_______________________________________________Chng 1 Nhng khi nim c

bn - 1

CHNG I
NHNG KHI NIM C BN
DNG SNG CA TN HIU

Hm m
Hm nc n v
Hm dc
Hm xung lc
Hm sin
Hm tun hon

PHN T MCH IN

Phn t th ng
Phn t tc ng

MCH IN

Mch tuyn tnh

Mch bt bin theo thi gian
Mch thun nghch
Mch tp trung

MCH TNG NG

Cun dy
T in
Ngun c lp

________________________________________________________________
L thuyt mch l mt trong nhng mn hc c s ca chuyn ngnh in t-Vin
thng-T ng ha.
Khng ging nh L thuyt trng - l mn hc nghin cu cc phn t mch in
nh t in, cun dy. . . gii thch s vn chuyn bn trong ca chng - L thuyt mch
ch quan tm n hiu qu khi cc phn t ny ni li vi nhau to thnh mch in (h
thng).
Chng ny nhc li mt s khi nim c bn ca mn hc.

1.1 DNG SNG CA TN HIU

Tn hiu l s bin i ca mt hay nhiu thng s ca mt qu trnh vt l no
theo qui lut ca tin tc.
Trong phm vi hp ca mch in, tn hiu l hiu th hoc dng in. Tn hiu c th
c tr khng i, v d hiu th ca mt pin, accu; c th c tr s thay i theo thi gian, v
d dng in c trng cho m thanh, hnh nh. . . .
Tn hiu cho vo mt mch c gi l tn hiu vo hay kch thch v tn hiu nhn
c ng ra ca mch l tn hiu ra hay p ng.
Ngi ta dng cc hm theo thi gian m t tn hiu v ng biu din ca chng
trn h trc bin - thi gian c gi l dng sng.
Di y l mt s hm v dng sng ca mt s tn hiu ph bin.
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Nguyn Trung Lp
THUYT MCH

_______________________________________________Chng 1 Nhng khi nim c

bn - 2

1.1.1 Hm m (Exponential function)

v(t ) = Ket K , l cc hng s thc.
(H 1.1) l dng sng ca hm m vi cc tr khc nhau

(H 1.1)

1.1.2 Hm nc n v (Unit Step function)

1 , t a
u(t - a) =
0 , t < a
y l tn hiu c gi tr thay i t ngt t 0 ln 1 thi im t = a.
(H 1.2) l mt s trng hp khc nhau ca hm nc n v

(a)

(b)

(c)

(H 1.2)

Hm nc u(t-a) nhn vi h s K cho Ku(t-a), c gi tri bng K khi t a.

1.1.3 Hm dc (Ramp function)

Cho tn hiu nc n v qua mch tch phn ta c ng ra tn hiu dc n v.
t

r(t) = u(x)dx

Nu ta xt ti thi im t=0 v mch khng tch tr nng lng trc th:

t

r(t) = u(x)dx + u(0) vi u(0) = u(x)dx = 0

Da vo kt qu trn ta c nh ngha ca hm dc n v nh sau:
t , t a
r(t - a) =
0 , t < a
(H 1.3) l dng sng ca r(t) v r(t-a)

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THUYT MCH

_______________________________________________Chng 1 Nhng khi nim c

bn - 3
(a)

(H 1.3)

(b)

Hm dc r(t-a) nhn vi h s K cho hm Kr(t-a), dng sng l ng thng c dc

K v gp trc t a.

1.1.4 Hm xung lc (Impulse function)

Cho tn hiu nc n v qua mch vi phn ta c tn hiu ra l mt xung lc n v
du(t)
( t ) =
dt
((t) cn c gi l hm Delta Dirac)
Ta thy (t) khng phi l mt hm s theo ngha cht ch ton hc v o hm ca
hm nc c tr = 0 t 0 v khng xc nh t = 0. Nhng y l mt hm quan trng trong
l thuyt mch v ta c th hnh dung mt xung lc n v hnh thnh nh sau:
Xt hm f1(t) c dng nh (H 1.4a):
1
r (t ) ,
f1 (t ) =
1
,

t {0,}
t >

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(H 1.4)

Hm f0(t) xc nh bi:
df (t)
f0 (t) = 1
dt
1
khi (0 t ) v = 0 khi t > (H 1.4b).

Vi cc tr khc nhau ca ta c cc tr khc nhau ca f0(t) nhng phn din tch gii
hn gia f0(t) v trc honh lun lun =1 (H 1.4c).
Khi 0, f1(t) u(t) v f0(t) (t).
Vy xung lc n v c xem nh tn hiu c b cao cc ln v b rng cc nh v
din tch bng n v (H 1.4d).
Tng qut, xung lc n v ti t=a, (t-a) xc nh bi:
t
1 , t a
(t)dt = 0 , t < a
Cc hm nc, dc, xung lc c gi chung l hm bt thng.

f0(t) chnh l dc ca f1(t) v =

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Nguyn Trung Lp
THUYT MCH

_______________________________________________Chng 1 Nhng khi nim c

bn - 4

1.1.5 Hm sin
Hm sin l hm kh quen thuc nn y ch gii thiu vi hm c quan h vi hm
sin.
Hm sin tt dn:

v(t)=Ae-tsint, t>0 v A l s thc dng (H 1.5a)

Tch hai hm sin c tn s khc nhau
v(t)=Asin1t.sin2t (H 1.5b)

(a)

(H 1.5)

(b)

1.1.6 Hm tun hon khng sin

Ngoi cc tn hiu k trn, chng ta cng thng gp mt s tn hiu nh: rng ca,
hnh vung, chui xung. . . . c gi l tn hiu khng sin, c th l tun hon hay khng.
Cc tn hiu ny c th c din t bi mt t hp tuyn tnh ca cc hm sin, hm m v
cc hm bt thng.
(H 1.6) m t mt s hm tun hon quen thuc

(H 1.6)

1.2 PHN T MCH IN

S lin h gia tn hiu ra v tn hiu vo ca mt mch in ty thuc vo bn cht
v ln ca cc phn t cu thnh mch in v cch ni vi nhau ca chng.
Ngi ta phn cc phn t ra lm hai loi:
Phn t th ng: l phn t nhn nng lng ca mch. N c th tiu tn nng
lng (di dng nhit) hay tch tr nng lng (di dng in hoc t trng).
Gi v(t) l hiu th hai u phn t v i(t) l dng in chy qua phn t. Nng lng
ca on mch cha phn t xc nh bi:
t

W(t) = v(t).i (t)dt

- Phn t l th ng khi W(t) 0, ngha l dng in i vo phn t theo chiu gim

ca in th.
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Nguyn Trung Lp
THUYT MCH

_______________________________________________Chng 1 Nhng khi nim c

bn - 5
in tr, cun dy v t in l cc phn t th ng.
Phn t tc ng: l phn t cp nng lng cho mch ngoi. Nng lng ca
on mch cha phn t W(t)<0 v dng in qua phn t theo chiu tng ca in th.
Cc ngun cp in nh pin , accu v cc linh kin bn dn nh transistor, OPAMP l
cc th d ca phn t tc ng.

1.2.1 Phn t th ng
1.2.1.1 in tr
- K hiu (H 1.7)
- H thc: v(t) = R. i(t)
- Hay
i(t) = G.v(t)
- Vi G=1/R (gi l in dn)
n v ca in tr l (Ohm)
V ca in dn l -1 (c l Mho)
t

- Nng lng: W(t) = v(t).i (t)dt = R.i (t) 2 dt 0

(H 1 7)

1.2.1.2 Cun dy

(a)

(b)
(H 1.8)

- K hiu (H 1.8a)
- H thc:

v(t) = L

d i (t)
dt

1 t
v(t)dt
L
n v ca cun dy l H (Henry)
Do cun dy l phn t tch tr nng lng nn thi im t0 no c th cun dy
tr mt nng lng t trng ng vi dng in i(t0)
Biu thc vit li:

i (t) =

- Hay

1 t
v(t)dt + i (t 0 )
L t 0
V mch tng ng ca cun dy c v li (H 1.8b)
Nng lng tch tr trong cun dy:

i (t) =

W(t) = v(t).i (t)dt

Thay v(t) = L
t

d i (t)
dt

W(t) = L i (t)d i =

1
1
L i (t) 2 ] t = L i (t) 2 0 (v i(-)=0)
2
2

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Nguyn Trung Lp
THUYT MCH

_______________________________________________Chng 1 Nhng khi nim c

bn - 6

1.2.1.3 T in

(a)

(H 1.9)

(b)

- K hiu (H 1.9a)
d v(t)
dt
1 t
- Hay
v(t) = i (t)dt
C
n v ca t in l F (Farad)
Do t in l phn t tch tr nng lng nn thi im t0 no c th n tr
mt nng lng in trng ng vi hiu th v(t0)
Biu thc vit li:
1 t
v(t) = i (t)dt + v(t 0 )
C t0
V mch tng ng ca t in c v nh (H 1.9b)

- H thc:

i (t) = C

Nng lng tch tr trong t in

t

W(t) = v(t).i (t)dt

Thay i (t) = C

d v(t)
dt

1
1
Cv(t) 2 ]t = Cv(t) 2 0 (v v(-)=0)
2
2
Ch : Trong cc h thc v-i ca cc phn t R, L, C nu trn, nu i chiu mt trong hai
lng v hoc i th h thc i du (H 1.10): v(t) = - R.i(t)
t

W(t) = Cv(t)d v =

(H 1.10)

1.2.2 Phn t tc ng
y ch cp n mt s phn t tc ng n gin, l cc loi ngun.
Ngun l mt phn t lng cc nhng khng c mi quan h trc tip gia hiu th v hai
u v dng in i i qua ngun m s lin h ny hon ton ty thuc vo mch ngoi, do
khi bit mt trong hai bin s ta khng th xc nh c bin s kia nu khng r mch
ngoi.

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Nguyn Trung Lp
THUYT MCH

_______________________________________________Chng 1 Nhng khi nim c

bn - 7

1.2.2.1 Ngun c lp
L nhng phn t m gi tr ca n c lp i vi mch ngoi
- Ngun hiu th c lp: c gi tr v l hng s hay v(t) thay i theo thi gian. Ngun hiu
th c gi tr bng khng tng ng mt mch ni tt
- Ngun dng in c lp: c gi tr i l hng s hay i(t) thay i theo thi gian. Ngun
dng in c gi tr bng khng tng ng mt mch h

(H 1.11)

1.2.2.2 Ngun ph thuc

Ngun ph thuc c gi tr ph thuc vo hiu th hay dng in mt nhnh khc
trong mch. Nhng ngun ny c bit quan trng trong vic xy dng mch tng ng
cho cc linh kin in t.
-

C 4 loi ngun ph thuc:

Ngun hiu th ph thuc hiu th (Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source, VCVS)
Ngun hiu th ph thuc dng in (Current-Controlled Voltage Source, CCVS)
Ngun dng in ph thuc hiu th(Voltage-Controlled Current Source, VCVS)
Ngun dng in ph thuc dng in (Current-Controlled Current Source, CCCS)

(a)VCVS

(b) CCVS

(c)VCCS

(d) CCCS
(H 1.12)

1.3 MCH IN
-

C hai bi ton v mch in:

Phn gii mch in: cho mch v tn hiu vo, tm tn hiu ra.
Tng hp mch in: Thit k mch khi c tn hiu vo v ra.

Gio trnh ny ch quan tm ti loi bi ton th nht.

Quan h gia tn hiu vo x(t) v tn hiu ra y(t) l mi quan h nhn qu ngha l tn
hiu ra hin ti ch ty thuc tn hiu vo qu kh v hin ti ch khng ty thuc tn hiu
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Nguyn Trung Lp
THUYT MCH

_______________________________________________Chng 1 Nhng khi nim c

bn - 8
vo tng lai, ni cch khc, y(t) thi im t0 no khng b nh hng ca x(t) thi
im t>t0 .
Tn hiu vo thng l cc hm thc theo thi gian nn p ng cng l cc hm thc
theo thi gian v ty thuc c tn hiu vo v c tnh ca mch.
Di y l mt s tnh cht ca mch da vo quan h ca y(t) theo x(t).

1.3.1 Mch tuyn tnh

Mt mch gi l tuyn tnh khi tun theo nh lut:
Nu y1(t) v y2(t) ln lt l p ng ca hai ngun kch thch c lp vi nhau x1(t)
v x2(t), mch l tuyn tnh nu v ch nu p ng i vi
x(t)= k1x1(t) + k2x2(t)
l
y(t)= k1y1(t) + k2y2(t) vi mi x(t) v mi k1 v k2.
Trn thc t, cc mch thng khng hon ton tuyn tnh nhng trong nhiu trng
hp s bt tuyn tnh khng quan trng v c th b qua. Th d cc mch khuch i dng
transistor l cc mch tuyn tnh i vi tn hiu vo c bin nh. S bt tuyn tnh ch th
hin ra khi tn hiu vo ln.
Mch ch gm cc phn t tuyn tnh l mch tuyn tnh.
Th d 1.1
Chng minh rng mch vi phn, c trng bi quan h gia tn hiu vo v ra theo h
thc:
dx(t)
l mch tuyn tnh
y(t) =
dt
Gii
dx (t)
Gi
y1(t) l p ng i vi x1(t): y 1(t) = 1
dt
dx 2 (t)
Gi
y2(t) l p ng i vi x2(t): y 2 (t) =
dt
Vi x(t)= k1x1(t) + k2 x2(t) p ng y(t) l:
dx(t)
dx (t)
dx (t)
y(t) =
= k1 1 + k2 2
dt
dt
dt
y(t)=k1y1(t)+k2y2(t)
Vy mch vi phn l mch tuyn tnh

1.3.2 Mch bt bin theo thi gian (time invariant)

Lin h gia tn hiu ra v tn hiu vo khng ty thuc thi gian. Nu tn hiu vo tr
t0 giy th tn hiu ra cng tr t0 giy nhng ln v dng khng i.
Mt hm theo t tr t0 giy tng ng vi ng biu din tnh tin t0 n v theo chiu
dng ca trc t hay t c thay th bi (t-t0). Vy, i vi mch bt bin theo thi gian, p
ng i vi x(t-t0) l y(t-t0)
Th d 1.2
Mch vi phn th d 1.1 l mch bt bin theo thi gian
Ta phi chng minh p ng i vi x(t-t0) l y(t-t0).
Tht vy:
dx(t t 0 ) dx(t t 0 ) d(t t 0 )
x
=
= y(t t 0 )x1
dt
d(t t 0 )
d(t)
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Nguyn Trung Lp
THUYT MCH

_______________________________________________Chng 1 Nhng khi nim c

bn - 9
minh ha, cho x(t) c dng nh (H 1.13a) ta c y(t) (H 1.13b). Cho tn hiu
vo tr (1/2)s, x(t-1/2) (H 1.13c), ta c tn hiu ra cng tr (1/2)s, y(t-1/2) c v (H
1.13d).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)
(H 1.13)

1.3.3 Mch thun nghch

Xt mch (H 1.14)
+

v1

Mch

i2

i2

Mch

v1

(H 1.14)

Nu tn hiu vo cp cc 1 l v1 cho p ng cp cc 2 l dng in ni tt i2 . By

gi, cho tn hiu v1 vo cp cc 2 p ng cp cc 1 l i2. Mch c tnh thun nghch khi
i2=i2.

1.3.4 Mch tp trung

Cc phn t c tnh tp trung khi c th coi tn hiu truyn qua n tc thi. Gi i1 l
dng in vo phn t v i2 l dng in ra khi phn t, khi i2= i1 vi mi t ta ni phn t c
tnh tp trung.

i1
i2
Phnt
(H 1.15)

Mt mch ch gm cc phn
t tp trung l mch tp trung..
Vi mt mch tp trung ta c mt s im hu hn m trn c th o nhng tn

hiu khc nhau.

Mch khng tp trung l mt mch phn tn. Dy truyn sng l mt th d ca mch
phn tn, n tng ng vi cc phn t R, L v C phn b u trn dy. Dng in truyn
trn dy truyn sng phi tr mt mt thi gian n ng ra.

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Nguyn Trung Lp
THUYT MCH

_______________________________________________Chng 1 Nhng khi nim c

bn - 10

1.4 MCH TNG NG

Cc phn t khi cu thnh mch in phi c biu din bi cc mch tng ng.
Trong mch tng ng c th cha cc thnh phn khc nhau
Di y l mt s mch tng ng trong thc t ca mt s phn t.

1.4.1 Cun dy

(H 1.16)

Cun dy l tng c c trng bi gi tr in cm ca n. Trn thc t, cc vng

dy c in tr nn mch tng ng phi mc ni tip thm mt in tr R v chnh xc
nht cn k thm in dung ca cc vng dy nm song song vi nhau

1.4.2 T in

(a)

(b)
(H 1.17)

(c)

(H 1.17a ) l mt t in l tng, nu k in tr R1 ca lp in mi, ta c mch

tng (H 1.17b ) v nu k c in cm to bi cc lp dn in (hai m ca t in) cun
thnh vng v in tr ca dy ni ta c mch tng (H 1.17c )

1.4.3 Ngun c lp c gi tr khng i

1.4.3.1 Ngun hiu th
Ngun hiu th cp n trn l ngun l tng.
Gi v l hiu th ca ngun, v0 l hiu th gia 2 u ca ngun, ni ni vi mch
ngoi, dng in qua mch l i0 (H 1.18a). Nu l ngun l tng ta lun lun c v0 = v khng
i. Trn thc t, gi tr v0 gim khi i0 tng (H 1.18c); iu ny c ngha l bn trong ngun c
mt in tr m ta gi l ni tr ca ngun, in tr ny to mt st p khi c dng in
chy qua v st p cng ln khi i0 cng ln. Vy mch tng ng ca ngun hiu th c
dng (H 1.18b)

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Nguyn Trung Lp
THUYT MCH

_______________________________________________Chng 1 Nhng khi nim c

bn - 11

(a)

(b)
(H 1.18)

(c)

1.4.3.2 Ngun dng in

Tng t, ngun dng in thc t phi k n ni tr ca ngun, mc song song vi
ngun trong mch tng ng v in tr ny chnh l nguyn nhn lm gim dng in
mch ngoi i0 khi hiu th v0 ca mch ngoi gia tng.

(H 1.19)

BI TP
-- --

1. V dng sng ca cc tn hiu m t bi cc phng trnh sau y:

a.

10

(t nT) vi T=1s
n =1

2t
2t
v u(t-T/2)sin
T
T
c. r(t).u(t-1), r(t)-r(t-1)-u(t-1)

b. u(t)sin

2. Cho tn hiu c dng (H P1.1).

Hy din t tn hiu trn theo cc hm:
a. u(t-a) v u(t-b)
b. u(b-t) v u(a-t)
c. u(b-t) v u(t-a)

(H P1.1)

3.Vit phng trnh dng sng ca cc tn hiu khng tun

hon (H P1.2) theo tp hp tuyn tnh ca cc hm bt thng (nc, dc), sin v cc hm
khc (nu cn)

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Nguyn Trung Lp
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_______________________________________________Chng 1 Nhng khi nim c

bn - 12

(a)

(b)
(H P1.2)

4. Cho tn hiu c dng (H P1.3)

(H P1.3)

(H P1.4)

a. Vit phng trnh dng sng ca cc tn hiu theo tp hp tuyn tnh ca cc hm sin v
cc hm nc n v.
b. Xem chui xung c dng (H P1.4)
Chui xung ny c dng ca cc cng, khi xung c gi tr 1 ta ni cng m v khi tr ny =0
ta ni cng ng.
Ta c th din t mt hm cng m thi im t0 v ko di mt khong thi gian T bng
mt hm cng c k hiu:
t ,T (t) = u(t t 0 ) u(t t 0 T)
0

Th din t tn hiu (H P1.3) bng tch ca mt hm sin v cc hm cng.

5. Cho kin v tnh tuyn tnh v bt bin theo t ca cc tn hiu sau:
a. y =x2
dx
b. y =t
dt
dx
c. y =x
dt
6. Cho mch (H P1.6a) v tn hiu vo (H P1.6b)
Tnh p ng v v dng sng ca p ng trong 2 trng hp sau (cho vC(0) = 0):
a. Tn hiu vo x(t) l ngun hiu th vC v p ng l dng in iC.
b. Tn hiu vo x(t) l iC ngun hiu th v p ng l dng in vC.
Bng di y cho ta d kin ca bi ton ng vi cc (H 5a, b, c...) km theo. Tnh p ng
v v dng sng ca p ng

(a)

(b)
(H P1.6)

(c)

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Nguyn Trung Lp
THUYT MCH

_______________________________________________Chng 1 Nhng khi nim c

bn - 13

(a)

(d)

Cu
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

Mch hnh
a
a
a
a
b
b
b
b

(b)

(c)

(e)
(H P1.5)

(f)

Kch thch x(t)

vc
vc
ic
ic
vL
vL
iL
iL

Dng sng
d
f
c
d
c
d
e
f

p ng
ic
ic
vc
vc
iL
iL
vL
vL

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Nguyn Trung Lp
THUYT MCH