Computer Graphics

Introduction

Introduction
Computer Graphics : It involves display manipulation and storage of pictures and experimental data for proper visualization using a computer. Typically graphics system comprises of the host computers with support of

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fast processor, large memory, frame buffer display devices, input devices, output devices interface devices.
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Conceptual Framework for Interactive Graphics

Input Devices

Application Model

Application Program

Graphics System

Output devices

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Typical Application Areas

GUI Plotting in business Office Automation Desktop Publishing Plotting in Science and Technology Web/Commercial/Business publishing and advertisements CAD/CAM Design(VLSI, Construction, Circuits) Scientific visualization Entertainment Simulation and Simulation Study Cartography Multimedia Virtual reality Process monitoring Digital Image processing Education and Training

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GUI Graphics User Interface

Typical Component used
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Menus Icons Cursors Dialog Boxes Scroll Bars Buttons Valuators Grids 3-D Interfaces
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Application Packages
Various application package and standards available
Core Graphics GKS SRGP PHIGS, SPHIGS and PEX 3D OpenGL(With ActiveX and Direct3D) X11 Based Systems
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 GKS- Graphics Kernel System

Developed by ISO and ANSI

SRGP- Simple Raster Graphics Package PHIGS- Programmers Hierarchical Intaractive Graphics Systems
Various tools and utilities available for web based design include JAVA, XML, VRML and GIF Animators Certain compilers with their own graphics libraries, API support and help for programming 2D/3D graphics.
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Display
A graphics display is a drawing area comprised of an array of fine points called pixels (picture elements).

At the heart of a graphics system there is a magic pen,

move at lightning speed to a specific pixel draw the pixel with a specific color a red, green, and blue (RGB) vector value. Computer graphics is about using this pen automatically through programming.

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Object, Model, and Image

A real or imaginary object is represented in a computer as a model, and is displayed as an image. A model is an abstract description of the objects shape (vertices) and attributes (colors),
which can be used to find all the points on the object corresponding to the pixels in the drawing area. Given a model, the application program will control the pen through a graphics library to generate the corresponding image.

An image is simply a 2D array of pixels.

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Primitive and Graphics Library

A graphics library provides a set of graphics commands or functions.
bound in C, Java, or other programming languages on different platforms.
specify primitive 2D and 3D geometric models to be digitized and displayed.

Primitive models or simply primitives stand for some simple shapes (such as points, lines, and polygons)
OpenGL is a graphics library; DirectX includes a graphics library Direct3D

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Brief History
1963 Evan Sutherlands seminal doctoral work Sketchpad: a manmachine graphical communication system 1977 3D Core Graphics System by ACM SIGGRAPH Committee 1980s, hardware expensive & graphics app. programs were few 1985 GKS (the Graphical Kernel System), 2D 1987 MITs X lib for windows under UNIX OS 1988 GKS-3D, PHIGS (ANSI and ISO standard); SGIs GL; 1993 OpenGL (Open standard from SGI) Since then, OpenGL supported on PC, MAC, Sun work-stations, SGI work-stations, special purpose image generators (ESIG) Since then, Evolution of advanced GUIs and graphics environments; Software from low-level, device dependent packages to higher-level device-independent packages 2003 JOGL Java for OpenGL from Sunmicrosystem

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Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

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Color CRT

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Type of CRT Display Devices

1. DVST (Direct View Storage Tube) 2. Calligraphic or Random Scan Display System 3. Refresh and Raster Scan Display System

DVST(Direct View Storage Tube)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Storage Tube It is a CRT with a long persistence phosphor Provides Flicker Free Display No refreshing necessary A slow moving electron beam draws a line on the screen. Screen has a storage mesh in which the phosphor is embedded. Image is stored as a distribution of charges on the inside surface of the screen. 7. Limited interactive support.

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Phosphor Coated Screen

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DVST- Drawbacks
Modifying any part of the image requires redrawing the entire image. Change in the image requires to generate new charge distribution in the DVST. Slow process of drawing- typically a few seconds are necessary for a complex image. Erasing takes approx. 0.5 second. All lines and character must be erased.

No animation possible with DVST.

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Calligraphic or Random Scan Display System

Also called vector , stroke, line drawing displays.

Characters are also made of sequence of strokes (or short lines)

Vectored Electron beam deflected from end- point to endpoint. Random Scan - Order of deflection is dictated by the arbitrary order of the display commands. Phosphor has short persistence delay in 10 -100 micro seconds
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Calligraphic or Random Scan Display System

Display must be refreshed at regular interval minimum of 30 Hz(fps) for flicker free display. Refresh Buffer- Memory space allocated to store the display list or display program for the display processor to draw the image. The display processor interprets the commands in the refresh buffer for plotting. The display processor must cycle through the display list to refresh the phosphor.

Display program has the commands for point, line and character plotting.
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Conceptual Block Diagram

Calligraphic Refresh Display I

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Conceptual Block Diagram

Calligraphic Refresh Display II

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Calligraphic or Random Scan Display System

The Display processor sends digital and point coordinate values to the vector display.

The vector generator converts the digital coordinate values to analog voltages for the beam deflection circuits.
The Beam deflection circuits displays the electron beam for writing on the CRTs phosphor coating. Recommended refresh rate is 40 -50 Hz. Scope of animation with segmentation mixture of static and dynamic parts of the picture.
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RASTER DISPLAYS
Store the primitives in a famebuffer, or refresh buffer which is RAM with 1024*1280, or V*H addressable pixels. Bitmap array of 1/0 (pixels) Pixmap- array of gray-scale pixels Monocrome Bi-level Gray Scale multiple level(1-15) Color (R,G,B) Scan-Conversion(rasterization ) Objects are converted into discrete pixels in frame buffer. Aliasing Jagging or Stair casing of lines/ edges Anti-Aliasing - Dealing with aliasing Resolution - # of distingushable lines per inch
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LASER PRINTER (HARD COPY DISPLAY DEVICE)

Framebuffer CRT (CATHODE RAY TUBE)

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RASTER DISPLAY SYSTEMS

Graphics Card (Video Card)

Graphics card: handle scan-conversion and other advanced graphics functions

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 Frame Buffer(Bit Planes) : RAM with the generated pixmap and attribute ready to display. Video Controller : refresh the display.

Interlaced: fine as long as adjacent scan lines display similar information

# of bits for color : Direct(RGB Mode) and indirect(Index Mode)
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