

Material: Armenian erastank` Pl. `' (from *erast = prkto-) kann die Redukt.-stem
2

References: WP. II 89, Meillet Esquisse 142.

Page(s): 846

See also: s. per-2 S. 813 f.

pr Root / lemma: pr-

soso Root / lemma: prso- (?) Meaning: onion Note: is mediterranes loanword

In e-grade:

Material: Gr. ` leek ': Latin porrum, porrus ` leek '.

Maybe alb. presh, pras ` leek ' : Rom. praz ` leek ' . Page(s): 846

References: WP. II 84, WH. II 343, Szemernyi Gl. 33, 261 f.

pster- pstereuRoot / lemma: pster-, pstereuMeaning: to sneeze Material: Armenian p`ngam, p`nem `niese'; gr. , `niese', m., `schnarchen' Hes.); Latin sternu, -ere `sneeze'; Old Irish srod `das Niesen', cymr.

m. `das Niesen' (with Inlautbehandlung the Anlautgruppe pst- :

Maybe alb. (*pshetrij) pshertij `sigh', teshtij `sneeze'.

ystrew, trew ds., ystrewi, trewi ds., Middle Breton streuyaff, nbret. strefia `sneeze' (*striw-).

Page(s): 846-847

References: WP. II 101, WH. II 591.

Meaning: a kind of tree

ptel( i Root / lemma: ptel(e)ii

Material: Gr. , epidaur. `elm, Rster' (latter with probably older

Anlautsvereinfachung; unclear are ` black poplar ' Hes. and because of Anlauts Hes.); Latin tilia `Linde' (Middle Irish teile derives from dem Engl.); Venetic FlN Tiliaventus? Armenian t`eli `elm' is loanword from ; perhaps *ptel-ei `die Breitblttrige' or at most `weit die ste Breitende'. Page(s): 847 References: WP. II 84 f., WH. II 681 f., Pokorny KZ. 54, 307 f.

Meaning: to enclose, put together ku- kusRoot / lemma: puk-2 : `to enclose, put together' derived from Root / lemma: ku-, kus(*kukh-) : `to kiss' common Celtic - Greek - Illyrian k- > p-. Material: Avestan pus- f. ` headband '; gr. - m. ` headband ', Adverb. `tight, out of it - newer `dense, tight, firm, proficient', `make tight, firm, References: WP. II 82, J. B. Hofmann, Gr. etym. Wb. 290. wrap dense'; alb. puth `ksse', actually `umarme'. Note:

Root / lemma: puk-2

firm, dense, sensible, wise, painstaking ', in compound - (- `sensible, wise'),

Page(s): 849

pu-loRoot / lemma: pu-loNote: Meaning: hair

Root / lemma: pi-lo- : `hair' : Root / lemma: pu-lo- : `hair' derived from Root / lemma: pleukpi-lopu-lopleuk: `flake, feather, hair' common consonant + cosnonant > consonant + vowel recorded in centum languages first, mainly Latin. Material: Old Indic pula-, pulaka- m. `das Struben the Hrchen am body', pulast- m.

`schlichtes hair of the head bearing, carrying'; Substantiv ` hair of the head ', Patronymikon

Plastya-; gr. Plur. `hair am Hintern, curls ' Hes.; Middle Irish ul `beard' (*pulu-), ulach `bearded', ulcha f. `beard', Ulaid `die Leute from Ulster' (*Ulut). References: WP. II 84, G. Liebert Nominalsuffix -ti- 191.

Page(s): 850

Meaning: thick-haired, *fox

peukRoot / lemma: pk-1, peuk-

Material: Old Indic pccha-, -m `tail, member, rod' (kann *pu[k]-sko- sein); after dem

buschigen Schwanz named, seems Gothic fah, Old Icelandic fa, Old High German

fuhs `fox' etc.; Lithuanian pausts ` animal hair '; russ.-poln. puch (*peukso-, poukso-) `Flaumfedern, Daunen, fine woolen Haar an animals' (out of it Lithuanian pkas

foha ` vixen ' (Germanic -n), besides with masc. -s-: Old English fox, Old High German

`Flaumfeder'), russ. puistyj `fleecy, dense, buschig', punj tovr `Pelzwerk', CzechVerbrmung'.

Lower Sorbian o-pu (*puch), opy `tail', russ. opka, opuina `edge (of Waldes), hem,

Note:

Alb. suggests that Root / lemma: pk-1, peuk- : (thick-haired, *fox) is a reduced root of peukwolf)].

older Latin volpes fox, gr. alpx a fox. Root / lemma: ulp-, lup- : [a kind of carnivore (fox, lupReferences: WP. II 82 f.

Page(s): 849

Meaning: to blow, blow up

peu- pouphuRoot / lemma: p-1, peu-, pou- also phu-

soul' (*pouio-), heval `short or heavy breathe' (*peu-), hoylk` `congregation, meeting,

`blows, pustet, shouts, howls from vollem neck'; Armenian (h)ogi `breath, breeze, breath,

phuphusa-, -m ` lung ', pupphusa- ` lung, Samenkapsel the Wasserrose' (Lex.), pht-karti

Material: Old Indic phupphukraka- `keuchend' (Lex.), pupphula- `Blhung' (Lex.),

troop'; Middle Irish an `scum, froth, foam' = cymr. ewyn, bret. eon ds. (*pou-ino-), Pl. eien plis `heap, herd, nest, Strichregen', plut ` fester ', pl'i `Regenwolken', russ. plja, klr. pl'a `ball'; Lithuanian pr ` tassel ', Latvian paurs, pare `Hinterhaupt, cranium; acme, apex ' `Quellen' (compare Lithuanian put `Schaumblase'); abret. euonoc `schumend'; Latvian

corn, grain, Aussteuerkasten', puns, pune, punis ` hunch, outgrowth am tree, hunch ',

(`bulge '), Lithuanian pras ` measure of capacity ', Latvian prs ` measure of capacity for

pans, pana `cranium, Stirnknochen', also probably Old Prussian pounian `buttock', Lithuanian pn, Latvian pana `Rnzel, bundle'. pupu-g-: gr. `the Hintere'; Old Icelandic fjk `Schneesturm', fjka `quick, fast through

die air drive, whisk ', fok `snow flurry', Middle High German fochen `blow'; Latvian pga `gust of wind', pauga ` cushion, head'.

afgh. p, pk `a puff, a blast, the act of blowing';

`hauche', p`k`am `blase myself auf'; npers. pk `das blast (um fire anzufachen), bellows',

p(h)up(h)u-k-: Armenian p`uk` `breath, breeze, wind, breaking wind, fart', Pl. `bellows', p`em

wheeze', pks, pkis `chub' (*`Dickkopf'); Latvian pukuls ` tassel ' (actually ` thick tassel '). pupu-p- (probably broken Redupl.): alb. pup `curd, grape, hill', ppz `bud, poppy',

Lithuanian pukn `blister, bubble', pukl `swelling, blister', pki, pkti `pant, gasp,

ppul `back'; Latin ppus `small kid, child, knave, boy, Bbchen', *ppa `small girl' and Maybe Italian pupilla : Spanish pupila : French pupille : Romagnolo bamben : Venetian

(late) ` pupil of the eye ' (the small reflection of Beschauers in Auge of Angesprochenen')` ' bebe balota dei oci Albanian bebe ` pupil of the eye '.

Vulgar Latin *puppa (French poupe, Italian poppa) ` nipple '; Old Irish ucht `breast' (*puptuvoiced-nonaspirated pubulis `bubble auf beer, knot in thread, string'), Lithuanian pupele, pupela, pupuole `bud', probably also Lithuanian pup, Latvian pupa `bean'. p(h)up(h)u-s-: Old Indic pyati, puti, pati `gedeiht, makes thrive, wchst to, ernhrt', ); Latvian pups `Weiberbrust', paupt `to swell', ppuol'i ppuol'i `Weidenktzchen' (with

pu- `wohlgenhrt, rich', pti-, put- f. ` prospering; flourishing, growth, fullness,

wealth', pa- ds., ppa-m `flower, blossom, bloom, blossom', pukal- `rich, prchtig, in full vitality '; gr. `blast, bellows, bubble' (* or *pht-ia), `blow, blase auf', `snort', f. ` garlic, onion, bulb', () f. `bubble', f. `bubble, Latin pussula, pustula `bubble, vesicle, blister, bubble'; Norwegianfysa (*fausian) `swell

weal, callus', f. ` intestine, sausage ', `Dickbauch', - `blow, snort';

(p) `blister, bubble', pkas `Hitzblschen auf the Haut', Latvian puis ` bouquet,

Latvian pslis ds., Lithuanian pusns, pusnnas `zusammengewehter Schneehaufe', p

up, aufghren', f(j)usa ` buzz, whirr, with Gewalt ausstrmen'; Lithuanian psl `bubble',

Banderstrau, tussock ' ; Old Church Slavic *puchati `blow', *opuchnti `to bloat, bulge,

swell', puchl `cavus (turgid, swollen)', russ.pycht `pant, gasp, Gluthitze from sich give',

Church Slavic napytiti s `sich aufblasen', russ. pit ds. (*pyskiti; probably also Czechpoln. etc. pysk `snout, muzzle with thick Lippen'); compare above S. 790 puson-? pupu-t-: Old Indic puppua- ` intumescence of the palate and gums'; gr. `rump'

pchat `aufgeblasen, haughty sein', pnyj ` luscious, aufgeblasen, haughty ' etc., Old

reflex. `to swell', punt, psti `to swell, sich aufblasen', psl f. `bubble, bladder', putls lump, growth', pari-ptlis `aufgeblasener person', ppautas `weal, callus', also patas bubble', probably also Lithuanian putr ` cereal, grain ', Latvian putra ` cereal, grain,

ds.); perhaps Irish uth `udder' (*putus); Baltic *puti `blow' in Lithuanian pui, psti `blow',

Hes. (*put-snos); Latin praeptium `Vorhaut' (from a *ptos `penis', compare wruss. potka

`sich blhend, aufgeblasen, stout, proud', put `Schaumblase', ptmenos f. Pl. `swelling,

`egg, testicle', pu, pst `blow, breathe, breathe', psma ` breath ', pte `bubble, blister, porridge, mash'; auf voiced-nonaspirated: Latvian pudurs, puduris ` tussock, heap', pudra `heap'; wruss. potka (*ptka) `male limb, member'. References: WP. II 79 ff., WH. II 389 f., 392, Trautmann 233 f.; See also: compare above b(e)u-2. Page(s): 847-848

Root / lemma: p-2 : peuMeaning: to rot, stink Note: presumably from a pu `fie!' evolved

Material: Old Indic pyati `wird faul, stinkt' = Avestan puyeiti `wird faul', Old Indic pya-, -m `pus', pti- `faul, stinkend; Jauche, pus' = Avestan ptay- `Fauligwerden, Verwesung'; fu) `buttocks'; with -sko-: Middle Persian psintan ` decayed ', Old Icelandic fauskr ` rotten, decayed, decomposed; brittle wood'; Armenian hu `eitriges blood'; gr. pashto pl `Trbung of Auges', westosset. ambud `faul'; Old Indic ptu (: Old Icelandic

`manche decayed ', `faule', (*puom), , - n. `pus'; perhaps also

decayed ', ptidus `faul' (from a participle *p-to-s), pter, -tris, -tre `faul, rotten, decayed, decomposed; brittle ' with -, as Middle Irish othrach ` dunghill ', probably also othar `ein sicker' (*putro-), othar-lige `Krankenbett, Begrbnisplatz'; Old Icelandic finn ` decayed, fll, Old English Old High German fl `faul';

m., , , ` beestings '; Latin ps, pris `pus' (*puuos), pte, -re `

rott', fi ` decay ', fna ` decayed ', feyja ` decay let, verrotten let', Gothic fls, Old Icelandic Old Icelandic fu f. `pudenda', Middle High German vut `pudenda', Alemannian vdeli

Kinderwort `Popo', geminated Middle High Germanvotze; Lithuanian pv, pti ` decayed ', causative pdau, -yti ` decayed make', Latvian pt ` decayed ', causative pdt `

Sachen', Latvian puvei m. Pl. `pus', pi m. Pl. ds., papuve f. ` fallow '. pnis ` decaying, pustulating', pnes Pl. `Modererde';

`verfaultes wood' (*pauls), Lithuanian pliai m. Pl. `pus', puvs(i)ai m. Pl. `verfaulte with : Old Icelandic fki `Stank', nisl. fki also `verfaultes seaweed, kelp ', as Latvian with s: Norwegian fyr (*fauza-) ` rotten, decayed, decomposed; brittle ', Dutch voos

decayed make', Lithuanian piulas (*pu-lo-s) m. `verfaulter tree', Latvian prals

`schwammig', Swiss gefsen `morschgeworden'; about Old Icelandic fauskr see above; Page(s): 848-849 References: WP. II 82, WH. II 391 f., Trautmann 234; G. Liebert Nominalsuff. -ti- 151.

Root / lemma: p-3 Page(s): 849

See also: see below peu- and pu-.

Meaning: corn

p-roRoot / lemma: p-ro-

Material: Gr. , Doric `Weizenkorn, wheat', ` seed from allerlei Obst and other Frchten', -, - `eine the Weichselkirsche similar fruit'; Lithuanian prai `Winterweizen', Latvian pri `wheat', Old Prussian pure f. `Trespe, Bromus etc.; Old English fyrs `Quecke, Ackerunkraut', engl. furze.

secalinus', Old Church Slavic pyro ` spelt ', Czech pr `Quecke', slov. pr m., pra f. ` spelt ' References: WP. II 83, Trautmann 232; compare georg. puri `bread'.

Page(s): 850

Meaning: to rage, be furious

rab reb Root / lemma: ra - or re - : r b e e e h e

h h

Material: Latin rabis `fury, Tollheit', rabi, -ere `toll sein, rage ' berhrt sich in the meaning very near with Old Indic rbhas- n. ` impetuousness, hastiness, force, might', rabhas`wild, boisterous, vast, grand', sa-rabdha- ` furious ', das above S. 652 wrongly to

rbhat `erfat, hlt sich fest' = Ibhat, lambhat `erfat, ergreift', placed wurde; compare English rabbian `dash' from Vulgar Latin rabire ds.; Tocharian A rapure `ferventness, Middle Irish recht `sudden attack, fury', das also to Latin rapi, root *rep- belong could; Old

passion'.

Page(s): 852

References: WP. II 341, WH. II 413.

rp- rpRoot / lemma: rp-, rpMeaning: turnip Note: Wanderwort unbekannter origin

Material: Gr. , f. ` beet, turnip ', , `Rettig', Attic ` cabbage ', `Rbenfeld' (as Lithuanian ropien) and `Rben'; Old High German ruoba, ruoppa (*rbj) , - `Rettig'; Latin rpum, rpa ` beet, turnip ', rpistrum `wild turnip ', rpna

German rba as j(n)-stem must be assumed); die Germanic forms can nicht from Latin derive; certainly Latin loanword is only Dutch raap, engl. rope;

Middle High German rbe, rpe, rappe ds., Swiss rb(e) Bavarian rben (also is Old High

Pferdeschwanzes', Norwegian rva `tail', in addition in ablaut Old High German rba,

` turnip ', besides j- loose additional form in Old Icelandic rfa `the knochige part of

turnip ' from Latin or Slavic; unclear is cymr. erfin `Rben' (Plur.), bret. irvin ds. (*arbno-); References: WP. II 341, WH. II 418, Trautmann 237, Wissmann by Marzell, Pflanzennamen 1, 659. Page(s): 852

Lithuanian rp ` turnip ', ropien `Rubenfeld'; r.-Church Slavic rpa ` turnip '; alb. rep `

Root / lemma: rs-

Meaning: to sound, cry

Material: Old Indic rsati, rsate `bellow, roar, neighs, heult, shouts, howls, ertnt'; Old

Indic rasit- n. ` shrilling, bellowing, braying, roar, thunder'; Gothic razda `voice', Old High `voice, sound, language'; (*razln)? German rarta f. `modulatio', Old Icelandic rdd f. `voice'; with ablaut Old English reord f. whether here Danish ralle, Swedish dial. ralla etc. `chortle, chuckle, babble, chatter '

Page(s): 852

References: WP. II 342.

reb Root / lemma: re -1

h

Meaning: to move, hurry

Material: Npers. raftan `go', mparth. raf- ` assail, fight', osset. rvg `quick, fast'; Middle Irish reb `game, Tcke' (*reb), rebrad `Kinderspiel', rebaigim `I play ';

bewegen, rhren', Modern High German Bavarian rebisch `alert, awake, smart', Swiss rbeln `rant, roister', Middle High German reben `trumen, baffle sein', Middle Low

Germanic *reb- `in heftiger Bewegung sein', Middle High German reben stem Vb. `sich

German reven ` nonsensical talk, speak, think', Norwegian dial. rava `hin and her taumeln' etc. References: WP. II 370, Szemernyi ZDMG. 101, 207 ff.; See also: extended from er-. Page(s): 853

reb Root / lemma: re -2 Meaning: to roof Material: Gr. , `berdache' (*berwlbe), - `with hoher
h

Bedachung', `das reed, wherewith man die Huser deckt, roof, ceiling', `Bedachung'; Old High German hirnireba `cranium' (*`brain -bedachung'); Old High German rippa, rippi, Old Saxon ribbi, Old English ribb, Old Icelandic rif n. ` rib ' (*reb io-;
h

Page(s): 853

References: WP. II 371, Trautmann 241.

engl. reef ` reef' is Danish loanword

die Rippen cover die Brusthhle, as das Dach das Haus); russ.-Church Slavic rebr ` rib ';

red- rodRoot / lemma: red-, rodMeaning: `flow' Page(s): 853 See also: see above S. 334 (ered-).

Meaning: to paint

regsregRoot / lemma: reg-1 (and sreg-?)

Material: Old Indic rjyati `frbt sich, rtet sich', newer rajyate, Kaus. rajayati `frbt', secondary rajayati; rga m. `das Frben, rote paint, color'; gr. , Aor. ` paint ', `gefrbter Stoff', (also ) `Frber',

- Hes.; da keinen vowel suggestion experienced has, is auffllig; compareSchwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 310 and Boisacq 838. References: WP. II 366.

Page(s): 854

Meaning: to see

regRoot / lemma: reg-2

`see'.

(compare ` wicked look'), rgimas `visible, apparent, manifest, obvious', Latvian redzt

Material: Alb. ruaj `sehe an, look, see'; Lithuanian regi, regti `see', rgana ` witch '

Note: only albanesisch and Baltic

Page(s): 854

References: WP. II 366, Jokl Stud. 75.

Meaning: right, just, to make right; king participle Perf. Pass. re-to- ` law ' re-toNote:

reRoot / lemma: re-1

Grammatical information: forms Indo Germanic neither root present nor perfect tense;

Alb. shqipe `eagle' seems related to Old Indic rji-py ` darting along ' epithet of the bird

yen- (`eagle, falcon'), [Rumanian oim `falcon'], Avestan rzi-fya- (cf. gr. the same word; that it is Macedonian confirms its reality.

H., ), Armenian arcui (< *arci-wi) `eagle' which is evidently a form of Alb., gr., Avestan, and Old Indic prove that from Root / lemma: er-1, or- : `eagle' derived er- orextended Root / lemma: ar(e)-- (ar-?), ri- : `glittering, white, fast' and its subsequent ar( arar zero grade Root / lemma: re-1 : `right, just, to make right; king'. re-

Material: Old Indic rjyati, nasalized rjti ` stretches itself, it hurries (from horses)'; probably just, right ' (in addition rzu ` finger ', Gen. rzv), Kompar. Superl. Old Indic rjyas-, rjyas- ` straight ', rjiha-, Avestan razita- ` the justest, justest '; Old Indic rjr- from horses = rju-gmin, rjrva-, Avestan rzrspa- EN actually ` also irajyti (with unclear i-) ` arranges, orders, enacts, decrees '; rju-, Avestan rzu- `

rzi-fya- m. ` eagle, name of a mountain or mountains ', by Hes. (i.e. )

py- (2. part unclear) ` soaring straight ahead ' (epithet of yn- ` eagle, falcon '), Avestan

whose steeds haste straight on; with fast horses ', next to which compound form *rji- in rji-

npers. luh `eagle', compare gr. , if transfigured by folk etymology after from diss.) ` fast, quick ', above S. 64; *); rji-van- EN actually ` with fast dogs ', compare in gr. (from *-

, Armenian arciv (*arcivi) ` eagle ' (beside it *rju-pya-, ap. *ardufya- in

Maybe zero grade in alb. (*), -, shqiponj `eagle', alb. Geg Shqipni, alb. Tosc Shqipri `land of the eagles'. Old Indic raj- `sich aufrichtend, straight', rji- RV perhaps `line, row' (= Middle Low

German reke under S. 856); rjas- (Avestan razah-) n. `Raum';

razan- `order, statute ', ranu- ` justified, legitimate ' (compare gr. -), probably also razura- n., razur f. `wood, forest', rzar, rzan- ` command, alignment '; rasman- m. n. `Schlachtreihe' (: gr. , Latin regimen); Old Indic rj- (Nom. Sg. r) `king' (= Latin rx, Old Irish r, s. also Gothic reiks), rjan-

rtm `in gerader direction') ` direct, aim, point, gerade richten, sort, order, arrange',

Avestan raz- (rzayeiti, participle rta-, gr. , Latin rctus, Gothic rahts; Avestan

rjy- ` royal ' (= Latin rgius, compare also Old High German rhhi), rjy-, rjya- n. `power, rule, empire', Avestan rstar- `Lenker, ladder';

ds., rj `queen, Frstin', ri, rjati `is king, herrscht, glares, gleams' (denominative),

`power, rule' (= Middle Irish rge, compare also Gothic reiki), rr `Herrscherin', rr- n. Maybe alb. adj. ri ` young man', re ` young female', rini ` youth'. Armenian arcvi see above; doubtful thrak. PN ; reach out, hold out, hand, give; to stretch oneself out, stretch forth one's hand; to reach at ' ( = Avestan rata- etc.), `strecke myself, long, reiche' (- is prefix), gr. ( only in hom. participle ) ` to reach, stretch, stretch out; to

or to a thing, grasp at; metaph. to reach after, grasp at, yearn for a thing; to help oneself to or , Ionian ep. ` fathom', ds. (probably from * ass.); in compound -, e.g. ; (= Avestan rasman-) `das Recken the hands, see above;

the Fe (footstep); Darreichen'; about see below beim Germanic; about

or `goddess the Erektion?';

venet. Reitia `Geburtsgttin (compare gr. ), die die Kinder in die right Lage bringt' Latin reg, -ere, rx, rctum ( secondary lengthening) `gerade richten, steer, rule,

rgula `Richtholz, line; Richtschnur, lath' etc., rgillus `with senkrechten Kettenfden ausstrecken =) ersuchen, bid, beg, ask, inquire '; rogus `pyre, stake' (gr. sizil.

porrig, surg, Adv. corg, erg, erg s. WH. s. vv.), regi `direction, line; line, region',

reign' (= , ), rigo `richte auf (= Irish irgim `surgo') etc.; about perg,

gewebt'; Oscan Regaturei `Rectri'? (from a verb *regre); Latin rog, -re `(die Hand

`Getreidescheune' is Latin loanword) probably actually `aufgerichteter shove ' (= Germanic ` royal ' (= Old Indic rjya-); *rakaz); rx, rgis `king' (= Old Indic rj- etc.), rgna `queen' (marr. regen[ai] Dat.), rgius Latin rige, -re ` to be stiff, be numb, stiffen; to be stiff, be rigid, stand on end, bristle,

for *regre after rigre?;

coldness; the coldness' (this specific meaning perhaps preferred through frgus); whether Old Irish reg-, rig- `austrecken, e.g. die hand', Perf. reraig (*re-rog-e) `direxit'; *eks-reg-

', rigor ` stiffness, inflexibility, rigidity, numbness, hardness, firmness, rigor, esp. for

stand erect; stand out, to stand stiff, stand upright, rise ', rigidus ` stiff, hard, inflexible, rigid

(tu-stem), cymr. rhaith ` law ', bret. reiz `order, law, right'; Maybe alb. mbret (mb-ret) `king'

rein `Begraben' (*are-com-reg(i)-no) etc.; Middle Irish rn `span' (*reg-no-); Old Irish recht

rhein ` stiff, gereckt' (: Middle Irish rigin ds.), acymr. ar-cib-renou `sepulti', mcymr. ar-gyu-

`strecktaus', mcymr. rho `gift', rho `give'; mcymr. dy-re `steht auf', dy-rein `sich erheben',

(: Latin rig) e.g. in at-reig `uplifts sich', irge `surrectio'; ablaut. Old Irish rog(a)id

lord', gall. Catu-rx, Pl. -rges actually `people of C.', Rgo-magus actually `Knigsfeld'

gall. Rectu-genus; Old Irish r-, Gen. rg `king' (= Old Indic rj-, Latin rx), cymr. rhi `prince,

(acorn. ruy, Middle Breton roe, nbret. roue `king' probably French), Old Irish rgain `queen' (*r n =) cymr. rhiain `queen, Dame'; Middle Irish rge n. `Knigreich' (*riom); Old Irish rched n. `Knigreich' (*ri-sedom); Gothic rahts, Old Icelandic rttr, Old English riht, Old Saxon Old High German reht
e

direct, aim, point '; Old Icelandic rttr, Gen. rttar `das right, law, court' (= Celtic *rektu-; wgrm. through das n. of participle Old High German etc. reht `right' replaced); Gothic rahtn `darreichen'; Kaus. Gothic uf-rakjan `in die Hhe recken, ausstrecken', Old High German recchen `ausstrecken, raise, uplift, reichen, cause, say, define', Modern High

`right, straight' (= Avestan rata- etc.), Gothic ga-rahtjan, Old High German rihten etc. `

lead, define, reckon', Old Icelandic rekja `strecken, outspread, define, announce, declare ' rakna `ausgestreckt become, zur Besinnung come';

German recken, Old Saxon rekkian `tell, define', Old English reccan (reahte) `ausstrecken,

(partly iterative *rakjan under Verdrngung from *re, partly denominative); Old Icelandic Old English racu f. ` riverbed, run, flow', engl. rake `pathway, way, Geleise', Old English

racian `run, lead, steer', Old Icelandic rekja spor `die spoor pursue ', Middle Low German

reke f. (*raki) `row, order', raken `meet, reach'; Old English racu f. ` narration, account', Old

origin, source, beginning; an ancestor, Ursache, ground'; Old Icelandic rakr, Frisian Middle `wohlgeordnet', Old Saxon rekn ` direct, aim, point, sort, order, arrange', Middle Low Low German rak `straight, right' (= Latin rogus); e-grade: Middle High German gerech

Saxon raka, Old High German rahha `Rechenschaft, thing', Old Icelandic rk Nom. Pl. `

German reken `right, unhindered, often', Old High German rehhann `sort, order, arrange, reckon, Rechenschaft ablegen', Old English ge-recenian `define', engl. reckon ` therefore halten'; Old English recen `quick, fast, willing, ready'; Old Icelandic land-reki `king', Old

High German anet-rehho ` drake, male duck '; whether with the outlook the zum

Zusammenscharren ausgereckten Hand die family of Gothic rikan `anhufen', Middle High Low German raken (*rakn) `(together)scratch', Old Icelandic reka, Old High German

German rechen `zusammenscharren, anhufen, gather, collect', Old Icelandic raka, Middle

raka f. ds., -grade: Norwegian dial. raak f. `spoor, track, Streif, furrow, row', isl. rk f. `Streif' (compare Old Indic rji-, rj `stripe, row') here belongs, is dubious; through borrowing from dem Celtic vor the Mediaverschiebung: Gothic reiks `ruler, vornehm,

rehho ` rake, rake ', Old Saxon reka f. ` rake ', Old Saxon raka, Old English racu, Swedish

mighty' (Celtic rg-s), Old Icelandic rkr `mighty'; Old High German rhhi, Old Saxon rki, Old English rce (Celtic *rgio-) `mighty, vornehm, rich', Modern High German reich; Gothic reiki, Old High German rhhi `empire' (Celtic *rgion);

English reccan (for *rcan after reccan `ausstrecken'; but preterit rhte), Old Saxon rkian, Old High German geruohhen ` care bear, carry, Rcksicht nehmen', Old High German High German ruochls, Old English rcelas (Modern High German ruchlos, engl. ruoh, ruohha `Achthaben, endeavor, Sorgfalt', Middle Low German rke m. ds., Middle

-grade, with from `uplift, set up, help' entwickelter meaning: Old Icelandic rkja, Old

help, stand by ', , -, ` helper ', `help' sich engstens combine, merge; nasalized (compare das Lithuanian, also Old Indic rjti): Old English ranc `straight,

reckless) `unbekmmert, unworried ', Old Icelandic rkr `sorgsam', die with gr. `

stout, proud, bold', Middle Low German rank ` slim, thin, weak' (*gereckt), Old Icelandic rakkr ` slim, erect, bold'; Old Saxon Old English rinc, Old Icelandic rekkr `man'; Lithuanian nasalized em. rious, rtis `sich recken', ablaut. raus, rytis (16. Jh.

ranszies), r f. `Recken', Latvian ruztis `sich recken'; russ. su-rzina `good order'; Tocharian A rk-, rak- `hinbreiten, cover', rk- ds., A rkl `cover'. Trautmann 244. References: WP. II 362 ff., WH. II 426 f., 432 f., 434 f., Wissmann Nom. Postverb. 106,

Page(s): 854-857 rerekRoot / lemma: re-2, rek- (rek-?) rek Meaning: damp; rain reMaterial: 1. re-: Latin rigre `bewssern' (with i from e), alb. rrjeth, Aor. rrodha `flow,

quelle, tropfe'; Norwegian dial. rake m. ` dampness, damp ', Old Icelandic raki ds., nisl. rakr `humid, wet'; 2. rek- (rek-?) in: Gothic rign n. `rain' (*rek-n-), Crimean Gothic reghen, Old Icelandic rekrek

German regan, regin, regen, Middle High German regen m.; Old Icelandic rigna `rain', Old High German regann ds. etc.; Lithuanian (with West Indo Germanic k?) rkia, rkti ` fine rain', rk ` dust rain '. Page(s): 857 References: WP. II 365 f., WH. II 435.

regn n., Old Saxon regan, regin m., Old Frisian rein, Old English reg(e)n, rn m., Old High

Meaning: darkness Note

regosreg Root / lemma: re gos- (*ore go s-) re os

Root / lemma: regos- (*ore gos-): darkness derived from an extended Root / lemma: re gosrego s : re mer me r-2 : to shimmer, shine (*mer- k > *mer-b ) (common Aryan Greek m- > zero) Grammatical information: n.
h h

Material: Old Indic rjan- `night'; gr. ` darkness of the underworld ' (-suggestion); Maybe alb. errt ` dark ', errsir ` darkness ', errsoj ` darken ' Armenian erek and erekoy `evening'; also Adverb erek ` yesterday ';

Gothic riqis, -izis n. ` darkness', nisl. rkkr, -rs ` darkness, dawn, twilight'; here perhaps gr. `dark' (*orgsno-) and Tocharian A orkm (*orgmo-) ` darkness '; different above S. 334. References: WP. II 367, Benveniste Hirt-Festschrift 2, 236, Burrow BSOAS 12, 645 f. Page(s): 857

Meaning: expr. root

reib Root / lemma: rei h

Material: Old Indic rbhati `creak, rustle, mumble, murmur; cry'; Latvian rbt (also ribt) `din, drone, rumble, bawl, blaster'. References: WP. II 349;

reiSee also: probably to rei-3.

Page(s): 860 reid Root / lemma: rei Note:

h h

Meaning: to ride, go

reid lemma: Root / lemma: rei - : `to ride, go' derived from zero grade of an extended Root / lemma: Material: Middle Irish rad(a)im `travel' (*reid -); cymr. rhwydd-hau `beeilen, erleichtern';
h

er- orer-3 : or- : r- : `to move' in -eid - formant.

h

Modern High German reiten;

Frisian rda, Middle Low German rden, Old High German rtan, Middle High German rten, Latvian raidt `eilig senden, hetzen', raiditis ` wriggle ';

Old Icelandic ra `in schwankender Bewegung sein, ride'; Old English rdan `ride'; Old

Middle High German ritter;

extended in Old Frisian ridder, Middle Low German ridder (out of it Old Icelandic riddari), gall. rda `vierrdriger Reisewagen'; Irish d-riad `Zweigespann' (Indo Germanic
h

Germanic *ridjan- placed in Old English ridda, Old High German ritto ` equestrian ',

*reid ); Old Icelandic rei f. `Reiten, Reiterschar, cart ', Old Low German brande-rda

`Brandbock'; Old English rd f. `Reiten, pull, journey; Musik'; engl. road `way'; Old High
h

*raid, Indo Germanic *roid ); (compare Old High German reisa ` departure, wagon, war train, trip ' in Root / lemma: er-3 : or- : r- : `to move' in -eis- formant. er- orebrwydd `quick, fast' (*epo-rdi-);

German reita, Middle High German reite ` cart, campaign, kriegerischer attack ' (Germanic

compare moreover gall. rdrius `Lenker a rda'; PN -rdia, PN Epo-rdo-rx; cymr.

rde `fertig, light, clear, bright, simple, just' (engl. ready); Middle Low German gerde,

`light to bewerkstelligen, simple, just, clear, bright'; Old Frisian rde, Old English gerde,

Germanic *(ga)-raiia- in Gothic ga-rais `angeordnet, bestimmt', Old Icelandic greir

Hand'; as Substantiv in Old Icelandic reii n. and m. `Ausrstung', Norwegian greide n.

rde `willing, ready, fertig'; Middle High German gereit, gereite `fertig, willing, ready, zur

`Pferdegeschirr'; Old English gerde n. `Geschirr, armament, armor'; Middle Low German gerde `appliance, dowry '; Old High German gireiti n. `wagon, cart'; Middle High German gereite n. ` cart, Geschirr, tool'; Old Icelandic reir `durchreitbar, willing, ready';

help'; Old English (ge)rdan `sort, order, arrange, help'; Middle High German (ge)reiten ` prepare, make ready, sort, order, arrange, reckon, pay'.
h

Gothic ga-raidjan `dispose, festsetzen'; Old Icelandic greia `sort, order, arrange, pay,

den PN Roed-lon, Roidoc, Roet-anau, nbret. rouez `rare, clair-sem'; Latvian raids `willing, ready'. reid rei o- in Irish rad `Fahren, Reiten'; cymr. gorydd `horse'; Middle Latin-gall. ve-rdus,
h

reid rei i- in Irish rid `planus, facilis'; acymr. ruid, ncymr. rhwydd `light, free'; abret. roed in

para-ve-rdus (from *vo-rdos) `Beipferd'; compare Old High German ga-rt n. `equitatus'; Middle High German n-rit m. `Einritt'; Middle Low German rit n. `Ritt';
h

ech-rad f. ` horse' (*ekuo-reid );

h

to reid - also das Abstraktsuffix cymr. -rwydd m.: Old Irish Kollektivsuffix -rad in Old Irish

meaning of Laufens an, whether here belonging. Page(s): 861 References: WP. II 348 f., WH. II 425.

gr. `servant' with prothet. - reiht sich an die Dienernamen with a primary

reidRoot / lemma: reid-

Meaning: to lean on, support

Material: Gr. `lehne an, untersttze, drnge, strenge myself an' (hom. for --), `pad', - - `Strebepfeiler, pad'; Latin ridica `ein through References: References: WP. II 348, WH. II 434; fissures grerer Pflcke gewonnener Weinpfahl'?

Page(s): 860

See also: probably to rei-5.

Meaning: to bind

reig- reiRoot / lemma: reig- or rei-

cyfrwy `saddle' (*kom-reigo-); Middle Breton rum `bande, troupeau' goes auf *roig-smn back;

acymr. ruimmein), aerwy (*ad-reigo-) ` halter ', Old Irish barach, cymr. burwy `Kuhfessel',

rhe ` headband '); *reigo- in cymr. modrwy f. `ring', rhwym (*reig-smn) m. `manacle' (Pl.

in Middle Irish rach `manacle' (bret. ere) from *ad-rigo-, cenn-rach ` halter ' (= cymr. pen-

Material: Irish ad-riug `allig', con-riug `collig', do-riug `nud', fo-riug `sist'; *rigo- placed

Note: only Celtic and Germanic

form*kom-rig-om is, besides the suffix of Latin corrigia, corrigium `Schuhriemen, strap'; ricken `band, join together '. Middle High German ric Gen. rickes m. `band, strap, manacle, Verstrickung, knot' and

Irish cuimrech n. `manacle, Fesseln' (bret. kevre `lien') corresponds, da die basic

See also: probably extension from rei-1; meaning development as (see 858) rei-p`wickeln, bind'. Page(s): 861-862 Root / lemma: (rei-), rirei- rirei i

References: WP. II 347, Loth RC. 41, 220, WH. I 278 f.;

Meaning: to stretch, stretch out (the hand) reNote: bedeutungsverwandt with re-1.

Material: Old High German reichen `reach, (er)langen, darreichen, sich erstrecken', Middle Old Icelandic reik f. `Scheitel in Haar'; Lithuanian ri-iuos, -tis `sich brsten', ri-from, Old Irish riag `Tortur', ringid `foltert, torments'; Middle Irish rimm ` buffoon ' (*rei-smi-), References: WP. II 347 f., Trautmann 242, Loth RC. 42, 373. mcymr. dir-rwyn (*rei-no-) `Tortur, affliction'; cyf-rwyn-ein ds. ytis `sich wiederholt recken'; as `Tortur through Strecken the Glieder' seems also related Low German rcken, Old English rc(e)an `ausstrecken, reichen, darbieten' (engl. reach),

Page(s): 862

Meaning: to shake; pole (?)

reikRoot / lemma: reik-

Material: Norwegian rjaa m. ` shaft, pole zum Trocknen of corn ' (*rhan-), Swedish dial. ri f. `picket, pole, shaft, rod'; Middle Low German rick, reck n. (*rikk-) ` long thin shaft, pole',

Middle High German ric, -ckes m. `waagrechtes rack, shaft, pole', Modern High German also rchel, old Dutch rijgel now, yet richel `bar, bolt'; isl. rgr m. `stiffness' (also name of sich anspannen', Old English rge-rose `Muskeln am backbone, spine'; Old Reck; Old High German rigil m., Middle Low German regel m. `bar, bolt, Reeling', nnd.

Heimdallr); Middle Low German rch ` stiff ', Old Icelandic reigjask `den body uplift, set up, Icelandicriga, -aa `(hin and her) move, zum Wanken bringen', Swiss rigelen `waver';

Norwegian dial. rigga `upset'; Norwegian rikke `move, stir', East Frisian rikke(l)n `hin and her bewegen, wobble, sway'; Latvian rku (rkstu), rikt ` curdle, coagulate, harden, fest become'. References: WP. II 346 f.;

See also: probably as reik- to rei-; s. also rei-5.

Page(s): 862 reiRoot / lemma: rei-1

Meaning: to tear, cut

Material: Latin rma ` cleft ' (*rei-m); Middle Irish ro `stripe' (*ri-uo-); Old English rw,

rav `stripe', Latvian riwa ` cleft, crease, furrow'; in addition probably as ` border line ' or > `besiegt', ren beating '), bret. run `hill'; Old Icelandic rein f. ` border line ', Old High extensions: Norwegian rpa `ritzen', rpa `abreien, strip, wipe ', Middle English ripelen, nengl. ripple reibreib-: Old English rpan, riopan `reap' (engl. reap), rifter `sickle', rp n. `harvest',

rw f. `row' (*roi-u); Lithuanian riev ` cliff gap, rock, hill' (compare Latin rump : rps),

`Hgelreihe': Middle Irish ren `way, Bergkette' (therefrom renaid `*bahnt sich einen way'

German rein, Modern High German Rain slope ds. (Celto-Germanic *roi-no-).

Modern High German reif (`zum Ernten reif'). reigreig- see below different headword.

`saw, jagged mountain ridge'; Old Saxon rpi, Old English rpe, Old High Germanrfi,

`flax break, rupture', Middle Low Germanrepen, repelen ds., Old High German rifila, riffila

`rupture, tear, rend', `barst', , , - `geschrotete barley' (-- spelling for -); perhaps Latin rixa `ttlicher quarrel, fight'; cymr. rhwygo `tear', rhwyg m. `break, col, gap', Middle Breton roegaff `tear, rend', nbret. reuga; ablaut. mcymr. go-rugaw `tear';

reik(h)reik(h)-: Old Indic rikhti, likhti ` scarifies ', rkh, lkh `crack, line, line'; gr.

Middle High German rhe `line', Modern High German Reihe, Old High German rhan `auf einen Faden pull', with ablaut and gramm. Wechsel Old High German riga `line', Middle High German rige `line, row, knstlicher Wassergraben', Modern High German Riege; Norwegian reig m. `row, Zeile';

raika, -ti `bread mehrfach in Schnitten cut';

Lithuanian rieki, rikti `(bread)cut, clip, zum erstenmal pflgen', riek `Brotschnitte',

Baluchi rsag, rsa `spinnen, flax, wattle, braid').

similarly reik- in Old Indic riti, liti `rupft, reit ab, weidet ab' (npers. ritan `spinnen',

`falling, tumbling, dropping, slope'; Latin rpa `steiler edge, bank, border, shore'; Old

reip-: gr. `strze um (tr.), strze low, base' (intr.), n. Pl. `ruinae', f. reip-

Swedish rva, Old Icelandic rfa `tear (tr.)', rifna `zerspringen, jump ', rifa f. `crack, col, gap',

pluck'; Old Icelandic rfr ` desirable, worth having, welcome, wanted ' (compare `sich um ablaut. Old Icelandic reifr `blithe, glad, aufgerumt', reifa `frdern, beschenken'; East

Middle Low German rven `rub', Old Frisian rva ` rend ', Low German ribben `pluck, flax

etwas reien'), Old English rf `vast, grand, violent', Middle Low German rve ` wasteful ';

Frisian riffel `furrow', Old English ge-riflian ` furrow '; with p through consonant stretch: Old Icelandic rp `Oberkante eines Bootes', East Frisian rip(e) `edge, bank, border, shore', Middle High German rf `bank, border, shore';

`loswickeln' (similarly Dutch dial. rijvelen `wear out');

bein-refta ` britches '; Old Icelandic reifar Pl. f. `Wickel', reifa `wickeln', Old English -rfian with consonant stretch -p(p)-: Gothic skauda-raip `Schuhriemen', Old Icelandic reip, Old p(p)with Germanic -sp- (from -ps-?): Old Icelandic rispa `tear open' and f. rispa `ein light sp-

Weberbaum', rifa ` sew ', Old English rift f. `dress, Schleier, curtain', Old High German

Low German rift ds., Old Icelandic rift (ript) f. `piece Zeuges', rifr m. (*rii-) ` pulley,

anreihbar, and `wickeln, bind' as abgeleitete meaning: Old Icelandic rif n. `Reff', Middle

besides eine Germanic family with `scrap, shred, stripe' as basic meaning, so that here

English rp `rope, band', Old High German reif `strap, Fareif, ring';

through die Raufe pull' (Modern High German Rispe `Samenbschel' but probably with abbrechen', Middle High German be-rispeln `rebuke, reproach, bestrafen'. originally hr-), Old High German rispeln ` snatch ', Bavarianab-reispen `abzupfen,

Kratzer', Old Swedish rispa `discord', Low German rispe `Flachsraufe', rispen `den Flachs

(present rayeiti tr., iriyeiti tr., intr., Kaus. raayeiti), participle irita- ` damages ', raam., raah- n. ` damage, harm ', probably also raa- `cleft, fissure in the earth'; Maybe alb. rrah ` beat, strike ' Swedish rsta `(Runen) ritzen', Middle Low German risten ` carve ', Old Icelandic ristill m. `Pflugeisen', Middle High German rist m. n. ` plowshare, plough handle, plough stilt '; Latvian risums, risins `crack, slit', Old Church Slavic reiti `loosen'. References: WP. II 343 ff., WH. II 435 f., 436, 438, Trautmann 241. Page(s): 857-859 Old Icelandic rsta (reist) and rista schw. V. `cut, clip, ritzen, aufritzen', rista `Ritz, slit', Old

changeable '; Avestan ra-, iri- `injure, wound, hurt; damage suffer, bear, endure'

ri- `injures, hurts, disables', rayati `schdigt, straft', rianyti `geht fehl', riay- `

reisreis-: Old Indic riyati, rati `wird injures, hurts, disables, receives damage; damages ',

rei- roiRoot / lemma: rei-2, roi-

Meaning: variegated, speckled

Material: Lithuanian ra-nas `gray, buntgestreift'; ra-mas `varicolored'; Old Irish rabach ` `varicolored, marked, stained ', esp. from animals, Old Prussian roaban `striped ', russ. klr. English r, rha m. `roe deer', Old Icelandic r f., Old English rge (*raigjn-), Old High German ria, ria (unclear) and Modern High German Ricke, Dutch rekke `Ricke', (expressive) wherefore probably Old Indic riya- m. ` male antelope '. Page(s): 859 References: WP. II 346, Trautmann 235 f., Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 115. dappled ', Lithuanian ra-bas ` dappled, graubunt' (rabti `flicker'), Latvian ribs

ribyj `varicolored'; *roi-ko- seems die base from Old High German rh n., rho m., Old roi-

Root rei- r(i)Root / lemma: rei-3, r(i)-

Meaning: to cry, bellow, etc.. onomatopoeic words Material: Old Indic ryati ` barks '; Lithuanian reju reti `losschreien, scold, chide', refl. Note: s. also reu-, ru-, r-

`sich quarrel, squabble'; Latvian reju, rju, rit `bark, bay'; ablaut. rju, rt `scold, chide', clangor ' (Czech raroh m. `Wrgfalke'), russ. rjat ` clink, sound'; Old Icelandic rmr rmr `voice, sound, pronunciation'; compare further Old English rrian `bloken, roar,

Lithuanian rojju, rojti `unordentlich crow, cackle' (of rooster, cock)?, Church Slavic rar ` `hoarse' (*rma-); derived from a noun *rama is remja `roar, bellow'; possible here also bellow', Old High German rrn ds. etc.; eine full root er-, r- there. extensions: rbrb- `rlpsen': (*rapatjan) `rlpsen'; Danish rbe ds., jt. also `quack' s. Falk-Torp 928; compare reubrk- `roar, bellow, cry': (*rakin) ` quail '; Middle High German ruohen `roar, bellow, grunt' (besides rhen to reu-kLatin raccre, rancre `roar, bellow' (of Tiger); rna (*rcsn) `frog'; cymr. rhegen f. Norwegian dial. rpa `den Mund run let' (*rpjan), rapa `rlpsen'; Old Icelandic repta

Old Icelandic jarma `bleat', wherefore Armenian onal `heule' belongs, weis perhaps auf

under reu-1.

), Old Middle High German ruohelen, Middle High German rehelen ` neigh, roar, bellow, rkt ds.; Old Church Slavic rek `say'; with g: Latin ragere `roar, bellow'. rtrt- `roar, bellow, rant, roister': the rutting, heat sein'; Old High German ruod ` bellowing, braying, roar ', ir-ruota `rugiebam', Old English re, `cruel, savage, terrible'. Page(s): 859-860 References: WP. II 342 f., WH. II 414, 416, 421 f., Trautmann 242 f. Middle High German reden `rant, roister', Bavarian reden `roar, bellow, rant, roister, in groan ' (besides rheln, rcheln to *reu-k-); Lithuanian rki, rkti `roar, bellow', Latvian

rei- riRoot / lemma: rei-4 : ri-

Meaning: thing; possession

Note: after Burrow (Sanscrit 178, 245) would be from eH vor i originated?

Material: Old Indic rai- m. f. ` possession, richness ' in r, ry (originally i-stem); das from r after dem Akk. Sg. rm, the likewise analogical has (after gm, above S. 482);

ray- `gift, possession, jewel' (Avestan Akk. Pl. ra, leg. ray), rayi-vnt-, mostly r-vnt`rich'; Avestan Instr. Sg. raya (leg. ry) = Old Indic ry (to r), Avestan ravant `rich'; Old Indic rta-, Avestan rt `bestowed'; Old Indic Avestan r- `give' (extended Old Indic rsat `gives'), Old Indic rt- `gift, giver'; Latin rs, re `thing, possession ' (das after dem Akk. rm from *reHim?), Umbrian re-

per `pro r', Dat. Abl. ri; in addition Latin reus `Prozesspartei, the (die) Angeklagte' (*rios); unclear mcymr. rei ` richness '. References: WP. II 343, WH. II 430 f., 432, Wackernagel-Debrunner III 214 ff.; O. f.) eine basic form *reHi- for das noun and *reH- for das verb an (?).

Szemernyi takes (in writing) with Burrow (Sanscrit 178, 245) and Kurylowicz (tudes 36

Page(s): 860

reiRoot / lemma: rei-5

Meaning: ` crop, trim, prune '

Page(s): 860

See also: see below reid-, reik- and rem-.

rei-r(i)Root / lemma: rei-r(i)-

Meaning: to tremble (expr.)

Material: Old Indic llyti, llyti ` sways, swings, trembles ', lly Instr. ` fluctuating, in unruhiger Bewegung'; Gothic reiran (schw. V.) `tremble, quiver', reir `Zittern, Erdbeben'. Page(s): 862 References: WP. II 349.

rRoot / lemma: rei-, r-

Meaning: ` move, flow ' Page(s): 862 Page(s):

See also: see above S. 330 f. (er-3)

rekRoot / lemma: rek-1

Meaning: to tower; pole

Norwegian dial. raaga (*rgn-) `thin shaft, pole', Low German rack ` rack, Wandregal',

Schiffsrahe', Middle Low German r, Middle High German rahe f. ` shaft, pole, Rahe';

Material: Old Icelandic r f. (*rah) ` shaft, pole in a scaffold, trestle zum Trocknen,

Note: as reik-, see there.

Middle High German reck(e) ` long thin shaft, pole, esp. zum berhngen from Kleidern';

Middle High German rach, -hes and rac, -ges, lengthened grade rhe ` stiff '; Middle High up, erregen, move, waken, arouse, revive' (*ragjan), Modern High German regen;

German regen stem V. `sich erheben, stare, tower ', Causative. regen schw. V., `uplift, set Norwegian dial. raga `waver'; very doubtful, whether as reduced grade here Middle High rogeln `wobble, sway', Old Icelandic rugla `in Unordnung bringen, disturb, bother';

German rogel `not fest, fluctuating ', sich rugelen `sich rhren', Modern High German dial.

Old High German ruc m. `jerk' (*rukki-);

rock), Old High German rucken, Modern High German rcken `move', Old Icelandic rykkr, Lithuanian rkls `Stangengerst zum Trocknen, Ruchern'.

geminated rugga `swing, move'; rykkia ` move, hurry', Old English roccian `swing' (engl.

Page(s): 863

References: WP. II 361 f., Wissmann Nom. postverb. 176.

Meaning: to harm

hh Root / lemma: rekh-

harm, damage, esp. the in other Leben', raayeiti `schdigt'; gr. `zerre and beutle hin and her' (the storm of the ship); `the Erderschtterer'. common Old Indic h- > -k- : Avestan -h- > -x-, -References: WP. II 362;

Material: Old Indic rkas- n. `agony, Qulgeist, fiend, demon', Avestan raah- ` damage,

Page(s): 864

See also: in addition rkos `bear' as ` damager '.

Meaning: to bind

reRoot / lemma: rek-, re-

Material: Old Indic raan f. `rope, strap, belt, girdle', rami- m. `rope, strap, rein'; Old

manacle'; Old English racente, racete f., Old High German rahhinza f. d. Page(s): 863 References: WP. II 362.

the Rahe', Old English racca m. ds., Old Icelandic rekendi n., rekendr f. Pl. ` chain,

Swedish hurraka (hur-) `Heck-band, strap', Old Icelandic rakki m. `Stropp zum Festhalten

remb- romb- mbmb Root / lemma: remb-, romb-, r mbNote: Meaning: to hack, notch
o o o o

remb- romb- mbmb Root / lemma: remb-, romb-, r mb- : `to hack, notch' derived from a zero grade of Root / Material: Middle High German rumph, Modern High German Rumpf, isl. rumpr `rump', md. Middle Low German rump `trunk' (*`broken piece'); whether to Lithuanian rumbas `scar',
o

ereb- orob- rblemma: ereb-, orob-, rb- : `to drill, make holes'

rumboti ` hem ' (*r mbo-), ablaut. rmbti ` Narben bekommen ', Latvian robs ` incisure ' fold and sew down the edge of a piece of cloth ', Czech roubiti ds. etc.?

(*rombo-), Slavic *rb m. in serb. rb `hem', slov. rb `edge, hem', slov. rbiti `hack, hem,

Page(s): 864-865

References: WP. II 373, Trautmann 236, Vasmer 2, 541 f.

Maybe alb. rrmbej `kidnap'

Meaning: to rest; to support Note:

rem- rem Root / lemma: rem-, rem- (* r-mo-)

e

Note: relationship to er-, r- `rest' (see 338 f.) is doubtful rem- rem Root / lemma: rem-, rem- : `to rest; to support' derived from a zero grade of an extended er rRoot / lemma: er-2, r- : `to be still' in -m- formant (* r-mo-)
e

Material: Old Indic rmat `stands still, rests, finds pleasure, pflegt the love', rmati,

urmyn ` restrain, hamper, calm, appease '; Old Indic rma- m. `lust, pleasure, joy', rm`erfreuend, mellifluous, charming', Avestan rman- n. ` tranquility, peace', npers. rm ` tranquility; cheerful, cheerful'; Old Indic rnti f. ` refreshment, Ergtzung', rasu Adv. `Liebeslust', rti- f. `rest, tranquility, lust';

soll rest', rmiwm `ihr mgetstehen bleiben', rmayeiti `relieved', osset. urmun,

ramti, rmayati `bringt zum stille stand, makes tight, firm, ergtzt'; Avestan rmyat `er

`joyful, gratifying'; rat- `stand geblieben, sich gengen lassend, sich ergtzend', rat- n. with unclear : gr. , - ` peaceful, gentle, leise', ` peaceful',

Kompar. (compare den es-stem Gothic rimis); rinde `vessel';

Old Irish fo-rim- `place, lay, place' (originally *`sttzen'; ri- = r-); perhaps Middle Irish

Old Icelandic rnd f. `edge, hem, shield', Old English rand m. `Schildrand, shield', Old High German rant m. `edge, Einfassung, shield', Norwegian rande and ablaut. rinde `Erdrcken, bench ', Crimean Gothicrintsch `mons', span. (*Gothic) randa `Leiste'; Norwegian rand f. `crossbar, crossbeam, Sims', Modern High German Bavarian ranten ` shaft, pole' (:
h

Middle Low German Middle High German reme), ramen ds.; Gothic rimis n. ` tranquility ';

Old High German rama `pad, rack, Webe- or Stickrahmen', Middle Low German rame (=

rambh- m. `staff, pad', Norwegian rimb, rimme `Erdrcken', Lithuanian rambs `idle', rmbti `trge sein; nicht right wachsen wollen';

kann *rom-ti- sein, but at most also auf the extension rem-b - based on, compare Old Indic rem-

Lithuanian ramtis, ramstis `pad, handrail'); Old High German ramft `edge, Einfassung'

East Frisian rim `rafter, sloped beam that forms the framework of a roof '; Old English rima through hybridization with a root rei-, deren extensions in reid- and reik- vorliegen `edge, limit, boundary, Kste' (engl. rim), Old Icelandic rimi m. `Landrcken'; perhaps

Old Icelandic rim f. `long, thin board', engl. dial. rim ` rung, horizontal step on a ladder ',

(Wissmann);

ramnti and rmdau, -yti ` calm, appease ', ramtis `pad', rmas ` tranquility ', rams ` Tocharian rm-, ram- `sich neigen, bend, bow'. References: WP. II 371 f., Trautmann 243 f.

Lithuanian remi, remti `sttzen', Inchoativ rmsti, rmti ` peaceful become', causative

peaceful', rms ` peaceful, gentle ', Latvian rms `tame, domesticated, still, godly, pious';

Page(s): 864 rend Root / lemma: ren Meaning: to tear Material: Material: Old Indic rndhram `aperture, cleft, fissure, hle'; Old English rendan `tear',
h

`Wundschorf'. Page(s): 865

German Rinde, Old English rind(e) f. `bark, crust', ablaut. mnl. Hessian runde f.

Middle Low German rende `Zerbrochenes'; Old High German rinda, rinta, Modern High

References: WP. II 372, 374.

Meaning: thing

rentRoot / lemma: rent-

Material: Under this root could combined become: Old Indic rtnam `property, possession, blessing' (*rntn-) and Irish rt `thing' (*rntu- or

*rentu-); also Latvian ruotgs `with all versehen' (whether from *ront-). Page(s): 865 References: WP. II 374.

Meaning: to grab, rip out

repRoot / lemma: rep-

`Harpye', hom. - (Hs. ); alb. rjep `ziehe from, ab, rob'; Maybe alb. rrep-t strict, tough, inexorable, tough, unkind, hard
e

(Asper after dem unverwandten , , whereat s. *ser-, serp- `sickle'),

woeful, wretched, miserable (damages)'; gr. `rupfe, reie ab, devour ',

Material: Old Indic presumably rpas- n. ` disability, krperlicher damage, injury ', raphit- `

fury, fury' (*reptu-), s. also rabh-; Germanic*rafisjan originally `krperlich punish, curse' refsen `chastise, castigate, punish, curse', Old Saxon respian ds., Old English refsan,

Latin rapi, -ere ` pile, an sich reien, hastig gripe, rob' (a = ); Middle Irish recht `rage,

(denominative eines -es-stem as Old Indic rpas-); Old Icelandic refsa, Old High German

reprimand';

refsen, compare with lengthened grade Old English gerf n. (?) = geresp ` accusation,

repsan, respan `rebuke, reproach', next to which *rafjan in Middle High German reffen =

Dutch rafel ` fibre, filament, ausgezupfter filament ', rafelen `wear out';

Old Icelandic rafr `stripe Heilbuttenfleisch', refill `stripe, piece eines texture ' (`ragged '),

Pl. `pliers'.

Lithuanian ap-rpti `catch, gripe, conceive ', Lithuanian rpls (Old Prussian raples) f.

Page(s): 865

References: WP. II 369 f., WH. II 417, Trautmann 244.

ret(h)Root / lemma: ret(h)-

Meaning: to run, to roll

Material: Old Indic rtha- m. ` cart ', rath- ` charioteer ', rthya- `zum cart belonging',

rathar-yti `travels in cart '; ratheh- `warrior' = Avestan raat ds.; Avestan raa- ` cart ', raiya `Fahrstrae'; Latin rota `wheel', birotus `zweirdrig' (: Lithuanian dvirtis), rotundus `scheibenrund';

Maybe alb. rota `wheel'.

Irish roth m. `wheel'; cymr. rhod f. `wheel'; gall. PN Roto-magus (Rouen); Celtic *-reto`Mannigfaltigkeit', Kollektivsuffix in Middle Irish aig-red `ice'; lengthened grade *-rto- in `run, flow', neutr. Abstraktsuffix in cymr.brith-red `perplexity' = Middle Irish brecht-rad

rad ds., mcymr. bed-rawd, cymr. bedd-rod, bret. bez-ret `Grber' (cymr. bedd `grave'), in addition Middle Irish r(i)the ` season, quarter of the year ' (*rtio-); Old Irish rethim `laufe' with compounds, Kaus. roithim `treibe an'; Maybe alb. rreth `hoop, rim (of wheel); circle', rrethim `siege'; Old Irish verbal noun riuth m. `run, flow' (*rtu-); Maybe alb. rrjeth, rrjedh f. `run, flow' (*rtu-); guo-redaf `succurr', acymr. Perf. gua-raut = Irish fo-rith (*upo-rt-e);

mcymr. rhawd `run, flow, Laufbahn, Schaar', gaeaf-rawd `Winterszeit' = Middle Irishgem-

to Old Irish do-riuth `accurr' belongs cymr. tyred (*to-rete) `come!'; Old Irish fo-riuth, cymr. Old Icelandic rull m. `Strahlenkranz, sun' and Old Saxon radur, Old English rador,

rodor m. `sky, heaven'; Gothic *ras `light', (Kompar. n. raizo) Old English rd `quick, Old Low German rath, afr. reth, Old High German rad `wheel', radelt `with Rderchen versehen'; Lithuanian rtas m. `wheel, circle ' (Plur. rtai ` carriage, cart '), Latvian rats

fast, nimble, agile; graceful; sharp, keen ', Old High German rado, rato adv. `quick, fast';

radelt and Latin rotula f. `Rdchen'), dvirtis (mostly Pl. dviriai) `zweirdriger cart '; maybe alb. Geg me rotullue `to circulate', Illyrian GN Redon, Rodon

`wheel' (Plur. rati ` cart '), Lithuanian ratlis m. `Rdchen' (compare Old High German

development from *petor-roto- sein. Page(s): 866

Lithuanian rit, rsti `roll' (*rt-); but gall. petor-ritum `vierrdriger cart ' kann Latin

References: WP. II 368, WH. II 443 f., Trautmann 238.

Meaning: to vomit, retch

reureuRoot / lemma: reu-b- and reu-g-

Latvian rubenis `Birkhuhn'?); ablaut. Old Icelandic ropa `aufstoen', rypta `sich erbrechen', High German reshaped to rlzen, rlpsen. Old High German roffezzen `aufstoen' (*rupatjan), Middle High German rofzen, Modern 2. reug-: Npers. -r `das Rlpsen'; Armenian orcam `erbreche myself, burp' (from reug-

Material: 1. reub-: Old Icelandic rjpa f. `Schneehuhn', Norwegian rjupa, rype (compare reub-

burp', `Aufstoen'; Latin rg, -ere `ausrlpsen', ruct, -re `rlpsen, ausspeien'; Old English rocettan `rlpsen', edroc `das Wiederkuen', Old High German it-ruchen, Middle High German itercken `ruminate', iteroche f. `gullet from ruminants', nisl. jrtr n.

*orucam, o- is suggestion vowel); gr. `speie from, erbreche myself ', `

`das Wiederkuen' (about *-urtr from *i-ruhtr-); Old Icelandic jrtra `wiederkuen';

Slavic rygaj s ` burp', Lithuanian rgstu, rgti ` sour become, ferment, seethe', rgos `wheys', rgys `sauertpfischer person', rgtas `sour', rugas `sourdough', Latvian Prussian ructan dadan `sour milk', raugus `rennet';

Lithuanian rjugmi (riugju), raugi, rgiu ` burp, have saures Aufstoen', Old Church

atraugas f. Pl. `Aufstoen', atraugties `aufstoen', raudzt `suern', rkts `bitter, herb', Old as *reu-smen `Wiederkuen; gullet ' (see 873) auf the Lautgebrde *reu- being based under a Mittelbed. ` burst out, break out ', or `exhalre' reiht man (yet very doubtful) an:

on;

Low German rken, rken `smell', Old High German rouhhan `smoke, steam, smell', Old High German ruch, Middle Low German rke m. `smell, odor', isl. Norwegian rok n. `Scatter, sprinkle, drive, impel, drift, propel, push, thrust, storm'; Maybe Rumanian roi ` cloud '

Old Icelandic rjka `smoke, whisk, hurry', Old English rocan `smoke, steam, stink', Middle High German rouh, Old Saxon rk, Old English rc, Old Icelandic reykr m. `smoke', Middle

if alb. r `cloud' from *rougi- originated is, as Modern High German Rauch, is ein previously proto Indo Germanic *reug- `cloud, smoke' voraussetzbar. References: References: WP. II 357, Wissmann Nom. Postverb. 128 f., Trautmann 244. Page(s): 871-872

reud ereu Root / lemma: reu - (*uereu -) (zero grade of * eleukh-) uereud Note: Meaning: red
1 h h h

reud el- olRoot / lemma: reu - : `red' derived from a zero grade of Root / lemma: el-1, ol-, l- : `red, Material: brown (in names of trees and animals)' extended in formant kh-; in e- grade: gr. ` to make red, stain red, Pass. to be or become red' (= Old Icelandic rja),
e

Church Slavic *rdr etc.); ` rust, in corn; title of Demeter in Lydia, mildew, metallic oxide, rust ' (ambiguous ending), - `German measles, Rubella' (*-, *rud -s-); In zero grade:
h

n. ` redness, flush; of dye' (compare Latin rubor); `red' (= Latin ruber, Old

Old Indic rhita- = Avestan raoiita- `red, reddish', rht- `rote mare, Weibchen a gazelle ', rhi- m., rh f. ` gazelle '; Old Indic lh- `reddish', m. n. `reddish metal, copper, iron' (formal = Latin rfus, Old Irish rad, Gothic raus, Lithuanian radas, Old Church Slavic Pulver bereitet wird', loa- n. ` iron rust ' (*reud -s-to-); rud ir- `red, bloody', n. `blood'
h h h h h h

rud), rdhra-, ldhra- m. `symplocosracemosa, ein tree, from dessen Rinde ein rotes

);

(*rud -i-ro-, contaminated from *rud -ro- and *rud -i-); khotansak. rrusta- `red' (*reud -s-to-

Maybe alb. (nd-rusk) ndryshk ` rust ' [Albanian prefix dz(a)-, d-, z- is of Macedonian Slavic origin (as in Mac. *dz-stra, dzstra ` the day after tomorrow, tomorrow'), from towards]. Slavic za ` behind; for, after, because of, during, at, in, on' see Root / lemma: h : behind, Latin rbidus ` oxblood, indigo ' (with -do- further formations = Old Indic lh-); with dial. f: rfus ` light-red, rufous, reddish', Umbrian rofu ` red '; Maybe alb. rruv, rruf `vine without grapes' : rrufn, rrfn, rrfngul (diminutive) `handle (*twig?)' Latin loaword.

with dial. from *ou Latin rbus, rbeus, rbius `red', rbgo `Rost; mildew, smut, blight ',

rubros '), Latin rubor ` redness ', rube, -re `be red' (: Old High German rotn, Old Church rutilus `reddish', VN Rutuli (with Dissim.); compare Ligurian fundus Roudelius, Illyrian Slavic rdti), russus ` fleischrot ' (*rud -so-); auf *rud ro- go back to auson. loanword
h h

also probably rbus, rbur `Hartholz, heartwood '; ruber, rubra, -um `red' (Umbrian rufru `

Camp Raudii, apul. PN Rudiae (Szemernyi Arch. Ling. 4, 112 f.); about Latin raudus see below; Old Irish rad, cymr. etc. rhudd `red', Old Irish rucc(a)e ` shame' (*rud-ki), nasal. fo-

roind `blushes, turns red'; gall. PN Roudus, Ande-roudus, GN Rudiobos (` red Schlger '?), Rudianos; Celtic roudo- `red' and `strong'; Old Icelandic rjr, Old English rod `red', Old Icelandic rja ` make bloody ', Old

German rt `red', Old Icelandic raui m. `rotes Eisenerz', rora f. `blood', roi m. ` redness Middle High German rot `red', Old High German rotamo, rosamo (*rud -s-men-) ` redness ' `reddish'; -ryderian `blush'; Old English rst, Old High German Old Saxon rost `Rost' (*rd -s-to);
h

ga-riudei `Schamhaftigkeit'; ablaut. raus, Old Icelandic raur, Old English rad, Old High ', ry n. and ryr m. `Rost', roa ` be or become red ', Old High German rotn `blush',
h

English rodan `red paint ', Gothic (about ` shamefaced blush') ga-rius ` respectable ',

(moreover Old Icelandic rosmu-fjll `rtliche Berge'), Old English rudu ` redness ', rudig

marsh with rtlichem, eisenhaltigem water, morass, puddle, slop', rasvas (*roud -s-uo-) ruslis `Bratrost', rusti `gleam, burn', Latvian rusla `kind of rotbrauner paint, color',
h h h h

`reddish'), rudu `autumn', rudti `rosten', rds f. `Rost', rdnas, rdyn, rdn `swamp, `reddish', Latvian rsa (*rd -s-) `Rost', Lithuanian rsvas ` reddish brown ' (*rud -s-uo-),

Lithuanian radas, raudnas `red', raud `rote paint, color'; rdas ` puce ' (Latvian ruds

Lithuanian rstas ` brownish, purple, mauve' (*rud -s-to-), Latvian rusta `braune paint, color', rustt `red paint '; Old Church Slavic rud `red', ruda `ore, metal ', rus (*roud -s-o-) `reddish, blond';
h h

*rdr `red' in r.-Church Slavic rodr; rdti s ` turn red ', rda `Rost', russ. rysyj `reddish blond' (*rd -s-o-, compare Latvian rsa); Tocharian A rtr-rkyant `rotglnzend', rtr, rtre `red' (*rutre-?).

gedeutet become; Latin raudus, rdus, rdus `ein formloses Erzstck as coin' is perhaps

Old Indic ravi- m. `sun', Armenian arev ds. kann only very doubtful as `the Rote'

Church Slavic ruda `ore, metal ' to connect and gall. or Illyrian loanword;

with Old Indic lh- `rotes metal, copper, iron' and Old Icelandic raui `rotes Eisenerz', Old also Old High German aruzzi, erizzi, aruz, Old Saxon arut `ore, Erzstck', Old Icelandic

to betrachten; hence besteht Hommels derivation from sum. urud ` copper' letztlich to right, different Kretschmer Gl. 32, 6 ff. Page(s): 872-873 References: WP. II 358 f., WH. II 420 f., 444 f., 455, 456, Trautmann 239.

ortog (*arutia-taugo) `Drittel eines re' are because of Schwankens the forms as borrowed

Root / lemma: reugh-m(e)nreugh-m(e)ngh Meaning: cream Material: Avestan raona- ` butter', Middle Persian npers. ran `(ausgelassene) butter';

Low German rme, Old High German roum `cream', and Middle Low German rme (for *rme), from which Modern High German Rahm, with Swiss rm ds. Page(s): 873 References: WP. II 357 f.; s. also above S. 868.

Old Icelandic rjmi m. ` skimmings', changing through ablaut Old English ram, Middle

Root / lemma: reu-1, ru-, rreu- ru-

Meaning: to roar, murmur, etc.. (expr.), onomatopoeic words

bellowing, braying, roar '; gr. `heule, bellow, stoe einen scream from', Adv. `with bellowing, braying, roar ' (prefix Indo Germanic ); Latin rmor `noise, shout, talk, speak'; call, rumor'; rvus `hoarse', ravis f. ` hoarseness ', raucus `hoarse', ravi -re `sich hoarse Old English ron `Wehklagen', Middle High German rienen (*reunn) ` wail, lament'; Old Church Slavic rev, rjuti and Old Church Slavic rov, ruti `roar, bellow', Czech uj (old),

Material: Material: Old Indic ru-ti, ruvti, ravati `bellow, roar, lrmt, drhnt', rva-, ravtha- m. `

Icelandic rymja `roar, bellow, drone, grumble', rymr m. `grobe voice';

Latvian ruoja f.); Slavic*rov besides *rjuti from *reu, *reuti, thereafter *rjov > *rjev; rhin ds.; Gothic rna f. ` mystery ', Old Saxon rna, Middle Low German rne ` furtive

je f. `clamor of Hirsches, rutting ', poln. ruja f. `rutting, heat(zeit)' (out of it Lithuanian ruj, with the meaning of dumpfen, but heimlichen Murmelns: Old Irish rn ` mystery ', cymr.

rne ` whispering, furtive Beratschlagen', Old Icelandic ryna `vertraulich together talk,

whispering, h. Beratschlagen, Runenzeichen', Old English rn ds., Middle High German

Middle High German rienen), Norwegian dial. rjona `babble'. extensions:

whisper, raunen', changing through ablaut Old English ronian ` whisper' (as above ron,

speak', Old English rnian ` whisper, sich verschwren', Old High German rnn `

Indic rda- m. `Klageton, Winseln, Weinen' (= Old High German rz m., compare

reuda. reud-: Old Indic rudti, rditi `heult, weint, jammert', Avestan raod- `weep, cry', Old

Lithuanian raud); gr. ? (see above); Latin rd, -ere, -vi `cry; roar, bellow'; Old High German riozan `weep, cry', rz `das Weinen, Winseln', Old English rotan ` wail, weep,

rudmi `I lament ', raudju, raudti ds., Latvian radt `weep, cry, lament', Lithuanian apsirstu, preterit su-rdau `mad, wicked, evil, sad become', rstas ` grumpy, surly, sullen, fierce, grim'; slov. rydati `weep, cry', Old Czech ruditi `afflict, sadden'. reub. reu-: gr. ` the bellowing ', ` bellowing (of bull)',

cry', ablaut. Old Icelandic rauta `roar, bellow'; Bavarian rotzen `weep, cry'; Lithuanian

Hes. (also `great din, fuss, noise' is from * reconverted with metathesis), , , ` bellowing, braying, roar, Geheul' (to - see above); ` growl, bark, bay' Hes.; Latin rgi, -re `roar, bellow (of Lwen)' (after

mgi?); Middle Irish rucht ` bellowing, braying, roar, Geheul' (*rug-tu-); Old English roc `wild', wherefore probably Gothic in-rauhtjan `ergrimmen'; (but Old Icelandic raukn n. ` draft animal ' for rkn = vrkn); Slavic *ruieti ` neighs ' in Old Church Slavic ret, rzati,

scold' = Old Church Slavic rgati s ` mock ').

serb. , zati etc. (Lithuanian rgti `evil nehmen' is loanword from russ. rugt `vilify,

rohn `rgre' (Wissmann Nom. postv. 87 f.); Latvian rucu, rkt `roar, roar, bellow',

German rhin ` bellowing, braying, roar ', besides ruhen (from *ruhjan), Old High German

reukc. reuk-: Old English ryn `roar, bellow' (*rhjan), Middle Low German rjan ds., Old High

`rutting, heat the Hirsche', rkati `roar, bellow' etc. reusd. ein cognate reus- seeks man in:

bellow'; besides Old Church Slavic rikaj ` bellow' (from *rjkaj), ablaut. slov. rk m.

Lithuanian rkti `roar, bellow'; Old Church Slavic rykaj, rykati `rugire', russ. rykt `roar,

`Rostpfanne, pyre, stake', Old High German rsc, Middle High German rosch, rsch Lithuanian rzgiu `roar, foam, schnurre, grumble'.

Modern High German rsten (after dem knisternden Ton?), Old High German rst

`knisternd, brittle, resch', Old English ge-roscian `beim fire dry'?; in addition probably

References: WP. II 349 ff., WH. II 421, 447, 449, 450 f., Trautmann 241, 247, 248. Page(s): 867-868

Meaning: to tear out, dig out, open, acquire, etc..

reuRoot / lemma: reu-2, reu- : r-

probably from `her and in Stcke reien'), participle rut- ` shatter, zerschmettert' (= Latin d-, -, ob-rtus); rman-, lman `hair' (compare under n. Irish raimneach and Old Icelandic rgg `long hair'); gr. - `die Erde aufwhlend';

Material: Old Indic rav-, ru- ` shatter, shatter ' (rvat, rudh, rviam, rruvat; meaning

Note: to part, as it seems, still volleres ereu- (see below)

tGrammatical information: participle Perf. Pass. r-t-

caesa `all, was auf a small area of land ausgegraben and gefllt is', rtrum `spade, hack, mattock, hoe, Kelle', rutellum `small shovel', rutbulum `shovel, Scharre'; Middle Irish ram `spade, Grabscheit', ramar `effossio'; nir. raimneach `long hair'; Saxon rwi f. `rauhes fell, fur';

Latin ru in the meaning `tear open, dig, scratch', -, d-, ob-ru, -rtus (see above), rta

Old Icelandic ryja `den Schafen die Wolle ausreien' (Norwegian r f. `Winterwolle'), Old Old Icelandic rgg f., rggr m. `long hair, long wool' (*rawwa-), Swedish rugg `zottiges Gothic riurs `vergnglich' (riurjan `spoil'), Old Icelandic ryrr `small, arm';

hair' (*ruwwa-); out of it engl. rug;

(*`abgerissener Hautstreifen'), Old English roma, rama ds., also `thin Haut' (compare S. 873 *reugh-m(e)n- ` skimmings'); Middle Low German Middle Dutch rn, rne, schwb. raun `Wallach, Gaul', because of East Frisian han-rne `Hahnrei' (actually ` castrated

presumably Old Saxon Old High German riomo `strap, leathery band, strap, belt, girdle'

ruunata ` castrate ';

High German runken); borrowed Latvian rnt ` castrate ', also Finnish ruuna `Wallach',

rooster, cock') originally `equus castratus', mnl. runen, ruynen `cut, clip, castrate '; (Modern

ryl, rylo `Grabscheit, spade, hack, mattock, hoe', rov `ditch, trench, channel, pit, pothole', runo ` fleece ';

Latvian raklis `Raufeisen'; Old Church Slavic ryj, ryti `dig', rv `reie from, jte from',

Prussian rawys `ditch, trench, channel' loanword from poln. rw `ditch, trench, channel');

Lithuanian ruju, ruti `ausreien, ausjten', ravti ` weed ' (rvas `Straengraben', Old

rva f. `cave'.

s. also above S. 338 about ereu-2, wherefore perhaps also Lithuanian rvas m., also extensions:

man sich reit'), rbidus (panis i. e. `parum coctus') `raw, rauhrissig'; perhaps also rubta ` raupjan `pluck', Old English repan `ausplndern', Old High German roufen, Middle High German roufen, reufen, raufen `pluck'; Middle English ryppen, engl. rip ` rend ', Middle toad '; Middle Irish robb `animal'?; Germanic *raup-, *rupp- (with intensification) in Gothic

reuba. reub-: `reissen' in Latin rubus `Brombeerstaude, blackberry ' (`*shrub, bush, whereof

robbery '.

High German rupfen, ropfen `pluck', Old Icelandic ruppa, rupla `losreien', rupl n. `booty, reudrud-lb. reud- `zerreissen'; rud-l- `raw, wild'.

rullus `coarse, burisch' (*rud-lo-); Middle Irish rad `Ruine', cymr. Pl. rhuddion `offal, bran ' (*roud-); Old Norse reyta (*rautjan) `abreien, tear, to pick to pieces, pluck', also Middle Dutch rten, holl. ruiten ` rend, plndern, rob', Middle Low German rter, holl. ruiter

Latin rdus, -eris n. `zerbrckeltes rock, detritus, rubble '; also rudis ` uncultivated, raw',

handelt or es ausbessert' ahead; auf das through Wssern and Faulenlassen of Flachses

related word for `junk' places Middle High German riuze, alt-riuze `wer mitGermpel

(Modern High German Reuter) `Plnderer, robber ' (influence of Middle Latin ru(p)tarius); a

vorbereitete Ausziehen the Flachsfaser weisen Old Icelandic rotinn `faul, decayed ' (but rotinn still `wer die hair nicht lost '), rot n. ` decay; Ohnmacht', Old Saxon rotn `from Rost verzehrt become', Old English rotian ` decayed, wither, wilt'; Middle Low German rten

` decayed let', Modern High German Bavarian rssen `Flachs faulen let' (reshaped to rstennach rsten `auf dem Rost braten'), Middle High German rz ` friable ';

`flax rsten', Old High German rzzen ` decayed ', Middle High German rzzen and rzen

here Old Indic Rudr- GN (*rud-lo-), pli ludda- `cruel, savage' after W. Wst Rudr-. reud c. reu - `reuten, roden'. Avestan raoiya- `arable to make'; destroy'; Old Icelandic rjr n. `offene place in Walde', Old High German reod `gerodetes Old Icelandic rja `reuten, rumen', Middle High German rieten stem V. `ausrotten,
h

land ', Modern High German dial. Ried ` reed ' ds., Old High German riuti ds., riuten

German rot `das Roden', Old Icelandic ryja `roden; aufrumen, ausrotten', Old English -

(*riutjan) `reuten', ablaut. Old Icelandic ru n. `gerodete place in wood, forest', Middle Low

rotha `ausrotten'.

rotten; Middle Low German roden, out of it Modern High German roden, Old Frisian treukd. reuk- (partly probably also reug-, reugh-?) `pluck'.

ryddan (engl. rid) `mug, rob, plndern'; Middle High German roten, Modern High German

see below;

Old Indic lucati `rauft, rupft, enthlst', lucana- n. `das Ausrupfen, Ausraufen', rk-

gr. , Attic - `ditch, grub, scharre', , `das ditch, trench, channel', h- > k- : Gr. -h- > -ss-, -tt-

n. `ditch, trench, channel', `in the Erde vergraben'; common Old Indic -

which Latin runcina ds. (-n- through distant assimilation, untersttzt through runcre); Irish 42, 138 f.); rucht `swine' (`Whler' *ruktu-); mcymr. rhwgn `Reiben, Kerben' (*runk-no-? s. Loth RC.

(the vowel suggestion getilgt perhaps after `reie weg' to *uer-s-, -u-??), from

Latin runc, -re ` weed, ausjten', runc, -nis `Reuthacke, Jthacke'; gr. ` plane '

(as S. 868 Old Icelandic rgg): Old Indic rk- `rough', common Old Indic -h- > k- : Gr. h- > -ss-, -ttOld High German rh, Old English rh `rough, behaart; ungebildet'; Old Saxon rgi, rwi f.

with dem concept the (ausgerauften) Wollzotten and the with it verbundenen roughness

ds.;

German Rauchwerk, Old English ryhe, rwa, rowe `grobe Wolldecke', Old Icelandic ry f. as `crack, furrow' perhaps here Lithuanian raka f., rakas m. `wrinkle', rauki, rakti `in

`rauhes fell, fur, grobe cover', Middle High German riuhe, rhe `Pelzwerk', Modern High

Falten pull, furrow ', runk, rkti `wrinkly become' and with g: Latin rga `wrinkle, crease '. Maybe alb. (*rga) rrudha `wrinkle' common alb. -g- > -dh- (not a Latin loanword. reuprouprpise. reup- `ausreien, tear, break, rupture'; roup- `hole, aperture ', rpis- `rock'. *rpa- n. `hole, cave' (= Lithuanian raupa, compare Old Icelandic rauf f., serb. rpa); abrupt abyss' (compare under Lithuanian rupis `rock', wherefore Illyrian PN , Old Indic rpayati ` causes rupture, shatters, cracks ', rpyati `has Reien in Leibe',

Latin rump, -ere, rp, ruptum `break, rupture', rps ` steep Felswand, cliff, cliff gap,

Achaia, and in similar meaning Modern High German Riepe `Schuttreuse' and die Tirol

clumsy person, Rpel' (compare Lithuanian rups `rough, coarse');

place names roup, rouf, inscribed Roppen, Rofen), rpex, -icis `ruppiger uncouth, Maybe from [thracian-illyrian word.] gr. , , A. large, broad sword, used by the Thracians, . Plu.Aem.18 , cf. Phylarch. Fr.57 J., Arr.Fr.103J.: generally, sword, LXX Ge.3.24, al., Ev.Luc.2.35, Apoc.6.8, Jul.Ep.89b; of the sword of Goliath, LXX 1 Ki. 17.51, J.AJ6.12.4. derived Latin rhomphia the word are rumpia (Liv., Gell., Ascon. ad Mil.), romphea (Isid. Etym.), romphaea vel thunderbolt ', reja `cloud ' as derivatives of that word. a spear, later a sword (Plut. Aem. Paul. 18; Eust. ad II. VI 166; Hesych.). Other forms of romfea (CGL 7, 212). later Bulgarian rofja, rufja ` a thunderbolt ' and the Alb. rrufeja ` a Old Icelandic rifa, Old English rofan `break, rupture, tear' (Old High German -riub

`atrox, dirus', actually `ungebrochen'); Old Icelandic rauf f. `col, gap, hole', Old English raf German roub m. ds., to Gothic bi-raubn, Old High German roubn, Old Saxon rn n. ` robbery, booty, dress, armament, armor' (*roup = Slavic *rupa `hole'), Old High

b-refan `mug, rob'; Old Icelandic reyfi `gerupfte wool, rauhes fell, fur', Middle Dutch roof `abgezogenes fell, fur'; geminated East Frisian rubben `scratch, scrape, rub, pluck', Low German rubbelig, rubberig ` uneven, rough', Modern High German ruppig `unkempt, rauhhaarig'; Modern High German rffeln `scour, rub, clean, hart zusetzen';

`rob', Old Icelandic raufa `durchbrechen, rob' and reyfa `durchbohren, tear', Old English

shaggy', engl. rubble, rubbish ` rubble, offal'; Old Icelandic rfinn `bristly, unkempt, shaggy, Lithuanian rpti `sich kmmern', rps `worries' (to russ. rup ` care, ruefulness'),

raupti and (Indo Germanic ablaut ou : u) rupti `dig, hollow out', rpas `rough, bumpy ', in the Haut'), raupsa ` leprosy '; also Lithuanian rupu, raupe ` toad ' (from the

rups `rough, coarse', rups `rock', East Lithuanian raupa Pl. ` measles, pox' ('Rauhigkeit roughness the Haut), compare also Latvian raupa ` goose bumps ' (`shudder, shiver ');

serb. rpa `hole, pit, pothole' (*roup), poln. rupi si `sich kmmern', ablaut. rypa `scindere, friare'.

offal', Norwegian dial. ros, rys ` fish scale ', rus `thin bowl', rosa `ritzen, die Haut

Pfluges', Modern High German dial. riester `rag zum Schuhflicken'; Danish ros ` schnitzel,

m. n.); Old High German riostar ` plough handle, plough stilt ', Old English rost `ein Teil of

some kind ', rst f. `Trummer, decomposed wall' (see above S. 686 about Old Indic lo-

reusf. reus-: Old Icelandic reyrr m. ` cairn, pile of stones set up as a memorial or mark of

`Speckseite', Old English rysel m. `bacon, fat, ; Dutch rul ` lax and dry, e.g. of sand, rough'

aufscheuern, sich lsen', isl. rosm n. `offal', rusl n. `offal', Old Saxon ruslos m. Pl.

High German ruspern, Middle High German riuspern, riuspeln, rspern, compare Latin ruspare `scratch (from the hen)', ruspo `rough, neugemnzt', rospo ` toad ' show;

Old High German gi-rspit gl. to inhorruit (aper), and (as `in neck scratch, scrape') Modern

with Germanic root variation Old Icelandic raska `in Unordnung bringen'; with -p- probably

High German roesche, Modern High German dial. rsch `hard and light frail, breakable ');

Middle Low German rsch ` intestines, entrails ', Bavarian gerusch? still insecure Middle

(*ruzl-); Old Icelandic ryskja ` rend, pluck', Norwegian rusk `offal, dust, powder' (also

rspor, -ri ` seek ', actually `aufreiend, durchwhlend, whereupon forschend', as Italian Lithuanian rausi, rasti `scratch, dig', rss, rsas `pit, pothole for die Winterkartoffeln',

pelen-rsis, -rs `Aschenbrdel', rsinti ` poke, stoke, stir coals ', Latvian raust ` stoke, overturn, knock over ', *ruch `movement', see above S. 332. Wissmann Nom. Postverb. 10, 130, 176 f. Page(s): 868-871

stir coals, dig', raustt `pull, rend ', rsa ` stacked rubble '; about Old Church Slavic ruiti ` References: WP. II 351 ff., WH. II 445 f., 447 f., 451 ff., Trautmann 240, 241, 247,

reu- reuRoot / lemma: reu-3, reu-sMeaning: ` hurry, rush ' See also: see above S. 331 f. (er-3), wherefore still Middle Irish raimm `onrush', bret. Page(s): 871

rumm ` crowd, throng, mass, horde, swarm ' (reu-smen).

Meaning: ` explore, inquire ' Page(s): 871

reuRoot / lemma: reu-4

See also: see above S. 337 (ereu-).

reu-smenRoot / lemma: reu-smen-

Meaning: chewing; throat (*romantra-) ds.;

Material: Old Indic rmantha- m. `Wiederkuen'; wakhi ramt (*rauma-) ds.; kati mtr Latin rmen, -inis `throat, pharynx, gullet', rma, rmis, -is ds. (can m from mn have,

as:) rmre besides rminre `ruminate'; kymr. rhumen `paunch, udder'; compare above S. 872.

References: WP. II 360 f., Loth RC. 43, 146; Frisk Suffixales-th- 14 f. Page(s): 873

reusRoot / lemma: reusMeaning: elm Material: Irish raimm `betula alnus, alnus glutinosa' (*reus-men); to Old High German rust, Middle High German Modern High German Rster? Page(s): 873 References: WP. II 361.

Meaning: stomach, intestines (of an animal)

reuto- routo- rutRoot / lemma: reuto-, routo-, rut-

Material: Middle Persian rt ` intestines, entrails of Rindes', npers. rda, Pl. rdag-n ` intestines, intestines, entrails ' (*reuto-ko-); jav. uruwar, -wan- n. (*rut-uar-, -uan-) `

intestines, entrails, belly';

psalterium '; Swedish dial. rudda f. `Labmagen' (*ruddn-). References: Lidn KZ. 61, 14 f. Page(s): 873-874

Old English rada `Tiermagen', engl. read `Labmagen' (*routo-), Old Dutch roode `

rRoot / lemma: reu- : rMeaning: to open; wide Material: Avestan ravah- n. `Raum, Weite', ravas-art- `was sich in Freien bewegt'; `ebenes field' (because of Eigennamens C Ri, welcher older C Raui lautet, from *rui); Latin rs, rris `land (in contrast to town, city), estate' (*reuos); Middle Irish re, ri f.

` capacious ', m. `Raum, stretch of time, possibility, opportunity', Old High German Middle capacious '; Old High German rmi, Middle High German rme ` capacious, wide, afar'; High German rm m. `Raum, aperture, free Rumlichkeit', Middle High German rm `

capacious ', rm n. `Raum, place', Old Saxon rm m. `Raum', Old Frisian Old English rm

Germanic r-ma- in Gothic rms ` capacious, wide', rm n. `Raum', Old Icelandic rmr `

abgel. verb Germanic *rmian : Old Icelandic ryma ` capacious make' etc.;

Prussian arwis `true, certainly '; Tocharian AB ru- `open'. Page(s): 874

Old Church Slavic ravn from *orvn ` even '; russ. roves-nyk `Altersgenosse'; Old

References: WP. II 356 f., WH. II 454, Trautmann 14.

rezgRoot / lemma: rezg-

Meaning: to plait, wind

Material: Old Indic rjju- f. `rope, band'; Latin restis ds. (*rezgtis) = Old Lithuanian rekstis m. ryskje n. `Schmiele', Old English rysc, rysce f. ` bulrush'; Middle Low German rusch

`basket'; Old English resc(e), risc(e), Middle Low German risch ` bulrush'; Norwegian rusk

wattle, braid, knit, bind, lace, tie ', Latvian ret `flax, wattle, braid', reis ` wickerwork '; russ.-Church Slavic razga.

`reed, bulrush', Middle High German rusch(e) f. ` bulrush'; Lithuanian rezg, rksti `flax,

Old Bulgarian rozga `rod, twig, branch', through secondary Beeinflussung of prefixes raz-:

Page(s): 874

References: WP. II 374, WH. II 431, Trautmann 245.

Material: Old English rt ` gleeful, blithe, glad, good', -rtan `aufmuntern'; Old Icelandic Church Slavic rad `libens', Serbo-Croatian rd, Czech rd ds. rtask `heiter become', ml-rtinn `redeliebend'; Lithuanian rds ` gladly, willing'; Old

Note: only Germanic and balto-slavisch

Meaning: Meaning: to excite; joyful

Root / lemma: rd-1 rd-

Page(s): 853

References: WP. II 369, Trautmann 235.

Meaning: to shuffle, scrape, scratch

rd- rd- dRoot / lemma: rd-2 : rd- : rd-

Material: Latin rd ` gnaw, benage' and rd `scharre, scrape, scratch' (from *rad d(h) s. cymr. rhathu), wherefore rstrum `hack, mattock, hoe, Karst', rdula ` rasper', rllum ` plowshare ', rmentum `Abgang, chip, splinter, splinter' and rstrum `(Nagewerkzeug) bill,
z

beak, neb, snout, proboscis, prow, bow of a ship'; cymr. rhathu `raspeln, smooth, ebnen', rhathell `Raspel', rhath ` plain, surface, plain, area', bret. raza `raser'; brit. rath- and Latin rd are under *rzd (from *rad d(h), d(h)-present) compatible;
z

die -grade *rd-; in addition Germanic *ratt `rat' (=nibbler): Old Saxon ratta, Old English rtt m., Middle High German ratze, ratz etc.; in Modern High German Dialekten comes Ratz in the meaning `marten, polecat, caterpillar, inchworm' vor; Old High German rato,

Old High German rzi `sharp from taste, wild', Middle High German rze rze ds. prove

radda, ratta.

Page(s): 854

References: WP. II 369, WH. II 415, 439 f.

ri- rRoot / lemma: ri-1 : rNote: extended ri-d -.

h

Meaning: ` count, order '

Page(s): 860

See also: see above S. 60 (ar-).

ri- riRoot / lemma: ri-2, riMeaning: ` nut ' References: (see Trautmann 241 f.)

Page(s): 860

See also: see above S. 61 (ar-3).

Meaning: scapula; shoulder (of animals)

rito- ritiRoot / lemma: rito-, riti-

`thigh, hip ', Latvian rieta f. `leg'; Church Slavic rit, Czech t `podex'. References: Trautmann 242, Lidn Ml. Pedersen 88 f. Page(s): 863

Material: Armenian eri, Gen. ervoy `Bug, shoulder from animals'; Lithuanian retas m.

Root / lemma: rk-2

Meaning: to arrange, prepare

Material: Old Indic racayati `verfertigt, bildet', racana- n. `Ordnen, Betreiben'; Gothic

Mchte, gods', Old Saxon ragino giscapu `Beschlsse the gttlichen Mchte', Old High reti `say', raknti, raiti `want, desire, will' etc.; Tocharian A rake, reki, Pl. rekauna

rahnjan `reckon'; ragin n. `Rat, decision', Old Icelandic regin, Pl. rgn `die ratschlagenden

German regin- in proper name; Old Church Slavic rok m. ` certain time, purpose ', rek, `word';

a formal complaint, indictment, accusation, prosecution ';

with : Gothic ga-rhsns f. ` decision, ruling, determination '; Old Church Slavic r f. `

robbing - assassination '? Page(s): 863

(*rahnjan), Old High German bi-rahanen ` capture, entrap '; primary meaning would be `

quite doubtful sameness with Old Icelandic rn n. ` robbery ' (*rahna-), rna `rob'

References: WP. II 362, Trautmann 243.

Meaning: ` calculate, count ', ` make ready, consider ' Page(s): 853 See also: see above S. 59 f. (ar-).

rrRoot / lemma: r-1, r- extended r-d - etc.

h

rRoot / lemma: r-2 extended r-d Meaning: ` disjoint, separate ' Page(s): 853 See also: see above S. 332 f. (er-).
h

Meaning: ` oar, row, paddle ' Page(s): 853

Root / lemma: r-3 r-

See also: see above S. 338 (er-).

See also: see above S. 338 f. (er-) Page(s): 853

Meaning: Meaning: ` lie, rest, repose '

rRoot / lemma: r-4

Meaning: dark

rRoot / lemma: r-5 Material: Old Indic rm- ` swart, black'; n. ` darkness, night'; rm f. `night'; Middle High

German rm, rm m. `smut, smut'; nisl. rma-legr `dirty, filthy'; Old High German rmac, English room `scurf on the head, dandruff';

Middle High German rmec, rmig `dirty, filthy, sooty ', Old English rmig ` sooty ', Modern Old Indic rtr `night' better to Latin late etc., above S. 651 nachzutragen.

With -uo-formants: Latin rvus `gray, gray-yellow '. Page(s): 853 rRoot / lemma: r-6 Meaning: ` cry, shout, holler ' reiSee also: s. rei-3. Page(s): 853

Meaning: to cry

rpRoot / lemma: rp-1 (rep-?) Meaning: to crawl, sneak Material: Material: Latin rp, -ere ` grovel, truckle, creep, slink'; Old High German rebo, reba, repa,

Middle High German rebe `Schlingschling'; ablaut. Middle Low German wn-rve ` vine '; Prussian rpaiti `folget'; barely in addition wruss. rapuxa, poln. ropucha ` toad '. Lithuanian rpliti ` grovel, truckle, creep ', ablaut. roplti ds., Latvian rpt, rpt ds., Old 604.

Page(s): 865

rp- pRoot / lemma: rp-2, rpMeaning: pole; beam Material: Old High German rvo `rafter', Old Icelandic rfr, rfr m., rf n. `Sparrendach'; Material:

Old Icelandic raptr m. `stick, rafter' (vandal. PN Raptus), Old English rfter ds., Middle Low German rafter, rachter `small balk, beam, lath'; Lithuanian rplinti `uplift, set up, hinstellen'; Old Church Slavic rpj, rpij `picket, pole', rpje ` '. Page(s): 866 References: WP. II 370.

rs- rsRoot / lemma: rs-, rsMeaning: ` flow ' Page(s): 866 See also: see above S. 336 f. (ere-s-2).

Meaning: pole; trunk

rt- rt- tRoot / lemma: rt-, rt-, rt-

61

References: WP. II 370, WH. II 430, Trautmann 246, Kluge-Goetze

Material: Old High German ruota, Old Icelandic ra `rod, shaft, pole', Old Saxon rda `(picket, pole)kreuz', Old English rd ds. and Church Slavic ratite, ratovite protruding tree ', rtre `den river from solchen clean' and rtis `Flo'. `Lanzenschaft'; perhaps in addition Latin rtae `from dem bank, border, shore of river

Page(s): 866

References: WP. II 368, WH. II 420, 431.

Meaning: ` way, slope, hill ' See also: see below rei-. Page(s): 874

roi-noRoot / lemma: roi-no-

Root / lemma: rughio-

Meaning: ` rye, variety of cereal grass cultivated for grain ' See also: see below urughio-. Page(s): 874

Meaning: a kind of cloth

ruk(k)- rouk(k)Root / lemma: ruk(k)-, rouk(k)-

Material: Old Irish rucht (*ruktu-) `tunica'; mcymr. rhuch(en) `mantle' (*roukk); Gothic

Note: only Celtic and Germanic

Page(s): 874

References: WP. II 374, Loth RC. 42, 62 f.

spinning) '; Old Icelandic rokkr `Rock' derives from Old English Old Saxon rocc `Rock'.

*rukka (Italian rocca), Old High German rocko ` distaff (= staff for holding flax, wool, etc., in

ks Root / lemma: rks Meaning: tether Material: Old Indic rkl, rcchr f. `manacle' perhaps to Lithuanian ra `Ktengelenk of

the horse'; different about Old Indic rkl above S. 673. common Old Indic -h- > -kPage(s): 875 References: WP. II 322.

Meaning: bear

oo Root / lemma: rko-s

toNote: (or rk-s-o-s besides rk-to-s?)

Material: Old Indic rka- m. `bear' (in addition a new fem. rk `Brin') = jav. ara-,

common Old Indic -h- > -k- : jav. -h- > -x-, -, in addition (?) the VN , Note: Note

osset. ars, Armenian arj (influenced from arjn `dark brown'), alb. ari, gr. , newer

Alb. harusha `she-bear' : aquitan. PN Harsus : Old Indic rka- m. `bear' proves the cognate for she-bear was older than cognate for bear since ending -a is feminine; alb has saved the matriarchal aspect of the huntress godess.

Alb. arithi (diminutive)`standing like a bear' (*ar(h)i) ari `bear' (The stem final -- has been dropped for reasons of popular etymology, in order to avoid semantic confusion with the hypochoristic-diminutive formations in -th.) : Armenian arj `bear', cymr. arth `bear' [common alb. - cymr. - k > -th].

Middle Irish art, cymr. arth `bear', gall. Deae Artioni `Brengttin', Latin ursus `bear',

perhaps Hittite artagga- name eines Raubtiers; aquitan. PN Harsus, Basque hartz `bear' are Celtic loanword; npers. xirs `bear' soll auf iran. *rsa- = Indo Germanic rko- weisen,

References: WP. II 322, WH. II 842, Specht KZ 66, 26 f., Indo Germanic Dekl. 239 f., Avestan ra- `damage' (see 864); compare also Frisk Gr. et. Wb. 141 f. Page(s): 875 interprets the bear as ` destroyer, damager ', to Old Indic rkas- n. ` destruction ',

whereupon also osset. ars go back could.

saipRoot / lemma: saip-

Meaning: stall, fence

Material: Gr. (Aisch.) ` thicket ' (*saip-mo-?), `fence, wall' (*saip-mnti?); crib, manger, stall', saepe `often' (neuter eines Adj. *saepis `gedrngt'). Latin saeps, -is ` fence, paddock ', saepi, -re `umzunen', praesaeps, prae-saepia `

Page(s): 878

References: WP. II 445 f., WH. II 461 f.

sakRoot / lemma: sak-

Meaning: to sanctify; to make a treaty

Adverb sakre; Paelignian sacaracirix `*sacratrix, sacerdos'; further Oscan sakrvist `sacra

`*sacrariae', sakaraklm `sacellum', saka(ra)hiter `sancitur', Umbrian sakra `sacras',

`sacra' or `sacrum', sakrim (Akk.), sakrid (Abl.), sakarater `sacratur', sacrasias

Material: Latin sacer `consecrated, holy' (besides scris); Faliscan sacru(m), Oscan

d -;
h

est'; previous compound is Latin sacerds, -dtis `priest'(also f.) from *scro-d -t-s to root moreover Sancus, - and -s, name an Umbrian-sabin. divinity; of u-stem derived
h

is sanci, -re ` through religious Weihe unverletzlich machen, sanctify; ein law besttigen' derived, further sanctus `geheiligt', Umbrian sahta, sahata `sanctam', Oscan saahtm `sanctum', Paelignian sato `sanctum'; Latin sagmen `the heiligende, auf the Burg Hittite aklai- ` custom, Ritus'. Page(s): 878 References: WP. II 448, WH. II 459 f., 464, 474.

istSanqulis `zum Sancus belonging'; Umbrian Sani `Sancium', dat. Sansie; from *sanko-

gepflckte Grasbschel';

salRoot / lemma: sal-2

Meaning: dirty grey; salt, saliva, willow of Speichels

Note: also (after the paint, color) zur appellation of Salzes (see sal-1), the Grauweide and

salsalRoot / lemma: sal-2 : dirty grey; salt, saliva, willow, derived from Root / lemma: sal- : salt; salty water. Material: A. Old Indic lengthened grade sra-, sla- `gray' = Old English sl `dirty, filthy, dark', ndd. saul ds.; air sal and sa(i)le f. `smut', salach `dirty, filthy' = abret. haloc, cymr. halog ds.; cymr. sal `rmlich, sick ' is French loanword;

Note:

sal, Gen. salwes `smut'; cymr. salw `rmlich, low' (das s- from sal, see above), acorn. `isabellenfarben'. halou `stercora'; russ.-Church Slavic slavo-oije `Blauugigkeit', russ. solovj C. Latin salva f. `saliva', out of it Old Irish saile, cymr. haliw ds.

`cloudy, dirty grey ', Old English salu ds., Dutch zaluw `dunkelgelb'; Middle High German

B. sal-uo- in Old Icelandic splr `dirty, filthy' sl n. `a kind of Alge'; Old High German salo sal-

selja ` a willow-tree, willow, sallow' (*salhjn).

High German salhe, Modern High German Salweide; Old English sealh m., Old Icelandic

helyg-en ds.; abrit. PN Salico-dnon, gall. PN Salicilla; Old High German sal(a)ha, Middle

D. Latin salix ` a willow-tree, willow, sallow' = Middle Irish sail, Gen. sa(i)lech, cymr. etc.

Maybe alb. (*salicus) shelgu `willow' not from lat salix. References: WP. II 453 f., WH. II 468 f., Trautmann 249; Thieme, as above. Page(s): 879

Meaning: salt; salty water Note:

salRoot / lemma: sal-

sal, sal- sal- salsalGrammatical information: Nom. sal sal-d-, sal-i, sal-u; Gen. sal-n-s

sals-ro- sou-roRoot / lemma: sal- : salt; salty water derived from Root / lemma: s-ro-, sou-ro- : salty, Material: Old Indic sal-il- n. ` sea, Meeresflut ' (`*das Salzige'), sal-il- ` salty '; Armenian bitter; cheese

grzisiert);

a `salt' (i-stem), at (i-stem) `Salzlager, salt', ai ` salty ' (out of it is the river name

sals, `marinus', ` seaman, fisherman '; `fresh', ` salty '; stem - stets in compound -, - (- contains den Gen. ); ` sea waters, salinity, sharpness' (therefrom `salty, bitter, sharp'); alb. ngjelbt, ngjelmt `salty', njelm `be salty' (-mo- as in gr. );

gr. , Gen. m. `salt', f. `Salzflut, sea', Dat. Pl. ; Pl. also `Witz', as Latin

Maybe alb. njom `fresh, young, wet'; gjell (*ghala) `food', gjall `alive, fresh meat', lith. gh- > dz-]. Note:

gjalles `creature to be eaten', alb. Geg gja `thing, creature' [common alb. gh- > gl- > gj- :

solo- sol( salRoot / lemma: solo-, sol(e)uo- : `whole, integrate' derived from Root / lemma: sal- : `salt; salty water'. Maybe alb. helm 'poison, bitter' preservation of the old laryngeal n. `salt'; Umbrian salu `salem', perhaps also Latin insula as ` ' (compare gr. maybe alb. (*insula) ishull `island' *sal-mo- leads probably cymr. heli `sea'; Celtic FlN Sala `Saale', compare Saalach, Nfl. Old Irish salann, cymr. halen, acorn. haloin, bret. c'hoalenn, holen (*salei-no-) `salt'; auf Illyrian PN Salapia (Apulia) to FlN *Sal-apa; Latin sl, slis m., Old Latin also Nom. sale

`in Meere situated');

the Salzach; Latvian sls (*slis); Old Prussian sal is poln. loanword; Lithuanian slti `

become sweet, become sour ', sali `Sigkeit'; Latvian slms, Lithuanian em. slymas

slatina `moor, fen' etc.; Tocharian A sle, slyiye `salt'.

`swamp, marsh', Old Church Slavic slatina ` ', serb. slativa `Salzquelle', Czech

Church Slavic slan ` salty '; Old Prussian saltan n. `bacon', Slavic *solt f. in russ. solot

m. ` brine, pickle ' (= cymr. heli); Old Church Slavic sol f. `salt' (*sali-); Slavic *soln in Old

sylt f. `berschwemmter Meeresstrand' (but Middle High German sol, sul, Modern High German Sole `salzhaltiges Wasser' are Slavic Lwe.); Old English sealtan, Old High

German sulza (*sultja) `Salwasser, Slzwurst', Modern High German Slze; Norwegian

German salzec, Modern High German salzig; with zero grade Old Saxon sultia, Old High

Old High German salz `salt'; adj. Old Icelandic saltr, Old English sealt, Middle High

thrak. PN Salsovia (*sal-d-t-ou-); Gothic Old Icelandic Old Saxon salt, Old English sealt,

with dem d- of Indo Germanic Nom. Sg. n. *sal-d-: Illyrian PN Saldae (Pannonien), *sal-

Slavic *saldu- `sss' (`*gesalzen, *wohlschmeckend') could after a verb shaped sein: Lithuanian salds, Latvian salds, Slavic *soldk in Old Church Slavic sladk, poln.

sall, -ere `salzen', participle salsus (*sald-to-) perhaps with prs.-d-suffix; also Balto d

German salzan `salzen' (otherwise weak V. Old English sieltan, Old Icelandic salta); Latin

sodki; without -d-: Lithuanian sl, slti `sss become', East Lithuanian salas, Latvian gr. ` salty '.

esals m. ` malt '; the u-stem sal-u- ergibt sich besides from Balto Slavic *saldu- also from salMaybe Seleiitani Illyrian TN, also alb. (*shile) shije `taste, salty taste', sill `dinner'. References: WP. II 452 f., WH. II 465 f., Trautmann 249, Thieme, The Heimat the Indo Germanic Gemeinsprache 20, 27f.; See also: belongs to sal-2. Page(s): 878-879

Meaning: to taste, to perceive sapMaterial: 1. sap-: sap, taste'; Avestan vipa (*vi-spa) `dessen Sfte poison are'; Armenian ham (*spmo-) `juice, Latin sapi, -ere ` taste, Geschmack have; after etwas smell; wise sein, sensible sein';

sap- sab Root / lemma: sap-, sab-

sapa f. `juice, sap', sapor `taste, treat, delight ', nesapius, nesapus `ignorans'; Oscan sipus innovation seems Latin sibus `sly, cunning'; Middle High German be-seben stem V. ` `sciens' (*spus), Volscan sepu `sciente' are neologisms after capio: cpi; Oscan

tree juice ', Norwegian sevja ds., sabba `in Schlamm wade', Middle Low German sabben ` drool, drivel, slaver ', sabbelen ` pollute '. 2. sab-: sabmaybe alb. (*sap-), shap 'alum'. (Ligurien) etc.; Celtic (Venetic?) FlN Sabis (Belgien); saf, sapf, Modern High German Saft. Sabine Phoenicians in Italy? Page(s): 880 Illyrian sabaium `beer', Sab- in many FlN Italiens, Sabtis (Campanien), Vada Sabatia

sapa `juice, sap' stellt sich Germanic *safan- `juice, sap (the Baume)': Old Icelandic safi `

perceive ', Old Icelandic sefi `sense, mind', Old Saxon seo, Old English sefa dss.; to Latin

Old English sp n. `juice, sap, broth', Middle Low German sap(p), Old High German

Related to Sabath in Jewish tradition? And to number septa seven as the day of Sabath? References: References: WP. II 450 f., WH. II 476 f., Pokorny Urillyr. 79, 97, 117.

Root / lemma: sasio-

`Roggen' (`secale Taurini sub Alpibus asiam vocant' Plin. H. N.); cymr. haidd `hordeum', bret. heiz `orge'; compare also ved. sas- `nourishment, food, dish, food, herb, grass, sown field '. References: WP. II 454, WH. I 72.

Material: Old Indic sasy- n. `Feldfrucht'; jav. hahya- ` corn, grain '; gall. Akk. (s)asiam

Meaning: a kind of cereal

Page(s): 880

Meaning: dry Note:

saus- susRoot / lemma: saus-, sus-

The real root was *sa-, su- `dry' which was suffixed either with common -ska or -tra, -dra, sasa suel- suolel ol el- slel lemma: suel-, suol-, suul-, suel-, sl- : (sun). dor, -ter in PIE. It seems that the Root / lemma: saus-, sus- : (dry) derived from Root / saus- sus-

Material: Material: Old Indic yati ` dries, wilts ', thereafter oa- m. (assimil. from *soa-) `the drying '; Old Indic ka- (from *suka-), Avestan huka- `dry';

drying up', also Adj. ` made dry '; Avestan haos- ` dry up, become dry ', ahao-mna- `not

'; doubtful gr. m. ` aridity, dryness, smut', whether from *sau-k-smo- from a root slender, thin '? common Old Indic -h- > -kalb. thanj (*sausni) ` dry '; Note: Common alb. s > th M. Mayrhofer KZ. 73, 117; Note: variant *sau-k- besides *sau-s-, to Old Indic skma- `fine, thin, narrow, tight, slim,

harsh, austere '; Denomin. , `make dry, desiccate ', `trockne, desiccate

gr. (Hom.), (Attic) `arid, dry', ` scrubby, dirty, filthy', `

Latin sdus `dry, cheerful' (*suz-do-), sdum ` cloudless, bright, clear, serene '; different

susu- `dry' which was suffixed either with common -ska or -tra, -dra, -dor, -ter in PIE. Latin Illyrian-alb. (*sausni > saunus) sdus `dry' [common alb. n > nd phonetic shift] srn ` wilt ';

This is erroneous etymology. The real root [an onomatopoeic word] must have been sau-, saupreserved the rudeiment of the -dor suffix, otherwise Latin cognate evolved according to Old English sar, Middle Low German sr `dry', Norwegian syr ds., Old High German

scabby ', sskis ` leprosy, scabies ' (: Old Indic ka-); Latvian sust ` become dry '; Old Church Slavic such `dry', suiti ` make dry ', schnti ` become dry '. References: WP. II 447, WH. II 624, Trautmann 250 f., Frisk 188 f., 192 f.

Lithuanian sasas `dry', sasti `dry become', sasinti ` make dry ', ssti ` become

Page(s): 880-881

Meaning: to track, trail; to feel, smell Note: previous Jgerwort

sgRoot / lemma: sg-

Grammatical information: (: *sg-) bildet athemat. present root

Material: Gr. , Doric `gehe voran, lead, guide', nachhom. ` believe, mean, indicate ', , ` leader ';

zauberisch', sga `Wahrsagerin' (but sagana `Zauberin' from gr. *); sgx, -cis `sharp, witternd;sharp witted, shrewd';

Latin sgi, -re `acute sentire, feel, foresee, predict ', sgus `wahrsagend, prophetisch,

ff.), cymr. haeddu ` earn ', cy-r-haedd `reach' and likewise; here probably die Irish

Old Irish saigim `go a thing after, search, seek' (zur 3. Pl. segait s. Pedersen KG. II 606

noun srugud (*sagro-sagitus): mcymr. sayrhaed f., ncymr. sarhad `insult' (Irish loanword); English scan ds., Old High German suohhen ` seek ', Gothic skns `Untersuchung, Gothic skjan (= Latin sgi) ` seek, disputieren', Old Icelandic skja ` seek, assail ', Old

Denominativa auf -aigim (cymr. -haaf); Old Irish sr m. `harm, iniuria ' (*sag-ro-), verbal

pursuit, fight', Old High German sahha `fight, Gerichtshandel, thing' etc.;

Icelandicsk ` legal matter, lament, thing, Ursache', Old English sacu f. `Rechtshandel, Old Icelandic saka ` wail, harm', stt, stt f., (*sahti-) ` comparison, peace', (> Old

Old High German (etc.) sahhan `rebuke, reproach, scold, chide, vor Gericht streiten', Old

sakan, sk `sich quarrel, quarrel, squabble', gasakan `threaten, punish, curse, berfhren',

Streitfrage', Old English scn f. `Untersuchung, attack, Gerichtsbarkeit'; ablaut. Gothic

English seht ds.), sttr (*sahta-R) `vershnt'; Gothic in-sahts f. `declaration', Old English in-siht f. ds. (*in-sak-ti); Hittite ak(k)-, ek(k)- `aware, skillful '. It seems that through alb. intermediary from Root / lemma: sg- : (to track, trail; to feel, sgsmell) derived Root / lemma: ghen-2()- : (to hit) hen-2() )-

References: WP. II 449, WH. II 464 f., Wissmann nouns postverb. 75 f., 84, Loth RC. 41, 222 ff. Page(s): 876-877 siRoot / lemma: si-

Meaning: pain, illness, injure, hurt, damage, disable of Zahnweh';

moMaterial: With formants -mo-: gr. * (umgebidet from *-) in `a kind with formants -no- perhaps hom. `terrible' with Ionic- Epic reduction (different no-

above S. 10);

`schmerzerregend', Old Icelandic srr `verwundet, schmerzerregend', (Finnish sairas ` sick ' from dem Germanic), Subst. n. Gothic sair `pain', Old High German Old Saxon Old High German sehr, Old English sre ` painful, exceedingly ', Modern High German Frisian sr `pain', Old English sr `wound, pain', Old Norse sr n. `wound', Adv. Modern

with formants -ro-: Old High German Old Saxon Old Frisian sr, Old English sr ro-

versehren;

toil, work' (*sai-turo-m); cymr. hoed `affliction';

t-formations: Old Irish seth `affliction, disease, malady' (*sai-tu-s), sethar `affliction, with formants -uo-: gr. , Ionian ` frightful, dismal ', actually *F- `with

Gothic saiws m. `sea' (*si-ui-), Old Icelandic sr, sir, Old English s, Old Saxon Old

compare nana- n. `mouth, face'), through influence of also ` eternal '; `(doubtful

grausigem face (with the eyes and mouth)' (to * n. `face' = Old Indic *nas- n. ds.,

High German so `sea'); Latin saevus ` furious, terrible, stern' (Old Latin also `big, large');

Latvian sievs, svs `sharp, biting, harsh', also `Jauche, Gerberlohe' and `beim Hanfstoen sharp' (*saius).

gepretes l', Lithuanian svai m. Pl. `juice, sap beim Pressen'; Lithuanian ais `rough,

Maybe alb. (*kr) ther `hurt, slice, cut, injure' common alb. k- > th- mutation; preservation of the old laryngyeal. Page(s): 877 References: WP. II 445, WH. II 462 f., Trautmann 261. References:

lolo Root / lemma: slo-

Meaning: to wave, *sea

current, the open sea, high sea, main, deep '; Middle Irish sal under s(i)le m. `sea'; gall. Hail = hispan. Salia etc.; *Salantia `Salence' (Switzerland): Old Prussian salus ` References: References: WP. II 454, WH. II 471, Krahe BzNf. 3, 242. Page(s): 879-880 Regenbach ', Lithuanian FlN Salantas.

Material: Illyrian FlN Salon; Latin salum (and salus Ennius) ` restless sea swell, river

FlN Salia ` Seille ' = Old Irish Sa(i)le (Schottland) = abrit. *Salia > *Halia > Middle English

snoRoot / lemma: sno-s Meaning: healthy

satiates, satiate '.

whole, healthy, well', is doubtfully positioned to the root *s- ` give satisfaction, gratify, Maybe alb. (*snare) shronj `cure' [rhotacism n/r], shndet `health' : Latin sanitas ` soundness of body, health'. 218 f.

Material: Latin snus `fit, healthy, heil', sn, -re `heal, cure'; Umbrian sanes Abl. `sound,

References: WP. II 445, 452, WH. II 476, Krahe IF. 59, 166 ff., different Lejeune RPh. 25, Page(s): 880 s-tiRoot / lemma: s-ti-

sSee also: s. s-. Page(s): 880

el- suolel ol el- slel Root / lemma: suel-, suol-, suul-, suel-, sl- , (*auuel-) Meaning: sun en- sunen elel Note: next to which suen-, sun-, thus of old l/n-stem; suel- ` smolder, burn ' is probably

identical with it Material: Note:

1. Old Indic ved. (*suuel) svar n. = (zero grade) Avestan hvar `sun, light, sky', Gen. sra- m. `sun'; therefrom Old Indic srta- `light, bright', Old Indic svrara- m. ` bright

(*suuela) sra = jav. (*suuelio) hr, Old Indic srya- (*sliio-) m. (compare gr. ), space, ether ', Avestan x arnah-, . -farnah- ` shining fame, magnificence ';
v

Other forms in Indo-Aryan: (*suuel-a)*suuar- [in names] `sun(god)' (Near-Eastern IA); h < *huunh, next to hr = Ved. sras), Sogd. (Man.) xwr `sun', Middle Persian xwr `sun', New Persian xwr `sun', Oss. xr / xor `sun'

Avestan: OAv. huuar [n] (< *huar) `sun' (gen.sg. x g < *huunh); LAv. huuar (gen.sg.

Maybe Afghan lmar, Waziri lmer, myer `sun' from Old Indic svrara- m. ` bright space, ether '; Armenian arew, aregak, arev, Singhalese ira `sun'. god'. Maybe the oldest cognate is Luvian: (<hu-wa-ya-al-li ) <huwayalla/i- ' Epithet of the Sun-

further formations of n. *suel to m. -io-stem (compare Old Indic srya-); Latin sl, -is m. bret. heol `sun' (*suel-);

gr. hom. , Attic , Doric , , Cretan Hes. (i.e. F `sun', F) F

`sun' (from neutr. *suel about *suol, *sol); cymr. haul, acorn. heuul, mcorn. heul, houl,

in addition Old Irish sil f. `eye' from *sli-, ablaut equally with Old Indic sra, and alb. ProtoProto-Celtic: *swol- / *sli- 'sun' [Noun] Old Irish: sil [i f] 'eye' Middle Middle Welsh: haul hll, ll ` star ' (*slo- or *sli-);

Middle Breton: heuul, heul

Cornish: heuul gl. sol, heol

Proto-IndoProto-Indo-European: *seh wl 'sun'

2

IE cognates: Skt. srya-, Latin sl, Go. sauil

Notes: The change of meaning in OIr. is understandable from the mythological context. in PCelt., Nom. s. *swol, Gen. *sl-os, from which OIr. sil was abstracted Note:

'Sun' is viewed as 'the eye of the Sky'. It appears that there was still an ablauting paradigm

[conservative definitive forms versus indefinite forms (alb. phonetic trait)], hence alb. geg Erroneous etymology, the Celtic name for eye derived from Romance languages contaminated by Satem languages the shift k-, g- > -s-: gItalian German Spanish French occhio Auge sni , Tosc syri (*slni) `eye' : Old Irish (*suel-) sil ` eye ' -

ojo

Aragones Asturian Breton Cal

il

geyu lagad occhiu ; uacchiu

gello

Calabrese Catalan

aqu

Valencian Danish Dutch oog

ull

ull ; uyl je eyga

Faeroese Flemish Frisian Furlan

each ollo voli

oog

Galician

Portuguese

olho

Occitan Irish

Icelandic Albanian Ladin Latin

uelh sil edl

auga sy

Latvian

oculus

Leonese

acs

Limburgian Lithuanian

geyu akis oug

Lombardo Occidentale Napulitano Norwegian Pugliese

Piemontese Quechua

ye ji

ucchio

oeucc

acchje awi egl ochi

Romanian Romansh

Sardinian (Limba Sarda Unificada) Sardinian Campidanesu Sardinian Logudoresu Sicilian Swedish

ogu

ogru

occhiu ocio ga

ocru ; ogru ; oggiu ; oyu

Triestino

Venetian Viestano Welsh Zeneize

llygad

ucchj

ocio

euggio

Also Estonian silm `eye' : Finnish silm `eye' Other alb. cognates (Gjakova dial.) (*huueln) uvill, [Buzuku] (*viln) yill ` star ', [Sirmie] Pl. ulini `stars'. Yet the shift of initial (*sue- > de-) is a common alb. phonetic shift. See Root / lemma: Therefore alb. (*suel) diell ` sun ' probably derived from a root *suel el suel. A better explanation is the common alb. celtic Genitive Case:

ergh suergh-: to take care of; to be ill. Hence alb. dergjem (*suerghi) `be bedridden, be sick'. ergh-

English

Albanian Breton Catalan Cornish Latin Welsh

Sunday

di-sul ; Sul de-Sl

e di-el

diu-menge

Solis dies

Hence alb. diel ` Sunday ' > diell ` sun '.

dydd Sul ; Sul

aschw. and-sylis `the sun zugewendet'; doubtful the rune names Gothic sugil, Old English from *swegila-, Old English sweg(e)l n. `sky, heaven, sun', swegle `bright, radiating' from Baltic *sueli f. in Lithuanian Latvian sul ` sun '; Slavic *sulnika- n. in Old Church Slavic slnce ` sun ' (-ni- from *ogni `fire'); 2. In -en en-stem: sunnin, neutr. after sauil), Old English sunna, Old High German sunno, sunna `sun', (under Icelandic sur `south', Adv. ` southward ', Old English serra, Old Saxon sthar-liudi German sund `south' etc. (Modern High German Sd from Low German). Gujarati surdj `sun' (`southern people'), Old High German sundar `south', Adv. ` southward ', Middle High the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), wherefore as `sonnseitig = sdlich' Old Avestan x ng `the sun' (Indo Germanic *suen-s), Gen. from hvar; Gothic sunn (Dat. sygel, sigel from proto Germanic *sugila-, ablaut. with Old Saxon swigli `bright, radiating'

Gothic sauil n. (*swila-), Old Icelandic sl f. (*swul) `sun', Old Icelandic and-slis,

*swagila-;

Perhaps Tocharian A swce, swco, Tocharian B swcai- `ray [of light], (sun) beam' reflect Proto Tocharian *swcai- which is possibly (with Hilmarsson, 1986a:263-95, in nuce Pisani, 1942-43a:29) related to Proto-Germanic *suna- *`sunny' > `south' and

*sunn `sun' (cf. P:881-2; MA:556). The two Germanic words would reflect PIE *suh to/suh tn-. The attested paradigm of Germanic *sunn reflects a conflation of the o-grade forms represent a generalization of *suh ten-, further derived by the addition of -ai-. Note:
a a a a a a a a

(a derivative of *seh wel-/suh n- `sun') and, with "particularizing" -n-, *suh tn-/ suh tenand the zero-grade stems (*suh tn- > *sunn- > *sunn-). For Hilmarsson, the Tocharian

The root *suh ten- is an attribute noun created in the same way as adj. and ordinal numbers: Anatolian languages show a pattern similar to alb. So Lycian aitta (*okt(u)ta) `eight' : alb. teta `eight'; Lycian utta `nine' : alb. nanda `nine'. Therefore alb. shtata `seven' derived from a truncated *sa(p)tata `seven' later Old Indic sapttha, Avestan haptaa-, Old
a

Saxon sivotho, Old English seofoa, Lithuanian septitas; also Old Indic saptat-, Avestan haptiti- 70; in alb. -ta, -t are attribute endings that were solidified in Anatolian and Indic alone. cognates. The attribute ta (used in the genitive and adjectives) is unique to alb. language Therefore alb. teta `eight' is a zero grade of Lycian aitta (*okt(u)ta) `eight'. It was initially an ordinal number used as an attribute [compare Latin octugint `80']. That means Slavic *sulnika- n. in Old Church Slavic slnce ` sun ' (-ni- from *ogni `fire') is phonetically equal to Tocharian A swce, swco, Tocharian B swcai- `ray [of light], (sun) beam', hence Slavic forms were created according to attribute nouns ans are late creations.

Maybe gr. ', -; various dialectic forms: ' (Doric), ' (Cypriot), (Thessalian). - Seit J. Schmidt KZ 32, 327ff. all are linked to Cretan Hes. (i.e. F) ` sun '. The common in gr. > has taken place. Both ' (Doric), ' (Cypriot), (Thessalian) and Cretan Hes. (i.e. F) ` sun ' place. Note: (i.e. F) ` sun '. It seems that the sun god ' derived from Cretan Hes.

derived from the same root *shuel `sun' where the common gr. hw > p, gw > b has taken

Khaskura gham (also Indic borrowing surj) ` sun ', Gypsy Gk kham ` sun ' : gr. F reflect gr. -b- > -mb- > -m-. Maybe Etruscan avil ` year ' a borrowing from gr. F.

Page(s): 881-882

References: WP. II 446 f., WH. II 553 f., Trautmann 251, A. Scherer Gestirnnamen 45 ff.

Meaning: satiated ahead);

sRoot / lemma: s-, s-

Material: Old Indic a-si-n-v-, sinvan ` insatiable ' (places ein Praes. *s-nu-mi, *s-nu- Armenian at-ok` `full, ausgewachsen'; ha, haoy `zufrieden' (*sadio-);

(Hom.) ` be satiated '; Aor. Inf. ` satiate ' and ` satiated become', (*, Konj. satiation, sufficient ' (Akk. from ` satiation '); - ` voracious ', `dense, Aor.), Fut. , etc.; - (*n-s-tos) ` insatiable ', = Boeotian `bis zur

gr. thematic present `sttigt sich' (Hesiod; *s-i), athematic Wurzelaor.

rich', `dense, mature, ripe, mellow, seasoned ';Aeolic , Ionian

`bersttigung, berdru, distress ' (*s-s with preservation of after -, -), contemptible; disgust, repulsion, loathing erregend';

whereof Ionian `bin satiated, ekle myself', `bersttige', , ` Latin satis ` sufficient ' (originally Subst. ` satiation '), Kompar. satius; satiets, syllabisch

dissimilated satis ` satiation. hinreichende Menge, berdru'; satur ` satiated ' (roextension einesu-stem); Old Irish sith (*sti-) ` satiety '; sithech ` satiated '; satiate ' = Old English gesdan ds.;

Gothic Dat. Sg. sa (Nom. *s n. or *ss m.) ` satiation ', post-verbal to gasjan `

Maybe truncated alb. (*gasjan) ngos, ngij `sate'. English sd ` satiated, berdrssig', eng. sad ` grieving, ernst'; derived Old Icelandic Gothic sas, Old Icelandic sar, Old Saxon sad, Old High German sat ` satiated ', Old

become', Old High German satn ` satiate ';

seja, Middle High German seten, setten `sattigen' and Old English sadian ` satiated

Church Slavic st ` satiated ' (with unclear y). Postverbalia 67 f.; Page(s): 876

Lithuanian stis f. ` satiation ', sts ` satiated ', post-verbal to stinti ` satiate '; Old

References: WP. II 444 f., 452; WH. II 481 f., Trautmann 250; Wissmann, The ltesten snoSee also: s. also sno-s.

Meaning: to sit

sedRoot / lemma: sed-

Grammatical information: originally only aoristisch, punctual `sich place' (Old Indic), later as duratives stative verb with -suffix `sit' (Latin Germanic Balto-Slavic)

Material: 1. Old Indic sad- (stsi, sadat, Pf. sasda, sdim, sdivs-, compare Avestan hazdy-t Opt.); Avestan ap. had- (with Prverbien) `sich place' (niahasti for *niasti); Kaus.

(lengthened grade) Old Indic sdayati ` places ', Avestan ni-ayeiti `allows niedersitzen, places low, base', ap. niyadayam `I setzte'; from d + aor. -s); Armenian nstim `sit, put myself' (perhaps io-Praes. *ni-zdi); hecanim `sit auf, reite' (c gr. `sit, put myself' (Aor. Hom., Pind.); Kaus. , ` sell ',

actually `place' (Specht KZ. 62, 51);

sd, -re ` calm, appease ' (perhaps = Middle Low German sten ` calm, appease ', adsuidi `schiebt auf, verzgert, hlt auf' (Kaus. *sodeiet; otherwise through Denom. suidigud `place' verdrngt); cymr. seddu `sit'; Maybe alb. Geg me shit 'to sell in a place' ; Gothic sitan is probably reshuffling from *sitjan; Praet. sat, stum), Kaus. Gothic Maybe alb. shtit 'walk slowly over a place'

from *se-zd-ai), Umbrian sersitu `sedt', zeef `sedens', andersesust `intersiderit', Latin

Latin sede, -re, sdi `sit' (present due to of originally auerprs. stem sed-; Perf.

Wissmann Nom. postv. 112, 1); Old Irish sa(i)did (*se(i)did), `sitzt', Fut. seiss (*sed-s-ti),

Old Icelandic sit, Inf. sitia, Old Saxon sittiu, Old High German sizzu `sit' (= , -

satjan, Old Icelandic setia, Old High German sezzen `place' (*sodei);

Old Prussian sdons `sitzend', Old Church Slavic sd), Old Church Slavic sd, sdti `sit'; besides in Old Czech sedti (: Latin sedre); Lithuanian sdu, ssti, Latvian sst (*ssti) `sich place', Old Church Slavic ssti ds. (present sd, see below), Kaus. saditi

Lithuanian *sdmi and sdiu, sdime (*sd-), Inf. sdti `sit', participle Perf. sds (as

(*sdei) `place, pflanzen', Lithuanian sodin sodnti `place, pflanzen'; Maybe alb. sodit 'observe, watch from a place'

Old Prussian with (*o) saddinna `places'; Old Church Slavic sd `put myself' (Inf. ssti) syndens, sinda(n)ts `sitzend' shows nasalization; s. Kuiper Nasalprs. 192 f., where Old based on auf secondary nasalization of *sd (= Lithuanian sdu); also Old Prussian

Indic sand `seat' to st `sitzt' (above S. 342 f.) placed wird;

2. forms with i-reduplication: d after sad-); Avestan hiaiti `sitzt'; gr. `put' = Latin sd `put myself' (*si-zd), Umbrian sistu `consdit', andersistu `*intersdit' (*si-zd-etd); 3. nominal formation: for small cattle', Latin ob-sessus etc., Old Icelandic Old English sess m. `seat', compare *sed-to- in Old Indic satt- `gesessen', Avestan pasu-hasta- m. ` hurdle (*settlement) Old Indic sdati `sitzt' (for *sati from redupl. *si-zd-ati, with replacement from through

bench '; *sed-ti in Old Indic satti- `das Sitzen', n-atti- `das Sitzen, seat', Avestan ni-astiob-, pos-sessor;

also Lithuanian participle sstas and Lithuanian sstas m. `seat', Old Prussian sosto f. `

`Begattung', Latin sessi `Sitzung', from *sessis; Old Indic sttar- m. the `Sitzer', Latin ad-, maybe alb. (*sess), shesh 'plain, flatness, square'.

(*stiz) n. `seat, Sommersitz, Alm'; Old Irish sd `peace', originally n. es-stem, identical with sd n. es-stem `dwelling gttlicher creature ' (compare engl. settlement); o-grade: Old Irish suide n. (*sodiom) `seat, sit' = Latin solium `throne'; f. `seat' (sdibus = Lithuanian Inf. sd-ti: 1 Pl. sdi-me), Umbrian sersi `in sd'; noun noun actionis sd- in: Old Indic Akk. sdam, Dat. sde, with -extension in Latin sds

hadi- `Wohnsitz, palace' (Indo Germanic -s or -is); lengthened grade Old Icelandic str

Old Indic sdas- n. `seat, place, abode, residence', gr. n. `seat'; Avestan Old pers.

maiyi-m (Akk.) `the in the middle dwells '; Latin prae-ses `Vorsitzender', d-ses with Latin subsidium `Untersttzung' compare Old Irish fothae m. n. `base' from *uposodiom, to Old Irish suide;

agentis as 2. compound part: Old Indic apsu-d- `the in den Wassern dwells ', Avestan

`idle' = Old Irish ded ds. (i-inflection secondary), to dess ` sluggishness ' (*de-sed-t);

Belagerung';

stall, sundown, sunset, descent of the sun ', Old High German sez n. `seat, seat, buttocks, cymr. sedd f. `seat' (*sed); hedd m. `peace' (*sedos); Middle Breton hezaff `cease',

Old Icelandic set n. ` enlarged bottom', Pl. sjt `dwelling', Old English set n. `seat, lair,

a seat, bench, stool, chair ' (*eks-d-sedo-), gall. essedum, -a ` 2-wheeled war chariot '

mcorn. hathy ds.; gor-sedd ` throne, hill'; eistedd `Sitzen', abret. estid ` that may be sat on,

dessid ` to sit in, settle on '; skyth. VN `);

(with *en-, compare gr. -, - ` ambush, lurking place, hideout ', Old Irish inAlbanian karrige : Bolognese carga : Bresciano cadrga : Paduan carga : Piemontese cadrega : Portuguese cadeira : Provenal cadiero : Sardinian (Limba Sarda Unificada) cadrea : Sardinian Campidanesu cadira : Sardinian Logudoresu cadra ; catra : Scots

Gaelic cathair : Irish cathaoir : Welsh cadair : Breton kador : Triestino carega : Valencian cadira : Venetian carega : Zeneize carega : Catalan cadira : Corsican carrega ; carrea : Furlan cjadree (common Slavic alb. -e- > -je-, -a- > -ja-, ) : Galician cadeira : Modern ; ` chair '.

Greek : Latin cathedra : Lombardo Occidentale cadrega : Occitan carrea : Greek gr. ` sitting-place, seat, abode, freq. in pl., etc.; esp. of the gods, sanctuary,

temple, in pl., quarters of the sky in which omens appear, sitting, session of a council, etc., when he rose from the sitting, seat, breech, fundament, Hp. Aph.5.22, etc.; of birds and animals, rump ' Old Icelandic setr n. `seat ': lok. Hes. = Latin sella (*sed-l) `stool, seat', gall. sedlon `seat', Gothic

sitls, Old English setl n.; Old High German sezzal m. ` seat' (*sed-lo-); Lower Sorbian o-sedlati `satteln', Armenian et `place' (in addition auchtei `place');

sedlo `seat'; but Old Church Slavic sedlo `saddle' is *sedlo, compare Old Church Slavic Old Saxon sethal m. `Sitzen, seat', Dat. sedle `(to) sundown, sunset, descent of the sun

*sedtlo); therefrom Old High German sidilo `agricola', Middle High German sidilen

', Old High German sethal, sedal n. m. `seat, Wohnsitz, site' (Indo Germanic *stlo- from

satul, satal `saddle' is East Indo Germanic loanword (?); compare above Slavic *sedlo Avestan hastra- n. `congregation, meeting' = Old Indic sattr- n. ` celebration, festival'.

`siedeln'; Germanic *saul- in: Old Icelandic sull, Old English sadol, Old High German from *sedu-lo- n.; besides (in Aryan geneuertes = renamed, has changed???) *sed-tlom in Maybe alb. stol 'throne' : Latin solium ` throne'. reitend, equestrian ' (compare also russ. vsdnik ` equestrian '), Old Icelandic st f. lengthened gradee formations: Old Indic sd- m. ` das Sitzen ', sdn- `(aufsitzend =)

suitable to seat ', see above whereof sti under `seat, hay heap ' = Old High German

Middle High German sze f. `seat, domicile, Hinterhalt', io-Adj. Old Icelandic str `

`Hinterhalt', Old English st ds., Old High German -sza (in place names) `Wohnsitz',

giszi `seat, buttocks '; Proto Baltic *ssta- `seat' (*sd-to-) in Lithuanian sstas m. `seat',

Old Prussian sosto f. ` bench ', compare Old Icelandic sess n. `seat' above S. 885; Old Church Slavic pr-sda ` a snare, trap '; with : cymr. hawdd `light' = corn. hueth ` peaceful ' (Loth RC 36, 162); cymr. sawdd `depth, Absinken'; Old Icelandic Old English st `smut' (`Angesetztes'); unclear Old Irish side f., cymr. huddygl, bret. huzel `smut'; Old Church Slavic sad `Pflanzung' (*sdu-); 4. More or less verdunkelte compositions: nearer, closer an-', nazdita- `the nchste', Avestan ana- Adj. ` near ' (*-zd-na-, of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). Old Indic ndyas- ` nearer, closer ', ndiha- `nchst' = Avestan nazdy adv. `(spacial) Lithuanian sodiai Pl., Latvian sudrji `smut', Bulgarian sda f., Czech sze (*sdio-)

participle Perf. Pass., compare full grade Old Indic sanna- ` near '). (under the influence ni-zdni-zd-os, -m `nest' (prefix ni- `low, base', or `ein-' as `place zum Nieder- or Einsitzen'):

ds., Old High German Old English nest n. `nest';

ndus `nest', Middle Irish net `nest', cymr. nyth `nest, dwelling', corn. neid, bret. nez, neiz

Old Indic n- m. n. `Ruheplatz, lair ', Armenian nist ` position, seat, Residenz', Latin

Maybe zero grade of alb. Geg (*neid) me ndejt `to sit' : corn. neid `nest'. Slavic gnzdo `nest'; identical prefix in Old Indic nidati ` places sich', Avestan nihiaiti, ozdoo-zdos `(ansitzender) twig, branch, bough', see there (ozdo-s); also gr. ` fellow, ozdo pi-s(e)dpi-s(e)d- `daraufsitzen = press': Old Indic payati (*pi-zd-ei) `presses, oppressed, with popular etymology Umgestaltungen Lithuanian lzdas, Latvian ligzda, Old Church

. niyadayam, Armenian nstim, see above;

servant' from *o-zdos `*Beisitzer'; or rather to B. *sed-?

afflicts' (Perf. pip; p `Druck, pain'), gr. `push, press' (*-). B. *sed- in the meaning `go', from connection with Prfixen originated.

disappear', Avestan pazdayeiti `verscheucht (makes go away, pass over'), Avestan -

Old Indic -sad- `hintreten, hingehen, reach ', ut-sad- `sich zur Seite begeben,

had- `sich wegsetzen, dodge ', snaoiti (*-zd-neu-ti) `geht heran' (see 886 sna-); gr. `go'; ablaut. d ` gone, departed, left; dead; lost '; Slavic ch- from Indo Germanic s-

`way', `Wanderer', `wandere'; Old Church Slavic chod ` gait ', choditi

probably at first behind pri- and u- originated. '.

Maybe alb. (*ouda) alb. udh `way, journey', udhtoj ` travel ', udhtar ` wanderer, traveller Here perhaps as compound with one to Pron. k-, kio- (above S. 609) respective Adv.

`aufgebend', sdra- `shy' and Latin cdo (*ke-zd-) `schreite einher; retreat, give after', as well as necesse `notwendig', whether (?) from *ne-kezd-ti-s `es is kein Ausweichen'. sedRoot / lemma: sed- : (to sit) derived from Root / lemma: s- : (to sit). References: WP. II 483 ff., WH. II 507 ff., 511, EM 917 ff., Trautmann 248, 258 ff., 273. Page(s): 884-887
2

*kie-: Avestan syazd- `zurcktreten vor, abandon ', sdyamn ` zurckweichende ', sidy

Meaning: to sow

segRoot / lemma: seg-1

`prolis', mcymr. se, he ` seed, sperm ', he-u, ncymr. hau `sen', hauaf `I sow '. References: WP. II 480, WH. II 509 f.; compare s(i)-2 `sen'. Page(s): 887

Material: Latin seges, -etis f. ` seed ', Seia `goddess of Sens' (*segi); acymr. segeticion

Note: only Latin and Celtic

segsengRoot / lemma: seg-2, nasalized sengMeaning: Meaning: to attach; to touch Material: Old Indic sjati ` attach with a hinge, hook ' (with - `anheften', compare Perf.

Slavic set), Avestan vohuna-zga- (sp) `the sich ans blood heftende Bluthund';

`das Zusammenhngen', saga- ds., Old pers. fr-hajam `I liess hang ' (Aryan *sanjanti = Middle Irish sn (*segno-) `Fangnetz', cymr. hoenyn (*sogno-), umgelautet hwynyn ds.;
e

sasaja), causative sajayati `anheften', participle sakt- `anhaftend, angeheftet', sakti- f.

sgti `heften', Iter. sagti, ablaut. sgas `loop zum Befestigen', sag f. ` agrafe, hook,

German senkel `strap', Modern High German `Schnrsenkel, Schuhriemen'; Lithuanian

gallo-Latin sagum (*sogom or *s gom) `Soldatenmantel'; Middle Low German Middle High

clasp, buckle '; Latvian segt `cover', Old Prussian sagis ` buckle, Hufnagel'; Old Church

Slavic sgnti ` gripe ', sn ` fathom', pri-sti `touch' and `swear, vow', pri-sga `oath';

ohne Nasal: Iter. sagati `', po-sagati, po-sagnti `nubere' (auf den Hochzeitsbrauch attributed). 195. References: WP. II 448 f., 480 f., 482 f., WH. II 464, Trautmann 252, Kuiper Naslprs. Page(s): 887-888 seh sehi sehu hihuRoot / lemma: seh-, sehi-, sehu-

Meaning: to hold, possess; to overcome smbd.; victory

Material: Old Indic shat ` mastered, is able, endures ', shas- n. `force, might, victory' = > -z-

Avestan hazah- n. ` act of violence, robbery ', common Old Indic -h- > -k- : Avestan -hOld Indic saka-, saka- `subduer, victor', shu-ri- `vast, grand, victorious ' (: gr. ,

Avestan haz- `sich bemchtigen, acquire' (present *zh-, e.g. 1. pl. Opt. zam = gr.

`strong, secure, of arguments, etc., strong', compare also Germanic *sigus-),

ssha also Med. ssh, participle shvs-, present shati, Imp. skva `be victorious '; Lesbian `Zurckhalter', `Verhalten, Befinden', ` habitual, customary, Gr. (, , , and ) `hold, possess, have'; hom. ,

Akt. za-z-va Nom. Sg., za-z-u-u Lok. Pl.; lengthened grade besides Perf. akt. Old Indic

, redupl. *se-zh-o-, assimilated Avestan zaza-, e.g. 3. Pl. zaznt, particle Perf.

leidend', , changing through ablaut `haltbar, certainly, fastens' (: Old Indic ds. < *sehed l), (*--) ` without Einhalt etwas making'; of -es-stem ds.;
h

sahuri-, das originally o-stem war), ` plough handle, plough stilt ' (= cymr. haeddel f. Hes., `Wohlbefinden', `the row after' (Gen. eines Adj. *), o-grade: - `salient, superb', Adv. , `weitaus', thereafter hom.

`weitaus', ` holder, Bewahrer', `hold, sttze; hold from, (er)trage', `strap, the den helmet festhlt, clasp, hairpin, bar, bolt'; with : `tische auf, bewirte rich' (lengthening after dem example the

compounds); -, -, -, - (in connection in Perf.-formations, as produktiv gewordene lengthening); zero grade: (*si-zh-) `hold an, have', f. `anchor', (see above), -

, -, - `hold, stop', - `unaufhaltsam; unertrglich (affliction)', f. `Haltung, state, status', ` fatigueless, hartnckig' (`*withstanding '), `concise, genau' (`*narrowly anliegend'), ` near, beinahe' (`*sich eng whereof

holding '), `ununterbrochen', Adv. ds., `Haltung, shape, form',

with it the changing by ablaut * `wer sich nicht halten kann' assumes man as base '(*F--) to Old Indic vi-sah- `in the Gewalt have'; from , `bin unwilling, ungehalten, angry, irate'); , - ` strength

`Einhalten, tranquility, leisure; (wissenschaftliche) occupation in Muestunden' (ein

Breton haezl, nbret. hal f., `

briga, Segontion, Middle Irish seg m. ` strength ', cymr. hy `bold'; cymr. haeddel, Middle

Celtic PN Segis(*-), Sego-mros, GN Segom(n), f. Seget, PN Sego-dnon, Sego-

plough handle, plough stilt ' (= `plough-handle', see above; a from , also (?) in :) cymr. haer ` entt, pressant ', Haer ` woman's name ', haeru ` insure, affirm '; cymr. Middle Breton hael `cordial, gnreux '; cymr. hoel `clavus' (*sohl); Illyrian PN Segesta in Pannonia, Liguria, Sicily; mundus etc. (Indo Germanic neutr.-is- or -es-stem), Old High German sigirn `win, mr (Indo Germanic neutr. -us-stem). Gothic sigis n. `victory', Old High German sigi m. ds., german. PN Sigi-merus, Segie

triumph'; Old High German sigu m., Old English sigor `victory', Old High German PN SigurReferences: WP. II 481 f.

Page(s): 888-889

Meaning: to spill, pour, draft

seik Root / lemma: seik-

from', fra-akm Absolutiv `beimVergieen', hixra- n. `flssiges Exkrement'; `Mostsieb'; `dry';

Ergu, Besprengung', praseka- m. `Ergu, Ausgu'; Avestan hak-, hinaiti (hiaiti) `giet gr. Hes., Ionian ` dampness ', `humid, wet', ` wet ',

Material: Old Indic scat, sicti (asicat) `giet from, begiet', ska- m. ` downpour,

Latin siat `'; sire is probably from *scre after mere `mingere' reshaped; siccus gall. (goidel. or Venetic-Illyrian) FlN Squana `Seine', GN Sinqutis; FlN *Siparis `Svre'

= Irish FlN Sechair;

base or vorwrts glide, slide' (Modern High German versiegen for older verseigen after Norwegian-Swedish sil (*shila-) `side' (sila ` strain ', wherewith Norwegian sila dem Ptc. Middle High German versigen), Old High German gisig `palus, stagnum',

German Old Saxon Old English sgan `trpfelnd fall, sink, flow', Old Icelandic sga `low,

Old High German shan ` strain ', Old English son ds., intr. `ausflieen'; Old High

sl `Schleuse, Ablaufkanal', slen `drnieren'; Old English seohtre f. (*sihtrn-), Middle Low '), Old English seohhe f., Old High German sha `Seihe' (*sh-un-);

`unaufhrlich rain' probably identical is), East Frisian sl `Schleuse', Middle Low German

German sichter, sechter ` drainage ditch '; Old Icelandic sa `Seihe' (schw. Verb sa ` strain Middle Low German sge `triefend, blear eyed, bleareyed ', Middle Low German Middle

High German seiger `slowly or tenacious trpfelnd, faint, languid, schal', Old Icelandic seigr `tough';

`urine' (Old High German seihhen, Middle High German seichen, Low German sken

in Germanic also forms with Germanic k: Old High German Middle High German seich

High German sickern, Norwegian sikla, Swedish sikkla ` drool, drivel, slaver; trickle ' = Low sk n. `stehendes water', Old English sc ` watercourse ' etc.; ', Iter. slov. skati `hervorspritzen'; German sikkelen, Norwegian dial. sikla `small stream, brook', ska ` strain ', Old Icelandic

`urinate, to make water '), Old English sicerian `einsickern', Low German skern, Modern

nasallos serb. osjeka `Ebbe' (*sk); Church Slavic s, scati `urinate, to make water besides eine root seik- `dry', die probably about `abrinnen, versiegen = austrocken' seik

` dryness, aridity ', hiku- `dry';

mitseik- `diffuse' to unite is: Avestan haayeiti with us `trocknet from' (trans.), haah- n. because of seip- lies probably *sei- `drip, trickle, rinnen' the basic.

Page(s): 893-894

References: WP. II 466 f., WH. II 531, Trautmann 260.

Meaning: to pour, rain, sift, *sieve, stream, trickle, dribble

seip- seibRoot / lemma: seip-, seib-

Material: Old High German sib, Dutch zeef, Middle Low German seve n., Old English sife German (from dem Low German) sichten, and Old Icelandic sef n. `juncus' (because of porous stalks); Middle Low German Old Frisian sver m. `mucus, slobber', Old High

n. ` sieve ', in addition Old English siftan, Middle Low German siften, sichten, Modern High

German seivar, Middle High German seifer m. ds. (Middle High German seifel m. `saliva' perhaps with Germanic p, see below); md. sfe `marshy Bodenstelle'; serb. spiti ` trickle, fine rain'; in Germanic also forms with Germanic p (die den end auf Indo Germanic b

German sfen (stem V.) ds., Swedish dial. sipa `slow flow, seep, drip', Middle Low German saip(p)io, Old High German sei(p)fa ` soap '; also `resin', Middle Low German spe ` soap sp `Bchlein', here also the Germanic name the Seife: Germanic *saip(i): Finnish

rechtfertigen): Old English spian, Middle Low German spen `drip, trickle', Middle High

maybe beside Germanic *saip(i)n- also *spon- `tallow, suet (also to Haarfrbemitteln

', Old English spe f. (out of it nord. spa) ` soap ', Latin spo (Germanic loanword);

verwendet)', das with Latin sbum `tallow, suet' (probably genuine Latin) was obtainable in Indo Germanic b); Tocharian A sip-, sep- `anoint', sepal ` ointment '.

from Indo Germanic *s[i]bo- `dripping fat' (Latin b would be then the origin of a root form

Maybe alb. (*spon-) sapun `soap', but older cognate zero grade alb. (*seifen) finj `father-in-law']

`soapsuds, lye' [the common drop of initial se- sounds in alb. as in alb. (*vura-) vjehrr References: WP. II 467 f., WH. II 478, 504;

Page(s): 894

seiSee also: s. S. 889 under sei-.

Meaning: to be damp, to drip

Root / lemma: sei-, soisei- soi-

Material: With l-formants: FlN: venet. Silis, Silarus, Ligurian Silarus, Illyrian Silarus

(Lukanien), hispan. Sil; Middle Irish silid ` drips, flows, allows to flow ', contaminated `saliva, slobber';

partially by sel- `to move, stir' (see below suel-); Old English siolo `sea'; Lithuanian sil elel with m-formants: cymr. hufen ` skimmings' (*soimeno-); Old High German Modern High

German seim ` honey ', Old Icelandic seimr ` honeycomb ', ablaut. simi m. `sea', Danish sima av ` dribble from ', westfl. simern `seep, drip' (Old Saxon *simarn). References: WP. II 464 f.; Page(s): 889

seik seipSee also: perhaps the base from seik- and seip- `diffuse'.

sekRoot / lemma: sek-1

Meaning: to flow out, dry out (of water) Note: sink Similar Root / lemma: sek-1 : to flow out, dry out (of water) : Root / lemma: seng- : to fall, sekseng Material: Old Indic -sak-ra-, redupl. a-sa-c-t `not versiegend', vakt `eine nicht milk

sandbank', Latvian sekls ` shallow, having little depth ', sku (*sinku, afterwards:) sikt `versiegen', in addition with Baltic un from n das Kaus. Lithuanian sunk-i, sukti sap'; Old Church Slavic i-sknti `versiegen (of water)', pr-sknti ` abate '.
o

`abflieen, dry become', sekls ` shallow, having little depth ', sekl, skis ` shallow place,

redupl. Aor.), secondary nasalized Lithuanian senku, skti `fall (of Wasserstand)', nuskti

gebende (versiegte) cow'; gr. hom. `stockte, versiegte'; (*o, *se-sk-eto,

`absickern let', Latvian scu, skt `durchseihe', Iter. skt, East Lithuanian sunk `juice, Redupl. si-sk-us `dry (= versiegt)' in Avestan hiku- `dry' (also hikva-), fem. hikv, si-sk-

`swamp, marsh, moor, fen' (`infertile '; compare Old Icelandic saurr `moor, fen': Old

Middle Irish sesc, cymr. hysb `dry, infertile ', bret. hesp `dry' (*siskuo-), Old Irish sescenn

samaisc `young cow, zweijhrige Frse' (*samo-sisku `die Sommertrockne'), die auf dem unclear is gr. `arid, verschrumpft, fragile, flimsy '. Note: etymology: Nostratic etymology: Meaning: shallow Indo-European: *sek-, *siskUralic: *oka English meaning: shallow; to become shallow, dry Saam (Lapp): coakke -g- (N) 'low water (in river or sea)', tshk (L) ' shallowly (from a
i

cow', bret. havesk Adj., from a cow, die in dem years not calf gehabt has = Middle Irish

and milk', heska `tarir', bret. hesquein (besides hespein) ds., corn. beuch heskyz `a dry

English sar `dry'), besides bret. hesk `dry, infertile ', hesken ds., `from a cow without calf

fem. *sisku, Gen. *siskuis based on and vor dem i den case obl. u eingebt have;

sea)', cikke (T), cu kk (Kld.) ' shallow, low (from the water)', coakko- -g- (N) 'fall (e.g. fall (from the water)' ( > Finnish dial. sokku- ' drop, fall ') ?

level of water), sink, decrease', tshk- (L) ' get lower water level, sink, fall ', coakka- (K) ' Selkup: eka-, te^ka- (Ta.), cakka- (Ke.), aga- (N) ' parch, dry ', tkki- (Tur.) ' become dry '

K. Reshetnikov's notes: Still compare Hun. sekly ' shallow ' (despite its rejection in UEW 61). Yukaghir parallels: ou ' shallow ', ogunn'e- 'be shallow (of a river)' Albanian cek ` touch', cekt adj. ` shallow ', cak ` border, line'. References: WP. II 473 f., Trautmann 256 f., Kuiper Indo Germanic Nasalprs. 185 f. Page(s): 894-895

Root / lemma: sek-1 sek Meaning: to follow Grammatical information: mostly medial

companionship'; Old Indic skm (m. Instr.) `in Gemeinschaft with, nebst'; Avestan hakat `zugleich' (: Latvian sec?); Old Indic sc (m. Lok.) `together with, by, angesichts from', Old Indic skra- (*-sk-ra-) ` combined ', as Avestan skiti f., ` association ' (full grade haiti- ` accompaniment '); because of Aryan kh dubious: Old Indic skh (skhi-) ` fellow, comrade, friend', gr. ` follow ', Aor. (redupl., compare Old Indic scati) and , Adv. `to same time' (solidified Nom. Sg. n. of participle, *seknt); Old Indic sci Adv.

ds., Avestan haait, haaiti ds., Old Indic skman-, Avestan haxman- n. ` escort,

Material: Old Indic scate `begleitet, folgt', scati, sakti, 3. Pl. scati (: Aor.)

in: Das Institut f. deutsche language under Literatur 1954, 142.

sek Note: as Terminus the jargon spoken by hunters originally eins with sek-2, s. Wissmann

Avestan ha, ap. ha `fort from, from - from' (Instr. eines *seko-s `folgend'); zero grade

Avestan haxay- (hai-) ds., ap. Haxmani- ` ';

- Hes.;

`help, stand by ' (*sm-sokiei), `Gehilfe'; participle * as base from maybe alb. (*sok) shoku m. shoqe f. `friend' (*soq ` das Folgen, Gefolgschaft '); ablaut. ` fellow ', ` allow to follow ', , Ionian ` gleiter ' Latin sequor, - `nachfolgen, begleiten, pursue ', participle sectus (after soltus,

, -; due to eines *sokio-s (= Latin socius, Old Icelandic seggr):

sequor `pursue' (: Old Indic anu-sac- `nachgehen'); compare sector, -r ` eager begleiten',

voltus, for older *sectos = gr. *, Lithuanian at-sktas `aufgesprt, aufgefunden'); n-

following, second ';sequester, -tra, -trum, newer -tris, -tre `(*mitfolgend =) vermittelnd, nebenbei, gem', solidified Nom. Sg. m. eines *seko-s `folgend' (compare o. Old Indic Mittelsperson' (from a n. es-stem -sekuos derive ); secus (with Akk.) `dense after,

secta f. `Richtlinie, party, philosophische Schule'; secundus (participle Praes.) `the

compounds squius; socius `teilnehmend, Gesellschafter, Teilnehmer, Bundesgenosse'; maybe alb. (*seko-) shkoj ` go, follow', shko-z ` beech, (*walking tree)' [-z alb. (*sok) shoku `friend, follower'. diminutive suffix] similar to alb. bredh ` fir-tree, spruce', bredh ` wander, (walking tree)', Old Irish sechithir (= Latin sequitur) `folgt', sechem `das Folgen', sech (with Akk.) `vorbei

sc); to secus `after, less good' (from `folgend, zurckstehend') trat ein jngerer

Latin secus);

an, about - out, namely', cymr. bret. hep `without' (compare Old Indic sc, Avestan ha, Old High German beinsegga `pedisequa', Old Saxon segg, Old English sec, Old Lithuanian sek, skti, Latvian seku, sekt `follow; feel, scent', Lithuanian at-sektas (see

Icelandic seggr `Gefolgsmann, journeyman, man' (*sokios);

above), sekm f. `Erfolg', Latvian (veraltet) secen, sec (m. Akk.) `vorbei, lngshin', (perhaps from *seken, *seki = Old Indic sci). Page(s): 896-897 References: WP. II 476 f., WH. II 506, 518, 519 f., Trautmann 254 f.

sek Root / lemma: sek-2

Meaning: to see, show; to speak sek Note: identical with sek-1. Material: Gr. , (-- verbalized the metr. lengthening) `sage an, erzhle'

(Imp. , Impf. , Fut. - (*sk--), Aor. -, Imp. -, -

, 2. Pl. from *-), `unsglich; unsagbar gro, eternal, infinite ', `from the divinity geoffenbart'), from *--; , ` seer, Weissager'

- Hes. (: Latin insecti), ` wonderful, divine' (originally probably Verkrzung from ; `weissage'; `greet' (- from n

);

`in'); ` welcome, desirable, worth having, welcome, wanted, pleases ' (*n-Latin nseque `sag an' (= gr. ), also nsece, verschleppt from forms as:

insectins `narrationes', insexit `dixerit'; inquam, inquis, -it `sage I, sagst du, he says '

(inquam Konjunktivform *en-skm `mcht' I say'; inquit originally themat. Aorist *en-ske-t as -); Umbrian prusikurent `pronuntiaverint', sukatu `declrt, pronuntit'; k instead of p

after forms with labialization of *k vor s, t;

`antworten', cymr. `entsprechen', mcymr. gwrtheb ` reaction ', cymr. ` objection ', corn. goreby `antworten'; mcymr. dihaereb ` proverb, saying ' (*d-ad-pro-sko-), Old Irish

acymr. hepp, mcymr. heby(r), cymr. eb(e), ebr `sagte', mcymr. hebu `speak', go-hebu

in-coissig (*ind-com-sech- from *sek-) ` identified ', tsc `announcement' (*to-ad-sko-), cosc `apparition' (*en-kom-sko-); mcymr. atteb, ncymr. ateb `Antwort' (*ati-sek-), Old

rosc ds. (*ad-pro-sko-); Middle Irish rosc `dithyrambische poem ' (*pro-sko-); Old Irish

Irish aithesc n. `Antwort' (*ati-sku-om), con-secha `zchtigt', cosc ` punishment ' = cymr. ' (*eni-sku-i), also Old Irish scl n. ` narration ' (*sketlo-n, from which borrowed cymr. chwedl etc.); Middle Irish scoth f. `word'; Old High German sagen `say' (*sok-), besides Germanic *sagi < *sawi in Old

cosp ds. (*kom-sko-m), Old Irish diuschi `weckt' (*di-uss-sechi), Old Irish insce ` discourse

Saxon seggian, mnl. segghen, Old English secgan (engl. say), Old Icelandic segja ds., German Sage), Old English sagu f. ds.;

abstract noun Old Icelandic Old High German saga `declaration, narration ' (Modern High Lithuanian sek, skti `narrare' (= (), inseque), sekimas `das Erzhlen', skm f. ` Old Church Slavic soiti ` indicate ', sok `Anzeiger, Anklger', poln. osoka ` accusation, older meaning sek- `see' and `show' (see previously above Irish in-coissig, tsc, sek

narration, Sage', saka, sakti `say', psaka `Mrchen' etc.; slander ' etc.;

auchcon-secha, cosc as Latin animadvertere also ` reprove ') in: Old Irish rosc m. `eye, look' (*pro-sko-); Gothic saian `see', Old Icelandic sj from sa, Old English son, Old Saxon Old High

German sehan, Modern High German sehen; Gothic siuns `face, eyesight', Old Icelandic syn, sjn f. `vision, sight, apparition', Old English sen, Old Saxon siun `sight, vision, eye' from *se(g)wn; Adj. Gothic anasiuns, Old English gesene, Old Icelandic synn `visible, looking, face, sight', Old English gesiht ds.;

obvious, clear', synast `shine, appear, seem' (= ` appear '); Old High German (gi)siht `the Maybe alb. syu, syni ` eye '

German selt-sne `seldom' seltsam strange (but Old English seldsene ` rare ' from *sa(g)wni-); (*sek-tr-). Hittite akuua- n. Pl. `eyes', akuui- `see'; Tocharian A otre, otri `mark, token, sign'

besides from lengthened grade *s(g)wni-: Old High German selt-sni, Middle High

Protoform: *sg ( z-)

From PIE this root passed to Altaic languages:

Meaning: to look, search Tungus protoform: *sig-

Mongolian protoform: *sigiaKorean protoform: *h-

Japanese protoform: *snkPJ *s(n)kas-.

Note: 2, 78, Martin 236, Martin 1996, 27. Kor. *h- is an assimilation < *sVh- =

References: WP. II 477 ff., WH. I 702 f., Trautmann 255, Pedersen Tocharian 69. Page(s): 897-898

Root / lemma: selsel-

Meaning: to throw away, pour out, send away, free

Material: Old Indic srjti, srjati `entlt, schiet, giet', participle sr-, visrjana-m `Ausgieung' (srga- `das Entlassen, Schieen, Gieen' with g through derailment); Avestan harzaiti, hrzaiti `entlt, sendet from, schickt from', participle harta-, harzna- n. `das Lassen, leave ; Durchlassen, Filtrieren';

corn. helfia `Jagen', bret. hem-olc'h ` hunt', di-elc'hat `atemlos sein';

hel, hela `hunt, chase', heliwr `Jger', acorn. helhwr ds., mcorn. helhys, hellys `gejagt',

javelin' (*slg); acymr. in-helcha `venando', helgha-ti ` hunt, chase!', mcymr. hely, ncymr.

Old Irish selg f. ` hunt' (of Loslassen the Hunde, Old Indic srjti na), sleg f. `spear,

Old English be-sylcan ` make feeble ', *-seolcan `trge sein or become', only in participle -solcen, solcen `idle, faul', engl. sulky. References: WP. II 508.

Middle High German selken stem V. `tropfend niederfallen, sich senken (from Wolken)',

Page(s): 900-901

Meaning: to drag; plough

selkRoot / lemma: selk-

elkelk Note: perhaps with uelk- to eines originally root suelk- to unite, s. lastly Specht KZ 66, 25 f. tempus); gr. `ziehe', f., m. `pull; das Geschleppte etc.' = Latin sulcus Material: Armenian heg `slow, idle' (compare to meaning zgern : ziehen, ducere

`furrow', sulc, -re `pflgen', zero grade Old English sulh `furrow, plough', alb. helq, heq `pull, pull down' (*solkei); Old High German selah, Old English seolh, Old Norse selr ` seal, Robbe' as `sich Tocharian slk- `herausziehen, vorfhren'. Page(s): 901 References: WP. II 507 f., WH. II 627, Frisk 77.

mhsam towing '?

selRoot / lemma: sel-1 Meaning: dwelling Material: Old High German sal m. `dwelling, hall ', langob. sala ` courtyard, house, edifice, palace', sele m. `house, dwelling, hall', Old Icelandic salr m. `hall, room, house', Pl.

building', Old Saxon seli m. `dwelling, hall, temple', Old English sl n., salor n., `hall, `dwelling, courtyard ', sel (*salja-) `chalet'; Gothic saljan `einkehren, abide, remain ',

saliws Pl. `stop, hospice ', Old High German salida, Old Saxon selitha, Old English seld saliws); Lithuanian sal f. `village'. `dwelling'; Old Bulgarian selo `farm, village', selitva `dwelling' (similar formation to Gothic

Page(s): 898

References: WP. II 502 f., Trautmann 248.

Meaning: beam, board

selelel Root / lemma: sel-2, suel-

Material: Old English selma, sealma, Old Saxon selmo `bed', actually `das wooden ` crib, manger, trough'; alb. gjol `Platte, auf die man Viehsalz legt' (*sl).

bedstead '; Lithuanian solas ` bench ', Lithuanian sl `trough, Schweinetrog', Latvian sile With anlaut su-: gr. , - (by Hes. also ) `balk, beam, Geblk, scaffold,

versehen', , - `plank, thwart '; also Old High German swelli, Middle High German swelle `balk, beam, Grundbalken, threshold', Old Icelandic svalar f. Pl., Old Swedish svali

trestle, esp. deck of the ship, thwart ', hom. `with guten Ruderbnken

threshold', zero grade Old English syll, Old Icelandic syll ds., Middle Low German sl, slle, sille ds. References: WP. II 503 f.

`Galerie', nisl. svoli ` block of wood ', e-grade Old Icelandic swill f. `Grundbalken,

Page(s): 898-899

selRoot / lemma: sel-3

Meaning: to take, grab

Material: Gr. ` to take with the hand, grasp; take, obtain the power ', n., ` booty, spoil, prey, of unburied corpses, Hom. booty, robbery, capture '; doubtful Latin cnsilium ` deliberation, consultation, a considering together, counsel, council meeting,

decision '; cnsulere sentum ` gather the senate ', then ` debrief ', root nouns cnsul, ` a expulsion of the kings ';

consul, one of the two highest magistrates of the Roman state, chosen annually, after the

Maybe alb. sul ` attack ' Luguselva woman's name (`*property of Lugus'), wherefore Old Irish ad-selb- `render ', toin addition as -uo-derivative Old Irish selb f., cymr. helw m. ` possession ', gall. (Julia)

basis *sli-: Irish sl- in fuil(l)em ` interest ' (*fo-sl-mo-), adroilliu `earn ' (ad-ro-sl-), -tuillim *slids. (to-sl-); cymr. dyrllyddu, bret. deleza `earn ' (*to-ro-sl-i-); maybe alb. (*sellen, shet) shes ` sell ' aor. shita ` sold ' Saxon gisellian, Old High German sellen, Old English sellan ` hand over, sell '; the nouns as causative ` make obtain ' here Gothic saljan ` offer, sacrifice', Old Icelandic selia, Old

ad-selb- `allocate, present ', to-selb ` keep, retain possession of '; perhaps also due to a

bergabe eines Gutes ', sal m. ` blessing which is to be handed over according to the Maybe alb. sjel, sjell `bring'. Page(s): 899 References: WP. II 504 f., Trautmann 292.

Old Icelandic sal n. ` payment ', sala f., Old English salu `sale', Old High German sala `

testament ' must be post-verbal; here Old Church Slavic sl ` summoner ', slati `send'.

selRoot / lemma: sel-4 Meaning: to spring Material: Old Indic ucchalati `schnellt empor' (Middle Indic from *ud-salati);

Springen';

gr. `spring, hpfe' (*s li), ep. Aor. , verbal noun `spring', `das
e

` dance ', salebra `holprige place of Weges' (shaped after latebra); wherefore insultre; `Beschmutzen', Vannes sautrein `Zertreten, Beschmutzen';

Latin sali, -re, -u (-), -tum `spring, jump ', saltus `spring', salax `horny, lustful', saltre

Middle Irish saltraid `zertritt', verbal noun cymr. sathru `Zertreten', Middle Breton saotra

Lithuanian sal, Latvian sala `island' s. Mhlenbach-Endzelin III 664;

Lithuanian tsala `Wasserlache', slti `flow', Old Prussian salus `Regenbach'; about eine p-extension in Lithuanian salpas m. `bay, bosom' = Slavic *solp in slov. slp

Church Slavic slpati. Page(s): 899

`waterfall, surge '; Slavic *selpj, *slpati `spring' in Old Church Slavic v-slplj ds., Infin.

References: WP. II 505, WH. II 468, Trautmann 256.

selRoot / lemma: sel-5

Meaning: to sneak, creep

`schleichendes animal', Avestan srvant-, sravant- `schleichend, anschleichend' (particle Aor. solecay `serpo, repo, delabor, trahor', solun `humi serpens, repens' (*t-sol- with

Material: Old Indic tsrati `slinks, slinks heran, beschleicht' with prefix [a]d-, tsru m.

from Aryan *tsr-au-, u-extension respectively u-present); so perhaps also Armenian solim,

alteration from ts- to s-?); gr. (Akk.) `schleppfig' (actually `schleichfig', compare:) epithet of the couch-grass, `die sich schleichweise ausdehnende' (metr. Dehnungen for -); Maybe illyr TN Seleiitani

References: WP. II 505 f., Trautmann 255, M. O'Brien Et. celt. 3, 370 f.; E. Schneider WuS. 21, 166 ff. Page(s): 900

Irish *selit from *sel-nt); Lithuanian sel, selti `slink, leise auftreten'.

Beschleichen a schlafenden Frau', intled f. `Fallstrick' (*ind-leth); nir. seilide `snail' (Old

tortoise, snail'; Old Irish *selid `slinks, crawls', verbal noun sleith (*sleth from *slt) `das

alb. shlig `snake, adder, viper'; Old Irish selige, Middle Irish seilche (*selekio-) `turtle,

sel- sel slRoot / lemma: sel-6, sel- : slMeaning: lucky, luck

Material: Latin slor, -ri ` comfort, relieve, beschwichtigen'; Old Irish sln `heil; fit, healthy'; Germanic *sl- in Gothic sls `good, suitable ', slei `Gute', Old Icelandic sll `lucky',

Old English sl m. f. `luck, possibility, opportunity, time', geslig `lucky'. Old High German Old Saxon slig `lucky, blessed, gesegnet', Old High German slida `Gte, luck, salvation' (*sliza) `better', Adv. sl `better'; = Old Saxon sla, Old English sl, Old Norse sld f. `luck'; *sol- in Old English slra Auf a heavy basis *s(e)l- : sl- based on the gr. family of * (*--) `bin

Aeolic (*-); unredupl. present , after demonstrative redupl. blithe, glad' from *; (*--) `make mir jemanden gnstig

gnstig, gracious', Imp. hom. , theokr. (*--), next to which as Perf.-Imp. colored from * (- still in = by Steph. Byz.) as also `cheerful, gesinnt, vershne'; due to of present -, - on the one hand lakon. F, Cretan Lesbian `gnstig, gracious'.

, Attic , Ionian , on the other hand hom. (F), Arcadian (F), References: WP. II 506 f., WH. II 556.

Page(s): 900

Meaning: Meaning: swamp, sea

selosRoot / lemma: selos-

Material: Old Indic sras- n. `wash basin, pond, pool, sea', Srasvat f. FlN and GN (to

Grammatical information: n.

sras-vant- `abundant in water') = Avestan Harax ait, Old pers. Hara(h)uvat ` Arachosien depression, backwater ', ` of the marsh or meadow, growing or dwelling in the marsh '. References: WP. II 507.

'; Old Indic sarasy- Adj. `pond, pool-, sea-'; gr. n. ` marshy lowland, marsh-meadow,

Page(s): 901

Root / lemma: selp- (*ghelp-) selpMeaning: fat n. Material: Old Indic sarps- n. ` melted butter, melting-butter, lard, fat', srpr- ` greasy,

?) . Hes., , , - f. ` oil-bottle '; alb. (*ghelp-) gjalp ` butter '; [common alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz-].

smooth, sleek, oiled, blank'; gr. (n.) , Hes. and (with after :

Old High German salba, Old Saxon sala, Old English sealf ` ointment ', Gothic Old High German salbn, Old Saxon saln, Old English sealfian `anoint'; Tocharian A lyp, alype `fat, butter, l'. Page(s): 901 References: WP. II 508.

Meaning: to pour

semRoot / lemma: sem-1

measurement of fluid quantities '), f. `Nachttopf', n. `Opferschale', f. ` BSL. 50, 39 to Hittite an- ` pour, let flow, make flow, spill, cast, mold, shed '; Illyrian FlN Semnus (Lucanien); meine Not'; Latin sentna `Kielwasser, Schiffsjauche', sentn `schpfe das Wasser from, habe

which Middle High German ame, ome, Modern High German Ohm ` liquid measure,

Material: Gr. ` collect ', f. ` bucket; pail ' (out of it Latin ama `Feuereimer', from

fascicle, sheaf '(), but , - `heap, Schiffsraum, Kielwasser' after Benveniste

teistiu `Ausgieen', tuistiu ` procreation, creation ' (*to-uks-sem-ti) etc.; compare due to a d- weitergebildet send- in abret. do-uo-hinnom gl. ` austum ', cymr. gwe-hynnu ` scoop, ausleeren'; (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). smelu, smelt ` scoop '. f.

Old Irish sem- `diffuse' in to-eks-sem- ds., to-uks-sem- `zeugen, produce ', verbal noun

abstufenden inflection -ti(n)- : -tn-es above Latin sentna (originally Adj., scil. aqua); with -

Lithuanian semi, smti ` scoop ', smtis ` dipper ', with -el- further formations Latvian

References: WP. II 487 f., WH. II 514 f., Trautmann 256, Ifor Williams RC 40, 487, Frisk 88 Page(s): 901-902 semRoot / lemma: sem-2

Meaning: one

Material: 1. With vor dominant Zahlwortbedeutung `eins': or after *, ) `ein'; ` soliped, animal which does not have cloven hoofs ' Armenian mi `eins' (*sm-iios); gr. , , (*sems, *sem, *sm-i), Gen. (for *

(*-), Cretan , tarent. `once', compounds Doric (Attic ) `the eine, the other from zweien' (= cymr. hanner, corn. bret. hanter `half'); Latin sem-per `in a fort, always' (*sem = gr. , compare under Germanic sin-); simtu

`zugleich', Ablat. from *simtus < *sem-eitus `das Zusammengehen', compare Old Irish from *sm hesl `eine Tausendheit' (wrongly S. 446), compare das in *sm-heslom

emith `tanquam, quasi', cymr. hefyd `also' from *semiti-, to Old Indic sm-iti-; mlle `1000'

zerlegte Old Indic sahsra-m, Avestan hazara- `a thousand '; Old Irish cumme `similarly' adv. solidification) `*in einem' = `together' or `perpetual' or `absolutely, very' in Old Saxon Old High German sin-hun, Old English sin-hwan `conjuges, husband', Gothic sin-teins `daily', Old Saxon sin-nahti, Old English sin-niht `ewige night', Middle High German sinfrom *kom-smiio- ` totally the eine, the same '; Germanic *sin (i.e. Indo Germanic *sem in

grene, Old English sin-grne, Old Icelandic s-grnn `immergrn', Old English sin-here sine-wealt, Old Low German sinu-wel ` totally round ' etc.;

`big army ', Old High German sin-fluot `big, giant flood', Old Icelandic s-valr, Old English Tocharian A sas m. (komponiert a-), e (older es in es-ka ` alone ') from *sem-s; A

s f. from *sem; compound form A oma- (*semo-), somo- (*somo-); Van Windekens Lexique 121.

eins together, with'.

just', gr. - `a-hundred' from *- after or a *-. compare under *sm `in With Gutturalsuffixen: gr. . (*-); Latin singuli `einzelne' (against it

hsram see above), gr. - `once', - `simple, just', Latin sim-plus, -plex `simple,

sm- as 1. composition part: Old Indic sakrt, Avestan ha-krt `once' (about Old Indic sa-

sicinnium from gr. ` dance of Satyrn');

sincinium `Einzelgesang' not from *singo-caniom, but popular etymology metathesis from with h presumably Armenian ez ` someone ' (*sem-ho-? with it hez `mild,

avant- `sich gleichmig erneuernd, eine ununterbrochene Reihe bildend, each, every, in a row'); perhaps alb. gjith `all, whole' (*sem-ko `from einerund the same kind of'?).

rechtschaffen' as `einfach from Sitten' alike? Pedersen KZ. 39, 414); with k Old Indic

all' (from *sa-vant-, with formants -uent- from Indo Germanic *sm-ko- perhaps `in a Zuge,

Note: Note Alb. (*ghim- ko) gjith `all, together ' : Tocharian A sas m., e [common alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz-; also alb. -s > -ths].

Old High German simble(s), simblum ds., auf a n. *semlo-m `eine time' being based on. everything ' (unbetont):
e

`consimilis'; Gothic siml `(*once =) once ', Old English sim(b)le, simles, simblon ` always', 2. s mo- ` someone ' = ` anyone, someone; anybody; somebody; anything; something; momo Old Indic sam- `irgendein', Avestan ap. hama- ` whoever it be, whatever, each, each

(proklit. amal `as'), cymr. etc. hafal `similarly, alike ', Old Irish samlith `simul', cosmail

from * colored?); with reduplication-stem Old Irish samail `Bild, Gleichnis'

in semel, Umbrian sumel `zugleich' (with the same as ? or latter previously after

`zugleich' apokopiert from *semeli, next to which after bis, *tris (ter) widened *semlis `once'

similis `similarly' (*semelis `from ein and the same kind of'), simul, older semol, semul

With l-suffixes: gr. ` alike, even, smooth ' (`*in a kind of verlaufend') ablaut. Latin

one, every, everybody, every one, everything, omnis';

Maybe alb. Geg urith, Tosc (*ham-uridhe) hamuridhe ` mole '. Armenian amn, amn-ain `alle, omnis'; , Attic ` anyhow, somehow ', - `nicht einer, no, not at all, not', manche', Old Icelandic sumr ` a certain, a kind of, as one might say, nonnullus ', Old 3. `*in eins = together, with'; Old Indic satr `together, totally and gar' = Avestan har `together, zugleich, vereint with', Adv. `together' (: root *d er- `hold, stop', as also:) gr. -, Attic - `in association, gesamt', - `consors tori', - `couterinus', - `Weggefhrte' (from through Aspiratendiss). - Old Indic smt `together with', Avestan mat `ds.; always, immerdar'; gr. , Doric `in einem, zugleich', `together'.
h

gr. - `irgend ein' in , Attic `rgendwie', , Attic `irgendwoher',

` by no means, not at all, in no way '; Gothic sums `irgend ein, ein certain ', Pl. `einige,

Saxon Old English Old High German sum ds.

sm-: Old Indic sa-h, sadh `common, together' = Avestan haa, . had `together',

Old Indic sdam, sd `allzeit, stets always' = Avestan haa ` always', Old Indic s-dhr

with verbs and in Zs. with nouns; Armenian ham- `with' probably from Iran.);

somsom-: Old Indic sm- `together, zugleich with', Avestan ap. ha(m)- `with' (in connection Lithuanian sam-, s- (e.g. sam-dti `employ, engage', sn-dora `Eintracht', s-in

`Gewissen, conscientia'), Old Prussian san-, sen- (san-insle `belt, girdle'), sen (*sem)

preposition `with' (Indo Germanic *sem); Old Church Slavic s- `with' (s-sd `neighbor', etc.;

compare Old Indic sa-sd- `congregation, meeting'), s-log ` consors tori ', compare with Old Church Slavic s- changing through ablaut is *sn-, s (*s m) e.g. in sn-iti `
o

convenire ', s-vzati ` tie together ' as well as s preposition `with'; whether Lithuanian s `with' belong, could es together with Old Church Slavic s and gr. , `with' auf Indo 487 .
7

Germanic *ksu respectively *ksun zurckgefhrt become; compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2,

preposition `together', samy, in same way, mitten hindurch', *samayati `ebnet, brings in 90); about Old Indic sim- `selbst' s. Wackernagel-Debrunner 3, 578;
2

Von som- derives somo-s: Old Indic sam- ` even, alike, the same', samm Adv. and somo-

order', Avestan ap. hama- ` alike, the same', Armenian omn `whoever' (Meillet Esquisse

Maybe alb. (*sam-urithe) hamuridhe, urith ` mole' (`the same as a mole '), si ` like'. - `from the same Ort', - `an denselben place', `gleichwohl' (, New Attic `similarly'); here (above S. 56), `begleite' (to * from *som-r-to-s), after Szemernyi Gl. 33, 265 to *er-, above S. 327 f.; Old Irish -som `ipse',
h

gr. `common; similarly, alike, even, smooth ', Adv. and preposition `together',

Old Irish sund `here', cymr. hwnn `this' (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > nn-), (from Indo Germanic *somd e, welches to sondo- reshaped wurde); Gothic sa sama

`the same', Old Icelandic samr, inn sami `the same', samt Adv. `ununterbrocben', Old High samkynja `from same gender, sex', gr. ds., Old Indic sama-jtya `gleichartig', Old sammri, `from the same mother '; German der samo `the same', compare also Zs. as Gothic sama-kuns, Old Norse

Norse samfera, , . hamapitar- `from the same Vater', Old Icelandic ein -Fem. *som, *sm `Beisammensein, association, partly also kmpfendes

Aneinandergeraten' in Old Indic sam-k- n. `fight, struggle, battle'; but gr. - `heap, remain far off because of Aeolic , also Latin mles, compare Szemernyi Arch. `wettkmpfen'; Ling. 6, 41; gr. `fight, fight, struggle, contention ' (*s m-il-ia),
e

congregation, meeting, Schlachtgedrnge', `Umgang, Verkehr', `verkehre'

Old Icelandic sama `passen, sich schicken'; Gothic samjan `gefallen, to gefallen seek ', Old Icelandic semja (= Old Indic samayati) `zusammenstellen, unite, einig become um,

in addition with the concept of friedlichen Beisammenseins, also of Zusammenstimmens

sort, order, arrange, zustandebringen'; in addition probably Germanic *samia- in Old High German semfti (Adv. samfto) ` comfortable, gemchlich, friendly', Modern High German sanft, Old Saxon sfto Adv. `light', Middle Low German sachte Adj. Adv. `gentle, mild', Old

English sfte (Adv. sfte) ` peaceful, mild', compare in addition esp. Old Indic sntva- n. `good beschwichtigende words', sman- m. n. `ds., mildness, freundliches Entgegenkommen';

auf Indo Germanic could go back to*sm-tu-;

Germanic *samia- is viell. from a tu-stem *samu- reshaped, the with Old Indic sntva-

because of westfl. smi from *smani originated; Gothic sama `together', Old Saxon High German samt; eine d-derivative in Old Indic samd- f. `fight, fight, struggle', gr. ` scuffle, swarms of people, crowd ';

against it is Old English sme, sm, Old Saxon smi ` smooth, even, gentle, milde'

samad, Old English samod, Old High German samit (samant with n after saman-), Modern

redend', sntva- (see above), Avestan hma- ` alike, the same', np. hmn ` plain ', Old Icelandic sma (*smn) `passen, geziemen', smi m. `honour, award', smr `proper, Irish sm ` tranquility ' (from `*trauliches Beisammensein'), sim ` peaceful, mild', Old

lengthened grade Old Indic sman-, sman- ` peaceful ', sma-gir- `freundliche words

`einmtig, friendly', Middle High German suome `pleasant, mellifluous'; abgel. Old `vershnen'; engl. seem `befit, shine, appear, seem' is nord. loanword;

fitting', Old Saxon smi ds., Old English sm f. `Einigkeit, congregation, meeting', ge-sm Icelandic sma `sich finden in, Rcksicht nehmen auf, honour', Old English sman Old Church Slavic sam `ipse, alone, single, sole, one; only one; one and the same '; samana- n. ` gathering, assembly, meeting, convention, Festversammlung', saman Adv. `together, concomitant, ebenmig'; Gothic samana `beisammen', Old Icelandic saman `together', Old High German saman, zi samane, Modern High German zusammen; samenen `gather, collect', dissim. samelen, Modern High German sammeln; with meeting, convention '), bech-amain `swarm of bees'; with n-formants: Old Indic sman-, smana- see above; with -grade probably Old Indic

therefrom derived Old Icelandic samna, Old High German samann, Middle High German reduplication-stem Irish samain `the festival of 1. Nov.' (actually ` gathering, assembly, eine lengthened grade *sm perhaps in gall. - ` this ' and in n. of Old Irish article
h n

transference the Endflexion auf eine Adv.-form *sinde (from *sm-d e; es allows sich after

(s)a , preceding from *sin ` this ' from *sm about *sn; die brigen forms are through

Old Indic sa-dha Indo Germanic *d e, odernach Irish suide from Indo Germanic *so-de (jocymr. hynn (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), go auf den stem *sindo- back and place die inflection) = gr. - also Indo Germanic *de ansetzen) originated; Demonstr. Irish sin,
h

enclitice form dar.

References: WP. II 488 ff., WH. II 511 f., 513, 533 ff., Trautmann 249 f.; J. Gonda, Reflections on the Numerals. Page(s): 902-905

Meaning: summer Note:

semRoot / lemma: sem-3

Grammatical information: (Gen. s m-s) semheihiRoot / lemma: sem-3 : `summer' has certainly derived from Root / lemma: hei-2 : hi- , hei-men-, *heimn-: `winter; snow' [common satem IE he- > se-]. It seems that the hei-men- heimnseems crucial to determine the homeland of Indo Europeans. Hittite-Illyrian name for winter became the Sanskrit name for summer. This discovery
e

Material: Old Indic sm f. `Halbjahr, season, year' (= Armenian am), i--mah `this year' (probably from a Lok. *i-sami reshaped, see above S. 286); Avestan ham- `summer'; Armenian am `year' (= Old Indic sm), aman `summer' (*s m rom); Old Irish sam
e e e

cymr. hafod `Sommerhaus', bret. havreg ` fallow ', Middle Irish samad m. `Ampfer'; gall.

(*semo-) and samrad (*s mo-rto-, above S. 866), cymr. corn. haf, bret. hav `summer';

samon[ios] `Sommermonat', samolus ` sorrel, Oxalis acetosella ', samara `Ulmensamen'; remain far off the ibero-rom. a kind of fish samauca (Hubschmid. Rom. Phil. 8, 12 f.); Old High German sumar, Old English sumor m., Old Icelandic sumar n. `summer'; as ` one`Renntierkuh' (Indo Germanic sem-), Swedish somel `Renntierkalb'. Page(s): 905 References: WP. II 492 f.

year-old animal' Old Icelandic simull `( one-year-old) ox', simi, simir ds., Norwegian simla

Meaning: clot, melted metal, etc.. Material: Old Icelandic sindr n. `Metallschlacke' and `Hammerschlag' (in addition sindra ` Note: only Germanic and Slavic

Root / lemma: send ro-, - sen roh

vermutlichverwandt is Norwegian dial. sinkla `sich with an Ice crust beziehen' as *sind-kla;

German Sinter, Kalksinter (in addition sintern `durchsickern, curdle, coagulate, harden ');

spark, produce sparks '), Old English sinder ds., Old High German sinter ds., Modern High

Blutmassen', Serbo-Croatian sdra `Kalksinter', Czech sdra `Gips' (from *snd r). Page(s): 906 References: WP. II 497, Trautmann 256.
h

serb.-Church Slavic sedry krvnyje, russ.-Church Slavic sjadry krovnyja ` coagulated

sengh hRoot / lemma: senghMeaning: to sing Material: Prkr. saghai `say, instruct'; gr. `voice, Prophezeiung' (*songh),

`epithet of Zeus'; mcymr. de(h)ongl `define'; Note: common Illyrian g- > b-. German Old Saxon singan, singen; Gothic saggws ` song, Musik, Vorlesung', Old sang, Sang ` chant, song '. Gothic siggwan `sing, vorlesen, rezitieren', Old Icelandic syngua, Old English Old High

Icelandic sngr `( religious) song', Old English sang, song, Old High German Old Saxon

References: WP. II 496, Bloch BSL 31, 62, Vendryes RC 48, 476; after W. Wst (briefl.) Page(s): 906-907 belongs prkr. saghai to kens-, above S. 566.

Meaning: to fall, sink Note:

seng Root / lemma: seng-

From Root / lemma: sek-1 : to flow out, dry out (of water) derived Root / lemma: seng- : to sekseng fall, sink Material: Armenian ankanim `fall, retreat, take ab'; gr. `sank' (); Saxon Old High German sinkan sinken, Intens. Danish-Norwegian sakka, Dutch zakken, Germanic *sinkwan in: Gothic sigqan, Old Icelandic skkva, Old English sincan, Old

Modern High German sacken ` sink '; Adj. *sinhti- in Old English shte `sumpfig', Middle High German sht(e), Modern High German seicht ` shallow, having little depth ', Alemannian scht `very humid, wet' (from Wiesen). Page(s): 906 References: WP. II 495 f.

seni- senu- s nini terRoot / lemma: seni-, senu-, (s ni-), sn-terMeaning: for oneself; separate
e e e e

Material: Material: Old Indic sanu-tr `abseits from, weit weg', snutara- (?), snutya- ` furtive, without' (*snter);

unvermerkt' (`*beiseite'), Avestan hanar `abseits, without'; gr. (Ionian) `abseits, Old Saxon sundir `without' (= ), Old High German suntar ` separate ' and `but,

against it', Modern High German sondern (diese meaning from `besides, without'), Old peculiarly, separately, extra, notably ', Old Norse sundr ` divided ', Gothic sundr `for sich, English sundor `for sich, particularly, specially, especially, particular: in particular,

abseits, particularly, specially, especially, particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably ', Adj. Middle High German sunder, besunder, Modern High German besonder;

Latin sine `without' (probably neutr. *seni, standing next to Irish sain from *s ni-); peculiarly, separately, extra, notably ' (*s ni-s), cymr. o-han-, a-han- `from', gwa-han
e

Old Irish sain Adj. `different, particularly, specially, especially, particular: in particular,

(*sanai) `without';

sanas ` mystery, Lispeln' (*sani-st); corn. hanys ` secret '; Tocharian A sne, snai

`apart, separated, different', acymr. han `alium'; cymr. hanes ` narration ' = Middle Irish

sd, s preposition `sine, without', prefix `without, beiseite'. Page(s): Page(s): 907

*s(e)ue- to, compare with anlaut su-: Old Church Slavic svn `besides, without' and Latin References: WP. II 494 f., WH. II 542 f., H. Lewis EC. 1, 322.

The meaning ` separate, for sich' allows connection with dem Reflexivstamm *se-,

senkRoot / lemma: senk-

Meaning: to burn, dry

(*sangjan ` burn make'); Low German sangeren `in the Haut prickeln' (actually `burn'), old Sengen', sungen, sunken `anbrennen', sungeln, sunkeln ` rustle ', Norwegian dial. sengra, sengla `brenzlich smell', Swedish dial. sjngla `singe', isl. sng(u)r, n. sangt `singes, burns, angebrannt'; Old Church Slavic pr-siti, isiti `dry', silo `oven', russ. izsjaklyj `dry'. Dutch sengel `spark', Middle High German senge ` dryness, aridity ', sinc (-g-) `das

Material: Old English sengan, Middle Low German Middle High German sengen `singe'

Note: only Germanic and Slavic

Page(s): 907

References: WP. II 495.

sen(o)Root / lemma: sen(o)- (*heno) Meaning: old, *old moon Material: Old Indic sna-, Avestan hana- `old', Old Indic sanak- `ehemalig, old' (: Latin

alters her, from jeher, stets', santna- ` eternal, immortal, perennial '; Armenian hanapaz ` always ', hin `old'; gr. `old, of previous years', - ` biennial ', ` the day before the new moon and the first one of the beginning month ';

senex, Franconian Sinigus, gall. Seneca), sana `vor alters', sn, sant, sant `from

again gr. `old' in contrast to `anew', only in standing phrases of fruit and employees of the last year, also from the last day of the last month or moon circulation which initiates at (sc. ; Attic since Solon). the same time the new circulation (since Hes.); in the last-named formation usually Maybe alb. hana `(*old) moon' : gr. `old moon' : n. ` brilliance', , Aeolic elel lemma: suel-2 : `to smoulder, burn'.

`moon' (*), ` shine '; hence - ` the full-moon ' see Root / Latin senex, Gen. senis, Kompar. senior `old, aged'; sene, -re `old, weak sein',

Gemtsstimmung', sentus, -s (Oscan Gen. senates) `Senat', senects `age', seneci

sensc, -ere `altern, dwindle away, decrease ', senium ` senility, zehrende

oldest Hausdiener', Old Icelandic sina ` grass of the previous year'; Lithuanian snas `old', senju `become old' (= Latin sene). Page(s): 907-908 snis ` graybeard ', senia ` in the distant past, many years ago, yore, a long time ago',

Seneca; Gothic sineigs ` an old man ', sinista `oldest', Old Franconian sini-skalkus `the

cymr. hyn; Irish sen-mth(a)ir (= Lithuanian sen-mt) `grandmother'; gall. Seno-gntus ,

ds.; Old Irish sen `old', acymr. corn. bret. hen `old man, aged', compounds Old Irish siniu,

References: WP. II 494, WH. II 513 f., Trautmann 256.

Meaning: to take a direction, go; to feel

lemma: sentRoot / lemma: sent-

emotion, sense, mind, Gesinnung; opinion', sententia (*sentientia) `opinion etc.'; Old High German sin, -nnes `sense, mind' (*sent-no-), sinnan ` strive, lust, crave', Modern High German sinnen; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Lithuanian sintti

Material: A. in geistigen sense: Latin senti, -re, -si, -sum ` feel, perceive ', sensus, -s `

`think'; Old Church Slavic st `smart'.

Maybe zero grade alb. (*senti, entio) ndjej 'feel' [typical alb. mutation se- > e-] let'; Armenian nt`ac `way, gait ', nt`anam `go, travel, journey, hurry '; B. in eigentlichen sense: Avestan hant- (present h-asat, Fut. ni-sy) ` reach, reach Old Irish st `way', cymr. hynt ds., Middle Breton nbret. hent ds. (= Germanic *sina-),

abret. Gl. do-guo-hintiliat `inceduus', acorn. cam-hinsic Gl. `iniustus' (cam- `crooked'), eun(`Weggenossin', -Fem. eines Adj. *stach); cymr. carrynt (to carr ` cart ') `way, journey', hennydd ` fellow ', bret. hantez `Nachbar', corn. hynsads.; hinsic Gl. `justus' (eun- ` justified, legitimate '); therefrom Old Irish stig `wife, woman'

epynt (to eb-, *ekuo-) ` horse-way', dyffrynt `valley' (to dwfr `water'); from *sentio-: mcymr. Gothic sins m. `Mal', Old Icelandic sinn n. `Mal', sinni n. ` gait, journey' (and as

journey, Fahrt'; Gothic ga-sina ` travelling companion ', Old Icelandic sinni ds., (under the German gisind ` fellow ', wherefore n. Old English ges ` accompaniment ', Old Saxon influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old English ges, Old Saxon gis, Old High

journey, way, Mal', Old Saxon s `way, direction', Old High German sind ` gait, way,

descendant of *gasinja- also ` cortege, Untersttzung'), Old English s m. `Fahrt,

kriegerisches cortege ', Modern High German Gesinde servants, Old Icelandic sinni n. ` Gothic sandjan, Old Icelandic senda, Old English sendan, Old High German senten cortege '; Old High German sinnan (see above) also `go, reisen, wander, come'; Kaus.

gesthi, Middle Low German (ge)sinde ` servants ', Old High German gisindi `Reisegefolge,

`senden' (Old Icelandic senda also `sacrifice'); *senn Denom. from *sena- (see above) in Old Icelandic sinna `reisen, sich worum kmmern, heed', Old Saxon sn `go, pull, drag, wander ', Old English sian ds., Old High German sindn ds.;

(Baltic un reduplication-stem n besides the full grade from Gothic sandjan). Page(s): 908 References: WP. II 496 f., Trautmann 292.
o

Lithuanian siuni (*sunti ass. to *siunti), sisti, Latvian stu, stt `senden, send'

Meaning: to prepare, work on, succeed

sen- sene- sen(e)u- sen Root / lemma: sen-, sene-, sen(e)u-, sen-

Material: Old Indic sanam `I gewann', sanma ` we mgen gewinnen'; santi `gewinnt', sanuk- `beutegierig', snitar- ` gainer, victor', participle st- `gewonnen', st- f. `Gewinnung, acquisition '; gr. *, themat. , Attic and hom. (*F) `unvollendet'); hom. - ` '; `die armament, armor of

`vollende'; gr. ds.; Hes., Hes. (-

erschlagenen Gegners' (`*Kampfesbeute'); therefrom , Aor. `in Kampfe slay', `dem getteten Feinde die Rstung disrobe; in Kampfe slay'; lak. ` '; (Sg. ) `armament, armor'; next to which *

besides stands - Hes. and `*with eigener Hand vollbringend: murderer; master, mister'; gewinnen seek ' etc.; Old Irish con-su `seeks to erwerben, makes streitig', cymr. cynyddu `erobern, to

`Zurstung, consummation ' assumed from , `make fertig, rste to, bereite';

Hittite an- ` seek, strive, arrogate'; also ` sweep, wash away ' (`*durchsuchen'). Page(s): 906 References: WP. II 493, Pedersen Hittite 185.

m Root / lemma: septm (*sekm sekm-) Note: Meaning: seven

h Root / lemma: septm (*sekh : seven derived from a mutated Root / lemma: sueks, seks, sekh-) Material: Material: Old Indic sapt, Avestan hapta, Armenian evt`n, gr. , Latin septem, Old Irish siau (-n preserved after one besides *siun stehenden sibuni; t-loss in ordinals sep[t]m-tos eines echten *sifun is, stands dahin), Lithuanian septyn, Old Church Slavic sedm (after secht n-, cymr. etc. saith, Gothic Old High German sibun, Old English seofon, Old Norse kseks, ksueks, ueks (: uks) : six; common gr.-celt. k > p, g > b.

dissimilatory erfolgt; whether septun the Lex. sal. still gesprochenes seftun or Latinisierung dem ordinals), alb. shtat (*s[e]ptm-ti-; abstract number formation as Old Indic saptat-,

Hittite ipta. Note:

Avestan haptiti- 70, Old Icelandic siaund `number from 7'); Tocharian A pt, uk(t);

Gr. `belonging to the week' : alb. jav `week' common alb. -b- > -v-.

Alb. shtata `seven' from (*s[e]ptm-ti-) is not possible. Anatolian languages show a pattern similar to alb. So Lycian aitta (*okt(u)ta) `eight' : alb. teta `eight'; Lycian utta `nine' : later Old Indic sapttha, Avestan haptaa-, Old Saxon sivotho, Old English seofoa, Lithuanian septitas; also Old Indic saptat-, Avestan haptiti- 70; in alb. -ta, -t are ta is used in the alb. genitive and adjectives. alb. nanda `nine'. Therefore alb. shtata `seven' derived from a truncated *sa(p)tata `seven'

attribute endings that were solidified in Anatolian and Indic cognates. The attribute suffix -

Lithuanian skmas, Old Prussian sep(t)mas, Old Church Slavic sedm; *septm-to-s in Old akzentuell = saptta; besides Old High German sibunto, Old Saxon sivondo, Old Norse Indic sapttha, Avestan haptaa-, Old Saxon sivotho, Old English seofoa (also

septimus, gall. sextametos, Old Irish sechtm-ad, cymr. seithfed (*sept m-etos), Old
e

extension derives from a form , compare Old Church Slavic sedm), Latin

ordinals: sept mos in Old Indic saptam-, npers. haftum, gr. , dial. (die mos
)e( )e( )e( )e(

siunde, siaunde), Lithuanian septitas.

It seems that number seven spread from PIE to Semitic numeric system: Semitic East: Akkadian+ sebe, Central: Arabic sab`ah, Saudi sab`a, Yemeni sab`ah, Syrian sab`a, h, Lebanese sab`a, Cypriot sba`, Iraqi sab`a, Egyptian sab`a, E Libyan 'sab`a, N African (Darja) seb`a, Moroccan seb`a, Sudanese sa|b`a, Nigerian saba, Zanzibari sba'a,
e

Maltese sebgh=a, Phoenecian+ sh-b-`, Ugaritic+ s-b-'-t, Moabite+ sh-b-`-t, Classical

Hebrew+ sheba`, Modern Hebrew sheva`, Classical Aramaic+ shi:B `a:h, Modern Aramaic shub`a:, Classical Syriac+ shab`a:, Syriac shaw'a, Van shv, South: Old S. Arabian+ sb-', South Arabian (Harsusi) ho:ba, (Sheri) sho:`, Socotra 'yhob ?, N Ethiopic : Geez+ seb`atu, Tigre sabu`, Beni Amir saba`, Tigrinya shob'atte, S Ethiopic : Amharic sbat, Muher sbt, Masqan sbt, CW Gurage sbat, Ennemor sB?at.
e

Argobba sa'int, Harari sa:tti, E Gurage sabt, Gafat+ sbatt, Soddo sbatt, Goggot sbtt,

Indo-European Germanic: Old Germanic+ *sibum, Western : Old English+ seofon, Middle English+ seven, English seven, Scots seiven, Old Frisian+ sigun, W.Frisian sn, Frisian (Saterland) sogen, Dutch zeven, W/S Flemish ze:vne, Brabants ze:ve, Low Saxon sven, Emsland ze:bm, Swabian siibe, Alsatian seve, Cimbrian siban, Rimella shbne, Rheinfrnkisch siwe, Mennonite Plautdietsch swen, Afrikaans sewe, German sieben, Central Bavarian simme, Pennsylvania siwwe, Luxembourgeois siwen, Swiss German sieb, Yiddish zibn, Middle

Norwegian sju, Danish syv, Swedish sju, Faroese sjey, Old Icelandic+ siau, Icelandic sj, Eastern : Gothic+ sibun, Crimean+ sevene, Italic: Oscan+ *seften, Umbrian+ , Faliscan+ *zepten, Latin+ septem, Romance : Mozarabic+ xebte, Portuguese sete, Galician sete,

High German+ siben, Old High German+ sibun, Northern : Runic+ siu:, Old Norse+ sjau,

Spanish siete, Ladino sieti, Asturian siete, Aragonese siet, Catalan set, Valencian set, Old French+ set, French sept, Walloon set, Jrriais sept, Poitevin st, Old Picard+ siet, Picard

siet, Occitan (Provenal) st, Lengadocian st, Gascon st, Auvergnat s, Limosin se,

Franco-Provenal (Vaudois) sat, Rumantsch Grischun set, Sursilvan siat, Vallader set,

Friulian syet, Ladin set, Dalmatian+ sapto, Italian sette, Piedmontese st, Milanese stt, stt, Sicilian setti, Romanian s,apte, Arumanian s,apte, Meglenite s,apti, Istriot s,pte,

Genovese sette, Venetian sete, Parmesan set, Corsican sette, Umbrian stte, Neapolitan Sardinian sette, Celtic: Proto-Celtic+ septn, Gaulish+ sextan, Brythonic (P-Celtic) : Welsh seyth, Modern sith, Devonian+ seith, Goidelic (Q-Celtic) : Old Irish+ secht, Irish seacht,

saith, Cardiganshire soch, Breton seizh, Vannetais seih, Unified Cornish+ seyth, Common Scots Gaelic seachd, Manx shiaght, Hellenic: Classical Greek+ hept, Greek eft, Cypriot shtat, Gheg (Qosaj) shtat, Tosk (Mandritsa) shtt, Armenian: +Classical Armenian
h h

eft, Tsakonian eft, Tocharian: Tocharian A+ late Tocharian B+ sukt, Albanian: Albanian late, evt n, Armenian yot , Baltic West : Old Prussian+ *septi:njai, East : Lithuanian septyn, sem, Ukrainian s--m., sim, West : Polish siedem, Kashubian stm, Polabian+ sidm, Sorbian sedym, South: Old Church Slavonic+ sedmi, Bulgarian sdem, Macedonian

Latvian septini, Latgalian septeni, Slavic East : Russian semh, sem', Belarussian sem, n

Czech sedm, Slovak sedem, West sedem, East shedzem, Upper Sorbian sydom, Lower sedum, Serbo-Croat sdam, Slovene sedem, Anatolian: Hittite+ shipta-, Indo-Iranian: SerboIndoKhwarezmian+ 'bhd, Sogdian+ 'Bt

Proto-Indo-Iranian+ *sapta, Iranian Eastern: Ossetian Iron avd, Digor avd, Avestan+ hapta, Yaghnobi avd, Bactrian+ Saka+ hauda, Pashto ow , Wakhi yb, Munji avde, Yidgha avdo, Ishkashmi uvd, Sanglechi haft, Shughn wu:vd, Rushani wu:vd, Yazgulami uvd, Sarikoli haf, Nayini Natanzi haft, Khunsari hft, Gazi hf, Sivandi hf, Vafsi haf, Semnani haf,
e e

(Tashkorghani) vd, Parachi ho:t, Ormuri ho:, Western Northwest : Parthian+ hft, Yazdi Sangisari haft, Gilaki haf, Mazanderani haft, Talysh hft, Harzani Zaza hewt, Gorani hawt,

Baluchi h pt, Turkmenistan apt, E Hill hapt, Rakhshani (Western) (h) pt, Kermanji (S)

Kurdish hawt, Zaza (N) Kurdish haft, Bajalani ha:ft, Kermanshahi hft, Southwest : Old

Persian+ Pahlavi+ haft, Farsi haft, Isfahani haf, Tajik h=aft, Tati hft, Chali haft, Fars hft, Tajik

Lari 'aft, Luri haf, Kumzari haf'ta, Nuristani : Ashkun su:t, Wasi-weri st, Kati sut, Kalasha(Gypsy) : Spanish estr, Welsh trin t'a: shto:r, Kalderash yeft, Syrian h.o:t, Armenian haft, t, Iranian efd:, Sinhalese-Maldivian: Sinhalese hata, Vedda pahamay dekamay, Maldivian Sinhalesehate, Northern India: Dardic: Kashmiri sat, Shina st, Brokskat sa:t, Phalura sa:t,
e

ala so:t, Indic : Sanskrit+ sapt, Prakrit+ satta, Ardhamagadhi+ satta, Pali+ satta, Romany

Bashkarik sat, Tirahi sat, Torwali sat, Wotapuri sat, Maiya sa:t, Kalasha sat, Khowar sot, Dameli sat, Gawar-bati s t, Pashai sa:ta, Shumashti sa, Nangalami sat, Dumaki sot,
e

Urdu sa:t, Parya sat, Punjabi s t, Siraiki sat, Gujarati sat, Rajasthani (Marwari) sa:t, Banjari (Lamani) saat, Malvi sa:t, Bhili xa:t, Dogri sat, Kumauni sa:t, Garhwali sa:t, W Pahari sa:t, t,

Western: Marathi sat, Konkani sat, Sindhi sata, Khatri sat, Lahnda satt, Central: Hindi/

Khandeshi sa:t, East Central: Nepali sa:t, Maithili sa:t, Magahi sat, Bhojpuri sa:t, Awadhi (Kosali) sa:t, Chattisgarhi sa:t, Eastern: Oriya saat, Bengali sat, Assamese xat, Mayang ha:d.

Dravidian Telugu eedu, Gondi e:ru:ng, Koya e:du, Konda e:ru, Pengo sat, Kui odgi, Kuvi sa:ta, South r d r t, Kota ye:ye, Tamil aezhu, Malayalam e:lu, Irula elu l Nahali Nahali sato Basque Basque zazpi Etruscan Etruscan+ semph Hurrian Hurrian Hurrian+ shindia Page(s): 909 References: WP. II 487. : Tulu e: Koraga eli, Kannada eeLu, Badaga iyyu, Kodagu ye:l , Kurumba -.lu, Toda w, e:l, l l ,

Northwest : Brahui haft, Northeast : Kurukh satte:, Malto sa:te, Central : Kolami sa.t,

Meaning: to care of smth.; to honour

sepRoot / lemma: sep-

hapt) `(in the Hand)halten, sttzen'; gr. - (with -, -, -, -, -), Aor. -, - ` provide, supply, bereite, bearbeite'; n. `tool, appliance, weapon', `harness', `bereite mir to' etc.; sepultum `bury' i.e. `venerari sepulcro'. Page(s): 909

Material: Old Indic spati `liebkost, umwirbt, pflegt, betreibt', Avestan hap- (2. 3. Sg. haf,

in addition Indo Germanic *sepeli in Old Indic saparyti `veneratur', Latin sepeli -re,

References: WP. II 487, WH. II 517, Benveniste Origines 1, 47.

Meaning: hedge, to fence

serkRoot / lemma: serk-

Fangnetz', `Umzunung', m., `oath';

Material: Gr. n. ` paddock, corral, pen, fold, fence, Wall; loop, noose, snare, Latin sarci, -re ` patch, mend, wiederherstellen', sarctus tectus from a house `twisted

`Flickschneider', Umbrian sarsite `*sarct'; Hittite ar-nin-k- `ersetzen, compensate '. Page(s): 912 References: WP. II 502, WH. 478 f.

and gedeckt, i.e. complete ', sarcina `bundle, Pack, tragbares baggage ', sartor

Meaning: to flow

serRoot / lemma: ser-1 (*ker- < *kel-)

fast, strong, strme an, hurry ' from *sr-i; ein root nouns *sr, in addition Old Indic *sr, *sr, is die base of -stem Old Indic sir and sr ` Rinnsal, stream'; Old Indic sart f. `stream, brook, river', saraa- ` running ', sa-sr-- `strmend', s-sr-i- ` running, hurrying '; saryu-, saray- m. `name eines river', . Haraiva-, Avestan (Akk.) Harym, np. Har `

subjunctive sisrati from a heavy basis *ser-, compare hom. `budge me quick,

Material: Old Indic ssarti, srati ` flows, hurries, jagt wornach, verfolgt'; fut. sariyti,

river and region from Hert ';

`treibe an, rege an', intr. `strme hence, worauf los'; in addition ` Salbei ' * (*s ri) through influence of ds.;
e

Old Indic srma- m. ` das Flieen ', gr. `Anlauf, attack, Drang after etwas', whereof

as `die Anreizende', s. Strmberg, Gr. Pflanzennamen 93; ` gripe, seize' instead of Old Indic sar- `fluid', sar `river, stream, brook', gr. , Latin serum ` the wsserige

Teil the geronnenen milk, whey '; perhaps alb. gjiz (*ser-di) `gelabte milk, cheese';

northern Italy Sermenza (*Sermentia), (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > (*Sermo-); Illyrian FlN Sarnus (Kampanien); gall. (Venetic-Illyrian) FlN Sara (*S r),
e

thrak. PN Germi-sera `Warmwasser', FlN ; French la Sermane (*Sermanna),

nn-), Venetic PN Sirmi (*Sermi), Pannonian PN Sirmium, poln. (Venetic) PN rem

Sarvus `die Saar'; Sar- bildet many FlN in the Lombardei, Switzerland and Frankreich, FlN Old Prussian Sar-ape, Lithuanian-poln. Szar-upa, Latvian Sarija;

also appellative (Mantua saril `stream, brook' etc.); cymr. FlN Sr (*Sor); sor- also in den

cymr. herw (*ser-uo-) `Landstreicherei', Middle Irish serb ` theft '; (compare Old Indic sir) `Umherstreifer, beggar'.

Middle Irish sirid (*serti) `durchwandert, sucht heim, loots, verlangt', verbal noun siriud; Lithuanian apsirti `umzingeln', Latvian sirt ` umherschwrmen, Raubzge make ', sira

after E. Fraenkel Gl. 32, 33 here gr. `nostril, nose', `Wogenschwall', as well as , `nose' as `die Triefende'. Page(s): 909-910

References: WP. II 497 f., WH. II 525, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 727 ; in addition sreu- `flow',
1

Root / lemma: ser-2 ser-

Meaning: to guard, watch over, support

Material: Avestan haraiti `has acht, schtzt'; haurvaiti ds., haurva- `beschtzend, htend' in pasu-haurv sp `die Schafe beschtzender Hund, Schferhund' (as Latin serv from an

Wartung'; hra- `achthabend, htend', redupl. hira- ds.;

u-extension); hartar- ` Hter, Wchter ', harra- `nourishment, care, cultivation,

( ` Landesschutzgeister '), `bulging, mighty man'; serv, -re `(den Wchter machen) `servato', anseriato Supin. `observatum' compare ooserclom perhaps `*observaculum' erretten, receive, unversehrt bewahren ', Oscan serevkid `auspicio, iussu'; Umbrian seritu

gr. `* Schtzerin ' from * F, , - (stem F-, see above) `* Hter '

from *ser-tlom;

protect', chrana `dish, food, nourishment, food' etc. (see Berneker 397 f.); compare Machek Slavia 16, 191 f.;

unclear are Old Church Slavic chranj, chraniti `look after, watch over, keep, preserve,

protection'.

', sargs `watchful, wakeful', Old Prussian but-sargs ` Haushlter ', absergsnan Akk. `

as guttural extension here Lithuanian srg-mi, -u, -iu ` behte, guard ', srgas ` Wchter

Page(s): 910

References: WP. II 498 f., WH. II 525 f., Trautmann 257 f.

ser- sorRoot / lemma: ser-3, sorMeaning: red Material: Old Indic perhaps in sra- m. n. ` marrow of a tree (compare Latin rbur `

heartwood '), Festigkeit, power '; with formants -to- Lithuanian sartas `fuchsig (from

horses'), Latvian srts `red in face'; with formants-b o- Latin sorbum `die rote berry of h

Sperber-, Vogelbeerbaumes', sorbus `this tree'; Swedish sarf ` roach, cockroach '; russ. ' (ass. from *sarbent?); with formants -g(h)o- russ. sorga ` roach, cockroach, Pltze'; with -k- Latvian sarks `reddish'; with -m- Lithuanian sarmties ` be ashamed'; sirpa, sirpti ` mature, ripe, mellow, seasoned become' (only from Beeren and Steinfrchten, also actually `yellow or reddish become'). Page(s): 910-911 References: WP. II 499, WH. II 562, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 267. with -p- Lithuanian serps Pl. `ein gelbes Frberkraut, Serratula tinctoria', sirpst,

sorobalina ` rosehip, dog rose, blackberry ', Lithuanian serbent, serbetas ` black currant

serRoot / lemma: ser-4

Meaning: to put together, bind together bristle';

Material: Old Indic sarat-, sarit- ` filament ' (uncovered), perhaps sa `lichen, mane, gr. (*seri) `reihe aneinander' (hom. only participle Perf. , 3. Sg. Plusqpf.

), `knpfe an, reihe an' (: Latin in-ser `fge ein'), `das Hineinfgen, Hineinstecken' (: Latin inserti; ti-stem also in praesertim `in previous Reihe, vorzugsweise'), n. `Ohrgehnge', m. ` necklace ', f. `fishing line', Latin ser, -ere, -tum `fgen, put in a line, tie, bind, knot ', seris `order, chain, row',

m. `row, chain ', presumably also `in Gefangenschaft';

serlia `Seile', sors `lot, fate' (probably of Aufreihen the Lose); sera `as bar, bolt vorgelegter subjunctive seraid, verbal noun sreth (*srt) `Ausbreiten, row' etc. kann also *ster- and geknpfter Harnisch', compare Latin sertae loricae), Old Icelandic srvi n. `kostbares, crossbar, crossbeam' (?); Oscan aserum `asserere'; Old Irish sernaid `reiht an, ordnet an', *sper- contain; Gothic sarwa n. Pl. `armament, armor, weapons ' (probably `geknoteter, collar, neckband', Old High German Old Saxon saro `armament, armor', Old English searu Old Lithuanian sris ` filament, Pechdraht'; Hittite arra- `break, rupture, divide' (?). woman' seeks man in Old Icelandic sera stem V. ` lubricity drive, push', sorenn and Ein with unserem ser- ursprungsgleiches ser- for `geschlechtlichen Verkehr; wife,

`armament, armor'; also `skillfulness, artifice', as sierwan `insidiari, planen';

sertan `geschlechtlichen Umgang have', cymr. serth `obscenus', serthedd `obscena

stroenn `muliebria passus' (Old English seoran is nord. loanword), Old High German

`wife, woman' s. M. Mayrhofer by Brandenstein, Studien 32 ff. Page(s): 911 References: WP. II 499 f., WH. II 52 f., Pedersen Hittite 118.

ser- `geschlechtlich verkehren' anzuerkennen; about unsicheres Indo Germanic *sor-

locutio'; if Irish serc `love', bret. serc'h `Kebsweib' anzureihen is, is a West Indo Germanic

serserpRoot / lemma: ser-5, extended serpMeaning: sickle Material: Old Indic sr f. `sickle', srya- `sichelfrmig', sri- m. `hook zum Antreiben of
e

tlom).

Elefanten'; Latin sari, -re `die Saat behacken, weed ' (*s ri), sarculum `Jthacke' (*sarMaybe alb. harr 'to weed' similar to Latin sarrio (sario) -ire -ui and -ivi `to hoe, weed'. [common alb. s > h shift]; alb. seems to have preserved the old laryngeal. With p-extension: `Plnderung', f. ` rake ', , - `ruberisch, greedy '; Gr. `sickle' and `a bird of prey', `raffe, raube, despoil ', f. Latin sarpi and sarp, -ere, -si, -tum `beschneiteln, abschneiteln', sarmen (*sarp-men),

sarmentum `abgeschneiteltes rod, deadwood'; Old High German sarf, Middle High savage, wild'; Old Church Slavic srp, russ. serp `sickle', Latvian sirpis `sickle'.

German sarph `sharp, rough, from herbem, zusammenziehendem Geschmacke, cruel,

References: WP. II 500 ff., WH. II 470 f., Trautmann 261 f.; J. Gonda Mnemosyne 6, 153 ff. Page(s): 911-912 serpRoot / lemma: serpNote:

Meaning: to crawl, *snake From a zero grade of Root / lemma: ang(h)i- : `snake, worm' derived Illyrian *nsala `eel' ang(h)i[later alb. (*encheleae > *ensala) ngjal `eel'], then from the intermediary Illyrian root grey; salt, saliva, willow'. *nsala `eel' derived Root / lemma: sal- : `salt; salty water' and Root / lemma: sal-2 : `dirty salsal-

Also from Illyrian PN Salapia (Apulia) to FlN *Sal-apa `salty water' [sala `salt' + *apa crawl, snake'.

`water'] derived an intermediary root *salpa- `sea snake' then Root / lemma: serp- : `to serpMaterial: Old Indic srpati `slinks, crawls, goes' (= , Latin serp), sarp- m. `snake'; Lesbian `animal' (*srp-), , - `lichen an the skin', ` thyme ' serp `crawl, creep, slink', serpns `snake'. Note: gr. `slink, go', `slink, crawl, creep', `crawling animal', ablaut.

(Latinized serpullum); alb. gjarpn `snake' (*serpeno-), shtrpnj `all Kriechende'; Latin

alb. gj gjarpn `snake' = Saami gearpma `snake'. References: WP. II 502, WH. II 524.

Maybe alb. Geg (*serpeno-) gjylpan, Tosc gjilpr ` needle '.

Page(s): 912

Meaning: sad, grievous; ill Depression';

seugRoot / lemma: seug-

Material: Armenian hiucanim `sieche hin'; Middle Irish socht m. (*sug-to-) `Schweigen, Gothic siuks ` sick ', Old Icelandic sjkr ` sick, grieving ', Old English soc (engl. sick),

Old Saxon siok ds., Old High German siuh, sioh, Middle High German siech ` sick,

siuhh, Middle High German siuche ` epidemic '; Middle High German sochen (*sukn)

freudlos'; Gothic siukan `siechen, be sick '; abstract noun Gothic siukei, Old High German

suht `disease, malady', Modern High German (Schwind)sucht, Sucht (here meaning-

malady, Krnklichkeit' (*sug-ti-), Old Icelandic stt `disease, malady', Old High German

`siechen, pain, feel ill ', Old Icelandic sokna ` sick become'; Gothic sahts `Sucht, disease,

) `gepeinigt', Old Icelandic sysl, sysla ` occupation, Amt, Amtsbezirk (from the through Pflichtarbeit ausgelsten Unlust)', sysl Adj. ` eager bemht, sorgsam' (*ssli-R). Page(s): 915 References: WP. II 472 f.

influence of suchen ` seek '); Old English sysl n. f. (*sh-sla-) ` sorrow ', soslig (*seuh-sla-

seu- se sRoot / lemma: seu-1, se- : sMeaning: juice; liquid, *rain Material: 1. Gr. ` it is raining ', ` allows to rain ' (*s-i), `heavy rain' (*suu-

etos, as ); alb. shi `rain' (*s-); Tocharian swese `rain', s-, sws- `rain'; to

monotonously '); Note:

perhaps (, Gramm.) m. `empty gossip' (as though ` letting drip

The old laryngeal became a sibilant in satem languages : *heu- > seu-. Illyrian Savus (*Souos) displays satem characteristics : alb. shiu `rain'. 2. Old Indic sunti ` squeezes, presses ' = Avestan hunaoiti ds.; Old Indic svana-m,

and (Illyrian) Savus (*Souos). Note:

Old Irish suth `juice, sap, milk' (*s-tu-s); here probably also FlN gall. Save, Savara, -ia

Old High German sou, Old English saw `juice, sap', isl. sggr `humid, wet' (*sawwia-);

sav- m. ` Kelterung des Soma ', sut- ` pressed ', sma- = Avestan hauma- m. ` Soma ';

Old Indic svana-m, sav- m. ` Kelterung des Soma ' : Illyrian Savus prove the satem languages.

nature of Illyrian-alb. Proto Illyrian was probbaly the bridge between satem and centum 3. seu-d- in Old English be-stian `smudge', westfl. sot ` filth '; Old Icelandic sut `care, seu4. Guttural extension: seuk-, sk- and seug-, sg-: seukseugnbret. suna ds., sun `juice, sap', cymr. sugnedydd `pump' (*seuk-n-; cymr. g from Latin loanword sug `juice, sap'), acymr. dissuncgnetic ` exhaust, suffer through, endure ' (morphologically difficult group); Old English scan, Dutch zuiken `suck'; Old English Latin sg, -ere `suck'; Latin scus `juice, sap', cymr. sugno, Middle Breton sunaff,

sorrow', syta ` grieve '.

`suck', sog n. ` the sucking ', Old English Old Saxon Old High German sgan `suck', Kaus. Norwegian dial. sygja, Middle High German sugen ` suckle ', Middle High German suc, Old Prussian suge f. `rain'. soc, g. soges and souc, -ges `juice, sap', Old English sogea m. `gulp'; Latvian skt `suck';

socian (*sukn) ` steep, absorb, suck ', gesoc n. `the sucking', Old Icelandic sga (sjga)

Maybe alb. shushunj `leech, bloodsucker' : Latin sanguisuga [sangui `blood + suga `sucker'] : Italian sanguisuga : Spanish sanguijuela; sanguja; sanguisuela : French sangsue : Calabrese sancisca : Portuguese sanguessuga : Sardinian Campidanesu sangunera : Valencian sangonera : Venetian sangueta : Zeneize sanguetta ` leech '. 5. l-formant: gr. `ordure, slime, mud', `filter, clean'; Old Indic sra- m.

`intoxicating potion'; sr `alcohol', Avestan hur `Kumys' (wogul. sara, syrj. sur from

Iranian) = Lithuanian Latvian sul ` abflieender tree juice ' (with Latvian slt ` siepen '), High German Middle Low German sol ds., Old English sylian `smudge', Old Saxon wlzen '; Gothic bi-sauljan ` blemish ', Norwegian syla ds. Old Prussian sulo ` coagulated milk'; Old English sol n. `slime, mud, puddle, slop', Old

sulwian, Old High German sullen ds., Modern High German shlen, suhlen ` sich im Kot 6. seup-, seub-: Old Indic spa- m. `broth, soup'; Old Icelandic spa, Old English span, seup- seub-

Old High German sfan ` slurp, drink, swig ', sf `broth, soup', Middle High German suf, `gulp', full grade Old High German souf `soup', Old Icelandic saup n. ` buttermilk '; Old sof `soup', Old English sype m. ` soaking up ', Old Icelandicsopi m., Old English sopa

German sft m., Middle Low German sucht `sigh', Old High German sft(e)n, Middle High German siuften, siufzen `sigh'; Old Icelandic Old English sufl n. ` Zukost ', Old Saxon ` der Buttergehalt der Milch '; suval, Old High German suvil(i), -a ` sorbiuncula '; Middle Low German svel, Dutch zuivel Maybe turk. (*s-) su `water, aqua, juice' Old Church Slavic ss-, -ati, Iter. sysati `suck' probably from *sup-s-. alb. sis, thith `teat', thith (*sis-) `suck' [common alb. s- > th-] References: WP. II 468 f., WH. II 622 f., Trautmann 257, 291 f. Page(s): 912-913

supn ` spice ' = Old High German soffn ds. (actually ` dunk into broth '); Middle High

`sop', Old High German sopha, soffa ` broth, also with soaked slices; settlings '; Gothic

English sopp f. ` sop ', Middle Low German (out of it Middle High German) soppe, suppe

Meaning: to bear child; son

seu- seu Root / lemma: seu-2, (seu-), sMaterial: Old Indic st (suti), syat (syati), savati `gebiert, zeugt', s `progenitor',

', suti- f. `leichtes parturition'; Avestan hav- (hunmi) ` to give birth to children, Kinder zur Welt bringen', hazar-hun `eine, die 1000 Kinder zur Welt bringt'; Old Irish suth (*sutu-s) `birth, fruit'; cymr. hog-en `girl' (*suk), in addition hog-yn `lad, young boy'; due to the Germanic *sn-s and *sui-s originally `*the parturition, birth', then ` foetus, son'; Old English sunu; Lithuanian sns; Old Church Slavic syn `son'; present *snmi (compare Avestan hunmi) and *si (compare Old Indic syat): Indo nmi Old Indic sn- m.; Avestan hunu-; Gothic sunus, Old Icelandic sunr, Old High German

stu- m. `Schwangerschaft' (: *stu-s in Old Irish suth), sut- m. `son'; st- `birth, progeny

`grandchild, grandson' from *sui[u]-n-s), as proto Indo Germanic formation verified

gr. (Gen. hom. ) and (secondary) `son' (in addition hom.

through tochar. soy (A se) `son' and that reshaped after dustr `daughter' Armenian ustr

reshuffling after Tochter `daughter' sein.

`son'; also Old English suhterga `grandchild, grandson, nephew ' kann eine corresponding In Italian-Celtic Gebiete fehlen diese words for `son'.

Maybe alb. (*tsun) un `son'. Page(s): 913-914 References: WP. II 469 f., Trautmann 292.

seu- susRoot / lemma: seu-3 : su- : seu- : sMeaning: to bend, turn Material: Old Indic suvti ` sets in motion, excites, arouses, animates ', suta- `veranlat, angetrieben', pr-sta- `in Bewegung gebracht, angetrieben, entsendet', nr-sta- `from Mnnern angetrieben', pr-sti- ` motion; agitation ', sava- ` actuation, incitation, behest ', savitr- ` hastener, impeller, motivator, exciter; the god Savitar '; command, order, Belebung; the Anreger, Befehlende', svmani Lok. `in actuation, in Avestan hav- ` set in motion ', huniti `verschafft, seeks to obtain ', hvnmahi (*su-en-) `

getrieben', hvita- `the hchste, beste; oldest';

we seek to obtain '. apavanvainti (*su-en-u-) `sie lenken ab', mainyu-ta- `of Geist

slender, thin, narrow';

sua(i)nem m. `rope, cord' (*seu-n-ia-m); Lithuanian siaras (*seu-ro-) ` narrow, tight, slim, Hittite uui- `bump, poke, urge, press, push'.

Old Irish s(a)id `dreht, kehrt' (*su-eie-ti), ess-ro-so- `milingen' (*hinwegdrehen);

`Drehkrankheit', Slavic *sk, *skati (preterit-stem *suk-) in russ. sku, skat `zwirnen, zusammendrehen, wind up, roll up ', ablaut. Church Slavic sukati `turn' (reshaped from *soukeie-, compare russ. sut `zwirnen'); References: WP. II 470, Trautmann 291, Lidn KZ 61, 7 f., Pedersen Hittite 134. See also: s. also seuio- ` left ' and suei- `bend'.

`movable, nimble, agile', apskalas `Trangel', Latvian sukt ` escape; to get away ', sukata

Lithuanian sunkalai Pl. `wheys', p-sukos ds.; Lithuanian suku, skti `turn', sukrs

seuseu-k-: osset. xurx ` whey ' (Aryan *sukra-: Lithuanian sukrs `*was sich leicht dreht');

Page(s): 914 seu- seuRoot / lemma: seu-4, seu-t-

Meaning: to boil, move vividly

Old Indic *suyr to a present *haoiti after the Wurzelklasse);

Material: Material: Avestan hvayn `sie schmoren', hvayeiti `er schmort' (3. Sg. Opt. huyr in addition Germanic *sau- in Old Icelandic sja `simmer, seethe, boil, cook', Old

English soan (engl. seethe) ds., Old High German siodan, Middle High German Modern saus ` sacrificial animal ', Old Icelandic saur `sheep, also anderes small cattle'; Old High German sieden, Old Icelandic sey `brausendes water', seyir `Kochfeuer'; Gothic

Swedish saun `Sprudelquelle'; Germanic *sua- in so n. `Fleischsuppe, broth';

abti `umhertoben', Old Lithuanian siaubti `prank pull '; Latvian aulis m. `gate'; maybe alb. (*i-) shij `thresh, winnow'. `fool'.

shove ', Latvian ust `geieln'; compare also Lithuanian sabti `rage, clamor, dash',

play; dash, rage ', siuntu, sisti `toll become'; besides also the meaning `hit' in em. sitis `

Lithuanian siaui siasti `( corn, grain) winnow, fan, die chaff of corn, grain segregate;

russ. u, utt `spaen, joke', ut (Gen. ut) m. ` merrymaker, buffoon ', slov. utec

Page(s): 914-915

References: WP. II 471 f., Trautmann 260.

Meaning: to let, leave (?)

sRoot / lemma: seu-, s-

sumen, ver-sumen (would be denominative eines *s-m-s ` slackening, sumend'). s-mPage(s): Page(s): 915 References: WP. II 472, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 682, 752.

Aor. (to *); zero grade Old High German vir-smen, Modern High German

Material: Gr. ` allow ' (*F), . , = Hes., Fut. ,

Root / lemma: seuioMeaning: left Material: Old Indic savy-, Avestan haoya- ` left ', Old Church Slavic uj, f. uja ds. References: WP. II 472, Trautmann 260;

S. 652).

See also: perhaps as ` writhed, crooked, humped ' to seu-3 (compare Latin laevus above

Page(s): 915 seRoot / lemma: se-

Meaning: reflexive pronoun

seMaterial: se- and s(e)ue- Reflexivpronomen for alle Personen, Geschlechter uud Numeri; ue- inflectional as te-: te-ue `du'. aufgefat wurden;
h

Note: and (after analogy from *t(e)ue) s(e)ue-

Gen. seue, Dat. se ei, enclitic Gen.-Dat. s(u)oi; adjektivisches Possessiv s(e)uo-; se-: seseb )oi; )oi 1. se-: gr. , etc., poss. , derive from *-, -(), die as -, -() se-

from sei-ps `sibi ips?'), Gothic sik, Old High German sih, Old Norse sik `sich' (*se-ghe), dem Lok. *sei beruhendes *sei-no-s); compare Messapicveinan `suam' from *suei-n-m; Old Prussian sebbei Dat.. sien Akk., Old Church Slavic seb Dat., s Akk. `sibi, se'.

Latin sib, s, Paelignian sefei, Oscan sfe `sibi' (*seb ei), siom `se' (Umbrian seso `sibi'
h

Gothic sis, Old Icelandic sr Dat., Poss. Gothic seins, Old High German sn etc. `sein' (auf

i `sibi';

and zero grade Avestan hava- ds.; Avestan Dat. Abl. hvvya i.e. iran. *huabya `sibi, se', x Armenian in-k`n, Gen. in-k`ean, `selbst' (k` from su), perhaps iur `sui, sibi', (*seuero-

2. seue-, *sue-: Old Indic Poss. sv- `suus', Avestan hva-, x a-, . huva- `eigen, suus'

or*seuoro-);

(*suesio), Dat. , , Lesbian F (*suoi) besides hom. (*seuoi), Poss. , Doric F coeval, fellow '; `sein' (*suos) besides hom. (*seuos), wherefore (*su-li-k-) ` of the same age,

gr. (pamph. Fh) `sich' from *sue, hom. from *seue, Gen. hom. , , , , Attic

vla ` brother ' (see above S. 685); Note:

alb. ve-t (*sue-ti-) `selbst', u- Pron. refl. (*su-), vaj `girl' (*vari to *suo-ro- ` relative '),

Maybe Phrygian: vela- f. `family, relatives' (?) : alb. vlla `brother' Wrong etymology of alb. vaj `girl'

Maybe alb. Geg (*vargha) varza, tosk vaj `girl, virgin' : Latin virga ` thin branch, rod ' erer erer hRoot / lemma: uer-3: E. uer-h- (*suerh-): `to turn, press, strangle' < [common Latin su rh : Germanic -s- > -r-] of Root / lemma: ueis-2 : `to turn, bend'. eiseis Old Latin sovos, from which in schwachtoniger position suos, Latin suus; Oscan suves (from *uiz-g), virg ` girl, virgin ';

`sui' (Gen.), svad `su', Paelignian suois `suis', marr. suam `suam', next to which zero

grade Umbrian sue-so Lok. Sg. `su'; Latin sd, s preposition `without', prefix `beiseite' `privat, eigen', argiv. *Fh from Indo Germanic *sued-ios;

basic meaning `for sich, without' (Abl. *s(u)ed), conjunction `but, however'; in addition gr. Gothic sws `eigen', n. `property', Old High German Old Saxon sws, Old English
h h

swo (see below) the VN Suons by Tacitus, Old Icelandic Svar m. Pl. `Schweden', sv-di `from selbst dead (not killed)', lengthened grade sv-vss `stubborn ', Gothic swi-kuns `apparent, manifest, obvious';

Middle Dutch swselinc `father-in-law, son-in-law, brother-in-law'; to Old High German gi-

sws, Old Icelandic svss `dear, traut' (as *sud -so- or -to- root *sued -, see below;

Old Church Slavic svoj `suus, eigen'; out of it swojak `affinis', etc.
h h

Lithuanian savs, sevs `sui' (Gen.) etc., Poss. svas; zero grade Old Prussian swais = 3. s(u)e-b (o)-, suo-b o- `from eigener kind of': Old Indic sabh `congregation, meeting, )e- (o))e

Gemeindehaus' (less good above S. 105); Gothic sibja, Old High German sipp(e)a etc.

bezogener name with a from Indo Germanic o, compare Slavic sob-; in addition
h

Oscan Safinim; Latin Samntes; perhaps ein from den in Italien wohnhaften Illyriern

in addition the VN Latin Sabn as `die Sippenangehrigen', Sabelli (*safnolo-), Samnium =

in Old Icelandic sjafni m. `love', GN sjfn f., VN *Senan-ez >Semnones `Sippegenossen;

`family, Gesamtheit the particular Leute' (*sej); Germanic *sen- and *senan- `family'

*swba-, Indo Germanic *sub o- `free, zum particular Volk belonging'); russ. (etc.) o-soba su- Old Church Slavic svoboda `Freiheit' (originally `state, status the Sippenangehrigen'); p-serb `Stiefsohn' and (?) dem names the Serben and Sorben; with still zero grade seems Old Prussian subs `selbst'; quite doubtful with e Slavic *sebr in russ.

lengthened grade die Germanic Subi, Old High German Swb `Schwaben' (Germanic

`person', sob `Eigenart, character', Old Church Slavic sobstvo `Eigenart, entity', and with

friend'; compare Vasmer 2, 599, 611 f., 3, 61 f.

h

klrungsbedrftiger nasalization *sbr in aserb. sebr `free Baner', russ. sjabr `Nachbar, 4. sud -: Old Indic svadh `Eigenart, consuetude, custom, Heimsttte', (Avestan x

ata- `about sich selbst bestimmend, immortal ' is neuere composition); gr. n. `

consuetude, custom' (thematic Hes., lakonisch), participle hom. ` `gewhne', lengthened grade n. `custom, Gebrauch, Herkommen', Pl. mass, Vlkerschaft' as `family'?;
h h

habitual, customary ', Perf. , Lesbian `bin habitual, customary ' (*sesud a), `domicile' (: Germanic *swsa-, if from *sud -s-o-, see above), `traut', `bulk, Latin sodlis (*sued lis) `buddy, friend, Gespiele, fellow, Tischgenosse'; sole `bin but Gothic sidus `custom', Old High German situ, Old English sidu, seodu, Old Icelandic
h h h

habitual, customary ', with l for *d ; susc `werde accustomed ' (*sud -sk);

sir, Akk. Pl. siu m. `custom' (previously Modern High German fem.) not here, da sie i in the root syllable have (Wissmann, Mnchner Studien 6, 129, Anm. 28).

Lithuanian svias, svtis `guest' (actually `foreigner, stranger'; because of svtimas `

(*su-to-s, compare serb. svk ` sister's husband ', Old Church Slavic svojak `affinis');

eines Lok. *suei-, suoi-); Old Church Slavic svat `kinsman, relative, relative, Brautwerber',

5. t- derivatives: Avestan x a-tu- `angehrig', x a-tt- `Angehrigkeit, affiliation' (due to

out of stehend'; compare Latvian seviks ` separate, alone ' and gr. (Hes. ),

strange ', Latvian sves ` strange; guest', from *sue-tios `for sich, alone stehend, hence

zweien'; gr. (*- `for sich stehend') `ein jeder', thereafter , delph. F `jeder from zweien'; hom. (F) `kinsman, relative, friend', el. F `Privatmann'.

actually *Fh- `for sich', compare - `man for man' and Old Indic dvias `to

` fellow ', fem. *, , wherefore as new m. . Schlagworten *suelio[n]-, suesor-, suekuro-s, suekr-) are:

With anlaut *se- (not *sue): Old Church Slavic *st `guest', postiti `besuchen'; gr. 6. other Zugehrigkeits- and Verwandtschaftsbezeichnungen (compare under particular

Maybe alb. (*suelio vlla `brother (*brother-in-law, sister's husband)' herd ' (Bedeutungsanschlu an swn `swine'), Old English swn ` a swine-herd, herdsman, Old Icelandic sveinn `lad, young boy, herdsman, shepherd', Old Saxon swn ` a swine-

', svin `die sister the wife, woman', Latvian svainis `brother the wife, woman'; Old High German (ge)swo `brother-in-law, sister's husband ', Middle High German geswe m. f. `brother-in-law, Schwgerin', Old Icelandic sveit f. `Kriegerschar';

shepherd', poet. `man, warrior'; Lithuanian svinis (*suoinios) `of Weibes sister's husband

base from Germanic *selba- `selbst' (-b o- as above in *s(u)eb o-), Gothic silba, Old Norse addition Venetic sselboi sselboi `sibi ipsi' (= Old High German selb selbo); compare also sjlfr, Old English self, Old High German selb, Modern High German selb, -er, -st in
h h

7. Auf a connection from *se- with dem Pron. *(o)lo- beruhendes *se-lo- seems (?) die

Old High German selt-sni ` strange ', adv. seltan `seldom' etc. (`seldom' from `for sich, alleinstehend, einzig'); da Latin slus ` alone, einzig, bare' a similar Indo Germanic

Germanic *selda- `seldom', Gothic silda-leiks `wundersam' (`from rare, seltsamer Gestalt'),

connection *s-lo- entstammt, is possible; after Szemernyi (Word 8, 50) from *sue-alo-. 8. Vom reflexive in the meaning to divide is the stem sue- in particles for `so' from which

`as' and `if':

also always' (*iod-kid), hom. , Attic `as' belong to *io- above S. 283

Hom. (F) postpositive `so' from *su- with suffixalem -s; but (), Attic `was

(Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 617); Oscan sva, svae, Umbrian sve, sue `if', Old Latin suad

(Festus) `sic'; Gothic sw `as' (relative), swa-sw `as'; Gothic swa, Old Norse sv, Old

English sw, sw `so', Old Saxon Old High German nnd. s; in addition Gothic swa-leiks, Old Icelandic slkr, Old English swelc, swilc etc., Old High German solh, sulh etc. `solch'; Umbrian so-pir `siquis', Oscan svaepis, Volscan sepis `siquis', surur, suror, suront,

(originally `so', s ds placet), s-c `so'.

sururont `item' (*su-su); Old Latin s-c `so' (could have evolved from *su ), Latin s `if'

f., 291, 294 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 226, 600 f., 606 f.; 2, 577; Mezger Word 4, 98 ff., Benveniste BSL 50, 36 ff.; Page(s): 882-884 See also: s. also seni- and su-.

References: WP. II 455 ff., WH. II 457 f., 506 f., 530 f., 552 f., 557, 626 f.; Trautmann 251

Meaning: to reach for, grab

ik- ik Root / lemma: sik-, sk-

Material: Gr. (*sk), Doric (*seik) `come, gelange, erreiche', Ionian Attic Inf. Aor. (*sk-), Praes. , hom. (*F) ds., `hinreichend, gengend', , , `Schutzflehender' (`schutzsuchend after jmdm. langend');

`bettle', ` beggar', , f. `gift, present', Attic Akk. `as gift, free', from Indo Germanic *s[i]k-: `bin angekommen, bin da';

`ein gnstiger wind' (with dem man das Ziel erreicht), ` impenetrable '; contamination from - and - is ep. Ionian - `';

'; seksnis ` fathom (as measure)'; Page(s): 893

`with measure of capacity measure ', Iter. saika, -ti; sakas, sekas ` measure of capacity

Icelandic sld ds. (*saihadla-); Lithuanian sekti `die Hand ausstrecken', seiki, seikti

Old Icelandic sr `large bowl, basin ' = Old English s ` bucket, pail ' (*saihaz), Old

References: WP. II 465 f., Trautmann 252.

Root / lemma: s(i)-1 (*k(i)-kla, sk(i)-kla in centum languages) s(i)k(i)sk(i)k(i) Meaning: to sift Material: Material: Gr. , `siebe', m. ` cheesecloth, light cotton gauze used in cheese Hes., , - `Schutzgttin the Mhlen' ; (about Latin simila `feinstes Weizenmehl' s. making, sieve '; changing through ablaut (probably -)

but WH. II 538); Middle Irish sthlad `das Sieben' (th from sthal ` bucket, pail '); cymr. hidl, Middle Breton sizl, nbret. sil ` sieve ' from *s-tlo- = Old Icelandic sld n. ` sieve ' = Gothic *sl, assumed through karel. siekla, Finnish seula ` sieve '; Lithuanian setas ` sieve ' =

Old Church Slavic sito ds. (*si-to-), Lithuanian sijju, -ti ` sieve '; Slavic *sj, *sti preterit-stem *sii-); alb. shosh `siebe'(*si-s);

(*sjati) in Old Church Slavic pro-sati `' serb. sjati ` sieve ', (present-stem *sia-,

Maybe truncated alb. (*sethmos) shosh ` sieve ' : gr. m. ` sieve ', shoshit ` sieve ' (common Celtic alb. abbreviation). *si- ` sieve ' is probably as ` through ein Geflecht fall let' eine Sonderanwendung from

*si- `entsenden, throw, sen, fall let'. Page(s): 889

References: WP. II 459, Trautmann 254.

Meaning: to throw, send, let fall, sow; semen Material: A. `entsenden, throw, sen':

s(i)i- s- ssei- siRoot / lemma: s(i)-2 : si- : s- : s- : s- and sei- : si-

`dahinschieend (from birds)', prsiti- f. `Anlauf, onrush, throw, shot, projectile'; ere, sv, stus `sen, bepflanzen, bring forth, zeugen', sti `das Sen', stor `Ser'; b. `sen': Old Indic sra- n. `Saatpflug', st `furrow' (*die Beste); Latin ser (*si-s-), -

syik `dagger', sn ` missile, spear, lance; Schlachtreihe, army ', prsita-

a. Old Indic syaka-, `zum Schleudern bestimmt', m. n. ` missile, arrow', m. `sword',

Gothic saian (sas), Old High German sen, Old Saxon sian, Old English swan, Old

Icelandic s `sen' from proto Germanic *sjan = Lithuaniansju (sti) ds., Old Church Slavic sj (sjati) ds.; Latin smen ` seed, sperm ' (Smns `Saatgtter'), Old High German Old Saxon smo ds. (m. has changed), Lithuanian Pl. smen-s, -ys `Flachssaat', `das Sen, seed ', Gothic mana-ss `(Menschensaat) Menschheit, world'; zero grade

Old Prussian semen `Samen', Old Church Slavicsm `Samen'; Old High German etc. st cymr. bret. had ` seed, sperm ', corn. has ` seed, sperm ', further probably Old Irish

sa(i)the (*stio-) ` swarm, birth from jungen animals, brood', cymr. haid f. ` swarm, troop, progeny ', as Gothic manass);

multitude, crowd', bret. hed m. ` swarm, swarm of bees' (also `* seed, sperm = generation, -tlo-formation: Lithuanian skl ` seed ': with reduplication-grade *si-: Latin saeculum tlo

Middle Breton hoazl ds., gall. Deae Stloceniae;

`gender, sex, Menschenalter, Jahrhundert'; cymr. hoedl `Lebensdauer', abret. hoetl,

`kid, child' from *pro-s[]-tis; perhaps Middle Irish ross n. `(flax)samen';

Lithuanian pasls `Aussaat, Beisaat'; zero grade in compound: probably Gothic frasts controversial is die affiliation from gr. `throw, cast, send', see above S. 502. the forceful zum Wurfe gereckten Hand:

Old Irish sl ` seed, sperm ', cymr. hil ` seed, sperm, progeny ' (Indo Germanic *s-lo-),

B. `die Hand wornach ausstrecken; Anspannung, power ', presumably from the outlook Old Icelandic seilask (*sailjan) `sich strecken, make an effort, try hard, exert oneself ';

hitr, hedr, nbret. hezr `bold'.

Lithuanian ne-se-nyti `not reach'; Middle Irish sethar `strong' (*si-tro), cymr. hydr, abret. C. `kraftlos die Hand sinken lassen, slacken, release, let go, free, set free; sumen; late, Old Indic va-syati, Aor. a-st `hrt auf, schliet; makes halt, verweilt', va-sita- `wer

`ghost'; serb. sla, Czech sla ` power ' (*sil); Old Irish snim `recke, strecke from';

Lithuanian sela ` eagerness ', Old Prussian seilin Akk. ds., Pl. seilins `sense', noseilis

slow, sich lang hinziehend; Abspannung, tranquility; herabsinkend';

sich niedergelassen has, wohnhaft', avasna- n. `place of Absteigens, Einkehr, abode,

hti- `piece, break, section' (`*das Absetzen am end eines Abschnittes'); Avestan hra- n. `certain stretch of time, time, period '(*`terrace, bench, step, ein way- and Zeitma'); gr. presumably ` peaceful ' (ending as -, from a *s-tu- ` tranquility ';

residence; end, death'; sy- n. `Einkehr, evening', sti- f. `decision, end' (Lex.) = Avestan

similar t- derivatives see below);

sn, compare participle positus); `place, place ' (*`low, base-place, ab-place'), situs `stand gelassen; beigesetzt'; sile, -re `rest, cease (e.g. of Winde), keep mum, keep quiet ' = English sl-nes `Schweigen' (*si-lo-); Gothic anasilan `(of Winde:) cease, fall silent ' due to eines l-participle *si-lo-; compare Old Latin stius `later, less, less good'; srus `late' (= Old Irish sr); Old Irish sa = cymr. hwy (from *s-is), Superl. Old Irish sam, cymr. hwyaf; Middle Irish Old Irish sr (= Latin srus) `langdauernd, eternal ', cymr. corn. bret. hir `long', Kompar.

Latin sin, -ere, s-vi `let, befall let', dsinere ` cease ', dsivre ` cease ', pn (*po-

sith- `lang, andauernd' (Intensivpartikel), compounds sithithir `also long', cymr. hyd ` long, Fortdauer, while; usque ad', acymr. hit, corn. hes, bret. hed, het m. `length' (*si-tu-, -ti-);

viell. cymr. hoed (*si-to-) m. `longing, yearning';

Old High German sd ds., Modern High German seit ` from '; Old Icelandic s Adv. `late', Superl. szt; with the meaning `schlaff herabfallend' : sr ` droopy, sagging, long', Old Frisian sde `low', Old English sd `long, wide, breit', Old High German sto Adv. `laxe'; eine

sr Adv. `less', sz `nachdem' (< ses), Old English s m `seitdem', Old Saxon sth,

Gothic seius `late', ana-seis `further, still' (Kompar.-Adv. *s-iz, as:) Old Icelandic

Saxon sda, Old High German sta `side' (from dem concept the Ausdehnung after under grown); Gothic sainjan `sumen, hesitate', Old Icelandic seinn `slow, late', Old English sn, Middle High German seine `slow, idle', Old English -snian `slack, weak become';

nominalization therefrom is Old Icelandic sa f. `side (of Krpers)', Old English sde, Old

sin); Norwegian seimen `saumselig, slow', Old High German lancseimi `slow'; changing through ablaut Old English siomian (*simian) `hesitate, hang, sich senken', Old High German gi-semn `harren';

sehnen and Swedish dial. sna `cease milk to give' (n bare present formant, as in Latin

changing through ablaut Middle High German senen (*si-nn), Modern High German sich

sietawa `deep place in river' (perhaps `deep hinabsinkend'); Heimat the Indo Germanic Gemeinsprache 25; See also: compare above S. 887: seg-1. Page(s): 889-891

Lithuanian tsainus `careless, neglectful', presumably also sietuv, Latvian siet(u)s,

References: WP. II 459 ff., WH. II 512, 522, 526 f., 545 f., Trautmann 253 f., Thieme, The

Meaning: to bind; strap

s(i)i- ssei- siRoot / lemma: s(i)-3, -si- : s- and sei- : si- (*eiki- in centum languages) k

Material: Hittite iiia-, ii, Luvian hiiia- `bind' (Pedersen Hittite 114 Anm.). With m-formant: die Hhe', (*ismonia) `Brunnenseil', (*ismaios) `das Wasserschpfen betreffend', (*ismasso) (Aor. (*ismassai) , ) ` lash, flog '; smo `band, strap, rope, manacle', Old Icelandic seimr ` filament '; gr. (*ismas) , - `strap' (to *), (*ismao) `pull an einem rope, band in

Irish sim ` chain '; Old Icelandic smi m. `rope, band, cord', Old English sma, Old Saxon

Old Indic smn- m., sm f. `Scheitel, limit, boundary', smanta- m. ds.; Old Indic syti, sinti, sinti `binds, binds los' (Perf. siya, Aor. st, participle sita-), sayatv- n. `connection, fortification ', str- m. `Feler; fesselnd', prasiti- ` loop, noose,

hita- m. ` yoke, pair of harnessed oxen '; horse';

snare, net, dragnet ' (lex.); Avestan h(y)- `bind, fesseln' (present hayeiti, participle hita-), Latvian set `bind', Lithuanian siti ds., sij `Brckenbalken', tsaja `Strnge of the

f. = cymr. Gwen-hwyfar `Ginevra' (`weies ghost'); s. Vendrys RC 46, 263 ff.;

ablaut. sabair ` phantom, ghost', sabraid `verzaubert, verwandelt' (*sei-b -), PN Find-abair With n-formant: Avestan hinu- m. `band, strap, manacle', Old English sinu, Old High
h

with -b - formants: Old Irish sob ` deceitful, verlogen' (*soi-b o-), wrtl. `zauberisch',
h h

alteration from nu to nn from sinu- reshaped is), Middle Irish sn ` chain, collar, neckband'; sina `wall';

German senawa, Old Icelandic sin f. `sinew' (proto Germanic *sinw, das after the

Latvian pa-sainis `cord', aif-sainis `bundle', Lithuanian sena `limit, boundary, wall', Latvian With l-formant: Old Icelandic seil f., Old English sl m. f., Old High German seil n. `rope,

`rope, band, strap', Old Icelandic sili, seli m. `Seile'; Lithuanian tsail f.

band, rope, manacle', Gothic in-sailjan `anseilen', ablauteud Old High German silo m.

sido ` loop, noose, snare ';

Achse gehende iron'; Slavic *sidlo n. (*sitlo-) in Old Church Slavic silo `rope, band', poln.

`Verbindungsstange between Bracke and Achse', tseilis `das vom Schwengel an die

dam, Grenzzeichen', Avestan hatu- ` dam '; Latin saeta ` strong hair, esp. the animal,

With t-formant still: Old Indic stu- `bindend, fesselnd', m. `band, strap, manacle, bridge,

*saia- `charm, spell', GN Dat. Pl. Saitchamimi[s], to *Saihamjz `die through Zauber

bristle'; cymr. bret. hud `charm, spell', acorn. hudol ` magician ' from *soi-to- = Germanic ihre Gestalt change to be able ', Old Icelandic seir m. `band, strap, rope, band', sei f.

Old English sda m. `rope', Old High German seito m., seita f. `rope, Fallstrick, string '; `strap'; Old Church Slavic st f. `net', sitce `rope'.

`charm, spell'; in addition sa `conjure, perform magic', Old English -siden f. `charm, spell';

Lithuanian satas, sitas, Latvian sate `band, strap, manacle, cord', Old Prussian saytan n. References: WP. II 463 f., WH. II 462, Trautmann 253, W. Wst Ural-alt. Jb. 26, 135 ff. Page(s): 891-892

Root / lemma: sk-2 Grammatical information: unthemat. present root Latin sec, -re ` to cut, cut off, cut up, reap, carve ', segmen, segmentum `break, Meaning: to cut

Material: Alb. shat ` hoe, spud ' (*sekti-);

section', secespita ` a long iron sacrificial knife ' (ending unexplained), secvum ` libum est, quod secespita sectur ' (: Old Church Slavic sivo `axe'); secris `axe' (: Old Church Slavic sekyra `axe'), scula `sickle' (kampanisch); with ablaut Latin a: saxum ` a large

reduplication-grade besides in Old High German sahs), perhaps sacna, scna `die Pl. f. ` non prosectae (carnes) ';
o

to form Old High German sahs `knife', Old Church Slavic socha; Latin a seems

rump ` to break, burst, tear '), Modern High German Schere ` scissors, shears ': scheren,

stone, rough stone, broken rock, bowlder, rock ' (compare to meaning rupes ` a rock, cliff ':

hoe the Pontifices' (*sakes-n); asignae ` ' (*an-sek-n), marr. asignas N. Latin sgnum n. ` a mark, token, sign, indication, proof ', if originally ` incised mark ' (?);

Umbrian prusekatu ` prsect ', prosesetir ` to cut off, cut away ', aseceta ` non secta ', prusecia ` prsicis '; Middle Irish tescaid `cuts, slices, bites ' (*to-eks-sk-), Middle Irish iscid ` hew, cut off,

cut down ' (*in-sek-); Middle Irish arasc (*ari-sko-) `abgehauener neck -stump', airsce (*ari); but Irish sol `kerchief, cloth, sail', cymr. hwyl `sail' from *seglo- (: Old Icelandic Old English segl `sail' from *sekl-m) are probably Germanic loanword; skio-) ds.; Old Irish se(i)che f. `skin, fell, fur' (: Old Icelandic sigg n. `hard skin' from *seia-

heschen ` a reed, cane ', bret. hesk (*sek-sk) `reed with piercing leaves', Middle Irish seisc f. ` bulrush';

cymr. hesg, Sg. hesgen ` a reed grass, sedge ' (from the incisive sharp leaves), acorn.

German segisna, segansa, Modern High German Sense; Old Icelandic segi, sigi m. ` torn Fleischstck, Fleischfaser'; Old Icelandic sigr m., sig f., Old English sige m., Middle Middle Low German segge `sedge'; Old High German sahar, Modern High German Low German segede, sichte f. `sickle' (*seket-); Old English secg f. `sword' and `sedge',

Old High German sega, saga, Old English sagu, sage, Old Icelandic sg `saw', Old High

Saxon segal, segela `curtain' (*`Tuchstck'; see above to Irish sol); Old Icelandic sigg n. `hard skin' (see above to Irish seiche); Old Icelandic sax n. `knife, sword', Pl. sx `scissors', Old English seax n. `knife, short sword', Old High German sahs `knife' (also in

Bavarian Sac(h)er ds.; Old Icelandic Old English segl, Old High German segal `sail', Old

High German suoha `harrow, furrow' (Demin. suohili, suoli n.);

mezzi-ra(h)s, Old English mete-seax `knife'); Old Icelandic sgr ` torn piece, stripe'; Old Lithuanian -skti ` dig in ', iskti ` to carve, cut, grave, chisel, form, fashion '; Old

which *skyra in serb. sjekira transfigured after sk);

Church Slavic sk, sti `cut, clip', sivo `axe' (: Latin secvum), sekyra `axe' (next to unclear, whether here Latin sca `dagger', sclis `a cutting instrument'; Maybe alb. thika `knife' a Latin loanword. Maybe alb. (*suk) thuk ` mortar ' Teil of stems', Old English sgol (*sikolo-), m. `stick, club, mace, joint' = Middle High `reed'. Lithuanian skis `Hieb, Mal', klr. sy in. `the after dem Abbrechen of Astes hinterbleibende German seigel ` rung, horizontal step on a ladder, grade', Middle High German dial. saich

References: WP. II 474 f., WH. II 459, 484, 504 f., 534 f., Trautmann 255; Page(s): 895-896 See also: s. also (s)k(h)ed-, ski-, sken-, sku-6.

skRoot / lemma: sk-3 Meaning: quiet, lazy Material: Gr. hom. `still, leise, sacht, weak, slow', `langsamster', Attic

`am wenigsten, gar nicht', hom. , Attic `schwcher, geringer'; reduced grade

hom. ` closemouthed ' = Adverb. , later as object, Doric (Instr.) ` peaceful, stillschweigend', -, - `gentle flowing ', perhaps , `sacht'; Latin sgnis (*sknis) `slow, sleepy, idle'. extension from 2. *s(i)- ` slacken '. References: WP. II 474, WH. II 510; M. Leumann, Homer. Wrter 166 f., Frisk 52. Page(s): 896

smiRoot / lemma: smi- (*ghemi-) Meaning: half Material: Old Indic sm- `half' (-smi- Adj. `not half, complete '); gr. - `half' ( `half' from originally m. `*half', compare Cretan -, epid. ; `half'); Latin smi- (smus late Adjektivierung); smis indekl. `half' probably after bis; Old German smi-queck, Old Saxon sm-quick `halbtot'.

High German smi-, Old Saxon sm-; compare Latin smi-vivus, gr. -, Old High

Maybe alb. Geg (*simus) gjyms, Tosc gjysm `half' [common alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh> dz-] : Rumanian jumtate `half' : gr. `half' preservation of the old laryngeal. Page(s): 905-906 References: WP. II 493, WH. II 512 f.

Root / lemma: s[i] d - : sd - and : sd lemma: s Meaning: to strive for a goal Material: Old Indic sdhati `kommt zum Ziel, bringt zum Ziel, in order', causative sdhyati, `desire nachErreichung of Zieles' (from *hdra- m., Indo Germanic *sd -ro- `Erreichung of
h h h h h

sdh- `straight, proficient', -sdh- (2. composition part) = jav. -hd- `steering', hdry- f. Zieles'); zero grade Old Indic sidhr- `erfolgreich', sdhyati `kommt zum Ziel', participle

sadh- in Old Indic sadh-nti and sdhis- `place, purpose ';

h

siddh-, Perf. sidha- etc.; Avestan sna `erfolgreich' (*-zd -na-); ablaut neologism is gr. (*sd us) `straight (auf ein Ziel gerichtet), Adv. geradeaus', , - `attack,

undertaking', `dringe vor', `make straight'; `immediately, right away', (from *) `straight'. References: WP. II 450, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 350.

Page(s): 892

[u]-ro[u] ur( o)o) Root / lemma: si[u]-ro- : si-ur(io)Note: Meaning: brother-in-law

From an extended Root / lemma: se- : reflexive pronoun se-

Material: Material: Old Indic syla- ` brother of the wife, woman'; serb.-Church Slavic ur, serb. ra, Old Russian russ. rin (Pl. rja, compare bratja).

Maybe alb. (*huela) vlla brother Brckner ZslPh. 4, 217;

References: WP. II 514, Trautmann 261, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 91; against it See also: whether to si-3 S. 891?

Page(s): 915

Meaning: to sew Note:

ki- Root / lemma: si- (*ki in centum languages) ki

s(i)i- ssei- siRoot / lemma: si- : to sew, derived from Root / lemma: s(i)-3, -si- : s- and sei- : si- : to bind; strap. su su Grammatical information: (for consonant and in present siu), su- (in present sui) Material:

Note: besides s- (dissimilated from si-i); probably to si-3, S. 891 ssi ii

Old Indic svyati `nht' (= Gothic siujan), syt- `genht' (= Lithuanian sitas, russ. ityj ds., schumeno, and with gr. ), svana-m ` the stitching, sewing, the seam, stitch used to close a wound ', stra-m ` filament '; gr. m. `thin skin, sinew'; Latin su, -ere, su,
h

Old Icelandic sjr), syman- n. `band, strap, rein, suture' (compare Old Prussian

(preterit siwita) ` sew '; Old High German siut m. ` suture', Old Icelandic sjr m., Old

Gothic siujan, Old Icelandic syja, Old English si(o)wian, seowian, Old High German siuwan English seod `bag ' (iu from Indo Germanic i); Middle High German ste ` suture', Old Sule ` pricker, awl' (*si-d l, compare Old Church Slavic silo and Latin subula);
h h

stum ` sew, stitch up, sew together', stor `Schuster', sbula ` pricker, awl' (*s-d l);

Icelandic s f. `Plankenverband, board'; Old High German siula, Modern High German (common Latin d - > b-)

Old High German soum, Old English sam, Old Icelandic saumr m. `hem, suture'

(compare Old Indic syman-); Lithuanian siuv, siti ` sew ', Latvian uvu (uju, nu), ut Old Indic syuman-); Old Church Slavic ij (*sii), iti (= Lithuanian siti) ` sew ', russ.

ds.; Lithuanian sitas `genht', Latvian suts ds.; Old Prussian schumeno `Schusterdraht' (: ityj `genht', Old Church Slavic svn `genht' (*siuueno-), silo = Czech sidlo n. `

pricker, awl'; further by Trautmann 261 f.; Hittite um(m)anza(n) ` filament ', also (?) uel, References: WP. II 515 f., WH. II 631 f., Carruthers Lg. 6, 161 f. Page(s): 915-916 uil ds.

Meaning: to support

skab kamb Root / lemma: ska -, skam h h

Material: Old Indic skabhnti, skabhnti ` propped ', Perf. cskmbha; skabhyati ` skmbhana-m ` prop, pillar ', Avestan upaskambm `under fastening, strengthening ', fastened, ligated, strengthened, reinforced, made fast; fortified '; skambh- m.,

fraskmba-, frasimbana- ` girders, pillars '; npers. pakam ` a covered walk between of the universe ';

columns, colonnade, piazza, arcade, gallery, porch, portico ', sogd. k'np- (*skamb) ` base

Maybe alb. Geg shkamb, Tosc shkmb `seat, bench, rock, stone, *pillar' related to Latin scamnum (*skab nom). Bnkchen, footstool ';
h

Latin scamnum (*skab nom) ` bench, footstool ', Demin. scabillum, scabellum `niedriges
h

*stemb - (see steb- ` jamb, upright section of a door frame or window frame; stanchion, pillars, columns ' etc.
h

(compared with Old Indic skmbhana-m) reshuffling through Aryan from skabh- after

die Aryan within nasalization, as well as the e-vocalism from Avestan frasimbana-

roof support ') in Old Indic stabhnti ` plinth, base, base of a pedestal t', stambha- ` posts, References: WP. II 539, WH. II 487 f.

Page(s): 916

Meaning: to curve, bend Note:

(s)kamb(s)kembRoot / lemma: (s)kamb- and (s)kemb-

Root / lemma: (s)kamb- and (s)kemb- : `to curve, bend' derived from Root / lemma: kam-p(s)kamb(s)kembkamMaterial: Gr. `crooked, bowlegged'; Old Irish camb `crooked', cymr. corn. cam, (*cambit); zero grades *kmb- `turn = swap, vary, exchange ' and `zusammendrehen, : `to bend'.

bret. kamm ds., gall. in Cambio-dnum `Kempten', bret. camhet an rot ` rim of the wheel '

fesseln' in gall.-Latin cambire `swap, vary, exchange ' and Middle Irish cimb ` tribute, silver ', Old Irish cimbid `captive', cimbe ` captivity, imprisonment, confinement '; Maybe alb. kmbej exchange a Latin loanword.

` hemp ');

gripped by the hand ' (also ` stuff of hemp ', in which meaning certainly influenced by hamp from a basic meaning ` go crookedly ' from reiht man an: gr. * ` limp '

hempa `Kleiderstrippe, loop, noose, snare, handle, part of an object designed to be

With e-vocalism: gr. m. `band, strap, loop', ` bind, knot '; Norwegian

erschlossen from dem names , Swedish skumpa ` limp ', skimpa ` jump, dance ', Old High German scimpfan ` joke drive, push, play, deride ', Modern High German '(or to keub-? above S. 590 f.); schimpfen, Schimpf; Modern High German (Low German) humpen, humpeln ` hobble, limp *(s)kamb- reminds an kam-, kamp- `bend' (above S. 525); sein relationship to (s)kemb-

is still unclear; also das zur nasalized root for `bend' (?) or `haken' (compare Lithuanian Heftel, hook ' (but also e-forms as kebklis `hook'); Old Church Slavic skoba f. ` fibula ',

kimb, kbti ` hang bleiben'): kabu, -ti ` hang ', kabnti ` hang ', kabls m. `hook', kab f. `

russ. skob ` agrafe, hook, clasp ', wherefore Old Icelandic hp n. `small bay', Old English hp `ring'; against it Old Icelandic hespa ` iron staples ' = Old English hpse, hsp, `Hftgelenk', Middle Dutch also `hack, mattock, hoe' to kap-, above S. 527 f. References: WP. I 346, 350 f., II 539 f., WH. I 148 f., Trautmann 112, 116. Page(s): 918 (s)kand- (s)kendRoot / lemma: (s)kand-, (s)kendMeaning: Meaning shine See also: see above S. 526 (k-). Middle High German haspe, hespe, Modern High German Haspe, Hspe, holl. hespe

Page(s): 918

Meaning: shining, bright

(s)ki- (d- (tRoot / lemma: (s)ki-, (d-), (t-)

Material: Old Indic ktu- m. `Lichterscheinung, brightness, Bild' (= Gothic haidus), kta- m. `mark, token, sign', ktana-m `body, mark ', citr- `augenfllig, lovely, superb, pretty,

splendid, bright', n. `apparition' = Avestan ira- `augenfllig, clear, bright' (ablaut. with Old High German heitar);

compare with -r-forms German heiter ` bright, clear ', Lithuanian skaid-rs, skidrus); Gothic haidus `kind of way' (originally *`lichte apparition'), Old Icelandic heir m.

compare Lithuanian skistas) and caelum `sky, heaven' (*kaid-lo- or *kaid-, *kait-slo-,

Latin probably caesius `, from den Augen' (from *kait- or *kaid-to- from,

`honour, earnings', Old English hd, hd, Old High German heit `Stand, rank, kind of' Indic kta- m.), hei-r Adj. `cheerful, uncloudy'; Old High German heitar `cheerful,

(Modern High German suffix -heit); Old Icelandic hei n. `clear, bright sky, heaven' (: Old

English hdor ds., n. `cheeriness of sky';

gleaming (originally from the cloudless sky, heaven)', Old Saxon hdar `cheerful', Old Lithuanian skaidrs, skidrus `bright, clear, bright'; Latvian skadrs ds., `clean';

Lithuanian skistas, skaists `bright'; different (to skid- under S. 921) Trautmann 263. Maybe alb. skaj `edge, end' ki ii See also: compare ki-3 (above S. 519) and ski- (under). Page(s): 916-917 References: WP. II 537 f., WH. I 130f., 133;

(s)kek- skeg(skenk- skekRoot / lemma: (s)kek-, skeg- (*nasalized *(skenk-, *skek-no-) (skenk skek noMeaning: to spring, move quickly Material:

In e-grade: Alb. geg hek `agony ', heq `suffer' : Old Irish scn `fright' [common alb. sk- > h- , Slavic sk- > ch-]. Gr. . Hes. (`hare' as ` jumper '); Old Irish scn `fright' (*skek-no-); scochid, newer scuchid (*skoketi) `weicht, geht fort,

geht to end' (Konj.-stem scess-, Perf. scich ` walked fort, war vorber'); di-ro-uss-scoch- ` excel, surpass ' (*`hervorspringen'), cymr. ysgogi `to stir', bret. diskogella `shake'; Old High German scehan stem V. `hurry, quick, fast leave, depart ', Middle High

German Modern High German geschehen, Old English scon schw. V. ` befall, hurry',

Middle High German schehen schw. V. `quick, fast einherfahren, hurry', Old High German ' here?); Causative Middle High German schicken (`allow to proceed, go ahead ') `

skihtg `shy' (Gothic skhsl n. ` wicked ghost, fiend, demon' as `einherfahrend' or ` shaking

High German schiht ` alignment, layer (by Bergleuten, and otherwise)'; with gramm.

High German gesciht ` event', Modern High German Geschichte ` occurrence ', Middle

prepare, make ready, sort, order, arrange, senden', Modern High German schicken; Old

`beard' (*skaggja-), Old English sceagga ` hair of the head ', Old Icelandic skeggja f. ` battle axe ' (compare Modern High German Barte ds.); Slavic sk- > ch-]. Maybe alb. (*skuonta) hunda ` (*tongue of land; promontory) nose ' [common alb. sk- > h- , Church Slavic skok m. `Sprung', Perfektiv Old Church Slavic skoiti, Imperf. skakati

divide', sceaga m. `shrubbery, bush' (from `wood, forest'); also Old Icelandic skegg n.

promontory ', lengthened gradeskgr m. `wood, forest'; Old English tscecgan `sich

variation: Old Icelandic skaga `hervorspringen, project, protrude', skagi m. ` tongue of land;

anknti ` make jump '.

`spring'; with alternation sk : ks Lithuanian kti `spring', Latvian skt `begin', Lithuanian

Maybe nazalized alb. (*skankac) krcej ` spring ' : Lithuanian anknti ` make jump ', alb. (*skankalec) karkalec ` grasshopper (jumping insect)' similar to Bulgarian skakalec ` n- > r- rhotacism]. grasshopper ', krcnoj ` threaten (*jump, dance in a threatening manner)' [common alb. Auslautvariante auf -g-: skeg- `hurry, spring, shake' (= `spring make') in: Old Indic skeg-

khajati ` stirs, mixes ' (Dhtup.), khja- m. ` scuffle ', khja-, khajaka- m., (lex.) khaj f. `

skakan stem V. `go away, pass over, escape, flee' (Low German schacken ` shake, move '), Old High German unt-scachndes `fluctivagi'; Old High German scahho m. ` foreland, High German Bavarian Swiss Schachen ds., Old Icelandic skekill `Landzunge'. promontory ', Middle High German schache m. ` Stckeinzelstehenden Waldes ', Modern doubtful is affiliation from Old Frisian skk m. `booty, robbery ', Old High German scch

', Old English sceacan `shake (engl. shake); hurry, go away, pass over, flee'; Old Saxon

mashing stick, twirling stick, butter pestle '; Old Icelandic skaka stem V. ` swing, schnitteln

Modern High German Schcher ` haggler, bargainer, wrangler, peddler, merchant ' (actually, ` wander, or run with the booty '?). References: WP. II 556 f., Trautmann 262.

m. ` burglary, theft, robbery ', Old English scacere, Old High German schhari ` robber ',

Page(s): 922-923

Meaning: to cut

(s)kelRoot / lemma: (s)kel-1

Note: not reliable from kel- `hit' and kel- `prick' (above S. 545 f.) to separate.

at first to Old Church Slavic kolj ` prick ' and `split', above S. 546);

Material: Old Indic kal `small part' (: serb. pro-kola `Teil eines gespaltenen Ganzen', das Armenian elk`em `split, zerschlage'; probably also k`eli ` rudder, helm ' (meaning as in

palatal) wiese celum `split';

Old English helma, see below); auf anl. sk- (with otherwise nirgends wiederkehrendem gr. `scharre, hacke, ditch, grub', `hack, mattock, hoe, Karst'; `

wooden fork als Sttze aufgerichteter Jagdnetze' (under influence of ` split, schlitze auf', ` incision '); `peg, plug, oarlock' (compare thrak. , Old High tear, rend, plage' (*sk li), -- `Lederschnitzel, Abfall from leather',
o

German scalm, Old English helma, Upper Sorbian om, Lithuanian klmas); `flay,

plug' above S. 546); perhaps is also ` hamper, hindre' from a * `peg, plug' derived (`anpflcken'), the ending - after dem begriffl. contrast ?; `

`Spitzpfahl' (compare Lithuanian kulas `picket, pole'; with o: Old Church Slavic kol `peg,

footstool ', ` mutilate, beschneiden' Hes., `kastriere'; auf eine one who is rejected by society' (compare Middle English scalle ` crust, scab, eschar ', nengl. scall (nord. loanword), Swedish skl `skin rash am mouth'); thrak. `sword, knife' (*skolm);

meaning `from the skin sich abspaltende scale, husk ' goes back ` leper, outcast,

entznde' (Lithuanian sklti likewise `fire anschlagen');

pike, lance ' (= ); perhaps shtel' `ffne, make gleaming, sharp, stecke fire an,

hol `thin, fine, tender'; f. `Zartheit' (*skl-); hel `Pfrieme, pricker, awl', hele `Bratspie, spit,

alb. hal ` scale, husk, fishbone, splinter, beard the hren ' (*skoli = Gothic skalja);

from *sciliqua, older *sceliqu: Old Church Slavic skolka `ostreum'; Latin silex, -icis ` Old Irish carraic `rocks');

Latin siliqua `Hlsenfruchtschote' (whereof silicia `foenum graecum, Bockshorn'), diss.

pebble ' diss. from *scilec- older scelic-; compare Middle Irish sce(i)llec `rock' (ending after without anl. s- perhaps here: Latin culter, -tr `knife' (*kel-tro-s, *kol-tro-s or*k-tros); celtis cymr. chwalu `scatter', corn. scullye, sculye, bret. skua ds.; ): cymr. hollt `col, gap', corn. fela (umlaut) `split', bret. faouta ds.; Middle Irish sceillec Middle Irish scoilt, scailt `col, gap', scoiltim `I split', brit. with metathesis of sk- to ks- (hw-

f. `chisel' existiert not, s. Niedermann, Mus. Helv. 2, 123 f.;

`rock' (see above); perhaps Middle Irish scelln ` seed, sperm ';

`testicle(n)', bret. kell ds.; gall. callio-marcus ` coltsfoot, herb (Tussilago Farfara), whose testiculus equi '; compare gall. ebulcalium (from *eplo-callion) besides epo-calium (*epocallion) `ungula caballina'; Gothic skilja `Fleischer'; Old Icelandic skilja `separate, distinguish, discern, (ent)divide', leaves and root are employed in medicine to treat coughs ' from older *callio marc `

Old Irish colainn `flesh', cymr. celain ` corpse ' (*kolan); cymr. caill, Pl. ceilliau

skil n. (i after skilja) `difference, verdict, information, message ', skila `(ent)divide'; Dutch verschillend `different' (*skiljand); Middle Low German schelen `separate, distinguish, (*skeln);

discern' (schele `difference, lack, limit, boundary') = Old English scielian `divide, entfernen' Gothic skildus `shield', Old Icelandic skjldr m. (out of it Middle Irish scell), Old English

scield, Old Saxon scild, Old High German scilt ds. (-tu-stem besides Lithuanian skltis coin, Schilling' from skildu-lings;

`abgeschnittene disc '); in addition Gothic skillings, Old High German etc. scilling `small Gothic skalja `Ziegel', Old Icelandic skel f. `bowl', Old English sciell f. `husk,

Muschelschale', Middle Low German schelle f. `bowl, fish scale '; Old High German scla `husk, shell ', Middle High German schale also `flagstone ', Old English scealu `husk, German Schelle `manica, compes, numella', Hand-, Fuschelle; bowl'; Old High German fuaz-skal `wooden peg, plug as lock for den foot', Modern High

Maybe alb. (*skala) hala ` fish scale' common alb. sk- > h-. ds. (: cymr. caill); Old Icelandic skalli m. ` bald head ', as `abgeschnittene cranium'; also `thin Platte', Old High German scollo m., scolla f. `plaice'; Old Icelandic skjall n. `Hutchen', Old English sceallan m. Pl. `testicles', Old Frisian skall

Norwegian Swedish skalle; ablaut. Swedish skulle `skull, cranium', older Swedish skolla with lengthened grade *skl- (compare alb. hol): Old Icelandic skla f. `drinking bowl, sklOld Saxon skola, Old English scolu `dividing off, partitioning off, troop, multitude, crowd';

Wagschale', Old High German Old Saxon scla `bowl';

hella f. ds., Finnish loanword kallio ds., (*hallj[n]). Old Icelandic hellir `Berghhle', Swiss Hell `flagstone ' etc.; see above S. 544;

without anlaut. s-: Gothic hallus m. `rock' (*kol-nu-), Old Icelandic hallr m. ` stone, rock',

m);

hyldan `die skin abziehen', Old Icelandic hylda `lacerate' (based on auf a participle *kl-t-

Old Icelandic hold n. `flesh', Old English hold n. `corpse', Old English holdian `lacerate',

as Grabwerkzeug');

Old High German scultirra, Old English sculdor `shoulder' (*sk-d r `scapula as shovel, with formants -mo- and den meaning ` cutting tool; geschnittenes wood; ausgehhlter moh

scalm `navis'; also probably Old High German scalmo ` pestilence, epidemic disease,

ostfries Dutch schalm `thin board', Old Icelandic skalma-tr `cloven tree', Old High German

dugout canoe, barge': Old Icelandic sklm f. ` tine a fork, pod ', Pl. `scissors', Low German

plague, corpse'; Middle High German schalm(e) ds.; in addition skelmo `Todeswrdiger'

(*skalmian-), Middle High German Middle Low German schelm(e) ` villain '; compare alb.

German helmo, halmo `Ruderpinne', Dutch helmstock ds., Middle Low German holm

grasp of Steuerruders, tax', Middle High German halm(e), helm `Axtstiel', Old High

helm `mourning, grief, poison '; without anlaut. s-: Old English helma, engl. helm `handle,

`crossbar, crossbeam, Jochtrger', Old Icelandic hjlm f. `tax', hjalm-vlr `Ruderpinne'; scalta `Stostange, Bootshaken', scaltan `with a shaft, pole push ', Modern High German `split', Old Saxon skaldan `ein vessel vorwrts push ', Middle High German schalte, Old German Schalter `Schiebfenster, shaft, pole, Bootshaken'; schalten also `einschalten (= dazwischen hineinstoen)' and bertr. `walten', dial. also *skol-d `(abgeschnittene) shaft, pole' is probably die base from Old High German
h

Icelandic skalda ` ferry ', Middle High German schalter, schelter `bar, bolt', Modern High with formants -go-: Middle Low German schalk `Sparrensttze' East Frisian schalk go-

`Holzkltzchen as Unterlage', Bavarian schalken `zerspalten'; Swedish skulk `abgesgter stump'; Lithuanian skeli, sklti `split' (the pronunciation after sklti?), skil, sklti `sich split'; `fire

skldti ` burst, break, crack'; Latvian elt `split', lt ds., le ` sliced piece', etc.; about Lithuanian klmas see above S. 546; Old Church Slavic skala `rock, stone ' (the meaning `bowl' through borrowing from Old

hit' (intonation of the heavy basis, as klns); skal `chip of wood, Lichtspan', Iterat.

High German scla ds.), sloven. skla `assula tenuis; Lichtspan', russ. skalina `abgelste birch bark '; skolka `Muschelschale' (see above Latin siliqua), russ. el `col, gap', sloven. alja `splinter', poln. skali sie `sichspalten, break, crack';

Hittite ikalli- `zerreissen, aufschlitzen'. root extension skel(e)-p-: skel(e)`fertig, gerstet' = Avestan hu-krpta- `schngeformt', das though also to khrp- `shape' (above S. 620) belong could; gr. ` mole ' (as `Grber'); m. `Spitzpfahl'; (scalprum, scalper `scharfes tool zum Schneiden, Meieln'), sculp, -ere (originally in compounds from scalp) ds.; Old High German scelifa, Middle High German Modern High German dial. schelfe Latin scalp, -ere `scratch, scrape, ritzen, scratch, with spitzem tool cut, chisel, cut ' perhaps in Old Indic klpat `wird geordnet, wird zuteil', kalpyati `ordnet an', klpt

Old Icelandic skjlf ` bench ', Old English scielfe `Flur, Stockwerk, Bretterverschlag', scielf m. ` crag ', Middle Low German schelf `Brettgerst, shelf '; without s: Gothic halbs, Old Icelandic halfr, Old English healf, Old Saxon half, Old High

`hutige bowl', Middle Low German schelver `abgeblttertes piece', schulvern ` exfoliate ';

German Modern High German halb (actually `divided'); Old English hielfe `handle, grasp,

German dial. halb, helb `Stiel'; Old High German halftra `bridle, rein', Old English hlftre ` halter ', (from *`Handhabe (hold, grasp)'); Lithuanian klpa ` transom am sled ', klpa `Steigbgel, loop, noose, snare ', klpinis Lithuanian sklempi, sklempti ` smooth behauen, polish'. root extension skel(e)-b-: skel(e)schulpe, scholpe ` shell, scale, husk ', Danish skulp, skulpe ` pod, Fruchtbalg', Norwegian

shaft' (engl. helve), Old High German Middle High German halb `hold, grasp', Modern High

`Armbrust', Old Prussian kalpus `Rungenstock';

Old Icelandic skalpr `ship', Danish dial. skalp `Samenschote, husk', Middle Low German

`Grimasse', skolpr ` chisel '; Old Church Slavic sklabiti s `den Mund aufmachen, smile ', Czech kleb `Zhnefletschen'; i-extension: sklei-, sklei-d-, sklei-k-, sklei-p-: sklei- sklei- sklei- sklei-

skolp ` pod, husk', engl. skalp (nord. loanword) `cranium, skull', Old Icelandic skelpa f.

`tear', Old Saxon sltan `schleien, split', Old High German slzan `split, rend,

Old Icelandic slta `tear, destroy, verbringen' (slitna intr. `rumpi'), Old English sltan

Schlitz, Middle High German sleize, Modern High German Schleie `Leuchtspan'; Old unerweit. root form sklei-;

Abntzung', Old English geslit `das Bersten', Old High German sliz, Modern High German

aufbrauchen', Modern High Germanverschleien, schleien, Old Icelandic slit `slit, crack,

Icelandic slrar f. Pl., slrn. Pl. `sword- or Messerscheide' as *s(k)lei-tro-, -tr- from the Lithuanian skleidi, sklesti, Latvian sklist ` outspread, umblttern', Lithuanian

`auseinanderflieen'; Lithuanian sklaids `zerstreut', Latvian sklaidis `ein Herumtreiber, good for nothing, useless person'; without anlaut. s-: kladt `sich herumtreiben', klstu,

sklaida, -ti `hin and her blttern', refl. `sich scatter', i-sklaidti `scatter, vertreiben', sklsti

kldu, klst `err', Lithuanian klstu, kldau, klsti `sich verirren' (without d: Lithuanian klajju, -ti ` wander ', Latvian klaijt, -ut ds. eineoriginally versch. family?); Old Prussian sclait, schlit, schklait `but; without', schklits Adv. `sonderlich, particularly, specially, especially,

particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably; otherwise ', Adj. `unsophisticated, simple, just';

German slf, Norwegian sleiv `large spoon'. Page(s): 923-927

Old English slfan `spleien', engl. slive, Old English to-slfan `split', Middle Low

References: WP. II 590 f., WH. I 165, II 536 f., Trautmann 264.

Meaning: to be guilty, to owe

(s)kelRoot / lemma: (s)kel-2

English scyld f. `blame', Old High German Old Icelandic skuld ds.; Gothic skula m. `Schuldner';

`schuldig sein, mssen, sollen', newer also solan, Modern High German sollen; Old

Material: Gothic skulan, Old Icelandic skulu, Old English sculan, Old High German scolan

Note: only Germanic and balto-Slavic

Akk. ` obligation ', poskult (paskollt) `ermahnen';

Schulden geraten', skol `blame'; Old Prussian skellnts `culpable', ablaut. skallsnan f. without s-: Lithuanian kalt `blame', kaltas `culpable'.

Old Lithuanian skel and Lithuanian skeli, -ti `schuldig sein', skyl, (*skl), sklti `in

References: WP. II 596, Trautmann 264 f.;

Page(s): 927

See also: compare (s)kel-4?

Meaning: to dry out

(s)kelRoot / lemma: (s)kel-3

, Perf. ), `ausgetrocknet', m. `Skelett', n. `Mumie', `dry, agile', - 1. `ohneWiderstandskraft' (without ); 2. `unablssig, of rage, f. ` stubbornness ';

Material: Gr. `trockne from, desiccate ' (trans., Fut. , Aor. ; intr. Aor.

hard, rough, unbeugsam', `ausgetrocknet, abgemagert', `small and fury, of Weinen' (actually `unversieglich'); - `very dry, brittle, hartnckig', Maybe alb. (skol-) holl `lean, thin' common alb. sk- > h-. German Middle High German schal `schal from taste; trb, unclear', schaln `trb become', (also probably Old English sceald ` shallow, having little depth, not deep', Low German scholl ` shallow water'); Swedish skll `lean, thin, fade, suerlich', Low German schal `dry, arid', Middle Low

Middle English schalowe `schal, faint, languid, shallow, having little depth ', engl. shallow

languid, exhausted from thirst ', Middle High German hellegen `exhaust, behelligen', Low German hal `dry, lean '; lengthened grade (?) Low German hl, Dutch haal `dry', Middle (`*languish', originally vor Hitze or thirst); Dutch hael `ausgetrocknet, arid, schal'; Danish dial. hlm `still', Danish helme `cease' Latvian klss ` lean ', klstu, klst `vertrocknen, wilt', kltt `dry'. Page(s): 927 References: WP. II 597.

Middle High German hel (-ll-) `weak', hellec ` tired ', Modern High German hellig `faint,

without anlaut. s-: Old Icelandic hall-ri `Mijahr', Old English hall-heort `erschrocken';

(s)kelkl- klRoot / lemma: (s)kel-4 (extended kl-, kl-) Meaning: to bend; crooked Note: (compare also S. 611 f. kol- `spinnen')

` bowlegged', `crooked; improbus', `tubercular, slant, skew, crooked', , - m. `worm', `crook, hin and her winden', , Hes., redukt.-grade ` writhed, crooked, humped, lamed ', -

Material: Gr. m. ` thigh ', , - `Hinterfu, hip, haunch' (Attic ),

 Beiw. of Hephaistos (*-, *-), , - `rolle, wlze' (Ionian Attic

), `Walze, pulley, Zylinder'; `limb, member', , Attic `Hftknochen, ham', , -, ds., f. ` popliteus, ankle' (to 1. -ap-

above S. 50 f.); , - m. `lizard' (`with Gliedern versehen'); `hocke low, spinal column ' see above S. 608; alb. tshal `lame' (*skelno-); Maybe alb. shal ` thigh ' : m. ` thigh '. Note: common k- > sk- > s- kentum > satem. (`sich windend', *kelo-d ro-, *kolo-d ro-); calx (see below);
h h

base' (Frisk IF. 49, 99 f.); about ` coccyx, small triangular bone at the base of the

Latin scelus, -eris `malice, Verruchtheit, crime ' (formal = ); coluber, -br `snake' Old High German (with formants -ko-) sclah (*sklha-) `slant, skew, crooked', Modern

schielen), Old English sceolh ds., Old Icelandic (m. gramm. variation) skjalgr (*skelk-) verziehen'; with labiales extension: Old Icelandic skjalfa `tremble, quiver' = Old English scielfan ds., engl. to shelve `abschssigsein', Old Icelandic skjalfr, skelfr `trembling'?; without anlaut. s-: Balto Slavic *kali (*koli) `lehne an' in Lithuanian at-si-kalti `sich

High German scheel (Denom. Middle High German schilhen, Modern High German

`slant, skew, scheelugig'; isl. skll `schiefer mouth', Old Icelandic skla sik `den Mund

anlehnen', t-kalas `angelehnt'; to Balto Slavic *klana- m. (*kl-no-) `leaning, tendency' in depression'; with Indo Germanic : Lithuanian klunas, Latvian kluns m. `Dreschtenne'; in with Balto Slavic -ul- = Latin -al- (Indic - l[-]) with k-suffix: Lithuanian kl, klis `hip,
o

Lithuanian klnas `puddle, slop', ablaut. klnis m. `valley' (*kl-ni-), klon `lowland,

addition further above S. 509 *kl- `hinlegen';

haunch' (with k-insertion: kulks, kulkns `ankle, Sprunggelenk'), Old Prussian culczi `hip, haunch'; with -k-suffix: Lithuanian kulnas m., kulns f. `hack, mattock, hoe, calcaneus ' klka `hip, haunch, thigh' (is-kl `verrenke'); Serbo-Croatian kk ds. etc.; (*kulk-n-), proto Slavic. *kulk f. `hip, haunch' in sptChurch Slavic klka `poples', bg.

` spur ', calceus ` shoe ', tarent. ds. from Oscan *calc-tio-); after Trautmann 145 lklk lk Indo Germanic root nouns *k lk- besides k lk-.
o o o

Latin calx `calcaneus ' (calc, -re `tread, stomp', calcitrre `violent ausschlagen', calcar

References: WP. II 597 ff., WH. I 144 f., 248, II 492, Trautmann 114, 135 f., 145. Page(s): 928

Meaning: to plunge

skend Root / lemma: sken h

Material: Gr. `untertauchend'; Lithuanian skst, sksti `untersinken, drown ', causative skandin, -dnti ` drown '; Old Prussian auskindlai `er go under'.

Note: only gr. and Baltic

Maybe alb. (*skendh-) hedh 'plunge, throw' [common alb. sk- > h-]. References: WP. II 565, Trautmann 265.

Page(s): 930

(s)ken-(dRoot / lemma: (s)ken-(d-) Meaning: to rift; to flay sekNote: probably extension from sek- `cut, clip'; only Celtic under german. `insquamsos', cymr. ysgythru `Schnitzen' (*sken-tr-);

Material: A. Bret. skant collective `Schuppen' (*sknto-), abret. anscantocion Pl. Old Icelandic skinn n. `skin, fell, fur' (*skn-to-, proto Germanic *skina-, compare lapp.

loanword skidde and runisch ski[n]a-leubaR; Old English scinn, (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), engl. skin ds. is loanword from Nord., also Middle Low

German schin `a kind of russisches Ledergeld'), Middle High German schint f. ` fruit bowl ', abgel. verb Old Saxon biscindian `abrinden, peel ', Old High German scinten, Middle High Modern High German Schind-mhre, -aas, Dutch dial. schinde `skin, fell, fur; bast, bark',

German Middle Low Germanschinden `enthuten, ausplndern, maltreat ' (Modern High

German schinden stem V.); Old Icelandic skn f. ` bark ', nisl. also `Hutchen', Middle Low German schin `dandruff in Haar' (out of it Modern High German Schinn, Schinne), (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Middle Dutch schene `thin skin, bast'; B. besides Indo Germanic (s)kend- in: (s)kendskin', ysgenn `Schinnen', Middle Breton quenn `skin', bret. kenn m. `Schinnen', -ken `skin' Old Irish ceinn ` scale, husk, bowl', cymr. cenn (*kend-n-), acorn. cenn-en `Hutchen,

).

f. `thin skin, Membrane' (*skend-n-); (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-

in bu-gen `Rindshaut' etc.; bret. (Vannes) skignan `frog' (*skenniano-); Old Icelandic hinna

`dispersion', scainder `Gefecht'. Page(s): 929-930

compare with a-vocalism: Middle Irish scaindrim `zerspalte', scandrad, scaindred

References: WP. II 563 f.; Loth RC. 41, 405 f.

Meaning: lame; slant

(s)kengRoot / lemma: (s)keng-

; das -thi- after Old Indic sthi- `bone', above S. 783); khajati `hinkt' (Middle Indic for *skaj-), khaja- `hinkend', khajana-m. ` wagtail '; gr. (only present and Imp.) ` limp ' (*skngi); Middle Irish scingim `spring' is

Material: Old Indic skthi- n. (= Avestan haxti-) ` thigh ' (*skak-thi-, Indo Germanic *skng-ti-

stride, strut');

probably reshuffling from Old Irish scend- `spring' (see below hengh- ` march, step,

Old High German hinkan ` limp ', Denomin. Middle High German hanken ds.;

Old Icelandic skakkr `hinkend, slant, skew', Swedish dial. skinka ` limp '; without anl. s-: Germanic *skanka- in Norwegian skonk, skank f. ` thigh, shinbone', Old English scanca

f. ` shank, leg, shin bone ', Middle Low German schenke ` thigh ' (Demin. Middle High

German Modern High German Schenkel ` thigh '), ablaut. Old High German scinkel ` thigh ', scincho m., scinca f. `Beinrhre, thigh ', Modern High German Schinken, on the other hand Old Frisian skunka, Modern High German Dialectal schunke (*skng-) ds.; without sMiddle High German hanke ` thigh, hip, haunch', Tirol Henkel ` thigh '; also Late Middle

postverbal Middle High German schanc `vessel from = Geschenkt wird' and `gift'; ` squinting' etc. Page(s): 930

High German schenken ds., also `give' Modern High German schenken; in addition

`einschenken' (from `das vessel schief halten'), Old High German scenkan ds., Middle

High German schank m. ` rack, cupboard for Trinkgerte' and Old Saxon skenkjan

a Germanic root skh- in Old Icelandic skr `slant, skew', Middle High German schhe

References: References: WP. II 564 f., F. Sommer Festschr. Debrunner 425 ff.

(s)kepRoot / lemma: (s)kep-1 Meaning: to cover Note: only gr. and Balto-Slavic

`cover, protection, shelter', , , `bedecke, verhlle, schtze'; dem Felde', russ. epc `bonnet' etc.

Material: Gr. , - n. `cover, sleeve, wrapping, shelter', Ionian Attic f.

Lithuanian kepr `Mtze', Latvian cepure `Mtze, hat; Bedeckung the Kornhaufen auf

Page(s): 930

References: WP. II 559.

(s)kerb(h)- (s)kreb(h)(s)krembRoot / lemma: (s)kerb(h)-, (s)kreb(h)-, nasalized (s)krembMeaning: to turn, curve wrinkle up ') (s)kerskerNote: extension to (s)ker- `turn' (see also sker- ` shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness,
h

allow to shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle up, desiccate ', `dry,

Material: Gr. n. `dry deadwood, chaff' (*krb -), f. ` dry wood, hay', `

hoarse', . () Hes.; `eingeschrumpft, arid, *);

dry', f. ` cabbage ', `dry, roasted', `roast, roast' (assim. from Latin perhaps corbis `basket' (*`twisted'); Middle Irish corb ` cart ', probably originally Old Icelandic skorpinn `eingeschrumpft', skorpna ` shrink ' (about skarpr

`Wagenkorb';

High German schrimpfen `rmpfen, shrivel up, shrink' = Old Icelandic skreppa ` shrink up,

943 under sker- `cut, clip'); nasalized Middle High German schrimpf ` scratch ', Middle

`eingeschrumpft, lean etc.', Old English scearp, Old High German scarpf `sharp' s. also S.

slide ', Danish skrumpe = Modern High German schrumpfen, Norwegian skramp `mageres creature', skrumpa `magere cow', engl. shrimp `toddler' (besides with Germanic -mm-: Old English scrimman ` shrink up, shrink '); (about Modern High German Schrpe, Bavarian schrpfen `belt, girdle', Dutch sjerp,
61 3

Old Icelandic skreppa `Rucksack' s. Meyer-Lbke 7723, Kluge-Goetze Awn. Wb. 257: all from Latin scirpea `Binsentasche');

engl. scarf ds., Late Old High German scherbe ` pouch ', Low German schrap ` pouch ',

653, Holthausen

High German Swiss harpf `magere cow, bses woman'; here Old Icelandic harpa, Old English hearpe, Old High German har(p)fa `harp' (from the hakigen curvature);

witch ', Swedish dial. harpa i hop `pull together', Norwegian hurpe ` old woman'; Modern

nisl. herpa-st `sich zusammenkrampfen', harpa `nip, pinch', Old Icelandic munn-herpa `

rmpfen, Middle Low German rimpen ` furrow, crook', Old English *hrimpan, ge-hrumpen

Old High German (h)rimfan, rimpfan `rugare, contrahere', Modern High German

rump m. `trunk, bauchiges vessel', Modern High German Rumpf rather as `abgehauenes Middle Low German ram, ramme `cramp', Old English hramma m. `cramp', Old Icelandic `hinder, bother, annoy', Dutch remmen `hamper, bremsen'; hrammr `paw' (actually `verschrumpft'); Gothic hramjan `crucify ', Old English hremman with the the vowel Stellung kreb-: Old Icelandic hrapi, Norwegian Danish rape krebpiece' to Old Church Slavic rb `rag', ohen S. 864 f.); besides with Germanic -m(m)-:

`magere cow'; (but Norwegian rump ` dull mountain top; buttocks ', Middle Low German

`cramp', Old Icelandic hreppr `Distrikt', Norwegian ramp `magerer person', engl. dial. rump

`wrinkly', hrympel `wrinkle', Middle Low German ramp `cramp', Middle High German rampf

`Zwergbirke' (`*crippled '); to Middle Irish cruibhe `ein Baumname' (*krobio-); then (with the rapsen `hastig gripe ', Old English ge-hrespan ` rend ', Old High German raspn ` snatch ', hrespan `pluck, pile ' (sp from ps); without -s: Norwegian rapa ` snatch ', Middle Low

imagining of the gekrmmten Finger) Norwegian rapse `zusammenscharren', Low German

Swedish rappa `an sich reien, snatch ' = Low German rappen ds.; German reppen ds.;

Germanrapen, Middle High German Modern High German raffen ` pile ', Norwegian Old Icelandic hreppa `receive', Old English hreppen `feel; touch on', Middle Low

zum Schwindligwerden', skrbt ` dizzy become', skurbtis `sich drehen'; nasalized

Lithuanian skurbti `verkmmern, grieve ', Latvian skurbint `in die Runde drehen bis

skreblis `einfltiger person, hartgewordener (verfilzter) Pelz';

`dry sein or become', skrebti `rustle (vontrockenem straw)', old skrebls `Filz', Latvian without s-: Lithuanian krembls `eine Pilzart' (probably `wrinkly' or `faltig'); with p-:

skrempsnan f. Akk. `wrinkle'; with the vowel Stellung *skreb-: Lithuanian skremb, skrbti

Lithuanian skrambls `small dickleibiger person, dwarf ', Old Prussian (with p) sen-

Lithuanian krumpls ` knuckle ' (also krumsls, Latvian krumslis, skrumslis ds., also `gristle, knag'), Old Prussian krumslus `Knchel am Finger'; russ. skrblyj ` wizened ', skorbnut `sich crooked '; korbit `crook', refl. ` crook

Latvian krumpa ` crease ', krumpt ` shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle up ',

oneself, pull together, shrivel up, shrink', nasal. Old Church Slavic krp `small (contractus)', krp-j, -ti ` shrink up ';

Trautmann 117 f.

`Mhlenkasten', Lithuanian karbija `basket', Old Church Slavic krabji ` arcula ' s.

about Lithuanian karbas `basket', russ. krob, wruss. korba ds., Old Prussian carbio f.

Page(s): 948-949

References: WP. II 588 ff.

(s)kerRoot / lemma: (s)ker-d -, (s)k r-d Meaning: small, miserable Material: Old Indic krdh- ` abbreviated, mutilated, small, mangelhaft' (comparative
h

Hes., , Hes., lakon. (with = ) `verkmmern, in Wachstum zurckbleiben', nus-kurds `in Wachstum verkmmert'. References: WP. II 590; Maybe alb. krthi ` young baby ', krthiz ` umbilical cord of the child '. `young person', compare Hes.; Lithuanian skurst, skurda, skursti

kradhyas-, superlative kradhiha-), -skrdhyu- `not abbreviated, not krglich'; gr.

Page(s): 949

See also: to (s)ker- `cut, clip' as ` truncated, chopped down, cut down, cut off'.

Meaning: to defecate sargn ds.;

sker-(d)Root / lemma: sker-(d)-

Material: Avestan sairya- ` manure, crap, muck, droppings', Middle Persian sargn, np. gr. , `ordure', whereof `Schlacke';

*scerda through false Zerlegung from m[s]scerda; Old Church Slavic skard `disgusting' entscheidet dafr certainly nicht, compare Old Indic chrntti, chardayati `erbricht, speit from', Middle Irish sceirdim `speie from', as d-extension unseressker-;

Latin mscerda `Musekot'; scerda `Schweinekot', b-, ovi-cerda have cerda for

droppings';

Old Icelandic skarn, Old English scearn, afries skern, Low German scharn `crap, muck, Latvian srni Pl. `Schlacken, Menstrua, Excremente', Lithuanian arwai `Menstrua';

droppings', etc.

proto Slavic. *ser (*seri), *srati `cacre' (e.g. Serb. srem, srti), russ. sr `crap, muck, Hittite akkar n., Gen. akna `ordure, excrement', aknu-uant `impure, unclean'.

o o o

Page(s): 947-948

References: WP. II 587 f., WH. II 133 f., Trautmann 303, Frisk Indogerm. 25 f.

(s)kerRoot / lemma: (s)ker-1

Meaning: to shrink, wrinkle; dry, thin Note: probably to sker-3.

Material: A. Unerweitert in Norwegian Swedish skare `hart gefrorene Kruste auf dem Schnee'? russ. skor etc. `skin, Tierhaut'; B. with Guttural-extension: Norwegian dial. skarka `frozen crust', skjerkna ` through

Klte hard become'; Norwegian dial. skrekling `weakling', skrakal ` fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated, krnklich', Low German schrkel `verkrppeltes creature ', Middle High German waltschrechel, -schreckel `fairy demon, ghost, Faun'; Norwegian skrna

(*skrahnan) `verschrumpfen', skren `dry', Middle Low German schr (*skrha-) `arid, lean ', Modern High German schrh (Nord-Franken) ds., schrhelin (Oberpfalz) `zauberisches

creature, Wichtlein', Old Icelandic skrling(j)ar (*skrhila-) Pl. `Eskimos', Norwegian (skrah) `piece drren Leders etc.';

skrlen ` pitiful ', isl. skrlna ` shrink ' East Frisian verschrlen ds.; Old Icelandic skr f. C. with Dental-extension: Norwegian dial. skranta ` lean become' (etc.); Middle High

Modern High German wood, forest-schratt, with Germanic tt: Old Icelandic skratti

German schraz, with Germanic d: Old High German scrato `larvae, lares mali, pilosus', `monstrum, magician ', Swedish skratte `fairy demon, ghost, ghost', Old High German scraz, screz, Middle High German schraz, schrez `fairy demon, ghost', Modern High German Bavarian schrtz `in Wachstum zurckgebliebener Mensch'; Norwegian skrinn

skreda `weakling', Middle Low German schrde `thin, lean, kmmerlich'; Lithuanianskrent, skrsti `sich with a trockenen Kruste beziehen';

(*skrena-) `arid, lean, infertile '; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-),

broken; unstable, dilapidated, friable ';

High German schruwel ds. (Germanic *skrawwa-), Old Icelandic skripr ` fragile, easily Dental extension: Old Icelandic hrr m. `scurf, scab', Old Saxon hrtho m., Old High

Norwegian skrogg `wolf', isl. skrggur ` graybeard ', Swedish dial. skragge `devil', Middle

D. eine bare in Germanic available u-basis seems Old Icelandic skrggr `fox',

Old Lithuanian skrauds ` brittle, rough', skraud, skrasti `rough become';

German rda, riud `Raude, mange; scabies ', Old Icelandic skrydda `geschrumpfte skin';

shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle up '? Page(s): 933 References: WP. II 565 f.

ties `lumpy, klunkerig become', krcumi ` remnant, leftover item, spawn of frogs ' as `

whether here Lithuanian krenk, krkti ` curdle, coagulate, harden ', Latvian krect ds., -

Meaning: to spring, to turn

(s)ker- sker skrRoot / lemma: (s)ker-2, sker- : skr-

Material: Old Indic kirti (kariyati, kryt, kra-) `streut from, vergiet, wirft, hurl, sling, from';

Note: not to separate from (s)ker- `turn'

fling'; vi-kira, vi-kira `Scharrer, ein bird from dem Hhnergeschlecht'; osset. k`ln `schtte gr. (*skri) `spring, hpfe, dances', n., `Sprung'. Maybe alb. hardhuc ` lizard ' (common alb. sk- > h-). gr. Hes., m. `ein Meerfisch', actually ` jumper '; f. `spring, wriggle ', wherefore , - `small Eingeweidewurm, larva a Wassermcke'; `Springwurm' Hes.; ablaut. `spring'; with anl. - (bloer suggestion?)

Maybe alb. krcej ` jump, dance', krcnoj ` threaten ', from ` threatening dance'. High German sich scheren `sich packen', Middle Low German scheren ` mock, scoff ' and Old High German scern `bratty sein', Middle High German scher(e)n `hurry', Modern

`run, hurry', Old Low German scern n. ` illusio, subsannatio ', Old High German scern m. ` joke, Mutwille' (scirno ` histrio '), Old Icelandic skri m. `young seagull', skirja f. `young cow', Middle Low German scherke `kind of small seagull' (of unsteten Flug);

hoarfrost, snow', schrt m. `Wasserstubchen, drip' and Old Icelandic skr-ma-sk `flee', Swedish skrmma `frighten' tr. (`jump make'); Old English secge-scre `cicada locusta (locust compare Lithuanian skrs, skrlis ` locust)', locust

skr- perhaps in Middle High German schrjen, schrn `spray, whisk ', schr f. `hail,

(*Skar); Old Church Slavic skor `quick, fast'; very doubtful Old Church Slavic ater, russ. jerica `lizard' (anl. a- the Indo Germanic preposition *??);

locust, grasshopper ' (: gr. , ); bait. FlN *Skrij > wruss. ara; . Skarra

schrecken etc.; Wissmann Nom. postverb. 190. (s)kre(s)kerd-extension (s)kre-d- and (s)ker-d-:

locust, grasshopper ', Kaus. screcken ` jump make, bange make', Modern High German

an extension skreg- in Old High German screcchn `auffahren, jump', hewi-screcko `

Komdie', () ` dizziness, giddiness; swindle ', `sich ghnend

`swing, brandish, schwanke', ds.; `lustiger dance in the

Old Indic krdati `springt, hpft' is not Indo Germanic; gr. f. `Schwinge, treetop ',

recken, agitated sein' (probably also `club, mace, joint, bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb, Kopfputz'); alb. hardh-l, -j, -its, hardhuc `lizard' (*skord-); Latin card `Trangel; Wendepunkt' (`Drehpunkt'; from the un extension root also Old English

`fishing rod');

heorr(a), Old Icelandic hjarri `Trangel' and with Indo Germanic t: Old High German scerdo Middle Irish ceird `the march, stride, strut', Old Irish fo-cerdaim `throw, cast', cymr.

cerddaf `wandle' (with other the vowel Stellung abret. credam `vado'), next to which `Burleske' compare Modern High German Scherz;

without d das causative cuirithir (*kor-eie-trai) `wirft, legt, places '; with cymr. go-gerdd f. Old Icelandic hrata `fall, waver, hurry', Old English hratian ds. (besides also hraian,

hradian with Indo Germanic t; Old High German hardilla ` wagtail ' = `*Wipperin'); Middle High German razzen `rage, clamor' (and - probably secondary - `rattle, clash', as Middle scherzen `frhlich spring, sich delight ', Middle High German schrz `pleasure, game', Low German ratelen `clatter', Old English hratele `Klapperschote'); Middle High German

Modern High German scherzen, Scherz, Middle High Germanscharz, schurz m. `spring'; `leichtfertiges bird '; perhaps Old High German hros Old English hors etc. `steed', see above S. 583 f.; Lithuanian-em. pakrsti, preterit pakrdo `from dem sleep auffahren'; Note: common Hittie Albanian Slavic prefix pa-, po-. rapp `rash, hasty, violent', sik reppen `hurry'; Middle Irish crip, crib (with bb) `quick, fast'; eine b-extension in: Old Icelandic hrapa `hinabstrzen', intr. `hurry', Middle Low German Old Icelandic skart n. `kostbare clothing', Norwegian skertast `spaen', skarta

(`*aufspringend' or `*trembling'), skirra `frighten'; Tocharian krss- `schieen'. References: WP. II 566 ff., WH. I 167 f., Trautmann 263, Loth RC. 43, 416 f. Page(s): 933-935

scern, basic form skrs); presumably in Old Icelandic skjarr `shy, timorous'

eine s-extension in: Latin scurra ` merrymaker, Witzbold; Stutzer' (: Old High German

(s)kerRoot / lemma: (s)ker-3

Meaning: to turn, bend `spring')

Note: (see also 1. (s)ker- ` shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle up ' and 2. (s)kerMaterial: A. Avestan skarna- ` round ', skrayat-raa- EN., actually `the den chariot alb. perhaps krrs, kurrs `beuge, bend';

kreisen allows';

basis *(s)kereu-;

Gekrmmtes, Gebogenes etc.' (Latin loanword corna), perhaps as *kor[u]-no-s zur uLatin curvus `crooked, writhed, crooked, humped, arched' (forms -uo-); cortna `round

s-kriti `pull together' etc.); ` writhed, crooked, humped '; `allerlei

gr. `crooked' (old u- coloring, compare russ. kortoki, as well as Church Slavic

vessel, kettle; the Dreifu Apollos with dem kettle darauf; Himmelswlbung'; from a participle *kr-to- ` twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved ' derived; Middle Irish cor, Akk. Pl. curu `Kreise', cymr. cor-wynt, bret. cor-uent `turbo'; rackern' (if `* crook oneself '? compare gr. ). ) guttural extensions: kerkirkrekker-k-, besides kir-k- (from redupl. *ki-kro-) and (s)krek-: Doubtful Old Indic krka- n. ` neck joint ', krka- m. (uncovered) `larynx'; Maybe alb. gryk ` throat ' (common alb. k- > g- common gutturals Celtic Baltic).

russ. krtoki Pl. f. `crouching, cowering position ', klr. kortty a `sich durchhelfen,

, , Doric m. Poll. Hes. `Krampfader' as `vortretende Aderringe'); Latin circus `Zirkellinie, circle in the Astronomie; esp. the (round) racecourse ', preposition

gr. m. `ring' ( ` tie with a ring'), usually (from Homer) (in addition

circum `ringsumher etc', circ (after supr, extr); the Umbrian name of a month kurclasiu as ` circulri '?; (s)krek(s)krek- in Low German schrge, schrge, Middle High German schrge ` slantwise ',

cut ', kra, kor `cramp', okora `crooked part of sledge', Czech dial. krkoka `knag in wood', krkva `wrinkle, crease ' etc.; also wruss. korch `fist' etc. from *krk-so-?;

above Old Indic krka-); Church Slavic s-kriti `pull together', russ. kru, -it ds., ` face

krku m. ` nape ', korkoi Pl. ` underarms, armpits ', Czech krk ` neck ' etc. (compare

Middle Low German Middle High German schrage ` kreuzweisestehende Holzfe '; klr.

krjit ` fasten '; Church Slavic kruina (*krina) `, epilepsia', sloven. u-kroknem, head, rotate one's head; confuse, whirl one's head around, dizziness, giddiness; swindle; (old) tetanus '; with -g-: (s)ker-g-. (s)kerherkja `tie together', hurkl `bumpiness, knag', harkal ` gnarled '; russ. korg ` crippled tree nasalized (s)kreng-: Old Icelandic hrkkva (hrkk) `sich kruseln, crook, shrivel up, (s)krengNorwegian hork (Old Icelandic *hrk f.) ` Weidenband ', dial. also ` wrinkled woman', niti ` crook oneself ', u-kroiti ds., Czech kruina `broom', poln. krcz (*kr) ` turn one's

nasalized (s)krenk-: presumably russ. krjkat ` take another turn ', krja ` wood toggle ', (s)krenk-

', korvyj `verschrumpft, withered, hard' (etc.);

shrink' (*hrenkwan), Kaus. hrkkva `bind, wrap, frill, friz ' (*krankwjan), Danish rynke ` furrow ', Old Icelandic hrukka, Middle High German runke `wrinkle'; m. anlaut sk- Old

shrink up '; Gaelic sgreang `wrinkle' is perhaps Old English loanword;

', Old English scrincan ` shrink up, verschrumpfen, wither', Middle Low German schrinken ` as `verquerte, kreuzweis gestellte Latten': Middle Low German Middle High German

Icelandic skrukka ` wrinkled woman', Norwegian skrukk `wrinkle', Swedish skrynka ` furrow

schrank(e) `Gitter, fence, lock ', Modern High German Schrank, Schranke, Middle Low

German Middle High German schrenken `verschrnken, beschrnken, hinder'; Old High place, cheat, deceive'; German scranc `deceit', screnchan `to collapse bringen', Old English screncan `ein leg (s)kregh(s)kregh-, nasalized: (s)krengh-: Old Icelandic hringr, Old English Old Saxon Old High German hring `ring', Old Icelandic Umbrian cringatro, krenkatrum, krikatru ` a girding '; urgem. *hrengaz in Finnish rengas,

hringja `small round vessel' and `clasp, hairpin ' = Old High German rinka, Old English

addition probably as `Rundstab', Gothic hrugga `staff', Old English hrung f. ` rung,

hringe `clasp, hairpin ', Old High German Old Saxon hringon `ringeln, einen circle build '; in

horizontal step on a ladder, Speiche', engl. rung ` rung, horizontal step on a ladder ', circle ', Church Slavic krugl, okrugl ` round ' etc.;

Middle Low German Middle High German runge `Wagenrunge'; Old Church Slavic krg ` ) Dental extension kert- `turn', see above S. 584 f. kert) Labial extensions (s)kereb(h)-, (s)kremb- `turn' see below esp. headword. (s)kereb(h)- (s)krembB. i-basis (s)krei-: (s)kreiLatin scrinium `rollenfrmige Kapsel, shrine' (*round container);

(skreju), skret `run, fly', Old Lithuanian skrelis ` wing ', Old Church Slavic krilo (*kr-dlo-) n. `wing'; Lithuanian krevas `winded, slant, skew', East Lithuanian kravas `slant, skew', apkraivis ` writhed, crooked, humped ', ablaut. krvis `schief gewachsener Mensch'; Old

Lithuanian skriej (for *skrej), skriti `in Kreise bewegen, fly in circle ', Latvian skrenu

Prussian griwa-kaulin Akk. ` rib ' (`krummer bone'; dissim. from kriwa-kaulin), russ. (etc.) kriv `crooked', Old Church Slavic razkriviti `crook'; Latvian krails ` bent, curved, writhed, crooked, humped '; Latvian krelis `Linkhand', eris (dissim. from *kreiris) ds., Lithuanian paten ', russ. krinca `Kufe, stream, brook, wellspring'; ) With Dentalen: woman)', *creits or *crts; Middle Irish crith `Zittern, fever', cymr. cryd ` cradle, fever', (s)krei(s)krei-t-: Latin crs, -re `with den Schenkeln wackeln (beim Beischlaf; from the wife,

kairs ds. (dissim. from *krairs); Old Church Slavic krinica `vessel, crock, pitcher', okrin `

Zwischenzeit, period (of time) ', Old English hr f. `storm', Old High German (h)rdn (`*wickerwork'); from dem concept the bogenfrmigen Bewegung is verstndlich Old

with s-: ysgryd, bret. skrija `vor fear tremble'; Old Icelandic hr f. ` attack, storm;

`tremble', ablaut. (h)rit(t)o `fever', Old English hri `fever', Old Icelandic hreir n. `nest' Icelandic skra `sich langsam vorwrts bewegen, grovel, truckle, creep ' (from Wrmern), Old English scran, Old Saxon scrthan and skrdan, Old High German scrtan ` march, step, stride, strut', Old High German scrit ` footstep ', Old Icelandic skrir `run, flow,

Vorwrtsschreiten', Old English scrie, scride m. `run, flow', skrid n. ` cart '; Latvian kraitt `lurch'; Lithuanian skriei, skristi `turn, slue in circle ', skrtis ` rim of the wheel ', Old

Prussian scritayle ds., Lithuanian apskrits ` round ', skrituls ` circle, kneecap ', Latvian skritulis `wheel', Lithuanian skritins `ball, Globus'.

(s)kreid(s)kreid-: Kreise gehn', skriedi, skristi `fly', skraida, -ti `hin and her in circle fly', skraids `quick, fast'; Latvian skraidelt `umherlaufen', skredint ` set in motion '. ) With Labialen: (s)kreip-: (s)kreipti, Iter. krypstu, krpti `sich drehen'; Old Church Slavic skrnja `, scurrilitas' Old Icelandic hreife m. `wrist', hreifa `swing'; Lithuanian kreipi, kreipti ` turn ', kraipau, Lithuanian skrindu, skrsti `fly, kreisen', skridinti `kreisen (from birds)', skrdauti `in

let (from den Toten)', Church Slavic krs m. `, temporum mutatio', serb. krjes ` Johannisfeuer '; ablaut. Old Church Slavicvs-krsnti `auferstehen'. (s)kreib(s)kreib-: Old Icelandic hrip n. ` wooden vessel', Middle English rip `creel', Old High

(*skroipni); Slavic *kr(p)s (*kroip-so-) in Old Church Slavic vz-kr, -iti `auferstehen

German href ` pannier '(originally ` the twisted '); Latvian kribas Pl. `netting in sled '. (s)kreis-extension (s)krei-s-, esp. from `vibrierender Bewegung, (oneself) shake'. Middle Irish cressaim `shake, swing, brandish' (*krist);

branch, treetop eines Baumes; ear ', Swedish ressna `(Hopfen)ranke', ressn `Docke

High German hrs `rod, rod, deadwood, shrubbery, bush'; Norwegian risla `bush, twig,

tremble'; Old Icelandic hrs n. ` shrubbery, rod', Old English hrs n. `twig, branch, rod', Old

Gothic af-, us-hrisjan `ab-, ausschtteln', Old English Old Saxon hrissan `to shake,

cris-ta `the comb am Kopfe the animal', Old Icelandic hrista `shake', Middle Low German `zusammengedrehter tussock, bundle generally '; with : Low German riste, risse ds., `hay'; risten `flax, wattle, braid'; Old High German rsta, Modern High German Reiste

gehechelten Flachses' etc.; Latin crnis `hair, esp. hair of the head ' (*crisnis, compare:)

Dutch riste (and rijste) also `Traubenkamm, Rispe, row'; Old Prussian craysi ` stem ', crays here as p-derivative also: Latin crispus ` frizzy, sich kruselnd, vibrierend', crisp, -re `

frill, friz, swing', intr. `tremble', gall. PN. Crixos, cymr. crych ` frizzy ', bret. crech ds.; Middle High German rispen ` frill, friz ', rispeln ds., rispe `Gezweig, shrubbery ', Old High German hrispahi `virgultum', Modern High German Rispe `deadwood, Buschwerk, bundle, bschliger Bltenstand', in the Weberei `eine gewisse Lage the Fden', engl. dial. risp ` (s)kreuC. u-basis (s)kreu-:

stalk from Schlingflanzen, tendril '.

(common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), abret. cron ` round ', Middle Irish cruind ` round ', zur basic form *krundi, compare gr. - ; sloven. krliti ` mutilate, rings behacken', serb. krljav `lame, crippled ', poln. krli (for

compare above S. 935 to gr. ; acymr. crunn, mcymr. crwnn, fem. cronn,

kruli) ` furrow ';

compare also Old Indic kar-kara- m. `whirl of Halses and Rckgrates'; (originally `round picket, pole'); Irish crach f. `heap, barn, haystack, hill', gall. *krouka ` acme, apex ', worfrom *krkka, krk(k)a ds. (v. Wartburg FEW. 2, 1367), cymr. crug m. (s)kreuk-extension (s)kreu-k-: Old Indic krucati (Dhtup.) `krmmt sich'; Latin crux `Marterholz'

`cippus, tumulus', corn. abret. cruc `hill', nbret. crug, abrit.-Latin Penno-crucium PN.; Old

Icelandic hryggr `backbone, spine', Old English hrycg, Old Saxon hruggi, Old High German (h)rukki `back'; Old Icelandic hrga f. `heap', hraukr `heap', Old English hrac `Kornhaufe', Dutch rook ds., changing through ablaut Old English cornhrycce f. `Korndieme', engl. rick

humped sit';

ds.; Lithuaniankriukl `Meerschnecke', kriuklas ` rib '; Latvian kruknt ` writhed, crooked, A t-extension seems krt- `Krperwlbung' above S. 624.

f., 267 f., Loth RC. 43, 416 f. Page(s): 935-938

References: WP. II 568 ff., WH. I 220 f., 233 f., 279 f., 317 f., 293, 296 f., Trautmann 140

(s)ker- (s)ker (s)krRoot / lemma: (s)ker-4, (s)ker-, (s)krMeaning: to cut Material: I. A. Old Indic ava-, apa-skara- ` excrement (Ausscheidung)'; krti, krti `

injures, slays ' (lex.), utkra- `ausgeschnitten, eingeritzt', samutkra- `durchbohrt'; Old Webergert' (: russ. dial. erv `sickle', Lithuanian kirvis `axe' (?); Armenian k`orem `I scratch', k`erem `scratch, scrape '; ` schnitzel, small coin', m. `(abgeschnittener) clot, chunk, trunk',

Indic crman-, Avestan arman- `fell, fur, skin'; presumably Old Indic krvi- (unbel.) `ein

gr. (, , , ) ` abscise; shave, shear; abfressen', n.

... Hes., further n. `mite', , `tiny', Hes.; `incisive' seems die

`Nichts' in , compare also

`zerstckle'; m. `bedbug' (= russ. kor f. ` moth ': `incisive, biting, zerbeiend'); Gen.

basic meaning from and `louse' Hes.; to latter perhaps , `Kmmel' (from the hnlichkeit of Kmmelkornes with a louse); with gr. `leather sack' Old Icelandic hrr `Leinenkleid', Old High German harra `sack, bag'; with a meaning compare Irish curach `Hautboot', cymr. corwg, cwrwg ds. from *krukos; compare further `schneidender derision, ridicule' here `hhnend', `hhne, lstere' (* `ein Lstermaul habend'? in 1. part ein root noun [s]ker-, or ein -[e]s-stem *ker-s-);

, `reprimand' Hes., - , Hes., ` abuse, revile ';

e

alb. hirr f. ` whey ' (*sk r-n; the h after harr); Lidn KZ. 61, 9 f.; sich separate', tsharts `Scharfrichter', lengthened grade korr, kuarr (*kr-n-) ` schneide ab, harvest '; Latin corium ` thick skin, bag, leather'; car, carnis f. `flesh', originally ` slice of meat ' as alb. sh-kjer `reie apart', harr (*skor-n-) `cut, bite from, jte', tshar `spoil, verwsten,

`partis'; Umbrian kartu `distribuito'; Latin curtus ` abbreviated, mutilated' (*kr-t-);

e

Pl. carns; Umbrian karu `part', Dat. karne, Abl. Pl. karnus `carnibus', Oscan carneis Old Irish scar(a)im (*sk r-mi) `I slit, separate', cymr. ysgar `Trennen', gwa-sgar

`scatter'; Kaus.-iterative Old Irish scu(i)rim `spanne die Pferde ab', scor ` paddock for

dyscarthu `clean', ysgarth `rubbish, Splicht', carthen `purgatoria' ; Middle Irish scairt `net um die intestines, phren'; Irish cert `small'; nicht certainly covered is Middle Irish coire `sword' (see below Gothic harus); Irish curach, cymr. corwg, cwrwg `Hautboot' to gr.

(*air-uss-scart-) `Fegen, Reinigen', diuscart(a)im (*d-uss-scart-) `entferne'; cymr. ysgarthu,

abgespannte Zugtiere'; auf a to-participle in addition based on Middle Irish aurscartad

? see above;

abscise ', Old English scieran ds., Old Saxon sker-sahs ` shearing knife '; Old High German scero ` mole ', Modern High German Schermaus, Norwegian vatn-skjer

Old Icelandic skera `cut, clip, prick, abmachen', Old High German sceran `shave, shear,

determine'; Old Icelandic skr f. `hair; edge; end', Old English scearu f. `das

German scerian, Old Saxon skerjan, Old English scierian `allot, decide, define, ordain,

`Spitzmaus' (compare under Old English scierfe-ms `Spitzmaus'); Kaus.-Iter. Old High

Haarschneiden; allotment ', Old High German scara `Heeresabteilung, troop, multitude, multitude, crowd, bulk, mass'); with not clear meaning-development Old High German

crowd etc.', Middle Low German schare f. ds. (out of it Old Icelandicskr f., skari m. `troop, haram-skara, Old Saxon harm-skara, Old English hearm-scearu ` punishment, plague';

Norwegian skere (*skarjan-) ds.; Old Icelandic sker n. (*skarja-) `cliff' (out of it Middle Low German schere f. `Felszacke, cliff', Modern High German Schre); ablaut. Old English schore, schare `Kste, bank, border, shore', next to which with -rr-: Old High German score `(felsiges) seashore, Kste', scorian `overhang, from Klippen ', Middle Low German

Old High German scar, scaro m., scara f. ` plowshare ', Old English scear m. n. ds.,

scorra `schroffer rock', scorrn ` jut, project, protrude, stick out, from rocks or bone';

English sceard ds., Old Icelandic skar n. `notch, hole, lack, damage, pity', Middle High German Modern High German scharte, Old English sceard n. `piece, fragment', ablaut. Old Icelandic skora f. `cloven staff', `am oberen end cloven pad' (compare in similar meaning Middle Low German schore, schare `Strebepfahl, pad' = engl. shore); schr, schr `frail, breakable, brittle ';

verwundet', Old High German scart, Middle High German schart `zerhauen, schartig', Old

Old Icelandic skarr ` damages, verstummelt, verringert', Old Saxon skard `zerhauen,

Old Icelandic skor f. ` incision, incisure, crack', Middle Low German schore m. ds., nnd. Old Icelandic skyr n. (*skurja-) ` coagulated milk' (: skera-sk `sich divide = curdle,

(`*of skin'), protection, Bedeckung', Middle High German scherm, schirm, Old High German skirmen (*skirmjan), Old Saxon biskirmian `beschirmen';

coagulate, harden '); skurr m. `das Schneiden'; Old High German skerm, skirm `shield

coire);

Icelandic hjrr, Old English heoru, Old Saxon heru m. `sword' (see above Middle Irish

('incisive of taste'; proto Germanic *har-wa in Finnish karvas `herb'); Gothic harus, Old

s-loose perhaps Old Icelandic hrund n. `flesh'; Middle High German hre, hrwer `herb'

skra `fight, struggle';

skrr `in Leichen hackend (eagle)'; Middle High German schuor f. ` fleece ', Old Icelandic Lithuanian skiri, skrti, Latvian irt `separate, divide', Lithuanian karn f. `linden bast ',

ds., Old English scar `Pflugscher', Pl. scerero, Old Icelandic skri n. Pl. `scissors', hr-

lengthened grade Old High German scr, scra, Pl. scri `scissors', Old Saxon skra f.

shred, rag'; Old Prussian krmens `body' (see below); Lithuanian kirvis, Latvian cirvis `axe'; presumably of concept the abgespaltenen dandruff, flaky scales of skin from: Lithuanian kara Pl. `Steinpocken' (Slavic loanword?), prakars `maserig, of wood';

Latvian izkart `feel; touch on'; Lithuanian kra, kro, krti `sich loslsen'; skar `scrap,

krka `bowl, bark, crust', kort `hard become', Bulgarian korv ` stiff, hard', serb. o-kreti korc `Mhlkasten; scoop etc.', slov. korec `Krbchen '; perhaps to Old Indic car- ` kettle ' Maybe alb. kore `bowl, bark, crust' a Slavic loanword. *kermen- and kerua- n. `belly, body' in Old Prussian krmens m. `body'; Slavic *ervo n. in Old Church Slavic rvo `lower abdomen, belly', russ. ervo ds. etc. (originally `ausgeschnittene Tiereingeweide'); doubtful Old Church Slavic rvj `sandal', russ. old Church Slavic krn `mutilated', okrniti `amputieren', russ. dial. krnyj `from kleinem russ. dial. erv `sickle' (= Lithuanian kirvis, Old Indic krvi-, see above); Balto Slavic se ` stiff, hard become' etc. (Old Church Slavic korc `a measure of capacity ', russ.

kor `bark, crust'; whereof among others Church Slavic koric Pl. `Zimt', russ. korca ds.,

russ. kor f. ` measles ' and ` moth ' (`*Schererin'); Old Russian kora `bark', russ. etc.

etc., s. ker-);

erevji Pl. `Schuhe' etc. (*`skin, leather'?);

handle, grasp eines Messers; Pfropfen'. B. Dental extensions: ) (s)ker-d-: (s)ker-

`Schiffshinterteil' etc.; perhaps r.-Church Slavic rn `Handgriff', russ. ren ` haft, Stiel,

shaft, pole') Old Church Slavic krma ` rudder, helm, Hinterende of Schiffes', r. korm

growth, short', kornt `stutzen', (etc. = Old Indic -kra-); presumably (as `abgeschnittene

Eberts Reallex. 6, 37); Old Irish scerdid `kratzt ab'; Maybe alb. (*sk rd-) kodr `hill' (*sk rd-);
o o

Illyrian Scordus (mons), () : Lithuanian skards `steep' see below (Jokl,

after the divided Wurzelknollen: gr. () n. ` garlic ', alb. hurdh, hudhr ds.

Maybe alb. hurdhe ` ivy', hurdh ` pond, pool' (from ` steep shore?)'. (Middle High German schrzen `krzen', schurz `gekrztes garment', Modern High Old High German scherze, scherzel ` sliced piece'; Old High German scurz `short'

lack' (scyrte f. `Schurz, shirt'; engl. short `short', shirt `shirt'), Old Icelandic skorta ` blunder, lack', skort n., skortr m. `lack';

German Schurz, Schrze), Old English scort `short', scortian `krzer become, blunder,

German schratelen `carve, slit';

with other the vowel Stellung (influence of Germanic *skraut-, *skrut-?) Middle Low

maybe alb. (*scyrte) shkurt `short' Note: Illyrian TN Scordisci meant: ` men with shirts, kilts (like women)' hence alb. (*skodra) kodra 'hill' actually meant: '(*short) low mountain, low hill' [common drop of initial s- in alb. sk > k] Lithuanian skrdiu, skrdti `Risse bekommen', ablaut. skardti `schroten'; skards Lithuanian skerdi, skersti `( swine) slaughter ', Latvian ru, e'rst `split, lacerate',

`steep', skardis m. ` steep bank, border, shore' (see above Illyrian Scordus), skurds

Fe', Old Prussian scurdis `Bicke, Mhleisen', Old Church Slavic o-skrd m. `tool zum pointed hammer '; nasalized Lithuanian skrndas ` aged Pelz', skradis `Viehmagen', Latvian skrandas Pl. `rag, clout', Old Prussian scrundos Pl. `scissors'. About sker-d - see below esp. headword. ) (s)ker-t-, (s)kre-t-: (s)ker- (s)kreh

Latvian skrdt `split up, cut up, divide', Lithuanian suskirdusios kjos `aufgesprungene

`painful', nu-skurdes `zerlumpt', East Lithuanian skurst, skursti `lack suffer, bear, endure';

Behauen the stone ', russ. oskrd `big hatchet', skorod `harrow', Czech oskrd `Mhleisen,

`bay'; es can partizipiale to-formations zur the abbreviated root form sker- vorliegen; Old Indic krtti- f. `fell, fur', ni-krtti- `Niedermetzlung'; Old Indic krtva `...Male', -krt e.g.sa-krt, Avestan ha-krt `once', originally `with a Hieb', as in Old Indic sakrd-chinn- `auf krat `mal', Lithuanian kartas ds.);

hole' (k `depth, ground' out of it Middle Indic development), perhaps Avestan -kaa-

npers. krd ds.; Old Indic karta- m. `separation, Unterscheidung', kart- m. `pit, pothole,

-krsta-); Old Indic kartanam `das Schneiden', krt- m. or f. `knife', Avestan karti- `knife',

Old Indic krti, above S. 938) `cuts, slices; schindet'; participle Perf. Pass. krtt- (Avestan

Old Indic krntti newer kartati `cuts, slices' = Avestan krntaiti (besides krnaoiti =

einmalabgetrennt', Avestan hakrt-jan- `auf einmal ttend' (compare Old Church Slavic Old Indic kau- (mi. from *kart-u-) `(*incisive) sharp, biting' (: Lithuanian karts `bitter'); Armenian k`ert`em `pull die skin ab, schle ab'; alb. kjth ` shear ' (*kert);

Maybe alb. kjeth, qeth `shear' derived from Polish czesa `comb'. kersnu `cna', kerssnas `cnis' (*kert-sn `share'); Umbrian esna `cnam', cersnatur `cnti'; Old High German herdo `vellus', Old English heorda m. `fell, fur', Modern High German Latin cortex `bark, scab ', scortum `fell, fur, Tierhaut, whore ', cna `meal' = Oscan

from *harujan) with other the vowel Stellung Old Icelandic hrejar Pl. `Hodensack'; Maybe alb. herdhe ` testicles '.

Swiss herde, hrde `sheep- or goatskin '; Old English heran Pl. `testicles' (`*Hautsack';

`ein in the Lnge abgeschnittenes piece', schrden ` abscise ', schrt (-d-) ` slantwise (eine other Linieschneidend)'; at most to-participle to basis skr-;

intestines, entrails '; lengthened grade the 2. syllable in Middle Low German schrt (-d-)

perhaps here also Gothic hairra, Old High German herdar n., Old English hreer m. `

tan `break, crack, Risse bekommen', Norwegian skrinda ` incisure '; zero grade Old High German scrunda, -ta `col, gap, crack', Modern High German Schrund(e), Norwegian garment ' (Old High German *scrantussa, compare scruntussa `crack'); west Frisian schrander `sharp' (from reason), etc.; without s-: Middle Low German uprinden `aufbersten' (from Wunden); skrunda `hutch'; with gradation Middle High German schranz(e) `crack, slit, geschlitztes

nasalized (Germanic *skren-, compare Old Indic krntati): Old High German skrindan, -

`hew, hit, hack'; Lithuanian kirtis `Hieb', Old Prussian kirtis ds., Lithuanian kerslas

Lithuanian kert kirsti `haue sharp, schlage violent', kirstas `beaten', Latvian crtu, crst

russ. resl etc.); Lithuanian karsa `cave'(*karts), Lithuanian karts, Old Prussian Nom. Pl. krtai `bitter'; Old Prussian scordo (consigns stordo) `Schwarte' i.e. `menschliche Kopfhaut' (Baltic *skart); Lithuanian kertkas `Spitzmaus' (: klr. ert `groe dormouse ',

`Aderlaeisen' (*kert-s-lo-), besides kerstas `Lanzette'; Old Prussian kersle `hoe, axe' (=

Lithuanian kirtas ` lair (of an animal) ';

krtvas, -krt), Lithuanian kart ` position, layer ', Latvian krta `order, layer, position ';

vens kart vens `einmal eins', Latvian vinkrs `simple, just' (see above to Old Indic

compare of simple *sker- Old High German scero ` mole ' etc.); Lithuanian kartas `mal',

kartano f. ds.; Baltic *karta- `trough' (out of it Finnish kartta ds.) in Old Prussian pra-cartis m. ds., Lithuanian pr-kartas ds.; besides proto Slavic. *karta- n. `trough, trough' in

as ` sliced piece of wood ' Lithuanian krtis ` shaft, pole', Latvian krts ds., Old Prussian

present bedingter other the vowel Stellung Lithuanian krint, krita, krsti ` fall down, of leaves, of fruits ' (compare Old Indic krnttram `cleft, gap, col, gap, Zerklftung '); russ. old o-eresti `eine limit, boundary decide, define, ordain, determine' (etc.); Maybe alb. kris ` crack, break', krism ` shot, strike ' a Slavic loanword. poln. trzoso `Pflugmesser, Sech', sloven. rslo, Czech tslo `Gerberlohe'; perhaps russ. old erea, Middle Bulgarian (ablaut.) o-rta, o-rta `tent' (if `from Fellen or bark', *k(e)rst-i-, compare Old Indic krt-ti-); perhaps russ. (etc.) ert ` reed ' (from den piercing klr. ert `big, giant dormouse ' (compare above to Lithuanian kertkas); klr. eresl, Old Church Slavic na-rtati ` ', russ.-Church Slavic rtu, rsti `cut, clip',

Church Slavic koryto `alveus', russ. korto `trough, trough' etc.; with through das nasal

Church Slavic krat in tri kraty ` thrice, three times ' etc., poln. trzy-kro ds. (etc., see above to Lithuanian kartas `mal'); Hittite karti- ` abscise, beseitigen'. About perhaps cognate words for `quer' see below *skert-s- `quer'. C. guttural extension: cronek `crapaud' besides *krok-in in gall.-Latin crocina `mastruca', Old Church Slavic *krok-no- in cymr. croen `skin', Pl. crwyn, acorn. croin ds.; croinoc `rubeta' > corn.

(etc.); Old Church Slavic s-krat, -kratiti ` shorten; sich short fassen, endigen'; Old

leaves); Church Slavic krat-k (= Old Indic kau-, Lithuanian karts), russ. kortkij `short'

', Middle Latin crusina; *krokkeno- in Middle Irish crocann, nir. croiceann `skin', bret. kroc'hen, mcorn. crghen ds. D. Labial extensions: ) (s)kerb/h/-, (s)kreb(h)-: (s)kerb/h/- (s)kreb(h)Middle Irish cerb `sharp, incisive', cer(b)aim `cut, bite';

Modern High German Krschner), Old Frisian kersna, Late Old English crus(e)ne ` fur skirt

kruzno, russ. korzno ds.; out of it borrowed Old High German krusina, kursinna (wherefore

scearp, Old Saxon skarp `sharp, rough, bitter', Old High German scarf, scarph, Middle High German scharf, -pf `rough, incisive'; Old High German skurfen, scurphen, Middle

sceorp `dress'); Old Icelandic skarpr `eingeschrumpft, lean, strong, sharp', Old English

Old English sceorpan `scratch, scrape, gnaw ' (probably also `*cut, clip', compare

High German schr(p)fen `lacerate, disembowel, (fire) anschlagen', Modern High German schrfen; Balto Slavic *skirb f. ` cleft ' (*sk rb ) in Latvian irba f. ` cleft, col, gap', ablaut.
h e

notch' etc.; russ. erb f. `crack, notch, scar';

*rb m., *rba f. in poln. szczerb m. `notch, incisure ', slov. rb `schartig', ba ` Maybe alb shkarp, pl. shkarpa ` piece of wood'. `ruefulness', Latvian skrbstu, skrbt ` senseless, unconscious become'; Slavic *skrba f. in slov. *kba ` notch, dental gap ', also Slavic skrb f. in Old Church Slavic skrb, russ.-Church Slavic skrb, serb. skrb, russ. skorb `ruefulness, care ', skrbnut `wither, Latin scrobis m. f. `pit, pothole'; Old English screpan `scratch, scrape', Middle High Balto Slavic *skurb (*sk rb ) in Lithuanian em. skurbti `be in woefulness ', skurb f.
h o

rough'; in addition Lithuanian skirbti ` sour become', Latvian erbs `herb, sour'; Slavic

erbala and skarba f. `splinter' and skarbs (= Modern High German `scharf') `sharp,

wilt, mortify', slov. skrbti `care for, worry';

German schreffen stem V. ` rend, ritzen, scratch, scrape'; Old Icelandic skrapa (*skrapn) schraffen `die skin ritzen, schrpfen', schrapfe (*skrapp) `tool zum Kratzen', whereof

`scratch, scratch, scrape, scrape', Middle Low German schrapen ds., Middle High German

schrapfen ` curry ', Middle Low German schrappen `scrape, scratch, scrape'; Middle High German schrepfen (*skrapjan), Modern High German `schrpfen'; Lithuanian skrebti `rustle, sough, rustle', Latvian skrabt `hollow out, scratch, scrape,

tskrabai m. Pl. `offal'; russ.-Church Slavico-skreb ` worn out habend', russ. skreb, scrape';

scrape', skrabint `benagen', skribint ds. (neologism from *skrebinat); Lithuanian

skrest (skrest, also skrebt) `scrape, scratch, scrape', Iterat. Czech krabati `scratch, with reduced grade: cymr. crafu `scratch, scrape, rub, ausbeuten'; Latvian kribint

`abnagen';

sawed leaf): alb. shko-z (*skrb -r-), Old Prussian scober-wis (*skrb er-), Lithuanian skroblas (*skrb -ro-), newer skrobls, but Latvian (with secondary ) skbardis, skirpstas under S. 945;
h h

lengthened grade: skr -, skr -, with r-suffix the name the hornbeam (after the skrb skrb
h h h h

skbarde (*skrb ar-) ` red beech ', s. Jokl WuS. 12, 71 ff., and compare Lithuanian zero grade gr. Hes.;

compare also gerb -, above S. 386, and cymr. cramen S. 945. ) (s)kerp-, (s)krep-: (s)kerp- (s)krepcranium' (: Old Prussian kerpetis `cranium', Old Church Slavic rp `shard', Old High Old Indic krpa- m. `sword', krp f. `scissors, dagger'; karpara- n. `shard' m. `bowl,
h

German scirbi `shard');

shkrep `rock, slope'); in addition thrak. `Carpathians';

alb. karp, karm (*korp-n-) `rock, cliff' (compare Latin saxum : sec; insecure krep,

(Indo Germanic *krp-); with s- probably ` scorpion, a thorny sea fish ';

gr. `fruit' (` sliced, picked '), , ` harvest '; `sickle' Latin carp, -ere ` pluck, pick ', originally ` detach ', gloss. scarpo i.e. excarpo ` eligo ',

sawed blade); compare Hittite karpina- `a tree'; cymr. cor `cusp, peak' (: );

scarpinat ` scripithaen ' (Old English `die hen scharrt'); carpinus ` hornbeam ' etc. (after the Middle Irish corrn `sickle', cirrim ` chop, mutilate ' (-rr- from -rp-) perhaps Irish corr,

m. herfi n. `harrow';

probably a superlative *karpistos ` suitable best of all for the picking '); Old Icelandic harfr with s-: Old English sceorfan stem V. ` bite, erode ', gesceorfan `tear, scrape'; scyrft `

Old High German herbist, Old English hrfest `autumn' (`time of the picking, harvest';

the cutting, the edges ', Old High German scirbi, Middle High German schirbe, later

half a pfennig, smallest scabbard coin ', Modern High German Scherflein; Old English

Middle Low German scherve `bowl'; Old High German scerf, Middle Low German scherf `

scherbe `shard (*sharp - edged, incisive); head, skull ' (see above to Old Indic karpara-),

scearfian (*skarn) `scrape, tear' = Middle Low German scharven (besides scherven from scharf `shard', Old Icelandic skarfr ` sloping end piece ', Norwegian skarv `cliff'; maybe alb. shkrep `cliff, rock', shkrif `soften'? m. `line (`* Ritzung '), line', Swedish skreva ` cliff gap ', Old Icelandic skref n. ` footstep ' cliff ', Middle Low German schravel `spiky, brusk, curt, rude; abrupt, sudden, steep '; with other vocal result: Old High German screvn ` carve ', Middle Low German schreve *skarjan) ` cut into small pieces ', Old High German scarbn ds., Middle Low German

(`*cleft, gap'); Old English scrf `cave', Middle High German schraf, schrave ` cleft rocky

Modern High German Adj. schroff ` brusk, curt, rude; abrupt, sudden, steep '

Middle High German scrove, schroffe m. ` pointed (*piercing) stone, cliff', back formation as ` rimose, rough skin ' here the Post-verbal Old Icelandic skurfa f. `scurf, scab',

Swedish skorf, Old English skurf, scorf m. `scurf, scab, crust, eschar ' (to scorfan, see above), Old High German scorf ds. (besides Norwegian skorpa `crust', Middle High krpa ` wart ', Latvian krpa, krpis ds.; German besides schorf also schorpf from geminated *skorp[p]-), compare Lithuanian Lithuanian kerp, kirpti `with the Schere cut', Iterat. karpti, atkarpa, tkarpos `

shear', cirpe f. `sickle'; Iterat. krpt `scratch, die Erde aufwerfen' (compare Old Norse harfr, herfi); Old Prussian kerpetis `cranium' (compare Old Indic karpara-);

schnitzel'; kraptti `scratch, stochern' (onomatopoeic word?); Latvian crpu, crpt `shave,

(after den gesgten leaves), Lithuanian skirpstus `Rotbuche';

irpta ` notch'; with zero grade i: Lithuanian skirpstas `Rster', Old Prussian skerptus ds. Old Church Slavic rp `shard' (in den neueren Slavic Sprachen partly also `cranium');

with s-: Latvian rpt `lawn cut', rpis `Pflugmesser', rpele `wooden splinter',

presumably also proto Slavic *rp, er(p)ti in Old Church Slavic rp, rti ` scoop ' and serp m. ds.;

(`with a shard Wasser scoop '); russ. dial. erp `sickle' probably contaminated from erv compare also kerp- `rag' above S. 581. (s)kr(s)kr E. (s)kr-m-, (s)kr-m-: expressive or from *-b-m-); Middle Irish screm f. ` surface, skin' (with -mm-); cymr. cramen f. `scurf, scab' (with -mm-), bret. crammen, cremmen ds. (das -mmOld Franconian *scramasaks in `cultris validis quos vulgo scramasaxos vocant' (Gregor

v. Tours), compare also scramis (besides scutis, spatis, lanceis, sagittis) in the Lex

hole', schramen `tear open'; besides with mm : Middle Low German schram (-mm-) m. ` ablaut. Old Icelandic skrma `wound, scratch; axe';

Visigothorum; Middle High German schram f.` scratch, Schwertwunde', m. ` cliff crack,

cleft, incisure ', schramme f. ` cleft, scratch ' (out of it Modern High German Schramme); Lithuanian krmas, Latvian krama ` crust, scab, eschar '; Lithuanian krimsti ` gnaw,

plague', Latvian krmst ` gnaw, pick out, pick up, collect; pinch';

ukrom Adv. `singulatim'(`*abgetrennt'), Old Church Slavic krom Adv. `auen, outside '; ablaut. russ. dial. krem f. `break, section of Waldes';

Church Slavic pokrom `margo panni', russ. krom `Brotschnitte, edge', Church Slavic

krams.

presumably Old Church Slavic kremy, kremen `Feuerstein'; Latvian krems ds., ablaut.

(s)kerF. (s)ker-s-: , - f. `razor', `geschoren', `barber' etc., `by den Haaren fassend', Hes., ` shear ', `geschoren' etc.; animal '; Attic inschr. `lignum sectum'; `Blutopfer', `a sacrificial Middle Irish cymr. etc. corr `verkmmert, dwarfish ' (*korso-); etc. Tocharian A krt-, krst- ` abscise, destroy'; Hittite kar-, kariia- ` abscise, mutilate ' Hom. `with ungeschorenen Haaren'; Attic `das Abscheren the hair';

and Feines divide'; see above gr. , , Lithuanian skiri.

sker skr skr II. i-basis sker-, skri-, skr- `cut, clip, divide' also particularly ` through Sieben Grobes ) Gr. (*-, compare Fut. , and Lesbian ) `scheide,

unterscheide, entscheide', participle ; ` coarse meal, flour' (`das Gesiebte'), , n. ` verdict, judgement', m. `judge', f. ` verdict ', ` separate '; ` fine sieve ' (derivative from *, *kr[i]-tis `crti, Sieben'); (*cr-n); certus (= ) `geschieden, entschieden, certainly, surely', Perf. cr-v-

Latin cern, -ere `sichten, divide; distinctly perceive (distinguish, discern), recognize '

(whereupon previously crtum), ex-cr-mentum `Ausscheidung', screa (*skri) ` sputum, spit, saliva ', screre `sich ruspern'; discrmen `trennender Abstand, Zwischenraum; Durchschlag' (*kri-d rom);
h

Unterscheidung; entscheidender, kritischer instant, eye blink', crbrum ` sieve,

hergehen, Wandern'), corn. croider, Middle Breton croezr nbret. krouer ` sieve '; cymr. gogrynu ` sieve ' (*upo-kri-n), bret. gourner ` sieve ', cymr. gwa-gr, gogr ds.; gall.-rom.

Old Irish criathar (*kri-tro-) ` sieve ', acymr. cruitr ds. (ncymr. crwydr `das Hin- and

crinare `split', northern Italy crena `cleft, fissure', etc.; about Irish crch `limit, boundary, region, area', cymr. crip, crib, corn. bret. krib `comb', see above S. 619; Old English hrdder, hrddel ` sieve ', Old High German rtera, Modern High German
h

Reiter ` coarse sieve ' (*kri- or *kr-d rom); Gothic hrains (*kroini-), Old Icelandic hreinn, ground, sieved ';

Old Saxon hrn(i), Old High German hreini `pure', Modern High German rein, dial. ` fineBalto Slavic *krei `slit, separate, scheide' in Latvian krijt `flay', krija f. ` bark, outer

covering of a tree ', Lithuanian krjas m. `Siebreifen', Pl. krjos `bast, bark', skrjos `Siebreifen';

Maybe alb. krasit `cut', alb. kreh (*kre-sko) `comb, dress the hair', [common alb. -sk- > -h-]. , dissecre', russ. kroj, krojt `cut, clip, carve, slit; corn, grain sieve '; proto Slavic. *kroj, *krojiti (previous causative) in Church Slavic krojiti `, proto Slavic. *kraj (Balto Slavic *kria- m.) in Old Church Slavic kraj `edge, bank,

border, shore', russ. kraj `edge, region; end', krjnij `uerst'; with ablaut Old Church sieve '.

Slavic iskr ` near '; proto Slavic. *krida in Upper Sorbian kida, Lower Sorbian kida f. ` ) (d-present?) (s)kreid- in: (s)kreidMiddle Irish scrissid `cuts, slices' (*skrid-t-); schrssen, schreien, Bavarian schritzen ` rend, schlitzen', schritz `crack'; Old Saxon hrtan or hrtian ` rend, ritzen, write ', Old Swedish Runic hrita `ritzen, carve '. ) (s)krei-t-: Old English mid-hrire n. ` phren'; Old Frisian mid-hrith(ere) ds. (s)krei) Labial extensions: Gothic dis-skreitan `tear trans.', dis-skritnan `tear intr.', Modern High German Swiss

m. `stylus, Umri, Skizze'; Latin scrb, -ere `with a stylus graben, einzeichnen, write ', Oscan scriftas Nom. Pl. `scriptae', Umbrian screihtor `scripti'; Latin Lwe. are Old High words Old English scrfan `a punishment, esp. eine religious penance, atonement bb) in Middle Irish scrp(a)id `kratzt';

(s)kerb (s)ker - in gr. and `scratch, ritze auf, einen Umri',

h

German scrban, Old Saxon skran, Old Frisian skrfa ` write ' and die originally religious auferlegen', Old Icelandic skript ` confession, admission, punishment '; unclear is das p (=

`eingeritzter stripe'.

`scratch, scrape, scribble; einschreiben', skrpsts `krummes Schnitzmesser', skrpa

Frisian hrvia, Dutch rijven ` rake, rake ', Old English gehrfnian `abreien'; lett skrpt

with Indo Germanic -p-: Old Icelandic hrfa `scratch, scrape, scratch'; hrfa f. ` rake ', Old

`sickle' etc.; Old English scrawa m. `Spitzmaus', scierfe-ms ds.: (s)kreut(s)kreut-: gr. `kernt from' Hes.;

(s)keru- (s)kreuIII. u-basis (s)keru-, (s)kreu-, compare perhaps Lithuanian kirvis `axe', russ. erv

); scrtor, -r ` examine, durchstbern';

hyperurbanisiert scrautum ` quiver ' (scrta `junk' from gr. `junk', as scrfa from mcymr. ysgrud `Skelett' (*skrou-to-), Loth RC. 43, 166 f.;

Latin scrtillus `venter suillus condita farte expletus', dial. scrtum `Hodensack',

vertreiben, verheeren', hrjr ` Exterminator '); Old High German scrutn, scrodn, scrutiln `erforschen, durchforschen', scrod `scrutatio', and Gothic and-hruskan Old Prussian scrundos f. Pl. `scissors'. (s)keru- (s)kreu(s)keru-p-, (s)kreu-p-:

Old Icelandic skr n. `kostbares Zeug, dress'; (without s-: Old Icelandic hrja `leeren,

l-??), Old English scradian ` peel, abscise ', *scrad(e) f. `piece Zeug', skrd n. `dress' =

Schrder, Schrter), scrt `cut' (Middle High German schrolle `clod of earth' from *skru-

Old High German scrtan `hew, hit, cut, clip, schroten'; also `dress zuschneiden' (hence

`nachforschen' (*krt-sk); here probably with Nasalized and auslaut voiced-nonaspirated

Genauigkeit (as `auf spitzen Steinen going'), Skrupel', scrpeus ` stony ';

nachscrptus) and (as scrpulum) `kleinster Teil eines Gewichtes or Maes; ngstliche perhaps as `grating, scraping, coarse ' = Swedish skroflig ` uneven, rough, hoarse' etc.; poln. skorupa etc. `shard'.

Latin scrpus `scharfer, pointed stone ', scrpulus `spitziges small stone ' (scrpulus

Trautmann 117, 119, 128 ff., 141, 265 ff.; Page(s): Page(s): 938-947

References: WP. I 422, II 573 ff., WH. I 170 f., 172 f., 198, 205 f., 274, 316 f., II 498 ff.,

See also: compare also kreup- above S. 623.

(s)kerRoot / lemma: (s)ker-5

Meaning: onomatopoetic word

Page(s): 947

See also: see above S. 567 ff. (ker-).

(s)kertRoot / lemma: (s)kert-sMeaning: across Note: ('in Querschnitt'; to [s]ker-t- `cut, clip') voraussetzen);

Material: Armenian -xe `aufsssig, widerspenstig' (wrde also Indo Germanic -rsgr. -, - `slant, skew, in die Quere', Hes.; Lithuanian skersas Adj. `quer, zwerch', Latvian rs, Adv., rsu `quer', russ.-Church also Old Church Slavic rsla Nom. Pl. ` loins' as ` phren, Quere of Krpers'? Page(s): 949-950 References: WP. II 590, Trautmann 129 f. Balto Slavic *(s)kersa- in . kirscha, kirschan (zero grade), kerscha, krschan `about';

Slavic rs (and after other preposition auf z : rz), russ. erez ` through, about - out';

skeub- skeub skeugRoot / lemma: skeub-, skeu -, skeugMeaning: to move; throw, shoot Material: Gothic af-skiuban `wegschieben, verstoen', Old English scofan and scfan ` push ', Old High German scioban ` push ' (has Modern High German also die meaning `eilig go'), Old Icelandic skfa and skyfa ` push, fortstoen', intensive with gemin. Tenuis German scupha, scopha `Schaukelbrett'; with gemin. voiced-nonaspirated: Norwegian skubba `rub, scour, rub, clean', Middle High German schoppen ` stuff ' and with long
h

Middle High German Modern High German schupfen, Norwegian skuppa ds., Old High

spirant engl. scoff ` derision, ridicule'; Old High German scf(a)la `Schaufel = shovel', Middle High German schft `Galopp';

scbla ds., Old English scofl ds., Middle Low German schuppe, Dutch schop f. ds. (-pp-); auf skeub- wird zurckgefhrt Old Icelandic skopa `run, spring', Old Icelandic skaup and skeub-

skop n. ` derision ', Old English scop `bard' (imitation after Latin mimus), Old High German scof, scoph m. `bard', n. ` poem, derision '; Slavic skub, skubati `pluck, rend '; Lithuanian skbti `hurry', skbinti `beeilen', skubs, skubrs `agile, hasty'; Old Church

`tremble', Low German schocken, sckucken `shake, swing', Middle High German schocken `swing, dance ';

skeugskeug- in Middle English mnl. schokken `bump, poke', Middle Low German schocken

*skugwa- `shy' in Middle Low German sch(we), Swedish skugg; Old Church Slavic uti `hetzen' (*skou-); References: WP. I 377, II 556, Trautmann 263, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 128, 177 f. and Skop BSB. 1954, 2. Page(s): 955

sciuhen, Modern High German scheuchen; with ablaut and gramm.variation Germanic

engl. shy, Middle High German schiech; out of it Old English scyhhan, Old High German

maybe from skeu-k- here as `gehetzt': Germanic *skeuhwa- `shy' in Old English scoh, skeu-

skeudRoot / lemma: skeud-1

Meaning: to protest, grumble

grumpy, surly, sullen, unwilling, sad', ds., `bin unwilling '; Lithuanian pra-skund, -skuda, -sksti `to ache, to exhaust begin ', skund `

Material: Gr. , `rage against, grolle', (diss. from *-) `

hurt', skaudt ds.; Lithuanian skauduls `ulcer'. References: References: WP. II 554;

violent', skasta (skaudti) `es schmerzt', Latvian skuu, skust ` envious sein, injure,

skund-u, -t `mignstig, envious sein, be angry with'; Lithuanian skauds ` painful, sullen,

accusation ', praskund `pain', noskunda `pity', skndiu, sksti `sich bemoan '; Latvian

Page(s): 955

See also: compare also keud- above S. 595 f.

Meaning: to throw, shoot

(s)keudRoot / lemma: (s)keud-2

Material: Old Indic cdati, cdyati `treibt an, throngs', np. ust `agile, active, fitting', Old Indic skundat ` hurries ' (Dhtup.); gr. `Zahnkeim', Hes. (?); alb. heth `throw, cast, winnow ' (for *hed from
h

*skoudei?);

This assumption seems uncertain; maybe from Root / lemma: s(i)-2 : si- : s- : s-: ss(i)i- s- sand sei-: si-: (to throw, send, let fall, sow): derived alb. (*seth), hedh 'throw'. sei- si-

German sciozan `schieen, throw, shooting up bewegen'; Old High German scoz

Old Icelandic skjta, Old English scotan `toss, fling, bump, poke, schieen', Old High

`projectile, sprout', scuz ` shot, throw, quickness ', Old Icelandic skjtr, Old English scot protrusion', Old High German scz ` corner, tail, Kleiderscho, Rockscho', Middle Low

`quick, fast', Gothic skaut `lap, hem', Old Icelandic skaut n. ` corner, tail, point, edge, lap,

hinder, shield ', Middle High German Modern High German schtzen;

German schott (-tt-) `(vorgeschobener) bar, bolt, lock ', whereof schutten `abdmmen,

German dial. hutzen ` set in motion, hetzen' (as Old Indic cdati), also `bump, poke';

without anlaut. s-: Middle High German hossen, hotzen `quick, fast run', Modern High Lithuanian skudrs, skaudrs `agile'; Latvian skaudrs ds., skudra ` ant '; Old Church

Slavic is-kydati `herauswerfen', russ. kidt `throw', kdkij `rash, hasty, willing, ready, greedy '. References: WP. II 554 f.; Page(s): 955-956

See also: s. also under skeu-5 and skeub-.

(s)keuRoot / lemma: (s)keu-1

Meaning: to perform, commit

Material: Gr. n. (mostly Pl.) `appliance, armament, armor', `armament, armor, clothing, Tracht', `bereite, richte an; putze from; bewaffne; stifte an'; Old Icelandic heyja, Old English hegan ` commit '; Klatsch befassen, rage, clamor', Church Slavic kutiti `machinari', Czech kutiti, kutati `drive, Old Church Slavic pr-kutiti `adorn, embellish, adorn', russ. kutit ` carouse, sich with

t perhaps ` front '. Page(s): 950-951

push, philander, flirt ', also (refl.) ` gnaw, dig, schren'; the Slavic words based on a *kouReferences: WP. II 546, Vasmer 1, 706 (,unclear').

Meaning: to cover, wrap

(s)keu(s)kRoot / lemma: (s)keu-2, (s)keu : (s)k-

Material: Old Indic skunti, skunti, skuti `bedeckt'; doubtful ku-kla- `Hlsen, armament, armor', psu-kla- `Lumpenkleid the buddhist. Mnche';

xul, xlik `cottage', xlay (*khlati-) ` female Kopfverhllung, Schleier; dress';

most zur s-extension), fraglicher xavar `dark' (*khouo-, forms Armenian -ar), xu-p` `cover',

Armenian ciw `roof, cover' (*skuo-); with anl. kh-: Armenian xuc `Stube' (*kh-skho-, at

skunti); n. ` kip, animal skin, bowl', `abgezogene kip, animal skin ', ds. ` arms stripped off a slain enemy, spoils '; doubtful , Pl. ` fleece '; Latin obscrus `*bedeckt' = `dark'; clus `the Hintere'; Maybe Italian scuro : Reggiano : scr : Bergamasco scr : Venetian scuro : Zeneize sco : Catalan obscur : Spanish oscuro : Galician escuro : Portuguese escuro : alb. (escur) errt, errt : i errt `dark' < Latin obscrus `dark'.

gr. Pl. ` brows ', `skin oberhalb the Augenbrauen' (compare Old Indic

cymr. etc. cil, ysgil ` hideout '; Irish cuarn, cymr. curan ` shoe '; perhaps Celtic-Latin cucullus ` cowl ' (compare above Old Indic ku-kla-?);

Old Irish cl m. `back, rump', cymr. cil `back'; Old Irish cl (*k-l-) f. ` angle, hideout ' =

(*skou), skli `cottage, room' (Germanic *skawalan-); sky n. (*skeuio-) `cloud,

Old Icelandic skj f. `barn' (*skeu), probably also Old Icelandic h f. `skin' in hross-h

actually `Schattengef', Old Icelandic skuggi m. `shadow, reflection, ghost', skugg-sj f. schiune, Modern High German Scheune (`hideout'), Norwegian dial. skyggne m. `cottage, skme `dark', Old Icelandic skmi m. `dawn, twilight', Middle Low German schummer `mirror', Gothic skuggwa m. `mirror'; Old High German skugin(a), Middle High German

darkness, protection', Old High German scuwo, sc m. `shadow', sc-c(h)ar n. `mirror',

Verdunklung', Old English sco, Old Saxon scio `cloud'; Old English scu(w)a m. `shadow,

hiding place, nook, bolt-hole'; Old Icelandic skaun f. (or skaunn m.) `shield'; Norwegian

perhaps Old High German scm `scum, froth, foam' (if `deckendes'); maybe alb. (*scm) shkum 'foam'

`dawn, twilight' (: Latvian skumt); Old Icelandic hm n. ` twilight ', PN. Hymir `Verdunkler';

(`Verwahrungsraum'), changing through ablaut Old Icelandic skyli, Middle Low German High German schlen ` bent sein, lurk, lugen';

Old Icelandic skjl n. ` hideout, Zuflucht, protection, barn', skjla `Btte, bowl, basin ',

schle n. ` hideout ', Old Frisian skule `cottage'; Old Icelandic skyla `beschtzen', Middle Old High German scr m. `Wetterdach, protection' (: Latin obscrus), Middle High

German schr `hideout, shelter', Old Icelandic skr f. `skin the Mandel', Old High German skra, sciura, (*skrja) ` barn'; with formants -ko-and lengthened grade [u] probably

schoe `sword scabbard, sheath ');

`deckendes Oberleder of Schuhes', compare above Irish carn ` shoe ' and Middle Dutch Lithuanian kvalas `Eierschale', Latvian ula `bowl, husk'; Latvian kja `vulva'; Latvian

Gothic skhs, Old Icelandic skr, Pl. skar, Old High German scuoh ` shoe ' (actually

skat ` hug, embrace, hold tight ', skumstu, skmt ` become sad ' (` obscurri '); but Lithuanian skr `leather, bark, outer covering of a tree ', Latvian skura `husk' from weiruss. skyra. A. Dental extensions (respectively formations with dental formants): (s)keu(s)keu-t-:

wrapping, skin' and `vessel, Urne, cavity', `small Kasten, Bchse', ; Eichelnapf', ` nus ' (*F); about Latin cuturnium ` vas, quo in sacrificiis vinum fundebatur ' s. WH. I 320; common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). Latin cutis `skin'; cunnus `pudendum muliebre' (*kut-nos); (under the influence of Hes.; (*- or *-), () `cavity, bulge, Bienenzelle,

Gr. n. `skin, leather', , ` besides the skin', n. `sleeve,

(*ped-skti-); (common Celtic Alb. abbreviation) `husk, Fruchtschale');

cymr. cwd `Hodensack'; mcymr. eskit, esgit, ncymr. esgid, corn. eskit, esgis ` shoe ' Old Icelandic h, Old English hyd, Old High German ht (*hdi-) `Haut' (Swiss hut

Old High German hutta `cottage' (*kuti or *kud i: out of it Old Saxon hutta, huttia); Old Lithuanian kuts `bag, Geldkatze'; Baltic *keut `skin', Old Prussian keuto,
h

Old High German hodo, Old Frisian hotha `testicle'; Old English homa m. ` darkness ',

Lithuanian kiutas `bowl, husk', dial. kvetas m. ds.; kivalas m. `Eierschale' (*keuolo-), Latvian ula f. `bowl', umala f. `hard bowl' (Trautmann 132); nasalized *kunti `preserve' perhaps in Old Church Slavic sktati ` calm, appease,

`preserve, protect' and with intonation change Slavic *kta f. in Old Church Slavic kta ` ', klr. ka ` pigpen' (Trautmann 145). Maybe alb. (*po-skura) pasqyra ` mirror ' (common Slavic po- alb. pa- prefix).

stillen', russ. ktat ` veil, cover ' etc., Old Prussian -knti `pflegt', Inf. poknst, paknst

(s)keud (s)keu -: kuh- f. `Neumond' (`the hidden, concealed moon'); pamir dial. sk ` high Mtze from Old Indic kuhara- n. `cave', kuhaka- m. `Schelm, Gaukler, cheater ', kuhayate `betrgt',
h

fleece ';

cavity, Saulache';

gr. `hide', n., `verborgene depth', `verborgener place, Middle Irish codal `skin';

(riemen)', Old Icelandic skau f. `vagina', Pl. `Vorhaut; Elender, monster', skja f. `bag, German schte ` pod, Samengehuse';

Old English hydan `conceal'; here or to *skeut- Gothic skauda-(raip) Akk. Sg. ` shoe

sack, bag', Middle Low German schde n. `vagina' (beim horse), f. ` pod, pea', Middle High unclear is Latin cd, -nis `helmet from fell, fur' (loanword?); in the meaning near

stands Avestan xaa- m., . xaud- `hat, ; helmet'. keu. guttural extension (s)keu-k-:

development from ka- is); doubtful kaka- m. n. `egg, testicle, Gehuse', kuapa- m. (uncovered) `Trinkgeschirr', kuay- m. (uncovered) ` cistern '; kuk- m. `belly, womb, cavity'; common Old Indic -h- > -k- npers. kus `vulva'; Avestan kusra- `sich wlbend, Lithuanian ks (Plur. ks), Latvian ksis, ksa `vulvahaare' (*kki- or *kksi-);

Old Indic ka- m. ` container, Schatzkammer etc.' (late also ka-, das perhaps Indic

hollow', vkusra-, hankusra- `sich auseinander-, zusammenwlbend';

Lithuanian kuas `large dipper ', Latvian kass ` platter, Kochlffel'. (s)keuC. s-extension (s)keu-s-:

Lithuanian kiu `skull, cranium', kiais `egg, testicle', Prussian-Latvian auis `egg';

`Lendenhhle' (?), khik ` content of the intestines ', npers. kut ` groin ' (Armenian loanword kut `belly, groin, body'); gr. , -, - ` bladder, bag ', `vulva'; doubtful Latin custs `Wchter', compare WH. I 319;

Perhaps Old Indic koha- m. n. ` container, lower abdomen, storeroom' , kuha- m.

cymr. cwthr `After, Mastdarm' (*kuzd ro-); German hso `Hausen', after dem with Schildplatten gepanzerten head; Icelandic Old High German hosa `trouser'; Old Icelandic hauss m. `cranium'; ablaut. Norwegian dial. hse m. `Fischkopf', Old High Modern High German dial. hosen `husk, pod ', Old English hosa m. `Strumpf, husk', Old presumably here Gothic Old Icelandic Old English Old Saxon Old High German hs
h

`house', compare Low German hske `Kerngehuse, sheath, Tte' ;

hudda `Schuppen, Gefngnisraum', aschw. hydda `conceal'. 145.

hort `treasure, tribute, Hort' (*kuz-d o- = gr. ); Swedish hydda `cottage', dial. hodda,
h

Gothic huzd, Old Icelandic hodd f. (?), Old English Old Saxon hord, Old High German

References: WP. II 546 ff., WH. I 298 f., 301, 309, 319, 320, II 196, 503, Trautmann 132,

Page(s): 951-953 (s)keuRoot / lemma: (s)keu-4

Meaning: ` worauf achten ' Page(s): Page(s): 954

See also: see above S. 587 f. ((s)keu-4).

Meaning: bundle, flock, etc..

(s)keup- skeub(h)Root / lemma: (s)keup-, skeub(h)-

`bundle, bundle of straw, fascicle, sheaf ', Modern High German dial. Schaub `bundle, bundle of hair or straw or like that, heap, pile '; skupla ds.);

Material: Old Icelandic skauf ` bundle, tassel ', Old English scaf, Old High German scoub bundle of straw', Old Icelandic skfr ` tassel, fringe, bundle '; Old High German scubil ` Old English scyfel(e) f. ` women's bonnet, tuft of feathers' (with p: Old Icelandic skypill,

Maybe alb. scype, shqiponj (diminutive) `eagle, bird (*tuft of feathers?)' German schober hr ` bundle, hair '; Old High German scobar `haystack, barn, heap, part. from grain or hay', Middle High

schoppen ` stuff (originally with bundles of hay, hair etc.), be swollen '; with precisely such Germanic pp: Norwegian hupp ` tassel ', Old High German hopfo ` hop, vine, plant which creeps or climbs as it grows '; perhaps as ` roof covered with straw bundles ' here Low German schupp ` protective

schopf m. ` tuft, crest, tuft of feathers; shock of hair ', schopfen and (Low German)

Gothic skufta (Dat. Sg.) ` hair of the head ', Old Icelandic skopt ds.; Middle High German

English scypen f. `stall', engl. shippen, Old English scoppa m. ` shed, stall ' (engl. shop ` junk shop, knick-knack shop '); feathers; shock of hair '; serb. pa ` shock of hair ', russ. up, ub, Czech up, ub ` tuft, crest, tuft of

building without front wall, barn', Modern High German Bavarian Swiss schopf m. ds., Old

roof ' (Modern High German Schuppen ` hanger, shed '), Old High German scopf m. `

ktka ` catkin in trees ' etc., and russ. kist (*kp-sti-) ` tassel, paintbrush, bunch of grapes, ', Serbo-Croatian kica `kind of paintbrush', old also kist, poln. ki ` tassel, broom, bush, bundle '. References: WP. II 555 f. hand ', Bulgarian kska (from kystka) ` bunch, bundle, cluster, bouquet, bunch of flowers

perhaps Slavic *kyta (*kp-t) in russ. kta ` Stengel und Bltter lang stieliger Pflanzen ',

Page(s): 956 Page(s):

Meaning: to shrink

(s)keut- (s)keud Root / lemma: (s)keut-, (s)keu h

coagulated milk', Modern High German dial. hutzeln, verhutzeln ` shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle up ', verhutzelt `verschrumpft, vertrocknet'; Lithuanian ap-kiasti `verkmmern'; kst, kda, ksti ` peak, become thin ', sukds `

shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle up ', Dutch hot, Middle Low German hotte `

eingeschrumpfter person', Dutch hotten ` curdle, coagulate, harden ', ndd. hotten ` shrivel,

Material: Germanic partly -tt-, partly -dd-: Swedish dial. hott, hodd m. `small,

Note: only Germanic and Baltic

wizened '.

Page(s): 956-957

References: WP. II 553.

Meaning: slant; to limp

sk skiRoot / lemma: ski-b -, -p-, nasalized ski-m-b h h

`schieffig'), Middle Low German schf ds. (Modern High German dial. scheif), next to *skibba-) Hessian-Franconian schepp `slant, skew', as well as (as Germanic *skippa-) Lithuanian paskybei `quer', skybas `keilfrmiges piece of land'; Latvian bs `slant, which (*skipo-) Middle High German (md. Low German) schief, and (as Germanic

Material: Old Icelandic skeifr `slant, skew' (*skoipo-), Old English scf, scb ds. (in scf-ft

Middle High German schipfes Adv. `quer';

skew', ieb-u, -t `schief neigen, kippen'; compare gr. . Hes.; nasalized gr. `lame', ` limp '. skew, left '; besides Middle High German schie-f stands schhe and schie-c; to

sk Indo Germanic ski-p-, -b - extended from ski-, compare *skai-uo-s (*ski-uo-s) `slant, sk
h

`durchgehen' (of horse), ablaut. Norwegian skeina `schief zur Seite fliegen'. Page(s): 922 References: WP. II 546, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 151.

unadjusted root perhaps Norwegian skina, skjena `biesen', Old Swedish skena

Meaning: to cut, separate formation

sk Root / lemma: ski-

sekNote: extension from sek-; initial sound partly also sk-, skh-, skh-, as in the continuing Material: I. Old Indic chyati ` clips ', participle chta-, chit- ` cut, cropps, truncates, cuts off ', Kaus. chyayati (with sk-, like:) Avestan fra-snm ` destruction ', s-, sya- ` to fight '; 716) ` scratches, slits ' and ` drop, hang down flaccidly, restrains, stays open ', ` the scratches, bleeding; release, to let sb/sth go ', n., m. ` incision ', spectators) before the racetrack '; ` fleam, latch, bolt ', ` the rope (serving for the separation of the gr. (*skhi, Impf. w, Inf. -), (neologism, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1,

Maybe alb. (*sci) shquanj `distinguish', (*scie) shqyenj `tear, split'. distinction '), dscsc, -ere ` to break away, revolt, withdraw, diverge, apostatize, Latin sci, scre ` to know, understand; with infin. to know how to do ' (` part, make a

renounce ', scsc, -ere ` to investigate, inquire; polit. to vote, ordain, resolve ' and ` try to

find out ', plbsctum ` a decree of the people ', sctus ` knowing, shrewd, clever, judicious; gescheit to *ski-t-) in the meaning ` eliminate ' (compare Old Icelandic skta under S. 921) pretty, fine; adv. scite, skillfully ' (like Middle High German geschde, Modern High German

*sceth, Indo Germanic *ski-t, therefrom:) cymr. chwydu, bret. c'houeda, mcorn. hwea ` ryegrass, darnel (the herbs medicine recommends such orders against gout and rheumatism and dizziness) '; vomit '; from Irish scethach ` to the travelling rupture ' places Old Icelandic skjaak n. `

Middle Irish sced ` vomits ' (*skei-ie-ti, Indo Germanic *skei-), verbal n. sceith f. (from

scalid ` lets go, unhands, relinquishes, disperses ' (*ski-l-), Old Irish erscaliud ` breakup, dissection, dissipation, fragmentation '; Old Icelandic skeina ` wound lightly '; as ` * split off piece of wood, ': Middle High

Middle Irish scan f. ` knife ', (*skiien) out of it cymr. ysgen ` knife, sword '; Middle Irish

(compare Old High German ba : bini ` bee ')

German sche m. f. ` fencing post, pale ', Old English sca m. ` shinbone ', next to which Germanic *ski-n(n) in Old English scinu f., scine-bn n. `shinbone', Old High German

scina `shinbone', also `needle', Norwegian skna `small disc, wheel, pulley, slice of bread '; (*sk-ro-); from `*distinguish, discern' from: Old High German skr `sharp, sharp witted, skioro `quick, fast', Middle High German schier(e) ds., `fast'; Old Frisian skidel `bones of the arm' (-dla forms); West Flemish schier `block of wood'

shrewd' (*skiro-); Middle High German schier `quick, fast', Adv. Old High German skro, Latvian k'ieva ` fissure in wood ' and Lithuanian skivytas `scrap, shred' have probably v

from dv, so that to d-extension Lithuanian skediu, Latvian k'ieu;

Maybe alb. Geg shk-, shkeva aor., Tosc shqyenj, shqeva aor. `tear, rind' grasp' and `shinbone', cvka `coil, spool, duct, tube, pipe; shinbone of horses', etc.; Old Church Slavic cvnica `' (actually `shepherds pipe'), russ. cvj `handle, hold,

besides with palatal: Lithuanian eiv, aiv, Latvian saiva ` weaver's reel ' (Balto Slavic *ki-u, *(s)ki-u, *(s)kiu). ): sk II. Dental extensions ski-d-, -t- (d, t partly present formant, partly the nominal forms-toA. forms on -d-; in Aryan and Armenian with sk-, in Baltic with sk-:

break, section', chitti- `the fissures' (: Latin scissi), chidr- `breaks, splits', n. `cleft, fissure, hole', chidira- m. (lex.) `axe, sword' (: Avestan sidara-, gr. , Old High German sctar, Latvian k'idrs `leaking'; full grade Lithuanian skied-ra); Avestan sad- `split', ', bal sindag `split, break, rupture';

Old Indic chintti, themat. chindati `clips, cuts, splits', Kaus. chdayati; chda- m. `cut,

avahisiyt ` he may split ', sidara- (leg. sidra-) n. `hole, aperture, crack', a-sista- ` not split Armenian ctim ` ritze myself, zerkratze mir with den Ngeln die Haut ';

separated; divisible', `splinter, shingle', f. ` piece of wood ', , Koine `wooden splinter', ` to spear to'; makedon. `authority; the Seven Planets'; fissures'; administrator, governor, esp. treasurer, chief financial official in Egypt, Astrol., controller, of Latin scind, -ere, scicid, scissum ` to cut, rend, split; to divide, separate '; scissi `the

gr. `split, slit, separate', (= Avestan -sista-, Latin scissus) `divided, apart,

(*skeid-), corn. scuid, bret. scoaz `scapula';

Middle Breton squeigaff, nbret. skeja `cut, clip' (-- from -dj-, *skidi); cymr. ysgwydd Old Irish scath `scapula, wing' ( instead of after scath `shield'); without anlaut. s- perhaps cymr. cwys f. `furrow' (*kid-t-);

ds., Modern High German (obd., schles.) schitter (*skidro- = Old Indic chidr- etc.); maybe alb. (*skta) skit `diarrhea' without anlaut. s- perhaps Old Icelandic ht f. ` a furry sack ';

Old High German scetar `thin, incomplete, fragmentary', Middle High German schiter(e)

defecate' (*`eliminate '), Middle High German schze f., Old Icelandic sktr m. `diarrhea';

Old High German sczan, Old English sctan, Old Icelandic skta `excrete feces,

chedayati), skied and skiedr, skiedar `chip, splinter', skemenys Pl. ` der Raum, durch welche das Weberschifflein geworfen wird ', ap-skds ` zerfranst ', pasksti ` scatter '; without anlaut. s- (through diss. loss?) probably sukds ` tattered, ragged, fray ';

Lithuanian skediu, skesti `separate, divide', Iter. skidyti (: Gothic skaidan, Old Indic

sich kreuzenden Fden = the weaver's little boat or SHUTTLE = this might be the hefteln

Latvian iedu, iest `scatter, waste, spread', iemei Pl. ` die ber den Weberhefteln

`leaking, thin', skada `chip, splinter'; about Latvian ieva `col, gap', see above S. 920; dilute potables ', sts `thin fluid' (and `clean, clear, bright, chaste '), stt ` clean ', `chaste';

(small booklet) or weaving PATTERN used by weavers ', stu, st `break up', idrs with it identical Lithuanian skediu, skesti `dilute', skstas `thin fluid', Latvian skaidt `

dint `thin, make fluid', idrs `thin fluid'; Old Prussian skstan Akk. `clean', skstai Old Church Slavic ist `clean', istiti `clean', t, stiti `clean', Church Slavic diti `

strain '; russ. ryj `veritable, genuine'; compare also above S. 917; B. forms in -t-:

Slavic tit `shield', (originally `board'), next to which with gradation Old Prussian staytan (lies scaytan) `shield' and Latin sctum ds.; alb. (*sctum) shqyt `shield' Old High German sct `bit of wood, piece of wood' (*skto-), Middle High German schten `split', schden `separate, divide', geschde `brainy, sly, cunning', Old Icelandic sk n. `vagina'; changing through ablaut Middle High German scheite `chip of wood' and zero -of m. `separation, differentiation '; Old Icelandic sk n. `piece of wood, snowshoe' (`ski'), Old English scd `piece of wood';

Old Irish scath m. `shield', cymr. ysgwyd, abret. scoit, nbret. skoed ds. = Old Church

grade Old High German scidn `divide', scidunga `separation', Middle High German schit, Gothic skaidan `divide', Old English scadan `divide, scatter, shed' (so also mnl.

scheiden ` shed blood '); Old High German sceidan (participle ki-sceitan) `divide'; Old High German scheit f. `separation, watershed'; Old English scada, mnl. schde, Old

Icelandic skei n. ` part of space or time, career ', Old Saxon skth m. `difference', Middle

Saxon sklo ` vertices, vertex ', Middle Low German schdel m., schdele f. ds., Old High German sceitilo ds.; Old Icelandic skei f. ` weaver's comb ', Pl. ` sword scabbard ' (`actually die beiden

sceael ` weaver's comb ';

`sword scabbard', also `separation, limit, boundary', Old Saxon skia ds., Old English Middle High German schedel `cranium, also dry measure ', mnl. schedel `cover, lid,

Holzscheiben in this = wooden discs '), Old English sk, sca, Old High German sceida

eyelid' (Dutch scheel `cover'), Middle Low German schedel, schidele `box, case, bag' from

of skit- or ski-d- (compare Latin scissus) based on Old High German scesso `cliff, rock'; III. Labial extensions: building '; ` staff, stick, a staff or stick to lean upon, a walking-stick, crutch ' (actually `* cleaved, divided = split off branch '); Maybe alb. shqeponj `walk with a limp; to lean upon a walking-stick' : shqiponja, sk ski-p-: gr. m. ` the basic beams on which the bricks rest; wall-plate of a

*skila-, Indo Germanic *ski-tlo-, actually `( truncated) brainpan, skullcap '; in to-participle

shkabonja, gabonja `eagle, military standart on a stick; bird with sharp talons ', shqip

`clear, fluent, sharp (language, Albanian language)' also shqiptonj `enounce, pronounce, enunciate, say, utter, mouth (clearly)', shqiptar `Albanian (who speaks clearly)'; tshkep ` unstitch' (see Root / lemma: du(u) : `two') : qep ` stitch'. (u)

gr. ` kind of a day bed, or a sofa to rest on during the day rather than get tucked 543 under keipo- `picket, pole' and S. 930 f. skp-; gr. Hes. (the itch, scurvy, Old High German scivaro ` wood splinter or spall', Modern High German Schiefer,

in for the night ' (*), , ` insert '; Latin scpi m. `staff'; s. also S. scab, mange = of skin flaking off);

Old Saxon ska, Old High German scba ` disc, roll, roller, wheel, pulley, slice of bread ', Middle Low German schven, Middle High German schben ` roll a cone, divide into

Schbe, engl. shive `slice, cut', further (as ` cut-off piece of a trunk '), Old Icelandic skfa,

High German schebe f. ` dross from flax rolling, flax breaking ', Modern High German

Middle Low German schever, Middle English scifra, nengl.shiver `splinter, shred', Middle

Modern High German Scheibe, wherefore Old Icelandic skfa ` split, divide into sheaves ',

sheaves ' (cone schieben push through distortion), Old Frisian skvia `divide'.

measuring altitude ' also ` vessel ', sciphi n. ` drinking vessel, bowl, saucer ', Middle High

gehhlter dugout canoe '), Old High German scif, scef `ship, archaic navigation instrument

skeiskei-b-: Gothic Old Icelandic Old English skip n. `ship, boat' (`* ausgeschnittener,

German schipfe ` shovel, piece of kindling wood (it might be used for digging) '; in addition

order, arrange ', Middle Low German schippen ds.; Old Icelandic skipta `divide, decide, schichten `divide, sort, order, arrange'; determine, swap, vary, exchange', Old English sciftan, Middle Low German schiften, Lithuanian skibti `unpick', Latvian ibt `hew, hit, cut, clip, branching out '.

(as ` divide = distribute ') Old Icelandic skipa ` allot, decide, define, ordain, determine, sort,

Maybe alb. shkep `unpick' : Lithuanian skibti `unpick' Note: Note The root Root / lemma: ski- : (to cut, separate) is detrimental for alb. language because sk alb. people chose it to design clear speech: alb. (*skei-b- ), shqip `clear speech, separated words', (*skipta) shqipto `speak clearly', (*skipta) shqiptar `people who speak clearly'. Alb. people employed these cognates during Turkish long occupation to preserve their

language. Hence people who didnt speak clearly were ostracized by the majority of alb. so important became the clear Indo European language to alb. that they finally switched from the name Arban (Alban) to (*skipta) shqiptar `people who speak clearly'. Other alb.

derivatives: (*Schbe) shkab `eagle (with sharp talons)', alb. Geg (*scipioni) Shqipni `land of eagles'. Obviously alb. association of (*skipta) shqiptar `people who speak clearly' and (*skipion) shqiponj `eagle' was distorted by Illyrian soldiers serving in the Roman army. Illyrians who didnt speak Latin translated the Roman military ensign with the eagle as: scipio -onis, m. `a staff, wand' = alb. (*scipioni) shqiponj `the eagle (itself)', also alb. (*scipioni) Shqipni `land of eagles'. When Gergj Kastrioti `king of Epirus' presented his

heraldic emblem of the eagle (the double headed imperial eagle) he inadvertently changed the name of his people. Illyrian emperors had introduced the double headed eagle of their Hittite heritage. References: WP. II 541 ff., WH. II 493 f., 495 f., 503, Trautmann 263 f. Page(s): 919-922

(s)k b(h)- skob(h)b(h) skb(h)b(h) Root / lemma: (s)kp-2, (s)kp- and (s)kp-; (s)kb(h)-, skob(h)- and skb(h)Meaning: to work with a sharp instrument Material: A. Forms in -b: (there are listed here only the definite Germanic forms; Latin and Gothic gaskapjan stem V. `make', Old Icelandic skepja, Old English scieppan, Old High
h

Balto Slavic with b see by the root form in b ); skab- ` form carving '. skab-

German scepfen, Middle High German schepfen, from which Modern High German create a new present `schaffen = make, create', as Swedish skapa, Danish scabe;

schpfen; to preterit Middle High German schuof, participle ` geschaffen = created ' would

deverbative -verbs are Old Icelandic aschw. skapa ` make, furnish, found, install ', Old

High German scaffn ` build, effectuate ' (Wissmann Nom. postverb. 73); Old English ge-

sceap n. `shape, creature', Old Saxon gi-scapu Pl. n. `fate, destiny'; Old Icelandic skap n. ` structure ', -scaf and -scaft f., Modern High German -schaft; West Germanic *skap n. shape, mood ' etc.; -skapr e.g. in vin-skapr ` friendship'; Old High German scaf m. ` shape,

`(engraved) vessel' in: Old Saxon skap n. ` Schaff, ship', Old High German skaf `vessel,

Schaff ', whereof scepfen ` draw up, draw out, draw; remove, take out, take away; drain

early with strong inflection); diminutive Old Saxon skepil, Old High German skeffil ` bushel bowl with handles '.
h

dry, empty out ' (after scepfen ` bring forth, produce, make, create, beget, give origin to '

'; ablaut. Middle Low German schpe ` scoop ', Middle High German schuofe f. ` a small B. forms auf -b : (including Latin and Balto Slavic forms with zweideutigem -b-).

itching desire; mange ', scaber `rough, scabby '; with o: scobis f. ` filings, chips, shavings, Gothic skaban `scrape, shave, shear', Old Icelandic skafa `scrape, scratch, scrape', Old

Latin scab, -ere, scb `scrape, scratch, rub', scbis f. ` scab, mange, itch; roughness;

sawdust ', scobna ` file, rasp '; Middle Irish (s)cp (with bb) `hand' (expressive gemination);

English scafan ds. (Old Icelandic Old English preterit skf, as Latin scb); Old Low

Icelandic skafa ` rasper '; Old Icelandic skabb, Old English sceabb ` scabies ', Middle High Low German scavatho ` mange; scabies '; isl. skfir f. Pl. ` scrape, singed crust ', Middle Latvian skabrs (= Latin scaber) `splitterig, sharp', skabrums ` sharpness, scabrousness German schebc ` scabby, measly ', older Modern High German Schbe ` scabies ', Old

German scaban `scrape, scratch, cut (hair), clip', Old High German scaba ` plane ', Old

Low German schve (and schpe) f. ` scale, husk ', Old High German schuoppa ds.;

', Lithuanian skabs `sharp, incisive', skab, -ti `cut, clip, hew, hit ', skbti `hollow out', ` rasper', russ. skbel ` plane '; after Machek Slavia 16, 208 f. here Old Church Slavic chab `evil, bad', chabiti `spoil'. C. forms auf -p: Npers. kfa, kva ` burrows, digs, splits ', kf `cleft, fissure', ikftan `split';

nuskbti ` pick ', skbas, Latvian skbs `sour' (*`sharp, incisive'); Old Church Slavic skobl

beak, neb';

kms, kams f. `hack, mattock, hoe, scythe, pruning knife' (*kapneti), sqep ` angle, bill,

alb. kep ` hew stones, cut out ' (Indo Germanic *kop or *kap), wherefore kmes,

Maybe alb. (*kaponti) gabonja, shqiponja, shkaba ` eagle ' : sqep ` beak of the eagle ', (*split), rip, tear; unpick ' : qep `sew'

shqipta, shqip ` clear, sharp (language) ', shqiptonj ` speak clearly, divide words ', shqep ` gr. , - `hatchet zum Behauen of Holzes', m. ` lookoutplace:

belstige, ermde', m. `blow, knock', `ermde', `(ermdender)

hence peak, headland, promontory; cliff, rock ' (venet. *skopelo-); `hit, haue;

babbler ', , - f. ` butcher's knife ', m. `chisel', `hatchet,

vocalism: `ditch, grub, hacke', `hack, mattock, hoe, Grabscheit',

Mrserstel', , - `beschnitten', n. ` incision, break, section'; with a-

() `ditch, trench, channel, grave, pit, pothole'; durchEntgleisung after : also forms with : , `das ditch, trench, channel, grave', , f., n. ` bath, trough', `Schiffsbauch'; 486 ff.);

venet. (Illyrian?) FlN *Skopelantia `Schefflenz' (Baden): gr. (Krahe PBB. 69, Latin cap, capus ` capon ' (`castrated ', compare Old Bulgarian skopc), because of

cappulre `zerhauen', concipilre `in kleine Stcke zerhauen'; Latin a places eine -root the Verwendung as Grabscheit or shovel);

the roman. Abkmmlinge (Italian cappone etc.) more properly (with expressive pp): capp; skp- ahead; also Latin scapulae `scapula, shoulder', Umbrian scapla ` scapulam ' (from Maybe alb. gabonj, zhgabonj, shqiponj, shkaba ` eagle '. serb. kpa `barn, haystack'), probably Venetic-Illyrian element in Gallischen; gall.-rom. capanna `cottage' (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), (: Germanic *hbj besides *habb with expressive gemination, also *habj: Old High

German hbba, hppa, heppa, Middle Latin hapia, Middle High German happe, heppe `scythe, pruning knife, Sichelmesser'; Balto-Slavic skpa- m. `etwas Abgespaltenes' in: Lithuanian skpsn f. `piece Stoff'; Old Church Slavic tap (*skpos), sloven. p `stick', Old Church Slavic skopc `the castrator' (Modern High German loanword Schps ` `krummes Schnitzmesser', skopi, skpti `with dem knife aushhlen', skoptvas Latvian ps `spear, javelin, spit, pike', pele f. ` sliced piece of wood '; ablaut.

russ. ap `Anhieb (eines Baumes'), russ. ep `chip of wood', ept, ept `split',

wether, castrated ram '), skopiti `cutting, castrating'; Lithuanian skplis `Hohlaxt', skptas

`Hohlmesser';

maybe alb. (*skop) shkop `stick' chopping knife, mincer ', Lithuanian kapls `hack, mattock, hoe, Eisaxt', Latvian kaplis Lithuanian kapti, Latvian kapt `hack, hew, hit', Lithuanian kapn, Latvian kapns `

`hack, mattock, hoe', Lithuanian kpas, Latvian kaps `grave(hgel)', Old Prussian enkopts `bury'; Old Church Slavic kopaj, kopati `dig', vkopati `bury', serb. kpa `barn, haystack, Old Church Slavic kopje ` lance '; probably Slavic *ep `*abgeschnittener bough', in

heap', Bulgarian kop ds., etc.;

russ. dial. op `twig, branch of grapevine, vine', bg. ep `bough', Serbo-Croatian pur ` stalk, stem of a plant ' ; perhaps belongs to the family *kp- `piece of land' and *kap-ut `head' (above S. 529 f.), here, further probably die consecutive words for `stick, staff': gr. `staff', Doric ds. = Ionian * in

`zeptertragend', Hes., `staff, Szepter', hom. ds. = sttzen; sich with Kraft auf etwas throw', `sudden niederfahrender whirlwind, Wetterstrahl, misfortune'; Latin scpus ` shaft, Stiel, stalk, stem', scpa f. `thin twig,

Doric Hes.; `sttze, swing, brandish with power ', intr. and med. `sich

hngen; stem of Spargels', scpus ds.;

branch, rod', Pl. `Reisigbesen', scpi, -nis m. `the Stiel, an dem die Beeren the grape Old High German skaft ` shaft, spear, javelin', Old Saxon skaft `spear, javelin', Dutch

schacht ` quill, Lanzenschaft', Old English sceaft m., Old Icelandic skapt n. ` shaft, shaft, pole, spear, javelin'. Page(s): 930-933 References: WP. II 559 ff., WH. I 161 f., II 484 f., 489 f., Trautmann 117, 262, 265.

Meaning: to scold

skth- skth thRoot / lemma: skth-, skth-

Material: Gr. (proto gr. ) ` unbroken, unmarred, unscathed, undamaged,

wohlbehalten' (from * n.); dubious Armenian xat`arem `destroy, smash, destroy'; Middle Irish scth ` tired ', escid ` fatigueless ' (cymr. esgud `agile, astir ' etc. with still

unclear Vok.), next to which with st-suffix Middle Irish scs ` fatigue ';

Icelandic skaa, Old English skaian, Old High German scadn, scadn `harm'; Gothic skais n. `damage', Old Icelandic skai `damage, loss, death', Old English scaa, Old High German scado `damage', noun agentis Old English sceaa ` damager, devil', Old

stem V. Gothic skajan, sk, Old English scean `injure, hurt', denominativ Old

Old Icelandic sk ` harmful thing, weapon', skr ` harmful '. Page(s): 950 References: WP. II 557 f., Wissmann Nom. postverb. 73 f.

Saxon scatho, Old High German scado ` damager, fiend'; with gradation as in imperfect

Meaning: to spring

skt skt ttRoot / lemma: skt- : skt-

Material: Latin scate, -re, arch. scat, -re `spring up, bubble', scatebra f. ` mineral water ', scaturri `sprudlehervor'; compare gr. Hes.; westfl. scht ` spawn, spat, spawn of oyster ', New Franconian schaiden (ai = wgrm. )

`laichen', perhaps westfl. schden `Ertrag give, of wheat';

skadd `small Schnpel', wherefore (loanword) cymr. ysgadan `Hring', Middle Irish scatn, nir. scadn ds.; `aufhpfen'; Old Lithuanian skastu, skatau, skasti `spring, jump ', su-skant, -skaia, -sksti an Indo Germanic additional form auf -d perhaps in: Norwegian skat `Wipfel eines

Old English sceadd m. `Maifisch', Modern High German Schad(e) ds., Norwegian dial.

Glattrochen'.

Baumes', skata `in eine cusp, peak auslaufen', Old Icelandic skata f. ` magpie,

Page(s): 950

References: WP. II 538 f., WH. II 491.

Meaning: to sneeze

sk ks Root / lemma: sku-3, ksuMaterial: Old Indic kuti `niest', kuta- `das Niesen'; common Old Indic -h- > -k- Old

compare Old Indic chikk `Niesen');

aut, Iterat. adt `sneeze' (viel strong irregular Slavic kchnti, kychati and chati, Maybe alb. (*skauda) hunda ` nose '.

Lithuanian skiaudiu, skiaudti `sneeze' (similarly iudiu, -dti), Latvian auju, vu,

ina, ana `Niesen'; Old Icelandic hnjsa, Middle English nsen, Old High German

through hybridization with pneu- (above S. 838 f.): *ksneu-s- (*kneus-, *sneus-) in npers.

niosan (participle ginoran); Old Icelandic hnri m., Old English hnora `Niesen', Old Saxon

hnioxwrt `Niewurz'; besides Middle English snsen, engl. sneeze; compare Low German snsen, Danish snuse `schnoben, scent' ; similarly also Lithuanian niakti `schnupfen'. References: WP. II 85, 551, Trautmann 266.

Page(s): 953

sk Root / lemma: sku-5

See also: besides skeu- (see below) `throw, schieen, hetzen'; s. die extensions skeub-, skeub -, skeud-, skeug-, skeuk-.
h

Page(s): 954

sku-6(tRoot / lemma: sku-6(t-)

Meaning: to cut, separate, scratch

Material: Old Indic sku-ti, skunti, skunti `strt, stbert, stochert', with - `zerkleinert ni-kvam `zerfetzend', c-k-yt `scharrt together'; `gepflasterter way';

Note: extension from sek- `cut, clip'

through Stochern; makes Einschnitte (in die ears from animals)', ava-skav- m. `ein worm', with r-formants: gr. () m. `spall, Abfall beim Behauen the stone ',

Lithuanian skiaur `durchlcherter Kahn as Fischbehlter'; ); kiaura preposition `hindurch', Latvian cars `was ein hole has, hollow is', car `durchlchert'; without anlaut. s-: Lithuanian kiuras `durchlchert, divided ', originally `hollow' (*kuro-

preposition ` through, hindurch'; Lithuanian kirstu `lcherig become', pra-kirs Old Swedish skr (from *skyrr) ` fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated ', Swedish

Norwegian skyr ds.; Gothic skar `shovel' (in wini-skar `winnowing shovel'), Old High German scora, Middle High German schor `shovel, hoe', schorn `zusammenscharren, kehren, fortstoen', schrn `einen Ansto give, stir, tease, irritate, das fire anfachen, schren'; Old Icelandic skora `cut, clip, count', Old English scorian `chop, cut, reject'

(actually `wegstoen'); with rj > rg: Old High German skurgan, Middle High German

schrgen ` push, drive, push, bump, poke'; compare Middle High German md. schiuren,

schren `scour, rub, clean, clean, sweep, wash away ' = Danish skure, Swedish skura ds.; with formants -lo-: Middle High German schiel (*skulo-) `splinter, abgesprungenes or

ragged piece';

Latvian skurint `lausen, ruffle; tousle ', refl. `sich kratzen, krauen'; peak', also ` hair lock '; Middle High German hudele `rag'; Lithuanian skut, skusti `scrape, worn out place'; Latvian skuotitis `sich schuppen', aute ` sharp edge'; Lithuanian with t-extension: Middle Irish scothaid `clips, cuts' (*skutti), scoth f. `cutting edge, cusp,

peel ', sktas `scrap, shred, rag', sktenos ` scrapings ', Old Lithuanian skutn ` bald head,

skiutis `piece Zeug', skiauter ` cockscomb, crest on head of cock, rooster's comb '; `staff, cudgel, club, Walze' (*`cleaved Aststck' or likewise); here Hes., . Hes.; probably skvernas ds. from *skernas; Page(s): 954 References: WP. II 552 f. about East Lithuanian skvtas `rag' compare Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 56; thereafter perhaps Latin scutilus `thin' and gr. `club, mace, joint, stick', ds.,

Meaning: to hit, kick

(s)k(h)ai- (s)k(h)ai- (s)k(h)ai )aiRoot / lemma: (s)k(h)ai-, (s)k(h)ai-d-, (s)k(h)ai-t-

Material: Latin caed, -ere (occd etc.) `hew, hit, strike, slay', caeds `Schlachten,

shield' (*ambi-caid-sli-);

(*caidi) f. `cudgel ', cai, -re `hew, hit, strike', ancaesa `vasa caelata', ancle n. `small

Morden', caementum (*caid-smento-) `Bruchstein', caelum `chisel' (*caid-slo-), caia

alb. qiell `sky, heaven' from Italian cielo `sky' < Latin caelum (1) -i n. `the burin or of the gods; fig., heaven as the height of joy, renown, etc..'.

engraving tool', caelum (2) -i n. `the heavens, sky, air, climate. Esp. heaven as the home k(h)aik(h)ai- in mnl. heie `Rammblock', Middle High German Modern High German heie

`beetle, hammer, wooden hammer, Ramme', mnl. heien `hit, bump, poke, rammen', Modern High German Swiss heien `stomp, hemp break, rupture';

grieving heit, heftiger pain'; against it xirt `stutzig, anxious, argwhnisch' from *khid-ro-; References: WP. II 538, WH. I 44, 45, 129, 130, 131; about Old Indic khidti `reit, 28.

khaikhai-t- in Armenian xait` `prick, prick, sting', xait`em ` prick ', xit`am `be anxious ', xit` `

presses' (), secondary khd f. `Druck, load' s. J. Wackernagel Stud. A. Grierson, 826-

Page(s): 917

(s)k(h)ed- (s)k(h)eRoot / lemma: (s)k(h)ed-, (s)k(h)e-n-dMeaning: to crush, scatter Note: (extension from sek- `cut, clip')

Material: Old Indic skhadat (uncovered) `splits' (*skhnd-?); Avestan sandayeiti ` breaks, destroys ', sknda- m. ` destruction ' etc.; Middle Persian kastan `break, rupture, grind'; Armenian ert `chip, splinter, wooden log' (*skhedri-); zerstreue', ablaut. ds., , `sich scatter (from gr. (Aor. also without s-: , ) `zersplittere, zersprenge,

Menschenmengen)'; Hes.;

alb. tshanj, tshaj `split, tear, rend, plow' (*sked-ni); Latin scindula, scandula f. `shingle'; Low German schateren `with Gekrach apart reien, loud laugh'; maybe alb. (*scater-) shkatronj `destroy, break' kedti `break, crack', kednti `pluck, wool krmpeln'; Lithuanian skederv `splinter', Latvian kedns `small, cleaved bit of wood'; Lithuanian Middle English scateren `scatter', engl. scatter ds., shatter `break, rupture, grind', Middle

zersplitternd'), sloven. edljv ` economical ' (`*bigoted, narrow minded, stingy = abzwackend'). References: WP. II 558 f., WH. II 488 f.

Old Church Slavic skd `arm, small'; russ. dryj ` generous ' (`*vergeudend, sein Gut

Page(s): 918-919

Meaning: to stumble

skhelRoot / lemma: skhelNote: (?) only Old Indic and armen.

Material: Material: Old Indic skhlat `stolpert, sways, geht fehl', skhalita- `taumelnd fehlgegangen; whereof etwas fehlt, to little '; Armenian sxalem, sxalim `strauchle, irre, sndige, verfehle; werde verfehlt, vermit, frail; tue eine Fehlgeburt', sxal `fault, error, mistake, lack; References: WP. II 599; Page(s): 929 fehlerhaft, lacking, to little ', sxalak `taumelnd (in intoxication)'.

See also: whether expressive formation to (s)kel-4?

sk( sk( i Root / lemma: sk(h)uoi-, sk(h)ui(ii)Meaning: needle, thorn Material: Material: Old Irish sc, Gen. Pl. sciad `hawthorn' (*skuii-at-s); cymr. ysbyddad ds., corn. `Tannennadel and -zapfen', Latvian skujas ` pine deadwood '; russ. chvoj f., chvoj m.

spethes Brombeerstrauch, Dorngestrpp', bret. spezad `Stachelbeeren'; Lithuanian skuj `Nadeln and branch the Nadelhlzer' (etc.; Berneker 408 considers affiliation also from Alb. (*sku-) huni, hunj Pl. `needle, thorn, stake', [common alb. sk- > h- , Slavic sk- > ch-]. Page(s): 958 References: WP. II 602, Trautmann 268. russ. chuj `penis' as *(s)khouios).

Meaning: vessel; potsherd `eiserne Pfanne';

skord Root / lemma: skor o-, -Material: Old High German scart-sarn, Middle High German schart m. n., scharte f. Old Church Slavic skrada `Tiegel, Pfanne, stove, hearth' (also skvrada, skovrada, poln. etc., bernommen sein); Latvian skrds, skrde `Blech, Weiblech' has, if related, its
h h

skowroda, russ. skovorod; v kann from Slavic skver- `melt', Old Church Slavic raskvr

Maybe truncated alb. (*skord o-) shkrinj `melt'; Page(s): 957 References: WP. II 601.

meaning maybe evolved from `shard (sharp and thin)'.

skotRoot / lemma: skot-

Meaning: shadow, darkness

`shadow, protection, mirror';

Material: Gr. `darkness' (m., later n.); Old Irish (lengthened grade) scth n.

`shadow'; Gothic skadus m., Old English sceadu f., scead n., Old High German scato, awes `shadow', Norwegian skodda, skadda `fog'.

mcymr. isgaud, cy-sgawd, cymr. cy-sgod, acorn. scod, neucorn. skz, bret. skeud

OE sceo, OS scio and (more remotely) OE scuwa, OHG scuwo, ON skuggi shade, shadow, Goth. skuggwa mirror.] maybe alb. hie `shadow', hi `ash, gray' [common alb. sk- > h- shift].

EM

maybe alb. skaj `edge, remote border, end' related to eng. sky

. [ON sk cloud, rel. to

Page(s): 957

References: WP. II 600.

erb(h)erb(h) Root / lemma: skuerb(h)-

Meaning: to stick, pierce (thorns) Material: Corn. bret. spern `spinae' (-rn- from -rbn-); ds., skvrbinu, -inti `prick, bore, prickeln'. Page(s): 958 References: WP. II 602. Lithuanian skverbi, skverbti `with a spitzen tool bohrend prick', Iter. skvarba, skvarbti Note: Only Celtic and Baltic

Root / lemma: (s)ktMeaning: to shake Material: Lithuanian kut, kutti `aufrtteln', kust and kuntu, kutau, ksti `sich aufrtteln, sich erholen', kutrs `nimble', kut ` tassel, fringe'; besides with anlaut. s-: Frisian skedda `shake, upset', Modern High German schtten, Middle Dutch Middle Old Saxon scuddian `with a Schwunge ausgieen', Old High German scutten, Old

English schuderen, engl. shudder `shudder, tremble' (*`to shake'), Modern High German schaudern (Rhein Franconian word with Low German d), Old High German scutiln, Modern High German schtteln; Old Englishscdan, syndan, Old Icelandic skynda `drive, push' and skunda ` hasten; hurry', Old Saxon farskundian ` incite, aufhetzen', Old High German scunten ` set in motion, stir, tease, irritate'; Old Church Slavic skytati s `vagari'.

Maybe alb. shkund `shake' from alb. probably derived Latin scindo scindere scidi scissum `to cut, rend, split; to divide, separate'.

tt See also: s. also above S. 632 under kut-. Page(s): 957-958

References: WP. II 601 f.;

ii ii Root / lemma: ski-, ski- : sk-

Meaning: to glimmer (of wet things); shadow ii ii Root / lemma: ski-, ski- : sk- : to glimmer (of wet things); shadow, derived from truncated Root / lemma: aisk- (*avisk-): bright, shining. aisk- avisk : aviskshadow wirft', np. sya `shadow, protection'; Material: Old Indic chy ` radiance, shimmer, shadow', Avestan a-saya- `wer keinen gr. f. (skii-) `shadow', , hom. `shady, dark', `sunshade ' Note:

`tent, stage, scene ', , Doric n. `tent; body (as wrapping of the soul)'; ` butterfly, moth ' Hes.; n. `body'; Note: From gr. `shadow' + gr. `tail' derived gr. , Latin sciurus -i, pl. sciuridae m.`squirrel', alb. from a reshuffled Latin cognate derived alb. (*sciuridae) cetr, ketr s-: sc- > c- also the shift c > k. Geg huj `god'; `squirrel' from alb. derived Bulgarian katerica `squirrel'. Typical of alb. is the drop of initial alb. h, hie `shadow' (*skii), hir ` grace ' (= gr. ), (h)ona `shadow' (*ski-n-?),

(formal = alb. hir, with length Gothic skeirs); with the grade sk[i]-: , Doric

Typical alb. sk- > h- initials. gleam, shine, gleam', Old Icelandic skna ds., Old High German Old English scnan ds., Modern High German scheinen (n-present, compare Old Church Slavic sinti; if also in Latin scintilla `spark' a formation from a similar originator from is present, is doubtful Old Icelandic sk n. ` hypocrisy ' (: gr. ), Gothic skeinan `shine, appear, seem,

(derivative eines *ski-nto- `gleaming'?); scnteie > alb. shkndija : `spark'.

Maybe Venetian sciantizo : Napulitano scentella : Portuguese centelha : Romanian Old Icelandic skn n., Old Saxon skn, Old High German scn m. `shine, radiance '; Old

English Old Saxon scima, Middle High German scheme `shadow', Modern High German Schemen `shadowy shape', Old Icelandic skimi m. ` radiance ', Modern High German schimmern, Schimmel etc.; Gothic skeima `shiner, torch', Old High German Old Saxon

compare:) Old Icelandic skjr m. ` transparent skin, sash '; Gothic skeirs `clear, bright', Old

probably Norwegian hm, hma, as skm `thin cover, Hutchen' (as `durchscheinend',

scmo, Old English scma m. `light, radiance '; Middle High German scheim ds.; without s-

schr ` pure, candid ', Modern High German schier; Old Icelandic skrr `clean, clear, bright' (*skairi-r), Old Frisian skria `clean'; Latvian seja (*kei) `shadow, reflection, face'; stn for *scn); Czech ir ` pure, candid ', russ. ryj `veritable, genuine' (Gothic loanword?), Church Slavic *ir ` open open ', Adv. ir etc.; Tocharian skiyo `shadow' (= gr. ). References: WP. II 535 f., WH. I 131, Jokl L.-U. 60 ff., Trautmann 304. Page(s): 917-918

Icelandic skrr, Old English scr `durchsichtig, bright, clean', Middle High German (md.)

Old Church Slavic sijati, sinti ` become gleam, illuminated ', sn `shadow' (besides

eded Root / lemma: skedMeaning: to cover Material: Old Indic chadati (uncovered), chdyati `bedeck, verbirgt', chattra-m ` shelter', put on, wear' (*pati-upa-sad-); Old High German hz m., Middle High German hze n. `Rock, clothing', Old English hteru Nom. Pl. n. `dress'.

chad- n. `cover, roof'; Avestan sdayant- `a garment' (skyth. trouser?), afghan. psll `to

Note:

Page(s): 919

References: WP. II 558, Holthausen Altengl. Wb. 146.

common Illyrian-alb. sk- > h-.

Meaning: to spring m. `frog';

elel Root / lemma: (s)kel-

Material: Old Indic alabha- m. ` locust, grasshopper ', alna- m. `a certain insect', lraNote: The inanimate suffix -ur : Old Indic lra- m. `frog' : , , Illyrians, , , ur ur , speak the Illyrian language, :--hence Adv. . Illyria, also , , Adj. , , , Illyrian: -, the region or province of Illyria, Middle High German schel ` jumping, auffahrend, angry, furious ', schellec ` jumping,

angry, irate, wild', Old High German scelo `Schellhengst' (`Bespringer'), Modern High

German schlen ` spring, jump ', Middle High German schelch `Bockhirsch'; Old Icelandic basic meaning ` jumper, Laufbursche' and dissimilation from *skal-[s]kas-; Lithuanian uols `Galopp', Latvian sulis ` footstep '. Maybe alb. (kel-) *shkel `to step'. Page(s): 929 References: WP. II 600. skelkr `fear' as `*erschreckt auffahrend'; for Gothic etc. skalks `servant' one assumes a

emem Root / lemma: (s)kemMeaning: disabled Material: Old Indic mala- n. `fault, error, damage, pity'; Old Icelandic PN. Hamall, Old wether, castrated ram '); Old Icelandic hamla, Old High German hamaln etc. ` mutilate '; English hamola, Old High German hamal `mutilated' (Modern High German Hammel `

Old High German hamm, hammr `mutilated'. Note: common Illyrian-alb. sk- > h-.

with expressive -mm-: Old Icelandic skammr, Old English Old High German scamm `short';

See also: in addition also kem- above S. 556. Page(s): 929

References: WP. II 560, Holthausen Awn. Wb. 105;

Root / lemma: sku-

Meaning: to throw, shoot, push Material: Lithuanian uju, uti `schieen (with a Feuerwaffe'), vis ` shot '; udyti Note: only Balto-Slavic

`mehrfach schieen, herumschieen, fly around, kick around, wander about aimlessly'; Old Church Slavic suj, sovati `bump, poke, push '; Old Church Slavic sulica, Czech sudlice `spear, lance'. References: WP. II 553, Trautmann 300; References: Page(s): 954-955 Latvian at (*skjauti) `schieen, rasch zufahren', audrs `hasty, stormy, hot tempered';

See also: s. also under skeu-5.

lklk kRoot / lemma: sklk-, sklk-

Meaning: wet; to sprinkle

Material: Old Icelandic slag n. ` damp (from rain)', sleginn `benetzt', Norwegian slagen rainy weather ', Swedish slagga-vder ds.; Modern High German dial.slack

`humid, wet', Swedish slaga `swamp, marsh'; Middle Low German slagge `schlackiges, `Schneequatsch'; Low German slack `big, giant and heavy drip', slackern `verschtten, slch ds.;

pollute ', besleckern `beklecken'; ablaut. Old English sloh `morass', Middle Low German Lithuanian lkas `drip, stain, Kleck' (in the meaning `Schlacke' German loanword),

Latvian slaka `Anfeuchtung', slact `namachen, sprinkle, fine rain'. See also: compare also sresk- `drip'? Page(s): 957 References: WP. II 602 f., 705;

laksta, -ti `mehrfach spritzen, sprinkle ', lak, -ti `drip, trickle', lekiu, lkti `spray',

Meaning: a large fish

(s)kalo aloRoot / lemma: (s)kalo-s

aloNote: or rather kalo-s ?

Material: Latin squalus `ein grerer Meerfisch'; das s- could but previously secondary from squatus ds., squma ` scale, husk ' attributed sein; Old Icelandic hvalr m. (besides -hveli n.) `whale' (i-stem), Old English hwl, engl.

whale, Old Saxon Old High German hwal ds., besides Old High German hwelira

Avestan kora- is die iran. Wiedergabe eines urmordwin. *kola `fish', later kal, to tscherem. kol, lapp. guole, Finnish kala etc.; die ganze family also probably finno-ugr. origin. Ugrofinnen 241 f. Page(s): 958 References: WP. II 541, WH. II 581 f., Hoops, Engl. Stud. 28, 1 ff., Jacobsohn, Arier and

`Wels' (Germanic *hvali-s), wherefore also Old Prussian kalis `Wels'; the mythische fish

(Germanic *hvali-s-n-), Modern High German Waller, Weller and Middle High German

(s)kel (s)kelelRoot / lemma: (s)kel-5, (s)kelMeaning: ` sound, shout ' See also: see above S. 550 (kel-).

Page(s): 928

(s)ker erRoot / lemma: (s)kerMeaning: ` make ' See also: see above S. 641 f. (ker-).

Page(s): 947

Meaning: to hit, hammer

slakRoot / lemma: slak-

Material: Middle Irish slacc `sword', nir. slacaire `Schlger' (with expressive -kk-); Middle Irish slachta `beaten', nir. slacht m. `good apparition, from gutem blow, knock', Gaelic slachdaim `hit with dem hammer', slachdan `club, mace, joint';

Note: only Irish and Germanic

(sluoc, sluogen, geslagen) `hit'; Old High German slagon, Old Frisian slagia ds.; Old

Gothic slahan, Old Icelandic sl, Old English slan, Old Saxon Old High German slahan

` crafty, cunning ' (`*board up; strand; take away; bring; mishit; wallop; thrash '); Gothic harvest', sltr f. `Schlachtfleisch', Old High German slahta `killing, Schlachtung'; with a High German gislaht `noble geartet', gislahti n. `stem, quality ', Modern High German slauhts f. `Schlachtung' (*slk-ti-); Old Icelandic slttr f. `reaping, harvesting, mowing, hay

High German slouwe `spoor, track, Fhrte' (*slagw); lengthened grade Old Icelandic slgr

German sla, slage `Schlagwerkzeug', Middle Low German slawe `Hufbeschlag', Middle

Icelandic sl f. ` shaft, pole, bar, bolt', Old English slahe, sla `Weberkamm', Middle High

meaning as Modern High German jemandem nachschlagen, blow, knock `kind of': Old Geschlecht.

Page(s): 959

References: WP. II 706 f., Wissmann Nomina postverb. 74.

Meaning: to grab

Root / lemma: (s)lg-

after is Ionian Attic , Boeotian reshaped; Aor. (hom.), , Ionian , present Ionian Attic (to neologism);

Material: Gr. (ep. Ionian) (present and Impf.) `take, catch, gripe, seize (*());

, aegin. h, Attic inschr. h or -, Perf. Attic (*), Fut.

`violent, boisterous; voracious, greedy ', m. `Meerwolf' (fish), hom. Note: common Illyrian g- > b-.

`babble cheeky, vorlaut', - ` cheeky redend', `sich whereupon fall'; Old English lccan `catch, gripe ' (= from *slagi), engl. latch.

Page(s): 958

References: WP. II 707, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 649, 698, 699.

lemma: (s)leb- (s)lob- (s)lep- (s)lopRoot / lemma: (s)leb-, (s)lob-, (s)lep-, (s)lop(b = w) `small kid, child'. Page(s): 959

See also: see above S. 655 ff., wherefore perhaps Middle Irish lelap, lenap (p = b), lenab

WGr. 125) cymr. llithr m. ` glide, smooth flowing movement, slipping, skidding ' (slib-tro-). Page(s): 960

See also: ' slippery, glide, slide' see above S. 663; in addition perhaps (after Morris-Jones

(s)leibRoot / lemma: (s)leib-

(s)leid Root / lemma: (s)lei h

Meaning: slippery, to slide

` slippery ', m. `Gltte, Schlpfrigkeit' (*lid -to-s) based on -d - or -tpresent; anlaut as in from the related root (s)leib-, above S. 663; (s)leibMiddle Irish slet `Floss', nir. slaod `gleitende mass', with unclear dd; slide, fall', Old High German slito, Old Icelandic slei ` sled ' (compare Latvian slidas slidderen, Modern High German schlittern;
h h

Material: Material: Old Indic srdhati `gleitet ab, geht fehl, errs '; gr. , Aor. `gleite',

lei- sleiNote: extension from lei-3, slei- above S. 662 f.

Old English sldan, Middle High German slten `glide, slide, skid ', Old English slide m. `

`Schlittschuhe'), Old English slidor ` slippery, smooth ', slidrian ` slide ', Low German Lithuanian slstu, sldau, slsti `glide, slide', Latvian slist, slst ds., sldt ` skid, glide,

slide', Lithuanian slids ` smooth, slippery ', Latvian slids ds., slidas Pl. `Schlittschuhe', slaids `abschssig, smooth ', slide ` track, Geleise (of cart)'; Old Prussian slidenikis `Leithund';

Old Church Slavic sld `spoor, track ', russ. sld ds., sle, sledt `spre, follow ' etc. ldu, lst ` grovel, truckle, creep, slip into ', and through ablaut derailment Germanic *slind-, consume' (actually `glide, slide let'), Old High German slintan ds., Middle High German sland-, slund- in Gothic fra-slindan `intertwine, entwine; devour, swallow up, engulf, in addition probably n-present sli-n-d in Lithuanian lendu, lindau, lsti, Latvian lenu, slih

German lendern `amble', Dutch lunderen ` hesitate ';

slint, slunt `gullet', Old Dutch slinderen `glide, slide, grovel, truckle, creep ', Middle High compare with other extension sli-n-d, Germanic *slint- in Old Icelandic sletta slatt ` sli-

glide, slide', Swedish dial. slntra = Low German slentern, Dutch slenteren, Modern High German sluntern ds., Modern High German schlunzen `careless, neglectful go'; also auf eine root (s)lend(h)- `glide, slide' zurckgefhrt become. f.
h

sink, glide, slide, hang ' (*slintan), sletta `hit, throw, spray' (*slantjan), Swedish slinta `fall, German schlenzen `amble', ablaut. Norwegian Danish sluntre `unordentlich sein', Low

whether Latin lumbrcus m. `worm' auf *lond r-ko- zurckginge, could above n-forms

References: WP. II 707 f., 715, Trautmann 269, Vasmer 2, 658 f., Johannesson 922 f., 931 Page(s): 960-961 (s)leigRoot / lemma: (s)leig-

Meaning: to hit, hack

section, progeny ', Old English slicc n. (*slikja-) `Schlger, hammer', Old Frisian Old Saxon References: WP. II 707, WH. I 800. slc (*slaiki-) `blow, knock'.

Material: Latin lig, -nis m. `hack, mattock, hoe', Old Irish sliucht m. `spoor, track, break,

Page(s): 961

slenk- slengRoot / lemma: slenk-, sleng-

Meaning: to wind, turn; to creep

Material: 1. auf -k: cymr. llyngyr Pl. `Wrmer', Middle Breton lencquernenn, nbret.

German slingan, Old English slingan stem V. `swing, coil, flax, wattle, braid', refl. `sich schlngeln, grovel, truckle, creep ', Old Icelandic slyngva (slng) `throw, toss, fling, zwirnen' (v present formant), Kaus. slngva `throw, toss, fling', Old High German slango slengira `Schleuder';

lenkernenn `Eingeweidewurm' (*slinkur-), Middle Breton lencr `schleichend'; Old High

`snake', Old Icelandic slngva `Schleuder', Old High German slinga ` loop, noose, snare ', Lithuanian slenk, slikti `slink' (from the snake), slnka, slank `Faulenzer', slakius m.

`Bergrutsch'; Latvian slkt `sich senken, in Wasser untergehen', sl f. ` Sledge skid '

(*slenk-);in addition (because of Ganges) Balto Slavic *slnk f. `Schnepfe', in Lithuanian

slank, Latvian sloka (sekundrer-stem Old Prussian slanke, Lithuanian slak), proto Slavic. *slka in russ. slka `Schnepfe'. 2. auf -g: Old English slincan stem V. ` grovel, truckle, creep ', Old Swedish slinka `

slank `pliable', Norwegian dial. slakk `fragile, flimsy, slim '. Page(s): Page(s): 961-962

shrink'; Middle High German slanc ` slim, lean ' (actually `pliable'), Middle Low German References: WP. II 714 f., WH. I 831 f., Trautmann 268, 269, Vasmer 2, 666.

grovel, truckle, creep, sich schmiegen', Middle Low German Dutch slinken `shrivel up,

Page(s): 962

See also: see below S. 965 f. (*slrg-).

Root / lemma: slersler-

Meaning: to slide, slip

sleub(h)Root / lemma: sleub(h)Note: only Latin and Germanic; compare also sleu-. Material: Latin lbricus ` slippery, smooth '; Gothic sliupan `slink', Old High German sliofan, Modern High German schliefen, Old

English slpan `glide, slide, slip, stumble ', Middle Low German slpen ` slip, slide;

stumble, slink', Gothic afslaupjan ` strip, wipe ', Old English slepan `an- or disrobe ', Old High German sluft (actually `Schlupf'), Modern High German Schlucht, Middle High

High German Middle High German sloufen ` slip, slide; stumble let, an- or disrobe ', Middle German slupfer(ic), Modern High German schlpfrig (ro-forms as in lbricus), Old English

GermanSchleife, older Schlufe, dial. Schlaufe, etc.;

tube, pipe', Middle High German sloufe `duct, tube, pipe, diaper, Erbsschote', Modern High in Germanic also *slu- (Indo Germanic *sleup- or *sleu b -): Old English slefan
h

slyppe `dough, mucus', Old High German Middle High German slouf `das Schlpfen, duct,

German dial. Schlaube ds. Page(s): 963-964

`(dress) lure, tempt ', slefe f. `rmel' (engl. sleeve), nl. sloof `Schrze', Modern High

References: WP. II 710 f.; WH. I 822 f.

Meaning: to swallow

(s)leug- (s)leukRoot / lemma: (s)leug-, (s)leuk-

Material: Gr. , - f., (probably *) m. `the Schlucken', `have den Schlucken', (*), Hes. `schluchze'; *(s)leuk- in ds., (v. l. ) `throat, gullet'; `schluchzend';

(s)lu- g, (s)luGrammatical information: partly nasal present (s)lu-n-g (s)lu-n-k

swallow ', abret. roluncas `has verschlungen'; *(s)lung- in Old Irish -lungu `I eat, drink ', cymr. llewa `eat, drink' (*lugam);

Old Irish slucim, nir. sloigim `schlucke' (*slunk-), cymr. llyncu, bret. lonka ` gulp, sip,

Middle Low German slken stem V. `hinunterschlucken', Middle High German schlchen High German slch `gullet, abyss'; with : Old Icelandic slok n. `trough, Wasserrinne', sch. V. `schlingen, gulp, sip, swallow ', Late Old High German slch m. `gullet', Middle

Norwegian slka stem V. `intertwine, entwine; devour, swallow up, engulf, consume',

Middle Low German sloke `gullet, gulp', with kk: Middle High German slcke `aperture ', `schlingen'; with au Norwegian slykja `rinnenartige immersion ';

slucken `schlingen, gulp, sip, swallow, sob ', Middle Low German slucken, Dutch slokken Lithuanian pa-lakis ` dewlap of Rindes'; klr. katy, wruss. ka ` gulp, sip, swallow '.

References: References: WP. II 717 f., Berneker 749. Page(s): 964

Meaning: to slide, slip

Root / lemma: (s)leu-, (s)leukleu-

Note: only Germanic and Balto-Slavic; compare also sleub-.

`Schlangenhaut, hose' (actually `worein geschlpft wird'), Modern High German Schlauch, Swedish dial. slu(v) (*slhw) `die husk um den empfindlichsten Teil in Horn or Hufe',

`langsamer, schleichender, heimtckischer person'; Middle High German slch

Material: Dutch sluiken `slink, schmuggeln', Swiss slche `go sluggishly', slchi

Old Low German slk `squmas'; besides Germanic sluh-, slug- (Indo Germanic *sleuk-) in

Norwegianslo `the fleischige Kern in Horn or Hufe', Middle Low German sl `Fruchthlse, Fruchtbalg, bowl', nnd. also slwe, North German dial. Schlaube, Middle English slughe, schlau, South German dial. schlauch ds. (*slha-, actually `schleichend'); slouh (engl. slough) `abgestreifte Schlangenhaut'; Low German sl, Modern High German Lithuanian lis Pl. `Schlittschuhe', liati ` grovel, truckle, creep ' (l- from sl-),

Latvian l'ut `slither'; russ. la `snowshoe; Schlittenbalken', klr. va `Skier', russ. dial. smooth ', lzgam se `laufeSchlittschuh, gleite'.

lyzgt `auf dem Eise gleiten, slither', lyznt, lyzgont `davonrennen', Bulgarian lzgav `

Page(s): 964

References: WP. II 711, Vasmer 2, 74 f.

Meaning: to hang loose

(s)leup- (s)leub(h)Root / lemma: (s)leup-, (s)leub(h)-

Material: Old English lyft `weak' = Middle Dutch luft, lucht ` left ', East Frisian luf `slack,

Note: only german. and Baltic

tired ', Old Icelandic lfa `dichtes ' (probably `*dense and long niederhngendes'),

sluggishly', engl. sloven `nachlssiger, unreinlicher person'; Dutch slobbe `slime, mud', slupra ` slurp ' (imagining of Herabhngenlassens beim food, eating, of hngenden Schleimes and Schlammigen); Lithuanian lpa f. `lip' (: mndd. lobbe) and slbnas `slack, faint, languid'. Page(s): 964-965 References: WP. II 710.

lubba f. `large codfish'; Low German sluf, Dutch slof `faint, languid, slack', sluffen `go

Middle Low German lobbe ` hanging lip, Manschette', Dutch lobbig `schlotterig, slack', isl.

engl. slobber, slubber ` drool, drivel, slaver, befoul ', Low German slubberen ` slurp ', nisl.

Root / lemma: (s)leu(s)leu-

Meaning: loosely hanging, loose, feeble entfaltet

Note: esp. with extensions; out of Germanic only barely provable, in this but very reich

Material: Unerweitert perhaps in: Gothic slawan ` keep mum, keep quiet ' (*slawn `*faint, languid sein' from an Adj. *slawa-?); with m-suffix: Norwegian slum `slack, thin (from Grashalmen)', sluma `schlaff and go

High German (md.) slumen, slummern, schlummern = drowse'; Norwegian slyma `quick, fast to langem, weichen Stroh wachsen'; with n-suffix: Alemannian schlne ` drowse ', Middle High German sln `Faulenzer'; slura ` loose hang, drag', Middle High German slr m. `Umherschlendern; Faulpelz', with r-suffix: Norwegian slre `sluggish person', slren `faint, languid, sleepy ', slora,

sluggishly', Danish older slum ` slumber ', Old English slma m. ` slumber ', late Middle

`liederliche person'; Middle High German slier (*sleura-) m. n. `slime, mud, loam, clay '

Middle Low German sluren `shiver, swerve, trge sein'; Dutch (abl.) sleuren ds., sloor

slip, stumble '), engl. slear, sleer `smear', slur `slime, mud', Verb. `smear, glide, slide'. (s)leug(s)leug-:

(Modern High German dial. Schlier ds., Schliere `slimy mass', Tirol schlieren `glide, slide,

hngen, idle and careless, neglectful go '; Old Icelandic slokinn `erloschen', slokna ` be German slokeren `slack sein, shiver', with kk: slukkern ds. (Modern High German extinguished, die'; slkkva ` extinguish, put out, slay'; Norwegian sloka `faul sein', Low

Low German slk `slack', Dutch sluik ` lean, hager, smooth ', engl. slouch ` den Kopf

Schlucker), slukk `sad', slokk `slack, weak', Norwegian slauk ` limp person', slauka `sich lassen', Norwegian lukr, lugr ` loose, schlotternd'; besides with expressive voiced-

schleppen', Old English slac `slack'; without s-: Old Icelandic loka `schlaff herabhangen nonaspirated gemination Norwegian Swedish slugga ` be clumsy ' (engl. slug, slug-gish `

sleepy, idle' is Scandinavian loanword), Middle Low German luggich ds.;presumably Lithuanian slgstu, slgau, slgti ` abate, small become'. (s)leut(s)leut-: lodda, in addition lydda `faules woman';

Middle Irish lott (lt?) ` whore ' seems Germanic loanword; compare under Old Icelandic Old English ledre `nichtsnutzig, evil, bad, woeful, wretched, miserable ', Middle High

(*liuri-); Old High German lotar, Middle High German loter, lotter ` lax, leichtfertig'

German liederlich `light and dainty, slight, leichtfertig', Modern High German liederlich

f. `wife, woman'; here with the meaning ` loose hngendes Tuch, scrap, shred' perhaps

English loddere ` beggar', Old Swedish lyddare f. `untaugliche person', Old Icelandic lodda

(Modern High German Lotterbube), also `idle' (Modern High German Lotterbank), Old

Old High German lthara, ldara ` diaper, cradle ', Old Saxon lthara `Kinderwindel'; with Old High German lodera ds., Old Saxon lodara `scrap, shred' and Old High German ludo, lodo ` coarse Wollenzeug, berwurf out of it', Modern High German Loden, Old Saxon loenn, above S. 685, influenced);

lotho, Old English loa m. `mantle', Old Icelandic loi `Lodenmantel' (in the meaning from serb. ltm, ltati `amble', ablaut. russ. lytt `sich herumtreiben, umherschlenzen';

Latvian lutt, lutint ` spoil, pamper ';

presumably also h. ltov ` frail, fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated; vain', With s-: Gothic af-slaujan `in Bestrzung versetzen' (if `*slack, feeble make', from an

Adj. *slaua-), af-slaunan `in Bestrzung geraten'; Old Icelandic slora `sich vorwrts

schleppen', slyra ` fibre, filament ', Middle High German slot(t)ern, sloten `wobble, sway, person'; Middle High German sldern ` swerve, toss, fling', slder `Schleuder', slderer `wer bereilt and liederlich arbeitet', sl(de)r-affe `Miggnger' (Schlaraffe), Bavarian schlaudern also ` loose hin and her drive'; tremble', Modern High German schlottern, Dutchslodderen ds., slodder `liederliche

German slate `slime, mud, thaw', Modern High German dial. schlott, schlutt ds.; ablaut. Middle High German slte `slime, mud, loam, clay ';

dial. slud `slime, mud', South German schludern `to snow and rain zugleich', Middle High

isl. slydda `snow and rain durcheinander', sludda `clump saliva or nasal mucus ', engl.

slop, swamp, marsh', engl. sleet (Old English*slete), `Schloen, graupel ', Low German slutr `rain and Schnee durcheinander', Old Icelandic slota `herabhngen', Swedish dial.

with Germanic t-: Old Frisian slt, Middle Low German slt m. `Wassergraben, puddle,

slten `hail', Middle High German slz, slze, Modern High German Schloe, Norwegian

`faul sein', with lengthened zero grade Old Icelandic slta `herabhngen, hang, lssig tun have, careless, neglectful sein' with -tt-). Page(s): 962-963

sein', Modern High German dial. schlossen `slack become, thaw' (schlotzen `with smut to

References: WP. II 708 ff., Wissmann Nomina postverb. 84, Vasmer 2, 76.

Meaning: weak, feeble

(s)lg- (s)lg g(s)legRoot / lemma: (s)lg- : (s)lg- and (s)leg(s)lengNote: nasalized (s)leng- (= leng- `swing, waver'?)

withdraw' (*slg), (*-) `unaufhrlich', Hes., `slack, schlaffen ears'), , - usually Pl. `the groin, Dnnen' (formal = Old Icelandic laki

Material: Old Indic laga- `lame'; gr. `lasse ab, hear auf (*ermatte); trans. `make

fragile, flimsy, thin', hom. , Ionian , Attic , - `hare' (*(s)lg-usos `with

`Faltmagen'), `thin wide cake' (formal = Old Saxon lakan etc. `kerchief, cloth'), ` dewlap ' (compare Swedish slka `schlaff herabhngen'), nasalized

presumably here ` hesitate ', `Zaudern', Hes. (*`faint, languid sein, schlaff and unschlssig sein'); with the meaning ` lustful ': `horny, Hes. (besides with -Vok. = Archil., lustful', ` lustful sein', `lust, desire, sensuality, voluptuousness',

`' EM.;

abgespannt sein';

Latin laxus `slack, wide, capacious ', nasalized langue, -re `faint, languid, slack,

because of seines cc instead of ch from engl. slack;

Old Irish lacc (with expressive gg) `slack, weak'; mcymr. llacc, ncymr. llac `slack' derives Middle Low German lak `slack, loose ', Dutch lak, Modern High German Dialectal lack

ds., Middle Dutch lak also ` lustful ', Old Icelandic lakr and (full grade) lkr `evil, bad,

small'; with gradation Swedish dial. lka `schlaff herabhngen', Old Icelandic lkr `

`kerchief, cloth', Old High German lahhan ds. (Modern High German Laken from dem Low German, formal compare gr. ), Old Icelandic laki m. ` tadpole, frog or toad larva '; the manyplies of the ruminant, Faltmagen' (= ), lack, fault, error'; with s-: Old Icelandic slakr `slack' (poet.), slakna ` languish, tire, slacken ', Old Saxon

blockhead, Faulpelz'; Germanic *lakana- `baumelnder rag, corner, tail' in Old Saxon lakan

Middle Low German slac `slack, weak', participle Old Saxon gislekit `stumpf gemacht', Middle Low German slak-sde `Bauchseite' (as and Modern High German

English sleccan (*slekjan) ` exhaust, weaken ';

Weichen), Old English slc `slack, idle, slow', Old High German slah- `slack, idle', Old with gradation : Old Icelandic slkr `a limp boy', Norwegian slken `slack', Swedish

woman', Old Swedish slkifri, -frilla `Kebsweib';

slka `schlaff herabhngen lassen', dial. `trge sein', slk and (with ) slk `leichtsinniges nasalized probably Swedish slinka `nicht fest ansitzen, shiver, limp ', Old High German

slinc, Dutch slink ` left ', Middle High German link, Modern High German link; Old High

German lenka `die Linke', Swedish linka and lanka `somewhat limp ', lunka `slowly go', South German schlank `scrap, shred, thin'; Latvian lens `slack, soft'; preslgast `fadenscheinig, naked, bald, bleak'; whether also Tocharian A slkkr `sad'? doubtful russ. pere-slga `fault, error in texture ' (*`Auslassen of Fadens'??), sloven.

Danish slunken `slack, schlotterig' (*`schlaff dahergehen'); perhaps Swedish dial. slank,

Page(s): 959-960

References: WP. II 712 ff., WH. I 758 f.

slg Root / lemma: slg-

Meaning: to press, oppress, mishandle

ruin', `behandle schimpflich, mihandle, mutilate, frevle, hurt ';

Material: Gr. f. `schimpfliche Behandlung, disgrace, shame, maltreatment, damage, Lithuanian slog `plague, Landplage', with secondary ablaut.: Latvian slga `damage,

Beschweren eingeweichten Flachses'; with uo: Lithuanian slogas, Latvian sluogs `clot, Lithuanian slg-iu, -ti ` distress, press', Latvian slgt `shut' (*`zudrcken'), Lithuanian slgtis, slgt `Presse, Kelter', Latvian at-slga `Schlo', slgs `burden'. Page(s): 960 References: WP. II 714.

complaint '; Lithuanianslogus `beschwerlich', slognti `plague', sluoga `Hlzer zum

chunk, stone, load', sluodzt ` grouch, niederpressen, thrash', sluogt, sluogut ds.; with :

(s)l- sli i- sli slRoot / lemma: (s)l- (: sli- or sli-), sl-uoMeaning: blueish Material: Latin lve, -re `bleifarbig, be bluish ', lvor ` bluish paint, color', lvidus ` bluish' (based on auf an Adj. *sl-uos or *l-uo-s); Old Irish l `paint, color, radiance ', cymr. lliw, acorn. liu, ncorn. lyw ds., abret. nbret. liou

`paint, color' (`paint, color' from `blue' verallgemeinert), abret. liou `naevum', da-liu (lies duliu) `fuscus'; gall. PN Lv; but Latin Lvius perhaps etrusk. russ.-Church Slavic slva `plum' etc., from which Lithuanian slyv, Old Prussian

sliwaytos ds. borrowed; slov. slv ` bluish' is back-formation from dem Pflaumennamen; sloe), Modern High German Schlehe ` sloe, wild plum ', Swedish sl(n) ds.; compare Martinet Word 12, 4. References: WP. II 715 f., WH. I 816, Trautmann 269 f., Vasmer 2, 660. with formants -ko-: Old High German slha, slwa (*sloi-ko-), Old English slh (engl.

Page(s): 965

Meaning: help, service

slougoRoot / lemma: slougo-, -- f.

Material: Old Irish slg, slag m. ` army, Schaar', teg-lach (*tego-slougo-)

Note: only Celtic and balto-slavisch

`Hausgenossenschaft, family ', cymr. llu ` army ', acymr. telu, mcymr. teilu, newer teulu `

cortege ', ncymr. ` household, family ', acorn. luu, mcorn. lu `bulk, mass, Schaar, army '; support, help', slaug `das Dienen', p-slauga `help, Hilfeleistung'; Old Church Slavic

gall. VN Catu-slugi (leg. -slgi) `Kampfesscharen'; Lithuanian emait. slauga, slaugti `

sluga m. `servant'; in addition Old Church Slavic slu, sluiti ` serve ', etc. Page(s): 965 References: References: WP. II 716, Trautmann 268 f., Vasmer 2, 664 f.

slerRoot / lemma: (s)lrg- and sler-

Meaning: expr. root, onomatopoeic words

Material: Gr. , - m. `gullet' (perhaps after reshaped); Latin lurco(r), -re, -r `feast, eat plentifully, devour ', if auf *lurgicos being based on;

lurc, -nis m. ` gormandizer, gourmand, voracious eater ';

slurk `gulp, mouthful ', Norwegian Swedish slurka `in groen Zgen slurp '; Modern High German schlrchen `careless, neglectful go'; an onomatopoeic root sler- with variant extensions in Latvian slarpata `old rag', slarpatt sler-

Middle High German slurc `gullet', slurken ` gulp, sip, swallow ', Norwegian Swedish

`lumpig einhergehen': Swedish slarfva `scrap, shred, rag'; Latvian slarkt (besides References: WP. II 716, WH. I 837.

slarpt) `go sluggishly': Modern High German schlarken `schleifend go' (schlarfen ds.).

Page(s): 965-966

smeg(h)Root / lemma: smeg(h)Meaning: to taste Note: only Germanic and Baltic

taste ';

`das Schmecken, taste, smell, odor', smaken, Old Frisian smakia, Middle English smakin `

Material: Middle High German smach `taste, smell, odor', Middle Low German smak(e)

with -kk- Old High German smac (-ckes) `taste', smecken trans. and intrans. ` taste ', Old English smcc m. `taste, smell, odor', isl. smekkr ds.; with -g- (Indo Germanic variant *smegh-): Old High German gismagmo `taste', gismag, gismah `schmackhaft'; Lithuanian smaguria ` tidbit ', smaguriati ` nibble ', smagris ` forefinger ' (actually

`Naschfinger, Nscher'); perhaps is smeg(h)- as s-form with Lithuanian mgti `wohlgefallen' etc. identical,

See also: s. mgh- `wohlgesinnt' above S. 707. Page(s): 967

References: WP. II 689.

Meaning: to laugh, surprise

(s)mei- smeuRoot / lemma: (s)mei-1, smeu-

Material: Old Indic smyat, -ati `lchelt', Kaus. smpayati; smita- `lchelnd', vi-smita`erstaunt', smaya- n. ` astonishment ', smra- `lchelnd' (= Latin mrus); `laugh'; gr. (with d-extension) Hes., ` gladly lchelnd', , Latin mrus ` wonderful ' (formation as clrus, = Old Indic smra-); Latin cmis, old Old Irish mad n. `fame, pride', ablaut. modid `rhmt sich'; smila ` smile '; Old English gl-smre `zum Lachen willing, inclined'; Alemannian m `astonish'; Middle English smlin, engl. smile, Danish smile, Norwegian

cosmis `compliant, friendly', as `with smile ', from a root nouns smi-;

compare); smaidt ` smile, flatter, mock ';

Latvian smeju, smit `verlachen', smada `the smile ' (in -d- probably with dem Gr. to Old Church Slavic smj (*smei-i), smijati s `laugh', smch `das laughter '; Tocharian A smi- ` smile '. Besides smeu- in: smeu-

Middle High German smollen `from Unwillen schweigen, schmollen; smile '; russ. si `sich verfinstern, ein verdrieliches face machen'. Page(s): 967-968

Middle High German smieren, smielen, old Dutch smuylen `lacheln', probably also

uchmyts ` smile, schmunzeln', dial. chmylt ` smile ', probably also poln. dial. chmli References: WP. II 686 f., WH. II 94 f., Trautrnann 270 f., Pedersen ZcP. 17, 31.

Meaning: to throw

smeit- smitRoot / lemma: smeit-, smit-

Material: Avestan hamista- `niedergeworfen, oppressed' (*ham-[h]mista-, with in Simplex ma- `throw', with Ablat., *mittere ex' = `mug, rob' (miat), with - `(an sich) come erfolgtem Anlautswandel from sm- to [h]m-); hamastar- `wer niederwirft, oppressed';

`mug, rob' (hmiyt); with ham + aib ` admit, allow, den Zutritt gestatten'; intensification from *smt (*smeit), compare cosmittere Paul. Fest. Page(s): 968 References: WP. II 687 f., WH II 97 ff.

lassen' (miniti), with paiti- `*zurckschicken' = `den Laufpa give, absagen', with hamLatin mitt, -ere, msi, missum `go let, run let; send, senden', with expressive

smekRoot / lemma: smek-

Meaning: chin, beard

Note: in Old Indic with k

alb. mjekr, mjekra, mjekra `chin, beard' (*smekr); Note: Common alb. shift sm > m; drop of initial s- in alb.

(through metathesis) Armenian mauruk`, moruk` `beard';

Material: Old Indic maru- n. `beard, whisker, moustache' (assim. from *smasru-);

perhaps Latin mla ` mandible, maxilla ', Demin. maxilla (*sm k-sl, dessen vowel with
e

Armenian a vergleichbar would be); Irish smech `chin' (*smek), presumably Old English

Norwegian Danish smre m., Swedish dial. smre m. ` clover ', after other to smei- ` smile Hittite zama(n)kur `beard' (*smokur or *smokru-). Page(s): 968 '; Lithuanian smkras m., smakr f. `chin', Latvian smakrs `chin, palate'; References: WP. II 689, WH. II 15, Trautmann 270.

smras m. Pl. `Lippen' (*smahria-), in addition as `Lippenbltler' nisl. smra f., smri m.,

smelRoot / lemma: smel-1

Meaning: to burn for a long time, smoulder

Material: Middle Irish sml, sml, smal f. `fire, blaze, glow, ash'; mnl. smlen, Dutch smeulen `gleam, smolder ', Low German smelen, smlen ds., -grade Flemish smoel `muggy'; Middle English smolder `smoke', nengl. smoulder; also (compare rauchen ` exhale, smoke ': riechen ` smell '), Middle English smel, smul (-ll-)

`smell, odor', engl. smell;

black', klr. prysmaty `anbrennen'.

Upper Sorbian smali `singe, burn lightly ', Lower Sorbian smali `singe, blacken, make

give', smilkti ` fume ', smelki, smelkti `choke; suppress, crush';

With k-extension: Lithuanian smilkst, smilkti `einen weak Dunst or Rauch from sich besides in Germanic with r- Old English smorian `choke; suppress, crush (tr.)', Middle

smoren `smoke, misty sein', Middle Low German smurten `choke; suppress, crush', Middle English smorther, engl. smother `vapor'. References: WP. II 691 f.; Vasmer 3, 670, 675.

Low German smoren `dmpfen, choke; suppress, crush (tr.and intr.), schmoren', Flemish

Page(s): 969

smelRoot / lemma: smel-2 Meaning: gray Material: Gr. `ash tree; spear, javelin from Eschenholz' ( `with a guten

grayish brown ', Lithuanian pasmlti `cloudy, dark become'. See also: compare mel-6 above S. 720 f. References: WP. II 692;

grauen Farbe of Holzesund to Old Lithuanian smls ` ash-colored, dun-colored, light

Eschenspeer bewaffnet'), , `eschen' (*[]F-, -), perhaps from the

Page(s): 969

smerd- smordRoot / lemma: smerd-, smordMeaning: to stink Material: Gr. Pl. `Stnker' Hes.; ; Lithuanian smrdiu, make', Latvian smerdelis `Stnker', smards ` fetidness ', Lithuanian smr[d]v, Old smirdti `stink', Latvian smirdt ds., Lithuanian smirdl `dwarf elder', smardnti `stinkend

actually ` bad-smelling fat'), Old Prussian smorde ` alder buckthorn, alder dogwood '; Old Church Slavic smrdti, russ. smerdt `stink', russ. smrod ` fetidness ', smordina ` `ordure, ordure of Leibes'. black currant ', poln. smrd, Czech smrad ` fetidness '; in addition probably Latin merda smerd- `stink' is eine probably already Indo Germanic verselbstndigte use from

Lithuanian smarstas ` fetidness ' (also smarst, smarstvas, smrsas `schlechteres fat',

(above S. 736 f), originally also `beiender smell, odor'.

(s)merd- in Modern High German schmerzen, Latin mordre, s. mer-, merd- ` chafe '

References: WP. II 691, WH. II 74 f., Trautmann 271, Vasmer 2, 676, Specht KZ 62, 215. Page(s): 970

smeruRoot / lemma: smeruMeaning: grease, fat Material: Gr. probably `Schmirgel zum Abreiben and Polieren', () `poliere

through Reiben, anoint, smear, rub', n. `wohlriechendes Salbl, plant juice ', perhaps also () `a kind of eel, Murne' as `fettig sich anfhlend';

Irish smi(u)r m., Gen. smera ` marrow ', cymr. mer ` marrow '; Old Icelandic smir n., Old Icelandic smyria, smyrva `bestreichen, anoint', Old English smierwan `anoint', Old High English smeoru, Old High German smero (Gen. smerwes) `Schmer, fat', whereof Old

medius ` in the middle, in the midst, mid, mean, middle ' from *merulla transfigured; Old

Latin perhaps in medullae Pl. ` marrow of bones and plants ', through influence of

German smirwen `anoint, smear', Modern High German Schmer, schmieren, Schmirgel;

with other stem formation Gothic smarr n. `fat', smarns `ordure, crap, muck, droppings' (meaning as Modern High German schmierig, Dutch smerig `faecal, mucky, dirty, filthy'). References: WP. II 690 f., WH. II 58 f.

Page(s): 970-971

Meaning: to remember; to care for

(s)merRoot / lemma: (s)mer-

Material: 1. Old Indic smrati ` reminds sich, gedenkt', smaraa- n., smrti- ` memory,

recollection, Gedchtnis', Avestan maraiti, himaraiti `(be)merkt', mimara- `eingedenk'; a *mor-m[or]o- with fractured reduplication); gr. `was viel Sinnen, Sorgen

Armenian mormok` `Bedauern, Mivergngen, distress, affliction'(with formants -ok` from required '; , `care, sinne, hesitate '; f. ` care, Sinnen',

`care, bin bedacht, grble', post-verbal f. ` care, anxiety '; also , , hom. , Cretan - ` witness, testifier '? different above S. 735; memoria `Gedchtnis'; Morta `eine Parze'; Latin memor `eingedenk' (compare Avestan mimara- ds., Old English ge-mimor ds.),

PN Smerius, Smertullus, GN Smertrios; Ro-smerta `die Voraussehende'; abrit. VN .

mertaid `richtet ein', bret. merzout `become aware', Vannes armerhein `einrichten'; gall.

Old Irish airm(m)ert f. `forbid', cymr. armerth `Vorbereitung' (*smert-), Middle Irish

mmrian `beretwas sinnen', Dutch mijmeren `deep nachsinnen'; Gothic marnan, Old English murnan, Old High German mornn `care for, worry, anxiously worry about'; um', etc. (*mr-); Old Lithuanian merti `care for, worry', lengthened grade serb. mriti `sich kmmern

Old Icelandic Mmir `a giant '; Old English mimorian `sich remind', ge-mimor `known',

delay', Old Irish mar(a)im ` stay '; corn. bret. mar `doubt';

2. as `sinnen, sinnend dastehen' = `hesitate' probably die group Latin mora f. `Verzug, 3. here as `jemanden wherewith consider, versorgen; Zugedachtes' also gr.

), Perf. hom. `hatAnteil', (*-) `es is durchs lot, fate m. `lot, fate, fate, destiny, persons lot in life', Hes.

(*) `erhalte allotment ', ` allotment, fate, destiny' (*sm-, compare hom.

zugeteilt', `fate, destiny', n., f. ` allotment, part', `divide', (*; Od. is newer formation), hom. `unteilhaftig',

Hes., lak. `dividing off, partitioning off of spartanischen Heeres', `part'; probably also `verfehle' due to eines *-h `unteilhaftig'; Latin mere, -re and mereor, -r `earn, acquire ' (i.e. `erhalte allotment ', `erwerbe mir meinen

consider is').

allotment '), merenda `Vesperbrot, Mahlzeit the animal' (`*wherewith person and animal to

References: WP. II 689 f., WH. II 67 f., 110, W. Oehl IF. 57, 2 ff.; Vendryes t. Celt. 2, 133 f., Duval t. Celt. 6, 219 ff. Page(s): 969-970

(s)meukh- (s)meug- (s)meughRoot / lemma: (s)meukh-, (s)meug-, (s)meughMeaning: to smoke, smoke n. Material: Armenian mux, Gen. mxoy `smoke'; gr. ( = kh or gh; from the g-

(with alternation : u), corn. mok ds., bret. moug, mog `fire', moged `smoke' (-kh- or -k-); with -g: gr. ; Armenian murk, Gen. mrkoy `sengend' (*smgro-); smecan `smoke, fume ', Middle Low German smken `schmauchen, fume, through Rauch Old English smocan `smoke', mnl. smieken and smuiken `smoke'; Kaus. Old English

form) `allow verschwelen; in langsamem fire consume'; Irish mch `smoke', cymr. mwg

Old English smoca m. `smoke', smocian `smoke, fume ';

choke'; Old English smec m. `smoke', Middle High German smouch `smoke, haze, mist';

Slavic words at most with gh, whereupon also Armenian moyg `brown, dark' as *smoughoruss. smga `flame; smut', Czech smahnouti `dehydrate, desiccate, languish '. Page(s): 971 References: WP. II 688 f., Vasmer 2, 669 f., 677.

strangulate '; perhaps russ. smglyj, klr. smuhyj ` brownish black ' (`smoke-color '); Balto

Lithuanian smugiu, smugti `choke; suppress, crush (originally through smoke),

in comparison kme; unclear das relationship to russ.-Church Slavic smagl `dark, brown',

See also: see below smei-1. Page(s): 971

lemma: smeuRoot / lemma: smeu-

Meaning: really, particle of emphasis

sme, Root / lemma: sme sm

Material: Old Indic sm emphasizing particle, gr. in Schwren Beteuerungspartikel,

Thessalian `but, '; * (= Old Indic sm) extended to , Ionic-Attic `indeed,

yet', Ionian (infolge Funktionsschwchung) shortened to , emphasizing particle; Latin s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 569, A. Hahn Lg. 29, 242 f.

nam `for', originally Versicherungspartikel, maybe from *mn transfigured; Hittite -ma `but', References: WP. II 685, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 569, M. Leurnann Mus. Helv. 6, 85 ff.

Page(s): 966

Meaning: to carve; to work with a sharp instrument

smi- smi sm iRoot / lemma: smi-2 : smi- : sm-

Material: Gr. `Schnitzmesser', , `hack, mattock, hoe'; geschichtlich ltere) and metal ', Old English smi ` smith, Radmacher', Old High German Geschmeide', Old Icelandic sm f. ` skilful work'; Old High German smeidar there; Gothic aiza-smia ` smith ', Old Icelandic smir `worker in wood (these das

smid ` smith '; Old High German smda ` metal, Metallschmuck', gismdi `Metallschmuck, `Metallknstler'; an s- loose root form is probably mai- (mi-) `hew, hit, cavitate ', see

Lithuanian smails `sharp, snacking ', smlius `Nscher, forefinger '. References: WP. II 686.

doubtful Latvian smicens `black Spitzmaus' (`*nibbler '?? or to smidzis, above S. 966?),

Page(s): 968 smi- smeid- smig- smikRoot / lemma: smi-3, smeid-, smig-, smik-

Page(s): 968

smSee also: see above S. 966 f. (sm-). sm

Meaning: to smear, rub

sm- sme- sm-eiRoot / lemma: sm-, sme-, sm-ei-

Material: Gr. Infin. , Aor. `smear, abwischen, abrade', 3. Sg. Pass. , ; , ds., ` grind ', f. ` ointment ', , - f. `blutunterlaufener stripe, Strieme', (Gramm.) `gust of wind'; Latin macula ` stain, smismeismi- (in addition 2. mai-, above 697), smei- extended (or d-present) in:

blemish; stitch in Stickereien' probably from sm-tl;

smeitan `smear, stroke', Old High German smzan `stroke, smear, hit', Modern High

smeidsmeid-: Armenian mic `smut' (*smidio-); Gothic bi-smeitan `besmear, bestreichen', ga-

German schmeien, Old High German bismzan `besmear', Old English besmtan ds.; Norwegian dial. smita, abl. smta `thin aufschmieren'; Old English smittian ` blemish, anstecken', Middle High German schmitzen `anstreichen, geieln, hit', Modern High smut';

German verschmitzt; Old English smitte f. ` stain ', Middle High German smitze f. ` stain, Old Church Slavic smd `fuscus', also in russ. FlN., perhaps as `*schmierig' here

(`doubtful', Vasmer 2, 670 f.).

sm[i]k- smksm[i]k-: smk- `zerriebenes, winziges tiny bit, a slight amount, a little, a bit, a pinch ': lippus, ); Latin mca `ein tiny bit, a slight amount, a little, a bit, a pinch, bichen', gr. , () `small, kleinlich, short', Doric Ionian `small' (Kurzbildung as

forsmia `verschmhen', Middle Low German smginge ` abuse '. In similar turn in ` the little one, dainty, elegant ':

dwindle ', Modern High German schmachten ` languish ', ver-schmachten; Old Frisian

verringern', Modern High German schmhen, Schmach, Old High German gismhten `

`small', Old English smalc `fine, painstaking ', Old High German smhen `small make,

mcidus `tiny'; Old High German smhi `small, little, low', Old Icelandic smr (*smha-)

borrowing from German schmiegen ` nestle, cuddle, snuggle ' is certainly nicht to think); Lithuanian smagas ` shaft, pole'; Latvian smidzis `mite, Wasserfloh'; with : Lithuanian susms `small, crippled '; nisl. smeikr ` smooth, shy'; Old English

sm[i]g- sm sm[i]g- : smg-; poln. smagy ` slim, fragile, flimsy '; migy ds., miga `thin rod' (a

smecker ` slim, schmachtig', Norwegian smikr n. ` fine piece of work ' (besides without sand with other Gutturalstufe migr n. `allzu feine Arbeit', migren `fragile, flimsy '); a clear meaning `smear, stroke' in Norwegian smika `stroke, smooth', smeikja ` caress,

smicre `beautiful, dainty', Old High German smechar, smehhar, Middle High German

Middle High German smicke, sminke ` makeup '.

smicke `the vorderste Teil a lash, scourge, bullwhip, horsewhip; spur; Schmi, wound',

flatter ', Modern High German schmeicheln, Old English smcian ds., Middle High German

(*mwn) `verdaut become'; Modern High German Bavarian schmaudeln ` flatter '. Page(s): 966-967 References: WP. II 685 f., WH. II 5 f., 85.

`wear out, scrape ', Norwegian mugg m. n. (*muwwa-) `Sgemehl'; Old Icelandic ma-sk

A u-variant (s)mu- : (s)mu- : (s)mu- seems vorzuliegen in Old Icelandic m (*mawn) (s)mu- (s)m (s)mu-

Meaning: to weigh heavily

smogRoot / lemma: smog-

Material: Gr. `toil, exertion ', ( Hes.) `mhselig', `strenge (*) m. ` exertion, toil', `sich abmhen', `mhselig';

myself an', Adv. `barely' (originally Nom. Sg. `sich mhend' = `nur with toil'); (*) `Hebebaum, lever ', -, - `budge away, move away'; Lithuanian (em.)

Gewicht, lastend'. Page(s): 971

smags ` heavy to bear, carry or to pull, drag', Latvian smags, smagrs `schwer from

References: WP. II 692.

(s)nad Root / lemma: (s)na Meaning: to cut, slice Note: only Celtic and West Germanic
h

Material: Irish snad- `carve, cut, clip', snass m. `cut, Hieb', cymr. naddu `to chip, to cut', ds.;

acymr. nedim, ncymr. neddyf `Krummaxt', Middle Breton ezeff `Queraxt', nbret. eze, neze

schnattwa, schnttwe ` incision ' (*snadw), Swiss schntzen `carve', Low German snt Icelandic naddr m. `sting, prick, arrow'.

Old High German snatta, Middle High German snatte `Strieme, Wundmal', Alemannian

`limit, boundary', Modern High German Schnate `Wundmal, limit, boundary'; without s: Old References: WP. II 694, Kluge-Goetze 685.

Page(s): 972-973

Root / lemma: sn-, sn-(t-), snu-, sn-eu-, sn-etsn- sn (t- snu- sn-eu- sn-etMeaning: Meaning: to flow, swim; damp, nymph of waters Material: 1. Old Indic snti, snyat `badet (sich)', participle snt-, Avestan snayeit `

washes, purifies, cleans through Splen', participle snta-; d(h)-present -snayn; Old Neptunus above S. 316;

Indic snpyati `schwemmt', snpana- `zum Baden dienend (of water)'; in addition Latin gr. , - `schwimme' (formation as , under likewise; Indo Germanic Latin n, nre (*sn-i) `swim', Umbrian snata, snatu Akk. Pl. n. `mecta'; Old Irish

gh or kh); , Doric `island' as `Schwimmer';

crawls, flows ';

snm `dasSchwimmen', cymr. nawf ds., bret. neunvi `swim'; Middle Irish snid `schwimmt, 2. auf *sn-t- based on Latin nat, -re `swim, flows '; Venetic FlN Nati-s(n), *Natusis *sn

`fly, swim', mcymr. dienad (*d-ro-nat) `Tosen of Meeres', and Armenian nay `damp, fluid'; , `damp', f. ` damp '; thrak. FlN , S. 759? 4. Beside sn- lies snu- and sneu-: snsnusneuespecially, particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably Mother's milk, entlassen' (present Indo Germanic *snu-ti or lengthened gradees *snu-ti); gr. , whereof , Ionian , -, also , Ionian , - `stream, brook-, Imperf. , Aeolic `flow' (*F); F (Dodona) as strmend thought, Quellnymphe', , (*F--, substantivized probably in Old Indic snuti, participle snuta- `triefen, a liquid of Krpers, particularly, specially, 3. auf sn-et-, *sn-ot- based on probably gr. ` southern wind ' (`Regenwind'), sn-et- *sn-ot-

Modern High German Netze; cymr. naid f. `spring' (*snati), bret. n(e)ijal `fly', corn. nyge

Hes., das as `Meerestiefe' to understand, comprehend sein wird; but Hes. perhaps to ner- `penetrate'), reduced grade (*)

`rinnend, flowing ', , Hes., Attic Vok. m. `stream', brook'; Middle Irish snu, sn `stream' (*snu); (*F) ` liquid, wellspring', (*F) ` watercourse, wellspring, stream,

Hes. Latin ntri, -re ` suckle, nourish ', derivative from a *sneu-tr fem. `milk flow lassend'; `caesaries' (`*herabflieend'), Middle High German snuz `catarrh', Norwegian snott, Old as d-extension from sneu- one understands Middle Irish snad (also FlN) `river';

5. from *sneu- from: (Fut. ) `schwimme', lak. , - sneu-

English gesnott n. `Katarrh', Old Icelandic snyta, Old High German snzen, Modern High with p: Middle High German snupfe, Old Icelandic snoppe `catarrh', Middle High

German schneuzen, Norwegian snt m. `snout', Modern High German Schnauze ` snout '; German snfen `wheeze', snben `pant, sniff, snort' ; after Wissmann, Nom. postverb. 178 f. are Germanic snub-, snup-, snud-, snut-, snug-, snuk- lautmalend (as also snab-, snap-, snad-, snat-, snak-, ebda. 187 f.), after Johannesson 223 f. belong sie to snu- `pant, sniff, snort, pusten', also to the above *sneu-; with Indo Germanic t: Middle High German snudel, snuder, snde `catarrh', Old High

(of dog)', snura, snora ds.;

German snden `pant, sniff, snort, schnarchen', Old Icelandic snyja `snuffle, sniff, scent whether here thrak. ` nymph '?

References: WP. I 397, II 692 ff., WH. II 146 f., 172, 190 f., Loth RC. 46, 154 f. Page(s): 971-972

sneigRoot / lemma: sneig-

Meaning: ` crawl, creep ' Page(s): 974

snegSee also: see below sneg- ds.

sneigh hRoot / lemma: sneighNote:

Meaning: to snow; snow, *rain sneigh hRoot / lemma: sneigh- : `to snow; snow' derived from a zero grade (*suu-etos, *su ri) : ss- : `juice; liquid, rain'.
e

Old Indic sunti ` squeezed, pressed ' = Avestan hunaoiti of Root / lemma: seu-1, se- : seu- se -

Material: Prkrit. sieha- (= Old Indic snha-) `snow'; Avestan snaa- `to snow', pamir. ugni nij `snow', (*snaiga-); gr. Akk. `snow', hom. ` much snowed on, snowfall '), Latin nix, nivis `snow', nivit ` it is snowing ' (probably ); nasal-prs. ninguit (ninxit) ds.; Irish snigid ` it drips, is raining ', snige n. `drip, flux ', snecht(a)e `snow' (to t-forms Old High German Old English snwan `to snow' (stem V., participle gi-snigan, compare snow-capt ', () ` it is snowing ', ` snowflake ' ( ` snowstorm,

compare ); cymr. nyf `snow', nyfio `to snow';

still Modern High German Bavarian participle geschniwen; otherwise Modern High German `snow' = Old English snw, Old High German sno (Gen. snwes); schw. V.), Old Icelandic snr ` it is snowing ' (participle snifinn ` snowy '); Gothic snaiws

snowflake ', sniga ` it is snowing ', Inf. sngti, Old Prussian snaygis `snow', Old Church Slavic sng `snow'.
4

Lithuanian snigas, Latvian snegs (vowel from the undertaken verb) `snow', snagala `

References: WP. II 695, WH. II 169 f., Trautmann 272 f., Vasmer 2, 680, R. L. Turner stickiness, oil, fat '. Page(s): 974 BSOAS 18, 449 f.; compare Old Indic snhyati `become damp, sticky ', snha- m. `

sneitRoot / lemma: sneitMeaning: to cut Material: Gothic sneian, Old Icelandic sna `cut, clip, reap', Old English snan `cut, clip, hew, hit', Old Saxon snthan, Old High German sndan `cut, clip'; Old Icelandic snei ` Old High German snit `the cut', Middle High German snde `cutting edge', intensive. *snittn in Middle High German snitzen `carve'; Old Icelandic sneis `small sliced piece', Middle High German sneite ` through den wood, forest gelegter Durchhau' ;

(abgeschnittener) twig, branch', Old English sns, sns `spit, pike, Speiler', Middle High German sneise `row, cord, whereupon etwas gereiht wird' (*snoid-t); klr. snt `clot, chunk', Czech snt `bough' (*snoito-s); compare perhaps Middle Irish

snid `small, short', whether from Old Irish *snith? Page(s): 974 References: WP. II 695 f.

9/ 8

Sumerian eg

`frost; cold shudder, chills', eg

`snow; ice' (cf., sigga).

Meaning: to cut

(s)nerbRoot / lemma: (s)nerb-

Material: Gr. , Hes. (as Modern High German `schneidig'?); also Gothic at-snarpjan `anfassen'?; Old Icelandic snarpr `sharp, hart, uneven', snerpa ` Old High German snerfan `together pull, drag'; without s-: nisl. norpa ` freeze '. See also: whether to the above sner-b- (sner-2)? Page(s): 977 References: WP. II 701;

sharpen ', Dutch snerpen `bite (from Wunden), ache', westfl. snirpsch `sharp (of wind)';

Meaning: to murmur, grumble

(s)ner- (s)nurRoot / lemma: (s)ner-1, (s)nur-

buzz, whirr ', snurrre, snurrinc ` merrymaker, fool', Modern High German schnarren, schnurren, Schnurre, engl. snarl ` growl ', Middle English snorin, nengl. snore

German snarren ` burr, babble, chatter ', snerren ` babble, chatter ', snurren `sough, rustle,

Material: Gr. ; ; Hes.; Middle High

nurnen `hersagen', Swedish dial. norna, nyrna `zuflstern', Old Icelandic norn `fool';

`schnarchen', Middle English sneren, nengl. sneer ` contemptibly laugh'; Middle English

`Schicksalsgttin', Middle High German narren, nerren ` growl ', Old High German narro Lithuanian nirniu, niurnti `drone, grumble, growl '; Latvian ura `ein weinerlicher Auf -d: Middle English snurtin `schnarchen', Middle High German snarz `Schnarre,

person', urt `drone, grumble, spinnen as eine cat '.

Wachtelknig'; Latvian urdt `murmur, drone, grumble, growl '.

Latvian nirgutis `hhnisch laugh', urgt `die Zhne show'; also probably Lithuanian narglyti `somewhat slowly tun' (meaning similarly as in Swiss norggen `ohne Erfolg arbeiten').

snurgalas ds. (`*rattling, clashing, groaning '); snirgut ` sob; fauchen as die Gnse';

Dutch nurken `drone, grumble, nrgeln'; Lithuanian snargls ` nasal mucus ', Latvian

German snarchen ds., Modern High German schnarchen; Norwegian nurka `creak, growl ',

Middle Low German snorken, snarken `schnarchen, pant, sniff, snort', Middle High

Auf -g: Norwegian Swedish snerka `prusten, schnarchen', Swedish snurka ` groan ',

nergeln ` inarticulate sprechen, with verdrielichem nselnden Tone tadeln'; Lithuanian niurksa, -ti ` dismal or brtend dasitzen', Latvian urk't, urkstt, urkt `drone, grumble, murmur, growl ', rka `ein weinerlicher person', arkt `weinerlich sein, creak', Auf -p: Old Icelandic snarfla ` groan ', Norwegian Swedish snarva ` growl, die Zhne

Auf -k: Old Icelandic snrgla (*snarguln) ` groan ', Modern High German nrgeln,

irkstt ` gnash, ein Gerusch make, as if etwas bricht', snirkt ` gnash '. fletschen'.

Page(s): 975

References: WP. II 698 f.

Meaning: to turn, wind, etc..

(s)nerRoot / lemma: (s)ner-2

snNote: perhaps extension to sn ds.

Material: Old Indic nrtyati `tanzt', nrt- f. ` dance, game', nrt- `tanzend', narma- n., narmm. ` joke ', nar f. ds., etc.; miran. nr- `catch'(Persson Beitr. 816a 1); gr. Hes. (and inschriftlich), from which dissim. `Kasten, hutch,

see below), still receive in Hes., to `basket';

vessel'; through Weitergreifen this dissim. Wandels also * (from the k-extension, Old Saxon naru, Old English nearu, engl. narrow `narrow' (*nar-wa- actually

Modern High German Nehrung ` spit, tongue of land, schmale promontory ' from *ner-wa-), Old High German narwa f., narwo m. `scar' (i.e. `zusammengezogene Wundrnder'), also `ansa, fibulatura', Modern High German Narbe dial. also ` agrafe, hook, clasp, Krampen an

`zusammengeschnrt'), Old Icelandic in Nrva-sund `Gibraltar' (besides Nirva-sund and

hook, clasp ');

Tren' as Norwegian norve ` agrafe, hook, clasp, cramp' (and Latvian nrs, nre ` agrafe, Modern High German Bavarian der-narren ` rigid become, particularly, specially,

especially, particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably vor frost' (`*shrink

bildlich of Nasenrmpfen';

schnurren, ein-schnurren, -schnorren `shrivel up, shrink', isl. snura `knot an a Faden,

narrennagel `unfrmig ausgewachsener Nagel'; zero grade (with s-) Modern High German

up, -krampfen'), narr `miratene verschrumpfte fruit', narr (Swiss) krampfartige Spannung',

German nrlich `concise, genau, young ' and with gradation Old Icelandic Nri

lengthened grade Old Icelandic nri ` groin ' (`Einschnrung of Leibes'), Middle High

`Zwergname', nr n. `narrow bay, Sund', Danish Swedish nr `toddler, whole small kid, child'; probably Old High German snuor `cord, band, strap, rope, cable', Danish-Swedish snr

ds., Gothic snrj `geflochtener basket', Old English snr (*snri) ` string of a harp', Old Icelandic snri n. `gedrehtes rope, band'; Lithuanian neri, nrti ` submerge, einschlpfen, einfdeln', nyru, preterit nira, nrti

`sich schlngeln, ranken', nrti `sich dislocate, luxate, crick ', nras ` aquanaut ', nars ` loop, noose, snare; joint, limb, member'; Latvian nrs, nre ` agrafe, hook, clasp '; russ. nert, neret `kind of fish snaring net'; here belongs ner-3, above S. 766. extensions: dryness, wrinkle up, shrink up ', Old High German (bi-, fir-) snerfan `den Mund snersner-b- with Germanic p: Norwegian dial. snerpa stem V. ` shrivel, shrink due to excess

Norwegian snurpa `flteln, loose stitch up, sew together', Norwegian snerp `skin auf the milk'. snersner-g-: Old English sneorcan stem V. ` shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle

zusammenziehen, die Miene verfinstern', Bavarian schnurfen `sich einziehen, shrink ' =

up ', Norwegian snerka, snyrkja ds., snerk(e) m. `thin skin auf the milk', Old Icelandic snerkja (*snarkian) `pull together, furrow '.

(s)ner(s)ner-k-: Armenian nergev `tenuis, gracilis' (`*zusammengeschnrt or eingeschrumpft'); ' (see also above about , ); Old High German sner(a)han (stem V.) together', Old High German snar(a)ha ` loop, noose, snare ', Old Icelandic snara gr. `das solidification, cramp, Lhmung; Krampfrochen', ` solidify, congeal

`schlingen, tie, bind, knot, bind', Middle High German snrhen ` tie, bind, knot, bind, pull

(`quick, fast' from `was sich dreht, quick, fast wendet'). Page(s): 975-977

Low German snarlken Adv. `quick, fast, bald', Old English snierian `hurry' from *snarhian References: WP. II 699 ff., WH. II 165, Trautmann 197, Vasmer 2, 213 f.

loanword is Old English snare f. ` loop, noose, snare '), snarr `rash, hasty, sharp', Middle

(*snarhn) `schlingen, tie, bind, knot, coil ', snara f. ` loop, noose, snare ' (Scandinavian

sneuRoot / lemma: sneu b - (*sneu- b -) sneu Note: Meaning: Meaning: to woo, marry, nymph
h h

snuss snous : snouss sneub sneuRoot / lemma: snuss (*snouss): daughter-in-law : Root / lemma: sneu - (*sneu-b -): to sneu : snu- sn-eu- sn-etsnu-, sn-eu-, sn-et- : to flow, swim; damp, nymph of waters. woo, marry, nymph, derived from a suffixed in - b - format of Root / lemma: sn-, sn-(t-), sn- sn (th h h

Material: Latin nub, -ere, -psi, -ptum `marry, from the wife, woman', prnuba ` married woman who conducted the bride to the bridal chamber ', cnbium (*co-snbiom) ` marriage/wedlock; right to marry; act/ceremony of marriage (usu. pl.) ';

(Kaus. *snou b ei); with secondary nasalization proto Slavic. dial. *snb-;
h

russ.-Church Slavic snubiti ` couple ', Czech snoubiti ` woo, court, marry, betroth '

nasalized gr. `bride, virgin, nymph ', ` bridegroom ', ` betroth '; Fden zusammendrehen, tie, bind, knot '. Page(s): 977-978 probably as *snusos from the connection through marriage and extension to snu- `

References: WP. II 697, WH. II 183 f., Trautmann 273, Vasmer 2, 683.

Root / lemma: sneud(h)-1 sneud(h)h)

Meaning: drowsy, to drowse Note: perhaps to sneud -2.

h

Material: Gr. `sleep; bin sleepy, careless, neglectful', , - ` sleepy '; person', snauduls ` slumber ', Latvian snadule `Schlafratze', Lithuanian snstu, sndau, References: WP. II 697. snsti `einschlummern', snud, sndis `Schlfer, Trumer'. Lithuanian snudiu, snusti, Latvian snau ` drowse ', Lithuanian snaudlius ` drowsy

Page(s): 978

sneud Root / lemma: sneu -2 Meaning: mist Material: Avestan snaoa- ` clouds', sdbalui nd `leichtes clouds, fog, Regenwolke'; gr. obnb, -ere ` veil, cover ' (durchs Perf. obnb also formal from nb, nups `marry' sharp . , Hes.; Latin nbs `cloud', in addition
h

geschieden), under between probably as denominatives verb: `(sich) bewlken' = `(sich)

cover', at first of sky, heaven, then generally; cymr. nudd `fog' (to GN Nudd see above S. 768); possibly originally as ` dampness ' = *sneud - the extension from sneu- besides snuh

and sn- (see there) `flow'; as `benebelt, dim, dusky, cloudy = sleepy ' perhaps to sneud(h)-1. References: WP. II 697, WH. II 183 f.

Page(s): 978

Page(s): 977

See also: see above under sn-. sn

sneuRoot / lemma: sneu-

Meaning: narrow

ri- (s)n riRoot / lemma: (s)n b -ri-, (s)n b -rih h

*snfr);

Material: Armenian nurb ` narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin ' (*snb -ri-, = Old Icelandic Old Icelandic snfr (Gen. -rs) `narrow; quick, fast', aschw. snver ` tight, slim, slender,
h

Note: only armen. and german.

`quick, fast, agile', reduced grade snfurligr `rash, hasty'; s- loose Nebenformen aschw. nver and nver, Old Icelandic nfr (neutr. nfrt) `rash, hasty, agile' (in addition also sober', Modern High German Bavarian nuober).

thin, narrow', Old Icelandic snfugr `rash, hasty, agile', with gradation Old Icelandic snfr

Middle High German, Modern High German Alemannian nuofer `alert, awake, smart, fresh,

Page(s): 973-974

References: WP. II 698.

Meaning: to gather in sheafs, sheaf, bundle

snppRoot / lemma: (snp-), snp-, snpsnp snp- snp

Page(s): 974-975

See also: probably extension to (s)n- `zusammendrehen'.

References: WP. II 698, WH. II 142, Trautmann 272, Vasmer 2, 682.

snop etc. ` fascicle, sheaf ';

small chain '; Old Church Slavic snop `, fasciculus, , ligatura', russ.

Material: Latin (etrusk.?) napurae `Strohseile'; Old High German snuaba `vitta', snuobili `

Meaning: to turn, to bind, attach; band; sinew

snu- snsnu Root / lemma: snu- : sn- and snu-

neuter: a-snvir- `ohne Sehnen' (snuta- `from the sinew'), Avestan snvar `sinew'

Material: Old Indic snvan- (n.) and snvn- `band, strap, sinew'; reshuffling eines r/n(snuya- `from an Tiersehne gefertigt'); Armenian neard `sinew, filament, Fiber' (*snurt); gr. `sinew', `sinew, bowstring '; Latin nervus `sinew, tendon; muscle, Nerv'; alb. nus `Bindfaden, cord' (*snu-tio-);

loop, noose, snare ' and ` quickness ', Old English snd m. `haste, hurry', Old Icelandic snigr `sich herumdrehend (of millstone), quick, fast', Gothic sniwan, Old English snowan `hurry', Old Icelandic snggr `quick, fast' (*snawwu-), Norwegian snaa

Old Icelandic sna (snera, sninn) ` coil, zwirnen, turn ' (*snwan), snr, Gen. -ar m. `

`rash, hasty, immediately ' (besides stands ein unerklrtes Old Icelandicsnemma, snimma ` early, bald'); Latvian snaujis ` loop, noose, snare '; Old Church Slavic snov and snuj, snuti

High German sniumi Adj. `rash, hasty, hasty, sly, cunning', Old English snome Adv.

`hurry'(*snawn); *sneu-mio- `hurrying' in Gothic sniumjan `hurry', sniumund `hasty', Old

`anzetteln, ordr', Iter. osnyvati, russ. snovt `anzetteln' and `quick, fast hin and her go'. Tocharian aura `Sehnen, Nerven'. cognitional with (s)n- and presumably out of it um originally formant -u- extended. Page(s): 977 References: WP. II 696, WH. II 165, Trautmann 272, Vasmer 2, 682.

(s)n(s)niRoot / lemma: (s)n- and (s)ni-

Meaning: to sew together, to web, spin

sinew' (in addition probably nv-, nv- `umgebundenes kerchief, cloth, Schurz');

Material: Old Indic (unbel.) snyati `umwindet, dressed ', snyu, snyu- f., n. `band, strap, gr. `spinnt' (*; `nebat', `good gesponnen' prove Anl. sn-), Fut.

related roots snep-, snu-, sneu-, (s)ner-, also ntr-`adder, viper'; s. also 1. ned- S. 758 f.

Note: (maybe from the present sn-i; or backwards sn- from sni-?); compare the

; `spin', `Gespinst, filament ' (= Latin nmen), `the spinning ' (: Old

'; , Gramm. probably from *-, *;

High German nt ` suture'), ` distaff (= staff for holding flax, wool, etc., in spinning) Latin ne, nre (*sn-i) `spinnen', nmen `Gespinst, texture ', ntus ds.;

Middle Breton nezaff ds. (*sn(i)i); Middle Irish snm m. `the spinning, Drehen; distress '; band', corn. snod `vitta' from engl. snood `hairband '); Old Irish snthat `needle', cymr. gradation sn- in Old Irish snth(e) ` filament ', bret. neud ds.; (but cymr. ysnoden `lace,

Middle Irish snid `dreht; binds, afflicts, mht sich ab'; cymr. nyddu `nre', corn. nethe,

nodwydd `acus, acicula', acorn. notuid, Middle Breton nadoez `needle';

suture'; Gothic nla, Old Icelandic nl, Old High German ndala, Old English ndl f.

Old High German nu `nhe' (= Latin ne, gr. , Old Indic snyati, yet without s-), nt `

`needle' (Old Icelandic snlda ` Handspindel ', probably reconverted with metathesis from *sn[i]la); *sn- in agutn. sn, New Swedish snod(d) `cord', Old English snd f. `head fascia' (: Old Irishs nth, Latvian snte); cover';

Latvian snju, snt ` lax zusammendrehen, spinnen', snte, snne, snt(e)ne f. `leinene

s-loose: ntns `leinen, zwirnen', nt(e)ne = snt(e)ne; *n- as zero grade to *ni- (see

nti ` Webertrumm '. Page(s): 973

Webstuhls', Old Church Slavic *nit ` filament, rope', russ. nt ` filament ', Serbo-Croatian

above Old Indic nv-) in Lithuanian ntis `Hevelte or Weberkamm', Latvian nts `part of

References: WP. II 694 f., WH. II 159 f., Trautmann 199, 272, Vasmer 2, 221.

snuss snous snouss Root / lemma: snuss (*snouss) Meaning: daughter-in-law Grammatical information: f. o-stem
h h

snuss snous : snouss sneub sneuRoot / lemma: snuss (*snouss): daughter-in-law : Root / lemma: sneu - (*sneu-b -): to sneu : etet- : to flow, swim; damp, nymph of waters.

Note:

woo, marry, nymph, derived from a suffixed Root / lemma: sn-, sn-(t-), snu-, sn-eu-, snsn- sn (t- snu- sn-eu- snMaterial: Old Indic snu ds. (reshaped after the Fem. in -); Armenian nu, Gen. nuoy ds., gr. ds.; Latin nurus, -s ds. (reshaped after socrus); Old High German snur, snora,

Old English snoru, Old Icelandic snor, snr, Modern High German Schnur ` daughter-in-

law ' (after the -stem), Crimean Gothic schnos (Hs. schuos); s.-Church Slavic sncha ds.; Note: Note perhaps also alb. nuse, nusja `bride' (*snusi).

Amazingly gr. , Armenian nu, nurus, alb. nuse obey the same phonetic laws of alb. sn> n- or the drop of initial s-. References: WP. II 701 f., WH. II 190, Trautmann 273, Vasmer 2, 682 f.; after Specht Indo
h

sneub sneu -.

Germanic Dekl. 90 f. to Old Indic santi ` acquires, wins ', above S. 906; s. though above Page(s): 978

Meaning: `sorcery' Page(s): 979

soi-toRoot / lemma: soi-to-

See also: see above S. 891 (s-).

solo- sol( Root / lemma: solo-, sol(e)uoNote: Meaning: whole, integrate

Root / lemma: solo-, sol(e)uo- : `whole, integrate' derived from Root / lemma: sal- : `salt; solo- sol( sallo salty water'. Material: Old Indic srva- ` unbroken, unmarred, unscathed, undamaged, whole, all, each, whole' (= gr. , , alb. gjal, compare also Latin salvus), Old Indic sarvtat(i)- ` `Ganzheit, Vollkommenheit, welfare ' (= gr. ); Armenian olj (*solio-) `fit, healthy, Latin salv from *salv) through reinterpretation to an Imperativ); every ', Avestan haurva-, . haruva- ` unbroken, unmarred, unscathed, undamaged,

intactness, completeness, entireness, wholeness, welfare, salvation', Avestan haurvatt-

whole, complete '; gr. Attic , Ionian (*F) ` complete, whole', Vok. (: besides with vollerer Formansstufe (from *F), Hes.; alb.

zero grade: Latin salvus `heil, fit, healthy, gerettet', salv (see above), Umbrian sal(u)uom or *salouo- = gr. ), Latin sals, -tis `Unverletztheit, haleness, healthiness,

gjal, gjall `strong, fat, alert, awake, smart', ngjal, ngjall `belebe, heal, fatten' (*soluo-);

`salvum', Oscan salavs `salvus', Paelignian Salauatur PN `Salvator' from *salvo- (*saluuoWohlergehen', sal-bris `the haleness, healthiness zutrglich', Sallustius (with lengthened -ll-); besides *solos in soli-dus, soldus `dense = gediegen, massiv' and `tight, firm, `omnibus'; complete, whole', solx `dense, filzig', solidre ` to make firm or solid ', Paelignian solois

Oscan sullus `omnes'; but cymr. bret. holl, oll, corn. oll `whole, all', belong to Old Irish oll (above S. 24); Tocharian A salu ` complete ', sol-me `whole'. See also: perhaps in ablaut to sl-, above sel-6 S. 900. References: WP. II 510 ff., WH. II 471 ff., 555 ff.;

Italian *sollos (*sol-no-) in Old Latin sollus `totus et solidus', Latin sollers, sollemnis etc.,

Page(s): 979-980

Root / lemma: so(s), s so(s)

Meaning: demonstrative stem; he, she also s

toGrammatical information: originally only Nom. Sg. m. f., die other case of stem to-; fem. Material: Old Indic s and sa (*sos), f. s, Avestan ha and h, f. h (also in Old Indic diese', compare gr. []);

, Avestan a-a `this'; with particle -u Old Indic a-su, Avestan hu, ap. hauv m. f. `this, gr. , (Doric :) article (Attic etc. also Pl. , compared with lterem Doric , );

substantivisch ( , ') from *sos (or sios), wherefore sich n. , Akk. , etc. s-u in [], []; - `this';

gesellte; further das with den -forms as the relative gebrauchte by Herodotus; *so-u-, alb. *so, *s in k- `this', kj `diese' (*ke-o) and a- ` that, that yonder, that one;

`illa'; Old Latin sa-psa `ipsa', sum, sam, ss, ss `eum, eam, eos, eas'; *so- in Oscan exo`hic' (e.g. Abl. f. exac) from *e-ke-so- (to front part s. ko- `this'); gall. so-sin, so-sio Akk. Sg. n., Old Irish (s)a n- Neutr. of article, and Relativpronomen, s

emphatically, that well-known; in contrast with hic, the former, (sometimes the latter)', a-j

prefixedes Pron. the 3. Sg. f. and 3. Pl. (impu `circum eos' imb + u from *sns) etc.; Old Irish demonstrative -so (*sos) `this, -e, -es'; bret. ho-n `unser', ho-z ` your '; Gothic sa, s, Old Icelandic s, s; Old English s m.; Tocharian A m. s-m, f. s-m, n. t-m; Tocharian m. se (*so), f. s, n. te;

to anaphorischen so belongs also Gatha-Avestan hi, jav. h, , ap. aiy, gr. `ihm'; hya m., hy f.; perhaps Old Irish se `this' from *siod, and -se, -sa particula augens the 1. Sg.; very doubtful is Zurckfhrung from Old Icelandic si `this' on previous *sio.
h

besides ein erweit. stem s(i)iio-, s(i)i-: Old Indic sy and (after s) sy m. sy f., ap. i

addition after Rosenfeld, Forsch. under Fortschr. 29, 176 schwachtonig si in Proto Norse sm, Avestan hm, ap. im.

Fem. *s: gr. `sie' (Soph.), Old Irish s `sie', Gothic si, Old High German s, si `sie'; in s:

si-ainaR `that', sa-si `this', su-si `diese', at-si ` this '; genus-indifferent are Akk. Old Indic

References: WP. II 509, Wackernagel-Debrunner III 536 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 610 f., Pedersen Tocharian 1113 f. Page(s): 978-979

Root / lemma: s[u]r : sr Meaning: calf (of leg) calf'?; Material: Gr. ( 89) `Beine ohne Waden'?; Ionian `Teil eines Opfertieres, Latin sra `calf', if with -r- from -r, or -- in ablaut to -u-? Page(s): 980 References: WP. II 510, WH. II 634, Frisk 205.

spakoRoot / lemma: spakoMeaning: drop, point Material: Gr. (late ) `Regentropfen, tiny bit, a slight amount, a little, a bit, a pinch ', `trpfle', n. `neugeborenes animal'; Lithuanian spkas `drip,

Pnktchen'.

Page(s): 980

References: WP. II 652, J. B. Hofmann Gr. Wb. 425.

Meaning: to be attentive, sharp-sighted Material: Old Icelandic spakr `smart, peaceful, gentle', speki f. `reason, wisdom ', spekt Old Church Slavic pa, paziti `achten auf', with s `sich hten'. See also: compare spek- ` peer ' and Old English specan etc. under (s)p(h)er(e)g-. Page(s): 981 References: WP. II 660; Note: (or sp-)

speRoot / lemma: spe-

(*spaki) f. ` wisdom ', spekja `weismachen, besnftigen';

Root / lemma: spekMeaning: to watch Material: Old Indic spati (Dhtup.), pyati ` sees ', participle spa- (= Avestan spata), Avestan spasyeiti `spht' (= Latin speci, gr. ), spas `Spher', spatar`Spher'); Armenian spasem `I expect ' is iran. loanword;

, Latin spectus), sp `Spher' (= Avestan spas, Latin au-, haru-spex), spa- ds. (: gr.

ds. (= Latin -spector, umb. spetur-e), spasan- `hinsphend auf' (= Old High German speho gr. `look, see' (- reconverted with metathesis from *spek-);

`Spher; purpose ', `observe, aim, examine ', , : `Warte', `Betrachtung'; alb. pash `I sah' (*[s]pok-s-?); Latin speci, -ere, -x, -ctum `see' (con-spici etc.), spect, -re `watch, look ', specis

`mirror', speculor, -r ` peer '; Umbrian speture `spectr', speturie `spectriae';

`sight, prestige, appearance, apparition', au-, haru-spex; specus, -s `cave', speculum Old High German spehn ` peer ', in addition speha f. `aufmerksames Betrachten,

Nom. postv. 1, 41); sp ` forecast, soothsay ' (*spahn, s. Wissmann a. a. O. 1, 110), spr `wahrsagend, prophetisch' (*spaha-s); Old Saxon Old High German sphi `smart, skilful'. References: WP. II 659 f., WH. II 570 f.;

gr. ? yet point at sp- auf root stress and is post-verbal origin dubious, s. Wissmann

Untersuchung, Auskundschaftung, Aufpassen'; Old Icelandic sp `Wahrsagung' (*spah :

Page(s): 984

See also: compare spe- `hinsehen'.

(s)pelRoot / lemma: (s)pel-

Meaning: to speak aloud; to tell

Material: Armenian aa-spel `Sage, proverb, saying, riddle '; Gothic spill n. ` narration, Sage, fable', Old Icelandic spjall n. ` narration, discourse ', Old

`Evangelium'; Old High German spel, -les n. ` narration, discourse, Mrchen', Old High German Beispiel;

English spell n. ` narration, discourse, Predigt' (engl. gospel = Old English gd-spell)

German Middle High German b-spel `belehrende narration, fable, Gleichnis', Modern High therefrom Gothic spilln ` promulgate, tell', Old Icelandic spialla `talk, mention ', Old

High German spellen `tell, talk, babble, chatter ';

English spellian `talk, tell' (engl. spell), Old High German got-spelln `evangelizare', Middle

wherein - am ehesten die preposition *n `in'; (also Germanic -ll- probably from -ln-) `proficient ausschmhen', as well as Tocharian pl-, pl- ` praise '. Page(s): Page(s): 985 References: WP. II 676 f., WH. I 59, Frisk 119 f.

( `drohe; gelobe, verheie; rhme myself, boast, brag'), whether from *,

with it are as s- loose forms compatible gr. ` threat; prahlerische Versprechung'

Latvian pelt `vilify, scold, blaspheme, slander', pal'as (Plur.) `reprimand, abuse ', iz-pal'ut

Meaning: to offer libation

spendRoot / lemma: spend-

gods; Pl. Vertrge';

`schliee einen pact, covenant'; `Spende, libation, drink offering made to the Latin sponde, -re (Kaus.-Iter.) `feierlich promise, sich verbrgen'; sponsa `die

Material: Gr. `verspreche (Gortyn); bringe ein Trankopfer dar, spende', Med.

Verlobte'; respondre `eine Gegenleistung promise; antworten'; despondre animum `den courage sinken let'; Hittite ipand- `spenden, sacrifice'. References: WP. II 662, 665, WH. II 578 f., Pedersen Hittite 166.

Page(s): 989

(s)pen-1(dRoot / lemma: (s)pen-1(d-) Meaning: to pull; to spin (s)pen- sp(i)penpNote: (s)pen- : sp(i)- `ziehen' = pen- `feed': p- ` graze the cattle, feed' = b - : b enh h

`speak'; compare das different vokalisierte pn- ` texture ', above S. 788. Material: 1. forms without -s-:

s. above Meillet Esquisse 55, 105, 111 f.;

2

Armenian hanum, Aor. hanay and henum, Aor. heni `to weave, stitch up, sew together';

hardship, distress ', `mhe myself ab, etc.', `in schlechtem Zustande,

gr. `strenge myself an, mhe myself ab, have Mangel', `mhsame work,

defective, faulty, lewd, lasterhaft', `arm, poor', `lack, poverty', `starve', tos; diese or eine similar t-formation lies also dem Old Irisht- ` apparel ' the basic; Latvian pinu, pt `flax, wattle, braid', pinekls `manacle'; from which probably retrograd `hunger' and Hes. as *pn-

Lithuanian pinu, pnti `flax, wattle, braid', pntis m. f., Old Prussian panto f. `manacle',

dress', pto `manacle'(serb. pto), wherefore among others russ. prepjt `hinder', raspjt `crucify ', pjat, pnut `with dem Fuestoen' and Old Church Slavic pta `calcaneus ' (serb. petasati `with den Fen ausschlagen'), russ. pjat, serb. pta,

Old Church Slavic pn, pti `spannen', ablaut. opona f. `curtain', ponjava `Umhang,

Lithuanian pntis m. `ds.; back the axe, the scythe', Old Prussian pentis `calcaneus '; perhaps alb. pend, pnd `pair Ochsen; yoke (piece of wood as field measure)' from a

*pent `* yoke, pair of harnessed oxen '; also penk `Koppel'; 2. forms with anlaut. s-:

Latin sponte `from eigenem actuation, from freiem Willen'; compare spannan S. 982 from *sp-nu), Old High German spinna ` spider' (under the `Gespinst', Old English spinel, Old High German spinala (and spinnila) ` spindle'. 3. extension (s)pen-d-: (s)penspndau, -yti `spannen', Lithuanian spanskus `narrow, drckend', spstas ` dragnet ', Lithuanian spndiu, spsti `einen Fallstrick lay, place (spannen)', Old Lithuanian influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-); with plain n: Old Icelandic spuni m. Gothic Old High German Old English spinnan, Old Icelandic spinna `spinnen' (*spenu,

spundr `plough', gr. Hes. (i.e. );

Latvian spendele ` feather an a Schlosse', spanda `Strickwerk am Pflug', as also pm. Old Church Slavic pnd `span', pditi `urge, press, push, drive, push' (originally

Latvian spist `press, constrain, oblige', iterative spaidt, spusts `Fallstrick, dragnet ',

perhaps `ein Vieh an gespanntem Strick vorwrtsziehen'); presumably also as `gespannt weighing hang), Umbrian ampentu `impendit'; whether also Old English finta m. `tail, Folge'? References: WP. II 660 ff., WH. II 579 f., Trautmann 214, 219, Vasmer 2, 272, 379 f. Page(s): 988 hngen', Latin pende, -re ` hang, herabhangen', pend, -re `wgen, assess, pay' (to

Meaning: teat; breast

speno- stnono stnono Root / lemma: speno-, stno-, p()stno-

Zitzen', Middle Irish sineSein `uvula';

Material: 1. anlaut sp: Old Irish sine m. `teat': b tri-phne = b tr sine `cow with drei

Maybe alb. Geg (*sini) gjini `breast, teat' [common alb. s- > gj-] probably homonym with winding; of dress, a fold, pocket, lap; in a coastline, a bay, gulf. Transf. heart, secret feelings'.

alb. gji `bay, harbor' : contaminated by Latin sinus `a bent surface, hollow, coil, curve, fold,

Low German spene ds.; o-grade Old English spane, spanu f. ` nipple ', spanan

Old Icelandic speni m. `teat, nipple ' (Old Swedish spini also `Zpfchen in neck'), Middle

compare Modern High German Span-ferkel); reduced grade Middle Low German spone f., Old High German spunni, (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Middle High German spnne and spune ` nipple '; Lithuanian spens `teat, Zpfchen in neck,

`entwhnen'; Middle High German spen f. `breast, Mother's milk ' (probably *spani;

Ohrlppchen', Old Prussian spenis `teat'.

nipple, knot' (*pstna), ravafny `the hochbusigen', Old Indic stna- `breast, esp.

2. Middle Persian np. pistn ` female breast' (*pstna-), Avestan ftna- m. Du. `ds.,

female '; Armenian stin ` female breast' (*stno-; Gen. Sg. stean); gr. Hes. bestanden, das besides eine parallel formation ins Leben treten lie??). The association the Anlaute under p()stn- seems possible.

(da related sei, is heavy credible; has besides , once a *-, *-

Page(s): 990

References: WP. II 663, Trautmann 275, Specht, Indo Germanic Dekl. 86.

Meaning: to hurry, to spring

sperh spreh sprenh Root / lemma: sperh-, spreh-, nasalized sprenh-

bestrebt';

Material: Old Indic sprhyati ` longs for, empfindet envy ', Avestan -sprzat `war gr. ` storm along, hurry ( `hasty, hasty, rash, hasty'), boisterous,

Note: Erweit. from sper- ` twitch, schnellen'.

be angry, furious ', `drnge, drive', `quick, fast, hasty', Adv. `violent, ardent '; here cymr. ffraeth (see 996); Old Icelandic springa `spring, burst out, break out ', Old English Old Saxon Old High

German springan ds.; Kaus. Old High German sprengen `spring make (ein horse),

(zer)sprengen' and `strew, distribute, spray, sprenkeln', Old Icelandic sprengja ` sprinkle ', Old English sprengan ` outspread, break, crack; burst, sen'; Middle High German sprinc

(-g-) `spring, wellspring', Old English spring `Wasserquell', engl. spring `ds., Sprungfeder, Knospenspringen, spring '; old Ablautform *sprgh- in Old Icelandic sprga `spring, run'. References: WP. II 675, Trautmann 278 f.

Page(s): 998

Meaning: rafter; pole, spear

(s)perRoot / lemma: (s)per-1

Kriegswaffe' (*sp ro-); in addition a kind of fish sparus, gr. ; alb. shparr, shperdh English spere n., Old Frisian spiri, spere, sper, Old Saxon Old High German sper, Middle `aesculus'; Old Icelandic spari, sparri m. `Speiler, rafter, balk, beam', sperra f. (*sparrin) `roof beam', Old High German sparro `balk, beam, roof beam, shaft, pole', Modern High German Sparren ` rafter'; therefrom Old Icelandic sperra `with Sparren versehen; die sparrian `verrammeln', Old High German Middle High German sperren ` through High German sper m. n., Modern High German Speer m., Old High German spereboum `oak' (as `timber'; rr from rn); Germanic *speru- in Old Icelandic spjr `spear, javelin', Old
e

Material: Latin sparus, sparum `kurzer spear, javelin of Landvolkes as Jagd- and drftige

Note: originally denominativ

Beine spreizen, aussperren, verhindern'; Old Icelandic sperra, Old English be-, geeinenSperrbalken verschlieen, sperren; ausspreizen'; Germanica for Siewers 367);

other formations Old High German spirdren `nt' (j-Verb as muntren, s. Schatz,

*pr, *perti `prop, support', with pod- `fulcire', with za- `claudere', e.g. Old Church Slavic podpr, preti `prop, support', zaprti `shut', russ. u-pert `stemmen, an or against etwas prop, support; refl. sich whereof lean, sich wogegen sperren, struben', zapert pora `fulcrum, baculum', russ. upr `pad, Strebepfeiler' etc. Page(s): 990-991 `versperren, verschlieen', poln. prze `spreizen, lock ', Old Church Slavic podpor, References: WP. II 665 f., WH. II 254, 568, Trautmann 275 f., Vasmer 2, 341.

without anl. s-: Latin paries `wall' (originally `die Seitensttzen eines Zeltes '); Slavic

sper-2(gRoot / lemma: sper-2(g-)

Meaning: a kind of bird (sparrow?)

Material: Gothic sparwa, Old English spearwa, Old High German sparo `sparrow' (*proto Germanic *sparwan-); Middle High German sperlinc Modern High GermanSperling,

diminutive; Old Icelandic sprr ds. from *sparwa-z, compare also Modern High German Sperber, Old High German sparwri (final ending after Old High German aro ` eagle ' transfigured?);

Gen. *F?), newer , , m. ds., `stargrau'; in addition Low German (Modern High German) sprehe `Star';

gr. , Ionian ep. (hom. Akk. Pl. ), Gen. `Star' (originally *F-,

gr. Hes. (*Fn-tiom); the formant u also (??) in

probably Old Saxon spr, Dutch spreeuw, North Frisiansprian, Middle Low German sprn, corn. frau, bret. fro `crow' (*spraw); da Latin parra `ein bird, dessen Geschrei

sei, is quite dubious;

Unglckbedeutete', Umbrian parfam, parfa `parram' (*parsa) an s- loose kinsman, relative Tocharian A spr `ein bird';

(actually `Sperlingsgeier'), ablaut. spurglis m. `sparrow'. Page(s): 991 References: WP. II 666 f., WH. II 257, Trautmann 275.

High German sperk, sperch, spirch `sparrow', Old Prussian spergla-wanag[is] `Sperber'

forms auf g: gr. PN `sparrow', () Hes.; Old

sperRoot / lemma: sper-3

Meaning: to turn, wind

Material: Gr. f. ` convolution, Spirale, all Geflochtene (e.g. of net, rope, hawser)',

`coil, wickle', ` convolution, diaper '; m. `ein shrub, bush, from

dessen Ruten man Bander or Stricke flocht', , `gedrehtes or geflochtenes rope, band'; (Ionian ) `geflochtener basket' (from dem Akk. derives through etrusk. mediation Latin sporta `geflochtener basket'); Old Lithuanian spartas `band, strap'; probably here Armenian p`arem, p`arim g-extension spereg-, nasalized spreng- ` coil, umwickeln, dadurch eng tie up ': speregsprengGr. `wickle ein', ` diaper ';

`umschliee, umarme'.

sprengti ds., sprangs `wrgend', Latvian sprangt `einschnren'.

Lithuanian springst, sprigti ` strangle, throttle, choke (Intr., beim Schlucken)',

Page(s): 991-992

References: WP. II 667 f., Trautmann 279.

sp( sp(h) Root / lemma: sp(h)ei : sp(h) and sp(h) : sp(h)-2 Meaning: to pull, drag Material: Gr. , (*sp-s) `pull, zerre, verrenke, falle with Zuckungen, Krmpfen an, pull ein, suck ein'; m. `Zuckung, cramp'; m. `Ziehen, Zuckung, cramp', n. ds. `rag, scrap, shred'; -- e.g. in , - f.

`Pflanzenabsenker', `abgerissenerZweig', m. ` twitch, cramp, `the castrator', Ionian `pull ab, reie ab ()', argiv. `' (`in die `stehend'; n. `skin' (`*Abgezogenes'); Lnge gezogen'); das sonstige ` racecourse ', probably through support in partly auf a present *sp-n and sp-nu based on probably die Germanic family Old

(*spanjan) `allure, entice, incite ' = Old Icelandic spenja `allure, entice, berreden',

entice, veranlassen, set in motion ', Old English spanan ds., Old High German spennen Norwegian spana (*spann) `spannen, strecken', span m. `Spannung', Old High German

High German spanan ` entice, stir, tease, irritate' (`*lure, tempt '), Old Saxon spanan `

German (ge)-spenst `enticement, devilish delusion, Gespenst', Modern High German (*sp-n-), widerspn ds., widerspne `widerspenstig'; Old High German spannan (*spnu) `spannen, anspannen'; intr. `sich dehnen, gespannt inerwartungsvoller

spanst ` actuation, allurement, temptation '; gi-spanst `enticement, deception ', Middle High

abspenstig machen, widerspenstig; Middle High German spn `discord, fight, contentio'

Spannung sein', Middle High German spannen ds.; Old English spannan `spannen, fasten, anfgen', Middle High German span, -nnes `Spannung, Zerwrfnis, discord', Old High spenna `umspannen, umschlieen, urge, press, push', Middle High German spennen German spanna, Old English spann f., Old Icelandic spnn f. `span', Kaus. Old Icelandic `spannen, dehnen'; eine Germanic Gutturalableitung in addition in Modern High German floe, floating mass of ice'; spanst wird Germanic formation from spanan from sein.

Spange; Old High German spanga, Old English spang ds., Old Icelandic spng `thinPlatte, Auf a to-participle *sp-ts with the meaning from Latin tenuis `thin, also watery, from

liquids' based on probably Old Swedish spdher `fragile, flimsy, tender, young ', schw. spd, Danish spd `tender', Old Icelandic spa `thin soup'; the same meaning `tenuis' with i-vocalism in: gr. - ` lean '; Old Irish sim (*spimi-) ` exilis, macer ', sime `Dnne';

spink `schmchtiger person', Norwegian spiken `arid, lean, geruchert' (Old Icelandic Middle Low German spik `dry' (Modern High German Spick-aal etc.).

Icelandic spiki m. `Meise'; Swedish dial. spikjin `thin, fragile, flimsy, lean ', Swedish dial. spiki-lax `gedrrter salmon'), isl. speikja `dehydrate, desiccate', Swedish spink `splinter',

with guttural extension: gr. Hes., , Hes.; Old

sp( (s)pen-1(d(s)p(h)euSee also: in addition sp(h)i-3, (s)pen-1(d-) and (s)p(h)eu-d-. Page(s): 982

References: WP. II 655 f.;

Meaning: to split, splinter

(s)p(h)elg )p(h)elgRoot / lemma: (s)p(h)elg-

Old English spelc, spilc `chip, splinter, Holzschiene', East Frisian spalke `splinter', spalken `break, crack, split', Old Icelandic spelkja, Old English spilcan `schienen'; compare cymr. fflochen `wooden splinter' (*splokitn);

Material: Armenian p`elk `long piece of wood or Stoff'; Old Icelandic spjalkir Pl. `Speiler',

(s)p(h)elNote: (further formations from (s)p(h)el- ds.)

Wachstum zurckgeblieben', become better to a particular family the meaning `verkmmern, kmmerlich' zusammengeschlossen. Page(s): 987 References: WP. II 680.

gr. , Hes.; Lithuanian paspilgs `thin in straw (of corn, grain), in

Meaning: spleen

sp( elh(en, ), splenh spl Root / lemma: sp(h)elh(en, -) splenh-, splh-

Material: Old Indic plhn-, Avestan sprzan- m., Armenian p`aican, gr. (*, Breton felc'h, Old Church Slavic slzena. compare Nom. Pl. ` intestines, entrails '), Latin lin, Old Irish selg f., Middle

Note: taboo deformed

Maybe from Avestan sprzan derived alb. (*speltan) shpretna `spleen'. 451; different Specht, Die old Sprachen 5, 120. Page(s): 987

References: WP. II 680, WH. I 789, Trautmann 256, Vasmer 2, 605, Turner BSOAS 18,

(s)p(h)elRoot / lemma: (s)p(h)el-1

Meaning: to split, cut off, tear off; board

Material: Old Indic sphaati (Dhtup.) `reit, springt auf', sphaita- `gesprungen, zerfetzt', sphaik- `Bergkristall' (`sich blttrig abspaltend'), *sphyati `splits', covered das participle sphita-; sphuti `splits sich, springt auf, platzt, reit' (sek. sphati); besides

(: Gothic spilda); Old Indic paati `splits sich, cracks', payati `splits, breaks, rips' (: pa`sharp', gr. ` salty '? s.under *plt-s); phlati `cracks, springt divided ', phlakam `(*cloven wood) board, lath, leaf, shield,

diesen t- present (: Old High German spaltan) das to-participle sphua- `aufgeblht, open '

Hes. `schildtragend', npers. ispar, sipar `shield' (Old Indic pharam, spharam `shield', uncovered, probably from dem Iran. and in anlaut after phlakam directed);

Holzbank', phla- m. ` plowshare ' (`zugespitztes Aststck'?); Old pers. Glosse -

aufreiend'), , Hes., Hes., `Schreisen';

man sich reit, scarifies '), , , , ` mole ' (`die Erde

gr. , Hes., `Stechdorn', m. ds. (`*whereof

Hes. (: Latin spolium), Attic `abgezogenes fell, fur' and `berwurf from Leder, breastplate, mantle', Aeolic , Attic `scissors'; to also `Fublock for Gefangene; Wurfscheibe' and `throw (originally with

`Prgeln'), toss, fling, bump, poke' and `(at first beim Ringen) ein leg place, in fight,

struggle hinder', from which `bring to collapse, injure, hurt, deceive, cheat, deceive', Med. certainly', ` slippery ', `falscher footstep '; `wooden log, club, cudgel; ausgehhlter block, bench '; from Alb. perhaps pal `side, party ' (*poln, compare Old Church Slavic pol `side,

`waver, fall, sich irren', `unerschtterlich, ohne sich fortstoen to let' - ` peaceful,

earth', plish ` reed ' (*pli-sio-): booty';

bank, border, shore, gender, sex, half'); popl `Felsstck, plaice', plis (*pli-tio-) `clod of Latin spolium `abgezogene or abgelegte Tierhaut; dem Feinde abgenommene Rstung, with t-Erweit.: Old High German spaltan, Middle Low German spalden `split', Gothic

Weberei'; Old Icelandic spjall, spell `damage' (*spela-, -i-), Old English spil, spild `

`splint; bit of wood', Middle High German spelte ` cleaved bit of wood, Handgert the

spilda (*spelt) `Schreibtafel', Old Icelandic spjald (*speltos) `board', Old English speld

annihilation, Ruin', whereof Old Icelandic spilla, spella `spoil, slay' (*speljan, *speln),

Old Saxon spildian, Old English spildan `destroy', Old High German spildan, spilden

German spelza Vulgar Latin spelta (from which:) ` spelt '; engl. spelter `Zink' (*spaldiz-); Old English spaldur `Balsam' (*spalduz- ` effluence from cloven plant '); n-present Old

cloven piece', East Frisian spalter ds., Germanic *spelt (out of it Latin spelta) in Old High

`waste, spread', Old Saxon spildi ` generous '; Germanic t in Middle Low German spelte `

Englishspillan, Middle High German spillen `split' (*spelljan), wherefore without s- Swedish ds., Middle High German spale ` rung, horizontal step on a ladder '; probably (as `thin, flat fjll `Schinnen in Haar'; Old Icelandic splr `thin flache shaft, pole', Middle English spale

bit of wood') Old High German spuolo m., isl. sple `Weberschiffchen', Norwegian sple `coil, spool' (Germanic *splan-); Old High German spuola (Germanic *spln-) `coil, spool', `duct, tube, pipe, quill '; without anl. s-: Old Icelandic fjl `board' (*pel);

(*paltin); mcymr. allaw `shave' (*alt-mu-); J. Loth RC. 45, 173. grasp'; Old Prussianspelanxtis `splinter';

knife ', abret. altin gl. ` ferula ', Middle Breton autenn, nbret. aotenn ` shearing knife '

with t-Erweit., but without s- probably Irish alta(i)n, cymr. ellyn, acymr. elinn ` shearing

Lithuanian splis, Pl. spliai, Latvian spal'i `Flachsschben'; Latvian spals `handle, hold, Old Church Slavic ras-platiti `split' (*poltiti, compare Modern High German spalten, Old

`(abgeschnittene) Speckseite', poltina `half', Old Church Slavic pol, Gen. -u `half, side, `weed'; *o-peln in Czech oplen, oplin `Gipfstock, Rungenstock', sloven. opln `Wagengipfenholz' etc.;

palica, Old Russian palka `stick', russ. ras-polt `entzweischneiden', plot, polt

Indic sphaati), plat `, scrap, shred', polno `piece of wood wood', polica `board',

bank, border, shore, gender, sex'; Old Bulgarian plv, plti (russ. polt) ` weed ', plvel

Gefieder, hair', spilva `husk, Samenwolle, Wollgras', splvns `Bettkissen' etc.; Tocharian A spltk-, spalk- `sich anstrengen';

with dem v from plv (*pelu) is zusammenzuhalten: Latvian spalva ` feather,

References: WP. II 677 ff., WH. II 571 f., 577 f., Trautmann 204, Vasmer 2, 398, Flasdieck Zink under Zinn, 157 ff. See also: with (s)p(h)el- `split' hang possibly together: pel- `skin, fell, fur', spelg- `split', `abspalten'.

splei- `split', pli- `naked, bald, bleak', plk- plik- ` rend ', pleu (s-, -k-) `ausrupfen', plasPage(s): 985-987

Meaning: to shine, shimmer

(s)p(h)elRoot / lemma: (s)p(h)el-2

Material: Old Indic sphuliga- m. `spark' (Erweiter. eines *sphuli = Armenian p`ail, Indo Germanic *sph li-), vi-sphulga- ds., vi-spuligak- ` sparking, producing sparks';
e

p`op`oim `gleams'.

Armenian p`ail, Gen. p`ailic ` radiance, shimmer ', p`ailem `gleam, shimmer'; p`ap`aim, sp(h)el(s)p(h)lengg-extension sp(h)el-g-, nasalized (s)p(h)leng-: spulgans, spilgans ` shimmering, gleaming'; nasalized Germanic *flinka- ` shimmering, quick, fast', flinkern `gleam, shimmer', Middle High German kupfervlinke `Kupfererz', einem etwas vormachen', and perhaps Latvian plaga, pluga, plega `blister'. (s)plnd- (s)plnd ndd-extension, nasalized (s)plnd-, (s)plnd-: Lithuanian splndiu, splendti `gleam, shine'; perhaps also Old Irish lss (*lanssu- from Gr. m. ( f. Hes.) `ash'; Latin splende, -re `gleam, shimmer', Old Latvian spulgut `gleam, sparkle, glitter', spulgis `the Funkelnde = the morning star',

also from rascher Bewegung' in Low German (Modern High German) flink `rash, hasty, changing through ablaut (perhaps secondary) Modern High German flunkern `flicker;

*plnd-tu-) `light'; Middle Irish lainnech `gleaming' (*plndiko). (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). References: WP. II 679 f., WH. II 576 f.

Page(s): 987

sp(h)e(n)dRoot / lemma: sp(h)e(n)d-

Meaning: to shiver, to shake

Material: Old Indic spandat `shrugs, jerks, hits, knocks from', spanda- m. ` twitch, `Schleuder', ` twitch, wriggle, bewege myself violent'(*n-); , movement', snyu-spanda- `Pulsschlag', spandana- m. `twitching'; gr.

m. `whirl an the spindle, etc.'; unnasalized , `violent, keen, East Frisian spat(t), spad(de) ` tumefaction am Pferdefu' (Germanic d, dd besides t, tt kann new Variation sein), Low German Dutch spatten ` twitch, wriggle '; here Lithuanian spstu, spsti `erglnzen', spndiu, spindti `gleam', Latvian atspst

eager'; older Dutch spat `cramp', Modern High German Spat(h), Middle High German spat,

luminous' (*spands), spudrs `gleaming, durchsichtig, clean' (*spondros).

`wiedererglnzen', spdt `gleam, gleam, shine', ablaut. spus `gleaming, bright,

See also: compare *sp(h)eng- `gleam'. Page(s): 989

References: WP. II 664, Trautmann 275;

sp(h)engRoot / lemma: sp(h)engMeaning: to shine *spegNote: (and *speg-?)

sp(h)eng*(s)p(h)ereg- (s)p(h)ergh)erg Root / lemma: sp(h)eng- : to shine derived from Root / lemma: *(s)p(h)ereg-, (s)p(h)erg-, Material: Lithuanian spingu, spingti `gleam', spigis `Durchbau in Walde'; spgulis `Johanneswrmchen', spguluot `shimmer'; spuoga ` reflection ', spuogalas f. Pl. ` Old Prussian soanxti (leg. spanxti) `spark'; `verblendet', spangs `Halbblinder, Schielender'; also Old English spincan ` spark, to this group as `* blinking ' also Lithuanian spagas ` inarticulate seeing ', apspags Latvian spgana `eine Lufterscheinung, dragon, witch ', spgans ds., spganis `Irrlicht', (s)p(h)rgspreng(s)p(h)rg- (nasalized spreng-) : to rush, hurry; to scatter, sprinkle.

Note:

radiance ', spuogt `gleam';

produce sparks', engl. spunk `spark, Feuerschwamm, tinder' as `*phosphoreszierend'; same words identified become, possibly also Lithuanian spegti ` clink ', Latvian spegt `as perhaps Indo Germanic spheng-, also to gr. n. `light, shine', ` shine, da *spend- `gleam' eine Zerlegung in *sp(h)en-g-, -d- zur Erwgung places, kann (s)peg- gelten, das erschlossen wird from Modern High German Spuk from Middle Low da helle light- and onomatopoeic words Schallempfindungen frequent, often with the

eine mouse pfeifen' angereiht become; erhelle';

speng-not zuversichtlich as nasal form eines:

German spk `spook, ghost' (Germanic*spk-); if in addition also the group from Middle Low German spakeren `spray' (etc.)?. References: WP. II 663 f.

Page(s): 989-990

sp(h)erd(h)- (s)p(h)red(h)sp(h)rend(h)Root / lemma: sp(h)erd(h)-, (s)p(h)red(h)-, nasalized sp(h)rend(h)-

Meaning: to rush; to spring; running Comments:

sp(h)erNote: d(h)-extension to 1. and 2. sp(h)er-.

sp(h)erd(h)- (s)p(h)red(h)sp(h)rend(h)Root / lemma: sp(h)erd(h)-, (s)p(h)red(h)-, nasalized sp(h)rend(h)- : to rush; to spring; sprengspreng-) : to rush, hurry; to scatter, sprinkle.

running, derived from Root / lemma: *(s)p(h)ereg-, (s)p(h)erg-, (s)p(h)rg- (nasalized *(s)p(h)ereg- (s)p(h)erg (s)p(h)rgg-

Material: Old Indic sprdhat, sprdhti (Perf. pasprdh, Inf. sprdhs) `wetteifern, fight', in spartan. names ; Gothic spards f. ` racecourse ', Old English spyrd m. ` racecourse, Wettlauf', Old High German spurt ` racecourse '. In weiterem Bedeutungsumfange: Norwegian spradla ds. (*sprala), westfl. spraddeln ds., Old High German sprataln ds., Gr. ` jump, wriggle, violent bewegt sein'; Old Icelandic spraka ` wriggle ', sprdh- f. `Wetteifer, fight, struggle' (: Gothic spards), Avestan sprd- f. ` eagerness '; gr.

Old High German sprata `linea, regula, norma', Middle High German spretzen `spray'; Old Icelandic sporr m. `tail; uerstes end from etwas', Middle High German sporte `tail', Old tail'; Icelandic *sperill, Pl. *sper[]lar assumed from Norwegian dial. speril, sperl, spl `kurzen with Germanic t: Swedish sprata `with den Fen umherstoen, strampeln', Norwegian

(*sprattian) `ausspritzen', Modern High German Bavarian spratzeln `spray, spray', Middle Low German spartelen, spertelen, sportelen ` wriggle '; nasal. Old Icelandic spretta (*sprintan) `auffahren, jump, sprossen, spray, aufgehen

spratla ` wriggle ', Old High German sprazzaln ` wriggle ', Middle High German spretzen

Middle High German sprenzen schw. V. ` sprinkle, spray, sprenkeln = bunt schmcken, the Blumen, Farbenschmelz', Modern High German Bavarian sprinz `aufgeschossener junger person', Old High German spranz `crack', Middle High German spranz `das nordengl. sprent `spring, burst', sprent ` smirch, stain, splotch '; sprdis ds.; Aufspringen the Blumen; das Sich-spreizen', Middle English sprenten `spring, run',

(from the sun)', Kaus. spretta (*sprantian; partly also sprattian?) `losreien, separate',

clean' and `sich spreizen, einherstolzieren'; Middle High German sprinz `das Aufspringen

Lithuanian sprndas ` nape ', Latvian sprada ds., Lithuanian sprinds `span', Latvian

with Germanic d:

woman';

Old English sprind `agile, lively, strong', Old Icelandic sprund f. ` gap, cleft, fissure; wife, Old Church Slavic predaj, -ati `spring; tremble', russ. prjdat, prjnut ` jump, spring',

ablaut. poln. prd `Stromschnelle', slov. prdek `alert, awake, smart' etc. Page(s): 995-996 References: WP. II 675 f., Trautmann 277 f., Vasmer 2, 450.

sp(h)er- sp(h)er Root / lemma: sp(h)er-1, sp(h)er-

Meaning: to make a rash movement, to push away, to rush, etc.. Note: compare per-1`sprhen, spray', further: sper- `sparrow', sper- `rafter', sp(h)erGrammatical information: spri, spr-n-mi ds.; n-

sp(h)er- sp(h)er Root / lemma: sp(h)er-1, sp(h)er- : to make a rash movement, to push away, to rush, ) : to rush, hurry; to scatter, sprinkle.

Comments:

', sp(h)reig- `strotzen'

`Mistkgelchen', sp(h)ereg- ` twitch ', sperh- `sich hastig bewegen', sp(h)ered(h)- ` twitch

etc.., derived from Root / lemma: *(s)p(h)ereg-, (s)p(h)erg-, (s)p(h)rg- (nasalized spreng*(s)p(h)ereg- (s)p(h)erg (s)p(h)rggsprengMaterial: Old Indic sphurti `stt with dem Fue weg, tritt, schnellt, shrugs, jerks, trembles, zappelt', pasphar Aor. Inj. `schnelle weg, entzieh dich rasch' (: Latin

`blinking, gleaming, scintillant, flickering, sparkling', n. ` twitch, sparkle, Erscheinen', compare Lithuanian sprti), pharpharyate `bewegt sich heftig hin and her'; spr`losmachen', sprti `wehrt ab', sprti ` slays ';

aspernr), apa-sphra- `wegstoend' (: Latin asper-), sphra- `blinking', sphuraa-

visphrita-m `das Schnellen'; sphrti- `the burst out, break out, Offenbarwerden' (*sphr-ti-,

stomp', sparman- n. perhaps ` step, tread; kick, strike or blow delivered by the foot; footprint, track, shove ', np. sipardan `tread'; Armenian spanal `bedrohen' (Indo Germanic sp-);

Avestan spar(aiti) `tritt, stt', with fr `rushes, hastes', with vi `auseinandertreten, -

, , Hes. (aspiriert `Ball zum Spielen'?), aspiriert German spuri-halz `hinkend', actually `knchel-lame');

gr. , (- vowel suggestion) ` twitch, wriggle ' (= Lithuanian spiri),

`ankle, calcaneus ', wovon `hammer, beetle, hammer' (to compare Old High

r `from sich weisen', asper `rough, harsh, abstoend' (: Old Indic apa-sphra-);

Latin spern, -ere, spr-v, -tum `back-, fortstoen, verschmhen, despise ', aspernor, Old Irish seir `calcaneus ' (*speret-s), Akk. Du. di pherid, cymr. ffr, ffern ` the ankle,

ankle bone; the heel, knuckles, a little hammer; a kind of fire-dart '; Middle Breton fer ds.; cymr. uffarn `ankle' from *opi-sp r-no-;
e

bump, poke', spurnen (spurnta) ds., `zurckstoen' (spurnida `Ansto'), Old Icelandic prsensbildendes n: Old Icelandic spora `with Fen treten', Old English sporettan `with spyrna `with dem Fue bump, poke; (den foot) entgegenstemmen'; without

bump, poke'; Old High German spornn `with the calcaneus ausschlagen, dem Fue

`zurckstoen, despise ', Old Saxon Old High German spurnan `tread, with dem Fue

(-aa) `with dem Fue ausschlagen', Old English spurnan, spornan `ds., also

English speornan ds., Old High German firspirnit `stt an, tritt fehl'; Old Icelandic sporna

Old Icelandic sperna `with den Fen ausschlagen, wegstoen' (: Latin spern), Old

dem Fue bump, poke'; Old Icelandicspori, Old English spora, spura, Old High German

sporo ` spur '; Old Icelandic Old English Old High German spor n. ` footprint ', Middle High German spur, spr f. n. `spoor, track ', Old High German spuri-halz `lame, hinkend, from horses' (see above to ), Old High German (etc.) spurjan, spurren `the spoor

golze f. `ein Teil the Beinbekleidung' (perhaps `Wadenstutzen'); with erweiterndem g: Old Icelandic sparka `with dem Fue bump, poke', in addition postverbal spark `Getrampel';

nachgehen, erforschen, skillful '; Old English spearwa m. `calf', Middle High German spar-

spars ` energy, Schwung, force '; Lithuanian sparts `ausgiebig; rash, hasty, agile, lively',

Fen bump, poke'; Latvian spert `ausschlagen (of horse), with dem Fue bump, poke';

(from the heavy basis), ablaut. tsparas `Widerstand', sprdau, -yti `continual with den

Lithuanian spiri, sprti `with dem Fue bump, poke, urge, press, push, constrain, oblige'

Flgeln jiggle or flutter', susprsti from birds `in eine schnurrende Bewegung geraten', then generally `in heftigen rage, fury geraten, violent become' are probably onomatopoeic words (compare Modern High German brr!). Page(s): 992-993 References: WP. II 668 ff., WH. I 73, WH. II 572 f., Trautmann 275 f.

Old Prussian sparts `mighty', sperclan `Zehballen'; but Lithuanian spurzdti `sich with den

(s)p(h)er- sprei- spreuRoot / lemma: (s)p(h)er-2, sprei-, spreuMeaning: to sprinkle, scatter Note: probably with sp(h)er-1 ` twitch ' identical, also with per-1, above S. 809 f.

(s)p(h)er- sprei- spreuRoot / lemma: (s)p(h)er-2, sprei-, spreu- : to sprinkle, scatter, derived from Root / lemma: *(s)p(h)ereg- (s)p(h)erg (s)p(h)rggspreng*(s)p(h)ereg-, (s)p(h)erg-, (s)p(h)rg- (nasalized spreng-) : to rush, hurry; to scatter, sprinkle.

Comments:

vast, spacious' (would be *sphro-);

(compare gr. , -); perhaps also sp`em `zerstreue', sp`ir `zerstreut, verstreut,

Material: A. Armenian p`arat `zerstreut' (*ph r-), p`aratem `zerstreue, entferne, take away '
e

n. ` seed, sperm ', , m. `das Sen, the seed ', , - `verstreut', Adv. , `dnngest, sparse ';
h

gr. `streue, sow, sprenge, spritze, sprhe' (, , ),

Middle Irish sreb `stream' (*spre-b ); srb `stream, torrent, Schaar' (*spr-b u-); `Sprengwedel'; with dem by Germanic roots auf langen vowel appearing w proto Germanic Old High German sprt `das Spritzen, Sprhen', Middle Low German spr-wedel
h

spraae `get split, from buds; break, crack', Swedish dial. spr, sprs ` sprout, get open,

*sprwn in Norwegian spraa, . Danish spraaes ` brittle, brittle become', Danish dial.

derived Old Icelandic sprna `spray, trans. and intr.'; *sprwjan in Middle High German

break, crack', Norwegian spra from *sprada (and spr from *sprwjan) `spray, sprinkle ';

sprjen, sprwen, mnl. spraeien ` whisk '; *sprwjan in Modern High German sprhen, nl. sproeien ds.; Norwegian spra `Strebepfeiler, pad' (*sprwn; to meaning see below); d-

present nl. sproeten `spray', sproetelen `bubble out', Middle Low German sprte `( splash, dash =) stain, freckle '. spreiB. i-basis sprei-d-, -t-: lock ' (after fisherman, The loanword of Awn. 40 from Middle High German sprten Old High German sprzan, spreiz `in Stcke splittern, spray', Old Icelandic sprita `apart

borrowed); Norwegian sprita `spray'; Middle High German sprten and (with

grammatischem variation) sprden `sich ausbreiten, sich scatter, zersplittern', Kaus. Old

High German spreitan, Middle High German Modern High German spreiten;

Swedish spreda `scatter, outspread ', Norwegian spreida, Old English sprdan ds., Old Old Lithuanian sprainas ` stiff, rigid, bersichtig, of eye' (probably *spraid-na-s, actually

`spanne with the hand'.

vault of the sky, firmament, heavens, skies '; in addition presumably Lithuanian sprndiu

(`*spreizen'), spraids ` place, where Leute zusammengedrngt stand', debes-spraislis `

`die Augen weit aufspreizend'), Latvian sprist `spannen, urge, press, push, ausmessen'

spre ds. (*sprauia- actually `light zerspringend');

sprawlian `sich krampfhaft bewegen'; Modern High German sprde = Middle English cymr. ffrau `(Hervorsprudeln), stream', ffreuo `hervorspritzen' (*sprou-), ffraw `agile,

spreuC. extension spreu-: Old High German spriu, Gen. spriuwes `chaff'; Old English

lively' (*spruo-), cyffro `erregen', deffro `awake, animate' (Loth RC. 42, 347; 44, 270 f.); Old Irish sruth (*spru-tu-) m. `river' = cymr. etc. ffrwd ds.; gall. FlN Gen. (leg. ), Modern High German FlN Frutz (Vorarlberg), northern Italy fruda ` torrent, stream '; bret. Vannes fru `Sprhregen' (*spreus-); also Modern High German Sprudel

mineral water?

fresh, alert, awake, smart, exuberant '. hervorkommen, sprout' etc.):

Latvian sprajus, spratis ` produce, emporkommen'; Lithuanian sprianas ` funny,

spreuspreu-d- (d-extension, perhaps originally from a d-present) `spray, quick, fast cymr. ffrwst m. `Hast' (*sprud-to- or -stu-);

English spryttan ` sprout', Low German sprtten `spray', Middle High German sprtzen ` sprozzo `sprout, scion, shoot'; Middle Low German sprote(le) `(* splash, dash =) stain,

German tsprtan ` sprout ', Old Frisian sprta `germinate, sprout', engl. sprout; Old

Gothic spraut Adv. `quick, fast, bald'; Middle High German spriezen ` sprout', Old Low

sprout, spray'; Old Icelandic sproti m. `young sprout in a tree, Stecken', Old High German freckle ', Modern High GermanSommersprosse ` freckle '; Middle Low German sprte, md. Spriet); Norwegian spraut, sprauta `Stellholz in the dragnet ', spryta `Fenstersprosse, spriuza `Spreize, pad, Strebe'; Spannstock in a loom'; Old High German spriuzen `spreizen, prop, support, stemmen', sprze ds.; Old English sprot ` shaft, pole', Dutch spriet (out of it Modern High German

become'.

Druckes herauskommen'; Latvian sprast `hineinstecken', ablaut. spr-st `eingeklemmt spreuspreu-g-, -k- in identical Bedeutungsumfang:

Lithuanian spriusti `hineinzwngen, clamp '; ablaut. sprsti `from a clamp infolge of

gespannter circle to a berdeckung; speckle beim Vogelfang', luxemb. spriegel `Sperrholz zum Auseinanderspannen';

Modern High German Low German spriegel, sprgel, sprugel, sprogel `Schnellbogen;

Latvian spruga, spruga `clamp', spruis `toggle'; also (as `zerprengen, zerstieben make'), Latvian sprugt `coarsely grind, schroten'; with k: Lithuanian sprgsti ` rise, escape; to get away ', Latvian sprauga ` fracture'; probably

Latvian sprukt ` escape; to get away, slip '; spruksts `ein Leichtfiger, jumper ', spraukt `durchzwngen, escape, flee'. Maybe alb. (*spreu-k-) shprthenj `bloom, blow' [common alb. -k- > -th-]. (s)preus(s)preus- see above S. 809 f. ((s)preus-) References: WP. II 670 ff., Trautmann 277, 278, Vendryes RC. 46, 255 ff. Page(s): 993-995

Meaning: cattle excrements

sp(h)erRoot / lemma: sp(h)er-3

Ziegen and Schafen', , also ` pellet, globule, Pille generally '; Lithuanian spros `Schafmistkgelchen', Latvian spiras `Mistkgelchen the sheep, Ziegen, rabbit; groe graue Erbsen', pires `Schafmist';
h

Material: Gr. (Attic), , (also ) `Mistkgelchen from

Hes.; nisl. spar n. `Schafmist', sperill `Ziegenmist'. Page(s): 995 References: WP. II 672.

with d -extension: gr. ,

Meaning: to tear; rag, snippet

(s)p(h)er- (s)p(h)erg gRoot / lemma: (s)p(h)er-4, (s)p(h)erg-

abgerissener Streifen Tuch' (proto Germanic *sperr);

Material: Armenian p`ert` ` ragged piece' (*sperk-to-); Old Icelandic spirr f. `scrap, shred, gr. , Attic - `tear, rend, zerre' (probably analogical for -), `

ragged piece', `das Zerren, Reien; cramp';

nasalized perhaps Old Bulgarian priti, prati `lacerare'. Page(s): 992 References: WP. II 668.

(s)p(h)euRoot / lemma: (s)p(h)eu-dMeaning: to press, hurry Material: Npers. poy `haste, hurry' (iran. *pauda-), parth. pwd `run, flow'; beschleunige' (originally `drnge, push, press', as in `Mrserkeule', i.e. keen, eager, fleiig', `spute myself, betreibe with eagerness '; perhaps alb. pun `work, business ' (*pudn); `mstet, verstrkt', Old English spwan `thrive' (different above under 2. spi-); compare whether d-extension a root spu- : speu- : sp-, possibly to Old Indic sph-vayati gr. `spute myself, hurry; be eager, strive, strenge myself an'; trans. `treibe an,

`Zerdrcker' Hes.); f. `haste, hurry, eagerness, aspiration ', `hasty,

also gr. `vollgestopft with food, eating', , Hes., Hes.; doubtful gr. (Fut. ) ` twitch, bewege myself Pulsschlag' (*sphug-);

violent, fiebere, strive eager ', m., f. `Zuckung, Puls', `bin ohne Old High German spioz `Kampfspie', Modern High German Spie, aschs. spiot, Old

Icelandic spjt `spit, pike', spta `peg, plug'; whether here without s-: Norwegian fysa ` set in motion ', nisl. fausi `hitzige person, fool' (*poud-to-)? Lithuanian spusti `press', Iter. spudyti; spaud `Presse'; ablaut, spdinti `hurry, flee',

spdti `sich abmhen'. Page(s): 998-999

References: WP. II 659, Trautmann 273 f., Szemernyi ZDMG 101, 205 f.

Root / lemma: (s)p(h)i-1 : (s)p(h)Meaning: sharp, sharp stick Note: extended with -d, -g, -k, -l, -n, -r, -t

Material: 1. Old Indic sphy- m. `chip of wood, staff, Spiere, rudder '; javelin' from Old High German spioz), Old English spitu ds.; Norwegian spita f. `peg, plug'; ` pointed '; o-grade Middle Low German speis(s)e `long spit, pike' (*spoid-t); perhaps 2. Old High German Middle High German spiz `Bratspie' (different from Spie `spear,

spit m. `cusp, peak, thin Wasserstrahl'; Swedish speta `peg, plug'; Old High German spizzi here Latin cuspis, -idis f. `cusp, peak, spit, pike', whether from *curi-spis `a cutting

instrument' (Holthausen IF 20, 319 f.);

`Speicher'; Dutch spie `peg, plug, bolt ' (*spn); Armenian p`k`in `arrow' (*phkno-);

3. Latin spca, spcus, -um ` ear ', spculum `a cutting instrument', Vulgar Latin spcrium

`wedge';

splinter', Norwegian spk `Speiche', Old English spc ` pointed Landstck', Bavarian spickel Lithuanian speiglia `Stacheln';

nail', engl. spike, Old English spcing ds., Old Icelandic spkr m. `nail', spk f. `wooden

md. spcher, Modern High German Speichernagel, Middle Low German nnd. spker `iron

Old High German speihha, Old Saxon spca f., Old English spca m. `Speiche, ray';

German nnd. sple `Bratspie'; Old English spilu f. `peg, cusp, peak', Old Icelandic spila f. `thin, schmales piece wood', etc.; (the long vocal Germanic *spl could also *spl sein, in gramm. variation with Middle High German spidel, spedel, Modern High German dial. speidel `splinter'); Czech sple `Stecknadel', Latvian sple ` wooden nail';

javelin ', Modern High German dial. Speil `chip, splinter, splinter, wedge', Middle Low

4. gr. f., , - f. ` reef'; Middle High German spl m. `cusp, peak of

spna crnlis `Haarnadel', spnus `briar'; Old Saxon Old High German spinela, spenula `horsewhip, rod', lt. poln. spina `backbone, spine', russ. spin `back'; s-loose at most Germanic *finn, *finn in Old English finn, Modern High German Finne `Flofeder,

5. Latin spna `backbone, spine, thorn' (in addition Umbrian spinia, spina `columnam'?),

`Haarnadel, buckle ', Middle High German spenel `Stecknadel, Spennadel'; Latvian spina

vinne `nail; Finne in the skin', next to which Swedish fime, Flemish vimme `Flosse, Achel'; maybe alb. shpina spine a Latin loanword. Tocharian A spin- `Hacken, peg, plug'; spr `germ, sprout-, Grasspitze, ear, Turmspitze, very small person', Old Icelandic spra 6. Old English spr ` stem, sprout', engl. spire `sprout; Turmspitze', Middle Low German

Spitzflosse', Swedish fina `Flosse', Norwegian finn ` grass bristles ', Middle High German

`Stiel, young scion, shoot, Rohrstab ';

buckle ', spitn ds.; perhaps is in Latin secespita ` a long iron sacrificial knife ' ein cognate *spita contain; References: WP. II 653 f., WH. II 574, Vasmer 2, 708.

7. Lithuanian spituls `star auf the Tierstirn', spitl, spitul `die needle, the thorn in the

Page(s): 981-982

sp(h)(i)- spsph- sph Root / lemma: sp(h)(i)-3, sp- and sph- : sphMeaning: to succeed, prosper; to fatten, etc.. Material: Old Indic sphyat `wird fat, obese, takes to', participle spht- `swollen,

sphk- `from Fett strotzend';

Church Slavic spor, Old High German spar); with formants -ko- (as Latvian spks): pvaOld Indic vi-pitm is strittiger meaning;

`vast, spacious, wide, big, large', sphir- `fat, obese' (Indo Germanic *sph-r- = Old

spht- f. ` fattening, prospering; flourishing ', Kaus. sphvyati `mstet, verstrkt', sphr-

wohlhabend, dense, full', sphta- `big, large, strong', spht- f. `the prospering; flourishing ',

Hes.; without s- Armenian p`art`am `rich';

from the aspir. form sph-: - `', ;

`gnstig, lucky' (*pro-sp-ro-);

expectation, hope', spr, -re `hoffe'; originally `from Hoffnung geschwellt'; prosperus maybe alb. (*spatium) shpat `precipice, mountain, forest', (*sprs) shpresonj ` I hope'. mcymr. ffysgiaw, corn. fesky `Eilen' (*spid-sk-); (actually `*sich hinziehend'); Gothic spdiza `later', spdumists `sptester', Old High German spti, Adv. spto `late' Old English spwan `thrive, succeed ', Old High German spuon `succeed', Germanic

Latin spatium `Raum, time, Weite, stretch, duration'; sps, -, Pl. sprs f. `

*spi- in Old High German spuot, Old Saxon spd, Old English spd ` prospering; High German etc. spar see below;

flourishing, Beschleunigung, haste, hurry', Modern High German sich sputen ` hasten'; Old Lithuanian spti ` have the time or leisure, be quick enough, be able ', sprus ` quick ',

sptas m. ` leisure ', spm f. `haste, hurry'; spkas and spk ` power '; Maybe alb. (*spt-) shpejt ` quick ' also Latvian spte ` contrariness ', sptgs `defiant'); ; o verb suffix).

Latvian spt ` to be capable of, to be able ', spks ` force, strength, power' (probably

maybe alb. (*spt-) shptim `salvage', (-im m. noun suffix) shptoj `save, preserve, keep' (-

application to a thing; assiduity, zeal, eagerness, fondness, inclination, desire, exertion, endeavor, study ', spiti `hurry'; maybe alb. shpesh `often, frequent', shpejt `fast'

Old Church Slavic spj, spti `Erfolg have'; sph m. ` a busying one's self about or

Czech spory ` productive, ausgiebig' and ` economical, sparse ', spoiti `spare' (German sparr ` economical, penurious ' (: spor);

serb. spr `lang lasting ', hence on the other hand also ` long ausreichend, economical ',

also (and probably das ursprnglichere) ` long lasting, lang ausreichend', so russ. spryj,

Old Church Slavic spor (= Old Indic sphir- etc.) `rich', in neueren Slavic Sprachen

influence?), Old High German spar ` economical, concise', Old English spr, Old Icelandic Hittite ipi `it sich satt', 3. Pl. ipiianzi. Von sp- (: spe-) from: sphiju; sphicu through derailment after d. Nom. Sg.?), sphig `Arschbacke, hip, haunch'; Old Icelandic spik n., Old English spic n., Old High German spec, -ckes `bacon'; With dental formants: gr. `vast, spacious, wide, even ', , (Hes.) with the meaning `fat, thick' and g-formants: Old Indic sphij- (Nom. Sg. sphik, Du.

ds., `from weitem', -[], - `Sumpfflche', (*- with preposition ) ` capacious ', , - `shield', (`*dem body entlang gebreitete surface, plain, area'?), `'; Latin spissus (*spid-to-) `dense, thick, slow, zgernd'; with d : `span (the hand)', Hes.; Schwrmenausbrechen, from bees', Latvian spits `swarm of bees' (participle Lithuanian spstas `gedrngt', Latinspissus); compare also Latvian spaile, spailis `line, Schwaden of spailes ` cloven Stecken zum Einklemmen', sple, splis `eine Zwicke, Zwickeisen; ausgespannte Leinwand', splt ` clamp - pinch, tweak, nip, spannen'. With g-formant: gr. `schnre ein, klemme ein', `cord, band, strap; muscle '; Mhers' (-l- maybe from -dl-), Lithuanian spielti `in den Nhrahmen einspannen', Latvian Holzngel; need, Verlegenheit' (Middle High German loanword?), splis also `zeltartig with t: Lithuanian speii, spesti `encircle', spisti `schwrmen', spint, spsti `in
h

Beinen go', spka `widerspenstig sein'. Vasmer 2, 707, 710; Page(s): 983-984

or ausgespannten Fingern ausmessen', Norwegian speika `with steifen (gespannten)

spreizen': Modern High German dial. spaichen `ausschreiten', ausspaichen `with Schritten

Latvian spaiglis, spaigle `Krebsgabel'; Germanic with the meaning `ausspannen =

References: WP. II 656 ff., WH. II 568 f., 576, Trautmann 274 f., Vendryes RC. 50, 92, spispenSee also: in addition spi-2 and spen-1.

Meaning: long flat piece of wood

sp(h)- sp(h) Root / lemma: sp(h)-, sp(h)-(d -)

h

Material: Gr. , - m. `wedge'; maybe from *-, Indo Germanic *sphnes-; English spn ds. (engl. spoon `spoon'), Old Frisian span, spon `flat pectoral, chest borrowed Finnish paana ` shingle, chip, splinter'; maybe alb. (*spon) shponj `pierce, prick' breites sword'; compare Hittite ipatar `spit, pike', A. Kammenhuber Festschr. Sommer, 105; with d -formants: gr. `breites flat wood the weaver; rudder blade, scapula, long
h

Germanic *sp-nu-s in: Old High German Middle Low German spn `chip of wood', Old

decoration ', Old Icelandic spnn, spnn `chip, splinter, shingle, Holzscheibe, Platte';

High German Spaten;

Germanic *spaan: Old Saxon spado, Old English spada m., -e, -u f. `spade'; Modern

maybe alb. shpata `sword', s()pata `axe' Latin loanword. through ablaut spake ` shaft, pole', Old English spc n. `twig, branch', Old High German with g-formants: Norwegian spk `chip, splinter', nisl. Norwegian sprkja; changing

wooden log', Spache `Speicher' and (as `arid, as ein Stecken') Middle Low German spak, Middle High German spach `arid', etc.; with t-forms probably Germanic *spa-, spa- in Middle High German spt `blttrig

spahha, -o `dry brushwood ', Modern High German dial. Spach, Spachen `chip, splinter,

brechendes rock, Spat', Modern High German dial. also spaad, Dutch spaath. References: WP. II 652 f.;

Page(s): 980

sp(h)i- sp(h)See also: to sp(h)i-2, sp(h)-.

Meaning: to spit

iuu pu Root / lemma: (s)p(h)iiu- : (s)pi-, (s)pu- (*ps(h)iu- < -hiu -) Note: the i-losen forms at least partly through dissimilation in io-present *sp[i]-i.

Material: Old Indic hvati `spit, speit from' (originally only, later vorwiegend in compound with ni()-, daher- from s-; t-v dissimil. from p-v, so that = Gothic speiwan), hyt`gespuckt, gespien'; Avestan spma- `saliva, mucus'; gr. `spucke', ,

Inlautbehandlung the group Theokr. `despu'; Hes. with - from speiwan, Old Icelandic spyja, Old English Old Saxon Old High German spwan `spit', Old -); Latin spu, -ere, sptum `spit, spucken', despu `spucke from, verschmhe'; Gothic

`saliva', (dissimil. from *) `spucke, spritze' (:- from *pi-; compare with

spjen `spucken, sprhen', Middle Dutch holl. spuwen `spucken, spit'; Lithuanian spiuju, spiuti `spit', Old Church Slavic pljuj, pljvati ds.; Maybe alb. Geg pshtyj, Tosc pshtyj `spit', shptonj `escape, drip' : Old Indic kvati `spit' : gr. ; common Old Indic -h- > k- : gr.- Illyrian - alb. -h- > -kh- > -ps-. Armenian t`uk` `saliva', t`k`anem `spucke, speie from' (t` kann, although from pt-

spottia, Middle Low German spotten, Old High German spottn ` mock '), East Frisian

Icelandic spyta `spit', (in addition Old Icelandic schw. spotta, Danish spotte, Old Frisian

deducible not dem gr. < gleichgesetzt become), osset. t`u, npers. tuf, tuh `saliva' vergleichbaren Lautgebrde; from an Old Indic (Lexikogr.) thutkara-, thth as Wiedergabe of Spucklautes

> -k- gr. , Ionian `saliva, slobber', Cypriot (Cod. < *F, Bechtel Gr. Dial. I 412, or *?) (Cod. ). Hes. References: WP. II 683, WH. II 580 f., Trautmann 276, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 325, 752, 4.

again etwas different Old Indic kvati (Dhtup.) `spit, speit from', common Old Indic -h-

Page(s): 999-1000

Root / lemma: sp(h)reigsp(h)reigMeaning: to abound Note: compare (s)p(h)ereg-

Material: Gr. ` to be full of, to abound with, to be bursting with, to be bristling,

swell, bin in full vitality, bin eager, avid, lascivious', o n. `strotzende fullness, wealth';

Norwegian sprikja `ausspannen, spreizen', intr. `entspannt sein, strotzen, to swell', References: WP. II 683 f. Swedish dial. sprika `ausspannen'.

Page(s): 1001

Meaning: sparrow, finch

(s)pingoRoot / lemma: (s)pingo-

best. bird, the gabelschwnzige Wrger' (meaning as in , see above);

bird, sparrow under .', engl. (from dem Nord.) spink `finch'; Old Indicphigaka- m. `ein

Sperber: Old High German sparo `sparrow'), `piepe'; Swedish spink, spikke `small

`finch'), m. `Sperber' (meaning `Sperlingster' as in Modern High German

Material: Gr. (Hes.), (*) `finch' (similarly , ,

therefrom independent onomatopoeic words Schallbezeichnung in French pinson, Italian `finch'.

besides without anlaut. s- Old High German fincho, Old English finc, engl. finch `finch',

pincione, span, pinzon, as probably also in Swedish pink `sparrow', engl. dial. pink, pinch References: WP. II 682.

Page(s): 999

Meaning: woodpecker, etc..

koko Root / lemma: (s)pko-

Umbrian peico ` picum ' (ei for ), Italian VN Pcentes; with anlaut. s: Old High German speh, speht, Old Icelandic sptr, Norwegian spett(a), Swedish spett, Danish sptte ` woodpecker '; Old Prussian picle `Krammetsvogel'.

Material: Old Indic pik- m. `the Indian cuckoo'; Latin pca ` magpie ', pcus ` woodpecker ';

Maybe alb. quka-piku (cioc -a picus) ` woodpecker ' a compound of Romanian cioc ` beak, pecker ' + Latin pcus ` woodpecker ' : Romanian ciocnitoare ` pecker, woodpecker '.

Page(s): 999

References: WP. II 681, WH. II 580, H. Rix Bz.Nf. 2, 237 ff.

Meaning: to spread the legs

pleih Root / lemma: (s)pleih-

` gape apart (from Wunden)', f. `die Spreize, Stelle between den Schenkeln', `offenstehender mouth'; with anl. s- probably Old Irish sliassait f. ` thigh '

Material: Old Indic *plhat `goes, bewegt sich'; gr. `schreite from',

Thurneysen Gr. p. 687. Page(s): 1000

(*spleigh-s-ont); about Old Irish lingid `springt', preterit leblang- (*ple-plong-?) s.

References: WP. II 684., Pisani Ml. Boisacq II, 181 ff.

Meaning: to split, cut

(s)pleiRoot / lemma: (s)plei-

actually `entrindet, flayed '.

Note: compare S. 985 under (s)p(h)el-1 and pli- `naked, bald, bleak, bare' (see 834), if

Material: Latvian pltes `small crumbs ', plivina `abgelste flatternde bark, outer covering of English fln f. m., fl f. `arrow, spear, lance'; a tree, Schelfer'; very doubtful Old Icelandic fleinn `abstehender hook an a Gerte', Old

split; intr. sich split', Low German nl. splitten `sich split', Middle High German splitter

d-present (or d-extensions): Middle High German splzen, Old Frisian splta `spleien,

(Germanic *splitra-) `splinter', Swedish splittra, Middle Low German splitteren `zersplittern'; wood, splinter, chip, splinter', engl. Low German nl. splinter `splinter, chip, splinter'; without s-: Norwegian flinter `shred', nl. flenter `scrap, shred'; Old Icelandic fletta (*flintn) in flettagrjt `Feuerstein', Swedish flinta ds.; Norwegianflint `spall', Old English flint `Feuerstein, rock', Middle Low German vlint-stn (besides Old High German flins, Middle High German nasalized Norwegian splint `wooden nail, wedge', engl. splint, splent ` cloven piece of

es-stem); Middle Low German Low German vlse (out of it Modern High German Fliese) `Steinplttchen', Old Icelandic fls `splinter' (*pld-to-);

Middle Low German vlins ` pebble, harter stone ', probably as *flint-sa-, descendant eines -

`splinter', splinde `splittern';

Stmpfe' and Norwegian splindra `large flat wooden splinter', Old Danish splind, splinder

besides with Germanic d: Norwegian flindra `thin disc or splinter', engl. flinders `Stcke,

scindula: *scindla - *sklinda. Page(s): 1000 References: WP. II 684.

aberslind `Ziegel, flat stone ' to bret. sklent `Schiefer' and probably metathesis from Latin

Old Irish sliss ` schnitzel, splinter, chip, splinter', slissiu ` schnitzel, lath' (*splid-ti-, -ti);

(s)poimnoRoot / lemma: (s)poimno-, - Meaning: foam

Material: Old Indic phna- m. `scum, froth, foam, Feim'; osset. fink, fink` ds.; Latin spma Beschaffenheit); f. `scum, froth, foam', pmex m. `Bimsstein' (from seiner schaumartig porsen

`Schaumstreifen auf bewegter sea', Old Prussian spoayno `scum, froth, foam' (*spin), Old Church Slavic pna (russ. pna, Serbo-Croatian pjna) `scum, froth, foam'. References: WP. II 681, WH. II 388 f., 580, Trautmann 227 f., Vasmer 2, 334. Page(s): 1001

Old High German feim, Old English fm `Feim, scum, froth, foam'; Lithuanian spin

Page(s): 1001

See also: see above S. 994 f. (spher-).

Root / lemma: sprei-, spreusprei- spreu-

srak to- tiRoot / lemma: srak-to-, -tiMeaning: sharp-edged Material: Old Indic srakt- f. `prong, spike, point, edge', Avestan sraxti-, raxti- `point, edge, side'; gr. Hes. besides secondary ds.

Page(s): 1001

References: WP. II 702, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 299.

Meaning: to sip, swallow

sreb serb Root / lemma: sre -, srb - and ser - (*ghreb-)

h h h h

Material: Armenian arbi (*srb -) `I trank', arb `Zechgelage'; gr. (Ionian )

`schlrfe' (also EM.), `geschlrft', (Ionian ) n., m. `broth, thick drink, beverage, liquid which is swallowed to quench one's thirst, draught, potion'; alb. gjerp (*serb ) `I sip, swallow', gjerb `drop, drip';
h

Wrong etymology; rather alb. (*gherb-) gjerb `I sip, swallow' [common alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz-]. Latin sorbe, -re ` slurp '; Middle Irish srub `snout' (*srobu-); Lithuanian srebiu, srbti ` slurp ', Latvian surbju, surbt ` slurp ' (-ur-reduced grade to srob - or sorb -?; compare also
h h

slurp ' (also sriobi, sriaubi, perhaps due toeines *srubiu), ablaut. surbi, surbti `suck,

sloven. srbati, Czech stebati etc.; perhaps also Middle High German srpfeln, srfeln `

ein Betrunkener'; proto Slavic. *serbj, *srbati ` slurp ', with variant Ausgleichungen in

poln. sarba), Latvian strebju, strbt ` slurp, auslffeln', strba `somewhat to Schlrfendes;

slurp ', isl. sarpr `craw of the bird ', Old Icelandic as Spitzname (`*gullet'), with Germanic p

References: WP. II 704, 716, WH. II 561 f., Trautmann 294, Vasmer 2, 612; W. Schulze setzte *s(u)erb -, *srub - an. Page(s): 1001
h h

schlucken gulp, sip, swallow .

from gemin. pp; also Dutch slorpen, slurpen, Modern High German schlurfen with l after

Meaning: to whirl, wave, boil Note: extension from 1. serMaterial: Gr. m. `das Wogenrauschen', - `meerumrauscht', - from Gttern: zur help', ` roaring ', assimil. Hes.; perhaps also

srsr-etRoot / lemma: sr-ed -, sr-eth

`schnelldahinrauschende words', (and ) `herbeisausend; also later , mostly Pl. `nostril, nose' as Trivialausdruck `*Schnarcher, Rassler';

form *sri- : sr-;

in addition Pl. `nostril, nose'; compare , f. `nose' as `the flowing ' zur root

High German and Modern High German Strudel. Page(s): 1001-1002

cook', stredunga, stridunga `surge', Middle High German stradem `whirlpool', late Middle References: WP. II 704; Fraenkel Gl. 32, 31 f.; Leumann Hom. Wrter 220.

(*srt-nt); Old High German stredan, strad, Middle High German streden `roar, strudeln,

acorn. stret gl. `latex', mcorn. streyth `river'; Middle Irish srithit f. `ray from milk or blood'

(s)reighRoot / lemma: (s)reigh(s)reikhNote: (also (s)reikh-?)

Meaning: to climb, creep Material: Old Indic rgati (voiced-nonaspirated in connection with the nasalization) and gr. -, `mhselig with Handen and Fen emporklettern'. Page(s): 1002 References: WP. II 702, Frisk Gr. Wb. 103.

rkhati `bewegt sich mhsam, crawls' (from children);

Meaning: to snore

srenkRoot / lemma: srenk-

Material: Gr. , `schnarche; snort'; n., f. `Schnarchen', , ds.; Old Irish srennim `schnarche' (*srenk-n-mi); Middle Irish srimm n. `Schnarchen' (*srenk-smn), also srimm through influence of srennim;

Maybe alb. rnkoj ` sigh'.

sei, is doubtful. Page(s): 1002

`nostril, nose' out of it borrowed or under Indo Germanic *srungh- with it common origin

`Schweinsrssel, snout, bill, beak, neb'; whether Armenian *ungn, Pl. ngun-k`, ngun-k

a similar onomatopoeic words sound imitation entspringt probably gr.

References: WP. II 705.

sreskRoot / lemma: sreskMeaning: to drizzle Material: Avestan srask- (srasa-) `triefen, abtriefen from; triefregnen', sraska- m. (np. borrowing of Armenian words from dem Aryan would be die Vorbedingung for die

sirik) `tears, Weinen', mp. srixt `dropped', Armenian srskel (*srsk- or srsk-) `sprinkle'; connection from Avestan srask-, Armenian srskel as *klek-sk- with Lithuanian lkas

Page(s): 1002

References: WP. II 602 f., 705.

`drip', lakti `drip, trickle', lkti `spray' (see above S. 607 kleu- ` rinse ').

sreupRoot / lemma: sreup-

Meaning: scabby, dirt

filthy', `bin dirty, filthy', n. `wheys', `clean', Med. `wash myself,

Material: Gr. m. `smut, Unreinlichkeit', , `sully', `dirty,

Slavic; actually `*scurf, scab auf the wound'), ` poison, pus' (slov.), `scurf, scab' (New Czech); ablaut. Church Slavic strpt `roughness, hardness '.

schneuze myself'; proto Slavic.*strup (from *sreupos or *sroupos) `wound' (Old Church

Bulgarian russ.), `skin rash by children' (Serbo-Croatian), ` crust, scab, eschar ' (poln. References: WP. II 703, Vasmer 3, 32.

Page(s): 1004

sreuRoot / lemma: sreuMeaning: to flow Material: Old Indic srvati ` flows ' (= gr. ), srava- m. `das Flieen' (= gr. , Old

Church Slavic o-strov), giri-srav `Bergstrom' (= gr. , Lithuanian srav), srut- flowing,

geflossen' (= gr. = fem. Lithuanian srut; zero grade Latvian strauts), srut- f. `way, das Flieen' (= gr. , perhaps Armenianau), sravt- f. `river' (= gr. -F-), Old srva- m. ` effluence '; Indic srta n., Old pers. rautah- n., npers. rd `river'; causative srvyati `makes flow', Avestan (ravan-), Gen. Pl. raonm `the Flsse', urvant- (sru-vant-) ` flowing '; from

` river flow, bed' (Old Indic visrh- f. `stream' or likewise?); bluten'), probably also au `canal' (*srutis or *sruios);

einemd(h)-present from (: gr. -?): Avestan raoaiti ` flows ', raoah- n. `river', urd f. Armenian aoganem, ooganem ` wet ' (*srou-), compare Old Lithuanian srvinu `make

sravti; to this beiden heavy base Old Indic Inf. srvitav); (Cypriot F), Attic m. `current, flood', - `rings umflossen' (also - for expressed ), (korkyr. Dat. Pl. hF) `das Strmen, stream' (= Lithuanian srav), ` flowing, strmend', `rings umflossen' (= Old Indic pari-sruta-), f. `das

*sruu-; compare Lithuanian pasrvo `flo' from -t; usually *sreu- in , Lithuanian

gr. `flow' (Fut. , . Epidaur. , Kalymna []- Konj. from

Strmen', , - `rinnend', , hom. Adv. `in berflu'; n. `Strmen, flowing ', (*-F, compare Old Indic sravat-), as Ionian , Attic n. `

river; surge '; - `gentle flowing ', - `deep flowing ', - `rich river flow, riverbed ' from themat. *sreue- derive ; , Ionian (`the wash of the

town name;

waves of Meeres compared) regelmige Bewegung, rhythm '; thrak. river name, Old Irish sruaimm n. `river', abret. strum ` copia (lactis) ' (= gr. , if not ablaut

; compare Pokorny Celtica 3, 308 f.; straume, poln. strumie);

equally with Germanic *strauma-); but Old Irish sruth `river', cymr. ffrwd etc., from *spru-tuOld High German stroum, Old English stram, Old Icelandic straumr `stream' (: Latvian Lithuanian sravi, sravti (old srav) ` mild flow, seep, drip', srajas `rasch flowing ',

ostrov `island' (`das Umflossene'), poln. strumie `stream, brook'; Indo Germanic sreu- is extension from ser- `flow'.

`Regenbach, Stromschnelle', Lithuanian srut `Jauche'; Old Church Slavic struja `current',

srav `das Flieen, Menstruieren', srov, Latvian strve, strume `stream', strauts

References: WP. II 702 f., Trautmann 279 f.; Vasmer 2, 287; 3, 32.

Page(s): 1003 srnoRoot / lemma: srno-, -

Meaning: body part (hip?)

Material: Avestan rna- m. `the outer Teil of Oberschenkels, thigh', mp. np. rn ` thigh '; References: WP. II 705. Lithuanian strnos `die loins, the cross'.

Page(s): 1002

srg- srgosRoot / lemma: srg-, srgosMeaning: cold, frost Material: Gr. n. `frost', , Perf. m. present-meaning ` freeze, shudder, Latin frgus, -oris n. (= gr. ) `coldness, frost', frge, -re `cold sein, freeze, gefroren

erschauern'; `friere'; sein', frgidus `cold'.

References: WP. II 705 f.; after WH. I 547, II 434, zero grade from *(s)ri-, to Latin rige ` S. 855, 862.) rigid', rigor ` solidification (vor coldness)', Lithuanian ritis `sich strecken' (different above

Page(s): 1004 srmomo Root / lemma: srmoMeaning: lame Note: only altindisch and slavisch

`lame'.

Material: Old Indic srm- `lame', srma- m. `Lahmheit'; Old Church Slavic (etc.) chrom

References: WP. II 706; Machek Slavia 16, 191, IF. 53, 94; Vasmer 3, 272 f. Page(s): 1004

Meaning: to drop, drizzle

stagRoot / lemma: stag-

Material: Gr. , `drip, trickle, eintrufeln tr., drip, trickle let; drip, trickle intr., rinnen', `trpfelnd, tropfend', , - f. `drip', Pl. ds.; running Gewsser'; Latin stgnum `jedes ausgetretene Gewsser, sea, pond, pool, pond, pool or langsam

stn `Zinn'; cymr. ystaen, ncorn. stean, bret. stean (from Latin?); adspersio' (*stagn). Page(s): 1010

Latin (Celtic loanword?) stagnum `Zinn' (`das Getropfte, light Schmelzbare'), Old Irish abret. staer, nbret. ster `river, stream, brook' (*stagr), cymr. taen `conspersio,

References: WP. II 612, WH. II 585, Flasdieck Zinn under Zink 14 ff.

(s)tiRoot / lemma: (s)ti-

tyu- `thief', tya- ` theft '; gr. `ein way, the einen um die Mhe the intention betrgt' (*-, from *-), , , Hes., `bringe um

Slavic taj Adv. `secret ', if from *tiu; gr. -); stya-m ` theft ', stn- `thief'; Avestan

Material: Old Indic styt ` clandestine, hide, conceal', styu-, tyu- `thief' (= Old Church

Meaning: to conceal; to steal

Page(s): 1010

References: WP. II 610, Trautmann 313, Vasmer 3, 69.

Church Slavic taj ` secret ', tajo, tajiti ` hide ', tat `thief'; Hittite tajezzi, tajazzi `stiehlt'.

etwas, rob', Med. `darbe'; Old Irish tid `thief' (= Old Bulgarian tat, das -d analogical); Old

Meaning: to condense, press together

Root / lemma: sti-, st-, sti-sti- st

stib( ib stipip Note: in addition stib(h)-, stip- ` shaft, pole etc.'

Material: Old Indic styyat `gerinnt, wird hart', participle styna-; (Gramm.) prastma`gedrngt, gehuft', stm- `idle' (actually ` jammed, packed, stuck '), vimn- Bez. of

Avestan st(y)- `heap, mass';

pudenda, sty f. `trges, stehendes water', stimita- ` clumsy, idle, unbeweglich, damp'; gr. , `stehendes fat, tallow, suet' (*stir); hom. - ` near

aneinandergedrngt' (compare Old Indic sty-na-); f., n. ` small stone '; `drip' (compare Latin stria, stlla); Latin stria `frozen drip, icicle', Demin. stlla `drip' (*str[e]l); stirra `gaze, stare', East Frisian str ` stiff, rigid', Modern High German stier, stieren; nisl. strur `stiffness in the eyes', Norwegian stra, Old Icelandic stira, Danish Swedish

Lithuanian styrst, strti ` solidify, congeal ', strau, -oti ` stiff and lmmelhaft dastehen';

Middle High German stm, steim `bunte bulk, mass, Getmmel';

Old Icelandic stm n. ` restlessness, din, fuss, noise', Norwegian stm `Fischschwarm',

Gothic stains, Old Icelandic steinn, Old English stn, Old High German stein ` stone '; Old Church Slavic stna `wall', stnn ` stony '; ` pigpen; hall', Middle Low German stege `corral, pen, fold', Old High German stga, Middle High German stge, stje `stall or Lattenverschlag for small cattle'; Lithuanian stngti ` curdle, coagulate, harden ', Latvian stingt ` compact become', stingrs about Latin time `dread myself', etc. s. WH. II 682. See also: s. also steu- S. 1035. References: WP. II 610 f., WH. II 595; perhaps also Old Icelandic st n. `stall', sta ` make a hedge, fence ', Old English stig, st

`stramm, rigid, zusammenhaltend, gespannt, stiff ';

Page(s): 1010-1011

Meaning: to stand; to put

stk- stekRoot / lemma: stk-, stek-

Note: extension from st- `stand'

tight, firm; esp. of Winterfrost: stern'; Umbrian stakaz `stattus';

Material: Old Indic stkati `widersteht', Avestan staxta- `tight, firm, strong', staxra- `strong, Old High German stahal n. m. Old Icelandic stl n. (derived Old High German stehli, Old

Germanic *stahla- probably = Avestan staxra-, Indo Germanic *stklo-; Old Icelandic stagl Icelandic stag n., Old English stg n. `rope, hawser' (`*das steif gespannte'); n. `wheel, das zur Hinrichtung dient', Norwegian stagle `picket, pole', staga ` stiff go', Old

English stiele n.) `Stahl' (from dem Germanic derives Old Prussian staclan `Stahl'),

`lack', stokst, stkti `to lack begin'. Page(s): 1011

stakka f. ` stub', stakkar, stkuttr `short', Danish stak-aandet `kurzatmig'; Lithuanian stok

with other meaning change (`stehenbleiben = stocken, to short become') Old Icelandic

References: WP. II 611, WH. II 585.

Meaning: to stand

st- st Root / lemma: st- : st-

Material: A. Old Indic tihati, Avestan hitaiti, ap. 3. Sg. Impf. a-itata `stehn' (: Latin sist, from dem roman. Italian assestre ` bring in order ' borrowed is), Aor. Old Indic -sth-m Irish -sissiur; athematic still gr. , during late Old High German sestn `disponere'

si-ststi- st stu- st st-euNote: reduplicated si-st-, extended sti- : st-, stu- : st- and st-eu-

(= gr. ), Perf. tasthu, tasthim, tasthivas-; gr. (Doric ) `stelle', Aor. , -, -); ` mast, the senkrechte Weberbaum, texture '; Avestan ap. stya- ` place; Med. sich stellen'; Latin sist `stelle', Umbrian sestu `sist', Volscan sistiatiens `staturunt'; for' (sessam `das Stehen', sessed ds. etc.); Old Irish tair-(s)issiur `stay, stand', ar-sissedar `insistitur, innititur', fo-sissedar `tritt ein Latin st (stre, stet) = Umbrian stahu ` stand ', *st-i; Old Latin probably also trans. ` Perf. , , (- ` understand ' probably neologism after Aor.

place '; Oscan stat (*staieieti) `stat' Pl. stahnt, eestnt (*staieient) `extant'; Old Irish adtu, -t `I befinde myself, bin' (*st-i), 3. Sg. (ad)-t = cymr. taw `da es is' from *st-t, unpersnl. Passiv tthar `man is (mad, wicked, evil)'from *st-to-ro (?), mcymr.

Impersonale ny-m-dawr `es kmmert myself nicht', corn. ny-m-deur (*t-ro-) `I will not'; Old ness- `betreten', ar-ossa ` expect t' (*are-uks-st-); assae `light to tun' from *ad-st-io`adponendus'; Irish ness- (*ni-st-) `niedertreten' in com-ness- ds., `verurteilen', d-ness ` despise ', to-

Note: Note Maybe alb. stan 'winter station for animals' from med.L stantia f. L stant- pres. ppl stem of stare to stand. Old Saxon Old High German stn, stn `stand'; Reimwortbildungen to gn, gn `go'

(see 419); with t-extension: preterit Gothic st, Old Icelandic st, Old Saxon std, Old nasalization Gothic Old Saxon standan, Old Icelandic standa, Old English stondan, Old High German stuot (mostly stuont after dem present) `I stand', wherefore with present

f. ` certain time, hour, Mal', Old Saxon stunda `time(punkt)', Old High German stunta ds., Late Middle High German also `hour';

with neuem ablaut Old Icelandic stund `time(punkt), while, hour, length', Old English stund

High German stantan `stand'; in addition Old High German stanta ` bowl, basin, Kufe' and

stojati (*stiti) `stand'; Tocharian ste `is', 3. Pl. stare.

Lithuanian stju (*sti), stti `tread', Old Church Slavic *staj, stati `sich stellen', stoj

Latin prae-stinre `den price vorher feststellen, buy', dstinre `festmachen, festsetzen, fest beschlieen' (dstina `pad'), obstinre `auf etwas bestehen'; alb. shtonj `vermehre' (`*stelle, staple auf'); Old Church Slavic stan (Inf. stati) `werde myself stellen, tread'; Old

Armenian stanam `erstehe, acquire ', gr. Cretan `stelle' (neologism gr. );

B. Indo Germanic n-present *st-n- in Avestan fra-stanvanti `sie come voran',

Prussian postnimai ` we become', postt `become', stnintei `stehend'; Tocharian stm- `stand'; compare also die nouns with n-formant. C. root-nouns as 2. composition parts:

hindrance ', prthivi-h- (and -h-) `auf dem Boden stehend, fest auftretend', rath-h' (originally god's name `die fest and unverbrchlich Stehende', *-), gr. hiress `faith, belief' (prefix*[p]eri + st).

Old Indic ni-h- `hervorstehend, -ragend', pari-h- `(*herumstehend =) hindering ', f. `

`auf dem cart stehend, kmpfend' = Avestan raa-t- `warrior'; gr. , - `right, law `wer seinen ursprnglichen Wohnsitz through Aufstehen, Wegzug verndert has'; Old Irish D. -st-o-: Old Indic e.g. prati-h- `standing firm' (-h f. `Stillestehen, Beharren'), du-

`Bergebene' (`hervorstehend') = Old Irish ross ` foreland, promontory, wood, forest', Middle Breton ross `hill', cymr. rhos `moor, fen'; Maybe alb. (rsi) rri `stand' (common Italic alb. rs- > rr-). Old Church Slavic Adj. `straight, unsophisticated, simple, just'; Old Indic pr-h- n. `back' in the same place); Old Indic gh- m. n. ` cowshed ', bhay-stha- m. n. `gefahrvolle etc. (see 813); gr. `Bettvorhang' (compare with d-suffix gr. , etc.

stha- = gr. [] `', bala-stha- `in voller Kraft stehend' ; Subst. pra-stha- m.

position ', Old High German ewi-st m. ` sheepfold, Schafhrde', Old Icelandic nau-st n. ` Tergeste, , - etc.; Old Indic tri-h- `auf drei Unterlagen stehend', Oscan `wer as dritter, as Zeuge by zwei Streitenden stands', Old Irish tress- `dritter'; Latin

shed for Schiffe, Schiffshaus'; alb. bresht, bresht f. `Tannenwald' (: br `fir') ; Old Illyrian trstus ` testes ' (tristaamentud `testamento'), Latin (to. i-stem has changed) testis (*tri-sto-) caelestis `incaelo stationem habens' (originally o-stem, compare . Veneris

atst = Instr. auf - derive ), Latvian nuo-st Adv. ` away, in another place, hinweg, fort';

caelestae), agrestis `lndlich'; Lithuanian atsts `afar' (: atstti `sich entfernen'; of Adverb

from *praestdr;

Latin praest `gegenwrtig, da, zur Hand, to Diensten';praestlar `bereitstehen' probably as Indo Germanic *st[]ti-s with in the Komposition reduced are whereas aufzufassen: *st[]ti ]ti-

`from dem texture vorstehender Faden' (*--), ' `compared with' (*--); Lithuanian dim-stis ` courtyard, courtyard, blessing'. E. nouns with Dental-suffixes: 1. Latin super-stes, anti-stes (*st-t-);

Old Indic pr-i- f. `back' etc. (see 813 Mitte) and prati-hi- `Widerstand'; gr.

renamed, has changed?? lengthened grade), gr. ` placed, stehend', Latin (Oscanaequus' (*upo-statos); Old Icelandic star `zum Stehen willing, inclined, sttig' (esp. from Volscan) status ` placed '; Old Irish fossad `tight, firm', cymr. gwastad `planus, constans,

2. participle Old Indic sthit- `stehend' (Avestan stti- `stehend' with geneuerter =

er Ort or moment, help', Modern High German zustatten; Old High German gistatn `gute permit ', Middle Low German steden ds., Old English stan `zum Stehen bringen'; Lithuanian statau, -ti ` place '; 3. alb. mshtet, pshtet `sttze, lehne an', fstetem ` stay ' (to Verbaladj. *st-to-); gr. , - ` position, Stand; Aufstand' (, ); shtim `standing', 4. Old Indic sthti- f. `das Stehen, Stand, Bestand', Avestan stti- `Stehen, Aufstellung'; possibility, opportunity give, bear, permit ', Old Icelandic steja ` place, besttigen, bear,

horses) derivative Middle High German stetec ds.; Old High German stata f. ` comfortable

Latin statim `during of Stehens, stehend'; Maybe abbreviated and prefixed alb. mb-

Classical `auf the Stelle', stati = Oscan statf `Standort', Gothic stas m. (i-stem), Old

Icelandic star m., Old High German stat f. `place, site, Stadt', Old English stede, styde f. anvil ' from *stajan-, actually `Stnder'); zero grade Avestan stiti- `Stehen, Stand, Old Prussian stt, Old Church Slavic stati `sich stellen, tread';

`das Stehen, Stehenbleiben, site' (compare also Old Norse en-stem stei m., Gen. steja ` Aufstellung', Old Church Slavic postat ` determination ', Inf. Lithuanian stti, Latvian stt, Latin status, -s `das Stehen, position, Stand', statu, -ere `hin-, aufstellen', Umbrian

statita `statta'; bret. steut, cymr. ystawd `Garben' (*st-t), bret. steudenn ` spigot, nail'

(*st-t-), Loth RC. 43, 154 f.; Lithuanian stats `stehend, steep', Gothic staa Dat., Old Saxon stath m., Old High Germanstad, stado m. `Landungsort, bank, border, shore, seashore'; Old Icelandic st f. `Landungsort, position ', stva `zum Stehen bringen'

Germanstade `place, where die Ernte aufgehuft wird').

h

(*staw(n), compare Latin statu-s, -ere); stai `Heustapel in the barn' (= Middle Low 5. with d -suffix: cymr. an-sawdd `das Festmachen', Old Irish sdud (*std --tu-) ds.;
h

Modern High German Stute; Old Icelandic (e.g. hug-) str `standing firm, tight, firm' (rather Indo Germanic t because of Gothic ungastoai `ohne firm Stand'; t or d with
h

herd from Zuchtpferden', Old High German stuot f. `herd from Zuchtpferden', also `mare',

English std n. ` herd of horses ', Middle Low German stt (-d-) f. `Einzunung for horse,

Old Icelandic st n. `Standort, herd from mare with one or mehreren Hengsten', Old

analog. ablaut : Old High German stti `tight, firm, dauerhaft, stet', Middle Low German stde `tight, firm, bestndig'); Kaus. Gothic ana-, du-stdjan `begin', Old Icelandicsta

Lithuanian statn `big, giant Holzwanne';

`zum Stehen bringen'; with Germanic *stia- lautet ab Lithuanian stias `stehend';

`ein Gewicht and eine coin'; *st[]-ter with reduction of in compound, perhaps in Old Indic Kriegsheld' (as raa-t-, see above; perhaps but reshuffling from -h after den nouns 7. Latin obstculum ` hindrance ' n.; cymr. cystadl `equivalent', distadl `wertlos' (*st-tlosavya()-har- `the links stehende Wagenkmpfer', Avestan raa-tar- `warrior,

6. Old Indic sthtar- `Lenker', sthtr n. `das Stehende', Latin sttor; gr. , -

agentis auf -tar);

`Stand, Kornscheuer', Modern High German (South German) Stadel, Old Danish stedel staklis `ds. prong, spike, pinnacle, fork ', Old Prussian stakle `pad' (with kl from tl).
h

Old Saxon stathal ` position ', Middle Low German stadel `barn', Old High German stadal

); Old Icelandic stull m. `Melkplatz, Senne' = Old English staol `base, position, place',

`ground, Hofsttte'; Lithuanian stkls Pl. `loom'; Lithuanian stkl `picket, pole', Latvian lo8. with formants -d lo-: Latin stabulum `Standort, abode, residence; lair of wild animal,

stall' (prstibulum `Ding zum ffentlich Ausstehen, Dirne', naustibulum `Schiffstandort,

vessel in Schiffsform'), stabilis `standing firm, steadfast', Umbrian staflarem `stabulrem', Oscan staflatas-set `statutae sunt', Paelignian pri-stafalacirix `*praestibultrix, antistita';
h

unbeweglich, stiff, zugewogen', `stehend', - `fern abstehend'.

weight ', `stehend, unbeweglich, tight, firm'; -d- in `stehend,

vereinzeltere Dentalableitungen: -d - in gr. , mostly Pl. `Stand, Standort,

9. with l-formant: Old English stl, Old Norse stll `stool', Lithuanian pastlai ` rack for Bienenkrbe', zero grade Old Church Slavic stol `throne, seat', in den neuern Slavic Spr. `stool' or `table, desk'. cymr. cystal ` just as well ' (*kom-sta-lo-); Gothic stls `throne', Old High German stuol,

Alb. stol ` stool' a Slavic loanword. 10. with m-formant: n. `Aufzug am aufrecht stehenden loom, etc.', Umbrian Dat. stahmei `statini'; stahmito mu-) = mcymr. gwaessaw `Garantie'; Gothic stma `, foundation, Stoff'; Old Indic sthman- n. `Standort, power '; gr. m., `stand', Latin stmen

`stattum'; Old Irish sessam `das Stehen' (*si-st-mu-), foessam ` protection' (*upo-si-sta-

Lithuanian stomu, -es ` stature '; russ. stamk `Sttzbalken';

(*kentu-stamno-); Middle Irish samaigim `stelle', cymr. sefyll, corn. sevell `stand', bret. svell (*stamilio-) `erect, to build' (besides with Celtic t Old Irish tamun `tree truck'; Old stana-, s. *steb- ` jamb '); Tocharian A tm, stm `tree'; but Old High German ungistuomi ` boisterous ' to stem- `hamper', see there. 11. with n-formant (compare die Prsensbildungen with n): [], Doric `(in schlechtem Zustande) unlucky ', ds., Lithuanian Old Indic sthna- n., Avestan ap. stna- n. `Standort, place', npers. sitn, gr. -

gr. `crock, pitcher', - Pl. `Stnder, Seitenbalken'; cymr. cysefin `first'

High German stam, stammes `stem' etc. seems Verquikkung eines related *stamna- with a

stnas `Stand', Old Church Slavic stan `Stand, lair ', alb. shtuar `stehend', shtoraz z).

`erect' (*st-no-dio-, compare to d-suffix gr. etc.), shtz, shtz `cattle' (*stan-

Maybe alb. stan animal stall, (*status), shtat standing body, shtyj push (pushing derived from Root / lemma: sed- : (to sit). sed-

animal), shtie kill (an animal). Alb. suggests that Root / lemma: st- : st- : (to stand) st- st 12. with r-formants: Old Indic sthir- `tight, firm, unbeweglich'; Lithuanian stras `thick,

umfangreich' (actually `stmmig'), Old Church Slavic star `old' (`*stmmig' in contrast zur zarteren youth), Old Norse strr `big, large', Old Saxon stri `big, large, illustrious', Old English str `vast, grand';

tranquility, duration' (*sthayiman-).

water carrier ', sthyin- `stille stehend, verweilend, stetig' , sthmn- m. `Festigkeit,

13. with dem ii from *st-i other formations: Old Indic jala-sthya- m. ` water container, i

`state, status', stovus `stehend (of water)', Latvian stvu, stvt `stand', stvus `stehend, erect';stvs `steep', stvs `shape', stvi, stve `loom'; Old Church Slavic staviti ` place ', stav `Stand, structure, composition '; Old English stw, Old Frisian st f. `place', Old

st(h)u- st(h)F. st(h)u-: st(h)-: Lithuanian stviu, -ti `stand' (Memel staunu), stov `place', stvis

Icelandic eld-st `Feuersttte'; Gothic stjan ` direct, aim, point ' (perhaps *stwjan : Old restrain ', engl. stow `stauen', Old High German Middle High German stouwen (*stawjan) Old High German statago `Gerichtstag', stan `anklagen, scold, chide, hamper', Middle Low German stwen (= stouwen, stwen) ` dam ', etc.; with gradation stu-: gr. *F- ` column ' in Attic , (*F), Aeolic stu`(au) wail; (scheltend) gebieten; Refl. sich stauen', Modern High German stauen; with : Church Slavic staviti), staua f. `court' (*stw), staua m. `judge', Old English stwian `

`Sulenhalle', Demin., `zur Schule the Stoa belonging', Hes.;

column '; gr. `steife, richte empor', Med. `bin steil aufgerichtet', n. `erectio lance '; Old Icelandic stmi `a giant '; Middle High German stnende `widersetzlich',

zero grade: Old Indic sth ` column ' (Middle Indic n from n), Avestan stna, stun `

penis', , ; m. ` column, stylus', `das untere end the

Modern High German staunen as ` look stiff, be amazed, marvel '; keine evidence for h, anu-huy `immediately, right away';

diese ablaut grade are whereas die u-stem Old Indic su-h Adv. `good, beautiful', anuwith t-forms in addition: Old Icelandic sto (Pl. stoir, str, ster) f. `pad, jamb,

Untersttzung', Old English stuu, studu f. `pad, jamb ', Middle High German stud f. ds., Old Icelandic stuill m.ds., Middle High German studel ` jamb, Turpfosten'; Old Icelandic styja `prop, support', Old High German studen ` belay, statuere', Old

`(under-)prop, support', Old High German (under)stutzen, Modern High German

Icelandic stoa ` support, help'; with intens. consonant stretch: Middle Low German stutten

(under)sttzen; also Old High German stda `bunch'; Latvian stute, stuta `rod, rod'; (ablaut. Norwegian dial.styr, styrja `long shaft, pole, steife person'); Latin in: instaurre reduced grade stu-: gr. `picket, pole' = Old Icelandic staurr `picket, pole' stu u-

`instand place' (originally from Stangen, Stndern beim Bau), restaurre `wiederinstandsetzen'. st-eu- stG. st-eu-, st-eu- `massiv, tight, firm, thick, breit' (Germanic stiura see below) as

`standsicher, standing firm' in Old Indic sthvar- `thick, standing firm, bestndig' (latter meaning and die Vokallnge perhaps through support in sth- `stand'), sthvira- `breit, thick, strong, dense, old', (or after dem compounds Sup. erfolgter replacement for:) Old

Umfangreichere, Strkere, Grere', Old Indic sth-viha-, Avestan stvita- `the fatness, Starke'; Armenian stvar `thick' (*stuuar-);

stvi-, i.e. *stuvi-), Kompar. Superl. Old Indic sthvyas-, Avestanstaoy `the

Indic sthr-, sthl- `thick' = Avestan stra- `umfangreich, strong' (composition form sti-,

Strkste, Derbste, Grbste', Old Indic sthviman- n. `Breite', Avestan stavah- n. `thickness, aschw. str `big, large' (besides str, see above), styras `brag', Middle Low German str

`big, large, strong, heavy; strrisch, coarse, unfriendly' (compare Old Indic ni-hura-

`rough, hard, coarse', ni-hrin- `coarse, raw'), Old Icelandic stra `Dsterheit', Vb. `

proud';

German stieren umgendert), zero grade Old High German stiuri `strong, stately, stout,

grieving sein' (nschw. stra ` rigid hinsehen' in the meaning after the family of Modern High

German str(e) n. ` rudder, helm ', f. n. `Regierung; help, Gegenwehr', f. `Untersttzung', `feststellen, affirm ', Modern High German zur Steuer der Wahrheit, Old Icelandic styra `ein Gothic us-stiurei `Zgellosigkeit', Middle Low German unstre ds., Gothic stiurjan

Old English stor f. ` rudder, helm ', Old Icelandic styri n. ` rudder, helm ', Middle Low

helm, Untersttzung, tax', Modern High German Steuer f. and (from dem Low German) n.,

with other meaning: Old High German stiura, Middle High German stiure `pad, rudder,

steuern, steer'; probably originally `picket, pole, rudder, helm (secondary: with it prop, ro- compatible, das from *st(h)u- not quite apart, separated become could; cattle)':

ship steuern; regieren', Old English steran ds., Old High German stiurren `prop, support,

support, steer)', with Old Icelandic staurr, gr. (see above) under *stu-ro- : *stuto Old Indic sthr- etc. stellt sich probably Indo Germanic steu-ro- `bull (and anderes steu-roAvestan staora- `cattle', Middle Persian str ` draft animal, steed', Gothic stiur m. ` bull

calf, bull' (after W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 483 = Old Indic sthvira-); Old High German stior, Old English stor, Old Icelandic stirr (besides jrr) `bull'. References: WP. II 603 ff., WH. I 343 f., 705 f., Trautmann 280 ff., Vasmer 3, 2 ff.

Page(s): 1004-1010 steb(h)stb(h)- st stemb(h)- stepstpRoot / lemma: steb(h)- and stb(h)- : stb -, nasalized stemb(h)-; step- (also stp-?), Meaning: post, pillar, stump; to support, etc.. Material: root form with -b: `Kohlstrunk'); stemb(h)ro- stomb(h)onasalized stemp-; nominal stb o-s, stemb(h)ro-s, stomb(h)o-s stempst
h h

Note: relationship to *st- `stand' is possible. Old Indic stbaka- m. n. ` tussock ', stamb- m. `bush, tussock ' (= Lithuanian stmbas

`Schelten, boastfulness ', , ` abuse, revile ';

gr. ` stamp, mihandle, abuse, revile ', , Hes. m. Old Saxon preterit stp `trat fest auf', Old English stppan (steppan), stp `fest treten,

auftretend schreiten', in addition Kaus. Old English stpan `einweihen', Old High German stappe, Old High German stapf, stapfo (stffo) `Stapfe, footprint ' (Germanic *stapp-); Old Zahnes', Old English stapol m. `stem, jamb, column ', Middle Low Germanstapel m. ` Icelandic stpull m. ` jamb, pillar, tower', Old Frisian stapul `Richtblock; Krone eines (Hildebrandslied) stoptun tosamane `liessen zusammenstapfen'; Middle Low German

march, step, stride, strut', Old High Germanstepfen and stapfn `fest auftreten, fest

column, Unterlage, stacked heap, Stapelplatz' (out of it Modern High German Stapel ` pile, German Staffel ` rung, horizontal step on a ladder, Treppenabsatz'; Old Saxon stpo m. ` stack '), Old High German stapfal, staffal ` foundation, footstep, grade', Modern High

step, tread; kick, strike or blow delivered by the foot; footprint, track, footprint ', Old English German stefe `tight, firm, strong'; Old English stpe, stepe, Pl. stapas ` footstep, grade', `beisteuern' (denominative from:) Old Frisian ield-stpe `Beisteuer; Wergeld', Old High Old Frisian stepe ds., Old Icelandic stapi m. `hoher and steiler rocks'; Old Frisian stpa stpel ds., Old High German stuoffa, stuofa, Modern High German grade, Middle High

German stuopfa ds. (Old Church Slavic stap `Steigbgel' from dem Germanic);

Middle High German stempfen and Old High German stampfn, Middle High German

poke, stomp, crunch ', Old English stempan `in mortar grind ' (engl. stamp also ` stamp '),

Church Slavic stopa `mortar' from dem Germanic), therefrom Old Icelandic stappa `bump,

nasalized Old Low German stamp, Old High German stampf m. `tool zum Stoen', (Old

High German stumpf m. ` stub, stump '; Adj. `stumpf, mutilated, abbreviated ';

stempfil `Stmpfel, pestle'; Middle Low German stump m. ` stump; adj. `dull, stupid', Old

stampfen `stomp, hit, stamp ' and further Middle Low German stempel, Old High German

problematisch Middle Irish sibal `a walking, marching' (*stebulo-). root form with -b -: become, solidify, congeal ', stabhit- `gesttzt', stabdha- ` stiff, rigid; haughty ', Kaus. Old Indic stabhnti, stabhnti, stambhat, -ti `prop, support, hamper', Med. ` stiff
h

`pad', Avestan stawra- `tight, firm', np. sitabr, istabr `strong, vast, grand'; ved. stabhyn, rebel!' (indoiran. *sta b au-);
h m

streitschtig'), stambhanam ` fortification, Festhalten, hindrance ' = Avestan stmbanam

column; hindrance, Lhmung; Aufgeblasenheit', (compare np. sitamba ` violent, brutal,

stambhayati, -te `fastens, makes stiff, lhmt, halt an, oppressed', stambha- m. ` jamb,

stabhymna- ` sich nicht from the Stelle rhrend, unbeweglich ', ap. sta bava ` resist!

Pl. `ausgeprete Oliven or Trauben', ` grape, grapevine; uvula in mouth', `plummet';

gr. `unerschtterlich' (actually `wer nicht gepret become kann'), n.

Middle Irish sab f. ` shaft, pillar, stick' (*stb[h]); semmor ` clover ' (*stemb[h]ro-); halt, stop, cause to stop, block '), Old High German stabn ` rigid, stiff sein', East Frisian staf ` stiff, lame'; Gothic *stafs (Nom. Pl. stabeis) `Buchstaben' (lesson through alphabetic letter', Old High German Middle High German stap (-b-) ` stick, pad, rod '; stbaras); Old Frisian stef `staff'; Runenstbchen), Old Icelandic stafr `staff, pad, alphabetic letter', Old English stf `staff, Swedish Danish staver ` fence post ' (compare Old Church Slavic stobor, Lithuanian Old Icelandic stefja (*stajan) `hinder', stefna ` dam ' (*make stiff, stiffen, make rigid,

Maybe alb. stap ` stick, pad, rod ' a Germanic loanword. English stefn, stemm m. `time, Mal, Periode'; Old Icelandic stafn n. `Steven, Hausgiebel', Old Icelandic stef n. (*stabja-), stefna f. (*staanjn-) ` certain, feste time etc.', Old

Old Saxon stamn m. `Steven', Old English stefn, stemn m. `stem, root, Steven', Old High (Verquikkung eines *sta-na- with a *stam-na-: Old Irish tamun `tree truck'); Frisian stemblinge ` mutilation '. German stam (-mm-) ` tree truck, Geschlechtsstamm ', Modern High German stem

nasalized Old High German stumbal ` cut-off piece, stump ', stumbiln ` mutilate ', Old Lithuanian stembti ` stalk ansetzen', stembras, stembrs ` stalk' (= Middle Irish

semmor), stimbras ` tail stub, tail stump ', em. stmbris ` stalk', Lithuanian stambs

Lithuanian stebul f. `hub of a wheel', Latvian stebe ` mast ', russ.stebt, klr. stebnuty `

`coarse, coarsely granulated ', stmbas `Kohlstrunk', Latvian stuobrs ` stem, reed';

lash, flog; steppen, sew '; stabti, stabdti ` halt, stop, cause to stop, block ', stbas ` jamb, Schlagflu', Old Lithuanian stabas ` idol ' (gttlich verehrter Pflock), Latvian stabs ` pillar, bough', Old Church Slavic stobor ` column '; with the meaning ` be amazed, marvel ': Lithuanian stebtis; root form in -p-: Old Indic in Kaus. sthpymi ` place, found, ground '; bleiben', Lithuanian stpas `Schlagflu', stapnti ` penem erigere '; Old Church Slavic stpiti, stpati `tread'. Old Church Slavic stopa ` footprint ', stepen `grade', Old Lithuanian staptis `stand column ', Old Prussian stabis m. ` stone ', stabni f. `( stony) oven', Lithuanian stbaras `dry

19, 35.

References: WP. II 623 ff., Trautmann 280, 284, Kniper Nasalprs. 195 ff., Vasmer 3, 16,

Page(s): 1011-1013 steghstenghRoot / lemma: stegh-, nasal. stenghMeaning: to stick; pole, stalk, etc.. Material: Gr. `das assigned purpose, Vermutung' ( `ziele, investigate

from, errate'); Swedish stagg (Germanic *stagga-) `stiff and stechendes Gras', dial. `Achel, steggi m. `Stecher', nisl. also `tomcat, male-cat' (late Old English stagga m., engl. stag `the `Stichling', Latvian staga(i)s `a prickly fish', stage `Alant' (also stagi `ein herb, das as cabbage gegessen wird'?); adult male deer', engl. dial. also `male', from dem Nord.); Prussian-Lithuanian steg, stegis Stichling (fish)', wherefore *staggian- `with *sting, prick = penis versehen' in Old Icelandic

Hes.; , - (also ) m. ` ear ' ( = n);

nasalized: gr. , - (geformt after - ` sharp cusp, peak'), Old Icelandic stinga, stakk, Old English stingan `stick'; Gothic usstagg `, stich

from!'; Old High German stanga, Old Icelandic stng `stick, picket, pole, shaft, pole', Old English steng (*stangi-) ds., nl. steng (*stangi[n]-) ds., Old High German stengil ` stalk'; ablaut. Old High German stungen `prick';

stegnt `steppen, sew, lash, flog ', stka ` suture' (e in geschlossener syllable from and auf stegt figurative); Czech steh, poln. cieg, cig `prick, sting'; `sich anstrengen', Refl. `sich widersetzen', stangs `widerspenstig'? Page(s): 1014-1015 References: WP. II 622 f., Vasmer 3, 9, Trautmann 285. here as `sich versteifen', with the intonation of a heavy basis: Lithuanian stng-iu, -ti

Church Slavic osteg, serb.-Church Slavic oste `dress, mantle'; russ. stegt,

(s)tegRoot / lemma: (s)teg-1 Meaning: to cover Material: Old Indic sthagati (umbelegt), sthagayati `verhllt, verbirgt'; gr. `cover, schtze etc.', , n. (= Old Irish tech), , f. `roof, house',

`deckend, sheltering; bedeckt, hidden, concealed', `bedeckend, schtzend; *tegu- `thick'), `bedeckend, schtzend';

bedeckt, verschlossen; compact, tight, firm, dense' (see because of this meaning also Latin teg, -ere ` cover ', tctum `roof' (= ), tegulum `cover, roof, wrapping ',

teges, -etis `cover, mat ', tgula ` a roof tile ', toga ` the white woolen upper garment worn by Roman citizens '; Umbrian tehteim ` a covering, plaster used for covering'; Maybe alb. (*tgula) tjegulla `tile, brick', truncated (*tgula) tulla `tile, brick', tehu (*tegu) `blade, sharp edge' Latin loanwords [common alb., italic -g- > -h-] Old Irish tech (neutraler -es-stem = gr. ), acymr. tig, ncymr. ty, acorn. ti `house',

abret. bou-tig ` cowshed ' (with unclear brit. i); Pl. acymr. te, ncymr. tai, also in Old Irish Irish -tuigiur `I cover' = Old High German decchiu; tuige `stramen' (*togi), imthuge cymr. corn. to `roof', cymr. to `tegere'; teg-lach ` Hausgenossenschaft ', cymr. teulu, acorn. teilu ` family ' (*tego-slougo-), Old

`Bedeckung, Bekleidung', cymr. am-do `amiculum, involucrum', Old Irish tach `dress', Old Icelandic ekja `cover', Old English eccan `cover', Old High German decchen

Old Icelandic ak, Old English c, Old High German dah n. `roof'; Old Icelandic ekja addition Old Icelandic staka, stakka f. `fell, fur'; (without s Norwegian dial. taka `Schweinshaut');

`cover' (iterative *togei = Old Irish tuigiur, under Verdrngung from Indo Germanic *teg); `roof', Old High German decchi `cover, roof'; Old English ecen, Old Saxon thecina ds., in

`barn', Lithuanian stegtojas `Dachdecker', ablaut. stgas = Old Prussian stogis `roof'; perhaps russ.-Church Slavic stog m. `barn, haystack, heap'. References: WP. II 621 f., WH. II 654 f., Trautmann 288.

lengthened grade Lithuanian stegiu stegti `ein Dach eindecken', Old Prussian steege

Page(s): 1013-1014

(s)tegRoot / lemma: (s)teg-2

Meaning: pole, stick, beam

Material: Armenian t`akn, Gen. t`akan `cudgel, club, beetle, hammer, club, mace, joint', t`akaak, t`akaa `capitello, architrave'; Latin tgnum (*tegnom) `timber, balk, beam'; picket, pole, Stecken, peg, plug'; (with expressive Gemination stekko): Old Swedish staki ` Old Icelandic stjaki `picket, pole, shaft, pole' = Old High German stehho `cudgel, club,

steigNote: s. also under steig- `prick'

German stach `Spiehirsch';

shaft, pole, spit, pike', Old English staca ds., Middle Low German stake ds., Old High

from Zelten';

poke, fall', Middle Low German staken `bump, poke'; Gothic hleira-stakeins `Einstecken of form the shaft, pole genommen is Norwegian dial. staka, stjaka ` stiff go, stumble', Old Icelandic stakkr `barn, haystack', Middle Low German stak `schrger dam from

Danish stak `Achel, awn'; denominative Old Icelandic stjaka `bump, poke', staka `bump,

Low German stakern ds.;

Pfhlen and deadwood' (: Old Church Slavic stog `barn, haystack'); pole, long stick, spit, pike'; stega f. `penis';

Lithuanian stgaras, stegers `drrer langer stalk', Latvian stga f., stgs m. `long shaft, Old Church Slavic steer `cardo', russ. stor ` shaft, pole', sloven. stja, stje

stgno see below (s)teig-. (s)teig Page(s): 1014

Church Slavic stog `haystack'; stg `banner, ensign, flag'; about Old Church Slavic

`Schoberstock', serb. str `tree auf the Dreschtenne', Upper Sorbian sor ` mast '; Old

References: WP. II 613, 622, Trautmann 285, Vasmer 3, 16 f.

steighRoot / lemma: steigh-

Meaning: to march, ascend

emporkommen', ati-igham Inf. `bersteigen, bemeistern';

Material: Old Indic stighnti `steigt' (Dhtup.), ved. pra-stighnuyt Opt. present `er mge gr. `schreite, go', *, Gen. , Pl. , - `row, Zeile', Attic `row,

Zeile, line', `in dichter Reihe besides- or hintereinander go or come', `row, line'; alb. shtek, shteg-u ` passage, entrance, way, Haarscheitel' (= ); bret. tiz `haste, hurry' (*[s]tikt), cymr. mor-dwy `Seefahrt' (*[s]teigho-) etc.;

Old Irish tagu `I schreite, go', techt f. `the going, the summoner ', cymr. taith `journey' = Gothic steigan, Old Icelandic stga, Old English Old High German stgan ` ascend ' (= gr.

); Old High German stg ` steep path, path, track, grade', Old Icelandic stgr `Fusteig'; Gothic staiga ` steep path, way', Old High German steiga `steiler way';

or Herabsteigen', Old High German stega `grade, stairs, ladder' (Old High German stiega, Modern High German Stiege with , also probably from *stigh); Old English stger f. Old Icelandic steigur-ligr `steep, erect'; Old Icelandic sttt f. ` footprint, Trittstein, way,
2

Icelandic stigi m. `Stiege, ladder', stig n. ` footstep, grade', Old English stige `das Hinauf-

Old High German steg m. `narrow bridge, gangplank, footbridge, small bridge'; Old

`re' (engl. stair), Middle Low German steiger `steep', nld. `Ladeplatz, scaffold, trestle', Stand, rank', stttr m. ds. (: cymr. taith), Old Icelandic sttta ` support, help', Old English

Old High German stiftan?) etc.;

stihtan, stihtian (`*auf eine basis place =) einrichten, sort, order, arrange', anfrk. stihtan (= Lithuanian staig Adv. `sudden', staigs `violent, quick, fast aufbrausend', staigas, -tis

stza `Fusteig, road', stgna `road'. Page(s): 1017-1018

beeilen', stagt `change', stiga ` path, track '; Old Church Slavic stign `I come', stdza,

and steigios, stegtis `sich beeilen, sich bemhen'; Latvian stidzu(s), stigt(is) `sich

References: WP. II 614 f., Trautmann 285 f.

(s)teigRoot / lemma: (s)teig-

Meaning: to stick; sharp

Material: Old Indic tjat `is sharp, schrft', tjyati `schrft, stachelt', tikt- `sharp, bitter', tigm- `spiky, sharp', tjas- n. ` sharpness, cutting edge, radiance ', tjana-m `das collective tjan f. `netting or bundle from reed, straw '; Schrfen, Anznden; cusp, peak, arrowhead, Rohrstab, arrow shaft ', wherefore as Avestan taa-, taa- `sharp; m. sharpness', tira-, . tigra- `sharp'; afghan. tr

steiNote: extension from stei- ds.

`sharp, spiky' (*taigra-); Avestan tii- ds., tiri- `arrow' etc., np. t `cusp, peak, sword' (Armenian loanword tg ` lance '), tz `sharp', tj `arrow'; without anlaut. s- also Germanic *hstila- `thistle' (compare den s-stem Old Indic tjas-)

`prick, sting'? compare gr. ); (`embroidered ');

East Frisian dssel `thistle' and perhaps acymr. tigom `naevi' (`*dot, speck, Tupf' from gr. ` prick, ttowiere', `prick, sting, dot, speck ', `varicolored' Latin nstg, -re `anspornen, sting, goad, incite, aufreizen';

in Old Icelandic istill, Old English istel, Old High German distil and Norwegian tstel,

anstintu `distinguito'; Latin stingu, -ere ` extinguish, annihilate, erase ' (of Auseinanderstochern the brennenden Scheite);

etwas', distingu `( prick, stochere apart) unterscheide' (-u after ungu etc.), Umbrian

nasalized nstingu `reize an', interstingu `besetze (bestecke) hin and again with

Irish tigernae `master, mister', gall. Tigernum castrum, cymr. teyrn `ruler' (often influenced to *stiog from *stigk (compare Loth RC. 43, 156);

Middle Irish tiug- (*tigu-) `last', acymr. guotig, cymr. wedi `after' (`*behind dem end'), Old

from *tegos `house'); bret. stec'h ` fascicle, sheaf ' (*stikk); bret. stiogen `Tintenschnecke' Gothic stiks `prick, sting, dot, speck ', Old High German stih, Old Saxon stiki, Middle

Low German steke, Old English stice m. `ds.'; stician `prick'; Intr. `steckenbleiben, fest bleiben', Middle Low German sticken `prick, prickle, kindle, inflame, choke; suppress, High German steckn `festsitzen', Modern High German stecken ` stick '(*stikkn as

crush', Old High German sticken `prick, prickle ', ir-sticken `choke; suppress, crush', Old though `angenagelt sein'); Old Icelandic steikja `fry' (actually `an den spit, pike stick'; in ` fasten with needle or thread, festhaften', Old High German sthhan, Modern High

addition steikr `Braten', stikna `roasted become'); with ablaut derailment: Old Saxon stkan German stechen, Kaus. *stakjan in Old High German stecken `( through Stiche) fasten,

German stahhula `sting, prick', Old Icelandic stkr `stinkend, sharp'; diese structure in die Icelandic stjaki m. ` jamb '), with denen sich die group Gothic stiks, Modern High German stechen to a neuen Einheit zusammenschlo; so based on formal auf *stig-, but with the meaning from *steg-: Old Icelandic stika, Old High German stehho `Stecken' (latter but e-Reihe war preferred through die Germanic Ableger from *steg- ` shaft, pole' (e.g. Old

clip, bind, einstecken', Modern High German stecken tr., Gothic staks `Wundmal', Old High

zugleich also = Old Icelandicstjaki), Old Icelandic stik n. `picket, pole'; with kk: Old stekko `Stecken, picket, pole', Old High German stecko `Stecken';

Icelandic stikka `Stecken, shaft, pole', Old English sticca m. `Stecken, spoon', Old Saxon to *stig- stellen sich still: Old Icelandic stikill `cusp, peak', Old English sticel(s) m. `sting,

prick', Middle Low German stekel, Old High German stihhil `sting, prick', Modern High

Erde under zugespitzt verlaufendes vessel'; Old Saxon stekal `rough, stony ', Middle Low Middle High German stechel, stichel, stickel `steep' as `die Fusohlen pricking, voll German stekel `devexus', Old English sticol `steep, high', Old High German stehhal,

German Stichel; Gothic stikls, Old High German stehhal `goblet' as `zum Einstecken in die

pointed stone ';

verbleiben (steckenbleiben'); whether to (s)teigh-? (s)teigh h(s)tegSee also: see below (s)teg-2.

Latvian stigt ` sink in ', Lithuanian sting stiga, stgti and stgau, -oti `an a Orte ruhig

References: WP. II 612 ff., Wissmann Nomina Postverb. 86 f., 191, Vasmer 3, 8; Page(s): 1016-1017

Meaning: shoulder, arm, hip

(s)teig Root / lemma: (s)teig-

rump, side eines Gebudes etc.' (*toig-no-);

Material: Armenian t`kn, Gen. t`ikan `shoulder, Achsel; arm ', Pl. t`itunk` `Schultern; back; Celtic *toibos from *toig-os- in Old Irish teb, tib n., cymr. corn. bret. tu `side'; thigh'. Old Church Slavic stgno `femur', slov. stgno `thigh', russ. stegn `hip, haunch, hip;

Page(s): 1018

stegReferences: WP. II 614; different Vasmer 3, 8 (to steg-2).

(s)teighRoot / lemma: (s)teigh-

Meaning: to await patiently

above S. 1017. Page(s): 1018

patience '; common Old Indic -h- > -k- Gothic stiwiti ` patience '; here Latvian stigt,

Material: Old Indic ttikat `hlt from, duldet', titik `geduldiges Ertragen, endurance,

References: WP. II 615.

(s)teiRoot / lemma: (s)tei-

Meaning: sharp, spike

`mountaintop, mountain peak, summit, acme, apex ' (probably *stoi-lo-, so that dieVollstufe : Latin sti-mu-lus `sting, prick'; in addition Latin stva (and *stva the rom. Sprachen) ` `*sharp, pricking ' could have evolved; to:) Latin stilus `spitziger picket, pole, Stiel, stalk, stylus zum Schreiben'; with formants-moplough handle, plough stilt ' as *stei-u? compare Old Indic tvr- `violent, sharp', das from about Old High German Old Saxon stil etc. s. Frings Germania Romana 180 f. Page(s): 1015 References: WP. II 612, WH. II 592.

Material: Avestan stara- `mountaintop, mountain peak, summit ' ., tara-

(s)telRoot / lemma: (s)tel-1

Meaning: to let flow; to urinate

Material: Material: Gr. , Attic - `rinnen let; triefen, drip' (probably analogical for -),

`drip', `das Trpfeln, drip', late `'; n. `puddle, borrowed?);

slop, swamp, marsh, slime, mud, mortar' (Armenian tem, tim `slime, mud, ordure' out of it engl. stale `urine', to stale `urinate, to make water ', Middle Low German stal `urine of

(*stalto-?);

(from horses, Swiss also from people); unclear Middle Breton staut, nbret. staot `urine' eine (h)-extension perhaps in Lithuanian telti ` steep, eingieen', Intrans. itilti

the horse', Middle Low German Modern High German stallen `urinate, to make water '

`aufweichen', ablaut. tulti ` become humid, wet '; proto Slavic. *tlst `swollen, thick' in Old Church Slavic *tlst ds., russ. tolstyj `thick'. References: WP. II 642 f., Trautmann 331 f., Vasmer 3, 117.

Page(s): 1018

Meaning: broad, to broaden *stl-to =Latin ltus);

stel- stel Root / lemma: stel-2, stel-

Material: Armenian aa-sta (*st-no-) `roof', lain `breit' (*lai-in, extension from lai- from Latin ltus (*stl-to-) `breit', older anlaut in stlatta `Kauffahrteischiff'; lmina `thin Platte', whether from *(s)tl-men `die ausgebreitete', also Latium, if from *(s)tl-t-iom `Flachland'; proto Slavic. stelj stlati ` outspread ' in Old Church Slavic po-stelj, po-stlati ablaut. *stl- in latus, -eris n. `side', later `Ziegelstein' (whether `platter stone '), perhaps

`', stelja f. ` '; in addition Latvian slju, slt `load, pack'. stelSee also: probably to stel-3.

References: WP. II 643, WH. I 755 f., 769 f., 772 f., II 596, Trautmann 286, Vasmer 3, 10;

Page(s): 1018-1019

stelRoot / lemma: stel-3

Meaning: to put, place

Material: Old Indic sthla-m, sthal `elevation, tableland, hill, plateau, Festland', sthl

`Erdaufschttung', sthlati (Dhtup.) `stands'; perhaps sthla-m, sthl `vessel, pot, pan'; ?);

unclear sthu- `standing firm', Subst. `stump, stick' (*stharn-, Indo Germanic *st(h)el-nuArmenian stecanem `schaffe', sten, Pl. steunk` `stem, stalk, twig, branch'; fertig', m. `Zurstung, pull, Heereszug' and `hervorstehender balk, beam, peg, plug, helm pole and likewise', f. `armament, armor, clothing, Ausrstung, Heereszug'; gr. `stelle auf (in order); bestelle, allow to come; send; rste to, kleide, stelle

Maybe alb. stoli ` jewellery ' a Greek loanword; gr. `bestelle, make fertig, rste', f. `Stiel the axe', later n., homer. -, - ds., Attic m. ds., n. `stem, stalk, stem of a plant; fool '; German stollo); perhaps (); `peg, plug zum Festmachen the Jagdnetze'; Lesbian-Thessalian , Doric , Attic ` column ' (*st-n, compare Old High

alb. shtjelj (*stel-n) `wickle ein'?; Maybe alb. shtylla ` column '; (actually `Stecken, Stiel'); Latin stolidus ` doltish, stupid, ungebildet', stultus `crazy', stol, -nis `Wurzelscho' Latin locus, Old Latin stlocus `place' (*stlo-ko-); lic `auf the Stelle' (*en-stlokd); `Pflanzenstiel', ablaut. Middle English stall `Pflanzenstengel, rung, horizontal step on a Old Icelandic stjlr `rump', Norwegian stjl ` stalk, Stiel', Old English stela m.

ladder, Stiel', Middle Low German stale, stal ` jamb; foot'; Old Icelandic stl n. `barn, German Stilka;

haystack, pile, stack ', Old English stl `place' (*stl); vandal. PN Stilico = Modern High Old Icelandic stallr (*stolnos) ` rack, altar, crib, manger, stall', Old English steall `

Old English stellan `place, place '; Old Icelandic stallra `stehenbleiben, stocken';

stall'; therefrom Old High German stellen `auf-, feststellen, einrichten', Old Saxon stellian, Old Saxon stollo `Fugestell', Old High German stollo, Middle High German stolle `pad,

position, Stand, stall', Old High German Middle High German stal (-ll-) `domicile, place,

rack, jamb, foot eines Sessels', Modern High German Stolle, Stollen (Indo Germanic *stln-, compare gr. and das the changing by ablaut Old Icelandic stallr ` rack '); Old Saxon Old High German stilli `still, peaceful ', Old English stille ds. (*stel-ni-); Old

English stillan `stillen, calm, appease ', Intr. ` become still ', Old High German Modern High German stillen ` make still '; isl. stlmi, Norwegian stalme m. `das Angeschwollensein of Euters', Swedish stolm Old Prussian stallt `stand'; Latvian stulms ` stump; limb, member, arm, leg'; as s- loose Nebenformen comes in Betracht *tel- `still sein' (see there). *telErweiterte root forms: lbolbo stelb- stelpstelb-, stelp-; st lbo- ` jamb ':
e e e

Icelandic stilla `stillen, sort, order, arrange, berlisten', Old Saxon gistillian `stillen', Old

`Stoppeln' (: Latvian stulms); Norwegian stalma, stolma ` curdle, coagulate, harden ';

`stagnre', stolpe ` lard and other Fettarten' (`*jammed, packed, stuck '); Old Icelandic

German (Low German) stelpen `sistere sanguinem', Middle Low German stalpen

Old Low German stelpn `stagnare', Dutch stelpen `stillen, hamper', Modern High

German stlpen `umstlpen, umkehren', stulpe `Stlpe, Topfdeckel'; Norwegian stolpa `with steifen and langen Schritten go', Modern High German (Low German) stolpern ;

stolpi, Middle English stulpe, Middle Low German stolpe `balk, beam, jamb '; Middle Low

`grade', russ. stolb ` column, jamb '; pillar, post, tower ', russ. stolp;

dazed, astounded ', stlbs ` jamb ', ablaut. stilbs `shinbone'; Old Church Slavic stlba

Lithuanian stalbotis `stand bleiben', stelbotis `schal become', ablaut. Latvian stulbs `

danehen with p Lithuanian stulpas, Latvian stlps, Old Church Slavic stlp ` a column, a nasal. root form stlemb- probably in Latin stlembus ` clumsy, slow'. stlemb-

steldsteld-: Old Indic at most in sthau- m. ` hump, hunchback, hunch '; stilte `stilt', engl. stilt ds.; Low German stilte ` shaft, pole, stalk', Old English styltan Old High German stlza, Middle Low German stelte, Swedish stylta, Middle English

stolzen, stlzen ` limp ', Swedish stulta `stumble', Middle Low German stolt `stately, `crazy');
h

`verdutzt sein' (*solidify, congeal '), East Frisian stoltern `stumble', Middle High German

haughty ', Old High German Middle High German stolz ds. (Middle High German also a d -present to stel- in Gothic and-staldan `darreichen, offer, bid', ga-staldan `acquire,

hagustalt `(only a grove possessing =) day labourer, unverheirateter man, Hagestolz'. stelgstelk(s)tolgostelg- (also stelk-?) nominal (s)tolgo-: changing through ablaut stalk, engl. stalk ` stalk, Stiel', Old English stealc `high, steep', harden ', further as ` stiff, go'; Norwegian stalka, stulka `stapfen, slink', as Old English Middle Low German stolkeren `stolzieren', nld. stelkeren, stolkeren ` curdle, coagulate, Middle Irish tolg m. f. ` strength '; Old Swedish stilke, Norwegian stjelk, stelk and

possess, control', Old English stealdan `possess, control', Old High German (etc.)

`strong', with k;

stealcian, engl. stalk ds., Old Icelandic stelkr `Strandkiebitz'; compare Middle Irish ta(i)lc

doubtful Lithuanian stulgn `in die Hhe', Old Lithuanian stulginti `verlngern'. Page(s): 1019-1020

stelgtis `brag, boast', probably also em. stlguos `sich beeilen'; because of the meaning

Lithuanian stelgti `anstarren, rigid hinsehen', stalgs ` rigid, defiant, stout, proud',

References: WP. II 643 ff., WH. I 817 f., II 599, Trautmann 284, 290 f., Vasmer 3, 18.

Meaning: to push; to stumble, stutter Material: Old High German gistemn, gistemn, Middle High German stemen `Einhalt tun', Note: only Germanic and Celtic

stemRoot / lemma: stem-

Old High German ungistuomi ` boisterous ' (*sich nicht beherrschend'), Middle High

German gesteme `gentle, still'; Gothic stamms ` stammering ', Old Icelandic stamr ds.

`behindert, stolen; looted ', Old English stam, Old High German stamm ` stammering ', Old Old High German stam(m)al ds., stamaln ` stammer '; Old Icelandic stemma (*stammjan)

Icelandic stama, Old High German stamn ` stammer ', Old English stamor ` stammering ', `stemmen, dmmen, hinder', East Frisian stemmen ds., Middle High German stemmen

stummeln ds.; Old Saxon Old Frisian Old High German stum(m) ` dumb ';

`stumble' (Norwegian also stamra), Middle English stumren, stum(b)len, East Frisian

`stand make, stiff make; Intr. (of water) gestaut become'; zero grade Old Icelandic stumra

stuostt (*stamstti) `bump, poke'; Refl. `stottern'.

stumt `bump, poke', Lithuanian stumi, stmiau, stmti `bump, poke, push ', Latvian

Latvian stuomtis ` stammer, stumble, stand bleiben, sich bumen, hesitate ' (*stm),

Maybe alb. shtyj `bump, poke, push ', alb. Geg shtue, Tosc shtoj `to add, increase, pile '. Page(s): 1021 References: WP. II 625 f., Wissmann KZ 62, 141 f.

(s)tenRoot / lemma: (s)ten-1

Meaning: to groan, etc..

stanyati `donnert, drhnt, bellow, roar, braust', stanayitn- m. `thunder', tanayitn`drhnend, donnernd', tnyati (= Aeolic ) ` soughs, sounds, donnert', tany- `

Material: Old Indic stnati (= gr. , Old English stenan, Lithuanian sten), stniti,

soughing, thundering '; afghan. tan `thunder', np. tundar ds.; Old Indicabhi-an- m. ` din, noise ';

 ds., `das sigh ', ds., m. ` the groaning ', - Lesbian , Hes.; `very sthnend' (Old Indic abhi-an- `das Tosen, shout', russ. ston `sigh'), ;

gr. `drhne, chze, lament', Ionian (= Old Church Slavic stenj) ds.,

`thunder'; Celtic FlN Tanaros (: Old High German donar);

Latin ton, -re ` thunder; also from other lauten Schalleindrcken', to-nitr, tonitrus

(*stanjan = Old Indic stanyati); Old Icelandic stynja ds. = Middle Low German stnen

Old English stenan stem V. `groan, moan'; Middle Low German stenen schw. V. ds.

`din, fuss, noise, whirlwind'; Old Icelandic stanka `groan, moan', Old English stenecian Thunder God ', Old English unian ` thunder, roar, bellow, sigh';

(Modern High German sthnen); Old Icelandic stynr m. `Gesthne', Old English gestun n.

`pant, gasp'; Old High German donar `thunder', Old English unor ds., Old Icelandic rr ` Lithuanian sten, -ti ` groan, groan, moan', Old Church Slavic stenj, stenati ds.; russ.

stn ` the groaning '; Old Prussian *stint, stnons participle Perf. Akt. `gelitten'. References: WP. II 626 f., WH. II 690 f., Trautmann 286.; Vasmer 3, 10, 19. Page(s): 1021

Meaning: narrow

lemma: stenRoot / lemma: sten-2

narrow Raum; crush, crowdedness (so also Attic )', `narrow', (-- : -F-); () Hes.; perhaps to *sten-to- in das Holthausen further to Latvian stinte `icicle' places. Old Icelandic stinnr ` stiff, tight, firm, hard, strong', Old English st, Old Frisian stth ds., References: WP. II 627; Holthausen Aengl. Etym. Wb. 323.

Material: Alt. , Ionian `narrow' (*-F-), hom. `narrowness,

Page(s): Page(s): 1021-1022

Meaning: to care for, take care of

sterg- sterkRoot / lemma: sterg-, sterk-

Material: Gr. `love; bin zufrieden', `love, affection '; Irish serc `love' wird

*sterg- ` whereupon worrying achten, guard, watch': Old Church Slavic strg, strti `servare, beware, guard', stra = russ. stro `Wchter' etc. References: WP. II 642, Trautmann 257 f., Vasmer 3, 12, 20.

because of cymr. serch ds. rather as *sterk here, as to ser-2 or ser-4 belong; to Slavic

Page(s): 1032 lemma: (s)ter- (s)ter (s)trRoot / lemma: (s)ter-1, (s)ter- : (s)trMeaning: stiff, immovable; solid, etc.. Note: s. also ster- `unfruchtbar' and ster- ` stiff Pflanzenschaft', further treg- `alle Krfte

anstrengen', strenk- `straff'

Material: A. Gr. (Attic also from ` infertile ', s. ster-6 ` infertile '), ds.;

*) ` rigid, tight, firm, hard', ds. (also `Kielbalken', lengthened grade:

Hes., (Fut. -) `tight, firm , - `pad', wherefore `sttze',

prop, support, stemmen', Med. Pass. `sich prop, support, sich feststemmen', Med. `sttze myself, stemme myself', dissimil. from *; , ` hard, sein', `cry rauh' (in formant. Bez. to Latin strnuus??), Latin strnuus `voll

sharp, forceful ', n. `heftiges desire, power, bermut', `minxish, wanton

rstiger

Tatkraft, betriebsam, wacker'; alb. shterr (*ster-n-) `lay, dry the place, make dry up '; about strn `good omen, sign' s. WH. II 601; bringen', sternx `shy, strrisch'; cymr. trin `toil, fight, struggle' Germanic *stara- ` rigid, esp. of eye' in mnl. star Latin constern, -re, also exstern `bestrzen, from the Fassung

(*strn?);

Middle High German sterre, Modern High German Bavarian sterr ` rigid, stiff ', whereof erstarren, starren, Norwegian stara and sterra (*starrian) `sichstruben, sich anstrengen'; uncourageous sein', Old High German strren `steif herausstehen, jut, project, protrude, strrisch; Old English stierne `ernst, hard, stern', Old High German stornn `stutzen, frighten' (*`stiff, rigid vor Schrecken'), sturni `stupor', Swedish sturna `stutzen'; stick out ', Old High German storro ` stump, clot, chunk', Modern High German strrig, *sturra- (*sturna-) `sich steif aufrichtend, stemmend' in Gothic and-starran ` Middle High German starren, sterren ` rigid be or become', Modern High German

Steife'), starr (Akk. starran) ` stiff, rigid, hard', Modern High German starr ` rigid',

stare'; with-rr- (from -rn-) Old Icelandic strr f. `Carex' (actually `die

`starblind', Old Icelandic stara, Old English starian, Old High German starn ` stare,

m. `Starrheit of Auges', Old High German stara-blint, Old English str(e)blind

unfriendly';

Old Icelandic stirr ` stiff, unbeugsam, hard,

starin, -nti ` stiff make';

strnawingisku Adv. `ernstlich', strni-tickrms `keen, eager'; Lithuanian russ. startsja `sich abmhen';

Old Prussian strnawiskan Instr. Sg. ` seriousness ',

Dentalformans: Old Church Slavic strada `hard work, toil', stradati `suffer, bear, endure'; `bedrohen'; with formants -mo- presumably Old Church Slavic strmo `steep, 1. in addition Old Church Slavic strast `affliction' (*strad-t), Latvianstrustt

with ablaut *str- (to -, str-nuus) and

abschssig', ablaut. poln.stromy ds. (Trautmann 290, Vasmer 3, 25). guttural extensions: (s)ter(s)tre(s)ter-g- and (s)tre-g-:

starknan ` solidify, congeal ', Old Icelandic storkna ` curdle, coagulate, harden ', Old High `knag, stump eines Baumes', Bavarian stork `Fischerstange', Middle High German storch German ki-, er-storchann ` solidify, congeal, erkalten'; Modern High German Tirol stork

Old Icelandic participle storkinn `clotted, congealed, coagulated, solidified '; Gothic ga-

`penis'; also (of steifen Gange)

in addition gr. ` vulture', actually ` stiff = big, large'?), compare Tirol storke(l)n `with langen Beinen einherschreiten', thring. storchen `as ein stork go', westfl. storkeln `straucheln, stumble';

Old Icelandicstorkr, Old English storc, Old High German stork, storah(h) ` stork '; (if

starker

Old High German starc, starah `strong, big, large', Old Icelandic sterkr, Old Swedish

Adj. *starku- in Old English stearc ` stiff, stern, strong',

`strong', zero grade Old Icelandic styrkr (*sturki-) m. ` strength '; strak (-ck-) ` stiff, straff, gerade emporgerichtet; strrig', Middle High German strac (-ck-) `straff, gestreckt, straight': Old English strec, strc (strk?) ` rigid, tight, firm, stern, violent'; Denom. (or umgekehrt strak Middle Low German

post-verbal?) Old High German stracchn `ausgestreckt sein' and strecchan, still treg- `die Krfte anstrengen'; Latvian terglis `stubborn ,

strecken `ausstrecken, straight make', Old English streccan `ausstrecken'; compare

strrischer person', terglties `sich auf etwas versteifen'; strgti ` solidify, congeal, to ice become'; doubtful, if in addition Old Bulgarian strach perhaps based on auf Lithuanian

`fright' as *strgso-, compare Vasmer 3, 23;

(s)terg-: Latin tergus, -oris `hard Rckenhaut the animal, fell, fur,

back' (probably from dem am back am strksten gestrubten hair), tergum here perhaps

`ds., esp. back', tergnum `lash, scourge, bullwhip, horsewhip; spur from leather'; as nasalized form strenk-, streng-, see there. (s)ter(s)ter-k-: torti, tority ds., Czech streti, treti ds. Dental extensions: serth `steep, obszn', Old Icelandic stirr ` stiff ' (see above) and stor `grass, green stalk'; (s)terd(s)terd-: Old English steort, Old High German sterz ds., Middle High German also ` stalk, Stiel' (as engl. start), Modern High German Sterz; ablaut. Norwegian dial. start ` stiff twig, branch, Old Icelandic stertr `tail', (s)tert(s)tert-, more properly *ster-to- in cymr. 2. klr. storty, stority `ragen, stare ',

sterta `spannen', Middle High German sterzen (also stem Verb.) `steif emporragen,

dull', Middle High German strzel ` stalk'; Old Icelandic upp-stertr ` haughty ', Old Icelandic

sich rasch bewegen', trans. (also starzen) ` rigid aufwrtsrichten', Middle English `uplift, set up', Old English steartlian `stumble', engl. startle `vor Schreck Low German sterten `auffahren, frighten', engl. start; Old Icelandic stirtla

auffahren'; West Germanic *sturtjan, ahd sturzen, Middle High German strzen, Middle storten `fall, diffuse, bestrzt make', Old Frisian stirta

`umstoen'; Middle High German storzen `strotzen'; without anlaut. s: Norwegian `Sonchus alpinus' (t- from

tart (and start) ` coccyx, small triangular bone at the base of the spinal column ', turt

Old Norse -), compare gr. `eine Doldenpflanze'; cymr. tarddu `to break out, spring, issue'; (s)ter (s)ter-d-: cymr.

tardd m. `eruption, issue, flow', corn. tardh `Anbruch (of Tages)', bret. tarz `rupture, clat', tarz-ann-deiz `daybreak' (*trd-);

here: Lithuanian tursti `with ausgestrecktem Hintern dastehen', and Old Irish tarr `belly' (*t rtso-); identical seems Irish bret. tor, teur, cymr. tor(r) `belly, lower abdomen'.
o

with similar meaning as Modern High German Sterz, Norwegian (s)tart,

tursti `den Hintern hinausstrecken' (turs- from *t rt-s-)

o

torrach `pregnant', cymr. torrog ds., corn. tor, abret. tar,

(s)terd (s)ter -: possibly here cymr. tardd see above; a nasalized root *strend- in Gr. Hes., `cusp, peak';
h

dial. to strunt ` stiff, gespreizt umhergehen' etc. Labial extensions: (s)terp(s)terp-: 3.

Germanic, e.g. Middle High German strunz `stump, Lanzensplitter, coarse Bengel', engl.

Baumes (bertr. progeny, origin, source, beginning; an ancestor)'; sterptis `auf seinem Rechte bestehen' (`sich versteifen'), strplis `rump of the horse'; den langen Beinen); Lithuanian stirpti `somewhat emporkommen, heranwachsen' (actually `*sich straffen'),

Latin stirps `stem eines

alb. shterp ` infertile ' (compare also 6. ster- ` infertile '); Irish serrach ` plenitude' (from

russ. toropt); Lithuanian tirpti ` solidify, congeal, insensible become', Latvian trpt ds.; serb.-Church Slavic utrpti ` solidify, congeal ', russ. trpnut `ds., also vor fear', r.-

without s-: torpe, -re ` rigid, insensible, betubt sein' (= Old Bulgarian u-trpti or =

blockhead ';

become' (Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 325), klr. torpa `unbeweglicher person', slov. trp ` Maybe alb. trap ` fool ' a Slavic loanword.

Church Slavic terpkij ` ', r. trpkij `herb, sour'; russ. toropt, otoropt `bestrzt

in the meaning ` rigid, stiff = persistent sein' based on probably Old Church Slavic trpti tropi `torment, smite', russ. toropt ` set in motion '; as ` rigid, dull, vom Standpunkte of Geschmacks': Old Church Slavic *trk `acerbus, asper', russ. trpkij `herb, sour', as np. turu `sour' (if from *trfa-) and Modern High German derb (see below). (s)terb (s)ter - can go back:
h

`suffer, bear, endure', russ. terpt ds.; proto Slavic. *torpiti (Kaus.) in Czech trpiti, apoln.

Teils auf (s)terp-, partly auf (s)terp-

Old Saxon thervi, Old High German derbi ` unleavened ', Modern High German Bavarian derb `arid, dry, lean '; with anlaut. s-: Old Icelandic stjarfi m. `work, toil', stjarfr `hartmulig (from horses)', Old High German sterban `die' (`*solidify, congeal '; see below Middle Irish ussarb); Old

Old Icelandic iarfr, Old English eorf,

stirfinn `halsstarrig', starf n. `work, Streben, Amt', starfa `sich abmhen'; Saxon

steran, Old Frisian sterva, Old English steorfan ds. (engl. starve ` perish, esp. vor plague ';

hunger'); Old High German sterbo, Old English steorfa ` pestilence, epidemic disease,

Modern High German-Tirol storfn ` stalk, stem of a plant, stump ', westfl. storpeln `straucheln' can auf a root form auf b based on.

strepstrep-: horizontal step on a ladder '; Late Middle High German straf (-ff-) `straff, strenge', West Flemish strf (*strpo-) `strong, stern', East Frisian strabben `sich widerspenstig gebrden', Middle High German strabbeln ` wriggle '; Swiss strapfen `straff ziehen' Lithuanian par-strapnti `heimtorkeln', strpti `trample', stripins, stripis ` rung,

(*strappn); probably as `stern behandeln' here: Old Frisian straffia `bestreiten, scold, chide', mnl. Middle Low German straffen, from which borrowed Middle High German

strfen, ds. `punish, curse', strfe `Schelte, reprimand, punishment '.

sterb streb ster -, stre -: , Hes. (compare also o, under under streib -), ,
h h

gr.

, Doric `Rckenhaut the animal, fell, fur, leather';

RC. 43, 147); Middle Irish srebann m. `skin'; Old Church Slavic u-strabiti `recrere',

Middle Irish ussarb `death' (*uks-sterb ); cymr. serfyll ` frail ' (Loth

u-strebe Aor. `wurde mature, ripe, mellow, seasoned ', Church Slavic strbl `fit, healthy, tight, firm', russ. strbnut ` solidify, congeal, absterben', etc. (Trautmann 284 f., Vasmer 3, 11 whether gr. groups from ` twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved ',

poln. postrobi ` strengthen ' (proto Slavic. *storbiti); ablaut. Old Russian

f.);

`turn', ablaut. `verdreht',

` squinting', ` turn, twist, rotate herum',

` turn ' etc. from a meaning `straff zusammenziehen' (see hchst

under Modern High German bestremmen this meaning) expounded become may, is

coil '.

dubious; rather to a distinctive root streb-, streb - `turn,

h

stremb- strempstremb-, stremp-: den Fen heftig auftreten', Modern High German (eigent. Low German) strampeln, Middle Low German strampe(le)n `with

Middle Low German

strumpe(le)n `straucheln, anstoen' ; Middle High German strumpf, Middle Low German dial. strump `Strumpf, stub' (Modern High German `gestutzte britches, Strumpf'), Norwegian

aufblhen', isl. strembinn `straff, hard, stout, proud', Norwegian dial. stramb

stropp `a measure '); Norwegian dial. stremba `anspannen; breast or stomach `scharfer smell, odor'; with -mm-: Middle Low German stram (-mm-) `straff, strong,

strump `small Holzschssel ' (`*ausgehhlter tree truck', also

German Bavarian bestremmen, bestrempen `pull together, make narrow, limit, restrict'; reed', strumbulis `cudgel, club'; Old Prussian strambo ` stubble, bristle ', Latvian strebs and struobs (*strambas) ` stem,

thickset, strong' (Modern High German stramm from dem Low German), Modern High

hartgefrorener ordure'. str steriB. stri-, steri-:

`wankend (*stiff) go'; Latvian strampul(i)s ` stalk, stem of a plant, small bit of wood;

Lithuanian strampas `cudgel, club', strampaliti

strmendi `resisting, striving' Gloss.; engl. dial. to strime = to `strive, sich feststemmen'.

Old English

stride; Lithuanian strains ` keen, widerspenstig', pasistranyti 1. With guttural extension: s. streig-

` stiff '.

2. With Dental extensions: strdan stem V. ` march, step, stride, strut', engl. to stride, Middle Low German strden `die with Indo Germanic -d -: Old English
h

Beine spreizen, weit ausschreiten' (about Latin strittabellae `Buhldirnen'

str `fight, plague, care, austereness, severeness ', Old Saxon strd `toil, fight, struggle', Old High German strt `fight', einstrti `hartnckig'; Old Icelandic strr ` stiff,

V. Old Icelandic stra `quarrel, torment, smite', Old English strdian `quarrel'; Old Icelandic

s. WH. II 605 f.); Old High German strtan st V. `quarrel, sich bemhen', schw.

anstrengen', streita ds.; without anlaut. s-: Old Swedish rsker

hard, stern, strong'; with Indo Germanic -d-: Old Icelandic strita `strive, sich

`widerspenstig', Norwegian dial. treisk `defiant, beschwerlich, mhsam'.

3. With b -Erweit.: gr. ` rigid, hard, tight, firm, infertile ', subst. `Kielbalken' (as ), `hard, tight, firm' (compare above , ); Middle Low German nnd. strif, stref ` stiff, tight, firm', streven ` stiff sein, sich strecken', German streben, Middle High German streben `sich uplift, set up, sich strecken, ragen', Modern High Strebe-balken, -pfeiler; ablaut. md. strben stem V., nld. str C. stru-: guttural extensions: Modern High German Strauch; Middle High German strch `unkempt, shaggy'; nisl. strigr Dutch struik, Middle Low German strk, Middle High German strch, 1. With
h

strijven `strive, quarrel'.

`Gericht from

fight';

` repulsion, pride, hauteur', Middle English nengl. to struggle `sich abmhen, Latvian strkuls `icicle', also Old Lithuanian strungas, Lithuanian 2. With

geronnener milk', strga `rough, unkempt, shaggy make', Old Icelandic strgr

strgas, strigas, strkas `short, truncated, chopped down, cut down, cut off'. Dental extensions: anlaut. s-: proto Slavic. *trst in Old Church Slavic trst `reed'; gr. Lithuanian strusts f. `Baststreifen in Siebe'; without

Old Church Slavic trsa, trsina `stiff hair, bristle'; Latviantrums `swelling, blister, ulcer', (if for *trud-mo-, compare:) Latin strma f. `geschwollene glands, craw ' (*streud-stroud-, strd-m); after Vasmer 3, 145 trust ` decayed, modern';

trus, trius f. `reed', Latvian trusis ` bulrush, reed',

n. ` bulrush' (*trusom); Lithuanian triai m. Pl. `reed',

in addition Lithuanian trati ` crumb, spall, crumble ', Latvian trausls `frail, breakable', Old Icelandic strtr `cusp, peak', Danish strude,

ds.,

Old English strtian ` stiff stand', Low German strutt ` stiff ', Modern High German strotz

strutte ` stiff stand, widerstreben', Swedish strutta `stolpernd go',

Middle High German Modern High German strotzen, Middle High German striuzen `struben, spreizen', strz Schwellen, `Widerstand', fight', Modern High German Strau ds. = Middle English strt `das fight'; Middle High German strzach `shrubbery, bush', gestriuze `Buschwerk', Modern

High German

(Blumen-)Strau; here also Old Saxon strota `tuba, guttur', Middle Low German strote, strotte f., Middle High German strozze `throat, windpipe ', Old Frisian strot-bolla ds.; without anl. s-: Old English rotu, rote, engl.

throat, throttle `throat, windpipe ', Old English rot-bolla ` windpipe ', Drossel with

(engl. thropple), Old High German drozza `throat, windpipe ', Modern High German

the derivative erdrosseln, Middle High German drzzel `throat' and `snout', Old Icelandic rtr `snout'; Old Icelandic rtinn `swollen', rtna

`to swell, also vor pride, hauteur', roti ` intumescence ', Old English rtian `vor pride, hauteur or rage, fury swell '; cymr. dieselben meaning `to swell, fight' also in Middle Irish trot, nir. troid `fight' (*truzd?),

trythu `to swell', trythyll ` lustful '; Labial extensions: 3. With

grumpy, surly, sullen; tight, firm, stiff '; `struben', Middle High German strup (-b-), strbe `unkempt, shaggy', Old High German Old Saxon strf `unkempt, shaggy, rough', strvian

gr. `herb (from taste);

strbn,

Middle High German strben, *striuben ` stare ', Modern High German struben, Middle High German strobel Struppe (Germanic `unkempt, shaggy', Old Germanic Strubiloscalleo `Strubbelkopf'; Middle High German -bb-), Modern High German Gestrpp, nl. strobbe `stump, shrub, bush',

strobbelen `straucheln', Swedish strubbla ds.; with Germanic -p- (Indo Germanic German

-b-): Norwegian strypa ` clamp ', Modern High German Swiss stru(m)pfen, Middle Low

strumpen `pull together', struppe `stump'; str(j)pi `throat, gullet ', Norwegian strop `narrow aperture '; Lithuanian strbas, Latvian stru(m)ps `short abgestutzt', strubikis, Old Icelandic

person; piece wood, clot, chunk', Old Lithuanian strupas ` decrepit, antiquated man'. References: WP. II 627 ff., WH. II 595, 601 f., 606 f., 692, Trautmann 284 f., 325, Vasmer 3, 98 f., 126. Page(s): 1022-1027 sterRoot / lemma: ster-3

strupikis, strupastis `Stumpfschwanz', Latvian strupulis `kurzer thick

Meaning: to rob, steal

Material: Gr. (Attic only present) `rob', `bin stolen; looted, miss'; Gothic stilan, Old Icelandic stela, Old English Old High German stelan `steal'. Middle Irish serb ` theft ' (*ster-u); with l instead of r through hybridization with hehlen:

Page(s): 1028

References: References: WP. II 636.

sterRoot / lemma: ster-4

Meaning: line, stripe, ray `outspread'

ster str- strei- streuNote: also ster- : str-, strei-, streu-; with g, b, d (or t) extended; identical with sterMaterial: Old High German strl(a) `arrow, lightning ', Modern High German Strahl, Old strl f. `arrow, lance ', Norwegian straal `small Fischschwarm', East Frisianstrl `stripe', Old Saxon strl m., Middle High German strl (*strlia-) `comb' (from den teeth = Strahlen), whereof Old High German strlen, Modern High German strhlen `comb';
h

Saxon strla f. `arrow', Middle Low German strle `arrow, ray, sting, prick', Old English

Old Church Slavic strla `arrow';

Norwegian strl, strla `stripe, vein, ray', Swedishstril `small Wasserstrahl', strila ` trickle ', Middle High German strm `Lichtstreifen, ray, stream', Modern High German dial. strm

Low German strme `stripe, Strieme, ray'; to *streu- perhaps: Middle High German mnl. Modern High German Striemen ` weals, marks from blows'; strieme, Middle Low German strme `stripe, ray' (if from Old High German *striomo),

`stripe'; to strei-: Old High German strmo, Modern High German dial. streimen, Middle

Lithuanian struniti `to build', Old Church Slavic struna `rope, string '; from the basis *ster-: klr. postornok, poln. postronek, Czech postranek `cord, rope, string '. Latvian (saules) stars `Sonnenstrahl', stars `bough', stara `rope, stripe'; Schwade; Zeltreihe; Lngsfurche', strigsus `fragile, flimsy, lean ', stria (probably *strigi) strigilis ` rasper' (out of it Modern High German Striegel `currycomb'); streigstreig-: gr. (knid.) `sechsseitig', whether from -; Latin striga `line,

Old High German strno, Middle High German strn(e) `Strhne, braid, plait '; to *streu-:

`furrow, crease ';string, -ere in the meaning ` strip, wipe, stroke, touch, das sword ziehen', Old High German strhhan `stroke', Old English strcan `stroke, rub, sich bewegen, go';

English strica `stripe'; Old Icelandic strik `striped Zeug', Norwegian strik `line, Windstrich, knock' (*straika-), Old English strcian `stroke', engl. stroke `blow, knock';

Gothic striks `line', Old High German strik `line, stripe, Strecke Wegs, line Landes', Old

prank'; Middle Low German strk `prank, prank', Middle High German streich `prank, blow, Old Prussian strigli `thistle'; Old Church Slavic strig, striti `shave, shear'; russ.-Church

Slavic strg `' (*stroigo- = Middle High German Streich); with Swedish streke (*strikan-) `Stromstrich' compare proto Slavic. str-: russ. stren, stre, stre `Stromstrich';

brain '.

after Trautmann 290, Vasmer 3, 12 f. here as ` center, heart', Old Prussian strigeno `

Maybe alb. Geg (*struni) truni ` brain '; (common alb. st- > t-) stren ` marrow ' etc. proto Slavic. *strn, respectively *stren ` center, marrow ', russ.-Church Slavic streibstreib-: Old Irish srab `stripe' (*streib); Middle Low German strpe `stripe', Middle High

`herabhngender topknot '; Middle Low German mnl. strpen `(ab)stripe', Middle High German strpen ` strip, wipe '

German strfe, Modern High German Streifen, Norwegian strpa ds., Swedish stripa

German streifen (*straipjan) `stroke, glide, slide, umherstreifen, (ab)ziehen, flay', Low streugstreug-: gr. `werde weakened, schmachte hin' (Old Irish trg ` woeful,

smooth; sich rasch bewegen', strykja, strykva ds., stryk `line', strykr ` strong wind', Old strooken ` caress, bereinstimmen with', East Frisian strk `Streif, stripe', Middle Low German straken `stripe, caress' (a from o), Old English stroccian `stroke', Norwegian

wretched, miserable '? see below ter-, treugh- `rub'); Old Icelandic strjka `stroke, whisk,

High German strchon `ruere, impingere', Middle High Germanstrchen `straucheln', nl.

strokk ` plane '; Latvian strgains `striped ', Lithuanian strigas `knife' (poln. loanword); Old strug ` plane ' etc. Church Slavic stru, strgati `scrape, shave, shear', strug `tool zum Schaben', russ.

Alb. strug ` plane, bladed tool used to smooth wood ' Slavic loanword. wipe, mug, rob, plndern, umherstreifen' = Middle Low German strpen ds., Old English streubstreub-: Old High German stroufen, Middle High German strufen (*straupjan) ` strip, eub

strupfen `stripe, pick off, remove'.

h

be-strepan ds., Middle High German striefen (*streupan) `stripe'; Middle High German streud streutstreu - or streut-: Old English strdian and strdan `plndern', strydan `mug, rob',

Middle Low German stroden, Old High German strutten ds. Page(s): 1028-1029

References: WP. II 636 ff., WH. II 603, 604 f., Trautmann 288 f.; Vasmer 3, 27, 30 ff.

ster- ster str- steru- streuRoot / lemma: ster-5, ster- : str-, steru- : streuMeaning: to widen, to scatter sterNote: (compare ster ` stare, stiff sein')

Material: A. Old Indic strti, strti (actually zur basis streu-), later also starati `streut

(hin), bestreut; wirft hin, wirft low, base', participle strt-, str-, Inf. strtav and staritavi, plain ' (= russ. prostr `Raum, Gerumigkeit'); str-man- n. `Ausbreitung, Ausstreuung' Avestan star- (present starati, strnaoti, strnti) `sternere', participle strta- and gr. (only present and Impf.; to vocalism compare ), startav; sva-stara- m. `eigene Streu', pra-star- m. `Streu, cushion; surface, plain, area,

(ablaut. with gr. , Latinstrmen);

starta-; stairi- n. `Streu, lair, bed'; urvar-straya- `Niederhauen from Pflanzungen';

(neologism), (after ) `bestreue, strecke hin; breite from; level, even ', (= Old Indic strt-) `troop, multitude, crowd, Volksmenge' (Cretan with ), Aeolic ; zero grade `breast' (`ausgebreitete surface, plain, sarn, and o-grade Old Church Slavic strana);

Aeolic Perf. ; participle; n. `Streu, lair, rug, cover', ds.; metathesis `eine Unterabteilung the Phyle'), then ` army ' (in addition , , area'; compare Old High German stirna `forehead', reduced-grade Old Indic stra-, cymr. alb. shtrinj `breite from' (strni); shtie `lay, place there, throw, cast, make eine

Fehlgeburt' (*ster); shtrofk `cover, cave, nest';

Unterbreiten helpful';

Niederstrzen, Hinsinken, Verwstung' (`*Hingestrecktsein'), strgulus `zum About - or Old Irish sernim `breite from' (= Latin stern), cossair `bed' (*kom-stari- or stori-), fossair

strmen `Streu' (: ; Old Indic strman-); in addition with g-Erweit. strgs `das

(*st rts), afterwards Perf. strv; prosternere (: Slavic prostr, Old Indic pra-star-);
e

Latin stern, -ere `scatter, strew, hinbreiten; niederstrecken', participle strtus

`Strohdecke' (*upo-stori-), sreth `strues' (*strt), sreith `pratum'; from the heavy basis

cymr. sarn `stratum, pavimentum' (*st rno-, proto Celtic *starno- : Old Indic str-); Old High German stirna `Stirne' (*sterni), Old English steornede `audacious'; Lithuanian strja `with Stroh ausgelegter stall';
e

Latin loanword are but cymr. ystrad `valley', bret. strad `le fond, l'endroit le plus bas');

Middle Irish srath (tu-stem) `beach, seaside, bank, border, shore, Talgrund' (not loanword;

`breit', strana `side, region', russ. storon ds.; Old Church Slavic Old Russian etc. stroj `order', strojiti `parre';

Old Church Slavic pro-str -streti (russ. stert) ` outspread ', prostran (*storno-)

perhaps here the partly s-losen, auf a stem *(s)tr-eno-, *(s)trent-, (s)tron-t- based forms: Slavic *stor-n); Old Lithuanian trenta `place, region, line'; Old Irish trt (Gen. troit) `herd' (*trento-); Old Icelandic strind f. `side, edge; land'; strnd `edge, beach, seaside', Old Icelandic fer-strendr ` rectangular '. B. extensions: bregdan); lengthened grade Old Church Slavic strkati `prick', ablaut. stroka `, ', Slavic *strkati in Czech strkati `bump, poke', serb. stcati `spray'. stre-k-: Old English stregdan stem V. `strew, distribute, spray, allot' (Prsensbildung as streEnglish strand, Late Middle High German strant (-d-), Modern High German Strand, Old Prussian-Lithuanian trnis `region, place' (compare Old Church Slavic strana, proto

strucla `*struiculam';

`bereinander breiten, schichten, aufbauen', strus, strux `heap, bulk, mass', Umbrian abret. strouis `stravi', nbret. streuein `strew, distribute';

streustreu-: Latin stru, -ere (struxi, structum with analog. Guttural after verbs with v from g)

distribute, outspread ', Old English str(o)wian, strgan, Old High German streuwen,

Gothic straujan `strew, distribute', Norwegian strya, Old Icelandic str `strew,

strouwen `strew, distribute'; Old Icelandic str n. `straw', Old English straw, Old High

German str, Modern High German Stroh, post-verbal Middle High German stru, Modern High German Streu; Germanic strava `pyre, stake zur Siegesfeier'; Old English stron n. ` strenan `acquire, produce '; Old High German gi-striunan `lucrari', Middle High German richness, profit, gain, usury', Old High German gi-striuni n. `profit, gain', Old English

striunen `schnuppernd umherstreifen', Modern High German Bavarian streunen `after Vorteilen umhersuchen', Low German strne `Gassendirne', actually `die Umherstreifende';

and Old Church Slavic ostruiti, ostrujati `destroy' (`*apart strew ')?? Page(s): 1029-1031

whether here serb. strovo `herabgeschttelte Frchte', kroat. strovaliti `strew, distribute'

References: WP. II 638 ff., WH. II 590 f., Trautmann 287 f., 289, Vasmer 3, 20, 29.

sterRoot / lemma: ster-6 Meaning: sterile Note: old Sonderanwendung from ster- ` stiff '

Material: Old Indic star- f. ` infertile e cow'; Armenian sterj ` infertile, from animals', also sterd (*ster-d -o-, -io-); gr. f. ` infertile ' (cow, wife, woman), ` infertile ' (and ` rigid'); alb. shtjerr `young cow, lamb'; also prefixed alb. mshqer ` young cow'. Latin sterilis ` infertile '; sterke `young cow', Old English stierc `calf'; isl. stirtla ` infertile cow'; Bulgarian sterica `Gelte'. Page(s): 1031 References: WP. II 640 f., WH. II 589 f. Gothic stair f. ` infertile ', Old High German stero `aries, ram'; with k- extended mndd.
h

(s)ter-7nRoot / lemma: (s)ter-7n-

Meaning: sharp stalk or thorn

sterNote: to ster ` stare, stiff sein'

Material: Old Indic tra-m `Grashalm, grass, herb'; gr. `Artischocken-, `thorn'; Old Church Slavic trn `thorn', strn ` stem '.

Kaktusstengel'; Gothic arnus, Old Icelandic Old English orn, Old High German dorn

Page(s): 1031

References: WP. II 641, Trautmann 324, Vasmer 3, 14, 98.

Meaning: dirty water, mud, smear

(s)terRoot / lemma: (s)ter-8

Material: Avestan star- `sich blemish, commit a sin'; `that flows down, that drops'; Norwegian stor n. `Faulen, Verwesen'; russ.-Church Slavic Armenian t`arax, -ic, -oc `pus, humeur' (*t ro-; besides o-grade perhaps:) Armenian t`or
e

strv, russ. strva ` carrion '; without anlaut. s-: Lithuanian termnti `smear ', Bulgarian tor ` manure'. (s)terk-, nasal. (s)trenk-: sterquilnum ` dunghill '; cymr. trwnc ` urine, yeast', bret. strok `human excrement';

Latin stercus, -oris ` excrement, ordure, crap, muck, droppings, manure', sterculnum,

Lithuanian teri, terti `smudge', apterti `smudge', tirti `dickflssig become'; East Lithuanian trsi, trsti ` fertilize ' (as Latin stercorre);

cymr. troeth `lye, urine ', troethi `mingere', bret. troaz ` urine ' (*trokt or *tronkt);

wherefore nisl. rr `faul, rancid ', Norwegian traa ds., Old English rh `rancor'. (s)terg- (s)treg(s)terg-, (s)treg-:

Lithuanian tr ` manure', trti ` decayed, verwesen', trakanos `pus in den Augen',

wine, Weinhefe '; expressive Old Icelandic rekkr, Middle High German drec, -ckes ` filth '; das but also to Middle Irish trogaid `gebiert' belong could; whether Old Irish torc, cymr. probably also Old English reax `caries'; perhaps Latin troia `sow' (*trogi `die Dreckige'),

gr. Hes.; `Weinessig'; ablaut. , - `young, still trber

doubtful, yet could es as *torkos zur group auf Tenuis belong. Page(s): 1031-1032 References: WP. II 641 f., WH. II 708, Vasmer 3, 12.

twrch, acorn. torch, bret. tourc'h `boar' from*trogos after [p]orc- `swine' reshaped sei, is

(s)teuRoot / lemma: (s)teu-1 Meaning: to push, hit Note: with conservative extensions

`Dreschvorrichtung' (by Hes. ); Old Irish toll `hollow', toll `cave, hole' (*tukslo), cymr. twll `foramen', adj. `perforatus', bret. toull `hole'; probably Old High German dken `press, niederdrcken', Old English y(a)n, on `press, constrain, oblige, prick' (see Latvian tukstt `knock', tauct `in mortar stampfen', russ.-Church Slavic istknti

Material: A. (s)teu-k-: gr. `hammer, chisel; battle axe ', `bearbeite stone ', (s)teu-

accurately under tuenh- `beset'); nh

`effodere', Old Church Slavic tkati `to weave, prick', etc.; maye alb. (*stuk) thuk `mortar' common alb. s- > th-

Lithuanian stkti (see below) under steugh- `steif dastehen' combined become. steughBewegung';

abstoend' can originally `abstossend' and ` stiff ' sein and in letzteren case with

Old Icelandic styggr `angry, irate, unfriendly', nl. stug, older stugge ` stiff, unfriendly,

(s)teuB. (s)teu-g-: Old Indic tujti, tujti, tunkti `throngs, stt', Med. `kommt in schnelle

piece'; expressives *stoukk in bret. stuc'h ` arrowhead, feather ', stuc'henn ` fascicle, compare Modern High German Stck = ` piece ' and `Stauche' (Loth RC. 42, 320 ff.); Church Slavic ttati s `'; presumably Lithuanian stngis `Messerstumpf', stkti `in die Hhe ragen'; and Old

Middle Irish tag f. `axe' and `bow', newer stag, tagaim `hit with the axe', tcht `part,

sheaf, Brotschnitte' (nir. staic ` tableland, hill, plateau, cusp, peak' etc. is brit. loanword);

verstauchen (from dem Low German), Dutch verstuiken ` dislocate, luxate, crick '; Old Frisian stk ` stiff ' to Norwegian stauka;

stottern', mnl. nnd. stken `bump, poke, stratify, layer, astonish', Modern High German

Swedish stuka ` dazzle, blind with bright light ', Norwegian stauka `bump, poke, injure,

English ocerian `umherlaufen';

High German stoche(r)n; without anlaut. s-: Old Icelandic oka ` move, change, go', Old Old High German Middle High German stoc, -ckes `Stock, staff, tree truck' (probably

Middle Low German stoken `prick, stochern', engl. dial. stoke `das fire schren', Modern

`*abgeschlagener bough or stem', compare abstocken), Old English stocc `stick, stem, stump', Old Icelandic stokkr `tree truck, picket, pole, block ', next to which with the

High German Stck ` piece ';

stiff become'; Old Icelandic stykki, Old English stycce, Old High German stucki, Modern Old High German sthha f., Middle High German stche m. f. `weit offener rmel am

meaning ` stiff ' Low German stck, Middle High German Modern High German stocken `

Frauengewand (actually rmelstumpf), Kopftuch', Modern High German Stauche, Middle Low German stke `stump, further rmel'; with : Old English stocu f. `long rmel'; manche neigen zur assumption eines meaning-Kernes ` stiff ' (from which `bump, poke'

has evolved), and for comparison with Lithuanian stkti `in die Hhe stand' (Old Lithuanian (*stiff, rigid become?)', gr. Pl. `Eisklte', n. `repugnance, hate', ` S. 1035; stauginti `amble', actually ` stiff, stolpernd go'); compare russ. stugnut ` congeal, freeze

hate, verabscheue, dread', , Gen. f. `das Verhate, frost'; FlN , see below dubious and only under the assumption from ` ablaut derailment ' possible is die

whisk, steam, whirl up; stink', Old Saxon Old High German stincan `stink, smell'; Kaus. Old

Icelandic stkkva stem V. `spray', Intr. `break, crack, spring, fall, run'; Old English stincan `

affiliation from Gothic stigqan `zusammenstossen with', ga-stigqan `anstossen', Old

steuken `stink make'; Old Saxon stank, stunk, Old English stenc `smell, odor, fetidness ', Old High German stanc `ds., also fragrance '.

Icelandic stkkva `verjagen, sprinkle', Old English stencan `scatter', Middle High German

Armenian t`ndal, t`ndel `erschttert become';

(s)teuC. (s)teu-d-: Old Indic tundat, tudti `stt, stachelt, sticht', tod- m. `Stachler, Lenker'; from Gr. presumably names as , ; doubtful ` ' (`*grind ',

Old Indic tunn-? (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), rather babbleword with consonant stretch as ` totally small; young '); alb. shtynj `poke, push' (*studni);

bump, poke', probably also tussis ` cough ' (if in addition Umbrian tuder `finem', tuderato `sich ernstlich worum bemhen, eager betreiben, sich befleiigen', studium `Streben,

Latin tund -ere, tutud `bump, poke, hit, hammer', tudes, -itis `hammer', tuditre `violent

`finitum', so that `limit, boundary' actually `Endpunkt; whereof man anstt'?); stude, -re

eagerness ' (`*whereupon aim' from `whereupon hit'); Maybe alb. tund ` shake' a Latin loanword. astuz `Ungeziefer', cymr. cystudd `pain', etc.;

Old Irish do-tuit `fllt' (das t of Pl. -tuittet from *-to-tudiont); abret. ar-stud ` cuspis ', bret.

stzan `bump, poke'; Middle High German Modern High German stutzen `with den

Gothic stautan (Old Icelandic stauta schw. V.), Old Saxon sttan, Old High German

Hrnern Stoen, sudden stillestehen, zurckprallen', Middle High German stotze `stem,

by hunters ');

(compare Modern High German Sto `die Schwanzfedern of Vogels in the jargon spoken Old Icelandic sttr `horn, stump, ox', Middle Low German stt `thigh, rump'; Swedish

Modern High German Stei (with md. ei for eu) actually `*abgestutzter Krperteil'

clot, chunk'; Old Icelandic steytr, Old High German stz ` shove '; Old High German stiuz,

of nasal present Old Icelandic stuttr `short', Old English styntan `stutzen' (s)teuD. (s)teu-p- (occasionally -b-, -b -) `bump, poke'; also `stick, stump'. unhorned ';
h

Norwegian stota `stottern, stumble', Modern High German (Low German) `stottern'; due to

Old Indic pra-stumpti (uncovered), tpati, tupti, tmpati, tumpti `stt', tpara- `

about `herrisch' s. Leumann Homer. Wrter 269 f.;

`stick, Stiel, stalk'; with -b - `hit, mihandle', `rough, stony '; Latin stuprum ` shame', esp. `die Entehrung through lubricity ' (originally `die dafr
h

gr. `hit', `blow, knock, Eindruck'; , Hes.,

with the tongue anstoen, stottern';

stupendus `erstaunlich, staunenswert'; with -b(h)- perhaps titubre `wankeln, straucheln, from *steub(h)-m, *stoub(h)-m: cymr. ystum f. `bend, turn, shape', bret. stumm ds.

verhngte Prgelstrafe'?); stupe, -re ` rigid stand; betubt, betreten sein, stutzen',

(ins Irish borrowed Middle Irish stuaimm f. ` ability, capacity '), also `Flubiegung'; dastum `das Einsammeln' (Loth RC. 48, 354 ff); compare Old English stpian; Old High German stobarn `obstupre'; styfa `abstumpfen, cavitate '; Old Icelandic stofn ` stump, foundation '; Old English stofn Old Icelandic stfr `stump', Middle Low German stf Adj. `dull', stven = Old Icelandic

ds., Old Icelandic stubbr, stubbi m. `stump, trunk', Old English stybb n. ` stump ';

bcken'; ablaut. Old English stap `high, ragend' (engl. steep `steep'), Middle High

with Germanic -p-: Old Icelandic stpa ` tower ', Old English stpian, mnl. stupen `sich

German stouf `hochragender rocks' (Hohestaufen), Middle High German stief `steep'; Old stouf `goblet'; Old English stoppa ` bowl, basin, bucket, pail '; from `abgestutzt = stolen;

Icelandic staup n. `hole, goblet'; Old English stap, Old High German Middle High German

berauben';

rob', -steped `verwaist', Old High German ar-, bi-stiufan `the parents or the Kinder

Old High German stiof-, stiuf-, Modern High German Stief-, Old English be-stepan `mug,

looted ' expounded sich Old Icelandic stjp- `Stief-' (stjpr `Stiefsohn'), Old English stop-,

Latvian stape ` Pferdefutapfen '; stupe, stups ` Besenstumpf; (ruptured, broken) rod'. References: WP. II 615 ff., WH. II 608 ff., Trautmann 331, Vasmer 3, 109, 160. Page(s): 1032-1034

Meaning: to praise

steuRoot / lemma: steu-2

Material: Old Indic stuti, stvat etc. `lobt, praises ', participle stut- `gepriesen', stut- f. ` laudation, praise ', sttr- `Lobsanger' etc., Avestan staoiti `lobt, praises, besingt; prays ',

Note: only indo-iran. under gr.

 `(*rhmt sich) verspricht boasting '. Page(s): 1035 References: WP. II 620.

participle stta-, stiti-, staotar- etc., extended Old Indic stbhati ` praises, jauchzt'; gr.

Meaning: to get dense or tight

Root / lemma: steu-

stu- stu st uNote: perhaps stu-, stu- : st with sti- : st- : sti-- `sich verdichten, stocken' as extension eines *st- auffabar

Material: Old Indic ghrta-stva Akk. Pl. ` lard, drip'; prthu-u- `with a breiten Zopfe', stu-k, stuka- m. ` tuft of wool, Flocke', stk- m. `drip', with the meaning-development ` clots, young of an animal '; Old Indic st-p-a-, stup- m. `Haarschopf', gr. *, ` roundish thing', probably Latvian stkis `Wickelkind' and Old Indic stka- m. `kid, child, the oakum ' (out of it Latin stpa, stuppa ds); gr. `pull together, make dense, hard,

schmecke herb', `zusammenziehendes tool ', `dasZusammenziehen, zusammenziehend', `tight, firm, compact '; perhaps gr. , in Pl. ` hate, verabscheue, dread', yet compare above S. 1033; Beizen', `zusammenziehend', , , `herb,

`durchdringender frost, Eisesklte', n. `(* shudder, shiver) repugnance, hate', Church Slavic stud stud `coldness', stynti `erkalten' and stydti ` be ashamed'

(`*solidify, congeal '); russ. istygnut, stugnut ` congeal, freeze '. Page(s): 1035 References: WP. II 620, Vasmer 3, 33 ff.

Meaning: pole, stick; stiff

stib(h)- stb(h)- stip- st ib(h) b(h) ip Root / lemma: stib(h)-, stb(h)-, stip-, stp-

(zusammengedrngt), tight, firm, strong', n. `Zusammengedrngtes, heap';

stib(h)- stb(h)ib(h) b(h) Material: 1. stib(h)-, stb(h)-: Old Indic stibhi- m. `Rispe, tussock '; gr. `dense Armenian stp `frequent, often', as Subst. ` power, compulsion ', stipem `drnge, force,

coerce '; gr. `make dense, trete tight, firm, betrete', `tight, firm, thickset ', etc.', `das Stopfen, Ausstopfung', `hufe an', ` hoarfrost ';

ds., m. `the betretene path, track ', , - ` lair from Streu or straw Old Church Slavic stbl, stblo (russ. stbel) ` stalk', stblije `'; Lithuanian

stibiai `Schienbeine', stebas `stick, pillar, mast ', Latvian stiba `staff, rod', Old Prussian

stibinis `Schlittenbein', Lithuanian stbis `membrum virile': Lithuanian stibtis `sich high Latvian stebrs ` bulrush'. uplift, set up', Latvian stibt `betubt become', Lithuanian stebas `staff, pillar, mast ',

willing, inclined';

press together, pile up, collect, accumulate, gedrngt vollstopfen', obstpus ` sideways with : stipula f. ` stem, straw'; unclear are stips, stipis ` currency, gift, Spende';

2. stip-, stp-: Latin stpes, -itis m. `picket, pole, stem, shaft, pole', stp, -re `dense to stip- st ip

-r `bedinge mir from'; Umbrian steplatu, stiplato `stipult';

stpendium `Soldatenlhnung, tax, tribute, pay, guerdon, reward ' (*stipi-pendiom), stipulor, gr. PN to * = Old English stf, Middle High German (actually md.) stf ` stiff

erect', besides Old Frisian stef (?); Middle Low German stvele `pad', Middle High German Germanic p: Low German stpel, stper `Sttzholz', Frisian stpe `picket, pole', engl. stipe ` stvel ds., Old Icelandic stfla `dmmen' (out of it engl. stifle `choke; suppress, crush'); with

Middle High German steppen `reihenweise sew, prick ', Modern High German steppen;

stalk'; Middle Low German stip, stippe ` dot, speck, Tupf', stippen `punktieren, prick ',

stiften `feststellen, grnden, to build, instigate ', Modern High German stiften;

unclear are Old Low German stiftn `aedificare', Old High German Middle High German

Middle Low German stift `small nail, peg', Old High German steft `cusp, peak, thorn, peg';

am sled ', Latvian stipt ` stiff become', ablaut. Lithuanian stipti, Latvian stiept `recken'; Old Prussian postippin `whole'. stiSee also: to sti- S. 1010. References: References: WP. II 646 f., WH. II 593 ff., Trautmann 287, Vasmer 3, 7; Page(s): 1015-1016

Lithuanian stimp stpti ` solidify, congeal, verenden', stiprs `strong', Pl. stipina `pad

st Root / lemma: str-2 Meaning: star Material:

Hittite: astira- c. 'star?' (Tischler 86), aster- c. (204ff)

In a-grade:

`star, stars' (out of it Latin astrum), wherefore probably with (-)-: (), ';

Armenian ast, Gen. aste `star, stars'; gr. , - `star', collective ` young '

`lightning, sheet lightning ', , ` Blitzeschleuderer (Zeus)

In zero grade: In e-grade (internal):

gr. ` shimmering ', () `flash, sparkle, glitter',

Latin stlla `star' (*str-[o]l, diminutive); bret. sterenn, corn. sterenn (Pl. steyr), cymr.

seren `star' (Pl. ser), Middle Irish ser `star' (ZfcPh. 19, 200); in addition lengthened grade

Tokharian: A re (pl. re), B irye (PT *riye) 'star' (Adams 640) Note: Common alb. Tocharian st- > sc- see alb. stjerr, shqerr ` young cow, heifer'. In a-grade (internal):

*steros?), Old Frisian stra `star' (or stre f.).

and Old High German Old Saxon sterro, Old English steorra `star' (*sters- to s-stem

gall. GN Dirona, Sirona; Gothic starn, Old High German sterno, Old Norse stjarna `star'

Old Indic Instr. Pl. strbhi, Nom. Pl. tra m. `stars', tar f. `star', Avestan Akk. Sg. strm, Gen. str, Pl. Nom. staras-a, str, Akk. stru, Gen. strm, Dat. strby `star';

170 f.

References: WP. II 635 f., WH. II 587 f., Scherer Gestirnnamen 18 ff., Frisk Gr. Et. Wb.

Maybe alb. (*Hstr-[o]l, diminutive > abbreviated hyll `star'.

` constellation ';

without anl. s- (as Old Indic tra, tar) Gen. Pl., with metr. lengthening ,

Page(s): 1027-1028 stilp- stilbRoot / lemma: stilp-, stilb- ?

Meaning: to shine; to show

`eye', sellaim `sehe an', cymr. syllu, corn. sylly, bret. sellout `watch, look '. Page(s): Page(s): 1035 References: WP. II 646.

Material: Gr. `gleam, shimmer', ` radiance '; `gleaming' = Irish sell

Note: dem Bau Indo Germanic roots widersprechend

Meaning: mouth

stomenRoot / lemma: stomen-

forms) `throat, estuary (the bubble, of Uterus); Magenmund, stomach'; lengthened grade

Material: Avestan staman- n. `muzzle (of dog)'; gr. n. `mouth', (-gho-

 `mundfertig, gabby, gossipy, loquacious, garrulous, blithering; artig plaudernd', sthnend' bedeute and related sei, is doubtful); with secondary a: cymr. safn ` maxilla '; sefnig `throat', acorn. stefenic `palate', Middle Breton staffn, nbret. stao ds. Page(s): 1035 References: WP. II 648. `plaudere', `Geschwtzigkeit' (da ved. stmu- perhaps ` sounding,

storos, nos Root / lemma: storos stornos (strnos strnos?) Meaning: a kind of bird (starling) Material: Latin sturnus, - m. `Star', from *strnos or *stornos, in latter case = Old English

strnad, russ. strentka `Goldammer'? str, Demin. strling ds. Page(s): 1036

stearn `Seeschwalbe', Old Prussian starnite ` seagull' (Ms. stamite); compare also Czech Old High German star(a), Modern High German Star, Old Icelandic stari, Old English

References: WP. II 649, WH. II 610, Frisk 173, Vasmer 3, 26.

Meaning: to stop, be immovable

streigRoot / lemma: streig-1

particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably from Zugtieren)', wherefore Norwegian strika (*strikn =strigre) `einhalten, stoppen', striken `obstructive', strka stem V. `den run, flow hamper, stoppen'; Lithuanian straigti `hineinstoen', string, strgti `morass'; Slavic *strg-ti in poln. zastrzc, ustrzc. `steckenbleiben', Latvian strigt and strigt ` sink in ' (actually `steckenbleiben'), straignis probably also obstrigill, -re ` hindering entgegenstehen, hinderlich in Wege sein';

Material: Latin strig, -re `stehenbleiben, innehalten (particularly, specially, especially,

Page(s): 1036

References: References: WP. II 649, WH. II 604 f., Trautmann 290.

Meaning: stiff

streigRoot / lemma: streig-2

Material: Latin string, -ere, strictus in the meaning `straff anziehen, pull together, lace, tie ';

Note: probably extension from ster- ` stare '

knave, boy'; *strikki- `rope' in Old Frisian strik, Middle Low German strik (-ck-), Old High lace, tie, bind, knit ', Old High German strickan `heften, festschnren, knit ', Old English

Norwegian dial. strkja `die Augen aufsperren, to swell', strk, strek `ein aufgeschossener

German Middle High German stric (-ck-) `rope'; therefrom Middle Low German stricken ` strician ` knit, mend'. Page(s): 1036

References: WP. II 649, WH. II 604 f.

Meaning: to hiss

(s)treig- streid(h)Root / lemma: (s)treig-3, streid(h)-

Material: Gr. , `zirpe, schwirre, knirsche', (neologism ) m. `das Zirpen, Schwirren', `Seebarbe', `Knurrhahn'; , - f., also , ; Hes. `ein Nachtvogel', Latin strx, -gis f. `Ohreule', strd(e), -re, strd `hiss, schwirren, schrillen'. References: WP. II 651, WH. II 606.

Page(s): 1036

Meaning: stiff, tight

strenk- strengRoot / lemma: strenk-, streng-

Material: Gr. ` twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved '; through eine

Note: (as by ster-g-, stre-g-, see below ster- ` stare ')

schmale aperture trpfelnd' ( `Striktur'), , - f. `aussickernder,

ausgedrckter drip', `sich zusammendrehen, hindurchpressen, hesitate',

f. `string, rope, loop, noose, snare ', , -, - (from which Latin strangul) `erdrole', (from *) ` twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved = round '; Middle Irish srengim `pull, drag', sreng `rope', srincne `Nabelschnur' (strengni); Latvian stringt `stramm become; wilt' (`*shrink up '), strangs `gamy, fresh' (Lituanismus); schmaler stream' (*strangi-), Old English streng m. `cord, rope', Old High German stranc (g-), Modern High German Strang `rope '; denominative Old Icelandic strengja ` fasten, shut'; in Germanischen from the root form auf k or gh: Old Icelandic strengr `cord, rope, stripe,

Saxon strang ds., strenge `stern', Middle Low German strenge, Old High German strengi

with other meaning Old Icelandic strangr `violent, strong, stern, hard', Old English Old

German strengen `strecken, urge, press, push', Modern High German anstrengen; Maybe alb. shtrngoj `fasten, clip, bind '.

`sharp, strong, valiant, stern', and Old English strengan `fasten, clip, bind', Middle High

Norwegian strungen ` stiff or beklemmt in stomach'; Old Icelandic strangi m. `tree truck'; `aufgerichtet, straight', Norwegian Danish strunk `ds., stout, proud', Norwegian strunken = from the root form auf Indo Germanic voiced-nonaspirated: Old Swedish strunker

nasalized forms from st(e)reu-g- sein);

German strunk ` stalk', Middle High German strunken, strunkeln `straucheln', (could also Latvian strekals `ein piece verhrteten Auswurfs' (perhaps ` stiff, rigid').

strungen (see above), Middle High German strunk ` stalk, stem of a plant ', Middle Low

Page(s): 1036-1037

References: WP. II 650 f., WH. II 605.

(s)trep- (s)trebRoot / lemma: (s)trep-, (s)treb-

Meaning: to cry wildly, make noise, onomatopoeic words

Material: Latin strep, -ere `make a noise, cry, rustle'; perhaps the Italian FlN Trebia; `discord, quarrel', Middle Low Germandrevelinge ds. (with p: Old Icelandic rapr ` babbler ', rap n. `garrulitas'); compare (s)treig-3, streid(h)- `hiss, schwirren' and Latin stert `schnarche'. Page(s): 1037 References: WP. II 649 f., WH. II 602. isl. refa `quarrel, squabble', Old Icelandic rapt n. `gossip', Old English rft n.

struRoot / lemma: stru-

Meaning: gray-haired, old

Lithuanian strjus ` graybeard '; Old Church Slavic stryj `patruus', strynja `amita'. Page(s): 1037 References: WP. II 651, Trautmann 290, Vasmer 3, 29.

Material: Old Irish sruith `old, venerable ' (*stru-ti-s), acymr. strutiu gl. `antiquam';

Note: only Celtic and Balto-Slavic

su- sRoot / lemma: su-, s-

Meaning: well, good

su-bhga- `lucky, beglckend', Avestan hu-baa- `good Eheglck granting '; gr. `fit, healthy' (*su-giis `wohllebend'); so- (e.g. su-thain ` eternal ', so-scl(a)e `Evangelium'); Schwarze');

Material: Old Indic su-, Avestan hu-, Old pers. u-, e.g. in Old Indic su-dru- `strong wood',

gall. su- (e.g. Su-carus =) cymr. hy-gar `liebenswrdig', corn. hy-, bret. he-, Old Irish su-, Germanic s- in Su-gambri VN, Old Icelandic s-svrt f. `Schwarzamsel' (`die whole Lithuanian sdrus `horny, lustful, luscious'; Old Church Slavic sdrav `', Czech

zdrav (compare above Old Indic su-dru-) etc.; Slavic *sboje, Czech zbo `Besitztum' from *s-bog (= Old Indic subhga-, above S. 107); susu- is zero grade to *sue- (above S. 882 f.); compare Old Indic sva- in sva-dh = su-dh

` sweet drink, beverage, liquid which is swallowed to quench one's thirst, draught, potion' (above S. 241), sv-dhita- = s-dhita- `tight, firm, fit, healthy'; Page(s): 1037-1038 References: WH. II 512, E. Fraenkel Ml. Pedersen 443 ff., Vasmer 1, 450 f.

ardard Root / lemma: suardMeaning: to laugh Material: `hhnisch, spttisch', `hohnlachen'; cymr. chwarddu, corn.

Page(s): 1040

References: WP. II 517.

hwerthin, Middle Bretonhuersin `laugh'.

Meaning: sweet

dd Root / lemma: sud-

suvis (*suduis) `sweet'; Old Saxon swti, Old High German suozi, Old English swte, peaceful, gentle', s. Mayrhofer KZ 71, 74 f. under 73, 116 f.

(*-F), -, Doric `sweet'; with formants -mo-: , hom. `pleasant'; Latin

dMaterial: 1. sud-s `sweet': Old Indic svdu-, f. svdv `sweet, mellifluous'; gr. , f. -

Old Icelandic str `sweet'; gall. PN Suadurx, -genus, Irish Sadb f. PN; about Gothic sutis ` Kompar. Superl. Old Indic svdyas-, gr. ; Old Indic svdiha- = gr. ;

` mellifluent ', n. ` vinegar ' (gr. n. `benefit, advantage', absents). 3. sudonom, -: Old Indic svdanam, gr. f. `lust'. donom, donom 4. verbs and other nominal formation: myself';

2. sudos- n. Sigkeit, satisfaction ': ved. pr-svdas- ` mellifluous, pleasant', dosdos

Old Indic ved. svdat `is pleased, enjoys' = gr. (Boeotian F) `freue Avestan x st ` through cook gar (schmackhaft) gemacht, cooked, boiled' = Old Indic

(Mittelbegriff `Wrze');

svtt- `gewrzt'; Old Indic svda- m. `taste, Wohlgeschmack', Baluchi vd `salt'

`schmackhaft, annehmbar make; taste, eat, drink; relish, enjoy ', zero grade sdayati grade Perf. sudim; sd- m. ` cook ', Lithuanian sdyti, Gothic stis);

causative respectively intensive svdyati (= Latin sude, see below) and svadyati

`belonging einrichten, good make, fertigmachen = slay, destroy' (with the same ablaut with analog. : svdati `makes schmackhaft, wrzt', svdate `schmeckt', participle

`Wohlgeschmack, pleasure' (compare gr. );

svatt-; nasalized Avestan x andra-kara- `angenehmes making = compliant', afgh. x and Gr. (see above); ` pleases ', not certainly here as participle to s-Aorist

(the Lenis unexplained); *F, * (hom. , ) `bin

Perf. (: Old Indic sasvad), `mifalle' ( `enmity'), Ionian m.

querulous ', lokr. FF ( or ?); `gefalle', Aor. hom. , gortyn. F,

(*F), F ` querulous ', whereof , Photios; this -es-stem is previously gr. neologism from from; Latin sude, -re `rate' (i.e. `mache einem etwas gefallen'); Lithuanian sdyti ` spice, salzen'; perhaps here Old English swatan Pl. `beer', Scots Gaelic swats `fresh gebrautes beer'. Maybe alb. (*hud-) anda appetite, desire, wish related also to Hittite anza desire???

`decision', Hes. ds., , Ionian `hubristic, overbearing, selbstgefllig'

dd Root / lemma: sud- : sweet ad(u)- ad-roRoot / lemma: ad(u)-, ad-roEnglish meaning: water current ak k Root / lemma: ak- (more properly k): kEnglish meaning: water, river fromRoot / lemma: from-

English meaning: to draw (water), ladle (e)(e) eded erer Root / lemma: au(e)-9, aued-, auerEnglish meaning: to flow, to wet; water, etc..

References: WP. II 516 f., WH. II 611 f., Frisk 104, 166, 184 f. Page(s): 1039-1040

idRoot / lemma: sueid-1 Meaning: to shine Material: Avestan x ana- ` burning, lohend' (*x adna-); Latin sdus, -eris `stars', consderre `betrachten', dsderre `long, want'; Lithuanian svids `blank, gleaming', svsti `to gleam begin', svid, -ti `gleam', Latvian ein similar *sueit-, but in the meaning `singe, burn' in Old Icelandic sva, Old High

svst `anbrechen, of days', svidt `anoint' (actually `gleam make');

`schwelend burn ' and with ablaut derailment Old English swaul `smoke', Middle High German swadem `Rauch schwaden, haze, mist' References: WP. II 520 f., WH. II 534, Trautmann 296.

German swdan `burn'; in addition probably as Aoristprs. Old High German swedan

Page(s): 1042

eideid Root / lemma: sueid-2

Meaning: to sweat; sweat n. Germanic *swaita-);

Material: Old Indic svdyati, svdat `schwitzt', svda- m. = Avestan xvada- `Schwei' (= Material: Armenian k`irt-n, Gen. -an `Schwei' (rt from dr, compare gr. , Latvian svidri); gr.

() (Ionian) n. `Schwei', hom. etc. ()/, Attic `sweat', , -, Attic

Dat. , Akk. - (grown from Indo Germanic *suidro-), `sweat' (*-); dr ti); Common - > j- Slavic Albanian; - > i-, y- Old Indic Tocharian. Rumanian sudoare 'sweat' Latin sdor, -ris `Schwei' (*suoids), sd, -re `schwitzen'; kymr. chwys, corn. whys, bret. c'houez `Schwei' (*suidso-);
x

probably after , - ` mould, dank decay ' from the originally -os-stem from hom. alb. (*jedros) dirs, djers ` sweat ', djers ` to sweat ' (with s from ti in present *su-

High German sweizzan, Middle High German sweizen `Schwei shed, bluten, damp schweien' (= Old Indic svdyati `allows schwitzen');

sveiti m. ds.; Old High German swizzen (= Old Indic svdyati) `schwitzen', Kaus.-Iter. Old

Old English swt, Old Saxon swt, Old High German sweiz m. `Schwei', Old Icelandic

become', Middle High German also `hot make, rsten, in Gluthitze aneinanderhmmern, Latvian svidri Pl. `Schwei', svstu, svst `schwitzen', svdt `schwitzen make'. Basque izerdi n. ` sweat' : Hungarian izzadni v. ` sweat'. Page(s): 1043 References: WP. II 521, WH. II 623, Trautmann 295.

Meaning: to hiss, whistle

eiei Root / lemma: suei-, sui- (*hei- : kui)

eizd: eizd Material: Indo Germanic Alters is *sueizd Old Indic kvati, kvdati `saust, braust, summt' common Old Indic -h- > -ku(if k- onomatopoeic words Schallverstrkung eines from *svaidati assimilierten delight', Old Irish ind fet `sibilus', nir. fead `a whistle' (*swizd), Middle Irish fetn

eizdeizd eighleighl Note: extended sueizd-; Italian and Germanic sueighl-

*svaidati); Old Irish st- `(ein Instrument) blow', Middle Irish airfitiud ` through Musik

chwythell ` whistle ' (chwib ds., hybridization from chwyth with pib ` whistle ' from Latin ppa), corn. whythe, whethe, bret. c'houeza `blow'; Old Church Slavic svistati, zvizdati `sibilre' (kann from *svizdati assimil. sein); formation as Latvian skt ds.;

`shepherds pipe', cymr. chwythu `blow, (ein Instrument) blow', chwyth `das blast',

gr. ` fizz ', Aor. (, `das Zischen') is similar onomatopoeic word

sfilus, compare zero grade Gothic swigln `die flute blasen, whistle', Old High German swgln ds., swgala `flute' (*suighl-); Maybe Latin sfil, sfilus : Albanian fishkllej : Italian fischiare : French siffler : Catanese friscari : Romagnolo fistci : Venetian fisciare ` to whistle '.

also Latin sbil, -re `hiss, whistle', sbilus `zischend; das Zischen', sekundr sfil,

Bergamasco siful : Calabrese fiscare ; fischijare : Napulitano sisc : Catalan xiular : similarly, but without historical connection with the above words also npers. siflden

Czech spati `hiss, hoarse become'. Page(s): 1040-1041

`whistle, chirp, twitter', Old Church Slavic sipota ` hoarseness ', sipnti ` become hoarse ',

References: WP. I 215, II 517 f., WH. II 531 f., Vasmer 2, 594 f.

ekr ekr Root / lemma: suekr- (*kuekur-)

Meaning: mother-in law or father-in-law law '; npers. usr ds.;

Material: Old Indic vura-, Avestan x asura- `father-in-law', Old Indic var- ` mother-inArmenian skesur ` mother-in-law ' from *kuekur), afterwards skesrair `father-in-law',

actually `man of the mother-in-law '; Note:

The in animate suffix -ul > -ur : Old Indic vura vura Avestan x asura , Armenian ul- ur urura-, urauraul ura ura ura skesur gr. , : Lithuanian uras : Old High German swehur swgur : ur, ur, ur uras ur ur , , Illyrians, , , Illyria, also , , Adj. , , , Illyrian: -, the region or province of Illyria, , speak the Illyrian language, :--hence Adv. .

gr. `father-in-law, under between the father of Ehemanns', ` mother-in-law '; alb. vjehrr `father-in-law', vjherr ` mother-in-law '; [common alb. shift sv- > v-, or drop of the initial s-] Latin socer, -eri `father-in-law', socrus, -s ` mother-in-law '; cymr. chwegr, corn. hweger ` German swehur, Old English swor `Schwher', Old High German swigar, Old English

mother-in-law ', neologism cymr. chwegrwn, corn. hwigeren `father-in-law'; Old High sweger (*swe-r) ` mother-in-law ';

swahra `father-in-law' (*swehran-), as also Modern High German Schwiegervater after Schwieger(mutter) for Schwher; Lithuanian uras `father-in-law'; Old Church Slavic svekry ` mother-in-law ' (-kr-

Gothic swahr = Old Norse svra ` mother-in-law ' (*swehrn-), neologism Gothic

`father-in-law';

through dissimilation against the anlaut has not changed to -sr-), whereupon m. svekr lengthened grade: Old Indic vura- ` belonging to father-in-law ', Old High German

swgur (*sukurs) `brother-in-law (*son of father-in-law)', also `father-in-law, son-in-law'. References: WP. II 521 f., WH. 550 f., Trautmann 295 f., Vasmer 2, 588. Page(s): 1043-1044

ekek Root / lemma: suek-

Meaning: to smell (well)

Material: Cymr. chweg `sweet, pleasant', corn. whek, bret. c'houek; cymr. chwaeth (*suekto-) `taste'; Old High German swehhan `smell, stink, spring up, bubble'; with gemination Old High German swekhe, sueckia Pl. `odores', Old Saxon swec `smell, odor, References: WP. II 521. fragrance ', Old English swecc, swcc `taste, smell, odor, fragrance ', sweccan `smell'.

Note: only brit. and West Germanic

Page(s): 1043

Meaning: six

Root / lemma: sueks, seks, kseks, ksueks, ueks (: uks) (*ghe-ska) Material: Old Indic (from sa), Avestan xva; Armenian vec (in vat`sun `60' is a from

e umgelautet); gr. , dial. F (knidisch ` 6-lined barley', maybe from *); alb. [attribute noun] gjasht `six'; [common alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz-], hence alb. gjasht `six' from an ordinal Note:

number (*gheks-ta) : Old Indic `six', ah- `sixth' was initially an ordinal number. Anatolian languages show a pattern similar to alb. So Lycian aitta (*okt(u)ta) `eight' : alb. teta `eight'; Lycian utta `nine' : alb. nanda `nine'. Therefore alb. shtata `seven' derived from a truncated *sa(p)tata `seven' later Old Indic sapttha, Avestan haptaa-, Old

Saxon sivotho, Old English seofoa, Lithuanian septitas; also Old Indic saptat-, Avestan haptiti- 70; in alb. -ta, -t are attribute endings that were solidified in Anatolian and Indic

cognates. The attribute ta (used in the genitive and adjectives) is unique to alb. language alone. Therefore alb. teta `eight' is a zero grade of Lycian aitta (*okt(u)ta) `eight'. It was initially an ordinal number used as an attribute [compare Latin octugint `80']. Alb. Tosc nanta, Geg nanda ` nine ' derived from Lycian utta `nine'. Slavic, Germanic, Baltic languages follow illyr-alb. attribute -ta ending. chwech `6'; Gothic saihs, Old Icelandic sex, Old High German sehs; Lithuanian inflectional e; Old Church Slavic est (= Old Indic a-); Tocharian A k, kas; compare Latin sdecim: Old Indic aa 16 (Avestan xvadasa- `the 16.'). ordinals: Old Indic ah-, Avestan xtva-; Armenian vecerord; gr. ; alb. iLatin sex; Old Irish s `6', seser `6 man', mr-feser `magnus seviratus, 7 man', cymr. etc.

gjashtt, i-gjasht; Illyrian Sestus; Latin sextus, sestus (Sestius, Oscan , Umbrian with Eindringen of s from the Grundzahl); gall. suexos, Old Irish sessed, cymr. chweched; Old Prussian m. zero grade uschts, compare Old Lithuanian uios `Wochenbett' (Old kt, kaste. Gothic sahsta, Old High German sehsto, sehto, Old Icelandic stte; Lithuanian tas,

sestentasiaru `sextantarirum'; Indo Germanic probably *s(u)ektos, in Latin and Germanic

Prussian loanword), genuine Lithuanian ios ds.: Old Church Slavic est; Tocharian A

East: Akkadian+ shishshu, Central: Arabic sittah, Saudi sitta, Yemeni sitteh, Syrian s tte, Lebanese setti, Cypriot stte, Iraqi sitta, Egyptian sitta, E Libyan 'sitta, N African (Darja) sitta, Moroccan setta, Sudanese si|tta, Nigerian sitte, Zanzibari sitte, Maltese sitta,
e

It seems from PIE root lemma for number six was spread to Semitic system:

Phoenecian+ sh-sh, Ugaritic+ t-t, Moabite+: Classical Hebrew+ shsh, Modern Hebrew Hebrew
e

shesh, Classical Aramaic+ shitha:h, Modern: Aramaic sh:'tt Classical Syriac+ `eshta:, tta:, tt Syriac 'ishta, Van ishta, South: Old S. Arabian+ s-d-th, South Arabian (Harsusi) 'hatt h, t shuddushte, S Ethiopic : Amharic siddist, Argobba seddest, Harari siddisti, E Gurage seddest, Gafat+ seddest, Soddo sedd st, Goggot s dd st, Muher seddest, Masqan seddest, CW Gurage s d st, Ennemor s d st.
e e e e e e e e

(Sheri) shet, Socotra yha`T, N Ethiopic : Geez+ siddistu, Tigre s s, Beni Amir siss, Tigrinya

Egyptian : Egyptian+ s-y-s-w, (Recons.) sar'saw, Coptic+ sow.

Indo-European Germanic: Old Germanic+ *seks, Western: Old English+ sex, Middle English+ six, English six, Scots sax, Old Frisian+ sex, W.Frisian seis, Frisian (Saterland) sks, Dutch zes, W/S Flemish zsse, Brabants zes, Low Saxon s, Emsland zes, Mennonite Plautdietsch sass, Cimbrian sks, Rimella zhakshe, Rheinfrnkisch sechs, Pennsylvania sex,

Afrikaans ses, German sechs, Central Bavarian sechse, Swabian sechs, Alsatian sex,

Luxembourgeois sechs, Swiss German schs, Yiddish zeks, Middle High German+ shs, seks, Swedish sex, Faroese seks, Old Icelandic+ sex, Icelandic sex, Eastern: Gothic+

Old High German+ sehs, Northern: Runic+ sx, Old Norse+ sex, Norwegian seks, Danish sahs, Crimean+ seis, Italic: Oscan+ *sehs, Umbrian+ sehs-, Faliscan+ zex, Latin+ sex, Romance: Mozarabic+ xaix, Portuguese seis, Galician seis, Spanish seis, Ladino sex, Asturian seis, Aragonese seis, Catalan sis, Valencian sis, Old French+ sis, French six,

Walloon shijh, Jrriais six, Poitevin sis, Old Picard+ sies, Picard sis, Occitan (Provenal) siis, Lengadocian siis, Gascon shis, Auvergnat siei, Limosin siei, Franco-Provenal (Vaudois) s, Rumantsch Grischun sis, Sursilvan sis, Vallader ses, Friulian ss, Ladin ses, Dalmatian+ si, Italian sei, Piedmontese ss, Milanese ss, Genovese sei, Venetian si, Parmesan se:s, Corsican sei, Umbrian si, Neapolitan si, Sicilian sie, Romanian s,ase, Arumanian s,ase, Meglenite s,asi, Istriot s,se, Sardinian ses, Celtic: Proto-Celtic+ svex, Vannetais huh, Unified Cornish+ whegh, Common hwegh, Modern whee, Devonian+ Gaulish+ suex, Brythonic (P-Celtic): Welsh chwech, Cardiganshire sich, Breton c'hwec'h, hueh, Goidelic (Q-Celtic): Old Irish+ se, Irish s, Scots Gaelic sia, Manx shey, Hellenic:

Mycenean Greek+ we- (*wex-), Classical Greek+ hx, Greek ksi, Cypriot ksi, Tsakonian kse, Tocharian: Tocharian A+ sk, Tocharian B+ skas, Albanian: Albanian gjasht, Gheg Armenian vec, Baltic West : Old Prussian+ *usjai, East : Lithuanian shesh, Latvian seshi, Ukrainian sh--sth, shist'; West : Polish szes'c', Kashubian shesc, Polabian+ sist, Czech South: Old Church Slavonic+ shesti, Bulgarian shest, Macedonian shest, Serbo-Croat Serboshst, Slovene shest, Indo-Iranian: Proto-Indo-Iranian+ *(k)swacsh, Iranian Eastern: Indowghwshw, Yaghnobi uxsh, Bactrian+ Sanglechi Latgalian seshi, Slavic East : Russian shesth, shest'; Belarussian shesthh, shesc'; (Qosaj) gh'asht, Tosk (Mandritsa) g'sht, Armenian: +Classical Armenian vec ,
h

shest, Slovak shest', West shest, East shesc, Upper Sorbian shsc', Lower Sorbian ssc',

Ossetian Iron xsz, Digor xsz, Avestan+ xshuuash, Khwarezmian+ 'x, Sogdian+ Saka+ ksta', Pashto shpag, Wakhi sha:d, Munji a:xshe, Yidgha uxsho, Ishkashmi xu,l, s Shughn xo:gh, Rushani xu:,w, Yazgulami xu, Sarikoli (Tashkorghani) xel, Parachi xi,
a

Ormuri sh. h, Western Northwest : Parthian+ shwh, Yazdi shash, Nayini Natanzi shsh,

Khunsari shsh, Gazi shsh, Sivandi shush, Vafsi shish, Semnani shash, Sangisari shash, Baluchi sh sh, Turkmenistan shash, E Hill shash, Rakhshani (Western) sh shsh, Kermanji (S) Kurdish shash, Zaza (N) Kurdish shash, Bajalani shish, Kermanshahi shsh, shsh, Chali shesh, Fars shisht, Lari shish, Luri shish, Kumzari shish, Nuristani Southwest : Old Persian+: Pahlavi+ shash, Farsi shesh, Isfahani shish, Tajik shash, Tati Ashkun sh Wasi-weri wu:sh, Kati sh Kalasha-ala sh Indic : Sanskrit+ s.as., Prakrit+ sh:, shu, shu:, sh, ch`a, Ardhamagadhi+ cha, Pali+ cha, Romany (Gypsy): Spanish jol, Welsh shov, Romany Kalderash shov, Syrian sha:s, Armenian shesh, Iranian shov, Sinhalese-Maldivian: Sinhaleseh e e

Gilaki shish, Mazanderani shesh, Talysh shash, Harzani shosh, Zaza shesh, Gorani shIsh,

Sinhalese haya, Vedda pahamay tava ekamay, Maldivian haie, Northern India Dardic:

sha, sho Kashmiri shah, Shina sh Brokskat sa, Phalura sh , Bashkarik sho:, Tirahi xo, Torwali chha, Shumashti sho Nangalami so:, Dumaki sh Western: Marathi s ha, shoo, sha, sh o:, Pashai ch Konkani s, Sindhi cha, Khatri cho, Lahnda ch`e:, Central: Hindi/ Urdu c ai, Parya ch e, Malvi ch`e:, Bhili so:, Dogri ch`e:, Kumauni ch`ai, Garhwali ch`ai:, W Pahari tsho:,
h h e

sho:, Wotapuri sho:, Maiya sho:h, Kalasha sh Khowar chhoy, Dameli sh Gawar-bati sho, sho,
e u

Punjabi che, Siraiki chi, Gujarati ch , Rajasthani (Marwari) ch`aw, Banjari (Lamani) cho, Maithili Khandeshi ch`a, East Central: Nepali cha, Maithili ch`a:, Magahi chau, Bhojpuri c , s i, Mayang soy.
e h

Awadhi (Kosali) cha:, Chattisgarhi ch`e:, Eastern: Oriya cha'a, Bengali choy, Assamese

Dravidian Northwest : Brahui shash, Northeast : Kurukh soyye:, Malto so:ye, Central : Kolami saa / a:r, Naiki Parji se:je:n, Gadaba a:ru-gur, Telugu aaru, Gondi sa:ru:ng, Koya a:ru, Konda a:ru, Manda Pengo co, Kui sajgi, Kuvi so:, South: Tulu a:ji, Koraga aji, Kannada aaru, Badaga a:ru,

Kodagu a:r , Kurumba -a.ru, Toda o:r, Kota a:re, Tamil aarru, Malayalam a:ru, Irula aru, , r, r

Nahali Nahali cha:h,

Basque Basque sei

Etruscan Etruscan+ sa References: WP. II 522 f., WH. II 528 f., Wackernagel-Debrunner III 355 f., Ross TPS 1944, 54 f. Page(s): 1044 Root / lemma: s(u)eko-s )eko )eko-

Meaning: sap, pitch, *blood h);

Material: Material: Gr. ` plant juice, resin ', `saftig', whereof the PN (inschr. Latvian svakas f. Pl., umgelautet svek'is, Pl. svek'i `resin, Gummi', Lithuanian saka Pl.,

Old Prussian sackis ds. `juice, sap of the plant and Frchte'; with transference aufs Note:

tierische russ. osoka ` blood pus ', klr. posoka `blood of an animal' and alb. gjak `blood'.

Alb. (*sak) gjaku `blood' [common alb. s- > gj- shift]. Clearly alb. cognate derived from progeny; life-blood, strength, vigor'.

Latin sanguis -inis m. (and sanguen, n.) `blood. Transf. blood-relationship, race, family, Also gr. (*saina) `blood', Old High German seim ` honey ', Sansk. soma `blood of animals, sap of plants, soma plant, intoxicating drink' From PIE the word for blood passed to Altaic languages: Protoform: *sg Meaning: healthy; blood Turkic protoform: *sg Mongolian protoform: *saji(n) Tungus protoform: *sgVKorean protoform: *s'-nbJapanese protoform: *sk-jaka Page(s): 1044 References: WP. II 515 f., WH. II 623, Trautmann 248, Vasmer 2, 688.

Meaning: to swallow, eat, drink

el-1(kel Root / lemma: suel-1(k-)

Material: Avestan x ar- ` enjoy, consume '; engl. swill ` devour, drink greedily ' (also ` swill, flush ', as Old English swillan, swillian), Middle Low German swellen ` live excessively ', (`*wet and lumpy '); Old Icelandic sollr ` swill, liquid or partly liquid food, chiefly kitchen refuse, used for pig-food, pigswill ' (which has also the meaning in engl. swill ); isl. sollr ` carousal '; Norwegian soll ` milk with lump bread ', Old Icelandic hrsollr ` blood '

maybe alb. (*swill) sill 'food, breakfast', (*swell) gjell 'food, dish' [common alb. s- > gjshift] similar to alb (*sak) gjak 'blood'. from an extension suelk-: Old High German swelhan and swelgan ` swallow, drink ', Old elkelk

English swelgan, Old Icelandic svelga, Modern High German schwelgen; Old Icelandic svelgr ` whirlpool, eddy, devourer, glutton ', Middle Low German Middle High German

swalch ` throat ', Modern High German Schwalch ` Opening of the furnace ', Low German swalgen ` suffocate '; Swedish svalg, svulg ` throat ', Old Icelandic sylgr ` gulp '. elkelk See also: compare above S. 901 and under s. v. uelk-. References: WP. II 530, Specht KZ 66, 25 f.;

Page(s): 1045

Root / lemma: suel-2 lemma: elel

Meaning: to smoulder, burn

Material: Old Indic svrati `radiates, shines '; svarg- m. ` sky '; gr. , , f. ` solar warmth, sunlight ', , lak. Hes., `

flambeau, torch ', assim. Hes., originally a light goddess; zero grade f. ` solar warmth ', ` warms up ', `hot', (Nikand.) `warm'; ` shine ';

uncertain affiliation from n. ` Shine ', , Aeolic ` moon ' (*),

maybe alb. (*) *xelagein, shklqen `shines' maybe alb. (*) hana ` moon ' similar to alb. (*sli-) hl, l ` star, planet, *sun ' [the shift s > h]; alb. and gr. prove that from Root / lemma: suel-, suol-, suul-, suel-, sl- : (sun) derived el ol el el- suolel- sl-

elel Root / lemma: suel-2 : (to smoulder, burn).

(actually `singeing'), Middle Low German swalm ` dense smoke ', Old English swol n. (*swula-), sw(e)olo(a) m. ` the burning, heat '; maybe alb. (*sveri) veri 'north cold wind', (*sveri) veri 'north, cold' English swlan ` incinerate, burn (trans.)', and *swl- in Low German swl ` sultry '

(Modern High German schwelen), Old High German swilizn; Old Icelandic svalr ` cold '

Old English swelan stem V. ` burn, is ignited ', Middle Low German swelen schw. V.

lengthened grade *swl- in Old Icelandic svla ` burn incense ', f. ` thick smoke ', Old

(umlaut, Modern High German schwl), Dutch zwoel, zoel ds.;

- with Germanic k: Low German swalk ` steam, smoke ', Middle High German swelk ` '. the d-present in Old High German swelzan ` burn, incinerate (intr.)', for what presumably as ` swelter ' (compare engl. sweltry, sultry ` extremely hot '),

withered, dry ', Old High German swelchen, Middle High German swelken ` become wilted

Old English Old Saxon sweltan stem V. ` die, pass away ', Middle Dutch swelten, Old swulta-wairja ` he who leans toward death, he who is inclined toward death ', Old ` starve ', k`ac ` hunger ' (*suld-sk-);

Icelandic svelta stem V. ` starve, die ', Gothic swiltan stem V. ` to die ', zero grade Gothic Icelandic sultr m. ` hunger ', Old English swylt m. ` death '; maybe to Armenian k`ac-nu-m Lithuanian svl, svlti ` is being scorched (intr)., burn without flame ', causative svlinti `

(tr.)', svelme f. ` steam, glow ', svals m. ` steam ', svelains ` sharp, cold ' (compare meaning from Old Norse svalr).

to singe (tr.)', em. svlis ` heat, fevers ', svelti ` smolder ', Latvian svel'u, svelt ` to scorch

Maybe alb. (*svala) val 'boil, steam', phr. merr nj val 'to steam' [the common alb. shift SV > V]. References: WP. II 531 f., Scherer Gestirnnamen 49 f., Trautmann 296, Frisk 65 f.; Page(s): 1045 suelel See also: see above S. 881 f. suel-.

Meaning: foot sole; ground

el ol- sulol Root / lemma: (suel-3), suol-, sulsuel-

Material: Latin solea ` a sandal; a kind of fetter; a shoe for an animal; a fish, the sole '; country ';

solum ` bottom, floor, foundation; the sole of the foot, or shoe; soil, ground, earth, land,

Old Irish soilgib;

Middle Irish fol. i. bond ` foundation, foot sole ', Akk. Sg. folaig, Nom. Pl. solaig, Dat. Pl. zero grade gr. (Hes.) ` foot sole '.

Alb. sholl 'sole' (probably a Latin loanword). Page(s): 1046 References: WP. II 552, WH. II 554 f.

Root / lemma: suel-4 el el-

Meaning: ` arbor, joist, beam, timber, bar, rod ' selSee also: see above S. 898 f. under sel-2.

Page(s): 1046

loo(n)o(n) Root / lemma: sue-lo-, sueliio(n)Material:

Meaning: a kind of relation (brothers-in-law, whose wifes are sisters) Old laryngeal gr. He- > a-, e-; satem He- > s-

Gr. (- cop., compare Old High German ge- in ge-swo ` brother-in-law ': swo), , (for to be expected *) ds. (Hes., Poll.); Old Icelandic svilar Pl. ds., Sg. svili ` brother-in-law '; to reflexive possessive pronoun *se, seue-. maybe initially alb. (*svelioi) vllai 'brother' [the common alb. shift sv > v] or rather from alb. geg (*) vllau, tosk, vllai ` brother ' from gr. . Since initial vowels in gr. yielded to the prothetic V- in a similar construction of alb. vesh m. ` ear ' (*us-, s-) against gr. Doric (*us) ` ear '; additional proof of Greek origin is also the plural form alb. Geg (*) vllazn, Tosc vllezr Pl. `brothers' where -r, -n plural endings as N/R alb. (*radius) reze 'ray, rays'.

behave as allophones. The shift S > Z in alb. has been recorded at the end of the word in maybe alb. (*sue-lo-) vlla ` brother '. The shift sue- > ve- has also been attested in alb. alb. vjehrr ` father-in-law ', vjherr ` mother-in-law ' from Root / lemma: suekr- : ekr ekr (mother-in law or father-in-law). Note: Note

An impact of Illyrian on Baltic languages has been felt through Estonian veli `brother', through Illyrians. Page(s): 1046

Finnish veli `brother'. Clearly the Finno-Ugric group has met with Indo European family References: WP. II 533, Specht Ursprung 166, Frisk 24.

elploelplo Root / lemma: suelplo-s Meaning: sulphur Material: Gothic swibls, Old English swefl, Old High German swebal ` sulphur ' = Latin sulpur ds. (*suelplo-s); Germanic dissim. to *swe[l]fla-, *swe[l]la-.

Maybe alb. sulfur ` sulphur ' a Latin loanword. Page(s): 1046

elel References: WP. II 533, WH. II 628; people's etymological influences from suel-2.

Meaning: to move; to swim

emem Root / lemma: suem-

Material: Old Irish to-senn- ` pursue ' (*suem-d-ne-), (common Celtic Alb. abbreviation) verbal noun tofunn, probably to: Norwegian svamla `fantasize', svamra `umherirren, schwrmen'; Old Icelandic

svim(m)a, symja (preterit svamm summum and svam svmum) `swim', Old High German Modern High German schwemmen; Old Frisian swammia, Middle High German swamen sund n. `das Schwimmen; Meerenge, Sund' (i.e. `*still berschwimmbar'), syndr Old Saxon Old English swimman ds.; Kaus. Middle High German swemmen `swim let',

`swim', isl. Norwegian svamla, sumla `splash', Gothic swumsl n. `pond, pool'; Old Icelandic `schwimmfhig', Old English sund n. `Schwimmfhigkeit', poet. `sea, water', Middle Low 780.
61

German sunt (-d-) `Meerenge' (Modern High German Sund); different about Modern High German Sund Kluge-Gotze References: WP. II 524.

Page(s): 1046

end en Root / lemma: (s)uen Meaning: to disappear Material: Old High German swintan ` dwindle, peak, become thin, wither, wilt, bewutlos
h

become', Old Saxon far-swindan ` disappear', Old English swindan ` abate, dwindle ',

Kaus. Middle High German swenden ` dwindle make, ausreuten', Modern High German German swintiln, Modern High German schwindeln; ablaut. Modern High German verschwenden [waste] dial. ` through Verbrennen of Grases urbar machen', Old High

Schwund; Old Church Slavic uvdati `wither, wilt', ablaut. Church Slavic diti `ruchen'; alb. abbreviation) compare Old Irish a-sennad Adv. ` denique, postremo ' (*suend -no-?); (common Celtic
h

through derailment in e-row converted is? Page(s): 1047 References: WP. II 526, Vasmer 1, 245.

whether Germanic swindan to swnan ` dwindle ' (see su-) belongs and previously

engeng enkenk egeg ekek Root / lemma: sueng-, suenk- : sueg-, suek- (*heng- : kueng-) Meaning: to bend Material: Old Indic svjat, -ti (svakyate) `umschlingt', participle svakt-, parivakta- =

Singi-dnum; [Illyrian Singidnum today: Belgrade?) from Slavic bel ` white' + grad ` city' = city of Albanians]. Middle High German Middle Low German swanc `pliable, slim, fine, fragile, flimsy ', Old

Avestan pairix vaxta- `rings umschlossen'; Old Irish seng ` slim ' (`*pliable'), Celtic PN

English swancor `pliable, fragile, flimsy '; Norwegian svekk, svokk f. (*swank-i, -) `cavity the Fusohle', Danish Swedish swank `valley, cavity'; Old English swincan `work, sich qulen' (actually `sich winden by the Arbeit'), Kaus. swencan ` plague, afflict ' (swenc m. `

affliction '), Old High German Middle High German swenken `schwingen let, toss, fling', Schwung, prank, Einfall', Modern High German Schwank; besides Germanic *sweng- (Indo Germanic *suenk-): (swinga `club, mace, joint'), Old English swingan `hit, lash, flog, sich schwingen'; Kaus. Old High German Old Saxon swingan `(sich) schwingen, fly', Old Saxon swingan Modern High German schwenken ` wave'; Middle High German swank (-k-) ` turn,

Gothic af-swaggwjan `schwankend make' (?), Old English swengan `sich schwingen',

svangi m. ` groin, flank ' (`incurvation ');

narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin ', Middle High German swanger ` slim '; Old Icelandic

Middle Low German Middle High German swengel `Schwengel'; Old Icelandic svangr `thin,

Middle High German swanc, swunc (-g-) `schwingende movement, Schwang, Schwung';

High German swach `evil, bad, miserable, feeble, weak', Middle Low German swaken also `wobble, sway' (as swanken). References: WP. II 526 f.;

Icelandic sveggja `(ein ship) turn '; Middle Low German swak `pliable, thin, weak', Middle

nasallos: Norwegian svaga, svagra `waver, swerve ', svagga `schwankend go', Old

Page(s): 1047-1048

seu(i)(i) See also: compare also seu- and su(i)- `bend'.

Meaning: heavy

enk- sunkenk Root / lemma: suenk-, sunk-

Material: Old English swangor ` clumsy, idle', Old High German swangar `pregnant'; older Lithuanian sunkinga `pregnant'.

Lithuanian sukti ` heavy become', sunks ` heavy ' (from Krpern and from Arbeiten),

Page(s): 1048

References: WP. II 525.

ento- suntoento Root / lemma: suento-, suntoNote: only Germanic?

Meaning: vigorous, vivacious, healthy Material: Gothic swins `strong, fit, healthy', Old Icelandic svinnr `rash, hasty, strong, Saxon swi `strong, violent, valiant', Middle High German swint, swinde `strong, violent',

smart', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old English sw, Old

References: WP. II 525 f.; because of Ablauts probably Indo Germanic; after Persson Lithuanian s(i)mdyti `aufhetzen'. Page(s): 1048
2

Saxon gisund, Old English gesund, Old Frisian sund `fresh, unbeschdigt, fit, healthy'.

geschwind 'fast, rapid, hurried, fierce, grim'; Old High German gisunt (-d-) `fit, healthy', Old

Beitr. 189 and 587 to Lithuanian siuniu ` send' (different above S. 909); compare also

Meaning: to sound

Root / lemma: suenen en-

Material: Old Indic svnati (secondary svant) ` sounds, schallt' (= Latin sonit), -svana- n. `noise', svan- m. `sound, tone, clangor ' (= Latin sonus), svn- ` soughing '; Avestan *x anat-axra- ` someone, of wheels sausen'; Latin son, -re, -ui, -itum Old Latin sonere (*sun) `sound, clink, sound, clink, sough, rustle', sonus (*suonos ` clangor '; Old Irish

son `sound' Latin loanword); probably Old Irish senn-, preterit sephainn `sonre, play (ein

Instrument)', das nn probably after to-senn- ` pursue ', das (from *suem-d-ne- originated) Spielen, tintinnabulation'; Old English swinsian `sing, Musik make', swinn `Musik, song'; also Old High German Old English swan `swan', Old Icelandic svanr ` manly swan'; whether sen- besides suen- in Latvian sant, sent `buzz', Irish sanas ` whispering',

zur root suem- belongs; (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old Irish senim (i.e. seinm) `das

cymr. hanes `history' actually `*rumor'? Page(s): 1046-1047

References: WP. II 524 f., WH. II 559 f.

Root / lemma: suep-1, sup- (*kuep-1) ep ep ep- sup- kuepMeaning: to sleep, *cease, die Note:

lemma: ep- supep epep Root / lemma: suep-1, sup- : `to sleep, *cease, die' derived from Root / lemma: suep-2, supebeb sup-, sueb- : `to throw, *sway, swing (put to sleep)'. Material: Old Indic svpiti, svpati ` asleep, dozed off ', Pass. supyat, participle supt-

Icelandic svefja etc.); Avestan x ap- `sleep'; gr. `Wehrtraum';

`dozed off', Kaus. svpyati `schlfert ein' (= Old Icelandic sfa), svapayati ds. (= Old

(svaf), Old English swefan stem V. `sleep, cease'; Kaus. Old Icelandic svefja ` put to sleep, Saxon answebbian, Old High German antswebben, Middle High German entsweben ds., Middle High German also ` sleepy become, fall asleep ' (*suopi); Old Icelandic sfa `slay' (*supi); Old Icelandic sufa ` put to sleep ' (*supei), syfja unpers. ` make stillen, besnftigen', Old English swefian ds., Old English swebban ` put to sleep, slay', Old

Latin spi, -re ` put to sleep ', spor, -ris ` deep sleep' (*suepr); Old Icelandic sofa

sofna schw. V. ` fall asleep '; Middle High German swep, -bes `sleep', Old English sweofot n. ds.; Old Church Slavic spati, Iter. sypati `sleep', usnti ` fall asleep '; Old Indic svpna- `sleep, dream', Avestan x afna- m. ds.; Armenian k`un, Gen. k`noy

sleepy ', East Frisian suffen ` become sleepy ' (Dutch suf ` dizzy, stupid'); Old Icelandic

`sleep' (*suopnos); gr. `sleep' (= Old Church Slavic sn and:) alb. gjum;

Latin somnus : Italian sonno : Portuguese sono : Bolognese snn : Romagnolo : sni : Valencian sn : Romanian somn : Sardinian Campidanesu sonnu : Sicilian sonnu : Swedish smnen : Spanish sueo : French sommeil : Calabrese suonnu : Zeneize seunno `sleep' : Armenian k`un : Hittite sup- (Medium), suppariia- `sleep'.

: Napulitano suonno : Greek : Albanian gjum : Old Irish san, cymr. corn. bret. hun

Latin somnus `sleep' (*suepnos or *suopnos); Old Irish san, cymr. corn. bret. hun `sleep' (*sopnos = Lithuanian spnas); Old Icelandic svefn, Old English swefn `sleep, dream', (from *suepns); Lithuanian spnas, sapns `dream', Latvian sapnis `dream'; Old Church Latin insomnis, gr. ds. and dieio-derivative Old Indic svpnyam ` dream ', Latin somnium `dream', em. sapnis `sleep, dream', Old Church Slavic snije ` dream '; gr.

Slavic sn `sleep, dream'; compare Old Indic asvapna- `schlaflos', Avestan ax afna- ds.,

pne `sleep, dream'; Hittite sup- (Medium), suppariia- `sleep'.

(replicated Latin insomnium) ds., cymr. anhunedd `insomnia'; Tocharian A p ,

n

Maybe Breton hun : Welsh hun : Estonian uni : Finnish uni `sleep'. References: WP. II 523 f., WH. II 557 f., Trautmann 292 f., Vasmer 2, 694. Page(s): 1048-1049

ep- supep ebeb Root / lemma: suep-2, sup-, suebMeaning: to throw, *sway, swing Material: Old Indic svap ` besom '; Old Church Slavic svepiti s `agitari'; zero grade sp, suti `schtten, strew, distribute', Iter. sypati `schtten', rasypati `ausstreuen'; sunti sup, -re `throw', dissip, -re `auseinanderwerfen, scatter', obsip, -re `effundere', sp `heap' (but Lithuanian spti `swing, wiegen' rather to seu- `bend'); Latin seu`entgegensprengen (water), reproach', insipere `hineinwerfen';

herschlagen, wogen', Modern High German schwapp-en, -eln, -ern Page(s): 1049

sweep, wash away ' is engl. loanword); Low German swabbeln `(from water ) hin- and References: WP. II 524, WH. I 356 ff., Trautmann 293, Vasmer 3, 57.

(*swala-), svf n. `spear, javelin'; Old English ge-swpe f. `offal, rubbish' (isl. spa `

Germanic *svab- and *svap- (Indo Germanic *sueb-) in Old Icelandic sfl `Kehrbesen'

erb er erer Root / lemma: suer - (also suer-?) Meaning: to turn; to sweep Material: Cymr. chwerfu `das Wirbeln, Umdrehen', chwerfan `whirl for a spindle'; chwyrn
h h

sverfa stem V. `feilen', svarf n. `Abfall beim Feilen', Old English sweorfan ds., afr. swerva ` `extergere', suuarp, swirbil `gurges, vortex', Middle High German swerben `sich wirbelnd grovel, truckle, creep ', Old Saxon sweran `abwischen', Old High German suuerban

`quick, fast (drehend)' from *suerb -nio-; Gothic af-, bi-swarban `abwischen', Old Icelandic

bewegen'; Old Icelandic svarfa `umherschweifen', Old Swedish svarva `turn, work a lathe, (Lgen) ersinnen'; Slavic *svorb in Church Slavic svrab (in addition Old Church Slavic svrabn

compare Latvian svarpst m. `borer' (*suarb-sta-);

`'); ablaut. Slavic *svrbit, *svrbti `itch' in russ. sverbt, sverbt etc.; perhaps in addition gr. n., m. `rubbish', , - ` anything
e

swept together, sweepings, refuse, rubbish, litter '; compare also `sweep' (*su ri), n., m. ` besom, rubbish' and (Fut. ) `pull, drag, sweep, wash', vomiting, purge-plant ', n. ` anything trailed or dragged, towing dress, rubbish', m. ` towing rope ', , - f. `sandbank'. Page(s): 1050-1051 m. ` any lengthened sweeping motion, the moving, vomiting ', f. ` emetic,

References: WP. II 529 f., Trautmann 295, Vasmer 2, 589, 596 f.

Meaning: to take care of; to be ill

erghergh Root / lemma: suergh- (*hergh- : kuergh-) Material: 1. Old Indic srkati `kmmert sich um etwas'; common Old Indic -h- > -ku-

Gothic sarga ` care, sorrow ', Old Icelandic Old English sorg, Old Saxon sorga, Old High Saxon sorgn, Old English sorgian, Old High German sorgn, sworgn `care for, worry'. sraga `disease, malady', srag `austerus, torvus'; probably also alb. dergjem `be bedridden' (*suorghi) common Old Indic -h- > -ku- : Illyrian - alb -h- > -d-. Maybe alb. (*suorghi) derdh ` pour, ejaculate ' common alb. h- > -dh-. Page(s): 1051 References: WP. II 529, Trautmann 258. German sorga, Old Franconian sworga ` care '; Gothic sargan, Old Icelandic syrgja, Old

2. Old Irish serg `disease, malady', Lithuanian serg, sirgti ` be sick ', Old Church Slavic

Meaning: to speak

erer serRoot / lemma: suer-1 (also ser-?)

Material: Latin serm, -nis `Wechselrede, conversation, entertainment, conversation ' Maybe alb. (*serm) thirm n. f. `shout, call' [common alb. s > th shift] (*serm) is unclear;

Oscan sverrunei `dem Sprecher, Wortfhrer'; Gothic swaran, swr `swear, vow', Old

Old Icelandic svara `anworten, Brgschaft leisten', svr Pl. `Antwort', and-svar `gerichtliche verdict ', Old English and-swaru `Antwort', Old Saxon ant-swr `Antwort, Verantwortung'; Old Church Slavic svar `quarrel' (Hin- and Widerrede), svar `fight, struggle', svariti

Old Icelandic sri Nom. Pl. `vow, pledge, oath', Middle High German swuor `vow, pledge',

Icelandic sveria, Old English Old Saxon swerian, Old High German swerien, swerren ds.,

`vilify, scold, fight, struggle'; russ. ssra `quarrel' from *ssora? artikuliertes of speech. Page(s): 1049

*suer- `speak, talk' is perhaps (but not certainly) the use from suer-` hum, whiz ' auf

References: WP. II 527, WH. II 521 f., Trautmann 296 f., Vasmer 2, 712.

erer Root / lemma: suer-2 Meaning: to hiss Material: Old Indic svrati ` sounds, erschallt, allows erschallen'; also surm `duct, tube, pipe' (flute?); svar- svra- m. ` clangor, sound, tone'; , - m. `Spitzmaus' (*surak-), Cretan `swarm of bees' Hes.; Maybe alb. Geg (*surix) urith, tosk (*sam-uridh) hamuridhe ` mole ' Latin susurrus ` a humming, murmuring, muttering, whispering ', susurr, -re `hiss, whisper, buzz' (rr consonant increase in onomatopoeic words), absurdus ` adverse redend'?); clinking, ungereimt' (*suorodo-s); surdus `deaf' as `dull or inarticulate hrend and

Maybe alb. shushurin, fshfrin ` rustle ' : Breton sarac'hat : Galician susurrar from Latin susurrus ` a humming, murmuring, muttering, whispering '. surdus `deaf'. Maybe alb shurdh ` deaf ' : French sourd : Napulitano surdo : Romagnolo srd : from Latin While Basque gor ; entzungor : Finnish kuuro : Turkish sar : Hungarian sket `deaf'. zungor Latin probably srex, -icis (previously late srex) ` shrew, small mouselike mammal with a from *suernio-?); long snout ' from *sur-ak- (: gr. ds.); cymr. chwyrnu `drone, grumble' (to *chwyrn

Low German Modern High German surren, Middle High German surm `Gesumse'; German swarm ` swarm ';

schwirren; Norwegian surla `leise sing', Swedish sorla ` trickle, mumble, murmur', Middle vielleichtisl. svarmr ` dizziness ', Old English swearm ` swarm, bulk, mass', Old High Lithuanian surm `flute', Old Church Slavic svirati `whistle' (lengthening from *svr-),

Old Icelandic svarra `roar', Norwegian sverra `whirl; kreisen', Modern High German

Maybe alb. (*surma) zhurma ` noise'. References: WP. II 527 f., WH. II 634 f., 637 f., Vasmer 2, 593. erer See also: s. also suer- `speak'. Page(s): 1049-1050

erer Root / lemma: suer-3 Meaning: stake Material: Old Indic svru- m. `picket, pole, Doppelpfosten, long bit of wood'; gr. n.

`pad'; homer. Akk. m. `Bettpfosten'; Old High German swirn `bepfhlen', Middle English swier, swior m. f. ` jamb, column '; with k-forms Old Icelandic svri m. ` neck, prow, bow of a ship' (*swerhjan-), Old English swera, swora ` neck ' (*swirhjan-); Latin zero Wadenbein' (see below *sr). grade surus `twig, branch, picket, pole', Demin. surculus, surcellus; perhaps sra `calf, High German swir `Uferpfahl', Modern High German Swiss Schwiren `picket, pole', Old

Page(s): 1050

References: WP. II 528 f., WH. II 635.

erer Root / lemma: suer-4

Meaning: to cut, pierce

Maybe alb. Geg (*svarna) varr ` wound'. cymr. chwarren f. `gland' (*suorsin);

Material: Avestan x ara- m. `wound, Verwundung'; Old Irish serb, cymr. chwerw `bitter' (*suer-uo-), originally probably ` burning, pricking '; Old High German sweran stem V. `ache, fester, swell', swero `leiblicher pain, esp.

ulcer', Modern High German Schwre, Geschwr ulcer, Old High German swer(a)do swert `Schwert', Old English sweord, Old Icelandic sver from *swer-a- `stechende

`leiblicher pain', Old English sweornian ` curdle, coagulate, harden '; Old High German

weapon';

proto Slavic. *svrdlo. 243, Loth RC. 41, 233. Page(s): 1050

and Church Slavic chyra ` fragileness '; perhaps here serb.-Church Slavic svrdl `borer',

proto Slavic. *suara- `krnklich' in russ. chvryj, Old Czech chvor, ablaut. churav ds.

References: WP. II 529, Trautmann 295, Krogmann KZ. 59, 204, Vasmer 2, 589, 3, 237,

Root / lemma: suer-5 er er-

Meaning: ` scale, weigh '

Page(s): 1050

See also: see below uer-1.

esor- suestor) esor estor Root / lemma: suesor- (*suestor Note: Meaning: sister

sor- suestor): estor seRoot / lemma: suesor- (*suestor : `sister' derived from Root / lemma: se- : `reflexive

trmt tr terter pt(r) Gen. ptr-s, -s : `father', Root / lemma: mtr- : `mother', Root / lemma: b rter- : t `brother' Material: Old Indic svsar-, Avestan x ahar- ` sister ';
h

pronoun, *own' + common Illyrian -tar, -tor suffix; it was modelled after Root / lemma:

*suesr-nos = Old Church Slavic sestrin ` belonging to sister ', compare also East

sister' (in addition sobrnus ` a cousin by the mother's side, mother's sister's child ', from Lithuanian sesernas ` sister's son '); Old Irish siur ` sister ' (*suesr), Dat. Akk. seir, Gen.

[Vok.] , Hes., , Hes.; Latin soror `a

Armenian k`oir ds. (*suesr); Nom. Pl. k`or-k` (*suesres), Gen. Sg. k`e (*suesros); gr.

bret. c'hoar; Gothic swistar (Gen. swistrs, Dat. swistr); Old Icelandic syster, Pl. systr (Proto Norse swestar from -r), Old High German swester (*-r!), Old English sweostor, suster; vor dem t- insertion created anew are Old Saxon Old Swedish swiri `son of the mother's Old Prussian swestro (in the -Dekl. bergefhrt) with w perhaps through Modern High

sethar (analogy after mthir, Gen. mthar), cymr. chwaer, acorn. huir, mcorn. hoer, hor,

sister ', Old English swiria ` sister's son, weather ';

German influence, for Lithuanian sesu, Gen. sesers and Old Church Slavic sestra (in die -Dekl. bergefhrt) ` sister ' (also FlN) place u-loses *sesor- ahead; Tocharian A ar, er ` sister '.

Indic ti-sra `drei', Old Irish toir (*trisores) ds.; contains perhaps yet *sor `wife, woman'? Or from *su-esor (see 343) ` of own blood, relative '? References: WP. II 533 f., WH. II 563, Trautmann 258, Benveniste, BSL 35, 104 f.; Pisani, Page(s): 1051

Indo Germanic *s(u)e-sor- to Reflexivstamme se-, seue-; to ending compare fem. Old

Miscellanea G. Galbiati III, 1951, 7 f., M. Mayrhofer by Brandenstein Studien 32 ff.

Root / lemma: suid- (*kuid- < hid-) id idMeaning: milk Material: Old Indic kvidyati, kvdat (unbel.) `wird humid, wet'; Avestan xvd- m. `milk',

perhaps to Lithuanian svesti `smear', Latvian svadt ds., Lithuanian svestas `butter', References: WP. II 521, WH. II 624; Page(s): 1043 Latvian svi(k)st ds.

common Old Indic -h- > -ku- : Avestan -h- > -xu-

See also: s. also sueid- above S. 1042, Z. 5.

(i)(i) Root / lemma: su(i)-

Meaning: to bend, turn, swing

Material: Gr. `aufwrts bent, curved, stumpfnasig, spttisch' (in addition `disgust, all tadelnd'?); perhaps also `pit, pothole' (*incurvation?); cymr. chwid `lebhafte turn, Kunstgriff', chwidl `sich in Kreise drehend, dizzy ', chwidr

Note: (see also seu- and sueng- `bend')

bret. fival, gwival `sich bewegen, rhren';

fast', chwyf m. `movement' (*su-mo-, compare under Germanic swm-), chwyfio `movere', cymr. chwyn `movement', chwil (*su-lo-) `sich quick, fast drehend'; chwyl and chwel

`quick, fast, fleeting, bereilt'; chwim m. (*su-smo-) `movement, actuation ', Adj. `quick,

links';

turn, gyration, stretch of time', Middle Irish of-sel ` turn after right', tuath-bil ` turn after

(*su-lo-, -l compare Norwegian svil) ` turn, run, flow', corn. wheyl `work', Old Irish sel `

n. ` glide, smooth flowing movement, slipping, skidding ', (*su-to-), svaa `glide, slide', German swade `Reihe from gemhtem Gras, Schwaden'; Old English swaian `(ein)wickeln', engl. swath(e), Middle Low German Middle High

Middle Low German swien, sweimen `sich schwingen'; as participle Old Icelandic sva

High German swmel, swimmel ` dizziness, giddiness; swindle '; Old Icelandic sveimr m., Schweben, Schweifen, Schwingen', sweimen `sichschwingen, waver'; Norwegian svil n. Bummeln', swren `sich schwingend bewegen, umherfliegen, in Saus and Braus leben'. midja-sweipains `Sintflut' (actually `Fegung the center '); Old Icelandic sveipa `throw,

` dizziness, giddiness; swindle, Ohnmacht', Old Icelandic svmi, Dutch zwijm ds.; Middle

Norwegian svma `waver, lurch', Middle High German swmen ds.; Old English swma m.

sveim n. `Getmmel, tumult ', sveima `umherziehen', Middle High German sweim m. `das

`Spirale; the frizzy Samenbeutel dorschartiger fish'; Low German swr `Schwung, gyration, sueib-: Avestan xvawayat-atra- `die Peitsche schwingend', xviwra- `agile'; Gothic eib ; eib-

`fegte fort', Old High German sweifan `swing, schweifen, quarrel', sweif `Umschwung, tail' scourge, bullwhip, horsewhip; spur'. = Old Icelandic sveipr `band, strap, Schlingung, curled hair', Old Icelandic svipa `lash,

umhllen', Old English swpan `swing, sweep, wash away, drive, push', Old Saxon swp

suid-) here?

Latvian svadt `wiederholt toss, fling'; whether Latvian svadt `anoint, smear' (under under eig sueig-: Germanic also `nachgeben, slacken ' (from su- ` dwindle ' derive ) `(cunning) eig-

eid sueid-: in Lithuanian svesti, Latvian svist `throw', frequentative Lithuanian svidyti, eid-

`schweifen, wander, cheat, deceive', Old Icelandic svkva sykva (u-present), svkja `cheat, deceive, betray ', Old English swcan ` abandon, cheat, deceive', poet. ` leave, depart, abandon ', Middle High German swch m. `Zeitlauf', -swch `heimlicher Fortgang', High German biswih m. ds.; wander ', Old Saxon swan ds. `languish'; Old High German swhhan `languish, slacken, sweichen `languish'; Old Icelandic svik n. ` betrayal, deceit', Old English swic n. ds., Old Lithuanian svagti ` dizziness, giddiness; swindle bekommen', svaiginti ` giddy

etwas drehen, dodge, deception ' : Old High German swhhn, Old English swcian

umherwanken', russ. svigt' `herumtreiben';

Tocharian A wweku `gelogen', waike `lie, falsity'. `sichbiegen', Kaus. Old Icelandic sveigja `bend', Pass. svigna `be bent, bow, nachgeben', svigi m. `flexible stalk'; Old High German sweiga `cattle shed' (*netting). eip sueip-: Old Icelandic svfa `swing, turn, umherschweifen, schweben', Old English swfan eipeik sueik-: Old Icelandic sveigr `pliable', m. `flexible stalk', Swedish dial. svga, svg eik-

`turn, sweep, wash away (engl. swift `quick, fast'), wave', Old Icelandic sueifla `swing',

swing', swebn `schweben'.

Middle High German swibeln, swivelen `lurch', Old High German sweibn `schweben, Latvian svipt ` lash, flog ', svipst(ik)s `Hasenfu, Zierbengel'.

References: WP. II 518 ff., Vasmer 2, 591 f., Johannesson 794 ff. Page(s): 1041-1042

Meaning: to fade, weaken, etc.. Note: extended suii-p-? Material: Old Icelandic sva ` slacken '; svna, Old High German swnan ` abate, dwindle '; su-k-: Old High German swgn, Old Saxon swign, Old English swgian, sugian, su-g-: f. `das Schweigen', `schweige' (compare Hes., i.e. F). zurckweichen, sich enthalten', Old High German giswiftn `conticescere', Middle Low withdraw', Modern High German (from dem Low German) beschwichtigen (also Messapic ?); in addition *suii-p- in gr. `schweige' and *sui-p- with gr. Schwunde from i German swichten ` withdraw, slacken, zum Schweigen bringen', Dutch zwichten ` su-p-: Gothic sweiban `cease, slacken ', Old Icelandic svfask `from etwas

Root / lemma: su-, -g-, -k-, -p-

Middle High German swnen also ` senseless, unconscious become, fall silent '. suwian ` keep mum, keep quiet '.

Hes.

after Doppelkonsonanz in , (Pind.) and in

Page(s): 1052

See also: compare above (s)uend -.

h

References: WP. II 534;

Meaning: porous, spongy

omb(h)oomb(h)o Root / lemma: suomb(h)o-s

swamp, -pes ` sponge, fungus ' and Gothic swamm Akk. `(Wasch-) sponge ', Old English

*swamma- in Old Icelandic suppr ` sponge; ball (after the shape)', Middle Low German

swamp, -bes m. ` sponge '; besides Germanic *swampu- (Indo Germanic *suombu-) and

Material: Gr. `schwammig, porous' = Germanic *swamba- in Old High German

schwammigem Boden: engl. swamp `swamp, marsh'; westfl. swampen `auf- and sumpf `swamp, marsh' = Old Icelandic soppr ` ball ', Norwegian also ` fungus '.

swamm m. ` fungus ', Middle Low German svam, -mmes ` sponge; fungus '; from

niedergehen, from schwammigem Boden', changing through ablaut Middle High German

Page(s): 1052

References: WP. II 534 f.

Meaning: black, dark

ordoordo Root / lemma: suordo-s

Old High German swarz `black', zero grade Old Icelandic sorta f. `black paint, color', sorti m. `darkness, dichter fog', sortna ` become black '; sollte Latin susum `ruiger stain auf a Kleide' as *suarssom related sein, kme as

filthy', sords, -is f. `smut, dirt, filth'; Gothic swarts, Old Icelandic swart, Old English sweart,

Material: Latin *sordus as base from sorde, -re `dirty, filthy, unfltig sein', sordidus `dirty,

basic form *suardo- in question, so that sordeo from surd-;

cloudy become', Old English sweorcan ` dim, sad become', Old High German giswerc, Germanic *suer-g-, *suor-b(h)o- besides *suordo-), is doubtful. Page(s): 1052 References: WP. II 535, WH. II 562 f.

whether Old Saxon swerkan (participle gesworkan) ` dim become, sich verfinstern,

gisworc `Verfinsterung through clouds' and Irish sorb `blemish, smut', related are (Indo

Meaning: salty, bitter; cheese Note:

s-ro- sou-roRoot / lemma: s-ro-, sou-ro-

))Note: root seu()-, sou()- : s-

s-ro- sou-roks-euRoot / lemma: s-ro-, sou-ro- : salty, bitter; cheese, derived from extension ks-eu- of Root / keslemma: kes- : to scratch, itch Material: Old Icelandic srr `sour, sharp', m. `sourdough', Middle Low German Middle High

German sr `Sure'; Old High German Old English sr `sour', Old Icelandic sr-eygr, Old High German sr-ougi, Old English sr-ege `blear eyed, bleareyed '; compare Tocharian srma `Augenkrankheit';

German sr n. `Bitterkeit'; Old Icelandic syra f. `sour milk', Old English syring ds., Old High

Prussian suris ds.;

Lithuanian sras ` salty ', Latvian srs ` salty, bitter', Lithuanian sris m. `cheese', Old

Old Church Slavic syr, russ. syr `cheese'; russ. survyj `rough, raw' (*sou-ro-);

Old Church Slavic syr `humid, wet', russ. syrj `humid, wet, raw, sour'; substantivized ablaut. Old Icelandic saurr m. `smut, tier. seed, sperm '; Old Bulgarian surov `raw', compare die FlN Celtic Sra, Modern High German Sauer, Sr, Old Prussian Sure,

Latvian Sr-upe, and den PN Pl. `Syrakus' (Sicily), with nt-derivative to name eines Sumpfes.

Page(s): 1039

sap' (above S. 912 f.); about `milk' to: ` coagulated, sour milk'.

References: WP. II 513, Trautmann 293 f., Vasmer 3, 49, 58; perhaps to seu()-1 `juice,

Meaning: pig, swine

Root / lemma: s-s, suu-s

Material: Avestan h (Gen. Sg. for *huv) `swine'; gr. , , Akk. m. `boar', f. `sow'
h

(therefrom f. `Hyne') besides , ds.; in addition

ff.); constellation the `group of pigs'; compare gr. lak. ; sorsom, sorsalem `suillum' (*su-do-, *s-dli-); gall. *su-tegis ` pigpen' (M.-L. 8492); Old High German Old English s, Old Icelandic syr `sow'; suwo `swine';

Hes.; (), m. ` pigpen' (*-F, to , Indo Germanic b eu-, above S. 146 alb. (*swi) thi `swine'; Latin ss, suis `swine', Umbrian sif `sues', sim `suem', suum,

Latvian suvns, sivns `piglet' (unclear Old Prussian seweynis ` pigpen'); Tocharian adjektivische no derivatives: on the one hand gr. (late) `from swine', on the other no-

`smudges'; Tocharian swana misa ` pork ';

hand (ursprachlich) Latin sunus ds., Old Church Slavic svin ds. = Latvian svns

`swine'; Old Church Slavic svinija `swine' probably from *svn (fem. to svin) reshaped.

substantivized Gothic swein, Old Icelandic sun, Old English Old High German swn

k- derivatives: osset. ui ds.; Latin sucula `young sow'; with expressive Gemination: Celtic *sukkoOld Indic skara- m. `boar, swine' (reinterpreted as `S-maker'); Middle Persian xk,

`swine, (pig-) snout, plowshare ' in Old Irish socc sil ` guinea pig ' (a fish), Middle Irish soc m. ` plowshare, snout (of swine)', Old Irish FlN Socc; cymr. hwch m. f., later only f. `swine',

bret. souc'h and French soc ` plowshare ';

corn. hoch, bret. houc'h, hoc'h m. `swine'; from Gallo-Latin derive cymr. swch, corn. soch, Old English sugu `sow', Old Saxon suga, Middle Low German soge, Modern High

Middle Low German sugge.

German schwb. suge `sow'; with expressive Gemination Norwegian Swedish sugga,

References: WP. II 512 f., WH. II 635 ff., Trautmann 294, Vasmer 2, 593, Benveniste BSL 45, 74 f. 90, Thieme, Heimat d. Indo Germanic Gemeinsprache 26 f., 36 f.; probably Old Irish berit `sow' (*b erent); or just imitative sound?
h

originally ` Gebrerin ', to seu-2: s- ` to give birth to children ' (above S. 913 f.); compare

Page(s): 1038-1039 ssRoot / lemma: ssMeaning: to buzz

Root / lemma: ss- : to buzz, derived from Root / lemma: kues-, kus- : to puff, sigh. sses us es- ussusa, Danish suse ds.;

Comments:

Note: only Germanic and Slavic

Material: Old High German ssn ` buzz, whirr ', Middle Low German ssen, Swedish Old Church Slavic sysati ` buzz, whirr, whistle'; Old Russian susol `Zieselmaus,

Hausratte', Bulgarian ssel ds.; sskam ` fizz '; compare Latvian susuris ` shrew, small mouselike mammal with a long snout ', susers ` dormouse '. Maybe alb. shushurim : Spanish susurro : French sussurement : Portuguese sussurro : Venetian ssio ` rustle '. Also Galician susurrar : alb. shushurin ` to rustle '. Page(s): 1039 References: WP. II 514, Trautmann 294, Vasmer 3, 50 f.

ss- ksus ksus) Root / lemma: ss- (*ksus Meaning: parent

Note: only Old Indic and Albanian

Note: Root / lemma: ss- : parent derived from Root / lemma: auo-s : grandfather: Hittite ssu-u-a-a (ua) `grandfather'? Lycian *uga `motherly grandfather'.

Material: Old Indic s `progenitor'; alb. gjysh `grandfather' (*s-s-io-), originally `progenitor'; tre-gjysh `great grandfather (literally `three-grandfather)', gjyshe `grandmother' (*s-s-i). References: Jokl. Ling.-kult. Untersuchungen 28 ff.; Page(s): 1039

See also: to seu- : s-, above S. 913 f.

tagteg- togRoot / lemma: tag- (or teg- : tog- : t g-) Meaning: to touch, gripe Material: Gr. `fassend' (: Latin tetig); Latin tang, -ere, tetig tactum (Old Latin
e e e e

unclear with -gh- Volscan atahus Fut. II `attigerit', Marrucinian ta[h]a or ta[g]a `tangat'; Latin contaminre `entweihen' to contagi `Berhrung'; Old English accian `gentle touch, caress', Old Low German thakoln ` caress ';

(unangetastet)', tagax ` thievish '; taxim ` clandestine ', tax, re `abschtzen, touch';

also aoristisches tag, -ere) `touch', integer ` unbroken, unmarred, unscathed, undamaged

perhaps here of concept ` caress, fein anzufhlen': Irish tais `soft, humid, wet, gentle', gall. Taxi-magulus; whether Old Irish tongid ` swears ', d-tong- ` negate ', Perf. do-ru-thethaig (*te-tog-e)

verbal noun dthech (*d-tego-) in addition belongs (to cymr. tyngu `swear, vow', corn. to-, assumed, wherefore still Phrygian eti-te-tik-menos `verflucht' belongs; das gr. Latin a Middle Breton toeaff, nbret. toui ds.), is perhaps eine Indo Germanic root *teg- must be

would be then reduplication-grade, as Latin a in frang (above S. 165), etc. References: WP. I 703, WH. II 647 f., O. Schrader Reallexikon s. v. oath. Page(s): 1054-1055

Meaning: to be silent Pl. `taciti';

tak- tak(i)Root / lemma: tak-, tak(i)-

Material: Latin tace, -re ` keep mum, keep quiet ', Umbrian tacez `tacitus', tasetur Nom.

silent ', agall, gull `schweigsam';

High German dagn, Old Saxon thagn, thagian ds., Old Icelandic egja ds., agna ` fall perhaps as active to the above neutropassiven group: Old Irish tachtaid `wrgt', cymr.

Gothic ahan ` keep mum, keep quiet ', ahains `Schweigen', with gramm. variation Old

gos-teg f. `Schweigen'. Page(s): 1055

tagu, corn. bret. taga `das Wrgen' as originally `zum Schweigen bringen'; unclear is cymr.

References: WP. I 703, WH. II 641 f.

Root / lemma: tap-1 tapMeaning: to dip Material: Armenian t`at`avem ` dive', t`n (*tapni-) ` dampness, damp, rain'; Lower Sorbian to ` pond ', Czech tun `immersion in Flusse', russ. tnja `protected bay'. Page(s): 1056 References: WP. I 705, Vasmer 3, 119, 120 f. Old Church Slavic topiti `immergere', *to(p)nti `immergi', in addition among others

tapRoot / lemma: tap-2

Meaning: to press down, press together

Material: Gr. `low, humble' (`*gedrckt'); Old Icelandic efja `stomp', f n. References: WP. I 705, Mayrhofer 477.

`crush', fi m. `Filz' (out of it Lithuanian tba, Latvian tba, Old Prussian tubo `Filz'.) Page(s): Page(s): 1056

tata- tata Root / lemma: tata-, tta-

Meaning: Daddy; expr. child word

tat `father', hen-dat `grandfather'; Old Icelandic jazi `a giant ' (*ea-sa?); Latvian tta, `father', thewis `Vaterbruder', Lithuanian tvas, Latvian tves `father'), Lithuanian tet

`o father!'; alb. tat `father'; Latin tata `father (in the baby talk); Ernhrer'; cymr. tad, corn. Lithuanian ttis, tt, tttis `father', Old Prussian thetis `grandfather' (Old Prussian tws

Material: Old Indic tat- `father', tta- `father, son, Lieber'; gr. (Hom.) Vok., Vok.

Church Slavic tetka ds.; Modern High German Tate, East Frisian tatte `father'; Norwegian taate `Lutschbeutel', isl. tta ds., Norwegian Swedish ttte `Frauenbrust, teat';

`aunt', emait. tits `father'; russ. tta etc. `father', russ.-Church Slavic teta etc. `aunt', Old

German zitze `teat';

besides Germanic forms with i and u: Old English titt ` nipple, Kuhzitze', Middle High

Maybe alb. sis `teat, breast' Swedish titta `aunt, old unverheiratete wife, woman'; Middle High German zutzel `Sauglappen', Swedish tytta `old wife, woman, Muhme', Old High German tutta, tuta `

also `, '; small, little'; eine also out of the Indo Germanic Sprachen verbreitete Lallwortgruppe. Page(s): 1056 References: WP. I 704, WH. II 650, Trautmann 320, Vasmer 3, 81.

nipple ' ; similarly gr. , - `small, noch totally young ', `ein bichen', inschr.

Meaning: still, silent, peaceful

tausRoot / lemma: taus-

Material: Old Indic tyati `beruhigt sich, is zufrieden', tu- `befriedigt, zufrieden', tm Adv. `still, closemouthed ' (: Avestan tuni-, Old Prussian tusnan), Kaus. tyati stillschweigend dasitzt');

`beschwichtigt, stellt zufrieden, pleases '; Avestan tuni- `stillschweigend' (tuniad- `wer Middle Irish t (*tauso-) `still, closemouthed ', Old Irish tae `silentium' (basic form

closemouthed ', bret. tao `Schweigen; still!', abret. taguelguiliat Gl. to dem as nbret. tevel ` keep mum, keep quiet ';

*tausi?), mcymr. taw `schweige!', ncymr. taw `Schweigen; closemouthed ', tawel `

`schweigendes Wachen' miverstandenen Latin silicernium; guo-teguis `compescuit', Old Swedish thyster ` closemouthed, dumb, still' (*usti-); tasos, taustis `sich lay, place (of Winde)'; Old Prussian tusnan `still', tussse `er schweige' (*tus-, as Latin tac-re), Lithuanian

thniti `still become, verlschen'; russ. FlN Tsna (*sna); Hittite duk-, dukiia- `sich freuen'.

appease '), etc.; besides intr. *tuchnti in russ. tchnut ` die, be extinguished ', slov. po-

extinguish, put out, extinguish, annihilate, erase ', poln. po-tuszy ` encourage ' (`*calm,

Slavic *tuiti ` calm, appease ' (= Old Indic tyati) in den trans. russ. tut `

References: WP. I 714 f., Trautmann 332, Vasmer 3, 128, 158, Mayrhofer 1, 517.

Page(s): 1056-1057 tdRoot / lemma: td-

Meaning: to act on purpose Material: Gr. Adv. `with Vorbedacht, geflissentlich' ( ` suitable ', References: WP. I 705. Note: only gr. and Oscan

`betreibe geflissentlich'); Oscan tadait `censeat'. Page(s): 1054

tgRoot / lemma: tg-

Meaning: to put in order

Material: Gr. m. ` leader, Befehlshaber', , `control, rule, fhre an', limb, member place, beordern, sort, order, arrange, regeln' (present analog. alignment; Posten, rank';

nachhom. , Attic , , `auf einen bestimmten Posten, in Reih and instead of *), f. `Schlachtordnung', n. `Heerschar; order', f. `order; abrit. PN Pra-su-tagus (pre-Celtic Indo Germanic loanword);

', Lithuanian su-tgti `sich vertragen, sich verbinden'; Tocharian A ti Pl. ` leader '.

Lithuanian pa-togs `anstndig, comfortable ' () = Latvian patgs ` comfortable

References: WP. I 704, Trautmann 312, van Windekens Ant. Class. 9, 67 f. Page(s): 1055

Meaning: to grow; young animals

tlRoot / lemma: tl-

`Hlsengewchs, Bockshorn', ` blossom, spriee';

Material: Gr. - `junges mannbares girl, bride' , -, Ionian - f. Latin tlea `Stbchen, seedling, Setzreis', dial. for *tlia, as also tlla = tlia

`Zwiebelhlse'; denominative tlire `split, cut, clip' (originally `* branch abscise '); marriageable'. Lithuanian a(t)tlas `Nachheu, bumper crop, byproduct', talkas ` grown, nubile,

Page(s): 1055

References: WP. I 705, WH. II 643, Mayrhofer 1, 498.

tti- i- tu utuRoot / lemma: t-, t-; ti-, ti-, t-; [tu-], tu-, tMeaning: to melt, dissipate, decay `geschmolzen, fluid', russ. tlyj; Material: A. Osset. thayun `thaw, melt' (*ti) = Old Church Slavic tajo, tajet `melt', *tal Armenian t`anam ` wet (Aor. t`aci); werde humid, wet (Aor. t`acay)'; cymr. tawdd `liqufacti', toddi, bret. teuzi `melt' (-d- or -d -forms); through Schmelzen, decay, disease, malady etc.', tbum `Jauche, mucus, epidemic ', tbe, -re, tbsc, -re `melt, hinsiechen'. with k-extension gr. , Doric ` melt ', `soft, melting', f. B. i-forms: Old Icelandic r (*t-t-s) `geschmolzen, getaut', whereof a `auftauen, tr. with b - (compare above tbs) osset. irw, cirw `yeast' from *tib -no-; gr. n.
h h h

with b(h) b(h)-extension (compare under --) Latin tbs `das allmhliche Vergehen

`Abzehrung, consumption, tuberculosis, Verwesung'; and intr.', enn `geschmolzen, getaut';

*d ubris) s. Szemerenyi Arch. Ling. 5, 3 ff.;

h

`marshy place, damp Grund'; dak. FlN ; about Latin Tiberis (*Thubris, < with l-suffix: gr. `thin Stuhlgang, Abfhren'; Old Bulgarian tleti `modern,

verwesen', tlja `Verwesung', russ. tlja ` moth ' (compare under Latin tinea), `Blattlaus'; with m-suffix: Old Church Slavic timno `slime, mud'; bewassert', whereof nan ` moisten ', nian, nian `humid, wet sein or become'; (from the stark abfhrenden Wirkung) and tinca `tench ' (*tnica `slimy or in Schlamme *tino-, *tin ` mould, dank decay '; Old Church Slavic tina `slime, mud'; probably Latin tnus `the lorbeerartige Schneeball' with n-suffix: Old English nan `humid, wet become', n (*li-no-) `humid, wet,

lebender fish'); Latin tinea ` moth, Holzwurm' (compare above russ. tlja) probably from a with r-suffix: Armenian *tro-, -ri- in t`rik` `crap, muck, droppings', t`rem `knead meal,

flour, dough' (`*make retreat Teigmasse') t`rmem `befeuchte, weiche ein', t`rjem

`befeuchte, wet, begiee, irrigate '; Lithuanian tras, tr porridge, mash', trai `bewachsener morass, moor, heath, moorland ', Latvian trelis `morass'; with s-suffix: Old High German theisk, deisk `stercus, fimus, rudera'; Church Slavic

tsto, Serbo-Croatian ti jesto `dough', because of Slavic tiskati `press' from toisk-to-; Old

Irish tis-renn, tis ` massam (farinaceam) ', cymr. toes, bret. taz m. `dough' (*ti-s-to-); Gen. `Weizenmehl with Wasser zum Teig angerhrt' (under influence of with Baltic -forms Lithuanian ti ` slippery, slimy', tyt, tti ` slippery become'?

Old High German theismo, deismo, Old English sma m. `sourdough'; gr. or ,

from *stait- reconverted with metathesis);

Norwegian tsa `thaw, melt tr.' (*awisjan).

= Old English awenian `netzen' (*awann); Old Icelandic sir `qui lenem facit',

and eisfreies Gefilde', Old English awian (*awn) `thaw', Old Icelandic na `melt intr.'

zergehn', trans. (fir-) douwen ` digest ', Old Icelandic eyr `Tauwind', (*aw) `schnee-

C. u-forms: Old Icelandic eya, Old High German douwen, deuwen `thaw, to melt begin,

` extinguish, annihilate, erase, exterminate '?); Germanic *wnam probably reshuffling from nan (see above) after den groups from Old English dwnan, -cwnan. D. Here still die urbrit. FlN *Tam > engl. T(h)ame, *Tamss > engl. Thames, etc.,

decrease ', wna (from *wna =*wna) ds. (similarly also Old High German thwesben

irrigre', Old Swedish wna `vor disease, malady, longing, yearning dwindle away,

In Germanic also w- in Old English wnan ` dwindle, abate ', Kaus. wnan ` steep,

Tiliaventus, Illyrian Tilurius, Tirol Ziller etc.

*Tani> engl. Tain, Tean, *Tau > engl. Taw, Tay, in addition *Til > engl. Till, Venetic

References: WP. I 701 ff., WH. II 639 f., 680, 683 f., Trautmann 312 f., 323; Vasmer 3, 84, 100, 105, 106, 110, Max Frster Themse 728 ff. Page(s): 1053-1054 teguRoot / lemma: teguMeaning: thick Material: Old Irish tiug, cymr. corn. tew, bret. teo `thick'; Old Icelandic ykkr, jokkr, jukkr

frequent, often'. Page(s): 1057

`thick', Old English icce `thick, dense', Old High German dicchi ds., Old Saxon thikki `ds.,

References: WP. I 718.

tegRoot / lemma: tegPage(s): 1057

See also: see above S. 1013 f. under (s)teg- and S. 1055.

Page(s): 1057

See also: see above S. 1016 f. under (s)teig-.

teigRoot / lemma: teig-

See also: see above S. 1018 under (s)teig-. Page(s): 1057

lemma: teig Root / lemma: teig-

Page(s): 1057

See also: see above S. 1015 under (s)tei-.

teiRoot / lemma: tei-

Meaning: to produce; to bear Teil the weibl. Genitalien';

tekRoot / lemma: tek-1

Material: Old Indic tkman- n. (Gramm.) ` offspring, descendant, kid, child'; takar f. `ein gr. (*--), , , -, ` to give birth to children, zeugen', n.

`kid, child; the young of an animal; Erzeugnis, scion, shoot', n. `kid, child' (: `father, mother, Pl. parents', Ionian -, - `the Niederkunft near ';

Germanic *egnz), `das Gebren, progeny, interest', `leihe auf Zinsen', Old Icelandic egn `free Untertan, free man', Old English egn `Edelmann, warrior,

hero, servant', Old Saxon Old High German thegan ds., Modern High German Degen. Page(s): 1057 References: WP. I 715, Mayrhofer 1, 466.

Meaning: to reach, stretch out the hand, get

tekRoot / lemma: tek-2

High German dicken, diggen stem V. `worum bid, beg, ask', Danish tigge, Swedish tigga `beg', Old Swedish iggja ds.;

Material: The meaning `bid, beg, ask' only Germanic: Old Saxon thiggian `invoke', Old

achieve, annehmen, consume', Old Saxon thiggian ds.;

iggia and Old Danish tigge also ` attain, achieve ', Old English icgan stem V. ` attain, Old Irish techtaim `I have', bret. tizaff ` receive ' (due to eines *tekt `das Empfangene,

Old Icelandic iggja `receive, annehmen', gr (*gia-) `pleasant', Old Swedish

property'), cymr. teg `beautiful, pretty' (compare to meaning Old Icelandic gr), Old Irish (different under top-); tig = cymr. annheg `ugly' (*n-teki-); o-grade probably Old Irish toich `naturgem'

become, zufallen'; klr. taknuty `feel; touch on'. Page(s): 1057-1058 tekRoot / lemma: tek-3

Lithuanian tenk, tkti `sich erstrecken, reichen, ausreichen, sufficient have; zuteil

References: WP. I 715, Kuiper Indo Germanic Nasalprs. 186 f.

Meaning: to weave, plait

Material: Osset. taxun `to weave', an-dax ` filament ' (x from k); Armenian t`ek`em ` turn,

twist, rotate, flechte, wickle', t`iur (*tk-ro-) ` twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved ';

, g-); also Old Icelandic gja `press' actually `zusammendrehen'? about Old Church References: WP. I 716, WH. II 678 f. Slavic tkati `to weave' see above S. 1032.

in a Seil', Swiss dgel, dohe, Bavarian dhen, elsss. dche `wick' (proto Germanic *h-

Old High German tht `wick, cord', Modern High German Docht = Old Icelandic ttr `cord

Page(s): 1058

Meaning: to plait; woodwork; carpenter

Root Root / lemma: tek-

Material: Old Indic takati `behaut, bearbeitet, zimmert, verfertigt', lengthened grade ti and tta-; also tata- n. ` cup, bowl'; Old Indic tka- m. `carpenter' (= Avestan taanLatin textor ` weaver ');

ds., participle ta-, common Old Indic -h- > -k- : Avestan -h- > -x-, -- Avestan tata`molder, creator, god', gr. ), fem. tak (: gr. ), tar- `carpenter' (compare Avestan taaiti `zimmert, cuts, slices to, verfertigt', taa- m. `axe', np. ta ds., mp.

tan `do carpentry, do woodwork ', . us-taan `staircase' (*`construction'); maybe alb. tas `deep bowl'

art, artifice' (* from lterem *[]); common Old Indic -h- > -k- : Anatolian h()m-s : `earth' Tocharian Greek -h- > -kt-: -tk- see Root / lemma: hem-, hom-, Gen.- ablative hem- hom-

gr. `carpenter', fem. , , - `mark, token, sign', ` handwork,

` weaver '; tla ` texture ' (*teksl = Slavic tesla, Old High German dehsala), subtlis (*-

Latin tex, -ere, -ui -tum `flax, wattle, braid, to weave', gelegentlich `to build', textor, -ris

texture; texture '; testa f. `Platte, shard, bowl', therefrom testd `turtle, tortoise' (compare gearbeitet'); above Avestan tata-), perhaps also tlum `Fernwaffe, missile ' (as `kundig zugeschnitzt,

texlis) `fine, thin, tender; feinfhlig, sharp witted, shrewd', subtmen `Einschlag, Eintrag in

Maybe alb. (*texere) tjerr `flax, wattle, braid' Old Irish tl `axe' (*tkslo-); exla f. `Queraxt'; Middle High German dehsen `flax break, rupture', dehse ` spindle', Old svin-toks `Dachs = badger '; English eox `spear, javelin'; Germanic *ahsu- in Old High German dahs, Norwegian Old High German dehsa, dehsala `Queraxt, hatchet, hack, mattock, hoe', Old Icelandic

Czech tes `Zimmerholz', russ. ts `gesgte Bretter';

test and tst `hew'; Old Church Slavic te, tesati `hew', russ.-Church Slavic tesla `axe', Hittite tak-, takke- ` piece together a jigsaw puzzle, fit together, unternehmen'.

Lithuanian taa -ti `hew' (originally iterative); Latvian teu (*teksi) and tu (*tksi),

References: WP. I 717, WH. II 655, 656, 678 f., Trautmann 319 f., Vasmer 3, 99 f., 1; Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 239 f., Leumann Kratylos 1, 29.

Mayrhofer 468, 491, Durante, Ricerche lingunder 1, 234 ff., Pedersen Hittitisch 141 Anm.

Page(s): 1058-1059 tek Root / lemma: tek-

Meaning: to run; to flow

Material: Old Indic tkti ` hurries, schiet dahin', takt-, tku- `hurrying, rash, hasty', takv-

taxti- f. `das Zerflieen, Schmelzen' (= Inf. Slavic *tekti); here perhaps as

txtan `run', hantaina- `zusammenflieend' (= Lithuanian tkinas ` running '), Avestan vi-

ds.; avatk- `herabflieend'; Avestan taaiti ` running, hurries; flows ', participle -taxta-, np.

`dahinschieend': iran. (skyth.) *taa- (npers. tax) `arrow, bow', from which gr. ds., Latin taxus ` yew' (Benveniste Ml. Boisacq 1, 37 ff., Mayrhofer 1, 467 f.); Avestan taka- m., np. tak `run, flow' (= Lithuanian tkas, Slavic tok); Avestan taar- n.

`quick, fast';

`run, flow, pathway', taan- `hurrying'; tai-p- `running water (containing)', iran. *taraalb. ndjek `pursue'; Maybe alb. ndjej ` smell, perceive, feel (the hunt?)', ndjenj ` feeling '.

Zuflucht'); brit. PN Vo-tepo-rx; mcymr. go-dep `Zuflucht', tebet `escape'; bret. tec'het `flee', mcymr. 3. Sg. Konj. ny ry-decho `wer nicht flieht' (brit. ch from ks, s-Subjunktivstamm); Irish intech n. `way' (*enitekom, compare Old Church Slavic tek `run, flow');

Old Irish techid ` flees ' (Perf. -grade tich), ateoch ` beg ' (*ad-tek `take meine

with derivative as Gothic widuwairna ` orphan ' *ewernn in Old Icelandic erna ` slave ', Old Saxon thiorna, Old High German diorna `virgin', Modern High German Dirne; nextension in Old English owen ` bondmaid ', Old Icelandic jnn `servant', whereof

maid ' (*tek-u, development moviertes Fem. to *teku-s, or to *teku-s: Old Indic tku-);

Saxon thiwi, thiu, Old English owu, owe(n), Old High German diu, diuwa ` bondmaid,

Old High German deo ` farmhand, servant', Fem. Gothic iwi, Old Icelandic y, r, Old

teksnis `Aufwrter, Bedienter'), Proto Norse ewaR `Lehensmann', Old English o(w),

Gothic ius `servant, farmhand' (= Old Indic takv-, actually ` runner', compare Latvian

'; Gothic anaiwan `subjugate, zum Sklaven machen', Old English owian, Old Icelandic Lithuanian tek, -ti `run, flow, rinnen; aufgehen (from the sun); marry (from the wife,

*ewann ` serve ' in Old Icelandic na, jna, Old High German dionn, dionn ` serve

j ds.; lengthened gradees collective Gothic wisa n. Pl. `servant, Knechte' (*tkueso-);

m. `grindstone, whetstone'; Lithuanian tkm `wellspring, river', toka ` estuary '; Latvian

woman)', Latvian teku, tect `run'; Old Prussian tackelis, Lithuanian teklas, Latvian tecils teksnis m. `Bedienter'; Old Church Slavic tek, teti ` ', serb. tm, ti `flow', etc.; Slavic tok ` ', potok ` '; Tocharian cake `river'; Hittite u-tku-zi

Lithuanian tkas ` path, track ', Latvian taks ds., Lithuanian takas ` estuary '; Old Church `springt'.

References: WP. I 715 f., Trautmann 316 f., Vasmer 3, 89, 113 f., Mayrhofer 1, 466 f. Page(s): 1059-1060

Meaning: to hit

teleh Root / lemma: teleh-

Material: Old Indic tarh- (trdhi, Perf. tatarha, participle trdh-) `shatter, crunch ';

`durchprgeln'; with zweisilbiger root form Lithuanian teli-ju, -yti `vast, grand talius ` babbler '.

Lithuanian su-talti `durchprgeln', tlyti `thrash', tlti `thrash, throw'; Latvian talzt, talstt

durchprgeln', tlauoti ` babble, chatter ' (meaning as Modern High German Klatschen), References: WP. I 741, Mayrhofer 1, 522; Page(s): 1062

telekSee also: compare under telek-.

telekRoot / lemma: telek-

Meaning: to push, hit

Slavic. *tlk, *telkti in Old Church Slavic tlk, tlti `' (Indo Germanic *t lk), to person'; ablaut. Slavic tolk m. `Stampfe' and Slavic tolkno n. in russ. tolokn Lithuanian tlkstu, tlkti `tame, domesticated sein', ap-tlks mogs `durchtriebener
e

Material: Cymr. talch `piece, fragment, Mahlkorn', acorn. talch `furfures' (*t lko-); proto
e

Note: only Celtic and baltoslavisch

`gestoenes Hafermehl'; Balto-Slavic *talk f. ` common work' in Lithuanian talk,

floor, pasture' etc.

Latviantlka `zusammengebetene Arbeitsgemeinschaft', russ. tolok ds., also `threshing maybe alb. (*tolok) troka, toka land from Ukrainian: tolok `occasional help by fellow villagers, fallow land, pasture' [f ], tloku [Accs]

Page(s): 1062

teleh See also: compare above teleh-.

References: WP. I 741, Trautmann 321 f., Vasmer 3, 116 f.;

tel- tel tl(i)- tlRoot / lemma: tel-1, tel-, tl(i)-, tl-

Meaning: to transport, carry; to bear, suffer

Material: Old Indic tul f. ` scales, weight ', tulayati `hebt auf, wgt' (with Ablautneuerung in addition tlyati ds.), tulima- `wgbar', tlya- `gleichartig, comparable '; Armenian t`oum ` allow, dulde, ertrage'; gr. and (Doric ), participle , , Fut. , Doric

, Perf. , , , `bear, endure, brook ', participle

, Doric `duldend, steadfast; ertrglich' (= Latin ltus, cymr. tlawd `arm', Indo

Germanic *tl-ts), , - and (after ) -, - `ertragend, duldend,

leidend', (originally to , n. gehriger Pl. (actually `die beiden ', `wer viel ausgestanden has; very patiently'; PN , -; , Doric

Waagschalen') ` scales; a certain weight ', `from same weight, equivalent, alike

ertragend', - `ausharrenden Sinnes, beharrlich', next to which - and `(das, wherein man carries =) basket, pannier, Ksekorb etc.', * `*wer mhevolle

`ertragend, duldend', ds., in compound -; e.g. - `affliction

- `*Gefahren or Nachstellungen erduldend' i.e. ` afflicted, unlucky '; m. Arbeit to ertragen has, specific from the spinnery as Arbeit the Frauen', whereof , - `allow schweben, schwenke, swing, brandish'; gradation in ,

, `Wollspinnerei'; - `pain' (prefix -); redupl. PN T, -, `boldness, das cart ', `duldend, steadfast, bold', `ertrage, hold from, further as `aufheben = in die Hhe heave, life' -, - `sich erheben,

dulde; wage'; e-grade , Hes., ` bearer, sling, strap, etc.', aufgehen, from constellation ' ( `Aufgang from constellation '), ,

`auftragen, order', , - ds., further: n. ` payment, tribute, tax, precious', `frei from tributes and Leistungen, abgabenfrei', probably also (with `Entrichtung, sacrifice, oblation';

, trans. (`aufheben and jemandem aufladen, auferlegen'), -

Ausgabe, Kosten', ` cheap, little kostend', `viel Aufwand erfordernd, formants as , , perhaps through mediation eines Verbums *-) n. venet. tolar 3. Sg. Deponens `bringt dar'; transfigured from *tl-n-mi), toltim `in Trabe' (actually `die Fe hebend'), toler, -re Latin toll, -ere (sustul, subltum) `empor, in die Hhe heave, life etc.' (*tln,

ltus `getragen' (= gr. , cymr. tlawd);

`(er)trage, unterhalte', tul, old tetul Perf. to fer, Old Latin Konj. tulam `bear, carry, bring', Middle Irish tlenaim `steal' (*tlnmi), cymr. tlawd `arm' (`*duldend'), Irish tlith `weak,

(: ?);

Old Irish tailm, Gen. telma, bret. talm ` loop, noose, snare, Schleuder', cymr. telm `Dohne' Gothic ulan, -aida `bear, endure, brook ', Old Icelandic ola, Old English olian, Old

gentle' (*tl-ti-); Old Irish tol f. `volition' (*tol), whereof tolnathar `welcher gefllt' ; at most

English geyld, Modern High German Geduld, dulden ` brook ';

High German doln ds., Old Icelandic ol n. ` patience ', Old High German dult, Old

telnok (Pl. teljta) `calf'; different Bga Kalba ir s. 292 f.

`as foetus getragen') Lithuanian tlias, Latvian tel', telns, Old Church Slavic telc, russ. Tocharian tl- `heave, life, bear, carry', causative tlssi, preterit A cacl, cla.

Latvian iz-tilt `bear, endure, endure', perhaps (compare Gothic barn `kid, child', actually

Page(s): 1060-1061

References: WP. I 738 ff., WH. II 688 f., Trautmann 317, Vasmer 3, 90, Mayrhofer 1, 516.

tel- tel teluRoot / lemma: tel-2, tel-, telu-

Meaning: flat, flat ground, board

floor ', tlu n. ` palate';

Material: Old Indic tala- n. `surface, plain, area, plain, palm, sole', secondary talimam- n. `

Armenian t`a `region, Distrikt', t`aar `irden, earthen vessel, earthenware', t`aem `beerdige, vergrabe', very doubtful t`it`eln `leaf, Platte from metal '; gr. `Wrfelbrett, Kchenbrett and likewise'; whether tabula f. `board' etc. from *tal-d l?
h e

Latin tells, -ris f. `earth', meditullium `Binnenland' (*telnos; tells after rs reshaped);

zusammengeflossen, see below *tu- `to swell';

boss ', cymr.corn. bret. tal `forehead'; in Irish is *tal with a variant Irish tel, tul ` shield boss ' Old Icelandic il(i) n. `Bretterwand', ilja f. ` floorboard, plank', el n. `ground, bottom',

Old Irish talam (*t l-m) Gen. talman `earth', Middle Irish tel, t(a)ul n. `forehead, shield

`board, floorboard, Schiffsdeck', Finnish (from dem Nord.) teljo ` thwart ';

`Bretterwand, Bretterdiele', dilla (= Old Icelandic ilja, Old English ille, whether these f.)

Old English ille ` floorboard ', el `Schiffsplanke, metal sheet ', Old High German dil, dilo

bones of animals)'; Lithuanian p-talas `bed', tls f. Pl. `Bodenbretter in barge';Latvian tilandi m. Pl. ds., tilint, telint `flat ausbreiten', tilt, tilut `ds., ausgebreitet lie'; Old Russian tlo `bottom'; potolk (*tolu-ko-) ` ceiling';

Old Prussian talus ` the ankle, ankle bone; the heel; a die (originally made of the ankle

Indic for *trta-) `bank, border, shore' (actually `gangbarer floor ')? 469, 487, 499, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 23.

with formants -to-: Lithuanian tltas, Latvian tilts `bridge' = Old Indic taa- m. (Middle to-

References: WP. I 740, WH. II 640 f., 655, Trautmann 321, Vasmer 3, 110, Mayrhofer 1,

Page(s): 1061 telRoot / lemma: tel-3

Meaning: to be still

Material: Old Irish tu(i)lid, con-tu(i)li `sleeps' (Iter. *tolei), cotlud `sleep' (*kom-toli-tu-s); lengthening of i to ) and (ap-, nu-, pri-) tl, tlti `silent become', causative tldau, tldyti `
e

Lithuanian tyliu, tylti ` keep mum, keep quiet ' (Balto-Slavic *tilti with secondary

silent make', tyls `schweigsam' (Indo Germanic *t l-); Old Church Slavic tlj, tlti

`vermodern, die, wilt, wither ', serb. z-tljm, z-tljati `einschlummern wollen'; in addition das causative Slavic *toliti in Old Church Slavic u-toliti ` calm, appease ', Church Slavic

toliti `placare'.

See also: perhaps s- loose variant to stel- (Old High German stilli `still') above S. 1019. Page(s): 1061-1062 telRoot / lemma: tel-4

References: WP. I 742 f., Trautmann 321, Vasmer 3, 114 f.;

Page(s): 1062

See also: see above S. 1018 under (s)tel-1.

Meaning: space; spacious

telpRoot / lemma: telp-

Material: Old Indic tlpa- m., tlp f. ` lair, Ruhesitz'; Old Irish -tella (analogical -talla) `es is Raum, Mglichkeit vorhanden for etwas';

tlpinti `Raum make'; Latvian tlpu, tlpt `Raum have', tilpe f. `Kramkammer'; proto Slavic. crowd'; *tilpa respectively *tlpa in Old Church Slavic tlpa, russ. tolp f. `heap, troop, multitude, Tocharian A tslp- `go, hinbergehen, erlst become'. Page(s): 1062 References: WP. I 741 f., Trautmann 317, Vasmer 3, 117, Mayrhofer 1, 489.

Lithuanian telp, tilpti `Raum have', talp f. `ausreichender Raum', talpnti, ablaut.

Meaning: dark

tem() )Root / lemma: tem()-

tem() )em- em Root / lemma: tem()- : `dark' derived from Root / lemma: d em-, d em- : `to smoke; to blow'. Material: Old Indic tmas- n. ` darkness, darkness ' = Avestan tmah- ds., npers. tam `Star tmisr (= Latin tenebrae), newer tmisr f., tamisra-m ` darkness'; tmasvn (-vant) ` kupferrot', timir- `dark, dim'; tmla- m. `Xanthochymos pictorius' (tree with very dark tra- Nom. Pl. `darkness', np. tr ` dim' = *tam-sra-; gr. (Aeolic) VN (*tems-); Illyrian mountain-N by Dodona; Maybe alb. dhjam, Pl. dhjamra ` fat burnt as sacrifice'. `blindlings, aufs Geratewohl' (Lok. *temesi `in Dunkeln [tappend]'), temer, -re ` blemish, Latin tenebrae ` darkness ' (diss. from *temafr = Old Indic tmisr Pl.), temere dim' = Avestan tmahvant- `verblendet'; tamr- `verdunkelnd', tmr- ` oxblood, indigo, of Auges', Old Indic tamas- ` swart ' (= Avestan tmaha- ` dim'), tamsra- `dark, livid';
h h

Note:

bark); from tamla-pattram `T.-leaf' derive gr. , Latin mlobat(h)rum; Avestan

disgrace ' (actually `unvorsichtig sanctify Dingen nahen'); Middle Irish teim, temen `dark, `dawn, twilight'; Old Saxon thimm `dark' (*imz-); Middle Dutch deemster, Old High

gray', Old Irish temel ` darkness ', Middle Breton teffal ` dim'; Old High German demar n. German dinstar (and probably also Old High German finstar) ` dim' (*temsro- = Old Indic

of clouds ';

probably Old Icelandic m `obscuritas aeris', Norwegian taam ` unclear air, thin blanket Lithuanian tmsta, tmti ` dim become'; tams ` darkness ', tamss `dark', ablaut.

tamsra-); Low German dsig, Dutch dijzig `foggy, dark' (*emsiga-); lengthened grade

Latvian tima, timsa and tmsa `darkness', Lithuanian timsras `schweifchsig, oxblood, Church Slavic tmn `dark'; russ. tmrivo ` darkness '; whether Slavic tn `shadow' as Tocharian tamsse `dark'. Maybe alb. dimn winter, long winter nights origin of PIE root for winter???, maybe alb. tym smoke dark smoke similar to poln. dym??? Page(s): 1063-1064 References: WP. I 720 f., WH. II 656 f., 664, Trautmann 322, Vasmer 3, 92 f., 162. indigo '; Latvian tumst (Inf.tumt) `es dunkelt'; Old Church Slavic tma ` darkness ', Old

*tem-ni-s anzureihen?

tem- tendRoot / lemma: tem-1, tendMeaning: to cut Material: Gr. , hom. Ionian Doric (hom. ) `cut, bite' ( and , , , ); `incisive', o `break, section, part; band, strap (book)', `cut'; `abgeschnittenes piece gesalzenen Fisches',

`rennet' (because, it , id est , hence also - verteilende; other formations (by Balbilla ) `cut, bite' (3. Pl. Aor. Pass. ); , see below; Phrygian (: Church Slavic tm);

`(*abgeschnittener, abgesonderter) gttlicher or royal district, region, area '; `cut';

Hes.); `Verwalter', as the die Portionen aufschneidende, then also die Arbeit

incisive'; about Latin temn see below stemb-; Old Irish tamun `stump', tamnaid `clips, cuts'; Balto Slavic *tn, *tinti from *t mn (gr. ), *t mt in Lithuanian tin, tnti `dengeln',
e e

Latin aestum, -re `abschtzen, taxieren, assess ' due to eines *ais-temos `ore

slov. tnm tti `hack', Old Czech tnu, tieti `hew, hit', Old Russian tnu (tmet is ton `Aushau' etc.; Church Slavic tm `Scheitel';

Druckfehler), tjti `hit', whereupon also *ton instead of *tom (= ) in Lower Sorbian d-extension (originally d-present): gr. `benage, nasche', d -present Attic
h

ds., `Nscher'; Latin (iterative) tonde, -re, totond, tnsum `abscheren, abscise ' (in addition tnsa ` rudder ', tnsilla `Uferpfahl'); Middle Irish tond, tonn, (common Celtic ns-, -nt- > -nn-), cymr. ton f. `skin'; Middle Irish teinnid, tennaid `splits, breaks', teinm n. piece' (*tndsmn-).

`split, tear' and Scots Gaelic tum = cymr. tam, corn. tam, bret. tamm `morsel, mouthful, References: WP. I 719 f., WH. II 657, 689 f., 691, Trautmann 324, Vasmer 3, 92, 111, 133. Page(s): 1062-1063

temRoot / lemma: tem-2

Meaning: enthralled, confused

Perf. Pass. tt-, Kaus. tmyati `erstickt (trans.), stolen; looted the air' (Old Church

Material: Old Indic tmyati `wird betubt, wird senseless, unconscious, ermattet', participle Slavic tomiti), tmati `erstickt (intr.), wirdunbeweglich, wird hart', tmic f. `beklemmend, betubend', timit- `unbeweglich', (i after stimit- ds. from *sti- `verdichten'); Armenian

t`m(b)rim `werde betubt' (*tmiro-);

abstmius `sober'; Middle Irish tm (*tmu-) `disease, malady, Ohnmacht, death'; tmaid Geistes', westFaliscan dmmeln `choke; suppress, crush'; russ.-Church Slavic tomiti `torment, smite; distress; exhaust'.

Latin tmtum ` intoxicating drink, mead, wine ', tmulentus ` intoxicated, drunk ',

`dies'; mcymr. taw `death'; Modern High German damisch, dmlich `betubt, benommenen

495, 503;

References: WP. I 720, WH. II 657, 664, Trautmann 313, Vasmer 3, 118, Mayrhofer 1,

See also: probably to consecutive (tem()-). Page(s): 1063

tempRoot / lemma: temp-

Meaning: to extend, stretch, span Note: extension from *ten- ds. Material: Npers. tb-a, Inf. tftan and tb--an `turn, spinnen', intr. `sich drehen, afflicted become' (from one to *tap = Indo Germanic *tmp- analogical refined aus. *tpayati),

wherefore probably as iran.loanword gr. , `cover, rug';

PN (: Latin tempus ` temple, flattened region on either side of the forehead ');

Armenian t`amb `(*gestopftes Sattelkissen), saddle; das weiche flesh an Tierbeinen'; gr.

here Latin tempus, -oris n. ` temple, flattened region on either side of the forehead ' Maybe alb. Geg (*tempus) tamth, Tosc tmth ` temple ' Latin loanword. (from the thin gespannten skin, compare Old Icelandic etc. unn-vangi m. ` temple, flattened region on either side of the forehead ') = Latin tempus `Zeitspanne', in addition temperre ` measure halten, measure give' (hence `mix'); templum ` an open place for observation, place marked off by the augur's staff ' (`*ausgespannt = ausgemessen');

gespannten Querhlzer, auf denen die Schindeln befestigt become'; contemplri ` Probe place ' (see Persson Beitr. 488 ff.); ', tempt, -re (iterative to *temp) ` touch, befhlen, assail, examine, auf die Old Icelandic ambr `swollen, thick', mb Subst. ` swollen Bauch, bowstring '; recken', tmpa `sinew', temptva ` bowstring ' = Old Church Slavic ttiva `sinew', Lithuanian tempti ` through Ziehen spannen, dehnen', Iter. tampti ds., timpti `sich

perhaps antemn f. `sprit' (`die Aufgespannte') from *an(a)-temp-n; templa, -rum `die

tamprs `tenacious, elastic'; Latvian teptis `hartnckig sein'; lure, tempt ';

Lithuanian tampas `Anspannung, exertion ' (ablaut. tumpas `beginning zum Sprunge'), Old Church Slavic tp `obtusus, crassus'? perhaps from `gedunsen'; russ. tepst `straff Tocharian A tampe `power', AB cmp- ` to be able, to be capable of '. References: WP. I 721 f., WH. I 54, II 659 f., 662, Trautmann 317 f., Vasmer 3, 95, 101, Page(s): 1064-1065 153, Frisk Gteborgs Hgsk. Arsskr. 57, 1951: 4.

tendRoot / lemma: tendPage(s): 1067

See also: see below tem-1.

tengos gos, Root / lemma: tengos t ngos Meaning: ground in water References: WP. I 724. Material: Gr. n. `ford'; Latvian tgas (*tingas) `Tiefe between zwei shallows'. Page(s): 1067
e

tenghRoot / lemma: tengh-

Meaning: to extend, stretch, span

Note: Aryan *thengh-, yet probably nevertheless extension from ten-1 ds.

Material: Avestan ang- (anjasnt, anjayent, participle axta-) `ziehen, Bogen

` distend '; Armenian t`anjr, Gen. t`anju `dense, thick' (*tnghiu-);

contamination with *danvan- (= Old Indic dhnvan-, above S. 234) originated; osset. t`njn Latin tm, -nis m. `shaft' (*tenksm); Old Church Slavic *tgnti `ziehen', rastg,

spannen'; but anvar, Abl. anvant `bow (as Schuwaffe)' after Mayrhofer through

rastti `distrahere', russ. tugj `straff, tight, firm, strong, heavy ', poln. tgi ds., Old Church heavy ' also in Slavic *tgk: Old Church Slavic otgiti `', tk `', istsknti `tabescere' with sk-suffix; here Old Church Slavic ta ` litigation '; tingti `idle, unlustig sein', tng-stu, -au, -ti `trge become';

Slavic tga `, ', slov. tga ` sluggishness, Schwermut' etc.; die meaning ` tgost `', tgota ds. etc.; also Old Church Slavic istskl `emaceratus, tabidus', Lithuanian tings `idle' (= Slavic *tg in tgost etc., and: Old Icelandic ungr), tngiu,

`Unannehmlichkeit, Verlegenheit', yngsl ` distress, crowdedness'; Old High German `Zugstange'); Tocharian A tk-, tank- `hinder'. Page(s): 1067 dhsala, Old English xl, Old Icelandic sl `shaft' (proto Germanic *ensl actually References: WP. I 726 f., WH. II. 658, Trautmann 318, Vasmer 3, 166.

Old Icelandic ungr ` heavy ', unge m. `burden, load', yngia ` grouch', yng

Root / lemma: teng-1 teng-

Meaning: to soak, wet

Material: Gr. ` wet, befeuchte'; Latin ting (older tingu, das after ungu : unxi for older *teng eingetreten is), -ere, -nxi, -nctum ` make damp, moisten; paint '; Old High

German thunkn, dunkn ` dip, immerse in a liquid '; Swiss tink `humid, wet'. References: WP. I 726, WH. II 684.

Page(s): 1067

tengRoot / lemma: teng-2 Page(s): 1067

tongSee also: s. S. 1088 (tong-). tong

Meaning: to extend, stretch, span

tenkRoot / lemma: tenk-1

Note: (root-extension from ten-1 ds.); only Germanic

Old High German ding, Modern High German Ding, langob. thinx `rechtliche gathering, assembly, convention, congregation, meeting', Old Germanic GN Mars Thinxus pact, covenant make', Modern High German dingen. Page(s): 1067

ing n. `Gerichtsversammlung, property, object ', Old English ing ds., Old Saxon thing,

Material: Gothic eihs (*tnkos), Pl. eihsa n. `time'; with gramm. variation Old Icelandic

(Germanic*Tius ingsaz `the god the congregation, meeting'); Old English ingan `einen References: WP. I 724 f., Kluge-Goetze 137; identical with:

Meaning: to clot, thicken; solid, thick

tenkRoot / lemma: tenk-2

tngana-m `Mittel zum Gerinnen, rennet', takr-m ` buttermilk ' (*tnk-l-m: *tnk-lo-m in

Material: Material: Old Indic tac- tankti `zieht together', with - `makes curdle, coagulate, harden ',

isl. l), npers. talxna `sour milk'; Avestan taxma- `valiant, proficient, energetic, `dense, thick' (*tahta-);

heldenhaft', compounds tyah-, Sup. tanita-; np. tanjan `pull together', afghan. tat Middle Irish tcar ` protection', tcht (*tenkto-, compare Old Icelandic ttr) `clotted,

congealed, coagulated', tchte `proper, right', cymr. teithi `characteristics', mcymr. brenhin Indo Germanic *tnk), tchtaid ds. (*tenkt); ablaut. tocad, cymr.tynged `luck', bret. toket (*tnk), tangnef ds.; compare Old Danish taknem ` grateful ' under tong-; gall. PN Tancorx `Friedensfrst'; nisl. l n. ` buttermilk '; Old Icelandic ttr `dicht', Middle High German dhte, Modern `fate, destiny', PN Tunccetace, Latin Gen. in Wales; zero grade cymr.tanc f. `peace' teithiawc `rex legitimus' (from `tight, firm'), Old Irish con-tci `gerinnt' (= Gothic eihan,

High German dicht and dial. deicht (proto Germanic *entu-); nisl. tti `sour milk';

Gothic eihan `thrive', Old High German gidhan, Old English geon ds., participle Old English geungen, Old Saxon githungan ` perfect ', in addition das Kaus. Old Saxon gediegen ` solid ', Middle Low German dege ` prospering; flourishing, advance';

thengian `vollenden' (of present *han from junction in die -row), Gothic gaaih, German Verschmelzung with cognate from Lithuanian tink tkti ` be good for, be suitable for,

Tonerde Gothic h, Old English h, , Old High German dha, Modern High German Ton (*ann), Old Icelandic `loam', Old Saxon thhi `irden';

gradation *an- Modern High German steir. dahen `dry, dorren' and die appellation the

German Bavarian deihen ` parch, dry and dadurch dichter become', compare with

together, bring in order ', tkras `right', das to Lithuanian tikti, tekti belongs), Modern High

passen', patink `schmecke, behage', Iter. tikau, -yti ` piece together a jigsaw puzzle, fit

Old Icelandic engill, Old English engel `prince, lord, master, mister' (*ngilaz); `Aconitum napellus', Low German wodendung `Schierling' (`*dichte mass, tussock '?); Lithuanian tnkus `dense, frequent, often'; Old Church Slavic ta `rain', slov. t'a `hail', and likewise; whether Gothic ei klr. t'aknuty ` use, take advantage of ', slov. tek ` prospering; flourishing '; presumably Old Icelandic ang, Middle Low German dank ` seaweed, Tang', Old English ung

`thunder' belongs, with from `Wetterwolke' verschobener meaning, is hchst dubious. References: WP. I 725 f., Trautmann 313 f., Vasmer 3, 158 f. Marstrander ZcP. 7, 369 f., J. Loth RC. 41, 225 f.;

Page(s): 1068

See also: root-extension from ten-1 `dehnen'.

ten- tendRoot / lemma: ten-1, tend-

Meaning: to extend, stretch, span

compare tenu-s `thin' and die extensions tengh-, tenk-, temp-, tens- . Note:

with -eu-extension (ved. tanti, tanut, gr. hom. ) or -ie/o-suffix shaped (gr. );

tata `er has gespannt') and ein Perfekt (ved. tatna, tatn, Latin tetini). Das present wird

Grammatical information: ten- bildet in Indo Germanic an unthematic root aorist (ved. tan,

ten- tendRoot / lemma: ten-1, tend- : `to extend, stretch, span' derived from the extended Root / lemma: d -2 : `to put, place'.
h

Material: Old Indic tanti `dehnt, spannt, erstreckt sich, dauert', Avestan pairi-tanava 1. Sg. Konj. Akt. `I will fernhalten', pairi-tanuya 1. Sg. Opt. Med.; Old Indic ut-tna- `ausgestreckt'

tnti, Latin ten-re); np. tanan `turn, spinnen'; as d-present (as Latin tend) Old Indic tandat `allows after, ermattet' (tandr `Mattigkeit, Abspannung');

= Avestan ustna- ds. (*tnn-, compare Old Indic tani-man- n. `Dnne', also Lithuanian

); perhaps here tan- f. `body, person, Selbst' = Avestan tan- f. ds. (Mayrhofer 475); ds. (), ds.; `(long) stripe, bandage' (due to eies Adj. *); gr. `streckt sich' (= Old Indic tanut), ( etc.) `strecke, dehne';

tr (Avestan *tra-) ds., afghan. tr `net'; Old Indic tna- m. `clay, filament ' (compare gr.

descendant ', tna-m, tn, tnas- n. ` progeny '; tntra-m `Zettel, Aufzug am loom' = np.

tan- `Ausbreitung, Fortdauer, Fortpflanzung, progeny ', Instr. tan `continu', tna- m. `

which zero grade tnti- `cord, string, row', tantu- ` filament, cord, string, Aufzug of texture ';

sacrifice, immolation ' (= gr. `Spannung, lengthening ', Latin in-, con-tenti), next to

participle Old Indic tata- m. `gestreckt' (= gr. , Latin tentus); tati- m. `row, cord,

`Spannung, twitch '; `gestreckt, long, straff'; , - `sinew', n. - `very gespannt, straff' (- probably with Ionian reduction = sm-), whereof `sinew, straff angezogenes Band' (= Latin tenus, -oris, compare also Old Indic tnas- n.),

`hefte den Blick angespannt auf etwas'; `Spannung, Anspannung; also the voice, (*tntis); about - `sich ausbreitend' see below tenu-s; (`*ausgespanntes tent'); lifting of Verses, musikalischer sound, tone' (: Lithuanian tnas); f. `Spannung' alb. ndnj `breite from, pull, spanne die Saiten'; katund, ktunt (*ke-tn-t-) `village'

alb. Geg. me ndjejt ` to stay', past participle (*tentum) ndejtun ` stayed'. (originally d-present) = Umbrian an-, en-tentu `intendit', ustentu `ostendit' etc., Latin Latin tend, -ere, tetendi, tentum, newer tnsum `spannen, distend, ausstrecken'

tentus, (in-)tenti; tene, -re, tenui (Old Latin tetin = Old Indic tatan), tentum `hold, stop etc.' (originally Durativ, trans. and intrans. `somewhat gespannt halten', hence tenre also `endure' = vast, spacious sein), at-tinre, pertinre, continuus; tenre aliquid originally with

Akk. of Zieles `auf etwas to ausgereckt, gespannt sein' (ten-re belongs to Old High tenus, -oris n. `cord with loop, noose, snare ' (= gr. ), tenor, -ris m.

German donn `vast, spacious, ausgestreckt sein' and Lithuanian tnstu, tnti `to swell');

`ununterbrochener run, flow, Fortdauer, connection; (jur.) sense, mind, content eines

Gesetzes', tenus preposition m. Abl. Gen. Akk. `sich erstreckend bis, bis an', protinus `sich after vorn erstreckend, vorwrts' (compare Old Indic ntan, -tn `present, current', Latin di-tinus, Lithuanian dabartnis `present, current'), tenx ` tenacious, tenacious'; Umbrian tenitu `teneto'; Maybe alb. tendos ` strech ' a Latin loanword. (: Latvian tina), Old Irish tt ` string ' (*tnt) = cymr. tant ds. (compare Old Indic tantu-, isl. Old Irish tan `time' (*t n), actually `Fortdauer, zeitliche Ausdehnung' (in tain `when, if')
e

ti, alter root Aorist, originally `streckte');

ind) = bret. ar-dant `Pflcke am cart zur Befestigung of Seiles'; Old Irish tit `goes' (*tenGothic uf-anjan `sich distend, sich ausstrecken', Old Icelandic enja `ausspannen,

ausstrecken', Old English enian, ennan `strecken, spannen', Old High German den(n)en spannen', Old Icelandic ind, Norwegian tinder f. ` phren' (Old Irish tt, Old Indic tntu-);
h

`dehnen'; Old Icelandic inull `rope, hawser, dasein net einfat and in addition dient, es to

`river'; Old English unian `sich heben, sich dehnen, to swell', alike Old High German High German done, don `Spannung', Old High German dona, Old Saxon thona `twig, dulcamara'; Old Icelandic n f. `Holzstbchen, with dem Felle zum Trocknen

d -present Old English indan `to swell, angry, irate sein'; in addition Old Icelandic und f. Middle High German donn `sich distend, to swell, strotzen'; don `ausgespannt', Middle branch, tendril ', Modern High German Dohne, Old English lf-one `Albranke, Solanum

ausgespannt become', Swedish tana `sinew', Old Danish tan ` phren';

Spannen the skin an geschwollenen Stellen; gefrdert through das reimende tvnti `to

Lithuanian tnstu, tnti `to swell', tnas `swelling, lump, growth' (`*sich distend ', also of

swell'); Lithuanian ti-klas `net', Old Prussian sasin-tinclo ` hare's snare', Latvian tinu, tt

`flax, wattle, braid, coil, wickeln', tina `ein Setznetz' (: Old Irish tan), tineklis `somewhat Gewundenes, Gewickeltes'; Lithuanian tandus `idle'; Old Church Slavic teneto, tonoto `rope'. References: WP. I 723 f., WH. II 662 ff., Trautmann 323 f., Vasmer 3, 93, Mayrhofer 1, 475, Bergin riu 12, 227 ff. Page(s): 1065-1066

tenRoot / lemma: ten-2 Page(s): 1067

See also: see above S. 1021 under (s)ten-1.

Meaning: to extend, stretch, span Note: extension from ten-1 ds. Material: Old Indic tasayati `zieht hin and her, schttelt', tasati (uncovered), Aor. -

tensRoot / lemma: tens-

vitasti- `span';

tasat `pull, with Gewalt set in motion ', tsara-m `Weberschiffchen', vtasti- m.; Avestan Latin tls, -ium `craw am neck', Demin. tnsillae `die Mandeln in neck', prtlum `

towing rope for Ochsen, ununterbrochener Fortgang', whereof prtlre `in die Lnge ziehen' (during prtlre `drive away, fortjagen' as tls `prpellere' to understand, comprehend is); tnsa `Prozessions- or Gtterwagen', das subst. Fem. of participle Gothic atinsan `heranziehen', anld. thinsan `ziehen, rend ', Old High German dinsan

tnsus;

(actually `aufgezogen'), Old High German dansn `ziehen, dehnen';

`ziehen, drag', Hessian dinse, dans `ziehen', participle Modern High German gedunsen

utsas `Leichentuch', Intr. tst, tsti `sich dehnen, sich recken', tsa -ti (: Old Indic participle entensts `gefat', teansis `shaft'. 532.

Lithuanian tsi, tsti ` through Ziehen dehnen, verlngern', prats `Verzug, Aufschub',

tasayati) `pull, recken', Old Prussian tinstwei `stir, tease, irritate', 2. Pl. Imp. tenseiti, References: WP. I 727, WH. II 666, 688, 691, Trautmann 318 f., Mayrhofer 1, 465, 491, Page(s): 1068-1069

tenununu Root / lemma: tenu-s, t nu-s Meaning: thin information: Grammatical information: fem. tenu Material: Old Indic tan-, fem. tanv `thin, tender, fragile, flimsy, insignificant ' (tnuka- ds. tan `body, body'; Note: to ten-1 `dehnen'
e e e e

= Slavic tnk); substantivized Old Indic tan- f., tanu- n., Avestan tan- f., tanus- n., np. gr. - `long', fem. `long balk, beam'; (F) `langgestreckt, long'; perhaps

eherzu 1. ten-, s. Specht KZ 59, 35, Sommer Zur Gesch. d. gr. Nominalkomp. 127; *F assimilated sein;

Latin tenuis `thin, fine, tender' (from fem. *tenu = Old Indic tanv); gr. F kann from

*tanauo-; cymr. teneu verdankt sein e dem influence of Latin tenuis);

Old Irish tan(a)e (with secondary -e), corn. tanow, bret. tanao, tano `thin' (proto Celtic

Old High German tinna, Middle High German tinne, tunne ds.; in den compounds. Old

also *enn, *unn f. `Stirne, temple, flattened region on either side of the forehead ' in

Old High German dunni, Old Saxon thunni, Old Icelandic unnr `thin' (nn from nu); here

Old High German dun-wangi, -wengi n., Old English un-wang(e) f., Old Icelandic unvangi m., Swedish tinning ` temple, flattened region on either side of the forehead '; Lithuanian tvas, Latvian tivs ` slim '; Old Church Slavic tnk `thin' (assimil. *tnk, russ. tnkij). References: WP. I 724, WH. II 666, K. Jackson Lang. and Hist. 376, Trautmann 319. Page(s): 1069

High German tinna-bacho ` temple, flattened region on either side of the forehead ' and

tepRoot / lemma: tepMeaning: warm Material: Old Indic tpati `erwrmt, burns' (also `kasteit sich, bt penance, atonement'), tpyati `erwrmt, erhitzt'; Avestan tpaiti `is warm', Kaus. tpayeiti `erwrmt, erhitzt', Inchoh. tafsaiti (*tepsketi) `wird hot', participle tapta- `erwrmt, hot', tafnu- m. shine';

participle tapt- `erwrmt, erhitzt', tpas- n. `heat, blaze, glow', tpu- ` burning, hot', Kaus.

`Fieberhitze, fever', tafnah- n. `heat, blaze, glow; fever'; np. tftan `burn, warm, gleam,

`entwrme');

alb. Tosc ftoh, Geg ftof `make cold, extinguish from, injure with words' (*vtp-sk Latin tepe -re ` lukewarm sein', tepidus `warm', tepor ` warmth '; presumably Oscan

tefrm `a kind of (blaze-) sacrifice, oblation' (*teps-ro-); Umbrian Abl. Sg. with postposition tefru-to, Akk. Pl. Umbrian tefra `carnes cremandas';

`fire' (*tepnet-), cymr. corn. bret. tan ds., corn. bret. tana `kindle, inflame'; Old Irish tess, Irish timme `heat, fear'(*teps-mi); cymr. twym `heat', acorn. toim `hot', Middle Breton toem, nbret. tomm `hot' (*tepesmo-);

Old Irish t `hot', Pl. tit (*tepent- = Old Indic participle tapant-); ten and tene, Gen. -ed

cymr. corn. tes, bret. tez `heat' (*teps-tu-, to es-stem Latin tepor, Old Indic tapas-); Middle

Dampfes from Speisen);

m. smell, odor, taste', efa `smell' trans., efja `smell' intr.; (Grundvorstellung of warmen Old Church Slavic *tepl (in teplost `'), Czech teply, russ. tplyj and (with

Norwegian teva `vor heat keuchen', Old English efian `pant, gasp', Old Icelandic efr

after topiti) Old Church Slavic topl `warm'; Kaus. serb. tpiti `melt', russ. topt ` heat; zerlassen'; Prussian PN Taplawken actually `Warmfeld'; Hittite tapaa- `fever, heat' (Old Indic loanword?).

References: WP. I 718 f., WH. II 667 f., Trautmann 319, Vasmer 3, 111, Mayrhofer 1, 477, 569. Page(s): 1069-1070 terd- tredRoot / lemma: terd-, tredMeaning: to drill Note: (see also ter- `malmendes insect'), extension from *ter- `rub, durchbohren'

trad- `the (through Bohren) erffnet'; Lithuanian trndu, -ti `from Motten, Wrmern

split', tardman- n. `hole, aperture ', tard- m. `ein insect', trdil- `lcherig, durchbohrt',

Material: Old Indic trtti, Kaus. tardayati (tardati Gramm.), Perf. tatrda `durchbohren,

zerfressen become', trand under trands ` maggot, Holzwurm'; ablaut. Latvian trudi `

mould, dank decay ', trdt `verwittern, decayed '; Lithuanian trd `diarrhea'; Old Church Slavic trd `tinder' and `kind of disease, malady, ' (compare above S. 1073

96 f., 183 f., Mayrhofer 1, 521 f.

References: WP. I 736, Trautmann 328, Vasmer 3, 144, Kuiper Indo Germanic Nasalprs.

Lithuanian trediu `have diarrhea': cymr. trwyddo `bore'), Czech trud `Zitterich am face'.

Page(s): 1076 terk- trek- tork troktorkRoot / lemma: terk-, trek- (tork-, trok-)

Meaning: to turn

Note: probably extension from ter-3 `rub, drehend reiben' tarkyati `assumes, sinnt after';

Material: Old Indic tarku- m. ` spindle', niarky- `was sich aufdrehen allows'; figurative gr. m. f. ` spindle (figurative: arrow, sprit)' = n `in', as (`Stbchen zum

(*trkn);

Aufdrehen'), `unverhohlen, geradeheraus' (`unumwunden'); alb. tjerr `spin'

maybe alb. (*trkn) tirk, pl. tirqe ` white felt, felt gaiters ' compare Old Indic tark- ` spindle'), torqus, torquis ` necklace as jewellery', tormentum Latin torque, -ere, torsi, tortum `turn, coil, verdrehen, agonize' (qu is k + formant u,

torculum `Drehpresse, Kelter', nasturtium `Kresse' (*nstorctiom `quod nasum torqueat'); terryff ds.; Irish trochal `Schleuder'; perhaps cymr. torri `break, rupture' (*tork-s-), Middle Breton

`Winde, manacle, Marterwerkzeug, catapult ' (*torqu[e]mentom), tormina `Leibschmerzen',

Old English rstan `turn, zusammenwinden, press, afflict ' (as Germanic *rstian); if also Old Icelandic ari `Tang' (from *arhan-) actually `band, strap'? Maybe alb. dredh (*derk)` turn, twist ' common alb. -k > -th. Church Slavic trak `band, strap, belt', russ. trok m. `Sattelriemen', poln. troki m. Pl. `strap, Fesseln'; Tocharian AB tsrk- `torment, smite', A tark- `Ohrring', trk- `turn'. dwerah, dwerawr ` slantwise, quer', Modern High German zwerch, quer and Middle High `quer, obstructive', Gothic warhs `angry, irate'; the anlaut tu- is perhaps through A meaning `verdreht, quer' shows die with tu- anlautende family of Old High German Old Prussian tarkue `Binderiemen (am Pferdegeschirr)' lies tarkne = *tarkn; Old

Old High German drhsil `Drechsler', Modern High German drechseln, probably also

German twerge `Quere', zwerg `quer', Old English weorh ` inverted ', Old Icelandic verr

hybridization with *tuer- `turn' to define.

f.

References: WP. I 735 f., WH. II 692 f., Trautmann 314, Vasmer 3, 125, Mayrhofer 1, 484

Page(s): 1077 terRoot / lemma: ter-1

Meaning: to tremble, dabble *tar-tar-).

Material: Old Indic taral- `trembling, twitching, unstet'; alb. tartais ` wriggle ' (from redupl. Maybe alb. tarrallis ` shake '.

Page(s): 1070

See also: extensions: trem-, tres- (Kombinationsform *trems-), trep-.

References: WP. I 727 f., Mayrhofer 1, 481;

ter- teruRoot / lemma: ter-2, teru-

Meaning: feeble, fragile, weak

Material: Gr. `tender', sabin. terenum `molle', Latin (after tenuis reconverted with metathesis) tener, -a, -um `tender, soft'; from the u-basis: Old Indic trua-, dial. tlina- ` young, tender' (m. f. ` youngling, girl', n. gr. , Hes., `abgejagte horse' ( Hes.: Latin tardus `slow, slack, zgernd' as do do-derivative of a reduced-grade *t ru-?; Old Irish
e

Note: (to ter- `rub' as `ab-, faded, weakened ')

`sprout, stem '), Avestan tauruna- ` young ', osset. trn `knave, boy'; = : ), , Hes.; terc ` sparse, small';

Armenian t`orn, Gen. t`orin `grandchild, grandson';

Lithuanian tarnas `servant', Old Indic tara-, taraka- m. ` the young of an animal, calf';

zur -group as ` young, tender; young boy, the young of an animal ' also torno-s in torno-

`young boy, jugendkrftig' die meaning-development war; Note:

alb. trim `valiant, gamy; m. young man', Pl. trima `bewaffnete Gefolgsmnner' (trmo-), if

This seems wrong etymology since alb. maybe alb. trim `brave, not scared' is related to trem- tremstrem-, trems- : `to thump; to tremble' (see below). alb. alb. Tosc trmp, Geg trem `I scare'; Latin trem, -ere `tremble' from Root / lemma:

Armenian t`arm ` young, fresh, green', perhaps Old Icelandic yrma `spare, look after' as derivative eines *ormaz `weak, tender'; is Latin termes, -itis `abgeschnittener twig, branch' die lengthened grade in addition? men-forms in gr. `tender, light kochbar',

`hard, raw', hom. `hard, unerbittlich, unbeugsam'; presumably Gothic arihs `ungewalkt, new (from kerchief, cloth)', actually `fresh'. Page(s): 1070-1071 References: WP. I 728, WH. II 648 f., 665, 670 f., Mayrhofer 1, 483.

ter- ter teri- trRoot / lemma: ter-3, ter- and teri-, trMeaning: to rub teru- treugh, terNote: also teru- : treu- (extended with b, g, gh h, k, p); here ter-2 `tender' (actually ` Material: A. Old Indic tur- ` sore ' or ` sick ', tura- ds.;

faded ', compare Latin mollis : mol), and ter-6 in Worten for `malmendes insect' ter-

durchbohre' (Fut. ; `durchbohrt, durchlchert', `hole'), ds. ', `borer', ` drill, wimble, bore a hole, drechsle'; `durchbohrte'

gr. `reibe (auf), bedrnge, qule, sadden ', , newer `grind, pulverize,

(compare Lithuanian trinu); ` round twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved

(participle present -, Perf. ), `chisel' (compare also ` erhabener Arbeit in Stein or metal ', `carve'; `Zirkel, Dreheisen; `hole'; about gr. ` inconsiderate ' (?) s. Frisk 176; alb. tjer `spin' (*ter); (common alb. Serbian -e- > -je-). trtr-, likewise dtrmentum (synonymous termentum by Paul. Fest. 498 L.) ` failure, Latin ter, -ere, trv, trtum `rub, grind ', the prefixed present forms from the basis tri-, tripiercing loud' under *toro-s `loud'), `Grabstichel, chisel', `das Verfertigen

Kreisbewegung' ( . Hes., compare lak. );

damage', trticum `wheat' (`*Dreschgetreide'), tri m. `Pflugochse' (` a terenda terra '),

beset, plague (late)', tetricus ` grumpy, surly, sullen, dim', intertrg `wundgeriebene place'; trcae `Rnke' (Pl.) to *tr-k ` tribulatio '; teres, -etis (actually `glattgerieben') `lnglichrund, glattrund, slim, fine', terebr `borer';

trbulum ` a threshingsledge, wooden platform studded with iron teeth ', trbulre `press;

Pass. tetrku;

toch AB trik- `in die Irre go, blunder ', traik- `in die Irre guide, lead', participle Perf. from the same basis tri-, tr- (as trv etc.) Middle Irish trith `weak', and gr. tri- tr-

(, ) `rub, grind, pulverize, weaken etc.', `das Reiben etc.', m. f.

from proto Slavic *terb- ( : Latin tr- = Slavic terb- : Latin ter-); in addition Middle Irish Old Irish tarathar, cymr. etc. taradr `borer'; Middle Irish tuirenn (*torin) `wheat' (`

`abgetretener way, road; das Reiben, Verzug'; compare Church Slavic trbiti `clean, roden' trebaid (*trb-) `pflgt, bewohnt', Old Irish trebar `smart' (partly with treb, S. 1090, reduced);

Reibefrucht ');

English rd, Old Icelandic rr ` wire, filament ' (*ru-z actually `the Gedrehte'), Old Germanic *r-el- in Low German drillen `bore, torment, smite', Middle High German High German drti `quick, fast, rash, hasty, hasty' (actually `be nimble drehend'); besides

English rwan `ds.'; intr. `sich umkehren' (engl. throw `throw'), Old High German drt, Old

Old High German dren `turn, work a lathe' (originally `*drehend reiben or bore'), Old

wherewith Old English earl `stern, hard' perhaps identical is (*tor-los); Old Icelandic r- the changing by ablaut r- in Gothic rjan ` train, practice ' = russ. tratit

High German drel, Modern High German dial. drell, drall `strong, tight, firm, strong',

German dral ` round twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved, sich wirbelnd', Middle

drillen ` coil, bore, torment, smite', Old Frisian thralle Adv. `quick, fast', Middle Low

gedrollen ` twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved, rounded ', Modern High German

armr, Old English earm, Old High German daram ` intestine ' (= gr. `hole'); with

`consume', Czech tratiti ` loose, ruin', to Lithuanian trtinti `stir, tease, irritate, banter', em. trotas `whetstone', Latvian truts ds. (Trautmann 326, Vasmer 3, 133); Gothic riskan, Old Icelandic riskja, ryskva, Old English erscan, Old High German

tresc `offal, residuum ' (whether not Old Icelandic loanword); ablaut. troska ds. etc.;

drescan `thrash', to Lithuanian sutrkinti causative ` smash to pieces ', also Middle Irish compare Lithuanian trekti `crack, crackle ', Church Slavic trsk `fragor, fulmen', Lithuanian tiri, trti ` research'; Old Church Slavic tr, trti `rub' (proto Slavic. *tro,

Czech trt ds., infinitive Church Slavic trti, serb.tti = Lithuanian trti; based on as Slavic

chisel') from proto Slavic. *tara- m. `Reibung'; Balto-Slavic *trti- f. `Zerreibung', in Old

*terti); ablaut. Church Slavic istor `damnum', russ. tor `gebahnter way' (: gr. `borer,

infinitive *terti auf zweisilbiger basis, as also Balto-Slavic *trta- ` pulverized, ground into

Lithuanian trin (*tr n), trnti `rub', Latvian trinu, trt `rub, sharpen '; with figurative trenti `modern';
e

fine particles; crushed ' in serb. tt = Lithuanian trtas `durchforscht'; with n-suffix:

meaning also Old Prussian trinie ` threatens ', trintawinni f. ` avenger' and Lithuanian teru- treuB. root form teru- : treu-: perhaps `unverwstlich'; `reibe auf, erschpfe', Hes.; Old Indic trua-, gr. etc., see below *ter-2 `tender'; gr. (*-F-?)

, Hes., , `hole', `das Znglein an the scales ' (originally from the aperture, in the sich die tongue bewegt); `I bewltige, damage, wound' (Fut. ), (*F) `durchbohre, wound, injure ', , Doric Ionian `wound' (because of Attic ds. with from u);

tarauat `rub', abret. toreusit `attrivit' (*toru-: gr. ), compare nbret. Vannes torein `hit' (Loth. RC 37, 47 f.); Lithuanian truni, -ti ` decayed ', actually `*become faded, rotten, decayed,

cymr. taraw (*toraw) `hit', trewis `er schlug', mcymr. tereu `hits, knocks', Middle Breton

decomposed; brittle ', Lithuanian trikinu, trkinu `crunch ', perhaps (as `*noise as beim Darberreiben'), truk, -ti ` crackle, rustle, beim breakage from wood ' (compare gr. `rub'); Old Church Slavic trovo, truti, ablaut. causative traviti ` consume ' (Indo Germanic

*treu: *truei); Old Church Slavic trava f. `garden' (ablaut. trva from *tru), russ. trav Church Slavic tryj, tryti (compare gr. `reibe auf': - `das Leben erschpfend'); here also Church Slavic trizna `Totenfeier' (from *tryzna);

`grass' (in addition the Modern High German FlN Trave); ablaut. proto Slavic. *tri `rub' in

`onus, passio', druon, druota `pati'; Old English lcrwere ` leper, outcast, one who is (*raw) `heftiges, leidvolles desire', r and reyja `long, want, sich sehnen', r n. `

Old English rwigean (*rwjan) `suffer, bear, endure, brook ', Old High German dra

rejected by society', Old Icelandic lkrr ` having leprosy, scabby '; Old Icelandic r f. contrariness, pertinacia', rr `pertinax', Old English ra, rawu f. `affliction, tribulation; German drawa, thrauwa, dra ` threat, Drohen', Old English ran `threaten, beset, plague', Old High German drawen, drewen, drauwen, dren, Modern High German geren `zusammengepret, verdichtet', ryn `press'; drohen, druen; with the meaning- development `rub - squeeze, press': Old English threat ', Old Saxon thrwerk `affliction' = Old English raworc ` woefulness ', Old High

Tocharian A tsru ` little ' (*teruo-). trediu `have strong diarrhea'; compare under S. 1076. tertreuD. extensions from ter- and treu-: 1. terb-: s. S. 1071 under. terb(*man-terg-sli-, to manus S. 740), changing through ablaut Umbrian Akk. Sg. mantrahklu, mandraclo `mantle' (*-trg-kla); Gothic arko n. `hole', zero grade Middle Low German dork `Kielraum', Old English urruc `cumba', `caupolus'; 2. terg-: Latin terg, -ere, tergo, -re `abwischen, clean', mantlum, mantle `towel ' terg*tridC. As extension the i-basis kann gelten: *trid- in cymr. trwyddo `bore', Lithuanian

`Nschereien', `hole, cave', `Kornwurm', ` he-goat; billy goat ';

*trg-, *trg- in gr. `zernage, knuppere, fresse Rohes' (Aor. ),

`chew'.

derailment after dem Gen. t`rcoy?) and aracem `graze' (*tr-); Tocharian AB trsk3. terh-: Old Church Slavic trzati, trzati ` rend ', with velar trgati, trgnti ds. terh

Armenian t`urc, Gen. t`rcoy `mala, maxilla' (Nom. instead of *t`ruc from *tr- through

brittle, light brechend', Latvian trapj, trapans ` friable ', trapains ` rotten, decayed, unclear Old Church Slavic trap `pit, pothole' (*torp-), serb. trap `Rbengrube'.

trpas `Zwischenraum, fracture, cleft, gap', tarp, terp ` between '; Lithuanian traps `

4. terp-, trep- (only Balto Slavic): Latvian trps `worm' (`the Zerbohrende'), Lithuanian terp- trep-

decomposed; brittle, brittle, verwitternd', trapt, trept `verwittern, faul, friable become'; 5. treugh-: perhaps gr. `', n. `das Abgerissene, rag', treugh-

`abgerissen, zerlumpt'; Old Irish trg, truag ` woeful, wretched, miserable, unlucky '; cymr. Middle Breton tru ` woeful, wretched, miserable ', gall. PN Trougillus, Trgus. 6. treuk-: cymr. trwch ` cropped, truncated, cut off ', trychu `cut, clip' (*truk-s-); Old treuk-

Icelandic r, Pl. rr f. `trough', Old English rh, Gen. ryh f. m. n. `ds., gully, coffin',

High German Drauche ` dragnet, Wolfs- or Fuchseisen', Old Saxon thrh `manacle'; with Icelandic rga `threaten' (see to meaning above Middle High German drohen); intensive gramm. variation isl. rga, Norwegian dial. trga, tryge, trjug `kind of snowshoe'; Old

Old High German drh drch (actually `*Verbrecherblock') `Fufessel, Tierfalle', Modern

German drucken, Modern High German drcken;

Old Swedish rykkja, Old English ryccan `press, urge, press, push, press', Old High

`umzog'), Latvian traukt `hit'; Lithuanian trkti `endure, whren', trkioti ` twitch '.

Stammstck'), Lithuanian trukti `ziehen', Old Prussian pertraki `verschlo' (actually 7. treup-: gr. ` drill, wimble, bore a hole, durchbohre', `borer', treup-

traks `Geschirr, vessel', Lithuanian traukai `Gefe' (`*ausgebohrtes, gehhltes

Latvian trk-stu, -u, -t `entzweigehen, break, rupture; lack, blunder ', trkums `break; lack';

Lithuanian trk-stu, -au, -ti ` rend, break, rupture, burst ', trkis `crack, break, col, gap',

`hole'; Old Prussian trupis `clot, chunk'; Lithuanian trup, -ti ` crumb, spall, crumble ', trups ` crumbly ', traupus ` brittle ', Latvian sa-trupt ` rotten, decayed, decomposed; brittle become'; russ.-Church Slavic trup (*troupos) `Baumklotz; corpse', Old Church

`hollow'.

Slavic trupije `', Serbo-Croatian trp `trunk' etc., Old Church Slavic trupl Maybe alb. trup `body, trunk' a Slavic loanword.

References: WP. I 728 ff., WH. II 649, 670, 672 f., 704 f., Trautmann 324 f., 326 f., 330, Page(s): 1071-1074 Vasmer 3, 95 f., 97, 124, 130 f., 143 f., Frisk 177, Mayrhofer 1, 514.

Meaning: to cross, transgress, to stay, etc..

ter- ter tr- teruRoot / lemma: ter-4, ter- : tr-, tr-, teru-

Material: Old Indic trati ` places about, bertrifft, berwindet' (tirti, titarti, tryati; tarut),

tryati ` places about, fhrt hinber', tar- `bersetzend, berwindend' (= Avestan -tara-

n. `das Vorwrtsdringen, energy ', Instr. tras Adv. `hasty, rash, hasty', tar- Adj. `strong'; tarant-m. `sea'; trth- n. `ford, Trnke' (*trtho-) besides *trth- in prkr. tha- `bank, border, shore', dardisch trt `ford'; compare pmir trt `ford' (*trto-);

`berschreitend, berwindend'); tari- `durchlaufend, vordringend, rasch, helpful', tras-

`berwltigend, victorious '; Avestan tar- `hinber gelangen about' (present-stem titar-, taraya-, from the u-basis taurvaya-, Intens. titraya-, participle v-trta-), taurvan-

u-basis besides in tarut also in trvati `berwltigt, besiegt', Inf. turv, Adj. turvi-

osset. trn `drive, push, hunt, chase', Baluchi tarag, thara `umwenden, umkehren';

`berwindend', mp. tarvntan `berwinden, afflict '; . viyatrayma ` we berschritten', Verbaladjektiv Old Indic -tr (-tr) in ap-tr `die Wasser berquerend', ji-tr `in fight,

etc.;compare gr. - above S. 762;

struggle berwindend', ratha-tr ` cart berholend', radhra-tr `den Ermattenden rettend', alb. sh-tir, sh-tij `put about einen river, treibe an, stifte an'?

names;

with the meaning from Old Indic tar- (see above) probably Illyrian Taros, Tara river

gr. `end, cusp, peak'; Hittite tarzi `besiegt, berwindet'; trdhvam, Avestan rzdm `schirmet!', Perf. Old Indic tatr), Avestan r- ds. (present ` piercing = clear, bright vernehmlich, distinct' and Latin intrre `hineingehen', stem rya-), rti- f. ` shelter, protection' ; Indo Germanic *tr- because of gr. , Old Indic tr- `(*hinberfhren = rescue), shield, beware, guard' (tr-sva, tryt, s-Aor.

*trns-with (to Latin me);

extrbunt Afranius (see trns beim prepositional ter-); trmes `Seiten-, Querweg' from With m-formant: Old Indic sutrman- `good bersetzend', trman (uncovered) `cusp, gr. , - n. ` purpose, Endpunkt', m. `limit, boundary', `am end

peak of Opferpfostens'; venet. termo `terminus' (Lejeune Latomus 12, 394 f.); situated, lastly';

Umbrian termnom-e `ad terminum', termnas `termintus', Oscan teremenni ` termina ', teremnattens `terminavrunt';

Latin termen, term, terminus `Grenzzeichen, boundary stone ' (originally `Grenzpfahl'),

the genitals' (Hes.: , , ), Old English rum (engl. Endstck, Endstck eines texture, edge', Middle High German drum n. `Endstck, end, thrum) in tunge-rum `das Zungenband', Middle Low German drum, drom `Trumm,

similarly Armenian t`arm (*tr mo-) `Endstck', gr. , ` dam between After and
e

piece, splinter', Modern High German Trumm, Trmmer, Middle High German drumze, drunze, trunze ` fragmented Speerstck, splinter'; Middle Low German treme `Querstange, Sprosse'; Old Icelandic rmr m. `edge,

border'; compare - with sm-suffix - at most Old Irish druimm, Gen. drommo `back', perhaps borrowed from cymr. drum besides trum `ridge, back'? (*treusmn); Demin. Old High German dremil `balk, beam, bar, bolt'; Middle Low German trme, Middle High German Hittite tarma- `peg, plug, nail'.

drm, -e, trme m. `balk, beam, bar, bolt, piece, splinter' (formal near stands `hole');

506, 507, 520, 569;

References: WP. I 732 ff., WH. II 671 f., 699, Mayrhofer 1, 480, 483, 484, 487, 497, 503,

Page(s): 1074-1075 terRoot / lemma: ter-5

See also: s. also under tor-, toro-s S. 1088 f.

Meaning: over, etc..

Note: to ter-4 `hinber gelangen'

` sideways, unvermerkt', preposition m. Akk. `through - toward, about - toward, about -

`through - toward, about - away' (later also m. Abl. `abseits from') = Avestan tar, tar Adv.

Material: Old Indic tir Adv. ` away, in another place, abseits', preposition m. Akk.

*t res, compare tairse, tairsiu `trans eam, trans eos, eas, ea'), next to which tairm-, tarmids., trem-, tremi- `through' (cymr. trim-uceint `30', `decade about 20 out'), transfigured nachrem- : re `vor, voran'; Old Indic tira-c Adv. `quer through ' = Avestan tarasa m. Quere gerichtet, waagrecht' (den ending -yac-, -c- from pratyac-, pratc- attributed)
e e

hinweg, out; apart from, besides'; Old Irish tar m. Akk. `about - out' (*tares, Indo Germanic

Akk. `through - toward, about - toward, about - hinweg'; Old Indic tiryac-, tircna- `in die

mcymr. trwy- : try-;

(altbret. tre), Old Irish (with Proklisenkrzung) tri, tre `through'; Verstrkungspartikel

place previous *t ri ahead; besides *trei in acymr. trui, mcymr. trwy, drwy, bret. corn. dre

Verbums *trre (*trnt-s);

Latin trns, Umbrian traf, trahaf m. Akk. `beyond, about - hinweg', probably participle of

proclitic from *trns, (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), accented mcymr. traw, draw, bret. treu `beyond'; with secondary -s: cymr. traws etc. ` hostilely ', preposition tros `about'; with the same Verstrkung as Old Indic tira-c, Avestan tarasa: Gothic arh, Old

cymr. tra- e.g. in trannoeth `about night, am consecutive Tage' (geminated n!), etc.,

it evolved Old High German derh `durchbohrt', Old English yrel (*urhil) `durchbohrt'; n. `hole', Old High German dur(i)hhil `durchbohrt, durchlchert'. References: WP. I 734, WH. II 671 f.; Mayrhofer 1, 503.

High German durh, Old English urh m. Akk. `durch= through ' (*ter-k()e, *tr-k()e); out of

Page(s): 1075-1076 terRoot / lemma: ter-6

Meaning: a kind of harmful insect

Material: Gr. f. `Bohrwurm'; Latin tarmes (termes), -itis `Holzwurm' (probably from an o-stem *t rmos or *t rmo-s); cymr. cynrhonyn `termes, lendix', Pl. cynrhawn, corn. trno-); cymr. t(o)rog-en, abr. toroc, bret. teurok `mite' (*tr-ko-).
e e

Note: to *ter- `rub, durchbohren'; compare widened terd-

contronen `cimex', Middle Breton controunenn, nbret. contronenn `ver de viande' (*konReferences: WP. I 735, WH. II 649.

Page(s): 1076

ter- ter terb terd- terg- terpRoot / lemma: ter-7, ter-, ter -, terd- terg- terpPage(s): 1076
h

See also: see above S. 1022 ff., 1031 f. under ster-.

terp- trepRoot / lemma: terp-, trep-

Meaning: to be satiated, satisfied

Material: Old Indic tpyati, trpti, trmpti, tarpati `sttigt sich, wird befriedigt', Kaus. tarpyati `sttigt, befriedigt', trpt-, trpti- f. ` satiation, satisfaction', Avestan rfa`befriedigt, ausreichend versehen' (*tramptha-: Old Indic trmpti), rfs- n. `

contentedness '; npers. tulf `bersttigung'(*trfra-); perhaps also Old Indic -trp- `stealing', Avestan tarp- `steal', Middle Persian tirft ` theft ', sogd. cf- `steal' (`sich of Besitzes

erfreuen'?); gr. `sttige, erfreue', `freue myself'; `satisfaction'; let' (to *rafsta-, Indo Germanic *trop-sto-?); also die group Gothic arban (arf, perhaps Gothic rafstjan ` comfort, ermahnen', anarafstjan ` refresh, zur Ruhe come

arbum, preterit arfta) `bedrfen', Old Icelandic urfa (arf, urfum), Old High

useful ', arfi `ntig', Gothic arba `lack, Drftigkeit', Old Icelandic rf f. ` necessity, lack', Gothic arfts f. ` necessary' (= Old Indic trpti-), Old Icelandic urft, Old High

German durfan (darf, durfum) ds., Gothic arbs `bedrftig, ntig', Old Icelandic arfr `

benefit', Old English earf ` necessary, benefit', Old High German darba `Entbehrung, German durft ds.?; die meaning- development could gewesen sein ` whereof satisfaction Lithuanian tarp ` prospering; flourishing, growth ', tarpst, tarpti `thrive, zunehmen',

finden - bedrfen' (compare above S. 173 Latin fruor (ge)brauche);

Latvian trpa `was gute Hoffnung gives, prospering; flourishing, growth ', trpint `verbessern', Old Prussian enterpo `ntzt', enterpon, enterpen ` useful '; Tocharian AB tsrw- `sich freuen' (Pedersen Tocharian Sprachgesch. 19).

References: WP. I 736 f., Trautmann 314, Vasmer 3, 125 f., 134, Mayrhofer 1, 523 f.

Page(s): 1077-1078 tersRoot / lemma: tersMeaning: dry; thirst Material: Old Indic tryati `drstet, lechzt' (= Gothic arsjan), taryati `allows dursten, jolting, hoarse', tru- ` greedy, lechzend' = Avestan taru- `dry, that is to say not fluid' (= apart from pronunciation of Gothic arsus, Old Latin torrus `torridus'); Old Indic tr ` thirst, yearning', Avestan tarna- m. ` thirst '; Old Indic tr-j- ` thirsty ';

languish ' (= Latin torre, Old High German derren), tara- m. ` thirst ', tr- `arid, rough,

(*trs or *trsi: gr. );

Armenian t`aamim, t`aramim `welke', t`a ` shaft, pole zum Trocknen from Trauben '

`Darre, Drr- or Trockenvorrichtung'; dubious (*?) `lisping'; alb. ter `trockne (trans.) an the air';

gr. () `werde dry', `make dry', , `Darre', ,

tra-), Old Latin torrus, extended torridus `ausgetrocknet, arid', torris `blaze, burning piece of wood', torrns ` burning, sengend, erhitzt; violent, roaring, rapid in the current', Subst. `Wildbach' (`in summer austrocknend'?); here also Latin terra f. `earth' (: extorris `verbannt' = tellus : meditullium), Oscan

Latin torre, -re, -ui, tostum `dehydrate, desiccate, fry, rsten, singe' (tostus = Old Indic

`dry'; also basic form *tros-, *tres-; Latin terres-tris, terrnus after terra; Old Irish tart ` thirst ' (*trsto-); Italian terreno : Spanish tierra : French terrain : Furlan teren : Portuguese terreno ; terra : ` soil ; ground ';

to Old Irish tr n. es es-stem ` region, area', corn. bret. acymr. tir `tellus', Old Irish *tr, tirim

teer[m], term `territrium', teras `terrae' from Italian *terso-, *ters, Indo Germanic *trs-,

Romagnolo tirn : Sardinian Campidanesu (*terranca) tanca ; terra : Albanian (*tanca toka tanca) tanca Gothic gaairsan stem V. ` wilt' (= gr. ); gaarsnan ds. = Old Icelandic orna

`drsten', Old Icelandic yrstr (Gothic *aursis) ` thirsty ', whereof Gothic arstei f., Old instead of znach airsan = Old Indic tru-), Old Icelandic urr, Old English yrre, Old High Icelandic orsti m., Old English urst, Old High German durst ` thirst '; Gothic arsus (s

desiccate', Old Icelandic erra `dry' (= Old Indic taryati, Latin torre); Gothic arsjan

ds.; Old High German dorrn ds.; Old High German derren `dry make, dehydrate,

German durri `arid'; Old High German darra, Swedish tarre `Gestell zum Trocknen, Darre'; Trocknende'). probably also Old Icelandic orskr, Middle Low German dorsch `codfish' (`*the to

Page(s): 1078-1079

References: WP. I 737 f., WH. II 636 f., 694.

tet(e)rRoot / lemma: tet(e)r-

Meaning: to quack (expr. root)

`turtledove';

Material: Old Indic tittir-, tittir-, tittri- m. ` partridge, game bird '; Armenian tatrak npers. taarv ` pheasant' (also gr. , ds. are of pers. origin); , , Vogelname by Hesych., `ein bird'; neologism Middle gr. , m. ` grouse ' (*F-), (out of it Latin tetrax) `Perlhuhn' (*tetrks),

tatarwis `Birkhuhn', Lithuaniantetervas ds., Latvian teteris (Gen. teterja, from *tetervis), Lithuanian ttervinas `Birkhahn, grouse ', tetirv `Birkhenne' (Latvian ttars `Truthahn' Croatian ttrijeb ` grouse ', Old Czech tetv ds., russ. tterev `Birkhahn' (tetrka influenced from ttt, s. ti-ti-), russ.-Church Slavic tetrvi Akk. Pl. `', Serbo-

Irish tethra `crow' (*tetori), Old Icelandic iurr ` grouse ' (*euraz); Old Prussian

`Birkhenne, Birkhuhn'); chatter (from Enten)';

verbal gr. `gackere, gluckse (from the hen)', Latin tetrinni, -re, tetrissit, -re `

e.g. Latin turtur `turtledove', *storos `Star', the thrush-names (see 1096), streg-, stred(h)`hiss, schwirren', gr. `girre', f. `turtledove', `zirpe'. Maybe alb. turtull turtledove a Latin loanword. References: WP. I 718, WH. II 677 f., Trautmann 320 ff., Vasmer 3, 101; compare tor- S. 1088 f., Mayrhofer 1, 500. Page(s): 1079

also in other onomatopoeic words kehrt t-r as characteristic element again, compare

Meaning: sprout, seed, offspring

Root / lemma: teukteuk-

See also: perhaps to teu-k- `to swell', above S. 1081 (tu-). Page(s): 1085

References: WP. I 713, Vasmer 3, 149, Mayrhofer 508, 527;

seed, sperm '; Middle High German diehter `grandchild, grandson'.

seed, sperm, germ, sprout'; khotansak. ttman- n. ` seed, sperm ', np. tum, afghan. tma `

Avestan taoxman- n. ` seed, sperm, germ, sprout', Pl. ` kinship', Old pers. taum f. ` family,

extension of the Tenuis); tokm n. ` progeny, Kinder'; tkman- n. `young stem, sprout',

Material: Old Indic tc- f. `Kinder, progeny ' (besides tj- f. ds. with folk etymology

teu- teud- teug- teuk- teupRoot / lemma: teu-1, teud-, teug-, teuk-, teupPage(s): 1079

See also: see above S. 1032 ff. under (s)teu-.

teuRoot / lemma: teu-2

Meaning: to listen to, observe

Material: Latin tueor, -r, tuitus and tttus sum `betrachten, observe, shield ', intu(e)or `consider', originally in-, ob-, con-tuor con-tu; ttus `certainly'; Old Irish cumtth `

tuec (abret. *tuoc) `Kissenbezug'; Old Irish tas-cert `northern', bret. tus `links' (*teu-sto-); Middle Irish tath `links, northern, mad, wicked, evil' (from `*gnstig, good' as Antiphrasis Icelandic yr `mild, friendly', ya ` friendship', Old English geede `good, tugendhaft', Old Saxon thau, Old High German gethau `Disziplin' as `*observantia'; perhaps also gr. zur appellation the unglckbringenden Linken); in addition Gothic iu `das Gute', Old

protection'(*kom-ud-touitus), mcymr. tu `cover', tued `sleeve, wrapping, dress', bret. dial.

Celtic *teu-to- in mcymr.tut ` magician ', Middle Irish tathaid ds., Old Irish taith `northern',

geedan `sich (friendly) anschlieen'; probably also Old English aw ` custom, custom',

Hes. (denominative eines * with similar meaning as Gothic iujan References: WP. I 705 f., WH. II 713 f., Loth RC 43, 160 ff. `segnen' from iu).

Page(s): Page(s): 1079-1080 teupRoot / lemma: teup-

Meaning: to get down, conceal oneself

Material: Gr. Adv., II. 24, 163, if meaning `cowering, crouching'; presumably Old

German ducht f., Old English oft ds. (wherefore Old Icelandic opti m. ` Mitruderer', Old English geofta `comrade', Old High German gidufto ` Mitruderer, comrade') and Gothic

Icelandic opta f. ` thwart ' (`auf the gehockt wird'), Old High German dofta f., Middle Low

Old High German diob `thief';

iubj ` clandestine ', iubs `thief', Old Icelandic jfr, Old English of, Old Saxon thiof, Lithuanian tpi, tpti `sich hinhocken, in die Knie place', tpi, tupti ` crouch, in den

Knien sit', Latvian tupt ` crouch '. Page(s): 1085 References: WP. I 714.

Meaning: Meaning: to empty

teusRoot / lemma: teus-

`Einden' (*tuesku); Old English ost ` manure', Old High German dost ds. hager' etc. (= Old Indic tucchy-).

abandoned, forsaken, worthless', afghan. ta ` empty, bare, lacking'; Latin tesqua n. Pl.

Old Indic tucch-, tucchy- (*tus-sko-, *tus-sk-io-) ` empty, bare, lacking, deserted,

sk) Avestan tusn `sie verlieren die Fassung', balui tusag, thua ` abandon become';

Material: Avestan Kaus. taoayeiti `makes loose, allows loose' (*tousei), Inchoativ (*tus-

(`*Ausleerung'); Old Church Slavic tt `', russ. tcij ` empty, bare, lacking; lean,

Page(s): 1085

References: WP. I 714, WH. II 675, Trautmann 333, Vasmer 3, 130, Mayrhofer 1, 508 f.

Root / lemma: teu-, tuMeaning: to sift Material: Old Indic ttau- (dreisilbig, from *titavu-?) ` sieve, Getreideschwinge'; Hes., f. `Mehlsieb' (EM.), `siebe'. Page(s): 1085 References: WP. I 713; Mayrhofer 1, 499 f. gr. (Ionian), (Attic EM.), Attic ` sieve ' (*F), m. ` sieve ' Hes.,

tg- gRoot / lemma: tg-, tgMeaning: to burn Material: Gr. , Attic through metathesis also ` frying pan, Tiegel'; Old English eccan `burn' (is ecelle `torch' from fcele, loanword from Latin facula,

reshaped?), Old High German dahhazzen `lodern'. References: WP. I 717 f.

Page(s): 1057 tu- uRoot / lemma: tu-, tu-, teu-, tu-, th

Meaning: to swell; crowd, folk; fat; strong; boil, abscess Note: extended with b , g, k, l, m, n, r, s, t Material: Old Indic tavti `is strong, has Macht', Perf. ttva; in addition tavs- `strong, stalwart ', as Subst. Akk. tavsam, Instr. tavs ` power, strength '; tvyas- tvyas-

power'; ablaut. tuvi- in Kompositis `very, mighty', tuviama- `the strkste': tya- `strong, fast, rapid, hurried';

`stronger', tvasvant- `strong', tvimant- `strong, mighty', tavi- `strong', tvi f. `force,

tauman- n. `fortune, force, power';

ap. atvayam `I am able ', tunuvant- `mighty', tauvyah- `stronger' (: Old Indic tvyas-), Armenian t`iv `number'; doubtful t`up` (*t-pho-) ` thicket, shrubbery, bush';

Avestan tav- ` to be capable of ', tavah- n. `power, force', tv f. ` physical strength ';

contracted Ionian Attic , `heil, unbroken, unmarred, unscathed, undamaged; addition hom. (F), hom. Attic (*), Fut. `rescue, receive', certain ' (from *tu-uo-s); compare M. Leumann Gedenkschrift Kretschmer II 8 f.; in

, Hes.; (Cypriot FF), Kompar. ,

gr. the name of geilen Frevlers wider die Leto; , Hes. (*tu--s),

`savior, redeemer' etc.; (`voll an body = fit, healthy'); n. `body' (*tu-m Geist, vernnftig'; with the same Wurzelstufe still , S. 1083; ttus `whole' (*touetos `vollgestopft, compact ');

`Gedrungenes'), `fest make, verdichten'; - (*-) `fit, healthy an Latin *tove, -re `vollstopfen' as base from tmentum `Polsterung' (*touementom) and russ.-Church Slavic tyju, tyti `fett become', ablaut. serb. tv m. `Fettigkeit'. 1. b -extension: Umbrian gloss. tfera and Italian tar-tufo, -tufolo `terrae tuber'; Latin tber, -eris n. ` hunch, swelling, blister, tumefaction, knag'; compare Oscangr. `zum Ausstopfen from Polstern and Betten used Pflanze' (probably );
h

`hill, Dngerhaufen' (*tub -mo-, -m); cymr. tumon `la croupe'; also ystum `bend' from *eks-teub -mo-, different above S. 1034;
h h

perhaps Old Irish taimm `hill' (*teub -m), Middle Irish tom m. `hill, bush', cymr. tom f.
h

swelling, lump, growth'.

Old Icelandic fa `elevation in the earth, Hgelchen', obd. dppel `swelling, blister,

Germanic Soldaten derives Latin tfa `a kind of Helmbschel' (Vegetius). 2. g-extension:

Bschen', yfel `bush, thicket, blattreiche plant', fian `sich belauben'; from the language

zusammengesetztes banner', gef `bltterreich, luscious', ft `ein Platz voll from

With the meaning ` tussock ': Old English f m. ` foliage bunch, ein from Federbschen

thukna ds., Old English uxian `dark make', Old Saxon thiustri, Middle Low German dster (out of it Modern High German dster), Old English estre `dark' (*eustria-). 3. k-weiterung: `to swell; fat' (as Old Church Slavic ty-ti `fett become'): (gall. loanword); Old Church Slavic tuk `fat'; Old High German dioh, Old English oh ` Irish tn m., cymr. tin f. `podex' (*tukn?); Lithuanian tauka `fat', tukas `Fettstckchen' Latin tucctum `a kind of Bauernwurst', tucca ` ', Umbrian toco `tuccas'

Old Icelandic oka `fog', Middle Low German dak(e) (from *doke) ds., Old Swedish

thigh ', Old Icelandic j `the thick Oberteil of Schenkels, Arschbacke'; engl. thigh; Middle and `uterus', tunk, tkti `fett become', Latvian tkt ds., tks `swelling, lump, growth', tuks

`fat, fat, obese', tuki Pl. `fat, tallow, suet', Old Prussian taukis ` lard '; compare S. 1085 teuk- `germ, sprout' and den gr. PN T. 4. l-formations, partly as root-like *tu-el- appearing: hassock, clump of grass ' etc.? compare Mayrhofer 1, 520; Old Indic tlam `Rispe, whisk, tussock, Baumwolle', tl- f. `paintbrush', pli tla- n. `

hunchback ', and `peg, plug, nail, penis'; alb. tul' m. `Fleischstck without bone, calf'; name for thick, gedunsene Personen, whether not Etruscan;

gr. f., m. ` bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb, weal, callus, hump,

Latin tullius `Schwall, downpour ' (*tul-no- or -so-); perhaps also Tullus, Tullius originally

Icelandic ollr (*tul-no- or -so-) `tree, peg, plug', Swedish tull `Baumwipfel', Old English oll

Old English geyll ` draught ' (?), Old Icelandic fimbul-ul `a mythical river'; Old

m. `Ruderpflock', Middle Low German dolle, dulle ds., Modern High German Dolle ds. and foot, clubfoot, misshapen deformed foot ', Tirol doll `thick', Middle Low German westfl. Old Prussian tlan Adv. `much, a lot of', Lithuanian tlas `mancher'; (imitation of Endinges from Slavic gst `dense, thick'). Church Slavic tyl ` nape '; also Old Church Slavic *tlst, russ. tlstyj etc. `thick' A extension with Baltic (Indo Germanic or h) is Lithuanian pa-tuls `swollen',

`Krone eines Baumes, Blumenbschel, tassel, Helmbusch', obd. Dollfu `angeschwollener

dlle `swelling, blister'; perhaps the Germanic island name ;

Latvian tulzums `swelling, lump, growth', tulzne `blister, bubble'; Lithuanian tuls `gall'; the Flamines and Pontifices and Latvian tuntult (also tunturt) `sich in viele Kleidungsstcke einhllen'.
e e e e

redupl. perhaps Latin tutulus ` high kegelfrmige Haartracht, Toupet'; the pilleus lantus

Meeres)', ` jump ', `shake, shatter; schwanke', - m.

el tuel-, tu l-: gr. at most in n. `Wogenschwall, uncontrollable Bewegung (of el-

t(a)ulach `hill', redupl. tuthle (*tu-tuel-) `swelling, lump, growth' (die u-forms through eine nipple '.

`Staubwirbel'; Middle Irishtel and t(a)ul ` shield boss ', Old Irish Middle Irish telach,

similar results of Anlauts *tu- as Old Irish cruth from *krtu-); cymr. twlch ` round mass, hill, 5. m- derivatives:

say einem, dessen Rosse fat, obese are) stammend'; gr. korkyr. `';

zusammengedrngten Menge'); Avestan *tuma- in Tumspana- `from Tumspa- (that is to gr. `burial mound, hillock' = Middle Irish tomm m. `hill, bush', cymr. tom f.
h

lrmend', tumala-m `din, fuss, noise' (`*Schwall, das lrmende Durcheinander a

Old Indic t-tum- `wirkungsvoll', tmra- `strong, thick', tumala-, tumula- `geruschvoll,

`hillock, Dngerhaufen', whether diese not but from *tub -mo-, -m- (above S. 1080); tumulus `Erdhaufen, hillock', tumultus `lrmende restlessness, din, noise '; `zusammenwachsen (from an wound); thrive'; Latin tume, -re `geschwollen sein', tumidus `swollen', tumor `swelling, lump, growth', cymr. twf ` power, strength ', tyfu `zunehmen, grow' (*tm-), Middle Breton tiva (*tm-)

German dmo, Old English ma ` thumb ', ymel `Fingerhut', Middle Low German thrombus' (meaning as gr. );

Old Swedish umi m. ` thumb ', um `toll', Old Icelandic umall ` thumb '; Old High

dmelinc, Modern High German Dumling; Middle High German doum ` spigot, bung, clot, Lithuanian tumti `fat become, curdle, coagulate, harden ', tm(s)tas `heap, bulk, mass',

tmulas m. `piece';

Tocharian tumane, tmne, A tm `10.000'. 6. n-formations, z. . as root-like *tu-en- appearing: engegen die Windrichtung'; but Old Irish tonn, (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), bret. etc. ton Middle Low German dn(e) `swollen, dense'; pre Modern High German tnne ` surge ', Low German dning, dnung `waves, billows

`wave' from *tus-n (see 1084) or *to-sn (see 971 f.); Low German dnen `to swell', Lithuanian tvstu, tvinau, tvnti `to bloat, bulge, swell (of water)', Kaus. tvndau, -yti

`flood', tvans `light tumescent (of river)', Latvian tvans, tvana `vapor, haze, mist'.

`anschwellen make' (with ablaut derailment tvaintis `buhlen', if actually `to swell'), tvnas With -nk nk-extension: Lithuanian tvikti `to bloat, bulge, swell, fester ' = Latvian tvkt

`sultriness feel, vor Hitze languish '; Latvian tvcint ` make muggy, make thirsty ',

Lithuanian tvnkioti `fhlbar hit (of Puls)', Lithuanian tvekti ` swell make', tvakas `vapor, haze, mist, sultriness'); with t:Lithuanian tntas `heap, bulk, mass' = tmtas,

`sultriness', tvanks `muggy' (ablaut derailment in Latvian tveicint = tvcint and tviks

wherefore perhaps gr. `ordure, slime, mud' (as Rckstand of an inundation)? ), `schwnzeln, flatter ', , `' Hes. (-- hypocoristic `picket, pole, balk, beam, board'. 7. r-formations: -- : -); Old Icelandic ora `venture, risk', oran ` courage, skillfulness ', ori `bulk, mass, lump '; gr. :- ` he-goat; billy goat, Satyr'; Old Indic tur- in the meaning `strong, rich' (wherefore tuvi- as composition form as e.g. Auf a *tu-n : *tu n-s, *tu- `' based on gr. `penis' (formation as - :
e

doubling); in addition `', `du idiot, du fool'; also probably

Bulgarian tvarog `lac coagulatum' as a lengthened grade form is good possible; compare tvor `opus, creation ' under tuer-2; gr. , eine Heroine, probably actually `die Strotzende, Schwellende'; also Illyrian PN

addition ablaut. *t-ro- in gr. `cheese', - `butter'; affiliation also from Old

Avestan tiri- n. ` caseous gewordene milk, whey '; gr. `heap' (*tu-r-s), in

Turo, Turus; Venetic PN Turus, gall. VN Turones `Tours', PN Turcum `Zrich'; Middle Irish PN Torna (*turonios);

Gegenstck zur class of causative verbs auf -(i)gre; late Latin turi, turgi (-gi- probably not originally, but verbalized fur i, or support in turgre) `young twig, branch, stalk, scion, shoot';

re `swollen sein, strotzen' perhaps derivative from a *tr-igos `swelling driving ', intrans.

Latin *tro-s, -m `swollen; clump' wird assumed through ob-, re-tr `verstopfe'; turge, -

`Auerochs' (Trautmann 315, Vasmer 3, 154), either from Indo Germanic *turo-s (compare with Proto Semitic *tauru (arab. twr) connected with; gall. tarvos (Middle Irish tarb, cymr. jrr, Dutch dial. deur etc., are after Old Icelandic stjrr, Old High German stior Germanic *steu-ro- S. 1010); Old Indic tm-ra- ` plentiful ' as epithet of Stieres), or because of orientalischen Stierkultes

toru `tauros', Old Prussian tauris `Bison', Lithuanian taras ds., Old Church Slavic tur

7.a: das word for bull: gr. , alb. tarok, Latin taurus, Oscan , Umbrian turuf,

tarw), venet. PN Tarvisium, probably after Celtic carvos `deer' transfigured; Old Icelandic unvocalized, deren meaning against from unserem words influenced is (see above Indo doubtful Old English or `inflammation, ignition' (*tu-ro- `*swelling, lump, growth'?). 8. s-formations, connected with the es-stem Old Indic tavs-, Avestan tavah- etc.: German thsunt, dsunt f. under n., lex Salica thschunde; Old Saxon thsundig, thsind, Old English send f. n., Old Icelandic sund f., shund, shundra (Germanic *shundi `vielhundert', Indo Germanic *ts-kmt); Lithuanian tkstantis m., Latvian tkstuots, Old Prussian tsimtons (Akk. Pl.); besides Old Church Slavic tysta, ablaut. tysta f., russ. tysjaa, Serbo-Croatian tsua etc. Das Germanic and Balto Slavic word for ` thousand ': Gothic sundi f., Old High

Lithuanian *tkstas in tkstsis and tkstinis `tausendster'; (*tsenti, *tsonti);

Old Icelandic ausk n., ausn f. `din, fuss, noise, tumult ', eysa, ysja `vorwrtsstrmen', High German tosen, Old Icelandic jstr `vehemency', ystr `rage, fury, gust of wind', nisl. yssa m. `Toser ', mgen-ysse `violence, force'; usur f. Pl. `vehemency, Unbeherrschtheit', usumaur `heftiger person', Old English ys-s m. `Getmmel', Old High German dsn `roar, sough, rustle, rant, roister', Modern

with the meaning `Schwall, anschwellende Bewegung (also seelisch), Auflauf, tumult ' :

tuos `Schichte'? (*tus-to-, Loth RC 43, 165; different - loanword from Vulgar Latin tstus tosten `hill' (*tus-t), bret. tuchen ds. (*toust-ien); whether Old Irish taimm `hill' from *teusvulgare' (Modern High German Dost, Dosten), Modern High German dostig `ausgebreitet, `tuft, knot, bundle, tree with buschiger Krone', isl. sta `heap, mass'; - Whatmough JC stem 1, 7 ff.), cymr. tusw m. `bundle' (*teus-t-uo-), bret. tossen, Vannes

with the meaning `swelling eines Bltenstandes; tussock; heap, hill' etc.: gall. tuos,

m? different above 1.; Old High German dosto, tosto ` tussock, tassel ' and `Origanum

turgid, swollen '; East Frisian dst ` tassel ', Norwegian tst `tuft, Haarzotte, tassel ', tsta possibly here Old Indic ta- m. `hem eines Gewandes', whether originally `Quasten'; (could auch sk- derivatives besides Latvian tkt `to swell' sein); Modern High German

Latvian tska `swelling, lump, growth', tsis `Wassersucht'; tuis `wisp, small bundle'

Dosche `bush, umbel, Krauthaupt, bouquet, tassel ';

', wastia ` certainty ', isl. vest, vesti n. ` steady parts of meat '.

ein *tuos-ti- or *tus-ti- perhaps in Gothic ga-wastjan ` make strong, tight, firm, certain 9. t-derivative teut `(bulk, mass) people, land'; teutono-s `Landesherr': teutono-

Ttates, PN Teuti, Toutius, Ttius, Toutonos;

Teutates (*teuto-tatis `Landesvater' to tata, above S. 1056), newer Toutates, Ttates, Maybe Illyrian TN Taula- Taulant common italic-Illyrian -t- > -l-. tud `the people'; Old Irish tath `people, stem, land', cymr. td `land', corn. tus, Middle Breton tut, nbret. Gothic iuda, Old High German diot(a) `people', Old Saxon thiod(a), Old English od,

thrak. PN Tauto-medes; Oscan F, touto, Umbrian Akk. totam `civitas'; gall. GN

Illyrian PN , Teutana, Teuticus, ; Messapic PN eotoria, Gen. eotorras;

Old Icelandic j `people, people', whereof Old High German diutisc, Modern High

German deutsch (originally `zum eigenem stem or Volk belonging', Weissgerber Deutsch

as people's name 1953, 261) and Old High German diuten `verstndlich make (as though verdeutschen), define, clarify, indicate ', Old English geedan `bersetzen', Old Icelandic Danish PN Thyte-sysl; Gothic iudans `king' (*teutonos), Old Icelandic jann, Old Latvian tuta `people', Old Prussian tauto `land', Lithuanian Taut `Oberland, Germany Hittite tuzzi- `master, mister, Heerlager ' (*tut-ti-?). 331 f., Vasmer 3, 149, 154, 160 f., 161 f.; Krahe Sprache under Vorzeit 65 ff., Mayrhofer 1, 490, 513 f. Page(s): 1080-1085 ti-ti- (ti)tilRoot / lemma: ti-ti-, (ti)tilReferences: WP. I 706 ff., WH. II 650 ff., 712 f., 714, 715 f., 718 f., 721, Trautmann 314 f., ya `ausdeuten, signify'; Germanic VN *Theu-danz, keltisiert Teuton, Touton, to

English oden, Old Saxon thiodan ds. (Illyrian PN Teutana, gall. Toutonos); ', Old Lithuanian (Dauka) taut `people';

Meaning: chirping of birds Material: Old Indic iibha- m. `Parra jacana'; Latvian titilbis, titilbte `Wasserlufer', Note: barely ursprachlich

Lithuanian tilvkas, titilvkas, titlvis `Brachhuhn, Schnepfe'; gr. or ` `chirp, twitter, from sparrow'; Latvian ttt `sing'. Page(s): 1086

gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker (of partridge, game bird, the swallow'); Latin titi, -re

References: WP. I 742, WH. II 686, Mayrhofer 1, 457. References:

Meaning: to retreat in fear

eg eg Root / lemma: tieg-

Material: Old Indic tyjati (= gr. ) `verlt, stands from etwas back', with ni- ` scare, noun agentis tyaktar- (= gr. `Anbeter the divinity'), Kaus. tyjyati `makes

frighten, verdrngen', with ni- `hinaustreiben, verjagen', participle tyakt- (= gr. ),

tyg- m. `Hingabe, Freigebigkeit' etc.;

zurcktreten', tyjas- n. `Verlassenheit' = Avestan iyajah-, iyejah- n. ds.; Old Indic

gods) worship, honour', `(venerates =) venerable, holy', , Pl. n. hom. `fromme fear, shyness, Ehrfurcht', nachhom. ` holiness, majesty ', hom. `scheute ehrfrchtig', (*) `admirable, venerable, convex, elevated, holy;

gr. (only present and Impf.), hom. `(die gods) scheuen', nachhom. `(die

gravittisch, einherstolzierend, prunkend', `tue etwas from mir weg, entferne quick, fast, drive out'; intr. `go eilig, stolziere einher', `rash, hasty, quick, fast; common Illyrian g- > b-. Page(s): 1086 hochfahrend, prunkend', , - f. `violent, vain', `Pferdeschwanz'. Note: References: WP. I 746, Mayrhofer 1, 529.

Root / lemma: to-1, t-, tioto- t-

Meaning: that, he (demonstr. base)

so, s, Note: (Nom. Sg. m. f. so s see there)

f. tesis

tod, tom, tm, Grammatical information: Nom. Akk. Sg. n. tod Akk. Sg. m. tom f. tm Gen. Sg. m. tosio,

mister', ay-d `the da'), da `this', doin `the same', etc.;

tm m., tm f., tat n., etc.; Armenian -d (e.g. ter-d `the master, mister da, du the master, gr. , Akk. Sg. , (Doric ), etc.; - `nun' = alb. ta-n; alb. k-ta `this, these' (*tod; out of it in proclitic:) t (Ablat. *td) `where'; Maybe alb. (a-t) at `that'. `tandem' from *tm-dem; auf *tm based on also (?) tantus, Oscan e-tanto `tanta', Latin istum, -tam, -tud etc., Umbrian estu `istum'; Latin tam `so' (old also temporal

Material: Old Indic td (tt) `das', Avestan tat, Akk. Sg. Old Indic tm m., tm f., Avestan

`cito, fortasse, celeriter, tamen'; different about tam Szemernyi Gl. 35, 92 ff.;
n

Umbrian e-tantu `tanta'), tum, tun-c `then, alsdann' = Avestan tm `then'; topper (*tod-per) Old Irish t `ja' (*tod); infix Pron. 3. Sg. m. -d (*tom), n. -d (*tod), Pl. da (*tns, f. *ts);

Icelandic at etc.;

Gothic ata n., Akk. m. ana, Lok. ei etc., Old High German der, diu, daz, Old

Lithuanian ts, t, ta: etc. `der(selbe)'; Old Prussian Gen. Sg. f. s-tessias; Old Church Slavic t, ta, to `that'; Tocharian A tm ` this '. An congruities or hnlichkeiten seien hervorgehoben:

perhaps Old High German thuo, duo, Old Saxon th `da' (whether not from f. *t); gr. ther. (if not = *an), Old English `then, darauf'; with it probably originally alike gr. `da, 2. tor, tr `there': Old Indic tar-hi `to the time, then' (-hi to gr. hom. -), Gothic Old tor, Megarian - `here', Gothic `um so', perhaps Old Icelandic `da, at that time, then'

1. gr. hom. Ablat. `then, in this Falle; darum', Lithuanian tu `with dem, sofort',

nimm!', Lithuanian t ds.

Saxon thr, Old High German dr, Old English r (ara) `there'.

Icelandic ar `there', Old Saxon thar, Old Frisian ther (Old High German dara) `there'; Old 3. toti `so many': Old Indic tti ds. (tatith- `the sovielte'), Latin tot, totidem (ttus `the 4. With -tro tro-suffix: Old Indic ttr `there(toward)', Gothic ar `from da from', Old 5. Old Indic ta-d, Avestan taa `then', Lithuanian tad (from *tadn, compare East 6. Gr. `so old', Latin talis `so obtain of such kind, such ', Lithuanian tlei `bis
3

sovielte'), in addition gr. () from *toti-os `so big, large, so much, a lot of'. Icelandic ara `there', Old English der `the, dorthin'.

Lithuanian tad) `then, alsdann'; Old Indic tadnm ` then, at that time '.

toliko ds.; after Szemernyi (Gl. 35, 113 ) from*to-ali-. *to-ali*to

dahin, solange'; Old Church Slavictoli `in dem Grade', tol `so much, a lot of, so very',

Maybe alb. (*talis) i till, i a-till, i k-till ' of such kind, such '.

in nuo tm `hence'.

7. Gr. , Doric `zur time, then', Old Church Slavic tamo `dorthin', Latvian tm

gr. hom. (newer ), F; through influence of m. F() wurde das to (see above); compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 609 Anm. 5.

8. Old Indic e-tvant `tantus', Avestan a-tavant ds. from Indo Germanic *tunt, tuont-; tu tuontont

erwartende *F() to *F(), from which F; here also after Szemrenyi Latin tantus 9. Der ending from - `inzwischen' (in addition compare - `solange as') 10. Ein stem Indo Germanic tio- besides to- in Old Indic ty- `that, that bekannte', alb. to-

perhaps to Tocharian A ku-pre, kwri `if', t-pr(k) `now, yet'.

s (Gen. Dat. Sg. f.) etc. (s- from ti-), Proto Norse t, Old Saxon thit `dorthin' (Rosenfeld

das', leg. taya (*to + io-), absents (Risch, Asiat. Stud. 8, 151 f.). maybe alb. a-ty, aty, atje there

Forsch. under Fortschr. 29, 177); Lithuanian i `here', in `here'; Old pers. tya `welches,

References: WP. I 742 f., WH. I 721 f., II 644, 645 f., 648, Trautmann 311 ff., Vasmer 3, Page(s): 1086-1087 toRoot / lemma: to-2 Meaning: prefix See also: see above S. 71 and 129 (Messapic tabara) 113, 128, Szemernyi Gl. 35, 42 ff., Mayrhofer 1, 499.

Page(s): 1088

tolk Root / lemma: tolkMeaning: to speak Material: Latin loquor, -, loctus sum `speak, say, name'; Old Irish ad-tluch- `danken' (1. Sg. atluchur), to-tluch- `bid, beg, ask' (dotluchur); Old

Church Slavic tlk (*tlk), russ. tolk ` interpretation, explanation' (Lithuanian tlkas `Dolmetsch' is Slavic loanword). References: WP. 1 744 f., WH. I 821, Vasmer 3, 115.

Page(s): 1088

tong- *teng *tengRoot / lemma: tong-1 (*teng-) Meaning: to think, feel Material: Latin tonge, -re `nsse, scre', prn. tongiti `nti'; Oscan Ablat. tangind `sententia' (Messapic loanword?); alb. tng `resentment'; Gothic agkjan, hta ` think; consider ', Old Icelandic ekkja `become aware,

English encan ds.; Gothic ugkjan, hta `seem, shine, appear, seem', Old Icelandic ykkja `ds., gefallen', Old High German dunchen `shine, appear, seem', Old English

understand, comprehend, know' (ekkr `pleasant'), Old High German denchen `think', Old

taknem ` grateful ';

notion, emotion, contentedness, gratitude '; Middle High German danknme, Old Danish

Old High German dank ` reasoning, thought, notion, gratitude ', Old English anc `thought,

yncan ds.; Gothic *agks ` gratitude ', Old Icelandic kk f. ` gratitude, contentedness ',

maybe alb. (*dunchen), dukem, duket `seem, appear': Old High German dunchen `shine, appear, seem', also alb. dukja `appearance'. above). Maybe alb. Geg doke `custom, ritual, tradition (observed)', duk- `to appear, seem' (see Alb. shows that from Root / lemma: dek-1 : `to take' derived the nasalized Root / lemma:

tong- *teng *tengtong-1 (*teng-) : `to think, feel'.

Tocharian A tuk-, takw `love'. References: WP. I 744, WH. II 690; besides *tenk- in Latvian ticinat `ausfragen', kuron. tecint ds., also Latvian tnkt ` babble, chatter, danken, praise, laud'. Page(s): 1088

tongRoot / lemma: tong-2 Page(s): 1088

See also: see above S. 1055.

topRoot / lemma: top-

Meaning: to stay; place

Material: Gr. m. `place, place', `ziele hin, vermute, errate', n. `rope, hawser, rope, band'; Old English afian `zustimmen, grant, bear, permit; brook '; Lithuanian tpti (tamp) `become', pri-tpti `find, encounter, know lernen, learn', Latvian

tapt (topu) `become, befall, reach ', tapgs `an able head ', tapint `(zukommen let) jemandentreffen';

borgen, lend ', pa-tapt `hingelangen, wherefore come can, leisure have', sa-tapt `meet, auf whether Pedersen die gr. words right with Middle Irish toich `naturgem' (different

(compare gr. `den Ort betreffend', - `wunderlich, auffallend'), would be for separate.

under tek-2) and cymr. tebyg (*tokiko-) `probably', annhebyg ` incredible ' zusammenstellt

this a root tek- : tok- must be assumed and die Germanic and Baltic words therefrom to References: WP. I 743, Pedersen Celtic Gr. I 129; different about the Baltic words Stang Page(s): 1088 NTS 16, 259 f. (to tep- `smear', Trautmann 139, Vasmer 3, 95, 120).

Meaning: loud, distinct

tor- toroRoot / lemma: tor-, toro-s

s. *ter-4 `hinbergelangen, hindurchdringen'

Note: old Abzweigung in the meaning ` piercing, shrilly, screaming' from *tors ` piercing ',

Material: Old Indic tr- ` piercing, shrilly, screaming'; gr. ` piercing, loud, under *ter- `hinbergelangen'), `werde loud and distinct say';

vernehmlich' (also `quick, fast, agile', compare Old Indic tars Adj. `rash, hasty, piercing ' Middle Irish torm, toirm n., newer f. `din, fuss, noise' (*tor-smn), Irish torann `thunder',

cymr. taran, acorn. taran, bret. taran ds., gall. Taranis GN.;

Slavic trtor `sonus';

tortoriti in Czech tratoiti, russ. torotrit ` babble, chatter ', zero grade redupl. Old Church Armenian t`rt`rak `good speaker', if from *t`urt`urak, Indo Germanic *tortoro-; Hittite tar- `say, name'.

Sg. `voice', ettri, Inf. attrtwei `antworten' (formal as Old Indic tr-ti `rettet': tirti); Slavic

Lithuanian tari, tarti and tarau, tarti `say', tarm `Ausspruch', Old Prussian trin Akk.

tet(e)rSee also: compare tet(e)r- S. 1079. Page(s): 1088-1089

References: WP. II 744, WH. II 677, Trautmann 126, Vasmer 3, 126 f., Mayrhofer 1, 497;

trgh- trghgh trghgh Root / lemma: trgh-, trgh- and trghMeaning: to drag; to move, run
h h

Material: Latin trah `pull' etc. (different above S. 257 under d ergh- `ziehen'); trma f. `die chain of texture ' (*trgh-sm); gall. ver-tragus `schnellfiger dog'; Old Irish traig, Gen. traiged (*traghetos) `foot',
h

from d ergh-, d regh- with terk- and trek- (above S. 1077) originated? ergh- reghterktrek-

Note: entspricht nicht the normal Indo Germanic root form; whether through contamination

acorn. truit, mcorn. troys, bret. troad, Pl. treid `foot'; Middle Irish trog `das parturition,

cymr. Pl. trad `Fe'; with unclear : cymr. Sg. troed (einsilb.), Pl. traed (disyllabic) `foot', progeny ', trogan `earth', trogaid ` brings zur Welt' (compare aserb. trag ` descendant '); cymr. treio `refluere ut mare'; with Indo Germanic o: cymr. godro `milk', abret. guotroit with Indo Germanic or : Old Irish trgud `Ebbe', trig `beach, seaside', trgid `ebbt',

variation, time', cymr. troi `vertere, volvere'; with or : serb. trg `Futapfe', triti ` seek, feel', aserb. trag ` descendant '; probably Gothic ragjan `run' (*troghei), Old English rgan ds. (*trgh-), rg `time',

`demulgitis', Middle Breton gorzo, nbret. goero `milk'; cymr. corn. tro (*trogho-) `turn;

also Old Icelandic rll ` farmhand, servant' (> engl. thrall) from Germanic *rhilaz;
h

actually `Zeitverlauf', and Old High German drigil `servant', if actually ` runner', probably

erghrederS. 273), d ergh- (above S. 257), d re- (compare also Anklnge under der- `flay': root form dergh-, dreg- and under d er- `hold, stop': root form d eregh-, d ereh-) and trekertrek(see 1092). References: WP. I 752 f., WH II 697 ff., Trautmann 325, H. Lewis BBCS. 9, 34 f. Page(s): 1089
h h h h h

besides trgh-, tregh- stand in same or similar meaning treg- (see 1090), d regh- (above tregregh-

Meaning: to make an effort; force, battle; solid

tregRoot / lemma: treg-

(s)terg- (s)tregNote: probably as `sich strecken, stemmen' to (s)terg-, (s)treg- ` stare ' (above S. 1023) Material: Old Irish trn (*tregs-no-) `valiant, strong' (from which probably cymr. tren

`impetuous, strenuous', Subst. `force, rapidity' borrowed is), Kompar. Superl. Old Irish tressa, tressam, cymr. trech, trechaf; Old Irish tress (*tregso-) `fight, struggle'; Old Icelandic rekr m., rek n. ` strength, braveness', rekinn ` persistent ', reka `urge,

`Drngen, power, force, might', racu f. `Druck, rush, force, might', Old Saxon md-thraka f. ` distress '; reduced grade*ruhtu- in Old Icelandic rttr m. ` power, endurance ', Old English roht m. ` exertion; drckend', russ. trgat `touch', Latvian treksne ` shove '. Page(s): 1090 References: WP. I 755 f., Vasmer 3, 139.

press, push, press', Old English rece m. `Unterdrckung, force, might, fatigue ', rc n.

treigRoot / lemma: treigclink, din, drone'. Page(s): 1092

(s)treigSee also: see above S. 1036 under (s)treig-, wherefore still Tocharian A trisk- `sound,

Meaning: stubborn; in a bad mood Note: only Latin and Germanic

treisti- trstiRoot / lemma: treisti- or trsti-

Material: Latin trstis `finster gelaunt, sad; widerlich or sharp from Geschmack'; Old High Maybe alb. trisht `sad ' a Latin loanword. Page(s): 1092 References: WP. I 754, WH. II 706 f. German drsti, Old Saxon thrsti, Old English rste `audacious'.

Meaning: three

treiRoot / lemma: treies, es tr, trins, tis(o)res, Grammatical information: Nom. m. treies Nom. Akk. n. tr Akk. n. trins f. tis(o)res Material: 1. Old Indic trya m., tr, newer tri n., tisr f.; Avestan ray, rayas m., ri neutrales *tr); Latin trs (Akk. also trs), tria (tr- in tr-ginta `30'), Oscan trs `trs', Umbrian n., tisr f.; Armenian erek (treies); gr. , gort. , m. f., alb. tre, f. tri (originally

(dissimil. from *tris(o)res etc.) tris(o)res, tris(o)res

`drei'; Tocharian A tre m., tri- f., trai m., tarya f.

`dreizehn', compare Latin tr-ginta `30'); Old Church Slavic trije m. and tri f. n.; Hittite tricomposition form tri- in Old Indic tripad-, gr. , Latin trips, Old English rifte, tri-

Prussian tris (Gen. treon), Lithuanian trs, Latvian trs (n. tri in Lithuanian try-lika

(?); Gothic reis, Akk. rins, n. rija, Old Icelandic rr, Old High German dr etc.; Old

m., tair f., mcymr. bret. teir (*tedres < *tisres, das e after the Vierzahl), compare gall. tidres

trif, tref, Akk. `trs', triia `tria'; Old Irish tri, f. toir, Akk. tora (*tisors, *tri-sor-ns); cymr. tri

Lithuanian trikjis `dreifig'; Avestan ri-kamrda- `dreikpfig', Armenian ere-am `drei drei Kranichen'; Old Irish trar `drei man' (*tri-uirom); russ.-Church Slavic tr-gub
h h

years old'; Illyrian PN -, PN -; Celtic PN Tri-toutos, gall. tri-garanus `with `dreifach' (= Lithuanian tri-gubas ds); perhaps Latin tribus `dividing off, partitioning off of

see above S. 230 and 508); unclear Old Irish tre-thenc `Dreiheit' besides Middle Irish dcheng `Zweiheit', compare Old Icelandic ridjungr `Drittel'; ; `dreizehn': Old Indic tryodaa- = Latin trdecim (*trs-decim); compare gr. -`dreiig': Old Indic trat- f., Avestan risat-, gr. , Latin tr-ginta, Old Irish

S. 146); Latin trga f. `Dreigespann' (shaped after bgae Pl. `Zweigespann' from *bi-iugae,

people, administrative district ', Umbrian trifu, trif Akk. Sg. from *tri-b u- (to *b eu- above

`dritter'), gall. Abl. Pl. tricontis, Tocharian A taryk, tryka (*triiknt-s).

*trcho, Gen. trchot (*tr-komtos), Middle Irish trcha, bret. tregont (das e from trede

eingetreten: Old Indic PN Trit-, Avestan rita-; Avestan ritya-, Old pers. ritiya- or -tya; from *; alb. tret; Illyrian PN Tritus; Latin tertius, Umbrian tertiu `tertio', terti `tertium' Armenian erir, errord; gr. ; homer. extended as ; Lesbian

2. ordinals: altererbt Old Indic tr-tya- = Old Prussian trts; otherwise is tri- for tr-

dritto etc.; Lithuanian trias, Latvian treas (tre- instead of tri- after *treies? also:) Old Church Slavic tretij; Baltic trit- in Lithuanian tritainis `Drittel';

(from *tritio-); gall. PN Tritios, cymr. try-dydd, bret. trede; Gothic ridja, Old High German

` witness, testifier ' (also `testicle'); Ablat. Oscan trstaamentud is probably from Latin testamentum borrowed; Tocharian trit; Hittite tarriianalli- `the dritte', [te-ri]-ia-an-na `dritter'.

Old Irish tress (newer triss) `the Dritte' (*tristo-), tre(i)sse `triduum', compare Latin testis

(from *tris), Old Irish fo-thr ` thrice, three times '; extended Avestan rivat ` thrice, three uo-suffix also in Avestan risva- n. `Drittel' and gr. `Feigenblatt' from *F; in

3. tris ` thrice, three times ': Old Indic tr, Avestan ris, gr. , Latin ter, older terr

times ', Old Icelandic risvar, Old High German driror, Old English riwa, reowa ds.; ein addition *tris-no- in gr. `Dreizack'; Latin terni (*tri-no-) `je drei' (besides trni by Pl. *tris-no-

tantum from *tris-no- parallel with bni, see below duu), Old Icelandic rennr `dreifach', renner `drei' (by Kollektiven); Maybe alb. tresh, trish `in three' gall. Akk. Pl. trianis `Drittel'?

auf *trianon goes back Old Irish tran, acymr. trean, cymr. traean `Drittel', compare also

Pl.; auf *treiodio- based on Old Irish trode `dreifach'. Wackernagel-(Debrunner) 3, 346 f. Page(s): 1090-1092 trekRoot / lemma: trekMeaning: to run trgh- trgh- treghgh Note: equal meaning with trgh-, trgh-, tregh-

f trjos `drei' (by Pluralsubstantiven), Latvian treji, f. trejas ds., Old Church Slavic troji m.

4. collective treio-, troio-: Old Indic tray- `dreifach', trayam n. `Dreiheit', Lithuanian trej,

References: WP. I 753 f., WH. II 668 f., 702 f., Trautmann 327 f., Vasmer 3, 137,

Material: Old Church Slavic trk `run, flow', trkaljati `wlzen', serb. trati `run', traknac ` track ', Bulgarian tr `laufe', trkalo `wheel, circle '; Middle Irish tricc, nir. tric (expressives kk) `rash, hasty'; bewegend, kriechend (from Schlangen)'. References: References: WP. I 755, WH. II 699. Page(s): 1092 eine variant auf palatal trek- perhaps in Avestan udar-rsa- `auf dem Bauch sich

Meaning: to thump; to tremble

trem- tremsRoot / lemma: trem-, trems-

Material: Gr. `tremble' (= Latin trem, alb. trem); , `unbeweglich, peaceful ', `fearless', m. `das Zittern', `tremble', `timorous', redupl. `schaudere' (unclear `frighten'); alb. Tosc trmp, Geg trem `I terrify'; maybe alb. trim `brave, not scared' Note: Common alb. m > mp, mb. `tremefacito'; Latin trem, -ere `tremble', tremor `das Zittern', tremulus `trembling', Umbrian tremitu Gothic ramstei ` locust, grasshopper (Indo Germanic *trems-, as in Old Church Slavic

trestrepNote: (contaminated with tres-); the same double meaning by trep-.

trs amalgamation from trem- and tres-); Old Saxon thrimman stem V. `to bloat, bulge, swell' or `bekmmert become'; Old Icelandic ramma `trample, heavy go', Middle Low German drammen `rant, roister, violent urge, press, push', dram `din, fuss, noise, crowdedness, Getmmel' (: Latvian tremt); -mm- intensive gemination?

`leiseanstoen', Latvian tremt `wegjagen', tram `schreckhaft (from horses)', tramgs `shy, Slavic trs, trsti `shake, upset', s `tremble', trs `' (Slavic *trems-, *troms-, see bashful', tramdt `frighten, hunt, chase'; klr. trem, tremtty `tremble, quiver'; Old Church

Lithuanian trmti `erzittern', trmti `niederstoen; verbannen, austreiben', sutramnti

above);

Tocharian A trm- `in rage, fury geraten', tremi `rage, fury'. terSee also: compare ter-1` wriggle ', worfrom *trem- and *tres- extended are. References: References: WP. I 758, WH. II 701, Trautmann 329 f., Vasmer 3, 144, 146 f.

Page(s): 1092-1093

trenkRoot / lemma: trenk-1

Meaning: to push; to oppress

Note: s. also trenk- `wash, bathe' trenkstimmend);

Material: Avestan raxtanm Gen. Pl. `zusammengedrngt' (in the meaning to Germanic Latin truncus `tree truck, trunk', Adj. `mutilated, the ste or Glieder stolen; looted ',

perhaps (`es drngt myself') Old Irish di-fo-thracc- `wish', verbal noun dthracht; probably wither, die', tranc, Pl. trangau m. `Abschied, death, end'; (as `abgedrngt become') Old Irish Middle Irish tricim ` leave, retreat', cymr. trengi ` wilt,

trunc, -re ` mutilate '; gall. trincos `a kind of Gladiatoren' (Vendryes RC. 39, 404 f.);

maybe alb. trung `stump', alb. Geg (*truncus) truni `(*a dolt, blockhead), brain, head' from Latin truncus -a -um `maimed, mutilated, cut short. M. as subst. truncus -i, a lopped tree, trangull `cucumber; a dolt, blockhead'. the trunk of a tree; the trunk of a human body. Transf. a dolt, blockhead'. also alb. trgull, Gothic reihan `urge, press, push' (from Proto German *ren, *ri ; through ablaut
n

Middle Low German Dutch dreigen `threaten'? Ein West Germanic*rh- = Gothic reih-

derailment rih, rahans; faihu-raihna (Dat. Sg.) ` richness '; also Old Saxon thrgian,

Old English ringan stem V., Old High German dringan ds. (Middle High Germandringen Old Icelandic rngja `urge, press, push, constrain, oblige, in die clamp bringen', Middle

(for *ringa probably after dem Adj. rngr `narrow' from *rangu-), Old Saxon thringan,

with gramm. variation Old Icelandic ryngja, -va, rng `press, urge, press, push, press'

certainly in Middle High German drhe `Stecknadel, Handgert of Flechtens and Webens';

also `flax, wattle, braid, to weave', see above drhe and compare above *terk- `turn'); Kaus. High German drengen `urge, press, push'; Old Icelandic rngr `narrow' (=

rng, Gen. -var f. `crush, narrowness', Old Englishdrang m. `crush, gedrngte troop, press, push' (= Lithuanian trankau);

Lithuaniantranks), Middle High German drange, gedrange Adv. `narrow'; Old Icelandic multitude, crowd', Middle High German dranc `Drang', Old High German drangn `urge,

Old English rll ` farmhand, Unfreier' etc. (*ranhilaz);

Old Icelandic rta, rtta `quarrel, sich quarrel, squabble, bestreiten' (*ranatjan);

genuine Celtic (*d rungho-) and keine Germanic loanword; wrongly above S. 255;
h

ngr. , late Latin drungus and Old Irish drong `troop, multitude, crowd' are Lithuanian trekti `drhnend bump, poke', Frequent. tranka, -ti (= Old High German

drangn), traksmas `crush, resonance ', tranks ` bumpy ' (actually `pushing, thrusting ' = Old Icelandic rngr); trenku, trikti `wash' (see also *trenk- `wash'), trnkiu, -ti `din, drone'; Latvian trecu, trekt ` grind, crush, squeeze hard, squash; wegjagen'; trecint

trutt `press, bump, poke', serb. trti `schmeien'; `niederdrcken, torment, smite'?. Page(s): 1093

`upset', truoksnis `din, fuss, noise, Gepolter'; Old Prussian pertrinktan `verstockt'; russ. Anlautdublette in slov. drkati `bump, poke, stomp, squeeze', Old Church Slavic udriti

References: WP. I 758 f., WH. II 710 f., Trautmann 328 f., Vasmer 3, 144, 145.

trenkRoot / lemma: trenk-2

Meaning: to wash, bathe

See also: probably identical with trenk-1;compare above S. 819 about Lithuanian perti. Page(s): 1094

References: WP. I 759;

balneare' (-ch- probably from -nk-s-); about Lithuanian trenk, trikti `wash' see above.

Material: Irish fothrucud `bathe', bret. gozronquet ds. (*tronk-), cymr. trochi `mergere,

Meaning: to trample, tread

trepRoot / lemma: trep-1

`jiggle, shake, herabdrcken'; gr. `keltere' (`trete die Trauben from'), , hom. `Fusteig' (- `copulativum', actually `ausgetretener way'), `zertrete, grind, crush, zerquetsche', pr-t(r)yp ` chew ', sh-trip, zdryp `steige herab'; Latin trepidus ` anxiously umherlaufend', trepid, -re ` walk on tiptoe; trip, from

Material: Old Indic trpr-, trpla- `hasty, unstet'? (probably from `trippelnd'); afghan. drabl

Hes., `Gottheiten of Weinbaues'; alb. *trip = gr. - in sh-tip, sh-typ

Geschftigkeit or fear';

ds. (= russ. tropt), Swedish trav `festgefahrener Schnee auf Wegen', travla `(snow)

thrave, threave `drift, trailing, herd', Old Saxon thran `trot', Middle High German draben

Old English rafian `press, urge, press, push, drive, push; rebuke, reproach'; engl. dial.

feststampfen' (besides probably through hybridization with Germanic *trep-, *tremp-, see German drumpel ` threshold', Middle Low German dorpel ` threshold');

below der- `run', Middle Low German drampen `trample', East Frisian Dutch drempel, Low Lithuanian trepsti (3. Pers. trpsi, old trpsti) `with den Fen trampeln', trep-(l)enti ds.,

Old Prussian trapt `tread', ertreppa ` sie bertreten ';

trypsti ds., ablaut. trypiu, trpti `trample' (for *trip-); trapinti `with den Fen bump, poke', Old Church Slavic trepet `das Zittern, Beben', trepetati `tremble', trepati `palpare',

Bulgarian trpam ` stamp, trample, trapple', trpot m. `Getrampel', russ. tropt `stomp, trample, with den Fen treten', trop f. ` path, track; Fhrte'. References: WP. I 756, WH. II 701 f., Trautmann 329, Vasrner 3, 136, 140 f. See also: As trem- and tres- probably extension from ter-1 ` wriggle '. Page(s): 1094

Meaning: to turn; to bow the head (of shame)

trepRoot / lemma: trep-2

Material: Old Indic trpat `schmt sich, wird verlegen', trap f. `the genitals, Verlegenheit'; Grundbalken of Schiffes' (actually `Wender'), `wende, verndere', Med. ` turn, twist, rotate myself um, kehre um', - `wende myself jemandem to, schme Hes. not `fulmina torquens', but to , - as `the Blitzfrohe'; formation as Gothic brks `usable'), -ur- instead of -or- dialect. Maybe alb. (*turpis) turp `shame' gr. , Doric Ionian `wende', ` reversal ', ` turn ', `keel,

myself vor jemandem', `movable, nimble'; in spite of Latin trepit `vertit'; turpis (*trpis) `ugly, nasty ' (`*wovor man sich abwenden mu',

See also: Indo Germanic trep- ` turn ' extension from ter-3 `rub, drehend reiben, turn'? Page(s): 1094

References: WP. I 756 f., WH. II 702, 719, Mayrhofer 530.

trep- trebRoot / lemma: trep-3, treb-

See also: see above S. 1037 under (s)trep-. Page(s): 1095

tres- tersRoot / lemma: tres-, ters- (*teres-) Material: Old Indic trsati ` trembles ' (= gr. ), trast- `trembling' Kaus. trsayati Meaning: Meaning: to tremble

`makes erzittern'; Avestan tarta- (Aryan *trta- `timorous'), trsaiti, . tarsatiy `frchtet' (*trs-[s]k) = Lithuanian tri); Kaus. Avestan rhayete `versetzt in fright'; perhaps Armenian erer ` tremor, Beben, Zittern' (*tres-ri-);

derives from:) terror `fright'; Umbrian tursitu `terrt, fugt';

Latin terreo, -re `in Schrecken versetzen, daunt, scare' (das e instead of kausativen o

`unerschrocken', (*), `timorous, fleeting '; trasaa-m `eine bewegliche, zitternde ornament, decoration'); perhaps Lithuanian tresi, trsti `lufig sein'. See also: to 1. ter-1 ` wriggle '.

gr. (Aor. hom. ) `tremble, flee', Hes., Middle Irish tarrach `timorous' (*trs-ko-); Old English rs `fringe' (compare Old Indic

Lithuanian tris `tremble' (*trs-[s]k); Latvian trsas f. Pl. `Zittern', trist `tremble, quiver',

References: WP. I 760, WH. II 674 f., Trautmann 329;

Page(s): 1095

tr-euRoot / lemma: tr-eu-d-

Meaning: to press, push, * displeasure Note:

ter- tereuNote: probably extension to ter-3, tereu- `rub'

tr-eudreh Root / lemma: tr-eu-d- : `to press, push, * displeasure' derived from Root / lemma: dreh- : `unwilling, displeased' [common Illyrian-Baltic -h- > -d-, Illyrian alb. -g > -th. Material: Alb. treth `castrate, clip' (`*smash, crush testicles') = Latin trd, -ere `bump,

Maybe nasalized alb. ndrydh `twist', also prefixed shtrydh `squeeze'.

Fortstoen');

poke, fortstoen, urge, press, push' (trdis `eisenbeschlagene shaft, pole zum

mcymr. cythru `torment, smite', godru `wild', gorthru ` oppression, depression,

exploitation, suppression ' (*-treudo-); Middle Irish trotaid `streitet' (*truzd- from *trud-d-),

cymr. trythill, drythill ` lustful ' (out of it Middle Irish treitell `Liebling'); Old Irish tromm, cymr.

trwm ` heavy ' (*trudsmo- `drckend'); Gothic usriutan `beschwerlich fall', Old Icelandic German (ar-, bi-)driozan `beset, bother, annoy', Modern High German verdriee ` to drieen driee ` displeasure '; Old Icelandic raut f. `Kraftprobe, crowdedness', Old English rat m. rjta `lack', Old English (-)rotan unpers. `exhaust, berdrssig become', Old High

irritate somebody '; Old Icelandic rjtr `widerspenstiger person', Old High German urdrioz `crush, Gewaltttigkeit, threat ', Middle High German drz ` displeasure, load, complaint '

threaten';

(= Slavic trud); Old English rat(n)ian `urge, press, push, torment, smite, scold, chide, Old English retan `exhaust (tr.), urge, press, push', Old Icelandic reyta ` power

aufwenden, withstand, exhaust (tr. and intr.)'; Old Icelandic rysta, Old High German

rstit, Old English geryscan ` distress ', rysman `erdrcken, choke; suppress, crush', Middle Low German drussemen ` throttle, strangle, erdrcken'; Old Church Slavic trud

`toil', trud, truditi ` grouch, torment, smite'.

Maybe alb. trys, trysa (aor.) `press, compress, squeeze', trondit `torment, overwhelm'. Page(s): 1095-1096 References: WP. I 755, WH. II 710, Trautmann 326, Vasmer 3, 143, Loth RC 41, 226 ff.

Meaning: building, dwelling from *traberna);

tr trbtrb bRoot / lemma: trb-, trb-, tr b- or trb-, trbe

Material: Latin trabs and trabs, -is f. `balk, beam', taberna `Bude, Wohnraum' (dissim. Oscan trbm `domum, aedificium', trbarakavm `aedificare' (*trb-), Umbrian tremnu

`tabernculo', trebeit `verstur' (*trb- or *trb-); acymr. treb, ncymr. tref, abret. treb

wasteland, Einsiedelei', Old Irish atreba (*ad-treb-) `besitzt, dwells ', cymr. athref `dwelling, `bebaut, bewohnt', see above S. 1071; Besitzung', gall. VN Atrebates `possessres or Sehafte'; about Middle Irish trebaid

`dwelling', Middle Irish treb `house, estate', Old Irish d-thrub, cymr. di-dref ` desert, waste,

arp `field, farmland'; Old Icelandic rep n. `Oberboden, Lattenboden, Galerie, terrace, n. ds. from a root variant auf Indo Germanic p, as presumably gr. - Attic inschr.

Saxon thorp, Old High German dorf `village', Old Icelandic orp ` homestead ', Gothic

Old English orp, rop `estate, courtyard, village', Old Frisian therp and thorp, Old

bench, step ', repi m. `erhhte Unterlage' (besides also rafni m. `staff, balk, beam', ref - Aeolic Hes. `picket, pole, Schiffsbord');

building', Old Prussian in PN. Troben;

ablaut. Lithuanian trob (Akk. trb) `house, edifice, building', Latvian trba `edifice, a full root form terb- in gr. , assim. Pl. `house, dwelling' (*terb-no-),

Kretschmer Gl. 24, 90 f. Page(s): 1090

from which borrowed Old Church Slavic trm `tower', etc.; about gr. `dwelling' s.

References: WP. I 757 f., WH. II 696 f., Trautmann 330, Vasmer 3, 95 f., 97.

Meaning: to prosper

tr Root / lemma: tru-

treuNote: extended treu-s-

Material: Avestan Perf. 3. Sg. Med. turuy (i.e. turuw) `has aufgezogen, entertain ', bringen', raoti- `( ripeness) consummation, end';

present-stem rao- (raota) `zur ripeness, consummation, Vollkommenheit gelangen or Old High German triuuit (Alemannian t- for -) `excellet, pollet, floret'; trowwen

grown'; Old Icelandic rask `zunehmen, thrive, ripen' (*rwn), Middle High German

(*raujan) `pubescere, crescere', Middle High German f gedrouwen `aufgewachsen,

druo f. `fruit', older-Modern High German druhen, truhen `thrive, zunehmen', Swiss trehen ds.; Old Icelandic rr f. ` power ', Old English ry ds.; Old Icelandic roskr (*trusko-) `(

mature, ripe, mellow, seasoned, vollwchsig) strong', roski m. ` strength ', roskask `strong become'. References: WP. I 754.

Page(s): 1095

Meaning: sea, watery

to- trto- tristhon to tristhonRoot / lemma: triito-, trto- (*tristhon-)

with metr. lengthening of . Note: Note

`epithet the Athene' can be elucidated rather as T `am 3. days born '

Poseidon or Nereus and the -, also river name, T f. `sea in Libyen';

Material: Old Irish trath, Gen. trethan `sea' (proto Celtic *triaton-); gr. , son of

The origin of gr. `son of Poseidon or Nereus' derived from the trident weapon of the sea god. It was initially a number and later it became the name for the sea (see Root /

treitris-nolemma: trei- : `three' tris-no- in gr. `trident, three pronged weapon of Poseidon'.)

Page(s): 1096

References: WP. I 760.

Meaning: stalk; vine

trisRoot / lemma: tris-

Material: Gr. K (*trisni); alb. trish `Pfropfreis, sprout'; SerboCroatian trs ` vine, reed' (trsje `Weinberg'), Czech trs `stalk of the plant', vinn trs `

grapevine ', slov. ters ` grapevine ' (Slavic *trso-). Page(s): 1096 References: WP. I 760 f.

trozdos- zdoszdos Root / lemma: trozdos- : trzdosMeaning: blackbird Note: compare above S. 1079

(after drud `toll' transfigured to drudw), bret. dred, tred (older Pl.), acorn. troet m., ncorn.

Irish truit, druit f., nir. truid, druid `Star' (*trozdi-); from Irish borrowed mcymr. trydw, drydw tros, Pl. tryjy, treyju, Singulativ f. mcorn. troan; besides abret. tra[s]cl, nbret. drask(l) m.,

Material: Latin turdus, - m. `thrush, Krammetsvogel; ein fish' (*trzdos, with dial. u?); Middle

u-stem cymr. trydw) `thrush', Norwegian trost, trast; unclear Middle High German drostel, Old English drostle (Germanic *rustal-), Old High German drosca-(la), Middle High

Vannes also taraskl, f. cymr. tresglen `thrush'; Old Icelandic rstr (*rastu-z, compare to

German Bavarian drschel, schwb.-Alemannian drostl (Germanic *rau(d)-sk-, -st-), Old English rysce (*ruskjn, engl. thrush; Middle Low German drsle, Old Low German thrsla (reshaped from *throstla after *sla = Old Englishsle, Modern High German

`blackbird'); proto Germanic -au- and -u- perhaps through influence an onomatopoeic

Balto-Slavic *trazda- m. `thrush' in Old Prussian tresde f., Lithuanian strzdas, Latvian strzds m.; Slavic *drozd in russ. drozd (Gen. drozd) etc. Page(s): 1096

words Schallsippe with u, as in gr. `girre', `turtledove', poln. truka ds., etc.;

References: WP. I 761 f., WH. II 718, Trautmann 327, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 49.

Root / lemma: trukPage(s): 1097

See also: see below tuerk-.

trusRoot / lemma: trusMeaning: reed

Material: Gr. ` bulrush' as *h (?), *trusom to Old Church Slavic trst, Serboor Baststreifen'. Doubtful, da bulrush and Schilf zwei totally various things are.

Croatian trst, trska etc. ` reed ', Lithuanian tr(i)us ds., strst, strusts, srusts `Rohrspan References: WP. I 762, Trautmann 330, Vasmer 3, 141, 145.

Page(s): 1097

Meaning: leprosy

trofof Root / lemma: trof-

cymr. trwsg(l) `raw'; Gothic rts-fill n. ` leprosy ', Old English rstfell (for *rts-) ` basic meaning then perhaps `kratzig') and Latin trd etc. (see *treud-). Page(s): 1096-1097 References: WP. I 762, I. Williams BBCS. 11, 142 f.

Material: Old Irish trosc ` leprosy ' (*trds-ko-); bret. trousk `dandruff', trouskan ` moss ', leprosy '; compare gr. `reibe auf', Lithuanian trunti `modern' (see ter(eu)- `rub',

Meaning: chirping of birds

tu, Root / lemma: tu tutu

Material: Old Indic thuthukrt- m. `a certain bird, dove, wood pigeon '; gr. Hes., Hes.; Latin tutubre `cry' (from the owl), compare Plaut. Men. 653 f. `vn adferri noctuam, quae `t, t' usque dicat tibi?'; Lithuanian ttoti `toot', tutls, tuttis

`hoopoe'; in Germanic created anew (or with faltering consonant shift in onomatopoeic

word) Middle Low German (Modern High German) tten `toot', Old Icelandic tauta, tutla `murmur'; as old type (*t with d-present) Old English tan `einen Tonausstoen', Old Icelandic jta `howl, einen strong Ton give', Old English otan `howl, resound, rant, tone, Geheul', Middle High German duz, diez, dz ` clangor, noise', Gothic utharn ` References: WP. I 745, WH. II 724, Mayrhofer 1, 542. roister', Old High German diozan `loud sound, clink', Old Icelandic ytr ` strong sound,

Tuthorn, trumpet ', Old Icelandic yss `din, fuss, noise', Old English yssa m. `Toser'. Page(s): 1097

Meaning: to bathe

akak Root / lemma: tuak-2

Material: Old Prussian twaxtan `Badequast' (*tuakstom); Gothic wahan, wh, Old Icelandic v, Old English wan `bathe', Old High German

dwahan, dwg, twuog `wash', Old Icelandic vttr (*wahtu-) `the washing' etc.; Old

Icelandic vl n. ` soap ', Gothic wahl n. `spa, bath', Old High German dwahal ds., Old

ds., Franconian *thwahlja ds., out of it French touaille, from which engl. towel. Page(s): 1098 References: WP. I 747, Trautmann 333, Johannesson 451.

English wal m. n. `washing'; Old Saxon twahila f. `towel ', Old High German dwahila m.

Meaning: skin

Root / lemma: tuakos

Material: Old Indic tvacas- `skin' (in compound as hiranya-tvacas- `goldfellig' and in leather), - ` common skullcap '; Hittite tuekkas `body, person, selbst'. Page(s): 1099 References: WP. I 747, Mayrhofer I, 537 f.

Grammatical information: n.

tvacasya- ` located in the skin '), besides tvk- f. `skin, fell, fur'; gr. `shield' (of skin,

Meaning: to pull together, close up

tukRoot / lemma: tuk-1, tuk-

Material: Old Indic tvanakti `zieht sich together' (unbel.); fill, feststopfen' (*tuaki), ` vollgestopft ', with gr. (derailment) `armament, armor, Geschirr, saddle, clothing', ` covering, clothing, large cloak, covering of a Saumtier) gr. Attic , Ionian (, Ionian ; ) `ausrsten, bewaffnen;

shield, pack-saddle, pile, ' (> Latin sagma > Old High German soum, Modern High German Maybe alb. haplology samari ` pack-saddle ' a Latin loanword; `physician, medicine man' and das dem Latin sagana `Zauberin' the basic liegende ein', Doric `in the Schferei aufgezogenes lamb', , - ` slave '; also gr. `fishing net', Poll., Hes., and theban.

*; , Doric ` hurdle, stall, sacred place'; `pferche ein, sperre probably `wiege', ` weight; Gegenwert, guerdon, reward, recompense,

power '; zero grade `gedrngt, numerous' (*-). Page(s): 1098

prize, trophy '; with gradation probably hom. `strong', `bin strong, have

References: References: WP. I 746 f., WH. II 463, Kuiper Indo Germanic Nasalprs. 122.

eiei eiei Root / lemma: tuei-2, extended tuei-s-

Meaning: to excite, shake, move around; to shimmer

Bedeutungsverhltnis is.

eiseis Note: = tueis `sparkle, glitter', da `lebhafte Bewegung - flicker, sparkle, glitter' ein common

Grammatical information: (s-present; to es-stem tueios-, tueies-, Avestan wayah-)

Material: Old Indic tvi- ` excited, aroused sein; sparkle, glitter, gleam' (present tvati boisterous; scintillant, flickering, sparkling, gleaming', tvi-, tvii- f. ` excitement,

Gramm., tviur `sie waren excited, aroused, bestrzt', 3. Sg. tviata, titvi), tve- `

impetuousness, hastiness; radiance '; Proto Indic (Mitanni) PN Turatta maybe from *Tvi(a)-ratha- = Old Indic tve-ratha- `dessen cart boisterous vordringt'; Avestan wy-ant- participle `fear erweckend', up-wayeiti ` be afraid, ngstigt sich',

wy `Schrecknis, danger', wayah- n. ds. (therefrom wayaha- n. `gefhrlicher state, shaking, terror, anxiety, fear, dread, alarm '; wisra- `luminous' (would be Old Indic*tvicchra-);

status, danger', wayahant- `terrible, dangerous'); was n. `fear, a trembling, quaking,

Hundsstern (Sirius), star generally ', , Suidas (to consonantblank') here anzureihen is (: tuis- + []), is es perhaps as tuisi- (composition form

ros `scintillant, flickering, sparkling' derives `blazing, burning (hochsommerlich);

participle (: Old Indic a-tvi-ata), , ` tremor, Erdbeben'; from a *tueis-

gr. `shake, swing, brandish, shatter' (*tueis; -; ), zero grades

stem probably after has changed); if ` glimmering ' ( `gltte, make besides *tueis-ro-) + , perhaps `vonfunkelnder brightness ' to analysieren Page(s): 1099 References: WP. I 748, Mayrhofer 1, 540.

nh Root / lemma: tuenhMeaning: to oppress Material: Avestan wzjaiti `gert in crowdedness' (Avestan *tuanzhati with -zgh- from zwingen, unterdrcken', Old Icelandic vinga, -aa `constrain, oblige, bother, annoy, Indo Germanic -h + sk), to Old Saxon thwingan, Old High German dwingan `press,

plague', Old English winglian `aufbinden'; but Old High German dhen `press,

back, belong to (s)teuk-, above S. 1032.

bethwen `deprimere' and Old English ywan `press, beset, scold, chide, bestrafen' go

whereupon also Middle Dutch dwen, douwen `press, press, and probably also anfrk.

yde) `press, bother, annoy, constrain, oblige, bump, poke, prick' from *hjan (*unian),

niederdrcken' (Modern High German deuhen, dauhen), Old English yn, on (preterit

Page(s): 1099-1100 enen Root / lemma: tuenPage(s): Page(s): 1099

References: WP. I 748 f., Kuiper Nasalprs. 126.

See also: see below tu-6.

Root / lemma: tuerkMeaning: to cut Material: Avestan wars- `cut, clip, schnitzend gestalten', participle warta-, wrtar-

probably gr. , - `flesh', Pl. `Fleischstcke' (Aeolic ), `tear, sich auf sarcophagus > Old High German sarch, Modern High German Sarg); if as `Querschnitt' Ein from turk- entstandenes *truk- seeks man in Latin trux, trcis `rough, prickly, die Lippen beien, mock ', - ` carnivorous ', Subst. `Sarg = coffin' (> Latin

or warxtar- `creator, god, molder': Old Indic GN Tv (-ar-) from *Tvrar; in addition

here also die family of Old High German dwerah `quer' (etc., see below terk- `turn')?

Old Irish tr (*truk-s) `totgeweiht', Gen. troch (*truks). Page(s): 1102

griesgrmig', trucdre `niedermetzeln' (from *truci-caidos to Latin caed above S. 917), to References: WP. I 751, WH. II 695, 709, 711 f., Mayrhofer 1, 539.

durchbohrend (of look), abstoend, fierce, grim, defiant', truculentus ` dim in den Mienen,

Root er- turer Root / lemma: tuer-1 : tur- and turMeaning: to turn, whirl truNote: from which partly tru-

meaning `rash, hasty' (not to tur- `strong', das to tu- `to swell'), tura- `hurrying', turaga- `horse' (`rusher, racer');

Material: A. Old Indic tvrat, turti ` hurries ', tryat ds., tra-, tri- `hasty', tur- in the turayti ` hurries ' (: from ---), Avestan wa- (Aryan *tvrta-) `hasty';

Maybe alb. turrem ` hurry'.

`nimble, agile' (compare without prefix Hes.); `Rhrkelle', `rhre um' (*);

gr. - ( prefix) `treibe an', Med. ` hurry ', (*F- = Indo Germanic tur-),

trulleum `bowl, washbasin ', probably also amptru, -re `bei den saliarischen Religionsfeiern tanzen and jump ';

Latin trua f. ` scoop, also zum Umrhren beim Kochen ', trulla, truella ` scoop, paten ',

(Modern High German Bavarian zweren), Old English weran ` bestir ', ge-wer `curd',

Old High German dweran stem V. `quick, fast herumdrehen, durcheinander rhren, mix'

Swedish tvra `stir'; Old Icelandic vara `verticil, whorl, group of parts (leaves, flowers,

etc.) arranged in a circle', Old English wre, wre f. `tudicula'; Old Icelandic yrill, Old arranged in a circle, Rhrstab'; Middle Low German dwarl, dwerl `whirl, curl '; isl. yrla `whirl', Modern High German dorlen `sich drehen'; Old Icelandic ori m. `bulk, mass,

English wirel, Old High German dwiril `verticil, whorl, group of parts (leaves, flowers, etc.)

greatness, bulk, extent, allotment ', of onomatopoeic words Schalleindruck a

durcheinanderwirbelnden Menge from probably also Old Icelandic yrja `run, buzz, whirr ', thuris, dur(i)s, turs ds.; urs, ors `fiend, demon, giant ', Old English yrs ` giant, demon', Old High German

drehendeBewegung, Kreisel'; Middle Irish torbaid ` baffle ', cymr. twrf m. `din, fuss, noise' (Latin loanword torf f.), tyrfu `rant, roister' (M. O'Brien riu 11, 91); Old Icelandic orp `Menschenhaufen', yrpa `urge, press, push'; perhaps Hittite tarup(p)- `unite, C. with m-formants: Latin turma `troop, multitude, crowd, swarm '. Alb. turma ` crowd' a Latin loanword. Old Icelandic ruma f., rymr m. `din, fuss, noise, crash, blast', Old English rymm m. `warrior'; Old Saxon heru-thrum `verderbliche Gewalt of Schwertes'; Middle High German `troop, multitude, crowd, bulk, mass, power, glory, magnificence, radiance ', rymma

Getmmel', turb, -re `bewilder, durcheinanderbringen', turb, -inis m. `whirlwind, whirl,

`durcheinander'; Latin turba f. `die lrmende Unordnung a Menge, perplexity,

B. with b-Erweiter.: gr. , Attic `din, fuss, noise, perplexity', Adv. , Attic

versammeln';

Modern High German dial. drumeln `sich in Wirbel drehen, lurch', Swiss drmmel `

taumelnd, dizzy; tobend, boisterous, angry, irate';

dizziness, giddiness; swindle, dizziness, whirl', durmig (drmig, drmisch) `betubt

giddiness; swindle ', Middle High German Modern High German dial. durmel, drmel (t-) `

dizziness, giddiness; swindle ', and Middle High German *durm, turm `whirl, dizziness,

*stur- and *staur-: Old High German str(r)en (ga-, ar-, zi-) `disturb, bother, in Verwirrung

D. in Germanic eine bedeutungsgleiche family with anlaut. s- and den ablaut Germanic

irsturien, Middle High German strn `stochern, set in motion ', Modern High German stren `in etwas herumstbern or dig'; Old Icelandic sturla `in Unordnung bringen, disturb, bother', Middle High German strel `tool zum Stren'; mitm-suffix (see above) Old Icelandic stormr `storm, restlessness, Kampfessturm', Old English storm, Old High German sturm `storm',

English styrian `move, bewilder, agitate, tell', gestyr n. `movement', Old High German

disturbre); ablaut. Old Icelandic styrr, Gen. styrjar m. `Getmmel, perplexity, noise', Old

die str go', zerstren, verstrt, Old Frisian tstra `destroy' (compare Latin turbre :

bringen', Modern High German stren `disturb, bother' (stren `in Lande herumfahren, auf

Swiss sturm ` dizzy ', strmi ` dizziness, giddiness; swindle '. Page(s): 1100-1101

References: References: WP. I 749 f., WH. I 42, II 708 f., 718, 719, Mayrhofer 1, 514, 539, 569 f.

Meaning: to grab, to enclose

er- tur- er er er Root / lemma: tuer-2 : tur-, tuer-

Material: Gr. :, ep. Ionian f. `rope, cable, band, strap' (*tueri), - f. `Urne' (*tuoros); perhaps , - ` siren (death goddess); eine wild

() `Handpferd', compare and [] Hes.; with o-gradation

Bienenart, ein small bird', whether originally `Umstrickerin', to `rope, band'; perhaps extension *tuer-g-, compare *tuer-p- in gr. f. `large basket', whether here after Loth RC 40, 475 f. here bret. torn-aod `Steilkste', gall. turno- `height' in PN

f., -, - f. `basket, wickerwork ', compare Attic , , Hes.;

*tu-p- to *t-p- dissimilated, thereafter also - besides -; wieTurno-magus, Turncum etc.;

tveu, tvert ` grasp, catch, hold, stop', ablaut. Lithuanian turi, turti `hold, stop, have',

Lithuanian tveriu, tvrti `catch, to hem, gird, border, umhegen, form, mould', Latvian

Latvian turu, turt ds., Old Prussian turit `have, sollen'; Lithuanian p-tvaras ` paddock ', catch, capture '; Church Slavic tvor `forma', Old Church Slavic tvoriti `create, make', Old tvrtas `Einzunung', tvarstti `mehrfach to hem, gird, border', Latvian tvarstt ` grasp,

Russian tvor ` appearance ', serb. tvrac `creator, god'; lengthened grade Lithuanian tvarg m. (from which Modern High German `Quark = curd'), compare zur formation

tvor, Latvian tvre `fence', Old Church Slavic tvar ` creation, creature'; in addition russ.

Latinformaticum, French `fromage'; originally participle: Lithuanian tvr-tas, Latvian tvirts

`strong, tight, firm' (*tur-to-), Old Church Slavic tvrd, russ. tvrdyj ds. (*tur-; the variation t : d from originally konson. Stammzu define); in addition still Old Russian tvrd f. ` vault of the sky, firmament, heavens, skies, fortification '.

References: WP. I 750 f., Trautmann 333 f., Vasmer 3, 85 ff., Hofmann Gr. etym. Wb. 305, 308, 353. Page(s): 1101 Root / lemma: tui-1

Meaning: to cut down, hack, hit

poke'; Lithuanian tvskinu, -inti `vast, grand anklopfen', tvju, tvti Scherzwort for dubious Vergleich. Page(s): 1099

gewit `chip, splinter', Old Icelandic veitr `Querhieb, incision ', veita `hew, hit, bump,

Material: Old English wtan stem V. `cut, clip, abscise ' (would be d-present; in addition)

`proficient thrash'; infolge of onomatopoeic words Schallcharakters the Lithuanian words References: WP. I 747 f.

Root / lemma: tub Meaning: hollow Note: only gr. and Latin
h

Material: Gr. , - m. `Abzugsrhre, Weinheber, Feuerspritze, Weinschlauch',

` mole ' (`rhrenfrmige Gnge burrowing '), Hes. (actually `hollow'), probably also `hollow, fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated, lame', `spoil'; Latin tbia `Schienbeinknochen; gerade whistle, flute', belongs barely to stb(h)- `

shaft, pole' (above S. 1015), das festes s- has. Page(s): 1102 References: WP. I 751 f., WH. II 680.

[u][u] u- tu Root / lemma: tu[u]- : tuu- : t-lMeaning: tube Material: Old Indic ta- m., t f. ` quiver ', tava- m. `flute' (*tl-n-): Old Church Slavic

* or * `duct, tube, pipe am unteren end the lance ', in `ein about das untere Lanzenende gestlptes, rhrenartiges piece', with n-forms ` ' (`*duct, tube, pipe'), in the Koine `spear, javelin, spit, pike'.

tul ` quiver '; gr. `gully, duct, tube, pipe, canal'; with reduplication-stem *tuu-:

Page(s): 1102

Facult de Philos. et Lettres de l'Univ. de Lige, Fasc. 129 (1953), 194.

References: WP. I 752, WH. II 688, Vasmer 3, 150, Mayrhofer 1, 518, J. Hubschmid, Bibl.

lemma: t-loRoot / lemma: t-lo-

Meaning: sluggish, lazy

mla sik aul `beim Sprechen stocken', nisl. aul-rei `anhaltender ermattender Ritt' , aul-stinn ` cunctabundus ', Norwegian tla ` heavy work', tyla `hesitate', Latvian become, slowly sein'. Page(s): 1098

slowly sein, zgernd an die Arbeit go; babble, chatter '; Old Icelandic aul f. `Festsetzung',

Material: Latvian ta, tlis `wer with nichts fertig wird', tot, tat, tlotis `sumen,

tuotis ds.; with other forms perhaps Latvian tauotis `hesitate, vacillate, nicht fertig

References: WP. I 745 f., Holthausen Altwestn. Wb. 313.

Meaning: thou tetue- and te-

Root / lemma: t toi, teb (e)i, te; Grammatical information: Gen. t(e)ue, Dat. toi te (e)i Akk. te stem t-, teuo-, teue-, tuo-, Material: 1. Old Indic tu, t `yet' (zur hervorhebenden and auffordernden particle has
h

tuvm, tvm, Gatha-Avestan tvm, jav. tm, ap. tuvam `du'; Armeniandu `du';

changed), Avestan t ds., enkl. `du'; Aryan *tuu-m (after Old Indic ahm) in Old Indic gr. Doric , hom. Ionian Attic (- from the Kas. obl., where - from F-), hom. ,

lak. , Boeotian (after -, -); alb. ti (*t); Latin t; Old Irish t (*t or *t), tuSaxon th, Old High German d, du; Lithuanian t (*t or *t?), Old Prussian tou (*t) `du'; ssu, -sso (*t) `du', cymr. ti etc. (*t); Gothic u, Old Icelandic and suffix u, o, Old

tuk, tukka `dir, you', enclitic -du- (*tu) and -ta (*te or *toi) `dir, you';

Old Church Slavic ty; Tocharian A tu, t(u)we, Hittite zik, zikka `du'(*tega from *te + *eg), 2. Indo Germanic *teue- `dein', Celtic *toue in Old Irish to, mcymr. teu `das Deinige',

preceding Celtic *tou > Old Irish do `dein', cymr. dy, corn. the, bret. da ds.; Hittite -ti- `dein'. Ionian Attic (*F), hom. Lesbian Doric , Boeotian (*F); alb. y-t, Akk. tn-t 3. Possessivum teuo-s, tuo-s: Old Indic tv-, Gatha-Avestan wa-, Avestan tava-, hom.

(Verschmelzung of article with dem Poss.); Latin tuus (from *tovos), Umbrian tover `tui', Oscan tuvai `tuae'; Lithuanian tvas, Old Church Slavic tvoj. References: WP. I 745, WH. II 712, Trautmann 315, 331, Jackson Lang and Hist. 657, Page(s): 1097-1098 lemma: ubRoot / lemma: ubMayrhofer 1, 507, Vasmer 3, 102 f., Pedersen Hittitisch p. 58.

Meaning: to drag, press

niedergedrckt (auf the Wage)';

Material: Old Indic ubjti `hlt low, base, presses together', Avestan ubjyite `wird Prussian-Lithuanian byti `zur haste, hurry urge, press, push'.

Page(s): 1103

References: WP. I 193 f., Mayrhofer 1, 107.

Meaning: belly

udero- derodero Root / lemma: udero-, udero-

cavity, the interior ', andara- `bauchlos', Avestan udara- ds.; gr. Hes. uterus' (t for d am ehesten zugleich with dem phonetic alteration from *udris `hose' to

Material: 1. Old Indic udra-m `belly, intumescence of Leibes, the thick Teil eines Dinges,

(because of Asper rather for *); Latin uterus `lower abdomen, belly, esp. womb,

*utris, uter eingetreten); Old Prussian weders `belly, stomach', Lithuanian vdaras ` stomach';

intestines, entrails of fish, intestines, entrails; Wurstmagen', Latvian vders, vdars `belly, zur preposition ud belong perhaps gr. Hes. (*ud-sto-s `vor-stehend') and 2. Latin venter, -tris `belly' (could be *uend-ri-).

`womb, uterus' (ud + compounds-suffix tero-).

vanih- `Mastdarm, or ein in the Nhe of Netzes liegender Krperteil'; compare

3. Latin v(n)sca f. `the bubble', Old Indic vast- m. `bubble, bladder' (*und-ti-?);

`Labmagen', Old High German wan(a)st, wnist `paunch', Modern High German `Labmagen' (*uenistr); compare also Lidn KZ 61, 19 ff. Wanst also ` psalterium ', ablaut. isl. vinstr f. ` psalterium ', Norwegian dial. vinstr f. maybe alb. * v(n)sca, vsca, veshka `bladder' a Latin loanword. ingewand; das -ge- from ingewt is from Eingeweide, Dutch geweide (see 1122) herbergenommen. 4. Germanic *wana- in Middle Low German ingewt, ingewant, ingewende ds., Dutch

References: WP. I 190 f., WH. II 750 f., 846, Trautmann 343 f., Vasmer 1, 177, Liebert Page(s): 1104-1105 Nominalsuffix -ti- 196 f.

Root / lemma: u-1

Meaning: expr. root

Material: A. As imitation of Eulenrufes: Proto Germanic *uwwn in Swiss huw(e), hu(e) `owl '; Deminut. *uwwiln in Old High

Low German Low German Old English le, nnl. uil, engl. owl, Old Icelandic ugla; compare Old English f, Old Bavarian vo, Bavarian-sterr. auf; Modern High German Uhu (md.) and (with p-Erweit.) Germanic *f- in Old Icelandic fr,

twist ` bird trap ' (with Lockeule), besides *uwwaln in Old High German MN l-, Middle

German wila, Middle High German iuwel, iule, Modern High German owl, Old English yl-

` echo ', Old Russian vypl, Church Slavic vyp ` seagull', russ. vyp m., vyp f. ` bittern ' Indic uh- `schreiend' and Latin ulula `Kauz' under ul-.

in addition Latvian pis `eagle owl', pt `cry (from Eulen and Tauben)', Lithuanian pas

(somewhat different Latvian but ` coo, from Tauben', bele `turtledove'); compare Old B. k-extension uk-, euk-: Old Irish uch `wehe!' and `sigh', Middle Irish also och, ach ds.; uk- euk-

perhaps Gothic auhjn `rant, roister', auhjdus `din, fuss, noise, Getmmel' (u, au?), owl ', Latvian kuot ` jubilate ', serb. ukati, uati `hu call, shout, cry', ka `clamor'.

Latvian aka `whirlwind', Old Prussian aukis `Greif', Lithuanian apokas ` a night-owl, an References: WP. I 187, WH. I 119, Trautmann 335, Vasmer 1, 226, 240, Kluge-Gtze

182, 881 f., Mhlenbach-Endzelin 4, 409. Page(s): 1103

Root / lemma: u-2 Page(s): 1103

See also: s. au-4 S. 73 f.

ulRoot / lemma: ulMeaning: to howl ululNote: various redupl. ulul-

Material: Old Indic lka- m. = Latin (gloss.) ulucus `Kauz, owl '; ulula f. `Kauz', Old Indic ulul-, ull- `ululabilis, ululatus', gr. , `bark', Latin ululre `howl',

maybe alb. (*ululre) ulras, ulrij `howl'.

61

Lithuanian ulula bagos `es heulen die waves, billows', ullti, ulti `hallo call, shout, cry', ulboti, lbauti `call, shout, cry, sing, cry'; but Old Irish ilach `clamor' (*eluko-), Middle Irish also ulach ds., nir. olchobhchn,

ulchobhchn, ulgadn `owl ' probably to el-, ol-. Page(s): 1105

References: WP. I 194, WH. II 813 f.; compare el-, ol- S. 306.

Meaning: over, above Note

upr upri Root / lemma: upr, upri

Centum languages prove that Root / lemma: upr, upri : `over, above' derived from an upr upri older Root / lemma: *hukwr, *hukwri : `over, above', later the old laryngeal was lost. hukwr hukwri hukw hukw upri upri : `over, above' derived from the same root as the cognates for horse. This root What becomes clear is the common gr.- celt. -kw- > -p-. Therefore Root / lemma: upr, upr developed from the concept of climbing a horse: Root / lemma: ekuo-s : `horse'. The sky

above was seemly called according to the horse goddess : gall. Epona ` The Celtic horse journey'.

goddess whose authority extended even beyond death, accompanying the soul on its final Note: related with upo s. d.

(Akk.); about - toward (Instr); about (Gen.)'; Armenian probably i ver `hinauf, above' `above, darauf' (these as preposition beim Gen. `about, auf');

Material: 1. Old Indic upri, Avestan upairi, . upariy `about, about - toward, about - out (probably *uper; besides from Kasusformen from *upero-:) i veroy `if, oberhalb', i veray gr. , preverb `about, about - out' and preposition `about - toward, oberhalb, about -

drber' and preposition `about, about - toward, about - out (Akk.); about' (`Abl.' = Lok.); Old about auf (`Dat.' = Instr. or Lok.)', cymr. gor-, gwar-, corn. gor-, bret. gour-, gall. uer-tragus gwo-); `a kind of schnellfiger Hunde', PN Ver-cingeto-rx (das insel Celtic-o- after Irish fo-, brit. Celtic *vertamo- `the hchste' in VN Vertamo-cori(), changing through ablaut cymr.
e

Arcadian with Dat.-Lok.)'; Latin Umbrian super (to s- see below upo) preverb `about,

out (Akk.); about' also in sense from Latin d; `zum protection, zum Besten (m. real Gen.;

Irish for-, for preverb `about, auf' and preposition `about, about - toward, about - out (Akk);

gwar-thaf `height' (*vortamos); keltiber. ueramos `summus' (*uper mos);

toward, about = out (Akk.); about' (`Dat.' = Instr. or Lok).

preserved i- Old High German ubari, ubiri preverb `about' and preposition `about, about 2. Old Indic para- `the untere, nhere' = Avestan upara- `the obere'; gr.

Gothic ufar, Old Icelandic yfir (*peri); Old High German uber (*upri), with in Satzinlaut

are unclear);

`Mrserkeule', ` upper rope, band' ( ` palate', ` upper chamber '

Latin super, superus ` that is above, upper, higher ', Oscan supruis ` that is above, upper,

above; of amount, etc.. over, more, beyond; Prep. with acc. above, over; of time, before; of amount, more than, above, beyond', superior, suprmus, Umbrian subra `above', supru Adv. `above'; Latin supernus ` that is above, celestial, supernal ', Umbrian superne m. Akk. that is above, upper, higher ', Old English yferra ds. (*ueriz; Superl. femest see below

higher ' (therefrom Latin supr `Adv. over, on the top; of time, before, previously; in writing,

` over, above, upon, on '); Gothic ufar Adv. `about, above', Old High German obaro Adj. ` upo).

References: WP. I 192, WH. II 613 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 518 ff. Mayrhofer 1, 105 f. Page(s): 1105-1106

upo, up, eup, (e)upRoot / lemma: upo up eup (e)up-sMeaning: Meaning: under, from under, etc.. Note: from the meaning `from under hinauf' die meaning `hinauf, about', die partly here,

esp. but in related *upr(i) (see d.), as well as in the group etc. ausgeprgt is; Indo variant case.

Germanic upo is preverb (e.g. Old Indic pa-i-, gr. -, Latin sub-e) and preposition by

Laufe from, gem, with in sense the accompaniment (Instr.)', Avestan upa, . up preverb and preposition ` toward - to, in, auf (Akk.); by, in (Lok.)';

Material: 1. Old Indic pa preverb and preposition ` toward - to (Akk.); an, by, to (Lok.); in

under (`dative ', actually Lok. and partly perhaps Instr.); under; of Urheber beim Passiv (Gen. of Bereiches); from under away, under - hervor (Abl.)';

gr. preverb and preposition `under an etwas heran, under etwas (Akk.); under an,

noctem); under an, under(`Abl.', actually Lok.), as Oscan (partly perhaps

and preposition `under an etwas heran, under etwas' (Akk.; also temporal, e.g. sub

Latin sub (s- from *[e]ks-, compare gr. ; -b from -p as in ab = gr. ), preverb

Instr., as Umbrian su maronato `sub *maronatu'), besides subs- (as abs) in sustine and in susque dque fer `aequ anim fer' (Gell.), compare also under die group from ,

Umbrian sub-, su-, Oscan ; Old Irish fo preverb and preposition `under' (Akk., `Dat.' = gou- preverb and in compound gall. vo- (Voretus ), ve- (gr.-Celtic-Latin parave-rdus `Extrapostpferd', from which Modern High German Pferd);

Lok. or partly perhaps Instr.), acymr. guo-, gu-, gua-, ncymr. go-, gwa-, corn. go-, gu-, bret.

maybe alb. (*subeo, subito) shpejt 'sudden, fast'. from *uper-gousom (compare S. 399) after Binchy J. C. stem 1, 148 ff.; das from Celtic perhaps cymr. gorau `best' from *uper-esu (= gr. - `very good', L.-P. S. 186) or

vo-; with Old Indic upa-sthna-m `Bedienung', pa-sti-, upa-st- m. ` subordinate, servant' compare Middle Irish foss `servant' (*upo-sto-), cymr. bret. gwas, corn. guas ds., gall. PN Vasso-rx etc., Middle Latin vassus, vassallus, smtlich zur root st- S. 1005, 1008, as also st-

Old Irish foth `replacement, equivalent' (fo + t) but Middle Irish fothae ` foundation, origin, source, beginning; an ancestor ' from fo + suide (see 885); Gothic uf (ub-uh) prefix `auf, under', preposition `under' (Akk., `Dat.' = Lok. and partly

perhaps Instr.), Old High German oba, Middle High German obe, ob `if, about' (*up), but Old High German compare under Old Church Slavic vysok); besides with -pp- Old

Old Icelandic of `about, an, in', Old English ufe- (*po), Old High German f (fan) `auf' (to Saxon uppa, up, Old English uppe, up, Old Icelandic upp `auf, aufwrts' and (with one only

iup `after, above'; Hittite up-zi `geht auf' (from the sun).

in Old Irish s, uas, cymr. uch wiederkehrenden lengthened grade) Gothic iwpa `droben',

maybe alb. (*upa) hyp, aor. hypa `climb, mount (a horse)' ds., Old English ufemest (and yfemest) `the hchste, oberste'; 2. supplementary: Old Indic upam- `the oberste, hchste, nchste', Avestan upma-

supnus `auf dem back lying, backwards bent, sparse, reduced ansteigend', Old Latin backwards, to the rear hold out, stretch forth ', Umbrian sopam `suppam'. alb. shum (*summus) [adv] ` considerably, greatly, very ' `evil, bad'. suppus (short form to supnus?) ds., supp, -re `supnre, auf den back lay, place,

Sittig from sup-ti- `sleeping' - above S. 1048 -, compare Kretschmer Gl. 22, 247), Latin

`the hchste, first'. - Gr. `zurckgelehnt, backwards, to the rear' (? after

Latin summus (*supmos) `the hchste' = Umbrian somo `summum', compare also gr.

uplouplo-s in Gothic ubils, Old English yfel, Old High German ubil `evil', Middle Irish fel lo

English efes, yfes `Dachtraufe', Old High German obosa, obasa, obisa `Vorhalle';

upesupes- in Gothic ubizwa f. `Vorhalle', Old Icelandic ups f., upsi m. `Vorhalle a Kirche', Old

ein Lok. Pl. to sein, as Old Irish s, uas from *oup-su), whereof ,

upsups- (compare above Latin subs-, susque) in gr. Adv. `high' (seems brigens as -

(compounds uch, Sup. uchaf) corn. huhel, bret. uc'hel `high', gall. , -, Uxello`das Obere', cymr. uthr `dreadful, erstaunlich' (*oup-tro-, maybe from *oupstro-, or after dem relationship *eks : *ektro- dafr eingetreten); here das Old Irish preverb uss-, oss(*us < *ups) e.g. in Old Irish osnad `sigh' (see 38), cymr. uch-enaid, bret. huanad ds.,

uch, corn. ugh, bret. uc'h ds., wherefore Adj. Old Irish asal `high', cymr. uchel

Germanic eu, compare Gothic iupa): Old Irish s, as `above, about' (*oup-su) = cymr.

`height, acme, apex ', `high'; with lengthened grade Celtic ou (probably Indo

`higher', `the hchste'; , , - ds., `from hoch herab',

dnum (*oupselo-), further Old Irish all `bermut' (*oupsl) and Old Irish chtar, achtar

ud-) are phonetically otherwise not to distinguish, discern; compare Thurneysen Gr. 5, 526; keltiber. PN Vxama, gall. Vxisama (: cymr. uchaf `hchst'); proto Slavic. *psa- `high' placed in Old Church Slavic vysok etc. `high'. Vasmer 1, 242, Mayrhofer 1, 105 f. Page(s): 1106-1107
h

where *us through *ous replaced worden is; original *us and *ud-s-(see above under

References: WP. I 192 f., WH. II 612 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 522 ff., Trautmann 335,

Meaning: pledge

lemma: Root / lemma: uad -

Material: Latin vas, vadis `Brge', vadimnium `Brgschaft', praes. -dis, older prae-vides

'), Old Icelandic ve n. ` pledge, anvertrautes blessing', Old Frisian wed `pact, covenant, promise, Brgschaft, certainty ', Old English wedd ` pledge, pact, covenant', Old Saxon

`Brge'; Gothic wadi n. ` pledge, Handgeld' (wadjabks `Pfandbrief', gawadjn ` betroth

', Middle High German also `Einsatz bei a Wette, Schadenersatz', Modern High German Berufung einlegen', Old English weddian `pact, covenant make, promise, verheiraten' wetten ` pledge give, Strafgeld entrichten, wetten', Modern High German wetten; Wette; Old Icelandic veja `aufs Spiel place, wetten, under Hinterlegung a Brgschaft

weddi ` pledge ', Old High German wtti, wti `Pfandvertrag, Rechtsverbindlichkeit, pledge

(weres weddian `sich einem Manne betroth ', engl. wed `marry'), Middle High German

einlsen', u-vadoti `for jemanden eintreten'. Page(s): 1109 References: WP. I 216 f., WH. II 735 f.

Lithuanian vdas ` pledge, Brge', vadoti (Latvian vadut) `somewhat Verpfndetes

Meaning: woe!

ai Root / lemma: uai Material: Avestan vayi, avi, vya `wehe'! (voya- `Wehruf'): Armenian vay `Wehe,

misfortune' (v- instead of g- from Indo Germanic u- through nebenherlaufende neologism); similarly gr. (as Latin vah!) and from alexandrinischer time , , , ngr. (Neuschpfungen); alb. vaj `affliction, lament'; Latin vae; Middle Irish fe, cymr. gwae `weh!'; with one perhaps with Latvian vadi

gwaedd `clamor, eiulatus';

connected with d(h)-suffix presumably Middle Irish fed, fid `scream, sound, tone', cymr. here as `Heuler': Armenian gail, gall. *uai-lo-s in PN Vailo, Vailico, abrit. Gen. Vailathi, Gothic wai, Old Icelandic vei, v, Old High German Old Saxon w; Old English w

Old Irish Faln, Middle Irish fel, fel-ch `wolf' = cymr. gweil-gi ` ocean ';

fehlerhaften Zustandes, e.g. Gothic wajamrjan ` blaspheme ', waiddja `beltter', Old

`wehe!', Gothic wai-nei `if yet!' (actually `wehe, da nicht!') in compounds of schlechten,

`Wehe, pain, affliction', Old Saxon w, Gen. wwes, Old English wwa, wa, Old Icelandic Old English wnian, Old Icelandic veina ` lament', whereof probably as `bejammernswert'

` afflict ' (`*sick make', from a *w-hl = Old Icelandic veill); Old High German wwo, wwa

Icelandic veill ` lax, weak' (*wai-haila-), vla, vla, vla, veila ` lament'; Old English wlan

v, v ds., Finnish (Lw) vaiva `plague, woefulness '; Old High German weinn `weep, cry',

Gothic wainags ` woeful, wretched, miserable, unlucky ', Old High German wnag ` woeful, wretched, miserable, unlucky ', Middle High German also `weak, small, little', Modern High German wenig; Latvian va `wehe, ach', vaijt trans. `wehe tun', wadt `lament, weep', vadi Pl. `

lamentation, misery, need' (see above); serb. vj `wehe!' is neologism. Alb. vaj ` lament', vajtoj `to lament' Page(s): 1110-1111 References: WP. I 212 f., WH. II 724, Trautmann 338.

Meaning: to be strong

al- al-d(h)al al Root / lemma: ual-, ual-d(h)-

Material: Latin vale, -re `bei Krften sein, stark sein; gelten, to be capable of ', Oscan F `valens' or `vale', Paelignian Ualesies = Latin Valerius; here also Latin volmum (volaemum) pirum `a kind of large pear', to Oscan ualaemom, valaimas `optimus' with

unclear -aimo-, perhaps Superl. to *valaio-? or imitation from Oscan maimo `maximus'? (*ulati-) `power, rule, prince, lord' = cymr. gwlad, acorn. gulat, mcorn. gulas, Middle Breton gloat `land', nbret. glat `fortune'; Old Irish flaithem `ruler' (*ulatiomos), mcymr. guletic, wolf', mcymr. Cynwal, Old Irish Conall ds.; cymr. gwaladr `ruler' (*valatros), with ncymr. gwledig ds., gall.Vlatos ds.; abrit. Cuno-vali Gen. to *Cuno-valos `strong as ein Old Irish fal-n-, fol-n- `rule, reign' with originally present formation -n-; Old Irish flaith f.

metathesis acymr. gualart in PN Cat-gualart, abret. Cat-uualart;

einvaldi `Alleinherrscher', alts. alowaldo, Old High German al(e)walto etc.;

Old Frisian wald, Old English geweald ds., Old High German giwalt ds.; Old Icelandic

effectuate '; Old Icelandic vald n. ` force, might, power, rule', alts. giwald f. `power, rule',

(*valan), preterit also valt (*vevald), Old High German waltan etc. `walten, rule, reign,

often: Gothic waldan, Old Icelandic valda (*uulm), Old Swedish present also valla

eine dental extension is in Germanic (proto Germanic t) and Baltic-Sl. (d or d ) frequent,

h

Akk. `heir, inheritance', weldnai m. Pl. `Erben'; Iterat. Lithuanian valdti `regieren', Latvian wldnikans Akk. Pl. `Knige'; Lithuanian valsius `Amtsbezirk', Latvian vlsts `empire, vldt `rule, reign', Lithuanian valdnas (Latvian valduons, vldiniks) `ruler', Old Prussian

Lithuanian veldti `regieren, possess, control', paveldti `erben': Old Prussian weldsnan

Staat, Gemeinde'; ablaut. Lithuanian pavilds `beherrscht';

herrscht', Old Czech vladu vlasti `rule, reign' etc.; Old Church Slavic vlast f. `power, rule', sloven. vlst `Grundeigentum, possession 'etc.; thousand '. Tocharian walo, A wl, Obliq. lnt, lnte `king' (*ul-nt), Tocharian A wlts, jltse `

Old Church Slavic vlad, vlasti `rule, reign', Old Russian particle present voodyj `the

References: WP. I 219, WH. II 727 f., Trautmann 340 f., Vasmer 1, 209, 219, 222. Page(s): 1111-1112

Root / lemma: uank-

Meaning: beam

Material: Old Indic vya- `crossbar, crossbeam': Middle Irish fice `ridgepole, rooftree, summit'; compare Old Indic va- `reed', a-va- `das Balkenlose'. Page(s): 1112 References: References: WP. I 218, WH. II 722 f.

apap Root / lemma: uap-1 Meaning: to chatter Material: Old English wflian, isl. vafla, Norwegian dial. vavla, vabla, bayr. wabeln;

Lithuanian vapu-, -ti ` babble, chatter'.

Page(s): 1112

See also: compare das following: uap-2, p-

References: WP. I 217, Johannesson 104, WH. II 733.

apap Root / lemma: uap-2, pMeaning: to call, cry Material: Avestan ufyeimi `invoco'; Old Church Slavic vpiti `call, shout, cry', Czech pti `

';

lament ', ablaut. Church Slavic vypl and vyp m. `larus', russ. vyp m. and vyp f. ` bittern perhaps in addition Latin vpulre `Prgel bekommen', whether originally `ein

Wehgeschrei erheben'; gr. , Doric ` shout, cry' could only here belong, whether anlaut. F through dissimilation gegen den consecutive labial dwindled would be. References: WP. I 217, WH. II 733 f., Trautmann 335, Vasmer 1, 226, 240; See also: compare u-1 in onomatopoeic words. Page(s): 1112-1113

azd az ozd oz Root / lemma: uaz - (better uoz -) Material: Latin vastus `wide, ungeheuer big, large, unfrmlich'; Old Irish fot, Dat. fut Meaning: Meaning: long, wide
h h

Latin alteration from zd to st probably makes. Page(s): 1113-1114 bb Root / lemma: ubh

References: WP. I 220, WH. II 737; Szemernyi Archiv. Linguist. 4, 48 f., where er den

`length', fotae `long', nir. fad, fada, manx foddey.

Meaning: to call, cry, complain

Material: Gothic wpjan schw. V. `call, shout, cry', Old Icelandic pa schw. V. `call, shout, German wefen schw. V. `lament, weep'; Old High German wuofan(wiaf) ds. (wuof cry, wail ', p `shout, call, clamor, lamentation ', Old High German wuoffen, Middle High

`Jammergeschrei'), Old Saxon wpian (wiop) ds. (wp ` misery '), Old English wpan (wop) `weep, cry' (wp `shout, call, clamor, Weinen'); Old Church Slavic vablj, vabiti ` send for, call out to, summon, herbeilocken', Latvian

(from dem Slavic) vbti, Lithuanian vbyti `vor Gericht arrogate'. also: See also: further to uap-.

References: WP. I 217, WH. II 726, 733 f., Trautmann 336 f., Vasmer 1, 161; Page(s): 1109

Meaning: to go, march

Root / lemma: ud -, ud h h

Material: Armenian gam `I come'; Latin vd, -ere `go, schreite', vadum ` shallow place im Wasser, ford' (therefrom alb. va, Gen. vau ds.), vd, -re `auf a Furt bergehen, durchwaten';

English wadan, Old Frisianwada, Middle Low German waden; Old High German watan,

Old Icelandic Aor. present vaa stem Vb. `go, vorwrtsdringen, (through)-wade', Old

Old Englishwd n. `water, sea', gewd `ford', Middle Low German wat ` shallow place', Salzwedel.

Middle High German waten ds.; moreover Germanic *waa- `ford'; Old Icelandic va n.,

Old High German wat `ford', Old Icelandic vaill `ford', compare Modern High German PN

Page(s): 1109

References: WP. I 217, WH. II 723 f.

Meaning: to cry, sound

gh- sughgh gh Root / lemma: ugh-, sugh-

Material: Gr. , Doric : f. ` clangor, noise', , - f. ` clangor, sound, tone,

Widerhall', (Arcadian F) m. ds., `schalle, tne', , `bright

sounding ', - ` adverse sounding ', ablaut. `ringsum schreiend', (*FF);

(*FF), f. `clamor', (*FF), `cry', `zusammenschreiend' perhaps with moveable s- here:

probably Old Icelandic svagla `splash', arn-sgr `the rustling of Adlerflugs'; Lithuanian svagti `sound, clink', Latvian svadzt `rattle, clash';

noise, sound', Old Saxon swgan `sough, rustle', holl. zwoegen `groan, moan'; zero grade

Old English swgan `sound, clink, buzz, whirr, roar, bellow', swg, swg m. `din, fuss,

Gothic ga-swgjan, swgatjan `sigh', Old Icelandic sgr m. `din, fuss, noise' (*swgi-),

whimper ', Latvian sudzt ` wail ', skstitis `sigh' (besides k-forms as Lithuanian sauki Gothic swgnjan `frohlocken' could due to from Germanic swg-, swag- as onomatopoeic word ins Leben gerufen worden sein; das -kk- in Old Icelandic sukka is intensivierend. Page(s): 1110 References: WP. I 214 f., WH. II 725 f. through influence of kakti `howl', akti `cry') under Indo Germanic *s(e)ug- possible;

sykia `bark, bay' and Lithuanian saugti `eigenartig sing', Old Lithuanian sugti `howl,

for isl. sukka `rant, roister', besides svakke, is though comparison with Norwegian dial.

Root / lemma: ug-1

Meaning: cover; sheath

Material: Material: Latin vgna f. `vagina, esp. of Schwertes'; Baltic *ui `stlpe' in Lithuanian stlpen';

viu, vti `etwasHohles about etwas cover, stlpen', Latvian vu, vst `cover auflegen, on the other hand could Latin vgna (compare Modern High German Scheide to

`rupture', with Redupl. and Ablaut (< *F-F-) ` protection gegen den wind', whether `sich split', Kaus. `split, distinguish, discern', wkm n. `Besonderheit, Vorzug' find will. Page(s): 1110 References: WP. I 214, WH. II 725, Frisk 13, Trautmann 343. actually `das Sichbrechen of Windes', s m. `break, steiler slope' and in tochar. wk-

scheiden) also to a root ug- `split, break, rupture' belong, die Frisk (see 13) in gr.

Root / lemma: ug-2 Meaning: to cry Note: perhaps from an onomatopoeic word uNote:

Material: Old Indic vagnu- m. `sound, tone, shout, call', ved. vagvan- `lrmend', vagvanm. ` din, noise '; Latin vgi, -re `cry, wimmere', vgor, -ris m. `Widerhall' (das lengthened grade, from a i-stem *ugi-s derive ); Lithuanian vgrauti ` whimper, cry'.

References: WP. I 214 f., WH. II 725 f.;

 See also: in addition belongs das following: ugh-, sughPage(s): 1110

Meaning: weak, miserable `dry, arid'), vya- ` tired ';

Root / lemma: ui-, u-

Material: Old Indic vyati, vyat `wird faint, languid, exhausted', abhi-vta- ` sick ' (vtacymr. gwael `rmlich, low' (*uai-lo-); acymr. guoilaut, cymr. gwaelod etc. ` residuum '; Old English wl ` crowdedness, need', Old Icelandic vl ds.; wretched, miserable ', vjums ` faintness, disease, malady'. mourner ' Baltic loanwords. Page(s): 1111 Lithuanian vjs participle `leidend', Latvian vj, f. vja ` lean, weak, sick, woeful,

Maybe alb. Geg vojtje, Tosc vuajtje ` suffering ', vaj ` lament ', vajtojc f. ` professional References: WP. I 213 f., WH. II 789 f., Loth RC. 39, 417.

k Root / lemma: uk Meaning: cow Material: Old Indic va `cow (die weder trchtig is, still ein calf nourishes)', vit

`rindernde cow; brnstiges Tierweibchen berhaupt'; Latin vacca `cow'; Latin -cc- would be as consonant stretch in Tiernamenverstndlich. References: WP. I 214, WH. II 722.

Page(s): 1111

Meaning: to hit, wound

Root / lemma: u-1, u-, u-

Aoristformen , -, kontr. , ; primarily Verb, Aor. *F-, themat. nouns F- > `damage, blame, Verblendung, penance, atonement', therefrom

Material: Gr. `harm, injure', Med. `in Verblendung handeln'; besides only

Note: also with t- forms

present *F- > , in addition -formation , Hes.; verbal

`verblendet'; hom. - `geschdigt am Verstande' (incorrect -);

, `unverwundet'; f., Aeolic f. `wound' from *F--, compare (i.e. F-), recte Hes. `Wunden', Hes. Latvian vts `wound' = Lithuanian vots `offenes ulcer', Demin. votlis. References: WP. I 211, Frisk 2, 178, 251, 291, H. Seiler Festschrift Debrunner 409 ff.; Page(s): 1108 enen See also: in addition das following: uen-.

with t-formants: gr. , (*-, compare 3. Sg. Aor. ) `wound',

Root / lemma: u-2 Meaning: apart Material: Diese root, welche possibly eine Reihe from extensions has (see below), lies

entgegengesetzt', vricus `Fe apart spreizend', vric, -re `Fe apart spreizen', vra `gabelfrmige shaft, pole, fork, transom '; whether here varius `mannigfaltig, changing, different, varicolored', vari, -re `mannigfach make, varicolored sein'?; whether perhaps

after aller probability vor in Latin vrus `apart gebogen, auswrts gebogen; dachsbeinig;

in Old Indic ru- m. ` thigh, hip '?

References: WP. I 212, WH. II 734 f., Mayrhofer 1, 116.

Page(s): 1108-1109

sein', vorzuliegen in den roots ut-, ug-, uek-, uk-, ueng(h)-, uenk-.

See also: extensions the root shine, appear, seem, mostly with the meaning ` bent, curved

stosto Root / lemma: usto-s `terrible'.

See also: see above S. 346; in addition after Lloyd Jones (t. Celt. 7, 234) mcymr. gwaws Page(s): 1113

tt tt Root / lemma: ut-1, better utMeaning: spiritually excited Material: Latin vts, -is (probably Celtic loanword?) `Weissager, seer ', gall. N. Pl.

Old English wdan, Old High German wuoten, alts. wdian ` rage, frenzied, verrckt sein'; Old High German *wuot (Gen. wuoti), Middle High German wuot ` intense Gemtsstimmung, fury'; in addition Old Icelandic inn, Old Saxon Old English Wden,

(*wda-), Old High German wuot `insanitus'; Old Icelandic sa ` frenzied, verrckt make',

cymr. gwawd ` poem'; Gothic wds `besessen', Old Icelandic r, Old English wd ds.

ds., Old Irish fith ` seer, Prophet', Middle Irish fth (*utu-) `Prophezeiung, Ursache' =

Old English w ` song, sound, voice, poem ';

Old High German Wuotan; auf Germanic *wa- point at Old Icelandic r m. ` poetry ', Thieme (Asiatica, Festschrift Weller 656 ff.) interprets Old Indic api-vat- as originally

`anblasen, inspirieren' (different above S. 346), and places es to our family, die then as extension from *au- `blow' (above S. 81 ff.) aufgefat become could. Page(s): 1113 References: WP. I 216, WH. II 737 f.

tt Root / lemma: ut-2

Meaning: to bend, curve

Icelandic vvi m. `Muskeln, esp. thick Muskeln an Armen and Beinen', afl-vvi `biceps', suffrago', Middle High German wade `calf', alts. uuathan ` suras ', mndd. wade `calf', Middle Dutch wade f. ` knee-bend, popliteus '; *u-) is probably. Norwegian vodve ` thick Muskeln an arm and leg' etc., Old High German wado m. `sura,

Germanic *wawan- ` curvature, bend', then with engerer meaning `calf, knee-bend ': Old

crooked', vatia ` someone with crooked Beinen', vascus (*vat-scos) `quer, slant, skew';

Material: Latin vatx, -cis `krumme or schiefe Fe habend', vatius `einwrtsgebogen,

Connection with Latin vrus `apart gebogen, auswrtsgehend, dachsbeinig' etc. (root

Maybe alb. var `hang' Page(s): 1113 References: WP. I 216, WH. II 736 f.

Meaning: to weave, plait

Root / lemma: ueb -1

h

r-vbhi- m. ` spider' (actually Wollweber); newer -vbhi- after v- `to weave' (Indo (from a *ubda- `Gewebtes', Indo Germanic *ub -t-); np. bfad `er webt';
h

Material: Old Indic ubhnti, umbhti, unbdhi `schnrt together', with pa- and pr- `binds',

Germanic *u-, above S. 75); Avestan ubdana- `from Webstoff, from Zeug gemacht' gr. `the weaving ', 105, otherwise ` weave ', n. `the weaving alb. venj `I weave ' (*ueb ni);
h

' (after denvorigen from *F unvocalized);

weave, flax, wattle, braid, tie, bind, knot ', Old Icelandic vefa `to weave, flax, wattle, braid, weave'; Old Icelandic veptr, Old English weft, wift, wefta `Einschlagfaden', Middle High `entanglement, Unordnung'; Old High German waba, wabo `Honigwabe', Old Icelandicvefr (*waja-) ` texture, Aufzug, gewobenes Zeug' = Old English webb, Old Saxon webbi, Old High German weppi ds.; Old High German wuppi ` texture ', Swedish u (Old Icelandic *yfr) `Einschlag'; -grade Old Icelandic kongurvfa, Old English gangelwfre ` spider '; Tocharian wp- `to weave', waptsa ` weaver ', wpelme ` texture '. See also: belongs to au-5 `to weave' S. 75; in addition *uob s `wasp'.
h

Old High German weban `to weave, flax, wattle, braid, spinnen', Old English wefan `to
h

schlingen' (participle ofinn), vefja (*uob ei) `wickeln, wrap' = Old English webbian `to

German wift `fine filament, texture;Honigwabe'; Old Icelandic vaf ` diaper ', vafi

References: WP. I 257, Mayrhofer 1, 107;

Page(s): 1114

Meaning: to wander, roam, swarm

Root / lemma: ueb -2

h

Material: Middle High German weben `move, swing', weberen `sich tummeln', webelen `waver', Modern High German East Prussian wibbeln; Middle High German waben, waberen, wabelen `in unsteter Bewegung sein', wappen `hin and her schwanken', Modern High German (Low German) wabbelig `wackelnd, e.g. from Gallertigem', Old English wafian (esp. with handum) `sich bewegen', Middle English waveren, engl. waver `wobble,

wabern' (vafrlog `Waberlohe'), vefjast ds.;

waver', Old Icelandic vafla `wobble, sway', vafra `sich unstet hin and back bewegen, Old Icelandic vfa `schweben, dangle', Old English wfre `unstet, flackernd'; Lithuanian vebd-, -ti `wimmeln, sich verwirren, durcheinander bewegen';

`Mistkfer', Old English wibba `Rokfer'; Lithuanian vbalas `beetle, chafer', vabuolas vbuolas `beetle, chafer', em.vambol, Latvian vambale, vambuole `Mistkfer'). References: WP. I 257 f., WH. II 733, Trautmann 336, Vasmer 1, 176;

Middle Low German wevel ds., Old English wifel `Kornwurm', Old Icelandic*vifill in toryfill

in addition Old High German wibil m. `beetle, chafer, Kornwurm'; Old Saxon wivil,

ds., em. vabol `Mistkfer', Latvian vabuolis `beetle, chafer' (besides East Lithuanian dial.

See also: moreover: uedPage(s): 1114-1115

h h

Meaning: to push, hit

Root / lemma: ued -1

m. `wedge zum Spaltendes Holzes', Old Indic vdhar- n. `Mordwaffe (esp. from Indras vadhasn- m. ds., Avestan vdya- `zurckstoen' (lengthened grade as gr. );

`killing, Mordwaffe (esp. from Indras projectile); blow, knock, annihilation ' = Avestan vada-

Material: Old Indic vadhati, vadht `hit, bump, poke, destroy', Kaus. vadhayati, vadh- m.

projectile)' = Avestan vadar- n. `weapon (for hitting)', vdhram `Lederriemen', Old Indic gr. . Hes., hom. `pushing, thrusting, zerwhlend', ` hair
h

' (*en-uod -tis); also in , , (-, - metr. lengthening); Hes.; secondary , ; Old Indic vdhri- ` castrated ' (`with zerstoenen testicles') = gr. ,

of the head, mane'; `poke, push' (: Avestan vdya-), ` shove ', ` tremor

wedigo `Zimmerbeil', Old Irish fodb `Waffenbeute' (*uod -uo-); is also Avestan vaaan`EN eines glaubensfeindlichen Frsten' as `axe, Schlger' to deuten? ein sk-present seems Irish fisc- `press', mcymr. gwascu, bret. gwaska `press' (certainly
h

Lithuanian vedeg `a kind of axe', Latvian vedga `Eisaxt, crowbar ', Old Prussian

ablaut :o).

Page(s): 1115

References: WP. I 254 f., Frisk 446 f., 449 f.

Meaning: to lead

eded Root / lemma: ued -2, vor Nasalen ued-

(Kaus.) `leads, zieht', with upa- `eine Frau zur matrimony give', with us- `(Frauen) entfhren, rob', varya- `heiratsfhig (from girl)';

Material: Old Indic vadh- f. `bride, young wife, woman', Avestan va- ds., vayeiti

to-fed-, to-d-fed- `guide, lead', cymr. arweddu `guide, lead, bring', Verbalnom. mcymr.

Old Irish fedid `leads, goes, carries, brings ', mcymr. go-di-waw ` overtaken ', Old Irish

arwein (*are-ued-no-), cyweddu ` guide, lead, wohin bringen ', Verbalnom. cywain (*komdimizi ` marry, get married '; ued-no-), cymr. dy-weddo `marry', corn. d-om-ethy ds., Middle Breton d-im-iziff, nbret.

ved-ae; Lithuanian vds ` suitor ', vedklis ` marriageable, young man', nau-ved, `bride';

*ued- in Old Prussian wedd, Lithuanian vd, Latvian dial. vede and Old Church Slavic

Lithuanian ved, vsti `lead, guide; marry (of husband)', Latvian vedu ds., Prter.-stem

veds ` bridegroom ' (` leading home anew '), Latvian vedekle ` daughter-in-law ', vedama Maybe alb. (*vashta) vash , vajz, varsh (*vades)` young girl, virgin ' common alb. -d- > -l-,-r-,-j-. Old Church Slavic vedo, vesti `guide, lead', seldom `marry', Iter. voditi, (but Old Church

206);

Slavic nevsta `bride' rather ` the stranger ', as ` die noch nicht Heimgefhrte ', Vasmer 2, Note: Old Church Slavic: nevsta `bride, daughter-in-law' [f ] derived from Lithuanian nau-ved, -veds ` bridegroom ' Iterat. Lithuanian vaditi and vadti, Latvian vadt `guide, lead', and vadt `hin and her

1109; Old Church Slavic vod, voditi `guide, lead', Old Russian voditi enu `eine Frau heimfhren'. In addition probably ued-mno-, the word for the purchase price the bride: ed-mnoed

guide, lead'; about Lithuanian vadoti, Latvian vadut `auslsen, loskaufen'; see above S.

price or wedding-gifts '; but also ` dowry of the parents', , hom. ` to promise for wedding-presents, to betroth ', hom. ` a betrother; (the daughter equipping) '([F] and [F] with and as suggestion vowels); father of the bride ', - ` without bride-price; also of the husband, bringing no gifts Old English weotuma, wituma, wetma m. ` purchase price of the bride', Old Frisian

Gr. (for *F with Spir. asper after *Fh `pleasant'), hom. Pl. ` bride-

wetma, witma ds., Burgundian wittemo, Old High German widomo, widemo `dowry', Middle widimen, Middle High German widemen, widmen `ausstatten', Modern High German High German wideme, widem, Modern High German Wittum (in addition Old High German

*uedno-, compare also *uesno-;

comparable; dubious Old Church Slavic vno `dowry, payment for the bride', whether from

widmen); gr. Slavic -no- maybe from -mno- and with dem Germanic -men-stem

house' (ued(h)-l-?). common alb. -dz- > -gl-, -gj-. Page(s): 1115-1116
h

doubtful alb. vigj `gift to the wedding, to the birth of children, by the construction of a

References: WP. I 255 f., Trautmann 344, Vasmer 1, 177, 182, 212, Frisk 442 f.

Meaning: to bind, attach

Root / lemma: ued -3

Material: Old Indic v-vadh- m. `Schulterjoch zum Tragen from Lasten, Tragholz, Proviant'; vadhra- m. n. `Lederriemen'; gr. . . Hes.; companionship', coibdelach `Blutsverwandter'), air-com-fed- `damage', mcymr. ar-gywedu, abret. ar-co-gued ds.; cymr. gwedd ` yoke '; arwest f. ` string, band, strap'; Gothic gawidan ` connect ' (gawiss `connection'), Old High German wetan `bind, ins
h

Old Irish fedan f. ` yoke, pair of harnessed oxen, Geschirr', fedil ` yoke ' (coibdil `

*ud et.

yoke spannen, connect '; zero grade perhaps Swedish dial. ydd ` Ox's rope, rein' from Hittite ueda-, uete- `to build' (from dem from Ruten geflochtenen Hause).

See also: in addition uend -1 S. 1148. Page(s): 1116-1117

h

References: WP. I 256, Pedersen Hittite 118;

eded Root / lemma: uedPage(s): 1115 See also: s. ued -2

h

egeg Root / lemma: ueg-

Meaning: to weave, bind

Material: Old Indic vgur `Fangstrick, net zum Wildfang, thread, string'; Latin vlum `sail,

sleeve, wrapping, kerchief, cloth, curtain' (therefrom vlre ` veil, cover '), Demin. vxillum `textrix', nbret. gwea ds., acymr. gueetic `textilis', ncymr. gweu `to weave, tie, bind, knot ', `banner, ensign, flag, Fhnchen'; Old Irish figim ` weave ', fige `the weaving ', abret. gueig

cymr. anwe ` texture '; gall. veadia (*vegiadia) `Spinnwirtel' (J. Loth RC. 38, 86);

gwe (*uego-) ` texture ', acorn. guiat gl. `tela', ncorn. gwia `to weave'; Middle Irish indech,

Dochten', Norwegian vik f. `Fitze or Docke thread, string' (diese and other i-forms through interference from ueik-, ueig- `bend, coil ' under S. 1130, Persson Beitr. 323a 3?); Middle High German wiht `wick'; Old English wecca `wick', Old Low German wekko, Middle Low German wecke `wick, Lunte', Middle High German wicke `wick, Scharpie', Modern High German dial. wicke `the um die spindle gewickelte Flachs', Old High German wickil(n) `Wickel zum Abspinnen', Modern High German Wickel `as much, as jedesmals zum

Old English wice `wick', Modern High German Bavarian wichengarn `Baumwolle to

Abspinnen um den distaff (= staff for holding flax, wool, etc., in spinning) gewickelt wird', Middle High German Modern High German wickeln; -grade Old English wcig ` loop, noose, snare, Fallstrick' (in ablaut and meaning genau to Old Indic vgur stimmend);

wocken `distaff; flax or Wolle auf dem Rockenstock', Old Saxon wocco `cicindela (wick, Lunte)'; auf redupl. *ue-ug- based on probably Old English woce, Middle Low German German dial. Wieche. wke, weike, Old High German wiocha `gedrehtes thread, string, Lunte', Modern High

with takeover from w- from den lengthened grade forms) Middle Low German wocke,

iugum placed, but probably with Anlautdehnung from *[w]kan-); zero grade (*u g- or *uge

Norwegian dial. ke `verfitzte mass, e.g. from Zwirn' (vonTorp 473 as `connection' to ok =

Page(s): 1117

See also: here uokso- ` wax '.

References: WP. I 247 f., WH. II 745 f.;

h Root / lemma: ueh-

Meaning: to move, carry, drive

Material: Old Indic vhati `leads, travels, zieht, fhrt heim, heiratet', also ` flows ' and `allows flow', Aor. a-vk-am (participle h-, in addition neologism hati ` pushes, h- > -x-, -zwheels, slides, throngs', Leumann IF. 57, 221); common Old Indic -h- > -k- : Avestan -

Note: a zero grade uh- only in Aryan and probably also in Alb.

fhren', vahana- `fhrend, fahrend', n. `das Fhren, Fahren, ship' (zero grade vhana`fhrend, bearing, carrying', n. ` draft animal, cart, ship'), Avestan tr-vazana`Feuerwedel' (compare die Germanic Celtic no-formations); Old Indic vahtra- n. `vessel,

Partizipien from nicht auf Aspirata auslautenden Wzln.); Old Indic vhyati `er allows

Avestan vazaiti `leads, zieht, flies' (participle vata-, wherein t instead of -zd- after

m. `shoulder of Jochtieres', vaht- f. `river, vessel', vahy- `zum Fahren suitable ', n.

ship' (: Latin vehiculum), Old Indic vaha- `fahrend, fhrend' (= Slavic voz ` cart '), vha-

`vehicle, Tragsessel, couch, bed, place for resting ', Avestan vazya- n. `load, Tracht' (= Old

Saxon wigg n. `horse'), Old Indic vhar- `fahrend, fhrend', m. `Zugpferd, Zugochs;

Zugtiere dappled, dotted, spotted are' (*udr f. to *udar-); Old Indic vh- `fhrend, pull, draft animal ' (: Gothic wgs), Old Indic vhiha-, Avestan vzita- `the at best herbeifhrende laudation ', Avestan vazah- `fahrend, fhrend';

next to which with d: vadra- `the vorwrts brings ', sy-udri- EN actually `dessen female bearing, carrying', m. ` draft animal, vehicle', Avestan vza- `fahrend, fliegend', m. `Ziehen, vorwrtsbringt'; Old Indic vahas- `fahrend' (: n.), vhas- n. `vehicle, das die Gtter gr. Hes., pamphyl. F `er soll bringen', Cypriot F `brachte dar',

Heimfhrer eines Mdchens; Lasttrger', Avestan vatar- ` draft animal ' (= Latin vector),

n. ` cart ', (- instead of - after) m. ` cart ', `lead, guide', `let me

bear, carry or drive, reite', - `die Aegis schwingend', - (hom.), - m. `gully, canal, water pipe ', `leite Wasser in a gully, a canal'; ` fort';

(Doric), F(lak.) `the die Erde heiratet' (Beiw. of Poseidon, Borgeaud KZ 68, 222), lever ' (: Old Icelandic vagl `Hhnerstange'), , `bewege fort, rolle or wlze alb. vjedh `steal'; zero grade probably alb. udh `way, journey; law - instruction ',
h

whereof with formants -r perhaps also ur `bridge' (*ud -r); Note:

Wrong etymology because alb. ura ` bridge ' derived from a truncated gr.

(*gphura) ` bridge ', Armenian kamour ` bridge '. Also alb. udh `way, journey' did not derive from Old Indic participle h- `lead' but from gr. , ( once in Hom., Od.17.196): I. `of Place, way, road'. see Root / lemma: sed- : to sit. sed-

Umbrian aveitu, arsueitu, arueitu ` to conduct, carry, convey, bear, bring, etc.., a person carriage, ship, etc.. ', kuveitu ` he/she shall carry together, collect, store ', Latin vehis f. ` tempered, stormy', vectis ` lever, Hebebaum, crowbar ', originally abstract noun *`das Heben, Fortbewegen', vectglis `to den tributes an den Staat belonging' (places ein *vectis in the meaning `das Herbeibringen, Ablieferung' ahead), vectgal `tribute, tax an den Staat, Geflle, tax', vlx `quick, fast' (*ueh-slo-), vles `Leichtbewaffneter'; veia cart, Fuhre, Fuder', vehemns actually `*einherfahrend', hence `violent, stormy, hot

`drive, guide, lead, bear, carry, bring' (in addition probably also con-, d-, sub-vexsus),

Latin veh, -ere, vxi (: Old Indic vkat, Old Church Slavic vs Aorist), vectum

or thing to a place; and pass., to be carried, to ride, to come to a place upon a horse, in a

`plaustrum';

wagan) = cymr. gwain ds., abrit. covinnus `Sichelwagen', (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), cymr. amwain `herumfhren', arwain `guide, lead', cywain `drive'; Old Irish fecht `journey, time, mal', mcymr. gweith, ncymr. gwaith `work, work, mal', corn. gweth, gwyth `mal', acorn. gueid-uur `opifex', bret. gwez, gweach `mal', gall. PN Vectirix, Vecturius;

Old Irish fn `kind of cart ' (*ueh-no-; compare Old Indic vahana- and Old High German

grade Old Indic vhyati) = Old High German weggen `move'; iterative Old Icelandic vaga `sich bewegen, vibrate ' (wherefore as post-verbal Old High German waga `movement' Saxon Old English weg `way';Old Icelandic vigg, Old Saxon wigg, Old English wicg n. English wiht n. ds., Middle High German gewihte n. ds.; Wissmann, Nom. postv. 1, 14); Gothic wigs, Old Icelandic vegr, Old High German Old `hin - and herbewegen', Old English wagian `sich bewegen', Old High German wagon

guide, lead, wgen', Gothic gawagjan `move, shake' (= , Slavic voziti; lengthened

erwgen, wgen, wiegen), Old Saxon wegan `wgen, consider', Old Englishwegan `bring,

Old High German wegan `sich bewegen, wiegen (Modern High German bewegen,

Gothic gawigan `move, shake', Old Icelandic vega `move, swing, heave, life, wiegen',

`horse' (= Old Indic vahya-); Old Icelandic vtt, vtt f. ` weight ' (= Latin vectis), Old

cradle '; Old High German wagan, Old English wgn, Old Icelandic vagn ` cart ' (ablaut. with Irish fn); Old Icelandic vagl m. `Hahnenbalken', Norwegian `Hhnerstange' (`*Tragstange', compare formal -, -); Maybe alb. vig 'hand-barrow' High German wg ` surge ', Old Saxon wg `hochflutendes water', Old English wg ` Gothic wgs `Wogenschlag', Pl. `Wogen', Old Icelandic vgr `sea, Meeresbucht', Old

High German Old Saxon waga ` cradle ', Old Icelandic vagga ds., Old High German wiga `

Old Icelandic vg f. ` lever ', Pl. vagar ` sled ', vgur (and vgir) f. Pl. `barrow, bier'; Old

surge '; Old Icelandic vg ` lever, Wage, weight ', Old High German wga `Wage, weight, Geratewohl dransetzen, venture, risk'), Old Saxon wga `lanx', Old English wg, wge Lithuanian ve, vti `drive', vemas ` cart ', v `Wagengeleise', prav risk ' (Middle Low German Middle High German wgen `in die Wage lay, place, aufs

`Wage, a certain weight ';

cart ', vo, voziti `drive, guide, lead'; also Old Russian va `Wohnwagen, tower'. References: WP. I 249 f., WH. II 742 f., 744, Trautmann 356 f., Vasmer 1, 178 f. Page(s): 1118-1120

`Wagengeleise'; Old Bulgarian vez, vesti `vehere', veslo ` rudder ' (*ueh-slo-), voz `

Root / lemma: ue-

Meaning: fresh, strong

Grammatical information: stative verb ue-

Material: Old Indic vja- m. ` power, quickness, contest, price of the battle, cut-throat price ', vjyati `regt an, treibt an, luft um die Wette'; vjra- m. `thunderbolt, club, mace, joint' = Avestan vazra- `club, mace, joint', Old pers. vazrka-, npers. buzurg `big, large', derivative from *uazar n.; Latin vege, -re `bin alert, awake, smart', trans. `errege', vigil `watchful, wakeful' and

awake, smart'; gl- > gj-).

`Wache, Wchter' (*vegilis), thereafter vigilre ` awake sein'; vegetus ` strenuous, alert,

Maybe from Latin ex vigilre derived Italian svegliare = alb. zgjoj ` wake up' (common alb. Alb. vigjloj ` guard' a Latin loanword. (preterit wc), wcnian ` be born '; Old Icelandic vakinn ` awake'; Kaus. Gothic uswakjan ` German etc. wecchan `waken, arouse, revive'; Zustandsverbum Germanic *wakn in: awaken ' (besides the abbreviation = Old Indic vjyati) = Old Icelandic vekja, Old High Gothic wakan, Old Icelandic vaka (schw. Verb) `watch', Old English wacian, Old Saxon Gothic gawaknan `wake up, arouse' = Old Icelandic vakna ds., Old English wcnan

wakn, Old High German wahhn, wahhn `watch'; Old High German wachal ` awake',

Old English wacol (*wakala-), Old Icelandic vkull (*wakula- : Latin vigil); Gothic wkains f. active, fresh, wacker' (formal = Old Indic vjra-, Avestan vazra-); Old Icelandic vaskr `alert, Tocharian AB wsir ` lightning '; `das Wachen'; Old Icelandicvakr, Old English wacor, Old High German wachar, wakar `

awake, smart, agile' (*vak-ska-); perhaps also Old High German wahs `sharp'.

Page(s): 1117-1118

egeg See also: compare aueg-, aug- above S. 84 f., from dem ue- barely to separate is.

References: WP. I 246 f., WH. II 741.

Meaning: wet; to irrigate; ox (?)

eg eg uks sRoot / lemma: ueg- : g-, uksMaterial: Gr. `humid, wet, fluid'; Latin vidus `humid, wet, damp' (out of it dus,

whereof lgo `die natrliche dampness of Bodens'), vor, -ris ` dampness, damp ',

`befeuchte' (based on auf *gsmos); Middle Irish fal ` urine ' (*uog-lo-);

*vos from *go-s ahead); me, -re `humid, wet sein', mor ` dampness ', mect Old Icelandic vkr (Akk. vkuan) `humid, wet', vkvi m., vkva f. ` damp ', wherefore Old

vsc, -ere `humid, wet become, sich betrinken', vns `humid, wet, damp' (place a

Icelandic vkva, vekkja `(blood) shed, flow let', vk f. (*vakv) `offene (nasse) place in Eise', Middle Low German wake f. `hole in Eise', Dutch wak `humid, wet, damp', engl. (from dem Nord.) wake `Kielwasser';

and fire); common Old Indic -h- > -k- : Avestan -h- > -x-

s-Erweit.: Old Indic ukti `befeuchtet, besprengt', Avestan uxyeiti `sprht' (of water in addition (with the same Verhltn. as Old Indic vran- `virile', Latin verrs: Old Indic

`wife'); cymr. ych `ox' (= Indo Germanic *uks, urbrit. *uch > -, with umlaut ych), Pl. `deer'; PN Os-car `hirschliebend', Demin. Oissn `Ossian'; Gothic ahsus (Gen. Pl. Tocharian okso `rother, cattle, bull'.

uk m., Avestan uxan- `bull' (in addition? fem. *uksr `die Besprengte' > Latin uxor

var-m `rain', s. uer- `feuchten') Indo Germanic uksen- `bull, Tiermnnchen' in: Old Indic uksen sen-

mcymr. ychen, ncymr. ychain, bret. ouhen, oc'hen, corn. ohan `Ochsen', Middle Irish oss

auhsne), Old Icelandic oxi, Old English oxa, Old High German Old Saxon ohso `ox'; Maybe zero grade in alb. (*oxa) ka `ox', (*oxie) qe Pl. `oxen'.

Page(s): 1118

References: References: WP. I 248 f., WH. II 815, 849, Mayrhofer 1, 98.

eipeip See also: see below ueip-. Page(s): 1124

eibeib Root / lemma: ueib-

Meaning: to separate; widow

eid ei Root / lemma: uei -, uid h h

Note: probably from *ui- `apart' and *d - `place' grown

h

`wird empty, bare, lacking, has Mangel an etwas', vidh- `vereinsamt', vidhur- `apart, separated, remote, distant from, lack, be short of'; veht ` infertile ' i.e. `the empty', Sommer Mnchner Studien z. Sprachwiss. 11, 20;

durchschossen', nirviddha `auseinanderstehend, voneinander apart, separated', vindht

latter probably previously through imitation from vyath- : vith- `waver'); viddh- `durchbohrt,

Material: Old Indic vdhyati `durchbohrt' (lengthened grade partly vdh-, partly vyadh-,

interior, region';

Lithuanian vids m. ` the interior ', vidurs m. ` center ', Latvian vidus m. ` center, the Maybe nasalized alb. vend `region, place' ablaut. Lithuanianviedulis ` inside withered tree'; Maybe alb. (*vedulis) vejush 'widow' [common alb. -d- > -j-].

Latin dvid, -ere `separate, divide', Umbrian uef Akk. Pl. `partes', vetu `dividito' (*vf-tu);

viduus ` stolen; looted, empty, bare, lacking from etwas', Old Irish fedb ` widow', corn.

gr. [F] `Junggeselle', Latin vidua ` widow; geschiedene or unverheiratete Frau',

in addition (compare the above u-stem) Old Indic vidhv ` widow', Avestan viav ds.,

widdewu, Old Church Slavic vdova ds.; Indo Germanic *uid euo- Adj. `apart, separated', in Fem. substantivized ` widow'; s-present etc. Old High German wsan `vermeiden', urweis Perf. `subterfg', Middle
h

` orphan '), Old English widuwe, wuduwe, Old High German wituwa ` widow', Old Prussian

guedeu ds., cymr. gweddw ` widower', Gothic widuw ` widow' (furthermore widuwarna m.

waisan- < *uoid -son-).

h

Frisian wsa, Old High German weiso, Modern High German Waise ` orphan '(Germanic References: WP. I 239 f., WH. I 359, Trautmann 358; Page(s): 1127-1128
h

High German only participle entwisen ` abandon from, empty, bare, lacking from'; Old

See also: compare uid u- `tree'. also:

Meaning: to turn, bend

eideid Root / lemma: ueid-1

Fegen etc.'; hom. `bend myself, krmme myself' (from a *F-- `gebogen'); References: WP. I 236, WH. II 785. Latin vdulus `geflochtener basket'; Latvian vdint `flax, wattle, braid'.

Material: Old Indic vd- m. ` tussock of strong Grases, besenfrmig gebunden, zum

Note: extension from *uei- ds.

Page(s): 1124

(e)id(e)id Root / lemma: u(e)id-2

Meaning: to see; to know

Perf. uoid-- `have seen, white', whence die meaning ` know, have knowledge of ' also auf oidoid other forms bertragen wurde; from the meaning ` behold ' derives `find' Material: A. Old Indic vetti, vidmsi vidnti ` know, have knowledge of ' (present reshuffling of Perf. vda vidm), vdate (also), vidti (also) ` know, have knowledge of ', Perf. vda vidm, Opt. vidyt, participle vidvn; Avestan vaa vdar, Opt. vdyt, vdv ` know, have

(e)id(i)(e)id(i) Grammatical information: (originally Aorist), Zustandsverbum u(e)id(i)-, nasalized ui-n-d-,

knowledge of ' (the meaning `see' in aiwi. vsm `have wahrgenommen', paiti. vsm

`wurde aware', fravizdm `nehmt wahr'); to-participle Old Indic vitta- ` recognized, known', Avestan vista- `known as' and Old Indic vidit- (probably to basis *uidi-); Inf. Old Indic vidmne (= gr. ) ` know, have knowledge of ', Gatha-Avestan vdvani; Kaus. Old

uzvaayeiti `allows know, have knowledge of ';

Indic vedayati `allows know, have knowledge of, kndigt an, bietet an', Avestan

den forms the meaning `see, know, have knowledge of ' is not quite sharp durchzufhren, compare Old Indic vindti `white', South Baluchi gindag `see'; Armenian egit `er fand' (= Old Indic vidat, gr. F), gtanem `find'; reshaped from Perf.

attain, makes teilhaftig', participle vista- `(vor)gefunden, vorhanden'; die separation from

vdayati, Avestan vaiti, vnasti, vvaa, vivdaiti (Konj.), Kaus. vaayeiti ` allows

In the meaning `find': Old Indic vindti (vtti, vitt), vidat, vivda, vvidat, vitt-, Kaus.

*uoida gitem `I know' (i from oi; in addition gt, gitak, gitun `wissend, wise'); results of gain', if from *uind-;

nasal present (= Old Indic vindati, Irish finn-, see below) perhaps in Armenian gint `profit, Gr. `erscheine, scheine, gebe mir den Anschein'; `white', , Konj. ,

participle (*F-), ; Aor. (F) `sah', (: Old Indic vidat, Armenian anzusehen' s. lastly Frisk 33 f.; nasalized `erscheine, zeige myself; gleiche'; gall. PN Vindomagus, -bona); also Celtic vindo- `white' (Old Irish find, cymr. gwynn, (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Latin vide, -re `see' (from the basis *u(e)id-, compare Old Church Slavic vidti, egit), participle -, ; gr. , Attic probably -F- `unsichtbar, not

syllable Old Church Slavic present vidit, Lithuanian pavdime, Latin vdi-s-t, Old Indic Aor. avdt, vdi-tr-, vdi-tum, vidi-t-; Umbrian uirseto `visa' or `visum', auirseto vsus (as vsus, -us `das Sehen, sight' with for after vd and vso);

Lithuanian pavydti, Gothic witan, -aida `observe' etc., and with zero grade *u(e)id- the 2.

`unsichtbar': Latin vidre = tacitus : tacre), Perf. vd (= Old Church Slavic vede), participle

similarly Gothic gaweisn, Old Saxon Old High German wsn `besuchen';

Latin vs, -ere `besuchen' (i.e. `to sehen wish'), Umbrian revestu `revisito' (*ueid-s-);

Indic vindti) nad-finnatar `sie wissen nicht', rofinnadar `pflegt to wissen' (*ui-n-d-n-),

shows', do-adbadar `wird gezeigt', as-ind-et `expounded'; nasal present (see above Old (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), as-fnimm, doaisbna `points, shows, evinces, shows' brit. Prsensformen, e.g. 2. Sg. mcymr. gwydost, gwdost, 1. Pl. ncymr. gwyddom, are

Old Irish ad-fadat `sie erzhlen' (etc.); compounds unseres Verbs are do-adbat `er

(from *uid-n-) mcymr. 1. Sg. gwnn, corn. gon, Middle Breton goun `I know' (die weiteren against it of Perf. derive ); Perf. Old Irish rofetar `I know', rofitir `er white' = cymr. gwyr (*uid-rai); Old Irish rofess `scitum est' (*uid-to-m, compare also fiss, ncymr. gwys `das

Wissen' from *uid-tu-s), fess `scita' (Pl. neutr.), mcymr. gwyss, Middle Breton gous `wurde TOVISACI), Old Irish tus ` beginning ', cymr. tywys `guide, lead' (*to-uissus, Indo vdayati, Old Icelandic veita ds); Old Irish fado `master, mister' (*ueidont-s); gewut'; Old Irish tosech, cymr. tywysog `guide, leader' (*to-uisskos, Ogam Gen.

Germanic *-uid-tus); here probably also Old Irish fid- `send', e.g. 3. Pl. fidit (= Old Indic Gothic fraweitan ` avenge ' (`animadvertere'), Old High German firwzzan `tadelnd

vorwerfen, verweisen', wzzan `bemerken, look out auf', Old Saxon Old English wtan

`reproach, rebuke, reproach' (therefrom Old Icelandic vti n. Old English wte, Old Saxon prove'; with ostentatious meaning-development Old English gewtan ` leave, depart, die', wti, Old High German wzzi n. ` punishment '), Gothic in-weitan `die worship, veneration

arawzan `discedere'; Gothic fairweitjan `gespannt hinblicken auf, perhaps zur basis auf -: only participle vitar `beobachtet, bestimmt', Old English (be)witian `betrachten, decide, define, ordain, determine'; preterit present Gothic wait, witum `know, we know, have knowledge of ' (Inf. witan, participle witands neologism), Old Icelandic veit vitum (vita, --, as certainly die -verbs Gothic witan, -aida `auf etwas sehen, observe', Old Icelandic

Old Saxon giwtan `go', Old High German (Hildebrandlied) giweit `er walked ', (Tatian)

after, look after, go after', Old English wt, witon (witan, wisse wiste), Old High German

vissa) ` know, have knowledge of ', also `bemerken, erforschen, indicate, gerichtet sein

unwiss `ungewi', Old High German giwis(s), Old Saxon Old English wiss ` certainly ' (Old eine Richtung leiten', Old High German weizen `show, beweisen'; to F seems as zusehen, tendamus') to belong; Icelandic vissa `Gewiheit'); Kaus. Old Icelandic veita `grant, leisten, help; also Wasser in

Gothic weitws ` witness, testifier ' (: , ` witness, testifier '); to-participle Gothic

weiz, wizzums (wizzan, wissa, wessa) ` know, have knowledge of ' nominalized participle

Injunktiv Old English wuton (with folgendem Inf.) from *witon `lat uns' (older `lat uns

(see o); of old Perf.from Old Prussian waisei, waisse `du weit' (= Old Church Slavic vsi) waidimai ` we know, have knowledge of ', Inf. waist; Old Church Slavicvid, vidii, videti know, have knowledge of '; povdti ` know, have knowledge of let' (probably reshuffling `see', previous Perf. Med. vd (= Latin vd `white'), present reshaped vm, vdti `

compare Old Indic viddh), veizdti `see, hinblicken', pavdiu, -vdime -vydti `invidere'

Lithuanian vizdmi (for *veidmi after dem Imper. Old Lithuanian veizdi = *ueid-d i,
h

`known, certainly '.

eines Kaus. *uoidi, Slavic *vditi, after vdti ` know, have knowledge of '); izvst B. nominal formation:

`teilhaftig'; gr. -, - `ignorant';

root nouns Old Indic -vid- `kennend, expert, skillful' (e.g. avavid-), Avestan vd-

`praescius', Old English wita `weiser man, Ratgeber', gewita ` witness, testifier ', Old High fadu ` witness, testifier ' (*ueid-ut-s) secondary n-stem;

Gothic unwita, Old High German unwizzo `Unwissender', Old High German forawizzo

German wizzo `weiser man', giwizzo ` witness, testifier ' post-verbal en-stem; but Old Irish Old Indic vid ` knowledge ', cymr. etc. gwedd f. `sight, apparition'; Old Indic vidy

`Wissen, doctrine', Avestan viya ds.; Old Irish airde n. `mark, token, sign' (*[p]ari-vidiom) Old English witt `reason, Besinnung', Gothic unwiti n. `Unwissenheit, Unverstand', = cymr. arwydd m. ds., Old Saxon giwitt, Old High German (gi)wizzi n. `Wissen, reason',

compare also Old High German wizz f. `Wissen, reason, Besinnung' in addition Old High f. ds.;

German gi-, ir-wizzn `look out' (Modern High German Witz m.), Middle Low German witte es-stem: Old Indic vdas n. ` knowledge, Umsicht, sacred Schrift', gr. n. ` es

appearance, shape', Lithuanian vidas ` front ' (to glottal stop see below), Old Church Middle Irish fad m. `Ehrenbezeigung', Old Irish fad (*ueidos) with Dat. `coram', cymr. yngwydd ds., gwydd `Anwesenheit', Middle Breton a goez, nbret. ac'houez `ffenlich'

Slavic vid (serb. vd) `sight, appearance ' (from ehemaligen Neutra), so probably also:

(`angesichts'); cymr. ad-wydd `cruel, savage', gwar-adwydd `insult'; other formations in

Gothic unweis `ignorant, ungebildet', fullaweis `vollkommen weise', Old Icelandic vss, Old High German Old Saxon Old English ws `wise' (*ueid-s-o-), Old High German ws(a) `(*

ruvs `different', perhaps also `outer apparition, shape, sight' (if *F); gr. , - `wissend, expert, skillful ', Old Icelandic vitr `sensible, wise';

appearance =) kind of, way', Old English ws(e) `way, state, status, direction', Old Icelandic

*- wherefore with suffix vowel gradation `shape', `unsichtbar'; Lithuanian vaidalas `apparition', pavdalas `shape' (*-elo-); gr. , - `, pavydulis, Old Prussian weydulis ` eyeball', Gothic farweitl `Schauspiel'; ', Old Indic vidura- `smart, sensible, wise', Lithuanian pavdulis `Ebenbild', akis Old Indic vidmn- m. ` wisdom ' (compare also Inf. vidman, ), gr. , -

gr. (hom.) `beautiful from Gestalt', Hes., due to eines

`expert, skillful'; Hes.;

`erkunden', ` occurrence ';

gr. , Attic , Boeotian F `wissend, expert, skillful; Schiedsrichter', in Baltic gives es eine Reihe from words with dem ablaut i: : Lithuanian vidas

pavydti ` envy', pavdas ` envy ', Old Prussian aina-wdai Adv. ` alike '; the originator seems das lengthened gradee present *uid-mi.

(compared with serb. vd from *uidos), vizdmi, vyzds ` eyeball', ivsti `become aware',

Vasmer 1, 178) and Church Slavic neveda `Ungebildeter', Old Russian va `Wissender'. Maybe in -l- suffix in alb. vetull ` eyebrow ' : Old Prussian weydulis ` eyeball'. l References: WP. I 236 ff., WH. II 784 f., Trautmann 338, 357 f., Vasmer 1, 176 ff., 192, Frisk 33 f., 451 f., M. Leumann Celtica 3, 241 ff. Page(s): 1125-1127

perhaps here Old Church Slavic vda, Old Russian va `eyelid' (proto Slavic. vdia,

eikeik Root / lemma: ueik-1

Meaning: to choose, filter

gottesdienstlichen Zwecken aussondern' entspringt die of `Weihens', wherefore here Latin respectively *viktu-s `Weihung'; Gothic weihs `holy', Old Saxon wh- ds., Old High German German Weihnachten; Old Icelandic v- n. ` shrine, temple', Old Saxon wh m. `temple', wh, whi ds., compare Middle High German (ze) when nahten, from which Modern High

vecyati; Avestan ava-vak- `ausscheiden, aussuchen'; from the meaning `to

Material: Old Indic vinkti, vivkti, vevekti `sondert, siebt, sichtet', particle vikt-; Kaus.

victima ` sacrificial animal, sacrifice, oblation', being based on auf einemi-or u-stem, *vikti-s

(engl. witch); md. wicken `conjure, perform magic', wicker ` magician, Wahrsager'; without

gemination Germanic *wik-kan- ` magician ': Old English wicca m. ds., wicce `Zauberin'

whian, Old Frisian wa, wga, Old High German when ` consecrate '; with intensive

Old English woh, wg m. `Gtterbild'; derived Vb. Gothic weihan, altisl. vgja, Old Saxon

ueigtum?).

Middle Low German wickelen; eine variant *ueig- (?) in Umbrian eveietu `electum' (*ek-

gemination: Old English wigol `zum Wahrsagen belonging', wiglian ` forecast, soothsay ',

See also: relationship to ueik-, ueigh- `bend' etc. is not ausgeschlossen. Page(s): 1128

References: WP. II 232, WH. II 782;

eikeik Root / lemma: ueik-2

Meaning: force, energy (victory, battle, etc..)

Material: Latin vinc, -ere, vci, victum `die Oberhand gewinnen, win, triumph; defeat, conquer', pervicx `hartnckig, steadfast', Oscan vincter `convincitur'; Old Irish fichid `fights', d-fich- `punish, curse', fch m. `discord, rage, fury', feuchuir

guich[i]r `wild'), fecht (*uikt) ` campaign = acymr. guith, cymr. gwyth `rage, fury', abret. uueith- in PN; gall. VN auf -vices (abrit. Ordo-vices `Hammerkmpfer'), PN Victo-valos etc.; with full grade Vcti-rx, Vco-rx = Old Irish PN Fachrai, Gen. Fachrach (Ogam VECREC);

`stern' (*ukaris), feuchrae ` austereness, severeness ' (unclear is das ch in acymr.

German wgan (Old High German only in particlewgant, whant, gawigan `decrepitus',

Gothic weihan `fight', wigana Dat. Sg. `fight, struggle, war, fight'; Old English Old High

Middle High German when ` exhaust, weaken ', Modern High German dial. sich weihen = `sich weigern', anweihen `anfechten'; aorist- present Old Icelandic vega, v `fight, slay', widerwehen `with blanken Waffen kmpfen'; Old Icelandic vla (*vhalian) `sort, order, afr. wch, Old High German wc, wg etc. `fight, struggle', Old Icelandic Adj. vgr Old High German ubarwehan `berwinden' (with false consonant), Middle High German arrange, sich with etwas abgeben'; Old Icelandic vg, Old Saxon wg, Middle Low German `kampftchtig', Gothic zero grade waihj f. `war, fight, fight, struggle'; o-grade in Germanic

irwigan, confectus, `abgekmpft') `fight, quarrel', Middle High German anwgen ` assail ';

German weigen etc. `bother, annoy, torment, smite', Norwegian veiga `swing'; ein ro-Adj. `widerwillig', therefrom Old High German weigarn etc. `sich weigern';

*waig- f. ` power ', therefrom derived Old Saxon wgian, Old English wgan, Old High

is Old High German weigar `sich widersetzend, stout, proud', Middle Dutch weiger, wger Lithuanian veiki, vekti `somewhat make, work', apveiki `bezwinge', prveikiu

`bewltige', vikus `fast, rapid, hurried', veikls ` active, geschftig', vikas ` power, life', fit, healthy', vkt `thrive';

vkis m. `life(digkeit)', vikrs `alert, awake, smart'; Latvian vikt `align' etc.; veklis `nimble,

Old Church Slavic vk m. ` power, Lebensalter', Czech russ. vk ds.; zusammennehmend'. Page(s): 1128-1129 perhaps here also Latin vix `barely, with accurate need', as `alle Kraft

References: WP. I 232 f., WH. II 791 f., Trautmann 339, Vasmer 1, 179.

eikeik Root / lemma: ueik-3

Meaning: to come together, become equal

Material: Gr. (Cypriot F) f. `Bild', hom. Impf. `es schien good', herakl. `siehielten for good, regelten', hom. `es schickt sich, pat' (FF; 3. Du. , etc.), Attic (*FFF) `suitable, fitting, fitting', hom. (*FF),

(*F) `vergleiche', (F), (F) `similarly', ` suitable; fitting ', Ionian `unpassend', Attic (*F) `schmhlich', ` maltreatment ', (-

F) `bilde after, vergleiche, vermute';

2 genannten words, as Lithuanian vikus `fast, rapid, hurried', vekti `do, make', is though not with confidence vorzunehmen. References: WP. I 233, Frisk 38, 454 f.

`musterhaft', Latvian vkst `vorbereiten'; eine Abgrenzung compared with den under *ueik-

Lithuanian -vkti `eintreffen, zutreffen, wahr become', pavikslas `example', paveiksls

Page(s): Page(s): 1129

eikeik eigeig Root / lemma: ueik-4, ueig-

Meaning: to curve, bend; to go round, to exchange Note: (extension from *uei- `bend'). Material: 1. Old Indic vci- f. ` deception, seduction ' (Rv. 10, 10, 6; probably `*Krummheit'); with voiced-nonaspirated Old Indic vjate, vijte, participle vikta-, vigna- `vor etwas

zurckfahren, davoneilen', pra-vij- `Einsturz threaten', abhi-vij- `umkippen', vga- m.

`Anprall, blow, knock, prank', nivixta- `herabgeschwungen, herabgeschleudert', npers. Indic vvjyate `fhrt los';

`Zittern, intense Bewegung, rush', Avestan vag- (vaj-) `(a projectile) swing', vaa- m.

vxtan `toss, fling', osset. vun `upset, move', bal gjag `swing, toss, fling'; Intens. Old Old Indic vi-vykti `umfat', vycas- n. `further Raum', Avestan vyxa-, vyxman-

`congregation, meeting' (?);

(i.e.F) Hes.; `praevincult';

gr. , Aor. (F) Alkman ` recoil, nachstehen, unterliegen', (Boeotian) Latin vicia f. `vetch': nasalized vinci, -re `umwinden, bind', Umbrian previlatu Gothic waihsta ` angle, point, edge', Middle High German weigen `waver'; Old English

diminutive to Old Saxon *wga, westfl. w `Weidenbaum', ablaut. Old Frisian Old gewge, Modern High German Geweih, dial.Gewicht(eln) ds. (originally probably `*Gezweig');

wicga `beetle, chafer'; Middle Low German nnd. wchele `Weidenbaum' from *wgele,

English wg, Old Saxon wg `wall', (*uoiko- `geflochtene wall'); also Middle High German

Latvian vcint `wave, tummeln', refl. `sich schwenken, bend make'.

Latvian vkstu, vkt `sich biegen, ductile become', vksts ` ductile, soft', vkne ` tendril '; With Indo Germanic g: Old Icelandic vkva, ykva (w-present), vkja, preterit veik `from

Richtung nehmen, withdraw'; Old Icelandic veikr (and veykr with -w- after vkva) `soft,

English wcan stem V. ` withdraw, crumple ', Old High German whhan stem V. `eine

the Stelle move, (sich) bewegen, sich wenden', Old Saxon wkan ` withdraw' (: ), Old

`weak', Old High German weich `soft, weak, timorous'; Old English wice f. `Rster', Middle English wiker `Weidengerte'; Middle Low German wk m., wke f. `Entweichen, escape', Middle High German wch m. `groin, flank ', formal = Old Icelandic vk `small bay', Old

wc (out of it Old Icelandic vkr) `soft, weak, woeful, wretched, miserable ', Old Saxon wc

weak', New Norwegian also `pliable' (compare Old Icelandic veikja `bend'), Old English

bewegen, wippen';

wicken `rash, hasty and violent hin and her bewegen', Swedish vicka `sich unstet

bend'; Old High German whhn `spring, dance, jump ', Modern High German Hessian

English wc f., Middle Low German wk ds.; Norwegian dial. vik n. `small point, edge or

vgati `waver', ven `gebogen'.

Lithuanian vigrs, vglas `rash, hasty, adroit', Latvian vegis `light', slov. vg ` bent ', 2. Latin vicis (Gen.), vicem, vice, Pl. vics, vicibus `variation, Abwechslung'; perhaps

Old Irish fiach `mutuum, Geschuldetes, blame'; Old Icelandic giafa-vxl `exchange of gifts', vxl `kreuzweis' (vxla `swap, vary, exchange'); Old Saxon wehsl `trade, currency', Old High German whsal, wehsil `variation, exchange, trade' (Old Saxon wehsln, Middle High an jemanden kommende order ', Old Icelandic vika `Woche' (originally `*variation'), also German Modern High German wechseln); with sicherem Indo Germanic g Gothic wik `die

`Seemeile' (`*variation the oarsman'; also Middle Low German weke ss `Seemeile'), Old English wicu, wucu `Woche', Old Saxon wika in crce-wika `Kreuzwoche', Old High German whha, wohha `Woche';

(Instr.), after Wackernagel (KZ 67, 173) `alterant, changeable', after G. Liebert (Nominalsuffix -ti- S. 138 f.) though `dreifache Dienstleistung'. Page(s): 1130-1131 References: WP. I 233 ff., WH. II 781 f., 791 f., Trautmann 338 f., Frisk 454.

unclear is because of Gutturals Old Indic vi- (*uik-) `work, Dienstleistung', tri-vi

Meaning: house, settling Note:

Root / lemma: ueik-, uik-, uoiko- (*duei- kayati)

Root / lemma: ueik-, uik-, uoiko- (*duei- kayati): `house, settling' derived from Root / : eiei k(i) k(i) (i)(i)lemma: kei- : `to settle' : Root / lemma: k(i)-, k(i)- : `to acquire, possess'. Akk. vsm, ap. viam) `house, village, Clan', Old Indic vi-pti- ` householder, Material: Old Indic v- f. `Wohnsitz, house', PL va `people, citizen', Avestan vs- (e.g.

Gemeindehaupt', vi-ptn ` housewife', ablaut. Old Indic vman- n., jav. vasma- m.

Indic viati `tritt ein, geht ein', niviati `kehrt ein', Avestan vsaiti `geht ein, tritt ein to etwas'; Maybe from Skt. v- (RV+) `settlement, community, tribe' derived alb. (*v) fis `settlement, community, tribe', vis `territory, spot, place ' Note: Alb. cognate has derived from Sanskrit not from Slavic. epithet the Dorer `in drei Phylen zerfallend'; alb. vis `place', amvis (am `mother') ` gr. , F `house', ds., ` inhabit ', `housemate', -F

`house, dwelling', Old Indic v- m. `Nachbar' (as Latin vcnus); verbal (see below) Old

housewife';

sl, or *ueik-s-l to es-stem from Gothic weihs); Gothic weihs n., Gen. weihsis `village, spot';

uocu-com, Akk. vuku if `aedes'; Latin vlla `Landhaus, estate' (*uoik-sl, with Latin suffix-

Latin vcus, dial. vcus `Husergruppe, village, dot, Stadtteil' (= gr. F), Umbrian

Latvian vesis `guest'; Old Church Slavic vs `village'.

vipati `noble wife, woman', verbal Lithuanian viinti ` host ', vieti `to Gaste sein',

Old Prussian waispattin Akk. ` housewife', Lithuanian vipat(i)s `master, mister',

Page(s): 1131

References: WP. I 231, WH. II 782 f., Trautmann 363 f., Vasmer 1, 193.

eiei Root / lemma: uei-1, uei- : uNote:

Meaning: to turn, bend, wind, *branch out eiei Root / lemma: uei-1, uei- : u- : `to turn, bend, wind, *branch out' derived from Root / a unique Illyrian-Baltic.

(u) lemma: du(u) : `two' through an Illyrian-Baltic intermediary root since the shift d- > zero is Material: A. Old Indic vyati `webt, flicht' (paradigmatic certainly with Perf. vuh, participle

bough'); about vvyate `flattert' see above S. 86; Hes.;

`twig, branch, bough', compare lengthened grade Old Church Slavicvja `twig, branch,

(: Latin vie), participle vt- `winded, gewickelt', vyna- n. `das Winden, Umhllen'; vay

vya- m. ` weaver, the weaving ', vyaka- ` weaver, Nher'; vyyati ` winded, wickelt, hllt'

t-, Inf. tum zusammengefat, die zur root *au-, presumably the base from uei-, belong);

gr. (i.e. F) Hes., , (- = F-), alb. with g(h)-suffix vik, vigu `geflochtene Tragbahre, Pflugdeichsel';

Note: alb. deg `Zweig, Ast, Gebsch' (*duoi-gh) : vik, vigu `geflochtene Tragbahre, bend, wind, *branch out' derived from Root / lemma: du(u) : `two'. (u) Pflugdeichsel', common Illyrian-Baltic d- > zero. Root / lemma: uei-1, uei- : u- : `to turn, eiei ei Latin vie, vire `bind, flechte' (vi-: Old Indic vy-na-), vtilis `twisted'; Middle Irish tech fithe `a wicker house'; cymr. gwal-en `twig, branch'; Middle Irish f `rod' (*ui); Gothic waddjus `Wall, wall' (originally from wickerwork) = Old Icelandic veggr `wall' Old Irish fe-n- (*ui-n-) in ar-fen- `abschlieen', im-fen- `umhegen', verbal noun imbe n.,

(proto Germanic *wajjus);

Latvian vja `geflochtener fence', vjas ` tendrils ', Old Church Slavic vja `twig, branch,

revolved ' (= Old Indic vta-), Old Church Slavic vjo, viti `turn, flax, wattle, braid, coil ',

Lithuanian veju, vti ` coil, turn', vtas `winded, twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved,

bough' (lengthened grade besides Old Indic vay ds.); ablaut. Church Slavic povoj m. `fascia'. B. With (h)-extension presumably here: Lithuanian vy `Bastschuh', Latvian vze `geflochtener Bastschuh'. C. With l-formant: High German Wialant; Old English wl(e) `artifice, deceit'; Old Icelandic vl (*ui-l) ` art, Kniff, tool', vla `bestricken', Old English PN Wlund, Old Lithuanian viel ` wire ', vieliti `wickeln', vyl, Latvian vle `hem, Strieme'; Lithuanian

viljt `die Richtung beim Laufen change, wedeln, Winkelzge make', vilj `winded, gekraust', vlica `ivy'. Maybe alb. vile 'bunch of grape', vjel 'harvest grapes' D. With m-formant: wattle, braid, wickerwork '; Middle Irish fiam ` chain '; Middle Low German wm(e)

ap-vlti `lie', vyls ` fallacious ', vlius `lie, falsity', Old Prussian pra-vilts ` betray '; russ.

Old Indic vman- n. `loom (from *uei-men, at first to vyati); Latin vmen `rod zum flax,

`Lattenwerk, Stangen'; with dem concept the drehenden Bewegung isl. vm, vma `

dizziness, giddiness; swindle, anesthetization ', Norwegian dial. veima `lurch, waver', Hes. as `from Ruten geflochtene Htten' (*F- = Latin vmen)? E. With n-formant:

Modern High German Hessian wmeln `waver'; whether here gr.

ueis-2); Old Church Slavic vnc `Kranz'; probably Old English wine-wincla (besides 570 ;
2

Gr. , `sinew' (*F--: Czech vnek `band, strap, headband ' or *F-- zur root form

pne-wincle) `Uferschnecke', wining `bandage'; about gr. compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, barely here the name of Weins: gr. (myk. vo-no-) `wine ', ` grapevine ', ,

(from which again Old Church Slavic vino and from dem Slavic Lithuanian vnas), but probably also die from Faliscan Volscan uinu, Umbrian vinu, uinu; da the Pontus the

and from Gothic wein, Old High German Old Saxon Old English Old Church Slavic vn

`wine ' (*uoin), Latin vnum; latter is not bare die wellspring from Old Irish fn, cymr. gwin

- ` grapevine, vine, wine ', Armenian gini `wine ', (*uoi-niom), alb. vn, Tosc ver

originator of the Weinkultur war, handelt es sich wobl um ein vorderasiat. word; compare Proto Semitic *wainu (arab. thiop. wain, hebr. jajin, assyr. nu) and Hittite wi-ja-na-a-, Kammenhuber Mnch. stem f. Spr. 6, 53 f. F. With r-formant: rainbow '; Old English wr `Metalldraht, gewundener jewellery', Middle Low German wre Gr. ` rainbow ' (F) = I and (F) `the as Gtterbotin personified Hieroglyphic-Hittite wa(i)ana-, Luvian dial. win-; s. lastly Laroche BSL 51, XXXIII, A.

skew', cymr. gyr `recurvus, limus', (*uiro-), bret. goar, gwar `courbe'; Latin viriae `a kind of Armschmuck' is Celtic loanword; Lithuanian -vairs `tortuosus, mannigfaltig, verschiedenartig'. G. With t-formant: `Rohrstab, duct, tube, pipe', Avestan vaiti ` willow, Weidengerte'; participle Old Indic vtgr. ` willow '; , `eine Weidenart' (*F-, -), m. `Dotterweide', Old Indic vta-, vtas- m. `rankendes Wassergewchs, reed, horsewhip', vtra- m.

*wira- from *ui-ro- in Old High German wiara `gold- or Silberdraht'; Old Irish fiar `slant,

das because of gr. F probably auf Indo Germanic *u-ro goes back, stands Germanic

`Metalldraht', Late Old Icelandic vra-virki `work from Metaldraht'; besides Germanic wra-,

(see above);

`rope'; , -, Aeolic F f. ` rim of the wheel, Schildrand, willow ' (= Latin vitus); vtex, -icis `Keuschlamm, (ein tree)', vitus f. ` rim of the wheel ' (gr. loanword??), vitta Maybe alb. vetull ` eyebrow '. virga contorta'; Middle Irish fithlenn `Epheu' (?); but cymr. gwythen, corn. gwyth, abret. Old Icelandic vir ` willow ', Old English wig ` willow ' (see above Latin vtex etc.), Old Irish fith f. `fibra' (*veiti-), cymr. gwden from *gwyden (*ueitin) `vinculum, ligamen, Latin vtilis ` twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved ', vtis `vine' (= Lithuanian vtis);

`bandage' (from *vt, dem Fem. of participle *utos, through consonant increase);

guithennou `vein(n)' are loanword from Latin vitta;

: Norwegian dial. veid ` willow, Wicken'), Old English weel `bandage'; Modern High

Middle Low German wde, Old High German wda ` willow ' (in addition o-grade as gr.

German Eingeweide, Middle High German (n)geweide: Old High German wid(i) `rope from

gedrehten Reisern', kuna-with `manacle', Gothic kuna-wida `manacle', Old Icelandic vi, witta `bandage', Old English wio-, wie-winde `convolvulus', Middle Low German wedealso (compare Gothic inwinds ` inverted ', inwindia `Ungerechtigkeit' to windan) Old vigjarn ` wicked ';

jar `gedrehtes band, strap', vija ds. = Old English wie `Weidenband', Old High German winde `ds., ivy, Geiblatt', Old English wiu-winde `Geiblatt', Old Icelandic vi-vindill ds.; Saxon inwid `malice, Tcke', Old English inwidd ` wicked, heimtckisch', Old Icelandic Lithuanian Inf. vti, vyts (Akk. vt) `Weidengerte', ablaut. il-vtis `Grauweide'; Latvian

vte ` tendril ', vtuls ` willow ', Old Prussian witwan `Weide', apewitwo `Uferweide' (: -); ablaut. Old Church Slavic vtv `twig, branch'; Old Church Slavic Inf. viti; vit (= Lithuanian vyts) `res torta in modum funis', pavit `

`ring'.

tendril ', s-vitk `(book)rolle', russ. vtvina `twig, branch, rod, horsewhip', sloven. vitika

References: WP. 1223 ff., WH. II 799 f., 802 ff., 806, Trautmann 345 f., Vasmer 1, 193 f. Page(s): 1120-1122 195 f., 201, 205 f., Morris-Jones Welsh Gr. 101, Frisk 462.

eiei Root / lemma: uei-2, uei- : uMeaning: to wither eiei Note: extended u-t- and uei-s-

verschrumpft';

Material: Latin visc, -ere `wither, verschrumpfen', vitus ` wilted; faded, flaccid, withered,

Maybe alb. Geg vyshk-et, Tosc fishk `wither' a Latin loanword. Old Irish feugud gl. `marcor' has derived from fo ` wilted; faded, flaccid, withered ' (*ui-

uo-) = cymr. gwyw ds.;

Germanic *wis-n-n, -n in Old Icelandic visna, Old English wisnian and (with gramm.

Old Icelandic visinn ` wilted; faded, flaccid, withered ', participle of *wisan, whereof

variation) weornian, Old High German wesann `wither, wilt' (also Modern High German

German wesel `weak, faint, languid', engl. dial. weasel, weazen `thin, lean ', Old Icelandic vesa `exhaust';

verwesen belongs as Old English forweoren `verwest' shows, originally here); Middle High vesall ` woeful, wretched, miserable ', vesligr ds., Norwegian visa `weak person', Swedish

viett, vtt ds.

Lithuanian vsti `wither, wilt' (preterit vtau), vtinu, pa-vaitin `make wilt ', Latvian

Page(s): 1123

See also: relationship to ueis- ` deliquesce ' is probable.

References: WP. I 227 f., WH. II 787 f.;

eiei ei ei Root / lemma: uei-3, uei- : u-

Meaning: to reach towards smth., to pursue or wish smth.; to be strong

Material: Old Indic vti, 3. Pl. vynti, also vyati `verfolgt, strives, leads (the weapons), drives, lenkt', also `enjoys', participle vt- ` pursued, liked, beloved, fancied ', Adj. ` straight, in a straight line ', vt `row', vth-, vth f. `row, way', pravayaa- `zum Antreiben

pada-v f. ` way, path, track ', padavy- ` signpost, leader ' (lengthened grade); with the

helpful', m. `Stachelstock', pravtar- ` charioteer ', vti- `horse' (`*pursuer, follower '?);

meaning ` strive - have gladly '; vt- ` liked, beloved, fancied, gladly genossen', vt- ` eat, drink; relish, enjoy, enjoyment, meal', deva-v- ` the pleased gods ', dev-vti- `enjoyment, feast for the gods';

` pursue, hunt, chase', vyna- `the victim of persecution ', viwa- Adj. `to hunt, chase, jagend to pursue ', vtar- ` pursuer ', vtay- ` pursuit ';

Avestan vi Inf. `to cheer, to gefallen'; vy- (vayeiti, vviti ` chases away ', 3. Pl. vyeinti)

Old Indic vnati ` longs ', vn- ` yearning, longing ';

with the meaning `fly' Old Indic ved. vvyat `flies' and Avestan -vayeinti ` they fly up '; gr. `bewege myself vorwrts, hurry, strive, lust, desire', (reshuffling of a *F-;

` gait, way, pathway', (*F), hom. ` pursuit ' (F-), Akk. ds., ( metr. lengthening) `Schlachtgetmmel', , - `Wiederzurckdrngen in

Asper after the Medium from ), `cupidus', (F-), [F] ` walked loose',

() `nimble, quick, fast' ( metr. lengthening), besides *F-, assumed through ep. - ` hawk';

Kampfe', korinth. F `verfolgt' (compare - : ); (F), Doric F

Ionian , - ` hawk' (the schnelle), Attic (through engeren connection an ) , ` power ' (= Latin vs, vim), Hes., `with power ' (Instr. in -b i), whereof Latin via f. `way'. Oscan vi, Umbrian ablative vea, via ds., Oscan amvan(n)ud
h

; about `sinew' see above S. 1121;

`Straenviertel, road' (*ui); Latin vs `du willst' (*uei-si = Old Indic vi), vs, vim ` power,

force, might' (= gr. ds.), Pl. vrs (from an s-stem); invtre ` host, invite ', with in- `ein'compared with verneinendem in- `un'- in invtus `wider Willen' (: Old Indic vta- ` liked, beloved, fancied '); whether vindex `Brge, avenger' as `Bestimmer the atonement ' to Old (about Old Irish fad `Wild', fadach ` hunt' etc. see below *uid u- `tree'); Williams BBCS. 11, 143; mcymr. gwit `dish, food', mel-wit ` honey ' (: Old Indic vt- `enjoyment, meal'), Ifor
h

Church Slavic vna `blame'?

`food, Weide, hunt (Waidwerk), Fischerei', also `Fahrt, journey', Middle High German weide `zum drittenmal', Old Icelandic veia, Old English wan `hunt, chase, `das Drauflosgehen, Jagen'; Old Saxon w in PN W-rc, Gr-w(: Latin vs);

Old Icelandic veir ` hunt ', Old English w ` hunt, journey' = Old High German weida

anderweide `zum zweitenmal', Modern High German anderweit, Middle High Germandr-

umherstreifen', Old High German weidn `hunt, chase; food seek ': Indo Germanic *uoi-t Lithuanian veju, vti `hunt, chase, pursue ', vtas (= Old Indic vt-) `verfolgt', vaj-ju, -ti

`mehrfach nachjagen', pavijs `Strecke Wegs', Latvian vajt ` pursue ', t-vejai `Rckflle from Krankheiten', t-veja `mal' (`*gait ', compare Middle High German anderweide `zum

voj `warrior', vojna `war, fight', ablaut. Old Church Slavic povinti ` subject, subdue',

zweitenmal'); -grade Lithuanian pavjus `danger', pavojs `dangerous'; Old Church Slavic

Old Church Slavic vina `blame, punishment ', ablaut. Latvian vana `blame', Lithuanian vainti `vilify, scold, scold, chide', Old Prussianetwint `entschuldigen'; Czech etc. vtati `greet' reminds an Latin invitre; unclear is the relationship to russ.

vzvitije `profit, gain' (`*Erjagtes'); with the meaning `Verfolgung eines beltters' probably

345, Vasmer 1, 205;

vitt etc. `stay, dwell', and to Lithuanian viet, Latvian veta `place' (*ueit), Trautmann

maybe nazalized alb. (*viet) vend 'place' Jugendalter', vayati (*ui-z-d-) `makes strong, tight, firm', vu- `tight, firm', vivi, vati `is active, wirkt, brings zustande, richtet from', Latin v-r-s (see o). 215; References: WP. I 228 ff., WH. I 713 f., II 749 f., 800 f., Trautmann 345 f., Vasmer 1, 201, See also: compare also uro-s `man'. es-stem, respectively s-extension: Old Indic vyas- n. ` vitality, youth strength, es

Page(s): 1123-1124

Meaning: to turn, sway

eip- eibeip eib Root / lemma: ueip-, ueib-

tremble', vpra- ` excited, aroused, begeistert', vip- if `rod, horsewhip', viptha- m. `a kind of arrow' (compare tela vibrre); Avestan vip- `throw, entsenden (Samen)'; ?; cymr. gwisgi `restless, mature, ripe, mellow, seasoned ' (from Nssen) from *uip-sk-moGothic biwaibjan `umwinden', Old High German ziweibjan `scatter'; Old Icelandic veifa

eipeip Material: 1. ueip-: Old Indic vpat, -ti `regt sich, trembles ', vpyati, vipyati `makes

`in schwingender, zitternder Bewegung sein, toss, fling, schlingen, umwickeln', Old English vfa `umhllen', nisl. vfla `bewilder', vfl `Klptel'; Old English wifel, wifer `arrow, Wurfpfeil'

wfan `bekleiden'; Old High German weibn `waver, schweben, unstet sein'; Old Icelandic

(: Old Indic viptha-); in addition wfian `vor astonishment erstarren', wfer-hs `Theater'; perhaps Old High German wb, Old Saxon Old English wf, Old Icelandic vf n. `woman, Old Prussian wipis `bough', Latvian viepe `cover, wrapping of the Weiher', viepl'is wife' as `die verhllte Braut'; compare against it Tavernier-Vereecken RB Ph H 32, 97 f.; `Verkleidung, mask', viept ` veil, cover ', wpnuot ` smile (das Gesicht verdrehen)', ;

Lithuanian atvpti `herabhangen, from scrap, shred, Lippen', vaiptis `das Maul verziehen, vptis `den Mund verziehen', vpls ` gawper, starer ', Latvian vplis `Maulaffe, lubber ' open mouth dasteht, dummer person', vampsa, -ti `with open mouth dastehen'. 2. ueib-, ui-m-b-: eibeib (also probably Hes.); Gr. Hes., . , I Hes. Latin vibr, -re `in zitternde, schwingende Bewegung place, sich trembling bewegen'; gawk', vypsa, -ti `with open mouth dastehen, gawk'; (with Baltic from [i]:) Lithuanian

etc.; with secondary ablaut a (: e) in addition Lithuanian vampls, vampl `jemand, the with

vbix, -cis (in Glossen also vipex, vimex) `Strieme, weal, callus from Schlgen'; compare under Latvian vbele; perhaps Middle Irish femm `tail, stalk, kelp ', femman ` kelp ', cymr. gwymon, bret.

gwemon, goumon ds. (*uimb-, compare Old English wimpel), O'Rahilly riu 13, 162 ff., different Thurneysen KZ 48, 67;

Kopftuch', veipa ` female Kopftracht', Norwegian dial. veipa `wickeln, eine Peitsche

Gothic weipan (stem V.) `bekrnzen', wipja `Kranz'; Old Icelandic veipr `head fascia,

schwingen', Old High German weif `bandage, head fascia', Middle High German weifen

Old English wpian `abwischen', Norwegian vpa ` stiff straw or stiff hair, Spelze', Middle

`swing, haspeln', wfen (stem V.) `swing, coil ', Middle Low German wp ` tussock, wisp',

German (actually Low German) Middle Low German Middle English wippen, Middle High wimpel `Wimpel, Schleier', Old High German wimpal `Stirntuch, Schleier'; German wipfen, wepfen ` jump ', Norwegian vippa `wisp, whisk ', nasalized Old English Latvian viebt, viebties `sich drehen, verdrehen; das Gesicht verstellen', Lithuanian

German also wif = holl. wip ds., Old High German wipfil, wiffil `Baumwipfel', Modern High

Low German wpen `toss, fling, sprinkle'; Old High German wipf `Schwung', Middle High

vbur-iu, -ti and -ioju, -ioti `wedeln'; Latvian vbele ` weals, marks from blows'. See also: compare sueip- above S. 1042. Page(s): 1131-1132 References: WP. I 240 ff., WH. II 779 f.;

eiseis Root / lemma: ueis-1

Meaning: to sprout, grow

Material: Latin vire, -re `green sein, be green', viridis `green'; leaves, bloom, blossom, Fruchtansatz' (changing through ablaut vise `germ, sprout' and wsa, Middle Low German wese, Modern High German Wiese, Old English wsc, Middle Old Icelandic vsir `germ, sprout, scion, shoot', Norwegian vse `ds., Rispe, Stiel and

probably also veis `saftiger stalk'); Old English wse `scion, shoot, stalk'; Old High German

Low German wsch(e) ds.;

Lithuanian -vsti `sich vermehren'. Page(s): 1133

`sich mehren, thrive', Lithuanian vasius `fruit', vais `fertility', Latvian vaisla `brood',

Lithuanian vesti `sich vermehren', veisls, visls `fertile', veisl `brood', Latvian viestis

References: WP. I 242, WH. II 797.

eiseis Root / lemma: ueis-2

Meaning: to turn, bend

Note: extension from uei- `turn'

Material: A. Old Indic va- m. `Tracht, suit ' (compare vayati `umwindet, umkleidet'); ` loop, noose, snare, bandage', vi ds.; Armenian gi, Gen. gioy ` juniper ' (after den see above S. 1121;

vat ` be winded', vyati `umwindet', participle vit- `umhllt, dressed ', v- m. biegsamen, to Flechtarbeiten verwendeten Zweigen:*uso- or *ueiso-, *uoiso-); about gr. New Swedish vese m. (Old Icelandic *veisi or *visi) ` tussock, zusammengedrehter

`Alge, Tang', wro ds. as `Wasserschlingpflanze';

treo `Myrtenbaum', Tertium comparationis, presumably `immergrn'), Old English wr

knot'; in addition Dutch wier = Old Frisian wr- `Alge, Tang' (Old English wr `Myrte', wr-

`upset, move'; Lithuanian vstas `Schnrbrust', vstyti `einwickeln', Latvian vstt ds., vsts `bundle' etc. Czech vch, vch (*uoiso-) `wisp, Strohwisch; Schankzeichen', vcha ds., russ. vcha

Old Church Slavic vichr `whirlwind' (*uisura-), Lithuanian vesulas ds., russ. vichat

`twig, branch zum Bezeichnen of Wegs, Absteckpfahl', vichr ` topknot ', slov. vhet ` tussock (hay)'; B. With k-extension: straw or reed', Swedish viska `small besom ',

Old Indic ve-k- m. ` loop for strangling '; ablaut. Old Icelandic visk f. `bundle from

German wischen), Old English wiscian, newer weoskian (*wiskn) `eine hurdle from Ruten flax, wattle, braid'; Latin viscus, -eris ` intestines, entrails '; as `drehende, vibrierende `rasche Bewegung, Husch', Middle High German wischen `sich leicht and quick, fast fleeting about etwas wegwischen' vorliegen; Bewegung' here probably also Lithuanian viski, viskti `quiver'; by East Frisian wisk

Old High German wisc `wisp, Strohwisch' (therefrom Middle High German Modern High

dahinbewegen', Modern High German entwischen kann secondary development from ` Maybe alb. (*vistula) vetulla ` eyebrow'. herbewegen', Swedish visp, visper ` changeable person', on the other hand in Norwegian visp m. ` tassel, tussock ', Swedish visp `verticil, whorl, group of parts (leaves, flowers, etc.) arranged in a circle from Ruten'. C. With g-extension: besides Germanic p-Varianten on the one hand in ndd. wispeln `sich hin- and

Latin virga `thin twig, branch, rod, rod' (from *uiz-g), in addition virg `girl, virgin'; Maybe alb. vargu ` row, line' Maybe alb. (*verga) varz ` girl' : Italian vergine : Spanish virgin : French vierge : Catalan : Breton gwerc'hez : Welsh gwyryf ` virgin'. verge : Latin virgo : Portuguese virgem : Sardinian Campidanesu brgini : Valencian verge Lithuanianvizg, vizgti `tremble', vizgti `waver'. References: WP. I 242 f., WH. II 799, 802, Trautmann 345, 347, Vasmer 1, 195, 207, 243. Page(s): 1133-1134

Root / lemma: ueis-3 eis eis-

Meaning: to flow; poison

Material: Old Indic vati `zerfliet', vi- n. ` poison ', Adj. `giftig', vi- (Nom. vi) and vih ` excrement, ordure', also `tierischer Samen', visr- `muffig smelling '; Avestan vi-, via- ` gr. ` poison ' = Latin vrus `tough Fligkeit, mucus, juice, sap, poison, sharpness' =

poison ', vaah- ` mould, dank decay, Verwesung'; Armenian g ` carrion ';

in addition Celtic FlN cymr. Gwy (*Ueis), engl. Wear (abrit. *Uisuri), gall. Visera > French Vesre, Visuvia > French la Vezouse etc.; Old Germanic FlN Wisura `Weser', Latin Visurgis ds.: compare russ. FlN Vechra (to So), ablaut.Vchera (zur Kama); here the FlN Weichsel (from Old Prussian *Vksl, older *Vskl, from Pre Baltic*Vstl from *ueis-tl),

Middle Irish f ` poison '; Latin vna f. `vein' from *ueisn; cymr. gwyar `blood' (*ueisaro-);

Latin Vistula (from Germanic *Wstl in Old English Wstlawudu, but Old English Wsle from Slavic Visla); Note: the rhotacism n- > r- in *ueisn; cymr. gwyar `blood' (*ueisaro-) : Celtic FlN cymr. Gwy

(*Ueis), engl. Wear (abrit. *Uisuri), gall. Visera > French Vesre : Illyrian Illuria ` Illyria'. mud'; perhaps Old High German weisunt, weisont, weisant ` arteriae ' (the flowing); Old Icelandic veisa f. `swamp, marsh', Old English Old Frisian wse, engl. ooze `slime,

wherefore Old English wsend, engl. weasan ` windpipe, gullet', further Old High German wisunt, -ant, Middle High German wisent, Old Icelandic visundr (*uis-onto-) `Bisonochse' (from dem Germanic derives Latin bisn, -ontis and gr. ); in addition Old Prussian wis-sambrs `Auerochse', Old Church Slavic zbr ds.; after dem smell, odor named, as also nisl. visla, Old High German wisula, Old English weosule, wesle, engl. weasel

5, 207) still nir. fal `Frettchen' (*uiselo-);

compare Vulgar Latin vissi `breaking wind, fart, fetidness '; Marstrander compares (riu Maybe alb. (*vikse) vithe ` buttock' common alb. -k > -th. m. `Mistel, Vogelleim', Latin viscum ds., Old High German wichsila, Middle High German perhaps moreover Indo Germanic uks- `Mistel and other leimliefernde tree ' in gr. ksks

`weasel' and Iltis 'polecat' (above S. 304), the Germanic *wis(j) `polecat' assumes;

whsel `Weichsel(kirsche)', russ. etc. vinja ` cherry' (out of it Latvian viksna, Old Prussian wisnaytos `Kirschen') - Kirschgummi and Mistelbeere become as Vogelleim verwendet; Maybe alb. vishnja ` cherry ' a Slavic loanword. from *vis-k-v besides vizg `grass', Old Prussian wissene `Porsch'. References: WP. I 234 f., WH. II 746, 800, 801 f., Vasmer 1, 208. Page(s): 1134 after Specht (Indo Germanic Dekl. 206) in addition further Lithuanian viksv `sedge'

Meaning: thing

ek-tiek Root / lemma: uek-ti-

Material: Gothic wahts f. `thing', Old Icelandic vttr, v(t)r, vitr f. ` living being,

Note: (uek-ti-?)

wikt, Middle Low German wicht `entity, creature', Old High German wiht ` living being,

bermenschliches creature, thing', Old English wiht f. `thing, entity, demon', Old Saxon

and neowiht `not, nichts'; word'.

'; Gothic ni-waht `nichts', Old English n-wiht (engl. naught, not) Old High German niwiht Old Church Slavic vet f. ` thing '; compare wruss. re `thing': russ. r ` discourse,

demon, thing', Modern High German Wicht ` living creature, goblin, ugly mischievous sprite

See also: perhaps to uek- `speak'. Page(s): 1136

References: WP. I 246, Vasmer 1, 196;

Root / lemma: uek-, ue-n-kek ekMeaning: to bend

Material: Old Indic vcati `geht crooked or slant, skew', vacyt `schwingt sich, flies', vakr- `gebogen, crooked', vanku- `fliegend', vkri- f. ` rib ', vaka-, vakara- m. `Flukrmmung', vakana- m. ` groin, flank', vak `belly, groin, flank, riverbed ';

Avestan -vata- ` writhed, crooked, humped '; common Old Indic -h- > -k- : Avestan -h> -x- > -Armenian gangur `crispus, flexus' (*unkuro-); Latin convexus `arched, writhed, crooked, humped ', subvexus `schrg aufwrts Middle Irish feccaid `bckt sich', with the preposition for: `wendet sich gegen, beginnt to'

fhrend';

Va(c)halis `Waal'; Lithuanian FlN Vok (*uki);

(with expressive -kk-); gall. FlN *Vocalus (Matres Vocallinehae), germanisiert Vacalus,

wh `crooked, inverted ', Old Saxon wh n. ` evil, wickedness ', Old Icelandic v f. (*uonk) ` angle, mischief '.

Indo Germanic uonko- in Old Indic vaka-, Gothic un-whs `untadelhaft', Old English onkoonko

References: WP. I 246, WH. I 268 f.: after Kuiper, Nasalprs. 142 zur root u- (see above S. 1108), where besides dem present *u-n-k-mi ein Konj. *u()-nu-k stand; consequently further zur root u-, ug-, uk-, ueng(h)-, see there.

Page(s): 1134-1135 Root / lemma: uek-

Meaning: to wish

ohne es to want, desire, will', Avestan vasah- (Nom. vas) `wollend = after seinem Willen', vas, vas `after wish, beliebig' (Akk. Sg. of n. *vasah-), vas-xara- `after Gefallen `after dem Willen' (Armenian vasn `because of' loanword); schaltend' etc., Old Indic vai-tva- n. `Willensfreiheit'; ap. van, Avestan vasn (Instr. Sg.) gr. (previous participle) (Cretan F), `freiwillig' (the Asper after `sich',

wish', participle Old Indic unt-, f. uat `willing', Avestan an-usant-, -usait `widerwillig,

Material: Old Indic v-mi, vi, u-msi, Avestan vasm, usmah `want, desire, will,

as though `from sich selbst heraus'), , `wider Willen, ohne Vorsatz', f. Doric

, compare Cretan Hes., F in Hes., i.e. `after Belieben wirkend', - `after Belieben treffend' (metr. lengthening for *), out of it extended -, -; Boeotian Fh- (with versch.

F, in , hom. `because of' (*F; is die preposition ), hom. -

assimilation out of it thes. F, Attic ); , Doric `after dem Willen, because of, (unclear)', `not wollend, widerstrebend' (after ); Hittite uek- `wish, arrogate'. Page(s): 1135 References: WP. I 244 f., Frisk 473 f., 477, 479.

Meaning: to speak Note:

ek ek Root / lemma: uek- (*uek-)

labialized old laryngeals (*ue-)

Material: Old Indic vkti, vvakti ` says, talks, speaks', Aor. vcam (= , see below),

vk = Avestan vx (= Latin vx) `voice, discourse, word', Old Indic vcla- ` gabby, `mouth';

vaah (= gr. ) ` discourse, word', Old Indicvacan- `redend, sagend', vc-, Nom. Sg.

participle ukt-, Kaus. vcayati, Avestan vak- `speak', xta-, Old Indic vacas- n. = Avestan

gossipy, loquacious, garrulous, blithering ', vkyam `Ausspruch, discourse '; vaktram Armenian goem `cry, shout, shout to mir, lade ein, name' (?);

Note:

labialized old laryngeals (*ue-) common Armenian Celtic *ue- > gwo- > go-. Indic vcam, Indo Germanic *e-ue-uk-om with Diss. from -FF- to -F-), Akk. `voice' gr. , el. Cypriot F n. `word', Aor. `sprach', Lesbian F etc. (= Old

clamor ';

(also probably as `den weithin schallenden'), f. `voice', `shout, call, Maybe alb. fem, them ` say ' call, anbeten'; Latin vox, vcis `voice', voc, -re `call, shout, cry', Umbrian sub-ocau, -ocanu, -oco ` Old Irish foccul `word' (= Old Indic vaktram `mouth') < *uok-tlo-m = cymr. gwaethl

`fight'; faimm `din, fuss, noise' (*uok-smn); common Illyrian-celt. -k > -th. gall. Vepo-litanos ` breitgesichtig ', cymr. gweb `face';

grade Pf.:) giwuog, Middle High German wegen ` commemorate make, in Erinnerung

*uok-no-, compare Old Indic vacan-; in addition tread in paradigm connection old -

Old High German giwahanen, -inen ` mention, commemorate ' (*gawahnjan, Denom.

bringen', Old Icelandic vttr `Zeugnis' (*wahtaz, compare Old High German giwaht m. ` Old English wm(a) `din, fuss, noise' (*whm-);

mentioning, Ruhm'), vtta `bezeugen'; Old Icelandic mun f. `voice', nisl. mur `sound', Old Prussian wacktwei ` entice ', enwackmai ` we rufen an';

Note: The origin of labialized old laryngeals: Hittite uek-, uk- ` adjure ', Tocharian A wak f., wek `voice'. 136 f. References: WP. I 245 f., WH. II 823 ff., Trautmann 339 f., Vasmer 1, 196, Bergin riu 12,

Page(s): 1135-1136 Root / lemma: ue-2, ued h

Meaning: ` braid, plait, fold, roll up, twist, curl ' Page(s): 1114 See also: see above S. 75 f. (au-).

elkelk Root / lemma: uelk-1 Material: Avestan vark- `ziehen, drag' only with Prverbien: aipivarainti `ziehen ein Meaning: to drag

Kleidungsstck darber an'; Lithuanian velk (vilkti), Old Church Slavic vlk `pull, drag' = (hybridization from with ) `furrow', with Vokalvorschlag *-Fl- in `furrow', *-Fl- in lakon. `plough'.

gr. [F] (by Hom. for einzusetzen), Attic out of it reconverted with metathesis ;

Page(s): 1145

selk- above S. 901.

References: WP. I 306, Trautmann 349 f., Frisk 77; after Specht KZ. 66, 25 to suelk-, as

elkelk lgRoot / lemma: uelk-2, uelgMeaning: wet, damp elkelk Material: 1. uelk-: Old Irish folc `Wasserflut', folcaim ` bathe, wash', cymr. golchi, corn.

golhy, bret. gwalc'hi `wash'; Old High German welh (besides welc, see below) `humid, wet,

Latvian valks `humid, wet', valka `running Wsserchen, damp place'; Illyrian FlN Volcos, maybe alb. vlag 'moist of ground' Middle Low German walcheit `macies', welk ` wilted; faded, flaccid, withered, drre', 2. uelg-: Old High German welc `humid, wet, milde, wilted; faded, flaccid, withered ', elgelg PN .

nisl. valgr `lukewarm'; probably also Norwegian valen ` insensible or erstorben vor Klte';

German welen `wither, wilt', Old English wealg `geschmacklos, widerlich', engl. wallow,

milde, wilted; faded, flaccid, withered ', (ir)welhn `soft, weak become', Middle Low

lukewarm ', Middle Low German wlak ds. (with anl. s- Middle High German swelk ` wilted; faded, flaccid, withered ', swelken, Old High German swelchen `wither, wilt'); presumably Old High German wolchan n., wolcha f., Old Saxonwolkan n. `Wolke'; Lithuanian vlgau, -yti, vlgyti ` moisten ', vlknas `humid, wet', ablaut. Old Prussian

Middle Englishwelkin `wither, wilt'; with other the vowel Stellung Old English wlc, wlacu `

Lithuanian valgis `dish, food', vlgau, -yti `eat' (of concept the flssigen, breiigen nourishment, food from, compare russ. volga `flssige nourishment, food');

welgen n. `catarrh', Latvian valgums ` dampness ', vlgans and valgs `humid, wet', also

here the russ. FlN Wlga (= Czech FlN Vlha, poln. FlN Wilga) from Slavic *Vlga. Page(s): 1145-1146 elel Root / lemma: uel-1 References: WP. I 306, Trautmann 358, Vasmer 1, 216 f., 219.

dampness ', russ. volga ` liquid, Zukost', in addition volit ` moisten, with butter cook';

`humid, wet become', russ. vognut ds., ablaut. *ulg in Old Church Slavic vlaga f. `

Slavic *vlgk `humid, wet' in russ.-Church Slavic vlgk, in addition poln. wilgn

Meaning: to see

Material: Latin voltus, vultus, -s m. `Gesichtsausdruck, Miene, appearance, shape' (*vl-tu) stellt sich to Irish fil `es gives', older Imper. *uele (compare French voici!), cymr. gweled `see', bret. guelet `la vue', Old Irish fili (Gen. filed, pre-Irish Ogam VELITAS) ` seer, bard'

(*uelts); the name the Germanic Seherin Veleda; in Germanic seems eine probably from Old English wltan `see, see, show'; zero grade Gothic wlits ` front, shape', Old Icelandic litr (Akk. Pl. litu) ` appearance, paint, color', Old Saxon wliti ` radiance, appearance,

*uel- abgeleitete root *uleid- (*ul-ei-d-): Gothic anda-wleizn n. (?) ` front ', Old Icelandic lta,

f. `form, kind of'; o-grade das causative Gothic wlaiton, Old Icelandic leita (*wlaitn) `sich

shape', Old Frisian wlite ` front, appearance ', Old English wlite ds., also ` radiance ', wlitu

umsehen after, seek ' (wherefore as post-verbal leit f. `das Suchen', Wissmann Nom. Postverb. 1, 11), Old English wlatian ds.; also Germanic *wulu- m. `glory, magnificence' (`*prestige'): Gothic wulus `glory,

magnificence', Old Icelandic Ullr (*wuluz) ` god's name ', Old English wuldor `gloria', References: WP. I 293, WH. II 831.

compare Gothic wulrs ` value, worth ', wulriza `herrlicher'; further wulags `'. Page(s): 1136-1137

elel lei- l(i)lei l(i) Root / lemma: uel-2, ulei-, ul(i)Material: A. Old Indic unthemat. 3. Sg. Med. Aor. avrta, Opt. vurta, participle ur-; Meaning: to wish; to choose

vrt, vrnti, vrti, vrut ` choose, vorziehen, love', vrt- `gewhlt, desirable, worth st, better, best', varyas- `better', variha- `best', varya- `whlbar, vortrefflich,

having, welcome, wanted ', vra- m. `wish, Gegenstanddes Wunsches', vara- `vorzglich, -

Opt. vairmaid), vrn[a]- (1. Sg. Med. vrn), vrnav- (3. Du. Med. vrnvait; `believe';

etc., vrth ` futile ', Avestan ap. var- ` choose, want, desire, will' (3. Pl. preterit Med. varat,

distinguished ', varaa- n. `das Whlen, Wnschen', vra- m. `Kostbares, treasure, tribute'

participle Perf. Pass. varta-, vairya- `the beste, delicious, worth '; also Avestan varArmenian ge ` pleasure, beauty' (presumably from *uel-no-, compare cymr. gwell

`better'); Venetic PNVolti-nos, Voltiomnus, Illyrian Voltius, Voltisa etc. (M. Lejeune BSL. 49, 41 ff.) from *ulti-; gr. , `will', after Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 676 from *ul(i)mi, Pl. *uleim (?); Latin

volition' (previous participle *uolunt-tt-s); nlo, nevis, nevolt `I will not' (*ne-vol); ml `I ehvelklu `dcrtum, dictum';

vol (*vel), vult (*velt), velle `want, desire, will' (Opt. velim), voluntas, -tis f. `good

pull vor', back formation after mavolt (magis volt); Umbrian eh-veltu `jubt', veltu `dligit', mcymr. corn. bret. guell `better', ncymr. gwell (*uel-no- `Vorzug, choice ', or to uer-2,

see there); gall. VN Vellav, Catu-vellaun (compare den Ligurian PN Genava `Genf': raet. VN Genauni); Gothic wiljan, Old High German willu, wili, wllan etc. `want, desire, will'; Gothic wilja,

Old High German uillo, willio etc. `volition'; Kaus. Iter. Gothic waljan, Old Icelandic velja,

Old High German wellen ` choose ' (= Old Indic varyati `whlt for sich', Old Church Slavic voliti); Old High German wala f., Old Icelandic val n. ` choice ' (: Old Indic vra- m.); Lithuanian pa-vlmi, 3. Sg. pa-vlt, Infin. pa-vlti `want, desire, will, allow', ablaut. vilts f.

`hope' (*ultis), vilios `hoffe'; Old Church Slavic velj, velti `want, desire, will, order', do-vlj, do-vlti ` suffice '(*u l-);
o

ablaut. volja f. `volition', therefrom volj, voliti `want, desire, will, wish', in weiteren ablaut about Gothic wala, Old High German wela, wola etc. `probably' compare Feist 543.

etwas', n. `wish, desire';

B. d-extension (d-present): gr. , hom. `sehne myself, demand after Irish fled, cymr. gwledd `Gastmahl, festival' (*uld); gall. PN Vlido-rx.

, - f. `hope', `hoffe', hom. `hope', zero grade *, Sup. to , dissim. ` desirable, worth having, welcome, wanted, charming', `vergnglich, gerne', (*uolpi-, *ulpi-), volupts `pleasure'; ` desirable, worth having, welcome, wanted ' (r/n-stem); Latin volup(e) Adv. doubtful hom. `festival', Aeolic (*-F-?). 180, 224, Frisk 78, 455, 485, 502 f. Page(s): 1137-1138 elel Root / lemma: uel-3

. p-extension: hom. `allow hoffen', , `hoffe', Perf. poet. ;

References: WP. I 294 f., WH. II 828 f., Trautmann 348 f., Specht KZ 62, 59 f., Vasmer 1,

Meaning: to press, push

Material: Material: Hom. (*F-); Inf.-Aor. and with suggestion , Aor. Pass.

, , ep. Ionian (*F-), Attic (*F with Vorschlags-), Doric el. F, redupl. (*F-F) `drnge, push, press, presse'; lakon. , Hes., messen. , Ionian `troop, multitude, crowd' (F-), next
e

(*F), hom. (* `scharenweise', pamph. F Gen. from - ` crowdedness'; (*F) `versammelt' (with Aeolic --); compare die auf *F from *F, *Fl zurckgehenden Ionian , `versammelt', ` assemble ', hom. (Aeolic) (*F) `dense zusammengezogen' () and

to which probably with i = (as ) Attic , Doric `troop, multitude, crowd'

`congregation, meeting', Doric and ds. (); Attic `place of Gerichts, das

hchste court in Athen' together with , is borrowed from argiv. , fand; das anlaut. - is kopul. -;

, with Ersetzung from Doric through Attic , das as the Asper an eine pad `scharenweise, sufficient ' (Hom.), Hes.; hom. `Getmmel,

scuffle ' (because of Hes. metr. lengthening for *F), Attic `Verdrngung from Besitzrechten' (*F-); Lithuanian vlinas `Wall', valins `Tuchecke', Latvian valnis `edge', su-valti `( corn,

grain) zusammenbringen, reap', Lithuanian i-valti `heraus-, fortschaffen', valti `clean'; beautiful', velij, velik `big, large', *val `heap, bulk, mass' (*ulos) in russ. vlom `in bulk, Old Church Slavic *vel (: gr. ) in vel-mi, -ma `very, excessive', vel-lp `very

mass', navl `great heap', zavl `Verstopfung, Sperre', privl `Landen' (*Andrngen), vlmja `haufenweise' etc.;

people', compare above russ. valom, valmja) = Old Indic vrga- m. `dividing off,

g-extension is probably Latin volgus, vulgus `das people' (= `big, giant bulk, mass of

partitioning off, group', Middle Breton gwalch `berflu', nbret. a-walc'h ` sufficient ' walke `long'.

(compare ), gwalc'ha ` satiate ', cymr. gwala `bulk, mass, sufficient '; Tocharian References: WP. I 295 f., WH. II 826 f., Frisk 71 f., 74, 117, 455 ff., Vasmer 180, 181; originally `zusammenwinden' sein kann. Page(s): 1138

See also: original resemblance with *uel-7 `turn' is possible, da `press, to press together '

Meaning: hair, wool; grass, forest

elel el el Root / lemma: uel-4, uel-

underfur of Bartes, Milchhaare', Gothic wulla, Old High German wolla etc. `Wolle = wool', Lithuanian vlna `Wollfaser', Pl. `wool', Latvian vilna `wool', Old Prussian wilna `Rock', r.corn. gluan, bret. gloan (brit. loanword is Middle Irish olann) `wool'; Church Slavic vlna, serb. vna `wool'; schwchere Ablautform *uln in cymr. gwlan,

`wool', Avestan varn ds., gr. , Doric n. `wool', Latin lna ds., lng ` fluff,

Material: A. Old Indic r f. (compare Old Indic r-vbhi- ` spider ', above S. 1114)

Note: relationship to *uel- `turn' (' curly hair' ) or *uel- ` rend, pluck' is possible

animal') = Old English wil-mod `colus' (i.e. `Wollstange', as wul-mod), probably also

other vowel gradation in Latin vellus, -eris `fleece' (villus `das zottige, wollige Haar the

Armenian gemn `wool, fleece'; relationship to Latin vellere (uel-8) from *uel-s- lies near;

l ll *ul- in gr. n. `hem, Gespint', Germanic *wlha- (under B) and Indo Germanic *ullroro- (uel-7) S. 1143. B. guttural extensions: certain intestine, entrails '; isl. l f., Danish lu `Tuchflocke, das Rauhe an Kleidern', Old Old Indic valk- m. `bast, splint', valkala- `Bastgewand', vrkala- n. `Bastgewand; a

English Old Saxon wlh ` fibre, filament, fringe, Flocke' (Germanic *wlha-); Old Icelandic lagr ` tuft of Wolle or ' (*wlagaa-); Old Church Slavic vlakno, russ.volokn ` fibre, filament '; with Indo Germanic k: Old Indic vla- m. `sprout, twig, branch' (these point at `hair'; to a from beiden root form belongs gr. f. `krauses hair' (*ulksn), m. `wool'; compare under *uel- `turn' die likewise auf *uolk- indicating Old English wielgan `roll',

auf ` flexible rod') and Avestan varsa-, npers. gurs = Old Church Slavic vlas, russ. volos

Old High German wal(a)gn. C. Dental extensions:

brushwood bewachsen'; Old Irish folt `hair', cymr. gwallt, acorn. gols, abret. guolt ds.,

Gr. (*F, Indo Germanic *ult-iios) `dense with Wolle or Haaren, also

gwallt?);

gueltiocion `fenosa' (or to Middle Irish geltboth `pbulum', gelid `grast' S. 365, with gw after Old High German Old Saxon wald `wood, forest', Old English weald ds., Old Icelandic

gwellaif, acorn. guillihim `scissors', perhaps also cymr. gwellt, corn. gwels `grass', abret.

therefrom abret. guiltiat, guiliat, guoliat, Middle Breton guilchat ` fleece, Tonsur' and cymr.

vllr `meadow'; after E. Lewy (KZ. 40, 422) and Holthausen (KZ. 46, 178) wrde Wald as *(s)ualtus to Latin saltus ` defile, narrow passage between mountains, mountain forest ',
2

Meillet 889 both unite (compare Pas de Calais etc.); other place Wald to Gothic wileis wildi `wild, unbebaut' (*ueltiio-), Modern High German Wild (*ueltos), wherefore further `wild', Old Icelandic villr `wild, verrckt', Old English wilde, Old Saxon Old High German

belong, das then from saltus `spring' to separate would be (above S. 899), during Ernout-

cymr. gwyllt `wild, phrenetical, quick, fast' (*uelt-), corn. guyls `wild, unbebaut', abret.

gueld-enes `insula indomita' (Middle Irish geilt `Wahnsinniger' is probably brit. loanword); Lithuanian vltis `Haferrispe, Haferspelte' (also `thread, string'), Old Prussian wolti ` ear

', ukr. volt `Rispe', serb. etc. vlt ` ear ';

with voiced-aspirated Old Church Slavic vlad, Old Russian volod `hair'.

of the horse'.

D. Old Indic vla-, vra- m. ` tail (haar), Haarsieb', ablaut. Lithuanian vala `Schweifhaar

References: WP. I 296 ff., WH. I 756, II 745, Trautmann 341, 359, Vasmer 1, 220 f. Page(s): 1139-1140

Meaning: to deceive

elel el el Root / lemma: uel-5, uel-

Material: Lithuanian vlti `cheat, deceive', Latvian vilt ds., Old Prussian prawilts ` betray ', Material: velts ` futile ', Lithuanian vltas ` useless'; (gr. = above S. 777); Middle Irish

Lithuanian vlius `deceit, artifice', zero grade Old Prussian po-wela `sie verrieten', Latvian

fell `deceit' (Middle Irish fall, newer faill `Nachlssigkeit', cymr.gwall `ds., lack', bret. gwall belong the Baltic words to uel-2. `evil, bad' are probably as eigene group for sich to place); after Bga Kalba ir sen. I 34 f. A extension from *uel- perhaps in: ), `deceitful'; Lithuanian vlbinti (*u-b -) ` entice, ffen, zum besten have'. References: WP. I 298; Frisk 493; different Mhlenbach-Endzelin IV 534, 596. Page(s): 1140
h

gr. `cheat, deceive, swindle; betray, be disloyal; gull, fool, injure ' (*uel-eb h

Meaning: warm

elel Root / lemma: uel-6

See also: perhaps to S. 1142 under (uel-7). Page(s): 1140

References: WP. I 302;

Material: Armenian gol `heat', golanam `sich wrmen'; Lithuanian vlditi ` lukewarm make'.

elel el lel l Root / lemma: uel-7, uel-, ul-

Meaning: to turn, wind; round, etc..

pole', lengthened grade cakra-vla- n. ` hoarfrost, ring, circle, bulk, mass', la-vla- n.

`Bedeckung, cave' (or to *uer-?), vala-, valaka- m. perhaps `(round) balk, beam, shaft,

wenden, roll', valanam `das sich Wenden, sich Biegen, surge, Wogen', val- m.

Material: A. Old Indic vlati, -te `wendet sich, dreht sich' (?), Kaus. vlayati `makes sich

el(e)uel(e)u ne(e)lei(e)lei Note: extended uel(e)u-, ul-ne-u-, u(e)lei- (diese also `umwinden, einwickeln = einhllen')

m. `(* turn) row, Folge, mal, Wochentag' = npers. br `mal';

`immersion um die root eines Baumes' (compare Mayrhofer 1, 79 f.), probably also vrafrom u-mi-: Old Indic rm- m. f. ` surge, wave', Avestan varmi ds. mi-

Avestan word also `wendet (sich)' as Old Indic vlati; compare S. 1160; lba- m. n. `wrapping of embryo, womb, uterus' (compare Latin volva);

wehrt', Avestan vrnavaiti `bedeckt hllend' (contain partly Indo Germanic *uer-5), das

from the u-basis: Old Indic vrti, rti `umhllt, bedeckt, umschliet, umringt, hemmt,

Old Indic vartra- (= gr. ) n. `berwurf, i.e. was man umlegt' (uncovered, lva-,

`gewendet, gebogen', valli-, vall `Rankengewchs, Schlingpflanze', vallari-, vallar f. ` tendril, Rankengewchs';

from the i-basis: Old Indic valaya- m. n. ` circle, round Einfassung, bracelet ', valit-

presumably lamb (-i, -iv) `ring, circle ' from *ul-m-b i- (due to of n-stem, compare Lithuanian vilns, Old Church Slavic vlna, Old High German wlla);
h

from *ul-), gil (*ul-) `round Wurfstein' (compare gr. , russ. valn `round pebble'),

Latin volmen, ?), glem `rolle, throw, cast low, base' (*gilem from *ul- or *gulem

present zur u-basis, compare thematic Latin volvo), gelumn ` gyration, Umwindung' (=

Armenian gelum (Aor. geli) `turn, turn over; turn round, coil ', Med. ` turn, coil ' (das

` rope, band; close-packed, herding together, of cattle; = Troy, the Troad ',

gr. ` turn, twist, rotate, coil' (*F--), ds. (probably *F-F-, in addition

` squinting (the eye) ', Boeotian F, , Hes.), Attic ds. (*-F); from Aeolic (*F): `rope, the band for binding cornsheaves '), and `whirl, turn, dizziness, giddiness; swindle ' (after ), , Pl. , , f. ` intestinal worm ', `worm' (*-F-),

Hes. (i.e. F), ` plaited basket', ` a round smooth stone (from which passage it was taken to signify the human trunk; any cylindrical or bowl-shaped body: mortar, kneadingtrough, hollow seat on which the Pythia prophesied, support, drinking-

woolen; of plants, twisted, curling; twisted, crooked ' (*F), redupl. ` Milchhaar, Korngarbe, ein Insekt ', ` fascicle, sheaf ', `the gums' (as ` torose, rounded '); therefrom , Attic , and (after ) ` curl, wind, turn; making it roll; from the i-basis: ` vine-layer, vine-tendril, the vine ', `winded', f. ` bracelet ',

vessel, mouthpiece of a flute, stone used as a weight ', hom. ` frizzy, fleecy, woolly,

turn round, to turn a chariot round the doubling-post; of any rapid motion, esp. of a circular

kind; to roll or wind round, as the wool round the distaff; metaph. to turn in one's mind,

revolve; to turn oneself round, turn quick round, turn to bay; of a serpent, to coil himself, of ablaut. , Attic ` turn, twist, rotate, roll '; ds.; about s. S. 1142; man ', Med. ` writhe, drag oneself along ' (*F, compare ), compare

a missile, to spin through the air; to turn hither and thither, go about; to whirl in the dance ', from the u-basis: ep. ` wrap, envelop, cover; to crawl or wriggle along, of a lame

participle ; `whirl, turn, roll' (due to from *F--); , `hiding place, nook, bolt-hole', (after ) ` intestinal obstruction, twisting of the vine '; ablaut. *FF- ` whirl, gyration ' in ()- ` running in whirl ' = ` rolling stone '; F- in Aor. Pass. ` wurde geschleift, gewlzt ', ` wrapped ', bowels, cramp of the intestine, volvulus; lurking-place, den, hole; butcher's block; a kind of

Ionian Attic (Hes. ) ` bow-case; sheath of a spear; mirror-case; case of

a shield; sheath of the spinal cord, the shard of a beetle's wing; shell of a crab; of the eyethe soul; reservoir for water; tank for fish; container ', ` case, quiver, a kind of

lids; of the umbilical cord; husk or capsule of seeds; the body, as being the case or shell of Phrygian pipe, made of box-wood, with a horn tip and bend in the left pipe, millet; sheath ', `kind of pastry, perhaps pretzel ' (besides , ); hom. n. ` a close covering, shelter, defence, fence, protection ' (*FF, with prior dissimilation to *F; compare Hes.; basic meaning probably ` barrier or netting from winding wrapper ', Perf. , ` veiled '; secondary : in ` sleeve, garment, branches '); *F- in ` sock or bandage worn by runners on the ankle; footwrapper, ' (Latin volmen, Armenian gelumn);

Indo Germanic *salik- ` willow ';

copse ' (F of Korinna-Papyrus), like Old English welig, etc. ` willow ', different from after Frisk 36, 42, 80 here m. f. ` tomcat, cat ' or `weasel', also (from

in addition also ` willow ', `* mountain pasture, of osiers, of the willow-

+ `tail') and `quick, fast, movable, nimble, shimmering, varicolored; varied; shifty, wily, slippery ' from *(F)-F-; f. ` chain, manacle' (*F-); Maybe , , , lord of the winds, properly the rapid or the changeable, Od. (*u ln); Note:
e

wriggling; changeful of hue, gleaming, glancing, of arms and armour; changeful, shifting,

alb. vjel ` harvest; vomit ' (*uelu); val f. ` surge of kochenden water; wave, surge '

Wrong etymology, since alb. vjell `vomit' derived from abbreviated Lithuanian vmti `vomit', em uem- : to spit, vomit. em vmala `vomit' > maybe truncated alb. (*vmala) vjell `vomit', see Root / lemma: uem-, emem

round ', Old Indic vala- m. `cave'); from the u-basis volv, -ere, -, voltum `roll, kollern, involcre `Serviette', probably also volva, vulva ` womb, uterus, Eihaut the Pilze'; wlzen, turn, whirl' (*uelu), volmen ` pulley ', involcrum `sleeve, wrapping, sheath ',

Latin vola f. ` roundness, cavity the hand or the Fusohle' (compare Old Icelandic valr `

made from poles that are inserted into the ground ', wherefore as collective vallum

reduced grade vallus `picket, pole, palisade, fence made from stakes; protective fence

High German wal(l) `Wall']; valls, vallis `valley' (`*incurvation ') = gr. *F > (*u lnis), valvae `die Trflgel, Doppeltre', valvolae `Schoten' (*u lu);
e e

`Pfahlwerk, Verschanzung' [out of it borrowed Old Saxon wal, Old English weall, Middle

rod'); Old Irish flmae (= flmae) ` hedge; fence, anything planted/erected to form ', cymr. gwawl ` wall, rampart, entrenchment';

Old Irish fillid `bends' (previous n-present), bret. goalenn ` twig| sprout| stalk ' (`*flexible

surrunding barrier ' (presumably `*wickerwork'); -grade Middle Irish fl m. `fence, paddock doubtful Middle Irish fail, foil (Gen. falach) `ring' (*u lik-, ablaut. with ?);

`Trompeterschnecke', Dutchwelk, wulk ds. from Germanic *weluka-, probably zur u-basis, (*walwjan), walwian tr. intr. `wlzen, roll'; Old Icelandic valr ` round ', Old English walu f.

Old Icelandic vil Pl., Gen. vilja ` intestines, entrails ', Old English we(o)loc, weolc, uioloc

as certainly Gothic walwjan `wlzen', walwisn `wallow', Old English wielwan `wlzen, roll'

`Strieme after a blow, knock' (*uolo-, -, compare Latin vola), Middle Low German walen '; Gothic walus `staff', Old Icelandic vlr `round staff', Old Frisian walu-ber `Stabtrger',

`turn, wlzen, roll', Old High German wulsta f. ` bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb

Old English uyrt-wala (`Wurzelstock'), Old High German wurzala `root'; n-present Old High Frisian biwullen participle `befleckt', wherefore Old High German wella `Welle = wave', German wellan `round, roll', Old Saxon bwellan ` blemish ' (`*in smut herumwlzen'), Old

`Aufwallen, Sieden, heat', Old English wielm, wylm ` surge, Wallung, Sieden';

compare with formants -mi- (as Old Indic rm-, Avestan varmi-) Old High German walm with the meaning `waves, billows throw' (compare Old High German wella etc.), ` to

bubble up, boil up, surge up' (from Quellen and esp. from siedendem Wasser, from which partly also words for `vapor, heat' entsprangen) besides Old High German walm, Old English wielm also Old Icelandic vella, vall `effervesce, simmer, seethe, boil, boil', Old High

German (etc.) wallan, wiel `wogen, wallen, to bubble up, boil up, surge up, simmer, zusammenschweien', Middle Low German Middle High German wellen ds., Old Icelandic vella f. `Sieden', Old Frisian walla, Old English wiell f. `wellspring, Sieden', zero grade `Wrmedunst', ylja `warm', olmr ` furious ': Old High German walo Adv. `tepide', wal lengthened grade Old English wl m. n. `whirlpool, pool', wlan (*wljan) `wlzen', Norwegian olla f. `wellspring', Gothic wulan `simmer, seethe, boil', Old Icelandic ylr seethe, boil, cook', Kaus. Old Icelandic vella `zum Sieden or Schmelzen bringen,

`tepor'; here uel-6 S. 1140?

ablaut Old Church Slavic valiti `wlzen', and to meaning `aufwhlen' also Modern High German Wal, Wehle, Wuhle `of Wasser ausgewaschene immersion');

Middle Low German wlen ds., Old High German wuolen `dig, aufwhlen' (compare zum

`wooden beetle, hammer', pavlai `Walzen', Latvian vle f. `Waschbleuel', v-vala `the noch einmal', Latvian vl `still, further' (`against' from ` turn ') and with meaningvls `late', Lithuanianvaland ` while ' (out of it russ. valnda `Saumseliger');

apvals, Latvian apl ` round ', Old Prussian walis `Zugscheit am cart ', Lithuanian vol Laufstock beim Garnwinden' (: vvaluot ` be exuberant '); Lithuanianvlei, vl `against,

vlot ` filament, fibre ' besides the intonation), Latvian velt `wlzen, walken', Lithuanian

Lithuanian veli, vlti (heavy basis) `walken', vltis `thread, string, fishing net' (= russ.

development `sich entwinden, sich winden = hesitate' perhaps Lithuanian vls, Latvian Slavic *val m. in Church Slavic val `wave', russ. val `wave, surge, Walze' (Balto

Slavic *ula-), obvl `Erdrutsch', provl `Einsturz'; Old Church Slavic valiti s `', Slavic obl ` round ', russ. blyj `roundish' (*ob-vl); about russ. vlot see above;

russ. valt `wlzen', Iter. serb.vljati, russ. valjt `wlzen, walken', ablaut. russ.-Church Balto Slavic *uiln- (*uln) f. `wave' in Lithuanian vilns, vilni, Latvian vilna `wave';

Slavic *vlna in Old Church Slavic vlna, russ. voln ds.; in addition Old Church Slavic vlati `in Wallung bringen'. Tocharian A walyi Pl. ` worms '. walzan, Middle High German walzen, wielz `sichwlzen', Old High German also `volvere Iterativs:) Gothic waltjan `wallow', uswaltjan `umwlzen', Old Icelandic velta, Old English B. d-present (respectively d-Erweiterg.): Old Icelandic velta, valt, Old High German

animo' (wgrm. a-present to a Perf. with Indo Germanic neologism with Untersttzung of

wieltan, Old High German welzan trans. `wlzen, roll, turn', Old Norse valtr, Old English wealt `rollend, wlzbar, unbestndig'; Old English wlatian unpers. `nauseare', wlta,

wltta m. ` disgust, repulsion, loathing ' (*wltia), wltan `foedare', Middle Low German wlaten ` disgust ' (ul-d- : ul-d-); also besides Old High German wal(a)gn `wallow, roll' stands Middle High German die meaning ` disgust, repulsion, loathing feel', walgunge ` d-Erweit. also in Latvian velde, veldre `das of rain niedergelegte (as gewlzte) corn, C. further formation: derivative from a *wliza- `rod'), Slavic *lska (*vloisk), russ.-Church Slavic lskov `from `wood, forest, wood ' (*ls), les `fishing line, fence', which perhaps belong here, s. Vasmer 2, 33 f. and above S. 665. ulei-s-, uli-s- in: Old Irish flesc `rod' (*ulisk), Gothic wlizjan `hit, chastise, castigate' (if lei li leili-

seasickness ', also Norwegian dial. valg `widerlich, evil' (see below); grain '; compare from the i-basis above gr. , , .

dem wood of Styraxbaumes gemacht', serb. lijska ` hazel shrub ' etc.; about russ. ls

Maybe alb. lis `oak, oak forest' a Slavic loanword from Old Church Slavic: ls `forest, wood(s)', Russian: les `forest, wood(s)', Ukrainian: lis `forest, wood(s)'. l l roul-ro-, ul-ro-, ul-ro-: gr. , Doric Pl. `rein', Hes. (*-, l-ro- l-ro-

above S. 1139.

breastwork, parapet: pinnae ' , Armenian lar `rope, cord, bowstring, muscle ', compare D. guttural extensions:

F-), Latin lrum `strap', lrica ` a leather cuirass, corselet of thongs; a defence,

Bewegung', with abhi- `wallt auf', valg `bridle, rein, rein', Latin valgus `sbelbeinig', Old High German walkan, Middle High German walken, wielc `trample, felt, thrash', Middle

olg uolg- in Old Indic vlgati `(*dreht sich), hpft, springt', with sam- ` places sich in rollende olg-

English wealcan, wolc `roll (tr. and intr.), sich hin and her bewegen, volvere animo', Old High German also `wallow', Old Icelandic valk n. `das Hinundhergeworfenwerden, esp. auf the sea', Old English gewealc n. `das Rollen', wealca m. ` surge ';*walkn in Old Icelandic valka `from place to place drive, push or ziehen, plague, volvere animo', Old English

mill, flex, bend, knead'; Latvian valgs `rope, cord';

wealcian `roll' (intr.), engl. walk ` wander ', Middle Low German walken ` drum, tumble, full, nasalized Old Saxon wlank `minxish, wanton, bold', Old English wlanc `minxish, wanton,

stout, proud, stately', if from the meaning ` jumping ' (: Old Indic vlgati) evolved.

Norwegian olga ` be disgusted ', Old High German wal(a)gn `wallow, roll', trans. ` writhe, twist, be tormented (by pain), roll', Middle High German unpers. m. Dat. ` disgust, repulsion, loathing feel', walgunge ` seasickness '. f., 234, Frisk 36, 42, 457 f., 461 f.; Page(s): 1140-1144 elel Root / lemma: uel-8 See also: compare uel-3.

olk uolk-: in Middle Low German walgen `wrestle, struggle, fight, feeling of sickness', olk-

References: WP. I 298 f., WH. I 822, II 728 ff., 825, 832 ff., Trautmann 349, Vasmer 1, 165

Meaning: to tear, wound; to steal

Material: A. Old Irish fuil f. `blood', Middle Irish fuili `bloody Wunden', cymr. gweli (*uolso?) `wound', corn. goly, Pl. golyow, Middle Breton goulyow ds.; Old Icelandic valr m. `die Leichen auf the battlefield ', Old English wl n. `ds., battlefield, Blutbad', Old High German English wlcyrige `erinys, Zauberin' m.; lengthened grade Old High German wuol ` wal n. ds. (`Walstatt'), Old Saxon wal-dd `murder', Old Icelandicvalkyria `Walkre', Old

ol- lol l Note: with the ablaut uol- : ul-, die perhaps as independent group (A.) abzulsen are

English wl m. f. ` epidemic, pestilence, plague ';

beating, ruin, epidemic ' (but wuolen `dig' see below *uel- `turn'), Old Saxon wl, Old klr. valjava `with Gefallenen bedecktes battlefield ', Czech vleti `fight, battle', vlka

(from *wlint) `fight';

`war, fight', wruss. valka `fight, struggle, Holzfllen', vali `win, triumph', Old Prussian lint Lithuanian vls or vls ` the ghostly figures of the deceased ', vlinas, nowadays

vlnias `devil' (originally `ghost' as Old Lithuanian veluokas), Latvian veli ` the spirits of the deceased '. B. Gr. `werde gefangen' (Thessalian F, Arcadian F), Aor.

(F), (*-F), `gefangen', presumably also Ionian Attic , `Heloten' (from lak. * for *-F); (*-F), Fut. `destroy, smash'; `aufwenden, consume, slay' (`*zum Gebrauch hernehmen, an sich reien'), hom. Attic `wound, scar' (*F or *F), np. valna, vlna `wound', Latin

volnus, -eris `wound' (*ulsnos = Old Irish flann `blood; blutrot'); Hes. (i.e. F; Fick KZ. 44, 438);

ausrupfen, abzupfen';

Latin vell, -ere, velli and volsi (vulsi), volsum (vulsum) `pluck, tear, rend; ausreien, Gothic wilwan `rob', wulwa ` robbery '; Hittite ualmi `bekmpfe';

`damage, injure', Middle Low German wlame ` disability, Sndhaftigkeit'; Hittite hulli-, hulliia- `fight, struggle' (?). References: WP. I 304 f. WH. II 729 f., 827, Trautmann 348, Frisk 74; Page(s): 1144-1145 See also: perhaps in addition uelk-1 `ziehen'.

High German letzen `injure' (Indo Germanic *u[e]led-), probably also Old Frisian wlemma

in Germanic further formations Middle Low German wlete f. `wound, Schmi', Middle

eses Root / lemma: ue-4, uo-, uesMeaning: ` down, downward ' Page(s): 1114 See also: see above S. 73 (au-).

Root / lemma: ue-5, uo-

Meaning: ` those, that, pronoun used to indicate specific people or objects ' See also: see above S. 75 (au-). Page(s): 1114

em- em em em Root / lemma: uem-, uemMeaning: to spit, vomit Material: Old Indic vmi-ti, newer vamati `ausspeien, vomit', vnta- `gespien', vamathu- m. gr. (for *-), Aor. `vomit', m., f. `Erbrechen' ( Latin vom (*uem) `erbreche', vomitus `Erbrechen', vomica `ulcer, abscess, boil '; disgust, repulsion, loathing '; Old Icelandic vma `nausea ', vmr ` disgusting person'; Norwegian dial. vimla `nausea feel', vimra `nausea cause', Old Swedish vami m. `

`Erbrechen', Avestan vam- `vomit'; npers. vtk `saliva' (*um-to-); `Sumpfschildkrte'?);

erbrechen'; loanword

Lithuanian vmti `vomit', vmala `vomit', vmdyti `erbrechen make', Latvian vemt `sich

maybe truncated alb. (*vmala) vjell `vomit', older vel `overeat, feel nausea ' , a Lithuanian very dubious is kinship from Gothic Gen. Pl. wamm ` stain ', gawamms Gen. Pl.

wam n. `evil, harm', Adj. `mad, wicked, evil' (*uom-no-); compare Weisweiler IF 41, 46. Page(s): 1146 References: WP. I 262 f., WH. II 835, Trautmann 350, Frisk 504 f., 508.

wamm m. n. ` stain, disability, wrong; injustice ', Adj. `mad, wicked, evil, bad', Old Saxon

`befleckt, impure, unclean', Old Icelandic vamm n. `fault, error, disability ', Old English

Meaning: to turn, wind, plait

end en Root / lemma: uen -1

h

Armenian gind `ring', gndak ort`oy ` vine-layer, Rebscho'; Note:

Material: Material: Old Indic vandhra- m. ` Wagensitz ', originally ` Wagenkorb ' (from netting),

The inanimate suffix -ur : Old Indic vandhra- m. ` Wagensitz ', originally ` Wagenkorb ' : urur the region or province of Illyria, , speak the Illyrian language, :--hence Adv. .

, , Illyrians, , , Illyria, also , , Adj. , , , Illyrian: -,

`advertit', aha-uendu `avertit';

gr. rhod. ` cart ' Hes., - `Korbwagen' (*und -ro-); Umbrian pre-uendu
h

wintan, Old Icelandic vinda ` coil ', Kaus. Gothic wandjan etc., Modern High German

rich evolved in Germanic: Gothic Old English Old Saxon windan, Old High German

wandian `hesitate, achten, scheuen', Gothic wandus = Old Icelandic vndr `horsewhip, rod', vandahs `Haus from wickerwork ', Swedish dial. vann `Schlingfaden in plants ', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old Icelandic vndull ' among others m.

difficult, hard' (`*inverted, verdreht'), vandi m. `Schwierigkeit, Ungemach', Old English

German windeht `winded', Old High German wanda `turbo', Old Icelandic vandr `genau,

wenden `turn ', Old Icelandic vindr `slant, skew', Gothic inwinds ` inverted ', Middle High

`zusammengedrehtes bundle from Heu', Modern High German wandern, wandeln `change

Page(s): 1148

See also: *uend - is perhaps nasalized Forme to ud - ` tie, bind, knot, bind'.
h h

References: WP. I 261, WH. II 787;

Meaning: to disappear

end en Root / lemma: uen -2

h h

Note: see above S. 1047 (s)uend - ds.;

h

`marcescere, torrefieri', Old Czech svadnti, Czech vadnouti `wither, wilt', poln. widzie `itch', swd `Brandgeruch, fetidness ' etc.; compare Holub 406. Page(s): 1148 References: WP. I 261 f.

Material: unclear is das relationship to Old Church Slavic pri-svdati, pri-svnti

Meaning: hair, beard

end en Root / lemma: uen -3 Material: Gr. m. ` root of a/the hair, young beard, Gesichtsausschlag' (*ui-uond os), Middle Irish find ` hair of the head ', Old Irish Gen. Pl. finnae (*uend u-), (common Celtic
h h h

`villous, shaggy';

German wintbrwa `eyelash' (Haarrand); Old Prussian wanso f. `the first beard', Old Church Slavic vs, s `barba, mystax' (Balto Slavic *uond -s-o-, -). References: WP. I 262, Trautmann 341, Vasmer 3, 189 f., Frisk 729 f. Page(s): 1148 ghRoot / lemma: ue-n-ghh

which mcymr. gwynnawn ds.; Middle Irish fs `Schamhaar, hair' (*uend -s-o-); Old High

-ns-, -nt- > -nn-), newer Nom. Sg. Middle Irish finna ds., nir. fionnn ` marsh grass ', from

Meaning: to be bent

Saxon wang, Modern High German-Bavarian-sterr. Wang `Aue' etc. (actually `bend'); waggareis m. (or -i n.) `pillow', Old High German wangari ds. and Old Icelandic vengi oneself, grovel, truckle, creep '. with schwacher inflection Old High German etc. wanga `cheek', derivative Gothic

Material: Germanic *wanga- `field' in Gothic waggs m. `Paradies', Old Icelandic vangr, Old

(*wangia), Old High German r-wengi ds.; here also Middle Low German wingeren ` crook

also *uenk- for unsere words angesetzt become, whether man endbetontes Indo Germanic *uonk- etc. annimmt. Page(s): 1149

References: WP. I 218, WH. I 268 f.; after Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 216 could though

Meaning: to be bent

Root / lemma: ue-n-g-

`calamus Rotang' etc.;

Material: Old Indic vgati `goes, hinkt' (Gramm.), vajula- `name of different plants', e.g. alb. vank, vangu `Felge', vek ` handle, part of an object designed to be gripped by the

hand ', vegl `handle, hold, grasp' (ung-);

High German winch, Middle High German winc ` beckoning gesture, Wanken', compare Old English wince `Winde', engl. winch; Old English wincian `wave, beckon, nod, die Augen shut', Middle Low German winken ds., Old High German winkil ` angle, earth'; wankon, Middle High German Modern High German `wanken = wobble'; Old English wancol `unbestndig', wencel n. `kid, child, maid ', nengl. wench; Lithuanian vngiu, vngti `avoid, vermeiden', actually ` veer, swerve, turn about '; ablaut. Old Icelandic vakka `umherirren, amble', Old Saxon wancon, Old High German

Old High German winchan, Middle High German winken `waver, wave, beckon', Old

ablaut. Iterat. vngstyti undvangs `idle'; vngis `bow, curvature ', ivngti `vermeiden', vngiuoti `bow, Umwege make', vingrs `sich schlngelnd, sharp witted, shrewd'; Old Prussian wngriskan Akk. Sg. `artifice', wangan Akk. Sg. `end'; Latvian vingrs `fresh, nimble, skilful'.

Lingunder-k.-Unters. 102 ff.; Page(s): 1148-1149

References: WP. I 260, Trautmann 350 f.; Wissmann Nomina Postverb. 40, 110; Jokl

See also: compare u-, uek- etc.

See also: see above S. 1134 f. (uek-). Page(s): 1149

Root / lemma: ue-n-k-

enen en en Root / lemma: uen-1, uen-

Meaning: to strive; to wish for, to love

Material: Old Indic vnati, vanti `wnscht, loves, gewinnt, siegt', participle vanita-, -vta-, conquer, hit'; Old Indic Aor.-present vanti in same meaning; Kaus. vanyati and vnyati vni-tr-, vantr- ` gainer ', Avestan vanaiti, vanaoiti `siegt', Middle Persian vantan `defeat,

vantar ` victor'), vanti- Nom. Act. (uncovered, yet compare Avestan -vantay-); Old Indic vma- ` left ' and vm- `lieb(lich), lascivious'; venet. VN Venet from *uenetos `geliebt'; compare die Venostes in den Alpen, die

Prussian); in compositions erscheirit vnya-; s. further vant- as Nom. Sg. m. (Avestan

`bettelt', vanyaka- ` beggar', van- as noun agentis m. (compare Avestan -vanu in Nom.

`wish'; vanas- n. `lust' (compare Latin Venus), vani- f. `desire, wish', wherefore vanyati

(previously not covered); as -sk-present Old Indic vchati `wnscht', compare vch f.

Winida `Wende' point at auf proto Germanic *Vento-, against it Latin-Germanic Venedi (Tacitus), Old English Winedas `Wenden' auf *Venet-;

Venetulani in Latium (Krahe IF. 58, 137); Latin-Germanic Venethi (Plin.); Old High German

Maybe alb. (*venedi) vendi 'country, homeland', vendos 'place, put, settle, judge, decide' venustus `graceful, charming, mellifluous', veneror, -ri `with religious fear, shyness ri `pursue ein Wild, hunt, chase'; Latin venus, -eris f. `love, Liebesgenu, Liebreiz', Venus name the Liebesgttin,

worship, huldigen, humbly bid, beg, ask', originally `die love bezeugen'; here also vnor, Old Irish fine (*venj) ` kinship, stem, family ', Middle Irish fin-galach ` parricidalis ',

coibnius ` kinship' (*con-venestu-), abret. coguenou ` indigena ', Middle Breton gouen `Rasse', cymr. gwen ` smile ' (out of it Middle Irish gen ds.?); extraordinary reich vertreten is die root uen- in den Germanic Sprachen: vinr `friend', Old Saxon Old High German wini, Old Frisian Old English wine; eine jauf Indo Germanic *ueni-s goes back gall. Veni- in PN Veni-carus etc., Old Icelandic

derivative is Gothic winja ` willow, food', Middle Low German Old High German winne, Old Icelandic vin f. ` meadowland ' (compare Old Irish fine ` kinship'); zero grade Old High German wunnia, wunna, wunn `lust, Wonne', Old Saxon wunnia, Old English wynn ds.

(Middle High German wunne ` meadowland ', only in the Formel wunne and weide ` graze' replacement for the old winne); Indo Germanic *uenistro- wird through Old Icelandic vinstri ` left ', Old Saxon winistar,

moreover Old Indic vma- ` left ');

Old Frisian winister etc. assumed, eine Komparativbildg. as Latin sinister etc. (compare

zero grades Gothic unwunands `sich nicht freuend', Old Icelandic una (*wunn) `zufrieden sein with', Old Frisian wonia, Old Saxon wonn, wunn `stay, dwell', Old High German wonn ` habitual, customary sein, sich accustom, abide, remain, wohnen'; Old Saxon

frequent, often is the junction to `befriedigt sein, sich accustom ' in Germanic; compare

giwono, giwuno, Old English gewun, Old High German giwon ` habitual, customary '; Old Icelandic vani m. ds.; Old Icelandic venja (*wanjan), Old Saxon gi-wennian, Old English

Icelandic o-grade vanr ds.; derived Old Saxon giwono (*-wunan-) ` consuetude ' etc., Old

wennan etc. ` accustom '; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). maybe alb. von `late', vonoj `delay, stay late'

`opinion', Old High German wn also `Vermutung, Wahn, intention' etc.; Adj. necess. Old (*vni) `hope, expectation ', Gothic wnjan ` expect, hoffen', Old Icelandic vna ds., Old English wsc-, Old High German wunsc `wish' etc., Old Icelandic skja `wish', Old (compare above Old Indic vchati); Icelandic vnn (*vnja-) `to hoffen, pretty, pleasant', wherefore Old Icelandic vnd

wns (i-stem) ` expectation, hope', Old Icelandic vn, Old Saxon wn ds., Old Frisian wn

die lengthened grade has Germanic meaning `hoffen, expect ' angenommen; Gothic

vnask ` boast ', Old Saxon wnian etc.; zero grade Old Icelandic sk (*wunsk) `wish',

English wyscan ds. (compare gewyscan `adoptieren'), Old High German wunscen ds. etc. the meaning `work, suffer, bear, endure, quarrel, gain ' shows sich Germanic in the

German widarwinno ds.; Gothic winn, winna ` affliction, -schaft', Old Icelandicvinna Gothic wunns ` affliction '; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). Church Slavic uniti ` velle ', unjii, unji `better'; Hittite uen-, uent- ` futuere '; Tocharian A wai, wn- `pleasure'. Page(s): 1146-1147 References: WP. I 258 f., WH. II 752 f., Vasmer 3, 184.

Old Saxon winnan `quarrel, fight' etc., Old English wierwinna m. ` adversary ', Old High `work', Old High German winna `fight', Middle High German winne `pain'; schlielich

family Gothic winnan `suffer, bear, endure', Old Icelandic vinna `work, align, berwinden',

Root enen Root / lemma: uen-2

Meaning: ` punch, hit, strike ' Page(s): 1147

See also: see above under u-1.

enen Root / lemma: uen-

Meaning: to hit, wound

em- g Note: (: u-, similarly as gem- : g- `go, come')

Material: Armenian vandem `destroy, smash'; Gothic wunds `verwundet', Old High

wunta, Old English wund, Old Icelandic and `wound' (*un-ts, -t), Old English if `swelling, Middle Low German wene, Danish dial. vann, vne (proto Germanic *wanja); cymr. ymwan `fight', mcymr. gweint `I durchbohrte', 3. Sg. gwant; gwn ` punctio ', corn. yth ymwanas ` percussit ', gwane ` perforare '. Page(s): 1108 References: References: WP. I 212. lump, growth' (originally probably `swelling, blister infolge eines Schlages'), engl. wen,

German Modern High German Old Saxon Old English wund, Subst. Old High German

epep Root / lemma: uep-2 Note:

Meaning: to throw, throw out

epep erer Root / lemma: uep-2 : `to throw, throw out' derived from an extended Root / lemma: uer-3: G. uer-p-, ur-ep- (*suerkh-): `to turn, wind'. er ep- suerkh- : erkh erMaterial: Old Indic vpati `wirft, streut (den Samen)', vpra- m. n. `Aufwurf (from earth), earthwall', vapr `Feuersttte', Avestan vafra-, Middle Persian vafr, npers. barf `snow'

(actually [*Schnee]wehe?);

Maybe alb. bor ` snow ' < npers. barf ` snow '.

Slavic *uepria- `boar' above S. 323; remains far off Latin veprs `briar' (see 1156). References: WP. I 256 f., WH. II 732, Trautmann 351, Vasmer 1, 183. Page(s): 1149

Old Church Slavic vepr, Latvian vepris `boar' (as `the Befruchter'); different about Balto

Meaning: twig, root, branch

(e)rd(e)rd d- dRoot / lemma: u(e)rd-, u rd-, urde

uer-, ured- `turn'); compare Lesbian `root' (*F?);

*F (from to erschlieen) `young twig, branch' (about , alb. rrnz `root' (Mann Lg. 26, 388; 28, 37); Latin rdx, -cis f. `root'; probably rmus

Material: Gr. , - `twig, branch, rod' (= Latin rdx), m., Aeolic

Weberschiffchen';

`bough, twig, branch' (as *urdmos) and radius `staff, Speiche, ray bright body,

Maybe alb. (*radna) rranja ` root ' Breton gruizyenn, nbret. grisienn; cymr. gwrysg `ste, branch ' (*urd-sko-); Old Irish Middle cymr. gwraidd `roots' (*urdio-), Singulativ gwreiddyn, acorn. grueiten gl. radix, Middle

perhaps originally -mn-suffix, compare above gr. );

Irish frn `root' (*urd-no-), newer frm; cymr. greddf `Instinkt, nature' (*urd-m-; also

German also `root', Old High German wurzala, Old English wyrtwalu (actually `herb-stock') changing by ablaut Old Saxon wirtea, Middle High German wirze ds.; besides diesen auf *u rd- based forms stands *ur()d- in Old Icelandic urt `herb'; Old Icelandic rt `root';
e

Gothic warts `root', Old English wyrt, Old High German wurz `herb, plant', Middle High

`root' (here also Old Saxon wurtia, Middle High German wrze `Wrze', next to which the

Tocharian witsako `root'. References: WP. I 288, WH. II 414, 415, 416, Pokorny ZcP. 26, 1 ff. Page(s): 1167

Meaning: to grow; high

erd er red re er Root / lemma: uer -, ure - (*uer -) uerd

h h h

strengthening '; Avestan vard- `make grow '; Old Indic rdhv- `high' (*u r-d -uo-); Old Indic vrdhant- `emporsteigend'; gr. , Doric - `erect, straight, right, true' (*u rd -uo-), in addition also
h o h o

Frdern', vardhyati `makes grow', vrddh- ` grown, big, large, old', vrddhi- f. `

Material: Material: Old Indic vrdhati, vrdhat, vrdhti `wchst, mehrt sich', vrdha- m. `das

anlaut. F through lakon. Hes., otherwise (from *-) body, face (with the eyes and mouth)'; alb. rit `grow, make gro'; `aufwachsen, ripen', rskinn ` grown'; perhaps Gothic gawrisqan `fruit bringen', Old Icelandic rskr `proficient', rskvask

`the early morning ', , `early, matutinal', `bin frh auf', therefore

`Spanferkel' ( ) gesichert wird; `limb, member,

red `dish, food, nourishment, food', nslov. redti ` nourish ', Latvian radt ` create, to give (*radi), rasma, rasme ` prospering; flourishing, Ergiebigkeit', Lithuanian rasm ds.; birth to children ' (probably loanword), raa ` prospering; flourishing, reiche harvest'

Old Church Slavic etc. rod ` partus, generatio, gens, natura ', roditi, radati ` parere ',

doubtful Lithuanian rsnas `strong, proficient', Latvian resns `thick, dickleibig, dickstmmig' morning, die Frhe' (compare Bulgarian rada se `(die sun) goes auf, (sol) oritur') from *urd no-.
h

(russ. loanword?); Old Church Slavic ran `', Czech poln. rano `die time early in the

References: References: WP. I 289 f., Trautmann 234, Vasmer 2, 491, 527 f., Mayrhofer 1, 117. Page(s): 1167

Root / lemma: uer-g-, uer-h-, uer-k- (*uer-h-) er er er uerer erererPage(s): 1169

er erer See also: see above S. 1154 f. (uer-3: D. uer-g-, etc..) uer-

Meaning: to close, enclose; pen erer Note: extension from uer-5.

rrere Root / lemma: uer-1, ure- (*uer-1) u r-

Material: Old Indic vraj- m. ` hurdle, Umhegung', vrjana- m. `Umhegung, Einfriedigung, `Gemeinwesen' (out of it borrowed Old Indic vardhana- `town, city', Wackernagel KZ. 67, Hirsche'; abgeschlossene settlement ', Gatha-Avestan vrzna-, jav. varzna-, ap. vardana- n.

168 f.); Avestan varz- `absperren'; oss. ruz (*wraza- = Old Indic vraj-) ` herd,

hold ab', Attic , Ionian ` jail ', Attic ` jail, lock ', Cypriot ka-te-vo-ro-kohurdle ', because of mcymr. ach-vre `wattled fence' from *uregi- (Loth RC. 38, 301).

hom. , (F-) and (with Vorschlags -) , Attic `schliee ein, from,

ne `sie belagerten'; in addition Old Irish fraig `wall', nir. fraigh `wall from wickerwork, roof, References: WP. I 290, Frisk 465 f.; Benveniste BSL. 52, 34; Page(s): 1168

See also: compare uerh- above S. 1154.

Meaning: to do, work

reRoot / lemma: uer-2, ure- (*uer-2) u r-

Material: Avestan varz- (vrzyeiti = Gothic warkei; s. also gr. ) ` work, do, make', participle varta-, varza- m. ` work, Verrichten from, occupation ' (npers. varz, barz gorc `work' (with secondary o); gr. , F ` work' (= German Werk ` work '), `Feldarbeit, Ackerbau'), varti- f. `Handeln, Tun', vartva- Adj. `was to tun is'; Armenian

`arbeite', thereafter `worker' (for *), (occasionally )

`do, sacrifice ' (*Fz, *ueri lengthened grade after F as in Old Saxon wirkian),

Fut. , Aor. , Perf. ), `do' (from neologism, hom.

`ungetan' reconverted with metathesis from *[F]); `tool', `(secret) Ionian , `knead, rhre through, tan, convert hide into leather' (as Modern

worship', `feiere Mysterien', `Mitglied a religisen Brderschaft'; , High German Teig wirken with meaning- contraction in the professional jargon), wherefore ` verticil, whorl, group of parts (leaves, flowers, etc.) arranged in a circle ' (probably redupl. F-F);

(stem E. Mann Lg. 26, 382 f.); (common Slavic Baltic Albanian Greek ure- > rre- see re- rrere `do'). abret. guerg ` effective| capable of filling some function; (person/medicine); legally valid ', gall. vergo-bretus ` uppermost authority of Aeduer ', also verco-breto (Pokorny, Vox Romanica 10, 266 f.); mcymr. gwreith `feat, dead, act' (*ure-tu-), 1. Pl. Imper. acymr.

Zero grade alb. (*ure-) rregj `clean', Mediopassiv rregjem ` trouble about, strain, strive'

corn. gruen, mbr. gr-(u)eomp (*ure- `make'), Lewis-Pedersen S. 336 f.;

guragun, newer gwnawn etc. (n instead of r through influence of *gn- `make', S. 373), Old Saxon wirkian (neologism after werk), warhta, Old High German (Franconian)

act, action', Gothic frawarhts ` sinful ', f. ` sin ' etc., Gothic warstw n. `work' (*warhIcelandic werk n. (= ) `work, occupation, job', Old English weorc also ` hardship,

wurchen, wor(a)hta ` work, do, make, effectuate ', Old High German gawurht f. `feat, dead, stwa-; similarly Avestan vartva-); Old High German werc, werah, Old Saxon werk, Old

Old Icelandic yrkja, orta, Old English wyrcan, worhte, Old High German (Upper German)

wirkan, wirchen, war(a)hta `work, be active, work '; Gothic warkjan (= Avestan vrzyeiti),

belong here;

agony', wherefore also Old Icelandic verkr, Gen. verkjar (m. i-stem) `pain, affliction' could Old High German wirken ` nhend, stickend, webend verfertigen ' = Old Saxon wirkian,

Old English wircan, and das therefrom not trennbare Old High German werih in the

meaning ` coarse flax, tow, oakum ', wirihhi, wurihhi ` oakum ' show use our root auf die Weberei; s. against it Marstrander IF. 22, 332 f. (the Werg and wirken `to weave' the root hemp, flax' = bret. koarc'h, abret. coarcholion gl. ` canabina '; Marstrander ZcP. 7, 362 seeks therein ein Indo Germanic *uer-k- `turn', see above S. 1155. References: WP. I 290 f., Frisk 548 f. *uerg- `turn, coil ' allot mchte); an Modern High German Werg reminds cymr. cy-warch `

Page(s): 1168-1169

Meaning: to abound, to be full of strength

rrRoot / lemma: uer-3, uor- (*uer-3) u r-

rjyati ` nourishes, strengthens', rjasvant- ` plentiful ';

Material: Old Indic rj-, rj f., rj- m. `juice, sap and power, nourishment, food' (*u r-?), gr. `seelischer, heftiger shoot, Affekt, rage, fury' ( `erzrne jemanden' ),
o

`from dampness and juice, sap strotzen, violent lust, crave, in leidenschaftlicher Stimmung sein', , - () `ppiger fruchtbarer Erdboden, Marschland, Au'; e-grade Old Irish ferc, Middle Irish ferg f. `rage, fury' presumably also the

by Ptol. (i.e. vergivios `the angry'? or still `the schwellende, surging '?); 1165; compare Pedersen Celtic Gr. II, 669 f. References: WP. I 289, Mayrhofer 1, 116.
e

mcymr. y werit `sea' (that is to say y werydd) rather from *u rio- to *auer- above S. 80 and

Page(s): 1169

Meaning: ` river, flow ' Page(s): 1165

erer er Root / lemma: uer-10 (*uer-10 uer-10) See also: see above auer- S. 80 f.; in addition Var- in many FlN (u r-).
e

Meaning: friendship; trustworthy, true

er-11, er er er er Root / lemma: uer-11 uer- (*uer-11 uer-11)

, Bacchyl. with Gen. `'; `wohlgefllig, pleasant'; Nom. Pl. PN , from -F.

rr Material: A. root nouns ur-: gr. F- in hom. () `einen Gefallen tun', Pherek.

` confidante ', Sg. o-stem `traut, dear'; Hes.; r: r B. derivative ur Germanic *wra `pact, covenant, profession, declaration, covenant'

in Old Icelandic GN Vr `goddess of oath of allegiance ', Pl. vrar `Treuegelbde', Old German wre `pact, covenant, peace'; Old Church Slavic f. `faith, belief'.

English wr f. `pact, covenant, loyalty, protection', Old High German wra ds., Middle Low C. compounds auf -uro-s, -uri-s, formal as gr. o, : Latin se-vrus `ohne ro ro- uri-

Freundlichkeit', i.e. `stern', therefrom assevrre ` insure ', persevrre `endure';

Old High German alauuari, Middle High German alwre `simple, oafish, clownish ', Old

`schlichte Gte', Old Icelandic lvrr `friendly, gastlich', Old English eal-werlic `benigne',

Gegenstck gall. PN Co-vrus, cymr. cywir `right, loyal, faithful'; *uri-s in Gothic alla-werei

` unwilling sein'), Old High German miti-wri `gentle'. German wr, Modern High German wahr.

High German zur-wri `dubious ' = Gothic *tuzwrs (tuzwrjan `doubt'), *unwrs(un-wrjan roro D. adjective uro-s `true': Latin vrus, Old Irish fr, cymr. gwir; Old Saxon Old High E. verb derivations: gr. (*FF) ` celebration, festival', Aeolic ds. Old High German wern, giweren, giwern, Modern High German gewhren, Old Saxon

(*F? rather assimilate an , hom. ` mellifluous'); ds.; waron `leisten'.

(Dat. Sg. vire besides frequent vere) `repast, meal', Gothic wairdus `', Old Saxon werd, Old High German Wirt ` householder, Eheherr, host ', Old Frisian hus-werda ` landlord, householder '.

Here probably also Germanic weruz (= Indo Germanic *uert-) in Old Icelandic verr

References: WP. I 285 f., WH. II 528, 768, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 115 ff., The ltesten Page(s): 1165-1166 Postverb. of Germanic 45, Frisk 531, 547 f., 565, Trautmann 351, Vasmer 1, 184.

Meaning: to burn

Root erer er Root / lemma: uer-12 (*uer-12 uer-12) Material: Armenian vaem ` set on fire, ignite ', vaim `burn'; perhaps alb. vorb `

wirmen; compare (?) Old Icelandic orna `warm become, warm'; Old Church Slavic var

Old High German wirma ` warmth ' (*wirmia) and wirmina, Middle High German wirme and `heat', variti `cook' (different above S. 81); in addition also Balto-Slavic uarna- m. `raven' in Lithuanian varnas, Old Prussian Vok. warnis, Akk. Pl. warnins, Old Church Slavic vran, russ. vron, probably a nominalized adjective *uarna- `black, verbrannt' in Old Church

Icelandic varmr, afr. Old Saxon Old High German warm `warm', changing through ablaut

saucepan, cooking pot ' and (?) Germanic *uarma- `warm' in Gothic warmjan `warm', Old

*urn- `crow' in Old Prussian warne (secondary -stem), Lithuanian vrna, russ. Church Slavic vrana, serb. vrn, russ. vorna (glottal stop through Vriddhi); Hittite uar- `burn', participle uarant- ` burning ' (Intrans.), uar-nu- `kindle, inflame, burn '.

Slavic vran, russ. voronj `black' etc.; with lengthened grade (Vriddhi) femin. Balto Slavic

Page(s): 1166

2, 121 f., the also Germanic *swarta- `black' (different above S. 1052) dazustellt.

References: WP. I 269, Trautmann 343, 361, Vasmer 1, 169, 228 f., Szemernyi Kratylos

Meaning: squirrel, etc..

erer er Root / lemma: uer-13 (*uer-13 uer-13) Note: in certainly Zugehrigen with Redupl. uer-uer-, ue-uer-, uai-uer-, ui-uer-, u-uer-

Material: Npers. varvarah ` squirrel '; Latin vverra f. `Frettchen' (*v-ver-sa); cymr. gwiwer, bret. gwiber from Latin; unclear nir. iora radh, Scots Gaelic feorag; Balto-Slavic *uuer- and *uuer- *uaiuer- f. `Eichhrnchen' in Lithuanian vaivers

(vaivaras, vaivarys) `male of polecat or marten', vaiver, vover ` squirrel '; Latvian vvere, klr. vyvirka, Czech veverka, Bulgarian ververica ds.; vveris ds.; Old Prussian weware ds.; Old Russian vverica, nslov. vverica `Eichhorn',

German eihhurno, eihhorn etc. `Eichhorn' (see below *aig- `sich violent bewegen'). References: WP. I 287 f., WH. III 808, Trautmann 356, Vasmer 1, 176. Page(s): 1166

not reduplicated in 2. part from Old English c-weorna, Old Swedish korne, Old High

erer erer er Root / lemma: uer-1, also suer- (*uer-1) uerMeaning: to bind, to attach Material: A. Gr. from *F (with Vorschlags--), from Homer also (anyhow from * contracted, with instead of ): ) `reihe an, bandage, kopple', ) `lift high, raise, uplift'; to ) `kopple': coniunx', Attic `Zweigespann', , Attic `Viergespann', hom. `Beipferd besides dem Zweigespann'; to ) `lift high, allow hngen': Aeolic `erhoben, high schwebend' ( ` amid, in the middle of '); , Hes., hom. `sie flattern'; hom. , Attic , Hes., Hom. ( Pind.) `narrowly vereint,

; Hes.; ; ; in addition with lengthened grade and Intensive reduplication (*FF) `Schwebe, Schaukel', with . further in addition `Schwertkoppel', `leather sack' (*F because of Latin

loanword averta `Packsack'), also probably n. `sword'; - or rather -

contracted to - in ` windpipe, Arterie', besides `Aorta'; - contracted

to - in ` attach with a hinge, hook ' (compare by Alexandrinern with `rope, loop, noose, snare ', `Bramsegel'); alb. vjer ` hang on', avar `together', vark, -gu `row, Kranz, chain ', vargar `row, Trupp'; die iterative Lithuanian vrstyti, Latvian vrstt `wiederholt einfdeln', Latvian savre `rod zum Binden', East Lithuanian vrtin `bundle', Latvian virtene, virkne (*virtne) f. `Aneinandergereihtes, row', also Lithuanian pa-var and vor f. `long row' (from cart, Lithuanian veri, vrti `einfdeln'; Latvian veru, vrt `einfdeln, prick, sew ', in addition

Old Prussian wirbe ds.), Lithuanian ap-varas ` bootlace ', varanda `netting from withe ',

animals etc.), Lithuanian virv, Latvian vrve `rope, band', Old Church Slavic vrv ds. (=

verat `stick, hineinlegen', Old Church Slavic obora (*ob-vora) `rope', russ. verenca `long

vras ` spider '; Old Church Slavic vvrti `hineinstecken', provrti `durchstecken', russ.

veret `sack, bag', Old Church Slavic vrtit n. ds. etc.; Maybe alb. veriga ` chain ring ', varg ` chain '. B. With the meaning `row, swarm etc.':

addition also Gothic wrius `herd', Old English wrd ds.; russ. vorna, vornka `Trichter',

row, line', Old Church Slavic verigy f. Pl. `Ketten, Fesseln', slov. verga, verga ` chain ', in

multitude, crowd', abret. guerin `factiones' (*varn); Old English weorn, wearn `troop, multitude, crowd, bulk, mass, troop'; Tocharian warnai `with'; about russ. verenca, Lithuanian vor, Latvian virkne, alb. vargar see above. Old English wrd `herd', Gothic wrus (Hs. wrius). erer D. with s mobile: suer- in

troop, multitude, crowd', acymr. guerin `factio', ncymr. gwerin `people, bulk, mass, troop,

Old Indic vrndam `troop, multitude, crowd, bulk, mass'; Old Irish foirenn f. ` factio, group,

to-formants: *urto- in Old Indic vrta- m. ` multitude, crowd, troop, bulk, mass', rtorto C. With to

svir, svrti `das bergewicht have, berhngen'; svrtis f. `Brunnenschwengel', Latvian bret. c'hoar- ` befall ';

Lithuanian sveri sverti `wgen', in addition svras m. `Wage', svars ` heavy ', and

sveu, svrt `wgen, wiegen', svars ` weight ', svre f. `Brunnenschwengel'; cymr. chwar-, Germanic swra- ` heavy ' in Gothic swers `geehrt', Old High German Middle High

German swr (Old High German swri) ` heavy, drckend, schmerzend'; doubtful gr. n. `Schiffsballast' (see 1152) and Latin srius `ernst'.

References: WP. I 263 ff., WH. II 521, Trautmann 296, 351 ff., Jokl Lingunder-kult. Lewis BBC S. 4, 136 f. about Celtic *suar- ` befall ' (`*fall').

Untersuchungen 194, Vasmer 1, 184 ff., 226 f., 229; 2, 243, Frisk 23 f., 49, 153 ff.; H.

Page(s): 1150-1151

erer er Root / lemma: uer-2 (*uer-2) uererer erer Note: extended uer-d-, uer-s-

Meaning: highland, high place, top, high Material: A. Latin varus `Gesichtsausschlag, Knspchen' (= Lithuanian vras, Pl. vira,

eye', varix m. f. `Krampfader';

compare East Lithuanian virs, Pl. viria m. `Finne in pork '), Latin varulus `Gerstenkorn in perhaps Middle Irish ferbb f. `Hitzblatter, Finne' (*uerb ), from which borrowed abret. nisl. var n. `Augenschleim', Swedish var n. `pus'; compare Old High German warah, Old
h

guerp `Brandmal', Middle Breton guerbl `bubon';

English wearh, worsm ds.; Old English wer-ngl m. `ulcer', nengl. warnel ds.; Dutch weer `weal, callus', Norwegian dial. vere `swelling, lump, growth under the skin the Khe'; with n-suffix: Swedish dial. verna, Old High German werna `Krampfader', Modern High

German dial. Wern `Gerstenkorn in eye' (*wern);

Pl. (metathesis from *werelas), Old Frisian were, as from the s-extension Old Icelandic vrr f. Old Prussian warsus `lip'.

with the meaning `lip' (*swollen elevation): Gothic wairilom Dat. Pl., Old English weleras

Old Icelandic varta f. (*uord) ` wart '; ablaut. Old Church Slavic vrd `damage', russ. vered `ulcer, abscess, boil '.

er uer-d-: npers. bal ` wart ' (iran. *vard-); Old High German warza, Old English wearte, er-

on precious stones ' (by Cato also `locus editus et asper'), Old English wearr `weal, callus, High German Werre `Gerstenkorn in eye'. wart ', Flemish warre `weal, callus, knag', Old High German werra `Krampfader', Modern

er uer-s-: Latin verrca ` a steep place, height, a wart on the human body, an excrescence er-

`height, headmost, topmost, highest, uppermost, cusp, peak' = gr. n. `pad, reef, hill' (? after Frisk 561 ff. identical with n. `Ballast' and from Indo Germanic *suer-mn

B. Old Indic varmn- m. `height, headmost, topmost, highest, uppermost ', vrman- n.

`schweres weight '), Old Indic vryas- `higher', vriha- `hchst'; Lithuanian virs `das

(Old Church Slavic vrchu `above', of u-stem); Old Irish ferr `better' (*uerso- ` upper ') to Positive fern `good' (*uer-no-); cymr. etc. gwell `better' either from *uel-no- ` choice ' or

Church Slavic vrch, russ. verch ` headmost, topmost, highest, uppermost, acme, apex '

Obere, hchste cusp, peak', Latvian vrsus m. `das Obere', f. vrsa; Slavic *vrch in Old

warsiza, Old High German wirsiro `bad' with Irish ferr, so that (as by Modern High German `Berghhe, foreland, promontory ' (*urison?) and Old Icelandic risi, Old High German (die forms ohnew through support in Germanic risan above S. 331); perhaps also thrak.`umschlieen'); doubtful Phrygian `'; Phrygian `fortress' (*urii) and Tocharian AB ri `town, city' (whether not to uerriso, Middle Low German rese ` giant ' (*wrisan-), Old Saxon wrisil ds., wrisilc `riesenhaft' about S. 1105) `in hherem Grade' to `about dasrechte Ma hinausgehend'; doubtful gr.

Middle Irish farr f. ` jamb ' = cymr. gwar f. ` nape ' (*urs); manche connect Gothic

after Thurneysen Gr. 236 ferr and gwell from *uer-lo- with different development from -rl-;

`high' (in Old Indic vryas- `higher', see above), further ablaut. gr. (Hes). References: WP. I 266 f., WH. II 734, 762 f., Trautmann 360, 362, Vasmer 1, 190 f., 230. Page(s): 1151-1152

-), , Boeotian Doric lak. m. `sky, heaven' from *uorsanos, to *uorsos

after Specht (KZ 66, 199 ff.) here also gr. , Lesbian (more properly

erer er Root / lemma: uer-3 (*uer-3) uerMeaning: to turn, bend Note: here perhaps die under uer-1 mentioned baltoslavischen words. Sonst only

abstraction for derivatives and Root extensions. Page(s): 1152

erer mimi momo er Root / lemma: uer-3: A. urmi-s, urmo-s (*uer-3) uerMeaning: worm Material: Latin vermis (from *vormis, *urmis); Gothic warms m. `snake', Old Icelandic

ormr, Old English wyrm, Old Frisian wirm ds. ` worm ', Old Saxon Old High German wurm Prussian wormyan Vok. `red' (`wurmfarben'), ablaut. urminan ds., Slavic vrmje n. worma ` Purpur', Old High German gi-uurmt `red gefrbt', Old English wurma m. `

m. ds.; Balto-Slavic *uarma- m. `worm, insect' in Lithuanian varmas `insect, mosquito ', Old `Insekten' in Old Russian vermije, ukrain. vermnyi `red'; with same meaning Old Frisian Mediterranean sea snail, snail emitting purple dye, woad, type of plant, Purpur', out of it

gr. PN F and (Aeolic *F from *urmos) `Holzwurm' Hes.; compare from

borrowed abret. uurm `dark', cymr. gwrm `dark(blue)', from which again Old Irish gorm ds.;

the g- or gh-extension in the same meaning Middle Irish frige f., Nom. Pl. frigit

Latin brigantes (*vrigantes) `Wrmer in eyelid'; Middle Breton gruech, nbret. grec'h f. `mite' References: WP. I 271, WH. II 760, Trautmann 342 f., Vasmer 1, 189, Frisk 501; (from brit. *vrigg, with intensification).

`Fleischwurm' (*urg(h)-ntes), cymr. Pl. gwraint `Wrmer in the skin' (*urg(h)ntoi), gallo-

Page(s): 1152

See also: rhyme word to krmi-, above S. 649.

erer erer erer er Root / lemma: uer-3: B. uer-b- and uer-b - (*uer-3) uerMeaning: to turn, bend Material: Gr. `a kind of briar, Rhamnus paliurus L.' (*-, *urb-nos), `rod, horsewhip, staff', Aeolic Glosse `'; Latin Pl. verbera, -um `Ruten, Rutenschlge, Zchtigung' (verberre `with Ruten stroke,
h

hit'), verbna `die leaves and zarten branch of Lorbeers, lbaums, the Myrte etc. as

sacred herbs ' (*uerbes-n; compare den in subverbustus the basic liegenden -es-stem); loop, noose, snare ', Latvian virbs `Stckchen', virba ` shaft, pole', Old Church Slavic Lithuanian virbas m. `rod, horsewhip', virbalas `thin Stbchen, knitting needle', virbnis `

verb has die older Slavic accentuation), vorba `Zirkelschnur, Zirkelbrett', vorby ` thread reel, thread coil '; Gothic warpan `throw' (`*turn'), Old Icelandic verpa `throw' and `ein texture anzetteln,

*vrba ` willow ', russ. vrba `Weidenzweig' (with the accentuation of Akk. Sg.; russ. dial.

varp n. `das Werfen, Zettel, Einschlag of texture ', Old Saxon warp, Old High German warf, Old English wearp n. ds.; die Latin and Balto Slavic words (an sich also ) could also Indo Germanic *uerb h h

Old English weorpan, Old Saxon werpan, Old High German werfan `throw'; Old Icelandic

die chain shave, shear', aldri orpinn `of Alter bent', verpask `vor Hitze shrivel up, shrink',

, Hes., `krummer Vogelschnabel', probably hybridization from - and -), `gebogenes knife', `gebogener hook', `gebogen', Low German wrmmeln `zerknllen, zerknittern';

fortsetzen; auf ein solches could attributed become die auf nasalized *urem - indicating remb rem

rotate myself herum, treibe herum', (Attic ) `kreisfrmige movement,

nasalized uremb-: gr. ` turn, twist, rotate in Kreise herum', Med. ` turn, twist, rembremb

Schwung, Kreisel', cymr. gwrym `hem, suture' (*urembo-); Middle Low German wrimpen,

wrempen `(das face) zusammenziehen, rmpfen', wrempich `distortus, verdreht, rmpfig',

*hremp- and remp-, Old High German hrimpfan, rimpfan `rmpfen'). Page(s): 1153 References: WP. I 275 f., WH. II 756.

wrampachtich `winded, crooked', holl. wrimpen, wrempen `distorqure' (besides Germanic

Meaning: to bend down, to sway

erer (e)r-ed(e)r er Root / lemma: uer-3: C. u(e)r-ed- (*uer-3) uer-

Material: Gr. , Aeolic (i.e. F) `schwank, slim, agile', aufgeschossen';

`schwank', (by Hes. ) `the gedrehte filament, Einschlag', ` slim, Gothic wratn ` wander, reisen', isl. rata ` wander, umherschweifen, reisen, meet, find',

Middle High German razzeln `turn', Old High German rzi `vagans, rapax'; Lithuanian rand, radu, rsti `find'(`in-venire'); Latvian rodu, rast ds.;

Page(s): 1153-1154

References: WP. I 273 f., Trautmann 236.

erer erer er Root / lemma: uer-3: D. uer-g- (*uer-3) uerMeaning: to turn Material: Old Indic vrkti, vrjati `wendet, dreht', vrjin- `crooked, rnkevoll' (rather with gforms to vrnti `wehrt', s. uer- `umschlieen'); Latin verg -ere `sich neigen'; vermina n. Pl. ` the stomach ache ' (*uerg-mena); holl. werken `sich werfen, krummziehen (from wood)', excess dryness, wrinkle up '; Old Church Slavic vrg, vrti `throw' russ. ot-vrgnut' `ablehnen' etc.; compare under S. 1181; Swedish vurken `windschief through dampness '; Latvian sa-vergt ` shrivel, shrink due to

cymr. gwraint `Wrmer' etc. (see above S. 1152) kann g or h in root final sound have. Nasalized *ureng-: rengreng insidiousness', wrencan `turn, coil, cheat, deceive', wrincle `wrinkle', Old High German Old English wrenc (*urongi-) `( gyration), Modulation the voice, Kunstgriff,

61

German wurst, Modern High German `Wurst = sausage ' s. Kluge-Gtze

twisted, rotated, revved, revolved, walzig' partly here or to *uert- gestellte Old High 288).

wrstlian, Middle Low Germanworstelen `wrestle, struggle' (about das as ` twiddled,

suffixales -st- (Krahe PBB 71, 242) show Old Icelandic rst `Wasserwirbel', Old English

become Latin ringor (rictus then with analog. i for e) `den Mund aufsperren and die Zhne fletschen, sich rgern', Church Slavic rgnti `hiscere', rg ` derision, ridicule' etc. References: WP. I 271 f., WH. II 436, 752 f., Vasmer 2, 543 f. Page(s): 1154

`Fangnetz', abhi-vlag- ` capture '; under the imagining of Nasenrmpfens kann angereiht

rangts `hasty', rnga `ein crooked Dasitzender' ; perhaps Old Indic abhi-vlag- m.

`abgeschmackt become'; Lithuanian regtis `be clumsy bcken, crook', rangs ` ductile ',

verrenken, Rank `Rnke', New Swedish vrinka `verstauchen', New Norwegian vrinke

ranc, Pl. renke m. ` gyration, curvature, schnelle Bewegung', Modern High German

birenkit `luxated', Middle High German renken `drehend ziehen', Middle High German

Meaning: to turn, press, strangle enh Note: nasalized urenh-

erer erer es Root / lemma: uer-3: E. uer-h- (*ues-3) ues-

erer erer hRoot / lemma: uer-3: E. uer-h- (*uerh-): `to turn, press, strangle' derived from gu rh :

extension of Root / lemma: ueis-2 : `to turn, bend' [common Latin Germanic -s- > -r-]. eiseis Middle High German erwergen stem V. ` strangulate ', Old High German wurgen `die

Material: Old Icelandic virgill `rope', urga `rope, hawser-end', Old Saxon wurgil `rope', Kehle tie up, strangulate ', Old English wyrgan ds.; Old Icelandic vargr (`*Wrger'=) `wolf, Verbrecher', Gothic launawargs ` ungrateful person', gawargjan (`zum *warga- make') = punish, curse' etc.;

gechteter Verbrecher', Old English wearg, Old Saxon Old High German war(a)g ` robber, `verdammen' = Old English wiergan ` curse ', Old Saxon waragean `as einen Verbrecher

Maybe alb. Geg (*vargha) varza `girl, virgin' : Latin virga ` thin branch, rod ' (from *uiz-g), erer erer hRoot / lemma: uer-3: E. uer-h- (*suerh-): `to turn, press, strangle' < [common Latin su rh : Germanic -s- > -r-]. of Root / lemma: ueis-2 : `to turn, bend'. eiseis alb. z-vjerth `entwhne' (`binde los'; doubt, if not to *uert-, by Pedersen KZ. 36, 335); `bind', vras `fish snaring net', Latvian vrzt ` turn, kehren, steer', varzi `Setzkorb', varza ` voroz `Zugschnur (am Beutel)', poln. powrz `rope', sloven. vrzl f. `fence, hedge ', fish snaring net; eine verwickelte thing'; Old Church Slavic -vrz, -vrsti `bind', russ. pLithuanian veri, verti ` tighten, restrict, lace, tie, press', vers, virs `rope', virti virg ` girl, virgin ';

perhaps also russ. vra, poln. wiersza (*uerh-si) `creel, basket for holding fish after they have been caught ', klr. verslo (*uerh-s-lo-) `Krbisstengel', Czech povslo ` Garbenband, Strohband', serb. vrijslo ` pothook, metal hook used to hang or lift pots ';

vresk `heath', poln. wrzos, serb. vrjes ds.; Lithuanian virktis, Latvian virksne (*virsk) i-extension *u(e)rei-k- die words for heath gr. (F), Old Irish froech, cymr. grug Nasalized *urenh-: enh

Lithuanian virs, Latvian vrsis (*urhio-) `heath', changing through ablaut russ. vres,

`stiff, intense Kraut from Bohnen, potato; tendrils from Erbsen, Hopfen'; compare from the

(*uroiko-).

Gr. (*urenghu-, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 302) `rash, hasty, agile ' (`sich drehend'); German Middle High German (ge)ringi `light, quick, fast willing, ready', if Middle Low Vorstufe proto Germanic *wrinwja- (from *urenghu-) to define is; Old High German (ge)ringi `light', Old Frisian ring, Middle Dutch gheringhe, Middle Low

German Frisian r- instead of to expecting wr through old dissimil. reduction of w- in the wrwith other meaning development: Old English Old Saxon wrengan `fest

English wrang, Middle Low German urange f. ds. 72, 193 f.

German wrank, wrange `sour, bitter', Old Icelandicrng f. ` twisted piece of wood ', Old

Old Icelandicrangr (Old Swedish vranger) `crooked, verdreht, unrecht', Middle Low

Norwegian vrng), Alemannian rang ` convolution '; Gothic wrugg ` loop, noose, snare ';

wrong; injustice ' (< Old Norwegian vrang), Old Englishwrang(a) m. `Schiffsbauch' (< Old

`bitter', Middle High German rang `Umdrehung', Old English wrang n. (engl. wrong) `

Modern High German ringen to Danish vringle ` coil ', Middle Low German mnl. wrang

zusammendrehen, coil, press', Old High German ringan `sich windend anstrengen, luctri',

References: WP. I 272 f., II 373, Trautmann 355, 362, Vasmer 1, 186 f., E. Fraenkel KZ. See also: compare uer- under S. 1168. Page(s): 1154-1155

` hemp ', corn. cer ds.;

hemp, rope, band' (*kom-uorko-), abret. coarcholion Pl. `from hemp ', bret. Vannes koarc'h renk ronk urenk- : uronk- in german. *uranh, Old Icelandic vr f. ` angle, point, edge' (*uronh) = renk- ronk-

Material: Nir. feirc f. (Old Irish ferc) ` hump, hunchback, hunch, haft '; cymr. cywarch `

renkrenk Note: nasalized urenk-

Meaning: Meaning: to turn, wind, bend

erer erer Root / lemma: uer-3: F. uer-k- (*ue-3) u

Scots Gaelic frg f. `cave, swamp, marsh, hideout ' (Marstrander ZcPh 7, 362 f.); in

*urank, Indo Germanic *uronk = Balto-Slavic *rank `hand' in Lithuanian rank, Latvian ruoka `hand, arm '; Old Church Slavic rka `hand', russ. ruk `hand, arm '; further to Lithuanian renk, rikti ` compile, collect, gather, collect', parank f. `Nachlese'.

addition late Latin branca ` paw ' (`the crooked '), from gall. (probably not of Celtic origin)

References: WP. 1 273, WH. II 759, v. Wartburg French etym. Wb. 498, Corominas Dicc. de la langua castellana 1, 509, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 131, 158, Trautmann 237, Vasmer 2, 545. Page(s): 1155

erer erer eper Root / lemma: uer-3: G. uer-p-, ur-ep- (*uer-3) uerMeaning: to turn, wind Material: Old Indic vrpas- n. `artifice, Kunstgriff', originally `* curvature, Winkelzug'; suture' with probably through derailment); `biege myself, schlage after a side auf beide Seiten neigend', - (-F-) `shepherd's crook; crosier' Maybe alb. k-rrab `shepherd's crook; crosier '. `club, mace, joint, Trklopfer, Stellholz in a dragnet ', `rod, staff' (perhaps shrubbery, shrubbery, bush', `shrubbery, bush, thicket '; alb. vrap `schneller gait '; Latin repns `sudden (*den Ausschlag giving)'; maybe alb. rjep 'peel, skin' `das mnnliche limb, member', if actually `*rod', from *uorp or *urp (: ), verpus `the Old Icelandic orf, Old High German worf, Middle High German (sensen)worp, Modern perhaps veprs (mostly Pl.) `briar, Dorngebsch', if dissimil. from *vreprs, and verpa also with from p, see above *uerb-); lengthened grade Pl. ` branch, Gr. (*-F) actually `here gewendet!', `Wurfstab, cudgel, club', gr. (*F, *urp-) `nhe together, flicke', `needle' (also , as `

from', `skin rash, leaning, tendency', `gleichwiegend', `sich

Beschnittene';

Latin verpa); Danish dial. vravle ` coil, maunder, drivel ', Middle English wrappen `wickeln';

High German dial. worb `Sensenstiel' (from `*rod'; ablaut equally with and perhaps

virpuls `Zittern the Glieder', and with the development to `drehend toss, fling, throw, (`*drehend toss, fling'), anuirpis `Wasserabla, Flutrinne', craujawirps `Aderlassen', release, let go, free, set free ', Old Prussian etwierpt ` release, let go, free, set free '

vrpste ds., verpeli `whirlwind', Lithuanian vrpiu, -ti, virpu, -ti `waver, tremble, quiver',

Lithuanian verpi, verpti (Latvian vrpt) `spinnen', varpst `coil, spool, spindle', Latvian

raube'; changing through ablaut Lithuanian varpas ` ear ' (`*das Gepflckte'), Latvian vrpa ds., Lithuanian varpti `stochern'; formal comparable Czech vrpa, vrp `wrinkle', sloven. vrpa, rpa `Hautrunzel', Lower Sorbian ropa, Upper Sorbian (w)ropa ` crease '. Page(s): 1156 References: WP. I 276 f., WH. II 425 f., 754, Trautmann 353, Vasmer 1, 189, 229.

pouirpt `freilassen', pouirps `free'; russ.-Church Slavic vrpu, vrpsti `reie, pflcke,

erer erer er Root / lemma: uer-3: H. uer-t- (*uer-3) uerMeaning: to turn, wind Grammatical information: causative-iterative uortei

Avestan vart- `sich wenden'; other Prsentia Old Indic vavartti, vartti, causative vartyati ` places in drehende Bewegung' (= Gothic fra-wardjan, Old Church Slavic vratiti, Lithuanian vartti), vrtman- n. `pathway', vartana- n. `das Drehen', by den Mitanni-Indern aikavartana etc. `a circle (the racecourse)'; vartula- ` round ', vartul `Spinnwirtel' (: Middle

Material: Old Indic themat. present vartati(-t) `dreht', Med. `dreht sich, rollt, verluft',

`Blattstiel', vrntka- m. `Eierpflanze' anzunehmen; vrkku (*vrtka-) ` kidneys ' (actually ` bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb '), Avestan vrka- vrtka- ds.,

Old Church Slavic vrst), varti `Gerolltes'; ein present *vrnatmi is because of vrnta- m.

vorsus, virsus, Lithuanian virstas etc.), vrtti- f. `das Rollen, kind of, nature' (= Latin versi-,

High German wirtel), vrtt- ` twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved, round ' (= Latin

compare Pahlavi gurtak, npers. gurda `kidney' from Old pers. *vrt(a); (- Aeolian; -?) Hes.; `hard, not drehbar' (*-F-); gr. (F- from *urt-) ` mixing spoon ', Hes.,

Deponens revertor; vortex, vertex `whirl, Scheitel', versus, adversus `gegen' (to-participle), `transverse', Latin versi-n-, Oscan Dat. F ein Gtterepithet; Oscan Umbrian versus, -s m. `line, row, furrow'; Umbrian kuvertu, covertu `convertit', trahvorfi

Latin vert (neologism to replacement of old Kausativs?), vert, versum `kehren, turn',

(M. Leumann); compare Old Irish forrach `ein piece of wood as field measure ';

vorsus ein piece of wood as field measure is ein Terminus the rm. Siedler in Campanien

Venetic goddess Vrotah `Wenderin, Geburtsgttin' (Vetter Gl. 20, 72); (compare French verser), Middle Irish fertas f. ` shaft, spindle, earthwall' (newer fersat), Old Irish ad-ferta `aversatur', adbart `adversarius', ablaut. d-fort- `diffuse, einschenken'

Breton guersit ds.; root nouns as Adverb *urt: Old Irish preposition fri, preverb frith-,

cymr. gwerthyd ` spindle', acorn. gurhthit gl. `fusus', abret. Pl. guirtitou gl. `fusis', Middle

mcymr. gwrth, ncymr. wrth, corn.orth, bret. ouz `gegen' (zur basic form s. Thurneysen Grammar S. 515, Jackson Language and History S. 337); cymr. gwerthu ` sell ', corn.

gwerthe, bret. gwerza ds. (but cymr. gwerth `price' kann Old English loanword sein);

wert, Modern High German -wrts `wohin gewendet'; perhaps Gothic etc. wairs, Old High together with dem relationship from Old Indic prti `gegen': Latin pretium `as Gegenwert dienender price)' Old High German wurt `fate, destiny' (*urti- ` turn '); Balto-Slavic *uerti `wende, turn, twist, rotate ' (older *uert) in Lithuanian veri, versti, German wert, Subst. ` value, worth, price' (compare Old Irish frith-, Latin vorsus `gegen'

`eine Wendung zum evil, wickedness nehmen'), Gothic etc. -wars, Old High German -

Old High German frawarten `spoil' (causative to frawairan `be destroyed, perish', actually

Gothic etc. wairan, Old High German werdan `become' (`to turn'); Gothic fra-wardjan,

Latvian veru, verst ` turn, kehren', Intransitiv Lithuanian virst (*vrt-st), virsti `umfallen,

fall, sich in etwas transform', Iter. vartti `continual turn ', Old Prussian wirst `wird'; Slavic

*vrtj, *vrtti in Old Church Slavic vrtti s `', Iter. vratiti s `',

men n.), Lithuanian varstas `Pflugwende', compare Old Prussian ainawarst `once'; BaltoSlavic *uirst f. `Wende' in Old Church Slavic vrsta `', russ. verst `row,

russ.-Church Slavic vrteno ` spindle'(*uerteno- n.), Old Church Slavic vrm `time' (*uert-

and Latin versus, -s `furrow, line, row'; Old Indic vrtt- n. ` way of life, lifestyle,

Lebensalter, Werst', compare die participle Lithuanian virstas: Latin versus, Old Indic vrttBenehmen'; Balto-Slavic *uirsti- f. `kind of' in russ.-Church Slavic svrst `gleiches age, Tocharian A wrt- `throw', wrattsai `gegen' (*wart, *urt), yerter `Radkranz', A wrknt,

pair', slov. vrst `row, kind of', compare Lithuanian Infin. virsti: Old Indic vrtti- f. see above. Obl. yerkwantai (*yertwantai), Pedersen Tocharian 235. 235, Frick 151.

References: WP. II 274 f., WH. II 763 ff., Trautmann 354 f., Vasmer 1, 189, 190, 229, 230, Page(s): 1156-1158 erer eireirei er Root / lemma: uer-3: I. ur-ei-: ) urei-n-: (*uer-3) uerMeaning: to be confused; to clench the teeth

or verdrehen', then also `cry, neigh, from brnstigen horses' (hence Old English wrne `horny, lustful', Old Saxon wrnisk, Old High German reinisc `leichtfertig, horny, lustful', Mund verziehend')

Material: Norwegian dial. vrna, vrein ` grin; in the rutting die upper lip and Nase heave, life

Old Saxon wrnio, Old High German reinno `stallion' ), Danish dial. vrinsk `very sour' (`den References: WP. I 277, WH. II 433 f.

Page(s): 1158

Meaning: to be confused, ashamed

erer eirizdrizd er Root / lemma: uer-3: I. ur-ei-: ) urizd- (*uer-3) uer-

`wird verlegen, schmt sich', vra- m. `Verlegenheit, the genitals' (*uri-z-d-), Latin rde, re `laugh'; Old English wrstan `turn, bend', Norwegian dial. (v)reist `Weidenring; Page(s): 1158 Querkopf', isl. reista `verdrehen, crook', could ein Indo Germanic *uroizd- voraussetzen.

Material: viell. from an s-Erweit. and with probably present formation d: Old Indic vrat

Meaning: to be crooked (?)

erer eieier Root / lemma: uer-3: I. ur-ei-: ) urei- (*uer-3) uer-

irregular gr. `crooked';

wrk `crooked', Swedish vrk `stubborn person' (*uroi-uo-s); here das in vocalism gr. is hybridization from and . Page(s): 1158 References: WP. I 279.

golden Verschnrung (am shoe)' (unorganisches x); Gothic wraiqs `', Old Frisian

Material: In Avestan urviz-maiya- `die Leibesmitte schnrend', zarany-urvixna `with

Meaning: to turn, bind

erer eier Root / lemma: uer-3: I. ur-ei-: ) ureik- (*uer-3) uer-

Material: Avestan urvisyeiti (*vriyati) `wendet sich, dreht sich', Kaus. urvasayeiti `wendet, dreht', urvasa- m. ` gyration ' (= gr. , Dutch wreeg); Old Indic vr- `Wasserwirbel'; gr. ` writhed, crooked, humped, gebogen', ds.; `Koffer, hutch' Latin rca `Kopftuch', rcinium, originally dial. rcinium `small Kopftuch' (*ureik);

maybe from *urik-skos;

heimtckisch', engl. wry `slant, skew', Old English wrgian `tendere, conari, niti', (`*sich

Middle Low German wrch (wrg-) ` bent, verdreht, (therefrom) stiff; verrckt, stubborn,

winden, whereupon wrestle, struggle'), Old Frisian wrgia `be bent, bow' (?), Old English Old English wrsen, wrsen f., Old High German reisan n. ds. Middle English wrh `

urxl f. `variation, exchange, earnings', Old Icelandic rxn m. `knot', hence probably also inverted, halsstarrig', Dutch wreeg ` stiff ', Subst. `Fubeuge', Old Icelandic reigiask ` the m. `stiffness in den Gliedern' (from `*luxated'), Middle High German rigen, widerrigen

head zurckwerfen, violent become', Old Icelandic riga f. `bend', riga `move', nisl. rig n, rigr

drehen', engl. wriggle ` crook oneself ', Low German uriggel `Eigensinn', Norwegian rigga ` German ric, rickes `band, strap, manacle, knot; bowels, the entrails, narrow way', Swiss connect, umwickeln; upset; doubtful go', rigla `wobble, sway, doubtful go'; Middle High

`wogegen ankmpfen, widerstreben', Low German wrigge(le)n ` sideways or hin- and her

luxate, crick ', Norwegian (v)rikka, Swedish vrikka ` dislocate, luxate, crick, wriggeln';

`hin and her turn, jiggle, wobble, sway', Middle Low German vor-wrikken ` dislocate,

expressive consonant stretch the Intensivitt Middle English Low German Dutchwrikken

rikch `Heftel from Faden', Middle High German ric ` neck ' (probably as `*Dreher'), with

meaning `umwickeln' (: Latin rca): Old English wron, wron (*wrhan) `einhllen, cover, `enthllen', Middle High Germanrigel m. `eine headpiece, die man umwindet';

Modern High German Reihen ds., Middle Dutch wrghe, Dutch wreeg `Fubiege'; with the

German rho m. `sura, poples, locus corrigiae', Middle High German rhe `Rist of Fues',

Icelandic rist `Fugelenk', Middle High German rist `hand-, Fugelenk' (*wrihst-); Old High

Dutch gewricht `joint'; Middle Low German wrist, Old English wrist, wyrst, aschw. vrist, Old

shield ', wrigels `sleeve, wrapping', Old High German int-rhhen, -rhan, participle intrigan Lithuanian ri, rti `bind', rys m. `bundle', raia `bind', ratis `band, strap, bandage,

head fascia', also raktis with k-insertion, as rkt `horsewhip', i-si-rkti `sich in Fden '), ritu, -au, -ti `lame become', reas ` ankle ', Latvian risu, rist `bind', rieu rist ds., perrist ` connect '. 408.

auflsen' (perhaps `sich ausringeln, frill, friz '), rias and raas `lame' (`*luxated, crooked ristu, rstu(*urk-st, barely nasalized) `fge myself an'; Old Prussian senrists ` connected ', References: WP. I 278 f., WH. II 433, Trautmann 236, 246, Holthausen Aengl. etym. Wb. Page(s): 1158-1159 erer eireip- rpreip rp er Root / lemma: uer-3: I. ur-ei-: ) ureip-, urp- (*uer-3) uerMeaning: to turn

bellows';

`drehende Bewegung, Schwung, throw, shot' (in addition ), ` flabellum, Maybe alb. rrip, rryp ` belt' a Greek loanword.

Material: Gr. , , Ionian n. ` wickerwork, mat ', `throw, cast',

German Bavarian reiben `turn', Middle Low German wrven, Frisian wriwwe `rub', Low German wribbeln `turn'. References: WP. I 280, Kluge-Gtze 607.

Old High German rban, Middle High German rben `reibend turn or turn', Modern High

Page(s): 1159

erer eireitreit er Root / lemma: uer-3: I. ur-ei-: ) ureit- (*uer-3) uerMaterial: Old Swedish vra, Old Icelandic ra `turn, wringen, coil, tie, bind, knot ', Old Meaning: to turn

English wr-an, Old High German rdan `turn, coil, bind', Old English wria m. `rein, ring'; German ridil m. `hairband, Kopfband'; Old English wr, wr f. `band, strap, bundle', Old Icelandic riull ` tussock ', isl. riill `walziges bit of wood zum Netzbinden', Old High

`angry, irate, hostile, violent', Old Saxon wrth, Middle Low German wrt ds.;

'; with the meaning `zornrunzelnd' Old Icelandic reir `angry, irate', Old English wr

Middle Low German wrden `zusammendrehen', Old High German reid, reidi ` curly, frizzy

abtrennen', therefrom Lithuanian rietti `auskriechen', changing through ablaut rit, -a, rsti `roll, wlzen', Latvian ritu, rist ds., iterative Lithuanian riioti `hin- and herrollen'; eine additional form with Germanic t (phonetically influenced from wrtan ` rend '?) in

Lithuanian riei (*reiti), risti ` coil, wickeln, roll', Latvian rieu, riest ` fall down, sich

older ndrhein. wrten `turn, verdrehen, wringen', Dutch wrijten `turn'. Page(s): 1159-1160 References: WP. I 279 f., Trautmann 242.

erer er Root / lemma: uer-4 (*uer-4) uerMeaning: to find, take Note: besides uer(i)-, urer(i) r er(i)- r-

Material: Armenian gerem `take gefangen, raube'; gr. (with unclear as by , 8. uer-; Aspiration after ) `find' (Quantitt

of : unacquainted), -, - (*F-F-), , -, -;

61

Old Irish far `invni' (*ue-ur-a), frth `inventum est' (*ur-to-); rsti `find, encounter, meet', Aor. -rt (present -rto), ob-rta `Erfindung'. Page(s): 1160 References: WP. I 280, Vasmer 2, 244, Frisk 589 f. *urt- in Lithuanian su-rsti, srau `catch, grasp', Old Church Slavic obrsti `find', s-

erer er Root / lemma: uer-5 (*uer-5) uer-

Meaning: to close, cover; to guard, save

ortom Material: A. With Prfixen: `shut' and `open'; `door'; uortom `gate'. `bedecke', aperi `ffne' (from *op(i)- and *ap(o)-ueri); Oscan veru `portam', Umbrian Old Indic api-vrti `verschliet, bedeckt', apa-vroti `ffnet'; also Latin operi

Vetter Gl. 29, 240);

verof-e `in portam', Oscanvereias Gen. Sg. `Jungmnnerbund' (originally `Torwache',

veri, vrti `open', and `shut'; Old Church Slavic (za)/vr, vrti `shut', Iter. ot-voriti `open'; warto `Haustre'; Old Church Slavic vrata, russ. vorta `gate, Tre'; also to 3. uer- could `gesperrter passage '; derivatives: *uortom in Nom. Pl. Lithuanian vartai, Latvian vrti `gate, door', Old Prussian

Lithuanian veriu, -vrti `shut', atvrti `open' (from which previously without preverb

belong Old Church Slavic verja and za-vor `Hebebaum', russ. verej `Torflgel', zavor perhaps here Lithuanian varti `drive, push' (formal = Germanic warjan, Old Church

Slavic ot-voriti, compare also Old Indic Kaus. vryati) as `das gate open, um das Vieh from the hurdle hinauszutreiben'; in addition russ. provrnyj `fast, rapid, hurried, agile'. protection', ur-ti- `Einzunung'. tier- eru- rer eru r er-toer erer B. uer-, ueru-, ur- `verschlieen, cover, shield, rescue'; uer-to- ` paddock ', uer-tro ` Old Indic vrti (also vrati and Kaus. varyati) `umschliet, wehrt'; Avestan Akt. -

vrnav-, Med. vrn- `cover, wrap'; derivatives from a light basis: Old Indic vrt- participle protection ', vrtra- n. `Schutzdamm, Deich' (osset. vart `shield' from iran. *vrra-, s. Bailey Perf. Pass., vrti- f. `Einzunung' (Avestan hm-vartay- ` braveness'), varman- n. `

IRAS 1953, 110 f.), vrtra- n. `Abwehr, enmity(en), fiend(e)', (Avestan vrra- `Widerstand, vadhra- m. va(r)-dhr ds., vara- m. `Einschlieen', also vala- (Avestan vara- ds.), Wehr, shield'), Sg. GN Vrtra- (`the die Gewsser einschliet'?), varatr- `strap', vrdhra-,

lengthened grade vra- (Avestan -vra-) `Deckung, Wehr'; Avestanvarna- `Umhllung,

`Verteidigungswaffe, Wehr', vrman- `Wehr, parapet' etc.;

Bedeckung' (thereafter Old Indic vra- `paint, color' probably from `Bedeckung'), varaer uer- besides in present vrti in Old Indic var-tr- m. `guarder, Schirmer', vr-tha- n. er

Hittite uarressesta `protected'; about Old Indic Vrua- s. Wackernagel-Debrunner II 2, S. 485 (to ur- `water', above S. 80); gr. perhaps , - ` mildew, mould, dank decay ', if actually `Bedecker' (would be

above S. 710); here also Old Indic uruyti `releases, erlost, rettet' as uru--yti, compare

` protection, shield, army, herd, swarm ', perhaps the GN Vrua- as `the binder' (as Mitra

*-F--, compare Old Indic ar-vrt `die Fluten einschlieend');

has changed , Perf. (*F-F), Ionian (*F) `hold fest, preserve', ` protection, defense ', `geschtzt, befestigt', - `stadtschtzend'; -, - (-F-);

F- in hom. `abwehren, rescue, preserve, protect', Impf. :-, -, themat.

fernhalten, abwehren'), Perf. (*F-F), ` protection, defense ', `stadtschtzend'; lengthened grade `burial mound'; alb. varr `grave' (*uorn), vath ` paddock '; `schtzend, rettend', , `savior, redeemer, liberator',

, `hold ab, back', Pass. `zgere' innewohnt, from ` through einen lock

`schirme, errette; hold fest, hold back' (latter meaning, die also the k-Erweit. ,

other ablaut grade F- without Vokalvorschlag in Inf. hom. , hom. Ionian

`land, farmland' (probably `*umhegt'); mcymr. gwerthyr `fortress' (*uertro-; compare above Old Indic vartra-); here probably Old Irish riu, Gen. renn, (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > nn-), cymr. Iwerddon `Irland' as *epi-ueri, Gen. -ionos `hill, island' (compare Old High

stone verschlossen) = Old English weor (see below), Old Irish feronn, ferann (*uerono-)

Old Irish ferenn (*uereno-) `belt, girdle', fertae (Middle Irish fert) `burial mound' (with

German werid) after Pokorny KZ. 47, 233, ZcP. 15, 197 ff.;

werian `ds., aufdmmen', Old High German weren `verteidigen, shield ', Old Saxon werian `defend, shield, hinder', Germanic -varii (`Verteidiger', out of it `inhabitant') in Chatuvarii, Bojuvarii, Old Icelandic e.g. Rm-verjar `Rmer'; Proto Norse waru `the umschlieende Steinkreis um ein grave' (see above Irish fert) = Old Icelandic vr f., New Norwegian vor

Gothic warjan `defend', Old Icelandic verja `defend, hinder, verteidigen', Old English

m. `Reihe from stone ', also `hill or bank from stone or gravel ', Old Icelandic ver n. ` dam,

German wer `Wehr, protection', Old English mylen-waru, -wer `Mhlenteich', waru `

fish weir', Old English wer m. ds., Middle High German wer n. `Stauwehr', Old High

protection'; lengthened grade Old High German wuor f. ` dam ', Swiss wuhr `Wehr'; Old

Icelandicvrn `Verteidigung, protection', Old English wearn `Widerstand, Verweigerung' (in Middle High German warne, werne `Vorsicht, Frsorge, warning' is ein to *uer- `gewahren'

Old English wiernan `sich enthalten, vorenthalten, chop, cut, reject';

English wearnian `warn', refl. `sich enthalten', Old High German warnn `sich hten, warn', Old English waro n. `bank, border, shore, beach, seaside', Old High German werid

gehriges word eingeflossen), Old Icelandic varna `sichenthalten, vorenthalten' = Old

';

between Smpfen, bank, border, shore', Middle Low German werde(r) `eingedeichtes land Old English weor, wor n. m. ` courtyard, household ' (*uer-to-, *ur-to-), Old Saxon

`island, Halbinsel' (Modern High German Werder), Middle High German wert `Landrcken

wort, wurde, worde f. `erhhter place, Hofsttte; garden, Feldstck', Old Icelandic ur f. `heap from Felsblcken';

wurth f. `gestampfter odergepflasterter Platz' (= Old Indic vrti-), Middle Low German wurt,

wrto, wart(t)o `garden, wood, forest', Irish fert `burial mound'; in the meaning also Old Church Slavic vora `saepimentum'. rh See also: in addition uerh-1. Page(s): 1160-1162 References: WP. I 280 ff., Frisk 568 f., 593 f., 643 f.;

compare alb. vath ` paddock, Hof um das Haus, hurdle, sheepfold ' (*uor-t), tochar.

erer er Root / lemma: uer-6 (*uer-6) uerMeaning: to talk, speak ere- rere r Note: also uere-, ur-

Material: Avestan urvta- n. ` determination, command ' (= ), next to which from the light basis *uere-: Avestan urvata- n. ` determination ' = Old Indic vrat- n. ` command, wertemmai ` we schwren'; statute, profession, declaration ', and Old Church Slavic rota `oath'; ablaut. Old Prussian gr. `say' (*F), Fut. ep. Ionian , Attic , Pass. Aor. Ionian

geneuertes = renamed, has changed?? arg. FF; `verabredet = festgesetzt', , Aeolic F `Redner', , el. F f. ` saying, pact, covenant', diss. to

(*F), Attic (*F), Perf. -, - diss. from *FF-, compare

Cypriot F, whereof F `pact, covenant, law ', `word', ` discourse ', ` someone, the sich verstellt' (*F), `Verstellung'; russ. vru (*vr), vrat `lie, maunder, drivel ', with k-suffix (*uork): russ. vrka `empty

gossip', Old Church Slavic vra (*uorkios) `physician, medicine man (*sayer of a magic spell), magician, sorcerer '; the medicine man. Maybe alb. Geg vra, Tosc vras 'kill, wound' is related to the revenge killing examined by Hittite ueriia- `call, shout, cry, beauftragen', particle -uar- actually `sagte';

reti `say', ablaut. Old Church Slavic rok ` time, period, Termin', r ` accusation ' and *wrgjan, Old High German ruogen, Modern High German rgen; d -extension uer-d o- etc.: erer Gr. Hes. (Specht KZ 59, 65); observation, place marked off by the augur's staff '; vardas `name'. Frisk 469 ff.;
h h

Lithuanian rki, rkti, Latvian rkt `cry', rkut ` be entertained ', Old Church Slavic rek, *urk- in Germanic Gothic wrhs ` accusation ', wrhjan `beschuldigen' = west-Germanic

perhaps (in spite of Vasmer 2, 508 f. and above S. 860) here Balto-Slavic urk-, urek- in

Latin verbum `word' (not from *vorbom because of:) Umbrian uerfale ` an open place for Gothic waurd, Old High German wort etc. `word' = Old Prussian wirds `word'; Lithuanian

References: WP. I 283 f., WH. II 756 f., Trautmann 238, 360, Vasmer 1, 234 f., 2, 539, rekrek See also: here probably urek-.

Page(s): 1162-1163

erer er Root / lemma: uer-7 (*uer-7) uerMeaning: to tear Note: base for extensions:

erderd Material: A. uerd-: Avestan vardva- `soft, lax ', Old Church Slavic vrd, russ. vred

`wound'; ured-: Old Indic avradanta `sie wurden weich', vrandn- `mrbe werdend'; urd-: redred rdrd Old Prussian redo `Ackerfurche', Old Danish vraade, vrode `dig, aufbohren'; urd-: Latin rd rd-

rd, -ere ` gnaw, consume', rstrum (*rd-trom) n. `Nagewerkzeug, snout, bill, beak, neb',

Old English wrtan ` gnaw, dig', Old Icelandic rta ds., Old High German ruozit `suscitat, movet', Old English wrt, Middle High German ruozel, rezel, Modern High German Rssel (*wrtila-); in addition zero grade in Swedish dial. rota, ruta `dig'; after Frisk (Etyma formation).

Armen. 30) in addition still Armenian gercum `shave' from *uerd-s- (originally Aorist

Indic vra- m. n. `wound, crack' besides ur-n in Old Church Slavic russ. etc. rana r r`wound'. Maybe alb. (*varna) varr `grave' [common alb. rn- > rr- shift]. ausreiend' (Wackernagel KZ. 67, 166 ff.).

(therefrom vornka `Trichter'), poln. wrona, Czech vrana `aperture '; ure-no-, uro-no- in Old re-no- ro-nore ro

orn: B. uorn: alb. varr `wound', russ. voron `Ruderloch in Schiffsheck, Hennenstei'

rh C. uerh-: Old Indic vrhti `reit from', Aor. varhi, participle vrh-, mla-vrt `die roots

Hes.; , Hes., ds.;

erk- rekerk rek D. uerk-, urek-: gr. , Aeolic (*F) n. `rag, zerlumptes dress; wrinkle'; reskresk sksk E. uresk- (from *urek-sk-), ursk- Old Indic vrcti `haut ab, splits', vrcana- `abhauend',

etc. `wrinkle' (*uorsk).

n. `das Abhauen', pra-vraska- m. `cut'; ava-vraca- `splinter'; russ.-Church Slavic vraska Maybe alb. vras 'kill' [alb. possible -ska > -s]

`skin; Lederschild', (Aeolic) (i.e. F) Hes., hom. `schildtragend' (compare M. Leumann, Homer. Wrter 196 ff.);

word?) and `Haifisch' (from seiner zum Polieren verwendeten rauhen Rckenhaut');

ei- rr F. ur-ei-, ur-: gr. `file, tool for smoothing surfaces, Raspel' (*urn; or onomatopoeic

Germanic *rtan in Old Swedish rta ds., compare unterrei-, rei-d- `ritzen'); Gothic writs `line', Old English writ `Schrift', wrtt `ornament, decoration, jewellery, jewel' ; carve, slit, injure, stir, tease, irritate' from *ureid-s-. after Frisk (Etyma Arm. 28 ff.) here Armenian ergicanem `tear, break, rupture, grind,

draw, sign ', Modern High German reien, Proto Norse wrait `schrieb, ritzte' (besides

Old Saxon wrtan `tear, verwunden, ritzen, write ', Middle Low German wrten ` rend, write,

with d-extension (originally d-present?) Old English wrtan ` dig in, ritzen, write, paint ',

References: WP. I 286 f., Trautmann 236, Vasmer 1, 229.

Page(s): 1163-1164 erer er Root / lemma: uer-8 (*uer-8) uer-

Meaning: to observe, pay attention

Hes., uors in (for after ) `, supervisor, rs

Material: Gr. only F-, with spiritus asper -: hom. `sie beaufsichtigen',

custodian, keeper', `Wchter' (*-), ` protection', `Wchter' (from compounds abstracted), Doric , Attic `Ehrenwchter, savior, redeemer' (F = Germanic wara- see below), (, ) `see, observe'

(denominative eines also in

`attention') Aeolic freilich, similarly as Latin verri; lengthened grade Attic , Ionian `hat, care ' hom. -, `nichtsnutzig', `neglect' from * ` ', at most , `door-, Torhter' (rather because of hom. an -, -, correspondingly ); `cavere'; Hes. Suid. `see, observe';

steckenden *F = Old High German Old Saxon wara, Old English waru

Latin vereor, -r, -itus sum ` worship, fear, dread'; zur form compare gr. Aeolic (F) Old Irish c(a)ir ` fitting, right': cymr. cywair ds. (*kom-u rios);

bewarn `preserve, protect', Old Saxon warn `observe, protect, look after, watch over, make, look after; protect, assume ', refl. `sich hten'; *uortos (*uor os in Gothic ortos * ord os) or
h

waru, sptMiddle High German war, Modern High German Ware; Old High German

wahrnehmen ` perceive ', Old Icelandic vara f. `merchandise,, Zahlungsmittel', Old English

English waru, Old Saxon Old High German wara `attention, guarding', wara nman

`Behutsamkeit, artifice', Middle High German wer (Old High German *war) `Vorsicht'; Old

hat', Old High German giwar ` attentive, careful ' = (F); or in Gothic warai or

shy', Old English wr `aware, attentive, careful, behutsam', Old Saxon war ` careful, of the

Germanic: uors in Gothic war(s) `behutsam', Old Icelandic varr `behutsam, careful, rs

keep', Old English warian `preserve, protect, beware, guard', Old Icelandic vara ` attentive darawards `Torwart', Old High German wart `Wchter, Wrter, Hter', warto, Gothic

wardja ds., Old Saxon wardn `in the hat sein, look after, watch over, keep', Old High

German wartn `achten, peer, wahrnehmen, warten, expect ', warta `Beobachtung etc.', Modern High German Warte ; *uorn- in Old High German furiwarna `Vorbereitung' (Old ornorn English wearn f. `Widerstand, Verweigerung, reproach, accusation ', Modern High German

warnen etc. through interference from Angehrigen from *warjan wehren defend etc.', and root *uer- `verschlieen'); Latvian vru, vrt `see, show, bemerken' (mostly reflexive vrties), vrba `attention'; Maybe alb. vrej ` perceive, spot, detect ' > folk etymology v re ` perceive ' Latvian loanword. Tocharian A wr-, wr-sk- `smell'. Page(s): 1164 References: WP. I 284 f.

Meaning: wide, broad

Root / lemma: uer-9 : u ru-s (*uer-9) er ru uerer erruMaterial: Old Indic ur-, Avestan vouru- (from *varu-, Indo Germanic *u ru-), jav. also urue

gur-, above S. 476); comparative vryas-, superlative vriha-, in addition Old Indic urc f. `die earth', Femin. to uru-vyc: urc- `weitreichend', compare den Avestan

`wide', westoss. urux, composition form Avestan uru- (from *uru-, as Old Indic gru- besides

`weit wandering '; PN Urv f. from *uru-v- ` intense desire'; in addition ulkhala`mortar' from *ur-khara- `with breitem bottom';

Bergnamen Vourua-, perhaps = Old Indic *urcya-; Old Indic urvaa- m. `year', *uruaa-

(instead of *F) `breit', as well as in `Breite' (see above Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 412 Anm. 1); perhaps Tocharian A wrts, aurtse `wide, breit' neuter: ueros- in Old Indic vras- n. `Breite, Raum' (gr. instead of *F); eroseros vrma- m. n. `Weite, Umfang', vrivas- n. `Raum, Weite, Behaglichkeit', die eine heavy basis voraussetzen. References: WP. I 285, Mayrhofer 109 f., Thieme Lg. 31, 439. doubtful u ros- `breast' in Old Indic uras- (from *vuras), Avestan var ds. and Old Indic rosros
e

with metathesis gr. - (as in , uer-4; compare - under uer-5) in

Page(s): 1165

Meaning: to drag on the ground wash away ';

ersers er Root / lemma: uers- (*uer-) uer-

Material: Material: Latin verr (older vorr), verr, versum ` sharpen, am Boden schleppen, sweep,

e e e e

about gr. `go away, schwinde' s. Frisk 566; durcheinanderbringen' etc.; Old Icelandic vrr `stroke'; barely here Old Saxon Old High German wrran `bewilder,

vrach `das Dreschen' (geschah originally through Schleifen), russ. vroch `heap (of corn)'; Maybe alb. vras ` strike, kill ', vresht ` (heap of ) vineyard ' Slavic loanword. Maybe alb. Tosc varr, Geg vorr ` mound, grave ', varr ` wound'. Hittite uariia-, uar- `abwischen, pluck, reap'. References: WP. I 267, 292 f., WH. II 761 f., Trautmann 361, Vasmer 1, 230. Page(s): 1169-1170

Latvian vrsms `heap of corn, grain '; russ.-Church Slavic vrchu, vrti `thrash', ablaut.

Meaning: alder, poplar

er- n er er Root / lemma: uer- n (*uer- n) uer)e(

e

Material: Armenian geran (*uer n) `trabs, tignum'; alb. verr f. (*uern) `Populus alba'; cymr. gwernen `Schiffsmast, alder ', Pl. koll. gwern `Erlen, swamp, marsh', Middle Irish verna, prov. verna, verno, French verne, vergne ` alder '). 81.
3

bret. gwern f. (*uern) `Schiffsmast; alder ', acorn. guern ` mast ', guern-en ` alder ',

fern f. `1, mast ', gall. Fernodubrum (`Erlenwasser'; from Celtic derive piemontes.

References: WP. I 292, -Lbke REW p. 9232, Vendryes RC. 46, 137 and above S.

Page(s): 1169 eses Root / lemma: ues-1 (*aues-1) u es-

Meaning: to stay, live, spend the night

: `sleeps with a Frau', with upa: `fastet') = Avestan vahaiti ` dwells, verweilt', Old Indic Kaus. vsayati `beherbergt'; vstu-, vasat- m. f., vs- m. `abode, residence,

Material: Old Indic vsati (participle secondary uita-) `verweilt, dwells, bernachtet' (with

bernachten', Old pers. -vahanam ` residence, dot', Old Indic lengthened grade vstu- n.

)e(

veman n. `Schlafzimmer';

`site, house', new vstu- n. ` thing' (vastuka- m. `a plant', actually `Hofunkraut'); vsaArmenian goy `is, existiert, is vorhanden', goy (i-stem) `being, being, blessing, property'; ; perhaps f. `stove, hearth, altar', figurative `house, family etc.', with gr. ep. Aor. (stets with connected) `zubringen', in addition present ,

secondary Ionian , Aeolic Boeotian lokr. Doric Arcadian through Assimil. an das betonte the second syllable, das Fehlen desF perhaps through influence of ; derivative from *ues-ti- `Bleiben, dwelling', also `zum Heim belonging'; with unexplained aMessapic vastei (Dat.); Latin Vesta `goddess of huslichen Hordes'; night' (*uoseti), 3. Sg. preterit fu (*ui-us-t), 3. Pl. fotar (*ui-uos-ont-r), verbal noun fess, Middle Irish f(a)id `nchtigt (also `with a wife, woman'), remains, verweilt, wakes in the

vocalism (F) n. `town, city' ( ` town dweller ', `stdtisch');

mcymr. gwest, kywest `Ruheplatz', gwest, cywestach `coitus', gwesti `dwelling', dirwest (*d-ro-ues-t-) and darwest (*to-are-ues-t-) ` fast ';

house', fossad `tight, firm, steadfast; dwelling, abode, residence'; cymr. gwas `Heimsttte',

feiss f. ` sleep, coitus, abode, residence', ablaut. foss m. `Bleiben, tranquility ', i foss `to

`sein, abide, remain ', Modern High German war, gewesen, substantivierter Infin. `entity'; residence, Dasein'; Old Icelandic vrr ` peaceful ' (or identical with dem 2. part from l-

Old English Old Saxon Old High German wesan (engl. preterit was), Old Frisian wesa

Gothic wisan (1. Sg. preterit was) `sein, abide, remain ', Old Icelandic vesa (later vera),

Gothic wists f. `entity', Old Icelandic vist, Old English Old High German wist `entity, abode,

area to sein'); Old Saxon wern, Old High German weren `endure, whren' (in addition Old warn, Middle Low German waren `endure'; perhaps Gothic wis ` calm (at sea) ', if actually Tocharian A wee ` lair ', wat, ost `house', waamo `friend', Pl. wamo, wsa High German wirig ` lasting, dauerhaft', Modern High German lang-wierig) and Old Saxon

vrr, see above S. 1165; certainly here belongs hera-vrr `berechtigt, in district, region,

` tranquility '); ` dwells ';

Hittite (*uei-) ui- ` live, am Leben bleiben', (*ueia-) uia- `mirror'.

References: WP. I 306 f., WH. II 773, Frisk 25, 173 f., 576 f., VendryJs RC. 35, 89 f., Loth Page(s): 1170-1171 RC. 38, 297, Ifor Williams BBCS. 2, 41 ff., R. A. Fowkes JC. stem 2, 1 f.

eses Root / lemma: ues-2 (*aues-2) u esMeaning: to feast Material: Old Indic nu vvas `has aufgezehrt', vst `vor dem ravenousness', Avestan

nourished ' see above S. 73; Middle Irish fess, feiss `food, eating' (*ues-t), Old Irish fach `raven' (*ueskos), out of it borrowed cymr. gwyach `Steifu' (ein bird); Old Irish ban-

vastra `Fresse, muzzle', vstrm `food', vstar- `Hirte'; about Latin vscor `as meal eat, be

[]ess ` wedding ' (`Frauen-fest'), bret. banves `festival', cymr. gwest `festival'; Gothic waila wisan `to feast, delight ', frawisan `consume', wizn `indulge oneself', waila-wizns ` feast ', gawizneigs `sich mitfreuend', Old English wesan `to feast' (only Beowulf 3115, Hs. weaxan); Old High German firwesan, Middle High German verwesen `consume'; Old

German wastel (French gteau) ` cake'; )uetara- `herdsman, shepherd'.

Icelandic vist, Old English Old High German wist f. `dish, food'; in ablaut probably Old High Hittite (*aue-) uei- `pasture', ueiia- `graze, abweiden; lead, regieren'; (*aueu u -

Maybe alb. ushqim `food', ushqej `feed'. See also: probably to uesu- `good'. Page(s): 1171 References: WP. I 307 f., Vendryes RC. 35, 89 f., WH. II 769

Meaning: wet

eses es Root / lemma: ues-3 (*ues-3) ues-

Material: Gr. , Hes., alt-therisch h (meaning unacquainted); Umbrian vestikatu `libato' (formation as Latin lectca); Maybe alb. ves ` dew '

Erdgrund, slime, mud; clod of earth, lawn'; Middle Low German wasem m. `Wasserdampf, haze, mist'; Old English ws n. ` dampness, juice, sap'; engl. ooze ` dampness, slime, mud', as verb `durchsickern, spring up, bubble', Middle Low German ws `scum, froth,

Modern High German Wasen `lawn', Old Saxon waso, Middle Low German wase `damp

Old High German wasal `rain', Old High German waso `lawn, clod of earth, pit, pothole',

juice ';

foam, decoction, extract acquired by boiling, juice, sap', Old Danish Norwegian s ` plant presumably Avestan vahu-tt- f. `blood', vahuwa- n. `Blutvergieen, bloody fight',

vohuna- m. `blood' and Old Indic vs, vas `bacon, fat, lard ' (also vas inscribed, as va-m `flssiges fat');

Old Indic ra- m. `Bffel, Kamel', ur- `Pflugstier', Avestan utr m. `Kamel' (also in Zara-utr); Old Indic u `Pflugstier'. Page(s): 1171-1172 References: WP. I 308, Trautmann 343, Mayrhofer 1, 113 f., Frisk 433.

here with the meaning `male animal' (compare Latin verrs etc.: uer-, uer-s- `feuchten'):

Meaning: to stick, pierce

lemma: eses es Root / lemma: ues-4 (*ues-4) ues-

Material: Old Indic nivsita- `ums Leben gebracht', nirvsana-m `das Ermorden, Tten', Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), alb. usht ` ear ';

parivsayati `schneidetrings ab, from' ; Old Irish fennaid `schindet' (*ues-n-ti); (common Lithuanian usns `thistle, hawthorn', Latvian usna, una `thistle';

Maybe alb. vesh, Pl. vesh ` ear'.

about Church Slavic v `louse' etc., see above S. 692 and Vasmer 1, 232 f.

`Schusterahle'), Old English ord `cusp, peak, beginning ', Old Icelandic oddr `cusp, peak', Old Germanic Osd-ulfus = Old Saxon Old English Ord-ulf (different above S. 237); [common Latin Germanic -s- > -r-]. Page(s): 1172 References: References: WP. I 308 f.

Old High German ort `cusp, peak, point, edge etc.', Modern High German Ort `place' (and

eses es Root / lemma: ues-5 (*aues-5) uesMaterial: Old Indic vst `kleidet sich, zieht an', Avestan vaste ds. (compare the unthemat. Indic vsman- n. `cover' (= ); vastra-, Avestan vastra- n. ` clothing ' (: gr. F, gr. , -), vahaiti ds.; Old Indic vsana-, Avestan vahana- n. ` garment '; Old Meaning: to dress, put on

Middle High German wester?);

Armenian z-genum `pull myself an' (*ues-nu- = ), z-gest ` clothing ' (-tu-stem);

Ionian Attic , Doric F, Lesbian F `dress' (: Old Indic vs-man-); Hes.

(*F[-]- with dem from ); `weibliches garment ' (Old Indic vsana-m); , -, , - `good, schlecht gekleidet', with Vorstufe of Itazismus

(*F-) 3. Sg. - (Herod.); n. ` clothing ' (-d es-stem), , - ds.

h

gr. , Ionian , Aor. () ` apparel ', Med. `sich kleiden', athemat. Perf.

`dress, mantle'; Doric F ( Hes.), f. `wrmeres Wintergewand, Soldatenmantel'; alb. vesh `I kleide an', vishem `kleide myself an'; Latin vestis ` clothing ', vesti, -re ` apparel ' (compare Hes.); werian `ds., dress bear, carry'; Gothic wasti f. `dress'; Middle High German wester (see Old Icelandic vesl n. `dress' (*wesala-), ver ` coating, layer ' (*waza-); `dress' (neologism); A wsl ds.; Page(s): 1172-1173 Gothic wasjan, Old High German werian, Old Icelandic veria ` apparel ', Old English

above) `Taufkleid' (but Old High German early wastibarn, previously by Notker westerwt); Hittite ua-, ue-, Luvian ua()- `bekleiden, lure, tempt '; Tocharian wastsi, wstsi

References: WP. I 309, WH. II 775 f., Frisk 521 f.

Meaning: price

es-noes es Root / lemma: ues-no- (*aues-no-) ues-noMaterial: By den einzelnen Sprachen sways e- and o-vocalism: Old Indic vasna- m. `

purchase price', n. `earnings', vasnayati `feilscht'; Armenian gin ` purchase price'; gr. hom.

` purchase price', Lesbian (*uosn), Ionian Attic ` purchase', ` buy

dere ` sell ' is *vnom + d, vne `verkauft become' = *vnom + e); marr. eituam

', gort. ` sell '; Latin vnus (only in Akk. vnum, Dat. vno, later vnui) `sale' (vend, -

`buy').

ergeben wrde; Old Russian vno `dowry'; Hittite uaniya- ` sell ' (compare above ua-

venalinam `pecuniam venaliciam' (?) mu ein loanword from Latin sein, da sn marr. not n

See also: ues-8 Page(s): 1173

References: WP. I 311 f., WH. II 753 f., Vasmer 1, 182 f.

eses es Root / lemma: ues-7 (*aues-7) uesMeaning: to turn, wind

`verwickeln, maunder, drivel ', Old Icelandic vasask `sich verwickeln', Middle Low German Middle English wase `bundle'. Page(s): 1173 References: WP. I 309 f., Mayrhofer 1, 114.

ua- m. `head fascia' (*us-n- ` gyration '); Swedish, Norwegian vase `Laubbndel', vasa

Material: Old Indic vd- m. ` hassock, clump of grass ' (*uozdos); uh f. ` nape ',

Meaning: to buy, sell

eses es Root / lemma: ues-8 (*aues-) ues-

Material: Hittite ua-, uaiia- `buy, acquire', usaniia- ` sell ', ueia- ` purchase price'; References: WP. I 312, WH. II 753 f., Szemernyi Arch. Lingunder 6, 36 perhaps Latin vlis (*ues-li-) ` cheap '.

Page(s): 1173

es-noes See also: ues-no-

Meaning: ` gleam, shine ' Page(s): 1173

eses es Root / lemma: ues-9 (*aues-) ues-

es See also: see above S. 86 f. (aues-). aues-

esperos uekeros) ekeros ekk ero) Root / lemma: uesperos (uekeros (*auekk ero uekkero Meaning: evening Material: Gr. m. `evening, vespertine ', f. `evening', , `

veer ds., wherefore Adv. Old Church Slavic vera ` yesterday ' etc., basic meaning `shadow';

vakara `Westen', vakar vjas `Westwind'), Latvian vakars `evening', Old Church Slavic perhaps ` darkness', to Lithuanian kanas `cloudy', nkna `shadow', Latin umbra (*unksr) Maybe zero grade alb. Geg (*umbra-) mbram ` yesterday night', mbramje ` evening, darkness' Latin loanword. cymr. ucher `evening' not here, but from Indo Germanic *uoiksero- (Pokorny ZcP. 15,

S. 73); against it Baltic- Slavic *uekera- m. `evening': Lithuanian vkaras `evening' (Pl.

Old Irish fescor, mcymr. gosper, gosber); probably to Modern High German West (above

vespertine '; Latin vesper, -eris and -eri `evening, eventide ', vespera ` eventide ' (out of it

377); Armenian gier `night' from *uoikero-, after Petersson Heteroklisie 231 ff. zur root ueik- `humid, wet' (?) in Old Indic vant- m. `pond, pool' (compare FlN Lithuanian

Vieint, Viemu etc.), Old Icelandic veig ` intoxicating drink ', Latvian vieksts `Wasserstrudel'. References: WP. I 311, WH. II 770 f., 814 f., Trautmann 348, Vasmer 1, 196, Frisk 575; define; compare also Havers Sprachtabu 125, 178. Page(s): 1173-1174

the variation uesperos : uekeros perhaps after Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 119 taboo to

Root / lemma: ues-r (* au es-) es es esesNote:

1 1 2 2

Meaning: spring, prime of the year eses au es- : es eses au es- : es Root / lemma: ues-r (* au es-): spring, derived from Root / lemma: aues- (* au es-): to shine; gold, dawn, aurora etc. eses Grammatical information: Gen. ues-n-es
1 2

Material:

Note: (Latin-Germanic ur after *ir `year') In a-grade:

about Hittite ame(a)-, ameant- ` spring ' s. A. Goetze Lg. 27, 471, 51, 467 ff., F. {common Hittite suffix (- an-) -ant-} In e-grade: belonging to the spring '; gr. , , also , with new Nom. ; Hes. (*F) ` spring ', ` Latin vr, vris n. ` spring ', vernus (*uerinos) `of spring, spring'; Maybe alb. vera `summer' a Latin loanword, [Latin primavera springtime (f. use as fem. `summer'] > alb. pranvera `spring, early summer'. sing. of L prima vera pl. primum ver first or earliest spring)], alb. [pran = `near' + vera = Old Irish errach (lenierte form from *ferrach) ` spring ' (*uesr-ko-); acymr. guiannuin `in
2

(Hittite * au es- > *abes- > *ames- compare npers. bahr < *vhar see below) au eses 1 2

Sommer M. stem z. Spr. 4, 7, G. R. Solta, S.-Ber. sterr. Akad., Bd. 232, 1., 16 f.;

*ues-nto- ahead; acorn. guaintoin ` spring ';

spring ' (*ues-nt-eino-), but mcymr. gwaeanhwyn, ncymr. gwanwyn places *gwaeant from

`summery', Latvian vasarii m. Pl. ` summer grain ', compare russ.-Church Slavic vesnnyj, russ. vesnnij `of spring-';

Old Church Slavic vesna ` spring '; *ueserinios ` of spring ' in Lithuanian vasarnis

Maybe alb. (*vesna, *visienta) vjeshta `autumn (long summer)' [common alb. n > nt > t ]. In a-grade: Old Indic vasan-t- m. (*ues-en-to-) ` spring ', vasant `in spring ' (from *vasan- extended); Avestan vari Lok. `in spring ' (*vasri for older *vasar, compare npers. bahr with quality

vasar-hn `frh schlagend', vsar- ` matutinal ';

around spring from *vhar, compare Old pers. ra-vhara-); Alb. behar ` spring ' from Turkish bahar ` spring '. Armenian garun (*uesr-), Gen. garnan ` spring ';

Lithuanian vsara and vasara, Latvian vasara `summer' (*uesera-?); References: WP. I 301, WH. II 755, Trautmann 356, Vasmer 1, 192, Frisk 432 f., 605 f. es See also: probably to aues- `gleam, shine', above S. 86 f. auesPage(s): 1174

Meaning: year

etet et Root / lemma: uet- (*uet-) uet-

Material: Material: Old Indic vats, vatsar- m. `year', vats- m. ` yearling, calf, rother, cattle', wat(u)an) `old';

vatsak- m. ` little calf ', sa-vtru N. Du. f. ` identical calf habend'; sogd. wtnyy (leg. gr. F, n. `year', ` biennial ', `annual, yearly', Attic ,

delph. `for the nchste year' (haplology from *F-F, s. also Frisk 534, J. B. Hofmann Gr. etym. WB. 227, above S. 609); gr. , ` yearling from Haustieren' (: Latin vitulus, see below); alb. vit, Pl. vjet `year', parvjet `vor zwei Jahren', vjet f. `calf', vitsh, vi `calf' (from

*ueteso-, compare Latin veternus); Messapic atavetes = `of gleichen year'; Comment: Alb. (*viet) vit, Pl. vjet `year' : Hittite witt- `year'; alb. vjetr `old' : Latin vetus, -eris `old'.

Latin vetus, -eris `old' (alike ; the Genet. veteris schliet close connection to Old

`Zugvieh'; vitulus `calf' = Umbrian vitluf `vituls' (Italian i instead of e presumably through Viteli `Italia', from which through Low Italian-gr. mediation Latin Italia, actually `das land Middle Irish feis, corn. guis, abret. guis `sow' (*uet-si-); ram' (compare above Old Indic sa-vtru); Gothic wirus `one year old lamb', Old Icelandic ver, Old High German widar `aries, Old Church Slavic vetch `old', Old Lithuanian vetuas `old, aged'; vergangenen years', Armenian heru, gr. , Doric , Old Icelandic fjor, Middle Hittite witt- `year', Hieroglyphic-Hittite usa-, Luvian ua ds. References: References: WP. I 251, WH. I 723, II 776 ff., 807, Trautmann 365, Vasmer 1, 194, O. sound- under Formenlehre 126 A. 20. Page(s): 1175 a Lok. or possibly Akk. Sg. of zero grade stem ut- lies vor in Old Indic par-t `in

onustus : onus), vetulus `ltlich', Oscan Vezke `*Vetusco', god's name; Latin veternus

Lithuanian vetuas from), vetustus `old' (probably from *uetosto-s `aged', formation as

borrowing from a nicht nher to bestimmenden Indo Germanic language Italiens); Oscan

the Ital' (`young steers ', after dem Stiergott Mrs);

High German vert ds., Old Irish nn-urid `ab anno priore' (Vokalumstellung?);

Szemernyi ZDMG. 101, 204 f., Word 8, 50, Frisk 534, 579 f., 583 f., Kronasser compare

Root / lemma: u-1 (*u-) u Meaning: Meaning: we eiei Grammatical information: uei- (Plural)

wit, Old Icelandic vit, Old English wit, Old Church Slavic v, Lithuanian v-du (*ue-du) ` we both'; Nom. 1. Pl. Old Indic vay-m, Avestan vam (Indo Germanic *-om), Gothic weis, Old

Material: Nom. 1. Dual Old Indic vm (= v-am, Indo Germanic *-om), Avestan v, Gothic

High German wir, Old Icelandic vr, Old English w etc., Hittite us (*uei-es), Tocharian wes, A was ` we '. References: WP. I 220, Trautmann 344, Vasmer 1, 175 f., Liebert, Indo Germanic Personalpron. 102 ff. Page(s): 1114

Meaning: ` blow, wave, whiffle ' Page(s): 1114

Root / lemma: u-3, u- (*u-) u

loetet See also: see above S. 82 ff. (aue-); in the same place u-lo-, ue-s-, uet- ds.

Meaning: to blow; to soar

p- pp p ek Root / lemma: up- : up- (*uek-) uek

Latin vapor (old vaps) `vapor, heat' sein (incorrect about vapor above S. 596), wherefore still vappa, vapi `kahmiger wine '. Maybe alb. vapa 'summer heat' Page(s): 1149-1150

vti `weht' (above S. 82) darstellt, but from a stem *up- derived is, kann es Ablautform to

Material: Falls das Old Indic causative vpayati `makes blow' keine secondary formation to

References: WP. I 379 f., WH. II 732 f.

Meaning: ` you ' Page(s): 1173

Root / lemma: us-6 (*us-) u

See also: see above S. 514 (iu-).

Meaning: good

susu su Root / lemma: usu- (*usu-) u su-

property, richness ' (das Subst. after pronunciation and ablaut das primre), Avestan alt-Illyrian Ves-cleves, compare Old Indic vsu-ravas-;

Material: Old Indic vsu- `good' (in addition vasv `night'), vsu n. `blessing, Besitztum,

vahu-, vohu ds., Old Indic vasyn `better', vasiha- `best', Avestan vahy, vahit ds.; Germanic in proper name, e.g. Wisu-rh, -mr, also Wisi-Gothae; gall. in proper name as Sg. feib) ` excellence ' from *uesu-, febas ` excellence ', *febtu, Gen. febtad gl.

Bello-, Sigo-vesus, Vesu-avus, Old Irish *feb (only in den case oblique covered, e.g. Dat. `substantiae'; ablaut. Old Irish f `good, Gte' (*uosu-); besides *usu- in Irish fiu ` asian. Sprachen s. Bossert Mitteil. Inst. Orientf. 2, 78 ff.;

dignified, honorable ', cymr. gwiw ds., bret. gwiou `cheerful', gall. Usu-rx; about usu- in besides eus- (with metathesis as in gr. from F) in:

' to *inilon); Old Church Slavic unje `better' (Kompar. to an *uno- from *eus-no-);

d. Germanic 72 ff. post-verbal to *iusilon, as inilo `Entschuldigung, excuse, alleged reason Illyrian PN Veselia `Felicitas'; Latvian vsls `fit, healthy, heil, unbroken, unmarred,

Gothic iusiza `better', iusila `Erholung, Erleichterung' (after Wissmann, D. lt. Postverb.

unscathed, undamaged '; Old Church Slavic vesel, Czech vesel etc. `cheerful'; Tocharian A we, yai `night' as *ues ` the good '. See also: probably to ues-2. es esPage(s): 1174-1175 References: WP. I 311, Vasmer 1, 191 f., Frisk 594 f.

Meaning: to be bent

g- gg g egh Root / lemma: ug- : ug- (*uegh-) uegh-

Material: Latin vagor, -ri `schweife umher, breite myself from', vagus ` wandering '; Old `lowland, depression, meadow', corn. goen, goon, gon, bret. geun, yeun `marshland' (*ugn). References: WP. I 218, WH. I 268, II 726, Loth RC 36, 181; Page(s): 1120

Irish fn m. `slope, cavity; slantwise, abschlssig' (*ug-no-); acymr. guoin, cymr. gwaun

See also: compare u-, uek-, uk-, ueng(h)-, uenk-.

Meaning: to be bent

Root / lemma: uk- (: *uk-) (*uek-) k k uekek kk-

See also: s. also u-, ug- etc. Page(s): 1135

References: WP. I 218, WH. I 268, II 723 ff.;

gweth, Middle Breton goaz.

the gekrmmten Felder', cymr. gwaeth (*uk-to-) Kompar. `bad' (Superl. gwaethaf), corn.

Material: Latin vacill, -re `wobble, sway, waver'; abrit. VN - `die Bewohner

Root / lemma: uid u- (*ueihu-) u ihuhu Note: Meaning: tree

h h

huRoot / lemma: uid u- (*ueihu-): `tree' derived from alb.-Illyrian vith, Gen. vidh `elm tree' u ihu : of Root / lemma: uin- and uei- (ui-?) : `elm'; common alb. -- > -d-. ni-

= corn. sib-uit; gall. VN Uidu-casses; Old Icelandic vir, Gen. viar m. `wood, forest, wood, tree', Old English widu, wudu m. ds., Old High German witu, wito `wood'; perhaps as `Grenzbaum, trennender Grenzwald between Ansiedlungen' to *uei eid ei
h

acorn. guiden, br. gwez (Sg. gwezenn) ds., also in cymr. syb-wydd `pine' (`Resinous tree ')

Material: Old Irish fid, Gen. fedo `tree, wood, wood, forest', cymr. gwdd (Sg. gwydden),

center, the interior'; compare above S. 707 Lithuanian mdias `tree';

`separate, divide' and then formal = Old Indic vidhu- `vereinsamt', Lithuanian vids `

bret. gouez `wild' would be the meaning after through Latin silvticus `wild' : silva,

connection with Irish fad `wild', fadach ` hunt', cymr. gydd `wild', acorn. guit-fil `fera',

Lithuanian mednis `wild', medikl ` hunt' : mdis `tree' to prop, support, yet bliebe dabei fad from fid to separate and auf eine besides *uei-t- in Old High German weida, Old

die lengthened grade ei compared with dem Grundworte Irish fid difficult, hard; es is hence

English w, Old Icelandic veir ` hunt, fishing' (:*uei-3) liegende root form *uei-d(h)- to ei * eibeziehen. References: WP. I 314, 228 ff.

Page(s): 1177

nieik Root / lemma: uin- and uei- (ui-?) (*ueik-) ueikMeaning: elm Material: With nasalization Balto Slavic group Lithuanian vnkna, Latvian vksna ds. (also Old Prussian wimino `elm', lies wincsno) from *uin-sn (Suff. as in Lithuanian glosna ` nasalized Old English wc, wce, engl. witch, Low German wke `elm'; elm'; the relationship of the nasalized against unnasalized form is still to be cleared. (common alb. Celtic -k > -th, -g > -dh > Slavic Iranian z-) likewise uin- as ui- can be in alb. vith, Gen. vidh `elm' and in Kurdish viz `a kind of

willow ');

References: WP. I 314, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 59 f., Trautmann 360, Vasmer 1, 244, Petersson Heteroklisie 56 f. Page(s): 1177

serb. vz (Gen. vza), russ. vjaz, poln. wiz `Ulmus campestris' (proto Slavic. *vz);

eth- itheth ith eith Root / lemma: uieth-, uith- (*aueith-) ueithMeaning: to shake

Material: Old Indic vythat ` sways, taumelt, geht schief, kommt to Falle, shrugs, jerks, `turn' is probably, da in Kreise this root words for `waver, hin and her bewegen' right frequent, often are. Maybe alb. vithe ` buttocks, hips '. Page(s): 1178 weicht', vithur- ` fluctuating, mangelhaft'; Gothic win `shake'; relationship to *uei-1 eiei

References: WP. I 318, Kuiper Nasalprs. 53, Wackernagel-Debrunner II 2, 487.

ksks ks Root / lemma: uks- (*auks-) u ks Note: (usk-?)

Meaning: ` mistletoe and other glue delivering trees '

eis See also: s. S. 1134 (ueis-). ueisPage(s): 1177

Meaning: twenty

Root / lemma: u-kmt- (*au-kmt-) u

Material: Old Indic viat-, Avestan vsaiti, osset. insi, Armenian k`san, gr. , Doric F, hom. for (F), alb. zet, Latin vginti (see above S. 192), Old Irish fiche, Gen. fichet (*uikt-s, -os), acymr. uceint (instead of *gwycaint from the compound *dou-

Note: actually Dual `two decades ' (to Indo Germanic u- `two' and dkmt-, above S. 192)

viceint, cymr. deugaint `40' abstracted), corn. ugans; Tocharian A wiki, ik. Page(s): 1177

References: WP. I 313, Wackernagel-Debrunner 3, 366 f., WH. II 788 f., Frisk 453 f.

Meaning: separate from; both, two Note: (see u-kmt-) Material: Old Indic v- `apart', Avestan v- `apart; abseits, apart, separated from; entgegen;

Root / lemma: u-1 (*au-) u

Seiten' in viua- `verschiedenartig', viu-rpa- `verschiedengestaltig' , viuva- n.

through and through ' (also vi-: vi-pat- `go away, pass over'); Old Indic viu- `after variant `aequinoctium', viuvant- `in the middle situated, after beiden Seiten gleich', viv-ac-

going', Avestan vipaa Adv. `ringsum allenthalben' (*uisu- and *uisuo-; besides *uiso- in:) whole'; with the same meaning `all' from `after all Seiten auseinandergegangen, Lithuanian vsas, Latvian viss, Old Prussian wissa- `all'; Old Church Slavic vs `all,

`after beiden (all) Seiten gewandt, auseinandergehend', Old Indic viva-dryank `berallhin

umfnglich' and Indo Germanic k-suffix: Old Indic vva- ` each, every, all', Avestan vspa-,

. vispa- `ds.'; Sg. also `whole' (*uikuo-; out of it also Old pers. visa- with regular southwest - development from -v-); to stem *uisu-, uisuo- presumably also gr. FF, ` alike ' (for das on the other

hand derivation from *uidsuos to *ueid- ` behold ' erwogen wird);

`spoil, tadle' (vitium + parre); in addition Latin vitilg f. ` skin rash '.

Latin vitium `fault, error, disability, damage' as *ui-ti-om `*Abweichung'; vituper, -re

particularly, specially, especially, particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, compared with, vor', Old Icelandic vir Adv. and preposition m. Dat. Akk. `gegen, wider, notably, apart, separated', Gothic wira Adv. and preposition m. Akk. `gegen, wider,

Avestan vtarm ` sideways ', vtara- `the weitere, sptere', ira (i.e. vira) Adv. `

comparative *uitero-: Old Indic vtara- `further fhrend', vitarm `further, further', iteroitero

with, by' (also vi after Paaren as norr : nor), Old English wi Adv. and preposition m. German widar Adv. `gegen, back, against', preposition m. Dat. Akk. `gegen, compared

Gen. Dat. Akk. `gegen, compared with, wider, along, with', wier- in compounds, Old High with, wider'; Latin perhaps in vtricus `Stiefvater', originally `the second ', or `the entferntere Vater' (but Old High German entrig, das an the einzigen Stelle, where es vorkommt (11. Jh.), `transtiberinus' bersetzt, wird rather to enont `beyond' belong); Old Church Slavic vtor ` alter, secundus ' (from *vtor). Page(s): 1175-1176 References: WP. I 312 f., WH. II 80, 808, Vasmer 1, 192 f., 237, Trautmann 362 f.

Meaning: expr. root

oioi Root / lemma: u-2, uoi- (*au-sk u sk) F Material: Gr. (*u-ska) , Ionian f. `shout, call, scream' (F:), (*FF) , `exclamation u F of Freude or of Schmerzes', hom. (F) epithet the Argiver (` '); (*FF) epithet of Apollo (den man with anrief), hence perhaps

(*FF) F, I `Ionier' as `Verehrer of Apollo'; (*FF) or -Rufer (? Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 80); Old English w (besides weg, wei, w) `weh, oh'; due to *u-to`jubelnd' here Lithuanian vyturs ` lark ' and probably Latin vtulor ` jubilate, cheer, stimme

einen Sieges- or hymn of praise, song of praise an, be cheerful'; Old Russian viskati ` vizg ` Gewinsel ', vizt ` whimper '.

neigh ', visnti ` muttire ', russ. dial. viat, poln. wiska, wiszcze `loud whistle'; russ. Maybe in -l- suffix in alb. fishkllej ` whistle '. l

References: WP. I 312, 527, WH. II 807, Holthausen Ae. etym. Wb. 392, Vasmer 1, 199.

Page(s): 1176 roro eir Root / lemma: uro-s (*aueir-) ueir-

Meaning: man; warrior

Material: With : Old Indic vr-, Avestan vra- `man, hero ', Umbrian Akk. Pl. n. u(e)iro `

mancipia ', Volscan Abl. Sg. couehriu `*coviri, contine ', Lithuanian vras, Latvian wrs,

Old Indic virap- from *vra-pv-a- (: Avestan pasu vra) `people and cattle', compare Umbrian ueiro pequo ds. With : Latin vir `man', in the old language also the unique word for ` husband ',

Old Prussian wijrs `man'; skyth. ` ' (Herod. 4, 110), more properly - = vro-;

analogically is formed additionally).

uprightness, integrity ', Old Irish fer `man', cymr. etc. gwr, Pl. gwyr (to which the Sg. gwr

wherefore virg `mannhafte virgin, Heldin', virtus ` manfulness, skillfulness, virtue,

etc., *uei- `auf etwas losgehen', s. d. Untermann, IF. 62, 127. Page(s): 1177-1178

Tocharian A wir ` young '; Modern High German Werwolf; probably to Latin vs ` power '

Gothic war, Old Icelandic verr, Old High German Old Saxon Old English wer `man',

References: WP. I 314 f., WH. II 796 f., Trautmann 360, W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 398,

Root / lemma: ulek-, ulk- (*aulk-) lek u lekNote: Meaning: to shine; fiery

It derived from Root / lemma: se- : `reflexive pronoun' + lek `shape, apparition'. seperhaps to gr. (*aulk-) F ` bright, brilliant, radiant ' (whether (*F) u mixture of gold and silver, amber '; Old Indic ulk, ulku `meteor', Material:

Hes. `bright, brilliant, radiant '); incredible `gleaming, sun', `

References: WP. I 321, J. B. Hofmann Etymol. gr. Wb. 106, Frisk 629, Mayrhofer 1, 112. Page(s): 1178

Tocharian AB (*vlek) lek `shape, apparition'.

Meaning: wolf

Root / lemma: ulk-os (*aulk-) u

leklek Root / lemma: ulk-os : `wolf' derived from an extention of Root / lemma: ulek-, ulk- : `to Material: Old Indic vrka- m. `wolf', vrk ` she-wolf ', vrkti- `ein Wlfischer', vrky- `mad, wicked, evil, mordlustig '; Avestan vhrka- `wolf (geneuertes = renamed, has changed?? Fem. vhrka); gr. (geneuertes = renamed, has changed?? Fem. ); Latin shine; fiery' [similarity of sparking beastly eyes in the dark]

Note:

lupus (sabin. loanword); Gothic wulfs, Old Icelandic ulfr, Old English Old Saxon wulf, Old Icelandic ylgr (from *wulgis, Indo Germanic *ulk); Lithuanian vilkas, Latvian vlks, Old vica, russ. volca; High German wolf `wolf', fem. Old High German wulpa, Middle High German wlpe, Old

Prussian wilkis, Old Church Slavic vlk ds.; fem. Lithuanian vlk, Slavic vli-ca in serb. with double zero grade (?): alb. (*wulku) ulk `wolf', Ligurian MN Ulkos, Illyrian PN

Ulcudius, Ulcirus mons, PN , Pannonian Ulcisia castra; abrit. PN Ulcagnus, Proto wicked, evil', as Subst. m. ` Missetter ', n. `evil, harm, evil, wickedness ' (see307, 310); compare also pon. MN , could point to old Labiovelar; Szemernyi Irish (Ogam) Gen. Ulccagni = Old Irish PN Olcn, also also Old Irish olc, Gen. uilc `mad,

must be looked as Illyrian loanword; conspicuous is Latin PN Vlp(ius) Lupio (CIR 130); Note: Alb. (*ulcogna) ulkonj `she-wolf' : abrit. PN Ulcagnus : Swedish varghona, varginna, vargbna, varghona, varginna, vargbna ` she-wolf ', common alb. -kn- > -nj-.

(KZ. 71, 199 ff.) receives Illyrian ulk- from *uulk-, Indo Germanic *ulk- ; then Celtic ulko-

Old Indic lopa- m. `jackal, fox', Avestan raopi-, Middle Persian ropas etc. belongs, or , abrit. Gen. Lovernii, cymr. llywarn, acorn. louuern, nbret. louarn `fox', Indo Germanic *louperno-s hinzufgen is).

possible would be also, da Latin lupus and Germanic *wulfaz with Indo Germanic p to

mindestens from a derartigen root-influenced is (see above S. 690, where also Gall. PN

Page(s): 1178-1179

distorted taboo; den Labiovelar leugnet W. Wissmann in D. Wb. 14, 2, 1242.

References: WP. I 316 f., WH. II 836 f., Trautmann 359, Vasmer 1, 218, 223 f.; various

Meaning: a kind of carnivore (fox, wolf) Note:

luplk Root / lemma: ulp-, lup- (*aulk-) ulk

luplk Root / lemma: ulp-, lup- (*aulk-): `a kind of carnivore (fox, wolf)' derived from Root / ulk : lk lemma: ulk-os (*aulk-): `wolf' [common Latin k- > p-]. ulk : Note: older -stem

Material: Avestan urupi-s m. (*lupi-s) `dog', raopi-s `fox, jackal', Middle Persian rps, npers. rbh `fox' = Old Indic lop- m. `jackal, fox';

Maybe alb. lop 'cow, (huge consuming animal; cow eaten by wolves)', llup 'devour', llap 'tongue' : Lith. lapenti `to swallow food'. Armenian alus Gen. -esu `fox'; Maybe zero grade in poln. (*lues) lis `fox'. gr. (*F) f., short form ; (common gr. F- = u-) Latin volps `fox', possibly also lupus `wolf'; *ulopek?); compare Lithuanian vilpis ` wild cat ', it would be placed near Middle Persian Lithuanian lp (*ulop), Latvian lapsa (syncopated from lapesa? Indo Germanic

gurpak npers. gurba ` house cat, domestic cat ', from iran. *urpa-, Indo Germanic *ulpos; it concerns certainly various taboo adjustments. References: WP. I 316 f., WH. I 836 f., II 830, Frisk 83, Trautmann 149, Specht Indo

Germanic Dekl. 36, Lidn KZ. 56, 212 ff. Page(s): 1179

Meaning: wasp

Root / lemma: uob s (*auob s u s)

h h

Material: Avestan vawaka- `scorpion', but iran. *vawa- `wasp' in Middle Persian vaz Maybe Danish gedehams : Swedish geting : French gupe : Furlan ghespe : Breton `wasp', Baluchi gwabz `bee, wasp';

gwespedenn : Welsh gwenynen feirch : Napulitano vspera : Reggiano vrespa : Venetian brespa; vrespa; vespa : Albanian apocope (*gres-pa) Geg greth, grenza, Tosc grerza `wasp'. Latin vespa f. `wasp' (from *vops); borrowed Old Irish foich gl. `wasp' (also ` caterpillar, cankerworm '), nir. fotlach and puith acorn. guhi-en gl. `wasp', mcymr. gw(y)chi, abr. guohi gl. fucos (*uops-), from which

`wasp', out of it spoch ` fierce attack' (O'Rahilly Sc. G. stem 3, 63);

Bavarian webes, thr. weps-chen and wewetz-chen, those in Germanic indicate *wabi-s and *wabi-t; Lithuanian vapsv `wasp', Old Prussian wobse ds.; Church Slavic osa, klr. os (from *vops, Balto-Slavic *uaps). References: WP. I 257 f., WH. II 770, Trautmann 342, Vasmer 2, 280, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 45 f., Szemernyi Arch. Lingunder 4, 52. See also: distinct to ueb - `to weave'.
h

Old English wfs, wps, wsp `wasp', Old High German wefsa, wafsa, waspa,

Page(s): 1179

oghni oghnioghnes oghnesoghRoot / lemma: uoghni-s, uoghnes- (*auogh-n-es-) uogh Meaning: ploughshare Material: Gr. , Hes. (in addition probably also .

Modern High German Bavarian der Wagensun, Old Icelandic vangsni ` plowshare '; but gr. , f. ` plowshare ' (compare Brugmann II 1, 288);
2

Hes.) = Old Prussian wagnis `Pflugmesser'; Old High German waganso,

Latin vmis, -eris (Nom. thereafter also vmer) ` plowshare ' from uogh-smis; unclear is Old High German weggi, wecki m. `wedge' (and `keilfrmiger Wecken'), Old English

Latvian vadzis `wedge', Old Prussian wagnis `Sech (part of Pfluges)'.

wecg, Old Icelandic veggr `wedge' = Lithuanian vgis `wedge = spigot, hammer, nail',

References: WP. I 315 f., WH. II 835, Trautmann 337; after Wackernagel KZ. 61, 206 ff. as Page(s): 1179-1180 ` pointed, bohrender object ' to Old pers. ud-avajam `I stach from' (root uegh-).

Meaning: wax

oksookso oks Root / lemma: uokso- (*auokso-) uokso

Material: Old High German Old Saxon wahs, Old English weax, Old Icelandic vax n. ` wax '; Lithuanian vkas, Latvian vasks ds.; russ.-Church Slavic (etc.) vosk ds.; to *ueg- `to Neophilol. 17, 99 f. Page(s): 1180
h

weave', as Old High German waba `honeycomb' to *ueb - `to weave', s. Trnquist, Studia

References: WP. I 315, Trautmann 343, Vasmer 1, 231.

ortokoortoko ortoko Root / lemma: uortoko- (*auortoko-) uortoko-

Meaning: quail

Material: Old Indic vartaka- m., vrtik f. ` quail '; gr. , -, by Gramm. also - , - (and , -?) transfigured is; Ionian `Delos'

and with --, by Hes. , i.e. F ` quail ', dessen ending after , , -,

(`Wachtelinsel'). Page(s): 1180

References: WP. I 316.

roro er Root / lemma: uro-, - (*auer-) uerMeaning: deceit; madness Material: Gr. ` senseless, unconscious become, erblassen' belongs to a stem -; independent therefrom alts. wrig `weakened, tired, faint, languid', Old English

lacks in Old Icelandic rar f. Pl. `Betubtsein', rr (*urio-) `geistesgestrt, baffle, furious ' above S. 72.

wrig, engl. weary ` tired ', Old High German wuorag ` intoxicated, drunk '; the k-derivative and Old English wrian ` wander, waver, decompose '; about gr. , `sleep' see References: WP. I 316; Page(s): 1180

See also: perhaps to uer-3 above S. 1152 (Frisk, Eranos 43, 229 f.).

Root / lemma: urh-1 : urh- (*auerh-) u rh Meaning: thorn, spike Material: Attic (), Ionian f. `dorniges rod, briar, thorn hedge' ( Hes. with - as verbalized from F, see also under uer-gh- `turn');

`backbone, spine, mountain ridge', `(rupture das backbone, spine, hence allg.:) zerhaue, zerstcke'; Middle Irish fracc (with gg) `needle'??; Lithuanian ras `dry rod, stubble, bristle,

Besenstumpf, Gabelzinke', ras ` tine ', tri-ris `dreizinkig'. Page(s): 1180 References: WP. I 318.

r r Root / lemma: urh-2 : urh- (*auerh-) u rh Meaning: to hit, push Material: Attic (: , ), Ionian `hit, stamp '; intr. `strze

violent, dringe heran', Attic () `abschssig', also m. `Wassersturz, Fallgatter, ein water bird '; Attic , Ionian `Meeresbrandung, flood; umbrandete place';

belong probably rather to *ur-. Page(s): 1181

but Old Church Slavic u-raziti `percutere', russ. raz `meal', Czech rz `blow, knock' etc.

References: WP. I 318 f., Vasmer 2, 484.

regreg ergerg erg Root / lemma: ureg- (and uerg-?) (*auerg-) uergMeaning: to push, drag, drive Material: Old Indic perhaps vrjati `schreitet, goes', pra-vrjyati `allows wandern, *uer-g- `turn' (see 1154) nchstverwandtes *ure-g-, basic meaning `sich drehend

verbannt', parvrj- `Verstoener'; Persson Beitr. 501 seeks against it in ihnen ein with bewegen';

(*urgei or *urgei);

Latin urge (besides early, but originally urgue), -re `urge, press, push, beset, press' Gothic wrikan ` pursue ', Old Icelandic reka `drive, push, hunt, chase, pursue, throw,

march, step, stride, strut', see above), Old Frisian wreka `drive, push, avenge ', Old Saxon wrecan ` avenge, punish, curse', Old High German rehhan ds., wreh `exul', Gothic wraks ` pursuer ', wrakjan ` pursue ', Old English wracu ` revenge, vengeance, punishment,

reject ', Old English wrecan `urge, press, push, drive, push, avenge ' (and `vorwrts

German Wrak `Wrack'), with e also isl. rek `auf dem Wasser treibender object ';

woefulness ', Norwegian rak `umhertreibender object, debris or kelp ' (hence Middle Low

from dem Middle High German aufgenommen) Recke; Old English wrc ` banishment,

wrekkio, Old High German (w)reck(e)o `landesflchtiger hero ', Modern High German (new

waken, arouse, revive', wrecca `ein Verbannter, Elender, foreigner, stranger', Old Saxon

woefulness ', wrc n. ` banishment, woefulness ', wrecc(e)an `aufmuntern, set in motion,

lengthened grade Gothic wrkei ` pursuit ', Old Frisian wrke, Old Saxon wrka `

Old Frisian wrka, Old English wrcan `drive, push, urge, press, push';

Icelandic rc ` pursuit ', rkr `verwerflich', rkja (: Old Indic vrjyati) ` reject, vertreiben' = Balto Slavic *uerg- in compatible meaning: Lithuanian vrgas, Latvian vrgs `slave';

punishment, revenge, vengeance ', Old High German rhha ` revenge, vengeance ', Old

ablaut. Lithuanian vargas `need, woefulness ', vargti `need to suffer, bear, endure', Old heavy, beschwerlich, woeful, wretched, miserable ', Latvian vrgs ` woeful, wretched, wrog ` wickedness, evil, harm; the Bse, devil; Verhngnis'; Prussian wargan Akk. Sg. m. ` evil, wickedness, affliction, danger', Lithuanian vargs `

miserable, siech', Old Prussian wargs `evil, bad'; Old Church Slavic vrag `fiend', poln.

*uer-h-, *uer- `turn'). Page(s): 1181

yet Balto Slavic words also are compatible with Germanic warga- (see S. 1154 under

References: WP. I 319 f., WH. II 839 f., Trautmann 342, Vasmer 1, 228.

reik- ereikreik ereik erk Root / lemma: ureik-, uereik- (*auerk-) uerkpurple flowers ' Page(s): 1182

Meaning: ` heath, heather, any of a number of low evergreen shrubs bearing clusters of

See also: see above S. 1155 under uerh-.

rekrek erk Root / lemma: urek- (*auerk-) uerkMeaning: ` talk, shout ' References: WP. I 318, II 343, 362, Trautmann 243, Vasmer 2, 508 f.

Page(s): 1182

See also: s. ober under uer-6.

renren er Root / lemma: uren- (*auer-en-) uer- Meaning: to sprinkle Material: Gr. (*urni) `bespritze, besprenge (with water or dust, powder)', , f. `drip'; with -d - extension f. `drip, Staubkrnchen' (*urn-d -),
h h

`besprenge, streue from'; secondary -- in , , Perf. Pass. and

Aor. to ; could indeed also to Old Church Slavic izroniti (above S. 329) belong; -nt- > -nn-), Old Saxon wrnio, Old High German reineo, rein(n)o `stallion' (to Old English about Old Saxon Old High German wrennio, (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-,

and under uer-3 respectively urei-;

wrne, Old Saxon wrnisc `horny, lustful', Norwegian vrna `cry, neigh ') see above S. 81 after Szemernyi (KZ. 73, 74) here Hittite hurnai- `sprinkle' (*urn-), further perhaps to

Indo Germanic auer- above S. 80 f. Page(s): 1182

References: WP. I 277, 320, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 156.

reth rothroth rathrath erth Root / lemma: (ureth- :) uroth- or urath- (*auerth-) urethuerthMeaning: to support

support', giwreian `eine pad build ' become from Trautmann KZ. 42, 331 with Avestan urvaa- `befreundet; friend' connected; yet is dafr a basic meaning `auf den man sich prop, support, abandon kann' not to sichern. References: WP. I 320.

Material: Material: Old English wrau f. `pad', wreian `prop, support', Old Saxon wreian `prop,

Page(s): 1183

r r r r Root / lemma: ur-, ur-, ur- (*auer-) u rMaterial: Armenian (*auer-) ergic-ucanem ` break '; Meaning: to break

gr. (and ) `break' (Aor. Pass. , Perf. , herakl. ),

, Lesbian F f. `das Durchbrechen, Reien', zero grade Ionian `crack, col, gap', Adv. `violent', Adj. ds.; , - f. `crack, col, gap, cleft ', , , , (*) ds., `zerfetzt', , - m.

`Wogenbruch, surf, surge, breakers';

(also rau, ryti; in addition ris m. ` incision, cleft, Ackerstreifen'); in addition distress ';

Balto-Slavic *ri `cut, bite': Lithuanian riu, rti `cut, clip, ritzen, rend, notch, furchen'

Lithuanian riau, riyti `mehrfach ritzen, cut, clip', Latvian raze f. `schneidender pain, maybe alb. rrzoj `ruin, destroy' in addition Slavic *rznti in poln. rzn `cut, clip, carve, slaughter '; Old Church Slavic r, rzati ` ', Old Russian ru, rzati `cut, clip, slaughter ';

Maybe alb. rrzoj throw down, rrz foot of a tree, mountain, building a Slavic loanword. incisure '; Balto-Slavic *ra- m. `cut' in Lithuanian rs, atra m. Pl. ` schnitzel', russ. rz `cut, ablaut. Balto-Slavic *ra- m. `cut, line' in Lithuanian roas `line, stripe, cut', Latvian

ruza `stripe, meadow, row, lowland, depression, gorge, ravine, gulch';

Church Slavic u-raziti `durchbohren'; rashe.

Old Church Slavic obraz `, ', russ. braz `Bild'; russ. razt `hit' etc., Old

proto Slavic. *raz `cut, Hieb' in Czech rz `blow, knock, Hieb, Mal', russ. raz `Mal', and

compare alb. rrah `hit, grind, crush ' (from *rrad ), rras `drnge together, trete', Aor.
h

Page(s): 1181-1182

See also: compare above urh-2.

References: WP. I 319, Vasmer 2, 484, 485, 505, Trautmann 245 f.;

Root / lemma: urughio- (*aurughio-) u Meaning: rye Material: Thrak. (*urughi) `Emmerkorn, Roggen'; Old Icelandic rugr m. `Roggen', Old Swedish rogher, Old English ryge m. (*rugi-),

besides afr. rogga, Old Saxon roggo, Old High German rocko (with Geminierung); in

Ryge, Rugas, perhaps also Rgen; Old English rygen `from Roggen', Middle High German ruggin, rckin; Lithuanian rugs, Latvian rudzis `Roggenkorn', Pl. Lithuanian rugia, Latvian rudzi

addition the Germanic VN Latin Rugii, Old Icelandic Rygir (in Roga-land), Old English Pl.

`Roggen'; Lithuanian rugien `Roggenacker', rugnis `from Roggen';

Slavic *rn) besides russ.-Church Slavic ran, russ. ranj `from Roggen'; Bulgarian brica `a kind of summer grain ' derives from dem Thrak. References: WP. II 374 f., Trautmann 246, Vasmer 2, 529, Jacobsohn Arier 133 ff., where

Old Russian r, serb. r, russ. ro f. `Roggen'; serb. ran, Czech ren (from

Page(s): 1183

also about uralische equivalent (probably Indo Germanic loanword).

renren rs Root / lemma: u ren- (*au rs-en-) u rs-enMeaning: ram, sheep, lamb Material: Old Indic *uran- (from *vuran-), Akk. *uraam, Nom. ur, from which uraa- m. `lamb, aries, ram', ur f. `sheep', in addition urabhra- m. `aries, ram' for *ura-b a- (as
h

vrabha- to vran-); compare npers. barra (*varnak) `lamb'; Pahlavi varak `aries, ram'; iran. vrn-jar-, vr-na- `Lmmerschlger' (Humbach DLZ. 78, 299 f.); Armenian gan, Gen. gain `lamb'; F `lamb', in addition -F in hom. `schafreich', out of it late ), with virile ' (above S. 336); ablaut. `aries, ram', whether not rather from * (*-F) to ` gr. hom. (F), Gen. `lamb', Cretan F; also in tsakon. vanna, from lakon.

derivative *urnn- in Latin (as Germanic loanword) rno `Tierfell as clothing , Pelz'; also das relationship to den auf *eruo(s)- `wool' rckfhrbaren gr. words n. unclear as derivative Latin vervx, -cis (-x, -cis) ` wether, castrated ram '; unclear is

anlautendes F lsst sich not nachweisen.

`aries, ram' (`whereupon Wolle is'), Ionian , Attic `from wool';

`Wollflie', derived , Attic `wool', Attic , `schnwollig', Aeolic -

References: WP. I 269 f., WH. II 429, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 33 f., Frisk 137 f., 468 f. Page(s): 1170 Page(s): Root / lemma: d- (*eud-s) Meaning: upwards; away Note: besides d-s (compare Latin ab : abs )

(ud- in ud-apatat `er lehnte sich auf, fiel ab' is probably *uz-);

Material: 1. Old Indic d-, t- `empor, out' preverb; Avestan us-, uz- (*uds-) ds., ap. us- ds. gr. - in - (see below ger- ` heavy '), `porcupine', `Startseil', Cypriot

- `Aufgeld' (Attic ` ') and in this Mundart generally zum Ersatze from has changed: adnominal with Lok. e.g. - ` x'; eine (an Gothic iupa besides

`belly');

(`Trichter') Hes.; (because of , see below uderoLatin s-que `in a fort, ununterbrochen from - her or bis - toward '; Old Irish preverb uss-, oss- could also auf *ud-s- go back; see below upo;

*upo gemahnende) full grade probably in Cypriot . and

`the outer'); intrinsic auf *uds vor voiced Verschlulauten based on Germanic *uz- `from, `from, from' (`Dat.' = Abl.), also Old Icelandic r preposition, as prefix r-, or-, r-, Old from - heraus, from - vor, vor - away' in Gothic us (uz-; vorr: ur-) prefix and preposition

preposition beim ` dative ' and Akk.; Old High German zero, zaro, Old English ter-ra

tar, Old English ter, Old Saxon tar, Old High German zar `besides', partly as

Gothic tana, Old High German zana etc., Modern High German auen; Old Icelandic

Gothic ta, Old Icelandic ti, Old English te, Old High German ze `auen, outside ';

Saxon Old English t ds., West Germanic also preposition beim ` dative ' Abl. (in addition

Gothic t Adv. `out, heraus', Old High German z, Modern High German from, Old

English or-, Old Saxon ur-, or- prefix, Old High German ur, ar, ir preposition `from, from'

(vor z zurckweichend), ur-, ir-, ar-, er- prefix, Modern High German r-, er- (e.g. Urlaub, tian, compare Old Icelandic ta `darreichen'; erlauben vacation); Middle Low German (t)bten `(from) exchange, erbeuten' from *biLithuanian u- `auf-, hinauf-, to-' prefix (the meaning halber probably to divide from u

also Old Prussian unsei `hinauf, auf'); etwas' (Akk.);

fest, also for die consecutive forms), Latvian uz, z prefix and preposition `auf' (in addition Old Church Slavic: vz- (vs-) prefix, vz() preposition in the meaning `hinauf an 2. Kompar. Old Indic ttara- `the hhere, obere, sptere, hintere' = gr. `the

preposition ` behind, for', s. *h S. 451 f.; Trautmann, Bsl. Wb. 336 hlt an the Einheit

sptere'; Sup. Old Indic uttam- `hchster, oberster, best', Avestan ustma- `uerster, ucc, Avestan usa Adv. `above; after above' s. Wackernagel-Debrunner II, 2, 545 f. 242, Mayrhofer 1, 99, 101 f. Page(s): 1103-1104 Root / lemma: al al last', gr. `last, sptester' (fur *); about Old Indic ucca- `high' (*ud-ke),

References: WP. I 189 f., WH. II 344, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 517 f., Vasmer 1, 214. 238 f.,

Meaning: interjection

Material: Old Indic alal(bhavant-) `alert, awake, smart becoming' (Middle Indic ar, r `du 24). da!' rather to ar `foreigner, stranger', Thieme Der stranger in Rigveda 1 ff., see above S.

from'); Lithuanian aluoti `hallo cry' (borrowing from Deutschen not provable) besides aliti ` through Geschrei aufscheuchen';
3

Schlachtruf from' (similarly `Kriegsruf, Schmerzensruf', `stoe den Kriegsruf

Gr. , `hallo, hurra!', , `Schlachtruf', `stoe den

German hallo, holla are against it from dem Imperativ from Old High German haln, holn `get, fetch' entwickelte Rufworte). Auf hnlichem al- seems to based on Lithuanian nu-aldti ` ring out; sound ', uldoti `

Old Church Slavic (* ole) ole, Bulgarian olele interjection; e.g. Fick I 356 (Modern High
4

coo ' (Bezzenberger BB. 21, 315). References: References: WP. I 89.

See also: S. die similar onomatopoeic words l-. Page(s): 29

Meaning: color adjective ` white, brilliant ' Page(s): 29

h 2

alal alualu alu aluRoot / lemma: al-6, alu- : alu2 2 2 2 2

See also: s. alb o- and color adjective el-.

1

Meaning: mother

am(m)a, am am Root / lemma: am(m)a, am

2

Material: Alb. am `aunt', `mother', out of it ` riverbed ', ` residuum of liquids'; Old Icelandic Amme; gr. , `mother' Hes., Oscan Amma, Ammae, i.e. Matri (god's name)'. Brugmann II , I 496) shaped are Latin amcus `friend' and amita `Vaterschwester' amma `owl ' s. Sofer Gl. 17, 17 f.
2

amma `grandmother', Old High German amma `mother, wet nurse ', Modern High German About Old Indic amba `mother' s. Kretschmer KZ. 57, 251 ff. Von am-, am- (see

(compare Lithuanian anta ` mother-in-law ' : Latin anus ` old woman'). About Vulgar Latin

Maybe zero grade Alb. miku : Venetian amigo ; mco : Rumanian amic `friend' from Latin amcus `friend'. A Verbalableitung is perhaps Latin amre `love' (compare Middle High German ammen

`wait, hold on, care' to amme). After Kretschmer (Gl. 13, 114) rather Etruscan.

Latin *amoi (compare Summoi CIL. II 1750) could amoinos = amoenus shaped sein, as (to ) gesttzt;

After Zimmermann KZ. 44, 368 f., 47, 174 belongs also Latin amoenus here. Von a

Mamoena (to *mamoi) besides Mamana, further through gr. ; (to o) besides Tocharian ammakki (Vok.) `mother' from *amma + akki (Old Indic akk).

Page(s): 36

References: WP. I 53, WH. I 39, 41, Tagliavini Ml. Pedersen 163.

Meaning: door posts

ant ant t Root / lemma: ant ( nt)

e1

Material: Old Indic t (usually PL t as Latin antae) ` encirclement, Rahmen a door', Avestan iy Akk. Pl. ` doorposts ', Armenian dr-and ` doorpost ' (Hbschmann Arm. Stud. I 19); Latin antae after Vitruv 3, 2, 2 `die frei endigenden and vornetwas verstrkten

Wnde, die den Pronaos eines Tempels or die Prostaseines Hauses enclose, surround ' = Old Norse nd `Vorzimmer' (Bugge KZ. 19, 401). Page(s): Page(s): 42 References: WP. I 59, WH. I 52.

au auii Root / lemma: au-8, aui2 2

Meaning: to perceive, understand

Material: Old Indic -avati with ud- and pra- `aufmerken, heed', Old Church Slavic um

Pedersen, Tochar. 223 Anm.

`reason' (basic form *au-mo-); moreover Tocharian om-palokoe `meditation'? Different is uis-: lengthened grade Old Indic v Adv. `apparent, manifest, obvious, bemerkbar', is-

apparent, manifest, obvious' (in ending after den Adjektivadverbien auf - reshaped from sehen lassen' loanword from dem Slavic).

Indic viya-, Avestan viya- `offenkundig'); Old Church Slavic av, jav Adv. `kund,

Avestan vi Adv. `apparent, manifest, obvious, vorAugen' (npers. kr `clear, bright'; Old

*av, whereof:) aviti, javiti ` reveal, kundmachen, show' (Lithuanian vytis `sich in Traume Maybe alb. ja `there it is' Slavic loanword *auiz-d -i, compare oboedio from *b-avizdhi about *obodi; gr. (neologism to Aor.-(), ) `vernehme, hear' (*F-), `belongs, ruchbar, known'.
h

full grade: gr. , Aor. `perceive' (*F--); Latin audi `hear' from

`Ausschau, Warte', iterat. uk- `wiederholt sehen'. Page(s): 78

Here probably Hittite u-u-i `I see, observe', a-u-zi ` sees ', --ri-i (from a-u-wa-ri-i)

References: WP. I 17, WH. I 80, Trautmann 21, Pedersen Hittitisch 172 f.

Meaning: to swell
h x h

mbmpRoot / lemma: ba mb-, b a mb -, pa mp-, pha mp h

Note: Lautnachahmung, from den aufgeblasenen Backen genommen, psychologisch from b mb-, b a mb - as unmittelbarer imitation eines gehrten dumpfen onomatopoeic words Schalles different. Material: Old Indic bimba- -m ` disc, ball, Halbkugel', bimb f. `momordica monadelpha' bumblebee', wherefore due to eines schwundstufigen ` babbler ': (eine Cucurbitacee; bimba-m `deren rote fruit'); gr. `Kreisel, Wasserstrudel;

x x x x

x x x x

x h x x x

x x x x

`blister, shield boss ';

`'; with b (or p ): gr. , - `breath, breeze, storm, drip, blister', Lithuanian bmba `navel', bambalas `Dickbauch', bumbulas `knot am stick, in thread,
h h

string', bumbulas, burbulas `vesicle, blister', bumbuls `Steckrbe', bmburas, pumpuras bumbulis, burbulis `knot, knag', bumburs `sphere, ball, Kartoffel'; `bud'; Latvian bmba, bumba `ball, sphere', bemberis `Tannenzapfen'; bimbul'i ` potato ', russ.-alt. bubulja `Regentropfen', nowadays bblik (*bbl-ik) ` pretzel, Kringel', klr.

bben `small Junge, toddler', Serbo-Croatian bban `kind of bean', bbla `clump', Czech boubel, bublina `vesicle, blister', poln. bbel `vesicle, blister'.
h x h x x

`paunch', Norwegian Dialectal bamsa ` greedy devour, pampfen', Danish (jt.) bams ` thick `die einen thick Bauch has'.
x

Unverschobenes *ba mb- or verschobenes b a mb - in Swedish Dialectal bamb

person', Modern High German Bams `thick porridge, mash', Middle High German bemstn

High German pampfen), Modern High German pampe `thick porridge, mash'.

seg (*pampjan) `sich with Trank fllen', Middle Low German pampen `sich stuff ' (Modern With Tenuis: Latin pampinus `(*bud, *eye) fresh shoot of Weinstockes, vine-layer ';

swollen ', Danish Dialectal pampe `sich brsten, brag, boast', Norwegian Dialectal pempa

Verschobenes ba mb- or unverschobenes pa mp- in Swedish Dialectal pampen ` turgid,

hunchback, swelling, blister' (the u-forms are understood as contamination with *pup pup-); pup Old Bulgarian pup `navel', russ. pup `navel', ppy `bud, bulge ', poln. pp ` spigot '; `Seeungetm, giant ' (*pempelo-), Old Icelandic fimbul-, fambi ` Erztropf '. `thick fool '. Old Icelandic ffl ` giant; rogue, simpleton ', fimbul- intensifying prefix, Old English ffel Besides with auslaut Germanic Tenuis Danish fomp, Norwegian Dialectal fump, famp

swell', pampali ` potato ', pimpala `das mnnliche limb, member', pumpe ` hump,

handle, button, pommel, Teichrose', pimpilas m. `penis', Latvian pmpt, pempt, pumpt `to

Lithuanian pampst, pampa, pampti `swell up', pampls `Dickbauch', pmpa ` knob,

With Tenuis asp. Armenian p`amp`ut ` bladder'. References: WP. II 108 f., WH. I 122, Niedermann WuS. 8, 87 f., Trautmann 26, 205. See also: see also *ba b- ds. ba
x

Page(s): 94-95 keleuRoot / lemma: keleu-

Meaning: to wander; way

Material: Gr. f. `way' (from *-- reshaped after -), - ` zu Pferd sich fortbewegend ', - (*- = sm-) ` companion '; Maybe alb. kalonj `walk'

Note: probably extension from kel-5.

Lithuanian keliuju ` travel, journey' (klias `way' probably previously postverbal). Page(s): 554 References: WP. I 446, Kretschrner Gl. 20, 253, E. Fraenkel, Ml. Boisacq I 374 f.