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Phep Tinh So Hoc Nhi Phan
Phep Tinh So Hoc Nhi Phan
Mch lm ton VI - 1
CHNG 6:
MCH LM TON
S B
PHP TR S NH PHN DNG S B 1
PHP TR S NH PHN DNG S B 2
PHP TON VI S C DU
MCH CNG
Bn phn
Ton phn
Cng hai s nhiu bt
MCH TR
Bn phn
Ton phn
Tr hai s nhiu bit
Cng & tr hai s nhiu bit trong mt mch
MCH NHN
Mch nhn c bn
Mch nhn ni tip - song song n gin
MCH CHIA
Mch chia phc hi s b chia
Mch chia khng phc hi s b chia
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____
6.1 S b
Cho s dng N, n bit, cc s b ca N c nh ngha:
S b 2: (N)2 = 2n - N (s 2n gm bit 1 v n bit 0 theo sau)
S b 1: (N)1 = (N)2 -1 = 2n - N - 1
Th d 1: N = 1010
S b 2 ca N l
(N)2 = l 10000 - 1010 = 0110
V s b 1 ca N l (N)1 = 0110 - 1 = 0101
Th d 2: N = 110010101100 (N)2 = 001101010100 v (N)1 = 001101010011
Nhn xt:
- c s b 2 ca mt s, bt u t bit LSB (tn cng bn phi) i ngc v bn
tri, cc bit s gi nguyn cho n lc gp bit 1 u tin, sau o tt c cc bit cn li.
- c s b 1 ca mt s, ta o tt c cc bit ca s .
T cc nhn xt trn ta c th thc hin mt mch to s b 1 v 2 sau y:
(H 6.1)
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Mch lm ton VI - 2
- Khi C=0, B l s b 2 ca b.
Tht vy, cc biu thc logic ca B theo b v C l:
B1 = b 1 C
B2 = b 2 ( C + b 1 )
B3 = b 3 (C + b 1 + b 2 )
- Khi C=0
B1 = b 1 0 = b 1
B2 = b 2 ( 0 + b 1 ) = b 2 b 1
= b2 nu b1=0 v b 2 nu b1 = 1
B3 = b 3 (0 + b 1 + b 2 ) = b 3 (b 1 + b 2 )
= b3 nu b1 v b2 u =0
= b 3 nu (b1 v/hoc b2 = 1)
(H 6.2)
Bt u, Preset mch ng ra Q = 1, cng G3 ng, G2 m, cho s B i qua m
khng b o cho n khi c bit 1 u tin n, cng G1 m cho xung ng h i qua, FF RS
c reset, Q = 0, Q = 1, G2 ng, G3 m, s B i qua cng G2 v b o. ng ra c s
b 2 ca B.
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Mch lm ton VI - 3
Kt qu A-B l s 0 hoc m, php tnh c thc hin nh sau:
Tnh A - B:
A - B = A-B+2n-1-2n+1
= A+(2n -B -1 ) - 2n+1
= A+(B )1 - 2n+1
= - {2n - [A+(B )1] -1}
= - [A+(B )1]1
Vy A-B c c bng cch cng s b 1 ca B vo A ri ly b 1 ca tng v thm
du tr . Nh vy thc hin php tnh tr ta ch cn dng php cng v php o
Th d 3 : Tnh 1001 - 11010 dng s b 1
Ta c
A = 01001 (thm s 0 vo c 5 bit nh s B
B = 11010 (B)1 = 00101
A-B = - [A+(B )1]1 = - (01001+00101) =- (01110)1
= - (10001)
Trong h thp phn, y l bi ton 910 - 2610 = -1710
thy du tr c nhn ra nh th no, ta vit li php ton:
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Mch lm ton VI - 4
Trong php tnh c s trn chng t kt qu l s dng. S 1 cng thm vo xem nh
ly t s nh em qua.
Tm li, thc hin bi ton tr, A-B, ta cng A vi b 1 ca B. Da vo s c mt
hay khng ca s trn m c bin php x l kt qu:
- Nu s trn =0, kt qu l s m (hoc =0) , ta phi ly b 1 ca kt qu v thm du
- c.
- Nu s trn =1, ta cng thm 1 vo c kt qu cui cng (b qua bit trn) l mt
s dng.
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Mch lm ton VI - 5
Th d 8 : Tnh 10110 - 10110
A = 10110 v B = 10110 (B)2 = 01010
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Mch lm ton VI - 6
Th d 12: Tnh A-B vi A =10010 (-1410) v B =01001 (+910)
Ghi ch: - Trong tt c trng hp, ta lun lun thc hin php cng do c th b
qua php tr
- Khi cng hai s hng cng du th c th xy ra hin tng trn, lc bit
du di v bn tri mt bit. Trong cc trng hp khc th du ca kt qu cng v tr vi
du ca cc s hng
- Ngoi ra kt qu cn c x l ty vo kt qu so snh s khc nhau ca
hai s nh C1 v C2 (nh mt cng EX-OR).
Bng s tht
kt qu
Mch
K hiu
(H 6.3)
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Mch lm ton VI - 7
6.5.2 Mch cng ton phn (Full adder,FA) :
L mch cng hai bit cng v tr trong hai s nh phn nhiu bit, ni cch khc, y
l mch cng hai bit , gi s th n, v bit nh c c t php cng hai bit th n-1 ca hai s
nh phn . Ta c bng s tht
Cn-1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
Bn
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
B
An
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
Sn
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
Cn
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
S n = C n 1 (A
Bn )
C n = A n B n + C n 1 (A
Bn )
(H 6.4)
C th thy mt mch cng ton phn gm hai mch cng bn phn v mt cng OR
(H 6.5)
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Mch lm ton VI - 8
6.6.2 Cng song song
Trong cch cng song song, cc bit c a ng thi vo cc mch cng ton phn
v s nh ca kt qu bit thp c a ln bit cao hn (H 6.6).
(H 6.6)
Cn = AnBn + Cn1(An Bn )
t Pn = AnBn
v Gn = An Bn
B
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Mch lm ton VI - 9
(H 6.7)
Nhn thy thi gian tnh s nh ging nhau cc tng v bng t1+t2 . t1 l thi gian
truyn ng thi qua cc cng AND v t2 l thi gian truyn qua cng OR.
S khi mch cng song song nh trc s nh:
(H 6.8)
Trn th trng hin c IC 7483 (tng ng 4008 ca CMOS) l IC cng 4 bit theo
kiu nh trc s nh.
Phn
BCD c
TP
S=C4
S4
S3
S2
S1
S =C4
S4
S3
S2
S1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
theo NP
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
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Mch lm ton VI - 10
18
24
Nhn thy:
- Khi kt qu <10 m nh phn v BCD hon ton ging nhau
- Khi kt qu 10 c c m BCD ta phi cng thm 6 cho m nh phn
gii quyt vn hiu chnh ny trc tin ta s thc hin mt mch pht hin kt
qu trung gian ca mch cng hai s nh phn 4 bit. Mch ny nhn vo kt qu trung gian
ca php cng 2 s nh phn 4 bit v cho ng ra Y = 1 khi kt qu ny 10, ngc li, Y=0.
Bng s tht
S1 = 1
TP
C4
S4
S3
S2
0-1
2-3
4-5
6-7
8-9
10-11
12-13
14-15
16-17
18
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
(H 6.9)
Vn hnh:
- IC th nht cho kt qu trung gian ca php cng hai s nh phn.
- IC th hai dng hiu chnh c kt qu l s BCD:
- Khi kt qu < 10, IC 2 nhn ng vo B s 0000 (do Y=0) nn kt qu khng thay
i.
- Khi kt qu trung gian 10, IC 2 nhn ng vo B s 01102 = 610 (do Y=1) v kt
qu c hiu chnh nh ni trn.
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Mch lm ton VI - 11
cng mt chui s, nhiu mch cng ton phn s c s dng, s nh c lu
li a vo mch cng bit cao hn.
Th d 14 : Vi 3 s 3-bit X (X3X2X1), Y(Y3Y2Y1), Z (Z3Z2Z1) mch cng c dng
(H 6.10)
(H 6.11)
(H 6.12)
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Mch lm ton VI - 12
6.7.2 Mch tr c s nh (mch tr ton phn)
L mch tr 2 bit c quan tm ti s nh mang t bit trc
Rn-1
An
Bn
Dn
Rn
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
Bng s tht
Dng bng Karnaugh xc nh c cc hm Dn v Rn
D n = Rn 1 (A n Bn )
Rn = A n Bn + Rn 1 (A n Bn )
V mch (H 6.13)
(H 6.13)
(H 6.14)
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Mch lm ton VI - 13
(H 6.15)
(H 6.16)
S8
P44
S7
P34
P43
S6
P24
P33
P42
S5
Y4
X4
P14
P23
P32
P41
S4
Y3
X3
P13
P22
P31
Y2
X2
P12
P21
Y1
X1
P11
S b nhn
S nhn
Tch tng phn
S3
S2
S1
Kt qu
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Mch lm ton VI - 14
(H 6.17)
Dng IC cng 4 bit (7483 hoc 4008) mch nhn hai s 4 bit c dng (H 6.18)
(H 6.18)
(H 6.19)
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Mch lm ton VI - 15
- S b nhn a ni tip vo mch theo th t t bit LSB. Cc FF D c tc dng dch
kt qu ca php nhn (l cc tch tng phn) trc khi a vo mch cng cng cc tch
tng phn ny.
Th d 15 : Xem bi ton nhn 10x14. S nhn l 1010 (1010) v s b nhn l 1110
(1410). Qu trnh nhn gii thch nh sau:
P8
0
0
0
0
1
P7
0
0
0
1
0
P6
0
0
0
1
0
P5
0
1
0
1
0
P4
0
1
0
0
1
P3
0
1
0
0
1
P2
0
0
0
0
0
P1
0
0
0
0
0
A
B
C
D
Output
100011002 = 14010
C th thy rng ng ra A lun lun bng 0 v bit LSB ca s nhn = 0. Ng ra B c
gi tr ca s b nhn c lm tr 1 bit (1 xung ng h). Ng ra C c lm tr 2 bit v lun
bng 0 (Ging nh A). Ng ra D ging nh B nhng tr 3 bit. iu ny c th so snh vi bi
ton trn giy
S b nhn
S nhn
A
B
C
D
Tch
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mun khng s dng mch cng s nhiu bit, ngi ta dng mch (H 6.20)
(H 6.20)
Mch (H 6.20) cn (n-1) mch cng v mch tr (FF D) cho s nhn n bit. Cc cng
AND cho php cc bit ca s b nhn i qua khi s nhn l 1, s b nhn (vi s bit bt k)
c cho vo mch ni tip vi bit LSB vo u tin.
Ng ra cng 4 sau 4 xung Clock l 1110. Ng ra cng 3 lun lun bng 0.
Mch cng A cng s ng ra 3 v ng ra 4 b tr 1 bit:
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
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K THUT S
_________________________________________________________________Chng 6
Mch lm ton VI - 16
v mch cng C
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
(H 6.21)
V (H 6.22) l mt mch thc t dng ghi dch 4 bit c ng vo/ra song song, mt
mch cng 4 bit v mt chip 4 cng AND 2 ng vo thc hin bi ton nhn.
(H 6.22)
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Mch lm ton VI - 17
Dch
Yes
S chia < S b
chia ?
No
Thng s =0,
Khng tr
Thng s = 1,
Tr s b chia
cho s chia
Chia xong ?
Yes
No
Kt thc
(H 6.23)
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Mch lm ton VI - 18
Dch
s b chia - s chia
Yes
Kt qu
dng ?
Thng s = 1
No
Thng s = 0
s b chia + s chia
Yes
Chia xong?
No
Kt thc
(H 6.24)
thc hin php chia theo s trn, ngoi cc thanh ghi cha cc s b chia, s
chia , s thng ngi ta phi dng thanh ghi cha s b chia c phc hi.
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Mch lm ton VI - 19
S chia ln hn s b chia (nhnh bn phi)
Lu l dch s chia v bn phi 1 bit tng ng vi chia s cho 2
Nhnh bn phi ca s trn gm 2 bi ton:
- Cng s b chia vi s chia.
- Tr s b chia cho 1/2 s chia (tr b chia cho s chia dch phi)
Hai bc ny c th gom li thnh mt bc duy nht nh sau:
- Cng s b chia vi s chia dch phi.
S chia nh hn s b chia (nhnh bn tri)
Sau khi ly kt qu =1, lnh k tip thc hin l tr s chia dch phi.
T cc kt qu nhn xt trn c th thay s (H 6.24) bi s gii thut thc hin
php chia khng cn phc hi s b chia (H 6.25)
s b chia - s chia
Ye s
Kt qu
dng ?
No
Thng s = 1
Thng s = 0
Dch
Dch
s b chia + s chia
s b chia - s chia
Chia xong?
No
Kt thc
(H 6.25)
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Mch lm ton VI - 20
- S chia (SC) ln hn s b chia (SBC) (SBC - SC < 0), thng s l 0, dch phi s
chia 1 bit (thc t ta mang thm 1 bit ca s b chia xung), thc hin bi ton cng s chia v
s b chia
- S chia nh hn s b chia (SBC - SC > 0), thng s l 1, dch phi s chia 1 bit,
thc hin bi ton tr (cng s b 2) s b chia cho s chia
n gin, gi s s chia v b chia u dng (MSB = 0), s b chia gm 6 bit v
s chia gm 4 bit.
Th d 1: Thc hin bi ton chia 2110 = 0101012 cho 710 = 01112.
S b 2 ca 0111 l (0111)2 = 1001
Ghi ch:
(1) S 1 trn mi tn ch rng kt qu php ton tr l s m, bc k tip l di v
cng s chia
(2) S 0 trn mi tn ch rng kt qu php ton tr l s dng, bc k tip l di v
tr s chia (cng s b 2)
Thng s c c t cc s trn m trn php tnh ta ghi trong vng trn.
Kt qu: thng l 011(=3) v s d l 0000(=0)
Bi ton trn cho kt qu vi 3 bc cng/tr. Tuy nhin nu ta chia 21 cho 1 th cn
ti 6 bc cng tr c thng s 6 bit. Mt cch tng qut s bc ca bi ton bng vi
s bt ca s b chia.
Ta c th lm li bi ton vi 6 bc cng/tr ((thm 3 bit 0 cho s b chia)
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Mch lm ton VI - 21
Th d 2 v 3 di y l bi ton 6 bc
Th d 2 : Chia 21 cho 6 c kt qu 3 v s d l 3
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Mch lm ton VI - 22
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Mch lm ton VI - 23
(H 6.26)
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K THUT S