Selected Invocations

14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sehtolC weN gniraeW dneirF a rof 93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . desserD gnitteG no 7.3 6.
'aa'uD 'aa'uD
93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ffo miH gnieeS esohT rof s'rellevarT A 5.3 4.3 3.3
83 . . . . . . rellevarT gnitrapeD a rof
73 . . . . . levarT morf gninruteR no 53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 . .
levarT 2.3 1.3
snoitacilppuS dna snoitautiS :3 retpahC
'aa'uD 'aa'uD 'aa'uD 'aa'uD haraahkitsI 'aa'uD

rof
92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
rkihD
52 . . .
12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
dna 'aa'uD fo etteuqitE :2 retpahC tehporP eht rof yarP ot woH :1 retpahC noitcudortnI ediuG noitaicnunorP etoN s'rotalsnarT droweroF
stnetnoC
5 stnetnoC
65 . . . . . . . . . swolB dniW eht nehw
95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ytluciffiD ni 'aa'uD 42.3 85 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ssertsiD ni 'aa'uD 32.3 75 . . . . . . . . . . . rednuhT gniraeH no 'aa'uD 22.3 'aa'uD 12.3
55 . . . . . . . . . . niaR morf egamaD gnitcepxE
fi & niaR gnirud 'aa'uD 02.3 45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . niaR rof 'aa'uD 91.3 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . yrgnA nehw 'aa'uD 81.3 25 . . . ecalptekraM eht gniretnE no 'aa'uD 71.3 15 . . . . . .ylbmessA na gnivaeL no 'aa'uD 61.3 'aa'uD 51.3 05 . . . . . . . . .esruocretnI gnivaH no 84 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gnizeenS no 74 . . . . . . gniknirD dna gnitaE no 94 . . . . . . . gniddeW a no snoitalutargnoC 41.3
'aa'uD 31.3 'aa'uD 21.3
54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . euqsoM eht gnivaeL
dna gniretnE no 'aa'uD 11.3 44 . . . euqsoM eht ot yaw eht no 'aa'uD 01.3 24 . . . esuoH eht fo tuo gnioG no 'aa'uD 9.3 'aa'uD 8.3 14 . . . . . . . . . . esuoH eht gniretnE no
stnetnoC
96 . . nosreP kciS a gnitisiV no
86 . . . niaP lacisyhP gnitaerT rof ayquR 6.33.3 66 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ayquR s'tehporP ehT 4.33.3 66 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sdnuoW / sreclU fo tnemtaerT 66 . . . . . . . . . . ssenllI fo tnemtaerT 76 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ayquR s'leerbiJ 5.33.3
07 . . htaeD ta hantiF gniraeF fi 'aa'uD 8.33.3 'aa'uD 7.33.3
56 . . sgnitS / setiB fo tnemtaerT ayquR 1.33.3 56 . . . . . . . . . . . . tnemtaerT
ayquR 3.33.3 ayquR 2.33.3
ayquR ni 'aa'uD 33.3
46 . . kraB goD a ro ''ewa-eE`` yeknoD a
,worC retsooR a gniraeH no 'aa'uD 23.3 46 . . . . . . eyE livE eht tsaC ot ton 'aa'uD 13.3 36 . . semoctuO lufetaH / yppaH ni 'aa'uD 03.3 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . gnireffuS gnieeS no 'aa'uD 92.3 26 . . . . . . . . . . . citsimisseP gnileeF fi 'aa'uD 82.3 16 . . . . . . . sthguohT krihS tsniaga 'aa'uD 72.3 06 . . . . . . . . . . srepsihW nataS nehw 'aa'uD 62.3 'aa'uD 52.3 95 . . . . . . snoitautiS elbisreverrI ni
stnetnoC
401 . . . . . . . thgiN ta pu gnikaW no 'aa'uD 5.4 201 . . . . . . . . . . . maerD a gnivaH no 'aa'uD 4.4 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . deB ot gnioG no raakhdA 3.4 'aa'uD 2.4 38 . . . . . . . . raakhdA gninevE dna gninroM 1.4 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . sgninroM yadirF no 38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . raakhdA ylthgiN dna yliaD :4 retpahC
87 . . . . . . . ybaB desaeceD a rof 77 . . . . . .htaeD s'evitaleR a no
28 . . . . . . . . . . sevarG gnitisiV no 'aa'uD 81.33.3 08 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lairuB retfa 'aa'uD 71.33.3 97 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lairuB ta 'aa'uD 61.33.3 'aa'uD 51.33.3 'aa'uD 41.33.3 67 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rebmeM ylimaF
57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . larenuF a ta a gnisolC no
a fo htaeD eht no 'aa'uD 31.33.3 'aa'uD 21.33.3
47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . seyE s'nosreP daeD
37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'aa'uD s'tnemoM tsaL 01.33.3 07 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .gniyD nehW
'aa'uD 11.33.3 'aa'uD 9.33.3

8
stnetnoC
041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . duhhahsaT retfa 'aa'uD 31.1.5 duhhahsaT 21.1.5 831 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . snoitartsorP
021 . . . llaC reyarP eht gniraeH no 911 . . . . . . . . .euqsoM eht ni elihw
neewteb gnittiS nehw 'aa'uD 11.1.5 431 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . duujuS ni raakhdA 01.1.5 131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'uukuR morf pu gninethgiartS no 'aa'uD 9.1.5 921 . . . . . . . )gniwoB( 'uukuR ni raakhdA 8.1.5 421 . . . . . . . . . . . haalaS gnitratS no 'aa'uD 7.1.5 121 . . . . . . . . llaC reyarP eht retfa 'aa'uD 6.1.5 'aa'uD 5.1.5 'aa'uD 4.1.5 811 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . euqsoM eht gnivaeL
dna gniretnE no 'aa'uD 3.1.5 611 . . euqsoM eht rof gnivaeL no 'aa'uD 2.1.5 311 . . . . . . . . . haalaS rof gniraperP nehW 1.1.5 raakhdA detaleR-haalaS 1.5 311 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
pihsroW fo stcA rof raakhdA :5 retpahC stnetnoC
561 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tnecserC nadamaR eht gnithgiS no yaS ot tahW 1.3.5
561 . . . . . . . naoL a gninruteR no
561 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . raakhdA gnitsaF 3.5 'aa'uD 3.2.5
461 . . . . . . . . . . . . . yenoM dereffO fi reyarP 2.2.5
951 . . . . . . . )espilcE(
361 . . . . . . . haakaZ gnivieceR no reyarP 1.2.5 361 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . haakaZ rof raakhdA .2.5 161 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . haalaS deE ehT 6.81.1.5 fuusuK-lA taalaS 5.81.1.5 851 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . reyarP yadirF ehT 4.81.1.5 851 . . . . . . . . reyarP nwaD yadirF ehT 3.81.1.5 551 . . . . . . . . . noitacilppuS
haraahkitsI 2.81.1.5
941 . . haalaS rtiW-lA ni eticeR ot saruS 61.1.5 441 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meelsaT retfa
351 . . . . . .shaalaS cificepS rof raakhdA 81.1.5 tuunuQ 71.1.5 941 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'aa'uD
351 . . . . . . . . . . . sreyarP gnikovnI-niaR 1.81.1.5
raakhdA 51.1.5 'aa'uD 41.1.5

01
041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sdlroW htoB fo dooG eht gnikeeS rof
stnetnoC
961 . . . . . .llihnwoD dna llihpU 961 . . . . . . . . . harmO dna
671 . . . sha'kaR faawaT-tsoP eht ni 'aa'uD 4.5.5 571 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . faawaT rof raakhdA 3.5.5 371 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hayiblaT 2.5.5 371 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . maarhI rof raakhdA 1.5.5 371 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . harmO & jjaH rof raakhdA detaleR-etiR 5.5 271 . . . . . . nwoT a gniretnE no 'aa'uD 5.1.4.5 171 . . . . . thgiN eht gniyatS no 'aa'uD 4.1.4.5 071 . . kaerbyaD ta 'aa'uD gnillevarT 3.1.4.5 071 . . tropsnarT yb delbuorT fi 'aa'uD 2.1.4.5 'aa'uD 1.1.4.5 961 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . raakhdA detaleR-levarT 1.4.5 861 . . . . . . . . . . . . . rdaQ-lutalyaL no gnikaerB no
jjaH rof raakhdA 4.5 'aa'uD 6.3.5 'aa'uD 4.3.5

stnetnoC
761 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tsaF 761 . . . . . . . . . . . . . tsaF gnikaerB no
'aa'uD s'tseuG A 5.3.5
661 . . . . . tsaF ruoy gnirud oD ot tahW 3.3.5 661 . . . gnitsaF nehw tlusnI ot esnopseR 2.3.5
11
891 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . setondnE 981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . raakhdA lareneG :6 retpahC 681 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . setiR jjaH llA gnitelpmoC no 'aa'uD 21.5.5 581 . . .ecifircaS jjaH gnireffO no 'aa'uD 11.5.5 481 . . . . . syaD qeerhsaT gnirud 'aa'uD 01.5.5 381 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . taaramaJ 'aa'uD 9.5.5 gniworhT no stcA dna 281 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . yaD ecifircaS eht fo nwaD eht rof stcA 8.5.5
971 . . .hafarA ot gnideecorP no afaS-lA neewteb
181 . . . hafarA fo tnuoM eht no 'aa'uD 7.5.5 'aa'uD 6.5.5 771 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hawraM-lA dna
raakhdA 5.5.5 21
stnetnoC
,noitacilppus fo sdrawer taerg eht tuo detniop sah eh ,sediseB .lareneg sa llew sa cificeps ,raakhdA dna sgniyas yratnulov raluger dna snoitacilppus )'dnuos`( hihaS ro )'doog`( nassah dehsilbatse eht ylno morf tnetnoc tnaveler gnitceles ni dedeeccus sah retirw ehT .derewsna eb nac yeht woh dna noitacilppus dna ecnarbmemer s'hallA fo eulav eht serocsrednu telkoob ehT .noitacilppus dna ecnarbmemer s'hallA fo seutriv eht no ,telkoob siht daer evah I .yaD detnioppA eht llit srewollof sih dna snoinapmoC sih ,nik sih ,mih nopu eb ecaep dna sreyarp s'hallA yaM .retfaereH eht ni sutats hgih a desimorp sah hallA mohw ,regnesseM dna evals siH si dammahuM taht yfitset I .srentrap tuohtiw enola ,eH tub dog on si ereht taht yfitset I .su detnarg sah eH sgnisselb sseltnuoc eht rof miH knaht dna esiarp od I .suoreneG eht ,pihsrow fo yhtrow gniK eht ,hallA ot eb esiarP
droweroF
31 droweroF
neerbiJ-lA namharrudbA-nbI halludbA

.srewollof sih dna )snoinapmoc( sih ,nik sih ,dammahuM tehporP nopu eb sgnisselb dna ecaep siH yaM dna ,yltaerg retirw eht drawer hallA yaM
habaahas
.)hturt eht swonk N hallA ylnO( mal'a uhaallaW .shtidaH fo sedarg dna noitarran fo yticitnehtua eht detnemucod sah dna
droweroF
41
.seitluciffid detcepxe htiw denrecnoc ylniam si tI .noitaretilsnart ni desu slobmys noitaicnunorp eht gniwohs ediuG noitaicnunorP a si segap 5 txen eht nO .cibarA ni lanigiro eht yb dewollof ,hsilgnE ni gninaem eht fo noitalsnart a yb dewollof ,lanigiro cibarA eht fo )scilati ni( noitaretilsnart hsilgnE na :smrof eerht ni sraeppa noitacilppus hcae ,telkoob siht nI .milA ehT ni devlovni esoht fo lla dna llahtciP drawer hallA yaM .pleh taerg a neeb sah swodniW rof milA ehT taht egdelwonkca ot ekil osla dluow eH .noitalsnart s'llahtciP morf nekat era telkoob siht ni sesrev cina'ruQ eht fo sgninaem eht taht egdelwonkca ot ekil dluow rotalsnart ehT .nemA .srewollof sih dna snoinapmoC sih ,nik sih ,dammahuM tehporP siH nopu eb sgnisselb dna sreyarp s'hallA yaM .hallA ot eb esiarP .meehar-rinaamhar-rihaal-limsiB
etoN s'rotalsnarT
51 etoN s'rotalsnarT
61
/S/
/s/ /h/
S +v v
M P K
/ h/ / d/
--
eht ;relluf tub ,'nos` dna 'nus` ni sa ,'s` rettel eht ekil sdnuoS .]S ni sa hteet rewol dna reppu eht ot resolc si eugnot eht fo pit eht[ ssim ,ees emoH .taorht eht hguorht separcs ria eht tub ,'tah` ni 'h` eht ekil sdnuos ti ;)denepo( ahataf ,)desiarp( adamah .hteet eht neewteb si pit eugnot eht - htiw ,tahT htlaeh ,kcihT
selpmaxE
/ht/
.slobmys eht fo noitaicnunorp eht ,tnetxe taerg a ot ,gnitneserper sdrow era ereht ,segap owt hcae fo mottob eht tA .slobmys noitaretilsnart eht fo noitaicnunorp cibarA eht fo noitamixorppa deifilpmis a sedivorp ediuG siht ,smret lacinhcet gnidiovA
sretteL cibarA
lobmyS
ediuG noitaicnunorP
71 ediuG noitaicnunorP
.noitcirf a gnisuac meht hguorht gnissap ria htiw ,htu om eht fo foo r
eht sehcuot eugnot eht fo kcab eht - )eman( dilahK ,ssenhguoL
N h
/hk/ /w/
woc
,keeW
.htuom eht fo foor eht sehcuot eugnot eht fo kcab ehT .)'tfel` cibarA( eht yb aradaahg decnuonorp ,)hcnerF sa( siraP
/hg/
./d/ naht relluf sdnuos tI .htuom eht fo foor eht fo tnorf eht sehcuot ,flesti pit eht naht rehtar ,eugnot eht fo tnorf eht tub ,'dum` dna 'gud` ni sa ,'d` rettel eht ekil sdnuoS .D ni sa egdir hteet eht ot resolc si eugnot eht fo pit eht[
/D/
dad
O T
/d/ /hs/
hsup
,tuohS .edisni
morf hteet reppu eht sehcuot pit eugnot ehT .relluf tub ,'suht` ni sa ,'ht` srettel eht ekil sdnuoS esaelp ,oreZ .htuom eht fo foor eht fo tnorf eht sehcuot eugnot eht fo tnorf
X R
/Z/ /z/
ediuG noitaicnunorP
81
.pots ro esuap uoy fi meht daer ton oD .no daer uoy fi stekcarb eht edisni slobmys eht ecnuonorP .no daeR .esuap TON oD dnif ,eci )detsaf( amaaS ;)dias( alaaq :sdrow cibarA - rac ,rats .)denruter( abaa ;)deid( ataam :sdrow cibarA - dam ,mad yppah ,erimdA .leef ,laeD .nis ,ni tiurf ,puorg ,nooM tup ,d
)(
-
/ya/ /aa/
luoc ,dluohS
/aa/ /a/ /ee/ /i/ /uu/ /u/
.htuom eht fo foor eht fo tnorf eht sehcuot ,pit eht naht rehtar ,eugnot eht fo tnorf ehT .'rataQ` dna 'rettub` ni sa ,relluf tub ,'t` rettel eht ekil sdnuoS .eson eht sdrawot de t r e v id si r i a d n a , s u o i v b o ssel tub ,'n` rettel eht ekil sdnuos ti - knom ,knat ,gniR )tsohg( teerfi' ,)kcab emoc( du' ,)eman( tafara'
/T/
.
Y
/l / n j
/z/
91
ediuG noitaicnunorP
./allaj :sa ti daeR .hallA ot
aw azzaz/
eb ytsejam dna ronoH :snaem tI
./mallas - a w i h ya l az uh a a l-l a ll a S/ :s a
ti daeR .mih nopu eb ecaep dna sreyarp s'hallA yaM :snaem tI
|
02
ediuG noitaicnunorP
eht gniwollof etatilicaf ot tub ,snoitacilppus yna edulcxe ot tnaem ton si tI .raakhda dehsilbatse sih fo noitceles siht htiw smilsuM wollef tneserp ot thguos evah I ,regnesseM siH wollof ew taht tol a hallA sesaelp ti ecniS .sdrawer tsetaerg siH rof seifilauq miH fo ecnarbmemer tnatsnoc ni si reveohW .hgiH tsom eht ,hallA ylno pihsrow ot si ytud tsetaerg ruO .ythgimlA eht ,enO eht ,hallA srebmemer ohw eno yreve dna nik rieht ,stehporP wollef sih ,mih nopu eb sreyarp dna ecaep s'hallA yaM .thgin dna yad ,ecnarbmemer s'hallA fo snaem yb eriflleH eht gnidiova dna nevaeH gnikees eno yreve sdnopser llac sih oT .yltnatsnoc miH rebmemer ohw suoip eht fo mamI eht mih edam dna dammahuM tehporP tnes ohW eH si tI .nosaer dna ees ohw esoht gnidnimer rof ngis a thgin dna yad edam sah ohW ,gnivigroF-revE eht ,thgim ni detlaxE eht ,hallA ot eb esiarP
noitcudortnI
12
noitcudortnI
ot ssecca setatilicaf sihT .secnerefer dna srotarran ,seirogetac rieht dna shtidaH eht tnemucod setondne ehT .semit ro snoitautis cificeps ot detcirtser ton .e.i ,snoitacilppus lareneg fo rebmun a sdda 6 retpahC .harmo dna jjah dna gnitsaf ,haakaz ,haalas .e.i ,pihsrow fo stca cificeps ot detaler snoitacilppus emos sedivorp 5 retpahC .thgin dna yad lacipyt a rof sreyarp cificeps htiw denrecnoc si 4 retpahC .snoisacco niatrec no dias eb ot snoitacilppus dehsilbatse fo noitceles a sniatnoc 3 retpahC .noitacilppus dna ecnarbmemer rof stnemeriuqer etteuqite emos sedivorp 2 retpahC .dammahuM regnesseM siH nopu sgnisselb s'hallA ekovni ot woh stneserp 1 retpahC .sretpahc xis fo stsisnoc raakhdA detceleS .sgnisselb sseltnuoc siH kees dna miH esaelp ot yenruoj s'reveileb eht rof noisivorp tseb eht si ecnarbmemer s'hallA ,deednI .seireS noisivorP s'reveileB ehT dellac snoitacilbup fo rebmun a ni tsrif eht stneserper flesti noitceles ehT .smilsuM sdrawot edutitta luficrem dna gnirac lacipyt s'tehporP eht htiw tnetsisnoc si sihT .ecnarbmemer s'hallA ni hannuS
noitcudortnI 22
.]24-14
shayA ,bazhA-lA taruS[
".etal dna ylrae
miH yfirolg dnA )24( .ecnarbmemer hcum htiw hallA rebmemeR !eveileb ohw ey O )14(" .]53 htah hallA
hayA ,bazhA-lA taruS[
".drawer dna
tsav a dna ssenevigrof meht rof deraperp rebmemer ohw :syas em rof yarp ot niereht .krow siht tpecca lliw nemow hcum hallA rebmemer ohw nem dna ...)53(" eH ,drager siht nI eht ecitcarp .sgnimoctrohs yna rof em evigrof ot dna
raakhda
dna noitceles siht daer ohw esoht ksa I yaM hallA taht yarp I .ecnarbmemer s'hallA ot drager htiw sniag elbaulav ekam ot stpircsunam yhtgnel yb degaruocsid eb ot ylekil era ohw smilsuM esoht pleh - noissimrep
s'hallA yb - yam sihT .raayhkA-lA raa'ihS )2( aw raarbA-lA tayliH koob evisneherpmoc raakhda eht fo tnemegnarra sih ni s'iwawannA
)1(
mamI-lA
dewollof
evah I ,stnetnoc fo noitazinagro eht nI .traeh yb meht nrael dna ot netsil sredaer pleh ot redro ni dedrocer era telkoob siht ni 32
raakhda ehT .raakhda rehtruf dna secruos

noitcudortnI
.H1241/6/51 ,hdayiR ysiareJ-lA delahK

".hallA rebmemer )3( ohw nemow dna hcum hallA rebmemer ohw nem ]ehT[..." ,deilper eH .deksa saw eh "?nuudirrafuM eht era ohW" ".ecar eht now evah nuudirrafuM ehT .nadmuJ si sihT .deecorP" ,dias tehporP eht ,oslA .]53 hayA ,faaQ taruS[ ".sU htiw erom si ereht dna ,erised yeht taht lla evah yeht erehT )53("
noitcudortnI
42
suhT = /Z/ ;orez = ;woc = ;ehs =

/w/ /hs/
/z/
;doof = ;mus =
/uu/ /S/
;dluoc = ;tes =
/s/
/u/
;but =
/T/
;kniht =
/ht/ /i/
;gnir / knat =
/l / n j
;tis =
/deejam-mudeema h akanni ,)a(neemalaaz-lif ,)a(meehaarabi ilaa aalaz-aw )a(meehaarbi aalaz atkaraab aamak ,)l i( damma hum ilaa n j ,deejam-mudeema h ilaa aalaz-aw akanni ,)a(meehaarbi aalaz aalaz-aw )wi(damma hum aalaz kiraab-aw
)a(meehaarbi
atyallaS aamak ,)l i(damma hum ilaa aalaz n j -aw )wi(damma hum aalaz illaS ammuhaalla/
:yas ot su dlot
tehporP eht ,oslA
".noitatulas yhtrow a htiw mih etulas dna mih no sgnisselb ksA !eveileb ohw uoy O .tehporP eht no sgnisselb rewohs slegna siH dna hallA !oL )65(" :tehporP eht rof yarp ot smilsuM sdnammoc hallA ,65 hayA ,bazhA-lA taruS nI
tehporP eht rof yarP ot woH 1 retpahC
52
1 retpahC
;)maerd cibarA( mluh = / h/ d ;sah = /h/ ;)siraP = /hg/ ;taem = /ee/ ;bmud = /D/ ;siht = / / ;dab = /d/ ;dnif = /ya/ ;rats = /aa/ ;bmal = /aa/ ;yppah = /a/
no deid eh dna ,yadirF a no detaerc saw madA .yadirF si ]keew eht fo[ syad ruoy fo tseb ehT" :dias tehporP ehT .syadirF no ylralucitrap ,mih rof gniyarp rof llac s'tehporP siH ot dna ,dnammoc s'hallA ot dnopser tsum smilsuM
+1%
!/
+1%
$1) $
& 6
$1
!/
$ 6
!/
# & 6
$ 6
!/
+1%
!/
+1%
$1
!,% 6 6
zG
" 8
".yhtrowyrolG )5( dna yhtrowesiarP era uoY )4(.sdlrow eht lla ni ,meeharbI fo ylimaf eht dna meeharbI desselb evah uoY sa ,dammahuM fo ylimaf eht dna dammahuM sselb ,hallA O .yhtrowyrolG dna yhtrowesiarP era uoY ,meeharbI fo ylimaf eht dna meeharbI rof deyarp evah uoY sa ,dammahuM fo ylimaf eht dna dammahuM rof yarp ,hallA O"
p ? Jl y. n p p p p p [k G c. p ] Ev Dp J hb ] Bd E1LG p [E1LG p n r n n n r n n n n l n n r n n 1n . Qpc bn o E Jm hnbn Bdp o E Jm tn n . 1n . Qntr : bn n n n r n n n p p p p p [E1LG p hb ] Bd E1LG p E v D p J ? J, G o r n n n n n r n n n l n l n U bn n o E Jm hnbn n Bdp o E Jm tn n . U r : bn n n n n n n
!,% o 6 6 !/ # $ 6 !/ # $ 6 $ !1 6 !/
tehporP eht rof yarP ot woH
62
/uu/ /S/
;woc = /w/ ;doof = ;ehs = /hs/ ;mus =
suhT = /Z/ ;orez = /z/ ;dluoc = /u/ ;but = /T/ ;kniht = /ht/ ;tes = /s/ ;gnir / knat = /l / ;tis = /i/ n j
$$$
".meht nopu )6( eb sreyarp siH yam - stehporP fo seidob eht yawa gnitae morf htrae eht stibihorp ,ytsejaM dna ytingiD fo droL ,hallA" :dias eH "?syaced ydob ruoy ]dna eid uoy[ nehw uoy hcaer sreyarp ruo nac woh ,hallA fo regnesseM O" :dias elpoep ehT ".em hcaer lliw sreyarp ruoy sa ,syadirF no em rof erom tol a yarp ,oS .]slliw hallA mohw tpecxe ,htrae eht dna snevaeh eht ni era ohw lla fo[ noowS eht lliw os dna ,yadirF a no eb lliw ]yadsmooD no tepmurT eht fo[ gniwolB ehT .yadirF a
72
1 retpahC
/ h/ / d/ /a/
;)maerd cibarA( mlu = ;sa = ;)si aP = ;t m = ;bmu = ;si = ; ab = ;dn f = ;r ts = ;bm l = ;ypp h =
h /h/ r /hg/ ae /ee/ d /D/ ht d /d/ i /ya/ a /aa/ a /aa/ a
82
; oc = ;e
suhT = /Z/ ;orez = /z/ w /w/ ;doof = /uu/ ;dluoc = /u/ ;but = /T/ ;kniht = /ht/ hs = /hs/ ;mus = /S/ ;tes = /s/ ;gnir / knat = /ljn/ ;tis = /i/
snoitnem hallA dna ,sluos rieht nopu dnecsed ecaep dna ytiliuqnart ,meht spolevne ycrem ,ylbmessa rieht ot gnorht slegna ,ytsejaM dna ytingiD fo droL ,hallA fo ecnarbmemer rof elbmessa elpoep ]milsuM[ fo rebmun a revenehW" ,syas nwo sti ni eb
tehporP ehT .seilbmessa ecnarbmemeR

)8(
tsum
.2
".hcus sa tnuoc
lliw ti ,egairram ro sniag yldlrow fo ekas eht rof si noitargime sih fi ,]tey[ ;hcus sa tnuoc lliw ti ,regnesseM siH dna hallA fo ekas eht rof si noitargime s'eno fi :ylgnidrocca degduj si eno dna ,]reod eht fo[ snoitnetni yb derusaem era sdeeD" ,dias s'hallA rof ylerup eb tsum snoitacilppuS
tehporP
ehT
.ekas
.1
dna 'aa'uD fo etteuqitE

)7(
rkihD
2 retpahC
92 2 retpahC
; ab =
;)maerd cibarA( mluh = / h/ h = /h/ ;)siraP = /hg/ ;taem = /ee/ ;bmud = /D/ ;siht = / d/ /d/ ;dnif = /ya/ ;rats = /aa/ ;bmal = /aa/ ;yppah = /a/
"....niereht derebmemer eb llahs eman siH taht dna detlaxe eb ot dewolla sah hallA hcihw sesuoh..." sa meht sebircsed hallA ,63 hayA yhw si ,ruN-nA sihT taruS nI .sesoprup ecnarbmemer rof dednemmocer seuqsom .stops naelc
era
ni dleh eb ot era seilbmessa ecnarbmemeR .4

)01(
".snoitidnoc lla ni
hallA rebmemer ot desu regnesseM s'hallA" ,dias
tehporP eht ,ahsiA yb detroper sA "....htrae eht dna snevaeh
eht fo noitaerc eht redisnoc dna ,gninilcer dna ,gnittis ,gnidnats ,hallA rebmemer sa hcuS" ,syas hallA ,191 hayA ,narmI-alA taruS nI .)ydob eht fo ytirup( haraahat
fo etats etelpmoc a ni eb ot evah eh seod ron ,)hakkaM ni euqsoM yloH eht( hab'aK-lA gnicaf eb ot evah ton seod enO .snoitautis dna semit lla rof si tI .ecnarbmemer s'hallA ot snoitatimil on eb tsum erehT .3
)9(
".ecneserP siH ni esoht gnoma meht
rkihD dna 'aa'uD fo etteuqitE
03
;sa
/uu/ /S/
".thgin ta daer )31( fi sa stnuoc ti ,sreyarp noon eht dna nwad eht neewteb ti sdaer tub ,peels ot eud ti fo trap a ro )saruS fo rebmun a( bziH sih sessim eno fI" ,syas tehporP ehT .emit rehto emos ti od nac eh ,tnemtnioppa rkihD raluger sih sessim eh ,nosaer emos rof ,fi ,revewoH .ylraluger stca rkihD sih evresbo dluohs enO .7
".deyarp ton evah )21( uoy rof ,yarp dna ,kcab oG" ,mih detcurtsni tehporP eht emit hcaE .ylreporp gniyarp ton rof )reyarp yroslupmoc( haalaS sih taeper ot semit eerht kcab nam a denrut tehporP eht ,htidaH eno ot gnidroccA .syas eh tahw no tcelfer nac eh taht os ylreporp ecnarbmemer od tsum enO .6
".]snamuh sdneffo tahw yb dedneffo )11( era slegna sa[ euqsom ruo ot emoc ton tsum )cilrag( tnalp taht stae reveohW" ,dias tehporP eht ,elpmaxe roF .sllems evisneffo ecudorp ton seod ti taht naelc os eb dluohs htuom s'enO .5
13
2 retpahC
$$$
".nac uoy sa ti fo hcum sa od ,gnihtemos od )41( ot uoy tcurtsni I nehW" ,syas tehporP ehT .)hallA rebmemer ohw esoht( srikaahd gnoma noissimrep s'hallA yb - detnuoc eb nac eh taht os elbissop sa rkihd hcum sa od dluohs enO .8
rkihD dna 'aa'uD fo etteuqitE
23
suhT = /Z/ ;orez = /z/ ;woc = /w/ ;doof = /uu/ ;dluoc = /u/ ;but = /T/ ;kniht = /ht/ ;ehs = /hs/ ;mus = /S/ ;tes = /s/ ;gnir / knat = /lj / ;tis = /i/ n
-aw ,eel uhrudqaf ,)ihilijaa-aw eerma ilijaa
ro( eerma itabiqaa -aw eehsaa am-aw ineed eef
eel-luryahk
]rettam
sih
gniman[
arma
-la daah anna umal at atj uk-j i ammuhaalla n n / )i(buuyuhg-lu-maalla
aal-aw umal at-aw ,)u(ridqa aal-aw uridqat akanni-af ,meeZa -lakilDaf-nim akula-sa-aw ,)a(kitarduq-ib -ib akuridqatsa-aw eenni ,)a(kimli
l l .l. .
atj a-aw ,)u(mal a n
akureehkatsa
ammuhaalla/
:yas neht ,seno yrotagilbo eht naht rehto reyarp ha'kaR-owt a reffo dluohs eh ,gnihtemos gniod sredisnoc uoy fo enoyna fI" :syas | tehporP eht ,haraahkitsi ekam ot woh smilsuM gnihcaeT
:)seciohC gnikaM ni ecnadiuG s'hallA gnikeeS( haraahkitsI rof 'aa'uD 1.3
snoitacilppuS dna snoitautiS 3 retpahC

33 3 retpahC
- ti htiw detnetnoc em ekam dna ,em rof doog si revetahw niadrO .ti morf yawa em peek dna ,em morf yawa ti peek ,)erutuf dna tneserp ym rof lufmrah ...' ,yas nac uoY( ,retfaereH dna ecnetsisbus ,htiaf ym rof lufmrah si ti ,egdelwonk ruoY ni ,fI .ti sselb dna ,em rof ysae ti ekam ,em rof ti niadro ,)'erutuf dna tneserp ym rof doog ...' ,yas nac uoY( retfaereH ym dna ecnetsisbus ym ,htiaf ym rof doog si )ecnadiug gnikees era uoy hcihw rof( gniht taht ,egdelwonk ruoy ni ,fI !hallA O .neesnu eht fo rewonK eht era uoY dna ,ton od I tub ,wonk uoY .ton ma I tub ,tnetepmoc era uoY .sgnisselb taerg ruoY rof ksa I dna ,thgiM ruoY morf rewoP dna ,egdelwonk ruoY morf ecnadiug kees I !hallA O"
.
l
/hib eeniDDar ammuht ,)a(naak uhtya h aryahk-layil rudq-aw ,)u(hnaz eenfirS-aw eennaz uhfirSaf ,)ihilijaa-aw eerma ilijaaz eef ro( eerma itabiqaaz-aw ihsaazam-aw ineed eef eel-lurrahs arma-la aah anna umallzat atl uk d n j n j i-aw ,)i(heef eel kiraab ammuht ,eel uhrissay
snoitacilppuS dna snoitautiS
43
suhT = /Z/ ;orez = /z/ /uu/ ;dluoc = /u/ ;but = /T/ ;kniht = /ht/ /S/ ;tes = /s/ ;gnir / knat = /ljn/ ;tis = /i/
:semit eerht hallA deifirolg eh ,yenruoj a no tuo tes ot lemac sih detnuom tehporP eht revenehW .elpmaxe s'tehporP eht wollof dluohs eno ,yenruoj a trats ot tropsnart fo snaem a gnidir nO :'aa'uD levarT 2.3
p 1 f, % Q (p 2 -, h0 $2 -y. n r o n n n n o 8 o 6 n 8 p p p p p p Q p2 G 1 ( 2 hG (2 ( - , hG hB ! - n n r r n r o n r o r n r r o n 8 r np r n p p p p " C# j O0(p 2 h# p 2 h p p C # j - C h d: p 2 n n n n r n n n n n r n n n r p p p p2 p 2 Qc p 2 p 1-, hEf ( !% C f + G G # n n r o r n n r n o n 6 n n r n n 4 r p p p p p p Qg p 2 h0 g p 2 % d: p 2 " C # j hB !- n 8 r o n n n r o r o n n o 6 n r p p p p p p p p + G G # 1 2 2 O0(2 h# 2 h C# j - Ch r n n r l n n n n n n n r n n n r p p h C !%, hC & e G 1.H, G !,% Ef ( !% C f o 6 n n n r n o n n r n n 6 o r o o r o r n n r n o n 6 6 p p p Q h C p Q. h !% p p hC #) ! G p 1%, & r n n r n n 6 n n r o n n n r o n n r n o n r n r n o n p p p 1 c p p !$ , h C p Qc p Q p , E&2 C o n n n r n r o n n o r n n r 8 n r n zG
D = t. ; X 1 P D. >9 qJ HL UL k b > k . UL k b c. R b. q27 L q. k b. > L 1. k t : 8c K $ L RL k k . qJ PL ; q. k b. > L > K $ LGL k c. R b. q27 L / b : b0 f t : 8c O# v kY v c_ k( v 8rJ / qJ 8c O9H L 1c v O 9 rJ 1 rJ 8 v
!,% o 6 6
".eht gniod )51( era uoy hcihw rof gniht eht noitnem uoy 53 3 retpahC
eht era uoY ,hallA O .su rof ysae ecnatsid sti ekam dna ,levart ruo etatilicaf ,hallA O .uoY esaelp taht sdeed dna ,yenruoj siht no uoY morf yteip dna eutriv kees ew ,hallA O ".gninruter era ew droL ruo otnU !ol dnA )41( ;)meht gniudbus fo( elbapac ton erew ew dna ,su otnu eseht deudbus sah ohW eH eb deifirolG ...)31(" .tsetaerG eht si hallA ,tsetaerG eht si hallA ,tsetaerG eht si hallA"
/lha-law ilaam-lif ,)i(balaql um-li n j -uus-aw ,)i(raZnam -litabaa-ak-aw ,)i(rafassi -aahtzaw-wim akib u duuza eenni ammuhaalla
/laha-lif
)ut(afeelahk-law
,)i(rafas-sif
ubihaaS-Satl a ammuhaalla /hadzub aannaz n j iwT-aw ,aa daah aanarafas aanialaz niwwah ammuhaalla /aaDrat aam ilamaz-lanim-aw ,aawqat-taw arrib-la daah anirafas eef akula

-san
aanni
ammuhaalla aanni-aw
/''nuubilaqnumal
,)41(
aanibbar
aali
neenirqum
uhal aannuk aamaw ,aa dah aanal arahk-hkas ee dal-lanaa hbus
...
)31(``/
/rabka-uhaalla
,)u(rabka-uhaalla
,)u(rabka-uhaalla/
63
; oc = ;e
/nuudimaa h aanibbar -il ,)a(nuudibaaz ,)a(nuubi-aat ,)a(nuubiyaa/ :gniwollof eht sulp noitacilppus evoba eht yas dluow tehporP eht ,levart morf emoh gninruter nO
:levarT morf gninruteR no 'aa'uD 3.3
p p p p p p G $(_L, hO.A (G $(r!3) k2 G $. d hG $ +"y. n o n r r o r n n r n r n r n p p p p p p G !,% E&2 C b.P 1v #) (hb<. A) G PlL, h(t 17) o 6 r n r n 6 n n n n n 6 8 n o o p p p p p p G !,% C &: G V. D3 k2 G PlL, hG H!1l7 k2 G $ +", 6 o 6 nr n 6 n n r n n o o r 6 p 8LX/, G !,% +.f b!1(. OlL&. +KG , hG [. b(. 1cJg, o 6 n 8 n n r n o r 6 n o n r n r n nrn n n n n n 6 p p p p p p E&. &P# v k2 OlL&. +KG G 2L hG 9r.i, h#) G c$" #. n n n n n 6 n r n o n n n n n r n n r 6 n 6 r p p p p p +KG h#. t(. - #rL&1), hE&. E / Q1(. $(r!2.f", G !,% o 6 n n 8n n o r n o n n 6 n 6 n n n n o 6 n o o r p zG !- C t2L, G !- C t2L, G !- C t2L. "O2E. f G Kj OHL (. o r n n 6 n 6 n nn o n r n 6 6 n r n n r n
6
ni senutrofsim gnidnif morf dna ,sthgis fo ssenimoolg eht morf ,yenruoj eht fo pihsdrah eht morf uoY ni egufer kees I ,hallA O .naidrauG ylimaf eht dna ,noinapmoC levart
)61(
".nruter ruo no ylimaf ro ytreporp
73
3 retpahC
;sa = ; ab =
;)maerd cibarA( mluh = / h/ /h/ ;)siraP = /hg/ ;taem = /ee/ ;bmud = /D/ ;siht = / d/ /d/ ;dnif = /ya/ ;rats = /aa/ ;bmal = /aa/ ;yppah = /a/
hallA yam dna ,snis ruoy evigrof hallA yam ,yteip htiw uoy edivorp hallA yaM"
/)a(tj uk aamuhtia h n arafahg-aw ,aawqat-tuhaal-lakadawwaz/ )a(riahk-lakal arassay-aw ,)a(kabna d
l .
:yas osla dluow eH

!6
p zC O9.OY G r o n r n
".sdeed ruoy fo noisulcnoc eht dna )81( tsurt ruoy ,htiaf ruoy dnemmoc I hallA oT"
,)a(kaneed ahaal-luzidwatsa/
p p O0(v hC #. &9v hG.G 8p 1% b$!vy. n n n n n n n n n nn n n n n
/)a(kilaamza ameetaawahk-aw ,)a(katanaama -aw
| tehporP eht ,rellevart a ot lleweraf gniddiB

rellevarT gnitrapeD a rof 'aa'uD 4.3
D. #Jhfy
:yas dluow
p p zB02.f 8. Fp2.f b. 1Jhf p L1(. o n n o n n o n n 8n
".miH gnisiarp dna droL ruo )71( gnippihsrow ,tnatneper gninruter era eW"
83
; oc = ;e
ohW ,hallA ot eb esiarp dna sknaht llA" /hawwuq aalaw eennim-milwa h -hta daah
inaasak
ee dal-lihaal-lil-udma hla/
desserD gnitteG no 'aa'uD 6.3

/ 8Y1d
!6
p zC O9.Obv G r o n n r n
p G Kj
6
hOG Fpc-y. n n o o
)02(
".tsol reven
era stsurt esohW ,hallA ot uoy dnemmoc I" /)u(huzi-aadaw uzeeDat aal ee dal-lahaal -lakuzidwatsa/ :dias tehporP eht ,lleweraf em gniddib nO`` ,detarran hariaruH-ubA
ffo miH gnieeS esohT rof 'aa'uD s'rellevarT A 5.3
D1<$. t(:y. n ro n o r n zRhOc G !- G n 6 n n 6 o
9r.i, 6 r n
helL P&2v, h0PL v G H1L n n n n n rn n n n 6 n n n r n r n

)91(
".eb
yam uoy reverehw uoy rof doog etatilicaf
93
3 retpahC
:yas dluoc eno ,
tehporP eht ekiL
iriahg
nim
,)i(heenaqazar-aw
,)a(bwaht
;)maerd cibarA( mluh = ;sah = ;dab =

/h/ /d/
/ h/ / d/
;dnif =
/ya/
;rats =
/aa/
;bmal =
/aa/
;yppah =
/a/
".rof )22( edam si ti live eht dna live sti morf em tcetorp ot uoy geb I .rof edam si ti doog eht dna doog sti em evig ot uoy geb I .ti htiw em dehtolc evah uoY .uoy ot eb esiarp llA !hallA O"
/hal azinuS aam irrahs aw )i(hirrahs l im n j
akib u duuza aw ,)u(hal azinuS aam aryahk aw )u(haryahk akulasa ,)i(heenatwasak ammuhaalla/ atl a n j ,)u(dma h-lakal
. .arp dluohs eno ,tnemrag wen a gniraew nO :y

N
.snis retal dna reilrae sih sevigrof hallA )12( ,desserd gnitteg no sreyarp denoitnem-evoba eht syas eno fi ,htidaH eht ot gnidroccA
D
zG
m p m .d # (2 h .Iy. n r n o 6 8 p !- G p j p n n 6 6 r n r o
EJ
$
/q K tP. p
&2 +
n n
KG G < r H n
. 6
p p p hQR (p 1- #) 1 r n r n n n n
eL
".htgnerts ro rewop on evah I hguoht neve tnemrag siht em evag dna em dehtolc
04
;)siraP =
/hg/
;taem =
/ee/
;bmud =
/D/
;siht =
su
;ore
oc = =
;d
f = =
;dl
c =
;bu
;kni
;e
w hs
/w/ oo /hs/ s
;mu
hT /Z/ z /z/ /uu/ uo /u/ t /T/ ht /ht/ /S/ s /s/ gn n /ljn/ i /i/
;te = ; ir / k at = ;t s =
)42(
:yas nac uoy ,esuoh ruoy gniretne hallA rebmemer oT ot ecalp slived on "....tae ot doof :]ynapmoc ,slaem
no ro sih
yats ni
evah uoY syas
eht
ot[
nataS
s'eno gnitae no dna esuoh s'eno gniretne no hallA srebmemer eno fI" ,syas
esuoH eht gniretnE no 'aa'uD 8.3

$1 # ,1
tehporP ehT
zG
rn r
2Q >n Jp Jk G , hnbp T Dn p Jk G , hn o : Rn p Jk G y r r
0
)32(
".rytram a eid dna ,ylbadnemmoc wen raew uoy yaM"
evil
,sehtolc
/aadeehahs tum -aw ,)w(adeezas hsiz-aw ,)w(adeedaj sabli/

:ramO ot tehporP eht sa ,mih ot yas dluohs uoy
dias
,sehtolc wen gniraew dneirf a ees uoy nehW
sehtolC weN gniraeW dneirF a rof 'aa'uD 7.3
p p # ( -, h C . P o n n o n n n o o n zG !,% G $ C& t 6 o 6 n n t r n r o n r n
. Ud b 1v RL RL . U d v E J : tP 8 O# v G L G L
p p p g h # ( -y. #) o n n o r n 8 n n 8 n p p . ( 1 -, C 1 g h 1 n r n o n n r n n n r n n r n o n
14
3 retpahC
;sa = ; ab =
/)a(yyalaz alahjuy-wa alahja-wa ,)a(malZu-wa amilZa-wa ,)a(llazu-wa alliza-wa ,)a(llaDu -wa alliDa na akib u duuza eenni ammuhaalla
/haal-lib
aalli
atawwuq
aal-aw
alwa h
aal ,)i(haal-lalaz utlakkawat ,)i(haal-limsib/
:yarp dluohs uoy ,esuoh ruoy fo tuo gniog nO
esuoH eht fo tuo gnioG no 'aa'uD 9.3

.ylimaf ruoy teerg ,nehT
?.
".droL ruo ,hallA ni tsurt ruo tup ew )52( dna ,tuo og ew hallA fo eman eht ni dna ,retne ew hallA fo eman eht nI .tixe tseb eht dna yrtne tseb eht rof uoY gniksa ma I !hallA O"
,aanjarahk -limsib -laryahk ihaal-limsib-aw )a(kula-sa ,aanjalaw
p p p p p ( , h !/ G !- Q ( . ! ( y. G !- h ( , h % G !n n n n n 8n n n r n n r n 6 6 6 n r n p pn 6 rp n p p E&2 C 1 G $. p , h 1 G $ L, % n n r n r n r n r n r n r n r 8 n r n o n zG
!,% o 6 6
1P GL > . b O# v G L @ GL
1. 8 t . HL 1 P
/aanlakkawat aanibbar ihaal-lalaz-aw ihaal ,)i(jarhkam-laryahk-aw eenni ,)i(jilwam
ammuhaalla/
24
suhT = /Z/ ;orez = /z/ ;woc = /w/ ;doof = /uu/ ;dluoc = /u/ ;but = /T/ ;kniht = /ht/ ;ehs = /hs/ ;mus = /S/ ;tes = /s/ ;gnir / knat = /l / ;tis = /i/ n j
p p z1P% G r
".hallA htiw tpecxe rewop ro thgim on si erehT .hallA ni tsurt ym tup evah I ,hallA fo eman eht nI"
/haal-lib aalli atawwuq aalaw alwa h aal ,)i(haallalaz utlakkawat ,)i(haal-limsib/
!-p , 8.t!: b!/ G !-p , / D.d h/ q.I Ep/ 1p . !-p y. n r n n n o 6 n 6 n n 6 r o n n n
:yas ot tneiciffus si ti ,revewoH

Ch n r Cf n r G
".ecnarongi htiw detaert )62( gnieb ro ecnarongi htiw gnivaheb morf dna ,degnorw gnieb ro srehto gnignorw morf ,pils ot srehto gnisuac ro )nis otni( gnippils morf ,yartsa srehto gnidael ro yartsa gniog morf uoy ni egufer kees I ,hallA O .hallA htiw tpecxe rewop ro thgim on si erehT .hallA ni tsurt ym tup evah I ,hallA fo eman eht nI"
p C Rd, C h C ^!% C h C ^!%, op n 6 n r n r n n r o r npn p 1. !-, G !,% E&2 C b.P 1v 6 6o 6 8 n o o n p p p z1P% G !-, 8.t!: b!/ r n n n n 6 r o 6
!-p , 6
C >," C h 0?," b!2y . n n n n n n 6 n r n r o r p p C X" C h C X", C h C Rd C h 6 nr o n 6 nr n 6 nr n .d h/ q.I E/ n r n n o 6 n 6

/
34
3 retpahC
;)maerd cibarA( mluh = / h/ ;sah = /h/ ;)siraP = /hg/ ;taem = /ee/ ;bmud = /D/ ;siht = / d/ ;dab = /d/ ;dnif = /ya/ ;rats = /aa/ ;bmal = /aa/ ;yppah = /a/
thgil dna em fo tnorf ni thgil ,em rednu thgil ,em evoba thgil ,tfel ym no thgil ,thgir ym no thgil ,gniraeh ym ni thgil ,thgis-eye ym ni thgil ,traeh ym ni thgil eb ereht teL !hallA.O"
/aaruun eel miZZaz -aw ,)w(aruun eel lazj-aw ,)w(aruun eeflahk -aw ,)w(aruun eemaama-aw ,)w(aruun eethat-aw ,)w(aruun eeqwaf-aw ,)w(aruun eeraasay-yaz-aw ,)w(aruun eeneemay-yaz-aw ,)w(aruun eezmas eef-aw ,)w(aruun eeraSab eef-aw ,)w(aruun eeblaq eef lazj-ammuhaalla/
:yas dluohs uoy ,euqsom eht ot yaw ruoy no ,| tehporP eht ekiL
euqsoM eht ot yaw eht no 'aa'uD 01.3
)72(".yawa syats lived eht dna ',detcetorp era uoY .uoy rof tneiciffus si sihT` ,dlot si eno ,/haal-lib aalli atawwuq
aal-aw alwa h aal ,)i(haallalaz utlakkawat ,)i(haal-limsib/ :gniyas esuoh s'eno fo tuo seog eno nehW" ,syas | tehporP ehT
44
p z
%
1p P r
! -,
hG
V0 I
6
hG
P0 eo b
6
!/
.d
p G
! -,
!,% o 6 6
".ycrem ruoY fo setag eht em rof nepO !hallA O .regnesseM s'hallA nopu eb ecaep dna sreyarp siH yam dna ,hallA fo eman eht nI"
/kitam har abaawba umaalass-aw utaalaS-Saw ,)i(haal-limsib/ eel hatf-ammuhaalla ,)i(haalliluusar aalaz
:gniyas toof thgir sih htiw ni pets dluohs eno ,euqsom eht gniretne nO
eht gnivaeL dna gniretnE no
" 2 &. % 2 &.
'aa'uD
euqsoM 11.3
. 2 &.
2 &. )
# #2 &.
! 2 &. &.
$ 2
&.
0$1(2
&.
p QG y . hG > c QG , h b _ p n t r n r n n r o k o k p p hk q QG h8E9p QG , hC . p QG h G l QG , n n r n n r n n n n n r o k o k o k o k p p O r cp QG , h b QG h b P. Qpj QkG , n n n r n n n r n n o o k o k >cn kp q 2p QkG , hnkp 1n VLp j QkG , hnkp n r zG
!,% o 6 6
"
n r
! 2 &.
&.
".taerg thgil ym )82( ekam dna thgil htiw em edivorp ,em dniheb
54 3 retpahC
;)maerd cibarA( mluh = / h/ ;sah = /h/ ;)siraP = /hg/ ;taem = /ee/ ;bmud = /D/ ;siht = / d/
;dab = /d/ ;dnif = /ya/ ;rats = /aa/ ;bmal = /aa/ ;yppah = /a/
)13(
.srehto
rof tfel eht tpek eh tub ,gniyfituaeb evlovni taht ro ssenilnaelc eriuqer taht ,elbarised
era taht seitivitca rof thgir eht dengissa eH

)03(
''.].../toof/dnah[ edis thgir eht htiw trats ot tehporP eht ,sriaffa sih lla nI`` :etoN
devol
p p p E&2 C O# v #) kY!vy. r r n n n r 8 n o pn p p z1P% G !-, hG V0 I hG P0 e o r
b!/
p p QO.d G !-, G !,% o 6
)92(
".ytnuoB
ruoY morf em evig ot uoY gniksa ma I !hallA O .regnesseM s'hallA nopu eb ecaep dna sgnisselb siH yam dna ,hallA fo eman eht nI"
/kilDaf l im akula n j -sa eenni ammuhaalla ,)i(haal-liluusar aalaz umaalas-saw utaalaS-Saw )i(haal-limsib/
:gniyas toof tfel sih htiw tuo pets dluohs eno ,euqsom eht fo tuo gniog nO
2 C 1.G H QD$9vy.
n r n n n r n n
G k9F r n r
64
:yas ot desu eh ,gniknird ro gnitae dehsinif | tehporP eht revenehW

p z1P% G
!-p
Ch
".dne )33( dna gninnigeb sti ni hallA fo eman eht nI"

/)u(harihkaa-aw uhalawwa ihaal-limsib/
p hBGLgy n
:yas ,gniknird ro gnitae elihw rebmemer uoy sa noos sa ,dluohs uoy ,trats eht ta taht yas ot tegrof uoy fi ,revewoH ".uoy )23( ot edis tseraen eht morf tae dna ,dnah thgir ruoy htiw tae ,hallA fo eman eht yas ,dal uoY" ,dias | tehporP eht ,htidaH eno nI
p z1P% G
!-p y.
gniknirD dna gnitaE no 'aa'uD 21.3 3 retpahC
".hallA fo eman eht nI" /haal-limsib/ :yas dluohs uoy ,gniknird ro gnitae trats oT
74
".uoy no ycrem evah hallA yaM"

/haal-lakuma hray/
:uoy ot yas ot sah milsuM wollef a ,/haal-liludma hla/ yas uoy gniraeh nO
zG
r n r o
EJ
$
p !-y.
6
".hallA ot eb esiarP" /haal-liludma hla/ :yas dluohs uoy ,ezeens uoy nehW
gnizeenS no 'aa'uD 31.3

m
(/
(-
h/ P9f bn r o Qn1 n . y. n o r n r k n E J p p tn <p Lk G [ 2k . o 2n . Qntk . kp n zG

$ !6
r n r o
1 8
1 -,
e r Ln n ulp
n
1 #
2 5
h n
#.OY, o n 6
".!droL ruo O ,htiw desnepsid ro tfel eb ti nac )43( ron ,detasnepmoc eb tonnac ruovaf siH .hallA ot eb esiarp doog dna desselb ,tnadnubA"
/aanabbar ,)u(hnaz nanhgatsum aal-aw-wiyyifkam )i(haal-liludma hla/
l akaraabum-mabiyyaT n j
aal-aw ariahg
,)wi(zaddawum ,)i(heef
l adma h n j
l areehtak n j
. .
84
suhT = ;woc = ;ehs =
/Z/
;orez =
/z/ /i/
/w/ /hs/
;doof = ;mus =
/uu/ /S/
;dluoc = ;tes =
/u/
;but =
/T/
;kniht =
/ht/
/s/ ;gnir
/ knat =
/l / n j
/riahk eef amukaniab azamaj-aw ,)a(kialaz akaraab-aw ,)a(kal uhaal-lakaraab/
;tis =
:yas nac uoy ,gniddew sih no milsuM wollef a etalutargnoc oT
gniddeW a no snoitalutargnoC 41.3

".'dnim fo ecaep dna ecnadiug uoy
)53(
tnarg hallA yaM` ,ylper tsum ,nrut ni ,rezeens ehT '.uoy no ycrem evah hallA yaM` ,mih ot yas tsum ]hallA esiarp mih gniraeh[ milsuM wollef A .'hallA ot eb esiarP' ,yas dluohs eh ,sezeens eno fI" ,syas tehporP ehT
p z0,J0u% G n r o o
!6
p h0V!F 1. u%y@ n o r o n n o r
".dnim
fo ecaep dna ecnadiug uoy tnarg hallA yaM"
/mukalaab u hilSuy-aw haal-lumukeedhay/

:ylper tsum uoY
z0LD$v G n r n o n
!-y. 6
94
3 retpahC
;sa = ; ab =
eht morf yawa nataS peek dna ,nataS morf yawa su peeK !hallA O` ,syas ,esruocretni gnitrats no ,eno fI" ,syas tehporP ehT
QRq9(. y. n n rnn p p p z1P% G !-, G r 6
!,% >(2(. o 6 n 8rn 6
S1\. f,
r n
p h>(3 G n n 8
S1\. f #.
r n
".su evig yam uoY ybab eht morf yawa nataS peek dna ,nataS morf yawa su peeK !hallA O"
/aanatqazar aam anaatyahs-hs-ibinnaj-aw ammuhaalla ,)a(naatyahs -hs-anbinnaj ,)i(haal-limsib/
:yarp dluohs efiw sih dna dnabsuh a ,esruocretni gnitrats nO
esruocretnI gnivaH no 'aa'uD 51.3

p h1. Qc b!1v, h>$d 11(u$. k2 G1Ly. n n n n n nr n n n n n nrn o n n r
!6
z1. Qc G n n n
o n n
v,
".efil doog )63( a otni rehtegot uoy gnirb eH yam dna ,uoy sselb eH yam ,gniddew ruoy sselb hallA yaM"
05
;ehs = /hs/ ;mus = /S/ ;tes = /s/ ;gnir / knat = /lj / ;tis = /i/ n tub dog on si ereht taht yfitset I .uoY ot eb esiarp dna ,uoY ot eb yrolG !hallA O` :gnivael erofeb syas ,ylbmessa na ni gnituohs fo tol a enod gnivah ,eno fI" ,syas tehporP ehT
;woc =
suhT = /Z/ ;orez = /z/ /w/ ;doof = /uu/ ;dluoc = /u/ ;but = /T/ ;kniht = /ht/
p c hC . H C n r n r o n n n o o z & G !,% o 6 o r n n n 6
O9flL 8 O2E. v
p E1 y nr n p h $ p c, C , C f n n r n n r n o n r n
v. 1E J
RJ
p E
n n
/ C :, n
& 6
n r
".gnitneler ma I uoY ot dna ,ssenevigrof ruoY rof gniksa ma I .uoY tub dog on si ereht taht yfitset I .uoY ot eb esiarp dna ,uoY ot eb yrolG !hallA O"
/)a(kyali ubuuta-aw akurifhgatsa aalli ahaali aalla )u(dahhsa ammuhaal-lakanaahbus/ ),a(tj a n
,)a(kidma h-ib-aw
l .
:gnirehtag a gnivael nehw yas dluohs uoy tahw si sihT

ylbmessA na gnivaeL no 'aa'uD 61.3
".nataS yb demrah eb reven lliw evah )73( yam yeht ybab eht ,'su evig yam uoY ybab
15 3 retpahC
;)maerd cibarA( mluh = /h/ ;sah = /h/ ;)siraP = /hg/ ;taem = /ee/ ;bmud = /D/ ;siht = / d/ ;dab = /d/ ;dnif = /ya/ ;rats = /aa/ ;bmal = /aa/ ;yppah = /a/
+.
2 4 0
1J HL v
".sgniht lla revo rewop sah eH dna ,seid reven ohW ,enO gniviL eht si eH .yawa ti sekat dna efil sevig eH .esiarP lla dna noinimod eht gnoleb miH oT .srentrap tuohtiw ,enola ,hallA tub dog on si erehT"
/reedaq j i-yahs illuk aalaz awuh aw n ,)u(ryahk-lihiday-ib ,)u(tuumay aal-luyya h awuh aw ,)u(teemuy aw eey huy ,)u(dma h aal ,)u(had haw )u(haal-lalli ahaali aal/ -luhal-aw ,)u(klum-luhal ,)u(hal akeerahs
m h+ . ! / " 2 A n o n n o n 8 n p p G $ , 0 12 h0$1 o r n o tr n r o p p z E vvv- E Gu h s n o n r n 6
b t R qJp Ll y. n EJ E : hn o n D / n o n / / DJn go / RLp v

n n n
p p p 1 0$.J, 1 g G n n o o t r n r o hn n o n o
-,
n o
G $! tr o r o
l .
:yarp dluohs eno ,ecalptekram eht otni gnitteg nO ecalptekraM eht gniretnE no 'aa'uD 71.3
)83(".nevigrof eb lliw ylbmessa taht ni dettimmoc sah eh snis eht ,'gnitneler ma I uoY ot dna ,ssenevigrof ruoY rof gniksa ma I .uoY
snoitacilppuS dna snoitautiS 25
suhT = /Z/ ;orez = /z/ ;woc = /w/ ;doof = /uu/ ;dluoc = /u/ ;but = /T/ ;kniht = /ht/ ;ehs = /hs/ ;mus = /S/ ;tes = /s/ ;gnir / knat = /ljn/ ;tis = /i/
tI .regna sih evomer ot yas nac eh gnihtemos wonk I` ,]mih htiw esoht ot[ dias tehporP eht ,ecaf s'nam eht ni regna gnieeS .der gnitteg saw ecaf sih dna ,yrgna tog meht fo enO .tehporP eht fo ecneserp eht ni rehto hcae desruc nem owT" ,htidaH eno ot gnidroccA ".tsactuo eht ,nataS morf hallA ni egufer kees I"
/meejar-rinaatiahs-hsanim ihaal-lib u uuza/ d
zC b.P n o o p 1p . !-p #p ) G S1\. fp G L>1%y p
r n
:yas dluohs uoy ,yrgna leef uoy revenehW yrgnA nehw 'aa'uD 81.3
)93(.sedarg noillim a eno sesiar dna drocer s'eno morf snis noillim a sevomer ,)stniop doog( sanasah noillim a htiw eno sdrawer hallA ,ecalptekram eht otni gnitteg no sreyarp denoitnem-evoba eht syas eno fi ,htidah eht ot gnidroccA
35 3 retpahC
;)maerd cibarA( mlu ;bmu = ;si
= =
; ab =
/h/ r /d/ i
;dn f =
h /hg/ ae /ee/ d /D/ ht /ya/ a /aa/ a /aa/ a

;t m = ;r ts = ;bm l =
)14(
;ypp h =
/ h/ / d/ /a/
;sa
;)si aP =
".retaw htiw
su edivorP !hallA O .retaw htiw su edivorP !hallA O .retaw htiw su edivorP !hallA O"
/aaniqs-ammuhaalla ,aaniqs-ammuhaalla ,aaniqs-ammuhaalla/

:dias osla eH
zG
!,% 6 6
p C e<(. , G n rn
!, % 6 6
p C e<(. , G n rn
!, % 6 6
p C e<(. y. n rn
".]niar htiw[
su eucseR !hallA O .]niar htiw[ su eucseR !hallA O .]niar htiw[ su eucseR !hallA O"
/aanhtihga ammuhaalla ,aanhtihga ammuhaalla ,aanhtihga ammuhaalla/
:dias dna sdnah sih pu tup tehporP eht ,niar rof deyarp eh revenehW
niaR rof 'aa'uD 91.3

)04(
" '.tsactuo
eht ,nataS morf hallA ni egufer kees I :si
45
su
;ore
oc = =
;d
f = =
;dl
c =
;bu
;kni
;e
w hs
/w/ oo /hs/ s
;mu
;te = ; ir / k at = ;t s =
,aanyalaz aal-aw aanyalaawah ammuhaalla/

:dias eh ,niar yb desuac eb thgim mrah deraef eh fI
z# p o
\L . 1p lY
&
r n
n r
p p p p " G !- hQ $ -y. n n r n
6
D9
)34(
".ycreM
dna ecarG s'hallA yb niar nevig neeb evah eW"
/hitam har-aw ihaal-lilDaf-ib aanriTum/
:yas dluow
zG
!,% 6 6
U 2. . kp c. y.
n
1 8
k n
&
tnadnuba ti ekaM ]ot uoY geb eW[ !hallA O"
:yas dluow
niaR morf egamaD gnitcepxE fi & niaR gnirud 'aa'uD 02.3

zG
!,% o 6 6
Orp . , r
(
55
| tehporP eht ,llafniar retfA

)24(
".lufesu dna
/aazifaan nabiyyaS ammuhaalla/
tehporP eht ,niar gniees nO
!, % o 6 6
Orp . , r
(
!, % o 6 6
Orp . y. r
(
3 retpahC
;sa = ; ab =
;)maerd cibarA( mluh = / h/ /h/ ;)siraP = /hg/ ;taem = /ee/ ;bmud = /D/ ;siht = /d/ /d/ ;dnif = /ya/ ;rats = /aa/ ;bmal = /aa/ ;yppah = /a/
ti live eht ,live sti morf su tcetorp ot uoY geb I .ti htiw tnes doog eht dna sniatnoc ti doog eht ,doog sti su evig ot uoY geb I !hallA O"
/hib talisru aam irrahs-aw ,aaheef aam irrahs -aw ,aahirrahs l im akib u uuza-aw ,)i(hib n d j talisru aam aryahk-aw ,aaheef aam aryahk -aw ,aaharyahk akula-sa eenni ammuhaalla/
:yas dluow tehporP eht ,welb dniw eht revenehW
swolB dniW eht nehw 'aa'uD 12.3

. 0 #( 6
p p p p p p p hG ! >. e hG _LG H, h1\ f G $ hO 7, h . 1: G S?Ly. n n n n n n n n n o o r n p p p D n G r n . hn/ bn r n . , G o bn G ! t. e hnG ?2n . d, n zG

!,% o 6 6 .
".snoitatnalp dna syellav ,sehsub ,sniatnuom ,sllih eht nopu llaf ti ekam ,hallA O .su nopu ton dna su dnuora ]llaf ti ekam[ ,hallA O"
1(
!1(
!,% 6 6
!/
/rajahs )54( -hs-itibaanam-aw ,)it(ayidwa-linuutub -aw)44(,)i(baariZ-Zaw ,)i(maajaa-law ,)i(laabij-law ,)i(maakaa-lalaz ammuhaalla snoitacilppuS dna snoitautiS 65
; oc = ;e
:yas ot desu riabuzzA-nbI halludbA ,rednuht gniraeh nO
.
n
q2
".ytiruces reilrae su tnarG .tnemrot ruoY htiw su yortsed ton oD ,htarw ruoY htiw su llik ton oD !hallA O"
/kilaa d albaq

p y. " P nr n n n zG !,% !( o 6 n r orn 6
v / 8r9 . 1p fY2p v, hn/ 8 r p u . 1p cn KG 1p v, hnb. kp . n n

n n n o
,!
r n
aanifaaz aw ,)a(kibaa daz-ib aankilhut aal-aw ,)a(kibaDahg-ib aanlutqat aal ammuhaalla/
:yas
ot desu
| tehporP eht ,rednuht gniraeh nO

rednuhT gniraeH no 'aa'uD 22.3
. O:1 O:1
8
p p p # CQ ! -y. n o r n pr p p 1, , h p p # CQ p ! -, hC .P #) + , h n r n 8 n n n 8 n n n 8 n n o r n r n o o p zG !,% E&2 C 1 + h 1 # p 1, , h 1 # o 6 n n n r n n n n r n n n r n n 6 n r n o n

)64(
b 1v RL . RL . k . RL O# v G L . G L . k . G L .
3 retpahC
".ti htiw tnes live eht dna sniatnoc
75
;sa = ; ab =
$.
1%
p p p p G P G J hG $ QV hQH G cLT G c_ y. n n n r n n r n r r n p / Ep n E/ G o G cn _ o G E p o , / Ep n E/ n z
!6 1% !1% -
!6
".enorhT suoirolG eht fo )84( droL dna ,htrae eht dna snevaeh eht fo droL ,hallA tub dog on si ereht ;gniraebroF eht ,tnecifingaM eht ,hallA tub dog on si erehT"
/meeZaz-lihsraz-lubbar-aw ,)i(Dra-lubbar -aw itaawaamas-subbar ,)u(haal-lalli ahaali aal ,meela h-lu-meeZaz-luhaal-lalli ahaali aal/
QH n 7
:yarp dluohs eno ,ssertsid ni nehW
ssertsiD ni 'aa'uD 32.3

$ $ #)
p O2r E. f G Kj o P2F G LbJ 1p E r Jp gp, hnG n 0 Fpu7 o n n o r n

0
"miH )74( fo ewa rof slegna eht ]od os[ dna esiarp siH htenmyh rednuht ehT .eH eb detlaxE"
/)i(hitafeehk nim utaki-aalam-law
n o
p G l9p p y.
1
,)i(hidma hib ee dal-lanaahbus/
udzar-ruhibbasuy
85
z
".seod eH slliw eH revetahw dna ,ti deniadro sah hallA" :yas dluohs uoy ,enodnu eb tonnac ti sa dna ,uoy ot sneppah gnihtemos nehW snoitautiS elbisreverrI ni 'aa'uD 52.3
,
qJQn G
n
6
!6
h# n n
. R. An kcn
n n
"y
/lazaf a-aahs aam-aw ,)u(haal-laraddaq/
)05(".ysae ]dnal[ drah eht ekam ,lliw uoY fi ,nac ohW uoY ylno si tI .ysae ekam uoY hcihw taht tpecxe ysae si gnihtoN !hallA O"
/aalhas at'ihs aa di
)94(
p EPG p r n n zG !,% o 6 n 6
R,: O 0 y. n r k / O r E/ n . >cn 9n o O r 0 , hnC : 8?cn n n n r n

,"
! -
&
n r
"
EMr f n
n
anzah-lulazjat atj a-aw ,aalhas n
uhatlazaj aam aalli alhas aal ammuhaalla/
l .
| tehporP eht ,tluciffid gnihtemos gnicaf nO

ytluciffiD ni 'aa'uD 42.3 3 retpahC 95
:yas dluow
tuoba mih snoitseuq nataS erehw tniop[ taht ot semoc nosrep a fI..." ,syas | tehporP ehT ".sregnesseM siH dna hallA ni eveileb I .]srepsihw s'nataS morf[ hallA ni egufer kees I"
/hilusur -aw ihaal-lib utnamaa ,)i(haal-lib u duuza/
zC b.P o
1. !-p ,B#(: 1. !-p

n r o
p p hQO!-y n o o
:yas tsum uoy ,uoy ot srepsihw nataS revenehW

srepsihW nataS nehw 'aa'uD 62.3
)15(" '.enod si slliw eH revetahw dna ,ti deniadro sah hallA` ,]daetsni[ yas dluohs uoY .krow s'nataS rof rood eht snepo gnizisehtopyh hcuS '.tnereffid neeb evah dluow tluser eht ,gniht a hcus dna hcus enod dah I fI` ,yas ton od ,uoy sllafeb mrah a fI" ,syas | tehporP ehT
06
)35(".fo erawa ton ma I revetahw rof ssenevigrof ruoY kees I dna ,fo erawa ma I taht gnihtyna uoY htiw gnitaicossa morf noitcetorp ruoY kees I ,hallA O"
/malza aal aamil
p hC O9flLc p $. / C b!%y n n r n r o n n n n r n o p p p E&2 C b.P 1v C f C RLc n 8 n o o n r o r n zG t

!,% o 6 6
1v R1,.
n n rk
C b !$ - , n r n o o
akurifhgatsa aw ,)u(humalza nayahs akib akirhsu na akib u duuza eenni ammuhaalla/
:yarp dluohs eno ,sfeileb s'eno no stbuod gnisiar srepsihw steg eno fI
)25(" '.sregnesseM siH dna hallA ni eveileb od I` ,yas tsum eh ,]?hallA detaerc ohW[ taht ekil gnihtemos sdnif eno fI" ,syas eh ,htidaH ralimis a nI ".snoitseggus s'nataS ssimsid dna noitcetorp s'hallA ekovni tsum eh ,]hallA detaerc ohw
sthguohT krihS tsniaga 'aa'uD 72.3
16
3 retpahC
; ab =
;sa
/aaleeDfat aqalahk nam-mireehtak aala eenalaDDaf inaafaaz aw
,)i(hib
akaalatb udma hla/
-ammim
ee dal-lihaal-lil
:yarp dluohs uoy ,gnireffus enoemos ees uoy revenehW
gnireffuS gnieeS no 'aa'uD 92.3
eL
1 cy. n r o n p zG !,% 1 E t 6 o 6 n n r n
/ [ L / [ r Lo c, hn/ G r Ln Ep/ G r Lo c, hn/ n n n

1 1 1 6
tpecxe doG on si ereht dna ;uoY morf semoc tahw tpecxe doog on si ereht ;niadro uoY tahw tpecxe nemo on si ereht ,hallA O"
/kuryahg ahaali aw ,)a(kuryahk aalli aryahk aal aw ,)a(kuryaT aalli aryaT aal ammuhaalla/
)45(
".uoY
:yarp dluohs uoy ,od ot gninnalp era uoy gnihtemos tuoba citsimissep leef uoy fI
citsimisseP gnileeF fi 'aa'uD 82.3 26
; oc = ;e =
w hs
suhT = /Z/ ;orez = /z/ /w/ ;doof = /uu/ ;dluoc = /u/ ;but = /T/ ;kniht = /ht/ /hs/ ;mus = /S/ ;tes = /s/ ;gnir / knat = /ljn/ ;tis = /i/
p p p zG $ u G p j (p $ p - p % G r n n 7 t t r n r o t 6
EJ
K 1 c 9 89
V. p E. Jy. n o
6
".ecalp ekat sdeed )65( doog ecarG esohW yb ,hallA ot eb esiarP"

/taahilaaS-Summitat )i(hitamzin-ib ee dal-lihaal-lil
udma hla/
:esiarp fo sdrow eseht gniyas ,hallA ot edutitarg ni etartsorp dluohs uoy ,sneppah evol uoy gnihtemos nehW
semoctuO lufetaH / yppaH ni 'aa'uD 03.3
.ti raeh ton seod nosrep gnireffus eht erus gnikam ,flesruoy ot reyarp eht yas ot era uoy ,revewoH ".!serutaerc siH )55( fo ynam os revo srovaf ynam os em detnarg gnivah rof dna ,uoy nellafeb sah tahw morf em detcetorp gnivah rof hallA ot eb esiarP"
p 1 y@ p 1 m #$) ! p 6 r n n n n r n k p p p p p zG $ u G p j &2 #$ G c -, h n n 6 n n t r n r o t 6 trn n n
t< L G s 8lY 0 E J K b. k.
. 190 1
kY
6
!(2
bn
!/
36
3 retpahC
;)maerd cibarA( mluh = / / ;sah = /h/ ;)siraP = /hg/ ;taem = /ee/ ;bmud = /D/ ;siht = / / ;dab = /d/ ;dnif = /ya/ ;rats = /aa/ ;bmal = /aa/ ;yppah = /a/
kraB goD a ro ''ewa-eE`` yeknoD a ,worC retsooR a gniraeH no 'aa'uD 23.3

zG
!,%
:yarp dluohs eno ,worc retsoor a gniraeh nO

1. Qc b
!1-y
".mih sselb ,hallA O"

/hyalaz kiraab ammuhaalla/
:yarp dluohs ew ,eye live eht gnitsac diova ot ,oS )85(.meht no eye live eht gnitsac eb dluohs ew tsel erimda ew reveohw / revetahw no sgnisselb s'hallA ekovni ot su sdnammoc tehporP ehT
eyE livE eht tsaC ot ton 'aa'uD 13.3
m p zG $ u ! / " dy n n o 8 n t r n r o
)75(".secnatsmucric lla ni hallA ot eb esiarP"

/laah illuk aalaz ihaal-lil udma hla/
EJ
b t D.
:yarp dluohs uoy ,sneppah etah uoy gnihtemos nehW

snoitacilppuS dna snoitautiS 46
/uu/ /S/
devorppa tehporP ehT .segaw sa peehs emos nevig erew yeht ,nruter nI .feihc s'ebirt a rof ayquR a sa hahitaF-lA taruS deticer snoinapmoC s'tehporP eht fo emos ,htidaH eno ot gnidroccA .hahitaF-lA taruS eticer ,setib dna sgnits fo tnemtaert ayquR roF
sgnitS / setiB fo tnemtaerT ayquR 1.33.3 tnemtaerT ayquR ni 'aa'uD 33.3

!- # ) 6
zC .P n o o
b 1p .
p S r \. fp G L> n
1 6 6
1%y
".tsactuo )95( eht ,nataS morf hallA ni egufer kees I"

/meejar-rinaaTiahs-hsanim ihaal-lib u duuza/
:yarp dluohs eno ,krab god a ro ''ewa-ee`` yeknod a gniraeh nO

!,% 6 6
zG t
p E&2 C 8 n r n o n
O# v
#)
kY p vy. r
n
!
".ytnuob ruoY fo uoY ksa I ,hallA O"

/kilDaf l im akulasa eenni ammuhaalla/ n j
56
3 retpahC
;)maerd cibarA( mluh = /h/ ;sah = /h/ ;)siraP = /hg/ ;taem = /ee/ ;bmud = /D/ ;siht = /d/ ;dab = /d/ ;dnif = /ya/ ;rats = /aa/ ;bmal = /aa/ ;yppah = /a/
:ayquR siht yas ot desu | tehporP eht ,sanA ot gnidroccA

ayquR s'tehporP ehT 4.33.3
)36(".su gnoma lli eht deruc era ,noissimrep s'hallA yb ,su fo eno fo avilas eht dna dnal ruo fo htrae eht htiw ,hallA fo eman eht nI" ,yas dna tuo ti ekat ,tsud ni regnif sih pid ot desu | tehporP ehT
sdnuoW / sreclU fo tnemtaerT ayquR 3.33.3
)26(.meht htiw ecaf sih bur neht dna ,smlap nwo sih otni ti od ot desu | tehporP eht :derewsna yrhuzzA ,htfaN tuoba deksA )16(".htfaN did dna ,saaN-nA taruS dna qalaF -lA taruS deticer eh ,lli llef hallA fo regnesseM eht revenehW" ,htidaH eht ot gnidroccA
ssenllI fo tnemtaerT ayquR 2.33.3
)06("...!?ayquR a si ]hahitaF-lA[ ti wonk uoy did woH" ,derednow eH .segaw eht erahs ot meht dewolla dna did yeht tahw
66
/uu/ /S/
eht ,sesaesid lla fo uoy eruc eH yaM .gnilaeh uoy tnarg eH yaM .hallA fo eman eht nI"
/nyaz ee d illuk irrahs-aw ,)a(dasa h
-yi-aad illuk l im-aw ,keerbuy )i(haal-limsib/ n j
:ayquR siht htiw mih detaert )leirbaG( leerbiJ legnA ,lli llef tehporP eht revenehW
ayquR s'leerbiJ 5.33.3
/ R. k2
n zG
!,% o 6 6
QH G n 6
p n E/ C &:, Rl. A n k 6 n r n p p
".tnemlia )46( on dniheb sevael taht gnilaeh tuoba gnirb ot uoY geb I .uoY tub laeh nac enon dna ,relaeH eht era uoY .gnireffus sevomer ohW uoY si tI !dniknam fo droL ,hallA O"
/aamaqas aalli uridaahguy -labih dum
( . S, #K+ 3 o r n 6
rn
2. S,
p 0f. OQ Or$. y. o n o n n k p G Rm C &: G r nr n p
p S. k2, 6
aal-la-aafihs
,)a(tl a n j
ayifaahs aal ,eefaahs-hsatl a ifhsi ,)i(saab n j ,)i(saan-nabbar ammuhaalla/
. .
76
3 retpahC
aa di
nidisaa h
irrahs l im-aw n j
,)a(keefhsay

/h/ /d/
/ h/ / d/
;dnif =
/ya/
;rats =
/aa/
;bmal =
/aa/
;yppah =
/a/
".raef dna dnif I tahw fo live )66( eht morf thgim siH dna hallA ni egufer kees I"
/ri daa hu-aw )u(dija aam

zC b.P n o o
1.
!-p 6
p p p p hqJQ8p - #) RL #. C >J hC D. PQy. r n 8 n n o n o n n o r n o
irrahs l im )i(hitarduq-aw ihaal-lib u duuza/ n j
:semit neves yas ,nehT
p p z1P% G !-y. 6 r
".hallA fo eman eht nI" /haal-limsib/
:semit eerht yas dna ,tops lufniap eht no dnah ruoy tuP :gniwollof eht od ,ot desu tehporP eht sa ,nac uoy ,ayquR htiw niap lacisyhp fo tnemtaert roF
niaP lacisyhP gnitaerT rof ayquR 6.33.3
m p p EPG DPJ, hRL t" Pj b1)y. n n n n n 8 o 8 n r n p p p m p p p p p m z1P% G !- 02L0v, h#) t" OG A 0Sl1v, h#) RL D. OJ or n r o 8 n n r n r n 8 n n n r
)56(
".eye live eht dna seno suoivne fo live
86
;)siraP =
/hg/
;taem =
/ee/
;bmud =
/D/
;siht =
z
,.Q
/ 1n # S, [ o n n
r
)86(".noissimrep s'hallA yb deifirup eb uoy yaM .pihsdrah on reffus uoy yaM"
p Ef A G r n n
R.
!-y 6
:yas osla nac uoy ,did | tehporP eht sA )76(".ssenlli sih eruc lliw hallA ,'gnilaeh uoy tnarg ot ,enorhT suoirolG eht fo droL ,tnecifingaM eht ,hallA geb I` ,semit neves mih rof sreyarp eseht yas uoy dna ,htaed raen ton si ohw nosrep kcis a gnitisiv era uoy fI" ,syas | tehporP ehT
p zC d G n r n o
/haalla-aahs-j i nuruuhaT ,saab aal/ n
l .
O#
!6
r n
p c_
1%
p QH G T G p n 6 r n r r n
cL
c_
1%
Cf 0 p 1 y n r n r n n
Sl v .
:yas dluohs uoy ,gnitisiv era uoy nosrep kcis a rof yarp oT
96 3 retpahC
-lihsraz-labbar
/)a(kayifhsay-ya meeZaz ,)a(meeZaz-lahaal-lula-sa/
nosreP kciS a gnitisiV no 'aa'uD 7.33.3
; ab =
yarp dluohs eno ,debhtaed sih no si eno nehW
gniyD nehW 'aa'uD 9.33.3
tub ,em rof retteb si gnivil - ]egdelwonK ruoY ni[ - fi evila em peek ,hallA O` ,yas dluohs eno ,daetsnI .esaesid emos morf gnireffus si eno fi eid ot hsiw ton tsum enO" ,syas
)96(
" '.em rof retteb si htaed fi efil ym ekat
tehporP ehT
p G . I 1 G p 2y . & n n n r n o n r k p p G 1 I zG !,% C 1(p 2 # & o 6 n r n n n 6 r n n o
t. : k. G L D . t. : E . G r Lk G n
1
p 2, h . (p 2 EpPG n n n 6 n
8k
".em rof retteb si htaed fi efil ym ekat tub ,em rof retteb si gnivil - ]egdelwonK ruoY ni[ - fi evila em peek ,hallA O"
/eel-lariahk utaafaw -litanaak aa di
eenaffawat-aw
,eel-lariahk
utaaya h-litanaak aam eeniy ha ammuhaalla/
:yarp
dluohs uoy ,htaed fo hantiF eht raef uoy fI
htaeD ta hantiF gniraeF fi 'aa'uD 8.33.3 07
;sa
/uu/ /S/
".ynapmoC tsehgiH eht nioj em tel )07( dna ,em no ycrem evah ,em evigroF !hallA O"
/aalz a-liqeefar-rib eenqi hla -aw ,eenma hr-aw eel rifhg-ammuhaalla/ :deyarp
osla eH
& % ~ }p P. o/ . - $ # " ! ( '

[G
(
A:96]@
.]96 hayA ,'aasiN-nA taruS[ "!yeht era ynapmoc fo tseb ehT .suoethgir eht dna srytram eht dna stnias eht dna stehporP eht fo ,ruovaf nwohs htah hallA mohw otnu esoht htiw ...)96("
/aaqeefar aki -aalu anusa h-aw ,neehilaaS-Saw ,i-aadahuhs -hsaw ,aneeqeeDDiS-Saw ,aneeyyiban-nanim mihialaz uhaal-lamazna anee dal-lazam/
:dias tehporP eht ,debhtaed sih nO .nac eh sa ecnarbmemer hcum sa od dna ,elbissop sa na'ruQ hcum sa daer dluohs eH .did tehporP eht sa
17
3 retpahC
/ h/ / d/
/d/
;dnif =
/ya/
;rats =
/aa/
;bmal =
/aa/
;yppah =
/a/
eht syas eno fi ,htidaH eht ot gnidroccA
p D.d h/ q.I Ep/ 1. upy. n r n n n o 6 n 6 p / RL0v -, - G $!v h - G E$J, / Ep n n n n o n o t r o r o n n o t r n r o p p p z / E v - E / G u , hG u C t 2 L , / E v s n o n t o n r n o s n n 6 n

on si erehT si .hallA lla miH tub doG ot
p v - E/ G u, h/ s n o n n 6 p E/ G u hDJg o n r n o 6
".hallA htiw tpecxe rewop ro thgim on si erehT
.eud eht
esiarp
miH oT
dna
,noinimod tuohtiw
sgnoleb
.srentrap
enola ,hallA tub doG on si erehT .tsetaerG eht si hallA .hallA tub doG on si erehT"
/haallib aalli atawwuq aal aw alawa h aal aw ,haal-lalli ahaali aal ,)u(dmah-luhal aw ,)u(kalum-luhal ,)u(hal akeerahs aal uhad haw ,)u(haal-lalli ahaali aal ,)u(rabka uhaal-law ,haal-lalli ahaali aal/
:yarp osla dluohs enO

6
zG
!,% o 6 6
p p p G elL p 2, hG QD$(p 2, hC Er(p 2 1. n r n r n n r r r r
p Lkp 1s G $ b!/y. n r n
27
/h/
;)siraP =
/hg/
;taem =
/ee/
;bmud =
/D/
;siht =
suhT = /Z/ ;orez = /z/ ;woc = /w/ ;doof = /uu/ ;dluoc = /u/ ;but = /T/ ;kniht = /ht/ ;ehs = /hs/ ;mus = /S/ ;tes = /s/ ;gnir / knat = /l / ;tis = /i/ jn taeper ot deen ton od uoy ,ecno adaahahs eht srettu nosrep gniyd eht fi taht dednemmocer si tI .dibrof hallA yam - adaahahs eht eralced ot tcejer yam eh taht deyonna os emoceb ton seod nosrep gniyd eht taht redro ni elbissop sa yltneg sa taht od dluohs uoy ,tcepser siht nI )37(" '.hallA tub doG on si erehT` ,uoy retfa taeper gniyd era taht sklof nwo ruoy ekaM" ,dias osla eH )27(".nevaeH ot seog eh ,'hallA tub doG on si erehT` era srettu ]gniyd si ohw[ eno sdrow tsal eht fI" ,syas tehporP ehT
p E
p E
n n
/
6
!-y 6
.
".hallA tub dog on si erehT"
/haal-lalli ahaali aal/
:yas ot dednimer eb dluohs eno ,efil s'eno fo stnemom tsal eht tA 'aa'uD s'tnemoM tsaL 01.33.3 .eriflleH eht morf devas si eno ,seid )17( neht ,ssenkcis ni sreyarp denoitnem-evoba 37 3 retpahC
= =
; ab =
/h/ r /d/ i
;dn f =

;t m = ;r ts = ;bm l =
;ypp h =
/ h/ / d/ /a/
;sa
;)si aP =
p p p p p 0. QH G c. $1), hG kPF - k2 q2Lg, h&.Q - k1-y@ n n n 6 t r n n n t r n r n o n n 8 r n o nr p p p p p p p p p G $,J01), hG G!l- k2 br2- k2 G f. 1L0), hG elL (. h n n t r r nn n n o n n t r n tr n r 8 n t r o r o m p p zG !,% G elL p l0 f (h0KtLg 1. O$-), hG Qkd OQ>9- k2 n t r n r n n n n o t 6 o 6 t r r o n
)57(
".reh / mih rof thgil htiw ti edivorp eht dnapxE .reh / mih evigrof
dna evarg
dna su evigrof ,sdlrow eht fo droL O .dniheb tfel sah ehs / eh gnirpsffo eht fo naidraug eht eB .dediug ylthgir eht tsgnoma knar reh / sih esiaR .]desaeced fo eman[ ...evigrof ,hallA O"
/heef uhal riwwan aw ,)i(hirbaq eef uhal hasfaw ,neemalaaz -labbar ay uhal aw aanal rifhgaw ,neeribaahg-lanim daed eht fo ihibiqa il eef uhfulhkaw ,]nosrep ,neeyyidham-lif uhatajarad eman[
zafraw
rifhg-ammuhaalla/
:reh / mih rof reyarp siht yas dluohs eno ,desolc era seye s'nosrep daed a ecnO
seyE s'nosreP daeD a gnisolC no 'aa'uD 11.33.3

)47(
.esle gnihtemos syas eh sselnu ti
47
dna ,ylimaf sih naht retteb ylimaf a ,)htrae no( emoh sih naht retteb emoh a mih evig ;trid fo naelc dehsaw si tnemrag etihw a sa snis morf mih yfirup dna ,liah dna wons ,retaw htiw mih hsaw ;elbatrofmoc ecnartne sih ekam ;mih ot suoreneg eb ;mih nodrap ;mih laeh ;mih no ycrem evah ;mih evigroF !hallA O"
/raan-nibaa daz nim-aw ,)i(rbaq-libaa daz nim uh diza-aw ,)at(annaj

-luhlihkda-aw
,)i(hijwaz
najwaz-aw ,)i(hilha nim-maryahk nalha-aw ,)i(hiraad j im-maryahk naraad )u(hlidba-aw n ,)i(sanad-danim aDayba-labwaht-htatyaqqan aamak -aw aayaaTahkla-nim ijlaht-htaw ,)u(hnaz ihiqqan-aw uhlishg ,)i(darab-law mirka-aw i-aamlib
l .
l .
n j im-maryahk
,)u(halahkdum
zissaw-aw ,)u(haluzun ufz-aw ,ihifaaz
-aw ,)u(hma hr-aw ,)u(hal rifhg-ammuhaalla/
:gnitacilppus draeh saw | tehporP eht ,nosrep daed a rof reyarp larenuf a gnireffO larenuF a ta 'aa'uD 21.33.3
57 3 retpahC
,noitcilffa ym rof em draweR !hallA O .nruter lla lliw ew miH ot dna ,hallA ot gnoleb lla eW"
/aahnim-mariahk eel filhka -aw ,eetabeeSum ihiali eef eenruj-'ammuhaalla ihaal-lil aanni/ ,nuuzijaar aanni-aw
ylimaF a fo htaeD eht no
:yas dluohs eno ,seid ylimaf s'eno fo rebmem a nehW rebmeM 31.33.3
'aa'uD
".eriflleH eht fo erutrot eht dna evarg )67( eht fo lairt eht morf mih tcetorp dna ,nevaeH otni mih ekat ;efiw sih naht retteb efiw a snoitacilppuS dna snoitautiS 67
p p p p bKG H G r2L, h#p ) bKG H G (. Qy. r n n 6 r n r n n p p p p p p hRh>. G1LG #) Rh>-, hC OG!- G ?(7, hC bKg #) r r n r n n r o n n r k n r r o n r k r n 6 n p p n p p p p p hC 1J - OG QG G1LG #) OG Qg, hC +0 G1LG #) C +!-, r n r n n n r k n r r o n k n r k n r k n r p p p p h&r- #) G H\. 0. t$. &r1: G <.H G $ 11Z #) G J&Q, r n n r n n n n n n 6 r n n n n 8 rn n 6 n 6 p p p p p &M -, hhOd #JG!-, hG eP!- 1. $. A hG <!@ hG 2LO, n n 8 r o r n n o n r r o n 6r n rn n o o n o r n p p p p zG !,% G elL - hG QD$-, hb. k- hG bm b(-, hC tLe o 6 n n n r o n r o n n r r r r n o n r n r o 6
/aammasum
-milaja-ib uhadniz niyahs ulluk-aw ,aaTza aam uhal-aw ,)a( dahka aam ihaal-lil anni/
:yas dluohs eno ,evitaler a fo htaed eht no enoemos elosnoc oT htaeD s'evitaleR a no 'aa'uD 41.33.3
.sreyarp )87( eht ot esnopser ni 'nema` yas taht slegna era ereht ;sgniht doog rof tpecxe sreyarp yna yas ot ton si desaeced eht fo ylimaf eht ,sgnihcaet s'tehporP eht ot gnidroccA .daetsni )77( retteb gnihtemos mih evig lliw hallA ,sreyarp esoht syas htaed yb evitaler a sesol ohw milsuM a fi ,htidaH eht ot gnidroccA
p p hC G!m p 2 G1LG #(,. y. r n n r k r n n r p p p p p zE&. p !- hE&. E 1- QG >c.f, G n 6 n o n 6 6 nr
!, % o 6 6
p p C >L&p 2 k2 #V129p 2 o n r o r
".daetsni retteb gnihtemos evig dna 77 3 retpahC
;sa = ; ab =
;noitinomda na dna erusaert a ,rennurerof a stnerap sti rof ybab siht ekaM !hallA O"
/harja aamuhmirhat aal-aw ,hadzab aamuhnitfat aal-aw ,aamihibuluq aala narbaS hgirfa-aw ,aamuhaneezawam ihib liqqaht-aw ,aarhku d aamuhal uhlazj-aw ,aafalas aamuhal uhlazj -aw
)08(
aaTaraf aamuhal uhlazj-ammuhaalla/
:stnerap sti rof yarp dluohs eno ,dlihc a rof reyarp larenuf eht tA
ybaB desaeceD a rof 'aa'uD 51.33.3
. hallA morf drawer )97( rof yarp ot dna ecneitap evah ot reh dlot eh dna ,sreh fo nos a tsol ehs nehw rethguad sih elosnoc ot sdrow esoht dias tehporP ehT
p p zEf p !6 6
#.
".timil emit a dexif sah eH gnihtyreve roF .sevig eh tahw sgnoleb miH ot dna ,sekat eH tahw sgnoleb hallA oT"
m p p C GK h - #. C b\/ ht" b(Jg 1# >" #P$/y. n o 4 o n 3 r n o n n n n n n n o n n r n
87
:yas dluohs smilsuM wollef ,evarg eht otni tup si nosrep desaeced a ecno ,sgnihcaet s'tehporP eht ot gnidroccA
lairuB ta 'aa'uD 61.33.3
.duola enod eb ton dluohs ti ,ecnarbmemer)28( noitcelfer yna seod ro eno fI .noissecorp larenuf eht ni yltnelis klaw dluohs eno ,od ot desu falaS suoethgiR eht sA
( ,$ " # ,$
?noissecorp larenuf a ni gnihtemos yas eno dluohS
#.
0(,$
!/ !-
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97 3 retpahC
p p ! . ,$ , n o ,$ P o r n o n zG !,% G o 6 r 6
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n k
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;sa = ; ab =
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,aanireebak-aw aanireehgaS-aw ,aanitiyyam -aw aaniyya h-il rifhg-ammuhaalla/
l .
:sreyarp eseht yas nac ew ,syas tehporP eht sA .ti hguorht meht sdrawer hallA )58( .desaeced eht rof doog si noitacilppus hcuS
".won denoitseuq gnieb si eh rof ,mrif )48( srewsna sih ekam ot dna ,rehtorb desaeced ruoy evigrof ot hallA ksA" :evarg eht ta tneserp esoht llet ot desu tehporP ehT .evarg eht ni gninoitseuq ot srewsna reh / sih mrif ekam ot dna reh / mih evigrof ot hallA ksa dluohs eno ,deirub si nosrep desaeced a ecnO
lairuB retfa 'aa'uD 71.33.3
p p p p p p z1P% G u, hb!/ O(7 QO.d G u |y. r n n n o 6 n o t t
".regnesseM s'hallA fo hannuS )38( eht ot gnidrocca dna ,hallA fo eman eht nI"
/haal-liluusar itannus aalaz aw ,)i(haallimsib/
08
/uu/ /S/
sah ti ,milsuM daed a tuoba kaeps uoy dluohS
".mih retfa yartsa ton su dael )68( dna ,]mih rof gnitacilppus rof[ drawer ruo fo su evirped ton oD !hallA O .malsI ni eid mih tel ,eid ot esuac uoY reveosmohw dna ,htiaf ni evil mih ekam ,evil tel uoY su gnoma reveosmohW !hallA O .tnesba era ohw esoht dna ,tneserp era ohw su fo esoht evigrof ;selamef ruo dna selam ruo ,dlo ruo ,gnuoy ruo ,daed ruo ,gnivil ruo evigroF !hallA O"
p p G !,% / 8EL#(. C >Lg h/ 8Y!(. 1cJgy. o 6 n n r r n o 6n n r n o 6 n r n o n p b!/ [G )0$. fp], h#) 8.k19- #p (. k9.k- b!/ [G )O0 e] r n n n n n r n n 6rn o 6 nn n 6 o n n p p p p p p hC &<. &. , hR. +J&. he. Fp2(. , G !,% #) C D119- #(. k# D1o 6 n r n r nrn o n o rn n n n n n n 6 nn r n 6 p p p p p p G elL p E1(. h#19p (. , hUf1L&. ht21L&. , hPtL&. n 8n n n 8 n n n n n n n n n r r n n zG
!,% o 6 6
18
/hadzab aanalliDut aal-aw ,)u(harja aanmirhat aal ammuhaalla /maalsi -lalaz uhaffawat-af aannim uhatyaffawat l am-aw n ,naamee-lalaz ihiy ha-af aannim j uhatyay ha nam ammuhaalla /aanibi-aahg-aw
3 retpahC
; ab =
;sa
#( 6
#1) 0
hG $ n t r o
#)
R.
p p G u 1u 0 Dr fy . o n t o o r n n p h LD G u p . G P9rJ p n n n r n o t o t r o r n r P0 eo bn C r p G J n . Qp zG
6 !/ +"
p P9# GLp n &p p G r o r
$ #(1)
p p 0), hE& Ef A n n 6 r n n p p hG $ !$1), n n r o r n
,ylireV .seno rettal eht dna reilrae eht no ycrem evah hallA yaM .)sbmot( sesuoh eseht ni smilsuM dna sreveileb eht nopu eb ecaeP" /nuuqi haal al mukib aanni-aw ,neerihk'atsum aneenim'um umaalassa/ tehporP
)88(
".uoy nioj lliw ew ,ti slliw hallA nehW
uhaalla-aahs-j i n aw -lanim
-law aneemidqatsum-lannim uhaal-luma hray ,)a(neemilsum-law )i(raayid-dilha aalaz
l .
:yas ot desu
eht sa yas dluohs eno ,sevarg eht gnitisiv nO
sevarG gnitisiV no 'aa'uD 81.33.3
yeht rof ,seman dab daed eht llac ton oD" ,syas tehporP ehT .seitilauq doog sih tuoba eb ot
)78(
".enod ydaerla evah yeht tahw ot enog evah
28
)98(".noitcerruser si miH ot dna ,)peels( htaed
retfa efil su nevig sah ohW ,hallA ot eb esiarP"

/ruuhsun-nihiali -aw ,aanitaamam adzab aanaay ha ee al-lihaal-lil udma hla/ d
:yas dluohs uoy ,gninrom eht ni pu ekaw uoy nehW

raakhdA gninroM raakhdA gninevE dna gninroM 1.4
.dedrawer yltaerg era dna stifeneb sseltnuoc evah raakhda ehT .pu evig ot ton dna ylraluger meht yas dna nrael uoy pleh ot N hallA ksa dluohs uoY .derebmemer ylisae eb nac hcihw ,seno gniwollof eht detceles evah ew ,raakhda suoremun eht fo tuO
raakhdA ylthgiN dna yliaD 4 retpahC

38 4 retpahC
= =
; ab =
/h/ r /d/ i
;dn f =

;t m = ;r ts = ;bm l =
;ypp h =
/ h/ / d/ /a/
;sa
;)si aP =
.gninrom eht llit noitcetorp emas eht teg

)19(
lliw
uoy
,gnineve eht ni ti eticer uoy fI eht llit uoy hcaorppa lliw
".gnineve on dna
nataS
,noitcetorp ruoy rof detnioppa eb lliw draug A" ,ti eticer uoy fi ,htidaH eht ot gnidroccA .isruK-lA tayA eticer dluohs uoy ,nehT
p hC Pf p 2 n n n zG r n r o
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$
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p p p p gy. r p G pj
6
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2,
)09(
".miH rebmemer ot em dewolla
dna ,ydob ym otni luos ym denruter ,dnuos ydob ym edam sah ohW ,hallA ot eb esiarP"
/hirki d-ib eel ani da-aw ,i huur ayyalaz addar-aw ,eedasaj

:yas osla nac uoY

( 7
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raakhdA ylthgiN dna yliaD
eef
eenaafaaz
ee dal-lihaal-lil
udma hla/
48
hT
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oo
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/u/
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ht
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/)a(tl a aalli abuunu d- durifhgay aal n j

; oc = ;e =
hs
;d f = ;mu =
s
su = Z ;ore = ;dl c = ;bu = ;kni = ;te = ; ir / k at = . ;t s =

s /s/ gn n /l / n j i
uhanni ,eel rifhgaf ,ibma dib akal u-uuba-aw ayyalaz akitamzinib akal u-uuba ,)u(tzanaS am irrahs l im akib u duuza ,)u(tzaTatsam n j
akidzaw-aw
akidhaz
aalaz
aana
-aw ,)a(kudbaz aana-aw eenatqalahk ,)a(tl a n j
:ssenevigrof s'hallA gnikees rof noitacilppus tseb eht sa sebircsed | tehporP eht tahw ,sgnineve dna sgninrom ,yas nac uoY )29(".)lufmrah( gnihtyreve tsniaga uoy rof noitcetorp tneiciffus era )saruS esoht( yehT" syas | tehporP ehT .ssaaN-nA taruS dna qalaF-lA taruS ,saalhkI-lA taruS eticer osla dluohs uoY
58 4 retpahC
aalli ahaali aal ,eebbar atl a ammuhaalla/ n j
&$.
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n o zG
".noitcerruseR eht si uoY otnu dna ,eid ew tI yb dna ,evil ew noissimrep ruoY yB .llafthgin eht dehcaer ew eman ruoY ni sa ,gninrom eht dehcaer evah ew eman ruoY nI !hallA O"
/ruuhsun-nakyali-aw / ,)u(tuuman akib-aw akib-aw ,aay han ,aan habSa akib-aw akib ,aanyasma ammuhaalla/
!,% o 6 6
p J, hE v G S Qy. n r o o o n 1p v n Cn U2n Er n . , hn1p v Cn r Pn r n . , hn1p v n Er n . , hn1p v r n n n n

( # 1( & 1
:yarp dluohs uoy ,gninrom eht nI

0 &. & 7 ( $ # !2 6 . & 2
&6
&
!/
#)
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&
(2
&
)39(".uoY tub snis sevigrof enon rof ,em evigrof ,esaelP .snis ym timda I dna em nopu srovaf ruoY 68
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8 !,% o 6 6
C& n r n

/w/ /hs/
/z/
;doof = ;mus =
/uu/ /S/
;dluoc = ;tes =
/s/
/u/
;but =
/T/
;kniht =
/ht/ /i/
;gnir / knat =
/l / n j
;tis =
,enola ,hallA tub dog on si erehT .eud si esiarp lla miH ot dna ,s'hallA sniamer noinimod eht elihw ,gninrom eht dehcaer evah eW"
/reedaq
)u(haal-lalli ahaali aal ,)i(haal-liludma h-law ,)i(haal-lil uklum-la habSa-aw ,aan habSa/
:yarp nac uoy gninrom eht nI
n o zG
p p &$.J, hE 1v G $V1Ly. n o o nr n r n p p p C #P1(. , h1v C U2E(. , h1v &E1. , h1v n n n r n r n n n n r n n n n r n rn

!,% 1v o 6 n 6
yb dna ,evil ew noissimrep ruoY yB .gninrom eht dehcaer ew eman ruoY ni sa ,gnineve eht dehcaer evah ew eman ruoY nI !hallA O"
/reeSam -lakyali-aw ,)u(tuuman akib-aw ,aay han akib-aw ,aan habSa akib-aw ,aanyasma akib ammuhaalla/ :yarp dluohs uoy ,gnineve eht nI
)49(
".nruter eht si uoY otnu dna ,eid ew tI
78
l iyahs illuk aala n j
z awuh-aw ,)u(dma h-luhal-aw
,uklum-luhal ,)u(hal akeerahs aal ,)u(had haw
4 retpahC
/ h/ / d/
;sa = ; ab =
h d
/d/
;)si aP = ;dn f =
r i
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;)maerd cibarA( mlu = ;t m = ;bmu = ;si = ;r ts = ;bm l = ;ypp h =

ae /ee/ d /D/ ht a /aa/ a /aa/ a
/a/
".sgniht lla revo rewop sah eH dna ,esiarP lla dna noinimod eht gnoleb miH oT .srentrap tuohtiw ,enola ,hallA tub dog on si erehT .eud si esiarp lla miH ot dna ,s'hallA sniamer noinimod eht elihw ,gnineve eht dehcaer evah eW"
/reedaq l iyahs illuk n j aalaz awuh-aw )u(dma h-luhal-aw ,)u(klum ,)u(haal-lalli -law,)i(haal-lil ahaali -luhal ,)u(hal akeerahs aal aal ,)u(had haw ,anyasma/ ,haal-lil-udma h
:yarp nac uoy gnineve eht ni ,ylralimiS

2 0 8 0 $! $ +.
uklum-lasma-aw
!/ !6
"
zC
$!
!6
!6
".sgniht lla revo rewop sah eH .eud si esiarp lla miH ot dna ,noinimod eht sgnoleb miH oT .srentrap tuohtiw
raakhdA
bn n to Rn r Am qn Jp Ll y. p G hDJg / RL v , G v, hn o G E r Jo , hn o n o n r n o n n o n n r n n o r o r o U2n E . hC U2F G r o r v p p , hnG r E r Jo p p , / Ep n n Ep/ r r n n o

6
ylthgiN dna yliaD
88
/h/
/hg/
suhT = /Z/ ;orez = /z/ ;woc = /w/ ;doof = /uu/ ;dluoc = /u/ ;but = /T/ ;kniht = /ht/
;ehs = /hs/ ;mus = /S/ ;tes = /s/ ;gnir / knat = /l / ;tis = /i/ n j
-dif
atayifaaz-lakulasa
eenni
ammuhaalla/
:sgnineve dna sgninrom eht ni sreyarp eseht yas osla nac enO
p p hC . P #) # p 2 + p gp G !1! p , r n n n n 8 n 6rn n o o zQH C 1 # p 2 + p gp G !1! p , n 8 n r n o n n n r n n 6rn
b 1 v RL . k O# v G L . k
K K
7 7
h # n n 8 n n r h 1 # n n r n n n r
RL . 1cJ+n . y. n G L . 1cJ+n . ,
n
)59(
".ti swollof tahw fo live
eht dna thginot fo live eht morf uoY ni egufer kees I dna ,ti swollof tahw fo doog eht dna thginot fo doog eht uoY ksa I !droL ym O"
/aahadzab aam irrahs-aw ,)it(alyal -lihi daah eef aam irrahs l im akib u duuza n j

-aw
,aahadzab
aam
aryahk-aw
,)it(alyal
-lihi daah eef aam aryahk akula-sa ,eebbar/

:dda osla nac uoY
" 2 m p 0 y. r A l o 8 n n p h g 0 -, - G $ ! , n r n o n n n o n o r o r o p ! - , hG p zC # 1( hC # / G $! n r n 6 r o r o n r n rn n n r n
t R qJ L DJ / RL v P . P
E$r J
h - G $ , h+. !/ n n o n n n n o r n r o p p p ! -, p E - E G !o 6 6 o n n 6
EJ /
98
4 retpahC
zG t
!,% o 6 6
".htaeneb morf )htrae )69( eht yb( dewollaws gnieb morf ecnecifingaM ruoY ni egufer kees I dna ,evoba morf dna tfel ym dna thgir ym morf ,kcab eht dna tnorf eht morf em tcetorp ,hallA O .dezirorret gnieb morf em tcetorp dna ,delaevernu )cilbup eht ot neddibrof sgniht etavirp( taarwa ym peek ,hallA O .htlaew ym fo dna ylimaf ym fo ytefas dna dlrow siht ni ytiruces rof dna htiaf fo ssendnuos rof ,ssenevigrof rof uoY ksa I ,hallA O .retfaereH eht ni dna dlrow siht ni htlaeh rof uoY ksa I ,hallA O"
p p1 p2 G E&2 C G t 8 n r n o n t r n n n
O# v c. k 7 k
p J n . hnG ! GLn Ip, G

&1 7
t r
!,% o 6 6
p E&2
8
/eet hat l im alaathgu na akitamaZaz n j -ib u uuza aw ,eeqwaf l imaw ,eelaamihs d n j -l az aw eeneemay-yaz aw ,eeflahk nim aw n j ,ayyaday inyabmim eenZafah-ammuhaalla ,eetaazwar -rimaa aw eetaarwaz rutas-ammuhaalla ,eelaam aw eelha aw ,ayaaynud aw eeneed eef atayifaaz -lakulasa eenni ammuhaalla ,harihkaa-law aaynud
raakhdA
. .
ylthgiN dna yliaD
09
su
;ore
oc = =
;d
f = =
;dl
c =
;bu
;kni
;e
w hs
/w/ oo /hs/ s
;mu
;te = ; ir / k at = ;t s =
ot gniog no yas dna od ot desu tehporP eht tahw fo noitceles
deB ot gnioG no raakhdA 3.4

)79(
si
gniwollof
ehT
"....em hcaer lliw
sreyarp ruoY .syadirF no nac uoy sa hcum sa em rof yarp ,oS .rotalihinnA eht lliw os dna ,yadirF a no eb lliw )yadsmooD rof( nroh eht ni wolb eht dna ,yadirF a no deid eh ,yadirF a no detaerc saw madA .yadirF si )keew eht fo( syad ruoy fo tseb ehT" ,dias eH .tehporP eht rof nac uoy sa hcum sa yarp - snoitacilppus gninrom denoitnem-erofa eht ot
noitidda ni - dluohs uoy ,sgninrom yadirF nO
sgninroM yadirF no 'aa'uD 2.4
8E9 b R . D l_
n
C n
p p p p p . 2, h C . P $ Cf C d #) 2y . r r n o n r n n n n n r n o n n r o r p p p p p p p p 1) 0 j h#) ! 2, h ) 0$1(2 h ) $ 2, h#) 6 r r n r n n n n r n n n r n n n n r p p p p p 2, G !,% G (2 #) G !, % G .QG 2 hB#) Qh r o 6 r o 6 n n r n n r n t t r n r t t r o r 6 p p p p 2 O0(2 hO&1 j hC +!2 h# 2, n n o r n n n n r r G p p n o n n t r n r
kq b 1 J O9L b O# v cl
19
. hG n t
1c_ 9v e9. Gl b b. 8 8 c. k 7 k
r n
1 n n
4 retpahC
hcihw taht swonk eH ?evael siH yb evas miH htiw sedecretni taht eh si ohW .htrae eht ni si reveostahw dna snevaeh eht ni si reveostahw sgnoleb miH otnU .miH sekatrevo peels ron rebmuls rehtieN .lanretE eht ,evilA eht ,miH evas doG on si erehT !hallA )552("
/)u(meeZaz luyyilaz -lawuh-aw ,aamuhuZfi h uhuduu-ay aal-aw ,)a(Dra-law itaawaamas-suhuyyisruk azisaw ,)a('aahs aamib aalli eehimliz nim-mi-iahs -ib anuTee huy aal-aw ,muhaflahk aam-aw miheedia aniab aam umalzay ,)i(hin di-ib aalli uuhadl iz uzafhsay ee dal-la d l am ,)i(Dra-lif n n j j -aam-aw itaawaamas-sif-aam uhal ,)lu(mwan aal-aw-wutanis uhu duhk'at aal ,)u(muuyyaq -luyya h-lawuh aalli ahaali aal uhaalla/)552(/
:isruK-lA tayA eticeR ]1[

.hallA morf drawer dna pleh gnikees elihw elpmaxe s'tehporP eht wollof dluohs smilsuM ,hannus siht evresbo oT .deb
)89(
raakhdA ylthgiN dna yliaD 29
uhatlama h -ni
aamak
aal-aw aanabbar ,aan'aThka wa aaneesan aan dihkaa-ut
aal
aanabbar
)682(/
/reeSam-lakiali -aw aanabbar akanaarfuhg ,aanzaTa-aw aanzimas uulaaq-aw ,)i(hilulsur -rim-mida ha anyab uqirrafun aal ,)i(hilusur-aw ,ihibutuk -aw ,ihitaki-aalam-aw ,ihaal-lib anamaa nulluk ,)a(nuunim'um-law ihibbar-rim
ihyali alizl u aamib uluusar-ranamaa )582(/ n j

:haraqaB-lA taruS fo sesrev tsal eht eticeR ]2[
)99(
"....isruK-lA tayA eticer tehporP ehT
,peels rof deb ni ecnO" ,syas
".suodnemerT eht ,emilbuS eht si eH .meht gnivreserp fo yraew reven si eH dna ,htrae eht dna snevaeh eht sedulcni enorht siH .lliw eH tahw evas egdelwonk siH fo gnihton ssapmocne yeht elihw ,meht dniheb si hcihw taht dna meht fo tnorf ni si
39
4 retpahC
l arSi n j
aanyalaz
lim hat
taht su no ton esopmI !droL ruO !su erofeb esoht no yal did uoY sa nedrub a hcus su no ton yaL !droL ruO !kram eht ssim ro ,tegrof ew fi ton su nmednoC !droL ruO .devresed sah ti hcihw taht )ylno( ti tsniaga dna ,denrae sah ti hcihw taht )ylno si( ti roF .epocs sti dnoyeb luos a ton seksat hallA )682(" ".gniyenruoj eht si uoY otnU .droL ruo ,ssenevigrof ruoY )su tnarG( .yebo ew dna ,raeh eW :yas yeht dna - sregnessem siH fo yna neewteb noitcnitsid on ekam eW - sregnessem siH dna serutpircs siH dna slegna siH dna hallA ni seveileb eno hcaE .sreveileb eht )od os( dna droL sih morf mih otnu delaever neeb htah hcihw taht ni seveileb regnessem ehT )582("
/)a(neerifaak -limuaq-lalaz aanruSl af ,aanaalwam atl a n n j j ,aanma hraw ,aanal rifhgaw ,aannaz ufzaw ,)i(hib aanal ataqaaT aal aam aanlimma hut aal-aw aanabbar ,aanilbaq l im anee al-lalaz n d j
raakhdA
ylthgiN dna yliaD
49
)001(".]ecnarbmemer fo noitrop s'thgin taht rof[ tneiciffus eb lliw yeht ,thgin ta haraqaB-lA taruS fo sesrev owt tsal eht seticer eno fI" ,syas | tehporP ehT
582- 682]@
cba mlkjihgfed u t s r q p o Aw n z} [~}|{zyxwv oQ T S ^ ] ` _ Z Y \

".klof gniveilebsid eht revo yrotciv su evig dna ,rotcetorP ruo ,uoY ,su no ycrem evah dna su evlosba ,su nodraP !raeb ot htgnerts eht ton evah ew hcihw 59 4 retpahC
8< 9 : G H E "5 60'1.%,=)>*;!7 / 3 4- (2 ? @& # $ +

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".)msiehtylop( krihS morf noitaicossid )101( ruoy stsefinam ti ;deb ot thgiarts og neht ,nurifaK-lA taruS eticeR" ,syas tehporP ehT
~ } A | { z y Ap O. u. kL . z { K J I A H G F E D AC B A x y oT S R A Q P O N A M L v w
[ QI G hf]
".noigiler ym em otnu dna ,noigiler ruoy uoy otnU .pihsrow I hcihw taht pihsrow ey lliw roN )5( .pihsrow uoy hcihw taht pihsrow ton llahs I dnA )4( .pihsrow I hcihw taht uoy pihsrow roN )3( ;pihsrow ey hcihw taht ton pihsrow I )2( !sreveilebsid O :yaS )1("
/)i(need ayil-aw ,mukuneed mukal )6(,)u(dubza aam anuudibaaz mutl a aal-aw )5( ,muttabaz aam-mudibaaz n j ana aal-aw )4( ,)u(dubza aam anuudibaaz mutl a aal-aw )3( ,)a(nuudubzat aam udubza n j aal )2( ,)a(nuurifaak-lahuyya aay luq )1(/
:nurifaK-lA taruS eticeR ]3[
. .
69
; oc = ;e
'hallA ot eb yrolG' dna ;semit eerht-ytriht 'hallA ot eb esiarP' ;semit ruof-ytriht 'tsetaerg eht si hallA` :yas ,deb ni eil uoy nehW" ,hamitaF dna ilA ot dias
tehporP ehT
.semit 43 "tsetaerG eht si hallA" "hallA ot eb esiarP"
33 "hallA ot eb yrolG" /haallana hbus/ :yaS ]5[
/rabka uhaalla/ dna semit 33 /haal-lil-udma hla/ ,semit

.sdnah ,saN
sih -nA
htiw
ydob dna
sih
debbur
neht
)401(
taruS
qalaF-lA
taruS
)301(
,saalhkI
-lA taruS deticer ,smlap sih otni
did eh ,peels rof deb ni yal tehporP eht nehW .semit eerht
)201(
htfan
htfan dna
noitaticer eht od nac uoY .ydob ruoy fo tnorf dna ,ecaf ,daeh eht htiw gnitrats ,hcaer nac uoy ydob ruoy fo strap eht revo sdnah ruoy bur ,neht ,dluohs uoY .saN-nA taruS dna ,qalaF-lA taruS ,saalhkI-lA taruS gniticer retfa )rehtegot tup smlap ruoy otni - gnittips tuohtiw - ylthgils gniwolb(
79
htfaN
oD
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,sgniht lla fo live eht morf uoY ni egufer kees I !enots etad dna niarg dees eht fo reworG dna rettilpS eht ,na'ruQ eht dna ,leejnI -lA ,haarwaT-tA fo relaeveR eht ,sgniht lla fo droL dna droL ruo ,enorhT tnecifingaM eht dna htrae dna snevaeh eht fo droL ,hallA O" /rqaf-lanim aaninhg-aw ,)a(nyad-dannaz iDqi ,a-yahs akanuud asyal-af uniTaab-latl a n j -aw ,)wu(a-yahs akaqwaf asyal-af )u(rihaaZ
l
-Zatj a-aw n ,)wu(a-yahs akadzab asyal -af )u(rihkaa-latl a-aw ,)wu(a-yahs akalbaq n j asyal-af )u(lawwa-latl a n j
ammuhaalla ni-iahs ,aawan
/)i(hitayiSaanib-mu dihkaa
illuk irrahs l im akib u duuza ,)i(naaqruf-law n j ileejl i-law n j itaarwat-talizzanum-aw -naw ibba h-laqilaaf ,)l (i-iahs illuk abbar-aw n j aanabbar ,meeZaz -lihsraz-labbar-aw ,)i(Dra -labbar-aw itaawaamas-sabbar ammuhaalla/
:yaS ]6[
. .
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atl a n j
)501(
".semit eerht-ytriht
89
/)u(tuuma akimsib -aw aay ha akimsib ammuhaalla/
yaS ]7[
e. qZ b . J k Q k qv R R : ! GL k : GK 1 . U 9 R )? M 9 c_ 1. t P
)601(".ytrevop morf su eveiler dna ,tbed ruo fo nedrub eht evomeR .uoY dnoyeb gnihton ,tsomrennI eht era uoY .uoY evoba gnihton ,tsefinaM eht era uoY .uoY retfa gnihton ,tsaL eht era uoY .uoY erofeb gnihton ,tsriF eht era uoY .lortnoc ruoY rednu dloh uoy hcihw
99 4 retpahC
p p p p y G ( G 0) hC (( #) G n t r n r n 6 t 6 r n n n r n t r !1 . 2A, hC & G p ) !1 Oh& 2 A, r l r l o n nr n n n r n t rn o n n n n n nr n n n n p p G + 2 !1 c 2A, h C & r A, h C & n G l n n r n t 6 o n nr o n nr n n r n n n r l n t p p 1 p -, G ! , % C & m p B p ( G hd !1 ! 2A C & n n r n t 6 o 6 n r n t r q o n nr n nrn n l n p n p p p p p p p f, C .P #) " h#( d G .QG I hG & 1" hG r n 8 o 8 n o r n t 6 r n n t r r n t r o r n n n o o p m p hG (.i, G p 1%, Q ( hQH " 2 A, G n t 6 n n 6n n n 6 o 6 n n n t n 8 tr n p r p p zG !,% QH G $.G J hQH G QV hQH G T n 6 6 n n n n 6 n n 6 t 6 o 6 t r n r t r n r
l rL . : 2. [ k Q v R : _. L Q 1 cJ R : $ k Q q2 v lLq. b 1v RL t R k. s E3 $ cL
p p p b2. Oc G V. E1)y. 6 n n n n p p p p p &lP2 k. QD$,. , hEf C QO!9,. k. Dl_,. 1$. 8Ela 1n n r n r n rn n n r n o n r n r n n r n r n n r p p p p p z1. O$v Q12 hXc: >(22 h1v C Qkc-, Ef C #Pu: r n n r o n r n n n r n o o n n 8 r n r n r n
".sevals suoethgir )801( ruoY od uoY sa ti tcetorp ,]peels retfa evila llits ma I os[ ti nruter uoY fi tub ,ti no ycrem evah ,]ydob ym ot[ luos ym nruter ton od uoY fI .pu ekaw I noissimrep ruoY yb dnA .peels ot nwod eil I ,droL O ,eman ruoY nI"
/neehilaaS-Sakadabiz eehib )u(Zafhat aamib aahZaf haf aahatlasra ni-aw ,aahma hraf ,eesfan atkasma ni ,huzafra akib-aw ,ibmaj utazDaw ibbar akimsib/
:yaS ]8[
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p p C D1. , h1. O$v C #.Jy. n r o n n o n r n
".eid I eman )701( ruoY ni dna ,evil I eman ruoY nI !hallA O"
raakhdA
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".tnes evah uoY mohw ,tehporP ruoY ni dna ,nwod tnes evah uoY hcihw ,kooB ruoY ni eveileb I .uoY ni tpecxe uoY morf egufer ro epacse on si erehT .uoY fo raef fo tuo dna erusaelp ruoY fo tiusrup ni si siht llA .kcab ym fo noitcetorp ruoY thguos dna ,uoY sdrawot ecaf ym denrut ,riaffa ym htiw uoY detsurtne ,uoY ot luos ym derednerrus evah I !hallA O"
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ee dal-lakibatikib
utl amaa ,)a(kyali alli akl im-majl am aal-aw n n n j j j a'ajlam aal ,)a(kyali natabhar-aw-watabhgar ,)a(kyali eerhaZ ut'ajla-aw ,)a(kyali eehjaw uthajjaw-aw ,)a(kiali eerma utDawwaf -aw ,)a(kyali eesfan utmalsa ammuhaalla/
:yas ,
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tehporP eht yb detcurtsni sA ]9[
101
4 retpahC
".maerd taht fo live eht dna nataS fo live eht morf hallA ni egufer kees I" /ahirrahs d -aw naaTiahs-hsirrahs lj im ihaal-lib u uuza/ n :yas dluohs uoy os ,nataS morf eb ot deveileb si ti ,maerd dab a evah uoy fI ]B[
.ti tuoba evol uoy elpoep eht llet nac uoY

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maerD a gnivaH no 'aa'uD 4.4
)901(.peels erofeb sdrow tsal ruoy eb sreyarp esoht tel ,eroferehT .htiaf erup gnivah eid uoy ,eton siht ta eid uoy fI .sreyarp denoitnem-evoba eht yas neht ,edis thgir ruoy no eil ,'uuhduw od dluohs uoy ,deb rof noitaraperp ni taht syas tehporP ehT
201
/Z/
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/w/ /hs/
;doof = ;mus =
/uu/ /S/
;dluoc = ;tes =
/u/
;but =
/T/
;kniht =
/ht/
/s/ ;gnir
/ knat =
/l / n j
;tis =
fo live eht morf ,tnemhsinup dna regna siH morf sdrow tcefrep s'hallA ni egufer kees I"
/nuuruD hay nim aw ,)i(hidaabiz irrahs aw ,)i(hibaaqiz aw ,)i(hibaDahg
nim u duuza
)i(taammaat ,)i(haallimsib/
:yarp
-ihaal-litaamilak-ib
dluohs uoy ,eramthgin a morf pu gnikaW ".)yawyna( mih mrah tonnac tI .enoyna
)111(
ot ti noitnem ton dluohs eH .live sti morf noitcetorp s'hallA kees dluohs eh os ,nataS morf si ti ,setah eh gnihtemos )maerd eht ni( sees eh fI .ti tuoba kaeps nac eh dna ,ti rof miH knaht dluohs eh os ,hallA morf si ti ,sekil eh maerd a sah uoy fo yna fI" ,syas tehporP ehT .ti tuoba enoyna llet ton dluohs uoY .tfel ruoy ot semit eerht
)011(
htfaN od osla dluohs uoY
zC b.P o
1. !-p #) RL G S1\. fp hRL+. y.

r
301
4 retpahC
-ya
aw
)i(neeTaayahs-hsitaazamah
eht si hallA .hallA tub dog on si ereht dna ,hallA ot eb yrolG ,hallA ot eb esiarP .sgniht lla revo rewop sah eH .eud si esiarp lla ,miH ot dna ,noinimod eht sgnoleb miH oT .srentrap tuohtiw ,enola ,hallA tub doG on si erehT"
/eel rifhgi ammuhaalla /haal-lib aalli atawwuq aal-aw alwa h aal-aw ,rabka uhaal-law ,)u(haal-lalli ahaali aal-aw ,)i(haal-lanaa hbus-aw ,)i(haal-lil udma h-law ,reedaq j i-iahs illuk aalaz awuh-aw ,)u(dma h n aal ,)u(had haw uhaal-lalli ahaali aal/ -luhal-aw )u(klum-luhal ,)u(hal akeerahs
l .
:yarp dluohs eno ,peels ot kcab og ot stnaw dna )311(thgin eht gnirud pu sekaw eno fI
thgiN ta pu gnikaW no 'aa'uD 5.4
p p p p p p p p hRL b2. Og, h#) +$MG J G S1. [1), hC f 0EYLhfy n n n n r n n n n 8 t 6 n n r n r p o o p p p p p p p p p p p p p z1P% G u, C b.P 1u!$. J G u G 9. #. J #) eY2- hbr. 1r n n r n n t t t 6 6 n o o n n
) ".ecneserp dna srepsihw s'nataS morf dn2a11,(sevals siH
401
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iDra-law itaawaamassiqlahk-if anni)091(/
:shayA gniwollof eht deticer tehporP eht ;did tehporP eht sa yarp dluohs eno ,'uuhduw seod dna hteet s'eno sehsurb ,thgin eht gnirud pu sekaw eno fI
thgiN eht gnirud pu gnikaw no yas ot tahW
.detpecca eb lliw haalas s'eno ,syarp )411( dna haalas rof sehsaw eno fi dna ;derewsna eb lliw noitacilppus s'eno ,hallA setacilppus eno fi ;nevigrof eb lliw eno ,ssenevigrof rof hallA sksa neht ,raakhda denoitnem-evoba eht syas eno fi ,htidaH eht ot gnidroccA
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501
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h /h/ r d /d/ i
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;)maerd cibarA( mlu = h ;sa = ;)si aP = ;t m = ;bmu = ;si = d ; ab = ;dn f = ;r ts = ;bm l = ;ypp h = uulituq-aw uulataaq-aw ileebas eef uu uu aw d mihiraayid lj im uujirhku aw uurajaah anee al n d d -laf ,Dzabmim-mukuDzab aahtlj u wa niraka n l im muklj im-milimaaz alamaz uzeeDu n jn aal eenna muhubbar muhal abaajatsaf )591( /daazeem-lufilhkut aal akanni ,)it(amaayiq -lamway aanizhkut aal-aw ,)a(kilusur aalaz anattazaw aam anitaa-aw aanabbar )491( raarba-lazam aanaffawat-aw ,aanitaa-iyyas aannaz riffak-aw ,aanabuunu aanal rifhgaf d aanabbar ,aannamaa-af mukibbar-ib uunimaa na inaamee-lil eedaanuy-yay-idaanum aanzimas aananni aanabbar )391( raaSlj a n nim aneemilaaZ-Zil aam-aw ,)u(hatiazhka daqaf araan-nilihkdut lj am akanni aanabbar n )291( raan-nabaa az aaniqaf ,)a(kanaa hbus d )lj (aliTaab n aa ah d atqalahk aam aanabbar ,)i(Dra-law itaawaamassiqlahk -if anuurakkafatay aw ,mihibuunuj aalaz-aw-waduuzuq aw-wamaayiq ahaal -lanuuruk ay anee alla)191()i(baablalilu-il d d )li(taayaa-al iraahan-naw ilial-lifaalithk-aw
raakhdA
ylthgiN dna yliaD
601
/hg/
ae
/ee/
/D/
ht
/uu/ /S/
fo nem rof )ytngierevos siH fo( snekot era yad dna thgin fo ecnereffid eht )ni( dna htrae eht dna snevaeh eht fo noitaerc eht nI !oL )091("
/nuu hilfut mukalla al ahaal-luqattaw
uuTibaaraw
uuribaaS
aw
uuribSunamaa
aneea dl-lahuyya aay )002( baasi h lu eeras ahaal-lanni ,mihibbar aki-aalu -ib ,aaleelaq adni
muhurja
muhal
anuurthsay
aal
l anamaht n j ,)i(haallil
ihaal-litaayaa anee ihsaahk
mihyali aliznu aam aw mukyali aliznu aam aw ihaalllib unim'uy-ymal ibaatiklilha nim-anni -aw )991( ,raarba-lil-luryahk ihaalladl i n j aw ,haallidl i n j
uraahna-lahithat l im eerjat l utaannaj muhal n n j j muhabbar waqat-tanee dal-linikaal
.z
nimmaluzun ,aheef aneedilaahk
.z
am
)891(
,daahim-las'ibaw
)u(mannahaj
muhaaw'am
ammuht l uleelaq l u aatam )291( ,daalib-lif n n j j uurafak anee dal-lubullaqat aknnarruhgay aal )691( ,baawaht-htunsu h uhadni
.z .
uhaal-law ,)u(raahna
,)i(haallidl i n j
nim-mabaawaht
-lahit hat l im eerjat l itaannaj muhannalihkdu n n j j -al-aw ,mihitaa-iyyas muhna
.z .
annariffaku-al
701
4 retpahC
dereffus dna semoh rieht morf htrof nevird erew dna delf ohw esoht oS .rehtona morf eno deecorp uoY .tsol eb ot ,elamef ro elam ,rekrow yna fo krow eht ton reffus I !oL :)syas eH dna( meht draeh sah droL rieht dnA )591( .tsyrt eht ton kaerb uoY !oL .noitcerruseR fo yaD eht nopu ton su dnuofnoC .sregnessem ruoY yb su ot desimorp evah uoY hcihw taht su evig dnA !droL ruO )491( .suoethgir eht fo htaed eht eid su ekam dna ,sdeed live ruo su morf timer dna ,snis ruo su evigrof eroferehT !droL ruO .deveileb ew oS '!droL ruoy ni uoy eveileB' :htiaF otnu gnillac reirc a draeh evah eW !oL !droL ruO )391( .srepleh on eb lliw ereht sreod live roF .dednuofnoc evah uoY deedni mih :eriF eht retne ot esuac uoY mohW !droL ruO )291( eriF fo mood eht morf su evreserP !uoY ot eb yrolG .niav ni siht ton detaerc uoY !droL ruO :)yas dna( ,htrae eht dna snevaeh eht fo noitaerc eht redisnoc dna ,gninilcer dna ,gnittis ,gnidnats ,hallA rebmemer sa hcuS )191( ,gnidnatsrednu
801
drawer rieht ylireV .hallA fo snoitalever eht fo ecirp eht ta niag gnilfirt a ton esahcrup yehT .hallA erofeb sevlesmeht gnilbmuh ,meht otnu delaever saw hcihw taht dna uoy otnu delaever si hcihw taht dna hallA ni eveileb ohw emos era ereht erutpircS eht fo elpoeP eht fO !oL dnA )991( .suoethgir eht rof retteb si erots ni sah hallA hcihw tahT .droL rieht morf emoclew fo tfig A .reve rof efas eb lliw yeht nierehw ,wolf srevir hcihw htaenrednu snedraG era meht rof ,droL rieht ot ytud rieht peek ohw esoht tuB .891.edoba lli na ,lleh eb lliw noitatibah rieht drawretfa dnA .trofmoc feirb a tub si tI )791( .)dammahuM O( uoy evieced ,dnal eht ni ,eveilebsid ohw esoht fo )sseccus eht fo( edutissiciv eht ton teL )691( .sdrawer fo tseriaf eht si hallA htiw dnA .hallA morf drawer A .wolf srevir hcihw htaenrednu snedraG otni meht gnirb llahs I ylirev dna meht morf sdeed live rieht timer llahs I ylirev ,nials erew dna thguof dna ,esuac yM rof egamad
901
4 retpahC
; ab =
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;dn f =

;t m = ;r ts = ;bm l =
;ypp h =
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".deeccus yam ey taht redro ni ,hallA ot ytud ruoy evresbo dna ,ydaer eb ,ecnarudne ni srehto lla odtuo ,erudnE !eveileb ohw ey O )002( .tnuocca ekat ot tfiws si hallA !oL dna ,droL rieht htiw si
011
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;doof = ;mus =
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;dluoc = ;tes =
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/ knat =
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)611(".slived elamef dna elam morf uoY ni egufer kees I !hallA O"
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p p p p p E&2 C b.P 1v #) G H2= hG H2. Fp=y r r o o n r n n n 8 n o o
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:etacilppus ,od ot desu tehporP eht
pihsroW fo stcA rof raakhdA

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311 5 retpahC
dluohs uoy ,'uuhduw od uoy sa noos sA ]C[ )911(".hgiH tsom eht ,hallA fo eman eht gninoitnem tuohtiw )dilav si( 'uuhduw on dna ,)haalas rof gnihsaw( 'uuhduw tuohtiw )dilav si( reyarp oN" ,htidaH eht ot gnidroccA
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trats dluohs uoY ]B[
)811("!ssenevigrof ruoY ],hallA O["

/!kanaarfuhg/
:yas dluohs uoy ,teliot eht fo tuo teg uoy nehW
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411
su
= Z ;ore ;kni
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ha'kaR-owt a sreffo neht ,enim ekil 'uuhduw seod uoy fo yna fI" ,syas
'uuhduW
retfa reyarP ha'kaR-owT a reffO ]D[
tehporP ehT
hguorht retne ot eno rof nepo lliw nevaeH fo setag thgie eht ,'regnesseM dna evals siH si dammahuM dna ,hallA tub doG on si ereht taht yfitset I` ,syas ylerecnis eno ,ylreporp
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/huluusar-aw uhudbaz nadamma hum aal uhad haw ,haal-lalli ahaali aalla udah-hsa/ anna udah-hsa-aw ,)u(hal akeerahs
:etacilppus
5 retpahC
511
dna ,degnorw gnieb ro srehto gnignorw morf ,pils ot srehto gnisuac ro )nis otni( gnippils morf ,yartsa srehto gnidael ro yartsa gniog morf uoy ni egufer kees I ,hallA O .hallA htiw tpecxe rewop ro thgim on si erehT .hallA ni tsurt ym tup evah I ,hallA fo eman eht nI"
/yyala
z alahjuy-wa alahja-wa ,)a(malZu-wa
amilZa-wa ,)a(llazu-wa alliza-wa ,)a(llaDu -wa alliDa na akib u duu a eenni ammuhaalla ,haal-lib aalli atawwuq aal-aw alwa h
aal ,)i(haal-lala
utlakkawat ,)i(haal-limsib/
:yarp dluohs eno ,euqsom eht rof esuoh eht gnivael nO
euqsoM eht rof gnivaeL no 'aa'uD 2.1.5
.'aa'ud detaler-'uuhduw eht yas )221( dluohs eno ,mummayat gniod ro ,)esruocretni .g.e ,ydob elohw eht gnihsaw setatissecen taht tca na( habaanaj retfa gnihsaw nehW ".nevigrof eb lliw snis suoiverp sih )121( lla ,detcartsid ton si eh hcihw gnirud reyarp
pihsroW fo stcA rof
raakhdA
611
ym ekam dna thgil htiw em edivorp dna ,em dniheb thgil dna em fo tnorf ni thgil ,em rednu thgil ,em evoba thgil ,tfel ym no thgil ,thgir ym no thgil ,gniraeh ym ni thgil ,thgis-eye ym ni thgil ,traeh ym ni thgil eb ereht teL !hallA O" /aaruun eel miZZaz-aw ,)w(aruun eel lazj-aw ,)w(aruun eeflahkaw ,)w(aruun eemaama-aw ,)w(aruun eethat-aw ,)w(aruun eeqwaf-aw ,)w(aruun eeraasay-yaz-aw ,)w(aruun eeneemay-yaz-aw ,)w(aruun eezmas eef-aw ,)w(aruun eeraSab eef-aw ,)w(aruun eeblaq eef lazj-ammuhaalla/ :dda nac enO
)321(
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htiw gnivaheb morf
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711
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/kitam har abaawba eel hatf-ammuhaalla ,)i(haal-liluusar aalaz umaalas-saw utaalaS-Saw )i(haal-limsib/
:yarp dluohs eno ,euqsom eht gniretne nO euqsoM eht gnivaeL dna gniretnE no 'aa'uD 3.1.5
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euqsoM eht ni elihw 'aa'uD 4.1.5
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".hallA htiw tpecxe rewop ron thgim rehtien si erehT"

/haal-lib aalli atawwuq aal-aw alwa h-aal/
:yas dluohs eno ,"sseccus rof netsaH" / haalaf-lalaz iyya h/ dna "reyarp rof netsaH" /haalaS-Salaz iyyah/ ta tpecxe ,dias gnieb si tahw gnitaeper ,rellac eht wollof dluohs eno ,strats reyarp rof llac eht sa noos sA
llaC reyarP eht gniraeH no 'aa'uD 5.1.5
)621(".na'ruQ yloh eht gnidaer rof dna sreyarp rof ,ytsejaM dna thgiM fo droL ,hallA fo ecnarbmemer eht rof era yehT" )521(".esoprup a rof tliub era seuqsoM" ,syas | tehporP eht ,oslA .]73-63 shayA ,ruN-nA taruS ni[ ".denrutrevo eb lliw sllabeye dna straeh nehw yad a raef ohw ;haakaz gniyap dna reyarp ni ycnatsnoc dna hallA fo ecnarbmemer morf seliugeb elas ron esidnahcrem rehtien mohw

pihsroW fo stcA rof
raakhdA
021
su
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siH
si
dammahuM
dna
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enola ,hallA tub doG on si ereht taht yfitset I"
/hatdazaw ee dal-li-naduum ham mamaaqam -la nadamma hum itaa ,)it(ami-aaq-litaalaS abbar ammuhaalla/ ,aaneed imaalsi-lib-aw ,)w(aluusar-ridamma hum-ib-aw nadamma hum aalla udah-hsa anna ,)w(abbar ,)u(hal ihaal-lib uteeDar ,)u(huluusar-aw uhudbaz udah-hsa-aw akeerahs aal uhad haw ,)u(haal-lalli ahaali ,damma hum akiluusar-aw akidbaz aalaz millas-aw illaS ammuhaalla/
:yas dluohs eno ,revo si
llaC reyarP eht retfa 'aa'uD 6.1.5

".rellac eht retfa taeper ,reyarp
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siht fo doog eht rof skees eno revetahw rof

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".mih desimorp evah uoY ecalp detlaxe eht ot mih ekat dna ,ytiroirepus dna )tnemgduJ fo yaD eht no( noissecretni fo egelivirp eht dammahuM tnarG !reyarp dehsilbatse eht dna llac tcefrep siht fo droL !hallA O .noigiler ym sa malsI dna ,regnesseM siH sa dammahuM ,droL ym sa hallA tpecca ot desaelp ma I .dammahuM ,regnesseM dna evals ruoY nopu eb ecaep dna sreyarp ruoY teL !hallA O .regnesseM dna evals
pihsroW fo stcA rof
raakhdA
221
tnarG !reyarp dehsilbatse eht dna llac tcefrep siht fo droL !hallA O` ,syas eno ,reyarp rof llac eht gniraeh no ,fI" ,htidaH eht ot gnidroccA )921(".nevigrof eb lliw snis sih ,'noigiler ym sa malsI dna ,regnesseM siH sa dammahuM ,droL ym sa hallA tpecca ot desaelp ma I` ,syas dna ',regnesseM dna evals siH si dammahuM taht dna ,srentrap tuohtiw enola ,hallA tub doG on si ereht taht yfitset I` ,syas eno ,reyarp rof llac eht gniraeh no ,fI" ,syas osla | tehporP ehT )821(".]tnemegduJ fo yaD eht no[ noissecretni ym rof seifilauq haleesaw eht em tnarg ot hallA sksa reveohW .eno eht eb ot geb I dna ,nemsdnob s'hallA fo eno no tpecxe dewoteb eb ot ton nevaeH ni sutats a si hcihw ,haleesaw eht em tnarg ot hallA ksa ,nehT .ecno em rof syarp reveohw rof semit net syarp hallA ;em rof yarp neht ,syas eh tahw mih retfa taeper ,rellac reyarp eht raeh uoy nehW" ,syas | tehporP ehT
321
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hihas
haalaS gnitratS no 'aa'uD 7.1.5
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pihsroW fo stcA rof
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p p p hC & #) G $ !$1)y. n n r o r n n n p p p h #$ p 2 p ! - Q H G $1), 0 -, n n n n n o n 6 n 8 r pn n n p p 1), Epf p 2 h& h# C & # ) G $ n n n n n o o 6 n r o r n n p p zh , h ,2 p ! p j G $ hG J hG n 6 r o n r n 6 6 n n n n n n
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521
5 retpahC
".trid )431( lla fo desnaelc si tnemrag etihw a sa ,liah dna eci ,retaw looc htiw snis ym yawa hsaw dna ,tsew eht morf tsae eht decnatsid evah uoy sa ,snis ym morf em ecnatsiD !hallA O"
/darab-law ijlahtht-htaw i-aam-lib / )a(yaayaaTahk lishg-ammuhaalla
)i(sanad-danim aamak
uDayba-lubwahthta aayaaTahk-lanim /birhgam-law iqirhsam
-aqqanuy iniqqan -lanyab
ammuhaalla atta aab eenyab
aamak
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anyab-aw
di aab
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/kuriahg ahaali aal-aw ,)a(kuddaj
pihsroW fo stcA rof
raakhdA
621
/Z/
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/uu/ /S/
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eht ot em ediuG .reffid yeht nierehw srettam gninrecnoc sevals ruoY neewteb egduj
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;sa
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p p +$Mgp h&lH-p h&l<p -p y. n n r n n r n r p zC b.P n o o p
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921
5 retpahC
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G !- h n r 6 o
: b t R D J / RL v
p o n g n o
-,
- G $!
r o r
n o
n o
qJ L . v
, o
h n n o
".sgniht lla revo rewop sah eH dna ,htaed sesuac dna efil sevig eH .eud si esiarp lla miH ot dna ,noinimod eht sgnoleb miH oT .srentrap tuohtiw enola ,hallA tub doG on si erehT"
/reedaq l iyahs illuk aalaz n j awuh-aw ,)u(teemuy-aw eey huy ,)u(dma h -luhal-aw ,uklum-luhal ,)u(hal akeerahs aal uhad haw ,)u(haal-lalli ahaali aal/
: nwad eht retfa
)271(
haalas
tesnus
dna
ylralucitrap
,semit 01 reyarp gniwollof eht yas nac uoy ,
raakhda denoitnem-erofa eht ot noitidda nI .7

)171(
.saaN-nA taruS dna qalaF-lA taruS

)071(
,ssalhkI-lA taruS
,isruK-lA tayA
eticeR .6
G r
EJ
n
$
r
, h+ . n o n
b t R
n
!/
n
" 8
2A
r
qJ L .
p
0 y
l
pihsroW fo stcA rof
raakhdA
841
tnarg uoY esoht gnoma ytefas em tnarG .ediug uoY esoht gnoma em ediug ,hallA O"
/tyalaazat-aw aanabbar atkaraabat ,)a(tyadaaz nam uzzizay aal-aw ,)a(tyalaaw-wam ulli ay aal )u(hanni d -aw ,)a(kyalaz aaDquy aal-aw eeDqat akanni ,)a(tyaDaq aam arrahs eeniq-aw ,)a(tyaTza aameef eel kiraab-aw ,)a(tyallawat l ameef n j eenallawat-aw ,)a(tyafaaz nameef eenifaaz -aw ,)a(tyadah nameef eenidh-ammuhaalla/
:yas dluohs uoy ,)haalas ni noitacovni( tuunuq rtiw-la dna rjaf eht nI
)471(
'aa'uD tuunuQ 71.1.5
)371(.driht eht .e.i ,eno tsal eht ni meelsat did tehporP ehT .driht eht ni saalhkI-lA taruS dna ,dnoces eht ni nurifaK -lA taruS ,ha'kar tsrif eht ni aal'A-lA taruS ,hahitaF-lA taruS retfa ,eticer dluohs uoy ,haalas rtiw-la ni od ot desu | tehporP eht sA
haalaS rtiW-lA ni eticeR ot saruS 61.1.5

5 retpahC
941
;dab =
;)maerd cibarA( mluh = / h/ d /h/ ;)siraP = /hg/ ;taem = /ee/ ;bmud = /D/ ;siht = / / /d/ ;dnif = /ya/ ;rats = /aa/ ;bmal = /aa/ ;yppah = /a/
akyali-aw -yam -aw -aw
,)u(dujsan-aw
eellaSun ,akib
akal-aw
,)u(dubzan akayyi ammuhaalla /)a(kurufkay uzalhkan-aw ,)a(kurufkan )u(nim'un ammuhaalla/ aal-aw ,)a(kurifhgatsan
,)a(kuneezatsan
:tuunuq
s'nos sih ro s'ramO dda nac uoY
h8c. 1:y. n n n nr n p p 0Kd #) hG 1:, [h/ 0cM #) b. O0:], 82. Qt: Q1(. n n 7 n r n n r n n 6n n 7 n r n nn n r n nr n p p p #. qY1:, [kv v ] E&v 8rY2 h/ 0rY/ b!1v, hE&- / n n n r n n o r n n nr n n 6 o n r 6 n p p p p h8. (p 2 k1$) 8. 1:, h1. Qc p 2 k1$. C b\1:, hq(p 2 RL n n r n r n n n n n 6 n r n n 6r n n n n 6 r p p p p G +J&p 2 k1$) +J0:, hb. k(p 2 k1$) b. k1:, n n n r n nr n n n r n zG
!,% 6 6
n r
dna desselB .deruonoh reven si ymene na sa ekat uoY revemohw dna ,detailimuh reven si fo erac ekat uoY revemohw ;uoY rof deerced si gnihton tub ,eerced uoY ,ylireV .deerced evah uoY live eht morf em tcetorP .em evig uoY tahw sselB .erac ruoY otni ekat uoY esoht gnoma erac ruoY otni em ekaT .ytefas
)571(
".droL ruo ,uoY eb detlaxe
051
;sah =
/uu/ /S/
".yaw )771( ruoY )gniwollof morf elpoep( tcurtsbo ohw ,sreveilebsid eht no eb tnemrot ruoY teL !hallA O .gnimoc ylniatrec si sreveilebsid eht fo tnemrot elbativeni ruoY .tnemrot ruoY raef dna ycrem ruoY kees eW .evirts dna nur ew uoY drawot ;etartsorp dna yarp ew uoY ot ;pihsrow ew uoY !hallA O )671(.uoY seined reveohw morf sevlesruo etaicossid ew dna ,uoY ni htiaf evah eW .uoY yned ton od eW .ssenevigrof dna pleh ruoY kees eW !hallA O"
p p p p p h&HS/ bKG 1v, Ef bKG 1v (G ?J) 1. ul. Q #!Es, n n n n n n n n o r n n r n l 6 r 6 r o 6 p p h&P?J, hE 1v &Pc/ (h&ElJ), &L>. QD$9v n n r o o n nr n n n r o n r n n n n r n n r o p p 1v (h&H!d) #) 0ulLc, G !,% E0. c &c2J, h v &V!2 o 6 6 n n r o o n n r n r n r o o n n n n o 6 n n o n 8 p p p p E&. &P9c1(v, h&P9flLc, h/ &ulLc, h&&#) n n r n r o n n n n o r o 6 n r n o n r o o n zG
!,% o 6 6
/kileebas -l az anuudduSay anee al-latarfak-libi az n d dd j ammuhaalla ,uqi hlum iraaffuk-lib addij -lakabaa az anni ,)a(kaba az aahshkan-aw d d )a(katam har uujran ,)u(dif han-aw aazsan
151
5 retpahC
; ab =
;)maerd cibarA( mluh = / h/ d /h/ ;)siraP = /hg/ ;taem = /ee/ ;bmud = /D/ ;siht = / / /d/ ;dnif = /ya/ ;rats = /aa/ ;bmal = /aa/ ;yppah = /a/
)081(
yb detcurtsni sa ,gniwollof eht od dluohs uoy ,haalas gnirud uoy ot srepsihw )haalas gnirud smilsuM stcartsid taht lived eht( baznahK fI
tehporP eht
O2E. f
o r n n
G !-y.
6
)971(
".hallA ot
eb yrolG"
/haal-lanaa hbus/ :duola yas dluohs nataS ro namuH a
uoy ,haalas gnirud uoy ot skaeps enoemos fI
yb
haalaS gniruD detcartsiD fi yaS ot tahW .5

r n p G $! n p v G rJhSy. o
O2E. f
o n
)871(
".gniK yloH
eht ot eb yrolG"
/suudduq-likilam-lanaa hbus/
:degnolorp eb dluohs
emit driht eht - semit 3 gniwollof eht yas dluohs uoy ,
haalas rtiw-la
n n
hsinif uoy nehW
G !, % o 6
p bKH G ulLI G K0) 0VJhf b) O2p 1!p vy. o n
n n n
pihsroW fo stcA rof
raakhdA
251
;sa
zG
p p p !,% C e<(. , G !,% C e<(. , G !,% C e<(. y. 6 o 6 n rn 6 o 6 n rn 6 o 6 n rn
".]niar htiw[ su eucseR !hallA O .]niar htiw[ su eucseR !hallA O .]niar htiw[ su eucseR !hallA O"
/aanhtihga ammuhaalla ,aanhtihga ammuhaalla ,aanhtihga ammuhaalla/
:yas nac uoy ,niar rof gniyarP :niar gnikovni rof snoitacilppus detceles era gniwollof ehT
sreyarP gnikovnI-niaR 1.81.1.5 cificepS rof
shaalaS
p
raakhdA
81.1.5
.semit eerht tfel ruoy ot tips ,nehT ]b[

zC b.P n o o p 1. !p - #p ) G S1\. fp G L>1%y. n p
r n
".tsactuo eht ,nataS morf hallA ni egufer kees I"

/meejar-rinaaTyahs-hsanim ihaal-lib u duuza/
:yas ]a[
351
5 retpahC
1J
p
2
! c G $1 y. n n n n r n 8 n p p zG !,% G Oc h , Fp$ , hG & o 6 r n n n n n n n n n r o 6
: Os b2.
1. v
SL QD n 9n v, hnC D r r
6 $
".yrtnuoc daed ruoY ot efil evig dna )281( ycrem ruoY daerps ,retaw htiw slamina ruoY dna )elpoep( sevals ruoY edivorP !hallA O"
/tiyyam-lakadalab eey ha-aw ,)a(katam har ruhs-l aw ,)a(kami n j -aahab-aw akadaabiz iqs-ammuhalla/
:dda nac uoY

n
zG
!,% o 6 6
Orp . , r
(
!, % o 6 6
Orp . , r
(
!, % o 6 6
Orp . y. r
(
".retaw htiw )181( su edivorP !hallA O .retaw htiw su edivorP !hallA O .retaw htiw su edivorP !hallA O"
/aaniqs-ammuhaalla ,aaniqs-ammuhaalla ,aaniqs-ammuhaalla/
pihsroW fo stcA rof
raakhdA
:yarp osla nac uoY 451
,eciohc a gnikam ni pleh rof
noitacilppuS haraahkitsI 2.81.1.5
hallA ksa oT
.ylevitcepser sha'kaR dnoces )581( eht dna tsrif eht ni hahitaF-lA retfa deticer eb hayihsahG-lA taruS dna aal'A-lA taruS taht dednemmocer si ti )481(,syadirF dna sdeE eht fo taht ni sa ,haalas gnikovni-niar eht nI
1 " 1
zG
p p b. >0 e r Ln B> y. n k n Orp . e r <. o fp <. , n Lp ,k . n Lp ck . , . kp ck . e r Ln X. Q, r n

!,% o 6 6
# 1
# 0
# 0
&
n k
".retal ton )381( ,renoos llaf ti tel dna ,lufmrah ton ,laicifeneb si taht dna ytirepsorp dna doog tuoba sgnirb taht niar gnivas htiw su edivorP !hallA O"
/lijaa ariahg nalijaaz ,)ni(rraaD ariahg nazifaan ,)n(azeeram -mahtiahg ma-eeram ,)m(ahteehgum aaniqs-ammuhaalla/
551
:dda osla nac uoY 5 retpahC
od I tub ,wonk uoY .ton ma I tub ,elbapac era uoY .sgnisselb taerg ruoY rof ksa I dna ,thgiM ruoY morf rewoP dna ,egdelwonk ruoY morf ecnadiug ksa I !hallA O"
/hib eeniDDar ammuht ,anaak uhtya h ,innaz uhfirS-af ,)ihilijaa-aw irma ilijaaz eef aryahk-layil rudqaw ,)u(hnaz eenfir-Saw
ro( eerma itabiqaaz-aw ,ihsaazam-aw ,eeneed

eef eel-lurrahs arma-la daah anna umalzat atnuk
l i-aw n j
,eel uhrissay-aw ,eel )u(hrudqaf ,)ihilijaa -aw eerma ilijaaz eef
,)i(heef
eel
kiraab
ammuht
ro(
eerma itabiqaaz-aw
,eehsaazam-aw ,eeneed eef eel-luriahk arma /buuyuhg-lumaallaz -lah dah anna umalzat atl uk l i ,ammuhaalla n n j j atl a-aw n j
l
,)u(malza
aal-aw umalzat -aw ,)u(ridqa aal-aw uridqat akanni-af ,meeZaz-la-kilDaf j im akula-sa-aw n ,)a(kitarduq-ib akuridqatsa-aw ,)a(kimliz -ib akureehkatsa eenni ammuhaalla/
.. . .
ha'kar-owt yrotagilbo-non a reffo dluohs uoy
:yarp neht ,reyarp 651
pihsroW fo stcA rof
raakhdA
".ti htiw deifsitas em ekam dna ,em rof )681( doog si revetahw em rof niadrO .ti morf yawa em peek dna ,em morf yawa ti peek ,)erutuf dna tneserp ym rof dab( efilretfa dna ecnetsisbus ,htiaf ym rof dab ,egdelwonk ruoY ni ,si gniht taht fI .ti sselb neht dna ,niatbo ot em rof ysae ti ekam dna ,em rof ti niadro ,)erutuf dna tneserp ym rof doog( retfaereH dna ecnetsisbus ,htiaf ym rof doog ,egdelwonk ruoY ni ,si gniht taht fI !hallA O .neesnu eht fo rewonK eht era uoY dna ,ton
p p p p p p p p p p2 (2 ( -, " C # j hB ! - ( 2 hG n r o n n n r r n r r o n 8 n r p p p p p p p p 2 2 O0(2 h# 2 h C # j - C h d: G # n n n n n n n r r n n 4 n r n n p p 2 h0 g p 2 % Qc p 2 p 1-, hEpf ( p !% C f + G n 8 r o n r o r n n r n o n 6 n n r o 6 n p p p p p p p Qg h p p C # j - C h d: p 2 " C # j hB ! - n n n n n r n n r o r o n r n r n n p p p p p 2 + G G # [h0 $2 -] 1 2 2 O0(2 h# r n n n o n n n n n r l 8 n p p h C !%, hC & e G 1.H, G !,% Ef ( !% C f o 6 n n n r n o n n r n n 6 o r o o r o r n n r n o n 6 6 p p p Q h C p Q h !% p p hC #) ! G p 1%, & r n n r n n 6 n n r o n n n r o n n r n o n r n r n o n p p p 1 c p p !$ , h C p Qc p Q p , E&2 C o n n n r n r o n n o r n n r 8 n r n zG
k b. > L > k. ULk b UL k b c. R b. q27 L q. $ L RL k PL ; 1. k t : 8c K b . q 27 L q. k b. > L > k. qJ K $ L P D. >9 G L k c. R / b : b0 f t : 8c O# v kY v c_ k( v 8rJ / qJ . 8c O9H L 1c v O 9 rJ 1 rJ 8 v

!,% o 6 6
751
5 retpahC
= =
; ab =
/h/ r /d/ i
;dn f =

;t m = ;r ts = ;bm l =
)091( )981(
;ypp h =
/ h/ / d/ /a/
;sa
;)si aP =
."revo
si
haalas
eht llit gnittis s'mamI eht neewteb si ruoh laiceps taht ,tnemugra
emit
eht"
tsegnorts eht ot gnidroccA .yad yadirF eht no sreyarp gnirewsna rof emit enutroppo tsom eht deredisnoc si tI ."ruoh rewsna" eht gnirud nac uoy sa hcum sa etacilppus dluohs uoY
reyarP yadirF ehT 4.81.1.5

)881(
.lluf ni deticer eb dluohs eht ot gnidroccA
saruS
)781(
owt
eht
,hannuS
.hahitaF-lA retfa nasnI-lA taruS eticer
dluohs eh ,ha'kaR dnoces eht nI .hahitaF-lA retfa hadjaS-sA taruS eticer dluohs mamI eht ,reyarp nwad yadirF eht fo
ha'kar
tsrif eht nI
reyarP nwaD yadirF ehT 3.81.1.5

.deen sih noitnem dluohs gnikam eciohc ni pleh s'hallA rof
gniyarp nosrep eht taht syas
tehporP ehT
p hG qJQ p 2 G H1L D1= t. f, ;% QX(p 2 1-p y. n r o r r n rn n r o n n o 6 n 8
pihsroW fo stcA rof
raakhdA
851
.evarg eht fo tnemrot eht morf dna lajjaddA heesaM-lA fo lairt eht morf noitcetorp s'hallA kees dna ;)yna sah eno fi( sevals eerf ;ytirahc evig ;revo si espilce eht litnu yarp ;ssenevigrof siH rof gniksa , hallA etacilppus ;elbissop sa hcum sa hallA rebmemer :hannuS eht ot gnidrocca )espilce( fuusuk fo esac eht ni od dluohs milsuM a tahw si sihT
NN
)espilcE( fuusuK-lA taalaS 5.81.1.5
.sreyarp htob ni hayihsahG )391( -lA dna al'A-lA eticer nac mamI eht ,edicnioc reyarp deE eht dna reyarp ha'umuJ eht fI .dnoces eht ni hayihsahG-lA taruS dna ,ha'kar tsrif eht ni al'A-lA taruS eticer ,hannuS eht htiw ecnadrocca ni ,yam eH )291(.dnoces eht ni nuqifanuM -lA taruS dna ,ha'kar tsrif eht ni hahitaF -lA retfa ha'umuJ-lA taruS eticer nac eH )191(.hannuS s'tehporP eht ni dehsilbatse llew si siht rof ,)nomres( habtuhk eht ni faaQ taruS eticer nac mamI ehT
951 5 retpahC
; ab =
siH rof ksa dna miH ekovni ,ecnarbmemer s'hallA rof etsah ekam ,sngis hcus ees uoy revenehw ,oS .meht yb srepihsrow siH stset hallA tub ,ydobyna fo htrib ro htaed eht fo esuaceb rucco ton od ,sdnes hallA hcihw ,sngis esehT" ,syas
)591(
".ssenevigrof
tehporP ehT
)491(
"....emit
tsrif eht sa gnol sa ton tub ,emit gnol a rof pu doots dna 'uukur morf daeH sih desiar eh ,nehT .duujus gnol a did osla eH .haraqaB-lA taruS deticer eh hcihw gnirud ,emit gnol a rof doots eH .mih dniheb smilsuM eht did os dna ,deyarp eH .emitefil s'tehporP eht ni esilpce na saw erehT" ,sabbA-nbI yb detarran sA .revo si esilpce eht litnu gniyarp pots ton dluohs dna ,)noitartsorp( duujus dna )gniwob( 'uukur gnolorp dluohs eH .dnoces eht ni narmI -lA taruS ekil haruS a dna ,ha'kar tsrif eht ni hahitaF-lA retfa haraqaB-lA taruS ekil haruS a eticer dluohs mamI eht ,fuusuk-la taalas nI
pihsroW fo stcA rof
raakhdA
061
;sa
)002(.dnoces eht ni hayihsahG -lA taruS dna ha'kar tsrif eht ni al'A-lA taruS ,hahitaF-lA retfa ,eticer dluohs reyarp deE eht fo mamI eht ,hannuS eht ot gnidroccA haalaS deE ehT 6.81.1.5
".lajjaddA heessaM-lA fo taht ekil )991( lairt a ogrednu lliw uoy ;noos sevarg ruoy ni deirt eb lliw uoy taht em ot delaever neeb sah tI" ,dias | tehporP eht ,nomres espilce na nI )891(".espilce ralos eht gnirud sevals eerf" ot smilsuM stcurtsni eH ".)ytirahc( )791( haqadas yap dna dna haalas reffo ,mih yfirolg ,hallA etacilppus ,]ngis fo epyt[ taht ees uoy revenehW" ,syas osla | tehporP ehT ".revo si espilce eht llit hallA ekovni )691( dna yarp ,sespilce eseht ees uoy revenehw ,oS .sngis s'hallA fo owt era yehT .htrib ro htaed s'enoemos fo esuaceb espilce ton od noom eht dna nus ehT" ,syas | tehporP ehT
161 5 retpahC
)202(.ahdA-lA deE fo noisacco eht no reebkat taht yas ot desu du'saM-nbI

zG
!-
".eud si esiarp lla hallA ot dna ,tsetaerG eht si hallA ;hallA tub doG on si ereht ;tsetaerG eht si hallA ,tsetaerG eht si hallA"
/dma h -lihaal-lil-aw ,)u(rabka uhaal-law uhaalla/ :reebkat dias ylnommoc eht si sihT )102(.hajjiH-luhT fo ht31 eht no reyarp noonretfa eht llit )hajjiH-luhT fo .ht9 eht( yaD hafarA eht no reyarp nwad eht retfa strats reebkat ,ahdA-lA deE fo noisacco eht nO .lawwahS fo tsrif eht no ,reyarp diE eht strats mamI eht llit nadamaR fo yad tsal eht fo tesnus eht morf snigeb reebkat ,rtiF-lA deE fo noisacco eht nO .]"tsetaerg eht si hallA" /rabka uhaalla/[ reebkat yas ot si hannuS eht ,ahdA-lA deE dna rtiF-lA deE ,sdeE owt eht fo noisacco eht nO pihsroW fo stcA rof ,haal-lalli ahaali aal ,)u(rabka uhaal-lurbka
C t2L, G o
!-
C t2L, / E - E/ G o n 6
!-,
hG
!-
p C t2L, h !- G E$Jy o o
raakhdA
261
".]tneps )402( sah eh tahw rof[ noitasnepmoc a ]ekaS ruoY rof[ sdneps ohw eno eht eviG !hallA O" :gniyas yb revig haakaz eht rof yarp osla nac enO )302(".yltaerg mih desiarp evah lliw uoy ,'llew uoy drawer hallA yaM` ,meht ot yas uoy dna ,ecivres a uoy seod enoemos fI" ,syas | tehporP ehT
z Gc G n n n
/aafalahk naqifj um iTza ammuhaalla/ n
.l
>M
!-
GL .
1 Gy n r k
".llew uoy drawer hallA yaM"

/aariahk uhaal-lakaazaj/
:yas .g.e ,ronod eht rof yarp dluohs ,rotcelloc haakaz eht ro ,roop eht ,ronrevog eht ti eb ,haakaz fo reviecer ehT
haakaZ gnivieceR no reyarP 1.2.5 haakaZ rof raakhdA 2.5

5 retpahC
361
= =
; ab =
/h/ r /d/ i
;dn f =

;t m = ;r ts = ;bm l =
;ypp h =
/ h/ / d/ /a/
;sa
;)si aP =
p p z1. Qc G u v k2 C +!v h#. p vy. n n n t o n n n n r n n n

)602(
".htlaew yaM"
ruoy
dna
ylimaf
ruoy
sselb
hallA
/kilaam aw akilha eef akal uhaalla akaraab/

:gniyas yb ,meht sselb ot uoy ,yenom emos uoy hallA ksa dluohs enoemos fI
sreffo
yenoM dereffO fi reyarP 2.2.5

)502(
.revig si ti
haakaz eht ot ti yas ot etairporppa

,oS .ylno
ton
ti peek smilsuM ."dammahuM tehporP nopu eb ecaep dna sreyarp s'hallA yaM" naem secnarettu eseht lla -
tehporP
eht
rof
/maalas-saw utaalaS
-Sihialaz/ ro /mallas-aw ihialaz uhaal-lallaS/

ro
,/hialaz eellaS ammuhaalla/

:reyarp laiceps siht gniyas
yb
ekovni smilsuM taht gninoitnem htrow si tI
demahoM tehporP no sgnisselb s'hallA
zG
!,% o 6
p p C b] #(lr. o r k n r
G!l. y.
n n k
pihsroW fo stcA rof
raakhdA
461
,maalsi-law )it(amaalas-saw ,)i(naamee -law inmuy-lib aanyalaz uhlilha ammuhaalla/
:yas dluohs uoy ,tnecserc nadamaR eht gniees nO

tnecserC nadamaR eht gnithgiS no yas ot tahW 1.3.5 raakhdA gnitsaF 3.5
)702(".naol fo tnemyap dna edutitarg yb tem eb tsum gnidneL .htlaew ruoy dna ylimaf ruoy sselb hallA yaM"
/'aada-law udma hla ifalassu-aazaj aamanni ,)a(kilaam aw ,)a(kilha eef akal uhaalla akaraab/
G E$J tr n r o z1. Qc n n n
hG $ O G A y n t r n n o p p p G u v k2 C +!v h#. p v, E&$. n n n 6 n t o n n n r n
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:yas nac uoY .reh / mih rof yarp dna knaht dluohs uoy ,uoy ot ti tnel sah taht eno eht ot naol a gninruter nO naoL a gninruteR no 'aa'uD 3.2.5
561 5 retpahC
snoitacilppus esohw elpoep eerht era erehT" ,syas tehporP ehT .noitacilppus dna na'ruQ eht fo noitaticer ,) hallA fo ecnarbmemer( rkihd ,haalas sa hcus ,elbissop sa doog hcum sa od dluohs smilsuM ,gnitsaf elihW
tsaF ruoy gnirud oD ot tahW 3.3.5
p zE&2
6
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l
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.)gnitsaf ma I( /mi-aaS eenni/
:eciwt gniyas yb dnopser dluohs uoy ,seman dab uoy sllac enoemos fI
gnitsaF nehw tlusnI ot esnopseR 2.3.5

8
p hG )O0 e, Q12 hQ1v G n r n n n 7 n zG

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".enim dna doG ruoy )802( si hallA ]!noom O[ .malsI dna ytiruces ,htiaf ,sgnisselb yb deinapmocca eb ti teL !hallA O"
/haal-lakubbar-aw eebbar
pihsroW fo stcA rof
raakhdA
661
/ahki-aalam-lumukialaz
tallaS-aw alaka-aw
,raarba-lumukamaazaT ,nuumi-aaS-Sumukadj iz n araTfa/
:gniyas yb meht rof yarp dluohs uoy ,esuoh s'enoemos ta tsaf ruoy gnikaerb nO tsaF gnikaerB no 'aa'uD s'tseuG A 5.3.5
G !-y . 6o p zP+ G $ , hG ! p G hb, h G Ef A n r o r n n 6 n o n rn6 n n n nn n r o o o ".noissimrep )112( s'hallA yb deruces si ]gnitsaf rof hallA morf[ drawer eht ;tew era sniev eht ;enog sah tsrihT"
l .
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/haalla-aahs-j i )u(rja-latabaht-aw n ,)u(quuruz -litallat-baw ,u-amaZ-Zabaha d/
l .
:yarp nac uoy ,tsaf ruoy gnikaerb nO tsaF gnikaerB no 'aa'uD 4.3.5 ".degnorw neeb sah )012( taht nosrep a dna ;relur tsuj a ;tsaf eht skaerb ehs / eh llit nosrep gnitsaf a :detcejer ton era 761 5 retpahC
;sa = ; ab =
faakit'i na ni enod eb dluohs sihT .secalp elbaruonoh ni snoitacilppus dna raakhda elbissop tseb eht lla gniyas dna na'ruQ eht gniticer eb dluohs uoy ,thgiN taht nO
zG
!,% o 6 6
p p E&v bl. 8E3 G cl. k. bm b(2y. n n r o n o 4 o 7 n 8 6 n r n r
".em evigrof esaelP .evigrof ot sevol ohW )312( ,gnivigroF-revE eht era uoy ,ylireV !hallA O"
/eennaz ufz-af ,awfaz akanni ammuhaalla/ -lubbi hut
:yarp dluohs uoy ,)rewoP / eerceD fo thgiN( rdaQ-lutalyaL ssentiw uoy fI
l .
n j uwwufaz
rdaQ-lutalyaL no 'aa'uD 6.3.5
hU!: b!1u% G $0 Fpu7y. n n 6 r n nr o o r n n o p zC k\L b(Jt% G V. Fp$.f, hC t" [c. #u% G $ 1LG Q, 6 o n n n n n n n n o o r n o r n o o n r n n
".uoy rof yarp slegna eht yam ;doof ruoy )212( morf netae evah seno doog eht ;esuoh ruoy ni tsaf rieht nekorb evah seno gnitsaf ehT"
pihsroW fo stcA rof
raakhdA
861
; oc = ;e
:yas dluohs uoy ,llihnwod seog ti nehW

zG !- C t2Ly. o n r n o
".tsetaerG eht si hallA"
/rabka uhaalla/
:yas dluohs uoy ,llihpu seog tropsnart fo snaem ruoy nehw ,hannuS eht ot gnidroccA
llihnwoD dna llihpU 'aa'uD 1.1.4.5

.erom emos dda su tel
,revewoH .denoitnem neeb ydaerla evah meht fo tsom ,raakhda detaler-levart eht rof sA
raakhdA detaleR-levarT 1.4.5

.setir ot detaler rehto
eht dna ,gnillevart ot detaler eno :seirogetac owt nihtiw llaf
harmO dna jjaH rof raakhdA 4.5

.)euqsom eht ni taerter( etats
raakhda harmo
dna
jjah
ehT
)412(
961
5 retpahC
;sa = ; ab =
:yas dluohs uoy ,gnillevart era uoy elihw skaerb yad eht eht fI
kaerbyaD ta 'aa'uD gnillevarT 3.1.4.5
".desruc neeb sah )612( ti rof ,kcab )s'lamina eht( sti ffo sgniht ekaT" ,dias tehporP eht ,tropsnart fo snaem reh desruc namow gnillevart a nehw ,tnedicni eno nI .ruoivaheb hcus stibihorp hannuS ehT .ti esruc ot ton era uoy ,tropsnart fo snaem ruoy htiw ytluciffid ecneirepxe uoy fI
tropsnarT yb delbuorT fi 'aa'uD 2.1.4.5
]/aal-lanaa hbus/[ )512( heebsat dias ew ,llihnwod tnew ew revenehw ;]/rabka uhaalla/[ reebkat dias ew ,llihpu tnew ew revenehW`` ,ribaJ yb detarran sA
z f G o r n n n
O2E.
!-y
.
".hallA ot eb yrolG"
/haal-lanaa hbus/
pihsroW fo stcA rof
raakhdA
071
; oc = ;e =
w hs
".detaerc sah eH tahw fo live eht )812( morf sdrow tcefrep s'hallA ni egufer kees I"
/qalahk aam irrahs
zC .P n o o
p p b 1p u!p $n . J G !-p G 96 . #6. J n
#p )
r
RL #n . G!sy. n n
n
l .
n j im )i(taam-maat-ihaal-litaamilak-ib u duua/
:yarp dluohs uoy ,thgin eht yats ot redro ni ecalp a ta pots uoy fI
thgiN eht gniyatS no 'aa'uD 4.1.4.5
p p U. D2r (. , hnC kY" bn !1(. , b. FpKG 1p . !-p #p ) G (. Qpy. n n n 6 n r nrn k n r p 6 O$p d O. #p d 1p E$r Jp G !-p hnDP) 1n 0 Fp-p bn !1r (. , Qn16 (. n n n l n o r
".eriF eht morf noitcetorp s'hallA )712( kees eW .sruovaf ruoY morf su tnarg dna ,su ynapmocca ,droL ruO .su nopu sruovaf siH rof hallA esiarp ew taht draeh sah renetsil A"
/raan-nanim )i(haal -lib-ma di-aaz ,aanialaz liDfa-aw ,aanbi haaS
n n
171
5 retpahC
-aw
)i(haal-lidma hib-muzimaas
azimas/
aanabbar
/aanialaz
ihi-aalab
)i(nsu h
;)maerd cibarA( mluh = / / ;sah = /h/ ;)siraP = /hg/ ;taem = /ee/ ;bmud = /D/ ;siht = / / ;dab = /d/ ;dnif = /ya/ ;rats = /aa/ ;bmal = /aa/ ;yppah = /a/
G Q p 1) r n n n zG
!,% o 6
$X
!!)
h# n n
(".ti ni si tahw fo live eht dna ,elpoep sti fo)9li1v2e eht ,live sti morf noitcetorp ruoY kees dna ,ti ni si tahw fo doog eht dna elpoep sti fo doog eht ,egalliv siht fo doog eht fo uoY ksa I ,tuoba rettacs yeht tahw dna sdniw eht fo droL dna ,yrrac yeht tahw dna shtrae neves eht fo droL ,wodahsrevo yeht tahw dna snevaeh neves eht fo droL ,hallA O"
/aaheefam irrahs-aw ,aahilha irrahs -aw ,ahirrahs j im akib u duuza-aw ,aaheef n
QH n 6
G P2d h . C q , hQ H G L . M n r n n n n n r n r p p P n . hnG J G P2r d hn n . C ^ G

6 $ 6 #
n n r n r
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aam ariahk-aw ,aahilha ariahk-aw ,itayraq -lihi daah
l .
ariahk
akula-sa
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aam aam
-aw -aw
i haayir-rabbar-aw
,)a(nlalqa
aam-aw
izbas-saneeDra-labbar-aw
,)a(nlalZa
:etacilppus dluohs uoy ,egalliv ro nwot a retne ot tnaw uoy revenehW

pihsroW fo stcA rof
izbas-sitawaamas-sabbar
ammuhaalla/
nwoT a gniretnE no 'aa'uD 5.1.4.5
raakhdA
271
su
;ore
oc = =
;d
f = =
;dl
c =
;bu
;kni
;e
w hs
/w/ oo /hs/ s
;mu
hT / / z /z/ /uu/ uo /u/ t /T/ ht /ht/ /S/ s /s/ gn n /ljn/ i /i/

;te = ; ir / k at = ;t s =
dna esiarp lla ,ylireV .llac ruoY ot esnopser ni gninetsah ma I .rentrap on evah uoY
;llac ruoY ot esnopser ni gninetsah ma I .llac ruoY ot esnopser ni gninetsah ma I !hallA O .llac ruoY ot esnopser ni gninetsah ma I" /kal akeerahs aal ,klum-law akal atam in -naw adma h-lanni ,kyabbal akal akeerahs
aal akyabbal ,kyabbal ammuhaal-lakyabbal/ :hayiblat rof yas dluohs uoy ,elpmaxe s'tehporP eht gniwolloF
hayiblaT 2.5.5
.desserd gnitteg dna 'uuhduw ,laasithgi no denoitnem ydaerla raakhda emas eht yas dluohs uoy ,)jjah
ro harmo fo etats( maarhi rof gniraperp nO
maarhI rof raakhdA 1.5.5 harmO & jjaH rof raakhdA detaleR-etiR 5.5
p n o n
hC . P n o C n r
. RL . k . . b 1 v RL . RL O# v G L K rL 7 G L . GL . k .
n o n n r n
p p p # 1, y #) + , h C + !, , h n n r n n 8 n n 8 r n 8 n n p p p p p + g G 0 h 1 C +!, , h 1 # 1, , n n n n r n n n r n n n r n r n n
371
5 retpahC
hayiblat
pots ot era uoy ,harmo fo esac eht nI
hayiblaT pots ot nehW
p E z
nr n
1v
hG c$"y. n r n n o n6r n
21v
".deed ym si os dna ,uoY esaelp ot si )122( erised yM .llac ruoY ot esnopser ni gninetsah ma I .sdnah ruoY ni si doog llA .desaelp eb uoY yaM .llac ruoY ot esnopser ni gninetsah ma I ;llac ruoY ot esnopser ni gninetsah ma I"
/lamaz-law akyali u-aabhgar -raw -law akyabbal ,)a(kyaday-ib ,akyabbal uryahk ,)a(kyadzas-aw ,akyabbal/
n6r n
21v,
p hOcJ0v, hG H1L 11J0v, 21v hG n n r n r n n r n r o n n r n n6r n n
Le2. A 6 r n o
:dda nac uoY

G z
E$J, 21v
r n r n n6r n
hG n
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r n n
n n
21v,
21v
hG $ ! v , / n r o r n p
/
RL0v
vy@ 21v,
RL0v
p Ef
6
".srentrap on evah )022( uoY .noinimod eht eb os dna ,uoY ot eb ecarg
!,% o 6 6
n6r n
n6r n
n n
n6r n
471
./rabka uhaalla/ :gniyas ti yb dessap eh )522( emit yreve enotS kcalB eht sdrawot )422(,dnah sih ni gnihtemos htiw ,detniop tehporP eht ,lemac a no hab'aK eht dnuora faawat gnioD
/rabka uhaalla/
,gniyas ,ti sdrawot tniop ,enotS kcalB eht yb ssap uoy emit yreve , tehporP eht ekiL .)tsetaerG eht si hallA( /rabka uhaalla/ :gniyas ti sdrawot dnah ruoy tup ro ,nac uoy fi ti ssik ,nac uoy fi ti hcuot ,enotS kcalB eht ecaf ot era uoy ,)hab'aK
eht gnitalubmamucric(
faawat trats oT faawaT rof raakhdA 3.5.5
".selbbep eht werht )322( eh llit hayiblat deunitnoc tehporP ehT" ,htidaH eht ot gnidroccA .)gnireffo ecifircas( rhaN fo yaD eht no arbuK-lA habaqA-lA fo )selbbep( taaramaj eht gniworht hsinif uoy ecno hayiblat pots ot era uoy ,)egamirglip( jjah fo esac eht nI .euqsoM )222( yloH eht ,maraH eht retne uoy ecno
571 5 retpahC
; ab =
eht
ekiL
.maaquM
s'meeharbI
tehporP
ta haalas ha'kar -owt a reffo uoy ,faawat retfA
sha'kaR faawaT-tsoP eht ni 'aa'uD 4.5.5

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".eriF
fo mood eht morf su draug dna ,doog si hcihw taht retfaereH eht ni dna doog si hcihw taht dlrow eht ni su otnu eviG !droL ruO"
/raan-nabaadaz aaniq-aw ,)wat(anasa h )it(arihkaa-lif-aw ,)wat(anasa h aaynud-dif aanitaa aanabbar/
:haraqaB-lA taruS
fo 081 esrev eticer ot desu tehporP eht ,faawat gniruD -lA nkurrA dna enotS kcalB eht ,srenroc owt ?nac uoy fi ,hab'aK -lA fo srenroc ruof eht hcuot uoy dluohS hcuot ylno nac uoy ,hannuS eht ot gnidroccA
)622(
.)renroC inemeY eht( inaamaY
671
;sa
oa
".erawA ,evisnopseR si hallA !oL ,)mih rof( drocca nwo sih fo doog hteod ohw eh dnA .)si motsuc nagap eht sa( meht dnuora og ot ,ti stisiv ro )doG fo( esuoH eht ot egamirglip no si ohw mih rof nis on erofereht si tI .hallA fo snoitacidni eht gnoma era hawraM -lA dna afaS-lA )sniatnuom ehT( !oL )851("
/meelaz nurikaahs ahaal-lanni ihialaz a haanuj aalaf -af j aryahk azawwaTat j am-aw ,aamihib n n afawwaT-Tayya ,aramatzi-wa atyab-lajja h nam-af ,)i(haal -liri-aazahs j im atawram-law aafaS-Sanni/ n
A B C D E F G H. I J
l .
l .
:haraqaB -lA taruS ni 851 .oN esrev eticer dluohs uoy ,hawraM-lA ro afaS-lA gnihcaorppa nehW
-lA dna afaS-lA neewteb
l .
raakhdA
hawraM 5.5.5
.sha'kar owt eht ni nurifaK-lA taruS dna )822( saalhkI-lA taruS eticer dluohs uoy , tehporP
771
5 retpahC
uhaal-lalli
ahaali
aal
,reedaq
illuk aalaz awuh-aw ,dmah-luhal-aw ,)u(klum -luhal ,)u(hal akeerahs aal uhadhaw ,)u(haal -lalli ahaali aal/
l iyahs n j
:yas dluohs uoy ,nehT

C t 2L y . o
z/ E
E/ G
! -, G ! o o
".tsetaerG eht si hallA .hallA tub doG on si erehT"

/rabka uhaalla ,)u(haal-lalli ahaali aal/
:semit eerht yas dluohs uoy ,hawraM-lA ro afaS-lA no era uoy nehw hab'aK-lA gnieeS
z C 1J C n r n o
1 . 1J C
$ n
n n n
!- 1p -p y@
o
".htiw detrats hallA tahw )922( htiw trats I" /hib uhaalla-adab aamib u-adba/
:yas uoy ,afaS-lA no y'aS gnitrats nO

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pihsroW fo stcA rof
raakhdA
871
; oc = ;e =
w hs
-naw admah-lanni /kyabbal akal akeerahs aal akyabbal ,kyabbal ammuhaal-lakyabbal/

:elbissop sa netfo sa gniwollof eht yas dluohs uoY
hafarA ot gnideecorP no 'aa'uD 6.5.5

& +
&
+.
!/
" 8
!6
C ?M hbJg, h VL b2Jg, h Me G $ DMG H hDJgy. n n n n n r n o n n n n r n n n r n o n r n n n r n o G E J, h b t R r Am qJp Ll , / Ep n Ep/ G o hnDJgo, r n n o n n o n n n n r n r o / Ep n Ep/ G o hnDJn go / RLp v o , o G o v, hn o r z
!6 0
$!
r o
)032(
.ekil uoy sa hallA etacilppus nac uoy ,nehT
".enola )tehporP eht tsiaga detaroballoc ohw esoht( bazhA eht detaefed dna ]dammahuM[ evals siH depleh ,esimorp siH dellifluf ohW ,enola hallA tub doG on si erehT .sgniht lla revo rewop sah eH .eud si esiarp lla miH ot dna ,noinimod eht sgnoleb miH oT .srentrap tuohtiw enola ,hallA tub doG on si erehT"
/hadhaw abaazha-lamazah-aw ,uhadbaz araSan-aw ,uhadzaw azajna ,)u(hadhaw

971 5 retpahC
p p 21v hOcJ0v, hG H1L 11J0v, 21v hG Le2. A E 1v o n n r n r n n n6r n r n r o n n r n n 6 r np n 6 r n nr n G E$J, hG (c$7, v hG $!v, / RL0v v. 21v, n 8 r n n n n n n n6r n r n r n n n n r o r n z
21v
21v,
21v
RL0v
21v,
p Ef
6
n6r n
!,% o 6 6
n6r n
n6r n
n n
n6r n
".sdeed )132( ym era os dna ,uoY esaelp ot si erised yM .llac ruoY ot esnopser ni gninetsah ma I .sdnah ruoY ni si doog llA .desaelp eb uoY yaM .llac ruoY ot esnopser ni gninetsah ma I .llac ruoY ot esnopser ni gninetsah ma I .srentrap on evah uoY .noinimod eht eb os dna ,uoY ot eb ecarg dna esiarp lla ylireV .llac ruoY ot esnopser ni gninetsah ma I ;rentrap on evah uoY;llac ruoY ot esnopser ni gninetsah ma I .llac ruoY ot esnopser ni gninetsah ma I ;llac ruoY ot esnopser ni gninetsah ma I !hallA O"
/rabka-uhaal -lurabka-uhaalla ,lamaz-law akyali u-aabhgar -raw akyabbal ,)a(kyaday-ib uryahk -law ,)a(kyadzas-aw ,akyabbal ,akyabbal / /kal akeerahs aal ,klum-law akal atamzin
pihsroW fo stcA rof
raakhdA
081
".sgniht )332( lla revo rewop sah eH .eud si esiarp lla miH ot dna ,noinimod eht sgnoleb mih oT .srentrap tuohtiw enola ,hallA tub doG on si erehT"
p G E$J, h+. b!/ t" R2Am qJ0Ly. n o n n n o 8 n r l r n r o pn z/ Ep - Ep/ G !- hDJg / RL0v -, - G $!v, h n r n o nno n no no ro r o n 6 o nn 6
/reedaq l i-yahs illuk aalaz awuh-aw ,)u(dma h n j -luhal-aw ,)u(klum-luhal ,)u(hal akeerahs aal )u(had haw ,)u(haal-lalli ahaali aal/
:si dias evah I dna stehporP eht tahw fo tseb ehT .yaD hafarA eht no dias si hcihw taht si noitacilppus tseb ehT" ,dias tehporP ehT )232(.dednemmocer si gnitacilppus elihw sdnah gnisiar - yaD hafarA eht no elbissop sa netfo sa a'ud ekam dna hallA rebmemer dluohs smirgliP
hafarA fo tnuoM eht no 'aa'uD 7.5.5
hG c$", G !- C t2L, G !- C t2L@@@y@ n rn n o o o o o
181
5 retpahC
".yartsa esoht fo erew uoy erofeb hguohtla ,uoy dediug sah eH sa miH rebmemeR .tnemunom dercas eht yb hallA rebmemer ,tafarA morf edutitlum eht ni no sserp ey nehw ,tuB ..." ,891 hayA ,haraqaB -lA taruS ni syas N hallA sA )632(.did | tehporP eht sa ,esirnus erofeb aniM rof hafiladzuM evael dluohs eH .sreyarp dna )hallA tub ,doG on si erehT( leelhat )hallA ot eb yrolG( heebsat ,)hallA ot eb esiarP( deemhat ,)tsetaerG eht si hallA( reebkat gniyas yb elbissop sa netfo sa N hallA rebmemer dluohs mirglip eht ,hafiladzuM nI )532()432(".u'maJ fo trap yna ni yats ot elbissimrep si ti ,tub ,)hazuQ labaJ( tops yrev siht ni gniyats ma I" ,dias tehporP ehT .hafiladzuM fo trap yna ni yats ot mirglip eht seciffus ti ,revewoH .hab'aK eht ecaf dluohs mirglip eht ,hafiladzuM ,)hazuQ labaJ( maaraH -lA ra'hsaM-lA ta did | tehporP eht sA
yaD ecifircaS eht fo nwaD eht rof stcA 8.5.5 pihsroW fo stcA rof
raakhdA
281
mirglip eht ,atsuW-lA harmaJ-lA dna arhguS -lA harmaJ-lA ta selbbep eht gniworht retfA .)tsetaerG eht si hallA( /rabka uhaalla/ :yas ot si mirglip eht ,sharmaJ eerht eht ta nworht elbbep hcae htiW )832(".selbbep eht gniworht detarts eh llit hayiblat gniyas tpek tehporP ehT" ,htidaH eht ot gnidroccA .hayiblat pots ot sah eh ,).ht01 ,hajjiH-luhT( yaD ecifircaS eht no arbuK-lA habaqA-lA tarmaJ ta selbbep eht worht ot strats mirglip eht ecnO :selbbep fo gniworht eht ot drager htiw gniwollof eht od ot si mirglip eht ,hannuS eht ot gnidroccA taaramaJ gniworhT no stcA dna 'aa'uD 9.5.5
)732(".esirnus erofeb aniM rof tfel eh ,thgirb yltneiciffus emaceb ti nehW .sseneno siH ot gniyfitset dna hallA gnisiarp dna gniyfirolg ,gnitacilppus no tnew dna halbiQ eht decaf tehporP eht ,maaraH -lA ra'hsaM-lA tA" ,htidaH eht ot gnidroccA
381 5 retpahC
= =
; ab =
/h/ r /d/ i
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".eud si esiarp lla hallA oT .tsetaerg tub dog
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/dma h-lihaal -lil-aw rabka uhaal-law ,)u(haal-lalli ahaali aal ,)u(rabka uhaalla ,)u(rabka uhaalla/
:gniyas eunitnoc ot si mirglip eht ,)hajjiH-luhT fo ,

ht ht
31 dna
ht
21
11 eht( syaD qeerhsaT eht gnirud ,aniM nI
syaD qeerhsaT gnirud 'aa'uD 01.5.5

.hannuS s'tehporP eht gniwollof
)932(
si mirglip eht ,evoba eht lla gniod yb ,suhT .no evom ot tub ,pots ot ton si mirglip eht ,arbuK-lA habaqA -lA ta selbbep eht nworht gnivaH .arbuK -lA habaqA-lA tarmaJ fo esac eht ni enod eb ot ton era stca eseht ,revewoH .desiar sdnah htiw gnitacilppus ,dnats sih gnolorp ot si eh ,hab'aK-lA gnicaF .elttil a drawrof klaw ot si
pihsroW fo stcA rof
raakhdA
481
.tsetaerG eht si hallA .hallA fo eman eht nI" ,dias | tehporP eht ,ecifircas a gnireffo no ,htidaH eno ni denoitnem sA .jjah gnidulcni ,lareneg ni ecifircas a gnireffo milsuM eht yb dias eb nac sreyarp denoitnem-evoba ehT ".em morf ecifircas siht tpecca ,hallA O .tsetaerG eht si hallA .hallA fo eman eht nI"
/eennim labbaqat ammuhaalla
p p p z1P% G u, hG u C t2L, G r n t o n r n o t t
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)142(.revo lla ti htiw detarbiv aniM taht taerg os saw reebkat ehT .stekram eht ni esoht did os dna ,ti dias yeht ,mih draeh euqsom eht ni smilsuM wollef nehW .aniM ni tnet sih ni taht yas ot desu baattahK-lA nbI ramO
581 5 retpahC
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uhaal-law
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;)maerd cibarA( mluh = /h/ ;sah = /h/ ;)siraP = /hg/ ;taem = /ee/ ;bmud = /D/ ;siht = /d/ ;dab = /d/ ;dnif = /ya/ ;rats = /aa/ ;bmal = /aa/ ;yppah = /a/
aaniq-aw ,)wat(anasa h itarihkaa-lif-aw ,)wat(anasa h aynnud-dif aanitaa aanabbar/
:etacilppus dluohs mirglip eht ,oS ".eriF fo mood eht morf su draug dna ,doog si hcihw taht retfaereH eht ni dna doog si hcihw taht dlrow eht ni su otnu eviG !droL ruO" :syas ohw eh si )osla( meht fo dnA )102( .retfaereH eht ni noitrop on sah eh dna ",dlrow eht ni su otnu eviG !droL ruO" :htias ohw eh si dniknam fo tuB .ecnarbmemer ylevil erom a htiw ro srehtaf ruoy rebmemer ey sa hallA rebmemer neht ,snoitoved ruoy detelpmoc evah uoy nehw dnA )002(" ,haraqaB-lA taruS ni syas N hallA ,drager siht nI .elbissop sa noitacilppus dna )hallA fo ecnarbmemer( rkihd hcum sa yas ot si mirglip eht ,setir jjah lla detelpmoc gnivaH setiR jjaH llA gnitelpmoC no 'aa'uD 21.5.5
)242(".dammahuM fo ylimaf eht dna dammahuM morf ecifircas siht tpecca ,hallA O raakhdA 681
pihsroW fo stcA rof
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/raan-nabaa a d
781
5 retpahC
pihsroW fo stcA rof
raakhdA
881
a htiw mih etulas dna mih no sgnisselb ksA !eveileb ohw uoy O .tehporP eht no sgnisselb rewohs slegna siH dna hallA !oL )65(" taruS[ ".desiar era yeht nehw yad eht llit ]elahw eht fo taht[ ylleb sti ni deirrat evah dluow eh )441( ,)hallA( yfirolg ohw esoht fo eno neeb ton ]sunuuY tehporP[ eh dah dnA )341(" ]251 hayA ,haraqaB-lA taruS[ ".eM ton tcejer dna ,eM ot sknaht eviG .uoy rebmemer lliw I ,eM rebmemer eroferehT )251(" :htidaH eht dna na'ruQ eht morf stnemetats detaler era woleB .tehporP eht rof yarp ot dednammoc osla era yehT .elbissop sa netfo sa miH rebmemer ot smilsuM lla no sllac hallA ]441-341 shayA ,taffaaS-sA
raakhdA lareneG 6 retpahC

981 6 retpahC
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r i
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ae /ee/ d /D/ ht a /aa/ a /aa/ a
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]1[
:yas nac ew ,| tehporP eht nopu sgnisselb s'hallA ekovni oT .| dammahuM tehporP no sgnisselb siH fo noitacovni ni dna hallA fo ecnarbmemer ni dias eb ot snoitacilppus fo noitceles a si gniwollof ehT )442(".em hcaer sreyarp ruoy ,dias reverehW .em rof yarP" ,dias osla eH )342(".ecno em rof syarp reveohw rof semit net syarp hallA" ,syas | tehporP eht ,htidaH eht nI ]99 hayA ,habwaT-tA taruS[ ".meht rof gnireffo elbatpecca na si ti ylireV !oL .hallA fo thgis eht ni sgnireffo elbatpecca sa regnessem eht fo sreyarp eht osla dna sdnapxe eh hcihw taht sekat dna ...)99(" -
]65 hayA ,bazhA-lA taruS[ ".noitatulas yhtrow

091
raakhdA lareneG
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p p p kp G c. p n Ep v Dn p Jl n ? Jl y. hb B d E 1 LG p r n n n n n n r n n bn o E Jm hnbn Bdp o E Jm t . 1n . Qnt: bn Ep1r Ln G p n n n n n r n n n n p p p p p 1n . Qpcr E1LG p hb B d E 1 LG p E v D p J ? J, G o r n n n n r n n l n l n n n U bn n o E Jm hnbn n Bdp o E Jm tn n . U r : bn n n n n n n

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eht si hallA ;hallA tub doG on si ereht ;eud si esiarp lla miH ot ;hallA ot eb yrolG"
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)742(
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:era yehT .hallA yb devol tsom snoisserpxe ruof era erehT" ,syas
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si esiarp lla miH ot dna ,hallA ot eb yrolG"
/meeZaz-lihaal -lanaa hbus ,)i(hidma h-ib-aw ihaal-lanaa hbus/
:era yehT .hallA
yb devol hcum yrev dna sdrawer fo elacs

raakhdA lareneG 291
drawer( shanasah derdnuh a dedrawa era uoy ;sevals net gnieerf fo taht slauqe taht drawer a teg uoy :gniwollof eht rof yfilauq uoy ,yad eno ni semit derdnuh a noitacilppus gniwollof eht yas uoy fi ,htidaH eht ot gnidroccA ]5[
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".sdrow siH )842( drocer ot desu reve kni eht sa gnitsal sa dna enorhT siH sa yvaeh sa ,sesaelp eH sa hcum sa ,serutaerc siH fo rebmun eht sa semit ynam sa miH ot eb esiarp dna ,hallA ot eb yrolG"
/hitaamilak adadim -aw ,)i(hihsraz atanizaw ,)i(hisfan aaDir aw ,ihiqlahk adadaz ihidma h ibaw ihaallana hbus/
p bLr R p , hn p JG On t p n . 8p p y . n n n p O2r E. f G p hn1p E r Jgp, bn JOn G rp p , o n n n

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391 6 retpahC
.)hallA ot )052( eb esiarP( /haal-lil udma h-la/ :si noitacilppus fo tseb ehT .)hallA tub doG on si erehT( /haal-lalli ahaalli aal/ :si ecnarbmemer tseb ehT" ,syas tehporP eht ,htidaH rehtona nI ]6[
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/reedaq l iyahs illuk aalaz awuh n j -aw ,)u(dma h-luhal-aw )u(klum-luhal ,)u(hal akeerahs aal uhad haw )u(haal-lalli ahaali aal/
:si noitacilppus eht )942(;sdrawer eht retaerg eht ,etacilppus uoy erom ehT .llafthgin llit yad lla nataS morf detcetorp era uoy dna ;denota era snis ruoy fo derdnuh a ;)tnuocca ruoy ni stniop
raakhdA lareneG
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491
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.nevaeH ni gnisselb lanrete rof su seifilauq siht ,ecarG s'hallA yB )252(".hallA fo ecnarbmemer eht yb denetfos eugnot ruoy peeK" :hallA fo ecnarbmemer eht rof llac s'tehporP eht ot dnopser su tel ,noisulcnoc nI
z
)152(".hallA htiw tpecxe rewop ro thgim on si erehT"

/haal-lib aalli atawwuq aal-aw alwa h aal/
/ D.r d hn/ q.6In Ep/ 1p . !-p y. n

n o
:nevaeH fo serusaert eht ot yek a deredisnoc si noitacilppus gniwollof eht ,htidaH eht ot gnidroccA
]7[ 591 6 retpahC
691
.eud si esiarp lla uoY ot ,sdlrow eht fo droL O .secruos sti edam evah uoY sa laicifeneb sa telkoob siht ekam ,hallA O .yhtrowyrolG dna yhtrowesiarP era uoY .nik sih dna meeharbI tehporP desselb evah uoY sa ,gnirpsffo dna seviw ,nik sih dna dammahuM regnesseM dna evals ruoY sselb ,hallA O .yhtrowyrolG dna yhtrowesiarP era uoY .nik sih dna meeharbI tehporP rof deyarp evah uoY sa ,gnirpsffo dna seviw ,nik sih rof dna dammahuM regnesseM dna evals ruoY rof yarp ,hallA O .yartsa eb dluow ew hcihw tuohtiw ,ecnadiug su detnarg sah eH . hallA ot eb esiarP
noisulcnoC
791 noisulcnoC
irahkuB-lA hihaS
)8( )7( )6( )5( )4( )3( )2(
hihaS
raakhdA-lA damhA dansuM duuwaaD-ubA nanuS milsuM irahkuB-lA hihaS neemalaa-lif milsuM hihaS
.6762 .oN htidaH ,milsuM hihaS .)raakhdA yliaD dna ylthgiN dednemmoceR fo noitceleS feirB A :dooG eht fo rennaB eht dna suoethgiR eht fo tnemanrO ehT( raahannA aw lyaL-lA eef habbahatsuM-lA raakhdA -lA aw taawa'aD-dA seehklaT eef raayhkA -lA raa'ihS aw raarbA-lA tayliH
fo gninnigeB eht fo kooB , .31 dna 01 ,9 ,4 ,2 ,1 sretpahC ,.tic .po , s'iwawannA .8 / 4 .oN htidaH , & .7401 .oN htidaH , .504 .oN htidaH , nI .0733 .oN htidaH , .)sdlrow eht ni( / / artxe na si ereht ,htidaH eht fo noisrev s' nI .ilA dna meeharbI fo noitnem a si ereht , ni noisrev a ot gnidroccA .hakkaM ot daor eht no niatnuom a si nadmuJ
irahkuB-lA hihaS
:si yiwawannA maamI-lA yb nevig sa koob eht fo eman lluf ehT )1( _________________________
setondnE
setondnE 891
)91( )81( )71( )61( )51( )41( )31( )21( )11( )01( )9(
.4443 .oN htidaH ,yihdimrettA nanuS .7 / 2 .oN htidaH ,damhA dansuM.& .8372 .oN htidaH ,yihdimrettA hihaS s'inaablA-lA & .5622 .oN htidaH ,duuwaaD-ubA hihaS s'inaablA-lA & .2443 .oN htidaH ,sreyarP fo kooB ,yihdimrettA nanuS & .0062 .oN htidaH ,duuwaaD-ubA nanuS .2431 .oN htidaH ,)egamirgliP( jjaH fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS .)tropsnarT fo snaeM ruoY gnidiR no yas ot tahW fo kooB( ,raakhdA-lA baatiK s'yiwawannA ees ,sdrow cibarA eht fo sgninaem roF .2836 .oN htidaH ,irahkuB-lA hihaS .7331 .oN htidaH ,)egamirgliP( jjaH fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS & .8827 .oN htidaH ,irahkuB-lA hihaS .747 .oN htidaH ,sreyarP gninetrohS dna sreyarP 'srellevarT fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS .757 .oN htidaH ,irahkuB-lA hihaS .465 .oN htidaH ,seuqsoM fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS & .358 .oN htidaH ,irahkuB-lA hihaS .373 .oN htidaH ,milsuM hihaS .0072 .oN htidaH ,milsuM hihaS .7091 .oN htidaH ,haraamI fo kooB ,milsuM & .1 .oN htidaH ,)noitaripsnI( yhaW
hihaS
991
setondnE
dna sreyarP 'srellevarT fo kooB ,
milsuM hihaS
)92(
.367 .oN htidaH ,sreyarP gninetrohS
dna sreyarP 'srellevarT fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS & .1636 .oN htidaH ,irahkuB-lA hihaS .zaaB-nbI yb dna inaablA -lA yb )doog( ''nassaH`` sa deknar si htidaH
)82(
)72(
)62(
)52( )42(
.oN htidaH ,sehtolC fo kooB ,
ehT .6663 .oN htidaH ,yihdimrettA nanuS & .5905 .oN shtidaH ,duuwaaD-ubA nanuS .7243 .oN htidaH ,yihdimrettA nanuS & .5905-4905 .oN shtidaH ,duuwaaD-ubA nanuS .raakhdA-lA s'iwawannA & .6905 .oN htidaH ,duuwaaD-ubA nanuS .8102 .oN htidaH ,milsuM hihaS .98 / 2 .oN htidaH ,damhA dansuM & .8553 hajaaM-nbI nanuS .7671 .oN htidaH
)32(
,sehtolC fo kooB
.oN htidaH ,sehtolC fo kooB ,
,yihdimrettA nanuS & .0204 duuwaaD-ubA .0653 .oN
)22(
htidaH ,yihdimrettA nanuS & .4933 .oN htidaH duuwaaD-ubA hihaS s'inaablA-lA & .3204 .oN
htidaH ,sehtolC fo kooB ,
duuwaaD-ubA nanuS
.8722 .oN
)12(
htidaH ,
.oN htidaH ,dahiJ fo kooB ,
hajaaM-nbI hihaS s'inaablA-lA & .5282 hajaaM-nbI nanuS
)02(
setondnE
002
nassah sa ti sknar inaablA-lA .6272 .oN htidaH ,yihdimrettA hihaS s'inaablA-lA & .)egnarts( beerahg htidaH eht sredisnoc yihdimrettA & .8243 .oN htidaH ,yihdimrettA nanuS )93( .3343 .oN htidaH ,yihdimrettA nanuS )83( .4341 .oN htidaH ,egairraM fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS & .141 .oN htidaH ,irahkuB-lA hihaS )73(
)63( )53( )43(
htidaH ,sknirD fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS & .6735 .oN htidaH ,sdooF fo kooB ,irahkuB-lA hihaS )23( .3/061 ,)milsuM hihaS fo noitanalpxE s'yiwawannA( milsuM aala yiwawannA hrahS )13( .862 .oN htidaH ,noitacifiruP fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS & .861 .oN htidaH ,irahkuB-lA hihaS )03( .317 .oN htidaH ,sreyarP gninetrohS
.1901 .oN htidaH ,egairraM fo kooB ,yihdimrettA nanuS & .0312 .oN htidaH ,egairraM fo kooB ,duuwaaD-ubA nanuS .4226 .oN htidaH ,irahkuB-lA hihaS .9545 .oN dna 8545 .oN shtidaH ,sdooF fo kooB ,irahkuB-lA hihaS .4623 .oN htidaH ,sdooF no noitces eht ,hajaaM -nbI nanuS & .8581 .oN htidaH ,sdooF fo kooB ,yihdimrettA nanuS & .8673 .oN dna 7673 .oN shtidaH ,sdooF fo kooB ,duuwaaD-ubA nanuS .2202 .oN
)33(
102
setondnE
hihaS
& .5436 .oN htidaH ,
)84( )74(
.)14( .oN etondnE ,
.0372 .oN htidaH ,milsuM irahkuB-lA hihaS .tic .pO
.sdrow fo sgninaem cibarA )64(
eht rof
barA-lA naasiL s'ruuhdnaM-nbI kcehC

.17 .oN
htidaH ,htiaF fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS & .648 .oN ,irahkuB-lA hihaS htidaH ,sllaC reyarP fo kooB .998
)54(
.oN htidaH ,
milsuM hihaS & .2301 .oN htidaH ,irahkuB-lA hihaS

.299 )44(
,niaR rof gniyarP fo kooB
/ 2 .oN htidaH ,
kilaaM 'attawuM & .raakhdA-lA

)34(
s'yiwawannA eeS .0543 .oN htidaH ,sreyarP fo
.6023 .oN htidaH
kooB ,yihdimrettA nanuS & .327 .oN dna 127 .oN shtidaH ,darfuM-lA badA-lA ,irahkuB-lA hihaS ,irahkuB-lA hihaS & .998 .oN milsuM hihaS htidaH ,niaR rof gniyarP fo kooB , .798 .oN htidaH ,niaR rof gniyarP
)24(
)14(
)04(
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fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS & .3101 .oN htidaH ,niaR rof gniyarP fo kooB ,irahkuB-lA hihaS .0162 .oN htidaH ,milsuM hihaS & 8406 .oN htidaH ,irahkuB-lA hihaS nassah sa ti sknar mikaaH-lA .735/1 .oN kardatsuM-lA s'mikaaH-lA & .)doog( htidaH ,
setondnE
202
& .014 /3 .oN htidaH ,kardatsuM-lA s'mikaaH -lA & .893/2 .oN htidaH
,kilaaM 'attauM
.6603 .oN htidaH
)85(
,hajaaM-nbI
hihaS
s'inaablA-lA & .994/ 1 .oN
htidaH ,kardatsuM-lA s'mikaaH-lA & .3083 .oN htidaH ,srennaM fo kooB ,hajaaM-nbI
nanuS
)75(
.572 / 1 .oN htidaH ,kardatsuM -lA s'mikaaH-lA & .4931 .oN htidaH ,haalaS gnihsilbatsE fo kooB ,hajaaM-nbI nanuS & .4772 .oN htidaH ,dahiJ fo kooB ,duuwaaD-ubA nanuS )65( .1343 .oN htidaH ,sreyarP fo kooB ,yihdimrettA
nanuS
)55(
.45/3 .oN htidaH ,haheehassA s'inaablA-lA & .501/5 .oN htidaH ,'ammajuM-lA s'yimahtyaH -lA & .022/2 .oN htidaH ,damhA )45( )35( .304/4 .oN htidaH ,damhA
dansuM dansuM
.431 .oN htidaH ,htiaF fo kooB ,milsuM
hihaS
& .6723 .oN htidaH
,noitaerC fo tratS eht fo kooB ,irahkuB-lA
hihaS
.4662
)25(
)15(
.oN htidaH ,ynitseD fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS .353 .oN htidaH ,)deeD ylthgiN dna yliaD( halyaL-law mwaylA lamA' s'ynissA -nbI hihaS -nbI & .079 .oN htidaH ,naabbiH
)05(
.dnal hguot :/nzah-la/ )94(
302
setondnE
)76( )66( )56(
)46(
)36( )26(
)16(
)06(
.3802 .oN htidaH ,enicideM fo kooB ,yihdimrettA nanuS & .6013 .oN htidaH ,slarenuF fo kooB ,duuwaaD-ubA nanuS .2022 .oN htidaH ,ecaeP fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS .5812 .oN htidaH ,ecaeP fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS .1912 .oN htidaH ,ecaeP fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS & .2475 .oN htidaH ,enicideM fo kooB ,irahkuB-lA hihaS .4912 .oN htidaH ,ecaeP fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS & .5475 .oN htidaH ,enicideM fo kooB ,irahkuB-lA hihaS .htaeD dna ssenkciS no snoitacilppuS fo kooB ,raakhdA-lA s'iwawannA .2912 .oN htidaH ,ecaeP fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS & .6105 .oN htidaH ,na'ruQ eht fo seutriV eht fo kooB ,irahkuB-lA hihaS .1022 .oN htidaH ,ecaeP fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS & .6722 .oN htidaH ,segaW fo kooB ,irahkuB-lA hihaS .2912 .oN htidaH ,noitacilppuS dna rkihD fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS & .3033 .oN htidaH ,noitaerC fo tratS eht fo kooB ,irahkuB-lA hihaS .461/021 .)hannuS eht gninialpxE( hannussA hrahS s'yiwahgaB -lA & .5016 .oN htidaH ,naabbiH nbI hihaS
)95(
setondnE
402
.819 .oN htidaH ,slarenuF fo kooB ,
milsuM hihaS
.369
)77(
.oN htidaH ,slarenuF fo kooB ,
milsuM hihaS
.029
)67(
.oN htidaH ,slarenuF fo kooB ,
milsuM hihaS
)57(
.gniviL fo etarepseD fi yaS ot tahW no retpahc eht ,
raakhdA-lA s'iwawannA
.619
)47(
)37(
)27(
tub
.oN htidaH ,slarenuF fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS .917 .oN htidaH ,naabbiH nbI hihaS & .)dnuos( hihas sa ti sknar inaablA-lA .0772 .oN htidaH ,duuwaaD-ubA hihaS s'inaablA-lA & .6113 .oN htidaH ,slarenuF fo kooB ,duuwaaD-ubA nanuS .)dnuos( hihas sa ti sknar inaablA-lA .7272 .oN htidaH ,yihdimrettA hihaS s'inaablA-lA & .)egnarts( beerahg ,)doog( nassah ti sredisnoc yihdimrettA htidaH ,yihdimrettA nanuS .0343 .oN .4442 .oN htidaH ,snoinapmoC eht
)17(
)07(
.oN htidaH ,kciS eht fo kooB ,
)96( )86(
fo seutriV eht fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS & .0444 .oN htidaH ,stseuqnoC fo kooB ,irahkuB-lA hihaS .0862 .oN htidaH ,milsuM hihaS & .1765 irahkuB-lA hihaS irahkuB-lA hihaS .6163 .oN htidaH ,
502
setondnE
.779 .oN htidaH ,slarenuF fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS )88( .6156 .oN dna 3931 .oN shtidaH ,slarenuF fo kooB ,irahkuB-lA hihaS )78( .4201 .oN htidaH ,slarenuF fo kooB ,yihdimrettA
nanuS
&
1023
.oN
htidaH ,slarenuF fo kooB ,duuwaaD-ubA nanuS )68( .desaeceD eht tifeneB sgniyaS tahW no noitces eht ni
,raakhdA
-lA sih ni iwawannA yb denoitnem saw tI )58(

.8572 .oN htidaH ,duuwaaD-ubA hihaS s'inaablA-lA & .1223 .oN htidaH ,slarenuF fo kooB ,duuwaaD-ubA nanuS )48( .95/2 .oN dna 04/2 .oN shtidaH ,damhA dansuM )38(
.raakhdA -lA siH rof iwawannA yb detceles osla saw sihT )28(
.sreyarp rehto yas yam milsuM A .slarenuF fo kooB ,irahkuB-lA hihaS .raakhdA-lA sih rof iwawannA yb detceleS )18( .'nevaeH ot rennurerof a' snaem /aaTaraf/ cibarA )08( .329 .oN htidaH ,slarenuF fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS & .4821 .oN htidaH ,slarenuF fo kooB ,irahkuB-lA hihaS )97( .dibI )87(
setondnE
602
.808 .oN dna 708 .oN shtidaH ,sreyarP gninetrohS dna sreyarP 'srellevarT fo kooB ,
eht fo seutriV eht fo kooB ,
milsuM hihaS & .0405 .oN htidaH ,na'ruQ irahkuB-lA hihaS )001(
.19 .oN etondnE ,.tic .pO )99( .
seireS noisivorP s'reveileB ehT ,telkoob
erutuf a ni liated ni detneserp eb lliw srennam eht tub ,denoitnem era snoitacilppus eht ylnO )89( .6 .oN etondnE ,.tic .pO )79(
)69( )59(
.9324 .oN htidaH ,duuwaaD-ubA hihaS s'inaablA -lA & .4705 .oN htidaH ,duuwaaD-ubA nanuS .2372 .oN htidaH ,milsuM hihaS hihas sa htidaH eht deknar inaablA-lA .)dnuos( .6324 .oN htidaH ,
-lA & .8605 .oN htidaH ,
duuwaaD-ubA hihaS s'inaablA duuwaaD-ubA nanuS

.3236 .oN dna 6036
)49(
)39(
.oN shtidaH ,sreyarP fo kooB ,irahkuB-lA hihaS .5753 .oN htidaH ,yihdimrettA nanuS & .2805 .oN htidaH ,duuwaaD-ubA nanuS .5723 .oN htidaH ,noitaerC fo tratS eht fo kooB , .1043 .oN htidaH ,
)29(
)19( )09(
irahkuB-lA hihaS yihdimrettA nanuS
.0172 .on htidaH ,snoitacilppuS dna rkihD fo kooB
.oN dna 5236 .oN shtidaH ,
,milsuM hihaS & .5937 irahkuB-lA hihaS
)98(
702
setondnE
uoY dna thgiN eht gnirud pu ekaW uoY fi yaS ot tahW no noitces eht ,
raakhdA-lA s'iwawannA )311(

.8253
.1622 .oN htidaH ,
hihaS
.oN htidaH ,taawa'addA fo kooB ,yihdimrettA nanuS & .3983 .oN htidaH ,duuwaaD -ubA nanuS & .181/2 .oN htidaH ,damhA dansuM )211( milsuM irahkuB-lA hihaS )111( & .5896 .oN htidaH , .201 .oN etondnE ,.tic .pO )011(
hihaS hihaS hihaS
& .3136 .oN
& .0236 .oN htidaH ,
.0172 .oN htidaH ,milsuM htidaH ,irahkuB-lA hihaS )901( .4172 .oN htidaH ,milsuM irahkuB-lA hihaS )801( milsuM .1172 .oN htidaH ,
& .2136 .oN htidaH ,irahkuB-lA hihaS )701(
hihaS
&
.9136 dna 7105 .oN shtidaH ,
.3172 .oN htidaH ,milsuM hihaS )601( .7272 .oN htidaH ,milsuM .3113 .oN htidaH ,irahkuB-lA hihaS )501( irahkuB-lA hihaS )401( .)thguos si egufer
hcihw htiw( taahdiwwa'uM-lA dellac era saN -nA taruS dna qalaF-lA taruS ,saalhkI-lA taruS )301( .gnittips tuohtiw htaerb fo gniwolb thgils si htfaN )201( .3043 .oN htidaH ,yihdimrettA nanuS & .5505 .oN htidaH ,duuwaaD-ubA nanuS )101(
setondnE
802
eht ,raakhdA-lA sih ni iwawannA yb denoitneM )221( .622 .oN htidaH ,noitacifiruP fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS & .951 .oN htidaH ,noitulbA fo kooB ,irahkuB-lA hihaS )121( .55 .oN htidaH ,noitacifiruP fo kooB ,yihdimrettA nanuS & .55 .oN htidaH ,noitacifiruP fo kooB ,yihdimrettA nanuS & .432 .oN htidaH ,noitacifiruP fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS )021( .29 .oN htidaH ,duuwaaD-ubA hihaS s'inaablA-lA & .8049 .oN htidaH ,damhA dansuM & .101 .oN htidaH ,duuwaaD-ubA nanuS )911( .7 .oN htidaH ,noitacifiruP fo kooB ,yihdimrettA nanuS & .03 .oN htidaH ,duuwaaD-ubA nanuS )811( .573 .oN htidaH ,noitaurtsneM fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS & .541 .963 .oN htidaH ,noitaurtsneM fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS & .733 .oN htidaH ,mummayaT fo kooB ,irahkuB-lA hihaS )711( .573 .oN htidaH ,noitaurtsneM fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS & .2236 .oN dna 241 .oN shtidaH ,'uuhduW fo kooB ,irahkuB-lA hihaS )611( .367 .oN htidaH ,haalaS gninetrohS dna haalaS 'srellevarT fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS )511( .5411 .oN htidaH ,irahkuB-lA hihaS )411( .deB ot kcaB oG ot tnaW
902 setondnE
htidaH ,sllaC reyarP fo kooB , fo kooB
irahkuB-lA hihaS )431(
.993 .oN htidaH ,haalaS
,haalaS fo kooB ,
htidaH ,haalaS fo kooB ,
,milsuM hihaS & .242 .oN htidaH yihdimrettA nanuS & .125 .oN duuwaaD-ubA nanuS )331( .177 .oN htidaH ,sreyarP gninetrohS
dna sreyarP 'srellevarT fo kooB ,
milsuM hihaS )231(
.212 .oN htidaH
,haalaS fo kooB ,yihdimrettA nanuS & .125 .oN duuwaaD-ubA nanuS )131( htidaH ,haalaS fo kooB , .416 .oN
.683 .oN htidaH ,haalaS fo kooB , .483 .oN htidaH ,haalaS fo kooB ,
htidaH ,sllaC reyarP fo kooB ,irahkuB-lA hihaS )031( milsuM hihaS )921( milsuM hihaS )821( .383 .oN htidaH ,haalaS fo kooB ,
milsuM hihaS & .316 dna 216 ,116 .oN

.582 .965
shtidaH ,sllaC reyarP fo kooB ,
irahkuB-lA hihaS )721( milsuM hihaS )621(
.oN htidaH ,noitacifiruP fo kooB ,
.92 .oN etondnE ,.
.oN htidaH ,seuqsoM fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS )521( tic .pO )421( tic .pO )321( .82 .oN dna 62 .oN setondnE ,. .)ydob elohw eht gnihsaw( lasithgI ta yaS ot tahW no retpahc
setondnE
012
.084 .oN htidaH ,haalaS fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS )441( .snoitacilppus 'uukuR no retpahc eht ,raakhdA-lA sih ni iwawannA yb denoitneM )341( .784 .oN htidaH ,haalaS fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS )241( .484 .oN htidaH ,haalaS fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS & .497 .oN shtidaH ,sllaC reyarP fo kooB ,irahkuB-lA hihaS )141( .078 .oN htidaH ,haalaS fo kooB ,duuwaaD-ubA nanuS )041( .974 .oN htidaH ,haalaS fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS )931( .162 .oN htidaH ,haalaS fo kooB ,yihdimrettA nanuS & 688 .oN htidaH ,haalaS fo kooB ,duuwaaD-ubA nanuS )831( .102 .oN htidaH ,yihdimrettA hihaS s'inaablA-lA & .242 .oN htidaH ,haalaS fo kooB ,yihdimrettA nanuS & .577 .oN htidaH ,haalaS fo kooB ,duuwaaD-ubA nanuS )731( .)hallA htiw si hturt ehT( mal'a uhaallaW .sreticer fo srotagitsevni eht sa llew sa zriH-lA sih ni ibitaahshsA did os dna ,raakhdA-lA sih ni ti dedulcni iwawannA dna ,tseisae eht si eciohc sihT )631( .077 .oN htidaH ,sreyarP gninetrohS dna sreyarP 'srellevarT fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS )531( .895 .oN htidaH ,seuqsoM fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS & .447 .oN
112 setondnE
.041 .oN etondnE .231 .oN etondnE
fo kooB ,hajaaM-nbI nanuS & .482 .oN htidaH ,haalaS fo kooB ,yihdimrettA nanuS & .058 .oN htidaH ,haalaS fo kooB ,duuwaaD-ubA nanuS )651( 975 .oN htidaH ,yihdimrettA nanuS )551( .085 .oN htidaH ,yihdimrettA nanuS & 177 .oN htidaH ,sreyarP gninetrohS dna sreyarP 'srellevarT fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS )451( .241 .oN etondnE ,.tic .pO )351( .141 .oN etondnE ,.tic .pO )251( ,.tic .pO )151( ,.tic .pO )051( .'uukuR morf pu gninethgiartS nehW yaS ot tahW no retpahc eht ni ,
774 .oN htidaH ,haalaS fo kooB ,
raakhdA-lA sih ni iwawannA yb denoitneM )941( milsuM hihaS )841(

.desu ylediw tsom eht sa
,/a-lim/ rof seugra iwawannA ,95/6 .p dna 391/4 .p milsuM hihaS hrahS sih nI ./u-lim/ decnuonorp /a-lim/ drow cibarA ehT osla si )fo llif eht( .774 .oN htidaH ,haalaS fo kooB ,
milsuM hihaS )741(

.997 .oN
htidaH ,sllaC reyarP fo kooB ,

.674 .oN htidaH
,seuqsoM fo kooB ,
htidaH ,sllaC reyarP fo kooB ,
milsuM hihaS & .237 .oN irahkuB-lA hihaS )541(
setondnE
212
.'enutrof' snaem /)u(ddaj -la/ drow cibarA eht ,nassaH-lA ot gnidroccA )661( .195 .oN htidaH ,seuqsoM fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS )561( .)tseB eht fo tfiG ehT( raayhkA -lutafhuT s'zaB-nbI hkiehS morf nekat si sihT )461( .4072 .oN htidaH ,noitacilppuS dna ecnarbmemeR fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS & .438 .oN htidaH ,irahkuB-lA hihaS )361( .177 .oN htidaH ,sreyarP gninetrohS dna sreyarP 'srellevarT fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS )261( .885 .oN htidaH ,seuqsoM fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS & .7731 .oN htidaH ,slarenuF fo kooB ,irahkuB-lA hihaS )161( .204 .oN htidaH ,haalaS fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS & .538 .oN htidaH ,irahkuB-lA hihaS )061( .5 .oN etondnE ,.tic .pO )951( .204 .oN htidaH ,haalaS fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS & .138 .oN htidaH ,irahkuB-lA hihaS )851( .137 .oN htidaH ,hajaaM-nbI hihaS s'inaablA-lA & .6411 .oN htidaH ,haalaS fo kooB ,yeasaannA nanuS & .798 .oN htidaH ,,hannuS eht htiw ecnadroccA ni haalaS gnihsilbatsE fo kooB ,hajaaM-nbI nanuS )751( .898 .oN htidaH ,haalaS
312
setondnE
.)hturt eht swonk hallA ylno( mal'a uhaallaW .noitcilffa fo semit ta haalaS lla ni dilav si
tuunuq
,revewoH .duola ton tub ,'uukuR taht erofeb dias eb ot si ti ,kilaM mamI-lA ot gnidroccA .'uukuR dnoces eht morf pu gninethgiarts retfa duola dias eb ot si
tuunuq ,i'ifahshsA mamI-lA ot gnidroccA )471(
.0071 .oN htidaH ,yaD eht gnirud dna thgiN
-lA & .3241 .oN htidaH ,
ta haalaS yratnuloV fo kooB ,yeaasannA nanuS & .1621 .oN htidaH ,duuwaaD -ubA hihaS s'inaablA duuwaaD-ubA nanuS )371( .4353 .oN dna
.oN htidaH ,
4743 .oN shtidaH ,yihdimrettA nanuS & .)tseB eht fo tfiG ehT( raayhkA-lutafhuT s'zaB-nbI )271( .3092 .oN htidaH ,yihdimrettA nanuS & .3251 .oN htidaH ,duuwaaD-ubA nanuS )171( .121 .oN htidaH ,halyaL-law mwaY-lA lamA's'innussA-nbI & .001 .oN htidaH ,halyaL -law mwaY-lA lamA's'yeaasannA dna ,8299 aarbuK-lA nanussA s'yeaasannA )071( .795
.oN htidaH ,seuqsoM fo kooB ,
milsuM hihaS )961(

.495
.oN htidaH ,seuqsoM fo
.395 .oN htidaH ,seuqsoM fo kooB ,
hihaS
& .448 .oN htidaH ,
kooB ,milsuM hihaS )861( milsuM irahkuB-lA hihaS )761(
setondnE
412
eht ,
raakhdA-lA sih ni iwawannA yb denoitneM )881(

.088 .oN
.51 .oN etondnE ,
htidaH ,yadirF fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS & .198 .oN htidaH ,yadirF fo kooB ,irahkuB-lA hihaS )781( .tic .pO )681( ,milsuM hihaS )581( .878 .oN htidaH .nataS morf noitcetorP s'hallA gnikeeS retfa noitaticeR no retpahc
.124 .oN htidaH ,haalaS fo kooB , & .486 .oN htidaH ,
eht ,raakhdA-lA sih ni iwawannA yb denoitneM )481( .9611 .oN htidaH ,duuwaaD-ubA nanuS )381( .3401 .oN htidaH ,duuwaaD-ubA hihaS s'inaablA-lA & .31/2 .oN htidaH ,kilaaM 'attuM & .6711 .oN htidaH ,duuwaaD-ubA nanuS )281( .04 .oN etondnE ,.tic .pO )181( .3022 .oN htidaH ,ecaeP fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS )081( milsuM irahkuB-lA hihaS )971(
hihaS
.0071 .oN htidaH ,yaD eht gnirud dna thgiN ta haalaS yratnuloV fo kooB ,yeaasannA nanuS )871( .071/2 .oN htidaH ,leelahG-lA 'aawrI s'inablA-lA & .aarbuK-lA nanussA s'yiqahyaB -lA & .112/2 .oN htidaH ,hamyazuhK-nbI hihaS )771( .sgninaem cibarA rof raakhdA-lA s'iwawannA eeS )671( .464 .oN htidaH ,yihdimrettA nanuS & .5241 .oN htidaH ,duuwaaD-ubA nanuS )571(
512
setondnE
.581 .oN etondnE ,.tic .pO )002(
hihaS hihaS hihaS hihaS hihaS
& .0501 .oN htidaH ,irahkuB-lA
.309 .oN htidaH ,milsuM
.4501 .oN htidaH ,irahkuB-lA hihaS )891( .109 .oN htidaH ,milsuM
hihaS )991( hihaS )791( hihaS )691( hihaS )591( hihaS )491(
.878 .oN htidaH ,yadirF fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS )391( .778 .oN htidaH ,yadirF fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS )291( 378 .oN htidaH ,yadirF fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS )191(
.131.p ,1 retpahC ,1.loV ,da'aM-la daZ s'miyyaQ -lA-nbI eeS .shtidaH fo rebmun a morf ecnedive yb weiv sih detroppus eh ;yadirF no yad fo ruoh tsal eht si ti taht da'am-lA daZ ni tnemugra s'miyyaqlA-nbI sruovaf eh ,revewoH .yadirF no snoitacilppus etiruovaf eht no retpahc eht
,raakhdA-lA sih ni iwawannA yb denoitnem si tI )091( .358 .oN htidaH ,yadirF fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS )981( .nataS morf noitcetorP s'hallA gnikeeS retfa noitaticeR no retpahc
setondnE
612
-law mwaY-lA lamA' s'yeaasannA & .7532 .oN htidaH ,gnitsaF fo kooB ,duuwaaD-ubA nanuS )112( .8953 .oN htidaH ,yihdimrettA nanuS )012( .1511 .oN htidaH ,gnitsaF fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS & .4981 .oN htidaH ,gnitsaF fo kooB ,irahkuB-lA hihaS )902( .261 / 1 .oN htidaH ,damhA dansuM & .1543 .oN htidaH ,yihdimrettA nanuS )802( .8691 .oN htidaH ,hajaaM-nbI hihaS s'inaablA-lA & .6634 .oN htidaH ,yeaasannA hihaS s'inaablA-lA & .4242 .oN htidaH ,hajaaM -nbI nanuS & .7864 .oN htidaH ,yeaasannA nanuS )702( .0873 .oN htidaH dna ,seitilauQ s'raasnA-lA fo kooB ,irahkuB-lA hihaS )602(
.haakaZ rof raakhdA no noitces eht eeS )502( .0101 .oN htidaH ,haakaZ fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS & .2441 .oN htidaH ,haakaZ fo kooB ,irahkuB-lA hihaS )402( .6236 .oN htidaH ,'imaaJ-lA hihaS s'inablA -lA & .5302 .oN htidaH ,yihdimrettA nanuS )302( .521/3 .oN htidaH ,'aawrI-lA s'inablA-lA & .561 /2 .oN htidaH ,fannassuM-lA s'abiahS ibA-nbI )202( .)slavitseF( sdeE owT eht no raakhdA lageL no -lA retpahc ees eht ni raakhdA-lA dna s'iwawannA gnitrats roF )102(
,reebkat
gnidne
712
setondnE
.)retpecs a ekil ,dne devruc a htiw kcits a(
najhim-la dellac
saw dnah s'tehporP eht ni saw taht gniht ehT )422( .1821 .oN htidaH ,jjaH
fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS & .7861 .oN dna 6861 .oN shtidaH ,jjaH fo kooB ,irahkuB-lA hihaS )322( .2211 .oN htidaH ,kilaaM 'attawuM )222( .2211 .oN htidaH ,kilaM 'attuM )402( milsuM hihaS )122( .4811 .oN htidaH ,jjaH fo kooB , .4811
.oN htidaH ,jjaH fo kooB ,
.oN htidaH ,jjaH fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS & .9451 irahkuB-lA hihaS )022( .7288
.oN
htidaH
,aarbuK-lA nanussA s'yeaasannA )912( .8072 .oN htidaH ,milsuM hihaS )812( .8172 .oN htidaH ,milsuM hihaS )712( milsuM hihaS )612( .5952 .oN htidaH , .3992
.oN htidaH ,dahiJ fo kooB ,
.)snoitacilppuS gnitsaF fo kooB( maayissA
htidaH ,sdooF fo kooB ,
raakhdA baatiK ,raakhdA-lA s'iwawannA )412( .3153 .oN htidaH ,yihdimrettA nanuS )312( .831 / 3 .oN htidaH ,damhA dansuM & .4583 .oN duuwaaD-ubA nanuS )212( haliaL .992 .oN htidaH ,
setondnE
812
eht fo kooB( niadeE-lA baatiK ,irahkuB-lA hihaS )142( .202 .oN etondnE ,.tic .pO )042( .1571 .oN htidaH ,jjaH fo kooB ,irahkuB-lA hihaS )932( .322 .oN etondnE ,.tic .pO )832( milsuM hihaS )732( .8121 .oN htidaH ,jjaH fo kooB , .4861 .oN htidaH ,jjaH fo kooB ,
.8121 .oN htidaH ,jjaH fo kooB ,
irahkuB-lA hihaS )632( milsuM hihaS )532(
.hafiladzuM ot srefer "hamoJ" )432(
.7382 .oN htidaH ,yihdimrettA hihaS s'inablA -lA & 224-1 .oN htidaH ,kilaaM 'attawuM & .5853 .oN htidaH ,yihdimrettA nanuS )332( .4103 .oN htidaH ,yeaasannA nanuS )232( .4821 .oN htidaH ,jjaH fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS & .079 .oN htidaH ,irahkuB-lA hihaS )132( .8121 .oN htidaH ,jjaH fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS )032( .dibI )922( .8121 .oN htidaH ,jjaH fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS )822( .6661 .oN htidaH ,duuwaaD-ubA hihaS s'inablA -lA & .2981 .oN htidaH ,duuwaaD-ubA nanuS )722( .7621 .oN htidaH ,jjaH fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS & irahkuB-lA hihaS )622( .9451 .oN htidaH ,jjaH fo kooB , .2721 .oN htidaH ,jjaH fo kooB ,
.oN htidaH ,jjaH fo kooB ,
milsuM hihaS & .3161 irahkuB-lA hihaS )522(
912
setondnE
.4 / 881 .oN htidaH ,damhA dansuM & .5733 .oN htidaH ,yihdimrettA nanuS )252( .4072 .oN htidaH ,milsuM hihaS & .9046 .oN htidaH ,irahkuB-lA hihaS )152( .138 .oN htidaH ,halyaL -law mwaY-lA lamA' s'yeaasannA & .205/1 .oN htidaH ,kardatsuM-lA s'mikaaH-lA & .5603 .oN htidaH ,hajaaM-nbI hihaS s'inaablA-lA & .0083 .oN htidaH ,srennaM fo kooB ,hajaaM-nbI nanuS & .3833 .oN htidaH ,yihdimrettA nanuS )052( .1962 .oN htidaH ,milsuM hihaS & .3046 .oN htidaH ,irahkuB-lA hihaS )942( .6272 .oN htidaH ,milsuM hihaS )842( .7312 .oN htidaH ,milsuM hihaS )742( .4962 .oN htidaH ,milsuM hihaS & .3657 .oN htidaH ,raakhdA-lA s'iwawannA & .2866 dna 6046 .oN shtidaH ,irahkuB-lA hihaS )642( .)5( .oN etondnE ,.tic .pO )542( .6971 .oN htidaH ,duuwaaD-ubA hihaS s'inaablA -lA & .2402 .oN htidaH ,duuwaaD-ubA nanuS )442( .821 .oN etondnE ,tic .pO )342( .7691 .oN htidaH ,secifircaS fo kooB ,milsuM hihaS )242( .213/3 .oN htidaH ,aarbuK -lA nanussA s'yeaasannA & .)slavitseF owT
setondnE
022
.)seireS noisivorP s'reveileB ehT ni owT kooB( 'aa'uD evisneherpmoC yb d e w o l l o f e b o t t u b , d et e l p m o c s i )s e i r e S noisivorP s'reveileB ehT ni enO kooB( raakhdA detceleS ,ecarG s'hallA yB
122
.51 .41 .31 .21 .11 .01 .9 .8
.7 .6 .5
.4 .3 .2 .1
)hsilgnE - cibarA(
)cibarA( ayquR lageL )cibarA( cigaM tsniaga gnidrauG )cibarA( snoitatpmeT s'nataS morf noitcetorP )cibarA( hannuS eht dna na'ruQ eht fo thgiL ni tnemtaerT :ycneuqnileD )cibarA( ?ot erehW :nemoW milsuM )hsilgnE - cibarA( ,ymagyloP fo seutriV )cibarA( trA fo eloR eht fo euqitirC A )cibarA( evitcepsreP cimalsI na morf msilabirT )hsilgnE - cibarA( )sretupmoC gnisahcruP( snoisiceD esahcruP s'ylimaF iduaS ehT fo ydutS lacitylanA nA :roivaheB remusnoC )hsilgnE - cibarA( sevitcepsreP evitartsinimdA dna cimalsI morf pihsredaeL evitartsinimdA )hsilgnE - cibarA( sevitcepsreP evitartsinimdA dna cimalsI morf tnemeganaM emiT )cibarA( 3-1 semuloV ,duaS-lA zizA-ludbA gniK fo ngieR eht gnirud snoitaleR naitpygE-iduaS no stnemucoD detceleS )hsilgnE - cibarA( ylimaF ysiareJ-lA habhgaR ot ediuG ruoY habhgaR )noitide hsilgnE-cibarA na(
rohtuA eht yb snoitacilbuP
)cibarA( )cibarA( )cibarA( )cibarA(
haalaS dna ssenilnaelC ,snoitnetnI no sawtaF :4 kooB )3 noitceS( sfeileB no sawtaF :3 kooB )2 noitceS( sfeileB no sawtaF :2 kooB )1 noitceS( sfeileB no sawtaF :1 kooB
)udrU - hcnerF - hsilgnE - cibarA( tfarchctiW dna gnilaeh-htiaF no sawtaF detceleS .82 )udrU - hcnerF - hsilgnE - cibarA( dnaL yloH eht fo sralohcS yb sawtaF fo ygolohtnA nA .72 )hsilgnE - cibarA( gnuoY eht rof snoitacilppuS .62 )hsilgnE - cibarA( jjaH ot ediuG ehT :8 kooB .52 )hsilgnE - cibarA( harmO ot ediuG ehT :7 kooB .42 )hsilgnE - cibarA( noitcetorP si gnitsaF :6 kooB .32 )hsilgnE - cibarA( tnemtaerT ayquR-fleS :5 kooB .22 )cibarA( noitaticeR cina'ruQ gnihcaeT :4 kooB .12 )hsilgnE - cibarA( sreyarP ylthgiN dna yliaD :3 kooB .02 )hsilgnE - cibarA( 'aa'uD evisneherpmoC :2 kooB .91 )hsilgnE - cibarA( raakhdA detceleS :1 kooB .81 :seireS noisivorP s'reveileB eht ni stelkoob gniwollof ehT )cibarA( )cibarA( .71 .61 .suoethgiR eht fo ayquR .tehporP eht yb desitcarP sa ayquR dna tnemtaerT
:dnaL yloH eht fo sralohcS yb sawtaF fo seireS .92
)srehcraeseR htidaH htiw melborP ehT( hteedaH-lA baahsA tafA s'izwaJ-lA nbI .43 )yintuQ-araaD-lA ot imalussA yb tup snoitseuQ( yintuQ-araaddiL imalussA taalaa'uS .33 inaarabaT-lA maj'uM ,31 .loV .23 reehsaB nbI nam'uN-lA dansuM ni ,12 .loV fo traP :inaarabaT-lA maj'uM .13 mitaH ibA nbI yb )noitaulavE htidaH fo stcefeD fo kooB( lalI'-lA baatiK .03 :diyyamuH-lA halludbA nbI daaS .rD :rotagitsevni-oc - detagitsevni yltnioj skoob ecnerefer cibarA gniwollof ehT
)cibarA(
)cibarA( sawtaF suoenallecsiM :21 kooB )cibarA( hawaaD dna daahitjI ,egdelwonK suoigileR no sawtaF :11 kooB )cibarA( srennaM no sawtaF :01 kooB )cibarA( nemoW rof sawtaF :9 kooB )cibarA( cigaM dna stelumA ,tnemtaerT ayquR ,enicideM no sawtaF :8 kooB )cibarA( yrusU dna snoitcasnarT ,selaS no sawtaF :7 kooB )cibarA( seviW fo tnemtaerT dna ecroviD ,egairraM no sawtaF :6 kooB harmO dna jjaH ,gnitsaF ,haakaZ no sawtaF :5 kooB

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14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sehtolC weN gniraeW dneirF a rof 93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . desserD gnitteG no 7.3 6.

93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ffo miH gnieeS esohT rof s'rellevarT A 5.3 4.3 3.3

83 . . . . . . rellevarT gnitrapeD a rof

73 . . . . . levarT morf gninruteR no 53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 . .

levarT 2.3 1.3

snoitacilppuS dna snoitautiS :3 retpahC

'aa'uD 'aa'uD 'aa'uD 'aa'uD haraahkitsI 'aa'uD

65 . . . . . . . . . swolB dniW eht nehw

55 . . . . . . . . . . niaR morf egamaD gnitcepxE

'aa'uD 31.3 'aa'uD 21.3

54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . euqsoM eht gnivaeL

96 . . nosreP kciS a gnitisiV no

07 . . htaeD ta hantiF gniraeF fi 'aa'uD 8.33.3 'aa'uD 7.33.3

56 . . sgnitS / setiB fo tnemtaerT ayquR 1.33.3 56 . . . . . . . . . . . . tnemtaerT

ayquR 3.33.3 ayquR 2.33.3

ayquR ni 'aa'uD 33.3

46 . . kraB goD a ro ''ewa-eE`` yeknoD a

87 . . . . . . . ybaB desaeceD a rof 77 . . . . . .htaeD s'evitaleR a no

a fo htaeD eht no 'aa'uD 31.33.3 'aa'uD 21.33.3

47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . seyE s'nosreP daeD

37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'aa'uD s'tnemoM tsaL 01.33.3 07 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .gniyD nehW

'aa'uD 11.33.3 'aa'uD 9.33.3

021 . . . llaC reyarP eht gniraeH no 911 . . . . . . . . .euqsoM eht ni elihw

pihsroW fo stcA rof raakhdA :5 retpahC stnetnoC

561 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tnecserC nadamaR eht gnithgiS no yaS ot tahW 1.3.5

561 . . . . . . . naoL a gninruteR no

561 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . raakhdA gnitsaF 3.5 'aa'uD 3.2.5

461 . . . . . . . . . . . . . yenoM dereffO fi reyarP 2.2.5

941 . . haalaS rtiW-lA ni eticeR ot saruS 61.1.5 441 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meelsaT retfa

351 . . . . . . . . . . . sreyarP gnikovnI-niaR 1.81.1.5

raakhdA 51.1.5 'aa'uD 41.1.5

041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sdlroW htoB fo dooG eht gnikeeS rof

961 . . . . . .llihnwoD dna llihpU 961 . . . . . . . . . harmO dna

jjaH rof raakhdA 4.5 'aa'uD 6.3.5 'aa'uD 4.3.5

761 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tsaF 761 . . . . . . . . . . . . . tsaF gnikaerB no

'aa'uD s'tseuG A 5.3.5

971 . . .hafarA ot gnideecorP no afaS-lA neewteb

neerbiJ-lA namharrudbA-nbI halludbA

eht sehcuot eugnot eht fo kcab eht - )eman( dilahK ,ssenhguoL

/aa/ /a/ /ee/ /i/ /uu/ /u/

./allaj :sa ti daeR .hallA ot

eb ytsejam dna ronoH :snaem tI

shayA ,bazhA-lA taruS[

".etal dna ylrae

raakhda ehT .raakhda rehtruf dna secruos

.H1241/6/51 ,hdayiR ysiareJ-lA delahK

suhT = /Z/ ;orez = ;woc = ;ehs =

tehporP eht ,oslA

tehporP eht rof yarP ot woH 1 retpahC

tehporP eht rof yarP ot woH

;woc = /w/ ;doof = ;ehs = /hs/ ;mus =

tehporP ehT .seilbmessa ecnarbmemeR

dna 'aa'uD fo etteuqitE

ni dleh eb ot era seilbmessa ecnarbmemeR .4

hallA rebmemer ot desu regnesseM s'hallA" ,dias

tehporP eht ,ahsiA yb detroper sA "....htrae eht dna snevaeh

".ecneserP siH ni esoht gnoma meht

rkihD dna 'aa'uD fo etteuqitE

;woc = /w/ ;doof = ;ehs = /hs/ ;mus =

rkihD dna 'aa'uD fo etteuqitE

ro( eerma itabiqaa -aw eehsaa am-aw ineed eef

-la daah anna umal at atj uk-j i ammuhaalla n n / )i(buuyuhg-lu-maalla

atj a-aw ,)u(mal a n