21

21
F

12
F

q
1
.q
2
>0
r
21
F

12
F

r
q
1
.q
2
< 0
TM TT CNG THC V L THUYT HON CHNH

CHNG I. IN TCH IN TRNG
I. Cach nhiem ien. C 3 cch nhim in mt vt: C xt, tip xc ,hng ng
II. nh lut Cu lng:
Lc tng tc gia 2 in tch im q
1
; q
2
t cch nhau mt khong r trong mi trng c hng s
in mi l
12 21
; F F
r r
c:
- im t: trn 2 in tch.
- Phng: ng ni 2 in tch.
- Chiu: + Hng ra xa nhau nu q
1
.q
2
> 0 (q
1
; q
2
cng du)
+ Hng vo nhau nu q
1
.q
2
< 0 (q
1
; q
2
tri du)
- ln:
2
2 1
.r
q q
k F

; k = 9.10
9
2
2
. N m
C
_

,
(ghi ch: F l lc tnh in)
- Biu din:
3. Vt dn in, in mi:
+ Vt (cht) c nhiu in tch t do dn in
+ Vt (cht) c cha t in tch t do cch in. (in mi)
4. nh lut bo ton in tch: Trong 1 h c lp v in (h khng trao i in tch vi cc h
khc) th tng i s cc in tch trong h l 1 hng s
III. in trng
+ Khi nim: L mi trng tn ti xung quanh in tch v tc dng lc ln in tch khc t
trong n.
+ Cng in trng: L i lng c trng cho in trng v kh nng tc dng lc.
E q F
q
F
E

. n v: E(V/m)
q > 0 :
F

cng phng, cng chiu vi

E

.
q < 0 :
F

cng phng, ngc chiu vi

E

.
+ ng sc in trng: L ng c v trong in trng sao cho hng ca tip tyn
ti bt k im no trn ng cng trng vi hng ca vc t CT ti im .
Tnh cht ca ng sc:
- Qua mi im trong .trng ta ch c th v c
1 v ch 1 ng sc in trng.
- Cc ng sc in l cc ng cong khng
kn,n xut pht t cc in tch dng,tn cng cc
in tch m.
- Cc ng sc in khng bao gi ct nhau.
- Ni no c CT ln hn th cc ng sc v
mau v ngc li
+ in trng u:
- C vc t CT ti mi im u bng nhau.
- Cc ng sc ca in trng u l cc ng thng song song cch u nhau
+ Vct cng in trng
E
r
do 1 in tch im Q gy ra ti mt im M cch Q mt
on r c: - im t: Ti M.
1
r
r
- Phng: ng ni M v Q
- Chiu: Hng ra xa Q nu Q > 0
Hng vo Q nu Q <0
- ln:
2
.
Q
E k
r

; k = 9.10
9
2
2
. N m
C
_

,
- Biu din:
+ Nguyn l chng cht in trng:
1 2
.....
n
E E E E

+ + +
Xt trng hp ti im ang xt ch c 2 cng in trng
+
2 1
E E E

+
+
2 1 2 1
E E E E E +

+
2 1 2 1
E E E E E

+
2
2
2
1 2 1
E E E E E +

+ ( ) cos 2 ,
2 1
2
2
2
1 2 1
E E E E E E E + +

Neu
2
cos 2
1 2 1

E E E E
IV. Cng ca lc in trng: Cng ca lc in tc dng vo 1 in tch khng ph thuc vo dng ca
ng i ca in tch m ch ph thuc vo v tr im u,im cui ca ng i trong in trng
A
MN
= q.E.
' '
N M
= q.E.d
MN
(vi d
MN
=
' '
N M
l di i s ca hnh chiu ca ng i MN ln trc to ox vi
chiu dng ca trc ox l chiu ca ng sc)
. Lin h gia cng ca lc in v hiu th nng ca in tch
A
MN
= W
M
- W
N
= q V
M
- q.V
N
=q(V
M
-V
N
)=q.U
MN

. The nang ien trng- ien the tai cac iem M,N
+ oi vi ien trng eu gia hai ban tu: M M
qEd W
;
N N
qEd W
(J)

M M
Ed V
;
N N
Ed V
(V)
d
M
, d
N
la khoang cach t iem M,N en ban am cua tu.
+ oi vi ien trng cua mot ien tch :


M
M
M M
d
r
Q
qk qEd W

,
_

M
M
r
Q
k q W
;

,
_

N
N
r
Q
k q W
ien the :
q
W
V
M
M

suy ra:
M
M
r
Q
k V

d
M
=r
M
, d
N
=r
N
la khoang cach t Q en M,N
+ Hiu in th gia 2 im trong in trng l i lng c trng cho kh nng thc hin
cng ca in trng khi c 1 in tch di chuyn gia 2 im

. Lin h gia E v U

' '
N M
U
E
MN

hay :
d
U
E

* Ghi ch: cng thc chung cho 3 phn 6, 7, 8:
2
M
E
r
q > 0 q < 0 M
E
r
R
3
.
MN
MN M N MN
A
U V V Ed
q

V. Vt dn trong in trng
- Khi vt dn t trong in trng m khng c dng in chy trong vt th ta gi l vt dn cn
bng in (vdcb)
+ Bn trong vdcb cng in trng bng khng.
+ Mt ngoi vdcb: cng in trng c phng vung gc vi mt ngoi
+ in th ti mi im trn vdcb bng nhau
+ in tch ch phn b mt ngoi ca vt, s phn b l khng u (tp trung ch li nhn)
VI. in mi trong in trng
- Khi t mt khi in mi trong in trng th nguyn t ca cht in mi c ko dn ra mt
cht v chia lm 2 u mang in tch tri du (in mi b phn cc). Kt qu l trong khi in mi
hnh thnh nn mt in trng ph ngc chiu vi in trng ngoi
VII. T in
- nh ngha: H 2 vt dn t gn nhau, mi vt l 1 bn t. Khong khng gian gia 2 bn l
chn khng hay in mi
T in phng c 2 bn t l 2 tm kim loi phng c kch thc ln ,t i din nhau, song
song vi nhau
- in dung ca t : L i lng c trng cho kh nng tch in ca t
Q
C
U

(n v l F.)
Cng thc tnh in dung ca t in phng:
d
S
C
. 4 . 10 . 9
.
9

. Vi S l phn din tch i din gia 2 bn.

Ghi ch : Vi mi mt t in c 1 hiu in th gii hn nht nh, nu khi s dng m t
vo 2 bn t ht ln hn ht gii hn th in mi gia 2 bn b nh thng.
- Ghp t in song song, ni tip
GHP NI TIP GHP SONG SONG
Cch mc : Bn th hai ca t 1 ni vi bn th nht
ca t 2, c th tip tc
Bn th nht ca t 1 ni vi bn th
nht ca t 2, 3, 4
in tch Q
B
= Q
1
= Q
2
= = Q
n
Q
B
= Q
1
+ Q
2
+ + Q
n
Hiu in th U
B
= U
1
+ U
2
+ + U
n
U
B
= U
1
= U
2
= = U
n
in dung
n 2 1 B
C
1
...
C
1
C
1
C
1
+ + +
C
B
= C
1
+ C
2
+ + C
n
Ghi ch C
B
< C
1
, C
2
C
n
C
B
> C
1
, C
2
, C
3
- Nng lng ca t in:
2 2
. .
2 2 2
QU CU Q
W
C

- Nng lng in trng: Nng lng ca t in chnh l nng lng ca in trng trong
t in.
T in phng
2
9
. .
9.10 .8.
E V
W

vi V=S.d l th tch khong khng gian gia 2 bn t in phng
Mt nng lng in trng:
2
8
W E
w
V k

3
R
3
CHNG II. DNG IN KHNG I
I. DNG IN
Dng in l dng cc in tch (cc ht ti in) di chuyn c hng
Chiu quy c ca dng in l chiu dch chuyn c hng ca cc in tch dng.
Dng in c:
* tc dng t (c trng) (Chiu quy c I)
* tc dng nhit, tc dng ho hc tu theo mi trng.
Cng dng in l i lng cho bit mnh ca dng in c tnh bi:
q: in lng di chuyn qua cc tit din thng ca vt dn
t: thi gian di chuyn
(t0: I l cng tc thi)
Dng in c chiu v cng khng thay i theo thi gian c gi l dng in khng i
(cng gi l dng ip mt chiu).
Cng ca dng in ny c th tnh bi:
q
I =
t
trong q l in lng dch chuyn qua tit din thng ca vt dn trong thi gian t.
Ghi ch:
a) Cng dng in khng i c o bng ampe k (hay miliampe k, . . . ) mc xen vo mch
in (mc ni tip).
b) Vi bn cht dng in v nh ngha ca cng dng in nh trn ta suy ra:
* cng dng in c gi tr nh nhau ti mi im trn mch khng phn nhnh.
* cng mch chnh bng tng cng cc mch r.
II. NH LUT M I VI ON MCH CH C IN TR
1) nh lut:
Cng dng in chy qua on mch c c in tr R:
- t l thun vi hiu in th hai u on mch.
- t l nghch vi in tr.

R
U
I
(A)
Nu c R v I, c th tnh hiu in th nh sau :
U
AB
= V
A
- V
B
= I.R ; I.R: gi l gim th ( st th hay st p) trn in tr.
Cng thc ca nh lut m cng cho php tnh in tr:
I
U
R
()
2) c tuyn V - A (vn - ampe)
l th biu din I theo U cn gi l ng c trng vn - ampe.
i vi vt dn kim loi (hay hp kim) nhit nht nh
c tuyn V A l on
ng thng qua gc cc trc: R c gi tr khng ph thuc U.
(vt dn tun theo nh lut m).
Ghi ch : Nhc li kt qu tm hiu lp 9.
a) in tr mc ni tip:
in tr tng ng c tnh bi:
R
m
= R
l
+ R
2
+ R
3
+ + R
n

I
m
= I
l
= I
2
= I
3
= = I
n
U
m
= U
l
+ U
2
+ U
3
+ + U
n
4
q
I =
t
A
I
R
I
U
A B
I
O
U
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
n
m
m
m
U
I =
R
b) in tr mc song song:
in tr tng ng c anh bi:
1 2 3
1
m n
R
+ + + +
1 1 1 1
=
R R R R
I
m
= I
l
+ I
2
+ + I
n
U
m
= U
l
= U
2
= U
3
= = U
n
c) in tr ca dy ng cht tit din u:
: in tr sut (m)
S
l
R
l: chiu di dy dn (m)
S: tit din dy dn (m
2
)
III. NGUN IN:
Ngun in l thit b to ra v duy tr hiu in th duy tr dng in. Mi ngun in u c
hai cc, cc dng (+) v cc m (-).
n gin ho ta coi bn trong ngun in c lc l lm di chuyn cc ht ti in (lectron; Ion)
gi cho:
* mt cc lun tha lectron (cc m).
* mt cc lun thiu lectron hoc tha t lectron hn bn kia (cc dng).
Khi ni hai cc ca ngun in bng vt dn kim loi th cc
lectron t cc (-) di chuyn qua vt dn v cc (+).
Bn trong ngun, cc lectron do tc dng ca lc l di chuyn t cc
(+) sang cc (-). Lc l thc hin cng (chng li cng cn ca trng
tnh in). Cng ny c gi l cng ca ngun in.
i lng c trng cho kh nng thc hin cng ca ngun in
gi l sut in ng E c tnh bi:
q
A

(n v ca E
l V)
trong : A l cng ca lc l lm di chuyn in tch t cc ny sang cc kia. ca ngun in.
|q| l ln ca in tch di chuyn.
Ngoi ra, cc vt dn cu to thnh ngun in cng c in tr gi l in tr trong r ca ngun in.
IV. PIN V ACQUY
1. Pin in ho:
Khi nhng mt thanh kim loi vo mt cht in phn th gia kim
loi v cht in phn hnh thnh mt hiu in th in ho.
Khi hai kim loi nhng vo cht in phn th cc hiu in th
in ho ca chng khc nhau nn gia chng tn ti mt hiu in th
xc nh. l c s ch to pn in ho.
Pin in ho c ch to u tin l pin Vn-ta (Volta) gm mt thanh Zn v mt thanh Cu nhng
vo dung dch H
2
SO
4
long.
Chnh lch gia cc hiu in th in ho l sut in ng ca pin: E = 1,2V.
2. Acquy
Acquy n gin v cng c ch to u tin l acquy ch (cn
gi l acquy axit phn bit vi acquy kim ch to ra v sau)
gm:
* cc (+) bng PbO
2
* cc (-) bng Pb
nhng vo dung dch H
2
SO
4
long.
Do tc dng ca axit, hai cc ca acquy tch in tri du v hot
ng nh pin in ho c sut in ng khong 2V.
5
R
n
R
3
R
2
R
1
m
m
m
U
I =
R
,r ,
,r ,
p
,r
p
Khi hot ng cc bn cc ca acquy b bin i v tr thnh ging nhau (c lp PbSO4 Ph bn
ngoi). Acquy khng cn pht in c. Lc phi mc acquy vo mt ngun in phc hi cc bn
cc ban u (np in).
Do acquy c th s dng nhiu ln.
Mi acquy c th cung cp mt in lng ln nht gi l dung lng v thng tnh bng n v
ampe-gi (Ah).
1Ah = 3600C
IN NNG V CNG SUT IN - NH LUT JUN LENX
I. CNG V CNG SUT CA DNG IN CHY QUA MT ON MCH
1. Cng:
Cng ca dng in l cng ca lc in thc hin khi lm di chuyn cc in tch t do trong on mch.
Cng ny chnh l in nng m on mch tiu th v c tnh bi:
A = U.q = U.I.t (J)
U : hiu in th (V)
I : cng dng in (A); q : in lng (C); t : thi gian (s)
2 .Cng sut
Cng sut ca dng in c trng cho tc thc hin cng ca n. y cng chnh l cng sut in tiu
th bi on mch.
Ta c :
.
A
P U I
t

(W)
3. nh lut Jun - Len-x:
Nu on mch ch c in tr thun R, cng ca lc in ch lm tng ni nng ca vt dn. Kt qu l vt
dn nng ln v to nhit.
Kt hp vi nh lut m ta c:
2
2
. .
U
A Q RI t t
R
(J)
4. o cng sut in v in nng tiu th bi mt on mch
Ta dng mt ampe - k o cng dng in v mt vn - k o hiu in th. Cng sut tiu th
c tnh hi:
P = U.I(W)
- Ngi ta ch to ra ot-k cho bit P nh lch ca kim ch th.
- Trong thc t ta c cng t in (my m in nng) cho bit cng dng in tc in nng tiu th tnh
ra kwh. (1kwh = 3,6.10
6
J)
II. CNG V CNG SUT CA NGUN IN
1. Cng
Cng ca ngun in l cng ca lc l khi lm di chuyn cc in tch gia hai cc duy tr hiu in
th ngun. y cng l in nng sn ra trong ton mch.
Ta c :
It q A
(J)
: sut in ng (V)
I: cng dng in (A)
q : in tch (C)
2. Cng sut
Ta c :
I
t
A
P .
(W)
III. CNG V CNG SUT CA CC DNG C TIU TH IN
Hai loi dng c tiu th in:
1. Cng v cng sut ca dng c to nhit:
6

,r ,
2
,r
22
,r
33
,r
nn
,r
bb
1
,r
11
1
,r
11
,r ,
,r ,
,r
I
U
A B
* dng c to nhit
* my thu in *
,r ,
,r
p
,r
pp
,r ,
p
r
pp
,r ,
,r ,
p
,r
p
- Cng (in nng tiu th):
2
2
. .
U
A RI t t
R
(nh lut Jun - Len-x)
- Cng sut :
2
2
.
U
P RI
R

2. Cng v cng sut ca my thu in
a) Sut phn in
- My thu in c cng dng chuyn ho in nng thnh cc dng nng lng khc khng phi l ni nng
(c nng; ho nng ; . . ).
Lng in nng ny (A) t l vi in lng truyn qua my thu in.
t I q A
p p
. . .

p

: c trng cho kh nng bin i in nng thnh c nng, ho nng, .. . ca my thu in v gi l

sut phn in.
- Ngoi ra cng c mt phn in nng m my thu in nhn t dng in c chuyn thnh nhit v my
c in tr trong r
p
.
t I r Q
p
. .
2

- Vy cng m dng in thc hin cho my thu in tc l in nng tiu th bi my thu in l:
t I r t I Q A A
p p
. . . .
2
+ +
- Suy ra cng sut ca my thu in:
2
. . I r I
t
A
P
p p
+
p

.I: cng sut c ch;

p
r
.I
2
: cng sut hao ph (to nhit)
b) Hiu sut ca my thu in
Tng qut : H(%) = =
Vi my thu in ta c:
U
I r
U t I U
t I
H
p p p
.
1
. .
. .


Ghi ch : Trn cc dng c tiu th in c ghi hai chi s: (V d: 100W-220V)
* P

: cng sut nh mc.

* U

: hiu in th nh mc.
NH LUT M TON MCH, CC LOI ON MCH
I. NH LUT M TON MCH
1. Cng dng in trong mch kn:
- t l thun vi sut in ng ca ngun in
- t l nghch vi in tr ton phn ca mch.
R r
I
+

Ghi ch:
* C th vit :
Ir U I r R
AB
+ + ). (

Nu I = 0 (mch h) hoc r << R th = U ( lu y trong cac hnh ve E )
* Ngc li nu R = 0 th
r
I

: dng in c cng rt ln; ngun in b on mch.

* Nu mch ngoi c my thu in (
p

;r
P
) th nh lut m tr thnh:
7

,r ,
2
,r
22
,r
33
,r
nn
,r
bb
1
,r
11
1
,r
11
,r ,
,r ,
,r
in nng c ch
in nng tiu th
cng sut c ch
cng sut tiu th c
,r ,
,r
p
,r
pp
,r ,
p
r
p
A
BB
,r
R
I
A
BB
,r
R
II
p
,r
p
p
p
r r R
I
+ +

* Hiu sut ca ngun in:
r R
R Ir U
P
P
A
A
H
tp
ich
tp
ich
+


1
II. NH LUT M I VI CC LOI MCH IN
1. nh lut Ohm cha ngun (my pht):
R r
U
I
AB
+
+

i vi ngun in : dng in i vo cc m v i ra t cc dng.
U
AB
: tnh theo chiu dng in i t A n B qua mch (U
AB
= - U
BA
).
2. nh lut Ohm cho on mch cha my thu in:
R r
U
I
p
p AB
+

i vi my thu
p

: dng in i vo cc dng v i ra t cc m.
U
AB
: tnh theo chiu dng in i t A n B qua mch.
3. Cng thc tng qut ca nh lut Ohm cho on mch gm my pht v thu ghp ni tip:

p
p AB
r r R
U
I
+ +
+

Ch :
U
AB
: Dng in i t A n B (Nu dng in i ngc li l: -U
AB
)

: ngun in (my pht) ;
p

: my thu.
I > 0: Chiu dng in cng chiu chn.
I < 0: Chiu dng in ngc chiu chn.
R: Tng in tr cc mch ngoi.
r: Tng in tr trong ca cc b ngun my pht.
r
p
: Tng in tr trong ca cc b ngun my thu.
4. Mc ngun in thnh b:
a. Mc ni tip:
n b
n
r r r

+ + +
+ + +
...
...
2 1
2 1
ch : Nu c n ngun ging nhau.
nr r
n
b
b

b. Mc xung i:
2 1
2 1
r r r
b
b
+

c. Mc song song ( cc ngun ging nhau).
8

,r ,
2
,r
22
,r
33
,r
nn
,r
bb
1
,r
1
2
, r
2
1
1
,r
1
2
, r
2
1
,r ,
,r ,
,r
A BB
,r R
I
A BB
,r
p
,r
p
R
I
A BB
,r R
II
p
r
p
n r r
b
b
/

d. Mc hn hp i xng (cc ngun ging nhau).
m: l s ngun trong mt dy (hng ngang).
n: l s dy (hng dc).
Tng s ngun trong b ngun:
N = n.m
Chng III. DNG IN TRONG CC MI TRNG
I. H thng kin thc trong chng
1. Dng in trong kim loi
- Cc tnh cht in ca kim loi c th gii thch c da trn s c mt ca cc
electron t do trong kim loi. Dng in trong kim loi l dng dch chuyn c h-
ng ca cc lectron t do.
- Trong chuyn ng, cc lectron t do lun lun va chm vi cc ion dao ng
quanh v tr cn bng cc nt mng v truyn mt phn ng nng cho chng.
S va chm ny l nguyn nhn gy ra in tr ca dy dnx kim loi v tc
dng nhit. in tr sut ca kim loi tng theo nhit .
- Hin tng khi nhit h xung di nhit T
c
no , in tr ca kim loi
(hay hp kim) gim t ngt n gi tr bng khng, l hin tng siu dn.
2. Dng in trong cht in phn
- Dng in trong cht in phn l dng chuyn dch c hng ca cc ion dng
v catt v ion m v ant. Cc ion trong cht in phn xut hin l do s
phn li ca cc phn t cht tan trong mi trng dung mi.
Khi n cc in cc th cc ion s trao i lectron vi cc in cc ri c
gii phng ra , hoc tham gia cc phn ng ph. Mt trong cc phn ng ph
l phn ng cc dng tan, phn ng ny xy ra trong cc bnh in phn c
ant l kim loi m mui cu n c mt trong dung dch in phn.
- nh lut Fa-ra-y v in phn.
Khi lng m ca cht c gii phng ra cc in cc t l vi ng lng gam
n
A
ca cht v vi in lng q i qua dung dch in phn. ( q=It )
Biu thc ca nh lut Fa-ra-y:
It
n
A
F
m
1

vi F 96500 (C/mol)
3. Dng in trong cht kh
- Dng in trong cht kh l dng chuyn dch c hng ca cc ion dng v
catt, cc ion m v lectron v ant.
Khi cng in trng trong cht kh cn yu, mun c cc ion v lectron dn
in trong cht kh cn phi c tc nhn ion ho (ngn la, tia la in....). Cn
khi cng in trng trong cht kh mnh th c xy ra s ion ho do va
chm lm cho s in tch t do (ion v lectron) trong cht kh tng vt ln (s
phng in t lc).
9
2
, r
2 2
2
, r
2
n
mr
r
m
b
b

r ,
r ,
r , r ,
S ph thuc ca cng dng in trong cht kh vo hiu in th gia
ant v catt c dng phc tp, khng tun theo nh lut m (tr hiu in th
rt thp).
- Tia la in v h quang in l hai dng phng in trong khng kh iu
kin thng.
C ch ca tia la in l s ion ho do va chm khi cng in trng trong
khng kh ln hn 3.10
5
(V/m)
- Khi p sut trong cht kh ch cn vo khong t 1 n 0,01mmHg, trong ng
phng in c s phng in thnh min: ngay phn mt catt c min ti
catt, phn cn li ca ng cho n ant l ct sng ant.
Khi p sut trong ng gim di 10
-3
mmHg th min ti catt s chim ton b
ng, lc ta c tia catt. Tia catt l dng lectron pht ra t catt bay trong
chn khng t do.
4. Dng in trong chn khng
- Dng in trong chn khng l dng chuyn dch c hng ca cc lectron bt
ra t catt b nung nng do tc dng ca in trng.
c im ca dng in trong chn khng l n ch chy theo mt chiu nht
nh t ant sang catt.
5. Dng in trong bn dn
- Dng in trong bn dn tinh khit l dng dch chuyn c hng ca cc
lectron t do v l trng.
Tu theo loi tp cht pha vo bn dn tinh khit, m bn dn thuc mt trong hai
loi l bn dn loi n v bn dn loi p. Dng in trong bn dn loi n ch yu l
dng lectron, cn trong bn dn loi p ch yu l dng cc l trng.
Lp tip xc gia hai loi bn dn p v n (lp tip xc p n) c tnh dn in ch
yu theo mt chiu nht nh t p sang n.

Chng IV. T TRNG
I. T TRNG
1. Tng tac t
Tng tac gia nam cham vi nam cham, gia dong ien vi nam cham
va gia dong ien vi dong ien eu goi la tng tac t. Lc tng tac
trong cac trng hp o goi la lc t.
2. T trng
- Khai niem t trng: Xung quanh thanh nam cham hay xung quanh dong
ien co t trng.
Tong quat: Xung quanh ien tch chuyen ong co t trng.
- Tnh chat c ban cua t trng: Gay ra lc t tac dung len mot
nam cham hay mot dong ien at trong no.
- Cam ng t: e ac trng cho t trng ve mat gay ra lc t,
ngi ta a vao mot ai lng vect goi la cam ng t va k hieu la
B

.
Phng cua nam cham th nam can bang tai mot iem trong t trng
la phng cua vect cam ng t
B

cua t trng tai iem o. Ta quy

c lay chieu t cc Nam sang cc Bac cua nam cham th la chieu cua
B

.
3. ng sc t
10
A
B



I
D
C
.



+
A B
D C
2
, r
2 2
2
, r
2
ng sc t la ng c ve sao cho hng cua tiep tuyen tai bat k
iem nao tren ng cung trung vi hng cua vect cam ng t tai
iem o.
4. Cac tnh chat cua ng sc t:
- Tai moi iem trong t trng, co the ve c mot ng sc t i qua
va ch mot ma thoi.
- Cac ng sc t la nhng ng cong kn. Trong trng hp nam cham,
ngoai nam cham cac ng sc t i ra t cc Bac, i vao cc Nam
cua nam cham.
- Cac ng sc t khong cat nhau.
- Ni nao cam ng t ln hn th cac ng sc
t o ve mau hn (day hn), ni nao cam ng
t nho hn th cac ng sc t o ve tha hn.
5. T trng e u
Mot t trng ma cam ng t tai moi iem eu bang nhau goi la t
trng eu.
II. PHNG, CHIEU VA O LN CUA LC T TAC DUNG LEN
DAY DAN MANG DONG IEN
1. Phng : Lc t tac dung len oan dong ien co phng vuong goc
vi mat phang cha oan dong ien va cam ng tai iem khao sat .
2. Chieu lc t : Quy tac ban tay trai
Quy tac ban tay trai : at ban tay trai duoi thang e cac ng cam
ng t xuyen vao long ban tay va chieu t co tay en ngon tay trung
vi chieu dong ien. Khi o ngon tay cai choai ra 90
o
se ch chieu cua
lc t tac dung len oan day dan.
3. o ln (nh luat Am-pe). Lc t tac dung len oan dong ien cng
o I, co chieu dai l hp vi t trng eu
B
mot goc

sin BI F

B o ln cua cam ng t . Trong he SI, n v cua cam ng t la
tesla, k hieu la T.
III. NGUYEN LY CHONG CHAT T TRNG
Gia s ta co he n nam cham( hay dong ien ). Tai iem M, T trng
ch cua nam cham th nhat la
1
B
, ch cua nam cham th hai la
2
B
, ,
ch cua nam cham th n la
n
B . Goi
B
la t trng cua he tai M th:
n
B B B B + + + ...
2 1
T TRNG CUA DONG IEN CHAY TRONG DAY DAN CO
HINH DANG AC BIET
1. T trng cua dong ien chay trong day dan thang dai
Vect cam ng t
B

tai mot iem c xac nh:

- iem at tai iem ang xet.
- Phng tiep tuyen vi ng sc t tai iem ang xet
- Chieu c xac nh theo quy tac nam tay phai
- o ln
r
I
B
7
10 . 2

2. T trng cua dong ien chay trong day dan uon thanh vong
tron
Vect cam ng t tai tam vong day c xac nh:
- Phng vuong goc vi mat phang vong day
11
B

A
B



I
D
C
.



+
A B
D C
- Chieu la chieu cua ng sc t: Khum ban tay phai theo vong dy cua
khung day sao cho chieu t co tay en cac ngon tay trung vi chieu cua
dong ien trong khung , ngon tay cai
choay ra ch chieu ng sc t
xuyen qua mat phang dong ien
- o ln
R
NI
B
7
10 2



R: Ban knh cua khung day dan
I: Cng o dong ien
N: So vong day
3. T trng cua dong ien chay trong ong day dan
T trng trong ong day la t trng eu.
Vect cam ng t
B

c xac nh
- Phng song song vi truc ong day
- Chieu la chieu cua ng sc t
- o ln
nI B
7
10 . 4

N
n : So vong
day tren 1m
N la so vong day, la chieu dai ong day
TNG TAC GIA HAI DONG IEN THANG SONG SONG. LC
LORENX
1. Lc tng tac gia hai day dan song song mang dong ien co:
- iem at tai trung iem cua oan day ang xet
- Phng nam trong mat phang hnh ve va vuong goc vi day dan
- Chieu hng vao nhau neu 2 dong ien cung chieu, hng ra xa nhau
neu hai dong
ien ngc chieu.
- o ln :

r
I I
F
2 1 7
10 . 2

l: Chieu dai oan day dan, r Khoang cach gia

hai day dan
2. Lc Lorenx co:
- iem at tai ien tch chuyen ong
- Phng vuong goc vi mat phang cha vect van toc cua hat mang
ien va vect cam
ng t tai iem ang xet
- Chieu tuan theo quy tac ban tay trai: at ban tay trai duoi thang e
cac ng cam ng t xuyen vao long ban tay va chieu t co tay en
ngon tay trung vi chieu dong ien. Khi o ngon tay cai choai ra 90
o
se
ch chieu cua lc Lo-ren-x neu hat mang ien dng va neu hat mang
ien am th chieu ngc lai
- o ln cua lc Lorenx
vBSin q f

: Goc tao bi B , v

KHUNG DAY MANG DONG IEN AT TRONG T TRNG EU

1. Trng hp ng sc t nam trong mat phang khung day
Xet mot khung day mang dong ien at trong t trng eu
B

nam trong mat phang khung day.
- Canh AB, DC song song vi ng sc t nen len lc t tac dung len
chung bang khong
- Goi
1
F

,
2
F

la lc t tac dung len cac canh DA va BC.

12
N
Q
P
M
I
1
I
2
B
F
C
D
A
B



I
D
C
.



+
1
F

2
F

3
F

4
F

A B
D C
Theo cong thc Ampe ta thay
1
F

,
2
F

co
- iem at tai trung iem cua moi canh
- phng vuong goc vi mat phang hnh ve
- chieu nh hnh ve(Ngc chieu nhau)
- o ln F
1
= F
2

Vay: Khung day chu tac dung cua mot ngau lc. Ngau lc nay lam cho
khung day quay ve v tr can bang ben
2. Trng hp ng sc t vuong goc vi mat phang khung
day
Xet mot khung day mang dong ien at trong t trng eu
B

vuong
goc vi
mat phang khung day.
- Goi
1
F

,
2
F

,
3
F

,
4
F

la lc t tac dung len cac canh AB, BC, CD, DA

Theo cong thc Ampe ta thay
3 1
F F

,
4 2
F F


Vay: Khung day chu tac dung cua cac cap lc can bang. Cac lc nay
khung
lam quay khung.
c. Momen ngau lc t tac dung len khung day mang dong ien.
Xet mot khung day mang dong ien at trong t trng eu
B

nam trong mat phang khung day
Tong quat
Vi

) n , B (

Chng V. CM NG IN T
1. T thng qua din tch S:
= BS.cos ;
Li
(Wb)
Vi L la o t cam cua cuon day
V n L
2 7
10 4


(H)

N
n : so vong day tren mot n v chieu dai
2. Sut in ng cm ng trong mch in kn:

t
c

(V)
- ln sut in ng cm ng trong mt on dy chuyn ng:

sin Blv
c

(V) ) , ( v B

- Sut in ng t cm:
t
i
L
c

(V) (dau tr ac trng cho nh luat
Lenx)
3. Nng lng t trng trong ng dy:
2
2
1
Li W
(J)
4. Mt nng lng t trng:
2 7
10
8
1
B w

(J/m
3
)
13
M : Momen ngau lc t (N.m)
I: Cng o dong ien (A)
B: T trng (T)
S: Dien tch khung day(m
2
)
M = IBSsin

Chng VI. KHC X NH SNG

I. Hien tng khuc xa anh sang
Hien tng khuc xa anh sang la hien tng khi anh sang truyen qua
mat phan cach gia hai moi trng trong suot, tia sang b be gay
khuc (oi hng ot ngot) mat phan cach.
2. nh luat khuc xa anh sang
+ Tia khuc xa nam trong mat phang ti va ben kia phap tuyen so
vi tia ti. (Hnh 33)
+ oi vi mot cap moi trng trong suot nhat nh
th t so gia sin cua goc ti (sini) vi sin cua goc
khuc xa (sinr) luon luon la mot so khong oi. So
khong oi nay phu thuoc vao ban chat cua hai moi
trng va c goi la chiet suat t oi cua moi
trng cha tia khuc xa (moi trng 2) oi vi moi
trng cha tia ti (moi trng 1); k hieu la n
21
.
Bieu thc: 21
sin
sin
n
r
i

+ Neu n
21
> 1 th goc khuc xa nho hn goc ti. Ta noi moi trng (2)
chiet quang kem moi trng (1).
+ Neu n
21
< 1 th goc khuc xa ln hn goc ti. Ta noi moi trng (2)
chiet quang hn moi trng (1).
+ Neu i = 0 th r = 0: tia sang chieu vuong goc vi mat phan cach se
truyen thang.
+ Neu chieu tia ti theo hng KI th tia khuc xa se i theo hng IS (theo
nguyen l ve tnh thuan nghch cua chieu truyen anh sang).
Do o, ta co
12
21
1
n
n
.
3. Chiet suat tuyet oi
Chiet suat tuyet oi cua mot moi trng la chiet suat cua no oi
vi chan khong.
V chiet suat cua khong kh xap x bang 1, nen khi khong can o
chnh xac cao, ta co the coi chiet suat cua mot chat oi vi khong kh
bang chiet suat tuyet oi cua no.
Gia chiet suat t oi n
21
cua moi trng 2 oi vi moi trng 1 va
cac chiet suat tuyet oi n
2
va n
1
cua chung co he thc:
1
2
21
n
n
n
Ngoai ra, ngi ta a chng minh c rang:
Chiet suat tuyet oi cua cac moi trng trong suot t le nghch vi
van toc truyen anh sang trong cac moi trng o:

2
1
1
2
v
v
n
n

Neu moi trng 1 la chan khong th ta co: n

1
= 1 va v
1
= c = 3.10
8
m/s
Ket qua la:
2
n =
2
v
c
hay v
2
=
2
n
c
.
14
i
r
N
N
/
I
S
K
(1
)
(2
)
V van toc truyen anh sang trong cac moi trng eu nho hn van
toc truyen anh sang trong chan khong, nen chiet suat tuyet oi cua
cac moi trng luon luon ln hn 1.
Y ngha cua chiet suat tuyet oi
Chiet suat tuyet oi cua moi trng trong suot cho biet van toc
truyen anh sang trong moi trng o nho hn van toc truyen anh sang
trong chan khong bao nhieu lan.
HIEN TNG PHAN XA TOAN PHAN VA NHNG IEU KIEN E
HIEN TNG XAY RA.
1. Hien tng phan xa toan phan
Hien tng phan xa toan phan la hien tng ma trong o ch ton tai
tia phan xa ma khong co tia khuc xa.
2. ieu kien e co hien tng phan xa toan phan
Tia sang truyen theo chieu t moi trng co
chiet suat ln sang moi trng co chiet suat nho
hn. (Hnh 34)
Goc ti ln hn hoac bang goc gii han phan
xa toan phan (i
gh
).
3. Phan biet phan xa toan phan va phan
xa thong thng
Giong nhau
Cung la hien tng phan xa, (tia sang b hat lai moi trng cu).
Cung tuan theo nh luat phan xa anh sang .
Khac nhau
Hien tng phan xa thong thng xay ra khi tia sang gap mot mat
phan cach hai moi trng va khong can them ieu kien g.
Trong khi o, hien tng phan xa toan phan ch xay ra khi thoa man
hai ieu kien tren.
Trong phan xa toan phan, cng o chum tia phan xa bang cng
o chum tia ti. Con trong phan xa thong thng, cng o chum tia
phan xa yeu hn chum tia ti.
4. Lang knh phan xa toan phan
Lang knh phan xa toan phan la mot khoi thuy tinh hnh lang tru co
tiet dien thang la mot tam giac vuong can
ng dung
Lang knh phan xa toan phan c dung thay gng phang trong mot so
dung cu quang hoc (nh ong nhom, knh tiem vong ).
Co hai u iem la t le phan tram anh sang phan xa ln va khong
can co lp ma nh gng phang.
Chng VII. MT V CC DNG C QUANG
Lng knh
1. nh ngha
Lang knh la mot khoi chat trong suot hnh
lang tru ng, co tiet dien thang la mot hnh
tam giac.
ng i cua tia sang n sac qua lang
knh
15
G
S
R
K
I
J
i
i
/
r
(Hnh 34)
H
O F
F
/
(Hnh 36)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Ta ch khao sat ng i cua tia sang trong tiet dien thang ABC cua
lang knh.
Noi chung, cac tia sang khi qua lang knh b khuc xa va tia lo luon b
lech ve pha ay nhieu hn so vi tia ti.
Goc lech cua tia sang n sac khi i qua lang knh
Goc lech D gia tia lo va tia ti la goc hp bi phng cua tia ti
va tia lo, (xac nh theo goc nho gia hai ng thang).
2. Cc cng thc ca lng knh:

'

+
+

A i i D
r r A
r n i
r n i
2 1
2 1
2 2
1 1
sin sin
sin sin
iu kin c tia l

'

) sin( sin
2
0
0
A n i
i i
i A
gh
Khi tia sng c gc lch cc tiu: r
1
= r
2
= A/2
i
1
= i
2
=i suy ra:
A i D 2
min
Khi goc lech at cc tieu: Tia lo va tia ti
oi xng nhau qua mat phang phan giac cua
goc chiet quang A .
Khi goc lech at cc tieu D
min
:
2
sin
2
sin
min
A
n
A D

+
* Nu
0
1
10 , i A th gc lch
) 1 ( n A D
THAU KNH MONG
1. nh ngha
Thau knh la mot
khoi chat trong suot
gii han bi hai mat
cong, thng la hai
mat cau. Mot trong
hai mat co the la
mat phang.
Thau knh mong la
thau knh co khoang cach O
1
O
2
cua hai chom cau rat nho so vi ban knh
R
1
va R
2
cua cac mat cau.
2. Phan loai
Co hai loai: Thau knh ra mong goi la thau knh
hoi tu.
Thau knh ra day goi la thau knh
phan k.
ng thang noi tam hai chom cau goi la truc chnh
cua thau knh.
Coi O
1
O
2
O goi la quang tam cua thau knh.
3. Tieu iem chnh
16
S
R
I
J
i
1
i
2
r
1
r
2
A
B C
D
O
F
/
F
(Hnh 37)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Vi thau knh hoi tu: Chum tia lo hoi tu tai iem F
/
tren truc chnh. F
/
goi
la tieu iem chnh cua thau knh hoi tu.
Vi thau knh phan k: Chum tia lo khong hoi tu thc s ma co ng
keo dai cua chung cat nhau tai iem F
/
tren truc chnh. F
/
goi la tieu
iem chnh cua thau knh phan k .
Moi thau knh mong co hai tieu iem chnh nam oi xng nhau qua
quang tam. Mot tieu iem goi la tieu iem vat (F), tieu iem con lai goi
la tieu iem anh (F
/
).
4. Tieu c
Khoang cach f t quang tam en cac tieu iem chnh goi la tieu c
cua thau knh: f = OF = OF
/
.
5. Truc phu, cac tieu iem phu va tieu dien
Moi ng thang i qua quang tam O nhng khong trung vi truc chnh
eu goi la truc phu.
Giao iem cua mot truc phu vi tieu dien goi la tieu iem phu ng
vi truc phu o.
Co vo so cac tieu iem phu, chung eu nam tren mot mat phang
vuong goc vi truc chnh, tai tieu iem chnh. Mat phang o goi la tieu
dien cua thau knh. Moi thau knh co hai tieu dien nam hai ben quang
tam.
6. ng i cua cac tia sang qua thau knh hoi tu
Cac tia sang khi qua thau knh hoi tu se b khuc xa va lo ra khoi thau
knh. Co 3 tia sang thng gap (Hnh 36):
Tia ti (a) song song vi truc chnh, cho tia lo i qua tieu iem anh.
Tia ti (b) i qua tieu iem vat, cho tia lo song
song vi truc chnh.
Tia ti (c) i qua quang tam cho tia lo truyen
thang.
7. ng i cua cac tia sang qua thau knh phan k
Cac tia sang khi qua thau knh phan k se b khuc xa va lo ra khoi thau
knh. Co 3 tia sang thng gap (Hnh 37):
Tia ti (a) song song vi truc chnh, cho tia lo co
ng keo dai i qua tieu iem anh.
Tia ti (b) hng ti tieu iem vat, cho tia lo
song song vi truc chnh.
Tia ti (c) i qua quang tam cho tia lo truyen
thang.
8. Qua trnh tao anh qua thau knh hoi tu
Vat that hoac ao thng cho anh that, ch co
trng hp vat that nam trong khoang t O en F mi
cho anh ao.
9. Qua trnh tao anh qua thau knh phan k
Vat that hoac ao thng cho anh ao, ch co trng hp vat ao nam
trong khoang t O en F mi cho anh that.
10. Cong thc thau knh /
1 1 1
d d f
+
suy ra
d d
d d
f
+

.
;
f d
f d
d

.
;
f d
f d
d

.
17
Cong thc nay dung c ca cho thau knh hoi tu va thau knh phan
k.
11. o phong ai cua anh
o phong ai cua anh la t so chieu cao cua anh va chieu cao cua
vat:

f
f d
d f
f
f d
f
d
d
AB
B A
k

' '
* k > 0 : Anh cung chieu vi vat.
* k < 0 : Anh ngc chieu vi vat.
Gia tr tuyet oi cua k cho biet o ln t oi cua anh so vi vat.
Cong thc tnh o tu cua thau knh theo ban knh cong cua cac mat
va chiet suat cua thau knh:

,
_

2 1
1 1
) 1 (
1
R R n
n
f
D
.
Trong o, n la chiet suat oi cua chat lam thau knh, n l chit mi trng
at thau knh. R
1
va R
2
la ban knh hai mat cua thau knh vi qui c:
Mat lom: R > 0 ; Mat loi: R < 0 ; Mat phang: R =

MT_CC TT CA MT
a/. nh ngha
ve phng dien quang hnh hoc, mat giong nh mot may anh,
cho mot anh that nho hn vat tren vong mac.
b/. cau tao
thuy tinh the: Bo phan chnh: la mot thau knh hoi tu co tieu c f
thay oi c
vong mac: man anh, sat day mat ni tap trung cac te bao nhay
sang dau cac day than kinh th giac. Tren vong mac co ien
vang V rat nhay sang.
ac iem: d

= OV = khong oi: e nhn vat cac khoang cach
khac nhau (d thay oi) => f thay oi (mat phai ieu tiet )
d/. S ieu tiet cua mat iem cc vien C
v
- iem cc can C
c

S ieu tiet
S thay oi o cong cua thuy tinh the (va do o thay oi o tu hay
tieu c cua no) e lam cho anh cua cac vat can quan sat hien len
tren vong mac goi la s ieu tiet
iem cc vien C
v

iem xa nhat tren truc chnh cua mat ma at vat tai o mat co
the thay ro c ma khong can ieu tiet ( f = f
max
)
iem cc can C
c
iem gan nhat tren truc chnh cua mat ma at vat tai o mat co the
thay ro c khi a ieu tiet toi a ( f = f
min
)
18
Khoang cach t iem cc can Cc en cc vien Cv : Goi gii han thay ro
cua mat
- Mat thng : f
max
= OV, OC
c
= = 25 cm; OC
v
=

e/. Goc trong vat va nang suat phan ly cua mat

Goc trong vat : tg
AB

l

= goc trong vat ; AB: kch thc vat ; l = AO = khoang cach t vat ti
quang tam O cua mat .
- Nang suat phan ly cua mat
La goc trong vat nho nhat

min gia hai iem A va B ma mat con co

the phan biet c hai iem o .

min
1
1'
3500
rad
- s lu anh tren vong mac
la thi gian

0,1s e vong mac hoi phuc lai sau khi tat anh sang kch
thch.
3. Cac tat cua mat Cach sa
a. Can th
la mat khi khong ieu tiet co tieu iem nam trc vong mac .
f
max
< OC; OC
c
< ; OC
v
<

=> D
can
> D
thng
- Sa tat : nhn xa c nh mat thng : phai eo mot thau knh phan
ky sao cho anh vat

qua knh hien len iem cc vien cua

mat.
B A AB
knh

d
) (
V
OC d

+
V
V
OC d d f
D
1 1 1 1 1

l = OO= khang cach t knh n mat, neu eo sat mat l =0 th f
k
= -OV


b. Vien th
La mat khi khong ie tiet co tieu iem nam sau vong mac .
f
max
>OV; OC
c
> ; OC
v
: ao sau mat . => D
vien
< D
thng
Sa tat : 2 cach :
+ eo mot thau knh hoi tu e nhn xa vo cc nh mat thng ma khong
can ieu tiet(kho thc hien).
+ eo mot thau knh hoi tu e nhn gan nh mat thng cch mt 25cm . (ay
la cach thng dung )
B A AB
knh


25 , 0 d

) (
C
OC d

+
C
C
OC d d f
D
1 1 1 1 1

KNH LP
a/. nh nhga:
La mot dung cu quang hoc bo tr cho mat trong viec quang sat cac vat
nho. No co tac dung lam tang goc trong anh bang cach tao ra mot
anh ao, ln hn vat va nam trong gii han nhn thay ro cua mat.
b/. cau tao
Gom mot thau knh hoi tu co tieu c ngan(c vai cm)
c/. cach ngam chng

19
AB
1 1 2 2
knhOk matO
AB A B
d
1
d
1
d
2
d
2

d
1
< O

F ; d
1

nam trong gii han nhn ro cua mat:

d
1
+ d
1

= O
K
O ; d
2

= OV

'
1 1
1 1 1
K
f d d
+
Ngam chng cc can
ieu chnh e anh A
1
B
1
la anh ao hiem ti C
C
: d
1

= - (OC
C
- l)
(l la khoang cach gia v tr at knh va mat)

B A AB
knh

d
) (
C
OC d

+
C
C
OC d d d f
D
1 1 1 1 1

Ngam chng C
V

ieu chnh e anh A
1
B
1
la anh ao hiem ti C
V
: d
1

= - (OC
V
- l)
B A AB
knh

d
) (
V
OC d

+
V
V
OC d d d f
D
1 1 1 1 1
d/. o boi giac cua knh lup
* nh ngha:
o boi giac G cua mot dung cu quang hoc bo tr cho mat la t so gia
goc trong anh

cua mot vat qua dung cu quang hoc o vi goc trong

trc tiep
0

cua vat o khi at vat tai iem cc can cua mat.

0 0
tan
tan

G
(v goc

va
0

rat nho)
Vi: 0
AB
tg

* bi gic ca knh lp:

Gi l l khong cch t mt n knh v d l khong cch
t nh AB n knh (d < 0), ta c :

A'B' A'B'
tg
OA d'

+l
suy ra:
0
tg A'B'
G .
tg AB d'

+ l

Hay:

G =k.
d' +l
(1)
k l phng i ca nh.
- Khi ngm chng cc cn: th
d' + l
do :

d
d
k G
C C


- Khi ngm chng cc vin: th
V
OC d +
do :
20

V
V
OC

d
d
G

- Khi ngm chng v cc: nh AB v cc, khi AB ti C

C
nn:

AB AB
tg
OF f

Suy ra:

G
f

c gi tr t 2,5 n 25.
khi ngam chng vo cc
+ Mat khong phai ieu tiet
+ o boi giac cua knh lup khong phu thuoc vao v tr at mat.
Gia tr cua
G

c ghi tren vanh knh: X2,5 ; X5.

Lu : - Vi l l khong cch t mt ti knh lp th khi: 0 l < f G
C
> G
V
l = f G
C
= G
V
l > f G
C
< G
V
- Trn vnh knh thng ghi gi tr
25
( )
G
f cm

=

V d: Ghi X10 th
25
10 2, 5
( )
G f cm
f cm

= = =
KNH HIN VI
a) nh ngha:
Knh hin vi l mt dng c quang hc b tr cho mt lm tng gc trng
nh ca nhng vt nh, vi bi gic ln ln rt nhiu so vi bi gic
ca knh lp.
b) Cu to: C hai b phn chnh:
- Vt knh O
1
l mt thu knh hi t c tiu c rt ngn (vi mm), dng
to ra mt nh tht rt ln ca vt cn quan st.
- Th knh O
2
cng l mt thu knh hi t c tiu c ngn (vi cm), dng
nh mt knh lp quan st nh tht ni trn.
Hai knh c trc chnh trng nhau v khong cch gia chng khng i.
B phn t sng dng chiu sng vt cn quan st.
d) bi gic ca knh khi ngm chng v cc:
- Ta c:
1 1 1 1
2 2 2
A B A B
tg
O F f

v tg =
AB

Do :
1 1
0 2
A B tg
G x
tg AB f

(1)
Hay 1 2
G k G

bi gic G

ca knh hin vi trong trng hp ngm chng v cc bng tch ca phng i k

1
ca nh A
1
B
1
qua vt knh vi bi gic G
2
ca th knh.
Hay
1 2
.
G
f .f

Vi: =
/
1 2
F F gi l di quang hc ca knh hin vi.
Ngi ta thng ly = 25cm
KNH THIN VN
21
a) nh ngha:
Knh thin vn l dng c quang hc b tr cho mt lm tng gc trng nh ca nhng vt rt xa (cc
thin th).
b) Cu to: C hai b phn chnh:
- Vt knh O
1
: l mt thu knh hi t c tiu c di (vi m)
- Th knh O
2
: l mt thu knh hi t c tiu c ngn (vi cm)
Hai knh c lp cng trc, khong cch gia chng c th thay i c.
c) bi gic ca knh khi ngm chng v cc:
- Trong cch ngm chng v cc, ngi quan st
iu chnh nh A
1
B
2
v cc. Lc
1 1
2
A B
tg
f

v
1 1
0
1
A B
tg
f

Do , bi gic ca knh thin vn khi ngm chng v cc l :
1
0 2
f tg
G
tg f

22