1

2
(Matrix)
1.

15
20

20

25

25

30

( ) [
15 20
20 25

25 30

]
15 20

20 25
25 30

( Row)

(Coloum)

15 13
6 10

2 2

1 3

4 6

6
5

4

3 1

1 2 3
4 3 2

5 3 0

3 3

A m n A
m n ( )

2 3
6 5

1
4

2 3

2 3

10 20

1 2

1 2

7
1

2 3

2 3

A , B , C
, , Z
a , b , c , , z
(Subscript) ij aij
i j
a11 a12 a13 a14
A a21 a22 a23 a24

a31 a32 a33 a34

1
2
3

1 2
3 4
A [aij ]34

2. (Transpose of matrix)
A m n
At
n m
A

1 2
A = 3 4

5 6

1 0
B =

0 1

C = 1 4 2

1 3 5
At =

2 4 6

Bt =

1 0
0 1

Ct =

1
4

2

3.

1)
(Square matrix )

A [aij ]nn n
A [aij ]33

a11 a12 a13

a a a
21 22 23

an1 an2 an3

a1n
a2n

ann

a11 , a22

a33 , . .

. ann
n n
[5]

1 0
0 1

1 2 3
4 3 2

5 3 0

2)
(Zero matrix)

0 0
[0]
[0 0 0]
0 0

0 0 0
0 0 0

0 0m n

3) (Row Matrix) 1


[ 10 ]

[ 2 3]

[ 1 0 -1 ]

4) (Coloum Matrix) 1


4
2
8
[ 100 ]
5

2
5)
(Upper triangular
matrix)
0

3 6
0 10

2 2 3
0 3 0

0 0 5

1
0

0 3
4 10 5

0 5 3

0 0 2
2

6)
(Lover triangular
matrix)
0

1 0 0 0
2 0 0
0 4 0 0
3 0
2 6 0

4 10

5 - 2 5 0

4 2 5

2 7 1 2
7)
(Triangular matrix)

2 2 3
0 3 0

0 0 5

2 0 0
2 6 0

4 2 5

2 0 0
0 6 0

0 0 5

8) (Diagonal matrix)

2 0 0
3
0

0 6 0
0 10

0 0 4
9) (Scalar
matrix)


3 0 0
2 0
0 0
0 3 0
0 2
0 0

0 0 3
10) (Identity
matrix)
1 I n n n

1 0
I11 = [ 1 ] ,
I22 =
,
I33 =

0
1

1 0 0
0 1 0

0 0 1

11) (Symmetric matrix)

2 1
2 1
t
A =

A
=
1 3
1 3

A = At

B =

1 2 3
2 4 5

3 5 1

Bt

1 2 3
= 2 4 5

3 5 1

B = Bt

1
1.

1. 12
3
2. 5

7

5 - 2
3.

3 - 1
2 0 0
4. 0 2 0

0 0 2

 10

5. 0 0 0 0
1 2 3
6. 0 4 5

0 0 6
1 0 0
7. 0 4 0

0 0 6

1 0
8.

0 1

2 1
2. A 3 2

4 5

1) A
..................................................................
2) A .................................
.................................
3) A
....................................................
4) a21 = ........................ , a32 = ........................ ,
a23= ........................

 11

2a22 + a31 - 3a12 =

.......................................................................
1
i = j
3. A [aij ] 3 3 aij 2
i < j 0

i > j

4.
2 4 5
1) 2 6 8
2)

0 1 2

1 8
3)

8 2

1 - 2 0
4) - 7 4 3

0 1 6

 12

4.
A B

aij bij i
j

5 2 25 2
3 4
2

2 1 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
4 5 6 4 5 6

7 8 9 7 8 12

5.

A = [ aij] m x n B = [ bij]m x n
A + B = [ aij+ bij ] m x n

1 3 3 1 1 3 3 (1) 4 2
2 5 2 4 2 (2) 5 4 0 9

1.

2.

3.

 13

A = [ aij] m x n B = [ bij]m x n
A - B = [ aij-bij ] m x n

1 3 3 1 1 3 3 (1) 2 4
2 5 2 4 2 (2) 5 4 4 1

1.

2.

3.

 14

2
1.

5 2

2
1
9 2 2

5 4
0
0

0
1 1
2 3

5 4

10 15 4

0 0

1 1
3 2

5 4

3
2
8
3

27 4

2 3 8

9 4

0 0
0 0

0
0

2 4
1 3
2 4

2 4

1 3 0
2 4 0

 15

1 2 1
2 5 2

3 1 3

1 2 1
2 5 2

3 1 3

 16

2. x
1 3 1
1)
2
x
4

, y z
y
2 x 2 1
2)
3 y 3 4
4

x = .

x =

.
y = .

y =

.
5 3 2y- 1
3
y- 3 8 3 2z
3)
4)

2 z
x 5 4 5 4
x

1
3

x = .

x =

.
y = .

y =

.
z = .

z =

.
x 2 3 y 1 3 2
x y 2 1 2
5)
6)

5 4 z
4 3 4 x y
5
4
6

x = .
.

x =

 17

y = .

y =

.
z = .
x 1 3

7)
3

y2

4 2x 3 3 4
8)

z 3
4 5

3 1 y 3 1 x
x 1 0 2 4 0 y 1

2x 4 1 6 4 1

x = .

x =

.
y = .
.
z = .
a b 3 2
9)
x 4 c = a 2b + d
c
d

x = .

y =

 18

1.

2 3 4 1 1 0
0 4 5 2 3 2

2 1 2 1

0
4

2
3

5 1 0 2

6

1 3 2 5
4

1
2
1
5
2

1
3 3
2
1
8 2
2

2 1
2 1 4

5 7 8 1 3

0 4

0 0 1 3
0 0 2 4

 19

3 2 1 2 2 1

1
1

5
4
3

0 5 4 0 3 0

3 2 1 1 0 0

1
1

0
1
0

0 5 4 0 0 1

1 0 10 5
0 1 6 6

10 121

2 5 1
2 3 4
2. A =
, B = 5 6 7 C =
1
0
4

3 2
1
5 4 1

1) A + B

2) B + A

 20

3) B + C

5) (A + B) + C

4) C + B

6) A + (B + C)

 21

7) A + B - C

8) C A - B

9) (A + B)t

10) At + Bt

11) (A B C)t

12) At Bt Ct

13) (A B)t

14) At - Bt

 22

15) ((A B)t)t

6.
6.1

A aij m n c

cA caij m n

1 2 - 1
A = 4 1 3 B =

0 5 1
1 3 2
- 2 0 5

1 - 4 - 1

 23

1)

1 2 - 1
2 4 - 2
2A = 2 4 1 3 = 8 1 6

0 5 1
0 10 2

2) -5A

1 2 - 1
= -5 4 1 3

0 5 1

- 5 - 10 5
= - 20 - 5 - 15

0 - 25 - 5

1 2 - 1
1 3 2
3) A + 2B = 4 1 3 + 2 - 2 0 5

0 5 1
1 - 4 - 1
1
= 4

0
4
= 0

2 - 1 2 6 6
1 3 + - 4 0 10

5 1 2 - 8 - 2
8 5
1 13

10 - 1

1 2 - 1
1 3 2
4) 2A 3B = 2 4 1 3 - 3 - 2 0 5

0 5 1
1 - 4 - 1
2 4 - 2
- 3 - 9 - 6
= 8 2 6 + 6 0 - 15

0 10 2
3 12 3

 24

- 1 - 5 - 8
14 2 - 9

3 22 5

1. A

1A = A

2. A (-1)A = - A
3. A c, d
(c + d )A = cA + dA
4. A c, d
(c d )A = c ( dA )
5. A B c
c(A + B ) = cA + cB
6. A n
cA = A + A + A + + A
7. A

0 A = 0

8.

c0 = 0

 25

1 4
0 1
2 1
1. A
,

2 3
0 5
3
5

1) (2A B) + C =

2) (A 2B) + 3C =

3) 5A 3(B C) =

4) 2[A + (2B C)] =

5) A + 2B 3C =

 26

6)

1 2
A B =
2 3

 27

7)

1
1
(B C) A =
2
4

8) 3A 2(B + 2C) =

9) 3[5(A B) + 2C] =

10) At 3(B + C)t =

t
t
1 4
1 2 1 0
X

2. X

3 5
4 2 2 5

 28

3. X
2 6 0 1 2 0
1

1 3 1 5 3 4
0

4 3
1 4

 29

6.2

A = [ ai j] m x n B = [ bi j]n x p
AB m p AB
= C = [ cij ]
ci j= a i 1 b 1 j + a i 2 b 2j + . . . + a i n bn j
a11
a
AB = 21

am1

c11
c
21
=

cm1
ci j =

a12 ... a1n b11

a22 ... a2n b21

am2 ... amn bn1

b12 ... b1p

b22 ... b2p

bn2 ... b
np

c12 ... c1p

c22 ... c2p

cm2 ... cmp

( i A ) (

j B )

[ 32 ]

4
AB = 1 2 3 5 = (1 4) (2 2) (3 1) =

6

 30

A 1 3 B 3 1 AB
1 1
3
1 2 3
AB =
2
4
5
6

(1 3) (2 2) (3 1) 10
=
=
(4 3) (5 2) (6 1) 28

A 2 3 B 3 1 AB
2 1

 31

1 2
1
3
5

0
1
AB =

2 4 6
1 0
(3)(0)
(5)(1)(1)(2)
(3)(1)
(5)(0)
(1)(1)

(4)(0)
(6)(1)(2)(2)
(4)(1)
(6)(0)
(2)(1)

6 5
8 8

A 2 3 B 3 2 AB
22

AB

1 2
0 1 1 3 5

2 4 6
1 0

(2)(2)(1)(3)
(2)(4)(1)(5)
(2)(6)
(1)(1)

(0)(1)

(1)(2)
(0)(3)

(1)(4)
(1)(5)

(2)(6)

(1)(1)

(2)(2)(1)(3)
(0)(4)(1)(5)
(0)(6)

5 11 17
2 4 17

5 3 5

 32

A 3 2 B 2 3
AB 3 3

 33

1 2 - 1
5
AB =

=

9
3 4 3

- 1 1 2
BA =

3 3 4

B 2 1

2 2

BA



A , B , C I 2 2 S
2 2
1.
A B S AB S

2.
( AB ) C = A ( BC )
3.
A I = I A = A I
4.
A( A-1 ) =

( A-1) A = I A-1

 34

1.

A
B
A

12

1 2

5
2

0
2

4

4 3 2 1

4
0

1

3

1 2 3
1 0 2

1
2

1

2
1

2
0
3

3 4
0 1

4 0
1 2
4 2

1 2
3 4

AB

AB

 35

1
3

2
1

0 1 2
3 4 2

1 2
1 2
1 0
2. A =
,
B
=
,
C
=
I =

0 3
1 0
3 2
1 0
0 1

1) AB

3) (AB)C

5) AI

2) BA

4) A(BC)

6) IA

 36

7) BI

8) IB

9) A(B+C)

10) AB + AC

 37

11) (B+C)A

12) BA+CA

13) I2

14) A2

15) A O

16) O A

17) (AB)t

18) BtAt

 38

19) AAt

20) (AAt)t

 39

1 1
1 0
3. A =

B
=

1 2
0
2

1) (A+B)(A-B)

2) A2+2AB+B2

3) A2 - B2

a b
4. A =
A2 - 2A I = 0 a

4 2
b

 40

 41

7.

(Determinant )
a11 a12
A =
a11 , a12 , a21 , a22
a
a
21 22

A a11 a22 - a21 a12

a11 a12
det (A)
a21 a22

1)

1 1

A = [ a11 ] det (A) = a11

A = [ -52 ]

det (A) = -52

2)

22
a b

A =
det (A) = ad - bc
c
d

(5)(-1)

7 1
A =
det (A) = (7)(0)
5 0
0 + 5= 5

 42

2 - 2
B =
det (A) = (2)(5) (-5)(-2) =
5
5

10 - 10=0
4 - 9
C =
det (A) = (4)(6) (-5)(-9) =
5
6

24 - 45=- 21

3)

33
a b c
A = d e f det (A) = (aei + bfg + cdh

g h i
) - (ceg + hfa + idb)

 43

3 1 - 2
1) A = 4 2 5

- 6 3 1
det (A) = (3)(2)(1) + (1)(5)(-6) + (-2)(3)(4) (6)(2)(-2) (3)(5(3) (1)(4)(1)
= 6 30 24 24 45 4
= - 121
2 7 - 3
2)A = 1 0 4

4 - 1 - 2

0 -8
-14

2 7 32 7
det (A) = 1 0 4 1 0
4 1 24 1

112 3
=

( 0 + 112 + 3) - ( 0 8

-14 )
=
=

2 x

115 - (-22 )

137
x x 3 2 4x 1

25
-5 4
3
x

 44

x x 3 2 4x 1
=

-5 4
3
x

25

4x -(-5)(x + 3) + 2x - 3(4x + 1) =
4x + 5x + 15 + 2x 12x 3
- x + 12
x

25
=

25

25

12 - 25 = 13

1.

7 2
1) A = 5
2) B =

9 4

10 9
3) A =

6 7

1 2
4) B =

3 4

 45

1 0
5) A =

0 1

2. x
x 2
1)
25
3 4

0 0
6) B =

0 0

2)

x x 1
5
x 1 2x

 46

3.

1 2 3
1) A = 4 5 6

1 2 3

1 1 3
2) B = 2 0 1

1 2 0

2 3 1
3) A = 0 5 2

4 1 3

1 5 3
4) B = 2 4 1

0 6 1

1 3 5
5) A = 4 2 6

0 7 1

3 5 0
6) B = 2 0 1

3 4 5

 47

4. x
2 x 1
1) 1 0 1 0
3 4 2

1 x
x
2) x x 3 0
x 2 x

 48

n n
n

2
A = [ aij ] n x n
n

aij A
n n
2 7 - 3

0
4 j A

A
= 1i

4 - 1 - 2
aij
M11(A) , M12(A) , M13(A) , M21(A) , M23
A Mij(A)
(A) , M32(A)
M11(A) =
4

-1

1 4
= (1)(-2)- (4)(4)
4 -2

= -2 -

1 0
= (1)(-1)- (4)(0)
4 -1

= -1 - 0

-18

M13(A) =
=

= -2 +

M12(A) =
16

0 4
= (0)(-2)- (4)(-1)
-1 - 2

 49

M21(A) =
-3

2 7
= (2)(-1)- (4)(7)
4 -1

= -2 -

- 30

M32 (A) =
3 =

= -14

-17

M23 (A) =
28

7 -3
= (7)(-2)- (-1)(-3)
-1 - 2

11

2 -3
= (2)(4)- (1)(-3)
1 4

= 8+

 50

A = [ aij ] n x n
n

aij A (-1)i+j
A 27
- 3
1 0 4

A =i

j A
4 - 1 - 2

aij
(A)
,C

C11(A) , A
C 12
C 21(A) , C 23
13(A)Cij,(A)
(A) , C 32(A)
C 11(A) =
= -2 + 4

-(-2 16) =

1 4
= -((1)(-2)- (4)(4)0
4 -2

(-1)1+3

1 0
= (1)(-1)- (4)(0)
4 -1

(-1)2+1

7 -3
= -((7)(-2)- (-1)(-3) )
-1 - 2

-1

C 21(A) =
= -(-14 -3)

(-1)1+2

18

C 13(A) =
=

0 4
= (0)(-2)- (4)(-1)
-1 - 2

C 12(A) =

-1 - 0

(-1)1+1

17

 51

C 23 (A) =
(-2 28)

2 7
= -((2)(-1)- (4)(7) ) = 4 -1

30

C 32 (A) =
(8 + 3) =

(-1)2+3

-11

(-1)3+2

2 -3
= -((2)(4)- (1)(-3) ) = 1 4

 52

3 0
1. A =

4
2

1) M11(A) =

2) M12(A) =

3) M21(A) =

4) M22(A) =

5) C11(A) =

6) C12(A) =

7) C21(A) =

8) C22(A) =

1 3 5
2. A = 4 2 6

0 7 1

 53

1) M11(A) =

2) M12(A) =

3) M13(A) =

4) M21(A) =

5) M22(A) =

6) M23(A) =

7) C11(A) =

8) C12(A) =

 54

 55

9) C21(A) =

10) C22(A)

11) C23(A)

12) C31(A)

=
=

13) C32(A)

14) C33(A)

=
=

2.

 56

2 1
1) A =

3 6
det (A)
= a11C11(A) + a12C12(A) = 2 (-1)1+1 |6| + 1 (-

1)1+2 |-3|
=
.
=
.
1
2) B =
3
det (A)
=

2
4

a21C21(A) + a22C22(A) =

.
=
.
=
.
3 4 1
3) C = 0 5 2

3 1 2

det (A) = a21C21(A) + a22C22(A) + a23C23(A)

.
=
.

 57

=
.

 58

1. A n n
() 0 ()
det(A) = ..

2. A n n
det (A) =

3. B
() A n n det (B)
=

 59

4. B
() A n n
k det (B) = .

 60

5. B
() A n n
k () det (B)
= ...

6. A det (A) =
.

 61

7. A B n n
7.1 det (AB)

7.2 det (At)

7.3 det (A-1)

7.4 det (An)

7.5 det (kA)

7.6 det (I)

7.7 det ( 0 )

 62

2 1
6 3
1. A =

B
=

3 1
4 3

1) det (A) = .

2) det

(B) = .
3) det (AB) = ..

4) det

(A)t =

5) det (A)t = .

6) det

(A-1) = ..

7) det (B-1) =

8) det

(A2) =

9) det (B3) = .
(3A) = .

10) det

 63

11) det (-B) = ....

12) det

(-2B) =

2.
1 2 1
1) A = 3 1 3

1 2 1

1 2 2
2) A = 3 1 1

2 1 1

1 0 1
3) A = 0 1 3

0 0 4

1 0 1
4) A = 0 0 4

0 1 3

2 0 2
5) A = 0 0 4

0 1 3

1 4 2
6) A = 0 0 0

2 5 1

 64

1 2 3
7) A = 5 10 15

3 2 1

2 3 6
8) A = 0 1 2

1 2 4

2 0 0
9) A = 0 3 0

0 0 4

1
2
10) A =
1

0 4 1
0 2 1

0 1 3

0 1 0

 65

A n n
A (singular matrix) det(A) =
0
A (non - singular matrix)
det(A)

1
3 1
2 1
3 2
A=
B
=

C
=

1 3
6 4
2 0

det(A) = -2
det(B) = 7
det(C) = 0
C

A n n n 2
A
[Cij(A)]t
A adj(A)

 66

4 1
2 A =
adj(A)

5
2

t
t
C11(A) C12(A)
2 3
adj(A) =
=

C
(A)
C
(A)
2 1
21
22
2 2
3 1

2 7 3
3 A = 1 0 4

4 1 2
t
C11(A) C12(A) C13(A) 4 18
adj(A) = C21(A) C22(A) C23(A) = 17 8

C31(A) C32(A) C33(A) 28 -11
4 17 28
18 8 11

1 30 7

adj(A)

t
-1
30 =

 67

9

1.

1) 10

2) 0

..

2 1
3)

8
4

0 1
4)

8 - 3

 68

2
5)
- 1
2 1
1 - 2

2 1

- 2
3
0

1 0
7) 3 1

2 5
4 1 0
- 1 - 2 0

3 1 0

1
2

..

6)

8)

 69

2.
A

2 3
1) A =

1 4

2 5
2) A =

0 3

3 2 1
3) A = 1 3 4

1 1 3

2 1 3
4) A = 5 1 4

1 2 3

 70

A n n n 2 A
A
A A-1 A1
1=
adj(A)
det(A)

1 2
1 A =
A-1

3 2
1
adj(A)

A-1 =
det(A)
1 2
det(A) =
= (1)(2) (3)(-2)
= 8
3 2

t
C11(A) C12(A)
adj(A)
=

C21(A) C22(A)
t
2 3
=

2 1
2 2
=

3 1
A-1

1
adj(A)
det(A)
1 2 2
=
8 3 1

 71

= 8
3

2
8
1

2 7 3
2 A = 1 0 4 A-1

4 1 2
1
adj(A)

A-1 =
det(A)
2 7 3
det(A) = 1 0 4
4 1 2

= 0 + 112 + 3 + 0 + 8 + 14

= 137

C11(A)
adj(A) = C21(A)

C31(A)
4 18
= 17 8

28 -11
4 17
= 18 8

1 30

C12(A) C13(A) t
C22(A) C23(A)

C32(A) C33(A)
t
-1
30

7
28
11

 72

A-1

4 17 28
1
18 8 11
=

137
1 30 7

 73

10

2 1
4 1
1) A =
2)
A
=

5 1
3 2

1 0
3) A =

0 1

1 2
4) A =

2 4

1 0
5) A =

2 - 3

1 6
6) A =

0 3

 74

3 2 1
7) A = 1 3 - 4

1 - 1 3

2 1 3
8) A = 5 - 1 4

1 - 2 3

 75

x y 2
2

x y 8

2x 4y 5

x 2y 3

x y z 6

2x y 3z 4 3
x 2y z 2

2x + y = 2

3x y = 8

2 1 x 2
3 1 y 8

x+yz=6
2x + y 3z = 4
x 2y z = -2

 76

1 1 1 x 6
2 1 3 y 4

1 2 1 z 2

 77

11

x+y=2
x-y=8
2x + 3y = 2
x - 4y = -1
3x + 6y = 12
-2x = -8
x - 5y 2 = 0
3 + 2y = 0
x + y z = 12

x y + 3z = -8
x 2y z = 3
5x + y z = 10

x 6y + 4z = 9
x 4y 4z = -3
x+yz=6

2x + y - 3z = 4
x 2y z = -2

__ __ __ __
__ __ __ __

__ __ __ __
__ __ __ __

__ __ __ __
__ __ __ __

__ __ __ __
__ __ __ __

__ __ __ __ __

__
__
__

__ __
__ __ __ __ __

__ __ __ __ __

__
__
__

__ __
__ __ __ __ __

__ __ __ __ __

__
__
__

__ __
__ __ __ __ __

 78

x 3z = 1
8

x y + 6z = 3
2y + 2z = 4

__ __ __ __ __

__
__
__

__ __
__ __ __ __ __

 79

()

1.
1

2x + 3y = 5

x+y=2

2 3 x
5

1 1 y
2

x
y

2 3 5

1 1 2

x
y

x
y

1 3 5
(1)

1 2 2

x
y

1 3 5

1 2 2

1 3 5
1
1 2 2
(2)(1)
(3)(1)

x = 1 y = 1
2.

 80

A n n det(A)
0 AX
=B
det(A
1)
x1

det(A)

det(A
2)
x2

det(A)

det(A
)
3
x3
det(A)

det(A
n)
xn

det(A)
Ai i A B
2

2x + 3y = 5

x+y=2

2 3 x
5

1 1 y
2

5 3
x

2 1
2 3
1 1

5 6
2 3

=1

 81

2 1
y

5 2
2 3

4 5
2 3

1 1
x = 1 y = 1

=1

 82

12

1.

1)

3x 2y = 5

5x + y = 15

2)

8x + 4y = 0
-x 3y = -5

 83

3)

x + 5y = 12

3x 4y = -2

 84

4)

x + 2y z = 7
3y + 2z = 7

2x y 5z = 2

 85