Power Plant Management

Resources
( )

..2000

, ,

. . 70000 . (02)
4368815 E-Mail anoor@it.egat.or.th
1.1
Content
1.1 Forward
Content
2.1 Plant Overview
2.2 Major Component
2.2.1 Thermal Power Plant Major Equipment
2.2.2 Combined Cycle Power Plant Major Equipment
2.2.3 The Basic of Gas Turbine & Combined Cycle Operation
2.3 Plant Control System
2.3.1 Automatic Boiler Control for Power Plant
2.3.2 Turbine Control
2.3.3 Generator and Exciter
2.3.4 Generator Protection
2.3.5 Transformer Protection
2.4 Station Commissioning
2.5 Plant Operation
2.5.1 Gas Turbine Protection
2.5.1.1 Steam Turbine Protection
2.5.1.2 Heat Recovery Steam Generation (HRSG)
2.6 Plant Maintenance
2.7 Plant Performance
2.7.1 Combined Cycle Power Plant Performance
2.8 Plant Management
2.8.1 Project Management
2.8.2 Safety/Loss
2.8.3 Finance
2.8.4 Human Resource
Index
1.1
2.1-1 to 2.1-9
2.2.1-1 to 2.2.1-54
2.2.2-1 to 2.2.2-35
2.2.3-1 to 2.2.3-33
2.3-1 to 2.3-11
2.3.1-1 to 2.3.1-25
2.3.2-1 to 2.3.2-31
2.3.3-1 to 2.3.3-13
2.3.4-1 to 2.3.4-30
2.3.5-1 to 2.3.5-17
2.4-1 to 2.4-27
2.5-1 to 2.5-8
2.5.1-1 to 2.5.1-19
2.5.1.1-1 to 2.5.1.1-12
2.5.1.2-1 to 2.5.1.2-7
2.6-1 to 2.6-40
2.7-1 to 2.7-34
2.7.1-1 to 2.7.1-20
2.8.1-1 to 2.8.1-5
2.8.2-1 to 2.8.2-9
2.8.3-1 to 2.8.3-24
2.8.4-1 to 2.8.4-29
2.1 Plant Overview
2.1 - 1
1)

(Peak demand)
09.00 15.00 . 18.00 22.00 .

(Continuous process)

,
90% 45 95%
98%
30 60%

..........
?

1. (Operator)
2. (Maintenance)
3. (Administration)
2.1 - 2

3 Operation 50%
30% 20%
2.1 - 3
2.1 - 4

1)
(Availability)
2)
2 ? 3

(Spare Parts)
Rocket Management Model
120
35 2547

O&m . .
Asset Manager (OWNER) OPERATOR (O&M)
O&M
Product NON STOP NO STOCK WITH
QUALITY (Availability &
Efficiency)

2.1 - 5
Cross Functional Integration /

Better/Best Practice Team & Cross Function Team
/

()

?

Management Steering Team
Steering Team
(Ground Root) Air Root ?

( . )
/ (
) (JOB DESCRIPTION) /

( ....)
2.1 - 6
()
()

Operation & Maintenance
Operation Operation & Maintenance
(Maintenance
&Process Engineer )
/
(KMKnowledge Management)
2.1 - 7
2.1 - 8
Rocket Management Model

.
3
1. . Core Business
AP (Available Payment) EP (Energy Payment) .
RGCO. Core Competency
2. .

- Function Competency ,
,
- Core Business -
- Individual Competency Job Description

3. .
.

Launching (gaps)
Analysis ()
Strategy
1 2
Launching ( gaps ) Analysis

2.1 - 9
2.2 Major Component
2.2.1 Thermal Power Plant Major Equipment
1 1 1
A B C
2.2.1 - 1
10
1. Once Through Boiler

Once Through Boiler Supercritical Pressure Boiler
Critical Pressure 3208.2 psia
(Steam) 1 - 1 3208.2 psia (Latent Heat)

(Saturation Temperature) Critical Pressure

1 1 Latent Heat / Pressure Curve

Critical Pressure (Specific Volume)
1 2 (Steam Bubble) Flashing
(Volume) Steam Drum
1 2 Specific Volume / Pressure Curve
2.2.1 - 2
1 3
Critical Pressure 3208.2 psia
705.47 F Critical Temperature
1 3 Temperature / Pressure Curve

Once Through Boiler Supercritical Boiler Boiler
Critical Pressure Drum 1 4
1 4 Once Through Boiler Schematic
2.2.1 - 3
1 4 Boiler Feed Pump high Pressure Water

(Tube)
Transition Zone Superheater Once
Through Boiler Drum Blow Down Solid Boiler Solid
Transition Zone (Carry Over) Turbine
Feed Water Polishing Demineralizer
condensate System Solid Boiler
Phosphate Hydrazine Ammonia
Once Through Boiler boiler

Boilr Once Through Boiler Water Wall Boiler 1 5
Boiler Platen Superheater, Pendant Superheater, Horizontal Superheater, Reheater
Economizer Drum Type Boiler Water Tube
1 Drum type
2 - 3 Flow
Pressure Drop 800 psia Once Through Boiler

Drum Type Boiler Pressure Drop 150 psia
2.2.1 - 4
1 5 Large Once Though Boiler
2.2.1 - 5
1.1 Supercritical Pressure Boiler

1.1.1 Supercritical Pressure Boiler Drum
2
1. All Volatile Treatment (AVT) Startup Boiler
Chemical Cleaning Feed Water Conductivity 0.2 s/cm
Hydrazine Ammonia Ammonia PH
9.5 Hydrazine Dissolved Oxygen Magnetite (Fe3 O4)
AVT
Startup chemical Cleaning Shutdown 2
3 AVT
2. Combine Water Treatment (CWT) AVT
Startup boiler Feed Water
CWT
Ammonia PH 8.5 Oxegen
Dissolved Oxegen 50 200 PPb Magnetite
AVT CWT Oxegen Dissolved Oxegen
Magnetite Hematite (Fe2 O3)
AVT 10
Chemical cleaning
1.1.2 Clean Up, Light
Off, Steam Admission to Turbine, Initial Synchronize
(Load) 2 (Mode)
1. Wet Mode 25 % Economic Continuous
Rating ( ECR) Drum Type Boiler 25 % ECR
2.2.1 - 6
Feed Water (Feed) Water Wall Tue 25% ECR

Water Wall Tube 1 6 Water Seperator Drain Tank ( WSDT )
Drum Firing Rate 108 bar 25%
ECR Turbine Bypass Valve Main Steam Pressure Control Valve
Water / Fuel Flow Ratio (EFR) Feed Water Main
Steam Pressure 108 bar
1 6 Wet Mode
2.2.1 - 7
2. Dry Mode 25% ECR

Wet Mode Dry Mode 25% ECR
Once Through Boiler Supercritical Pressure Boiler
1 7 Dry Mode WSDT Boiler Recirculating Valve
Boiler Circulating Pump
Once Through Boiler Pressure control (108 bar) Water Wall Outlet
Temperature Control Steam Pressure Temperature
Coordinated Control Mode Megawatt Demand
1 7 Dry Mode
2.2.1 - 8
1.2 ( Technical Data )

Type of Boiler
Quantity
Mitsubishi Supercritical
Sliding Pressure Operation
Once Through Boiler (Mo-SSRR)
1 Boiler
OIL/GAS
Steam Pressure
Design
Superheater Outlet
Design
Reheater Inlet
Reheater Outlet
Steam Temperature
Design
Superheater Outlet
Design
Reheater Outlet
Feed Water Temperature
Economizer Inlet
Air Temperature
Ambient Air Temperature
Steam Flow
Superheater outlet
Reheater Inlet
279 barg
261.0 barg
67 barg
52.7/52.8 barg
50.7/50.8 barg
548
540
582
568
C
C
C
C
294.2 C
27.5 C
2,530,000 kg/H
1,998,600/2,004,390 kg/H
2.2.1 - 9
Firing System
Drafting System
Steam Temperature Control Method
Superheater
Reheater
Steam Temperature Control Range
Superheater
Reheater
Natural Gas and Heavy Oil

Firing and Natural
Gas / Heavy Oil Mixed Firing
Balanced
2 Stage Desuperheater
Gas Recirculation
Desuperheater
25% ECR ~ B-MCR
35% ECR ~ B-MCR
1.3 (Boiler Major Component) Once Through

Boiler 1 8
1 8 Boiler Major Component
2.2.1 - 10
1.3.1 Boiler Once Through Boiler Dry Steam Steam Turbine

High Pressure Drum (Furnace)
10 mm Aq
1.3.2 Force Draft Fan ( FDF) (Air Heater)
cooling Burner
1.3.3 Induce Draft Fan ( IDF ) (Flue Gas)
(Exhaust Stack) Flue Gas
(SO2) Flue Gas Desulfurize : FGD
1.3.4 Gas Recirculation Fan (GRF) Flue Gas
FDF Reheat Temperature
1.3.5 Air Heater (Heat Exchanger) FDF

Boiler Exhaust Gas Boiler
1.3.6 Burner Combustion 2
Gas Oil 7 1 Gas 7 Oil 2 6
Gas Oil
1.3.7 Water Wall Tube (Furnance) Boiler
Wall Tube Supercritical Pressure
Boiler Superheater
1.3.8 Soot Blower Boiler
Tube Boiler
1.3.9 (Economizer) Flue Gas Exhaust Stact
Feed Water Wall Tube
1.3.10 (Water Seperator)
(Superheat) Water Seperator Drain Tank
Boiler Circulating Pump Economizer 1.3.11 (Superheater)
Dry Steam Dry Steam Super
Cirtical Pressure High Pressure Turbine
1.3.12 (Reheater) Exhaust Steam HP Turbine
Dry Steam Intermediate Pressure Turbine
Exhaust Steam IP Turbine Low Pressure Turbine
2.2.1 - 11
Exhaust Steam LP Turbine condenser
2. (Steam Turbine)
(Mechanical Machine) (Mechanical
Energy) (Torque) (Heat Energy)
(Kinetic
Energy)
(Primover)
2.1 (Principle of Steam Turbine) 2
(Casing and Stationary Blade)
(Rotor and Moving Brade) (Bearing)
2 - 1
2 1
2 1 3 3 Stage HP Turbine , IP Turbine LP Turbine
(Governor Valve)
2.2.1 - 12
2.2 (Technical Data)

Type Tandem Compound Quadruple Exhaust Condensing Reheat Turbine
CAPABILITY ( at generator terminal) ..735,000 KW
SPEED 3,000 rpm
ROTATING DIRECTION (view from governor end) ... CLOCKWISE
DESIGN CONDITION
Main Steam Pressure 241 barg
Main Steam Temperature .538 C
Reheat Steam Temperature 566 C
Exhaust Pressure . 685mmHg vac.(LP-1)
700mmHg vac. (LP-2)
NUMBER OF EXTRACTION . 8
BLADING
H.P. Turbine ... 1 Reteau stage
11-Pairs of Row of Reaction Blading
I.P.Turbine .. 9-Pairs of Row of Reaction Blading
L.P.Turbine . 7-Pairs of Rows in Each End of Each Turbine
Labyrinth type steam gland
2.2.1 - 13
2.3 (Steam Turbine Major Component) 2

Impulse Turbine Turbine blade
Reaction Turbine
(Action) (Reaction)
2 Turbine 2 2
Stage 1 Impulse Stage Reaction

2 2 Impulse / Reaction Turbine
2.2.1 - 14
2.3.1 Rotor Casing Blade Rotor

Rotor 3 HP Rotor, IP Rotor LP Rotor 2
HP IP Rotor Forging Solid Alloy Steel A 470 Class 8
Creep Rupture LP Rotor Solid Alloy Steel A 470 Class 7
2.3.2 Blade Impulse Reaction Turbine Blade
Rotor Blade
Rotor Blade Rotor
Blade Blade
1. Blade Leading Edge
Tailing Edge 2 - 3
2 3 Blade Impulse / Reaction

2. Root Blade Rotor Rotor
2 T Slot Root T Blade
Blade HP Turbine Dovetail Root T Slot Blade
Blade LP Turbine 2 4 2 - 5
2.2.1 - 15
2 4 Root
3. Caulking Piece Root Blade Rotor
2 - 5
2 5 Blade Blade
4. Shroud Blade (Vibration)
Blade Blade 2 - 5
5. Tenon Shroud Blade Revet 2 - 5
6. Lashing Wire Blade Blade LP
Turbine
2.2.1 - 16
2.3.3 Nozzle (Pressure Energy)

Nozzle Blade
Blade (Nozzle Profile) 2

1. First Stage Nozzle Nozzle Block Rotating
Blade Blade Nozzle Group Nozzle Group
Nozzle Block 2 Upper Casing
Lower Casing 2 - 6
2 6 Nozzle Block
2. Interstage Nozzle Blade (Stationary Blade)
Rotating Blade Rotating Blade
Interstage Nozzle 2 (Upper Half)
(Lower Half)
2.3.4 Diaphragm and Blade Ring Stationary Blade Diaphragm
Stationary Blade Ring Stationary 1 Blade Ring
Casing 2 7
2.2.1 - 17
2 7 Diaphragm and Blade Ring

2.3.5 Labyrinth Seal (Loss) Rotating Part Stationary
Part Nozzle Blade
Seal Strip
Seal Strip Labyrinth Seal
2 8
2 8 Seal Strip / Labyrinth Seal
2.2.1 - 18
2.3.6 Gland Seal Seal Turbine Rotor Casing

Turbine
Turbine 2 - 9
2 9 Gland Seal Turbine Rotor

2.3.7 Casing Shell Rotor Blade Ring
2 Single Casing Double Casing
2 (Inner Casing ) (Outer Casing) Casing 2
(Stress) Casing 2 10
2 10 Single Casing and Double Casing
2.2.1 - 19
2.3.8 Steam chest Superheater Turbine 2

Integral Type Casing Startup
Turbine Casing Steam Chest Crack
Separate Type Casing
2 - 11
2 11 Steam Chest
2.3.9 Stub Shaft HP Rotor
Turbine
1. Governor Impeller
2. Main Oil Pump Impeller
3. Mechanic Overspeed Trip Weight
2.3.10 Coupling
Turbine Generator
2.3.11 Turning Gear Turbine Rotor
1. Turbine Rotor (Inertia) Rotor
2. Turbine Rotor (Bow) Rotor

(Sag) Rotor
3. Turbine Rotor Turning

Gear Turbine Rotor 3 2 - 12
2.2.1 - 20
2 12 Turbine Turning Gear

2.3.12 Bearing Slider Type Bearing
Bearing 2

1. Journal Bearing Sleeve Bearing Bearing
(Redial Direction) Clearance
Turbine Generator 2 13 Turbine Rotor
Bearing 2 Bearing Journal Bearing
Bearing Babbitt
(Hardness) (Wear)
Babbitt
2.2.1 - 21
2 13 Journal Bearing
2. Thrust bearing
Clearance Turbine Generator
(Thrust Force) (Axial Direction)
2 14 Thrust Bearing 1 Flexible Coupling
2 14 Thrust Bearing
2.2.1 - 22
2.3.13 Steam Valve Turbine

(Speed) Turbine Steam Admission to Turbine
Turbine Generator 3,000
Valve
1. Throttle Valve Stop Valve Main Steam Line
HP Turbine
Stop Valve Turbine Turbine Trip
2. Control Valve Governor Valve Main Steam Stop Valve

HP Turbine Turbine
3,000
3. Reheat Stop Valve Hot Reheat Line Main Steam
Stop Valve IP Turbine
4. Intercepter Valve Control Valve IP
Turbine Hot Reheat Line Reheat Stop Valve Main Steam Control
Valve
2.3.14 Breakable Diaphragm LP Turbine Exhaust Cylinder Cover

Back Pressure LP Blade Stage
LP Outer Casing Breakable Diaphragm
0.36 kg/cm2 Turbine Low Vacuum
Trip 0.7 kg/cm2
2.3.15 Turbine Lube Oil System Turbine Generator

Bearing Turbine Generator 2 15
2.2.1 - 23
2 15 Turbine Lube Oil System
2.2.1 - 24
1. Lube Oil Reservoir

Turbine Reservoir
2. Auxiliary Oil Pump Turbine Startup
Bearing (Control Oil)
Turning Device Seal Oil System Turbine Rated Speed (3,000 rpm)
Ac Auxiliary Oil Pump Shutdown
3. Main Oil Pump Turbine
Rated Speed Shutdown
4. Turning Oil Pump Turbine Generator Bearing
Turning Speed ( 3 rpm)
5. Emergency Oil Pump Turbine Generator Bearing
Low Lube Oil Trip Bearing
6. Jacking Oil Pump Turbine Generator
Rotor Startup Turbine
7. Vapor Extractor Shaft Seal bearing Housing
Vapor Extractor Oil Reservoir

3. (Generator)
(Cooling System)
Cooling Medium 100
MW , Windage Lost H2 Cooling
Medium Cooling Rotor Stator H2
High Speed Hydrogen Inner Cooled Turbine Generator
100 600 MW Cooling
Stator Coil 1,000 MW
Air, H2 Water
2.2.1 - 25
Properties
Density
Thermal Conductivity
Heat transfer coefficient from
Surface to gas
Specific heat
Support of Combustion
Oxidizing agen
Air
1.00
1.00
Hydrogen
0.07
7.00
Water
860
23
1.00
1.00
Yes
Yes
1.35
0.98
No
No
514
3575
No
No
H2 & He Gas Ideal Case Gas Meduim

Internal Ventilation He Gas Gas He
H2 H2 Cooling Medium
Rotating Machine
H2 Cool 5 70% By Volume
Normal Operation
Unforeseen Condition Frame Stator Designed For Explosion Proof
Explosion Proof construction Material
Air H2
Sine Curve Air + H2 5% () 70%
30 35% 70% H2
Air H2 Air Air H2 Co2
H2 control Exhaust Pressure 0.1 0.2 kg/cm2
3.1 ( Principle of Generator )
(Generator) (Michael Faraday)

(Induced Voltage) (Load)
2
Rotor Winding (Excite) Exciter
Stator Winding 3 1
2.2.1 - 26
3 1 Generator
(Rotating Machine)
(Mechanical Energy) (Shalf)

(Mechanical Power) (Turbine)

3.2 (Technical Data)
SERIAL NUMBER
97 AD 3301/97/AD3401
TYPE OF GENERATOR
HORIZONTALLY MOUNTED CYLINDRICAL ROTOR
ROTATING FIELD TYPE
ROTATING SPEED (rpm)
3,000
No. OF PHASE
3
No. OF POLE
2
FREQUENCY
(Hz)
50
VOLTAGE
(V)
24,000
HYDROGEN GAS PRESSURE (bar (g))
5
HYDROGEN GAS PURITY( (%)
97
2.2.1 - 27
HYDROGEN GAS CONSUMPTION

(Nm3/24hour guaranteed)
kVA OUTPUT
(kVA)
kW OUTPUT
(kW)
CURRENT
(A)
POWR FACTOR
(%)
COOLING METHOD STATOR COIL
ROTER COIL
INSURATION CLASS
TEMP RISE LIMIT STATOR COIL (C)
AT RATED LOAD STATOR COIL
COOLING WATER
OUTLET (C)
9
990,000
841,500
23,816
83 (LAGGING)
WATER COOLED
HYDOROGEN COOLED
F
50 (BASE TEMP 50 C)
50 (BASE TEMP 50 C)
ROTOR COIL (C) 72.2 (BASE TEMP 37.8 C)

STATOR CORE (C) 92.2 (BASE TEMP 37.8 C)
130
GAS VOLUME
(m3)
EXCITER TYPER
STATIC
EXCITATION VOLTAGE (V)
650
EXCITATION CURRENT (A)
6405
3.3 (Generator Major Component)
Water Cooled Turbine Generator 735 MW
3.3.1 Cooling (Stator Coil) Stator Coil Medium

Cooling Supplier Slip Ring Manifold (A) Insulation Hose
Stator Coil Manifold (B) Turbine Side Stator
Thermo Couple Upper Coil Lower Coil Outlet 3 - 2
2.2.1 - 28
3 2 Stator coil Cooling

3.3.2 Cooling ( Stator Core ) H2 Boosted Up Pressure High Pressure Blower
Shaft Rotor Turbine Slide Gas Cooler Slip ring Side
Stator Core Stator Flame stator Axial Turbine Side 3 - 3
3 3 Stator Core Cooling
2.2.1 - 29
3.3.3 Cooling (Rotor Straight Part) H2 Gas Cooler Coil 2 System

1. H2 Gas Turbine Side Exciter Discharged Air Gap
Axial
2. H2 cool rotor Coil Center Rotor Rotor
4 3 - 4
3 4 Rotor Straight Part

3.3.4 Cooling (Rotor End Part) H2 Rotor End Part Retaining Ring
Rotor Coil Blower
3 - 5
2.2.1 - 30
3 5 Rotor End Part Cooling

3.3.5 Stator Frame Design Pressure 1.05 Mpa 2 Maximum Gas
Pressure 0.52 Mpa No. 1 SM 400 AP of JIS G 3106 Rolled Steel for Welded Construction
Supersonic Test Cracks Lamination
Stator Frame
Gas 3 - 6
2.2.1 - 31
3 6 Stator Frame
3.3.6 Stator Lamination Stator Core High Quality Silicon Steel Plates Core
Loss Varnish Stator Frame
3 - 7
3 7 Stator Lamination
2.2.1 - 32
3.3.7 Stator Core End Inner Cooled Generator Electrical Loading

Load Non Magnetic Finger Plate
Stator Core and Part 3 - 8
3 8 Stator Core End

3.3.8 Flexble Support 2 Pole Turbine Generator Stator Core
Double Frequency Vibration Vibration Flexble Support Stator
Core Stator Frame 3 - 9
2.2.1 - 33
3 9 Flexible Support
3.3.9 Stator Coil Stator Coil Hollow Wire 4 Solid Wire
Cooling Effect Generator
Vortex Loss Cooling Water Hollow Element Rising Temperature
Generate Stator Coil
3 - 10
2.2.1 - 34
3 10 Stator Coil
3.3.10 Dialastic Insulation
(1) Having been impregnated with solventless, heatcuring epoxy resin (diaresin), the
mica tape is thoroughly filled with resin to the extent that no void is lift.
(2) Since diaresin is epoxy resin, it can withstand high voltage.
(3) Because of high tensile strength, elasticity and coefficient of expansion approximate
that of copper, it can be from cracks resulting from the expansion and contraction
of the conductor due to long time operation.
(4) Moisture proof, chemical proof and oil proof.
(5) Since tan is small, the increase or decrease of tan due to changes of
temperatures and voltage is also negligible.
(6) Thermally stable, long life is assured.
2.2.1 - 35
3 11 Dialastic Insulation
3.3.11 Stator Coil Header Part Header Of branching Cooling Water Hollow Wire
Header Cap Hose Joint Element Wire Leak Water
Hose Joint Manifold Non Magnetic Steel 3 - 12
3 12 Stator Coil Header Part
2.2.1 - 36
3.3.12 Support of Stator Coil End Part Coil End Part ( Electromagnetic Force
Short Circuit ) Integral Structure Large Size Resin Cone Segment
Plate Insulation Bolts Axial Direction Slide Mechanism
Absorbing Heat of Expansion Stator Coil Stator Core 3 - 13
3 13 Support of Coil End Part

3.3.13 Stator Coil End Construction Static End Coil Deformation
Heavy Stresses Short Circuit Electromagnetic Vibration Normal Operation
End Coil Rigid Single Conical Glass Cords Epoxy
Impregnated Glass Fiber Corona Semi Conducting Stator Slot
Slot Discharge Slot High Resistance 3 - 14
2.2.1 - 37
3 14 Stator Coil End

3.3.14 Bushing Lower Part Exciter Lead Box 6 Box 3 Box Line Side
3 Box Neutral Side Lead Bushing H2 Cooling
Stator Insulation Bushing Dry Type Leak Oil Stray
Load Loss Overheating Nonmagnetic Steel Lead Box 3 - 15
2.2.1 - 38
3 15 Bushing
3.3.15 Rotor Shaft Shaft Material Solid Forging of Ni Cr Mo V Steel
Slots Hold Rotor Coil Trapezoids
Pole Uniform Rigidly Crescent Shapely Supersonic Test
Rotor Coil 3 - 16
2.2.1 - 39
3 16 Rotor Shaft
3.3.16 Rotor Coil Coil Worked Sliver Bearing Capper U 2
H2 3 - 17
2.2.1 - 40
3 17 Rotor Coil
3.3.17 Coil Retaining Ring End Coil Rotor Deformation
Coil Retaining Ring Fix Tangent Axial Non Magnetic
Austenite Steel 3 - 18
2.2.1 - 41
3 18 Coil Retaining Ring

3.3.18 Blower Blower Multistage High Pressure Feed H2 Duct
Blade Ni Cr Mo. Steel 13Cr Precision Casing
3 - 19
3 19 Blower
2.2.1 - 42
3.3.19 Bearing Tilting Pad Type High Stability Rotor

Operation Bearing 2 Bearin
Shaft Under Stress Deflection of Shaft Misalignment
Babbitt line Copper Shoes Steel Pads Conventional Sleeve
Bearing Leakage Shaft Journal Fit
Bearing Pressure
3 - 20
3 20 Bearing
3.3.20 Bearing Bracket Bearing Bracket Weided Construction Fixed Stator
Frame Turbine Excite 2 Mechanical Strength Rib Rib
Bearing Bracket Bearing Gland Sealing Oil Seal 3 21
2.2.1 - 43
3 21 Bearing Bracket
3.3.21 Protection For Shaft Current Shaft Current Bearing Bracket Insulated
Insulation Sheet Shaft Current
Insulation Excited Coupling Gland Seal Bracket Bearing Bracket
Gland Seal Oil Piping Oil Seal Bracket 3 22
3 22 Rotor Ground Shaft
2.2.1 - 44
3.3.22 Gland Seal 3 23 Line Oil 2 Lines H2 side

Air Side
3 23 Gland Seal
3.3.23 Slip Ring Slip Ring Tool Steel Brush
Slip Ring High Pressure Air
3 - 24
2.2.1 - 45
3 24 Slip ring
3.3.24 Brush And Holder ( Brush ) Magazine Type Brush Holder
Normally Pressure Set 120 g/cm2 3 - 25
3 25 Brush and Holder
2.2.1 - 46
3.3.25 Gas Cooler Gas Cooler 2 Vertical

Turbine Side Cooling Tubes Spiral Copper Fins Designed Maintain
H2 45 C Cooling Temperature 38 C
3 - 26
3 26 Gas Cooler
2.2.1 - 47

( Thermal Power Plant Major Equipment )
1. Once Through Boiler Supercritical Boiler Critical

Pressure Critical Pressure
= psia
= . BTU / lb
2. Once Through Boiler High Pressure Drum...
.......................
..............................
3. Phosphate Feed Water Once Through Boiler
.......................
.......................
.......................
4. Once Through
.............................................................................................................................................
........
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
5. Once Through Boiler Load (Mode)
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
2.2.1 - 48
6.
. Force Draft Fan .
.......
.......
. Induce Draft Fan .
.......
.......
. Soot Blower ..
.......
.......
. Superheater ..
.......
.......
. Reheater
.......
.......
7. ............................................................
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
8. (Steam Turbine) .....................................................................
.......................
.......................
.......................
.......................
.......................
.......................
2.2.1 - 49
9.
. Rotor .
.......
.......
. Blade
.......
.......
. Nozzle
.......
.......
. Labyrinth Seal
.......
.......
. Gland Seal .
.......
.......
. Casing .
.......
.......
. Steam Chest ..
.......
.......
10. Steam Valve ..................................................
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
2.2.1 - 50
11. Lube Oil

. Auxiliary Oil Pump .
.......
.......
. Main Oil Pump ..
.......
.......
. Emergency Oil Pump .
.......
.......
. Turning Oil Pump
.......
.......
. Jacking Oil Pump ..
.......
.......
12. (Cooling Medium) (
Generator )
......................................................................................................................................
........
........
........
........
........
13. (H2) Generator H2
...............................................................................................................
........
........
........
........
........
2.2.1 - 51
14. Generate Voltage (Excite)

Generator .
........
........
........
........
........
15. 50
(Pole) 2 Pole
........................................................................................................................
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
16.
. Stator Winding
........
........
........
. Rotor Winding
........
........
........
. Coil Retaining Ring ..
........
........
. Slip Ring .
........
........
2.2.1 - 52
. Rotor Ground Shaft .

........
........
2.2.1 - 53

1. Instruction Manual Mitsubishi
- Boiler
- Turbine
- Generator
2. .
- Once Through Boiler
- Supercritical Pressure Boiler
- Steam Turbine Component
- Basic of Power Plant
- Lube Oil System
2.2.1 - 54
2.2.2 COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT

MAJOR EQUIPMENT
2.2.2 - 1
COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT

1.
2.
3.
4.
GAS TURBINE
HEAT RECOVERY STEAM GENERATOR (HRSG)
STEAM TURBINE
GENERATOR
1
GAS TURBINE
GAS TURBINE
GAS TURBINE GENERATOR ROTOR
GAS TURBINE COMPRESSOR (COMBUSTION
CHAMBER) 18 CHAMBERS FUEL NOZZLE
(SPARK PLUGS) COMBUSTION ZONE
HOT GASES
COMBUSTION CHAMBER TRANSITION PIECES AFT. END
COMBUSTION CHAMBER LINERS HOT GASES TURBINE SECTION
TURBINE TURBINE GENERATOR ROTOR
GAS TURBINE
1. COMPRESSOR SECTION
2. COMBUSTION SYSTEM
3. GAS TURBINE SECTION
1. COMPRESSOR SECTION
SPECIFICATION
TYPE
NUMBER OF STAGE
MATERIAL
INLET CASING
COMPRESSOR CASING
COMPRESSOR DISCHARGE CASING
AXIAL FLOW
18 ( STAGE 0 STAGE 17 )
DUCTILE IRON
DUCTILE IRON
2.1/4 Cr-Mo
2.2.2 - 2
INLET GUIDE VANE

C 450
COMPRESSOR BLADE STAGE 1 8
C 450
COMPRESSOR BLADE STAGE 9 18 C 430 CB
COATING MATERIAL
NONE
COMPRESSOR WHEEL
NiCrMoV/Cr MoV
COMPRESSOR COMBUSTION CHAMBER
COMPRESSOR COMPRESSOR GAS TURBINE
GAS TURBINE COMPRESSOR
ROTOR STATOR STAGE ROTOR BLADES
STAGE STATOR BLADES GUIDE ROTOR BLADES
COMPRESSOR DISCHARGE CASING
COMBUSTION CHAMBER
COMPRESSOR SECTION
1.1 COMPRESSOR ROTOR
1.1.1 WHEELS
1.1.2 SPEED RING
1.1.3 COMPRESSOR ROTOR BLADE
1.1.4 FORWARD STUB SHAFT
1.1.5 AFTER STUD SHAFT
1-1 , 1-2
1 1 COMPRESSOR ROTOR
2.2.2 - 3
2.2.2 - 4
1.2 COMPRESSOR STATOR

1.2.1 INLET CASING COMPRESSOR
COMPRESSOR ROTOR LOWER HALF
HOUSING BEARING#1 INLET CASING
INNER BELLMOUTH INNER OUTER BELLMOUTH
STRUTS RADIAL STRUTS
AIRFOIL-SHAPED AERODYNAMICS VARIABLE
INLET GUIDE VANE (IGV.) AFTER END INLET
CASING CONTROL RING & PINION GEAR
LINKAGE ARM HYDRAULIC ACTUATOR DRIVE
IGV. COMPRESSOR INLET AIR FLOW 1-3
1.2.2 MID. COMPRESSOR CASING COMPRESSOR

FORWARD COMPRESSOR CASING
COMPRESSOR STATOR BLADE STAGE 0STAGE 4
2.2.2 - 5
AFTER COMPRESSOR CASING
COMPRESSOR COMPRESSOR STATOR BLADE STAGE 5

STAGE 12 1-4
2.2.2 - 6
1.2.3 COMPRESSOR DISCHARGE CASING FLANGE

TO FLANGE COMPRESSOR STATOR BLADE STAGE 1317
EXIT GUIDE VANE (EGV) STAGE 1 2
2. COMBUSTION SYSTEM
SPECIFICATION
TYPE
18 CHAMBER, REVERSE FLOW
NUMBER AND TYPE OF IGNITORS
2 ELECTRONIC
NUMBER AND TYPE OF FLAME DETECTORS 4 ULTRA VIOLET
DESCRIPTION OF NOZZLE
DLN 2+ DUAL WITH WATER INJECTION
TRANSITION PIECE (MAT.)
NIMONIC 263
LINER
HASTELLOY-X/HS-188
COMBUSTION SYSTEM CAN-ANNULAR, REVERSE-FLOW 1-5
COMPERSSOR DISCHARGE AIR TRANSITION PIECE ( INLET AIR
180 HOT GASES ) COOLING
COMBUSTION LINER COMBUSTION LINER
REACTION ZONE
2.2.2 - 7
COMBUSTION SYSTEM
2.1 FUEL NOZZLES
18 NOZZLES
2.2 SPARK PLUG
2
2.3 FLAME DETECTOR
4
2.4 CROSS FIRE TUBES
18
2.5 OUTER COMBUSTION CHAMBER AND FLOW SLREVE
2.6 FUEL NOZZLE END COVER
2.7 CAP AND COMBUSTION LINER
2.8 TRANSITION PLECE
1-6
2.2.2 - 8
2.2.2 - 9
3. GAS TURBINE SECTION

.
SPECIFICATION
GAS TURBINE
MODEL NO.
SHAFT SPEED
CRITICAL SPEED
OVER SPEED TRIP
TURBINE
NUMBER OF STAGE
MATERIAL
ROTOR AND CASING
COATING MATERIALS
TURBINE WHEEL
FIRST STAGE BUCKET
SECOND STAGE BUCKET
THIRD STAGE BUCKET
FIRST STAGE NOZZLE
SECOND STAGE NOZZLE
THIRD STAGE NOZZLE
MS 9001FA +
3000 RPM.
2059 / 2897 RPM.
3300 RPM.
3
S1-S3GTD-111 DOVETAIL FIT
S1-S3GT33 INT S3 Cr COATING
IN-706 (NICKEL-BASE ALLOY)
GTU-111DS
GTU-111DS
GTU-111DS
FSX-414
GTD-222
GTD-222
GAS TURBINE SECTION

3.1 GAS TURBINE ROTATING PARTS TURBINE ROTOR 1-7,1-8
3.1.1 WHEEL SHAFT 2

COMPRESSOR TO TURBINE DISTANCE PIECE AFT. FLANGE
COMPRESSOR ROTOR FIRST - STAGE TURBINE WHEEL
TURBINE ROTOR AFTER SHAFT THIRD-STAGE TURBINE WHEEL
JOURNAL BEARING NO.2
2.2.2 - 10
2.2.2 - 11
3.1.2 WHEEL ASSEMBLIES TURBINE BUCKET WHEEL

3 TURBINE BUCKET
2.2.2 - 12
3.1.3 SPACER 2 FIRST STAGE SECOND SECOND

THIRD-STAGE TURBINE WHEEL
3.1.4 TURBINE BUCKET 3 STAGE
1. TURBINE BUCKET STAGE 1 BUCKET FIRST
STAGE NOZZL E BUCKET STAGE 1
COOL BUCKET TRAILING EDGE BUCKET TIP
2. TURBINE BUCKET STAGE 2 AIR PASSAGE COOL
BUCKET STAGE BUCKET TIP
3. TURBINE BUCKET STAGE 3 COOL BUCKET
STAGE
3.2. GAS TURBINE STATIONARY PART
3.2.1 TURBINE CASING TURBINE NOZZLE TURBINE
SHROUDS AXIAL RADIAL CLEARANCE NOZZLE
BUCKET CLEARANCE PERFORMANCE GAS TURBINE 1-9
HOT GASES TURBINE CASING CASING
HOT GASES CASING CASING
HEAT FLOW CASING INSULATION CASING
COOL CASING MUTI-LAYERS
3.2.2 TURBINE NOZZLE HOT GASES GAS
COMBUSTION CHAMBER HOT GASES
TURBINE BUCKET TURBINE ROTOR TURBINE NOZZLE
3 STAGE
1. FIRST-STAGE NOZZLE HOT GASES COMBUSTION
CHAMBER TRANSSITION PIECE VANE FIRST-STAGE NOZZLE
COOL COMBINATION OF FILM , IMPINGMENT
CONVECTION COOLING FIRST STAGE SEGMENT 24 SEGMENTS SEGMENT
2 VANES SEGMENT RETAINING RING RETAINING RING
2 UPPER HALF LOWER HALF
2. SECOND-STAGE NOZZLE HOT GASES FIRST-STAGE BUCKET
SECOND-STAGE NOZZLE NOZZLE CAST SEGMENT
2.2.2 - 13
3. THIRDSTAGE NOZZLE HOT GASES SECOND-STAGE BUCKET

PRESSURE DROP NOZZLE BUCKETS HOT GASES
THIRD-STAGE BUCKET NOZZLE STAGE 1 SEGMENT 3 VANE
2.2.2 - 14
3.2.3 DIAPHARGM NOZZLE SEGMENT STAGE 2 3

NOZZLE DIAPHRAGM AIR LEAKAGE INNER SIDEWALL
NOZZLE TURBINE ROTOR
LABYRINTH SEAL TEETH DIAPHRAGM MACHINE
TURBINE ROTOR SPACER SEALING
LAND TURBINE ROTOR
CLEARANCE STATIONARY PART
MOVING PART LEAK HOT GASES TURBINE
EFFICIENCY
3.2.4 SHROUDS ANNULAR CURVED SEGMENT
SHROUD LEAK HOT GASES
TURBINE CASING TURBINE CASING
CLEARANCE TURBINE BUCKET TIPS SHROUD 1-10
3.2.5 BEARING IN GAS TURBINE TILTING PAD BEARING 2
JOURNAL BEARING THRUST BEARING
1. JOURNAL BEARING BEARING
IGV. BEARING NO.1
TURBINE BUCKET BEARING NO.2
2. THRUST BEARING BEARING
JOURNAL BEARING NO.1 THRUST BEARING JOURNAL BEARING
THERMOCOUPLE METAL TEMPERHTURE
2.2.2 - 15
2.2.2 - 16
2
HRSG. (HEAT ENERGY)
(EXHAUST GAS) GAS TURBINE
(STEAM TURBINE) GENERATOR
HRSG. (CONVECTION) GAS
TO WATER HEAT EXCHANGER HEAT
EXCHANGER 3 SECTIION
1. ECONOMIZER SECTION SENSIBLE HEAT
(SATURATED WATER)
2. EVAPORATOR SECTION SENSIBLE HEAT
LATENT HEAT
(WET STEAM)
3. SUPERHEATER SECTION SENSIBLE
HEAT (SUPERHEAT STEAM)
SPECIFICATION
1. OPERATION POINT
GAS TURINE OPERATING NUMBER
2
GAS TURBINE LOAD
BASE LOAD
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
27.8 C
RELATING HUMIDITY
75%
GAS TURBINE FUEL
NATURAL GAS
2. GAS TURBINE EXHAUST GAS AT HRSG INLET
FLUE GAS INLET FLOW
2,722.88 T/hr.
FLUE GAS INLET TEMPERATURE
617 C
FLUE GAS INLET PRESSURE
0.0789 BARG.
FLUE GAS INLET ENTHALPY
692.4 KJ/Kg.
FLUE GAS INLET VELOCITY
11.5 M/S.
3. MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE DESIGN
- HP. SECTION
600 C.
- REHEAT SECTION
590 C.
2.2.2 - 17
- IP SECTION
- LP. SECTION
4. FLUE GAS TEMPERATURE CONDITION
- HP/IP/LP ECONOMIZER INLET
- HP/IP/LP EVAPORATOR INLET
- HP/IP/LP SUPERHEATER INLET
- REHEAT
- CONDENSATE PREHEAT
- HP/IP/LP ECONOMIZER OUTLET
- HP/IP/LP EVAPORATOR OUTLET
- REHEAT
- CONDENSATE PREHEAT
5. CONDENSATE CONDITION
- CONDENSATE FLOW INLET
- CONDENSATE TEMPERATURE INLET
- CONDENSATE PRESSURE INLET
- CONDENSATE TEMPERATURE OUTLET
- CONDENSATE PRESSURE OUTLET
6. HRSG. PERFORMANCE
HP STEAM AT SUPERHEATER OUTLET
- FLOW
- PRESSURE
- TEMPERATURE
REHEAT AT SUPERHEATER OUTLET
- FLOW
- PRESSURE
- TEMPERATURE
REHEAT AT SUPERHEATER INLET
- FLOW
- PRESSURE
- TEMPERATURE
2.2.2 - 18
370 C.
300 C.
335/237/NA. C.
463/271/144 C.
617/340/273 C.
595 C.
143 C.
143/237/171 C.
340/237/171 C.
532 C.
100 C.
387,050 Kg/hr.
44.6 .C
10 BARG.
109.1 C.
6.9 BARG.
270.22 T/hr.
129.3 BARG.
567.9 C.
308.52 T/hr.
24.95 BARG.
505.3 C.
308.52 T/hr.
25.78 BARG.
325.4 C.
IP STEAM AT SUPERHEATER OULET

- FLOW
- PRESSURE
- TEMPERATURE
LP STEAM AT SUPERHEATER OUTLET
- FLOW
- PRESSURE
- TEMPERATURE
EFFICIENCY AT AMBIENT TEMP. (27.9 C.)
HP/IP/LP EVAPORATOR RATIO
HP/IP/LP PINCH POINT
HP/IP/LP APPROACH
7. STEAM AND WATER TEMPERATURE CONDITION
- TOTAL HEAT INPUT
- HP/IP/LP EVAPORATOR INLET
- HP/IP/LP ECONOMIZER INLET
- HP/IP/LP SUPERHEATER INLET
- HP/IP/LP ECONOMIZER OUTLET
- HP/IP/LP EVPORATOR OUTLET
- HP/IP/LP SUPERHEATER OUTLET
44.98 T/hr.
26.62 BARG.
327.8 C.
26.71 T/hr.
6.58 BARG.
264 C.
87.1 %
5/15/40
7/9/7 C.
5/5/3 C.
1539X106 kJ/hr.
333.3/228.2/164.2 C.
117.2/119.4/NA. C.
333.3/228.2/ 164.2 C.
328.3/223.2/NA C.
333.3/228.2/164.2 C.
567.4/327.8/264 C.
HRSG.
2.1 INLET DUCT EXHAUST GAS
HRSG FULL AREA SURFACE HIGH TEMPERATURE GAS
ZONE DIVERTER DAMPER GAS TURBINE
2.2 HRSG FOUNDATION HRSG ANCHOR BOLT
SOLE PLATE
2.3 HRSG BASE FRAME HRSG
HRSG. CASING BASE FRAME HRSG BASE FRAME SELFSTANDING TYPE
2.2.2 - 19
2.4 HRSG CASING HEAT TRANSFER TUBE HRSG

EXHAUST GAS
2.5 NON-MATALIC EXPANSION JOINT HRSG. CASING HIGH &
LOW TEMP. GAS ZONE HRSG CASING
2.6 PANEL BLOCK SUPPORT TUBE BUNDLE TUBE
BUNDLE PANEL BLOCK
PANEL BLOCK VERTICAL
2.7 HP. STEAM DRUM SUPPORT HP. STEAM DRUM HP.
STEAM DRUM CEILING BEAM
DRUM
2.8 IP & LP STEAM DRUM SUPPORT IP & LP STEAM DRUM
STEAM DRUM THREE DOWNCOMER
DRUM
2.9 BAFFER PLATE EXHAUST GAS
BLOCK BLOCK HRSG CASING EXHAUST GAS FIN TUBE
2.10 PREHEATER PREHEAT CONDENSATE WATER DEAERATOR
PANEL BLOCK 8 PREHEATER 3 BLOCK
HP. PRI. & IP PRI./ LP ECO. BLOCK PREHEATER 6
2.11 IP. PRI & LP. ECONOMIZER HOT WATER
EXHAUST GAS IP & LP. FEEDWATER DEAERATOR IP SEC. ECO. &
LP. DRUM HEAT TRANSFER IP & LP EVAP . PANEL
BLOCK 8 1 BLOCK
2.12 LP. EVAPORATOR LP. SAT. STEAM
EXHAUST GAS LP. DRUM LP. DWCR. NATURAL
CIRCULATION LP. SAT. STEAM LP. DRUM LP. SAT. STEAM
LP. EVAP. PANEL BLOCK 7 3 BLOCK
2.13 LP. SUPERHEATER LP. SH. STEAM
EXHAUST GAS LP. STA. STEAM LP. DRUM PANEL
BLOCK 5 3 BLOCK HP. TER. ECO.
2.14 IP. SECONDARY ECONOMIZER HOT WATER
EXHAUST GAS HOT WATER IP. PRI. ECO.
2.2.2 - 20
IP. DRUM HEAT TRANSFER IP. EVAP PANEL

BLOCK 6 3 BLOCK HP. SEC. ECO.
2.15 IP. EVAPORATOR IP. SAT. STEAM
EXHAUST GAS WATER IP. DRUM IP. DWCR.
NATURAL CIRCULATION IP. SAT. STEAM IP. DRUM WATER
IP. SAT. STEAM PANEL BLOCK 5 3 BLOCK LP.SH.
BLOCK IP. EVAP.9
2.16 IP. SUPERHEATER IP. SH. STEAM
EXHAUST GAS IP. STA. STEAM IP. DRUM PANEL BLOCK 4
3 BLOCK HP. TER. ECO.
2.17 HP.PRI.ECONOMIZER HOT WATER
EXHAUST GAS HP. FEED WATER DERERATOR HP. SEC. ECO.
PANEL BLOCK 8 2 BLOCK PREHEATER
2.18 HP. SECONDARY ECONOMIZER HOT WATER
EXHAUST GAS HOT WATER HP. PRI. ECO HP.
TER. ECO. PANEL BLOCK 6 3 BLOCK LP. EVAP.
BLOCK HP. SEC. ECO. 12
2.19 HP. TER. ECONOMIZER HOT WATER
EXHAUST GAS HOT WATER HP. SEC. ECO. HP. DRUM
PANEL BLOCK 4 PANEL BLOCK 5 6 BLOCK
PANEL BLOCK 4 3 BLOCK
2.20 HP. EVAPORATOR HP. SAT. STEAM
EXHAUST GAS WATER HP. DRUM PANEL BLOCK 3 3
BLOCK
2.21 HP. PRIMARY SUPERHEATER HP. SH. STEAM
EXHAUST GAS HP. STA. STEAM HP. DRUM
PANEL BLOCK 2 3 BLOCK PRI. RH. BLOCK HP. PRI. SH. 6
2.22 HP. SECONDARY SUPERHEATER TEMP. & ENTHAPLY HP.

SH. STEAM EXHAUST GAS HP. SH. STEAM
HP. PRI. SH. PANEL BLOCK 1 3 BLOCK SEC. RH.
BLOCK HP. SEC. SH. 3
2.2.2 - 21
2.23 PRIMARY REHEAT TEMP & ENTRAPLY IP. SH. STEAM

EXHAUST GAS IP. SH. STEAM & COLD REHEAT STEAM
IP. SH. COLD REHEAT STEAM SYSTEM PANEL BOLCK 2 3
BLOCK HP. PRI. SH. BLOCK PRI. RH. 3
2.24 SECONDARY REHEAT TEMP. & ENTRAPLY IP. SH. STEAM
EXHAUST GAS IP. SH. STEAM PSH.
PANEL BLOCK 1 3 BLOCK HP. SEC. SH. BLOCK SEC.
RH. 3
2.25 HP., IP.& LP. DRUM SATURATED STEAM
STEAM / WATER EVAPORATOR SATURATED STEAM
SUPERHEATER TEMP. SUPERHEATED STEAM DRUM
- WATER HRSG. ECONOMIZER

- SATURATED STEAM HRSG. SUPERHEATER
-
-
- HRSG.
2.2.2 - 22
2.2.2 - 23
3
STEAM TURBINE
STEAM TURBINE (KINETIC ENERGY)
(ROTATING MECHANICAL ENERGY) STEAM HRSG. TURBINE

BLADE TURBINE
TURBINE BLADE 2 IMPULSE
BLADE REACTION BLADE
SPECIFICATION
STEAM TURBINE
MANUFACTURE / COUNTRY
TYPE AND CYLINDER ARRANGEMENT
GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY , U.S.A

TC2F, OPPOSED FLOW HP/IP SECTION, 2 FLOW
DOWNWARD EXHAUSTING LP SECTION
EQUIPMENT DESIGN DATA

LENGTH OF LAST STAGE BLANDING
851 MM.
DIAMETER OF LAST STAGE WHEEL
1076 MM.
EXHAUST ANNULUS AREA / PER EACH
6736 MM.
LAST STAGE WHEEL
6736 MM.
STEAM LOADING ON LAST ROW OF BLADES
103,024 kg/m2
UNDER CONDITION
DITCH DIAMETER OF GOVERNOR
880 MM.
THROTTLE FLOW RATIO AT EACH ADMISSION
1.0
VELOCITY AT TIP OF LONGEST ROW OF BLADES 530.6 M/S
SHAFT SPEED
3000 RPM.
CONTROL SYSTEM
MARK V
STAGE
24
LSB LANGTH
33
METAL STEAM TEMP.
1050 F
MAIN STEAM PRESSURE
1802 PSIG.
EXHAUST PRESSURE
2.6 MMHGA
2.2.2 - 24
NUMBER
NUMBER
NUMBER
NUMBER
NUMBER
AND TYPE OF HP TURBINE STAGES

12 IMPULSE
AND TYPE OF IP TURBINE STAGES
7 IMPULSE
AND TYPE OF LP TURBINE STAGES
2 X 5 IMPULSE
OF GOVERNOR CONTROLLED INLET VALVE
2 TAPERED LAND
OF MAIN BEARING AND TYPE
4 TURBINE ( 2 TILT PAD 2
ELLIPTICAL)
2 GENERATOR ( BOTH
ELLIPTICAL)
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE VIBRATION FOR EACH BEARING, MICROMETER 177.8 (TRIP)
STEAM TURBINE
3.1 STEAM TURBINE STATIONARY PARTS
3.1.1 FRONT STAND THRUST BEARING HP. JOURNAL BEARING
MONITOR VIBRATION PROBE, PHASE REF,. SPEED PICTURE,
THRUST POSITION PROBE
3.1.2 HP. HEAD ASSEMBLY HP / IP TURBINE CASING
HP. HEAD UPPER LOWER
3.1.3 CROSSOVER STEAM IP TURBINE EXHAUST LP
TURBINE PRESSURE BALANCE EXPANSION JOINTS
3.1.4 LP. INNER SHELL LP. TURBINE CASING LP.

INNER SHELL UPPER LOWER
3.1.5 LP. HOOD ASSEMBLY LP. TURBINE CASING
CONDENSER LP. HOOD
ASSEMBLED TURBINE END LP HOOD ASSEMBLED GENERATOR END 3-1
3.1.6 ATMOSPHERIC RELIEF DIAPHRAGM SAFETY FEATURE TURBINE
COMPONENT EXHAUST HOOD CONDENSER
RELIEF DIAPHRAGM 5 PSIG HARD-ROOLED
SILVER BEARING COPPER SHEET
2.2.2 - 25
3.1.7 NOZZLE DIAPHRAGM STAG TURBINE

STEAM BUCKETS STEAM
DIAPHRAGM BUCKETS 3-2
2.2.2 - 26
3-2 NOZZLE DIAPHRAGM
2.2.2 - 27
3.2 STEAM TURBINE ROTATING PARTS

3.2.1 HP/IP TURBINE ROTOR HP. THRUST BEARING, HP. JOURNAL BEARING
NO.1 IP JOURNAL BEARING NO.2 ROTOR 3-3
3.2.2 LP. TURBINE ROTOR LP. JOURNAL BEARING NO.3 NO.4 ROTOR
3-4
3-4 LP.
TURBINE ROTOR
2.2.2 - 28
3.2.3 TURBINE BUCKET HP. IP. TURBINE

BUCKET
IMPULSE TURBINE REACTION TURBINE TURBINE BUCKET
3 BUCKET 3-5
1. HP BUCKET BUCKET 12 BUCKET
2. IP BUCKET BUCKET 7 BUCKET
3. LP BUCKET BUCKET 2*5 BUCKET
3-5 BUCKET AND NOZZLE ARRANGEMENT
2.2.2 - 29
4
GENERATOR
GENERATOR (ROTATING MECHANICAL ENERGY)
(ELECTRICAL ENERGY) GENERATOR DC
GENERATOR ROTOR DC (MAGNETIC FIELD) ROTOR
ROTOR ROTOR STATIONARY COIL
INDUCED AC. VOLTAGE CURRENT STATIONARY COIL
SPECIFICATION
GENERATOR
LEADING SPECIFICATION OF GENERATOR
Type
Totally enclosed, self-ventilated, forced
Lubricated, hydrogen cooled, cylindrical rotor
Type, synchronous alternator.
Capacity
325,000kVA
Terminal voltage
18.0 kV 5%
Power factor
0.85 lagging
Hydrogen pressure
4.14 barg
Short circuit ratio
Approx. 0.50
Cycles
50 Hz
No. of poles
2
No. of phases
3
Speed
3,000 rpm
Cooling method ;
Stator winding : Indirectly Hydrogen Cooled
Rotor winding : Directly Hydrogen Cooled
Insulation Class
Stator winding : F
Rotor winding : F
Unbalance load capability
Continuous (I2)
8%
Short time (I2 2t) 10 (tmax
120 Sec.)
2.2.2 - 30
Total temperature limit (according to ANSI C50.13 B rise class)

Stator winding
100 C. (by RTD)
Rotor winding
110 C. (by resistance)
Stator core
130 C. (by thermocouple)
Collector ring
130 C (by thermometer)
Hydrogen gas purity
98 %
Hydrogen gas consumption
15 m3 / day
GENERATOR HYDROGEN-COOLED
GENERATOR
COOLER 4
ROTATING FIELD STATOR ARMATURE BEARING
GENERATOR
4.1 STATOR FRAME GENERATOR
STATOR
CORE
4.2 STATOR CORE SILICON STEEL LAMINATION
STEEL CLAMPING PLATE
WINDING SILICON STEEL LOW
LOSSES OIL VANISH
EDDY CURRENT PACKAGE
VENTILATION DUCT RECTANGULAR
SLOTS CORE KEY BAR
STATOR CORE
UNDER EXCITED FLUX LEAKAGE
STATOR CORE END PART EDDY CURRENT STATOR
CORE END PART STATOR CORE PLATE 4-1
2.2.2 - 31
4 1 STATOR END PART

4.3 STATOR WINDING STATOR
PHASE BUS RING
STATOR BAR
ROEBEL TRANSPOSITION METHOD
2.2.2 - 32
EDDY CURRENT LOSSES MICA TAPE

EPOXY RESIN PRESSURE HEAT TREATMENT
4.4 GENERATOR TERMINAL PLATES NONMAGNETIC
EDDY CURRENT ARMATURE
RTD. TERMINAL BOX 27 TERMINAL ( 127 ) TERMINAL 112
TERMINAL 13, 14, 15, 26, 27 SPARE
RTD. THERMOCOUPLE TERMINAL BOX 17 TERMINAL (2845) 4.5 HIGH
VOLTAGE BUSHING ARMATURE SEAL HIGH VOLTAGE BUSHING
BUSHING
(PORCELIAN
INSULATION) PLATED TERMINAL
4.6 GENERATOR COOLER 4 FRAME
COOLER SEAL GENERATOR FRAME COOLER TUBE
SHEET COOLER
4.7 STATOR VENTILATION ARMATURE CORE ROTOR
FAN
ARMATURE CORE OUTER WRAPPER PLATE
THERMAL STRESS OVERHEAT
4.8 ROTOR DOVETAIL SLOT ROTOR

ROTOR FIELD WINDING DOVETAIL SLOT WEDGE
FIELD WINDING ROTOR
WEDGE MAGNETIC NONMAGNETIC
4.9 COLLECTOR RING AND CONNECTING PART WITH THE FIELD WINDING
COLLECTOR RING FIELD WINDING
2.2.2 - 33
1-2 COMPRESSOR ROTOR ASSEMBLY

1-4 MID. COMPRESSOR CASING
1-7 TURBINE ROTOR
1-8 TURBINE ROTOR ASSEMBLY
1-9 TURBINE CASING ASSEMBLY
1-10 CASE ARRANGEMENT TURBINE
2-1 PIPING INSTRUMENT DIAGRAM HRSG.
4-1 STATOR END PART
2.2.2 - 34
COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT MAJOR EQUIPMENT

1. AIR COMPRESSOR
2. COMPRESSOR STATOR ?
3. COMBUSTION ZONE GAS TURBINE
4. GAS TURBINE ?
5. GAS TURBINE ?
6. GAS TURBINE ?
7. HRSG SECTION ?
8. HRSG ?
9. HRSG. ?
10. HRSG
?
11. HRSG
12. STEAM TURBINE HIGH PRESSURE ?
13. STEAM TURBINE ?
14. STEAM TURBINE
?
15. STEAM TURBINE ROTATING PARTS ?
16. GENERATOR ?
17. GENERATOR ?
18. GENERATOR ?
19. GENERATOR
20. EDDY CURRENT STATOR CORE ?
1. GAS TURBINE MAINTENANCE AND SYSTEM DESCRIPTION GE. POWER SYSTEM

FOR RATCHABURI COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT
2. STEAM TURBINE MAINTENANCE AND SYSTEM DESCRIPTION GE. POWER SYSTEM
FOR RATCHABURI COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT
2.2.2 - 35
2.2.3 THE BASIC OF

GAS TURBINE & COMBINED CYCLE
OPERATION
2.2.3 - 1

(Plant Operation)
(The Function of the Power Plant)

Fossil Fuel Plants (Coal) (Fuel Oil) (Natural Gas)

Nuclear Plant (Uranium)
(Hydroelectric Plant)
Electric Generator
Generator 1 Unit
1 Unit

Generator Transformer
Voltage Out put Generator
Transformer Switchyard Switchyard Generator
(High Voltage Transmission Line)
Substation Substation
Substation Transformer High Voltage
(Locally) Transformers
Transformer
Voltage
Circuit Fuse Box
2.2.3 - 2

Power System

Tie Lines

(Alternating Current)
Batteries

,
24

(Peak Demand)
(Maintaining Supply Equal to Demand) Demand Supply

(Load Dispatcher) ,
(Power System) Power Plant Supply
Demand Dispatcher Dispatcher

Load
Load Dispatcher
Load

(Supply Equal to Demand) Dispatcher

Dispatcher
Dispatcher 3
1. Out put Unit
2.
3. Overload
2.2.3 - 3
Emergency Condition
3
Loss of Flame Combustion
System
(Periodic) System Indicator
Recorders

System
Equipment
General Emergency Action
3
1.
2.
3.
Instrument
Enunciator, Alarm Alarm Plant System
(Level, Pressure, Temperature ) (Set point)
Alarm Ring Enunciator Windows Control Room Alarm
Operator
Alarm
Indicator Support System

()
2.2.3 - 4
:- Emergency Action Loss of Flame in Boiler

3
Boiler Electronic Flame Scanners
Boiler Alarm Boiler
Boiler Boiler Flame Scanner
Alarm Pressure Steam Operator

Loss of Flame Boiler (Unburned Fuel)
Boiler (Stack) Combustion Air
Furnace Burner Boiler (Explode)
Flow Boiler
Unburned Fuel Purging the Boiler Purge Boiler Combustion
Air Flow Furnace Fuel
Boiler Purge Burners
Pressure Steam Boiler Burners
Shutdown
2.2.3 - 5
(Energy Conversion)
-Gas/Oil/Coal/Uranium
CHEMICAL
TO
THERMAL
THERMAL
TO
MECHANC
MECHANICAL
TO
ELECTRICAL
(Heat Engine)

Combustion Engine (Fossil, Fuel)
Nuclear Reactor
Solar Energy
Geothermal Energy
Combustion Engine 2
1. External Combustion Engine
Working Fluid
Boiler Steam Turbine
2. Internal Combustion Engine
Working Fluid
2 4
, ,,
Gas Turbine
-Compressor
-Combustion Chamber ()

2.2.3 - 6
-Turbine
Turbine Blade Impulse Turbine
Gas Turbine Brayton Cycle Constant Pressure
Cycle Turbine

(Steady Flow Cycle)
-Stage 1-2 Compression of Air in
COMPRESSOR
-Stage 2-3 Heat Added at Const.
Press. in COMBUSTOR
-Stage 3-4 Expansion though GAS
TURBINE
-Stage 4-1 Exhaust to Atmosphere
-Adiabatic Compression &
Expansion
Combustion Engine1 AC. Generator, Pump, Compressor
2.2.3 - 7
(Application of Gas Turbine)
(Aircraft Engine) 1940

1960 1 MW 200 MW

Aircraft Type
Two Shaft
Power Generation
Simple Cycle
Mechanical Drive
Heavy Duty Type
Single-Shaft
Power Generation
Simple Cycle
Regenerative
Cycle
Combined
Cycle
Two Shaft
Mechanical Drive
Simple Cycle
Regenerative
Cycle
Classification of Gas Turbine

(Aircraft) (Thrust Force)
Heavy Duty
Type
Heavy Duty 2 Single-Shaft Two-Shaft
2.2.3 - 8
Single Shaft
Peak Load Operation (Peak Load Demand)
Start Up Shutdown
Gas Turbine
Standby (Emergency) Operation
Start up
(Black Out) Gas Turbine Black Start Operation
600-1000 MW Gas Turbine 20 MW Standby Gas Turbine
Start (Starting Mean) Gas Turbine
Start Electric Motor
Gas Turbine
Standby Emergency Diesel
Generator Electric Motor Start up Gas Turbine
Start up
Single Shaft Gas Turbine (Simple Cycle)
Compressor Turbine Turbine Compressor AC
Generator (Load) Compressor
AC Generator (Frequency)
60% Turbine
Exhaust Gas Temp .
Out put Gas Turbine
Combustor Compressor Exhaust Gas
Output
Inlet Guide Vane Compressor Stage
Inlet Guide Vane Exhaust Gas Temp
Output Load (Partial Load Efficiency)
2.2.3 - 9
Exhaust Gas Waste Heat Boiler Steam Temp

Gas Turbine Output
Gas Turbine Single Shaft 3000 RPM

50 HZ 3600 RPM 60 Hz Gas Turbine
5100 RPM Reducing Gear (Load Gear) 3000 RPM (Coupling)
AC Generator Gas Turbine (GE) MS 5001
Two Shaft Gas Turbine (Open Cycle)
Gas Turbine Dual Shaft Shaft Compressor
Shaft AC Generator Compressor Turbine HP
Turbine (High Pressure Turbine) Combustor Exhaust Gas HP
Turbine Turbine LP Turbine (Low Pressure Turbine) Power
Turbine AC Generator HP Turbine LP Turbine Inlet Guide Vane
(Nozzle) Power Turbine
Combustor
2.2.3 - 10
HP Turbine Compressor
Power Turbine HP Turbine 5000-6000 RPM
Compressor HP Turbine Shaft Combustor Gas
Generator Hot Gas LP Turbine Gas Turbine GE
Gas Generator Power Turbine Casing
Single Shaft Air Craft Engine Gas
Generator Power Turbine Gas Generator 1 4
Power Turbine Gas Turbine AVON, OLYMPUS ROLLS-ROYCE
LIMITED General Electric MS 5002, MS 7002
Two Shaft Gas Turbine AC Generator Speeds Power Turbine
Gas Generator Output Power
Turbine Power Compressor Single Shaft
Load Single Shaft Centrifugal Compressor, Pump
Speeds Power Turbine Flow Rate Centrifugal Compressor, Pump
Inlet Vane (nozzle) HP Turbine Power Turbine Gas Generator
Mass Flow HP Turbine Output
Single Shaft Turbine Inlet
Temp 10%, Output 25% 25% Output 60%
2.2.3 - 11
Regenerative Cycle
Regenerative Cycle Gas Turbine
Turbine Inlet Temperature Hot Gas Part
( Combustor ,Turbine Blade) Regenerative Cycle Single Shaft Two
Shaft Gas Turbine Heat Exchanger Cycle
75% Exhaust Gas Compressor Combustor
Exhaust Gas 450 oC 260 oC
Compressor 230 oC 400 oC 20%
25% Regenerative Cycle
Gas Turbine Peak Load, Standby
Regenerative Heat Exchanger (
Regenerator) Pressure Loser Exhaust Gas
Inter Cooling and Reheating Cycle

Gas Turbine Regenerator
Compressor LP Compressor HP
Compressor Power HP Compressor Inter Cooling
HP Compressor Regenerator Combustion Chamber Hot
Gas HP Turbine Output HP Compressor Exhaust Gas HP
Compressor Combustion Chamber
Reheating Hot Gas Reheating LP Turbine Output AC Generator
Exhaust Gas LP Turbine Regenerator
Gas Turbine Gas Turbine GE. 26 MW
29.1% Regenerative, Inter Cooler Reheat Cycle
2.2.3 - 12
2.2.3 - 13
Gas Turbine
Turbine Inlet Temperature
Regenerative Cycle
Inter Cooling Reheating Cycle Regenerative Cycle
Combined Cycle Operation
Gas Turbine (Steam Cycle)

(Gas Steam Combined Cycle Power Plant) : Exhaust Gas
Gas Turbine (Mass Gas Flow) Boiler (
Waste Heat Boiler) (Steam Turbine)
AC Generator Gas Turbine Steam
Turbine Gas Turbine
40-50 %
(Conventional Thermal Plant) 33-43%
2.2.3 - 14
Boiler 2
Exhaust Gas Gas Turbine
Boiler Unfired Waste Heat Boiler
Auxiliary Burners Duct Burners Exhaust Duct

Gas Turbine Boiler Boiler
Duct Burner Oxygen Exhaust Gas Gas
Turbine Oxygen 15-17% Boiler Supplementary Fire Waste Heat Boiler
(Oxygen 21%)
2.2.3 - 15
Gas Turbine
Exhaust Gas Bypass Stack Waste Heat Boiler
Waste Heat Boiler Steam Turbine Gas Turbine

(Conventional Thermal Plant)
Gas Turbine Open Cycle Operation Gas Turbine
Open Cycle Full Load 60 MW 12 Combined
Cycle Load 360 MW Cold Start up 4.5 Load 360 MW
= (4 Gas Turbine 4 x 60 = 240 MW) + (1 Steam Turbine 120 MW)
Cogeneration Operation
Gas Turbine Generator Exhaust Gas Gas
Turbine Waste Heat Boiler Unfired Supplementary Fired

, CoGeneration (Process)
Gas Turbine Auxiliary Burner 70-80%
2.2.3 - 16
(Petrochemical) Gas Turbine

(By Product) Gas Turbine Exhaust Gas
2.2.3 - 17

Combustion Turbine
(Preparation) , Start up, / Load Shutdown
/ ,

,

Limits Work
Instruction, Technical Paper Manual
Gas Turbine (Start up) Manual Automatic Mode
/ Remote Control Start up Compressor
Starting Means Diesel Engine, Electric Motor Frequency Converter (FC.)
Compressor (Firing) Combustor
Compressor 20-25% Igniters Burner
Combustion Chamber Turbine Torque Compressor
Torque Starting Mean Turbine
60% Torque Gas turbine
( Sustaining Speeds)
Gas turbine Firing
Gas Turbine (Acceleration) (Rated Speeds) Starting Mean
Gas Turbine 60% ( 70% Rated Speeds)
Rated Speeds Gas Turbine
Rated Speeds Close Generator Circuit Breaker
(Synchronizing)
Stat up Gas Turbine (
Compressor) Start up Controller Speeds Control, Load
Control Temperature Control ( Governor Control) Gas
Turbine
2.2.3 - 18
(Operator Responsibility)
Start up
- Check Sheet
- / Function Test
()
- Start up, Loading
Shutdown

1. (Annunciater Indicator)
(Abnormal Condition)
(Protection System) Low Lube Oil Pressure, Over Exhaust Temperature, Vibration Over
Speeds ()
2.
Function Test Start up

( Spare Module )
3. Turbine Exhaust Temperature Start up Start up
, Combustor Inspection
Start up Curve
Manual Trip Turbine Exhaust Temp
Hot Gas Path Exhaust Temp
Speeds Turbine
Rated Speeds (Full Speeds No-Load)
(: Start up Curve
Start up Curve
)
2.2.3 - 19
(General Operation Precaution)

Exhaust Temperature Limits
Exhaust Temperature Trip, Alarm, Control Compressor
Discharge Pressure (CPD) Over Temperature Protection Curve
Exhaust Temp Thermocouples

Hot Gas Path
Temp Thermocouple ( Temp
Spread)
Combustor
- Initial Start up Unit ( Commissioning

)
- Before & After Planed Shutdown ( )
- Before & After Planed Maintenance (/ Hot Gas Path)
Wheel Space Temperature Limits
Wheel Space Temperature Thermocouple Turbine
Wheel Stage Load Stage Limits Alarm
Wheel Space Temp. Alarm Load Hot Gas

Path Turbine Wheels Wheel Space Temp. Limit
- Cooling Air ( Schematic PP. Diagram CLG & SLG. Air
0417 ) Turbine Rotor
- Diaphragm Seal Wheel Space Seal Cooling
- Turbine Stator Blades Diaphragm Clearance
Hot Gas
- Combustor Hot Gas Temp.
- Thermocouple
/ Stage
Wheel Space Temp. Start Commissioning Load
Major Overhaul
2.2.3 - 20
( : Wheel Space Temp. CRT. Turbine Control Panel-Data

Display )
Pressure Limits
Pressure Pressure Gages Pressure SW. Setting
/ Alarm, Trip
Pressure
Lube Oil Pressure Filter Lube Oil
Device Summary Control Specification
Vibration Limits
Combustion Turbine Vibration Velocity (in/sec)
(Moving Parts) Combustors Vibration
/ Start up (Vibration Speed) , Loading
(Vibration MW) / Major Overhaul
Vibration
Vibration Sensors Turbine / Compressor Blades Restart
Vibration
Load Limit
Load Mode 2 Base Peak
Turbine Turbine Inlet Temperature
(Trouble Free Operation) Turbine Bucket Thermal and Dynamic Stresses,
Compressor/Turbine Wheel Stresses Generator Cooling System
Temperature Control & Protection Control Specification
Overload Nameplate Turbine
Reliability
CT. Generator Load Nameplate Rating

Winding Temperature Guaranteed Maximum Temp. Temperature
Detector Copper Winding Insulation
Conductor Expansion, Insulation Stress Load Generator
Reactive Capability Curve VEE Curve Excitation Winding Temp., Cold Gas
Temp. Guaranteed Maximum Temperature. ( Load Limit Equipment Data)
2.2.3 - 21
Fire Protection System

Fire Protection Ventilation Pressure , Fire
Detector Compartment Start up Alarm
Fire Detector Trouble, Fire
Fire Protection Alarm CRT. Trip
Fire Dampers ( DWG. ML.0436)
Manual Reset Pressure SW. (45CP-14A, 45CP-24A) Manual Fire Dampers Ventilation Dampers)
Restart //
( : Compartment
)
Combustion System
Combustion
Combustor ( Light Oil), Cover/Casing
/
Combustor Failure
1. EXH. Temperature Spread Limit Alarm
Combustor Trouble High EXH. Temp. Spread Trip Limit
2. Trip Start up
EXH. Temp. Spread
3. Trip EXH. Thermocouple
Combustion Lines, Transition Pieces Fuel Nozzles
4. Thermocouple 1
Alarm Combustion Trouble Trip
Thermocouple 2
Thermocouple 3 (Three Adjacent Thermocouples)
2.2.3 - 22
Preventive Maintenance Control & Protection

Combustion Inspection Trip Temp. Spread
- Shut down ( Trip )

- Compartment Shut down
Hot Gas/Air
Cool Down / Shut down
Shut down Cool down Turbine Rotor
Rotor Rotor Turbine Rotor
Cool down 48 Wheel Space Temp. 150F
(65 C ) Turbine Rotor ( Cool down On/Off OPM.- MAN.CTL.)
Cool down Shut down Emergency Shut down Unit
Tripped
1. Emergency Shut down / Tripped
Rotor Cool down Lube Oil Bearings
( Aux. Lube Oil Pump DC Emergency Oil Pump ) Oil /
Metal Temp. Limit Bearing
Cool down Cycle
2. Turbine Rotor Shut down
- Rotor 15 Restart Cool down Turbine

Rotor
- Rotor 15 48 Rotor 2
Restart 48 Restart
Turbine Rotor ( Wheel Space Temp.
150 F AMB. Temp. )
3. Restart Cool down ( Start up
Vibration Vibration 1.0 in/sec. Start up
Turbine Rotor 1 Restart
(Rub Check) Turbine Turbine Rotor
30 Turbine Rotor Restart

2.2.3 - 23
Turbine Rotor 2
1. Cool down Operation Slow Roll Operator Turbine Rotor
Lube Oil Pressure (OL-6) Torque Converter ( Turbine Wheel)
Sol. Valve 20 TU-2 Cool down Turbine Rotor Shut down
Rotor Rub Check () Start up /
2. Cranking Operation Turbine Rotor Cranking Motor

Turbine 100 % (Cranking Speed) Torque Adjuster Motor (88TM)
Min. Torque Cool down Shut down
Turbine Rotor Cool down
5 Wheel Space Temp. 65 C ( :
Site )
.,
Manual
2.2.3 - 24
2.2.3 - 25
2.2.3 - 26
2.2.3 - 27
2.2.3 - 28
2.2.3 - 29
Plant Operation
1. Substation
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
2. Load Dispatcher
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
3. ........................................................................
4. External Combustion Engine
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
5. Gas Turbine
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
2.2.3 - 30
6. Combined Cycle Operation
.
7.
Two Shaft Gas Turbine Shaft Compressor Shaft AC Generator
Turbine Compressor ................................................ Turbine AC.
Generator ...........................................................
8. Gas Turbine 3
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
9. (Limits) 4
4.1.......................................................................................................................................................
4.2.......................................................................................................................................................
4.3.......................................................................................................................................................
4.4.......................................................................................................................................................
10. X
............. Start up Gas Turbine Compressor Starting Mean
.............Gas Turbine Starting Mean Compressor Rated Speed
.............Working Fluid Gas Turbine Combustor
2.2.3 - 31
2.3 Plant Control System
2.3 - 1
Control Modes
Control Modes
(Feedback Control Loop) Controller
Deviation Final Control Element
Deviation Final Control Element
Control Action 4
o Two Position Control
o Proportional Control
o Reset Control
o Rate Control
Two Position Control
Final Control Element 2
on-off Control Two-Position
Control Capacity
,

Controller
Process Loop Measured Variable Controller
Measured Variable Set Point Deviation Controller
Final Control Element Deviation
Two-Position Control In a Process Loop
Two-Position Control
Two Position
Controller
Steam
Sensor
Steam Trap
1. Two-Position Control In a Process Loop

2.3 - 2
Two-Position Control 2

Two-Position Control (Controlled Variable)
(Fluctuate)

M ax
Set point
Tim e
M in
O pen
Valve
Tim e
Close
2. Two-Position Control
Two-Position Control Dead Band Dead Zone
Set point Dead Band
Dead Band Set Point Controller
Limit

Dead Band
Set Point Set Point
Set Point Dead Band
Deviation
2.3 - 3
Max
Dead
Zone
Time
Min
Open
Valve
Time
Close
3. Two-Position Control
Two-Position Control (on-off Control)

o Manipulate Variable
o Final Control Element
Measured Variable Set Point Set Point Range [Dead
Band]
o Mechanism on-off Relay
o on-off Control Dead Band
Small Capacity Relay
Process Large Capacity
Proportional Control
Continuous Control

Control Action Final Control Element
Set Point
2.3 - 4
Proportional Control
Controller
Final Control Element Deviation
Set Point Final Control Element
Output Bias Deviation
Steam
Valve
Temp
Max
100% Open
Setpoint
50% Open
Min
0% Open
Steam
Valve
Temp
Max
100% Open
Setpoint
50% Open
Min
0% Open
4. Input Output
4. Input Output
Set
Point Deviation Max Min
Set Point Max
Set Point
Heat Exchanger Set Point Set Point
50
Set Point
2.3 - 5
Proportional Band
Proportional Band
Proportional Control Controller Gain Proportional
Band
Proportional Band Input (Deviation)
Output
P.B =
Input x 100 %
Output
500%
100
167%
100%
60%
80
20%
Measured 60
(Span)
% 40
20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Output Signal (%)

5. Input Output
Deviation Measuring Span 40-60
Output [ Valve ] 100
P.B =
20 x 100 = 20 %
100
CONTROLLER GAIN = 100
P.B
Control Action Proportional
Cs
=
100 e + b
P.B
2.3 - 6
P.B = Proportional Band (%)

e = Error Deviation
b = Output Bias (Cs = b e = 0)
Cs = Controller Output
Changing Proportional Band Width
Proportional Band
P.B = 100 % Controller Gain 1
Measuring Variable Set Point Max
0 Min
100
Steam
Valve
Temp
Max
100% Open
Setpoint
50% Open
Min
0% Open
6. Proportion Band
P.B. Max
P.B = 200 % 25 %
Full Range Min 75 % P.B
Controller Gain
P.B = 100 x 100 = 200 %
50
2.3 - 7
Valve
Temp
200% Open
Valve
Temp
50% Open
7. Proportion Band 200% 50%

P.B P.B = 50 %
Set Point 75 % 0 %
Set Point 25 %
P.B =
50 x 100 = 50 %
100
Proportional Band
Amount of Proportional Control Action
Proportional Band P.B
Input Deviation Output
Set Point
2.3 - 8
Valve
Temp
Max
Setpoint
Min
8. Wind Proportion Band

Wide proportional Band P.B Input Deviation
Output
load Set Point
Temp
Valve
Temp
Max
Setpoint
Min
9. Wind Proportion Band

Proportional Band Load
Control Action Manipulated Variable Time Lag
Load Set Point off-set
Off-Set
Proportional
measured Variable Set Point
Error Steady State Offset
2.3 - 9
Temp
Max
offset
Setpoint
Min
10. Offset
Reset Control
Reset Control
Offset proportional Control
Reset Control Offset Set Point
Proportional PI-Control Reset
Control Integral Control
Max
Setpoint
Min
11. Integral Control
Integral Action & Reset Action
Deviation
Cs
=
1 edt
Ti
2.3 - 10
Cs
=
Integral Action
e
=
Offset Error
Ti
=
Integral Time
Integral Time Output
Proportional Control Integral Time Minute Per Repeat
Rate Control
Rate Control or Derivative Control
Control Action Controlled Variable
Manipulated
Varia ble Set Point
Set point Derivative Control Control Action
Error 0 Controlled Variable
Cs
Td de
dt
Td
=
Derivative Time
Derivative Action proportional Control PD Control
Controlled Variable Batch Process

Proportional Plus Reset Plus Derivative
D. Action Set Point
2.3 - 11
2.3.1 Automatic Boiler Control for Power Plant
2.3.1 - 1
AUTOMATIC BOILER CONTROL FOR POWER PLANT

COMBUSTION CONTROL
Boiler 2
1) (energy balance) 2) (Furnace Control)
Combustion Control
1. Energy Balance Single Boiler
Output (load) Boiler Fuel Energy Balance

Boiler Furnace Control
Energy Balance
Process Load Boiler
Energy Balance single element Steam Pressure Control
1 Boiler
Steam Pressure energy balance Steam
Pressure Process
Controller Action Proportional + Integral ( PI Control)
Steam Pressure
Noise Steam Pressure
PID-Control Derivative Pressure Signal Noise
Derivative Control
derivative Steam Pressure Energy Balance
Mass balance Steam flow feed forward
control
2.3.1 - 2
To Stack
AT
LT
Feedwater
FT
Steamto users
Fuel
Air
1 Superheat Steam Boiler

Single Element Pressure Control Energy Balance
a) load ( 1-2 )
b) load load Steam Pressure
Set point = 5 10 Single element 2
c)
load =5
Steam Pressure Set point
Steam Pressure
(Fuel) feed forward trim
Steam Pressure Feedback loop feed forward loop
feedback control loop
3
2.3.1 - 3
Steam Pressure
PT
Steam A
Pressure
Control
d/dt
Firing Rate Demand to

Furnance Control
2 Single-Element Energy Balance System Single Boiler

Steam Pressure
PT
Steam A
Pressure
Control
Process Energy
Demand (Steam Flow)
K
X
Firing Rate Demand to

Furnance Control
3 Energy balance Concept

Process Energy Demand firing rate
Steam Pressure Control Process Energy Demand (Steam flow) feed forward control
loop Steam Pressure
load Steam flow Steam Pressure
load
2.3.1 - 4
Steam Pressure
Steam Flow
PT
PT
Load Demand
Boiler Stored
Energy Error
K
X
Steam A
Pressure
Control
Corrected Steady State

Firing Rate Demand
r (t)
Transient Firing Rate

Demand
X
Pressure control transient

corrected frd. To boiler
combustion control
4 Energy balance System, Single Boiler with Feed Canceling

4 Positive Feedback Steam
Pressure Set point Steam flow
Process Time Constant Firing Rate Demand
Steam Pressure ,
Steam Pressure
load Steam flow Steam Pressure
Steam flow Firing Rate load
Steam Pressure Steam Set point Steam flow
Overfired Steam Pressure Steam Pressure
Boiler Set Point Dynamic Compensator
feed forward Steam flow
Boiler Steam
flow Steam Pressure Steam Pressure Controller
Steam Pressure Set point

Steam flow Steam Pressure Positive feedback
2.3.1 - 5
2. Furnace Control
firing race demand Energy Balance System
furnace Control
a) (Fuel & Air) Firing Rate demand
b) Fuel / Air Ratio
Fuel / Air Boiler
Fuel / Air Ratio
Fuel / Air Ratio load
c)
load
Start up Shut down Interlock,
Burner Management furnace Control
d) Furnace Pressure
3. Fuel/Air Flow Control
Fuel/Air Flow 2 Positioning Metering Boiler
Fuel/Air Positioning Type
System Fuel Air
Final Control Element
5 Fuel Valve Firing Rate Demand
Air Damper Fuel / Air Ratio
Fuel
Positioning System
Response Firing Rate
2.3.1 - 6
From Firing Rate

Demand
f(x)
Fuel Control Valve
Fuel / Air
ratio adjust
f(x)
Air damper
5 Basic Parallel Position Furnace Control

, ,
Fuel / Air Burner
Positioning System Metering Systems
Fuel Air
Metering Systems Parallel Metering 6
Fuel Flow Interlock Air Flow Interlock
Cross Limiting Flow
Interlock Lead-Lag Parallel-Series Metering System
Steady State Fuel Air Flow Controller
Measurement Set Point Firing Rate Demand, Air Flow Set Point, Air Flow
Measurement, Fuel Flow Ser Point Fuel Flow measurement
Load
Load Firing Rate Demand , Low Selector
Air Flow Ser Point Fuel Flow
Controller High Selector Firing Rate Demand
Fuel flow measurement Set point Air flow controller Set Point
Air Flow Controller Firing Rate Demand Output Air Flow
Controller Air Flow Air Flow Air Flow Measurement
Set Point Fuel Flow Controller Load
Air Fuel
Load Firing Rate Demand
Low Selector Firing Rate Demand Set Point Fuel Flow
2.3.1 - 7
Controller Fuel Flow Controller High Selector

Fuel Flow Measurement Firing Rate Demand
Set Point Air
Steam Pressure
Fuel Flow
FT
Air Flow
FT
PT
f (x)
K
A T
Fuel Flow
Controller
Boiler master
pressure
controller
A T
A T
f(x)
Fuel Final operator
Fuel Air Ratio
Air Flow
Controller
f(x)
Air Final Operator
6 Fuel Flow and Air Flow Controller

Parallel Metering Cross Limiting
a) Load Air Flow Fuel Flow
b) Load Fuel Flow Air Flow
C) Air Flow Measurement Fuel
D) Fuel Flow Measurement Air Flow
Basic
Boiler Load
2.3.1 - 8
Fuel Control
Fuel Control

Set point Desired value Fuel oil control output signal
Boiler Master Control Boiler Master Demand Air
Flow Cross Limit Actual Air Flow (Air Demand Corrected) Air
flow control low select circuit Set point Fuel
oil controller Air flow cross limit Boiler
Master output Set point
Fuel flow-Air flow control Controlled Variable 2 Air Fuel
Fuel / Air ratio (Fuel rich) Boiler Master
Demand Fuel flow Air flow
limit Combustion Air
Fuel Actual Air flow feedback
signal (Cross limit Air flow Fuel flow cross
limit)
Measured Variable Desired Value Fuel
flow Fuel oil flow consumption Fuel oil return flow Fuel oil
flow Ignitor oil flow Total Fuel Controller
Set point Boiler Master Output Controller
Fuel oil control valve
2.3.1 - 9
B o ile r m a ste r A ir d e m a nd c o rre c t

F u e l o il flo w
d e m an d
from air flo w
re tu rn
H
J
FT
Ig n ito r O il Flo w
FT
K
F u e l o il su p p ly to
fu e l o il h e a te r
te m p c o n tro l
<
R CRT
R CRT
K
M RE PLW
f (x)
f(x)
F u ll c a p a c ity fue l o il
flow c on trol va lve
T o ta l F u e l to
a ir flow c on trol
T ra c k w h e n M /A
in m a n u a l
A la rm
fu e l oil flo w
I/P
f (x)
%
I/P
f(x)
H a lf ca p ac ity fu e l o il
flow c on trol va lve
7 Fuel Flow Control

Air Flow Control
Air flow control
Boiler
Boiler master demand lead-lag
Air/Fuel ratio load
High Selector Circuit Boiler Master Demand Total fuel corrected
Minimum Air Flow Controller
Steam flow (Boiler load) Function generator
output Oxygen (O2) Set point Oxygen Controller
O2 Co flue gas O2 Co probe, oxygen set point O2
Deviation O2 Controller output Excess Air Ration A/M
Station Controller action Proportional plus reset output Modified
2.3.1 - 10
Multiplier Co. controller output Set point O2

controller
Air flow Flow transmitter
1. Input Signal monitor Air flow 30% purge permit
Burner Management system low limit check Air flow < 30%
alarm
2. Total Fuel Corrected
3. Air flow demand / Excess Air
Ratio A/M station
Actual Air Flow Air Flow Demand, Deviation Air
flow controller output FD. Fan inlet damper M/A station Gain change and
balance circuit FD. Fan Air flow
1. FD. Fan
2. FD. Fan 2 M/A station manual

Automatic output manual
Automatic output
error
2.3.1 - 11
AH B air outlet
AH A air outlet
temp Air Flow AH. B temp Air Flow AH. A
TE
FT
TE
TT
Oxygen Analyzer
FT
AT
Boiler Master Total Fuel

Demand Correc.
H
J
TT
CO. Analyzer
H/L
Alarm
R CRT
25% MCR
A T A I
AP/T
Track when bolt

M/A in manual
Purge permit
H/
Air demand
correction to
fuel control
Alarm
CRT
MRE
AP/T
H/
AT
Alarm
/LL MFT Trip
K
fuel / air ratio
/L
f (x)
MRE
Steam
Flow
T A I
R CRT
f (x)
FD Fan Inlet Vanes Position

Average to Furnace Pressure
Control
LAG
bias
PLW MRE
I A T A
I A T A I
I/P
f(x)
FD fan A Inlet
Damper
MRE PLW
I/P
Track when
either FD Fan
manual
f(x)
FD fan B Inlet
Damper
8 Air Flow Control

3. FD. Fan 2 Automatic
Bias output Bias
lag
Feed water Flow Control
Feed water flow control drum
Drum Boiler Subcritical Boiler 2
overheat Boiler tubes

drum
(solid) Super heater
2.3.1 - 12
solid carryover
Turbine blade Super heat priming
Turbine Super heater drum

Condensate storage tank
drum

Boiler load Feed water Boiler
load Feed water

Swell and shrink drum level Swell
steam bubble Drum pressure steam flow
( load) Thermodynamic Drum pressure Saturation pressure
enthalpy
Enthalpy steam flow (

load) drum pressure
steam bubble drum
Shrink Steam bubble
steam tables 2600 psia
4
steam
bubble Swell Shrink
( Feed water)
Capacity drum Boiler Capacity
Boiler
load
drum Single Element Control load Variable
Drum level Three Element Control load Variable
Drum level, steam flow Feed water flow.
2.3.1 - 13
Single Element Feed water Control.

Sing element load Feed water
flow Steam flow
Single Element Boiler Drum
Drum load
load
Single Element Measured Variable Drum level
Compensate Drum pressure set point, Deviation Single
Element Drum Level Controller Controller output Half capacity Feed water Flow
Control Valve Drum
Three Element Feed water Control.

load
Swell and shrink. Three element
Measured Variable Drum level, Steam flow Feed water flow, Variables
Diagram
Three element control Cascade Feed forward control loop error
Drum level set point Drum level Three element drum level
controller output Set point Feed water flow controller output
Drum level controller sum steam flow Feed forward
Feed water flow Attemperature spray flow (Super heater & Re heater spray flow)
Feed water flow Attemperature spray flow Compensate Feed water temperature,
output Sum Total feed water flow Set point, Deviation
Feed water flow controller Controller output feed water flow
control valve
Three element control
Cascade Feed forward output Three element drum level controller Input
Feed water flow controller Integral time Three element dram level
controller Feed water flow controller
Integral time process
Feed water flow Level control transient
2.3.1 - 14
steam flow Feed water flow Feed water flow Controller

Drum
Feed water flow
FT
Drum
Level
ATT. Spray flow

Feed water temp
TE
FT
LT
Main steam flow
Drum
Pressure
PT
R CRT
Three element
drum level
controller
TT
H/L
Alarm
R CRT
AP/T
AP/T
CRT R
CRT R
Total feed
water flow to
deaerator
Three element
feedwater flow
control
Single element
drum level cont.
0.0
MRE
V>
MRE
I A T A A I
Drum level
set point
T A I
I/P
I/P
f(x)
f(x)
Full capacity feedwater flow

control valve
Half capacity feedwater flow

control valve
9 Feed Water Flow Control
2.3.1 - 15
T
100%
Track when M/A in

manual
0.0
Superheat Temperature Control

Superheat temperature control Superheated steam
load Turbine
Turbine
Turbine metal
1. Turbine, steam chest 565 c

2. Turbine clearances (stationary part)
(moving blades) 2
Steam temperature
steam temperature control water spray desuperheat cascade
control
1. process 2 Process lag
primary process Disturbance Secondary process
2. dynamic Secondary process primary process
3. primary controller set point Secondary Controller
output Maniputed Variable process.
Cascade Control (Slow
process/large time constant) process error process
disturbances

Process Superheat temp. Flue gas

process time lag cascade control
Intermediate Variable Final Variable error
2.3.1 - 16
Superheater Desuperheater spray type

primary secondary superheater coil 2
Spray control valve 1 cascade control
control loop Basic concept of cascade control
1. outlet temperature controller (101 102) Secondary Controller output
signal spray control valve
2. Desuperheating process secondary process Inner loop Superheater
Attemperator outlet temp. (SH. ATT. outlet temp) Secondary variable
3. Secondary superheater coil primary process Superheat
outlet temp. primary variable
4. Final superheat outlet temp. Controller primary controller controller
output signal set point Secondary controller
5. Final control element spray control valve Manipulated variable
spray flow
Set point Final superheat outlet temp. controller Function generator Steam
flow signal input superheat outlet temp. Set point
Deviation controller action PI+ Feed forward Boiler Master Demand
Feed forward, Controller output signal Set point outlet temp. controller
outlet temperature controller (P+I) set point SH. ATT. Outlet temp
error correction signal Spray control valve A/M transfer
station valve outlet temp controller 2 set point
Bias A/M station
Manual track controller A/M station output Input
Anti Reset Windup Circuit

Anti Reset Windup Circuit Integrator Amplifier Drive
Signal Saturate Error
Drive signal error
2.3.1 - 17
steam temp. control Cascade control primary

secondary controller controller action P+I
Drive Integrator saturate startup
SH. Outlet temp set point Boiler load Integrator Amplifier
Final SH. Outlet Temp. Controller Drive output signal Saturate error
Anti. Reset windup Circuit outlet temp. controller output Final

SH. Outlet temp. Controller Set point temp Integrator Amplifier
outlet temp. controller Drive output spray control valve Drive
Saturate error load SH. Outlet temp
set point spray control valve spray control valve
Final SH. Outlet temp. controller drive output ( saturate )
set point outlet temp. controller SH.ATT. outlet temp spray
control valve controller drive
Anti reset windup output Final SH. Outlet temp.
controller set point outlet temp controller outlet temp.
controller drive output saturate
(High select) Spray control valve position demand 2
spray control valve (0%) outlet temp controller drive output
SH.ATT. outlet temp set point Integrator Amplifier drive
output high limit set point outlet temp. controller Set point
SH.ATT. outlet temp Set point outlet temp controller
SH.ATT. outlet temp Spray control valve Final SH. Outlet temp
controller SH. Outlet temp set point, Integrator drive output
Set point outlet temp controller SH.ATT. outlet temp
Spray control valve outlet temp. controller output
spray control valve drive saturate
Anti Reset Windup circuit drive Integrator
Amplifier outlet temp controller spray valve set point
controlled variable Spray control valve ( output outlet temp controller
) Integrator Amplifier drive output
high limit Final SH. Outlet temp controller output saturate
2.3.1 - 18
Approach to Saturation limit circuit

Steam temp controller Spray
Steam temp saturation temp
Temp
Spray type desuperheater temp Degree
superheat Superheater, Inlet Blanc
Ferritic steel 565c spray
Turbine heat loss
wet steam spray
Saturate temp
Approach to saturation limit circuit
(low limit) controller saturated temp signal controller spray
Approach to saturation limit circuit Drum pressure input function
generator output saturated temp signal outlet temp controller set point
saturation temp signal error (set point sat. temp)
Integrator Amplifier low limit Set point
Sat.temp
Spray control valve M/A station Manual mode Input signal track
output tracking Amplifier outlet temp controller spray control valve M/A
101,102 manual Final SH. Outlet temp controller track ATT. SH. Outlet
temp.
2.3.1 - 19
Att SH. Outlet Boiler Master

temp A
Demand
TE
C
Main Steam
Flow
SH Outlet Temp SH Outlet Temp

A
B
TE
TE
Drum Pressure
PT
ATT SH Outlet
Temp B
TE
Bias press
Alarm
TT
H/L
f(x)
Alarm
f(x)
H/L
CRT
CRT
<
TT
Max. 530C
setpoint
0%
H/L
R CRT
TT
Alarm
H/L
CRT
Final sh. Outlet

temp control
Set stage A
outlet temp
control
Alarm
LAG
TT
Track when both M/A

in manual
Set stage B
outlet temp
control
-K
>
MRE PLW
MRE PLW
I A T A I
I A T A I
I/P
I/P
f(x)
f(x)
SH. Spray Flow

Control Valve A
SH. Spray Flow

Control Valve B
10 Superheat Temp Control

Reheat Temperature Control
Reheat temperature control Reheat steam temperature
Reheat steam temperature Spray type
Desuperheater, Gas Recirculation
Controlled variable Reheat steam temp. set point Reheat steam
temperature Manipulated Variable 2 Final control element
1. Desuperheater spray flow RH. Spray flow control valve
2. Flue gas recirculation Gas Recirculation control damper ( unit 3
Gas Recriculation Fan loading
2.3.1 - 20
Measured Variable steam Reheat outlet, Disturbances

load change, Boiler trip
Reheating : High pressure turbine
Boiler Reheater
Turbine Reheat Turbine heat
rate 5 %
Reheater Heat exchanger Non-Contact Flue gas Hot Fluid
steam Cold fluid Reheater Convection zone
Convection Heat Transfer
Gas Recirculation Reheat Temp Flue
gas Boiler Economizer outlet Convection zone Furnace

Heat Absorption Heat Absorption Furnace Steam Coil
Convection
Boiler
(Heat absorption pattern)
Convection pass Reheated steam
Spray-type
Measured Variable Right left reheat outlet temp, set
point Reheat temp controller RH. Outlet temp Deviation Controller
action PI, controller output Gas recirculation control damper, A/M transfer
station controller output gas recirculation control damper set low limit 25 % high
limit 50%
RH.outlet temp (overage temp) primary controller reheat spray cascade
control Reheat outlet temp, set point primary controller ( P+I)
Bias + 10F Temp error Bias Set point Bias
Spray Gas recirculation, output controller
set point Secondary controller
2.3.1 - 21
Secondary controller (P+I) Set point ATT. RH. Outlet temp

error correct signal spray control valve A/M station valve
A/M station Manual track controller A/M station output
Input
RHOutlet Temp RHOutlet Temp
A
B
TE
TE
GRFan Diff
Pressure
Furnaces
Pressure
DP
Alarm
/L
TT
Alarm
H/L
CRT
f(x)
ATT RHOutlet
Temp
TE
TT
TT
Alarm
H/L
CRT
R CRT
A Bias +5C
25%
MRE
I A T A I
25%
<
I/P
50%
MRE
Gas recirc diff
pressure low-low
is close damper
to 0%
T A I
T
MRE PLW
I A T A I
setpoint
I/P
I/P
f(x)
f(x)
f(x)
Stack Control
Damper
GRControl
Damper
RH. Spray Flow

Control Valve
0%
V>
11 Reheat Temp Control
2.3.1 - 22

1. Process On-Off
2. Dead Band On-Off Control
3. Proportional Band ? PB
4. Off Set
5. Derivative Control Transient
6. P, I D
7. Combustion Control Series Metering -
8. Combustion Control Lead-Lay -
9. Feedwater Control Single Element, Two Element Three Element
10. Main Steam ,
2.3.1 - 23
2.3.1 - 24
2.3.1 - 25
2.3.2 Turbine Control
2.3.3 Generator and Exciter
2.3.3 - 1

(Construction and Principle of Operation)
1.1 GENERATOR
1A Generator Magnetic Field Stationary Coil
Induced Current Voltage Stationary Coil Magnetic Field
DC Rotor DC Magnetic Field Rotor Rotor
Induced AC Voltage Current Stationary Coil
Stator Coil
1A Two Pole Generator

Generator Magnetic Field Coil
1 Rotor 1 Cycle Rotor 60 1 Magnetic Flux
Coil 60 1 Electrical Power Frequency 60
C/S (Hz)
F
=
N
Frequency
/
F
=
N
=
/
=
60
-
Machine 2 Pole N S (North and South)

1 Pole
Rotor 4 Pole 1B 1 Rotor Frequency
2 Cycle
2.3.3 - 2
Stator Coil
N
S
S
N
1 B Four Pole Generator

Pole
Frequency Speed
F
=
N x P (P = Pole)
P Pole (Pair of Pole) Pole 1-Poke Rotor 1
Pole, Rotor 4-Pole Speed 3600 RPM Generator Rotor
4 Pole Speed 1800 RPM
Generator Speed 300 RPM Pole
Frequency 60 Cycle/Sec Rotor 12 Pair of Pole 24 Pole
Generator Hydro Turbine Rotor
Generator Steam Turbine Rotor Bigh Speed
Rotor
1C Turbo-Generator Rotor
2.3.3 - 3
Rotor Winding Slots

Coil N S Electromagnet Fan
Collector Ring DC Input Rotor
Frequency Speed Power Generator Power

Turbine Speed Frequency
Generator Electrical Energy Generator
Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy
1.2 STATOR
1D Generator 500 MW Rotor Journal Bearing
2 Exciter Rotor DC Rotor Winding
1D Stator Cutaway View

Stator Coil Iron Core Stator Housing Coil
Stator H2
Stator Winding Terminal High Voltage Insulation
Generator , Cable Bus bars Generator
Power Generator
( 1E) Stator 2 Inner Frame Outer
Frame
2.3.3 - 4
Outer Frame f H2 Cool

H2 Generator
Inner Frame Stator Core Stator Core
Copper Conductor
1 E Stator Frame
1F Stator Iron Core Winding
Copper Conductor Slot Conductor Slot Conductor
Coil 1G
1F Iron Core
Stator (Solid Iron)
Flow Eddy Current Eddy
Current Heat Loss
2.3.3 - 5
Hum
Generator
Copper Bar Slot Insulation Conductor
Iron Core Synthetic Varnish, mica Glass Tape Station Conductor
Slot Strong Wedges
Machine , Conductor Slot H2
, 1 H Stator Coil
Conductor ,
Figure 1I Stator Conductors-Water Cooled

1.3 ROTOR
Generator Rotor Shaft Forging 1K Rotor
Copper Conductor Conductor Coil
Machine Rotor Conductor H2
Conductor
H2 Coil Fan Rotor 1C Slot
Ring DC Rotor
2.3.3 - 6
1J,1K Rotor Forging& Rotor Conductors Hydrogen Cooled

DC Rotor Slip Ring Conductor
Rotor Winding
Rotor Wingding Stator Wing , Rotor Winding , Rotor Wording
Voltage 500 Volts Power 500 KM Stator Wing Load
500 MW
Power Generator 500 MW Steam Turbine
Exciter , DC Power Rotor Magnetic Field Rotating Magnetic
Field Generator Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy
Eddy Current Rotor Eddy Current
Bearing Rotating Part Stationary Part
Bearing Oil , Bearing Bearing
Ground Insulation
2.3.3 - 7
1L Insulated Bearing
1.4 EXCITATION
1M Excitation Schematic
Exciter DC Generator Electric Motor DC
Slip Ring Rotor Control Generator
Rotor
(+)
Motor
(-)
Exciter
1M Separately Driven Exciter
2.3.3 - 8
Control
1N Exciter Main Rotor Shaft

DC Generator Magnetic Field Stationary Power
Rotating Winding Armature
Collector
Ring
(-)
Commutator
Exciter
Brush
(+)
1N Directly Driven Exciter
1O DC Generator
DC Generator , Armature Conductor AC
DC Commutator DC Commutator Main Rotor
Electro-Magnetic Field DC
Commutator , Self-Excited DC Generator ( DC Commutator) 1P
Magnetic Field , Out Put Voltage Armature
Magnetic Field Generator
2.3.3 - 9
Field Switch
(+)
Rotor
Slip Ring
(-)
Main Exciter
Pilot Exciter
1P Self-Excited DC Generator
Excitation Main Pilot Exciter
1Q , Main Exciter Pilot Exciter
Main Exciter Field Control Commutator
Field Switch Slip Ring , Field Switch Open Shut Down,
Pilot Exciter Field Manual Automatic
Rotating Magnetic Field Load
Generator Load Generator Steam Turbine
(+)
1Q Main and Pilot Exciter System
2.3.3 - 10
Rotating Magnetic Field Horse Power Input

Generator Voltage Output
1.5 BRUSHLESS EXCITATION
Exciter (Brush) Commutator
Slip Ring Main Rotor
Brushless Excitation
Brushless Excitation ( 1R) AC DC AC
Rectifier DC Rectifier Main
Generator Rotor, Rotor
1R , Magnetic Field Exciter Pilot Exciter
Rectifier
AC Exc/Gen
AC
Power Amp
DC
Main AC. Gen

Rotor
Voltage
Control
Auto
Man.
1R Brushless Excite
Control Field Automatic Manual Voltage Control AC
Armature Main Exciter Rotating Rectifier, DC
Main AC Generator Rotor Brush, Slip Ring
Commutator
Static Excitation Excitation 1S
Rotating Exciter , AC Power Line Main Generator Static
Exciter DC Control Manual
Automatic Voltage Regulator DC Slip Ring Rotor
Excitation 3
2.3.3 - 11
1. Pilot Exciter Main Exciter DC Commutator

main Rotor Slip Ring
2. Brushless Exciter Commutator , Slip Ring , Brush Rotating
Rectifier
3. Static Excitation DC Rectifier , AC Generator Line DC
Rotor Slip Ring
, Voltage Control Manual Automatic
Rotor
Stator
brush
Rotor
DC (-)
DC (+)
Static Exciter
AC.
1S Static Excitation
2.3.3 - 12
Controller
Generator&Exciter
1. Generator 3000 rpm. 2 Pole
2. Hydrogen Stator Coil Generator
3. Stator
4. Bearing Eddy Current
5. Static Excitation Brushless Excitation

6. Excitation
1. Electrical Power Plant
. :
2.3.3 - 13
2.3.4 Generator Protection
2.3.4 - 1

Generator Protection
1.1

(Prime Mover)
(Stem Turbine)
(Gas Turbine) (Water Turbine) (Diesel Engine)

(Synchronous
Generator)

(Unit
Generator Transformer)

1.12
1.2

(Exciter) (Turbine) (Condenser) (Boiler)
(Faults)

1. (Stator Faults)
2. (Overload)
3. (Over voltage)
4. (Unbalanced Loading)
5. (Rotor Faults)
2.3.4 - 2
6. (Loss of Excitation)
7. (Loss of Synchronism)
8. (Overheating)
9. (Failure of Prime Mover)
10. (Low vacuum)
11. (Lubrication Oil Failure)
12. (Loss of Boiler Firing)
13. (Over speeding)
14. (Rotor Distortion)
15. (Difference in Expansion Between
Rotating and Stationary Parts)
16. (Excessive Vibration)

1.3

(Insulation)
(Switching)
(Lightning
Arrester) (Surge Diverter)
2.3.4 - 3

(Elasticity) (Carbonized)

(Core Burning)
(Arc)

3
(1) (Earth Faults) 2
(Neutral)

5 20
(Earthling Transformer
Distribution Transformer)
(2) (Phase Faults)

(3) (Interterm Faults)

2.3.4 - 4
1.4

(Circuiting Current Differential Protection) 2
(Longitudinal Differential) (Transversal Differential)
1.4.1 (Longitudinal Differential)
1.4.1.1

1.1
GENERATOR
BREAKER
CT1
I2
I1
CT2
A
B
52
Stator Winding
ZE
87
87
87
Differential Relay
High Impedance Type
1.1
GENERATOR
CT1
BREAKER
I1
CT2
52
i2= i
i
i2
i2= i1= i
87
1.2 ()
2.3.4 - 5
GENERATOR
CT1
BREAKER
I1
CT2
52
i1
i1
i1d= i1- i2
i1
i2
A
i2= i1= i
i2
87
i2
1.2 ()

(Relay Voltage Setting)
(Exciting Losses)

(High
Impedance High Sped Relay)
(Stabilizing Resistor)
1.4.1.2 (Percentage Differential Relay)

(Bias Coils) 1.3

I1 I2
(I1 + I2)/2
2.3.4 - 6
N - (Ampare Turns) I1 N/2 I2 N/2

N(I1+I2)/2 (I1+I2)/2 N
2.4

1.4
I2 (Through Current) (I1+I2)/2 I2
GENERATOR
BREAKER
I2
I1
N
i1
CT2
i2
52
Stator Winding
ZE
i1
A
B
i2
R
Restraining Coils
R
87
87
87
Relay
1.3
Operation Area
I1-I2
Non - Operation Area
( I1+ I2) / 2
1.4
1.4.1.1

2.3.4 - 7
1.3 1.4
(Induction)
(Operating Coil)
I1-I2 (Restraining Coil)
(I1-I2 )/2
20% , 25%
(Variable Percent Slop)
1.4.1.3 (Restricted Earth Fault Protection)

1.5

1.5
GENERATOR
BREAKER
CT
CT1
52
64
A
B
C
64:Earth Fault Relay
1.5
1.4.1.4
Y
U
1.6
2.3.4 - 8
Stator Winding
BREAKER
CT
52
A
B
C
87
87
87
1.6 U
1.4.1.5

(Rating)

U / Y 30
Y /U 1.7
(Tap Change)
2.3.4 - 9
52
A
B
C
Generator
Transformer
ZE
87
87
87
R
R
R
1.7
(Magnetizing Inrush)

(Harmanic Restraint)
(Offset Current)
(Voltage
Recovery) (Transient)

2
1 1 1.8
2.3.4 - 10
A
B
52
Transformer
Generator
ZE
87
87
Relay for
Generator
87
87
87
87
Relay for
Transformer
1.8 -
1.4.2 (Transverse Differential Protection)
(Double
Wound Stator)
(Balanced Current) 1.9
(Load Sharing)

ZE
C
87
R
87
R
87
1.9
2.3.4 - 11
1.4.3 (Interuirn Protection by

Zero Sequence Voltage Measurement)
(Zero-Sequence Voltage)

(Emf)

1-2 %

1.10
A
N
B
C
Transform er
ZE
O pen Delta
Relay
1.10
U
3
2.3.4 - 12
Setting (Filter)

(Coordinate)

1.5 (Overload Protection)

(MW)

MVA MVAR
(Voltage Regulator)

(Time Characteristics)
(Thermocouples)
(Resistance Thermometer)
(Mill voltmeter)
(Ratiometer) (Multi Way Selector)
(Field
Winding)
1.6 (Over current Protection)

1.5
1.11

2.3.4 - 13
Generator
A
52
B
C
Earth
Fault
Relay
Phase Relay
1.11

(transient)
(Voltage Regulator)
3

1.11

1.6.1 (Voltage Controlled Over current

Protection
(Excitation)
(Field Forcing Technique)

2.3.4 - 14
2
(Overload)
(Long Inverse Time)

1.12
()
100
Overload Charge
(normal voltage)
10
Fault Charge
(Low Voltage)
10
100
(A)
1.12
(Shading Loop)

1.6.2 (Voltage Restrained Overcurrent

Protection)

(Inverse Time)

1.7 (Back up Earth Fualt Protection)
2.3.4 - 15

1.13
Generator
A
N
B
C
CT
64
Earth Fault
Relay
ZE
1.13
(Unrestricted Earth Fault)
(Inverse Time)

1.7.1

1.13
(Instantaneous Relay)
10% (Surge
Current)
5 %

1.7.2
2.3.4 - 16

(Voltage Relay)
1.14

Generator
A
N
B
C
CT
Resistor
Voltage Relay
1.14
1.8 (Overvoltage Protection)
(Surge Voltage)

(Surge Diverter)

(Power Frequency Overvoltage)
()
()

VAR
()
(Governor)
(Turbine Gates)

150 %
2.3.4 - 17
1.9 (Unbalance Loading Protection)

3

3

2 (Eddy Current)

10% 15 % MR (Continuous Mean Rating)
(Salient Poles) 40 %

( Thermal Capacity)
=
K
Ti22dt
=
K
I22T
i2
=
I2
=
CMR
T
=
K
=
1.9.1
2.3.4 - 18

(Filter)
1.15
A
B
C
ZA
ZC
Relay
Ia2
Ia1
V XY
VZA
Ic1
VZC
positive
sequence
Ib1
negative
sequence
VZA
Ic2
VZC
Ib2
1.15
A ZA C

A(IZcI IZAI) 0.5 C 60
ZA VZA Ial C
ZC VZC Icl 60 VZA IZCI IZAI
lIall lIall IVZAl IVZVl Vxy 1.15 ()
Vzc Vza
Zxy

U

2.3.4 - 19

1.16
2
(Definite Time Delay)
(Armature Type)
1.10
(Rotor Faults)

(Exiciter)

50-100
(Bearing)
1.10.1 (Potentiometer Method)

1.17
2.3.4 - 20

1.17
Winding
Excitor
Resistor
Voltage
Relay
1.17
(Auxiliary Supply)
5 % (Exciter)
1.10.2 (A.C. Injection Method)

1.18
Winding
Excitor
AC.
Current
Relay
1.18
2.3.4 - 21
(Auxiliary a.c. Supply)

C

(Earthing Brush)
1.10.3 (d.c. Injection Method)

(Rectifier Bridge) 1.19
W in d in g
E xc ito r
+
AC.
C u rre n t
R e la y
1.19
(Bias) (Exciter)

1.11
(Failure of Field)
(Induction Generator)
(Wattless Stator Current)
(Turbine Governor)
(Slip Frequency) (Damper Circuit)

2.3.4 - 22
(Excitation)

Winding
Excitor
Shunt
Relay
T1
T2
T1 :
T2 : 2-10
Contact
1.20

50 60 MW
5
500 MW 20 30
(Undercurrent Relays)
1.20

(Directional Distance Relay) (Mho Relay)
1.21
2.3.4 - 23
+X
-R
+R
-X
1.21
(Loss of Synchronism)
1.21
1.12

1.12.1

(1) (Differential Protection)
(2) (Negative Sequence Protection)

(Turbo-Generator)
(3) (Rotor Earth Fault Protection)
(4) (Loss of Synchronism or Loss of Field)

60 MW
(5) (Indicaot)

2.3.4 - 24
(6) (Motoring Protection)

(7) (Mechanical Faults)

1.12.2

(1) 5 MVA

(2)
(3)

2.3.4 - 25
Example
Once Through Boiler
Generator
Technical Specification
Serial Number
Type of Generator
: 97AD3301/97AD3401
: Horizontally Mounted Cylindrical Rotor,
Rotating Field Type
Rotating Speed
(rpm)
3,000
No. Of Phase
3
No. Of Pole
2
Frequency
(Hz)
50
Voltage
(V)
24,000
Hydrogen Gas Pressure (bar(g)) 5
Hydrogen Gas Purity (%)
97
Hydrogen Gas Consumption
9
3
(Nm /24 hour Guaranteed)
KVA Output
(kVA)
990,000
KW Output
(kW)
841,500
Current
(A)
23,816
Power Factor (%)
85 (Lagging)
Cooling Method Stator Coil
Water Cooled
Rotor Coil
Hydrogen Cooled
Insuration Class
F
Temp Rise Limit Stator Coil (C) 50 (Base Temp 50C)
At Rated Load
Stator Coil
50 (Base Temp 50C)
Cooling Water
Outlet (C)
Rotor Coil (C) 72.2 (Base Temp 37.8C)
Stator Core(C) 92.2 (Base Temp 37.8C)
2.3.4 - 26
Gas Volume
(m3)
Exciter Type
Excitation Voltage (V)
Excitation Current (A)
130
Static
650
6405
Generator 2 GRP-A GRP-B

Reliability Primary Backup
To CT
Substation
To Discon.
Switch
Aux CT.
GRP - A
51
G1N
87-1
Isolate Phase
Busduct
GRP - A
Excitation
Transformer
Isolate Phase Busduct
To Main Aux.
Transformer
Isolate Phase Busduct
3xCT
30000/5A
3xCT
30000/5A
3xCT
30000/5A
GRP - A
60-1
60-2
GRP - B
Generator
87-1
32-1
32-3
46-1
78-1
40-1
32-2
3xCT
30000/5A
27-1
27-2
62-1
GRP - A
3xCT
30000/5A
3xCT
30000/5A
21-1
50-1
49S
40-2
GRP - B
Busduct
To Excite Control
Gen Step-Up Transformer

MVA
990
Type
FOA
MV/LV
525 / 24kV
Vector
YNd1
Generator
Transformer
Gen Neutral
Ground Unit
50-1
1. Generator Main Circuit Diagram

2.3.4 - 27
81-1
81-2
81-3
81-4

GRP-A
Generator Differential Relay (87-1)
Generator Stator Ground Relay (64-1)
Generator Loss of Field Relay (40-1)
Generator Reverse Power Relay TD:3Sec (32-1)
Generator Impedance Relay (21-1)
Generator Excite System Trip
Generator
Generator Transformer
Reset Push Bottom

500kV Breaker Failure
86BF
500kV Breaker Failure
86BF
SteamTurbine Trip
TripCommand fromGenerator Transformer
Bucholz
Winding
Oil
Pressure
Generator Differential Relay
87-1
Gen. Stator Ground Relay
64-1
Gen. Stator Thermal Relay
49S
Gen. Voltage Balance
60-1
Gen. Loss of FieldRelay
40-1
Gen. Reverse Power Relay
32-1
Gen. Out of Step Relay
78-1
Gen. OverfluxingRelay
59/81
Gen. Impedance Relay
59/81
Gen. Negative Sequence Relay
46-1
Gen. Reverse Power Relay
32-3
Gen. Undervoltage Relay
27-1
Gen. Undervoltage Relay
27-2
Gen Rotor Ground Fault
64R
SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
TD
SEM
TD
SEM
S
R
SEM
S
R
SEM
SEM
S
R
SEM
SEM
S
R
S
R
MAT. Differential Relay
S
R
Lock Power Plant Lockout

Reset Aux. Relay
Lock
Reset
Close Exciter Field Breaker

Trip 41E
Close
OPen
Close 11.5kV SWGR-A

Trip Main Breaker
Close
OPen
Close 11.5kV SWGR-B

Trip Main Breaker
Close
OPen
11.5kVBus Transfer Close

11.5kVSWGR-ABustie
Turbine Trip Command
87M1
MAT. Very Inverse Time Overcurrent with Instant. Relay 50/51M1

MAT. Very Inverse Time Ground Overcurrent Relay
Close
OPen
11.5kVBus Transfer Close

11.5kVSWGR-BBustie
51-M1G1
System
Excite Transformer Very Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay 50/51E
A O O
B
O O
86GA
86EA
86GB
86EB
Main Aux. Transformer
TripCommand fromExciter Transformer
Bucholz
Winding
Oil
Pressure
Close 500kV Gen Breaker

Trip 90422
S
R
DAS
11.5kV Main Breaker Failure
TripCommand fromMain Aux. Transformer
Close
OPen
S
R
SEM
Gen Exciter SystemTripSignal
Bucholz
Winding
Oil
OLTC.
Pressure
Close 500kV Gen Breaker

Trip 90412
2. Generator Protection Schematic

2.3.4 - 28
GRP-B
Generator Stator Ground Relay 100% (64-2)
Generator Stator Thermal Relay (49S)
Generator Loss of Field Relay (40-2)
Generator Over Fluxing Relay (24)
Generator Reverse Power Relay TD:30Sec (32-2)
Generator Unbalance Voltage Relay (60-2) Relay Trip
Generator Circuit Breaker 904XX, Trip Exciter Circuit Breaker, Trip 11.5kV Switchgear Main Breaker
A&B Transfer 11.5kV. Relay
Generator Differential Relay (87) Stator Phase Fault Ground Fault

CT. 2 Generator

(Setting) Relay Trip Generator
Generator Stator Ground Relay (64) Stator Ground Fault
Star Point Generator Low Side Generator Transformer
Generator Loss of Field Relay (40) Loss of Field
Generator Capability Curve Impedance
Generator Reverse Power Relay (32) Generator Motor
Generator Unbalance Voltage Relay (60) PT. AVR
PT. (Potential Transformer)
Generator Negative Phase Sequence Relay (46) Unbalance Load
Setting Thermal Characteristic Rotor
2.3.4 - 29
1. (Over Voltage)
2. (Unbalance Loading)
3. (Negative Sequence) Rotor
4.
5. (Undercurrent) Relay
1. Relay Protection for Power Plant
. :
10,
2.3.4 - 30
2.3.5 Transformer Protection
2.3.5 - 1

(Transformer Protection)

(1) (Overhcating)
(2) (Overfouxing)
(3) (Tank-Earth Detection)
(4) (Gas Detection)
(5) (Over current)
(6) (Earth Fault)
(7) (Differential)
3
1.1 (Overheating Protection)

(Temperature Rise)

95C
8-10C
(Thermal Image Technique Thermal Replica)

(Pocket) (
10 )

1.
2.3.5 - 2
(Dial Thermometer)
(Silistor Heat Sensitive Silicon Resistor)

,,,

(Electrolytic Coulometer) 4 4
100 -110
10,000
110 - 120
10,000
120 - 130
1,000
> 130
1,000
1.2 (Over fluxing Protection)
1.2
(Abnormal Operating Conditions)
1 2

(1.1) E/f
= K (E/f)
E/f ( p.u. )
1

E/f
2.3.5 - 3
2
2-5
2 5-30

Howard Protection)
100
(
1.1
64
1.1
1.3 (Gas Detection Protection)
(Local Heating)
,
( Hot Joint)
(Oil Conservator)
(Oil Vapour)
2.3.5 - 4
1.3.1 (Buchholz Relays)

(
) 2
(Mercury Switch)

()
() (Core Bolts)
()
()
()

()
()

1 MVA (
1 MVA )
0.05-0.1

2.3.5 - 5
1.2
1.2

(Turbulence) 5

5 3 3.7

1.1
(MVA)
()
<1
1-10
>10
(.3)
(.3)
(./) (./)
100-120
110
70-130
90
185-215
200
75-140
100
220-280
250
90-160
110
1.1
2.3.5 - 6
(Radiator)

(Viscosity) (Ensitivity)

1. 3.2 (Sudden Pressure Relays)

1.3
1.3
2.3.5 - 7
(Silicone Oil)

1.4 (Over current Protection)

(fuses)
1.4.1

(Circuit Breaker)

h.r.c. 3

1.2 11.kV
KVA
25
50
100
200
500
1.4.2
1.31
2.62
5.25
10.5
262
4
6
10
15
30
1.2
(Over current Relays)

2.3.5 - 8
3
()
0.17
0.4
1.1
10.0
100.0
100 kVA
(CB) 2
(Earth Fault Protection)

(CT)

(Source in Dance)

1.4
Transformer
Winding
Current
Transformer
3phase
Overcurrent
Relay
1.4

(Instantaneous O/C Relay)

(Thermal Relay)
1.5 (Restricted Earth Fault Protection)

U Y
(Residual)
2.3.5 - 9

1.5
Transformer
Winding
Current
Transformer
Residual
Overcurrent Relay
1.5

Transformer
Winding
Current
Transformer
64
High Impedance
Relay
Current
Transformer
ZE
1.6
1.5

Y
1.2
3.11
(Residual Current) CT3 CT
2.3.5 - 10
(Instantaneous)

E ()
( 1.6)

1.6 (Differential Protection)

(Ampere-Turns)
(Differential Protection) 1.7
3xCT
30000/5A
Generator
Step Up Transformer
990 MVA
FOA Type
525 / 24kV
YNd1 : Vector
87 Transformer
GT Differential Relay
3xCT
30000/5A
1.7
CT I1 = I2 I1
= I2 (p.u.) I1 I2
0.5-10 %

(1) 2 (Two Windings Transformer)
1.8 3
2.3.5 - 11
Transformer
Winding
87
87
87
1.8 2
(2) 3
1.9
87
GT
Transformer
1.9 3
(3) 3 3
() 1.10
2.3.5 - 12
Transformer
O :
B :
87
1.10 3 3

() (Transformer Ratio)
(CT)

20 MVA 115 U/69YkV CT
115 kV C.T. 150/5 Y
69 kV C.T. 250/5 U
()
Y/U 3 (Balanced 3 - )
30 U CT Y U
CT U 1/3 Y
U CT Y
() (Tap-Changing)
CT

1.8 1.10
()

2.3.5 - 13

(Fuse Link Kick Fuse) (Shunt)

Transformer
Through bias
Harmonic bias
Restraint coil
XL
XC
High set unit
Operating Coil
1.11

2 3
3
U Y CT U
2
20 % CT
2

(Filter) (Differential Current)
(Percentage Restraint) 1.11
2.3.5 - 14
(Harmonic Restraint) (Tuned Circuit) XCXL

(Fundamental Frequency)
(Harmonic Restraining Coil)
2 15 %
15 % 2 (Cycle)

1
2.3.5 - 15
MAT 101 Diff Trip 87AT1
RA
0076
MAT 101 Primary O/C Trip 51AT1
RA
0078
MAT 101 Ground O/C Trip 51GAT1X
RA
0079
Gen XFMR 101 Diff Trip 87GT1
RA
0074
Gen 101 Ground Fault Trip 59G1
RA
0086
Gen 101 Diff Trip 87G1
RA
0075
Gen 101 Volt/Hertz Trip
RA
0084
Gen 101 Over Excitation Trip
RA
0089
MAT 101 Sudden Pressure Trip

MAT 101 Buchholz Relay Trip
MAT 101 Winding Temp Trip
RA
0088
Gen XFMR 101 Sudden Pressure Trip

Gen XFMR 101 Buchholz Relay Trip
Gen XFMR 101 Winding Temp Trip
RA
0087
Gen 101 Excite Field Bkr. Trip
RA
0082
On Line or Carrying Aux.B
Name
Symbol
OR Gate
AND
Gate
Timer
ANN
TD
Turbine EHC Panel
ANN
Substation
Trip 6.9kV SWGR 101 Main Breaker
Trip 6.9kV SWGR 102 Main Breaker
Trip 230kV Gen Breaker 800322
Auto - Transfer
Int 6.9kV SWGR 102 Reserve Bkr. Auto- Transfer
Initial 230kV Breaker 800312 Failure
Initial 230kV Breaker 800322 Failure
ANN
Substation
Int. 230kV Gen & RAT Breaker 800322 Failure
Trip 86G1
RA
0077
Volt Balance OK. 60G1

Gen 101 Loss of Field 40G1
230kV Breaker Failure 800312
230kV Breaker Failure 800322
230kV Gen Discon SW.800311 Close
Reverse Power Relay-1 Operate
Turbine EHC. Oil Press Low Trip
Turbine Steam Flow Path Block
RA
0085
TD 5s
RA
0081
Gen XFMR 101 & MAT 101 Fire Protection Operate

TDE 10s
Reverse Power Relay 32G1-2
T2: 2.5s
Gen XFMR 101 Ground O/C Trip 51GGT1

Turbine EHC. Oil Press Low Trip
TD
Voltage Balance OK 60G1

Gen 101 Negative Sequence >0.2 PU Trip
T1:30s
RA
0130
RA
0091
Trip 86GB1
RA
0092
Generator & Transformer System
Generator & Transformer Protection System
2.3.5 - 16
Transformer Protection
1.
2. Sudden Pressure Relay
3. (Thermal Relay)
4. (Circuit Breaker)
1. Relay Protection for Power Plant
. :
10,
2.3.5 - 17
2.4 Station Commissioning
2.4 - 1
COMMISSIONING CONCEPT
1.
Commissioning

Commissioning
Commissioning ,
,
, ,

Commissioning
Training (),
Commissioning
Commissioning

2. Commissioning Concept
Commissioning

(Safety)

(Contractor)
(Guarantee)
2.4 - 2

(Instruction
Manual), (Control Logic)

2

o
(Operate), (Maintenance)
o (Drawings)
o (Instruction Manual)
o (Performance)
o ,
o (Spare Parts)
o
(Schedule)
,

3. Commissioning Organization
Commissioning Dynamic
Organization

Commissioning Organization
2.4 - 3
GE/REOL SITE COMMISSIONING STAFF

RATCHABURI COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT
EGAT
COMMISSIONING
CO-ORDINATOR
LEAD
ELECTRICAL/
CONTROL & INST
SHIFT 1
SHIFT2
FORMAN
ELECT. #1
ELECT. #2
ELECT. #3
FORMAN
ELECT. #1
ELECT. #2
SHIFT 1
SHIFT 2
C&I. #1
C&I. #2
C&I. #1
GE/REOL
COMMISSIONING
MANAGER
EGAT
CONSTRUCTION
CO-ORDINATOR
GELEAD
COMMISSIONING
T/A
LEAD
MECHANICAL/
OPERATIONS
SUPERVISOR
LEAD DCIS
FOR EACH TURBINE
ADMINISTRATOR
TURNOVER
PACKAGE
DEVELOPMENT
SHIFT 1
SHIFT 2
C&I. #1
C&I. #2
C&I. #1
EGAT
ADMINISTRATION
SUPPORT
SHIFT 1
SHIFT 2
MECHANICAL
COMMISSIONING
ENGINEER/
SHIFT
SUPERVISOR
MECHANICAL
COMMISSIONING
ENGINEER/
SHIFT
SUPERVISOR
MECH. #1
MECH. #2
MECH. #3
MECH. #1
MECH. #2
= GE/REOL COMMISSIONING
= CRAFT SUPPORT
EGAT
COMMISSIONING
GROP
OPERATORS
= EGAT COMMISSIONING
= LINES OF SUPERVISION
= LINES OF COMMUNICATION
GE/REOL
ON SITE TRAINING
2.4 - 4
MECHANICAL
COMMISSIONING
T/A
ELECTRICAL
COMMISSIONING
T/A
FORMAN
MECH. #1
MECH. #2
MECH. #1
ELECTRICAL # 1
HELPER #1
START-UP
COMMISSIONING
T/A
ELECTRICAL #1
HELPER #1
C&I
SUPPORT
AS REQUIREO
COMMISSIONING ORGANIZATION
RATCHABURI COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT
EGAT
COMMISSIONING
CO-ORDINATOR
GE/REOL
COMMISSIONING
MANAGER
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
WORKING PARTY
CHEMICAL AND WATER

TREATMENT
MECHANICAL WORKING
PARTY
ACCEPTANCE TEST
WORKING PARTY
CONTROL AND INSTRUMENT

WORKING PARTY
CIVIL WORKING PARTY
OPERATIONAL FUNCTION
WORKING PARTY
TRAINING WORKING PARTY
SAFETY WORKING PARTY

NOTES:
= LINES OF SUPERVISON
= LINES OF COMMUNICATION
2.4 - 5
ORGANIZATION
(Job Description) Commissioning
1.
Commissioning
(Co-ordinator)
1.
Commissioning ,
(Contractor),
2.
,

Commissioning
(Commissioning Committee)

3.
Plant
Specification & Contract

4.
Commissioning

5.
Site Note, Deficiency
list
6.
Plant
7.
- Tag
Pad-Lock
8.
,
Contractor
9.
2.4 - 6
1.
(Contract)
2.
Commissioning
Schedule
3.
Start up package
4.
Test
Procedure
5.
Instruction
Manual
Specification
2.
Acceptance Test
3. Commissioning
3. Commissioning
4. Commissioning
1.
Equipments, Testing sub Loop &

Loop Test
2.
Plant
Performance Test
3.
4. Site Note, Deficiency list
1.

2. Check Sheet
3. Walk down Inspection Pre

Test
4. Spare part, Tool,
Instruction Manual, Drawing
5. Site Note, Deficiency list

6. ,
7.
1.
1-4
2.
Plant Protection System

3.
Plant control
4.
Site Note, Deficiency list
2.4 - 7
1.
Performance
Criteria
2.
Performance procedure
1.
2. Instruction
Manual
3. Test Produce
4. Specification
5. Acceptance
Criteria
1. 3
5. Commissioning
Functional operation
6.
5.
,
1.
Operation
Walk down/ Pre-operation-check/
Startup/ Operation Demonstration Test/
Shutdown
2.
Functional Testing
Equipment/System/Plant
3.
Chemical Clean Hydro. Test, Safety

Valve Test, Steam Blow out, First
Synch. and Load up to Max. Capacity
Test
4. Consumable Spare
part
Condenser tube
cleaning Ball, H2 & CO2 Gas
5. Instruction manual,
Drawing
6.
7.
, ,
8.
Safety Clearance & Tagging
1.
Pre-Cleaning,
2.4 - 8
1.
Equipment,
System plant
Operation Function
2.
Instruction
Manual
3.
Test
Procedure
4.
Acceptance Criteria
Operation
5.
Work
Permit and Safety
Tagging
6.
Start up Package
1.
Contract
Chemical Cleaning
Water Treatment
7. Training
Working Party
8. Safety
Working Party
Chemical cleaning
2.
Water
Treatment, Water Analysis, Sanitary,
Waste Treatment
Laboratory
3.
Process &
Performance Water Treatment plant
4.
5.
, ,
6.
1.
Training

2.
Simulator
(3) (4) (5)
3.
, ,
1.
Commissioning Contractor

2.

3. Site Note, Deficiency List

4. Walk down Inspection Pre Test
5.
2.4 - 9
2.
Instruction
Manual
3.
Specification
4.
Acceptance
Criteria
1.
2.
Instruction
Manual
3.
Specification
4.
Acceptance
Criteria
1.
2.
Acceptance
Criteria
3.
Specification

4.
BASIC POWER PLANT COMMISSIONING STEP

Commissioning
(Erection work)

(Safety)
4.1

Operator

(Safety)

Commissioning
Operate Maintenance
4.2 Commissioning
4.2.1 ERECTION COMPLETENESS CERTIFICATE (ECC)
PRELIMINARY TEST (WITHOUT
MAIN VOLTAGE AND FLUID) Walk down Inspection

Contractor
Major Exception Item ECC Minor

4.2.2 SAFETY CLEARANCE CERTIFICATE (SCC)
System Preliminary Test Contractor
Exception Items Walk down Inspection
System Function Test Contractor SCC
Exception Item ()
2.4 - 10
4.2.3 PROVISIONAL OPERATION CERTIFICATION (POC)

System Function Test
Contractor POC System Operate
4.2.1 4.2.3 Work Package
Dwg. ; Instruction Manual
Contractor POC.
Contractor
As built DWG 30
Function Test
4.2.4 CAPABILITY TEST
Functional Test
Contractor Capability Test
Operating Capability
Starting Reliability Hot Cold Condition, Start up sequence time for normal and fast start,
load and pick up rate ; 100% load rejection over speed trip, stable operation at minimum load, Fuel
Transfer Test, 5 days Trial Run load
Design Reliability
4.2.5 PERFORMANCE TEST & EMISSION TEST
Contractor Performance Test/Emission Test
Test , ,
, ,
Test Performance Test
Guarantee Output, Heat Rate
(Schedule of Guarantees)
Gas Turbine Guarantee Emission , NOx, SOx,
Unburn Carbon Emission Performance Test
Guarantee Heat Rate Test
Heat Rate Water Injection Contractor Correction
Curve Heat Rate Water Injection Rate Emission Test
Emission Water Injection Rate
Performance Test Spray Water Heat Rate
2.4 - 11
Performance Test 2
Simple Cycle ( Gas Turbine) Performance Test Combined Cycle Performance Test
Performance Test Simple Cycle
Gas Turbine
Combined Cycle Steam Temperature Heat Recovery Steam
Generator, Steam Turbine
4.3 COMMISSIONING (SAFETY)
Commissioning Staff Plant

, Tag, Pad
Lock Work Permit
4.4 Contractor Commissioning

Commissioning Contractor

o Contractor Commissioning Organization
o Plant Commissioning Schedule
o Commissioning Package for Individual System Package
Commissioning
Description of Plant or System Design, Function of Equipment
and/or System, Control Function
Control Design In- Out Signal
Piping and Instrument Diagram Boundary Package
Objective of Commissioning Activities /
Operation, Control Performance Guarantee
Specification
Commissioning Net Work Commissioning
Commissioning Detail step-by-step procedure

(Activity) Commissioning Net Work
2.4 - 12
Safety Safety
, Work Permit, Tagging System
Test Report/ Reference Standard System Test,
Calibrate Package
Valve line up List and Check Sheet
Contractor
1
,

4.5
Commissioning Objective /
, , Instrument
, Functional Operation, Performance Commissioning
Panel Reference
2.4 - 13
Commissioning Work Step

Civil Work Complete
Alignment
Equipment on Base
- Loop Check, Dry Test
Preliminary Test
No Load Test
ECC.
Issue
WALK
DOWN
INSP.
- Flushing
Electrical, Instrument
Calibration Test
- Hydro Test
Major Pending Item Correction
Initial Operation
Capability Test
POC.
Issue
SCC.
Issue
WALK
DOWN
INSP.
Function Test
Chemical Cleaning
Blow Out
Performance Test
Note : ECC. Erection Completeness Certificate

SCC. Safety Clearance Certificate
POC. Provisional Operation Certificate
2.4 - 14
Commercial Operation
Work Step
1) , Foundation, ( Anchor Bolt) &
2)
,
3)
, ,
4)
Flushing Piping Hydrostatic Test
5)
(Preliminary Test)
6)
System Functional Test
7)
Chemical Cleaning, Blow Out
8)
Initial Operation Function Test, Heat Run Test
9)
Capability Test , Function Test
10)
Performance Test
Commissioning
, Instruction Manual, Drawing
(Standard)
Commissioning Package
o
Check sheet Instruction
Manual, Drawing, , Spare Part, Tool
o
Instruction Sheet ,
o
Technical Data
o
Program
Exceptional Items
Site note Turnkey
Contractor
Site note

, Performance
Commissioning
2.4 - 15
2.4 - 16
SEOUENCE OF BEGINNING AND ENDING OF WARRANTY PERIODS

(WARRANTY PERIOD CHART)
PAC.
Erection
Complete
Synchronization
Performance Test
Commercial
Operation
Provisional
Acceptance
Final
Acceptance
Start up and Testing
Trial Operation
Warranty Period
Extended Warranty
For component Defect.
if required
Finish
Commercial Operation
2.4 - 17

COMMISSIONING
Program
and
Commissioning Network
2.4 - 19
2.4 - 20
2.4 - 21
2.4 - 22

Commissioning Schedules
2.4 - 23
2.4 - 24
2.4 - 25
2.4 - 26

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
?
WALKDOWN INSPECTION?
CAPABILITY TEST PERFORMANCE TEST?
(SAFETY) Commissioning ?
Commissioning
?
2.4 - 27
2.5 Plant Operation
2.5 - 1

(Energy Balance)
(Control Panel) Computerised Mean
1
Working Fluid ( ) Ranking Cycle
(Turbine) Generator
Condenser
(Load)
Fluid Flow Load
1 Typical diagram of energy flow (Showing main controls)
(
, , , , Biomass ) (Boiler)
2
Mass Flow Mass Flow
Control Parameter
2.5 - 2
2 Maintaining an energy balance by the control of mass flows
1. Drive Motor On-Off Switch

2. Pump, Fan ,
3. Automatic
Manual Remote Control Loop
4. Flow Meter, Pressure, Temperature Transmitter
gauge
5. CRT (Control Room)
2.5 - 3

1.
Flow
2. (Emergency Operation)
2
2.1
Parameter
2.2
Parameter
Design
3. (Plant Start Up)

(Procedure)
Boiler, Turbine / Generator
3.1 Boiler
3.1.1
(
) , ,
Interlock
Boiler : Pressure Part Wall Tabe
Fuel System
Control / Service Air
Pump, Valve, Damper, Sulenoid, Level
Switch
Air Heater, Induced Draft Fan, Forced Draft Fan
Boiler Circulating Water Pumps
2.5 - 4
Pressure Part : Drum Internal, Safety Valve

Vent & Drain Valve
Superheat De-Superheater System Loop Super Heater
Reheater
High Pressure / Low Pressure Bypass Valve
3.1.2 Warm Up (Stress)

Boiler Wall Tube,
Drum, Header, Steam Pipe
Boiler /
Steam
Superheater Metal Temp Charge 55C / hr

Drum inner / Outer Metal Temp Diff. Temp 55C max
Tube Metal Temp 500C Max
3.2 Turbine-Generator
T/G
Boiler
Circulating Water System
Feedwater System Condensate System
Auxiliary Plant Equipment
Seal Oil System
Turbine Lubricating Oil, Control Oil, Turning Gear
Condenser Vacuum System
Cooler
3.2.1 Turbine Run Up Steam
Steam Temp
2.5 - 5
Start Up Turbine
220C / ,
Turbine Rotor Heat Soak
Step
Load Speed Turbine
Confirm Parameter
- Differential Expansion
- Bearing & Shaft Vibration
Load Load Turbine / Generator
Parameter
Main Turbine

Boiler
3.2.2 Turbine Generator
Turbine Generator Start Up
Loading Load
Turning Gear
4. Routine
Load Load

4.1
(Log Book) Trouble
Report
, Fuel Gas,
4.2 (Preventive Maintanace)
4.3 Function Function
Function
2.5 - 6
4.4 Shift Charge Engineer ,

/

5. Efficiency Control

Plant Optimisation
5.1
5.2
Take Action .
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7 Cooling Tower Basin Bleeding
5.8 Log Book
5.9
Bearing

Battery Backup
Lighting
Steam
2.5 - 7

1. Modern Power Station Practice
2nd Revised and Enlarged Edition Volume7 Operation and Efficiency
Published on Behalf of the Central Electricity Generating Board
2. Combustion Fossil Power
A Reference Book on Fuel Burning and steam Generation Editor. Joseph G. Singer, P.E. 1991
2.5 - 8
2.5.1 Gas Turbine Protection
2.5.1 - 1
Gas Turbine Protection

GE Gas Turbine MS-9001 FA 2
1. Automatic Shutdown ( L94AX )

2. Master Protective /Turbine Trip
Automatic Shutdown ( L94AX ) Load Gas Turbine Fire
Shutdown
- Turb inlet air pressure - excessive press drop ( L63TFH) Flow

Inlet Air Flow Gas Turbine Fuel Rich
Filter Compressor Gas Turbine
Duct Pressure Switch 3 Air Inlet Filter 2 3 Shutdown
- Gas Purge Fault Shutdown (L94DLN) Mode
Nozzle
Purge
- Dry Low Nox System Fired Shutdown( L94DLN ) 3
Back Flow Hot Gas
- WTR INJ PURGE BACK FLOW-FIRED SHUT DOWN ( L94WP )
- Atomizing Air Temperature > High ( L26AAH_ALM )
- Atom. Air Press. Very Low Fire Shutdown ( L94AAPRVL )
- Low Gas Press/Low Liquid Flow (L94FGL) Fuel Gas
Press. Low Command Change Fuel Liquid
Auto Shutdown
- Fuel Gas Pressure Low Command Selected Liquid
- Aux Stop Valve Position Problem ( L94FGL1 )
Stop Valve Open Valve
Alarm Aux Stop Valve Position Trouble
- Command Fuel Tranfer Liquid Liquid Fuel Flow
Command Auto Shutdown
- Load Tunnel Temp High Shutdown ( L94LTH )
Bearing 2 ( Exhaust Diffuser ) Temperature Swicth
2.5.1 - 2
- Fire Detected in Any Zone ( L94FPX ) Compartment
- Fire prot release aux relay zone #1 Fuel gas Compartment , Turbine
Compartment
- Fire prot release aux relay zone #2 No.2 Bearing Tunnel
- Fire prot release aux relay zone #3 Lube Oil /Hydralic Compartment
- Fire prot release aux relay zone #4 Liquid Fuel /Atom Air Module
- Fire prot release aux relay zone #5 BAC Module
- Fuel Gas Temp > High High ( L26HHFTG ) Temperature
Fuel Gas Shutdown Alarm
2.5.1 - 3
2.5.1 - 4
2.5.1 - 5
2.5.1 - 6
Master Protective /Turbine Trip ( L4T )

Gas Turbine
Protective Status Trip ( L4PST ) Interlock Start-up Trip
- Low Lube oil Pressure Trip ( L63QT ) Lube Oil Pressure Disch.
- L45FTX ( Fire Indication Trip ) Fire Trip Fire Protection
- Generator Differantial Trip Lockout (L86TGT)

- Transfermer Difference Trip Lockout (L86T1A,2A)
- Exhaust Pressure High Trip (L63ETH) Exhaust Pressure
Silencer Back Pressure
Silencer
- High Vibration Level Trip (L39Vtrip) Protection Gas Turbine
Gas Turbine Bearing
- Startup Fuel Flow Excessive Trip ( L2SFT ) Start up
Gas 15% FSR
Liquid 11 % FSR
- Customer Trip( L4CT ) Control Room Operator Trip

Unit
- Control Speed Sgnal Loss ( L12HF) Speed Gas Turbine
Control Portection Overspeed Trip
- Control Valve Command Feedback

10
2.5.1 - 7
Pre-Ignition Trip ( L4PRET )
- Auxiliary Check (L3ACS) Control Valve
- Gas Logic Feedback , Current Control Valve

L3GRVFLT ( Gas Ratio Valve Position Servo Trouble ), L3GCVFLT (Gas Control
Valve Servo Trouble ), L3GCVSFLT (PM1 Gas Control Valve Servo Trouble), L3GCVQFLT (PM4
Gas Control Valve Servo Trouble), L3GPVFLT (GAS PREMIX/TRIM Valve Servo Trouble)
- Liquid Logic Feedback , Current
FAL (Liq fuel bypass valve servo current) ,FQL1 (Flow divider mag pickup-speed)
- Emergency Lube Oil Pump Under Voltage ( L27QEL) Self Test Start
Under Voltage
Starting Device Trip (L3SMT) Start-up Speed Min. Speed
95 % Speed
- Static Starter bogged Down alarm (L60SSBOGTRIP) LCI Static start
make torque command Speed 45 Sec.
- Starting Device Bogged Down (L60BOG) Speed
- Static Stater Shutdown (L94SSX ) Start-up LCI Command
LCI Shutdown
- Start EX2000 Generator File Volt
Post Ignition Trip ( L4POST )
- Loss Of Flame Trip (L28FDT ) Flame Detector 4

2 4
- High Exhaust Temp Spread Trip (L30SPT ) Exhaust Temp
Combustor Trip
TTXSPL (Combustion Monitor Allowable Spread )
2.5.1 - 8
TTXSPL = ( 0.145 TTXM 0.08 x CTDA + 30 ) Deg F

TTXM = Exhaust Temp Median Corrected by Average
CTDA = Comp Discharge Temp
TTXSPL Exhaust Temp
1 1,2,3
- Load Tunnel Temp High Trip (L30LTT )

Bearing No.2 Load Tunnel Inner Barrel Temp (TTIB )
- Exhaust Overtemp Trip (L86TXT) Hot

Gas Path Exhaust Temp Average ( TTXM )
- Exhaust TC Open Trip (L86TFB)

Exhaust Temp Protection
Exhaust Temp Average (TTXM)
- Compressor Bleed Valve Position Ttouble Trip (L86CBT) Speed 95

% Rated Speed Open Bleed Valve 4
Compressor Pulsation Vibration
Post Ignition Trip Auxiliary (L4POSTX) 4
- Electrical Overspeed Trip (L12H) Setpoint Control 112.5% Rated Speed (
100%Rated Speed=3000 RPM. )
- Lube Oil Header High Temp Trip (L26QT ) Lube Oil
- Lube Oil Supply Trip
Valve
1. Liq. Fuel Hydralic Trip Pressure Low
2. Gas Fuel Hydralic Trip Pressure Low
- L4DLNT ( Dry Low Nox System Trip ) 4
1.L3TFLT ( Loss Of Compressor Discharge Press. Bias ) CPD
2. Turbine Speed 95 %Speed Water Inject Purge

Back Flow-Fired Shutdow (L94WP)
2.5.1 - 9
3. Turbine Speed 95 %Speed Atomizing Air

Temperature High 23
L4IGVT ( Inlet Guide Vane Control Trouble Trip ) 2
- IGV. Not Folloeing CSRGV Trip ( L86GVT ) Control IGV. Speed
95 % Rated Speed Command Feedback
- Turbine Compressor Sol Vlv Control Signal Aux (L4IGVTX) Turbine Speed 95
% Rate Speed IGV.
External Trip ( L5E_TECA) Trip Balance Of Plant
HRSG. ( Heat Recovery Steam Generating ) Trip HRSG. Diverter Damper
Damper Trip Gas Turbine HRSG.
2.5.1 - 10
2.5.1 - 11
2.5.1 - 12
2.5.1 - 13
2.5.1 - 14
2.5.1 - 15
2.5.1 - 16
2.5.1 - 17
2.5.1 - 18
2.5.1 - 19
2.5.1.1 Steam Turbine Protection
2.5.1.1 - 1
Steam Turbine Protection

Steam Turbine Protection
Trip Steam Turbine Turbine Main Steam
Stop Valve Steam Turbine
Combined Cycle Power Plant
1. Gas Turbine Generator ( )
2. Boiler and Balance Of Plant HRSG (Heat Recovery Steam Generation
()
3. Steam Turbine ()
2
1. Single Shaft Combined Cycle Power Plant
2. Multi Shaft Combined Cycle Power Plant
Single Shaft Combined Cycle Power Plant

Shaft Gas Turbine Generator
Steam Turbine Generator Shaft Generator ()
SHAFT
Steam
Combustion
Boiler
Generator
Steam Turbine
Generator
Gas Turbine
Exhaust
Single Shaft Combined Cycle Power Plant

Shaft Gas turbine Generator Steam Turbine
Generator Shaft Ratio 1 : 1 , 1 : 2 , 1 : 4
Multi Shaft Combined Cycle Power Plant
2.5.1.1 - 2
Ratio 1 : 1 Combined Cycle 1 Gas Turbine , 1 HRSG Boiler

1 Stream Turbine
1 Stream Turbine
1 Stream Turbine
Steam
Gen
1 Gas Turbine
Gen
1 Boiler / HRSG
1 Steam Turbine
Combined Cycle Ratio 1 : 1
Steam
Gen
Generator
GAS Turbine - 1
Boiler / HRSG-1
Steam Turbine-1
Gen
Gas Turbine-2
Boiler / HRSG-2

2.5.1.1 - 3
GAS Turbine - 1
Boiler / HRSG-1
Gas Turbine-2
Generator
Boiler / HRSG-2
Steam Turbine-1
Gas Turbine-3
Boiler / HRSG - 3
Gas Turbine-4
Boiler / HRSG -4
2.5.1.1 - 4
Protection Steam Turbine

3 1.Gas Turbine , 2 Boiler HRSG 3. Steam Turbine
Gas Turbine
Protection
Boiler / HRSG
Protection
Steam Turbine
Protection Trip
Device
Trip Steam Turbine
Generator &
Electrical Trip
Device
Block Diagram Function Steam Turbine Protection Combined Cycle Power Plant
Gas Turbine Master Protection Trip
Shut Down Gas Turbine
Gas Turbine Trip
Boiler Steam Turbine Combined Cycle
Single Shaft Multi Shaft Ratio 1 : 1 1 Gas turbine , 1 HRSG 1 Steam
Turbine Trip GasTurbine Trip Steam Turbine Combined
Cycle Multi Shaft Ratio 2 : 1 2 Gas turbine , 2 HRSG 1 Steam
Turbine Trip Gas Turbine Trip Steam Trip HRSG (Heat
Recovery Steam Generate ) Boiler Gas Turbine Steam Turbine
2.5.1.1 - 5
Load 50 % Gas Turbine Combined Cycle

Multi Shaft Ratio 2 : 1 Gas Turbine 2
Gas Turbine -1A Gas Turbine -1B , Boiler 2 Boiler -1A Boiler 1B Steam Turbine
1 Trip Gas Turbine 1A Trip Boiler 1A Steam Turbine
Load Gas Turbine 1B Boiler 1B
1. Function Command Trip Gas Turbine Command
1.1. Emergency Push Button Trip Trip

Gas Turbine
1.2. Over Speed Trip Trip Gas Turbine Gas Turbine
2 Primary Over Speed Trip Back-Up Over Speed Trip
110 % 115 % Speed
1.3. Lube Oil Pressure Low Trip Lube oil 2 1.
Shaft Bearing Shaft Bearing 2.
Cooling Bearing Shaft Lube oil Pressure
Bearing Turbine Shaft
1.4. Hydraulic Oil Pressure Low Trip Hydraulic Oil - IGV
(Inlet Guide Van) Turbine Compressor Gas Turbine
Valve
1.5. Fire Protection Trip
Gas Turbine Smoke Sensor Heat Detector
1.6. High Vibration Trip Gas Turbine
Moving Part Stationary Part
1.7. Exhaust Pressure High Trip Gas Turbine Exhaust
Gas Turbine
1.8. Fuel Flow Excessive Trip
Explosion Gas Turbine Combustion
1.9. Control Speed Signal Loss Speed Gas Turbine
Gas Turbine Speed Speed
Signal Gas Turbine
1.10. Loss Of Flame Trip Gas Turbine
2.5.1.1 - 6
1.11.High Exhaust Temp Spread Trip
1.12.Exhaust Over Temp High Trip Combustion Part

1.13.Generator Differential Lock out Relay Trip
1.14.Transformer Differential Lock out Relay Trip
1.15.External Trip Gas Turbine Boiler
Boiler HRSG (Heat Recovery Steam Generation )
2. Function Command Trip Boiler HRSG (Heat Recovery Steam Generation )
Command
Boiler Steam Turbine
2.2. Gas Turbine Trip Gas Turbine Trip Protection Boiler
Trip
2.3. High Pressure. (HP.) Drum Level Low Trip Overheat Tube
Boiler High Pressure Part
2.4. Intermediate Pressure.(IP.) Drum Level Low Trip Overheat
Tube Boiler Intermediate Pressure Part
2.5. Low Pressure.(LP.) Drum Level Low Trip Overheat Tube
Boiler Low Pressure Part
2.6. High Pressure. (HP.) Drum Level High Trip Steam Carry Over
Steam Steam Turbine Blade Turbine
2.7. Intermediate Pressure. (IP.) Drum Level High Trip Steam Carry Over
2.8. Low Pressure. (LP.) Drum Level High Trip Steam Carry Over
2.9. Condenser Hot Well Level High Trip Condense Steam
Vacuum Condenser Hot Well
2.10. Condenser Hot Well Level Low Trip Overheat Boiler
2.11. Main Steam & Hot Reheat Temp High Trip Steam Turbine Blade
Steam
2.12. HRSG / Boiler Stack Temp High Trip Boiler Tube Over Heat
Boiler
2.5.1.1 - 7
2.13. All Boiler Feed Pump Trip Overheat Boiler

2.14. All Condensate Pump Trip Overheat Boiler
2.15. All Circulating Water Pump Trip Overheat Condenser
Vacuum Condenser Steam Turbine
2.16. All Boiler Circulating Pump Trip Boiler Force Circulation
Boiler Tube Boiler Drum Down comer Header
3. Function Command Trip Steam Turbine Command

Steam Turbine 2 Main
Control Room Front Standard Stream Turbine High Pressure
Turbine
3.2. Boiler HRSG (Heat Recovery Steam Generation) Trip
3.3. Over Speed Trip Trip Steam Turbine Steam Turbine
2 Primary Over Speed Trip Back-Up Over Speed Trip
110 % 115 % Speed Steam Turbine
Rotor Turbine Blade
Over Speed Trip
3.4. Lube oil Pressure Low Trip Friction
Bearing Surface Rotor Shaft Surface Cooling Bearing
Bearing
3.5. Hydraulic Oil Pressure Low Trip Main Steam Stop Valve /
Main Steam Control Valve / Reheat Stop Valve / Interceptor Valve / Low Press Stop& Control Valve
valve Control Valve Hydraulic Oil
Turbine
3.6. Steam Turbine Vibration High Trip Vibration Turbine Shaft
Journal Bearing Journal Bearing Shaft
Vibration Turbine Blade Turbine Stationary Part
3.7. Steam Turbine Thrust Bearing Position Trip Turbine
Rotor Shaft Generator Turbine
2.5.1.1 - 8
Turbine Rotor Shaft Turbine Blade Turbine Stationary

Part
3.8. Steam Turbine Differential Expansion High Trip Steam Turbine
Turbine Casing Turbine Rotor Turbine Rotor Turbine
Casing Rotor Clearance Rotor Casing
Turbine Rotor Turbine Casing Steam Turbine
3.9. Steam Turbine Shell Expansion Trip Turbine Casing
Turbine Casing 2 Inner Casing Outer Casing Casing Inner
Casing Outer Casing Casing Deform
Turbine Casing Crack
3.10. Steam Turbine Rotor Expansion Turbine Rotor Turbine
Cold Start-up Turbine Rotor Turbine Rotor
Moving Part Stationary Part
Turbine Rotor Stationary Part Rotor Long + Rotor Short
- Hot Start-Up Turbine Rotor Steam
Rotor Turbine Rotor Cool Turbine Rotor
Rotor Stationary Part
3.11. Condenser Vacuum Low Trip Condenser Vacuum Back
Pressure Turbine Exhaust Steam
Friction Turbine Blade Steam Turbine
Blade Exhaust Hood Overheat
3.12. Lube Oil Level Low Trip Steam Turbine
Turbine Bearing Steam Turbine
3.13. Generator Lock out Relay Trip ( 86 G1) Trip Steam Turbine
(Electrical Protection) Generator , Transformer ,
External Fault
- 3.13.1 Main Aux.Transformer Lock out Relay Trip (87 AT)
- 3.13.2 Main Aux.Transformer Over Current Trip (51AT)
- 3.13.3 Main Aux.Transformer Ground Over Current Trip (51GAT)
- 3.13.4 Gen Transformer Differential Lock out Relay Trip (87 GT)
- 3.13.5 Gen Differential Lock out Relay Trip (87 G)
2.5.1.1 - 9
- 3.13.6 Gen Ground Fault Trip ( 59G)

- 3.13.7 Gen Volt / Hertz Trip
- 3.13.8 Gen Over Excitation Trip
- 3.13.9 Gen Loss Of Excitation
- 3.13.10 Gen Reverse Power
- 3.13.11 Main Aux.Transformer Trip
- Buchhole Relay Trip
- Sudden Pressure Trip
- Winding Temp High Trip
- 3.13.12 Gen Transformer Trip
- Buchhole Relay Trip
- Sudden Pressure Trip
- Winding Temp High Trip
2.5.1.1 - 10
2.5.1.1 - 11
Gas turbine
Boiler OR HRSG (Heat Recovery Steam Generation)
Steam Turbine
2.5.1.1 - 12
2.5.1.2 HEAT RECOVERY STEAM GENERATION (HRSG)
2.5.1.2 - 1

Boiler

Boiler Pressure Superheat ,Reheat ,Evaporator ,Economizer ,Preheater ,Drum Safety Valve
2 General Construction of Boiler (Birds Eye View)

2.5.1.2 - 2
Boiler Structure
Boiler ,Expansion Joint ,Bellow Seal Drum
Steam 3
Steam drum separation (a) gravity , (b) mechanical primary (Baffler) and secondary (screen) , (c) centrifugal
3 Drum
Boiler Protection
Boiler Overpressure
Overheat
(Relief Valve and Safety Valve)

Steam Safety Valve Boiler
Steam Drum , Superheat Outlet Header
Relief Valve
disc Spring disc Seat
Valve Outlet disc
Valve disc Seat
4 Relief Valve
2.5.1.2 - 3
Safety Valve Relief Valve Valve Body

gas steam disc Seat Seal disc
Valve lip ,Center portion safety valve s disc
disc
lip disc
disc valve 60% gas
gas disc
Spring disc
Valve gas
lip disc Valve
valve disc seat Safety Valve
Popping Pressure Valve Blowdown Blowback
*** Safety valve Relief valve Relief valve
Safety valve Relief valve gas
( : Safety valve
)
5 Safety Valve
2.5.1.2 - 4
Bypass Control Valve

Control Valve Hydraulic
(Operating Pressure) Overpressure
Bypass Control Valve Condenser
(Water Level)
Boiler
(Minimum Safe Limit) (Over heating )
Steam

2 2
2
TRIP BOILER
-All Boiler Feed Pump Not Running
-All Circulating Water Pump Not Running
-All Condensate Pump Not Running
-Gas Turbine Trip
-Boiler Bypass Stack Temp. High-High (648 oC)
-Boiler Stack Temp. High-High (154 oC)
-Main Steam Temp. High (575 oC)
-Hot Reheat Steam Temp. High (575 oC)
-Drum Level Low-Low
-Drum Level High-High
-Condenser Hot well Level High-High (458 mm)
-Emergency Close
2.5.1.2 - 5
2.5.1.2 - 6
2.5.1.2 - 7
2.6 Plant Maintenance
2.6 - 1

(CONDITION
BASED MAINTENANCE CBM)

2.6 - 2

1.1.

2.6 - 3

1.2

(Breakdown) (Urgent Repairs)
(Productivity) (Quality)

2.6 - 4

:

(High Capacity)
1.3
?
?

2.6 - 5
1. (Availability Performance)
(Equipment Effectiveness) (Technical
Lifetime)
2.6 - 6
2.
?

1.4.
(Maintenance Costs)
1.4.1

2.6 - 7
(Cost) (Result)
2.6 - 8

Maintenance
Capital
Costs
Energy
Losses
Quality
Losses
Work
Environment
Capacity
Losses
Production
Losses
Lost Market
Increased
Investments
(Quality Losses)

( Energy Losses )

(Capital Costs)

35 %
2.6 - 9

(Buffer Stock)
(Just in Time JIT)

(Production Losses)

(Capacity Losses)

(Work Environment)

(Lost Market)

(Increased Investments)

2.6 - 10
1.4.2 (Direct and Indirect Maintenance Costs)

2.6 - 11
1.5 (Preventive and Corrective Maintenance)

1.5.1

(Preventive Maintenance) (Corrective Maintenance) (Condition
Monitoring) (Improvement Maintenance)
1.5.2 (Corrective Maintenance)
(Emergency Maintenance) (Break Down Maintenance)

(Corrective Maintenance)
1.5.3 (Preventive Maintenance)

2.6 - 12
1.5.4 (Improvement Maintenance)

(Design Out) (Life Time Extension)
1.6 (Direct and Indirect Preventive Maintenance)
(Direct Preventive Maintenance) (Indirect Preventive Maintenance)

2.6 - 13

(Fixed Time Maintenance
FTM)

(Condition Monitoring) (Condition Based Maintenance
CBM)

1.7. (Subjective and Objective Condition
Monitoring)

(Subjective Condition Monitoring)
(Objective Condition Monitoring)

2.6 - 14

2
1. (Off-line Condition Monitoring)

2. (On-Line Condition Monitoring)

1.8. (Planned and Unplanned Corrective Maintenance)

2
(Unplanned Corrective Maintenance)
(Planned Corrective Maintenance)
2.6 - 15

1.9
1.9.1 ?
2.6 - 16

-
-
-
1.9.2
Mean Time To Failure
MTTF
MTTF

1.9.3 (Maintenance Support Performance)
Mean Waiting Time MWT

MWT

1.9.4 (Maintainability Performance)

Mean Time To Repair MTTR
MTTR
2.6 - 17
1.9.5 (Mean Down Time)

(Mean Down Time) MDT MWT MTTR
(MWT)
(MTTR) MDT
MTTF
MDT
MWT
A
Tup
Tdm
=
=
=
A=
(Availability performance)
(Time Up)
(Down Time due to maintenance)
Tup
Tup + Tdm
MTTF
MTTF + MDT
MTTF
MTTF + MTTR + MWT
=
2.6 - 18
MTTR
1.9.6

100%
100%

Production
Availability Performance x Capacity
2.6 - 19
1.9.1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1.9.7

24
24 (Utilization Factor)
16 16/24 = 0.66
8 8/24 = 0.33
3.2
2.6 - 20
1.9.2 %
()
%
%
0
100
8760
730
24
50
50
4380
365
12
80
20
1752
146
4.8
90
10
876
73
2.4
99
1
87.6
7.3
14.4
99.9
0.1
8.76
43
1.4
99.99
0.01
53
4.3
8.6
99.999
0.001
5.3
26
0.86
99.9999
0.0001
32
2.6
0.086
1.9.8

2.6 - 21

A
MTTF
MWT
MTTR
Or
=
=
=
=
Mean Time To Failure

Mean Waiting Time
Meat Time To Repair
MTTF
A =
MTTF + MWT + MTTR
MTTF
A =
MTTF + MDT
X 100 %
X 100 %
MDT = Mean Down Time = MWT + MTTR

Or
Tup
X 100 %
Tup + Tdown
Tup = Time Up for production
Tdm = Down Time due to maintenance
Tup hours/failure
MTTF =
(a + 1)
a =
A
MDT = Tdm / a
hours/failure
Tup1
Tdm1
Tup2
Tdm2
Tup3
Tdm3
Tup4
Tdm4
Tup5
T = (Calendar time)
Prod.
Tup
Stop
Tdm
2.6 - 22
Tup1 + Tup2 + Tup3 + Tup4 + Tup5

5
MTTF =
(Mean Time To Failure)

MDT =
Tdm1 + Tdm2 + Tdm3 + Tdm4

4
(Mean Down Time)

Tup = (T - Tdm ) , Tdm = (T - Tup )
1. (Tup)
2. (Tdm)
3. (a)
Tup
Tdm
a
= 940
= 160
= 70
MTTF =
MDT =
940
70 + 1
160
70
= 13.2
= 2.3
MTTR = 0.7
MWT = 1.6
Tup
Tup + Tdm
MTTF
MTTF + MDT
= 85%
940
940 + 160
= 0.85
MTTF
MTTF + MTTR + MWT
2.6 - 23
13.2
13.2 + 0.7 + 1.6
= 0.85
a = -
- FTM
= 70
-
MTTR = 0.7 ..
MWT = 1.6 ..
-PM
MDT = 2.3 ..
-
(MTTR+MWT)
-
-
(Optimistic)
Tdm = a xMDT = 30 x 1.5 = 45 ..
Tup = T-Tdm = 1100 45 = 1055 ..
A=
1055
1055+45
(Optimistic)
a = 30
MTTR = 0.7 ..
MWT = 0.8 ..
MDT = 1.5 ..
= 0.96 = 96%
- 0.85 = 12.9% +
Production = 0.960.85
(Less Optimistic)
Tdm = a xMDT = 50 x 1.9 = 95 ..
Tup = T-Tdm = 1100 95 = 1005 ..
A=
1005
1055+95
= 0.91 = 91%
Production =
0.91 - 0.85
0.85
= 7.1% +
Production 7.1 - 12.9%

(Overall Equipment Effectiveness)
2.6 - 24
(Less Optimistic)
a = 50
MTTR = 0.7 ..
MWT = 1.2 ..
MDT = 1.9 ..
100%
100%
1.
2.
3.

Overall Equipment Effectiveness, OEE = AxPxQ
A = (Availability Performance)
P = (Production Speed Performance)
Q = (Quality Performance)
2.6 - 25
Total Available Time (100% Time)

A. Available Operative Time
P. Net Operative Time
Q. Valuable Time
Quality Losses
A = Availability Performance =
Stoppages
Speed Losses
Total available time Stop time

Total available time
Total available time Stop time
Total available time
x 100%
x 100%
P = Production Speed Performance

=
=
=
P = Quality Performance =
=
Available operative time Time of speed losses

Available operative time
Net operative time
x 100%
Ideal cycle time x Processed amount

Valuable time
Net operative time
x 100%
Processed amount Rejected amount

Processed amount
OEE = A x P XQ
2.6 - 26
x 100%
x 100%
x 100%
1.10.

1.10.1

JIT (Just in Time)

2.6 - 27

(Maintenance Windows)

Production Planning
Production
Maintenance Planning
2.6 - 28

(Production Loss)
100,000 3
300,000

CHANGE
OF
TOOLS
CHANGE
OF
PRODUC
T
SHIFT
CHANGE
STOP
FOR
CLEANING
PRODUCTION PLANNING
MARKET
2.6 - 29

1.10.2

(FTM) (a1) PM PM PM
(b1) PM
2.6 - 30
(C1)
PM
(d1) (a1), (b1) (c1)
(d1) PM
PM
.d1
.a1 PM
.c1
.b1
-.
2.6 - 31
(FTM) (CBM)
CBM FTM
.d1
.a1 PM
.c1
.b1
PM with FTM
-.
PM with CBM
PM FTM
PM CBM
2.6 - 32
1.10.3 (Maintenance windows and their utilization)

OPERATE TO BREAK DOWN

DOWN TIME
OTBD
TIME UP
WAITING
TIME
REPAIR
TIME
CONDITION BASED MAINTENANCE

DOWN TIME
CBM
TIME UP
WITH REPAIR
TIME
PREPARE
AND PLAN
FIND FAILURE
USE MAINTENANCE WINDOW, TIME DOWN = 0
3
( ) 1
2.6 - 33
(Production loss)
( 1
3 )
1.11

1.11.1 (Operate to break down OTBD)

(OTBD)
OTBD
OTBD
1.11.2 (Fixed-time maintenance FTM )
(FTM ) OTBD

FTM

1.11.3 ( Condition-based maintenance CBM )
(Just In Time maintenance )
2.6 - 34
1.11.4 (Design out maintenance DOM )
1.11.5 (Lifetime extension LTE )

LTE
1.11.6 (Redundancy RED

1.12.

2.6 - 35
1.12.1 ?

1.12.2 ?

1.12.3 ?

1.12.4 ?
( FTM )
1.12.5 ?

1.12.6 ?

1.12.7 (OTBD )

2.6 - 36
1.13.1.

(Random failures - ) (Regular failures- )
1.13.2. ( Failure developing time )

( on-line )
( off-line )
2.6 - 37
(With Failure Developing Time)
(Without Failure Developing Time)

2.6 - 38
1.13.3
1.13.3.1 -
( online )
1.13.3.2 -

1.13.3.3 -

1.13.3.4 -
(FTM )

2.6 - 39

MMEC Maintenance Management Education Center
- ..
- .
- .
- .
- ..
2.6 - 40
2.7 Plant Performance
2.7 - 1
(Plant Performance)

3
1.
2. ,
3.
d
e
c
1
1

70 80%
,
10%

50% Condenser Unit
Output
39 %
2 Sankey Diagram
500 MW
MECHANIC
2 Sankey Diagram of heat flow
2.7 - 2

Carnot
Rankine Cycle
Thermodynamic Power Plant
Boiler Combustion
Performance
Boiler Efficiency and Optimisation
Turbine Performance
Condenser Performance
Feed Water Heater Performance
Cooling Tower
Boiler Efficiency Turbine
Efficiency
1. Boiler Efficiency 2
Boiler efficiency ( B) =
output
* 100
input
1.1 Input -Output Method

1.2 Heat loss Method
Boiler efficiency ( B) =
input - loss
* 100
input
Test Instrument
Boiler efficiency ( B) = 100 -
Loss
* 100
input
Steam &Water Pressure gauge accuracy

0.25% Pressure transmitter acc. 0.1%

Calibrate
2.7 - 3
Thermocouple Test class Calibrate

Flue gas Standard Orsat
Sampling probe samplimg point
Composition Lab
4 .
Steady state 1 .
Test condition
System isolation , soot blower, boiler blow down, Fan angle, Draft balancing ,
burner tilt , burner damper
Equipment condition Running, cleaning
Pressure and temperature 15
Heat in fuel(Hf) (Chemical)

Heat in entering air(BA)
Heat in atomizing steam(Bz)
Sensible heat in fuel(Bf)
Circulating fan power(Bx)
Heat in moisture in air(BmA)
Heat in boiler circulating pump(Bx)
Heat in primary water
Heat in DE SH water
Heat in feedwater
Output
Heat in RH steam out

Heat in DE SH water
Heat in RH steam in
LUC Unburned carbon in refuse
LG Heat in dry flue gas
Lmf Moisture in fuel
LH Moisture from burning hydrogen
LmA Moisture in air
Lz Heat in atomizing steam
2.7 - 4 and convection
LB Radiation
2.7 - 5
Turbine Cycle Performance

Steam Turbine Generator Heat Rate Test Normal Operation
B5752
Ms (H1 hr) + MR/H(H3 H2) +
Mis (hr his) + MirH3 hir)
Pg
3600
Heat Consumption =
where Ms
H1
Hr
MR/H
H2
H3
his
Mir
hir
Pg
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
steam Flow to HP turbine stop

specific enthalpy of steam at HP turbine stop valves, kJ/kg
specific enthalpy of final feedwater, kJ/kg
steam flow from HP exhaust to reheater, kg/s
specific enthalpy of steam at HP turbine exhaust, kJ/kg
specific enthalpy of steam at IP turbine stop valves, kJ/kg
specific enthalpy of spraywater to superheater, kJ/kg
spraywater flow to reheater, kg/s
specific enthalpy of spraywater to reheater, kJ/kg
power at generator terminals, kWh
4 TB Cycle Performance Test Overall

Plant Efficiency
Boiler Efficiency Turbine Cycle Efficiency
2.7 - 6
2.7 - 7
Performance Assessment
Performance
Survey
1.
2.
3.
4.

1. Performance Assessment
- Performance
- Performance
- Performance
- Performance Performance
- Performance
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4 Performance
2.5
2.6 Performance
3.
3.1
2.7 - 8

- P&I Diagram
- Design Data
- Performance Data
Reference Heat Rate
Actual Heat Rate
3.2
Instrument Performance Assessment
Performance Instrument
Location
Pressure
Main Steam
First Stage
Cold Reheat
Hot Reheat
Crossover
Condenser
Feed Water Heater Extraction
Feed Water Heater Inlet
Feed Water Heater Outlet
Feed Water Shell Pressure
Feed Water Heater Drain Outlet
Final Feed Water
Condensate
Circulating Water Inlet / Outlet
Economize Gas Exit
Air Heater Inlet / Outlet (Gas and Air)
Amblent
Superheat Spray
Reheat Spray
()
()
2.7 - 9
Temperature
Flow
()
()
Auxiliary Steam
Make Up Water
Fuel
GT. Exhaust
HRSG. Inlet / Outlet Gas
Include :
Exit Gas O2, CO2, CO Instrument
Electrical Generation Instrument
Auxiliary Electrical Power Consumption Instrument
Instruments in Plant Audit Section
3.3
Performance Performance
Performance 3
-
- Performance Test Report
-
Plant Heat Rate Uncontrollable Parameter
Ambient Condition, Fuel Properties Correct Standard Condition
Design Condition
3.4 Performance
Performance Reference
Data Plant Performance

- Performance (Actual Performance)
Performance (Reference Performance) Uncontrollable
Parameter Ambisnt Condition, Fuel Properties Correct
Standard Condition
- Loss
- Performance (Actual Performance)

Performance (Reference Performance) Loss
2.7 - 10
Performance
Loss
Performance (Actual Performance)

Performance (Reference Performance)
Loss
3.5
Plant Performance
Performance Tool
- Performance Test
- Equipment Performance Test
- Heater Balance Code Program
- Performance Tutorial
- Performance Parameter Diagnostic
- Heat Rate Logic Tree
3.6
- Performance Performance

- Performance Boiler, Turbine, Cooling
Tower etc. Performance

- Performance
- Performance
Performance Assessment Report
1.
,
2.7 - 11
2.
3.

4.
5.
Design Data
(Target) Thermal Kit
6.

7.
2.7 - 12
Advance Operator Training Fundamental of Plant Efficiency

Fundamental of Plant Efficiency
Plant Cycle
Cycle

1. Plant Cycle
2. Enthalpy
3. Steam Quality Enthalpy Exhaust Steam
4.
5. Turbine Cycle Efficiency
6. Turbine Cycle Efficiency
7. Turbine Cycle Efficiency Condenser Back Pressure
8. Boiler Efficiency
9. Overall Plant Efficiency
10. Gross Net Plant Heat Rate
11. Factor Boiler Efficiency
2.7 - 13
Fundamental of Plant Efficiency

Segment A
(Heat Energy)
(Electrical Energy) (Waste Heat)
100 15
Boiler Flue Gas Stack (
Gas 300 F)
Turbine Cycle Steam Turbine
Condenser Condensate Water Steam (Latent Heat)
Circulating Water 50
65 35
35%
35%
Heat Loss Steam Process
Steam
Steam Cogeneration Unit
Steam Process
Condensing Turbine Steam Process
Heat Recovery
FIG.1A.1 Turbine Cycle Steam Table Working
Fluid (Water Steam) Cycle Feedwater Heater
Dearator Steam
Temperature Pressure Cycle
Steam Enthalpy Main Steam Pressure = 500 PSIA 850 F. Steam Table
Superheated 500 PSIA Saturation Temperature =
467.01 F. Steam Enthalpy 1439.7 BTU/LB.
FIG.1A.2
500 PSIA 450 BTU/LB
2.7 - 14
32 F. 467 F. (Saturation Temperature)

755 BTU/LB ()
Superheated Steam
Turbine
Turbine Turbine
Turbine
2.7 - 15
Segment B
Turbine 1 HG abs (Back Pressure
0.5 PSIA) Condenser Vacuum Manometer

(Back Pressure) Condenser Barometer
Condenser Manometer 29 HG () Barometer
30HG Condenser Back Pressure 1HG. 0.5 PSIA
Turbine Water / Steam Mixture Steam
Steam Quality Moisture Content Exhaust
Steam Quality 90% 10% X Steam Quality
Enthalpy Exhaust Steam
Hsteam = hr + (X)hfg
hr
=
Enthalpy (Sensible Heat)
hfg
=
Enthalpy Steam / Water Mixture (Latent Heat)
Steam Table :
=
48.02 BTU/LB
hr
hfg
=
1048.6 BTU/LB
hsteam =
48.02 + (0.9) 1048.6 BTU/LB
=
48.02 + 943.74 BTU/LB
=
991.76 BTU/LB
Turbine Enthalpy Steam
Turbine 1439.7 991.76 = 447.94 BTU/LB
Mass Flow Rate 100,000 LB/HR Turbine 44.8 106
BUT/HR 13.126 MW (1 BTU = 0.000293 KW-HR.) Mechanical Electrical
Loss
Steam Turbine Condenser
(Latent Heat) Circulating Water
Turbine 80 F. ( Saturation Temperature
1HG. (0.5
PSIA) Moisture Content 10%, Latent Heat 943.74 BTU/LB
2.7 - 16
Circulating Water Discharge Loss

Cycle
Condensate Boiler Feed Pump
(
) Pump Discharge 800 PSIA Feedwater,
Compressed Water Table, Enthalpy Feedwater Boiler 50.2 BTU/LB
Feedwater Boiler 1389.5 BTU/LB (h)
enthalpy Feedwater Boiler Enthalpy Steam Boiler
Feedwater h Feedwater Mass Flow
Turbine Cycle Efficiency Useful Turbine Work Heat Added to the Water
and steam Boiler
Useful Work
Heat Added in Boiler
447.94
= 0.3225 32.35%
1389.5
= 67.75% Condenser
Turbine Cycle Boiler
2.7 - 17
Segment C (Part I)
2 (FIG.1C.1) Main Steam 850 F 1000 F
Turbine 1519.6 BTU/LB 850 F
(1439.7BTU/LB)
Turbine = 80F Enthalpy = 991.76 BTU/LB
Turbine
1519.6 991.73 = 527.84 BTU/LB
Feedwater Fluid Boiler
1519.6 50.2 = 1469.4 BTU/LB
Turbine Cycle =
527.84
= 35.9%
1469.4
Turbine Cycle 32.9% 35.9% Main

Steam 850F 1,000F
Main Steam Material
Steam 1,000F
(FIG 1C.2) Steam Pressure Steam Pressure 2,000
PSIA 1,000F Steam 1474.5 BTU/LB
Steam Pressure Turbine Cycle
Steam Pressure Degree Of Superheat Steam Turbine
Steam Saturated Quality Turbine
Steam
Turbine Enthalpy Steam Expansion Turbine Stage
Enthalpy Turbine
Main Steam Pressure Steam
Turbine Rotor Drag Rotor Blade

Turbine Blade Erosion Low Pressure Turbine Blade
Moisture Content 12 15% Cycle
Reheat Cycle Reheater
2.7 - 18
FIG.1C.3 Turbine Back Pressure 4 HG abs. (2PSIA)

Saturation 126F Exhaust Steam Quality 84% Enthalpy Exhaust Steam
Hexhaust = hr + (quality) hrg
= 94 + (0.84) 1022.5
= 952 BTU/LB
(929 BTU/LB) Turbine
Turbine 521.6 BTU/LB Feedwater
Compressed Water Table Enthalpy Feedwater = 99.3 BTU/LB

Boiler = 1474.5 99.3 = 1375 BTU/LB
Turbine Cycle =
521.6
= 37.9%
1,375
Turbine Cycle = 38.3% Back Pressure

Condenser 1HG abs 4HG abs Turbine Cycle Efficiency 0.4%
(Specific Volume)
1
1HG abs 3 3HG abs Low
Pressure Cylinder
Exhaust Hood, Low Pressure Blade
Back Pressure Condenser
Turbine Cycle
1. Heat Loss Condenser ( 60%)
2. Turbine Cycle Main Steam (
Material)
3. Turbine Cycle Main Steam (
Quality Exhaust Steam)
4. Turbine Cycle Turbine Back Pressure
2.7 - 19
Segment C (Part II)

Boiler Boiler
87%
Boiler 85% 100 BTU
1 Boiler 85 BTU
1
1,389.5 BTU
=
1,389.5
= 1,635 BTU/LB
0.85
Boiler 10 5 / Boiler
163.5 10 6 BTU/HR
Boiler
Heating Value = 10 5 BTU/LB 16,350 LB/HR
(8.175 TON/HR) Fuel Oil Heating Value 18,000 BTU/LB Fuel Oil 9,100
LBS/HR 1137.5 Gallon/HR ( Fuel Oil 8 LB = 1 Gallon)
Boiler
A.
B. Heating Value
C. Boiler ( Leak Flow Steam Flow )
D. (Enthalpy) Feedwater Boiler
E. Enthalpy Steam Boiler
Boiler =
Heat Added to the fluid

Heat in Fuel Supply to the Boiler
Overall Plant Efficiency =
Turbine Useful Work

Heat Input to the Boiler
Useful Turbine Work = 448 BTU/LB
2.7 - 20
Plant Efficiency =
448
= 0.274 (27.4%)
1,635
Turbine Cycle Boiler

32.5% 85% = 27.4%
Output KW-HR Generator Load 10 MW
1 10 4 KW-HR Turbine Generator = 3,412
10 4 BTU (1 KW-HR = 3412 BTU) Loss Turbine Generator
12,000 (Heating Value = 10 4 BTU/LB)
Boiler = 126 10 6 BTU/HR
34.12 10 6
=
= 0.27 (27%)
126 10 6
Performance Heat Rate

Heat Rate Boiler 1KW-HR
Heatrate 126 10 6 BTU/HR 10 4 KW-HR 12,600 BTU/KW-HR
Heat Rate 2 Net Plant Heat Rate Gross Plant Heat Rate
Net Plant Heat Rate 1 KWHR Transmission System
Gross Plant Heat Rate 1 KWHR Generator Terminal
2.7 - 21
Segment D
Boiler = 85% Loss 15%
Loss Boiler Gas Stack Loss
A.
B. (ASH)
C. Boiler Blow Down
D. Soot Blowing
E. Heat Radiation
1D.1 Turbine Generator 70 MW Boiler 550,000 LB/HR
1,200 PSIA, 950F Feedwater = 370F
70 MW 40,000 LB/HR Fuel Oil Heating
Value 180,000 BTU/LB Boiler = 720 10 6 BTU/HR
Stack Loss Gas Stack
Boiler Fuel Gas Fuel Oil
Gas Flow = 600,000 LB/HR Full Load Gas Stack

= 360F = 60F Heat Loss
Heat Loss
% Heat Loss (Stack Loss)
= Gas Quantity Specific Heat del.T

= 600,000 LB 0.24 (360 60)
= 43.2 10 6 BTU/HR
43.2 10 6
=
= 0.06 = 6%
720 10 6
Boiler Tube Gas Stack

(Exit Gas)
500F Heat Loss 600,000 0.24 440
=
6
63.36 10 BTU/HR 8.8%
Boiler Exit Gas
Sulfer 3-4% Flue Gas Boiler 350F
2.7 - 22
Corrosion Boiler Cold End Form (H2SO4) Dew

Point FIG.1D.2
Stack Loss 5%
72,000 LB/HR = 3,600 LB/HR =
1,000 BTU/LB Loss Fuel Gas
3.6 10 6 BTU/HR
(H)

(Moisture) Loss
Fuel Oil 10%

(Fuel Oil) = 40,000 LB/HR = 40,000 LB
H2 + O2 - - - > Heat + H2O (Water Vapor)
1 H2 (H2O) 9 Water Vapor 36,000 LB/HR (4,000 9)
Flue Gas Stack Heat Loss 36,000,000 BTU/HR ( = 1,000
BTU/LB) Boiler Efficiency Loss = 5%
Vapor Loss
( 20-25%) Exess Air
Flue Gas 250F (
Sulfer )
Boiler
(Carorific Value) 2 Higher Heating
Value Low Heating Value
Lower Heating Value Vapor Loss
()
Boiler Heating Value
Lower Heating Value Boiler
2.7 - 23
Segment E
Excess Air Boiler Boiler
Loss Stack Loss Exhaust Gas Stack
Stack Loss
Excess Air Exhaust Gas Stack Loss

1. Carbon
2. Hydrogen
3. Sulfer
, , ()

C + O2 - - - > CO2 + Heat (14,600 BTU)
1 2.66 3.66
14,600 BTU
1 8 61,500 BTU
2H + O2 - - - > H2O + Heat (61,500 BTU)
1 4,000 BTU
Corrosion

1. Heating Value
2. ( Ideal)
2.7 - 24
(CO)

C (1 LB) + O2 (1.333 LB) - - - > CO (2.33 LB) + 4,400 BTU)

Boiler (Pulverized Coal)
(Atomized Fuel Oil)
Ideal
Combustion Air ( 23%
77% )

Boiler Force Draft Fan
Boiler Stack
( Combustion Air)
Flue Gas Excess Oxygen 3-4%
2.5-3%

Stack
(ASH)
Flue Gas
CO2, N2, SO2, SO3, O2 CO

Excess Air
Excess Air
(Combustible 50 PPM.)
2.7 - 25
2.7 - 26
2.7 - 27
2.7 - 28
2.7 - 29
2.7 - 30
2.7 - 31
Segment A
1. (Energy Loss)
2.
3. () Steam Table 315C 105 bar(a)
Superheated Steam
Segment B

Percentage Steam / Water
Turbine 482C 61.2 bar(a) Turbine 26.7C
1HG abs. 12% Moisture Content, Steam Flow Rate 90.7 ton/hr
Enthalpy Steam Turbine
[hsteam = hr + (x) hfg]
Useful Turbine Work
Segment C (Part I)
(, ) 1-4
1. Main Steam Turbine Cycle ............( / )
2. Main Steam Turbine Cycle ............( / )
2.7 - 32
3.
4.
5.
6.
Turbine Back Pressure Turbine Cycle ..............( / )

(Specific Volume) ..............( / )
Quality Percentage ......................... Steam / Water
Exhaust Steam Turbine 38C Quality = 95%
A. Enthalpy Exhaust Steam
[hsteam = hr + (x) hfg]
B. Exhaust Steam 1
(Condensate)
Segment C (Part II)
1. Feedwater Boiler = 907.4 ton/hr Enthalpy = 99.3 BTU/LB, Main Steam

Boiler 2,000 PSIA 1,000F
(BTU/LB) Boiler Boiler 85%
2. 1 Boiler Steam Turbine Exhaust Steam Turbine
90F Quality 90%
A. KW-HR Turbine-Generator Continuous
Steady State Load (Steam Flow )
B. Overall Plant Efficiency
C. Gross Plant Heat Bate
Segment D
1. Flue Gas Boiler 700,000 LB/HR Flue Gas 340F

Specific Heat 0.24 = 70F Boiler
750 10 6 BTU/HR
A. Plant Stack
2.7 - 33
2.
3.
4.
5.
B. Loss Boiler
Boiler
..................
1 ..............
............................(, )
(Lower, Higher) Heating Value Vapor Loss

Segment E
1. (Fossil Fuel)
3
A. .
B. .
C. .
2. 1
A. .
B. .
C. .
3. () Boiler
4. ..............
5. ...............
6. () Heating Value
7. Boiler Furnace
2.7 - 34
2.7.1 COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT PERFORMANCE
2.7.1 - 1

(COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT PERFORMANCE)
1
HEAT RATE, EFFICIENCY OUTPUT
HEAT RATE
Heat Rate =
Heat Consumption
Energy Output
HEAT CONSUMPTION : BTU

ENERGY OUTPUT : kWh
2.7.1 - 2
HEAT RATE BTU/kWh HEAT RATE

GENERATOR

, BOILER FEED PUMP CIRCULATING WATER PUMP
GROSS OUTPUT NET OUTPUT
EFFICIENCY %
Efficiency =
Energy Output
Heat Consumption
EFFICIENCY HEAT RATE

HEAT RATE EFFICIENCY

efficiency =
1
100%
Heat Rate
3413
BTU
)
Heat Rate : (
kWh
860
kCal.
)
Heat Rate : (
kWh
100%
100%
( 1 kWh = 3413 BTU = 860 kCal. )
2.7.1 - 3
2

3

4
First Generation
Second Generation
Third Generation
50 90 MW
70 250 MW
Gas Turbine Small Size
& Heat Recovery Feedwater Heat Recovery Feedwater
Application Repowering
Cogeneration From 1949 Heating CC From 1968 Heating CC In The 1990s
1968
1999
Steam Cycle Non-Reheat Single Or Non-Reheat, Single , Two Reheat , Three Pressure
Two Pressure
& Three Pressure
None
GT Water And Steam DLN Combustion With
Emission
Injection Plus SCR Natural Gas And Wtr /
Control
Installed In The HRSG Steam Inj With Oil Fuel
Gas Path For NOX Plus SCR Installed In
Control
HRSG
Distillate Oil / Natural Natural Gas / Distillate Oil Natural Gas / Distillate Oil
Fuel
Gas
/ Low BTU Gas / Oil
/ Low BTU Gas
3
2.7.1 - 4
4 COMBINED CYCLE SYSTEM EFFICIENCY TREND

STAG107H / 109H SINGLE SHAFT
GAS TURBINE STEAM TURBINE 5
50 60 % 6
5 STAG 107H/109H CYCLE DIAGRAM
2.7.1 - 5
6 50 Hz STAG PRODUCT LINE PERFORMANCE
COMPRESSOR, COMBUSTOR TURBINE 7

T-S P-V 8
8 T-S P-V
2.7.1 - 6
2500
FIRST STAGE TURBINE NOZZLE GENERAL ELECTRIC
FIRING TEMPERATURE 9
9 FIRING TEMPERATURE
FIRING TEMPERATURE
10
FIRING TEMPERATURE
FIRING TEMPERATURE
10
2.7.1 - 7
11 COMPARISON OF AIR-COOLED vs STEAM-COOLED FIRST STAGE NOZZLE

11 FIRST STAGE TURBINE NOZZLE

TURBINE
FIRING TEMPERATURE
12 PRESSURE RATIO EFFICIENCY

PRESSURE RATIO
FIRINGTEMPERATURE PRESSURE RATIO
12
13 SPECIFIC OUTPUT FIRING
TEMPERATURE PRESSURE RATIO
SIMPLE CYCLE PRESSURE RATIO FIRING
2.7.1 - 8
TEMPERATURE OUPUT COOLING

AIR
COMBINED CYCLE PRESSURE RATIO
SPECIFIC OUTPUT FIRING TEMPERATURE
13 GAS TURBINE PERFORMANCE
HEAT RATE OUTPUT

HEAT RATE OUTPUT 14
14 EFFECT OF AMBIENT TEMPERATURE

15 HEAT RATE
OUTPUT HEAT RATE OUTPUT
2.7.1 - 9
15 HUMIDITY EFFECT CURVE

MS7001EA 16 GT
EXHAUST HEAT RATE OUTPUT GT EXHAUST TEMPERATURE
16 PRESSURE DROP EFFECT (MS7001EA)

WATER STEAM INJECTION HEAT RATE FIRING
TEMPERATURE 17
17 EFFECT OF STEAM INJECTION ON MS7001EA
2.7.1 - 10
18 DLN (DRY LOW NOX) ,

WATER INJECTION STEAM INJECTION
WATER STEAM INJECTION HEAT RATE OUTPUT
HEAT RATE OUTPUT WATER INJECTION
HEAT RATE OUTPUT STEAM INJECTION
18 EFFECT OF NOX CONTROL ON COMBINED CYCLE PERFORMANCE

HEAT RATE OUTPUT
19
19 EFFECT OF AIR EXTRACTION ON OUTPUT AND HEAT RATE
2.7.1 - 11

COMPRESSOR EVAPORATIVE COOLING 20

CHILLING
20 EFFECT OF EVAPORATIVE COOLING ON OUTPUT AND HEAT RATE

21 EVAPORATIVE COOLING
OUTPUT 5.2 % HEAT RATE CHILLING OUPUT
10 % HEAT RATE 1.6 % CHILLING
21 STAG SYSTEM POWER ENHANCEMENT OPTION
2.7.1 - 12
HRSG (HEAT RECOVERY STEAM GENERATOR)

HRSG STEAM
HRSG SINGLE PRESSURE NON REHEAT HEAT RECOVERY
FEEDWATER HEATING 22
22 SINGLE PRESSURE NON REHEAT HRSG DIAGRAM

23
HRSG
23 TYPICAL EXHAUST GAS TEMPERATURE PROFILE - ONE PRESSURE SYSTEM

THREE PRESSURE REHEAT HRSG SYSTEM
24
2.7.1 - 13
24 TYPICAL TEMPERATURE PROFILE FOR THREE PRESSURE SYSTEM

25 STAG207EA OUTPUT
THREE PRESSURE REHEAT HRSG SYSTEM NON REHEAT 0.7 %
25 PERFORMANCE VARIATION WITH STEAM CYCLE

HRSG
ACID DEW POINT TEMPERATURE
,,
OUTPUT HEAT RATE 26
2.7.1 - 14
26 STAG COMBINED CYCLE PERFORMANCE VARIATION WITH FUEL CHARACTERISTICS
BOILER, STEAM TURBINE, CONDENSER

FEED PUMP 27
27 RANKINE CYCLE
MAIN STEAM TEMPERATURE : STEAM ENTHALPY

TURBINE CYCLE OUTPUT STEAM
MAIN STEAM PRESSURE : STEAM TURBINE

THROTTLE PRESSURE TURBINE CYCLE
OUTPUT 28 ENTHALPY USEABLE ENERGY
REHEAT STEAM TEMPERATURE : REHEAT STEAM TURBINE

TURBINE CYCLE OUTPUT STEAM
TURBINE REHEAT STEAM DEGREE
2.7.1 - 15
SUPERHEAT STEAM LP TURBINE LP TURBINE

STAGE
28 THROTTLE PRESSURE CORRECTION FOR SINGLE REHEAT UNITS

MAIN STEAM /REHEAT STEAM DESUPERHEAT FLOW : EXHAUST TEMPERATURE
MAIN STEAM REHEAT STEAM
TEMP STEAM DESUPERHEAT
FLOW 29
2.7.1 - 16
29 CORRECTION FOR MAIN STEAM AND REHEAT STEAM DESUPERHEATING FLOW

CONDENSOR PRESSURE : PRESSURE CONDENSOR
STEAM LP TURBINE PRESSURE
TURBINE CYCLE LP TURBINE PRESSURE
PRESSURE STEAM 30 CONDENSOR PRESSURE
TURBINE BACKPRESSURE
CIRCULATING WATER CONDENSOR
EXHAUSTER
30 STEAM TURBINE OUTPUT vs EXHAUST PRESSURE
2.7.1 - 17
CONDENSATE SUB-COOLING : CONDENSATE SATURATION

CONDENSATE STEAM FLOW CONDENSOR
BAFFLE STEAM CONDENSATE
HEAT RATE
FEEDWATER HEATING : FEEDWATER
TURBINE CYCLE BOILER FEEDWATER
STEAM TURBINE ( CIRCULATING WATER
CONDENSOR 970 BTU/
FEEDWATER HEATING HEATER
CONDENSATE PREHEATER HRSG
STEAM DEAERATOR
FEEDPUMP EFFICIENCY BOILER FEED PUMP

PUMP OVERALL UNIT EFFICIENCY
IMPELLER , SHAFT,
1. MAINTENANCE AWARENESS TRAINING HEAT RATE

IMPROVEMENT , .
2. C.JONES AND J.A. JACOBS III ECONOMICS AND TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR
COMBINED - CYCLE PERFORMANCE - ENHANCEMENT OPTIONS GER-4200, 2000.
3. D.L. CHASE COMBINED - CYCLE DEVELOPMENT EVOLUTION AND FUTURE GER-4206,
2001.
4. D.L. CHASE AND P.T. KEHOE GE COMBINED - CYCLE PRODUCT LINE AND
PERFORMANCE GER-3574G, 2000.
5. F.J. BROOKS GE GAS TURBINE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS GER-3567H, 2000.
6. P. ALBERT STEAM TURBINE THERMAL EVALUATION AND ASSESSMENT GER-4190, 2000.
7. R.W. SMITH, P. POLUKORT, C.E. MASLAK, C.M. JONES, B.D. GARDINER ADVANCED
TECHNOLOGY COMBINED CYCLES GER-3936A, 2001.
2.7.1 - 18
(COMBINED CYCLE POWER

PLANT PERFORMANCE)
( / ) ( )
.
1 HEAT RATE
HEAT RATE
2 FIRING TEMPERATURE
3 PRESSURE RATIO
4 OUTPUT HEAT RATE
5 OUTPUT HEAT RATE
6 STEAM INJECTION OUTPUT HEAT RATE
7 HRSG STACK TEMPERATURE
8 THROTTLE PRESSURE
9 MAIN STEAM TEMPERATURE
10 CONDENSOR PRESSURE
2.7.1 - 19
2.8 Project Management
2.8.1 Project Management
2.8.1 - 1

10%
10% 90%
-
- /
-
- OPERATION
-
-
1)
(Treat)
2) (TERMINATE)
3)
(TOLERATE)
4) (TRANSFER)
2.8.1 - 2

INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION

(Improvement and alignment Objective/Monitor

Program)
2.8.1 - 3
2.8.1 - 4

?
Boss
Bright Organizing Strategic System

Boss Loss
Low Organizing Strategic System
(RISK) Loss 85%
Boss
Boss GOAL
(Identify Loss Exposure)
Evaluate Risk
/ ,

/ Loss Loss of People
Loss of Property
Loss of Process
Loss of Environment
? (Ground Root)
2.8.1 - 5
2.8.2 Safety / Loss
2.8.2-1
Loss Control Management in power Plant

Loss Control Management
(OMA) (Owner)
(Operator)

20 80%
2.8.2-2

1.
2.
3.

85%
/

(THE MORE ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY THE MORE SAFETY DEVELOPMENT)

2.8.2-3
1.

(
)
OPERATION RISK OF PLANT

(PEOPLE)
(Equipment) , (Material) (ENVIRONMENT)

Resources (People , Equipment , Material)

EXAMPLE RISK
Sources of Loss
People
Equipment
Material
Environment
Risk
- inadequate
knowledge/standard
- inadequate Engineering Design
- Lack of Prevention Maintenance
- inadequate knowledge and
nature Harzard
- inadequate standard control
- Season
- Political/Law
- Community
2.8.2-4
Risk When Change

Sources of Loss
- Change People
- Change Position
- New Design Machines
- Replace Equipment
- Protection Change
- New Supply Material
- Lack of Material
- Over/under Stock
- Climate/Season Change
- Change of Political
- Community Climate

(BRAND)
2.

4
1. (Management Concept)
2. (Management Information System)
3. (Performance Standard)
4. (Measurement and Evaluation System)
2.1 (Management Concept)
(
)
(Input activities)
(Output activities)

(Loss Control) (Total
Management)
2.8.2-5
2.2 (Management Information System)

2.3 (Performance Standard)

2.4 (Measurement and Evaluation System)

10
2.

2.8.2-6
3.

ISO
9001:2000

Distributed
Control System (DCS)
(DCS)

(Interlock)

Critical Process Task Analysis
,
,
,
Balance Score Card

Suggestion, QCC, 5 .
Task Analysis

2.8.2-7
Specific Audit

, ,

5.
3
1. ,
, Specific Audit, ,
, QCC, , 5 ., / ,
, , ,
, , , , /
,
2.
, ,

3.
,
2.8.2-8
? Risk/Loss
/
1. Operating/Financial
(Identify Work)
2. /
(Standard Set)
3.

(Measurement)
4.
(Evaluating)
5.
(Commendation & Correction)

2.8.2-9
2.8.3 Finance
2.8.3 - 1
(Financial Management)
1.
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
3.
3.1
3.2
3.3
4.
4.1
4.2
5.
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
2.8.3 - 2
(Financial management) :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1.

1.1
- (Cash
Flow)
(Liquidity)
1.2
,
,
1.3

2
1.

2.
(Risk)
2.8.3 - 3
2.

2.1

2.2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2.3
1.
2.
3.
2.4

2

2.8.3 - 4
-

, ,
,
-

,
-

-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2.8.3 - 5
3.

3

1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
3.1

3.2

2.8.3 - 6
3.3

1. (Money measurement)
2. (Business entity)

3. (Verifiable Objective Evidences)

4. (Periodicity)

(1 .. 31 ..)
5. (Going concern)

2.8.3 - 7

6. (Cost)

7. (Realization)

2
(1)
(2)

8. (Matching)

9. (Accrual)

2
10. (Consistency)

11. (Disclosure)
2.8.3 - 8

12. (Conservatism)

13. (Materiality)
2.8.3 - 9
4.
4.1

1. (Balance Sheet)
2. (Income Statement)
3. (Statement of Changes in chair holders equity)
4. (Statement of cark flow)
4.1.1 (Balance Sheet)

-
-
- ( )
-
-
-
-
2.8.3 - 10
4.1.2

4.1.3
4.1.4

4.2

1.

2.

35
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
3.
1. ... 1 59
7

2.8.3 - 11
2. ... 1 58 2

2

3. .. 30 .. 31 .. 40
()
15

4. ... 50 68 69
150
1

5. ... 51 67
2 6

... 51

... 51
6 6
1-5

2.8.3 - 12
6.
5
2.8.3 - 13

POWER PLANT
31 2546 2545
2546 ()
2545 ()
639,956,833.73
32.44%
621,023,555.48
34.29%
3,511,300.00
0.18%
3,511,300.00
192,895,935.78
167,807,317.48
0.18%
9.78%
8.51%
3,511,300.00
84,323,060.78
87,834,360.78
187,531,064.72
156,852,461.59
0.19%
4.66%
4.85%
10.35%
8.66%
22,573,558.33
24,117,533.20
1.14%
1.22%
17,748,008.06
21,322,406.06
0.98%
1.18%
46,691,091.53
2.37%
39,070,414.12
2.16%
53.27% 1,092,311,856.69
60.31%
1,050,862,478.52
160,000,000.00
30,000,000.00
71,200,000.00
8.11%
1.52%
3.61%
30,000,000.00
71,200,000.00
1.66%
3.93%
261,200,000.00
644,631,430.88
15,878,041.99
130,327.27
13.24%
32.68%
0.80%
0.01%
101,200,000.00
597,802,119.58
19,580,293.79
301,720.30
5.59%
33.01%
1.08%
0.02%
921,839,800.14
46.73%
718,884,133.67
39.69%
1,972,702,278.66
2.8.3 - 14
100.00% 1,811,195,990.36 100.00%

POWER PLANT
31 2546 2545
2546 ()
2545 ()
1,673,766,812.60
98.91%
1,587,856,629.43
99.02%
10,540,334.89
0.62%
10,441,412.66
0.65%
7,964,442.74
0.47%
5,194,515.11
0.32%
18,504,777.63
1.09%
15,635,927.77
0.98%
1,692,271,590.23
100.00%
1,603,492,557.20
100.00%
945,950,515.17
55.90%
888,211,566.20
55.39%
320,876,162.98
18.96%
318,782,750.20
19.88%
2,690,458.09
0.16%
9,078,760.49
0.57%
1,269,517,136.24
75.02%
1,216,073,076.89
75.84%
422,754,453.99
24.98%
387,419,480.31
24.16%
63,168.09
0.00%
352,718.22
0.02%
112,418,972.98
6.64%
118,552,974.71
7.39%
310,272,312.92
18.33%
268,513,787.38
16.75%
8.62
7.46
36,000,000
36,000,000
2.8.3 - 15

POWER PLANT
31 2546 2545

1 2545
360,000,000.00 615,600,000.00
31 2545
360,000,000.00 615,600,000.00
31 2546
360,000,000.00 615,600,000.00
2.8.3 - 16
565,252,261.07
1,540,852,261.07
268,513,787.38
268,513,787.38
(162,000,000.00)
(162,000,000.00)
671,766,048.45
1,647,366,048.45
310,272,312.92
310,272,312.92
(162,000,000.00)
(162,000,000.00)
820,038,361.37
1,795,638,361.37

POWER PLANT
31 2546 2545
2546 ()
()
()
()
()
2545 ()
310,272,312.92
268,513,787.38
83,714,020.22
2,506,431.37
2,063,398.84
(534,146.69)
3,224,604.78
(6,592.97)
68,058,968.49
253,119.26
1,887,315.66
(21,682.30)
9,078,760.49
-
(7,872,161.39)
(13,018,254.73)
(7,991,404.80)
171,393.03
13,490,693.92
2,128,790.22
(22,045,201.90)
1,062,063.28
(10,107,757.99)
(6,047,758.47)
(9,910,231.84)
27,638,361.00
388,149,084.72
328,359,743.06
(160,000,000.00)
1,296,325.66
84,323,060.78
(130,457,136.08)
(853,500.00)
212,033.64
(139,729,492.14)
(204,837,749.64)
(140,370,958.50)
(2,378,056.83)
(162,000,000.00)
(3,311,070.63)
(162,000,000.00)
(164,378,056.83)
(165,311,070.63)
18,933,278.25
621,023,555.48
639,956,833.73
22,677,713.93
598,345,841.55
621,023,555.48
80,896.37
117,682,894.29
377,532.19
107,756,214.20
2.8.3 - 17
5.

5.1

1.

2.

3.
4.

2.8.3 - 18

5.2

5.3
1.
2.

3. (Static-nature)

(Dynamic nature)

4.

5.

6.

7.

2.8.3 - 19
5.4

1. (Horizontal analysis)
2. (Vertical analysis)
3. (Ratio analysis)

1

2

1. (Industry average ratio)

2.
3.
3
1
2 (Good) (Satisfactory)
(Poor)
2
1. (Tread or series analysis)

2.8.3 - 20
2. (Comparative or cross sectional analysis)

4
1. (Liquidity ratios)
2. (Profitability ratios)
3. (Efficiency ratios)
4. (Financial policy ratios)
2.8.3 - 21
= 365x ()
= ()
= 365x ()
= ()
= 365x ()
Cash Cycle
= +
()
= x100
=
x100
= x100
= x100 (%)
2.8.3 - 22
x100 (%)
= ()
2.8.3 - 23
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
: /
1
:
1 : . / .
: . / . .
:
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
2.8.3 - 24
2.8.4 Human Resource
2.8.4 - 1
(Operator Ranking)

Local Board Shift Charge
1
1.
1.1 1 (Auxiliary Plant Operator) 3
1.1.1 (Local Plant Operator)
1.1.2 (Flue Gas
Desulfurization Plant Operator)
1.1.3 (Water Treatment Plant Operator)
1.2 2 3
1.2.1 (Board Operator)
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.3 3 Shift Charge, Assistant Shift Charge , Shift Supervisor
2
(1) 1
(2) 2
(3) 3
(4) 4
1
3
3.1
3.1.1

2.8.4 - 2
3.2
3
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.3 (Certificate)
3.4
A = 100-86
B = 85-71
C = 70-56
D = 55-50
F 50
4
4.1
4.2 6
4.3 6
4.4 (Certificate)
5 1
5.1
5.1.1 4
5.1.1.1 General Introduction , Power Plant Orientation
Plant Safety
5.1.1.2
C
5.1.1.3

4
2.8.4 - 3
5.1.2 3
5.1.2.1 4
5.1.2.2 Power Generation Transmission
2 Power Principle 3
5.1.2.3 4
6
5.1.2.4
C
5.1.2.5

3
5.1.3 2
5.1.3.1 3
5.1.3.2 Power Plant System Description
4.1 ( ) 4.2 (
) Power Plant Attendant 5
5.1.3.3 3
6
5.1.3.4
C\
5.1.3.5

2
5.1.4 1
5.1.4.1 2
1
1
5.1.4.2 Simulator
Simulator Beginning Level 6.1 (

2.8.4 - 4
) 6.2 (
) C
5.1.4.3 2
6
1
1
1 1
5.1.4.4 ,
5.1.4.5
B
5.1.4.6

1
5.2
5.2.1 4
Plant Safety
5.2.1.2
C
5.2.1.3

4
5.2.2 3
5.2.2.1
4
5.2.2.2 Flue Gas Desulfurization Description
Power Generation Transmission 2
5.2.2.3
4 6
2.8.4 - 5
5.2.2.4
C
5.2.2.5

3
5.2.3 2
5.2.3.1
3
5.2.3.2 Power Principle 3
Power Attendant
5.2.3.3 Simulator RBTP.
Simulator Operation Interface System (OIS.)
C
5.2.3.4
3 6
5.2.3.5
C
5.2.3.6

2
5.2.4 1
5.2.4.1
2
4.2
5.2.4.3 Simulator Simulator
Beginning Level 6.2
C
5.2.4.4
2 6
2.8.4 - 6
5.2.4.5 ,
5.2.4.6
B
5.2.4.7

1
5.3
5.3.1 4
Plant Safety
5.3.1.2
C
5.3.1.3

4
5.3.2 3
5.3.2.1 4
5.3.2.2 Water Treatment Description Power
Generation Transmission
5.3.2.3 4
6
5.3.2.4
C
5.3.2.5

3
5.3.3 2
5.3.3.1 3
2.8.4 - 7
5.3.3.2 Power Principle 3

Power Attendant
5.3.3.3 Simulator RBTP.
Simulator Operation Interface System (OIS.)
C
5.3.3.4 2
6
5.3.3.5
B
5.3.3.6

2
5.3.4 1
5.3.4.1 2
4.2
Beginning Level 6.2
C
5.3.4.4 2
6
5.3.4.5 ,
5.3.4.6
B
5.3.4.7

1
2.8.4 - 8
6 2
6.1
6.1.1 4
6.1.1.1 1
1
6.1.1.2 Power Plant Execution
6.1.1.3

1. Modern Safety Management (MSM.)
2. ISO 14001
3. ISO 9001:2000
4.
6.1.1.4
6 (
)
6.1.1.5
6.1.1.6
B
6.1.1.7

4
6.1.2 3
6.1.2.1 4
6.1.2.2 Advanced Operator Training (AOT)

6.1.2.3
1. Operation And Maintenance Agreement (OMA.)
2. Power Purchased Agreement (PPA.)
6.1.2.4
4 2
2.8.4 - 9
6.1.2.5
6.1.2.6
B
6.1.2.7

3
6.1.3 2
6.1.3.1 3

Intermediate And Advanced Level
B
6.1.3.3
3 2
6.1.3.4
6.1.3.5
A
6.1.3.6

2
6.1.4 1
6.1.4.1 2
6.1.4.2
2 2
6.1.4.3
6.1.4.4 ,
2.8.4 - 10
6.1.4.5
A
6.1.4.6

1
6.2
6.2.1 4
6.2.1.1
1 1
6.2.1.3

2. ISO 14001
3. ISO 9001:2000
4.
6.2.1.4
B
6.2.1.5

4
6.2.2 3
6.2.2.1
4
6.2.2.3
6.2.2.4
4 1
2.8.4 - 11
6.2.2.5
B
6.2.2.6

3
6.2.3 2
6.2.3.1
3
6.2.3.2
3 1
6.2.3.3
B
6.2.3.4

2
6.2.4 1
6.2.4.1
2
6.2.4.2
2 1
6.2.4.3 ,
6.2.4.4
A
6.2.4.5

1
2.8.4 - 12
6.3
6.3.1 4
6.3.1.1 1
1
6.3.1.3

2. ISO 14001
3. ISO 9001:2000
4.
6.3.1.4
B
6.3.1.5

4
6.3.2 3
6.3.2.1 4

6.3.2.3
6.3.2.4
4 1
6.3.2.5
B
6.3.2.6

3
2.8.4 - 13
6.3.3 2
6.3.3.1 3
6.3.3.2
3 1
6.3.3.3
A
6.3.3.4

2
6.3.4 1
6.3.4.1 2
6.3.4.2 2
1
6.3.4.3 ,
6.3.4.4
A
6.3.4.5

1
7 3
7.1 4
7.1.1 1
2
7.1.2 Turbine & Boiler

7.1.3
3
3
2.8.4 - 14
7.1.4 Advanced Operator Training (AOT.)

Power Plant Execution
7.1.5
1 Modern Safety Management (MSM.)

2 ISO 14001
3 ISO 9001:2000
4
7.1.6 Simulator Simulator
Intermediate And Advanced Level
B
7.1.7 ,
7.1.8
B
7.1.9
4
7.2 3
7.2.1 4
7.2.2 4 2
7.2.3 30
20
7.2.4 Technical Paper 2
7.2.5
7.2.6
B
7.2.7
3
2.8.4 - 15
7.3 2
7.3.1 3
7.3.2 3 2
7.3.3 30
20
7.3.5 Trip 2,190
1 Trip
7.3.6 ,
7.3.7
A
7.3.8
2
7.4 1
7.4.1 2
7.4.2 2 2
7.4.3 30
20
7.4.5 ,
7.4.6
A
7.4.7
1
2.8.4 - 16
On The Job Training Class Room

1. Boiler Protection
2. Electro-Hydraulic Governor
3. Protection Relay
4. Excitation Control System / EX. 2000
5. Gas Turbine Operation & Maintenance
6. Vibration & Balancing
7. Programmable Logic Controller
8. Process Control
9. Pressure Calibration
10. Electrical Calibration
2.8.4 - 17
First Gear = Group 1 Shift Charge , Assistant and Supervisor

Second Gear = Group 2 Board Operator
1
4
2
3
Third Gear = Group 3 Auxiliary Plant Operato
Same Colour Mean Opportunity Gear
2.8.4 - 18
Power Generation & Transmission

1
2
3
4
5 Hydro Power Plant
6
7
8 Basic Power Plant & Thermal Power Plant
9 Gas Turbine & Combined Cycle Power Plant
10 Technical Visit
11 Substation
12 Transmission
13
2.8.4 - 19
POWER PRINCIPLE

1 Personnel Safety
2 Fire Safety
3 Hazardous Substance
4 Safety In Electrical Maintenance
5 Respiratory Protection
6 Plant Science
7 Plant Cycle
8 Plant System
9 Plant Auxiliary
10 Boiler
11 Turbine
12 Basic Power Plant Operation
13 Fuel & Combustion
14 Plant Instrumentation
15 Instrumentation & Control
16 Basic Electricity
17 Power Generation
18 Plant Protection
19 Electrical System & Equipment
20 Gas Turbine & Diesel
21
22
23
Basic Water Chemistry

Water Treatment Equipment
Environmental Protection
2.8.4 - 20
4.1
GAS TURBINE SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

1 Gas Turbine Principle
2 Gas Turbine Component Description
3 Lubrication Oil System
4 Hydraulic Oil System
5 Trip Oil System
6 Lift Oil System
7 Water Injection System
8 Water Wash System
9 Seal Oil System
10 Air Inlet & Exhaust System
11 Turning Gear System
12 Atomizing Air System
13 Fuel Oil System
14 Fuel Gas System
15 Purge Air System
16 Cooling Water System
17 Cooling & Sealing Air System
18 Fire Protection
19 Gas Turbine Maintenance
20 Generator Fundamental
21 Generator Component
22 Generator Operation
23 Gererator Protection
24 Switchyard Equipment & Substation
25 Power Distribution System
26 Generator Transformer
27 EX.2000
28 Static Start System
2.8.4 - 21
4.1
GAS TURBINE SYSTEM DESCRIPTION ()

29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

Programmable Logic Control
Gas System ( H2 & CO2 )
Mark V. Overview & Software Usage
Mark V Hardware Configuration
Gas Turbine Control
Ventilation & Lighting
Gas Turbine Protectiion
Water & Waste Water Treatment Plant
Close Circuit TV. & Radio
Telephone & Intercom
Generator Maintenance
Air Condition
2.8.4 - 22
4.1
COMBINED CYCLE SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

1 Combined Cycle Power Plant Technology
2 HRSG
3 HRSG Operation
4 Boiler Feed System
5 Generator Gas System
6 Lube Oil System
7 Stop Valve & Control Valve
8 Gland Seal Exhaust System
9 Cooling Water System
10 CCCW System & Tube Cleaning
11 Condensate System
12 Condenser System
13 Steam Bypass Valve
14 Steam Turbine Operation
15 Chemical Cleaning
16 Power Distribution System
17 Grounding & Lighting Protection
18 Steam Turbine Component
19 Generator Construction & Operation
20 Seal Oil System
21 Protective Relay
22 Fire Protection
23 Cathodic Protection
2.8.4 - 23
4.2
THERMAL PLANT SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

Introduction One Through Boiler
Fuel Oil & Fuel Gas System
Combustion Air & Fuel Gas System
Boiler Feed Water System
Information System
Boiler Vant & Drain
Soot Blower System
Burner Management System
Auxiliary Boiler
Boiler Operation
Steam Turbine Component
Lube Oil System
Service & Control Air System
CW Cooling System
CCCW System
Make Up & Condensate System
Condenser Polishing System
HP / IP / LP Stop & Control Valve
Turbine Supervisory
Condenser Vacuum System
Turbine Governer Control ( EHC )
Condenser Tube Cleaning System
HP / IP / LP Bypass Valve
Power Distribution System
Grounding & Lighting Protection
Generator Construction & Monitoring
Generator Gas Supply & Cooling Water System
Generator Operation
2.8.4 - 24
4.2
THERMAL PLANT SYSTEM DESCRIPTION ()

29 Excitation System
30 Generator Transformer
31 Emergency Diesel Generator
32 Protective Relay
33 Plant Fire Protection
34 Cathodic Protection
35 Power Distribution System for WT
36 Raw Water & Water Treatment System
37 FGD System
38 CEM
39 Power Distribution System For FGD
40 DCIS & Sequential Control
41 Station Air System & Control Air System
42 Generator Seal Oil System
43 Battery
44 Main Turbine
45 Automatic Plant Control
2.8.4 - 25
POWER PLANT ATTENDENT

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

In - Plant Safety Rule
Work Order System
Power Plant Diagram
Plant System Operation ( Gas Turbine )
Plant Equipment Operation ( Steam Turbine )
Plant Equipment Operation ( HRSG )
General Plant Arrangement
Plant Equipment Operation ( Instrument & Control )
Plant Equipment Operation ( Electrical Equipment )
Report Writing
Emergency Procedure
Work Permit & System Isolation
Plant System
Plant Protection
Plant Science
Plant Cycle
Maintenance Concept
2.8.4 - 26
6.1
Combined Cycle Power Plant Simulator

RBCC. Simulator Beginning Level
1. RBCC. Simulator Operator Interface Station
2. RBCC. Simulator Electrical Mimic Panel
3. RBCC. Simulator Gas Turbine Operation
4. RBCC. Simulator HRSG. Operation
RBCC. Simulator Intermediate & Advanced Level
1. RBCC. Simulator APS. Cold Start Up
2. RBCC. Simulator Manual Cold Start Up
3. RBCC. Simulator Manual Shut Down
4. RBCC. Simulator Case Study
5. RBCC. Simulator Malfunction Case Study
2.8.4 - 27
6.2
Thermal Power Plant Simulator

RBTP. Simulator Beginning Level
1. RBTP. Simulator Operator Interface Station
2. RBTP. Simulator Electrical Mimic Panel
3. RBTP. Simulator Boiler System & Operation
4. RBTP. Simulator Turbine System & Operation
RBTP. Simulator Intermediate & Advanced Level
1. RBTP. Simulator APS.Semi Auto Cold Start Up
2. RBTP. Simulator Manual Cold Start Up
3. RBTP. Simulator Manual Shut Down
5. RBTP. Simulator Hot Start Up
6. RBTP. Simulator Case Study
7. RBTP. Simulator Malfanction Case Study
8. RBTP. Simulator Fast Cut Back & Plant Run Back
2.8.4 - 28

1.
2.
3. Ratio ?
4.
2.8.4 - 29

Power Station Engineering & Economy by Bemhardt G.A. Skrotzki and William a.Vopat
Applied Thermodynamics by P.L. Ballaney
A Course in Electrical Power by Soni, Gupta & Bhatnagar
A Text Book of Electrical Technology by B.L. Theraja
Steam its generation and use 40 th Edition by Babcock & Wilcox , aMcDermott Company, ABB Asea Brown
Boveri
Combustion Fossil Power by Joseph G. Singer, PE Forth Edition
Modern Power Station Practice Third Edition, Incorporating Modern Power System Practice British
Electricity International, London
Hand Book For Thermal & Nuclear Power Engineer, Thermal & Nuclear Power Engineering Society
Practical Coss Control Leadership/The property Damage Accident by Frank E. Bird, Jr. George L. Germain
Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant Instruction Manual by Mistubishi Heavy Industries, LTD.
Ratchaburi Combined Cycle Power Plant Gasturbine Manual by General Electric Company

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2.1 Plant Overview

Rocket Management Model

Cross Functional Integration /

Rocket Management Model

Launching ( gaps ) Analysis

2.2 Major Component

2.2.1 Thermal Power Plant Major Equipment

1. Once Through Boiler

(Saturation Temperature) Critical Pressure

1 1 Latent Heat / Pressure Curve

1 2 Specific Volume / Pressure Curve

1 3 Temperature / Pressure Curve

1 4 Once Through Boiler Schematic

1 4 Boiler Feed Pump high Pressure Water

Pressure Drop 800 psia Once Through Boiler

1 5 Large Once Though Boiler

1.1 Supercritical Pressure Boiler

Feed Water (Feed) Water Wall Tue 25% ECR

2. Dry Mode 25% ECR

1.2 ( Technical Data )

Natural Gas and Heavy Oil

1.3 (Boiler Major Component) Once Through

1 8 Boiler Major Component

1.3.1 Boiler Once Through Boiler Dry Steam Steam Turbine

Exhaust Steam LP Turbine condenser

2.2 (Technical Data)

2.3 (Steam Turbine Major Component) 2

2 2 Impulse / Reaction Turbine

2.3.1 Rotor Casing Blade Rotor

2 3 Blade Impulse / Reaction

2.3.3 Nozzle (Pressure Energy)

2 7 Diaphragm and Blade Ring

2 8 Seal Strip / Labyrinth Seal

2.3.6 Gland Seal Seal Turbine Rotor Casing

2 9 Gland Seal Turbine Rotor

2 10 Single Casing and Double Casing

2.3.8 Steam chest Superheater Turbine 2

2. Turbine Rotor (Bow) Rotor

3. Turbine Rotor Turning

2 12 Turbine Turning Gear

2.3.13 Steam Valve Turbine

2. Control Valve Governor Valve Main Steam Stop Valve

2 15 Turbine Lube Oil System

1. Lube Oil Reservoir

H2 & He Gas Ideal Case Gas Meduim

HYDROGEN GAS CONSUMPTION

ROTOR COIL (C) 72.2 (BASE TEMP 37.8 C)

3.3.1 Cooling (Stator Coil) Stator Coil Medium

3 2 Stator coil Cooling

3 3 Stator Core Cooling

3.3.3 Cooling (Rotor Straight Part) H2 Gas Cooler Coil 2 System

3 4 Rotor Straight Part

3 5 Rotor End Part Cooling

3.3.7 Stator Core End Inner Cooled Generator Electrical Loading

3 8 Stator Core End

3 12 Stator Coil Header Part

3 13 Support of Coil End Part

3 14 Stator Coil End