Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Tasheel Ul Nahv
Tasheel Ul Nahv
based on
Ilm al-Nahw of Mawlana Mushtaq Ahmad Charthawali
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents
List of Tables
Introduction to the Text & Translation
i
vii
ix
Arabic Terms
xi
CHAPTER 1
1.1.
Arabic Grammar
1.2 The Word
1.3
Noun
Verb
Particle
2
2
3
Types of Noun
Types of Verb
Types of Particle
1.4
Sentences and Phrases
1.4.1
Nominal Sentence
Verbal Sentence
1.4.2
Types of Phrases
1.4.3
Descriptive Phrase
1.
2.
Possessive Phrase
3.
Demonstrative Phrase
Numerical Phrase
4. /
5.
Indeclinable Phrase
1.4.4 Additional Notes About
Summary
4
4
4
4
6
6
6
7
8
9
9
9
10
10
11
13
14
1.5
15
Signs of a Noun
Signs of a Verb
Sign of a Particle
15
15
15
Personal Pronouns
1.7
Prepositions
1.8
Those Particles That Resemble the Verb
Auxiliary (Defective) Verbs
1.9
1.6
CHAPTER 2
16
17
18
20
22
25
2.1
25
Signs of Iraab
Conditions of Murab
Difference Between
and
2.2
Indeclinable Noun
2.3
Declinable Noun
Types of Indeclinable Nouns
2.4
2.4.1
Personal Pronouns
2.4.2
- Relative Pronouns
2.4.3
Demonstrative Pronouns
Those Nouns Which Have the Meaning of Verbs
2.4.4
2.4.5
Those Nouns Which Denote a Sound
Adverbs
2.4.6
Adverb of Time
Adverb of Place
Those Nouns Which Indicate an Unspecified
2.4.7
25
25
26
27
28
29
30
36
39
41
42
43
43
45
47
Quantity
2.4.8
Numerical phrase
2.5 Types of Declinable Nouns
ii
47
48
48
48
48
52
2.6
Iraab of the Various Types of Murab Nouns
55
CHAPTER 3
Further Discussion of Nouns
55
3.1
57
58
59
61
62
66
66
68
69
69
71
71
73
73
73
74
76
79
80
84
87
88
Relative Adjective
Diminutive Noun
Types of Plural
3.7.2
Substitute of /
, Which Is Similar and The Noun of
3.7.3
to
3.7.4
Which Negates an Entire of That The
) (Class
Words Which Are Always Mansoob
Object 3.8.1
3.8.2
/ 3.8.3
3.8.4
/
3.8.4
3.8.5
State / Condition
/
3.8.6
) (Numerals Rules for
3.8.7
iii
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.10.1
Adjective
88
Emphasis 3.10.2
91
Substitute 3.10.3
94
95
3.10.4
Conjunction /
3.10.5
96
CHAPTER 4
97
Governing Words
4.1
Governing Particles
98
98
98
99
102
4.1.1
Particles That Give Nasb
4.1.2
Particles That Give Jazm
4.2
Governing Verbs
104
4.2.1
Transitive Verb
105
4.2.2
107
109
4.2.3
Verbs of Praise and Blame
4.2.4
Verbs of Wonder
111
Governing Nouns
4.3
112
112
4.3.1
Conditional Nouns
4.3.2
114
116
4.3.3
118
4.3.5
4.3.6
117
4.3.4
That Adjective Which Is Similar to
120
4.3.7
120
4.3.8
121
iv
4.3.9
122
4.3.10
123
124
124
124
125
125
125
126
126
126
Non-Governing Particles
1.
Particles of Notification
2.
Particles of Affirmation
Particles of Clarification
3.
4.
5.
Particles of Exhortation
6.
Particle of Anticipation
Particles of Interrogation
7.
8.
Particle of Rebuke
4.4
9.
126
10.
127
11.
127
12.
Extra Particles
127
13.
Conditional Particles
128
14.
129
15.
129
16.
129
Bibliography
131
LIST OF TABLES
Page No
17
18
20
22
31
32
33
34
36
36
39
39
41
41
53
63
63
64
64
66
69
72
85
99
102
Table No
Personal Pronouns
Prepositions
Those Particles That Resemble the Verb
and
)
()
(also called
in
)
( )
( )
Nouns in the Meaning of
Nouns in the Meaning of
Different Forms of the Noun of
and Its Iraab
Rules Governing the Iraab of the
vii
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
4.1
4.2
105
106
107
112
118
viii
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
ix
We hope and pray that this revised translation will be of benefit to the students. We also
pray that Allah, the Exalted, accepts this humble effort from all those who have contributed to
it in any way, especially the typists; and gives us the power to continue with more. We also
request the readers and all those who benefit from it in any way to remember us in their
prayers.
And He alone gives success.
Aamir Bashir
Buffalo, NY
9 Shaban, 1432 (8 July, 2011)
E-mail: ainbay97@yahoo.com
ARABIC TERMS
Arabic Term
Approximate
Transliteration
ism
Noun
fil
Verb
harf
Particle
mudhakkar
Masculine
muannath
Feminine
waahid
Singular
tathniyah
Dual
jam
Plural
dammah
fathah
kasrah
harakah
plural: harakaat
huroof al-illah
iraab
tanween
sukoon
saakin
tashdeed
mushaddad
faail
xi
mafool
aamil
mamool
fil maroof
fil majhool
fil laazim
fil mutaaddi
marifah
nakirah
marfoo
mansoob
majroor
understood without a .
xii
CHAPTER 1
Section 1.1
Arabic Grammar
Definition:
Nahw is that science, which teaches us how to join a noun, verb and particle to form a correct
sentence, as well as what the
( condition) of the last letter of a word should be.
Subject Matter:
Its subject matter is ( word) and ( sentence).
Objective:
The immediate objective is to learn how to read, write and speak correct Arabic, and to
avoid making mistakes in this. For example, , ,
, and
are four words. The
science of Nahw teaches us how to put them together to form a correct sentence.
The mid-term objective is to use our Arabic skills to understand the Quran, Hadeeth,
Fiqh and other Islamic sciences, so that we can act upon them.
The ultimate objective through the above is to gain the pleasure of Allah, the Exalted.
Section 1.2
The Word
Any word uttered by humans is called a
. If it has a meaning, it is called
( meaningful);
and if it does not have any meaning, it is called
( meaningless).
In Arabic,
( meaningful word) is of two types: and
.
1. Singular: It is that single word, which conveys one meaning. It is also called .
2.
Compound: It is a group of words. They may form a complete sentence or an
incomplete one.
Types of
There are three types of :
1.
( noun)
2.
( verb)
3.
( particle)
Noun:
It is that whose meaning can be understood without the need to combine it with
another word.
It is the name of a person, place or thing.
It does not have any tense.
e.g.
man
house
Verb:
It is that whose meaning can be understood without the need to combine it with
another word.
It has one of the three tenses: past, present, or future.
It denotes an action.
e.g.
He hit.
He helped.
Note: A
can never have a ( tanween) or an .
Particle:
It is that whose meaning cannot be understood without joining a
or a or both to it.
e.g.
( from)
( on top)
EXERCISE
1. State with reason whether the following words are
or
.
i.
ii.
( He sat.)
(and)
iii.
iv.
(girl)
(He broke.)
2. Find the meaning and the plural of the following nouns using a dictionary.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Section 1.3
Types of Noun
is of three types:
1.
Primary Noun: It is that which is neither derived from another word nor is any
word derived from it.
e.g.
horse
girl
2.
Root Noun: It is that from which many words are derived.
e.g.
to hit
to help
3.
Derived Noun: It is that which is derived from a masdar.
e.g.
hitter
the helped
Types of Verb
is of four types:
Past tense
1.
e.g.
e.g.
3.
Positive Command/
Imperative
e.g.
4.
Negative Command/
Prohibitive
e.g.
Types of Particle
He hit.
He is hitting or will
hit.
Hit!
Dont hit!
is of two types:
1.
Causative Particle: It is that
, which causes
change in the word after it.
e.g.
Zayd is in the mosque.
2.
Non Causative: It is that
, which does not cause
change in the
following word.
e.g.
then
and
EXERCISE
1.
Correct the following words (stating a reason) and give its meaning.
i.
ii.
2.
iii.
iv.
Find the meaning and the plural of the following nouns using a dictionary.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Section 1.4
Sentences and Phrases
and
.
is of two types:
is also called
,
and . This is a complete sentence.
Often, it is just called .
is also called
, and
. This is a phrase, i.e.,
an incomplete sentence.
From now onwards, when we use sentence, we will be referring to complete sentences; and
when we use phrase, we will be referring to incomplete sentences.
Types of Sentences
There are two types of sentences:
A.
: It is that sentence, which has the possibility of being true or false.
B.
: It is that sentence, which does not have the possibility of being true or false.
Section 1.4.1
is of two types:
Nominal Sentence:
1.
Sentence Analysis
The house is clean.
= +
The man is tall and strong.
= 2 + 1 +
2.
Verbal Sentence:
Definition: It is that sentence, which begins with a verb.
The first part of the sentence is called
or
.
Zayd sat.
+
Sentence Analysis
= +
EXERCISE
1.
iv.
i.
2.
ii.
v.
iii.
vi.
Section 1.4.2
is of ten types:
1.
2.
3.
4.
e.g.
Positive Command
Hope
Exclamation
Oath
e.g.
Amazement
e.g.
Transaction
e.g.
Negative Command
Interrogative
Desire
e.g.
e.g. !
e.g.
Note:
is generally used for something unattainable.
5.
e.g.
Note:
is generally used for something attainable.
6.
7.
Request/Offer
9.
10.
Dont Hit!
Did Zayd hit?
I wish youth would
return.
Hopefully, the
examination will be easy.
!
O Allah!
Will you not come to me
e.g. !
e.g.
Note:
is a mere request; no answer is anticipated.
8.
Hit!
Sentence Analysis:
+
+
EXERCISE
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Section 1.4.3
- Types of Phrases
Phrases are of five types:
Descriptive Phrase: It is a phrase in which one word describes the other.
1.
.
The describing word is called
The
and must correspond in four things:
1. Iraab.
2. Gender i.e. being masculine or feminine.
3. Number i.e. being singular, dual or plural.
4. Being marifah or nakirah.
For example,
2.
) is attributed
Possessive Phrase: It is a phrase in which the first word (
to the second one (
) . In some cases, this means that the second word owns or
possesses the first.
The
never gets an or a .
The
is always .
Zayds book
Notes:
1.
with an
of the
2. If a
is brought, it should come immediately after the
), and it
of the
3. If a
is brought, it should come immediately after it (
should correspond to it (
) i.e. in the four aspects mentioned earlier. For example,
The door of the new house.
3.
Demonstrative Phrase:
towards another noun (
) .
It is a phrase in which one noun (
)points
The
must have an .
e.g.
This man
Note: If the
does not have an , it would be a complete sentence.
e.g.
This is a man.
/
4.
Numerical Phrase: It is a phrase in which two numerals are joined to
form a single word (number).
A
originally linked the two.
This phrase is found only in numbers 11-19.
( eleven)
It was originally
.
e.g.
10
Note: The first part of the number
)in
will be given a in place of the (
and
.
e.g.
(
)
(
)
5.
Indeclinable Phrase: It is a phrase in which two words are joined to form
a single word.
The first part of this phrase is always
.
(
+
)
A region in Yemen.
e.g.
means death.
(+
)
A city in Lebanon.
was the name of an idol and was the name of a king.
Note: The above mentioned various types of phrases/incomplete sentences form part of a
complete sentence.
Example 1
Example 2
+
+
11
Example 3
Fourteen men came.
+
=
This is Balabakk.
+ =
Example 4
Example 5
EXERCISE
Translate, fill in the iraab and analyze the following phrases.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
i.
and
and
and
and
ii.
iii.
iv.
3.
ii.
i.
12
2.
i.
iii.
iv.
1.
i.
4.
Section 1.4.4
Additional Notes About
1. Sometimes, the
) .1
is not mentioned, in which case it will be regarded as hidden (
e.g.
[
]
2. The
can be a complete sentence.
Example 1:
Zayds father is knowledgable.
Example 2:
EXERCISE
1.
13
Summary
14
Section 1.5
Signs of a Noun:
1. It is preceded by an .
e.g.
2. It is preceded by a
.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
5. It is a dual )(.2
6. It is a plural )
(.
7. It is a
(
) or
8. It is
.
9. It is
.
10. It is .
11. It is
12. It is
.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
Signs of a Verb:
1. It is preceded by .
2. It is preceded by
.
e.g.
e.g.
3. It is preceded by
.
e.g.
4.
e.g.
5.
6.
7.
8.
It is preceded by
.
It is preceded by
.
It has a hidden
.
It is an imperative )( .
It is a prohibitive )
( .
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
the man
with the pen
a man
a word
two men
men
The man is strong.
Zayd sat.
book of Zayd
tall man
O man!
a little man
a Makkan
Sign of a Particle:
That word which has no sign of a noun or verb is a particle (a particle has no sign of its own).
Verbs are said to be dual and plural with respect to their doers )
(. The action is one. Thus, duality
15
Section 1.5.1
General Notes
1. The indefiniteness of a noun )
(is indicated by a tanween. Such a noun is called .
e.g.
is incorrect.
4. When the last letter of a word and the first letter of the following word have sukoon (), it
is called
( the meeting of two sukoons). In this case, the first sukoon will be
changed to a kasrah.
. The
e.g.
before the will not be
will become
pronounced.
5. When an appears before a noun, which begins with a letter from
( sun
letters) then the of must not be pronounced. The of will not get a sukoon. Instead
the
will get a tashdeed.
.
e.g.
e.g.
many idols
The idols do not benefit.
These idols.
The guard dogs are sitting.
16
Section 1.6
Personal Pronouns
Definition:
(singular:
) are those words, which refer to the speaker ) ( or the
second person )
( or the third person )
( .
Table 1.1
Personal Pronouns
Unattached Form )
(
He (one male), it
They (two males)
They (many males)
She (one female), it
They (two females)
They (many females)
You (one male)
You (two males)
You (many males)
You (one female)
e.g.
Attached Form )
(
He is Zayd.
I am a student.
17
)
(
)
(
your pen
I helped her.
Section 1.7
Prepositions
Effect: A
gives a to the noun it enters upon, which is then known as
.
Table 1.2
Prepositions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Meaning
with
by (for oath)
by (oath)
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Example 1:
like
for
Example
since/for
besides, except
many a
besides, except
from
besides, except
in, regarding
from, regarding
on
up to, until
up to, towards
since
Grammar in speech is like salt in food.
18
+
=
+
Note: Together, the
and
are known as ( connected) of the in
and
of the
in
.
EXERCISE
1.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
19
Section 1.8
Those Particles That Resemble the Verb
Those Particles That Resemble the Verb
2.
1.
Meaning
certainly, verily, indeed
certainly, verily; that
Example
Verily Allah is All Knowing.
I knew that the examination
was near.
as if
4.
but, however
It is as if the house is new.
The house is new but the
if only, I wish
6.
maybe, hopefully,
3.
5.
perhaps
Sentence Analysis:
furniture is old.
Notes:
20
2. The
can be a complete sentence.
Example 1:
)
= (
Example 2:
)
= (
+
3. If there is a
second. will appear first and the , then the before the
( )
( )
e.g.
4. When
is joined to any of these
, their effect will be cancelled.
Your god is only one god.
e.g.
EXCERISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab, and analyze the following sentences.
i.
v.
vi.
iv.
ii.
iii.
21
Section 1.9
to the , which becomes known as ( or
and so on).
Table 1.4
1.
2.
3.
Meaning
was
became
happen in the morning
Example
OR
became
4.
5.
happen at mid-morning,
became
6.
7.
always, continuously
no, not
11.
always, continuously
always, continuously
10.
9.
as long as
8.
22
Sentence Analysis:
Notes:
1. When is used with
2.
can be used in
and as well.
3.
can be used in
but not in .
4.
have a past tense only (no
or ).
and
5.
must be preceded by another sentence.
6. The
is sometimes prefixed with a .
of
e.g.
7. If there is a
before the , then the will appear first and the second.
)
(
e.g.
)
(
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab, and analyze the following sentences.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
23
CHAPTER 2
Declinable and Indeclinable Nouns
Words are of two types with respect to changes, which may or may not take place at their ends.
If the end of a word remains the same in all conditions, it is called
; and that word whose
end changes is called
.
Section 2.11
: Those conditions(
words are four:
) , which remain unchanged at the end of
.
, , and . These are called
: Those conditions (
,
) , which occur at the end of
words are four:
,
, and . These are called
(
for short). These changes are brought about at
the end of a
word in accordance with the requirement of the ( governing word).
Signs of Iraab
1.
: These are the basic signs and are the most common. Iraab is shown by means
of a
i.e.
or
or
, or ( which is the absence of a ) .
e.g.
e.g.
2.
: Sometimes, the iraab is shown by means of any of the
i.e. or or
Conditions of Murab
As mentioned above, the conditions that occur at the end of
words are four. Below, we
look at them in more detail.
This section is based upon the discussion in al-Nahw al-Wadih. See Ali al-Jaarim & Mustafa Ameen, al-Nahw
al-Wadih li al-Madaris al-Ibdtidaiyyah, (Cairo: Dar al-Maarif, n.d.), 2:7-17.
25
1.
is that when a
or its corresponding
() appears at the end of a word.
Such a word is said to be
.
e.g.
2.
is that when a
or its corresponding
() appears at the end of a word.
Such a word is said to be
.
e.g.
3.
is that when a
or its corresponding
() appears at the end of a word.
Such a word is said to be
.
e.g.
4.
is that when a appears at the end of a word. Such a word is said to be
.
e.g.
Difference Between
and
The words
are used to describe the conditions at the end of a
, e.g.
has a
at the end, which is a sign of its being
.
The words
are used to describe the conditions at the end of a
, e.g.
has a
at the end. It is
.
In other words, ( )is the same but the name is
when it appears in a
and is
when
it appears in a
. The same is true of ( )and ().
26
Section 2.2
Indeclinable Noun
As mentioned earlier, a
is that word whose end remains unchanged in all conditions i.e.
irrespective of the requirement of the
governing it.
e.g.
This came.
I saw this.
I passed by this.
Note: The
at the end of remained constant and did not change according to the
requirement.
Types of :
1.
2.
All Particles )
* (
*
2)
*
3)
The
(
and
) and the ( and ) of
.
Amongst nouns )
(, there are some nouns whose ends remain constant. They are
known as
i.e. nouns, which do not give place to changes. These nouns are
1)
3.
and are recognized by their resemblance with any one of the three types of al-mabny alasl words (
or
or
) . This resemblance can be in any one
of the following ways:
a. Resemblance in meaning. For example, the noun ( give grace/respite) resembles
the word
, which is
( one of the al-mabny al-asl) and has the
b.
c.
d.
same meaning.
Resemblance in dependency. For example, the noun )
( , which is
dependent on a
to give meaning, resembles a
( one of the al-mabny alasl), which is also dependent on another word to give meaning.
Resemblance in having less than three letters. For example, the noun
, which is
less than three letters, resembles
( e.g. ) , which is also generally less than three
letters.
Resemblance in having had a
originally. For example, the noun
resembles a
in the sense that originally it contained a
)
( .
Section 2.3
Declinable Noun
As mentioned above, a
is that word whose end accepts any of the iraab according to the
requirement of the
governing it.
e.g.
A man came.
I saw a man.
I passed by a man.
Amongst verbs )
( , all of
besides the
(
and
) and the
( and ) are
.
Amongst nouns )
(, those nouns, which accept iraab changes are
. They are
known as
i.e. nouns which give place to iraab changes.
Note: These nouns will be
when they are used in a sentence. If not used in a
sentence, such a word will be
. For example,
on its own, out of a sentence, will
have a
.
EXERCISE
1. State with reason whether the following words are
or
.
ii.
iii.
iv.
vi.
vii.
viii.
i.
v.
28
Section 2.4
2.
( relative pronouns)
3.
( demonstrative pronouns)
4.
( those nouns which have the meaning of verbs)
5.
( those nouns which denote a sound)
6.
( adverbs)
7.
( those nouns which indicate an unspecified quantity)
8.
( numerical phrase)
29
Section 2.4.1
Personal Pronouns
We have discussed
before. Now, we will look at them in greater detail.
Definition:
(singular:
) are those words, which refer to the speaker ) ( or the
second person )
( or the third person )
( .
There are two types of dameers:
1. Visible or Independent Pronoun: It is that dameer, which is visible and has a
2.
)or
distinct form. It appears on its own, unattached to another word (known as
Below are tables showing different forms that the dameers will assume in the various conditions
(haalaat).
30
Table 2.1
(also called
( in)
)
(
)
(
)
(
31
e.g.
Table 2.2
)
(also called
in
)
(
)
(
( )
( )
( )
( )
)
(
32
()
()
()
()
()
()
( )
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
)
(
()
( )
)
(
()
()
)
(
()
Table 2.3
and
(also called
and
)
in
)
(
)
(
( )
( )
)
(
e.g.
). is
incorrectly read as
of (the
33
)
( )
(also called in
)
(
)
(
His house is his.
(
)
(
)
e.g.
.
Note: The dameer baariz in
will always be
34
It is that
, which sometimes appears at the beginning of a sentence without a
( an earlier word that it refers to). The sentence after it clarifies such a
.
e.g.
It is that
, which sometimes appears at the beginning of a sentence without a
( an earlier word that it refers to). The sentence after it clarifies such a
.
e.g.
Indeed, the matter is that Fatimah is standing.
:
It is that
, which appears between a and a for emphasis.
e.g.
It is they who are successful.
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and analyze the following sentences, pointing out all the
dameers, as well as their type and haalaat.
i.
iii.
iv.
ii.
35
Section 2.4.2
- Relative Pronouns
Definition: An
is a whose purpose is understood through the sentence,
.
which comes after it, which is called
An
cannot form a complete part of a sentence on its own. It must have a
is a
(visible or
which relates (refers back) to it. The
Table 2.5
) (
Table 2.6
)
(
e.g.
36
2. and
.
has the meaning of
e.g.
from which book
.
has the meaning of
e.g.
which girl
would equal
would equal
would equal
4.
It is used for all genders and all numbers, without its form changing.
e.g.
equals
equals
equals
37
Sentence Analysis:
That person whose father is knowledgeable, came.
+ =
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab, and analyze the following sentences.
ii.
iii.
iv.
i.
38
Section 2.4.3
Demonstrative Pronouns
Definition: An
is that noun, which is used to point at something. These nouns are of
of two types.
i.
: It is used for pointing at something near.
ii.
Table 2.7
this
these
two
these
two
these
that
those
two
those
two
those
Table 2.8
e.g.
this
these
two
these
two
these
that book
these women
those men
39
that
those
two
those
two
those
Notes:
1. The of
( ) is sometimes changed according to the number of persons being
addressed. The meaning will not be affected.
e.g.
2. If the
is a
, then the
will come after the
.
e.g.
3. If the
occurs as a , then the will generally be a .
This is a book.
should be added between the ,
However, if the
which is an
, and the for it to remain a complete sentence.
e.g.
This is the book.
If no
is added, it would be an incomplete sentence.
e.g.
This book
e.g.
4. If the
, then there will be no need for a
to be added between the and
is a
the
.
e.g.
5. or ( here) and
( there) are also
. However, they do not have any special
rules.
Sentence Analysis:
This pen is precious.
+
EXERCISE
1.
ii.
iii.
iv.
i.
v.
vi.
40
Section 2.4.4
the meaning of
, gives the noun after it a nasb.
Table 2.9
Nouns in the Meaning of
Noun
Verb
what a difference,
there is a difference
Meaning
beyond, far from
between
hastened, made quick
Example
It is far from (beyond)
Zayd to do this.
What a difference there is
between the learned and
the ignorant!
Zayd hastened.
Table 2.10
Nouns in the Meaning of
Noun
Verb
Meaning
give respite,
let him be slow
leave, give up
take
hold on to,
incumbent on you
come, hasten
come, hasten
Example
Give Zayd respite.
Give up thinking about
that which does not
concern you.
Take the milk.
Hold on to my
Sunnah.
Come to salaah.
Notes:
1. There are some other nouns which have the meaning of verbs. These are as follows:
(
come)
(
accept)
(
suffice)
(
keep quite)
41
bring, give)
away from me)
(
i.
e.g.
ii.
e.g. ...
e.g.
Then, come, I will make provision for you and release you with kindness.
Section 2.4.5
To denote a cough.
To denote pain.
To denote happiness, pleasure.
To make a camel sit.
To denote the cawing of a crow.
42
Section 2.4.6
Adverbs
Definition: An
is that noun, which gives us an idea of the place or time when (or
where) some work is done.
( adverb of time) and
( the adverb of place).
are of two kinds:
Adverb of Time:
1.
(when)
.
The sentence after could be a
or a
.
e.g.
e.g.
(when)
2.
3.
(when)
It can be used as an interrogative )
( .
e.g.
43
4.
( how)
It is used to enquire condition.
e.g.
How are you? (In what condition are you?)
5.
(when)
It is used as an interrogative.
e.g.
( yesterday)
6.
e.g.
7. ( since, from)
These two can be used to convey the beginning of a time period.
e.g.
8.
/
/
(not, never)
It is used to emphasize
.
e.g.
9.
( never)
It is used to emphasize
.
e.g.
44
10.
(before)
(after)
They are
when they are
and the
is not mentioned, but intended.
e.g.
Allahs is the decision before and after (i.e., before everything and after
everything).
e.g.
Adverb of Place:
1.
( where)
It is generally
to a sentence.
e.g.
2.
( behind)
)
(
(under)
(on top, above)
)
(
Zayd sat under and Amr above. (i.e., under the tree and above the tree.)
45
4.
The money is with Zayd.
Note: will get a kasrah if it is preceded by
.
e.g.
from Allah
e.g.
5. /
( where, how)
It is used for
.
e.g.
It is used for
(
and will get a ) .
e.g.
Note: That adverb which is murab and is mudaaf to a sentence or the word , could bemabny
ala al-fath or it could get the iraab according to the aamil.
e.g.
and
This is the day when the truth of the truthful will benefit them.
and
faces on that day
46
Section 2.4.7
Those Nouns Which Indicate an Unspecified Quantity
1.
e.g.
e.g.
or
or
Section 2.4.8
Numerical Phrase
This has been discussed earlier. Please, refer to section 1.3.3.
47
Section 2.5
Definition: It is that noun which has two causes from amongst the nine causes that prevent
declension (
) or one such cause, which is equivalent to two.
Such a noun does not accept a kasrah and never gets a tanween. Thus in
, it gets
a fathah in place of a kasrah.
6.
7.
8.
9.
5.
1. :
It refers to the case when a noun gives up its original form to assume a new form.
is of two types:
: It refers to the case when a noun has an original.
i.
e.g.
In the case of
( three and three together), the original is .
: It refers to the case when it is assumed that a noun had an original because it
ii.
is used as
by the Arabs.
e.g.
48
2.
, which was originally devised to give
red
e.g.
green
3. : It refers to the case when a noun is a proper noun (name of a person, place or thing).
e.g.
female name
4.
: It refers to the case when a noun is such a feminine proper noun, which has one of
the following characteristics:
4
ii. It does not end with a round and has more then three letters. For example,
.
pregnant
red
5.
It refers to the case when a word, which is a proper noun in a non-Arabic language,
:
has either
more than three letters
e.g.
or
( name of a fort)
Thus,
is munsarif because its middle letter is not
.
e.g.
Al-Nahw al-Wadih li al-Madaris al-Ibtidaiyyah, 3:122 and Abdullah ibn Aqeel, Sharh ibn Aqeel ala Alfiyyat
ibn Maalik, (Karachi: Qadeemi Kutubkhana, n.d.), 4: 5.
4
Even though
49
munsarif because of
and , while
is munsarif because it only has .
does not apply to either.
6.
: It refers to the case when a word is a combination of two words. This word must be
an .
e.g.
7.
( and one of
and)
: It refers to the case when a noun ends with an
the following is true:
The
and appear at the end of such a noun which is an ( proper noun).
e.g.
Note: Thus, the word
(grass) is not ghayr munsarif because it is not a proper
noun.
The
and appear at the end of such a
whose feminine is not on the of
e.g.
( thirsty)
( intoxicated)
Their feminines are not on the of .
Note: Thus, the word is not ghayr munsarif because its feminine ) ( is on
the of .
If the
and are not extra or added (i.e. not
) but are part of the original
letters of the words, then it will not be ghayr munsarif. For example, .
9.
( alif of plural) one of the
: It is that plural, which has after the
following:
mosques
i.
two
letters.
e.g.
ii.
iii.
one
letter.
e.g.
50
e.g.
animals
keys
Note:
If any of the above words ends with a round , it will not be ghayr munsarif.
polishers
is equivalent to two reasons/causes.
e.g.
when it is
.
e.g.
e.g.
EXERCISE
1.
Mention with reason why the following words are munsarif or ghayr munsarif.
i.
v.
ii.
vi.
iii.
vii.
iv.
viii.
2. Translate, fill in the iraab and point out with reason the words which are ghayr munsarif.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
51
Section 2.6
We begin this section by defining some terms. Then, we will outline the iraab of each of the
various types of murab nouns.
() .
: It is that noun, which ends with a or preceded by a .
e.g.
bucket
deer
( . These
: These are six nouns, which are not in their diminutive form )
are as follows:
father
brother
brother-in-law
mouth
something insignificant
someone who possesses something
)
(.
: It is that noun, which ends with an
e.g.
: It is that noun which ends with a preceded by a kasrah.
e.g.
Before we list the iraab of each of the various types of murab nouns in a table, it would
be useful to remember that a simple method of illustrating different iraab is to make three
sentences on the following pattern:
Zayd came.
I saw Zayd.
I passed by Zayd.
In these three sentences, the word is displaying the different iraab according to the
changing state (
). Thus, it is has a dammah in
, and a fathah in
, and a
kasrah in
.
52
Table 2.11
hidden
hidden
hidden
hidden
hidden
hidden
hidden
hidden
hidden
hidden
hidden
Noun Type
a. When mudaaf to
any noun besides the
dameer.
b. When mudaaf to
dameer. the
c. when not
mudaaf
) (masculine
) (feminine
) (masculine
) (feminine
)
(
of The
will be dropped when it is mudaaf to any noun besides the
53
Both of them.
hidden
8
9
Noun Type
)
(
was originally
. First, the was dropped because of
. It became
. Then, the was
changed to a and the two were joined according to the following morphological )
( rule: when a and a
appear together and the first is
, then the is changed to a , and the two are joined (this is called ) ,
and the dammah before the is changed into a kasrah. Thus, it became
.
9
was originally
. First, the was dropped because of
. It became
. Then, the two were
joined (
) . Thus, it became .
8
54
CHAPTER 3
Further Discussion of Nouns
Section 3.1
Relative Adjective
Definition: It is that noun, which shows something or someone to be related to it.
e.g.
someone or something from Baghdad
an expert in morphology
an expert in Arabic grammar
someone or something from India
:
Rules of Forming
becomes
e.g.
becomes
becomes
becomes
5. The round and of a noun, which appears on the of and should be
e.g.
dropped.
e.g.
becomes
becomes
55
becomes
( )
becomes
7. If the fourth letter of a noun is a preceded by a kasrah, then the can be dropped or it
can be changed to a .
e.g.
becomes
or
8. If an original letter from the end of noun was dropped, it should first be brought back, and
then, the relative adjective should be made.
e.g.
( originally )
becomes
( originally )
( originally )
becomes
becomes
9. Some words do not follow any particular rule. They are based on usage.
e.g.
becomes
becomes
EXERCISE
1. Form the relative adjective from the following words.
i.
iv.
ii.
v.
iii.
56
Section 3.2
Diminutive Noun
Definition: It is that noun, which is used to express the diminutive form of a noun.
Sometimes, the purpose is to show affection or contempt.
Rules:
1. A three-lettered noun would come on the wazn of
( or for feminine).
e.g.
becomes
becomes
( a little man)
( a little slave)
becomes
3. A five-lettered noun, without a , or as the fourth, would also come on the wazn of
A five-lettered noun, having a , or as the fourth letter, would come on the scale of
e.g.
( paper)
becomes
Notes:
1. In the diminutive form, the hidden of a
becomes apparent.
e.g.
becomes
2. In the diminutive form, the last letter of a noun which has been dropped becomes
apparent.
e.g.
(originally )
becomes
(
was originally , and underwent a morphological process to become
)
EXERCISE
1. Form the diminutive noun from the following words.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
57
Section 3.3
e.g.
a man
: It is that noun which denotes a specific thing. There are seven types of .
1.
: It is a personal pronoun. It has been discussed earlier in Section 2.4.1.
2. : It is a proper noun, i.e., the name of a specific person, place or thing.
e.g.
3.
: It is the demonstrative pronoun. It has been discussed earlier in section 2.4.3.
4.
: It is the relative pronoun. It has been discussed earlier in Section 2.4.2.
5.
: It is that noun, which has ( definite particle) at the beginning.
e.g.
the man
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
58
Section 3.4
1. ( in words): It is that sign, which is visible in words. These signs are of the
following three types:
e.g.
()
e.g.
()
If a word has any of these three signs it will be
.
2. ( assumed): It is that sign, which is not visible in words and is assumed to exist.
This is determined by looking at the diminutive form )
(of a particular word. This
.
. Therefore, it is
( according to rule): It is that feminine noun, which has a sign of
femininity.
2.
( according to usage): It is that feminine noun, which has a sign of
femininity.
In terms of
( essence),
is of two types:
1.
: It is that feminine noun, which has an opposite masculine.
e.g. ( woman). Its masculine is
( man).
2.
: It is that feminine noun, which does not have an opposite masculine.
e.g.
( darkness)
( spring)
59
Notes:
1. The following are used as feminine )
( :
a.
Name of females.
b.
e.g.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
e.g.
masculine.
Names of various types of winds.
e.g.
..
2. There are some words that Arabs use as feminine without regard to the presence or absence
of signs of femininity. Examples include the following:
(bucket)
( tillage/field)
(well)
(self)
(fire)
60
(house)
Section 3.5
An
preceded by a fathah and a with a kasrah )
(i.e.
]
[for
.
e.g.
two men
A
preceded by a fathah and a with a kasrah )
(i.e. ][
for
.
e.g.
two men
(Originally,
.)
but the was dropped due to
but the was dropped due to
(Originally,
.)
EXERCISE
61
Section 3.6
Types of Plural
Sound Plural: It is that plural whose ( the singular letter sequence/form) of
does not change, when its plural is made. In other words, the singular letter sequence does
not break.
e.g.
(singular
)
1.
Masculine Sound Plural: It is formed by adding at the end of a singular
(one of the following:
)
A
preceded by a dammah and a with a fathah )
( i.e.
] [ for
.
e.g.
A
preceded by a kasrah and a with a fathah )
(i.e.
[
]for
.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
An
preceded by a fathah and a maksoor long )
(i.e.
]
[for
.
Broken Plural: It is that plural whose ( the singular letter sequence/form) of
changes, when its plural is made. In other words, the singular letter sequence breaks.
e.g.
(singular
)
Restricted Plural: It is that plural, which denotes a number from three to ten. It has
four common .
62
Table 3.1
Wazn
Singular
Meaning
Plural
self
statement
food
boy
Note: The masculine and feminine sound plural, which is not preceded by an is also
considered
.
e.g.
intelligent females
intelligent males
Unrestricted Plural: It is that plural, which denotes a number from ten upwards.
Some of the common are given below.
Table 3.2
Wazn
Singular
Meaning
slave
knowledgeable
prophet
messenger
star
servant
patient
student
group/sect
boy
63
Plural
Note: The masculine and feminine sound plural which is preceded by an is also
considered as .
e.g.
Singular
Meaning
Plural
Plural of Plural
blessing
nail
house
well-qualified
letters.
e.g.
one
letter.
e.g. ( the original being
)
three letters, the middle one being
. e.g.
Some of the common wazns of
are given below:
Table 3.4
Wazn
Singular
Meaning
mosque
key
rule/maxim
message/letter
elder
64
Plural
Note:
1. These words have plurals. )
(
2. In usage, if the word is considered, it will be used as a singular noun.
e.g.
The people are present.
If its meaning is considered (as is commonly done), it will be used as a plural noun.
e.g.
righteous people
Notes:
1. Some plurals do not have the same root letters as their singulars.
e.g.
(woman)
(mother)
(mouth)
(water)
(human being)
(goat/sheep)
e.g.
refers to anything which falls under the concept of a tree.
EXERCISE
1. What type of plurals are the following?
i.
iii.
v.
vii.
ii.
iv.
vi.
65
Section 3.7
6.
7.
8.
Some of these have been discussed before. ( subject) and
(predicate) were
was
discussed in Section 1.3.1,
was discussed in Section 1.7, and
Subject/Doer
Definition: It is the doer of the action or of the meaning contained in the verb.
is
) . We discussed personal pronouns in Section 2.4.1. As for the case, when
1.
and no
2.
according to
preceding noun
3.
and a word
or
appears between the
and
.
4.
5.
6. any
or
or
corresponding in
gender
66
Example
or
or
or
-
or
according to
preceding noun
or
7.
8.
EXERCISE
1. Fill in a suitable
in the spaces below.
_______
ii.
______________/
_______ _______/
_______ _______/ vi.
i.
_______ iii.
iv.
______________/
67
v.
Section 3.7.2
/
Substitute of
Definition: It is that noun, which appears with a
(passive voice). The original
is
of such (the
dropped and the
subsitutes it, thus it is also called
)Zayd was hit. (The doer is not known/mentioned.
a
whose
is not mentioned).
e.g.
The same
usage rules apply as mentioned above in Table 3.5.
e.g.
1.
2.
3.
or
or
4.
or
5.
6.
or
or
or
or 7.
8.
or
Sentence Analysis:
EXERCISE
.
1. Convert the following to
with its
i.
iii.
iv.
iii.
iv.
ii.
68
Section 3.7.3
e.g.
Zayd is not standing.
When the
of appears before the , or the word appears before the ,
the
effect of is cancelled.
e.g.
Zayd is not standing.
And Muhammad is not but a messenger. /
And Muhammad is only a messenger.
[Allah bless him and give him peace]
Section 3.7.4
( Class)
gives its a fathah and its a dammah when the and the are .
e.g.
No man is standing.
Table 3.6
Different Forms of the Noun of and Its Iraab
1.
or 1
Explanation
Iraab
Example
There is no servant of
a man in the house.
2.
It refers to the case when a word is connected to another word, which completes its meaning, in the same way
that mudaaf and mudaaf ilayhi are connected to one another.
69
Explanation
Iraab
- The
has to be
Example
repeated with
another .
- The effect of
is
4.
5.
with a word
between it and
and repeated
with no word
between them
cancelled.
- The
has to be
repeated.
- The effect of
is
cancelled.
- It can be read in
five ways.
Note: The
of may be omitted when the meaning is understood.
e.g.
i.e.
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and point out the rule which applies.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
There is no power (to do good) and there is no power (to stay away from evil)
70
Section 3.8
7.
2.
3.
4.
5.
8.
known as
9.
10.
11.
6.
12.
Of these, 8,9,10 and 11 have been discussed before. Here, we will discuss the remaining.
Section 3.8.1
Object
O son of Zayd!
)(
It was originally )
( . The verb was dropped.
Note:
The
( vocative particle) substitutes the omitted verb.
Some of the vocative particles are as follows:
and
These are used when the is near.
and
There are exceptions to the rule. Mustathnaa, for example, is not always mansoob. It is still mentioned under this
category because most of the time, it is mansoob.
71
Table 3.7
Rules Governing the Iraab of the
1.
2.
3.
(Unspecified nakirah)
4.
(Specified nakirah)
5.
(Singular marifah)
6.
Example
O son of Zayd!
O reader of a book!
O man! Take my hand. (call of
a blind man to any person for
assisstance)
O man!
O Zayd!
can become
or
can become
Note: The last letter can be given a dammah or it can retain its original harakah.
b.
: This is said to ones guest for welcoming him/her.
Its original is
, which means You have come to your own people
and have trampled comfortable ground. In other words, you are welcome. Here two
verbs,
and
have been dropped.
c. Sometimes, the verb governing the
is dropped at the time of warning someone,
is used instead of
to give the same meaning, which
is Save yourself from the lion.
72
Section 3.8.2
Definition: It is the masdar of the verb that governs it and is used for the following:
( emphasis)
e.g.
I beat him severely.
For example,
, which means You came a
. Originally, it was
good coming. Here, the verb
, and , which is the , have been dropped
of the , which is , remains.
because of context. Only the
Section 3.8.3
/
Definition: It is that noun, which explains the reason for the action taking place. Generally, it
is a masdar.
e.g.
Section 3.8.4
Definition: It is that noun, which appears after such a
, which has the meaning of ( with).
This
is known as .
e.g.
73
Section 3.8.4
/
Definition: It is that noun, which denotes the time ) ( or place )
( in which the action
took place.
e.g.
I travelled for a month.
Both types of
, viz., and are of two types: ( limited, restricted)
and ( umlimited, unrestricted).
Types of
i.
ii.
day
e.g.
night
e.g.
month
e.g.
year
e.g.
e.g.
Nuh called his people for some time.
Types of
i.
( limited, restricted):
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
in front of
e.g.
74
The above-mentioned fives mafools have been combined in one verse, which is as
follows:
I praised Haamid and Hameed a lot out of regard for thanking them,
for an extended period of time.
Sentence Analysis:
1.
=
+
=
+
= 2.
=
=
3.
=
=
|
+
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and identify the type of
in the following sentences.
ii.
iii.
v.
vi.
i.
iv.
75
Section 3.8.5
State / Condition
or the or both at
Definition: It is a noun, which describes the condition of either the
the time the action contained in the verb took place.
e.g.
Zayd came in the condition that he was mounted.
Notes:
1. The condition itself is known as
, whereas the one whose condition is being
described is known as
.
2. The
gets a nasb, which is generally in the form of two fathahs.
3. The
is generally ( when the
is not a
is generally and the
sentence).
e.g.
Zayd came riding/while he was mounted.
4. If the
is , the
is brought before the
.
A man came to me riding/while he was mounted.
5. The
can be a
.
e.g.
Zayd ate sitting.
Here, the
is , which is the hidden dameer in .
e.g.
6. The
can be a sentence.
If the
is a
, then a ( with or without a dameer) is added to give the
meaning of condition.
e.g.
If the
is a
and the is
, has to appear before the
.
e.g.
76
Sentence Analysis:
1.
2.
3.
( +
) +
( )
|
( )+
77
4.
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and point out the
and
in the following sentences.
ii.
iii.
v.
vi.
i.
iv.
78
Section 3.8.6
Definition: It is an
, which removes the ambiguity or vagueness created by the previous
noun. This ambiguity may be in distance, weight, measure, number, etc.
e.g.
I saw eleven stars.
Sentence Analysis:
Notes:
The ambiguous noun is called and the noun which clarifies it is called or
If the is a number, the rules with regards to the usage of numerals (on the
next page) must be kept in mind.
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and point out the and in the following sentences.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
79
Rules for
( Numerals)
Before we proceed, it should be pointed out that
( number) is the mumayyaz, and
one boy
one girl
The will appear first and the will appear second.
e.g.
Note: Normally, for one or two men etc., one would simply say
or
. However,
at times, the number is used for emphasis.
eight pens
five cars
Note: In choosing the correct gender, the singular form of the will be taken
into account.
e.g.
seven nights and eight days
eleven stars
twelve girls
80
The gender of the first part of the should be opposite of the gender of the .
fourteen men
nineteen girls
The will be
.
The ten ( masc.)/( fem.) will agree with the in terms of gender.
Note: The of / will get a fathah when used with a masculine and a sukoon
e.g.
twenty men
thirty girls
The will be
.
e.g.
The first part of the and the must agree in all aspects.
twenty-one men
twenty-one girls
The will be
.
e.g.
twenty-four men
twenty-six girls
The will be
.
e.g.
81
Hundred (100)
hundred girls
For 200, will be used. (
in
)
e.g.
two hundred girls
two hundred girls
The will be
.
Since is feminine, the number before will be masculine.
e.g.
four hundred men
four hundred women
If there are units with the 100s as well, the same gender rule will apply as above till 99.
e.g.
hundred and ten books
Thousand (1,000)
will remain the same, irrespective of whether the is masculine or feminine.
thousand men
thousand girls
The will be
.
Since
is masculine, the number before
will be feminine.
e.g.
four thousand men
Million (1,000,000)
million girls
The will be
.
Since is masculine, the number before will be feminine.
e.g.
four million men
four million women
82
EXERCISE
1. Write the following in Arabic.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
2 schools
12 women
17 doors
21 cars
150 houses
444 miles
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
xi.
xii.
83
11 books
14 chairs
26 boys
111 elephants
195 keys
3333 roses
Section 3.8.7
means to exclude.
is that noun, which has been excluded and appears after the
.
.
is that noun from which the has been excluded. It appears before
are as follows:
e.g.
The people came except Zayd.
+
+
Related Terminology
refers to the case when the was included in the before the .
e.g.
The people came except Zayd.
e.g.
No one came except Zayd.
refers to that sentence in which the is mentioned.
e.g.
The people came except Zayd.
84
( positive statement) refers to that sentence, which does not have a , or
.
e.g.
The people came except Zayd.
.
e.g.
The people did not come except Zayd.
The iraab of the
will be as given below:
Table 3.8
1.
2.
3.
4.
Sentence Type
Example
or
same as
according to
( as if
No one came to me
except Zayd.
No one came except
Zayd.
All types
85
6.
7.
Sentence Type
All types
All types
Example
or
( as a preposition)
/ /
/ /
1)
2)
The first sentence is moojab and ghayr mufarragh, so the mustathnaa will be
mansoob. The second sentence is ghayr moojab and mufarragh, so the
mustathnaa is according to the aamil. Thus, it is marfoo.
2)
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and explain the iraab of themustathnaa.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
86
Section 3.9
Words Which Are Always Majroor
There are two types of words that are always majroor. These are as follows:
1. Noun preceded by a
.
e.g.
in the book
e.g.
book of Zayd.
2.
87
Section 3.10
Definition: A is that noun, which follows the noun before it. The preceding noun is called
the
.
4)
/
2) /
3)
5)
Section 3.10.1
Adjective
is of two types: 1)
2)
/
1.
: It is that word, which describes the actual
.
As mentioned in section 1.3.3, the
follows the
, which is the
in this
The
, which is a sentence must have a
which refers to the nakirah mawsoof.
e.g.
+ )(
+
+ +
The boy is riding the bicycle.
Here, ( ) is , and (
)is the .
88
Note:
If a is followed by a sentence, it will be a
.
or
e.g.
The boy who was riding the bicycle came
to me.
Here, ( ) is
.
, and (
)is the
2.
: It is that word, which does not describe the
, but describes that which is
connected to the
.
The boy whose father is learned, came to me.
Here, (
) is a
of () , which is connected to the matboo () .
However, it is not a
of the matboo itself.
e.g.
Notes:
1. In
, the
and
must correspond in only two aspects:
a. Iraab
b. Being marifah or nakirah
2. The
will always be singular, irrespective of whether the
is singular, dual
3.
or plural.
e.g.
The
will correspond in gender to the word after it.
e.g.
Sentence Analysis
1.
2.
) (
+ )
(
+
=
A woman whose son is learned, came.
|
)
(
+
) (
89
)
(
+
)
(
)
(
+
3.
( )
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and analyse the following sentences pointing out the
and the
.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
2. Analyse the following sentences and and point out the difference between them.
90
i.
ii.
iii.
Section 3.10.2
/ Emphasis
Definition: It is that , which gives emphasis to the
in the matter related to it or
emphasizes the inclusion of all members of the
in the matter related to it.
e.g.
e.g.
1.
Verbal Emphasis: The emphasis is attained by repeating the , which may
be ,
,
,
, or sentence.
e.g.
( himself, herself)
Their
and form )
( must correspond with those of the .
The plural form )
( of
and
is used for dual.
e.g.
/
/
/
91
b.
( both)
It must be
to a dual
.
e.g.
c.
( all)
is used with a
, which must correspond to the .
( changing to correspond to the .
is used with its form )
e.g.
I read the whole book.
All the people came.
All the people came.
Note: and
can only be used for emphasis in those things, which have parts
or can be divided. Thus,
( I treated all of Zayd hospitably)
would be incorrect.
d.
/ /
Sentence Analysis
)
|
(
2 +
1
92
|
+
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and analyse the following sentences.
93
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Section 3.10.3
Substitute
Definition: A
is that , which is actually intended in the sentence and not its
. The
matboo merely serves as an introduction to the taabi.
The is called
( substitute) and the
is called or ( the
substituted).
Example:
)
|
(
+
1)
2)
3)
4)
1.
: It is that , which refers to the exact same thing as the .
e.g.
Zayd, your brother, came.
3.
: It is that , which is related to the , but is not part of it.
The
must have a
, which refers to the .
e.g.
4.
: It is that , which is mentioned after an error, as a correction.
e.g.
I bought a horse; no, a donkey.
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and analyse the following sentences.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
94
Section 3.10.4
Conjunction
Definition: It is that , which appears after a
. The
appears between the
and the
. The meaning of the verb directed to the
is also directed to the .
The is called
and the
is called
.
e.g.
+
=
The various
are as follows:
Notes:
1. If the
is a
, then its
has to be mentioned after it.
e.g.
Zayd and I hit, today.
Neither us nor our forefathers associated partners.
3. If the
is a
preceded by a
, then the
should also be preceded by
the same
.
e.g.
I passed by you and Zayd.
e.g.
EXERCISE
1. Fill in a suitable
, translate, fill in the iraab and analyse the following sentences.
i.
ii.
iii.
_______
_______
_______
iv.
v.
vi.
95
_______
_______
_______
Section 3.10.5
)
(
Abu Amr Zayd came.
Example:
)
|
(
+
EXERCISE
96
i.
CHAPTER 4
Governing Words
Definition: An
is a word that governs/causes iraab changes in another word.
There are two types of
: 1) 2)
1.
: It is that , which is not in word form i.e. it is abstract.
There are two types of
.
i.
ii.
: which means that being free of a gives a .
e.g.
Zayd is standing.
Here, ( ) is the , which is marfoo because of ibtidaa. ( ) is the khabar and
it is also marfoo because of ibtidaa.
In the case of
, being free of a
or
gives
a .
e.g.
Zayd is working.
Here (
) is marfoo because it is free of any
or
.
2.
: It is that , which is in word form.
There are three types of
.
i.
ii.
iii.
97
Section 4.1
Governing Particles
A. Particles, Which Govern Nouns
1.
refer to section 1.6
2.
3.
refer to section 3.7.3
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
98
Section 4.1.1
Table 4.1
Meaning
Example
will not, never
so that
then, in that
that, to
case
Notes:
1. Sometimes , together with its
, gives the meaning of a masdar. In this case, is called
.
e.g.
i.e.
2. is hidden after the following six huroof and gives the last letter of
a nasb.
a.
After
:
e.g.
)
(
After
or : i.e. that , which appears after or any of the
forms of
.
e.g.
)(
c.
(
)
( )
d.
After
: i.e., that which turns away from the word after it the effect,
which the
had on the word before it (before the ) .
e.g.
This
is also known as or
.
e.
)
(
After
: i.e., that which has the meaning of ( it is also called ) .
e.g.
)
(
f.
After
/ : i.e., that , which comes in reply to any of the following six:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
)
(
100
)
(
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and point out the
and its effect in the following
sentences.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
101
Section 4.1.2
Particles That Give Jazm
Table 4.2
Meaning
Example
if
did not
do not
not yet
should, shall, let
Notes:
1. appears before two verbal sentences. The first one is called
(condition) and the
second
( answer/result).
2. If appears before , it should be translated negatively.
e.g.
3.
should be brought before the of a
when the is one of the following:
a.
e.g.
b.
e.g.
c.
e.g.
102
d.
e.g.
4.
will be translated in the future tense when it is
a. used as a
e.g.
b. preceded by
e.g.
c. preceded by
e.g.
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and point out the
and its effect on the following
sentences.
i.
iv.
ii.
v.
iii.
vi.
103
Section 4.2
Governing Verbs
i.
( can only be governed by a )
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
Zayd was beaten severely on Friday, in front of the Judge, in his office, to teach
him manners.
Intransitive Verb: It is that verb whose meaning can be understood without a
.
e.g.
Zayd sat.
: These were discussed earlier in section 1.8.
104
Section 4.2.1
Transitive Verb
Definition: It is that verb whose meaning cannot be understood without a
.
e.g.
etc.
I gave the beggar a bread.
Some other verbs, which can also have two
include the following
etc.
e.g.
Knowledge clothes its possessor with dignity.
e.g.
Verb
Usage
105
Example
I was sure Saeed was going.
I was sure Rasheed was
knowledgeable.
I was sure Zayd was trustworthy.
I was sure Zayd was present. /
I thought Zayd was present.
I thought Zayd was well-educated.
I thought Khalid was standing.
I thought Bakr was sleeping.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
4. Those verbs which require three . Each of these has the meaning
informing/showing. These are as follows:
Table 4.4
Verb
Example
I informed Zayd that Khalid is sleeping.
I informed Zayd that Bakr is well-educated.
The messenger informed me that the chief is
coming.
I informed them that arrogance is blameworthy.
I informed the boys that sport is beneficial.
I informed the travellers that the train is late.
I informed the children that swimming is
beneficial.
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and analyse the following sentences.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
106
Section 4.2.2
Definition: These verbs behave the same way as .
They are used for the following purposes:
1.
show nearness in the attainment (
) of the .
2.
show desire for attainment of .
3.
show commencement of action.
Table 4.5
preferably without
preferably without
preferably with
preferably with
without
without
*
*
Type
Example
Zayd was about to sit.
Hopefully Zayd will
without
come out.
Sentence Analysis:
) (
+
107
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and analyse the following sentences.
i.
iv.
ii.
v.
iii.
vi.
108
Section 4.2.3
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
.
That which appears after the
is called
or
The
of
must be one of the following:
i. prefixed with .
e.g.
e.g.
What a wonderful man Zayd is!
[ ( ) ]
ii.
is the .
( ) is its
.
is the
.
In
,
Notes:
1. These verbs are used in the past tense in their singular form (masculine or feminine).
2. At times the
is dropped.
e.g.
i.e.
Sentence Analysis:
109
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and analyse the following sentences.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
110
Section 4.2.4
Verbs of Wonder
There are two wazns to express wonder for three letter verbs )
(.
1. : has the meaning of
.
e.g.
How wonderful Zayd is!
+ )(
+
)
(
2.
: ( ) has the meaning of past tense and the is extra )( .
e.g.
)
How wonderful Zayd is!
etc. should be placed before the masdar of the desired verb. The
or
/
masdar will be
, thus mansoob.
e.g.
How very respectful people are towards the learned.
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and analyse the following sentences.
i.
ii.
iii.
111
Section 4.3
Governing Nouns
Amongst these,
were discussed in section 2.4.4. Here, we will discuss the rest.
Section 4.3.1
Conditional Nouns
They govern two
( result).
Table 4.6
Noun
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Meaning
who,
who ever
what,
whatever
however
much
when
when
6.
where
8.
where
7.
where
9.
how,
manner
any of
the above
10.
Usage
any of the
above
Example
Notes:
1. and have the same function as
, except that they are particles )
(
and not nouns. Collectively they are called
.
if
e.g.
when
e.g.
112
e.g.
EXERCISE
1. Complete the following sentences with a suitable
.
i.
ii.
_______
iii.
_______
iv.
113
_______
_______
Section 4.3.2
Notes:
1. If the
is prefixed with , it could include any of the three tenses.
e.g.
e.g.
b.
e.g.
c.
e.g.
d.
e.g.
e.
e.g.
f.
e.g.
Sentence Analysis:
)
(
|
+
+
114
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and point out the effect and tense of the
in the
following sentences.
ii.
iii.
i.
iv.
115
Section 4.3.3
Examples:
a.
e.g.
b.
e.g.
c.
e.g.
d.
e.g.
e.
e.g.
f.
e.g.
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and point out the effect and tense of the
in the
following sentences.
i.
ii.
116
Section 4.3.4
That Adjective Which Is Similar to
Like its
, it generally gives the
a raf.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
happy
beautiful
noble/honorable
coward
brave
(masculine)
( feminine)
e.g.
e.g.
red
mute
red
mute
The
of non-three letter verbs )
( is brought on the wazn of its
on the condition that permanency of meaning is intended.
e.g.
straight
117
Section 4.3.5
Definition: It is that noun, which indicates that a quality is found to a greater extent in one
person/thing when compared to another.
e.g.
Khalid is more courageous than Amr.
Table 4.7
Singular
Dual
Plural
Masculine
Example
Feminine
Example
Meaning
Bigger/older
Bigger/older
Bigger/older
Bigger/older
Usage:
e.g.
Zayd is more knowledgeable than Bakr.
e.g.
may be
3. With
: the
or it may correspond with the word before it.
e.g.
118
Notes:
2. The words
and are also used for .
e.g.
e.g.
Zayd is more virtuous than Bakr.
The dameer in
.
is its
EXERCISE
in the following sentences.
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and explain the usage of
i.
v.
ii.
vi.
iii.
vii.
iv.
viii.
119
Section 4.3.6
Definition: It is that noun which refers to the action indicated by the corresponding verb
without any reference to time.
Effect: It has the same effect as that of its verb i.e. it gives raf to the
and nasb to the
e.g.
Usage:
Masdar is generally used in one of the following ways:
as a
to its
.
e.g.
as a
to its .
e.g.
i.e.
i.e.
)
(
)
(
EXERCISE
1. Fill in the iraab and explain the usage of the masdar in the following sentences.
i.
iii.
ii.
iv.
Section 4.3.7
In the case of mudaaf, it is assumed that one of the following prepositions )
( is hidden
between the mudaaf and mudaaf ilayhi.
e.g.
i.e.
i.e.
silver ring
night prayer
i.e.
120
Zayds son
Section 4.3.8
Definition: It is that noun, which would give the noun ) (after it a nasb.
tanween.
e.g.
)
(
There is not even palms measure of clouds in the sky.
b.
hidden tanween.
e.g.
(
was originally
)
of a dual noun.
e.g.
d.
)
(
e.g.
)
(
I have twenty dirhams.
The
in the above examples cannot be mudaaf while having a tanween or having a noon
of dual/plural, thus the noun after it gets a nasb because of it being .
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Section 4.3.9
How many books do you have?
At times, the preposition
appears before the .
e.g.
How many books do you have?
e.g.
2.
( so many)
There are so many angels in the skies/heavens.
i.
ii.
122
Section 4.3.10
most learned
great distinguisher
excessive jester
careful maintainer/sustainer
very eloquent
Notes:
1. The round at the end of some wazns is for and not for gender.
e.g.
well-learned
2. The wazn
is also used to denote a profession.
e.g.
cook
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carpenter
Section 4.4
Non-Governing Particles
1.
Particles of Notification:
These are used to draw the attention of the listener. These are as follows:
e.g.
meaning
Lo! / Behold! / Take heed!
Behold! Zayd is sleeping.
This
Lo! I am present.
2.
Particles of Affirmation:
These are used for affirmation of a statement made earlier. These are as follows:
( yes)
meaning
( he came).
If someone says
( Has Zayd not come?), the reply will be ( yes)
meaning
( He did not come.).
( yes)
If someone says
( Did Zayd stand up?), the reply will be
(yes, by Allah!) meaning
( Zayd stood up.).
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/ / ( yes)
It is the same as .
e.g.
If someone says
( Zayd came.), the reply will be or or
(yes) meaning
( Zayd came.).
(that is)
e.g.
And ask the town, that is, the people of the town.
And We called him, that is, O Ibraheem!
4.
: These are used to give a masdary meaning. These are as follows:
comes before a
.
e.g.
) (
When the earth became straitened for them despite its vastness.
(
)
()
5.
Particles of Exhortation:
These are used to encourage someone to do something when they appear before
e.g.
These particles are also used to create regret and sorrow in the listener when they
appear before
. Therefore, they are also called
.
e.g.
125
6.
Particle of Anticipation:
It is , which is used for one of the following:
Particles of Interrogation:
7.
e.g.
Is Zayd standing?
Did Zayd stand up?
8.
Particle of Rebuke:
e.g.
is said to some one who says
( Hit Zayd.).
It gives the meaning of certainty.
e.g.
e.g. i.e.
the day when so and so happened
126
) (
) (
11.
: It is used for the following:
.
: It comes in the answer to and
e.g.
If Allah did not repel some people by means of others, the earth would
be corrupted.
: extra.
e.g.
12.
Extra Particles: These are not translated. However, they add beauty and
emphasis to the meaning. These are:
Usage:
: It appears after .
e.g.
: It appears after .
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
127
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
Allah.
from Me.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
13.
Conditional Particles:
e.g.
So, some of them will be wretched and (some) blessed. As for the
wretched, they will be in the Fire.
( if)
If there had been gods besides Allah in them (the heavens and the earth),
they would have been corrupted.
(There will not be corruption because there is notmore than onegod.)
Note: If a is added to i.e. it will give the meaning of even though and will be
known as
.
e.g.
128
second sentence )
( cannot be attained because of the presence of the condition of the
first sentence )
( .
e.g.
15.
: It is that ,
( as long as).
which has the meaning of
e.g.
i.e.
(then, thus):
He sends down water from the sky, because of which the earth becomes
green.
e.g.
( or):
129
e.g.
Zayd did not come to me but Bakr came.
130
BIBLIOGRAPHY
131