63 98 3

97-145

**

*
**

2008 9 1 2009 2 6

-97-

(1792)(George Lord Macartney,

1737-1806)

34
1

-98-

1996
40
Earl H. Pritchard, ed., The
Instructions of the East India Company to Lord Macartney on His Embassy to China and His Reports
to the Company, 1792-4, in Patrick Tuck (selected), Britain and the China Trade, 1635-1842
(London & New York: Routledge, 2000), Vol. VII, pp. 201-509.
1583 1596 Elizabeth I,
1533-1603

1958 5 31-32 42-43

1787 (Lt. Col. Charles
Cathcart)12 21 (Spithead)
(Straits of Banka) 1788 6 10
H. B. Morse, The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China, 1635-1834
(London: Oxford University Press, 1926) The Chronicles,Vol. I, pp. 151-171Earl H.
Pritchard, The Crucial Years of Anglo-Chinese Relations, 1750-1800 (New York: Octagon Books,
1970) The Crucial Years, pp. 236-271.
(Alain Peyrefitte)(LEmpire Immobile ou Le
Choc Des Mondes) Alain Peyrefitte, The Collision of Two
Civilizations: The British Expedition to China in 1792-4 (Jon Rothschile Tr., London: Harvill, 1993)
The Collision of Two Civilizations, pp. 597-602. 2

6
7

6
7

(Sir George L. Staunton, 1737-1801) J. L.

Cranmer-Byng, ed., An Embassy to China: Being the Journal Kept by Lord Macartney during his
Embassy to the Emperor Chien-lung, 1793-1794, in Patrick Tuck (selected), Britain and the China
Trade, 1635-1842 (London & New York: Routledge, 2000) An Embassy to China, Vol.
VIII, pp. 61-220; George Staunton, An Authentic Account of an Embassy from the King of Great
Britain to the Emperor of China (London: W. Bulmer & Co., 1798) An Authentic
Account Earl
H. Pritchard, Letters from Missionaries at Peking Relating to the Macartney Embassy, Toung Pao
Vol. XXXI (1934), pp. 1-57 Eighteenth Century Collections Online
(http://www.gale.com/EighteenthCentury/) 20

78 1 (2007) 41 23
1964 46-86

78 1 35-106
James L. Hevia, Cherishing Men from Afar: Qing Guest Ritual and the Macartney Embassy of 1793
(Durham & London: Duke University Press, 1995) Cherishing Men from Afar.
18
2003 9 2-28
200

1996

1992
Robert A. Bickers, ed., Ritual & Diplomacy: The Macartney Mission to China,

-99-

1617 1 (James
I, 1566-1625)(1563-1602)

9
(1759) 10

9
10

1792-1794 (London: The Wellsweep Press, 1993).

(1792-1793)2007
1-48

H. B. Morse, The Chronicles, Vol. I, p. 10.

James Flint(1757)

3 91 95 4 113 125

-100-

11
(James Flint)

(William C. Hunter, 1812-1891)

12

13
14
(pidgin English)
15
16

11
12
13

14
15
16

5 156 162 6 198 200 9 304 310

1987
1 94-101
6 (1988) 265-27918
1989 64-76
4 118
William C. Hunter, The Fan Kwae at Canton Before Treaty Days, 1825-1844 (London: Kegan
Paul, Trench & Co., 1882), p. 50.
C
1993
37 3
William C. Hunter, Bits of Old China (London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Co, 1855), pp. 21-30.
William C. Hunter, The Fan Kwae at Canton Before Treaty Days, 1825-1844, p. 61.
William C. Hunter, The Fan Kwae at Canton Before Treaty Days, 1825-1844, p. 61.

-101-

17

(Hosea Ballou Morse, 1855-1934)

18

19

(Lt. Col. Charles

Cathcart)

M. Galbert 20Galbert 21

17
18
19

20

21

H. B. Morse, The Chronicles, Vol. III, p. 7.

H. B. Morse, The Chronicles, Vol. III, p. 31.
(1835)

2002 29 565
Earl H. Pritchard, The Crucial Years, pp. 239, 247. M. Galbert
1784-1785 Lady Hughes

Earl H. Pritchard, The Crucial Years, p. 262.

-102-

(George Leonard Staunton, 1737-1801)

22
(De Propaganda Fide)
(College for Chinese)
(Paolo Cho)Jacobus Li Jacob LyPlumb 23
24 150 25

26Plum

(1760)(1773) 7
27

22

23
24
25
26
27

1650 (P. Martin Martini)

Emmanuel de Sequeira1671
1673 1707
1720
1753
114
1969 379-402

1954 4 186-195
Mr. Plumb Mr. Plum J. L. Cranmer-Byng, ed., An Embassy
to China, p. 320.
J. L. Cranmer-Byng, ed., An Embassy to China, pp. 270, 292; George Staunton, An Authentic
Account, Vol. I, p. 41.
J. L. Cranmer-Byng, ed., An Embassy to China, p. 291
360
383393

-103-

28

29

1793 6 30

31
32

33

34

28
29
30
31

32
33
34

George Staunton, An Authentic Account, Vol. II, p. 136.

George Staunton, An Authentic Account, Vol. I, p. 330.
George Staunton, An Authentic Account, Vol. I, p. 389.
George Staunton, An Authentic Account, Vol. I, p. 389

Alain Peyrefitte, The Collision of Two Civilizations, p. 48.

J. L. Cranmer-Byng, ed., An Embassy to China, p. 141; George Staunton, An Authentic Account, Vol.
II, p. 255.
J. L. Cranmer-Byng, ed., An Embassy to China, p. 90.
George Staunton, An Authentic Account, Vol. II, p. 138.

-104-

35

36

37

38
(George Thomas Staunton,
1781-1859)

(page)

35
36
37
38

George Staunton, An Authentic Account, Vol. I, p. 451.

George Staunton, An Authentic Account, Vol. II, p. 14.
George Staunton, An Authentic Account, Vol. I, p. 388.
George Staunton, An Authentic Account, Vol. I, p. 509.

-105-

39

40

41
42

43

44

39
40
41
42
43
44

George Staunton, An Authentic Account, Vol. I, p. 489.

J. L. Cranmer-Byng, ed., An Embassy to China, p. 100.
George Staunton, An Authentic Account, Vol. II, p. 142.
232
George Staunton, An Authentic Account, Vol. II, p. 253.
George Staunton, An Authentic Account, Vol. II, p. 234

150
105

-106-

45

13
46

(supercargoes)
(Select Committee of Supercargoes)
(1816)(William Lord Amherst, 1773-1857)

47(Henry Thomas Colebrooke,

1765-1837)(Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and
Ireland)

45
46

47

George Staunton, An Authentic Account, Vol. II, p. 234-235.

2005 392

George
Staunton, An Authentic Account, Vol. II, p. 267.
George T. Staunton, Ta Tsing Leu Lee: Being the Fundamental Laws, and a Selection from the
Supplementary Statutes, of the Penal Code of China (London: T. Cadell & W. Davis, 1810; repr.,
Taipei: Cheng-wen Publishing Co., 1966)George T. Staunton,
Memoirs of the Chief Incidents of the Public Life of Sir George Thomas Staunton, Bart. (London: L.
Booth, 1856); Lydia L. Spivey, Sir George Thomas Staunton: Agent for the British East India
Company in China, 1798-1817 (Unpublished MA thesis, Duke University, 1968)
James St. Andr, But Do They Have a Notion of Justice? Stauntons 1810
Translation of the Penal Code, The Translator 10:1 (April 2004), pp. 1-32

2007 496-510

-107-

48

49

48

49

1792 9 26 10 18
4 12 3

27-28
George Staunton, An Authentic Account, Vol. I, p. 395.

-108-

50

51

52
(1748)

53

54

55(Johann
50

51
52

53
54

55

George Staunton, An Authentic Account, Vol. I, p. 396.

14
416
(1407)

2004 112-120Norman Wild, Materials

for the Study of the Ssu I Kuan, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 11 (1945),
pp. 617-640.
514
179
(1683)
(1862)

1961 2 13
2006
2001 14173-174

-109-

Adam Schall von Bell, 1591-1666)(1655)

(Ferdinand
Verbiest, 1623-1688)(1676)
(1686)
(Thomas
Pereira, 1645-1708)(Jean-Franois Gerbillon, 1654-1707)
(1689)

56
(1692)
(1720)57 1723

58

(Jean-Joseph-Marie Amiot, 1718-1793)

1750

56

57

58

1989 77
275
Joseph Sebes, The Jesuits and the Sino-Russian Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689): The Diary
of Thomas Pereira (Rome: Institutum Historicum, 1961)
1973

1998(Donald St. Sure)(Ray Robert Noll)

(1645-1941[100 Roman Documents Concerning the Chinese

Rites Controversy (1645-1941)]2001
1995 783

-110-

59

(Joseph-Bernard dAlmeida, 1728-1805)(Andr Rodriguez,

1729-1796) (Louis de Poirot, 1735-1814) (Joseph Panzi,
1733-1821) (Joseph Pairs, 1738-1804) (Peter Adodat,
1755?-1822)(Nicholas Joesph Raux, 1754-1801)

(Jean-Baptiste-Joseph de Grammont, 1736-1812)

1750 3
1768 9 26 1785 1791
60 61
1790 11 12
(Board of Control)(Henry Dundas, 1742-1811)
62

1793 5 7
8 6
59
60
61

62

Alain Peyrefitte, The Collision of Two Civilizations, p. 555.

1995 287-288

219 23 12006
2 71-76 LEmpire Immobile ou Le Choc des Mondes

1993 134
James L. Hervia Cherishing Men From Afar

2002 101

Earl H. Pritchard, The Crucial Years, p. 274.

-111-

63

64

659
11 66

67

63
64
65
66
67

J. L. Cranmer-Byng, ed., An Embassy to China, p. 104.

Earl H. Pritchard, The Crucial Years, p. 335.
Earl H. Pritchard, The Crucial Years, pp. 335-336.
Earl H. Pritchard, The Crucial Years, p. 343.
The East Indian Companys Instructions to Lord Macartney, 8th September, 1792, in Earl. H.
Pritchard, ed., The Instructions of the East India Company to Lord Macartney on His Embassy to
China and His Reports to the Company, 1792-4, in Britain and the China Trade, 1635-1842, p. 226.

-112-

68

1789
69

(1553)1637
(John Weddell)

70
71
(Vasco Lufs) 1792 12
22

17

68
69
70
71

George Staunton, An Authentic Account, Vol. II, p. 161.

George Staunton, An Authentic Account, Vol. I, p. 397.
George Staunton, An Authentic Account, Vol. I, pp. 397-398.
George Staunton, An Authentic Account, Vol. I, p. 393.

-113-

72

731700
1773 7 21

74

8 31

75

72
73
74

75

(1997) 126
2007
137-141
Felix da Rocha, 1713-1781 1774-1781
1781-1788Andr Rodriguez, 1729-1796?-1796
1796-1805Alexandre de Gouveia, ?-1808
1808-1823 1823-1838 60
223-224
10

-114-

76 8 23

77

78

(1750-1799)

79

80

76
77
78
79
80

J. L. Cranmer-Byng, ed., An Embassy to China, p. 80.

J. L. Cranmer-Byng, ed., An Embassy to China, pp. 93-94.
J. L. Cranmer-Byng, ed., An Embassy to China, p. 94.
374
91

-115-

81
82

83

1793
11 20 84
85
86
87

(1785)

81
82
83
84
85
86
87

600

10
George Staunton, An Authentic Account, Vol. II, p. 137.
198

203
1793 9 1
145

146

-116-

88

89

1794 10

(Dr. James Dinwiddie)

90

88
89
90

J. L. Cranmer-Byng, ed., An Embassy to China, p. 99.

George Staunton, An Authentic Account, Vol. II, p. 142.
Alain Peyrefitte, The Collision of Two Civilizations, p. 271.

-117-

10 91
(Antnio Graa de Abreu)
(Van Braam)

91

46-47

-118-

24 92

93

1802 8 19

94
92
93
94

(1997) 128
Alain Peyrefitte, The Collision of Two Civilizations, p. 272.

1968 34

(1997) 129

-119-

95

96

95
96

34-35

38

-120-

97

97

George Staunton, An Authentic Account, Vol. II, p. 324.

-121-

1793 8 6

98

1793 9 23

98

Earl H. Pritchard, The Crucial Years, p. 334.

-122-

99

100

101

1792 10 18
102
103

(Francis Baring)
99

165
166
101
166
102

279
Henry Brown Eyles Irwin William Jackson
(Secret Committee)
103

217-218
100

-123-

104

105

106

Our most Gracious Sovereign, His most excellent Majesty George

the Third, King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, &ca. &ca.
whose fame extends to all parts of the World 107

104

Earl H. Pritchard, The Crucial Years, p. 289.

Earl H. Pritchard, The Crucial Years, p. 289, p. 313; J. L. Cranmer-Byng, Lord Macartneys
Embassy to Peking in 1793: From Official Chinese Documents, in Patrick Tuck(selected), Britain
and the China Trade, 1635-1842 (London & New York: Routledge, 2000), Vol. VII, p. 120.
106
91

107
Letter from the Chairman of the East India Company to the Viceory, 27th April, 1792, in Earl. H.
Pritchard, ed., The Instructions of the East India Company to Lord Macartney on His Embassy to
China and His Reports to the Company, 1792-4, in Britain and the China Trade, 1635-1842, p. 375.
105

-124-

(superlative form)the most

resolved to send his well-beloved Cousin and Counsellor the

Right Honorable George Lord Macartney, Baron of Lissanoure, one
of his most honorable Privy Council of Ireland and Knight of the
most honorable Order of the Bath, and of the most ancient and royal
Order of the White Eagle, a nobleman of high rank, and quality, of
great virtue, wisdom and ability, who has already filled many
important offices and employments in the State, as his Ambassador
Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Emperor of China, 108
(the Chinese
Empire)(the Court of Pekin)(the Emperor of
China)
(being
desirous of cultivating the Friendship of the Emperor of China, and of improving
the connection, intercourse and good correspondence between the Courts of
London and Pekin, and of increasing and extending the Commerce between their
respective subjects)
(to promote the advantage and interest of the
two Nations of Great Britain and China, and to establish a perpetual harmony and
alliance between them)109

(We request therefore that

you will please to convey this information to the court of Pekin, trusting that the

108
109

Ibid., p. 376.
Ibid., p. 376.

-125-

Imperial Orders and Directions will be issued for the proper reception of the King
of Great Britains Ships, with his Ambassador and his Attendants on board them,
as soon as they shall appear at Tien-sing, or on the neighbouring Coasts)
110

111

112

113

110

Ibid., pp. 376-377.

216
112
217
113
92
111

-126-

114

115
116

114

5
38
116
38
115

-127-

117

118

119
1793 9 14
120
9 8
121

122
117

118
119
120
121

122

H. B. Morse, The Chronicles, Vol. II, pp. 244-247

162-164

74
George Staunton, An Authentic Account, Vol. I, p. 490.
J. L. Cranmer-Byng, ed., An Embassy to China, p. 122.
George Staunton, An Authentic Account, Vol. II, p. 212.

[On Sir Georges return I found that the Ministers objects were to know the contents of the Kings
letter to the Emperor (of which a copy was accordingly promised to be given to him)]
J. L. Cranmer-Byng, ed., An Embassy to
China, pp. 118, 120.

-128-

123
124
125

126

127

123
124

125
126
127

131
1955 3-4

162-164
163-164
131

-129-

His Most Sacred Majesty George the Third, by the Grace of God
King of Great Britain, France and Ireland, Sovereign of the Seas,
Defender of the Faith and so forth, to the Supreme Emperor of
China Kian-long worthy to live tens of thousands and tens of
thousands thousand Years, sendeth Greeting.

128

! ! !
! !

129

128
129

James L. Hevia, Cherishing Men from Afar, p. 60.

162

-130-

We have fixed upon Our right trusty and well-beloved Cousin and
Counsellor, the Right Honorable George Lord Viscount Macartney,
Baron of Lissanoure and one of Our most honorable Privy Council
of Our Kingdom of Great Britain, Knight of the most honorable
order of the Bath and of the most ancient and royal order of the
White Eagle, and Fellow of Our Royal Society of London for the
promotion of natural knowledge, a Nobleman of high rank and
quality, of great virtue, wisdom and ability, who has filled many
important offices in the State of trust and honor, has already
worthily represented Our Person in an Embassy to the Court of
Russia, and has governed with mildness, justice and success,
several of Our most considerable possessions in the Eastern and
Western Parts of the World, and appointed to the Government
General of Bengal, to be Our Embassador Extraordinary and
Plenipotentiary to Your Imperial Majesty with credentials under
Our Great Seal of Our Kingdoms and Our Sign Manual,

(in much more flowery and complimentary

language) 130

130

Earl H. Pritchard, The Crucial Years, p. 301.

-131-

131

(Our
Embassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Your Imperial Majesty)
Embassador
6

132

and it will give Us the utmost satisfaction to learn that Our wishes

131
132

163-164
163

-132-

in that respect have been amply complied with and that We are
Brethren in Sovereignty, so may a Brotherly affection ever subsist
between Us.

133

134

135

133

131
164
135
H. B. Morse, The Chronicles, Vol. II, p. 219.
134

-133-

136

1793 9
23
137

136
137

23
172-175

-134-

1794 9 29

138

139
140

141
142

138

131
145
140
131
141
H. B. Morse, The Chronicles, Vol. II, pp. 247-252.
142
Alain Peyrefitte, The Collision of Two Civilizations, pp. 288-289.
139

-135-

143
144
145

146

13

13

143

Earl H. Pritchard, Letters from Missionaries at Peking Relating to the Macartney Embassy, Toung
Pao Vol. XXXI, p. 35.
144
J. L. Cranmer-Byng, Introduction, An Embassy to China, p. 32.
145
Earl H. Pritchard, Letters from Missionaries at Peking Relating to the Macartney Embassy, Toung
Pao Vol. XXXI, p. 34.
146
Earl H. Pritchard, The Crucial Years, p. 380.

-136-

147

147

149-154

-137-

1793 8 6

148

149

148

40
149
J. L. Cranmer-Byng, ed., An Embassy to China, p. 97.

-138-

150

151

152

153
154
155

156

150
151
152
153
154
155

156

George Staunton, An Authentic Account, Vol. II, pp. 130-131.

78 1 43
Aubrey Singer, The Lion and the Dragon: The Story of the First British Embassy to the Court of the
Emperor Qianlong in Peking, 1792-1794 (London: Barrie & Jenkins, 1992), p. 35.
J. L. Cranmer-Byng, ed., An Embassy to China, p. 88.
George Staunton, An Authentic Account, Vol. II, pp. 130-131.

George Staunton, An Authentic Account, Vol. II, p. 214.

Alain Peyrefitte, The Collision

of Two Civilizations, p. 89.
253

-139-

157

(put it into the proper diplomatic form)158

(utterly
unacquainted with the style necessary for the palace)159
(not long accustomed to the appearances and languages of
his own court)
160

161

157

J. L. Cranmer-Byng, ed., An Embassy to China, p. 99.

J. L. Cranmer-Byng, ed., An Embassy to China, p. 99.
159
George Staunton, An Authentic Account, Vol. II, p. 136.
160
George Staunton, An Authentic Account, Vol. I, p. 330.
161
J. L. Cranmer-Byng, Introduction, An Embassy to China, p. 34.
158

-140-

(1860)10

162

162

1957 1 102

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21961
1996
1957
3-6

1964
C
1993
1793 2006
2002

1973

2005
1968
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Embassy to the Emperor Chien-lung, 1793-1794, in Patrick Tuck (selected), Britain and the China
Trade, 1635-1842, Vol. VIII. London & New York: Routledge, 2000.
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in Patrick Tuck (selected), Britain and the China Trade, 1635-1842, Vol. VII. London & New York:
Routledge, 2000.
Hunter, William C. Bits of Old China. London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., 1855.
Hunter, William C. The Fan Kwae at Canton Before Treaty Days, 1825-1844. London: Kegan Paul,
Trench & Co., 1882.
Morse, H. B. The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China, 1635-1834. London: Oxford
University Press, 1926.
Pritchard, Earl H. Letters from Missionaries at Peking Relating to the Macartney Embassy. Toung Pao
Vol. XXXI, 1934, pp. 1-57.
Pritchard, Earl H. The Crucial Years of Anglo-Chinese Relations, 1750-1800. New York: Octagon Books,
1970.
Pritchard, Earl H., ed. The Instructions of the East India Company to Lord Macartney on His Embassy to
China and His Reports to the Company, 1792-4. In Patrick Tuck (selected), Britain and the China
Trade, 1635-1842. London & New York: Routledge, 2000, Vol. VII.

-142-


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Bart. London: L. Booth, 1856.
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Supplementary Statutes, of the Penal Code of China. London: T. Cadell & W. Davis, 1810; repr.,
Taipei: Cheng-wen Publishing Co., 1966.
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China. London: W. Bulmer & Co., 1798.
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Studies 11, 1945, pp. 617-640.

1954

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1969

1989

18 1989

2004
1998

2002
2001
2007

1993
1996
1995
1995
2006
2007
(1645-1941)
2001
Bickers, Robert A., ed. Ritual & Diplomacy: The Macartney Mission to China, 1792-1794. London: The
Wellsweep Press, 1993.
Hevia, James L. Cherishing Men from Afar: Qing Guest Ritual and the Macartney Embassy of 1793.
Durham & London: Duke University Press, 1995.
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-143-

Rothschile Tr., London: Harvill, 1993.

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Pereira. Rome: Institutum Historicum, 1961.
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Emperor Qianlong in Peking, 1792-1794. London: Barrie & Jenkins, 1992.

61988 265-279

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2007

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78 1 2007 35-106
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1798-1817. Unpublished MA thesis, Duke University, 1968.

-144-

Translation in the Macartney Embassy to China

Lawrence Wang-chi Wong

Abstract
In 1792, George Lord Macartney was sent by King George of Great
Britain to visit Emperor Qianlong to open the tightly closed door of China.
Unfortunately, this first encounter of the two greatest powers on earth was a
complete failure, and Macartney, after meeting the emperor briefly a couple
of times, left empty-handed. Western and Chinese historians have tried to
identify the reasons for this failure from a variety of perspectives. This
article looks into a key issue that has long been neglected: the translation
activities that took place during the mission. It demonstrates that translation
played a vital role throughout the mission. This article begins by looking at
the primary materials that tell us much about the qualifications of the
translators of both sides; it then moves on to analyze the translations
themselves. This article shows that the performance of the translators and
their translations seriously affected the outcome of the embassy, in particular
in relation to the tributary issue.
Keywords: Macartney mission, translation studies, tributary system

Division of Chinese, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological

University
-145-