Uav Tcgifhta& Qdkif&Mpmcskyftamumif Odaumif P&M: Vlœtcgifhta& Ynmay Xme (Jrefrmedkifih)

uav;tcGithf a&;qdik &f mpmcsKytf aMumif; odaumif;p&m
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdik if )H
Author: Aung Myo Min

Director, HREIB
Cartoon: Saw Ngo , Agga and Kham Chuen
Layout &
Design by: HREIB Team
Cover: Yun Ein Si Thu (9 years old in 2005)
Published By: Human Rights Education Institute of Burma

(HREIB)
Address: G. P.O Box - 485,

Chiang Mai, 50000, Thailand.
E-mail: hreburma@loxinfo.co.th
Website: www.hreib.org
Second Edition, 1,500 copies,

January, 2005
© Aung Myo Min
All rights reserved. This work may be reproduced, provided that no

commercial use is made of it and the author is acknowledged.
Funded byTerre Des Hommes FR Germany

1
CRC.pmd 1 3/11/2005, 7:18 PM

rmwdum
trSmpm 5
uav;oli,frsm;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m
oabmwlpmcsKyf 7
tydk'f (1) uav;qdkonfrSm 11

tydk'f (2) cJGjcm;zdESdyfjcif; 13
tydk'f (3) uav;rsm;tm; umuG,fay;&efwm0efESifh
uav;rsm;.taumif;qHk;tusKd;udk
av;pm;&ef 16
tydk'f (4) tcGifhta&;rsm; umuG,fay;&eftwGuf
aqmif±Gufay;csufrsm; 20
tydk'f (5) rdbrsm;ESifh uav;rsm;tcGifhta&; 22
tydk'f (6) touf±Sif&yfwnfcGifhESifh zHGŒòz;wdk;
wufcGifh 26
tydk'f (7) trnfrSnfhcGifhESifh vlrsKd;owfrSwfcHydkifcGifh 29
tydk'f (8) udk,fa&;udk,fwmtcsufrsm;&±SdcGifh/ xdrf;
odrf;cGifh 32
tydk'f (9) rdbrsm;ESifh cJGcGmay;jcif; 36
tydk'f (10) rdbESifh&ifaoG;rsm;wdkif;jcm;jynfjcm;wGif
aexdkifae&ygu 40
CRC.pmd 2 3/11/2005, 7:18 PM

tydk'f (11) uav;i,ftm; wdkif;jynftwGif;rSw&m;r

0ifo,faqmifoGm;jcif; 43
tydk'f (12) uav;rsm;.t,ltqrsm;udk xnfhoGif;
pOf;pm;ay;jcif; 46
tydk'f (13) vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfwifjycGifhESifh
owif;rsm;&,lcGifh 48
tydk'f (14) vGwfvyfpGm udk;uG,f,Hk=unfcGifh 51
tydk'f (15) vGwfvyfpGm tzJGŒtpnf;zJGŒpnf;cGifh
ESihf pka0;cGihf 54
tydk'f (16) udk,fa&;udk,fwmvGwfvyfcGihf 57
tydk'f (17) uav;rsm;ESifh owif;Xmersm; 61
tydk'f (18) rdbrsm;.wm0ef0wW&m;rsm; 64
tydk'f (19) uav;rsm;ESifh apmfum;r_rsm; 67
tydk'f (20) rdom;pkr±Sdawmhonfhuav;rsm; 71
tydk'f (21) arG;pm;jcif; 76
tydk'f (22) uav;'kuQonfrsm; 80
tydk'f (23) roefrpGrf;aomuav;rsm; 84
tydk'f (24) usef;rma&;apmifha±Smufr_ cHpm;
ydkifcGifh 88
tydk'f (25) uav;apmifha±Smufxm;onfh Xmersm;
tm; tcsdefrSefrSefppfaq;jcif; 93
tydk'f (26) vlr_zlvHka=u; 97
tydk'f (27) oihfwifhavsmufywfaom vlaer_tqifh
twef;&±SdcHpm;cGifh 100
CRC.pmd 3 3/11/2005, 7:18 PM

tydk'f (28) ynmoif=um;cGifh 105

tydk'f (29) wefzdk;±Sdaomynma&; 108
tydk'f (30) vlenf;pkESifh rl&if;XmaevlrsdK;pk
uav;rsm; 113
tydk'f (31) upm;cGifh 117
tydk'f (32) uav;tvkyform;rsm; 121
tydk'f (33) uav;ESifh rl;,pfaq;0g;
tvJGoHk;pm;vkyfr_ 126
tydk'f (34) vdifydkif;qdkif&m tjrwfxkwfjcif;ESifh
vdifydkif;qdkif&mapmfum;jcif; 129
tydk'f (35) uav;a&mif;pm;jcif; 133
tydk'f (36) tjcm;enf;rsm;jzifh tjrwfxkwf
apmfum;r_rsm; 135
tydk'f (37) vGwfvyfr_ ±kyfodrf;cH&aom
uav;rsm; 138
tydk'f (38) vufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm;ESifh uav;ppf
om;toHk;ðyjcif; 142
tydk'f (39) jyefvnfðypkysKd;axmifemvHx tpDtpOf
rsm;&±SdcGifh 147
tydk'f (40) uav;&mZ0wfr_Oya'rsm; 150
CRC.pmd 4 3/11/2005, 7:18 PM

trSmpm
a=umuf±ŒHG r_jzifh }uD;jyif;vmaomuav;rsm;onf pd;k &dryf yl ef
r_rsm;jzifh jynfhESufaernfjzpfovdk ±dkif;jyr_ESifhaexdkifcJh&aom uav;
rsm;onf wdkufcdkuf&efvkyfwwfaom uav;rsm;jzpfvmayrnf? xdk@
twl vlom;wOD;tjzpf wefz;kd xm;jcif;rcH&aom uav;wa,muf
onf tjcm;olrsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh wefzdk;rsm;udk wefzdk;xm;
wwfvmrnf r[kwaf cs? vl@tcGit hf a&;udk av;pm;wefz;kd xm;aom
tem*wfumvudk vdck siyf gu ,ae@umvrS uav;rsm;. tcGit hf
a&;udk av;pm;umuG,fay;jcif;jzifh jyifqifay;&rnfjzpfonf?
xdk@a=umifh uav;oli,frsm; tcGifhta&;qdkif&mpmcsKyfwGif
yg0ifaom uav;rsm;. touf±Sifr_qdkif&m tcGifhta&;/ zHG@òzd;wdk;
wufrq _ ikd &f m tcGit hf a&;/ umuG,rf E_ iS hf uav;rsm;.yg0ifr_ qdak om
tcsufrsm;udk tpdk;&rsm;omru rdbrsm;ESifh uav;rsm;tygt0if
vlwdkif;od±Sdem;vnfoabmayguf&ef vdktyfvSygonf? em;vnfo
abmayguf¶Hkr#ru rdrdywf0ef;usif±Sd uav;wdkif; xdktcGifhta&;rsm;
&±Scd pH m;ap&eftwGuf óud;yrf;vkyaf qmifomG ;=u&ef vdt k yfvyS gonf?
xdkodk@ vdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;onfhtaejzifh EdkifiHwumu
todtrSwfðyjyXmef;xm;onfh uav;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m pmcsKyfyg
ta=umif;tcsufrsm;udk trsm;em;vnfEdkifatmif Tpmtkyf xkwf
a0vdkufjcif;jzpfygonf? pmcsKyfygtydk'frsm;udk bmomjyefxm;¶Hkouf
oufomrubJ xdt k yd'k rf sm;. qdvk ckd surf sm;ESihf o±kyaf zmfyrkH sm;udyk g
xnfo h iG ;f xm;onft h wGuf pmzwforl sm; tvG,w f ul em;vnf±iS ;f
vif;Edkifvdrfhrnf[k ,lqygonf?
CRC.pmd 5 3/11/2005, 7:18 PM

Tpmtkyu f kd 2003 ckEpS w

f iG f yxrt}udrf xkwaf 0jzefŒcscd +hJ yD;
avhvmvdkolrsm;. !$ef=um;csufa=umifh 'kwd,t}udrf jyefvnf
xkwaf 0jcif;jzpfygonf? 'kw, d t}udrx f wk af 0&mwGif 0dik ;f 0ef;ulnaD y;
=uaom udkxl;jrwf/ apmcsm;Edk/ udkAnm;/ udkausmfEdkif/ udkaemfaemf/
udkuyfpD; ESifh HREIB ±Hk;0efxrf;rsm;/ oifwef;enf;jyrsm; rsufESmzHk;
yef;csDa&;qGJay;aom orD;,Gef;tdrfpnfolESifh 'DZdkif;jyifqifay;aom
olrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifaus;Zl;wif±Sdygonf?
atmifrsK;d rif;
'g±u
kd w
f m
vl@tcGit
hf a&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdik if )H
Zefe0g&v
D / 2005 ckEpS f
CRC.pmd 6 3/11/2005, 7:18 PM

uav;tcG i f h t a&;qd k i f & m oabmwl p mcsKyf

(Convention on the Rights of the child - CRC)
…………………
uav;tcGit hf a&;qdik &f moabmwlpmcsKyfEiS hf ywfoufaom

t,ltqonf 1979 ckESpf urBmhuav;rsm;ae@udk usif;y&efpDpOf
aqmif±Guf&mrS pwifay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfonf? rlvtpwGif t±Sdef
aumif;aumif;jzifh ay:ayguv f mjcif;r[kwcf ahJ cs? uav;rsm;ae@txdr;f
trSwfoabmavmufom jyifqif&ef &nf±G,fcJh+yD; xkdodk‹jyifqifa&;
om;&eftwGuf t"duwm0efukd ydv k efEikd if u
H 1978 ckEpS w f iG f OD;aqmif
wm0ef,cl o hJ nf? pmcsKyfr=l urf; 'kw, d ydik ;f udk jyifqifa&;qGaJ ecsed t f xd
TpmcsKyftay: EkdifiHrsm;pGmuvnf; tav;ay;pdwf0ifpm;r_ r±SdcJhacs?
EkdifiHwum EdkifiHom;ESifh EkdifiHa&;tcGifhta&;qkdif&m oabmwlpmcsKyf
(ICCPR). tydk'fwGif uav;rsm;qdkif&mtcGifhta&;udk oD;jcm;azmfjy
xm;+yD;jzpfaoma=umifh aemufxyfuav;rsm;qkid &f m pmcsKyfwck xyfrH
rvkdtyfawmh[laom t,ltqrsKd; EdkifiHawmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif ±SdcJh
onf? xd‹k jyif taemufEikd if rH sm;ESihf ta±SO• a&myEdik if rH sm;u a&;qGaJ om
pmcsKyfrl=urf;onf pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_tcGifhta&;rsm;
tay: tom;ay;onf[lI pdwf0ifpm;jcif; r±SdcJh=uacs?
rl=urf;a&;qGrJ o _ nf 1979 rS 1989 ckEpS t f xd =umjrifch o hJ nf?
odk‹aomf 1988 ckESpf/ ukvor*~ vl‹tcGifhta&;aumfr±Sifu cef‹tyf
vku d af om tvkyt f zG‹J upmcsKyfukd t+yD;owfavhvma&;qGo J nfh tcsed f
rSpI tpkd;&rsm;ESifh tpkd;&r[kwfaom tzGJŒrsm;pGmwkd‹onf xkdpmcsKyf
rl=urf;a&;qGJ&mwGif pdwf0ifpm;vm+yD; tifwkduftm;wkduf yg0ifvmcJh
=uonf? rlva&;qGx J m;aom rl=urf;ukt d ajccHI tpk;d &rsm;ESihf tpk;d &
7
CRC.pmd 7 3/11/2005, 7:18 PM

r[kwfaomtzGJŒrsm;u xyfrHjznfhpGufI rGrf;rHr_rsm;vkyfaqmifcJhonf?
urBmu h se;f rma&;tzGŒJ (WHO)/ tjynfjynfqidk &f m tvkyo f rm;tzGŒJ csKyf
(ILO) ponft h zG‹J rsm;. wifjycsurf sm;udvk nf; vufco H ;kH oyfc=hJ uonf?
aemufqkH; 1989 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmv(20)&ufae‹wGif ukvor*~taxG
axGnDvmcHuaeI uav;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyfudk jy
Xmef;cJh+yD; 1990 ckESpfwGif owfrSwfxm;onfh EdkifiHta&twGuf(20)
jynfhoGm;ojzifh pmcsKyftouf0ifvmcJhonf? jrefrmEkdifiHonf Tpm
csKyfudk 1991 ckESpf/ Zlvkdif(15)&ufae‹wGif twnfðyvufrSwfa&; xkd;
cJhonf?
ukvor*~. vl‹tcGifhta&;qkdif&m pmcsKyfrsm;xJwGif uav;
rsm;tcGiahf &;qkid &f mpmcsKyfonf tjcm;pmcsKyfrsm;xuf xl;jcm;r_±o dS nf?
xl;jcm;onfhyxrtcsufrSm tjcm;vl‹tcGifhta&;pmcsKyfrsm;xuf ykdrkd
jynfhpkHus,fjyef‹aom tcGifhta&;rsm; Tuav;oli,fqkdif&m tcGifht
a&;pmcsKyfwiG f yg0ifaeonf? xdpk mcsKyftzG‹J 0if Edik if rH sm;. vkyaf qmifru _ kd
tpD&ifcHapI apmifh=uyfaomvkyfief;pOfwGif tjcm;pmcsKyfrsm;xuf
ykdrkdaumif;rGefaom vkyfief;pOfudk a&;qGJEdkifcJhonf? xkd‹jyif xkdpmcsKyfudk
jyifqifa&;qGJcsdefwGif tpkd;&ESifh tpkd;&r[kwfaom tzGJ‹rsm;. vufwGJ
yl;aygif;yg0ifaqmif±Gufr_onf tjcm;pmcsKyfrsm;ukd a&;qGJpOfESifhrwl t
xl;aumif;rGeo f nfukd awG‹&onf? xk‹d jyif ukvor*~. vl‹tcGit hf a&;
pmcsKyfwiG f Tuav;oli,f tcGit hf a&;qdik &f mpmcsKyfukd Ekid if w
H umu
txl;av;pm;axmufcHcJhojzifh pmcsKyftzGJŒ0ifEkdifiHaygif; (191)EdkifiHu
twnfðyvufrSwfxkd;xm;onfh pmcsKyftzGJ‹0ifEdkifiH trsm;qkH;pmcsKyf
jzpfaeqJjzpfonf? 2002 ckESpf/ rwfvtxd vufrSwfrxdk;ao;aom
EkdifiHrsm;rSm tar&duefEkdifiHESifh qkdrm;vD;,m;EdkifiHwdk‹om usefawmh
onf?
pmcsKyfwGif tykd'faygif;(54)ykd'f yg0if+yD; EkdifiHom;tcGifhta&;/
8
CRC.pmd 8 3/11/2005, 7:18 PM

EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ESifh vlom;csif;pmemaxmuf
xm;aom ta&;udprP sm;tm;vk;H yg0ifonf? pmcsKyfwiG f t"dutm;jzifh
uav;oli,frsm;udv k nf; t±G,af &muf+yD;aomolrsm;uJo h ‹kd nDr#pmG wef
zk;d xm;&rnf? uav;oli,frsm;. tawG;tjrifrsm;udv k nf; wefz;dk xm;
&rnf? uav;oli,frsm;.tusKd;twGuf vkyfaqmifr_rsm;/ umuG,fr_
rsm;/ vkyf&rnf[laomoabmrsm; xnfhoGif;jyXmef;xm;onf? uav;
rsm;. ukd,fa&;ta=umif;t&mrsm;ESifh ygwfoufonfh tydk'f(8)/ ðypk
apmifha¶SmufcGifh/ arG;pm;cGifhwkd‹ESifhywfoufaom tykd'f(20)/ (21)/ vuf
eufuikd f wku d yf rJG sm;twGi;f wGif ESyd pf ufc&H aom uav;rsm;tm; pdwyf ikd ;f
ESifh±kyfykdif; jyefvnfemvefxlvmap&ef vkyfaqmifay;a&;ESifhoufqkdif
onfh tyk'd (f 39)wkŒd onf rnfonfv h ‹l tcGit
hf a&; pmcsKyfrsm;rSmrS v$r;f
òcH y g0if c J h j cif ; r±S d a o;aom ta=umif ; t&mtcsuf t vuf topf
rsm;jzpfonf?
xkduav;pmcsKyfwGifyg0ifaomuav;tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd (1)t
ouf±iS &f yfwnfciG hf tcGit hf a&;rsm; (Survival rights)/ (2) zG‹H òzd;wk;d wuf
r_qidk &f m tcGit hf a&;rsm; (Development rights)/ (3) umuG,rf q _ idk &f m
tcGifhta&;rsm; (Protection rights) ESifh (4) yg0ifaqmif±Gufr_qkdif&m
tcGit hf a&; (Participation rights) [lI t=urf;tm;jzifh trsK;d tpm;av;
rsKd; cGJjcm;Ekdifonf?
Ttouf±Sif&yfwnfcGifh tcGifhta&;qkdonfrSm uav;rsm;.
touf±SifcGifhESifh touf±SifEkdif&efvdktyfaom tajccHtcsufrsm;udk qkd
vkjd cif;jzpfonf? vkaH vmufaom aexkid rf t _ qifth wef;/ tdr, f m/ t[m
&ESifh aq;0g;ukor_qkdif&mrsm;&,lcGifh ponfwkd‹jzpfonf?
zGH‹òzd;wkd;wufr_qkdif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;qkdonfrSm ‚if;wdk‹.pGrf;
&nf±Sdor# zGH‹òzd;wkd;wufapaom t&mrsm;ukdqkdvkdonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh
ynmoif=um;cGi/hf tm;upm;ESihf tyrf;ajztem;,lciG /hf ,Ofaus;r_/ v_yf
9
CRC.pmd 9 3/11/2005, 7:18 PM

±Sm;r_rsm;/ owif;rsm;&,lydkifcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:cGifhESifh ukd;uG,f
,kH=unfcGifhwkd‹jzpfonf?
umuG,rf q _ idk &f m tcGit hf a&;rsm;rSm rw&m;ðyrljcif;/ vspv
f sL
±_jcif;ESifh tjrwfxkwfapmfum;jcif;wkd‹rS umuG,fay;&ef vkdtyfaom
tcsufrsm;jzpfonf? xkdt&mrsm;rSm 'kuQonfuav;rsm;tm; um
uG,fay;jcif;/ vufeufukdifppfyGJrsm;twGif;rS uav;rsm;udk umuG,f
apmifha±Smufjcif;/ uav;tvkyform;apckdif;r_rS wm;qD;jcif;/ uav;
rsm;tm; vdifykdif;qkdif&mapmfum;r_rsm;udk wm;qD;apmifha±Smufay;jcif;
ponfwkd‹jzpfonf?
yg0ifaqmif±Gufr_qkdif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;qkdonfrSm ‚if;wkd‹ESifh
ywfoufaom ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk wkid yf ifaqG;aEG;&mwGif today;
jcif;/ ‚if;wkd‹. ,lqcsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif;wdk‹udk qdkvdkonf?
vGwfvyfpGm wifjyajymqdkcGifh/ tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;zGJ‹pnf;cGifh/ +idrf;csrf;pGmpk
a0;cGifhwkd‹udk qkdvdkonf? uav;rsm;zGH‹òzd;vmr_ESifh vkdufavsmnDaxGpGm
‚if;wd‹k .ywf0ef;usif vl‹abmifvyk if ef;rsm;twGuf wd;k wufyg0ifciG ahf y;
rSom t±G,af &mufvmcsed w f iG f wm0efow d wfaom vlom;wa,muf
jzpfvmapayrnf?
…………………
10
CRC.pmd 10 3/11/2005, 7:18 PM

tyd'k f (1)
uav;qdo
k nfrmS
vuf±SdoabmwlpmcsKyft& uav;qdkonfrSm touf(18)ESpf r

jynfhao;aom vlom;rsm;tm;vHk;udk qdkvdkonf?
uav;qdak om pum;vH;k .t"dym` ,frmS omreftm;jzifh Ed@k p@kd uav;

t±G,frS q,fausmfouft±G,ftwGif;udk qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf[k a,bl,sqdk
avh±Sd=uonf? odk@aomfTpmcsKyfyg uav;touf t"dy`m,fzGifhqdkcsuft&
xdkt±G,fudkomru t±G,fra&mufvl}uD;rjzpfao;aomolrsm;udkyg uav;
tjzpf t"dy`m,fowfrSwfxm;onf? pmcsKyftydk'f(1)t& uav;qdkonfrSm
touf(18)ESpf atmuf±adS om olrsm;tm;vH;k udq k v kd jkd cif;jzpf+yD; TpmcsKyfyg
tcGifhta&;rsm;udk cHpm;cGifh±Sdonf[k azmfjyxm;onf t±G,fa&muf+yD;jzpf
aomolrsm;. toufowfrSwfcsufESifhywfoufI wEdkifiHESifhwEdkifiH vufcH
xm;csuf rwlujGJ ym;aeavh±o dS nf? wcsKŒd Edik if w
H Edik if x
H rJ mS yif toufowfrw S f
11
CRC.pmd 11 3/11/2005, 7:18 PM

csuf rwlnDonfukdvnf; awG@±Sd&wwfonf? t±G,fa&muf+yD;olrsm;tjzpf
owfrSwfcH+yD;rSom xdkolwdkŒonf vufxyfxdrf;jr‡m;cGifh/ rJay;cGifh/ tcsdefjynfh
tvkyfvkyfcGifh/ rdrdtdrf,mrSxGufcGmI oD;oef@aexdkifcGifh/ ppfwyftwGif; 0if
a&muftr_xrf;cGifhwdk@udk &±SdcHpm;Edkifonf? t±G,fa&mufaomol. touf
owfrw S cf suEf iS yhf wfoufI Edik if w H Edik if EH iS w hf Edik if H wlnrD r_ ±Sad omfvnf; ,ck
pmcsKyftydk'f(1)wGif touf(18)ESpfatmuft±G,f &±Sdaomolrsm;tm;vHk;
TpmcsKyfyg tcGifhta&;rsm;cHpm;cGihf±Sdonf[lI jyXmef;xm;jcif;jzpfonf?
uav;pmcsKyfudk yxrt}udrfrl=urf;qJGpOfumvu uav;qdkaom
t"dym` ,fowfrw S cf suu
f kd arG;zGm;vmpOfrpS I touf(18)ESpt f xd[I l owf
rSwfxm;cJhonf? odk@aomf rarG;zGm;cifuwnf;u rdcif0rf;twGif;±Sdaom u
av;rsm;udyk g umuG,af pmifah ±Smuf&rnf[al om t,ltq±So d nfh tcsKŒd Edik if H
rsm;u xdo k @kd “arG;zGm;vmpOfrpS I” [laom pum;pkowfrw S cf suu f kd apm'
u wufcJh=uonf? xdkt,ltqudk tcsKdŒEdkifiHrsm;uvnf; vufrcHEdkifjzpfcJh
onf? xdkodk@rwlnDaom t,ltqESpfckESifhywfoufI tajctwifajymqdk
aqG;aEG;r_rsm;onf pmcsKyfut kd wnfðyEdik cf o hJ nfh 1989 ckEpS t f xdwikd f =umjrifch hJ
onf? bufEpS zf ufpvH;k u rdrw d @kd .t,ltqudrk avsmb h J cdik cf ikd rf mrm wifjycJh
=uonfhtwGuf aemufqHk;wGif xdkodk@t"dy`m,fowfrSwfcsuftay: t,lt
qrwlnDaom bufESpfzufpvHk;taejzifh rdrdwdk@vufcHovdk t"dy`m,fzGifh=u
&ef ajz±Sif;ay;cJh&onf? xdk@twGufa=umifh Ttydk'fwGif uav;qdkonfh t
"dy`m,fowfrSwfcsufudk rnfonfhtcsdefuaeI pwifowfrSwfrnfqdkaom
ta=umif;tcsuf ryg0ifjcif;jzpfonf? pmcsKyf. tzGiphf um;cs;D wGif “uav;
rarG;zGm;cif tcsdefuwnf;u uav;.tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,fay;&
rnf”[k qdkxm;aomfvnf; rnfonfhtcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,fay;&rnf
jzpfa=umif;ESifh rnfonfhtcsdefrSpwifI xkdodk@umuG,fay;&rnfjzpfa=umif;
wdk@udk twdtus azmfjyowfrSwfxm;jcif;r±Sdao;ay?
ÐÐÐÐÐ
12
CRC.pmd 12 3/11/2005, 7:18 PM

tyd'k f (2)
cGjJ cm;zdEydS jf cif;
(1) pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf rdrEd ikd if . H w&m;pD&ifx;kH tm%mpuf

atmufwiG ±f adS om uav;rsm;tm;vH;k tm; uav; od@k r[kwf xdu k av;.rd
cifzcif odk@r[kwf w&m;0iftkyfxdrf;olwdk@. vlrsKd;/ tom;ta&mif/ vdif
bmompum;/ udk;uG,o f nfhbmom/ EdkifiHa&;ESifhtjcm;t,ltq/ EdkifiHom;
jzpfr/_ wdik ;f &if;om;jzpfr/_ rsK;d ±d;k ZpfjrpfEiS vhf rl &_ if;jrpf/ ydik q
f ikd rf /_ roefrpGr;f jzpfr/_
arG;zGm;&mtqifhtwef;ESifh tjcm;tqifhtwef;rsm;tay: zdESdyfcJGjcm;jcif;
vHk;0r±SdapbJ ,ckoabmwlpmcsKyfwGif yg±SdaomtcGifhta&;rsm;udk cHpm;ap
&ef wm0ef,l&rnf?
(2) pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf uav;.tqifhtwef;/ v_yf±Sm;r_/
xkwaf zmfajymqdak om t,ltqrsm;ESihf uav;.rdbrsm;/ w&m;0iftyk x f rd ;f
olrsm;ESihf rdom;pk0ifw@kd . ,H=k unfrw _ @kd a=umifh rnfonfeh nf;ESirhf S zdEydS cf jGJ cm;
jcif;ESifh tjypfay;jcif;rsm;rcH&atmif umuG,fay;Edkif&eftwGuf oifhavsmf
aomvkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk vkyfaqmifay;&rnf?
13
CRC.pmd 13 3/11/2005, 7:18 PM

Ttydk'fwGif pmcsKyfygtcGifhta&;rsm;tm; cJGjcm;jcif;r±SdbJ uav;
wdik ;f cHpm;ydik cf iG ±hf o
dS nf[k azmfjyxm;onf? xdo k @kd cJjG cm;qufqjH cif; r±Sad p&eft
wGuf tpdk;&rsm;uvnf; umuG,fay;&efvdktyfa=umif; azmfjyxm;onf?
,ckpmyd'k w f iG f yg0ifaomcJjG cm;zdEydS rf _ trsK;d tpm;rsm;rSm vdiu f jGJ ym;r_ut kd ajc
cHaom cJjG cm;qufqrH r_ sm;/ bmoma&;uJjG ym;r_ut kd ajccHaom cJjG cm;qufqrH _
rsm;/ vlrsK;d a&;tajccHaom cJjG cm;qufqrH r_ sm;/ vlwa,muf.tom;ta&mif
ajymqdo k nfb h mompum;/ Edik if o H m;jzpfrE_ iS hf wdik ;f &if;om;jzpfrw _ @kd ukd tajccH
I jzpfay:vmaom cJGjcm;qufqHr_rsm; ponfwdk@jzpfonf?
uav;rsm; tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&mpmcsKyfwGif ,cif±SdcJh+yD;om;jzpf
aom vl@tcGifhta&;pmcsKyfrsm;Y azmfjyxm;cJhjcif;r±dSonfh cJGjcm;qufqHr_
trsK;d tpm;wckyg0ifonfuakd wG@Eikd o f nf? xdck jGJ cm;qufqrH t _ rsK;d tpm;rSm ±kyf
ydkif;ESifhpdwfydkif;qdkif&mzHG@òzd;r_ aESmifhaES;aomuav;rsm;tm; cJGjcm;qufqHjcif;
jzpf+yD; xdu k av;rsm;tay: cJjG cm;qufqrH t _ m;wm;qD;&ef ,cktyd'k w f iG f azmf
jyxm;onf?
vl@tcGifhta&; pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;wGif azmfjyxm;vsuf±Sdaomfvnf;
,ckxufwdkif EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif qufvufwnf±Sdaom cJGjcm;qufqH
jcif;wrsKd;rSm w&m;0ifvufxyfxdrf;jrm;xm;jcif;r±Sdaom rdbrsm;rSarG;zGm;
vmonfu h av;rsm;tay: cJjG cm;qufqjH cif;/ od@k r[kwf uav;arG;zGm;cJo h nfh
ta=umif;t&mtay: tajccHI cJjG cm;qufqjH cif;yifjzpfonf? xdu k av;rsm;
rSm zciftrnfrwyfEikd b f J arG;zGm;cJah omuav;rsm; od@k r[kwf w&m;0ifvuf
xyfrxm;aom rdbrsm;rS arG;zGm;vmaomuav;rsm;udk qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf?
xdkodk@aomuav;rsm;udk cJGjcm;qufqHjcif;rðy&ef ,cktydk'fu wm;jrpfxm;
ovdk arG;pm;xm;aomuav;rsm;udkvnf; xdktcsuftay:tajccHI cJGjcm;
qufqHjcif;rðy&ef wm;jrpfxm;onf?
xdrk #ru vlrt _ qift h wef;ESihf ypPn;f OpPmydik q f ikd rf u
_ t kd ajccHI qif;&J
EGr;f yg;aomuav;rsm;udk cJjG cm;qufqjH cif;rðy&efuv kd nf; wm;jrpfxm;onf?
tb,fa=umifq h akd omf vl@tcGit hf a&;qdo k nfrmS qif;&Jcsr;f omra±G; vlom;
14
CRC.pmd 14 3/11/2005, 7:18 PM

wdkif;twGuf jzpfaoma=umifhyif?
od@k aomf tkypf tk csKŒd tay: tjcm;tkypf rk sm;xuf uJjG ym;pGmouf
a&mufr±_ adS paom Oya'pnf;urf;wdik ;f udk cJjG cm;zdEydS o f nf[k rqdEk ikd af y? Oyrm
,mOfarmif;vdik pf ifajz&eftwGuf rsupf pd rf;oyfppfaq;r_ukd rsurf jrifrsm;tm;
cJjG cm;qufqjH cif;[k rqdEk ikd af y? Oya'pnf;urf;wckonf tkypf w k pktm; tjcm;
tkyfpkrsm;xuf ydkrdkjyif;xefaom oufa&mufr_wckjzpfapygu xdktkyfpktay:
oufa&mufaom qdk;usKd;oufa&mufapr_ESifh xdkolwdk@.tcGifhta&;rsm;udk
bufr#atmif xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;+yD;rS xdkpnf;urf;Oya'rsm;csrSwf&ef usKd;
a=umif;qDavsmrf ±_ dS r±S/d vdt k yfr±_ dS r±S/d xdo
k @kd aomyrm%txd owfrw S &f efvkd
tyfr_±Sd r±Sdwdk@udk avhvmoHk;oyf&rnfjzpfonf?
ausmif;0ifcGifhpmar;yJGrsm;ESifh pmar;yJGppfaq;I trSwfjzifha±G;cs,f
aom vkyfief;rsKd;wGif rnfonfhta=umif;a=umif;wdk@a=umifhrS cJGjcm;qufqH
jcif;r±Sdap&atmif vkyfaqmifoifhonf? uav;oli,frsm;. taumif;qHk;
aumif;usK;d rsm;udk tmrcHEikd &f eftwGuf xdo k @dk vyk af qmifrr_ sK;d rsm;wGif uav;
wdkif;. wOD;csif;tajctaeESifh b0rsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&efvdktyfonf?
Edik if t
H awmfrsm;rsm;wGif pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m od@k r[kwf ±kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f mzH‹G òzd;r_
aESmifah ES;aom uav;i,frsm;tay: cJjG cm;qufqrH /_ w&m;0ifvufxyfxrd ;f
jrm;xm;jcif;r±Sad om rdbrsm;rSarG;zGm;vmaom uav;rsm;tm; cJjG cm;qufqH
r_ESifh rdbrsm;udk,fwdkifu om;a,musfm;av;ESifh orD;rdef;uav;wdk@t=um;
om;a,mufsm;av;tm; ydkrdkvdkvm;awmifhwI tcGifhxl;ay;r_rsm; ,ae@wdkif
wnf±SdaeqJjzpfonf?
ÐÐÐÐÐ
15
CRC.pmd 15 3/11/2005, 7:18 PM

tyd'k f (3)
uav;rsm;tm;umuG,af y;&efwm0efEiS hf uav;rsm;\

taumif;qH;k tusKd;udak v;pm;&ef
(1) trsm;jynfoEl iS hf od@k r[kwf yk*v ~ u

d apmifah ±Smufa&;Xme/ w&m;
±H;k awmfrsm;/ tkycf sKyfa&;wm0ef±o dS rl sm;ESihf Oya'jyXmef;a&; tpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;
wdk@wGif uav;rsm;ESifhywfoufI rnfonfhvkyfaqmifr_wckckudk vkyfaqmif
onfjzpfap uav;rsm;. taumif;qHk;tusKd;udk t"duxnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&
rnf?
(2) pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf uav;jzpfo. l b0om,mcsr;f ajrh
a&;twGuf vdt k yfaomumuG,rf /_ apmifah ±Smufrr_ sm;udk tmrcHonft h aejzifh
oifah vsmaf om Oya'ðya&;ESihf tkycf sKyfa&;vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;udk taumift
xnfazmf&mwGif xdu k av;. rdbrsm;/ w&m;0iftyk x f ed ;f olrsm;ESihf uav;t
wGuw f m0ef±adS om tjcm;olrsm;.tcGit hf a&;ESihf wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;udk xnfh
oGif;pOf;pm;&rnf?
(3) pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf uav;rsm;udk umuG,fay;&efESifh
16
CRC.pmd 16 3/11/2005, 7:18 PM

apmifah ±Smufay;&ef wm0ef&adS omXmersm;/ vkyif ef;rsm;/ tpDtpOfrsm;taejzifh
uav;rsm;. vHòk cHa&;/ use;f rma&;ESihf oifah wmfvakH vmufaom ta&twGuf
±So
d nfh 0efxrf;rsm;&±Sad &; paomu¾wd@k wiG f t&nftcsi;f jynfrh o D nfh wm
0ef±Sdolrsm;u csrSwfxm;aom owfrSwfcsuftqifhtwef;rsm;twdkif; vkyf
udkifaqmif±GufEdkifap&ef tmrcHay;&rnf?
Ttyd'k o f nf txl;tcGit hf a&;udk oD;jcm;owfrw S x f m;jcif; r[kwf
ay? uav;rsm;vdktyfaom umuG,fr_/ apmifha±Smufr_rsm;tm;vHk; &±SdcHpm;
Edkifap&ef tpdk;&taejzifh tmrcHay;&eftwGuf pmcsKyf.tjcm;tydk'frsm;jzpf
aom (1) (2) (4) ESihf (5) wd@k EiS t hf wl owfrw S xf m;jcif;jzpfonf? tpd;k &u
tmrcH&ef wm0ef±Sdr_udkomru rdbrsm;. avsmfuefoifhawmfaom tcef;
u¾ESifh uav;.zHG@òzd;wkd;wufr_ESifhoifhavsmfaom uav;.yl;aygif;aqmif
±Gurf w_ @kd uykd g todtrSwðf yxm;onf? xdo k @kd &nfreS ;f csurf sm; atmifjrifap&ef
twGuf tpdk;&Xmeqdkif&mtm;vHk;u 0dkif;0ef;tm;pdkufaqmif±Guf&rnfjzpf
a=umif; Ttyd'k u f qdx
k m;onf? tpd;k &vufatmuf±dS at*sipf rD sm;uvnf;
uav;rsm;tm; umuG,fapmifha±Smufr_ESifhywfoufI vdktyfaomvkyfief;
rsm;udk rdrdwdk@vkyfudkif&ef wm0ef±Sdonfhtwdkif;twmtavsmuf tpGrf;ukef
enf;vrf;aygif;pHkjzifh vkyfaqmif&rnfjzpfonf? xdkodk@vkyfaqmif&rnfh vkyf
ief;rsK;d qdok nfrmS Oyrmtm;jzifh uav;i,frsm;ESiyhf wfoufonfh ay:vpDrsm;
tm; ydkrdkaumif;rGefvmatmif ajymif;vJay;jcif;/ uav;rsm;/ rdom;pkrsm;ESifh
ywfoufonfh tpDtpOfopfrsm;udk pDpOfaqmif±u G af y;jcif; ponfw@kd uq kd v
kd kd
onf? tpd;k &vufatmuf±dS at*sipf rD sm;uvnf; uav;rsm;tm; umuG,f
apmifah ±SmufrE_ iS yhf wfoufI vdt k yfaomvkyif ef;rsm;udk aqmif±u G af y;jcif;t
jyif uav;rsm;udk tultnDtaxmuftyhrH sm;ay;aeaom yk*v ~ u d ausmif;
rsm;/ aetdrrf sm;ESihf tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGiv f nf; aumif;rGev f òkH cHoifah wmfaom
tqifhtwef;rsm; csrSwftaumiftxnfazmfEdkif&eftwGuf vkyfaqmif&ay
rnf?
Oya'ðyr¾dKiftaejzifv h nf; uav;rsm;. taumif;qH;k tusK;d tm;
17
CRC.pmd 17 3/11/2005, 7:18 PM

tajccHtusq;kH tcsut f jzpf OD;xdyyf efI xdok @dk tusK;d jzpfapEdik rf nfh Oya't
opfrsm;jyXmef;jcif;/ rudkufnDonfhOya'a[mif;rsm; zsufodrf;jcif;wdk@udk vkyf
aqmifum Tpmydk'fyg&nfrSef;csufrsm; &±Sdvmatmif0dkif; 0ef;yhHydk;ay;&rnf?
xdkodk@ yHhydk;ay;Edkif&eftwGuf Oya'jyXmef;olrsm;onf uav;rsm;tm;ouf
a&mufr_±Sdaprnfh Oya'rsm;udk ±SmazGjyXmef;ay;&ef vdktyfonf? Oya'opf
rsm;jyXmef;&mwGif xdkOya'opfa=umifh uav;rsm;tay: rnfonfhaumif;
usK;d / qd;k usK;d rsm; oufa&mufr±_ adS prnfqakd om tcsurf sm;udk tjcm;xnfo h iG ;f
pOf;pm;&onfh tcsufrsm;enf;wl xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef vdktyfonf?
Ttydk'f(3)wGif w&m;±Hk;rsm;/ vlr_0efxrf;at*sifpDrsm;ESifh tpdk;&.
tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m XmetoD;oD;wdk@u uav;rsm;ESifhoufqdkifaom qHk;jzwf
csufrsm; csrSwfonfhtcgwdkif; uav;rsm;.taumif;qHk;tusKd;tm; tajccH
tusqHk;tcsuftjzpf xnhfoGif;pOf;pm;r_udk vkyfaqmif&rnf[k azmfjyxm;
onf? tpd;k &. tkycf sKyfa&;qdik &f mXmersm;qdo k nfrmS tpd;k &ydik af usmif;rsm;.
tkycf sKyfa&;tzJ@G rsm;/ tpd;k &aq;±krH sm;. tkycf sKyfa&;'g±u kd w
f mrsm;ESihf òrdŒawmf
0efrsm; tp¶Sdolwdk@yg0ifonf? xdkolwdk@ csrSwftwnfðyvdkufaom uav;
rsm;ESifh oufqdkifonfh/ uav;rsm;tay: oufa&mufr_±Sdonfh qHk;jzwfcsuf
wdkif;wGif xdkqHk;jzwfcsufa=umifh uav;rsm;tay: rnfuJhokd@ oufa&mufr_
±Sv
d rd rhf nfqakd omtcsurf sm;udk rysurf uGuf xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;&rnfjzpfonf?
“uav;rsm;.taumif;qH;k tusK;d ” qdo k nfrmS uav;rsm;.qEN rSeo f r#ukd
xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf[k qdkvdkjcif;r[kwfbJ uav;rsm;twGuf taumif;
qH;k jzpfonf[k usK;d a=umif;qDavsmpf mG jzifh vltrsm;pku vufcx H m;aom t
csut f m; qdv k jkd cif;jzpfonfukd oabmaygu&f ef vdt k yfonf? xdo k @kd taumif;
qHk;tusKd;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&mwGifvnf; uav;rsm;tm;vHk;twGuf t
aumif;qH;k jzpfonf[k odr;f óuH;I a,bl,sqefqef v$r;f òcHI pOf;pm;jcif;rsK;d r
[kwb f J uav;wa,mufcsi;f . trSew f u,fvt kd yfcsufrsm;/ vkyaf qmifEikd f
pGrf;rsm;ESifh xdkuav;óuHawG@ae&aom tajctaewckcsif;tvdkuf pOf;pm;
aqmif±Guf&ayrnf?
18
CRC.pmd 18 3/11/2005, 7:18 PM

Ttydk'fwGifazmfjyxm;aom uav;rsm;.taumif;qHk;tusKd;udk
tajccHtusqHk;tcsuftjzpf xnhfoGif;pOf;pm;r_udk vkyfaqmif&rnfqdkonfh
t,ltqonf “tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;udk [efcsufnDatmifvkyfaqmifjcif;” [l
aom w&m;±Hk;wGif tr_rsm;pD&if&mYtoHk;ðyaom oabmw&m;ESifh quf
pyfaeonf? w&m±H;k rsm;wGif ajz±Si;f onfh w&m;a&;qdik &f m tr_tcif;trsm;
pkonf vlwOD;wa,mufEiS hf tjcm;olwOD;wa,muft=um; od@k r[kwf vlw
OD;wa,mufESifh tjcm;aomtkyfpkrsm;t=um; tusKd;pD;yGm;csif; yÉdyuQjzpf
yGm;aom tr_rsm;jzpfonf? taumif;qH;k tusK;d pD;yGm;qdak om t,ltqudk
uav;.tusK;d pD;yGm;ESihf tjcm;olrsm;.tusK;d pD;yGm; od@k r[kwf tjcm;taxG
axGpD;yGm; odk@r[kwf tjcm;taxGaxGyÉdyuQrsm; jzpfyGm;onfhtcgrsKd;wGif
toH;k ðy ajz±Si;f oifo h nf? xdtk ,ltqonf w&m;±H;k awmfEiS hf wm0ef±o dS nfh
tm%mydkifrsm;taejzifh qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfonfhtcgwGif uav;rsm;
tay: oufa&mufr_±Sdonfh tcsufrsm;oufoufudkom xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&
rnf/ tjcm;olrsm;.tcGifhta&;ESifh tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;xuf uav;rsm;.t
usKd;pD;yGm;udk ydkrdktav;ay; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf[k qdkvdkjcif;rsKd;r[kwfay?
uav;rsm;ESifhywfoufonfh qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csrSwf&mwGif uav;rsm;tay:
rnfonfhtusKd;rsm; oufa&mufaprnfqdkaomtcsuftm; ta&;}uD;aom
tcsufwcsuftjzifh xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&efudkom qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf? xdk@jyif
xdo k @kd q;kH jzwfcsrw
S f aqmif±uG of rl sm;onf t&nftcsi;f jynfrh aDS om tm%m
ydkifrsm;jzpf&ef vdktyfonf?
ÐÐÐÐÐ
19
CRC.pmd 19 3/11/2005, 7:18 PM

tyd'k f (4)
uav;tcGit
hf a&;rsm;udu
k muG,af y;&eftwGuf aqmif½u
G af y;csufrsm;
pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf ,ckoabmwlpmcsKyfwiG f todtrSwðf y

xm;aom tcGit hf a&;rsm; taumiftxnf ay:ayguv f mapa&;twGuf oifh
awmfaomuav;rsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,fonfhae&mwGif Oya'
oufoufjzifo h m rvHak vmufaoma=umifh tjcm;aomtkycf sKyfa&;ydik ;f qdik &f m
vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;udyk g aqmif±u G &f rnf[k Ttyd'k w
f iG f qdx k m;onf? tkyf
csKyfa&;ydik ;f qdik &f m vkyaf qmifrr_ sm;qdo k nfrmS Oya'rsm;twdik ;f vufawGŒus
us vkyaf qmifEikd &f eftwGuf vdt k yfaomtpDtpOfrsm; csrw S jf cif;/ pDru
H ed ;f rsm;
jyifqifjcif;ponfwdk@udk qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf? Oyrm - jynfolydkifausmif;rsm;/
aq;±Hkrsm;/ tyef;ajzyef;+cHrsm;taejzifh uav;rsm;twGuf aysmf±$ifpGmtoHk;
ðyEdkifaom tajctaersKd;±Sdr±Sd avhvmoHk;oyfjcif;/ uav;rsm;.tpDtpOf
twGuf vdktyfaomypPnf;ud&d,mrsm; 0,f,ljcif;/ uav;rsm;toHk;ðyavh±Sd
aom taqmuftOD;rsm;tm; oef@±iS ;f jcif;ESijhf yifqifjcif;/ uav;rsm;ESiyhf wf
oufonfhvkyfief;rsm;wGif vkyfudkifaeaom0efxrf;rsm;tm; uav;tcGifht
20
CRC.pmd 20 3/11/2005, 7:18 PM

a&;rsm; em;vnfoabmayguaf tmif avhusiyhf nmay;jcif;/ apwemh0efxrf;
vkyo f m;rsm;/ vlxpk nf;±k;H a&;vkyo f m;rsm; ydrk rkd sm;jym;vmatmif arG;xkwaf y;
jcif;wd@k tjyif uav;oli,ftcGit hf a&;qdik &f m pmcsKyfygtcsurf sm;ukd jynfol
vlxktrsm;u od±Sdem;vnfap&ef vkyfaqmifjcif;wdk@jzpfonf?
xdkokd@ vkyfief;rsm;aqmif±Guf&mwGif aiGa=u;oHk;pJG&r_rsm;/ ukefusr_
rsm;±Sad prnfjzpfonft h wGuf tpd;k &taejzifh rdrw d iG ±f adS om b¾maiGa=u;rsm;
xJrS wwfEikd o f r# trsm;qH;k xkw, f o
l ;kH pJI
G uav;tcGit hf a&;rsm; umuG,f
ay;Edkifa&;twGuf toHk;ðy&rnf[k ,cktydk'fwGifazmfjyxm;onf? uav;
tcGifhta&;rsm; umuG,fonfhae&mwGif b¾maiGa=u;rSmta&;ygaom t
a=umif;t&mw&yf jzpfvsu±f o dS nf? uav;rsm;. vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf zmfajym
qdkcGifhESifh uav;rsm;. wifjyajymqdkcsufrsm;udk ta&;w,lem;pdkufaxmif
onfh udprP sK;d wGif aiGa=u;ukeu f sp&m rvdv k aS omfvnf; uav;rsm;. use;f rm
a&;ESiyhf nma&;rsm; axmufyaHh y;&efqo kd nfu h pd rP sK;d wGif aiGa=u;ukeu f sr_ ±Sv
d m
+yDjzpfonf? xd@k twGuf ,cktyd'k w f iG f xdo k @kd aomtcGit hf a&;rsm;ESihf ywfouf
I “tpd;k &onf rdrw d iG ±f adS om&if;jrpfrsm;udk twwfEikd q f ;kH ESihf tpGr;f uket
f oH;k
ðyI vdt k yfygu tjcm;Edik if w H um. yl;aygi;f aqmif±u G v f yk af qmifr_ vkyif ef;
abmiftwGi;f vkyaf qmifay;&ef” [lIazmfjyxm;onf? qdv k o kd nfrmS tu,f
I tpdk;&taejzifh xdkodk@aiGa=u;ukefuscH&ef vHkavmufr_r±Sdygu urBmhukv
or*~/ uav;rsm;&HyakH iGtzJ@G / tjcm;tpd;k &rsm;ESihf tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzJ@G t
pnf;rsm;xHrS u|rf;usifr_qdkif&mESifh pufr_ud&d,m tultnDrsm;tygt0if
tjcm;aomtultnDrsm;udk ±Sm}uHawmif;cHEdkifonf[k qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf?
ÐÐÐÐÐ
21
CRC.pmd 21 3/11/2005, 7:18 PM

tyd'k f (5)
rdbrsm;ESihf uav;rsm;tcGit
hf a&;
pmcsKyftzJŒG 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf uav;.rdbrsm; od@k r[kwf tcsKŒd ae&m

rsm;wGif a'ocH"avhrsm;u vufcx H m;aom rdom;pk0ifrsm;ESihf &yf±mG tzJ@G 0if
rsm; odk@r[kwf w&m;0ifapmifha±SmufcGifh±Sdaom tkyfxdef;olrsm; odk@r[kwf
uav;tm;apmifha±Smuf&ef w&m;0ifwm0ef±Sdaom tjcm;olrsm;. wm0ef/
tcGit hf a&;ESihf 0wW&m;wd@k ukd av;pm;&rnf? ,ckpmcsKyfwiG yf g±o dS nfh uav;
tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh vufawG@toHk;csonfhtaejzifh uav;.wjznf;jznf;
zH@G òzd;wd;k wufvmr_EiS u hf u
kd n f aD om vrf;!$erf /_ n$e=f um;r_EiS hf enf;vrf;jyor_
wdk@ ðyvkyfay;&rnf?
uav;oli,ftcGifhta&;qdkif&mpmcsKyft& touf(18)ESpfatmuf
t±G,t f m;vH;k udk uav;rsm;tjzpf owfrw S x f m;onf? xd@k o@kd qykd gu &ifciG f
ydkufuav;rsm;onf q,fausmfoufuav;rsm;ESifh wef;wltcGifhta&;±Sdo
vm;[lI ar;p&m/ awG;p&mjzpfvmonf? xdkar;p&mar;cGef;udk ,cktydk'f
22
CRC.pmd 22 3/11/2005, 7:18 PM

(5)u ulnaD jz=um;xm;onf? xd@k jyif rdr&d ifaoG;rsm;. tcGit hf a&;rsm; wd;k
wufjrifhrm;atmifvkyfaqmif&ef rdbrsm;Y±Sdaom wm0efrsm;udkvnf; ±Sif;
vif;azmfjyxm;onf?
,ckpmyd'k w f iG f rdbrsm;taejzifh &ifaoG;rsm;tm; pmcsKyfygtcGit hf a&;
rsm;udk rnfuJhodk@toHk;ðycHpm;oifhonfqdkaom tcsufESifhywfoufI “oifh
avsmfaom vrf;!Gefr_ESifhxdef;ausmif;r_rsm;” vkyfaqmif&ef tcGifhta&;ESifh
wm0efrsm; ±So d nf[q k x kd m;onf? xdo k @kd vrf;!Gerf r_ sm;ESihf xde;f ausmif;r_rsm;
vkyfaqmif&mwGif uav;i,f. }uD;xGm;&ifhusufvmaom pGrf;&nfESifhtnD
vdkufavsmnDaxGpGm ajymif;vJ&rnf[k ,cktydk'fwGif qdkxm;onf? qdkvdk
onfrmS uav;rsm;. a±G;cs,rf /_ qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;ESiyhf wfouf+yD; rnfonft h
qifhtxd a±G;cs,fqHk;jzwfcGifhðyoifha=umif;udk rdbrsm;u owfrSwfcGifhðyoifh
onf/ owfrw S cf iG ðhf yEdik o f nf[k qdvk jkd cif;jzpfonf? rdbrsm;u rdrw d @kd &ifaoG;
rsm;udk ‚if;wdk@cHpm;cGifh±Sdaom tcGifhta&;rsm;tm; wm0efododjzifh usifhoHk;
wwfap&ef ynmay;ysKd;axmifay;&efvdktyfonf? rnfr#avmuftqifhtxd
qH;k jzwfa±G;cs,cf iG ðhf y&rnf/ rnfonfu h pd rP sm;udk aqG;aEG;oifo h nf/ rnfonfq h ;kH
jzwfcsufrsm;udk uav;rsm;tm;qHk;
jzwfciG hf ay;oifo h nfqakd om tcsuf
rsm;onf xdu k av;i,f. touft
±G,Ef iS &hf ifu
h surf w _ @kd tay:wGif rlwnf
ygonf?
rd b rsm;. &if a oG ; rsm;t
ay: vrf;!$efxdef;ausmif;r_rsm; ðy
vkyfyHkðyvkyfenf;rsm;onf uav;t
cGithf a&;tay: vufcx H m;onfh xdrk d
brsm;. tjrifoabmxm;rsm;/ em;
vnf o d ± S d r _ / touf t ±G , f r wl n D
aom uav;tkypf rk sm;. vdt k yfcsuf
23
CRC.pmd 23 3/11/2005, 7:18 PM

ESifh pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_pGrf;&nf/ uav;rsm; rnfodk@ðyrlvkyfudkifoifhonf[k rdb
rsm;u ,Hk=unfowfrSwfxm;aomtcsufrsm;/ uav;rsm;tay: rdbrsm;u
csrw S xf m;aom tqH;k tr/ pnf;urf;enf;vrf;rsm;wd@k tjyif ‚if;wd@k u, kd wf ikd f
jzwfoef;vmcJhaom udk,fydkifuav;b0 tawG@tóuHrsm;tay: rsm;pGmrSD
wnfaeygonf? ,cktyd'k w f iG af zmfjyxm;onfh rdrw d @kd .uav;rsm;udk rdbrsm;
u rnfuo hJ @kd aomenf;jzifh vrf;!$ex f ed ;f ausmif;oifo h vJ qdak omtcsuEf iS hf
ywfoufonfh ar;cGe;f rsK;d udak jz=um;&mwGif Edik if w H Edik if EH iS w
hf Edik if /H rdom;pkwpk
ESiwhf pk wlnED ikd v f rd rhf nfr[kwyf g? ,cktyd'k w f iG vf nf; uav;rsm;udk rdbrsm;
urnfonfhenf;jzifh vrf;!$efxdef;ausmif;&rnfqdkaom pHjytajzwckudkrS
ajzqdx k m;jcif;r±Syd g? uav;tm;vH;k twGuf udu k n f rD nfh tajzwrsK;d wnf;udk
vnf; ay;Edik rf nfr[kwyf g? rdr. d om; od@k r[kwf orD;jzpfot l m; ydrk v kd w G vf yf
cGifhay;oifh+yDvm;/ uav;ESifhywfoufaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk rdbrsm;u
qufvufq;kH jzwfay;oifah eqJvm; qdak omtcsurf sm;udk rdbrsm;uom qif
jcifqHk;jzwf&rnfjzpfonf?
od@k &mwGif rdbrsm;taejzifh rdr&d ifaoG;rsm;udk vrf;!$ex f ed ;f ausmif;
&mwGif TpmcsKyfYyg0ifaom uav;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk rav;pm;Ir&[k
,cktyd'k w f iG f jyefvnfuef@owfxm;ygonf? qdv k o kd nfrmS rdbrsm;onf ,ck
pmcsKyfyg uav;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk vHk;0vspfvsL±_xm;jcif;/ uav;rsm;.
tajccHtcGit hf a&;rsm;udk cHpm;cGirhf ðybJ tvGet f rif;csKyfcs,v f eG ;f jcif;/ wcsuf
v$wftm%moHk;I rdboabmoufoufjzifhom qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfay;jcif;
wdk@udk rðyvkyfEdkifay?
odk@&mwGif tpdk;&onf rdbrsm;.&ifaoG;rsm;tay: vrf;!$efxdef;
ausmif; oGefoifEdkifcGifhudk av;pm;&ayrnf? rdom;pktwGif;wGif jzpfyGm;ae
aom tdrfwGif;a&;rsm;onf xdkrdom;pk. udk,fa&;udk,fwm yk*~vdua&;&m
rsm;jzpfa=umif;udk av;pm;&rnf? xd@k twGuaf =umifh rdbrsm;ESi&hf ifaoG;rsm;t
=um; qufqaH &;udk av;pm;&rnf? trSew f u,f }uD;rm;aomjy\emw&yf
ray:ayguv f mrcsi;f tpd;k &taejzifh xdrk o d m;pktm; txl;eD;uyfpmG apmif=h uyf
24
CRC.pmd 24 3/11/2005, 7:18 PM

=unhf±_aejcif;rsKd; rvkyfoifhay?
,cktyd'k yf gtcsurf sm;udu k siohf ;kH &mwGif rdbrsm;. &ifaoG;rsm;tay:
xdef;ausmif;oGefoifqHk;rcGifhudk tpdk;&uav;pm;&ef vdktyfovdk rdbrsm;u
vnf; rdrd&ifaoG;rsm;.tcGifhta&;rsm;udk av;pm;&efvdktyfonfh tcsufESpf
csupf vH;k udk [efcsun f n
D jD zifh rysurf uGuu f siohf ;kH =u&ef txl;vdt
k yfvoS nf?
tu,fI rdbjzpfou l rdr&d ifaoG;.tcGit hf a&;tay: av;pm;jcif;r±So d nft
h
cgrsKd;wGif tpdk;&taejzifh yg0ifywfoufr_ðy&rnfjzpf+yD; xdkrdb.&ifaoG;tm;
xde;f ausmif;oGeo f ifq;kH rcGiu hf kd z,f±mS ;ypfEikd o f nf? od@k &mwGif &ifaoG;rsm;t
ay: ,cktyd'k w f iG f yg0ifaomtcsurf sm;twdik ;f rqufqaH oma=umifh xdrk b d
rsm;. uav;apmifha±SmufydkifcGifhrSm tvdktavsmuf aysmufysufoGm;rnf
r[kwyf g? rdbrsm;. &ifaoG;rsm;tm; qufqyH EkH iS yhf wfoufI tpd;k &taejzifh
rnfuJhodk@ vkyfudkifaqmif±Gufoifhonf qdkaomtcsufrsm;udk ,ckpmcsKyfyg
tydk'f(9)ESifh (19)wdk@wGif ydkrdktao;pdwfazmfjyxm;onf?
ÐÐÐÐÐ
25
CRC.pmd 25 3/11/2005, 7:18 PM

tyd'k f (6)
touf½iS &f yfwnfciG Ehf iS hf zGNYH zdK;wd;k wufciG hf
(1) pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf uav;wdkif;Y arG;&mygtouf±Sif

&yfwnfcGifh±Sdonfudk todtrSwfðy&rnf?
(2) pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf uav;.touf±Sifr_ESifh zHG@òzd;wdk;
wufr_twGuf tjrifhrm;qHk; tmrcHay;&rnf?
,cktyd'k o
f nf pmcsKyfygtyd'k rf sm;xJwiG f twdq
k ;kH ESihf t±Si;f qH;k tyd'k f
jzpfonf? touf±SifcGifhqdkaomtcGifhta&;udk tajccHtusqHk; tcGifhta&;
wcktjzpf uav;tcGifhta&;qdkif&mpmcsKyf ray:cifuwnf;u ay:aygufcJh
aom tjcm;vl@tcGifhta&; pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;wGif todtrSwfðycJh=uonf?
xdtk cGit hf a&;xJwiG f “wm;qD;&ef” ESihf “vkyaf qmifay;&ef” [laom wm0ef
ESpfrsKd;pvHk; a&m,Sufyg0ifaeonf? wm;qD;ay;&efqdkonfrSm wckckudkrvkyf
aqmif&efwm;qD;jcif;udk qdv k o kd nf? Oyrm-xGuaf jy;&efóud;pm;aom uav;
udk ypfcwfzrf;qD;jcif;rvkyf&ef/ owif;tcsuftvuf&&eftwGuf uav;udk
26
CRC.pmd 26 3/11/2005, 7:18 PM

ESyd pf ufppfaq;jcif;rðy&ef/ qENjy&mwGiyf g0ifojzifh zrf;qD;cHxm;&aomuav;
udk ±du k Ef u
S jf cif;rðy&ef/ tpd;k &aq;±Hrk sm;wGif aoaocsmcsm ppfaq;ukojcif;r
±So d nft h wGuf aq;ukor_rmS ;,Gi;f +yD; aoqH;k oGm;aomuav;rsm; r±Sad p&ef
wm;jrpfxm;jcif;wdk@jzpfonf?
touf±iS cf iG t hf wGuf vkyaf qmifay;&ef[al omtcsuo f nf txuf
wGifazmfjyxm;aom wm;qD;&ef[lonfh vkyfief;wm0efxuf ydkrdkus,fjyef@
onf? Oyrm - zsm;emygu aq;0g;ukor_c, H yl ikd cf iG /hf t[m&csKŒd wJjh cif; r±Sad p
&eftwGuf vdktyfaomtpm;tpmrsm; vHkavmufpGm&±SdcGifh/ avaumif;av
oef@rsm;&±SdcGifh/ obm0ab;tE W&m,fta=umif; óudwifod&SdcGifhwdk@tygt0if
uav;rsm; touf±iS af exdik Ef ikd &f eftwGuf vdt k yfaom tajccHyyHh ;kd r_rsm;tm;
vHk; uav;rsm;cHpm;&±SdEdkifa&;udk qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf?
,cktyd'k u f kd jyifqifa&;qJpG Ofu “uav;rsm;. touf¶iS &f yfwnf
a&;ESifh zHG@òzd;wdk;wufa&;wdk@twGuf twwfEdkifqHk; pGrf;tm;±Sdor# jznfhpGrf;
tmrcHay;&efrSm tpdk;&.wm0efjzpfonf” [laomtcsufudk xnfhoGif;&ef
,leq D ufu wdu k wf eG ;f tqdw k ifoiG ;f cJo
h jzifh xdt k csuyf g0ifvmcJjh cif;jzpfonf?
,leq D uftaejzifh TpmcsKyfra&;qJrG u D wnf;uyif toufig;ESpaf tmuf u
av;i,frsm; aoqH;k r_Ee_ ;f avsmu h sap
a&;twGuf tm;oGefcGefpdkuf óud;yrf;
aqmif±u G cf ohJ nf? tvG,w f uluo k
I&aom a&m*grsm;ESifh tjzpfrsm;
aom a&m*grsm;a=umifh uav;i,f
rsm;raoqH;k &ap&ef aqmf=ov_@H aqmf
r_rsm;udk ,leDqufu tifwdkuftm;
wdkuf vkyfaqmifcJhonf? xdkodk@aom
pmom;rsK;d ,cktyd'k w f iG f yg0ifazmfjy
xm;Edik o f nft h wGuf ,leq D uf. óud;
yrf;aqmif±Gufr_rsm; ydkrdktm;aumif;
27
CRC.pmd 27 3/11/2005, 7:18 PM

atmifjrifvmEdkifvdrfhrnf[k ,lqxm;=uonf?
tcsKdŒolrsm;taejzifh “touf±Sif&yfwnfr_” [laom pum;vHk;w
vH;k xJonf t"dym` ,fjynfph rkH _ tESpo f m&r±S[
d k ,lq=uonf? touf±iS &f yf
wnfae¶Hrk #jzifh uav;b0wcktwGuf vHak vmufjynf0h jcif;r±S[ d k xdo
k rl sm;u
axmufjy=uonf? xd@k twGuaf =umifh touf±iS &f yfwnfae¶Hrk #omru zH@G òzd;
wdk;wufr_ vdktyfonf[kqdkum “zHG@òzd;wdk;wufr_” [laom pum;vHk;udkyg
Tpmyd'k w f iG f xnfoh iG ;f cJjh cif;jzpfonf? uav;oli,fwa,muf touf±iS af e
¶Ho
k ufoufomru uav;.b0 wefz;kd jynf0h aumif;rGe&f eftwGuf zH@G òzd;wd;k
wuf&efvnf;vdt k yfa=umif; ,ckpmyd'k u f azmfjyaeonf? uav;wa,muf
zHG@òzd;wdk;wufap&eftwGuf xdkuav;. ±kyfydkif;/ pdwfydkif;/ vlr_a&;ydkif;qdkif&m
tcsuftvufrsm;/ vlwef;aphwdk;wufapEdkif&ef ynmoif=um;cGifhtygt0if
tjcm;vdktyfaom apmifha±Smufr_rsm;/ vlaer_tqifhtwef;rsm;udk &±SdcHpm;
Edkif&ef vdktyfvSonf?
ÐÐÐÐÐ
28
CRC.pmd 28 3/11/2005, 7:18 PM

tyk'd f (7)
trnfrn
S chf iG Ehf iS hf vlrsKd;owfrw
S cf yH ikd cf iG hf
(1) uav;wa,mufonf arG;zGm;+yD;onfESifh csufcsif;arG;pm&if;

rSwfyHkwifEdkif+yD; arG;zGm;uwnf;u ‚if;.trnfrSnfhydkifcGihfESifh vlrsKd;owfrSwf
cHyikd cf iG ±hf o
dS nf? jzpfEikd yf gu ol od@k r[kwf olr. rdbrsm;tm;od±cdS iG Ehf iS hf rdbrsm;
.apmifha±Smufr_udk cH,lydkifcGifh±Sdonf?
(2) pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf txufwiG af zmfjyxm;aom uav;
tcGifhta&;rsm;udk EdkifiHawmfOya'rsm;ESifhtnD taumiftxnfazmf&efESifh
xdkuav;onf EdkifiHrJhuav;wa,muf jzpfroGm;&atmif EdkifiHwum Oy
a'rsm;t& vdkufemav;pm;&ef tmrcH&rnfjzpfonf?
tydk'f(7)t& arG;zGm;vmaom uav;i,fwdkif;onf arG;zGm;vm
+yD;+yD;csif;rSpI trnfrSnfhac:ydkifcGifhESifh arG;pm&if;rSwfyHkwifydkifcGifh±Sdonf?arG;
pm&if; rSwyf w kH ifjcif;qdo k nfrmS xdak rG;zGm;vmaom uav;i,f.trnf/ arG;
zGm;onfhae@pJG/ xdkuav;i,f. rdcifzcifwdk@.trnfrsm;udk rSwfyHkwifjcif;jzpf
onf? arG;zGm;onfh ae@prGJ w S w f rf;onf aemifwcsed f uav;}uD;jyif;vmonfh
29
CRC.pmd 29 3/11/2005, 7:18 PM

tcg w&m;a&;udpPrsm;wGif taxmuftxm;tjzpf wifjyEdkif&eftwGuf t
a&;}uD;vSonf? txl;ojzifh xdkuav;i,f ausmif;wufonfht±G,fa&muf
onfhtcsdefwGif ausmif;wufEdkif&eftwGuf oufaotaxmuftxm;jy&m
wGif arG;zGm;onfhae@pJGonf ta&;}uD;vSonf?
Ttydk'fwGif uav;i,fwdkif;onf arG;zGm;onfhtcsdefupI EdkifiH
wEdkifiH. EdkifiHom;tjzpf rSwfyHkwiftodtrSwfðycHydkifcGifh wm0ef±Sdaom tm
%mydik rf sm;/ oufqikd &f mEdik if rH sm; od@k r[kwf Edik if w H umu owfrw S x f m;aom
Oya'rsm;t& Edik if o H m;tjzpf todtrSwðf ycH&&ef vdt k yfonf[o k m azmfjy
xm;onfukd awG@&onf? Edik if o H m;tjzpf todtrSwðf ycHEikd &f efrmS enf;vrf;
ESpv f rf;±So
d nf? yxrwrsK;d rSm Edik if w H iG ;f Y arG;zGm;cJah omuav;udk xdEk ikd if OH y
a't& Edik if o H m;tjzpf todtrSwðf yojzifh Edik if o H m;jzpfjcif;rsK;d jzpfonf? 'kwd
,wrsKd;rSm arG;zGm;vmonfhuav;udk uav;rdbrsm;.EdkifiHuaeI EdkifiH
om;tjzpf todtrSwðf yojzifh xdu k av;i,fonf rdbrsm;Edik if . H Edik if o
H m;
tjzpf todtrSwfðycH&jcif;jzpfonf?
rdbrsm;aexdkifonfhEdkifiHwGif arG;zGm;cJhaom uav;wa,muft
wGuf vlrsKd;jzpfcGifh/ EdkifiHom;jzpfcGifhESifhywfoufI jy\emr±SdEdkifaomfvnf;
rdcifjzpfolESifh zcifjzpfolwdk@onf vlrsKd;rwlEdkifiHom;rwlonfh tcgrsKd;wGif
vnf;aumif;/ uav;jzpfolonf EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfwGif arG;zGm;vmcJhonfh
tcgrsK;d wGiv f nf;aumif; xdu k av;. vlrsK;d jzpfciG /hf Edik if o H m;jzpfciG o hf nf jy\
emwckjzpfvmEdik o f nf? Edik if jH cm;wdik ;f jynfwiG af rG;zGm;cJah om uav;i,f.rdb
rsm;onf xdEk ikd if . H Edik if o
H m;rsm;r[kwb f J Edik if jH cm;om;rsm;jzpfaeaoma=umifh
xdkuav;i,fudk arG;zGm;cJh&mEdkifiHu rdrdEdkifiHom;tjzpf todtrSwfrðybJae
Edik of vdk xdrk b d rsm;. wdik ;f jynf&if;uvnf; xdu k av;i,fonf Edik if jH cm;wdik ;f
jynfwiG f arG;zGm;cJah oma=umifh xdu k av;udk rdrEd ikd if . H Edik if o
H m;tjzpf todt
rSwfrðyonfhtjzpfrsKd;vJ óuHawG@Edkifonf? xdktcgrsKd;wGif xdkuav;i,fonf
rnfonfhEdkifiHom;rS rjzpfawmhonfhtajctaeodk@ qdkufa&muf&awmhonf?
xdo k @kd aom uav;i,frsK;d udk wdik ;f jynfrhJ (Stateless) uav;rsm;[kac:onf?
30
CRC.pmd 30 3/11/2005, 7:18 PM

uav;rsm;taejzifh xdo k @kd wikd ;f jynfrohJ mG ;aomtjzpfrsK;d rjzpfap&ef xdak rG;zGm;
aomEdik if u
H jzpfap/ rdb.Edik if &H if;rsm;ujzpfap [ef@wm;ay;Edik o f nf? od@k aomf
,cktydk'fwGif xdkodk@tjzpfrsKd;±Sdygu rnfonfhwdkif;jynfu rnfuJhodk@aqmif
±Guf&rnfjzpfa=umif; wdwdusus wm0efowfrSwfay;xm;jcif;r±Sday? xdk@t
wGuaf =umifh ,cktyd'k o f nf uav;oli,frsm; wdik ;f jynfrjhJ zpfjcif;udk tjynfh
t0 umuG,fwm;qD;Edkifjcif;r±Sday? Tuav;oli,f tcGifhta&;pmcsKyfudk
vufrw S af &;xd¶k o Hk ufoufr[kwb f J trSew f u,f av;pm;vdu k ef maom Edik if H
rsm;u xdo k @kd wikd ;f jynfrjhJ zpfomG ;onfu h av;rsm; yaysmufapa&;twGuf Edik if H
jcm;wGif rdrdEdkifiHom;rsm;uaeI arG;zGm;cJhaom uav;rsm;udk rdrdEdkifiHom;
tjzpf todtrSwfðyay;jcif; odk@r[kwf EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;u rdrdEdkifiHtwGif;
arG;zGm;cJhaomuav;rsm;udk rdrdEdkifiHom;tjzpf todtrSwfðyjcif;rsm; vkyf
aqmifrSom xdkodk@aomwdkif;jynfrJhuav;rsm; ray:aygufap&ef wm;qD;Edkif
rnf?
tydk'f(7)wGif uav;rsm;taejzifh rdrdwdk@rdbrsm;tm; od±SdydkifcGifhESifh
xdrk b
d rsm;. apmifah ±Smufru _ kd jzpfEikd o f r# cH,cl iG &hf o
dS nf[v
k nf; azmfjyxm;
onf? xdktcsufESifhywfoufI tjcm;aomyHkpHrsdK;udk pmcsKyftydk'f(8)/ (9)
(10)ESifh tjcm;tydk'frsm;wGif awG@Edkifonf?
ÐÐÐÐÐ
31
CRC.pmd 31 3/11/2005, 7:18 PM

tyd'k f (8)
ud,
k af &;ud,
k w
f mtcsufrsm;&½Scd iG ?hf xde;f odr;f cGi?hf
(1) pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf Oya'utodtrSwðf yxm;onfh u

av;. ud, k af &;ud, k w
f mtrnfEiS hf rdom;pkawmfpyfyw kH @kd tm; xde;f odr;f cGiu
hf kd
av;pm;&rnfjzpf+yD; w&m;Oya'rJh 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;rðy&?
(2) uav;wa,muf. ud, k af &;ud,k w f m tcsut f vuftcsKŒd od@k
r[kwf tm;vHk;aysmufysufoGm;onfhtcgrsKd;wGif EdkifiHawmftpdk;&uaeI xdk
uav;jzpfol/ udk,fa&;udk,fwmtcsufrsm; jyefvnf&±SdEdkif&eftwGuf oifh
awmfovdk ulnDr_rsm;ESifh umuG,fr_rsm;ay;&rnf?
,cktydk'fwGifazmfjyxm;aom uav;rsm;taejzifh rdrd.udk,fa&;
ud,k w
f mtcsurf sm;ta=umif;udk od±&dS ±Scd iG q hf akd om tcGit hf a&;onf ,cif
rnfonfh vl@tcGifhta&;pmcsKyfwGifrS yg0ifjcif;r±Sdao;aom tcGifhta&;wck
jzpfonf? TpmcsKyfwiG f ,cktcGit hf a&;yg0ifc&hJ jcif;rSm pmcsKyfa&;qJpG Oftcsed f
twGi;f tm*siw f ;D em;Edik if rH S tzJ@G rsm;uaeI xdt k csuu f w kd ifjycJI
h yg0ifvm
32
CRC.pmd 32 3/11/2005, 7:18 PM

cJhjcif;jzpfonf? 1976 ckESpfrS 1982 ckESpftwGif; tm*sifwD;em;EdkifiHudk tm
%m±Sipf epf tkypf ;kd cJph OftwGi;f tpd;k &udq k ef@usiof rl sm;tm; tpd;k &wyfrsm;u
v#KŒd 0Supf mG zrf;qD;owfjzwfcahJ oma=umifh vlrodorl od aysmufq;kH r_rsm; t
rsm;tjym;jzpfyGm;cJhonf? xdkodk@aysmufqHk;olrsm;xJwGif tcsKdŒrSm uav;i,f
rsm;±Sad omrdbrsm;/ tcsKŒd rSm zrf;qD;cHaepOftwGi;f uav;i,frsm;arG;zGm;cJ+h yD;
rS towfcv H ukd &f aom rdcifrsm;yg0ifonfukd awG@&onf? xdo k @kd rdbrsm;udk
owfjzwf+yD;aemuf usef±SdcJhaomuav;rsm;udk aqGrsKd;rsm;xHodk@ jyefvnf
ay;yd@k tyfEjHS cif;r±Sb d J arG;pm;vdak omolrsm;xHo@kd pm&if;rSww f rf;r±Sd vufvw $ f
py,f vJ$ajymif;ay;tyfcJh=uavh±Sdonf? xdkuav;rsm;udk arG;pm;olwcsKdŒrSm
xdkuav;. rdbrsm;tm;owfjzwf&mwGif wenf;r[kwfwenf;jzifh yg0if
ywfoufaeolrsm;yif jzpfae=uonfudk awG@&onf?
tm*sifwD;em;EdkifiHwGif 'Drdkua&pDpepf jyefvnfxGef;um;vmcJhaom
tcgwGif rdbrsm;ESifhtwl aysmufqHk;oGm;aom ajr;jzpfolrsm;tm; jyefvnf
±SmazGEikd &f eftwGuf aysmufq;kH uav;rsm;. tzd;k tzGm;tcsKŒd u w&m;Oya'
t& xdu k av;i,frsm; jyefvnf±mS azGEikd &f ef óud;yrf;cJ=h uonf? w&m;r0ifarG;
pm;xm;olrsm;vufxJrS rdrdwdk@ESifhajr;awmfpyfolrsm;udk jyefvnfv$Jajymif;&
,lEdkif&eftwGuf Oya'jzifh jyefvnfóud;yrf;cJhonf? tr_udpP awmfawmfrsm;
rsm;wGif xdktzdk;tzGm;jzpfolrsm;u rdrdwdk@ajr;jzpfolrsm;udk aq;ynmt&
oufaoxlI jyefvnf±mS azGEikd cf +hJ yD; xdu k av;rsm;. aqGrsK;d &if;rsm;ESihf uav;
rsm;udk jyefvnfqufpyfay;EdkifcJhonf? xdkodk@aomtjzpfrsKd;udk vufawG@óuH
awG@cpH m;cJah om tm*siw f ;D em;Edik if rH t
S zJ@G rsm;u uav;rsm;. ud, k af &;ud,
k f
wmtcsurf sm;udk uav;rsm;od±&dS ±Scd iG hf ryg0ifrcsi;f uav;oli,frsm; tcGihf
ta&;qdkif&mpmcsKyfonf tESpfom&±Sdrnfr[kwf[k axmufjycJhI Ttydk'f
yg0ifvmcJh&jcif;jzpfonf?
uav;rsm;. udk,fa&;udk,fwmtcsufrsm;qdkonfrSm rnfonfh
tcsufrsm;udk qdkvdka=umif; Ttydk'fwGif ±Sif;vif;azmfjyxm;onf? tydk'f
(8)wGif azmfjyxm;aom uav;rsm;. udk,fa&;udk,fwmtcsufrsm;qdkonf
33
CRC.pmd 33 3/11/2005, 7:18 PM

rSm tydk'f(7)wGifyg0ifaom uav;.tcGifhta&;rsm;jzpfonfh trnfESifh
EdkifiHom;jzpfcGifhudk qdkvdk¶Hkomru rdom;pkawmfpyfr_tygt0if tjcm;aom
udk,fa&;udk,fwmtcsufrsm; yg0ifonf? xdk@a=umifh Ttydk'fwGifyg0ifaom
udk,fa&;udk,fwmtcsufrsm;qdkonfrSm tydk'f(&)wGif azmfjyxm;onfh “u
av;rsm;taejzifh rdrw d @kd rb d rsm;tm; od±ydS ikd cf iG Ehf iS hf xdrk b
d rsm;. apmifah ±Smuf
r_ukd jzpfEikd o f r#c,H cl iG ±hf o
dS nf” [laomtcsuEf iS hf tawmfrsm;rsm; qifwal e
onfukd awG@Eikd o f nf? xdt k yd'k (f 2)yd'k pf vH;k udk òcHiI
kH ajym&rnfqv kd #if rdom;pk
awmfpyfrq _ o kd nfrmS uav;rsm;taejzifh rdr. d rdom;pkrsm;udk od±cdS iG Ehf iS hf rdb
rsm;od@k r[kwf aqGrsK;d awmfpyforl sm;. apmifah ±Smufru _ kd cHpm;ydik cf iG hf ponfth
a=umif;t&mESpfrsKd;udk qdkvdkonf[k t=urf;tm;jzifhqdkEdkifonf?
omrefjzpf±dk;jzpfpOf tjzpfrsKd;wGif±Sdaom uav;tawmfrsm;rsm;t
wGuf rdbrsm;tm;od±SdcGifhESifh rdom;pkawmfpyfr_udk od±SdcGifhqdkaomtcsufrSm
xl;jcm;vSaom ta=umif;t&mr[kwfaomfvnf; tcsKdŒaomuav;rsm;t
wGuf tcsKdŒaomtajctaersKd;wGif xdktcsufrSm txl;ta&;}uD;vSonf?
jzpfEikd o
f nft h ajctaewckrmS uav;arG;pm;jcif;yifjzpfonf? arG;pm;cH&aom
uav;rsm;wGif rdrdwdk@.rdb&if;rsm;udk od±Sdvdkpdwf/ rdrd.aqGrsKd;&if;csmrsm;udk
od±v dS pkd w
d f jyif;xefpmG ±Sw d wfygonf? pdwyf nm±Sirf sm;vnf; arG;pm;cH&aom
uav;rsm;tm; oifhawmfaomtcsdefESifh oifhawmfaomtajctaersKd;wGif
‚if;wdk@. rdb&if;rsm;ta=umif; today;jcif;onf xdkuav;rsm;twGuf
aumif;usKd;jzpfaponf[k qdk=uonf? xdkuav;rsKd;twGuf rdrd.rdbrsm;ESifh
rdom;pkawmfpyfr_udk od±SdcGifhrSm txl;ta&;}uD;ayvdrfhrnf? TtjzpfrsKd;
aemufxyfóuHawG@Edkifaomuav;rsm;rSm vufxyfxdrf;jrm;xm;jcif;r±Sdaom
rdbrsm;rS ayguzf mG ;vmaomuav;rsm;jzpfonf? xdo k @kd aom uav;rsK;d onf
rdr.d zcifrnfojl zpfonfukd od±EdS ikd &f efcufcEJ ikd o f nf? xd@k tjyif ppfyaGJ =umifjh zpf
ap/ obm0ab;tE &W m,fa=umifjh zpfap rdbrsm;ESihf wuJw G jym;pDjzpfc&hJ aom
uav;rsm;taejzifhvnf; rdrd.rdb&if; rnfoljzpfonfqdkaomtcsufudk
ajymjyEdkif&ef cufcJEdkifonf? owdðy&eftcsufrSm rdbrsm;ESifh rdom;pkawmf
34
CRC.pmd 34 3/11/2005, 7:18 PM

pyfr_udk od±SdcGifhwGifvnf; tjcm;vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;uJhodk@ tqHk;pGef r[kwfbJ
¹cGif;csuf±Sdonfqdkaom tcsufyifjzpfonf? ¹cGif;csufqdkonfrSm “uav;rsm;
twGuf taumif;qH;k tusK;d ud=k unf&h rnf” qdak om tydik ;f wGijf zpfonf? xdk
od@k rdb&if;rsm;ta=umif;udk od±o dS mG ;jcif;a=umifh xdu k av;twGuf pdwyf ikd ;f
qdkif&m emusifxdcdkufcHpm;&rnfqdkygu tcsdefroifhrD todray;oifhay? odk@
aomf xdkrdbta=umif; owif;tcsuftvufudk xdrfcsefxm;onfh&nf±G,f
csuo f nf tjcm;olwOD;tm; taESmuft,Sujf zpfrnfukd pd;k &drjf cif;a=umifjh zpf
jcif; odk@r[kwf tjcm;olwOD;. tarGtESpfudk umuG,fapvdkjcif;a=umifh
jzpfjcif;qdkygu uav;.rdbtm; od±SdydkifcGifhqdkaomtcsufudk ydkrdkOD;pm;ay;
&rnf? rnfonfhtajctaersKd;wGifjzpfap uav;.rdom;pkawmfpyfr_ t
a=umif;tcsurf sm;udk aysmufq;kH oGm;apjcif;r±Sb d J uav;taejzifh odoifo h d
xdu k af om tajctae/ tcsed Ef iS hf &ifu h surf ±_ v
dS maomtcgwiG f xdu k av;tm;
today;&rnfjzpfonf?
rdbrsm; od@k r[kwf aqGrsK;d awmfpyforl sm;. apmifah ±Smufru _ kd cHpm;ydik f
cGiq hf akd omtcsuw f iG vf nf; tqH;k pGet f xdr[kwb f J ¹cGi;f csu±f o
dS nf? xdt k csuf
ESifhywfoufI jynfhjynfhpHkpHkudk TpmcsKyfyg tydk'f(9)wGif azmfjyxm;onf?
ÐÐÐÐÐ
35
CRC.pmd 35 3/11/2005, 7:18 PM

tyd'k f (9)
rdbrsm;ESihf cJcG mG ay;jcif;
(1) pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf oufqikd &f mOya'rsm;ESihf vkyx f ;kH vkyf
enf;rsm;twdik ;f w&m;pD&ifa&; oH;k oyfrr_ sm;udv k yk af qmif+yD; uav;jzpfo. l
taumif;qH;k tusK;d twGuf rdbrsm;ESiw hf oD;wjcm;pD cJcG mG oifo h nf[k t&nf
tcsi;f jynfrh aSD om tm%mydik rf sm;uaeI qH;k jzwfjcif;rSvI GJ rnfonft h ajct
aersK;d wGirf S uav;tm;rdbrsm;ESihf oD;jcm;cJcG mG jcif;rðy&ef tmrcH&rnf? xdo k @kd
qH;k jzwfcsurf sK;d udk rdbwOD;OD;u apmfum;jcif;/ vspv f sL±_jcif;cH&onfu h av;rsK;d /
rdbrsm;rSm woD;wjcm;pD aexdkifvsuf±Sd+yD; uav;jzpfolaexdkif&rnfhaetdrf
udk qH;k jzwfowfrw S &f awmhrnfh uav;rsK;d uJo h @kd aom vdt k yfonft h ajctae
rsKd;Yom qHk;jzwfEdkifonf?
(2) txufygtyd'k w f iG af zmfjyxm;ovdk qH;k jzwfvyk u f ikd &f awmhrnfqkd
v#if xdktr_udpPwGif yg0ifaomolrsm;tm;vHk;onf xdkvkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;
xJwGif yg0ifcGifh±Sd&rnfjzpf+yD; ‚if;wdk@.t,ltqrsm;udk trsm;odapatmif
36
CRC.pmd 36 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

xkwfazmfajymcGifh±Sd&rnf?
(3) pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf rdbwOD;OD;ESihf od@k r[kwf ESpOf ;D pvH;k
ESifh woD;wjcm;pDcJGcGmae&aomuav;tm; uav;.taumif;qHk;tusKd;ESifh
qef@usiaf eI awG@ciG rhf ðyjcif;rSv+GJ yD; xdu k av;.rdbESpOf ;D pvH;k ESihf tcsed rf eS rf eS f
ukd,fa&;udk,fwm qufoG,fcGihfudk av;pm;&rnf?
(4) xdkodk@oD;jcm;cJGcGmap+yD;aemuf tpdk;&u uav;.rdbwOD;OD;
odk@r[kwf ESpfOD;pvHk;udk zrf;qD;xm;jcif;/ axmifcsxm;jcif;/ jynfESifvdkufjcif;/
wdkif;jynfrSxGufcGmapjcif;ESifh axmifoGif;zrf;qD;xm;pOftwGif; aoqHk;oGm;
jcif;wdk@ jzpfyGm;cJh+yD;aemuf xdkod@k aysmufqHk;oGm;aom rdom;pk0if±Sdaeonfhae
&m ta=umif;ESiyhf wfoufonfh ta&;ygaomowif;tcsurf sm;udk awmif;cH
vmygu pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if t H aejzifh rdbudjk zpfap/ uav;jzpfou l jkd zpfap oifh
avsmyf gu tjcm;rdom;pk0ifwOD;udjk zpfap xdo k wif;tcsurf sm;udk ay;&rnf?
od@k aomf xdo k wif;tcsut f vufa=umifh uav;jzpfo. l b0 om,mcsr;f ajrh
r_ukd xdcu kd af prnfqykd gu xdo k wif;udrk ay;bJaeEdik o
f nf? pmcsKyftzJ@G 0if Edik if H
rsm;taejzifh xdo k @kd owif;tcsut f vufrsm;udk od±vdS Ikd awmif;cHvmaom
olrsm;udk aemufxyfrnfonfhtusKd;qufrS rcHpm;&ap&eftwGuf tmrcH
&rnf?
,ciftyd'k (f 7)wGif uav;rsm;tm; rdbrsm;ESihf wwfEikd o f a±GŒ rcJcG mG
&efazmfjyxm;onfukd avhvmcJ&h
+yD;jzpfonf? ,cktyd'k (f 9)wGif w
csKŒd aom tajctaersK;d Y uav;
taejzifh rdbjzpfoEl iS hf twlwuG
aexdik &f ef roifah wmhonfh tajc
taersKd;±SdEdkifa=umif; azmfjyxm;
onf? xdkodk@tajctaersKd; ay:
ayguf v mygu rnf u J h o d k @ vk y f
aqmifoifha=umif;ESifh rnfuJhodk@
37
CRC.pmd 37 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

qHk;jzwfoifha=umif; ,cktydk'f(9)wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf?
rdbrsm;ESiu hf av;jzpfou l kd oD;oef@ccGJ mG apjcif;wGif ta&;t}uD;qH;k t
csufrSm xdkodk@cJGcGmay;jcif;onf uav;jzpfol. taumif;qHk;tusKd;twGuf
trSew f u,fvt kd yfaoma=umifh vkyaf qmif&jcif;jzpf&rnf? rnfonft h ajct
aersKd;udk trSefwu,fvdktyfaom tajctaersKd;[kowfrSwf&rvJ qdkaom
tcsufrSm vG,fulaomtcsufr[kwfvSay? w&m;Oya't&qdk&v#if “vdk
tyfaomtajctae”qdkonfrSm tjcm;rnfonfhenf;rS r±Sdawmhonfhtcg
rsKd;[lI t"dy`m,fzGihfEdkifonf? xdk@a=umifh ,cktydk'fwGifyg0ifaom uav;.
taumif;qHk;tusKd;twGuf trSefwu,fvdktyfaeaom tajctaersKd;qdk
onfrSm tjcm;rnfonfhenf;vrf;rS r±SdawmhonfhtcgrsKd;rSom uav;tm;
rdbjzpfolESifh cJGcGmxm;&rnf[k qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf? tu,fI rdbrsm;ESifh
twlwx GJ m;jcif;a=umifh uav;.taumif;qH;k tusK;d ±SEd ikd af prnfh tjcm;enf;
vrf;rsm;±Sdaeao;ygu uav;ESifhrdbrsm;udk cJGcGmapjcif;rðyoifhay?
xd@k jyif ,cktyd'k w f iG f rnfonft h ajctae/ rnfonfeh nf;vrf;rsK;d jzifh
uav;tm;rdbrsm;ESifh cJGcGmapjcif;ðyvkyf&rnfudk wdwdususowfrSwfazmfjy
xm;aomOya'/ pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm;udk Edik if aH wmftpd;k &u jyXmef;&rnf[k
azmfjyxm;onf? uav;jzpfoltm;rdbrsm;ESifh woD;wjcm;pD cJGxm;&rnf[l
aom tðytrlrSm txl;tav;xm;aqmif±Guf&rnfh tðytrlrsKd;jzpfojzifh
EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif xdkqHk;jzwfcsufudk w&m;ol}uD;jzpfoluom trdef@
csEdkifonf? rdbESifhuav;tm; woD;wjcm;pDcJGjcif;udk vlr_vkyfom;rsm;ESifh
&Jwyfz@GJ u ðyvkyaf qmif±u G cf iG ðhf yxm;aomEdik if rH sK;d wGif Oyrm - uav;jzpfol
udk rdbu tjyif;txef±u kd Ef uS af ejcif;udk 0ifa&mufwm;jrpf+yD; rdbESiu hf av;
tm; woD;wjcm;pD cJx G m;jcif;ðyvmygu rdbESiu hf av;taejzifh xdo
k @kd woD;
wjcm;cJx G m;jcif;ESiyhf wfoufI w&m;±H;k wGif aemufq;kH tpD&ifcsut f rde@f &,l
cGifh±Sdonf?
xdkuJhodk@ rdbESifhuav;jzpfoltm; woD;wjcm;pDcJGxm;&eftwGuf
pD&ifcsuftrdef@csrSwf&mwGif xdkudpPwGif yg0ifywfoufaeaomolrsm;tm;vHk;
38
CRC.pmd 38 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

. tusKd;pD;yGm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&efvdkonf[k ,cktydk'f(9)wGif azmfjy
xm;onf? xdktr_wGifyg0ifaeaomrdcif/ zcifESifh uav;jzpfolrsm;tm;vHk;
rdrdt,ltqudk xkwfazmfwifjycGifh±Sdonf? xdkoloHk;OD;omru xdkrdom;pkESifh
ywfoufaeaomtjcm;olrsm; Oyrm- uav;tm; apmifah ±Smufxed ;f ausmif;
aeonfh tzd;k tzGm;jzpforl sm; od@k r[kwf arG;pm;rdbrsm;. t,ltqrsm;udyk g
vdktyfygu ajymqdkcGifhðy&rnfjzpfonf?
tu,fIuav;wOD;udk rdbESpOf ;D pvH;k ESijhf zpfap/ rdcif od@k r[kwf zcif
jzpfow l OD;OD;ESijhf zpfap woD;wjcm;pDcxGJ m;jcif;cH&ygu xdu k av;wGif xdo k @kd cGJ
xm;pOfumvtwGi;f rdbESpOf ;D pvH;k ESihf qufo, G cf iG ±hf o
dS nf? od@k aomf xdo
k @kd
qufo, G rf o
_ nf uav;jzpfo. l taumif;qH;k tusK;d pD;yGm;udk tE &W m,fjzpf
aprnfqdkygu xdkodk@qufoG,fcGifhudk wm;jrpfEdkifonf?
aemufqHk;taejzifh ,cktydk'fwGif rdbrsm;tusOf;axmiftwGif;
a&muf±adS eIjzpfap/ wdik ;f jynfraS rmif;xkwjf cif;cH&Ijzpfap/ &J od@k r[kwf ppfwyf
.owfjzwfjcif;cH&Ijzpfap uav;jzpfolonf rdbrsm;ESifh woD;wjcm;pD cJG
xm;cH&jcif;rsKd;jzpfygu tpdk;&onf xdkuav;tm; ‚if;.rdbrsm; rnfodk@jzpf
ysucf o
hJ nfukd today;&rnfjzpfonf? xdt k csut f m; ppftm%m±Sirf sm; rw
&m; tkyfcsKyfcJhaomEdkifiHrsm;u wifoGif;cJhI ,ckuJhodk@yg0ifvmjcif;jzpfonf?
ÐÐÐÐÐ
39
CRC.pmd 39 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

tyd'k f (10)
rdbESi&hf ifaoG;rsm; wdik ;f jcm;jynfjcm;wGiaf exdik af e&ygu
(1) pmcsKyf. tydk'f(9) tydk'fcJG(1)wGif azmfjyxm;onfh pmcsKyftzJG@

0ifrsm;.wm0eft& rdom;pkcsi;f jyefvnfaygi;f qHEk ikd &f ef &nf±, G cf sujf zifh wdik ;f
jynfrSxGufcGmjcif;/ wdkif;jynfwGif;odk@ 0ifvmcGifhawmif;cHvmjcif;udk tpdk;&t
aejzifh aumif;rGefpGmESifh vlom;qefpGm udkifwG,fajz±Sif;aqmif±Gufay;&rnf?
xdk@jyif xdkodk@av#mufxm;onfhtwGuf av#mufxm;olrsm;ESifh xdkolrsm;.
rdom;pk0ifrsm;tay: rnfonfhoufa&mufr_rsm;rS rcHpm;&ap&ef tpdk;&u
wm0efcH&rnf?
(2) wdik ;f wyg;wGiaf exdik af eaom rdbrsm;±So d nfh uav;jzpfoo l nf
rdbESpfOD;pvHk;ESifh tcsdefrSefrSefqufoG,fcGihf/ udk,fa&;udk,fwmudpPrsm;tm;
wdkuf±dkufqufoG,fcGifh±Sdonf? pmcsKyftydk'f(9) tydk'fcJG(2) wGifazmfjyxm;
aom pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;. wm0eftwdik ;f uav;ESirhf b d rsm;. wdik ;f jynf
wGi;f rS xGucf mG cGiEhf iS hf wdik ;f jynfwiG ;f od@k jyefvnf0ifa&mufciG w
hf @kd ukd av;pm;&
40
CRC.pmd 40 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

rnf? od@k aomf Oya't&jyXmef;ydwyf ifxm;jcif; od@k r[kwf wdik ;f jynf.vHòk cHa&;/
vlxk+idrf0yfydjym;a&;/ jynfolvlxkusef;rma&;/ pdwf"mwfESifh tjcm;olrsm;.
tcGifhta&;ESifhvGwfvyfcGifhrsm;tay: umuG,f&eftwGuf xdkodk@xGufcGmr_udk
wm;qD;&efvdktyfaejcif; odk@r[kwf xdkxGufcGmr_onf ,ckpmcsKyfyg tjcm;
tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh qef@usifaejcif;wdk@jzpfaeygu xdkxGufcGmcGifhudk cGifhrðybJ
aeEdkifonf?
,cktydk'fwGifyg0ifaom tcGifhta&;rsm;/ tcsuftvufrsm;onf
wdik ;f wyg;wGif oGm;a&muftvkyv f yk af eaom rdbjzpfo. l uav;rsm;/ od@k r
[kwf rdom;pkuckd sex f m;+yD; tjcm;wdik ;f jynfwiG f 'kuoQ nftjzpf cdv k aH_ eaom
rdbrsm;. &ifaoG;uav;rsm;/ od@k r[kwf tdraf xmifuu GJ mG t+yD; rdbwOD;OD;u
tjcm;wdkif;jynfwGif oGm;a&muftajccsaexdkif&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufaom rdb
jzpfol. uav;rsm;ESifh ywfoufoufqkdifonf?
,cktydk'fonf uav;i,frsm;tm; trSefwu,f aumif;rGefpGm
umuG,fay;Edkifjcif; r±SdvSay? vl@tcGifhta&; Oya'rsm;t& vlwdkif;onf rd
rdwikd ;f jynftwGi;f vGwv f yfpmG oGm;vm tajccsaexdik cf iG ±hf o dS nf? tjcm;wdik ;f
jynfrsm;odk@vnf; oGm;a&mufcGifh±Sdonf[k qdkxm;aomfvnf; xdktcGifhta&;
rsm;wGif txl;uef@owfcsurf sm; ±So d nfuakd wG@&onf? Edik if t H awmfrsm;rsm;u
rdrdEdkifiHtwGif; 0ifa&mufolrsm;. EdkifiHwGif;0ifa&mufcGifhtay: uef@owf
xm;r_trsm;tjym; vkyfaqmifxm;avh±Sdonf? rdom;pk0ifrsm;onf xdkEdkifiH
wGif tajccsaexdkifvsuf±Sdaeonfhwdkif xdkolrsm;. tjcm;aomrdom;pkrsm;
wdik ;f jynftwGi;f 0ifa&mufciG u hf kd tpd;k &rSaeI ydwyf ifuef@owfrr_ sm; óuHawG@&
wwfonf?
EdkifiHwEdkifiHtwGif; rnfol0ifa&mufcGifh±Sdonf/ rnfol0ifa&mufcGifhr
±Sd[laom qHk;jzwfcsufudkcsEdkifolrSm oufqdkif&mtpdk;&omjzpfonf? xdkodk@
qHk;jzwfcGifhudk rnfonfhtpdk;&urS pGef@v$wfypfvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg? xdk@twGuf
a=umifh ,cktydk'f(10)wGif vlwdkif;rdrdwdkif;jynfrS tjcm;wdkif;jynfodk@xGufcGm
cGihf od@k r[kwf jyefvmcGi±hf o dS nfukd xyfavmif;azmfjyxm;¶Hk oufoufomru
41
CRC.pmd 41 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

tu,fI rdbrsm;aexdkifvsuf±SdaomEdkifiHodk@ &ifaoG;uav;jzpfolu 0if
a&mufciG Ahf ZD m awmif;cHonft h cgrsK;d jzpfap &ifaoG;uav;jzpfol aexdik vf suf
±SdaomEdkifiHodk@ rdbrsm;u 0ifa&mufcGifhADZmawmif;cHonfhtcgrsKd;wGifjzpfap
oufqdkif&mtpdk;&onf vlom;csif;pmemonfhtaejzifh vsifvsifjrefjref t
aumif;qH;k wke@f jyefaqmif±u G af y;&rnf[k qdx k m;onf? qdvk o
kd nfrmS rdb
rsm;ESifh&ifaoG;rsm; jyefvnfaygif;pnf;qHkawG@Edkif&eftwGuf vdktyfygu tpdk;
&onf jynf0ifcGifhADZmrsm; xkwfay;oifha=umif; t}uHay;xm;jcif;jzpfonf?
odk@aomf rnfolrqdk EdkifiHtwGif;odk@ rjzpfrae 0ifa&mufcGifh±Sdonf[k Tt
ydk'fu rqdkxm;yg?
Ttyd'k w f iG f rdbrsm;ESiu
hf av;i,frsm;onf a&jcm;ajrjcm;Edik if jH cm;
wGif wuGJwjym;aexdkifae&ygu xdkolwdk@t=um; yk*~vduqufoG,fr_rsm;
tcsed rf eS rf eS ±f o
dS nf[k a,bl,stm;jzifq h xkd m;onf? qdv
k o
kd nfrmS rdbESiu hf
av;rsm;onf udk,fwdkifudk,fus oGm;a&mufvnfywfI r&onfhwdkifatmif
wOD;ESifhwOD; tjyeftvSefqufoG,fcGifh ±Sdoifha=umif;yifjzpfonf?
ÐÐÐÐÐ
42
CRC.pmd 42 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

tyk'd f (11)
uav;i,ftm; wdik ;f jynftwGi;f rS w&m;r0ifo,faqmifomG ;jcif;
(1) pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf uav;rsm;tm; w&m;r0ifv$J

ajymif;jcif;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;odk@ jyefvrf;r±Sdac:aqmifoGm;jcif;wdk@udk wdkufzsufEdkif
&ef vkyfukdifaqmif±Guf&rnf?
(2) xdo k @kd vyk Ef ikd &f eftwGuf pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if oH nf ESpEf ikd if t
H =um;
ESihf Edik if rH sm;t=um; oabmwlncD surf sm; ay:xGe;f vmap&eftwGuf óud;yrf;
aqmif±u G jf cif;ESihf wnf±adS e+yD;jzpfaom oabmwlnDcsurf sm;tm; vufrw S f
a&;xdk;jcif;wdk@udk vkyfaqmif&rnf?
,ckacwftcsed t f cgwiG f wEdik if EH iS w
hf Edik if t
H =um; ul;oef;oGm;vmr_
rsm; a±S;uxuf ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmvsuf±Sdonf? EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;odk@ oGm;
a&mufvnfywforl sm;/ Edik if jH cm;wdik ;f jynfrsm;wGif tajccsaexdik o f rl sm;vnf;
ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmonf? xdk@jyif vlrsKd;ESifhEdkifiHom;csif;rwlaom olrsm;t=um;
vufxyfxdrf;jrm;r_rSmvnf; rxl;qef;awmhaomjzpf&yfrsm; jzpfvmcJhonf?
xdkodk@ vlrsKd;rwlaomolrsm; vufxyfaygif;oif;xm;+yD;rS tqifrajyojzifh
43
CRC.pmd 43 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

uGm±Sif;jywfpJr_rsm;udkvnf; awG@óuHvmcJh=u&onf? xdktcgrsKd;wGif rdbESpf
OD;teuf rnfolu&ifaoG;jzpfoludk apmifha±SmufysKd;axmifcGifh±SdrvJqdkonfh
jy\em ay:vmawmhonf? vlrsKd;rwlaom rdbESpfOD; uGm±Sif;jywfpJt+yD;
Edik if jH cm;wdik ;f jynftoD;oD;wGif ajymif;a±GŒaexdik rf nfh tpDtpOf±adS om tr_rsK;d
Y &ifaoG;udkrnfolu apmifha±SmufcGifh±Sdonfhtay: qHk;jzwfcsufcsjcif;onf
omrefvlrsKd;wl rdbESpfOD;tay: qHk;jzwf&onfxuf ydkrdkcufcJ±_yfaxG;aewwf
onfudk awG@Edkifonf?
rdbESpyf g; uGm±Si;f jywfpv J u
kd yf gu tcsKŒd rdcif od@k r[kwf zcifjzpfow l
OD;OD;uaeI &ifaoG;udk w&m;±H;k wGif tqH;k tjzwfc, H al pjcif;r±Sb d J rdrEd iS thf wl
aexdik af pjcif;rsK;d vkyw f wfonf? od@k r[kwf w&m;±H;k u uav;onf rdcifzcif
ESpOf ;D teufrS rnfoEl iS ahf exdik &f rnf[k pD&ifcsucf srw S +f yD;aomfvnf; pD&ifcsuf
twdkif;rvdkufembJ aexdkifapmifha±SmufcGifhr±Sdaom rdcif odk@r[kwf zcifu
xdu k av;tm; ,laqmifomG ;jcif;rsK;d vnf; ±Sw d wfonf? xdo k @kd vyk af qmifjcif;
ESprf sK;d pvH;k ukd rdb&if;u uav;tm;jyefay;qJjG cif;[k ac:a0:owfrw S Ef ikd o
f nf?
xdo k @kd vyk af qmifjcif;rsK;d udk wdik ;f jynftwGi;f Y vkyaf qmifEikd o f vdk uav;tm;
EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfodk@ ac:aqmifoGm;jcif;rsKd;vnf; ±Sdwwfonf? uav;jzpf
olukd apmifah ±SmufciG rhf ±Sad om rdbwOD;OD;u uav;tm; wdik ;f wyg;od@k w&m;
r0if ac:aqmifomG ;aomtr_rsK;d jzpfygu ajz±Si;f &ef txl;cufc±J w _ af xG;oGm;
rnfjzpfonf? xdt k cg uav;.rlvEdik if t H &if;rS wm0ef±adS om tm%mydik rf sm;
ESihf uav;jzpfol vuf±adS &muf±adS eaom Edik if jH cm;wdik ;f jynfrS tm%mydik rf sm;
t=um; yl;aygi;f vkyaf qmifr_ vdt k yfvmonf? xdo k @kd yl;aygi;f aqmif±u G &f mwGif
vnf; tcuftcJrsm; óuHawG@&avh±Sdonf?
xdkodk@ EdkifiHom;rwlaom rdbESpfOD;t=um; uav;jzpfoludk apmifh
a±SmufcGifhtm; pD&ifcsufcsrSwfqHk;jzwf&mwGif w&m;±Hk;rsm;onf rdrdEdkifiHom;
jzpfol rdcif odk@r[kwf zcifwOD;OD;udk EdkifiHjcm;om;rdcif odk@r[kwf zcifjzpf
olxuf ydrk Okd ;D pm;ay;avh±o dS nf? Edik if jH cm;om;jzpfol rdcif od@k r[kwf zcifjzpf
olu uav;tm; apmifha±SmufysKd;axmif&ef ydkrdktcGifhtvrf; tajctae±Sd
44
CRC.pmd 44 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

aomfvnf; od@k r[kwf uav;jzpfou l xdEk ikd if jH cm;om; rdcif od@k r[kwf zcif
tm; ydkrkdoHa,mZOfwG,fwmaomfvnf; w&m;±Hk;u rdrdEdkifiHom;rdcif odk@r
[kwf zcifudkom uav;apmifha±SmufysKd;axmifcGifhay;&ef tav;omavh±Sd
onf?
Ttydk'f(11)wGif xdkodk@uGm±Sif;jywfpJxm;+yD;jzpf+yD; w&m;±Hk;awmf
u pD&ifcsut f & apmifah ±SmufciG rhf ±Sad om rdcif od@k r[kwf zcifuaeI uav;
tm; wdkif;jynftwGif;rS w&m;r0if ac:aqmifoGm;jcif; rðyEdkif&eftwGuf
tpd k ; &u vd k t yf o vd k tpG r f ; uk e f u muG , f a y;&rnf j zpf a =umif ; azmf j y
xm;onf? xdkodk@vkyfaqmif&mwGif xdktr_rsKd;jzpfyGm;ygu rnfonfhenf;vrf;
jzifh udik w
f ,G af jz±Si;f &rnf/ rnfonfh yl;aygi;f aqmif±u G rf r_ sm; vkyaf qmif&rnf
[laom tcsurf sm;yg0ifonfh oabmwlncD supf mcsKyfrsm;udk tjcm;Edik if rH sm;
yl;wGv J ufrw S af &;xd;k xm;jcif;rsK;d udv
k nf; vkyaf qmifEikd o f nf[v k nf; qdx k m;
onf? xdo k abmwlncD surf sm;xJwiG f uav;umuG,af pmifah ±SmufciG Ehf iS yhf wf
oufI rnfonfhw&m;±Hk;u pD&ifcsufcs&rnfjzpfa=umif;vnf; yg0if&rnf?
od@k ro
S m oufqikd &f mwm0ef±o dS rl sm;taejzifh rnfonfw h &m;±H;k . pD&ifcsuu f kd
tav;xm;vdkufem&rnfjzpfa=umif; ±Sif;±Sif;vif;vif; odEdkifaprnfhtjyif
apmifah ±SmufciG rhf ±Sad om rdcif od@k r[kwf zcifu ac:aqmifomG ;aom uav;
tm; w&m;±H;k u apmifah ±Smuf&efciG ðhf yxm;aom rdcif od@k r[kwf zcifxH jyef
vnftyfESH&mwGif vG,fulEdkifrnfjzpfonf?
tcsKdŒtr_rsm;wGif uav;tm;a&mif;pm;&ef odk@r[kwf wenf;enf;
jzifh tjrwfxkwfapcdkif;&eftwGuf EdkifiHjcm;odk@ w&m;r0ifcdk;,loGm;olonf
rdbESpfyg;teuf wOD;OD;rSr[kwfbJ tjcm;olrsm;jzpfavh±Sdonf? xdkodk@aom
udpPrsKd;qdkygu TpmcsKyfyg tydk'f(35)ESifh ydkrdkoufqdkifonf?
ÐÐÐÐÐ
45
CRC.pmd 45 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

tyd'k f (12)
uav;rsm;t,ltqrsm;udk xnfo
h iG ;f pOf;pm;ay;jcif;
(1) pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf udk,fydkiftawG;tjrifrsm; awG;ac:

wwf+yDjzpfaom uav;rsm;tm; xdkuav;tay:oufa&mufr_±Sdaprnfh t
a&;udpPrsm;tm;vHk;ESifhywfoufI xdkuav;.tjrifrsm;udk xkwfazmfcGifhðy&
rnf? xdkodk@wifjycsuftm; xdkuav;.toufESifh &ifhusufr_tay:rlwnfI
vufcH&rnf?
(2) xdk@twGufa=umifh uav;tay:oufa&mufr_ tusKd;±Sdaprnfh
w&m;pD&ifa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m aqmif±Gufcsufrsm;udk uav;rsm;=um;
odapEdkifrnfh tcGifhta&;rsm;ay;&rnf? xdkodk@today;&mwGif uav;jzpfol
tm; wdu k ±f u
kd jf zpfap/ xdu
k av;.ud, k pf m;vS,f od@k r[kwf oifah vsmof nfXh me
udjk zpfap wkid ;f jynftwGi;f Y wnf±adS eaom Oya'pd;k rd;k a&; vkyx
f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;
ESifhtnD today;&rnf?
,cktydk'fwGif awG;ac:pOf;pm;wwfaom touft±G,f±Sdaom u
46
CRC.pmd 46 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

av;jzpfygu xdkuav;i,fESifhoufqdkifaomudpPrsKd; odk@r[kwf uav;tay:
oufa&mufr_±Sdaprnfh udpPrsKd;ESifhywfoufI xdkuav;.tjrif t,ltq
rsm;udk xkwaf zmfajymqdEk ikd &f ef tcGit hf vrf;ay;&rnf? xd@k tjyif qH;k jzwfcsucf s
rSwrf nfo h t
l aejzifv h nf; xdu k av;. t,ltqtjrifrsm;udk qH;k jzwfcsucf s
&mwGif xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf[k qdkxm;jcif;jzpfonf? uav;.t,ltq
tjrifrsm;udk xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;&rnfqjkd cif;onf uav;.qENtwdik ;f tvH;k pHk
vdu k af vsm&rnf[k qdv k jkd cif;r[kwyf g? ,cktyd'k (f 12)u qH;k jzwf&mY uav;
. tjrift,ltqrsm;udk xnho f iG ;f pOf;pm;jcif;onf xdu k av;. touft
±G,fESifh &ifhusufr_rsm;tay:wnfrDSonf[k qdkxm;ygonf? touft±G,fydk
}uD;aom ydrk &kd ifu h suaf omuav;rsm;. t,ltqtjrifrsm;udk qH;k jzwfcsuf
cs&mwGif ydkrdkxnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf[k qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf? xdkodk@uav;.
tjrifrsm;udk xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;&mwGif xdq k ;kH jzwfjcif;ESiyfh wfoufonfh tjcm;
olrsm;. tjrift,ltqrsm;/ tcuftcJtE &W m,frsm;/ ukeu f srnfh tjcm;t
csurf sm;udv k nf; xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;+yD; qH;k jzwf&rnf[k ,cktyd'k w f iG f qdx k m;
ygonf? xdt k cGithf a&;onf tvGeu f s,jf yef@vaS om tcGit hf a&;jzpf+yD; uav;
ESiyhf wfoufaom ae@pOfomrefta&;udprP sm;ESiyhf g oufqikd af evsu±f ydS gonf?
ae@pOfomrefr[kwfaom ta&;udpPrsm;ESifhywfoufI ,cktydk'f.
tyd'k f cJ(G 2)wGif tao;pdwaf zmfjyxm;onf? uav;ESiyhf wfoufI Oya't&
qH;k jzwfcsurf sm; csrw S af wmhrnfqykd gu xdt k a=umif;t&mESihf ywfoufonfh
ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk uav;jzpfolonf udk,fwdkifjzpfap udk,fpm;vS,fjzpf
oluwqifjh zpfap od±=dS um;emcGi±hf o dS nf[k qdx k m;onf? xdo k @kd o±d =dS um;emcGihf
wGif w&m;±Hk;.pD&ifcsuftrdef@rsm;udkom qdkvdkjcif;r[kwfbJ uav;ESifhywf
oufI qHk;jzwfcsufcsaom ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; odk@r[kwf
vlr_zlvHka&;at*sifpDrsm;. qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udkyg qdkvdkygonf?
ÐÐÐÐÐ
47
CRC.pmd 47 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

tyk'd f (13)
vGwv
f yfpmG xkwaf zmfwifjycGiEhf iS hf owif;rsm;&,lciG hf
(1) uav;wdk@wGif vGwfvyfpGmxkwfazmfwifjycGifh±Sdonf? xdkodk@

xkwfazmfwifjy&mwGif e,fjcm;owfrSwfjcif;r±SdbJ owif;rsm;ESifh t,ltq
trsKd;rsKd;wdk@udk E_wfjzifhjzpfap/ a&;om;Ijzpfap/ yHkESdyfIjzpfap/ tEkynmjzifh
jzpfap/ odk@r[kwf uav;rsm;a±G;cs,fxm;aom tjcm;owif;yHkpHrsm;jzifhjzpf
ap ±SmazG/ vufc/H jzef@jzL;jcif;wd@k yg0ifonf?
(2) TtcGifhta&;rsm;udk toHk;cs&mwGif tcsKdŒae&mrsm;wGif uef@
owfcsuf±Sdonf? odk@aomf xdkuef@owfcsufrsm;udk Oya'wGif azmfjywm;jrpf
xm;+yD; vdktyfrSom uef@owfr_ðyvkyfEdkifrnf?
(u) tjcm;tcGifhta&;rsm; av;pm;r_ESifh tjcm;olrsm;.
*k%foduQmudk xdcdkufapaomtcg
(c) Edik if aH wmfvòkH cHa&;/ vlxpk nf;urf;ao0yfa&; od@k r[kwf
48
CRC.pmd 48 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

vlxu k se;f rma&; od@k r[kwf vlxpk m&dwu W kd ysujf ym;xdcu kd f
apaomtcg ,cktcGifhta&;tay: uef@owfr_rsm;vkyf
aqmifEdkifonf?
vGwfvyfpGmxkwfazmfwifjycGifhqdkonfrSm rdefŒcGef;ajymjcif;/ a&;om;
xkwfa0jcif;/ tEkynmjzifhwifjyjcif;wdk@tjyif uav;i,frsm;a±G;cs,fxm;
aom tjcm;rnfonfh owif;yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;uwqifhjzpfap owif;tcsuft
vufrsm;ESihf t,ltqtawG;tac: trsK;d rsK;d wd@k ukd xkwaf zmfwifjycGit hf m;
qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf?
vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfwifjyjcif;qdk&mwGif enf;vrf;ESpfrsKd;±Sdonf?
ajymqdjk cif;/ a&;om;jcif;/ oDcsi;f oDqjkd cif;ESihf ajzazsmw f ifqufjcif;wd@k uwqihf
rdrtd ,ltqudk xkwaf zmfwifjyjcif;vnf;±So d vdk xdyk pkH t
H &mrsm;udk em;axmif
jcif;/ zwf±j_ cif;/ =unf±h j_ cif;jzifh tjcm;olrsm;. t,ltqrsm;udk od±adS pjcif;
rSmvnf; vGwfvyfpGmxkwfazmfwifjyjcif;jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh ,cktydk'fwGif
uav;rsm;onf owif;tcsut f vufrsm;ESihf t,ltqrsm;udk ±SmazGvufcH
cGifh±Sd=u+yD; xdkodk@owif;rsm;/ t,ltqrsm; jyef@ESH@jcif;tay: tpdk;&u t
aESmuft,Sufrðy&ef qdkxm;onf?
,cktyd'k yf g tcGit hf a&;rSmvnf; tjcm;aomtcGit hf a&;rsm;enf;wl
uef@owfcsufrsm;±Sdonfudk awG@&onf? tydk'f(13)t& vGwfvyfpGm xkwf
azmfwifjycGifhwGif uef@owfcsufESpfrsKd;±Sdonf? yxrtcsufrSm vGwfvyfpGm
xkwaf zmfwifjycGi±hf adS omfvnf; xdw k ifjycsuo f nf tjcm;ol. *k%o f u d mQ tyg
t0if tjcm;tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk xdcu kd ef pfemapr_±ydS gu xdv k w G v
f yfpmG xkwf
azmfwifjycGiu hf kd tcGiahf umif;,l toH;k rcs&[lI ydwyf ifxm;onf? xdyk w d yf if
uef@owfcsuo f nf uav;vl}uD;ESprf sK;d pvH;k ESihf tóuH;0ifonf? TtcGit hf a&;
udk toHk;csI vlwOD;wa,mufta=umif;tm; rrSefruefa&;om;/ xkwfa0
ajymqdrk a_ =umifh xdo k .l *k%o f u
d mQ xdcu kd ef pfemapjcif;rsK;d rjzpfap&ef ,ckuhJ
odk@ umuG,fay;xm;jcif;jzpfonf?
aemufxyftcsufrSm trsm;jynfolwdk@. usef;rma&;/ pdwf"mwf
49
CRC.pmd 49 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

pm&dwEW iS hf Edik if aH wmfvòkH cHa&;ESihf +idr0f yfyjd ym;a&;wd@k ukd xdcu kd af prnfh ta=umif;
t&mrsm;udk xkwfazmfajymqdkjcif;rðy& [laomtcsufjzpfonf? ,cktcsuf
onfvnf; yxrtcsuu f o hJ @kd yif uav;vl}uD;ESprf sK;d pvH;k ESihf tóuH;0ifonf?
TtcsufESifhywfoufI Oyrmtm;jzifhæ
Ô umuG,af q;rsm;xd;k jcif;onf tE &W m,fjzpfaponf[k vltrsm;tm;
ajcmufvSef@ajymqdkjcif;/
Ô w&m;r0ifa&mif;csaomaq;0g;rsm; rnfodk@0,f,ltoHk;cs&onfudk
vltrsm;tm;enf;vrf;ay;jcif;/
Ô bmoma&;tm; xdcdkufaprnfh bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ bm
oma&;taqmuftOD;rsm;udk roifhravsmfoHk;pJGyHkESdyfjcif;/
Ô jynfolvlxkt=um; pdk;&drftxdwfwvef@jzpfaprnfh rrSefruefonfh
aumv[vrsm;tm; vkyf}uHajymqdkjcif;/
Ô Edik if aH wmf. xdyw f ef;v#Kd Œ0Sucf surf sm;udck ;kd ,ljcif; ponfw@kd jzpfonf?
tcsKŒd aom Edik if w H umvl@tcGit hf a&;rsm;wGif vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf zmf
ajymqdck iG uhf kd vlrsK;d a&;/ bmoma&; rke;f wD;r_rsm;jzpfay:atmif v_@H aqmfonfh
taejzifh od@k r[kwf ppfyq GJ ifE&GJ ef v_@H aqmfaomtaejzifh toH;k rðy&[lI uef@
owfxm;onfudk awG@Edkifonf?
ÐÐÐÐÐ
50
CRC.pmd 50 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

tyd'k f (14)
vGwv
f yfpmG ud;k uG,,
f MkH unfciG hf
(1) pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf uav;rsm;. vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:

cGifh/ ,Hk=unfouf0ifcGifhESifh bmomudk;uG,fcGifhwdk@udk av;pm;&rnf?
(2) pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf ,cktydk'fyg tcGifhta&;rsm;udk u
av;rsm; usio hf ;kH Edik af pa&;twGuf uav;.}uD;jyif;zH@G òzd;vmr_EiS t hf nD vdt k yf
aomvrf;!$erf r_ sm; ðyvkyaf y;Edik o f nfh rdbrsm; od@k r[kwf w&m;0iftyk x f rd ;f
olrsm;. tcGifhta&;ESifh wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;udk av;pm;&rnf?
(3) bmomwcktm; udk;uG,fr_/ ,Hk=unfr_wdk@onf trsm;jynfol
use;f rma&;/ +idr0f yfyjd ym;a&;/ vlx. k pdw"f mwfpm&dw/W vHòk cHa&;ESihf tjcm;olw
OD;wa,muf. tcGit hf a&;ESihf vGwvf yfrw _ @kd ukd xdcu kd t f aESmuft,Sujf zpfap
ygu Oya'wGifazmfjywm;jrpfxm;+yD; vdktyfrSom uef@owfr_ðyvkyfEdkifrnf?
uav;rsm;Y vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:,Hk=unfudk;uG,fcGifh±Sdonf[k ,ck
tydk'fwGif azmfjyxm;onf? a,bl,stm;jzifh vGwfvyfpGmudk;uG,fcGifhwGif
ta=umif;t&moH;k rsK;d yg0ifaevsu±f o dS nf? xdo k ;kH rsK;d rSm vGwvf yfpmG ,H=k unf
ouf0ifcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmbmoma&;0wfðycGifhESifh bmomwckrStjcm;wckodk@
vGwv f yfpmG ajymif;vJu;kd uG,cf iG hf wd@k jzpfonf? tcsKŒd vlrsm;taejzifh rnfonfh
bmomudkrS rudk;uG,fovdk tjcm;olrsm;u udk;uG,fp&mr[kwf[k owf
51
CRC.pmd 51 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

rSwfxm;aomt&mrsm;udk udk;uG,folrsm;vnf;±Sdonf? vl@tcGifhta&; ±_
axmifhu =unfh&rnfqdkv#if xdkodk@ rnfonfhbmomrS rudk;uG,folrsm;ESifh
tjcm;olrsm;u udk;uG,fp&mr[kwf[k owfrSwfxm;onfht&mrsm;udk udk;
uG,folrsm;onfvnf; bmoma&;udk ouf0if,Hk=unfaom olrsm;uJhodk@
qH;k jzwfa±G;cs,yf ikd cf iG ±hf o
dS nf? xdok w l @kd . a±G;cs,rf r_ mS vnf; bmomw&m;udk
udk;uG,f,Hk=unfaomolrsm;. a±G;cs,fr_uJhodk@yif ta&;}uD;ygonf? xdk@t
wGufa=umifh ,cktydk'f(14)wGif vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:,Hk=unfcGifhESifh vGwf
vyfpGmudk;uG,fcGifhwdk@udk umuG,fxm;ay;jcif;jzpfonf?
vlwOD;wa,muftm; bmoma&;wckckudk ouf0if,Hk=unfap
atmifEiS hf ud;k uG,v f matmifvyk af qmif&efrmS vG,u f al omtcsurf [kwyf g?
tb,fa=umifq h akd omf vlwa,muf. pdwo f abmxm;udk xdr;f csKyfEikd &f efrmS
rjzpfEikd af om tvkyjf zpfaoma=umifyh if? od@k aomf rdr, d =kH unf&mtwdik ;f ud;k
uG,o f nfoh rl sm; od@k r[kwf tpd;k &u rSm;,Gi;f aombmomt,l0g'[k owf
rSwx f m;aombmomudk ud;k uG,o f rl sm;tm; tjypfay;zdEydS rf r_ sm; vkyaf qmif
aeaom tpd;k &rsm;±Sad evsuyf ifjzpfonf? wcsKŒd tpd;k &rsm;. bmomwckxuf
tjcm;bmomwcktay: ydkrdkcsD;ajr‡muftm;ay;+yD; usefbmomrsm;udk uef@
owfcsKyfcs,fr_rsm; vkyfaqmifonfudkvnf; awG@Edkifonf? uef@owfydwfyif
xm;aom bmoma&;udk ud;k uG,o f rl sm;tm; tpd;k &u axmifoiG ;f tusO;f cs
jcif;rsKd; rvkyfaqmifaomfvnf; wcgw&H xdkolrsm;tm; tpdk;&Xmersm;wGif
wm0efxrf;aqmifciG rhf ðyonfh tðytrlrsK;d udv k nf; wcsKŒd tpd;k &u vkyaf qmif
avh±Sdonf? xdkolrsm;u arG;zGm;vmaom uav;i,frsm;udk tcsKdŒausmif;
rsm;wGif wufa&mufynmoifciG hf rðyonft h jzpfrsK;d vnf;±So d nf? xdo k @kd bm
oma&; ,H=k unfu;kd uG,rf u _ kd ta=umif;ðyI cJjG cm;zdEydS t f jypfay;jcif;yHpk /H enf;
vrf;trsKd;rsKd;onf ,cktydk'fygvGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:,Hk=unfudk;uG,fcGifhudk
csK;d azmufjcif;yifjzpfonf? uav;rsm;tm; olw@kd u;kd uG,o f nfh bmoma&;r
[kwaf om tjcm;bmomrsm;udk twif;t=uyfavhvmapjcif;/ bmoma&;yJG
awmfrsm;wGif twif;t=uyf yg0ifapjcif;wd@k onfvnf; vGwv f yfpmG ud;k uG,f
52
CRC.pmd 52 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

cGifhudk csKd;azmufjcif;yifjzpfonf? Ttydk'fyg vGwfvyfpGm,Hk=unfudk;uG,fcGifh
onf rnfodk@aomtajctaersKd;wGifrS apmfum;csKd;azmufjcif;rðy&[k owf
rSwfxm;cH&aom vl@tcGifhta&;trsKd;tpm;xJwGif yg0ifaomtcGifhta&;w
ckjzpfonf? rnfonft h csu/f tajctaersK;d rS ¹cGi;f csujf zifh uef@owfyw d yf ifjcif;
rðyEdkifaom tcGifhta&;vnf;jzpfonf? odk@&mwGif bmoma&;usifhpOfrsm;udk
usifhoHk;&mwGif trsm;jynfolusef;rma&;/ +idrf0yfydjym;a&;/ vlxk.pdwf"mwf
pm&dwW/ vHkòcHa&;ESifh tjcm;olwOD;wa,muf. tcGifhta&;ESifh vGwfvyfr_
wdk@udk xdcdkuftaESmuft,Sufjzpfaprnfh bmoma&;usifhpOfrsm;tay: uef@
owfrr_ sm; ðyvkyEf ikd o f nf? Oyrm - bmoma&;usiphf Ofwcku ,Zfyal Zmfonfh
tpOftvmjzpfaeygu xdkodk@aomusifhpOfudk wm;jrpfuef@owfydkifcGifh±Sdonf?
tjcm;aom vl@tcGifhta&;Oya'rsm;wGif vlwOD;onf rdrdudk;uG,f
onfhbmomwckrS tjcm;bmomodk@ ul;ajymif;cGifhudk cGifhðyxm;onf? odk@
aomf xdt k csuu f kd Edik if wH ikd ;f ±Sd tpd;k &wdik ;f u cGiðhf yjcif;r±Sad o;acs? Edik if aH wmfu
owfrSwfxm;aom w&m;0ifbmomwckudk rudk;uG,fjcif;onf tcsKdŒEdkifiH
rsm;wGif txl;}uD;av;aom &mZ0wfrr_ sK;d jzpfonf? tcsKŒd Edik if rH sm;wGif bm
oma&;tpGe;f a&muf*% kd ;f rsm; ay:ayguo f nft h jzpfrsK;d udv k nf; óuHawG@&wwf
onf? xdo k @kd aom*d% k ;f rsm;u uav;i,frsm;tm; rdbESit hf quftoG,t f m;
vH;k jzwfawmufum xdt k pGe;f a&muf bmoma&;tusirhf sm;udk vdu k ef m&efEiS hf
bmoma&;ta=umif;ðyI tjrwfxw k af vh±odS nf? xd@k twGuaf =umifh ,ckt
yd'k w
f iG f uav;i,frsm;tm; rdr, d =kH unf&m ud;k uG,cf iG Ehf iS hf bmomul;ajymif;
cGifhwdk@ cGifhðy&rnf[k rqdkxm;yg? odk@aomf pmcsKyfygtydk'f(5)wGif azmfjyxm;
onft h wdik ;f uav;rsm;. awG;ac:,H=k unfouf0ifciG hf usio hf ;kH r_EiS yhf wfouf
I rdbrsm;taejzifh rdrdwdk@&ifaoG;rsm;tm; oifhavsmfaom vrf;!Gefxdrf;
ausmif;r_rsm; ðyvkyaf y;&rnf[k Ttyd'k (f 14)wGiaf zmfjyxm;onf? xd@k a=umifh
vGwfvyfpGm,Hk=unfudk;uG,fr_wGif uav;oli,fwOD;. vGwfvyfcGifhonf
t±G,af &mufaomolwOD;. vGwv f yfciG ahf vmuf us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ r±So d nf
udk awG@Eikd o f nf? ÐÐÐÐÐ
53
CRC.pmd 53 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

tyd'k f (15)
vGwv
f yfpmG tzJt
YG pnf;zJpYG nf;cGiEhf iS hf pka0;cGihf
(1) pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf uav;rsm;.vGwfvyfpGm tzJG@t

pnf;zJG@pnf;cGifhESifh +idrf;csrf;pGmpka0;cGifhwdk@udk todtrSwfðy&rnf?
(2) xdt k cGithf a&;rsm;udk usio hf ;kH r_tay: rnfonfyh w d yf ifrr_ S rvkyf
aqmif&? od@k aomf xdu k siohf ;kH r_onf Edik if aH wmfvòkH cHa&;/ jynfov l x l vk òkH cHa&;/
jynfolvlxk pnf;urf;ao0yfa&;/ trsm;jynfolusef;rma&;/ pdwf"mwfpm
&dwEW iS hf tjcm;olwOD;wa,muf. tcGit hf a&;ESihf vGwv f yfrw
_ @kd ukd xdcu kd t
f
aESmuft,Sufjzpfapygu Oya'jzifh azmfjywm;jrpfxm;+yD; vdktyfrSom uef@
owfr_ ðyvkyfEdkifrnf?
,cktydk'fwGif uav;rsm;. vGwfvyfpGm tzJG@tpnf;zJG@pnf;cGifhESifh
+idrf;csrf;pGm pka0;cGifhwdk@udk todtrSwfðyxm;onf? vl@tcGifhta&;Oya'rsm;
t& vGwv f yfpmG tzJ@G tpnf;zJ@G pnf;cGiq hf o kd nfrmS tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;/ toif;t
zJG@rsm;/ uvyfrsm;wGif yg0ifcGifhomru xdktoif;tzJG@topfrsm; zJG@pnf;cGifh
54
CRC.pmd 54 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

vnf; yg0ifonf?
tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;od@k 0ifa&mufciG w hf iG f w&m;r0ifz@GJ pnf;xm;aom t
zJ@G rsm;r[kwyf gu rnfonft h zJ@G urkd qdk vGwv f yfpmG 0ifa&mufciG hf ðyxm;onf?
w&m;r0if zJ@G pnf;xm;aom tzJ@G qo kd nfrmS Oyrmtm;jzifh tpd;k &tm;ykeu f ef
&ef &nf±, G I f zJ@G xm;aomtzJ@G rsm;/ rl;,pfaq;0g;oH;k pJaG ysmyf g;&ef &nf±, G cf suf
jzifh zJ@G xm;aomtzJ@G rsm;/ cJjG cm;zdEydS rf ek ;f wD;r_tm; v_@H aqmf&eftwGut f zJ@G rsm;
ponfwdk‹udk qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf?
vGwfvyfpGmtzJG@tpnf;zJG@pnf;cGifhwGif oD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGm zJG@pnf;
xm;aom tzJ@G tpnf;tkypf rk sm;. ta&;udprP sm;tm; tpd;k &u yg0ifpu G zf uf
jcif;rðy& [laomtcsufvnf; yg0ifonf? xdkokd@ zJG@pnf;xm;aomtzJG@rsm;
onf ud, k yf ikd pf nf;urf;rsm;csrw S cf iG /hf OD;aqmiforl sm;udk ud, k yf ikd q
f ENjzifh a±G;
cs,fcGifh/ rdrdwdk@&nfrSef;xm;aom vkyfief;rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGmvkyfudkifcGifhwdk@
&±S&d rnf? xdrk #ru rnfow l OD;wa,mufurkd S xdo k . l qENrygbJ tzJ@G tpnf;
wcktwGi;f od@k twif;t=uyf 0ifa&mufapjcif;rðyEdik &f ef tpd;k &u umuG,f
ay;&rnfjzpfonf?
a,bl,stm;jzifh tzJ@G tpnf;wckck od@k r[kwf xdt k zJ@G 0ifrsm;. vkyf
aqmifcsuw f pHw k &ma=umifh tjcm;olwOD;OD;udk xdcu kd ef pfemapjcif; od@k r[kwf
tjcm;olwOD;wa,muf. tcGifhta&;udk csKd;azmufjcif;jzpfygu xdktzJG@odk@
r[kwf tzJ@G 0ifrsm;rS wm0efc&H avh±dS
onf? odk@&mwGif uav;oli,frsm;
jzifh zJG@pnf;xm;aom tzJG@tpnf;rsKd;
wGif xku d o hJ @kd vG,v f ,G jf zifh wm0efcH
Edik &f ef rvG,u f v l yS g? uav;rsm;jzpf
aeonft h m;avsmpf mG xdo k @kd xcd ukd ef pf
em ysupf ;D oGm;onft h csuaf =umifh u
av;rsm;tm; w&m;Oya't& wm
0efcHapjcif;rðyEdkifyg? tu,fI u
55
CRC.pmd 55 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

av;a=umifh tjcm;olwOD; xdcdkufepfemoGm;+yD; xdkxdcdkufepfemoltwGuf
avsmfa=u;ay;&ef w&m;±Hk;u cdkifvHkaompD&ifcsufcsvdkufygu uav;.rdb
ujzpfap xdkodk@xdcdkufepfemoGm;aponfh tcsdefumvtwGif; uav;tm;
xdef;ausmif;uGyfuJaeonfh wm0ef±Sdolujzpfap xdkxdcdkufepfemoGm;olt
wGuf avsmaf =u;ay;&rnfjzpfonf? xd@k twGuaf =umifh uav;rsm;jzifh zJ@G pnf;
xm;aom uvyfrsm;/ tzJG@rsm;tcsKdŒwGif xdkodk@ rawmfwqxdcdkufapr_rsm;
jzpfvmygu wm0efcHEdkifrnfh t±G,fa&muf+yD;oltcsKdŒ yg0ifaewwfonf?
vGwv f yfpmG pka0;cGiqhf o kd nfrmS vlxt k rsm;yg0ifaom pnf;a0;yJrG sm;/
pka0;yJGrsm;/ qENjyyJGrsm;wGifyg0ifcGifh/ pDpOfusif;ycGifhwdk@udk qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf?
,cktyd'k w f iG yf g0ifaom vGwv f yfpmG tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;wGif yg0ifciG u hf kd uef@owf
r_rsm;xuf ,ckpka0;cGifhtay: uef@owfcsufrsm; ydkrdkrsm;jym;avh±Sdonf? t
b,fa=umifq h akd omf tpd;k &ESiw hf m0ef±o dS rl sm;u vlxpk ak 0;yJrG sm;/ qENjyyJrG sm;
onf Edik if aH wmfu csrw S x
f m;aom vHòk cHa&;pnf;urf;rsm;tay: xdcu kd af pEdik f
onf[k ta=umif;jy jiif;y,favh ±Sad oma=umifjh zpfonf? od@k aomf tjcm;ol
rsm;.vGwfvyfcGifhESifh vHkòcHa&;udk rxdcdkufatmif óudwifjyifqifxm;aom
+idrf;csrf;onfhenf;jzifh pka0;pnf;a0;yJGrsm;udkrl ydwfyifIr&Edkifyg?
ÐÐÐÐÐ
56
CRC.pmd 56 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

tyd'k f (16)
ud,
k af &;ud,
k w
f mvGwv
f yfciG fh
(1) rnfonfhuav;. udk,fa&;udk,fwm/ rdom;pk/ aetdrfESifh pm

ay;pm,l udk,fydkifvGwfvyfcGifhudkrS pdwfxifwdkif; odk@r[kwf w&m;Oya'rJh
0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;rðy&? xdk@jyif xdkuav;i,f. *k%foduQmtm; w&m;
Oya'rJh wdkufcdkufjcif;rðy&?
(2) xdo k @kd 0ifa&mufpu
G zf ufrr_ sm; od@k r[kwf wdu
k cf u
kd rf r_ sm;tm; Oy
a't& umuG,fay;r_udk cHpm;EdkifcGifh uav;wGif±Sdonf?
Ttydk'f(16)wGif uav;rsm;. udk,fa&;udk,fwm vGwfvyfcGifhudk
azmfjyxm;onf? ,cktydk'fwGif yg0ifaomtcGifhta&;onf ,ckrSay:vm
aom tcGit hf a&; topftqef;r[kwaf y? uav;rsm;ESihf eD;pyfr±_ adS om q&m/
q&mrrsm;/ vlr_vkyfom;rsm;onf uav;rsm;ESifh ywfoufaom udk,fa&;
udk,fwm owif;tcsufrsm;udk vltrsm;rodapzdk@ umuG,fay;&ef wm0ef±Sd
onf? w&m;±Hk;awmfwGif uav;i,fwOD;onf w&m;cHtaejzifhjzpfap/ usL;
vGefcH&aom oltaejzifhjzpfap yg0ifywfoufaeygu xdktr_ta=umif;udk
57
CRC.pmd 57 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

vltrsm;=um;emcGirhf ±So d vdk xdt k r_ta=umif; vltrsm;odatmif vkyaf qmif
jcif;rðy&ay?
xd@k jyif tyd'k (f 16)wGif uav;rsm;. aetdrEf iS hf pmrsm;tm; w&m;r
0ifESifh pdwfxifwdkif; 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;udk umuG,fay;&ef qdkxm;onf?
qdkvdkonfrSm tpdk;&u w&m;Oya'rsm;udktoHk;ðyI tdrftwGif;0ifa&muf
±Smjcif;/ w,fvDzkef;rsm;tm; toHoGif;cdk;em;axmifjcif;ESifh pmay;pm,lrsm;
tm; azmufzwfjcif;wdk@ rvkyfaqmifEdkif&ef wm;jrpfay;xm;jcif;jzpfonf?
Ttydk'fwGif yg0ifaomuav;rsm;. aetdrfESifhywfoufI w&m;
r0ifEiS hf pdwx f ifwikd ;f yg0ifywfoufjcif;rS umuG,af y;&efq&kd mwGif uav;ESihf
rdbrsm;t=um; odk@r[kwf uav;ESifhrdom;pk0ifrsm;t=um; qufqHr_udkyg
umuG,fay;&rnf[k qdkxm;jcif;jzpfonf? 0ifa&mufpGufzuf&eftwGuf
aumif;rGeaf omta=umif;jycsu±f o dS nfh tcsKŒd aomudprP sK;d ESihf Oya't& vkyf
aqmifcGifhtwdkif; vkyfaqmif&onfhtr_rsKd;rSvJGI rdom;pktwGif; qufqHa&;
rsm;wGif tpdk;&wm0ef±Sdolrsm;taejzifh yg0ifpGufzufjcif; rðyEdkifyg? tpdk;&t
aejzifh 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufEikd of nf[k vufcx H m;aom OyrmtcsKŒd rSm rdom;pk
0ifrsm;tm; tjcm;rdom;pk0ifrsm;ta=umif; ar;jref;jcif;/ wOD;ESiw hf OD; rnfuhJ
od@k qufqo H ifah =umif; ajymjyjcif;ESihf aumif;rGeaf om ta=umif;tusK;d r&Sb d J
rdom;pk0ifrsm; wOD;pDoD;jcm;aexdkifjcif;wdk@udk umuG,fay;jcif; ponfwdk@
jzpfonf?
TtcGifhta&;rSmvnf; tjcm;tcGifhta&;rsm;uJhodk@yif uef@owf
csuf ¹cGif;csufrsm;±Sdonf? udk,fa&;udk,fwmtay: 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_onf
“w&m;r0if” ESihf “pdwx f ifwikd ;f ” 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufjcif;jzpfroS m xdo k @kd pGuf
zufjcif;udk umuG,af y;&rnf[k ,cktyd'k u f qdx k m;jcif;jzpfonf? “w&m;
r0if” [laompum;&yf.t"dym` ,frmS w&m;Oya'u wm;jrpfxm;aom od@k
r[kwf vkyfaqmif&efcGifhrðyaom[lonfh t"dy`m,foufa&mufonf? “pdwf
xifwdkif;”[laom pum;&yf.qdkvdkcsufrSm ydkrdkus,fjyef@onf? w&m;Oya'
u vkyfudkif&efcGifhðyxm;aomfvnf; xdkodk@vkyfaqmifonfhtcgwGif apwem
58
CRC.pmd 58 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

pdwf&if;rSefjzifh vkyfaqmifjcif;r[kwfbJ vdktyfonfxuf ydkrdkaeygu xdkvkyf
aqmifr_onf w&m;0ifjzpfapaomfvnf; “pdwfxifwdkif;” usL;vGefonfh
tr_ajrmufonf? xdkodk@vkyfaqmifr_wckudk “pdwfxifwdkif;” vkyfaqmifr_
ajrmuf/ rajrmufowfrSwf&mwGif xdkodk@vkyfaqmif&jcif;. ta=umif;&if;
xuf xdo k @kd vyk af qmifc&H aomol. tcGit hf a&;tay: xdcu kd o f ufa&mufap
r_udk ydkrdktav;xm; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf? Oyrm-vlwOD;wa,muf.
ud, k af &;ud, k w f mvGwv f yfciG thf m; xdcu kd af paom tðytrlwcka=umifh xdv k l
Y oufa&mufcpH m;&r_onf xdo k @kd vyk af qmif&jcif; &nf±, G cf sux f uf ydrk ykd gu
xdo k @kd vyk f aqmifjcif;udk “pdwx f ifwikd ;f ” vkyaf qmifjcif;[k owfrw S Ef ikd o
f nf?
Ttyd'k (f 16). t"du&nf±, G cf suo f nf jynfo@l 0efxrf;rsm;/ w&m;
a&; 0efxrf;rsm;taejzifh uav;rsm;udkqufqH&mwGif uav;rsm;. *k%f
oduQmESifh ajzmifhrwfr_udk av;pm;pGmjzifh qufqHap&efyifjzpfonf?
uav;rsm;taejzifh rdom;pktwGi;f ud, k af &;ud,
k w f m vGwv f yfciG fh
±Syd govm;[kar;vmygu ±Syd gonf[k jyefvnfajz=um;&rnfjzpfonf? od@k &m
wGif xdkvGwfvyfcGifhwGif ta=umif;t&mESpfrsKd;a=umifh uef@owfr_±Sdonfudk
owdðy&rnf? yxrta=umif;t&mwcsufrSm rdbrsm;onf rdrdwdk@.&ifaoG;
rsm;tm; raumif;aomya,m*rsm;rS umuG,w f m;qD;ay;&ef wm0ef±adS om
a=umifh uef@owfrv _ yk Ef ikd o
f nf? tu,fI rdr. d &ifaoG;jzpfoo l nf raumif;
aomolwOD;xHrS pmrsm;vufcH&±Sdaeonf[lI oHo,±Sdv#if rdbtaejzifh
xdpk mrsm;udk zGizhf wfEikd o f vdk vdt k yfygu xdpk mtm; rdr. d uav;tm;ray;bJ
azsmufzsufypfEdkifonf? xdkodk@ vkyf
aqmifjcif;onf rdb. 0wW&m;t
wdkif; rdrd&ifaoG;udkrdrd xdef;odrf;um
uG,f apmifah ±Smufjcif;vnf;jzpfonf?
aemufxyf 'kw, d ta=umif;t&mrSm
rdbESio hf m;orD;rsm;t=um;±Sd rd om;
pkudk,fa&;udk,fwmtm; umuG,f
59
CRC.pmd 59 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

cGifha=umifh uef@owfr_vkyfEdkifonf? rdcifESifh&ifaoG;uav;rsm;t=um; txl;
jyif;xefpmG rSm;,Gi;f aer_ wpHwk &mr±Srd csi;f jyifyvlrsm;u 0ifa&mufpu G zf uf
cGifhr±Sd [laomtcsufudk T'kwd,tcsufu qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf?
rdbrsm;taejzifh toifhavsmfqHk;vkyfaqmif&rnfrSm rdrd.&ifaoG;
rsm;wGif udk,fa&;udk,fwm vGwfvyfcGifhrsm; ±Sdonfqdkaomtcsufudk rarhr
avsmh em;vnfoabmaygu&f rnfjzpfonf? xdt k cGit
hf a&;udk uav;jzpfou l
tvJGoHk;pm;rvkyfrcsif; xdkuav;i,f}uD;jyif;t±G,fa&mufvmr_ESifh vdkuf
avsmnDaxGpmG rdbrsm;taejzifh xdt k cGit hf a&;tm; ydrk akd v;pm;em;vnfay;
&ef vdktyfvSonf?
ÐÐÐÐÐ
60
CRC.pmd 60 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

tyk'd f (17)
uav;rsm;ESihf owif;Xmersm;
pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf vlxo k wif;jzef@csaD &; vkyif ef;rsm;. t

a&;ygyHkudk todtrSwfðyI EdkifiHwGif;ESifh EdkifiHwumowif;&if;jrpfrsm;rS o
wif;rsm;ESifh tjcm;aomtaxmuftultcsuftvufrsm;udk uav;rsm;&
±SdapEdkif&eftwGuf tmrcHay;&rnf? txl;ojzifhuav;jzpfol. vlr_a&;/oD
vydkif;ESifh pdwf"mwfydkif;qdkif&m aumif;rGefap&eftjyif ±kyfydkif;ESifhpdwfydkif;qdkif
&m usef;rma&;wdk@ wdk;wufap&eftwGuf &nf±G,faomowif;rsm;udk ydkrdkt
av;xm; vkyaf qmifay;&rnf? xdo k @kd vkyaf qmifEikd &f eftwGuf Edik if aH wmftpd;k
&onf atmufygtcsufrsm;udk aqmif&Guf&rnf?
(u) TpmcsKyf. tydk'f(29)wGifazmfjyxm;aom &nf±G,fcsufrsm;
ESit
hf nD uav;rsm;twGuf vlra_ &;ESi, hf Ofaus;r_ tusK;d aus;Zl;rsm;
jzpfaprnfh owif;rsm;ESihf tjcm;tcsut f vufrsm;udk vlxo k wif;
jzef@csDa&;vkyfief;rsm;uaeI jzef@csDap&eftwGuf tpdk;&u tm;ay;
tm;ajr‡mufðy&ef?
61
CRC.pmd 61 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

(c) rwluJGjym;aom ,Ofaus;r_&if;jrpfrsm;/ jynfwGif;jynfyowif;
&if;jrpfrsm;rS xdu k o
hJ @kd owif;tcsut
f vufrsm;udk xkwv f yk /f zvS,/f
jzef@jzL;Edkif&eftwGuf EkdifiHwumyl;aygif;aqmif±Gufr_rsm;udk vkyf
aqmifapzdk@ tpdk;&u tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðy&ef?
(*) uav;rsm;twGuf pmtkyrf sm; xkwaf 0&eftwGuf Edik if t H pd;k &u
tm;ay;&ef?
(*) wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;jzpfonfh uav;rsm;ESifh rl&if;XmaevlrsKd;
rsm;. uav;rsm;twGuf oufqdkif&mbmompum; toHk;ðyaom
owif;jzef@csDr_rsm;udk vkyfaqmifzdk@ tpdk;&utm;ay;&ef?
(C) tyd'k (f 13) ESi(hf 18) wGiaf zmfjyxm;aom ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk
tpOfEv S ;kH oGi;f I uav;.b0 om,mcsr;f ajrhru _ kd xdcukd ef pf emap
rnfh owif;rsm;ESifh tjcm;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; oHk;pJGjcif;rS um
uG,f&eftwGuf oifhavsmfaom vrf;!Gefcsufrsm; ay:aygufapzdk@
tpdk;&u tm;ay;&efwdk@udk vkyfaqmif&rnf?
,cktydk'fwGif uav;rsm;. vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_zHG@òzd;a&;twGuf
vlxkowif;jzef@csDa&;vkyfief;rsm;. ta&;ygaomtcef;u¾udk t"du±Sif;
vif;azmfjyxm;onf? vlxkowif;jzef@csDa&;vkyfief;rsm;onf uav;rsm;t
wGuf ajzazsmfay;±Hkoufoufomr[kwfbJ uav;rsm;twGuf aumif;rGef
aom enf;vrf;aumif; ay:aygufapa&;twGuf taxmuftuljzpfaprnfh
pmtkyfrsm;/ tpDtpOfrsm;ESifh tjcm;
aomtaxmuftulypPn;f rsm; xkwf
vkyfvmEdkifap&ef tpdk;&u tm;ay;
wdkufwGef;ay;&ef vdktyfa=umif; T
tydk'fwGifazmfjyxm;onf? r*~Zif;/
±kyjf rif=H um;tpDtpOf/ aw;*Dw uuf
quftacGponfh vlxo k wif; jzef@csD
a&;ud&d,mrsm;wGif uav;rsm;t
62
CRC.pmd 62 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

wGuf &nf±, G jf yifqifxm;aom tpDtpOfrsm; xnfo h iG ;f ay;&efuv
kd nf; wdu k f
wGef;xm;onf? jzpfEdkifygu xdkodk@tpDtpOfrsm; xnfhoGif;xkwfvkyf&m wGif
uav;rsm;udk,fwdkif yg0ifvkyfaqmifEdkifatmif aqmif±Gufoifha=umif; qdk
xm;onf?
uav;rsm;taejzifh rdrdEdkifiHtjyif tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;u a&;om;xkwf
a0aom pmtkyrf sm;zwf±E_ ikd af tmif/ pDpOfxw k v
f i$ ahf omtpDtpOfrsm;udk =unfh
±_cpH m;Edik af tmif vkyaf qmifay;oifo h nf? tu,fI ,Ofaus;r_rsK;d pHw k nf&adS e
aom EdkifiHjzpfaeygu xdk,Ofaus;r_rsm;tm;vHk;udk xif[yfaprnfh vlxk
qufqHa&;owif; ud&d,mrsm;jzpfatmif twwfEdkifqHk; vkyfaqmifay;&ef
vdtk yfonf? xd@k twGuf pmtkypf mwrf;rsm; xkwaf 0ajzazsmrf r_ sm; wifquf
onft h cgwiG f vlenf;pkEiS hf rl&if;XmaevlrsK;d pkrsm;. ,Ofaus;r_rsm;wd;k wufap
a&;udk a±S±• o _ ifo h nft h jyif xdv k rl sK;d pkrsm;. bmompum;jzifh xkwaf 0wifquf
oifo h nf? xdo k @kd aom vlrsK;d pkbmom pum;jzifah &;om;aom owif;pmrsm;/
pmapmifrsm;/ xdkbmomjzifh pDpOfwifqufonfha&'D,dkESifh ±kyfjrifoH=um;tpD
tpOfrsm;r±Sdygu xdkbmompum;rsm; wjznf;jznf; uG,faysmufoGm;ay
vdrrhf nf? xdo k @kd aom wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;ESihf rl&if;XmaevlrsK;d rsm;. uav;
i,frsm;ESifh ywfoufaomtcGifhta&;rsm;ta=umif; tao;pdwfudk ,ckpm
csKyftydk'f (30) wGif tao;pdwf ±Sif;vif;xm;ygonf?
ÐÐÐÐÐ
63
CRC.pmd 63 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

tyd'k f (18)
rdbwm0ef0wÅ&m;rsm;
(1) pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf uav;.b0 ±Sifoef}uD;xGm;wdk;

wufzHG@òzd;atmifwm0ef,l&mY rdbESpfOD;pvHk;wGif wef;wlwm0ef±Sdonf[l
aom oabmw&m;udk todtrSwfðyvmapa&;twGuf tpdk;&taejzifh t
wwfEdkifqHk; óud;yrf;vkyfaqmifoGm;&rnf? uav;.b0 ±Sifoef}uD;xGm;wdk;
wufz@GH òzd;atmif vkyaf qmifonfah e&mwGif rdbESpOf ;D / wcgw&HwiG f w&m;0if
tkyxf rd ;f olu t"duwm0ef±o dS nf? uav;.taumif;qH;k tusK;d onf xdo k l
wdk@. tajccHoabmxm;rsm;jzpf&rnf?
(2) ,ckpmcsKyfwGifygaom uav;tcGifhta&;rsm;cHpm;&±Sd&ef tm
rcHay;+yD; wdk;wufjrifhrm;vmatmif vkyfaqmifaeaom tpdk;&rsm;onf u
av;tm; ðypkapmifha±Smufonfhwm0efudk xrf;aqmifaeaom rdbrsm;ESifh
w&m;0iftkyfxdef;olrsm;tm; vdktyfaomtultnDaxmufyhHr_rsm; ay;&
rnf? uav;tm; apmifah ±Smufay;rnfXh mersm;ESihf tpDtpOfrsm; ay:vmap&ef
tmrcHay;&rnf?
(3) pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf tvkyfvkyfaeonfhrdbrsm;. &if
64
CRC.pmd 64 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

aoG;rsm;taejzifh olw@kd wawG cHpm;cGi&hf o dS nft h wdik ;f uav;ðypkapmifah ±Smuf
onfh tpDtpOfrsm;udk &±SdcHpm;Edkifap&eftwGuf oihfavsmfaomvkyfaqmif
r_rsm;udk vkyfaqmifay;&rnf?
Ttyd'k w f iG f tcGit hf a&;qdo
k nfxuf rdbrsm;. wm0ef0wW&m;t
a=umif;udk ydkrdkazmfjyxm;onf? uav;wa,muf }uD;jyif;vmatmif ðypk
ysKd;axmif&mwGif rdbrsm;ESifhtkyfxdrf;olrsm;Y t"duwm0ef0wW&m;±Sda=umif;
azmfjyxm;onf? tpdk;&wGif uav;ESifhywfoufI wm0ef±Sdonf[kqdkaomf
vnf; xdkwm0efrSm uav;tm;ðypkapmifha±Smuf&mY rdbrsm;wGif tcuf
tcJ±SdaeonfhtcgrsKd;Y rdbrsm;tay: vdktyfonfhulnDapmifha±Smufr_rsm;udk
vkyfaqmifay;&onfh wm0efr#omjzpfonf? rdbjzpfol. uav;tay: ðypk
ysK;d axmifciG hf tcef;wm0efw&yfv;kH udk tpd;k &u vH;k 0ykc;kH ajymif; ,ljcif;rsK;d udk
rqdv k akd y? ¹cGi;f csut f aejzifh rdbrsm;vH;k 0r±Sad wmhaom uav;rsm;ESihf wm0ef
rJhaomrdom;pkrsm;rS uav;rsm;udk ¹cGif;csufxm;&rnfjzpf+yD; xdkta=umif;
t&mESifhywfoufI tydk'f(9)ESifh (20)wdk@wGif tao;pdwfazmfjyxm;onf?
,cktyd'k w f iG f azmfjyxm;aom tpd;k &uaeI rdbrsm;tay: ulnaD qmif±u G f
ay;&rnfh taxmuftyhq H o
kd nfrmS tvkyv f yk af omrdbrsm;. uav;rsm;t
wGuf ae@uav;xdr;f ausmif;rsm;ESihf tjcm;uav;ðypkapmifah ±Smufa&; tpDt
pOfrsm; axmufyhHulnDay;jcif;yifjzpfonf?
uav;rsm;onf t±G,af &muf+yD;aom vlrsm;enf;wl ±kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f m
ESihf pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m vdt k yfcsurf sm; vdtk yfonf? ±kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f m vdt k yfcsurf sm;
qdkonfrSm tpm;tpm/ aetdrfESifh aq;0g;ponfwdk@udk qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf?
pdwfydkif;qdkif&m vdktyfcsufrsm;rSm uav;rsm;tay: rdbrsm;u=uifemr_/ cspf
cifr_/ em;vnfoabmaygufr_/ uav;rsm;.wifjyajymqdkjcif;udk ta&;w,l
em;axmifay;r_/ uav;rsm;tcuftcJudk rdbrsm;u 0dkif;0ef;ajz±Sif;ay;r_ p
onfw@kd jzpfonf? ,cktyd'k w f iG f uav;rsm;vdt k yfonfh ±kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f mESihf pdwf
ydkif;qdkif&m vdktyfcsufESpfrsKd;pvHk;udk jznhfqnf;ay;jcif;tjyif uav;rsm;zHG@
òzd;wdk;wuf}uD;jyif;vmatmif vkyfaqmifay;&rnfh wm0efrsm;udk azmfjy
65
CRC.pmd 65 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

xm;onf? Ttyd'k o f nf rdbrsm; uav;rsm;. ±kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f mvdt
k yfcsurf sm;
udk jznfq h nf;ay;&rnf[k azmfjyxm;onfh pmcsKyfyg tyd'k (f 27)ESihf qufpyfr_
±Sdaeonf?
uav;i,ftm; ðypkysKd;axmif&mwGif uav;.taumif;qHk;tusKd;
udk&nfar#mfI rdcifESifhzcifESpfOD;pvHk;u wm0efcJGa0,lxrf;aqmif=u&rnf[k
Ttydk'fu qdkxm;onf? +yD;cJhaom tydk'f(3)wGif uav;ESifhywfoufaom
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf&mwGif tpdk;&taejzifh uav;.taumif;qHk;tusKd;
udk OD;pm;ay;I qH;k jzwf&rnfjzpfa=umif; qdx k m;ovdk Ttyd'k (f 18)wGiv f nf;
rdbrsm;taejzifh uav;.taumif;qHk;tusKd;udk a±S•±_I OD;pm;ay; aqmif
±Guf&rnfjzpfa=umif; vrf;!$efxm;onf? xdk@twGufa=umifh rdbrsm;onf
qHk;jzwfcsufwpHkw&m csrSwfawmhrnfhtcgwdkif; uav;.tusKd;pD;yGm; ouf
oufudkom xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf[k qdkvdkjcif;r[kwfay? qdkvdkonfrSm xdk
odk@qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfrnfhtcsdeftcgwdkif; uav;rsm;. tusKd;pD;yGm;udk 'kwd
,wef;pm;tcsufjzifhr[kwfbJ tajccHtcsuftjzpf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&efudk
qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf?
rdbrsm;taejzifh uav;.udk,fusKd;pD;yGm;xuf rdrdwdk@.udk,fusKd;pD;
yGm;udk a±S•wef;wifvmonfhtcgrsKd;wGif Ttydk'fyg wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;udk
wm0efr,lrapmifx h ed ;f &m a&mufomG ;Edik o
f nf? Oyrm - uav;tm; a&mif;cs
vdkufjcif;onf uav;.taumif;qHk;tusKd;pD;yGm;udk umuG,fr_ray;&m
a&mufonf? xdk@jyif ausmif;wufaeaomuav;udk ausmif;xGufcdkif;+yD; t
vkyfvkyfcdkif;jcif;onfvnf; uav;.taumif;qHk;tusKd;pD;yGm;udk riJh!‡m
onft h jzpfrsK;d jzpfEikd o
f nf? aemufxyf OyrmwckrmS rdom;pk0ifaiGukd t&uf
aomuf/ avmif;upm;wdk@jzifh oHk;ðzef;ypfaejcif;a=umifh uav;i,ftwGuf
vdt k yfaomtpm;tpm/ t0wftxnfrsm;r0,fay;bJ csKŒd csKŒd iJih hJ xm;jcif;rSm
vnf; uav;.taumif;qHk;tusKd;udk OD;pm;ay;&rnf[laom oabmw
&m;udk rav;pm;jcif;yifjzpfonf?
ÐÐÐÐÐ
66
CRC.pmd 66 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

tyd'k f (19)
uav;rsm;ESihf apmfum;rSKrsm;
(1) pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf uav;rsm;tm; rdbrsm;.vuf

atmufwGifjzpfap/ w&m;0iftkyfxdrf;ol vufatmufwGifjzpfap odk@r[kwf
tjcm;rnfol@vufatmufwGif ±SdaepOftwGif; “±kyfydkif;ESifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&mt
=urf;zufr_/ xdcdkuf'%f&m&apatmifapmfum;r_/ vspfvsL&_r_/ vdifydkif;qdkif&m
tygt0if tjcm;aomtjrwfxw k q f ufqjH cif;/ rw&m;qufqjH cif;ESihf vdiyf ikd ;f
qdkif&mtygt0if rw&m;tjrwfxkwfapcdkif;r_rsm;udk rnfonfhta=umif;
a=umifhrS rcHpm;&ap&eftwGuf w&m;Oya'jyXmef;jcif;/ pDrHtkyfcsKyfjcif;/ vlr_
a&;ESifh ynma&;zufwdk@rS ynmay;jcif;tygt0if oifhavsmfaomvkyfaqmif
ay;r_rsm; vkyfaqmifay;&rnf?
(2) umuG,af y;onfh vkyif ef;rsm;taejzifh uav;ESiu hf av;udk ðypk
apmifah ±Smufaeaomolrsm;tm; vdt k yfonfh tultnDrsm;ay;aom tpDt
pOfrsm; xlaxmifay;+yD; aemufxyfvt kd yfonfh xda&mufaom vkyif ef;tqifh
qifu h kd oifah vsmpf mG vkyu
f ikd &f efvokd nf? xd@k jyif Ttyd'k w
f iG f azmfjyxm;aom
vspfvsL±_ apmifha±Smufr_rJhaom tjzpfrsm;/ rw&m;qufqHcH&jcif;ESifh vdif
ydkif;qdkif&mtygt0if rw&m;tjrwfxkwfapcdkif;r_rsm;rS umuG,fay;jcif;/
67
CRC.pmd 67 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

azmfxkwfay;jcif;/ owif;ay;ydk@jcif;/ vJ$ajymif;ay;jcif;/ ulnDay;jcif;/ rw&m;
qufqHcH&aomuav;rsm;tm; aemufqufwJGppfaq;ay;jcif;/ vdktyfygu
Oya'enf;vrf;rsm;t& yg0ifaqmif±Gufay;jcif;wdk@udk vkyfaqmifay;&rnf?
Ttyd'k w f iG f uav;rsm;tay: rdbrsm;ESihf tjcm;apmifah ±Smufxm;
olrsm;. apmfum;jcif;tm; tpdk;&taejzifh umuG,fay;&ef vdktyfa=umif;
qdkxm;onf? tkyfxdrf;xm;olwa,muf. apmfum;r_/ ±dkufESufr_wdk@udk cH&
onfh uav;wa,mufonf rnfo@l xw H iG f rnfonft h ultnD awmif;&rnf
udk em;vnfEdkifrnfr[kwfyg? wcgw&HwGif uav;rsm;onf rdrdudktkyfxdef;
aom rdbrsm; od@k r[kwf tjcm;aom tkyx f rd ;f olrsm;. vufxw J iG f ESp±f nS f
vrsm; apmfum;ESdyfpufcH=u&±Smonf? xdkodk@ apmfum;cH&aom uav;rsKd;
onf apmfum;r_a=umifh ±kyfydkif;qdkif&m xdcdkufemusifr_rsm; cHpm;&±Hkomru
xdkodk@apmfum;olonf uav;i,ftwGufrSDcdktm;xm; ,Hk=unf&rnfhol jzpf
aeaoma=umifh wjcm;vlpdrf;wOD;u apmfum;jcif;xuf uav;i,ftay:
pdwfydkif;qdkif&memusifcHpm;r_ ydkrdkjzpfaponf?
xdo k @kd apmfum;olrsm;xJwiG f rdbrsm;oufoufomr[kwb f J uav;
rsm;tm; xdef;ausmif;/ tkyfxdef;onfh ae&mtqifhwGif±Sdaom olrsm;vnf;
yg0ifa=umif; ,cktyd'k u f qdxk m;ygonf? xdo k rl sm;rSm uav;rsm;. ausmif;
wGifwm0ef±Sdaom q&mq&mrrsm;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;rª;rsm;/ enf;jyrsm;tjyif u
av;jzpfo. l oli,fcsi;f rdbrsm;vnf; jzpfEikd yf gonf? xd@k jyif uav;. aqGrsK;d
om;csi;f rsm;jzpfaom OD;av;/ ta':ESihf zd;k zGm;jzpforl sm;/ arG;pm;rdbrsm;vnf;
jzpfEdkifovdk uav;a*[m±Sd 0efxrf;rsm;/ wm0ef±Sdol t}uD;tuJrsm;tjyif
uav;rsm;jzifh zJG@pnf;xm;aomtzJG@rsm;rS wm0efcHacgif;aqmifrsm;vnf;
jzpfEdkifygonf?
uav;rsm;rcHpm;&atmif 0dkif;0ef;umuG,fay;&rnfh apmfum;r_rsm;
udk Ttyd'k u f t"dym` ,fziG x hf m;ygonf? xdak pmfum;r_rsm;rSm “±kyyf ikd ;f ESiphf w d f
ydkif;qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_/ xdcdkuf'%f&m&apatmif apmfum;r_/ vspfvsL&_r_/
vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f mtygt0if tjcm;aom tjrwfxw k q f ufqjH cif;ESihf rw&m;quf
68
CRC.pmd 68 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

qHr”_ jzpfonf[I l t"dym` ,fziG x hf m;ygonf? xdo k @kd t"dym` ,fziG q hf ckd suaf =umifh
uav;rsm;tm; tpGr;f ukef umuG,rf r_ sm;ay;&rnfukd od±&dS aomfvnf; us,f
jyef@veG ;f aom t"dym` ,fziG q hf ckd suaf =umifh tcuftcJawG@&onfvnf; ±SEd ikd yf g
onf? Oyrm - ±kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f m t=urf;zufrq _ okd nfrmS rnfo h nft h qift h xd
qdkvdkjcif;qdkonfudk ±Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm razmfjyEdkifyg? xdk@twGufa=umifh
uav;.wifyg;udk tomt,m±ku d jf cif;onf xd±k yk yf ikd ;f qdik &f m t=urf;zufr_
ajrmuf/ rajrmuf ar;cGef;xkwfp&mjzpfavh±Sdygonf? xdk@twGufa=umifh xdkp
um;vHk;rsm;. t"dy`m,frsm;udk atmufwGifxyfrH±Sif;vif;xm;ygonf?
±kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f mt=urf;zufrq _ o kd nfrmS vufAvmjzifjh zpfap/ }udrv f ;kH /
cg;ywfponfh vufwiG u f ikd af qmifxm;aom t&mjzifjh zpfap±du k jf cif;/ vufo;D
jzifhxdk;jcif;/ ajcjzifhuefjcif;/ cE<mudk,fudkudkifI tiftm;jzifhaqmifhjcif;/ v_yf
,rf;jcif;/ eH&jH zifu h ikd af qmifjh cif;/ avScg;rSqcGJ sjcif;ESihf vnfyif;!‡pjf cif; ponfh
tðytrlrsm;udk qdkvdkonf? xdk@jyif uav;twGuf tvGeftrif;cufcJaom
odk@r[kwf emusifcHpm;ap&aom tvkyfrsKd;udk twif;t=uyfapcdkif;jcif;onf
t=urf;zufonfhtðytrl r[kwfaomfvnf; ±kyfydkif;qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_
ajrmufonf? Oyrm - uav;i,f. ±kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f mzH@G òzd;r_EiS rfh vku d af om avh
usichf ef;rsm; jyif;xefpmG vkycf ikd ;f jcif;/ aeyljyif;jyif;atmufwiG f tvky=f urf;rsm;
apcdkif;jcif;wdk@jzpfonf?
pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f mt=urf;zufrq _ o kd nfrmS uav;tay: tcsed jf ynfh t
jypfwif jrnfweG af wmufw;D aejcif;/ uav;pdwx f wJ iG f ud, k u hf u kd , kd o
f rd if ,f/
±kyfqdk;/ toHk;rus[laompdwfrsKd; cHpm;ay:aygufvmatmif vkyfaqmifjcif;/
uav;. trSm;r[kwfaomvkyf&yftwGuf uav;udkt±Suf&atmif tjypf
ay;jcif;wdk@udk qdkvdkonf?
vspfvsL±_jcif;qdkonfrSm uav;tm; csDydk;acsmhjrLr_uif;rJhjcif;/ rnfh
onfht±G,f±Sdaom uav;udkyifjzpfap au|;arG;r_ysufuGufjcif;/ usef;rma&;
apmifha±Smufr_ESifh wudk,f&nfoef@&Sif;r_rsm;&±Sdatmif vdktyfonfhtcsdefwGif
rvkyfaqmifay;jcif;/ rawmfwqxdcdkufr_rsm; jzpfEdkifonfhae&mrsKd;wGif u
69
CRC.pmd 69 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

av;udkcsefxm;cJhr_/ uav;rsm;±Sdaeaomae&mESifh olwdk@vkyfaqmifaeaom
tðytrlrsm;udk tuJcwfr_r±SdbJypfxm;r_/ uav;tm;ausmif;xm;&ef ysuf
uGufr_/ uav;touft±G,fESifh roifhawmfonfh rl;,pfaq;0g;vkyfief;rsm;/
vdifvkyfief;rsm;/ *dk%f;rsm;wGif uav;rsm;yg0ifywfoufaer_ESifh ywfoufI
vdktyfaom xdef;ausmif;vrf;!$efr_rsm; ðyvkyf&ef ysufuGufr_ponfwdk@jzpf
onf?
tjrwfxw k jf cif;qdo
k nfrmS vdt k yfonfxuf ydrk ckd ikd ;f apjcif; od@k r[kwf
tE &W m,f±adS vmufonftxd cdik ;f apjcif;udk qdv k o
kd nf? uav;i,fwOD;tm;
tvGecf ufco J nfh tvkyaf pcdik ;f jcif; od@k r[kwf tE &W m,f±adS om tvkyaf pcdik ;f
jcif;onf tjrwfxkwfjcif;ajrmufonf? xdk@jyif vkyf&aomtvkyfrSm tvGef
cufcJvSonf r[kwfaomfvnf; xdktvkyfuaeI uav;.vkyftm;jzifh &
xm;aomaiGa=u;tm; odrf;,ljcif;/ rdrdudk,fusKd;twGuf oHk;pJGjcif;rSmvnf;
uav;tay: tjrwfxkwfjcif;ajrmufonf?
vdifydkif;qdkif&m apmfum;jcif;usL;vGefolrsm;rSm uav;ESifhaoG;om;
awmfpyfolrsm;jzpfEdkifovdk uav;tm;tkyfxdef;olrsm;vnf; jzpfEdkifonf?
rdbrsm;/ nDtpfuakd rmifEpS rf rsm;/ tjcm;aqGrsK;d rsm;/ q&mq&mrrsm;/ enf;jy
rsm;/ bmoma&;t}uD;tuJrsm;/ q&m0efrsm;ESifh uav;apmifha±Smufa&;a*
[m0efxrf;rsm;ponfjzifh trsK;d rsK;d jzpfEikd o f nf? t=urf;zufjcif;r±Sad omfvnf;
roifhavsmfpGm erf;±_wfayG@zufjcif;onfvnf; vdifydkif;qdkif&m apmfum;jcif;
ajrmufonfudk owdðy&rnf?
Ttyd'k (f 19)wGif tpd;k &taejzifh uav;jzpfoEl iS u hf av;tm; xde;f
ausmif;/ tkyfxdef;olrsm;twGuf vdktyfaom tultnDtaxmuftyhHrsm;
ay;&rnfjzpfovdk xdkolrsm;uaeI uav;rsm;tay: apmfum;r_rsm; ðyvkyf
jcif;rS umuG,fay;jcif;/ wm;qD;ay;jcif;/ pHkprf;ppfaq;ay;jcif;/ azmfxkwfjcif;/
owif;ydk@jcif;/ v$Jajymif;ay;jcif;/ tjypfay;ta&;,ljcif;rsm; vkyfaqmifonfh
pepfudk aqmif±Gufay;&rnfjzpfa=umif; qdkxm;onf?
ÐÐÐÐÐ
70
CRC.pmd 70 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

tyd'k f (20)
rdom;pkr½Sad wmhonfu
h av;rsm;
(1) rdom;pkywf0ef;usib f 0udk ,m,Dtcdu k tf wef@jzpfap/ t+rJwrf;

jzpfap cHpm;Edik rf r_ ±So
d nfu
h av;rsm; od@k r[kwf xdrk o d m;pkywf0ef;usib
f 0wGif
±Sad eygaomfvnf; taumif;qH;k aumif;tusK;d udk r&±SEd ikd af omuav;rsm;onf
EdkifiHawmftpdk;&. txl;umuG,fapmifha±Smufr_ESifh ulnDaxmufyhHr_rsm;udk
cHpm;ydkifcGifh±Sdonf?
(2) pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf xdo
k @kd aomuav;rsm;twGuf Edik if H
awmfOya'rsm;ESifh vdkufavsmnDaxGaom tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh apmifh
a±Smufr_rsm;&±Sdap&ef tmrcH&rnf?
(3) xdt k jcm;enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh apmifah ±Smufrr_ sm;wGif uav;rsm;udk
xdef;odrf;apmifha±Smufrnfh rdom;pkrsm;udk ±SmazGay;jcif;/ tpPvmrfOya't&
Kafalah vkyaf qmifay;jcif;/ arG;pm;apjcif;/ od@k r[kwf vdt k yfygu uav;tm;
apmifha±SmufEdkifrnfh oifhavsmfaomXmersm;odk@ tyfESHxm;±Sday;jcif;rsm; yg
0ifonf? xdkokd@vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf ajz±Sif;csufrsm;udk pOf;pm;onfhtcg
71
CRC.pmd 71 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

wGif uav;jzpfo. l wd;k wuf}uD;jyif;r_ qufvufjzpfay:apa&;udk &nf±, G If
xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfjzpfovdk uav;. wdkif;&if;om;jzpfr_/ bmoma&;/
,Ofaus;r_EiS hf bmompum;aemufcH tcsurf sm;udv k nf; xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;ay;
&rnf?
Ttyd'k w
f iG f rdbESpOf ;D pvH;k r±Sad wmhaom uav;rsm;ESihf rdbESpOf ;D p
vHk;ESifh ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;a=umifh wuJGwjym;jzpfaeaom uav;rsm;tm;
tpdk;&u txl;umuG,fay;r_ESifh tultnDrsm;ay;&rnf[k qdkxm;onf?
Ttyd'k o f nf rdbrsm;ESiu hf av;jzpfot l m; woD;wjcm;pD cJx G m;cGiu hf kd cGiðhf y
xm;onhfpmcsKyf tydk'f(9)ESifh arG;pm;jcif;qdkif&m tydk'f(21)wdk@ESifh qufpyf
aeonf?
uav;i,frsm;ESifhrdbwdk@ wuJGwjym;jzpf&onfh ta=umif;&if; t
rsm;tjym;±Sdonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh rdcifjzpfolwGif w&m;0ifvufxyfxm;
onfhcifyGef; r±Sdaoma=umifhvnf;aumif;/ rdrd&ifaoG;udk wm0ef,lapmifh
a±Smuf&ef t±G,fi,fvGef;ojzifh rdbESifhwuJGwjym;pD aexdkif&aoma=umifh
vnf;aumif; ponfjzifh ta=umif;&if;trsKd;rsKd; ±SdEdkifygonf? xdkuav;udk
aqGrsK;d awmfpyforl sm;u xde;f ausmif;tkyx f ed ;f ay;jcif; od@k r[kwf tjcm;olrsm;
u arG;pm;vdkufjcif;wdk@ ðyvkyfavh±Sdonf? xdkodk@aom uav;rsm;omru rd
cifESifhzcif tdrfaxmifuGm±Sif;vdkuft+yD; rdcif odk@r[kwf zcifwOD;wnf;u
xdef;ausmif;±SmazG ðypk&efrwwfEdkifawmhojzifh tjcm;olxH arG;zGm;&efay;
vdkufjcif; odk@r[kwf rdbrhJuav;a*[mrsm;wGif tyfESHvdkufjcif;wdk@a=umifh
rdbESiw hf uJw
G jym;jzpfomG ;aom uav;rsm;vnf;±So d nf? rdcif od@k r[kwf zcif
wOD;wnf;u ±SmazGau|;arG;apmifha±Smufr_ rvHkavmufonfhtwGuf xdku
av;rSm aexdik rf aumif;jcif;/ csKŒd wJjh cif;rsm;udk &ifqikd &f ±Smonf? 0dik ;f 0ef;ulnD
apmifah ±Smufay;rnfo h rl sm; r±Sad omuav;rsm;rSm ydrk I kd tcufóuH&awmhonf?
tu,fI rdcifjzpfol odk@r[kwf zcifjzpfolu aemufxyftdrfaxmifopf xl
axmifvdkufyguvnf; xdkuav;rSm aemufxyftdrfaxmifopfrS arG;zGm;vm
aom uav;rsm;avmuf ðypk,k,r_rcHpm;&awmhonfudkvnf; óuHawG@Edkif
72
CRC.pmd 72 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

onf? vrf;ay:a&mufuav;trsm;pkrSm xdkodk@aomrdom;pkrSaeI aygufzGm;
vmaom uav;rsm;jzpfonf[k okawoeawG@±Sdcsufrsm;u qdkygonf?
rdbESifhwuJGwjym;pDjzpfavh±Sdaom aemufxyfta=umif;wckrS u
av;. rdbESpfOD;pvHk; rawmfwqjzpfr_/ obm0ab;'%fESifh ppfyJGwdk@a=umifh
aoqHk;oGm;jcif;/ wuJGwjym;pDjzpfoGm;aoma=umifhvnf; ±SdEdkifonf?
tydk'f(20)wGif rdom;pkrsm;r±Sdawmhaom uav;rsm;tm; aemuf
xyfðypkapmifah ±Smufay;Edik rf nfh tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm; axmufyahH y;&rnf[k qdk
xm;onf? qdv k okd nfrmS xdu
k av;tm; wm0ef,al pmifah ±Smufrnfh rdom;pkxH
,m,DtyfESHay;jcif; odk@r[kwf arG;pm;apjcif;wdk@jzpfonf? wm0ef,lapmifh
a±Smufrnfrh o d m;pkxH ,m,DtyfEaHS y;jcif;qdo k nfrmS ud, k yf ikd &f ifaoG;av;rsm;
±Sd+yD; xdkrdbrJhuav;udk wm0ef,lxdef;ausmif;ðypkay;&ef oabmwlaom rd
om;pkwpkxw H iG f ,m,DtyfEjHS cif;udk qdv
k o kd nf? arG;pm;jcif;qdo k nfrmS xdu k
av;i,fonf rdom;pkopfwpkwGif xm0&rdom;pk0iftjzpf aexdkifoGm;jcif;
jzpfonf? arG;pm;jcif;ESifhywfoufI tydk'f(21)wGif tao;pdwf ±Sif;jyxm;
ygonf?
tu,fI uav;.rdbESpOf ;D teuf wOD;OD;utouf±iS v f suf ±Sad e
ao;onfqykd gu xdrk cd if od@k r[kwf zcifjzpfoEl iS u hf av;wd@k ukd wuJw G jym;pD
jzpfaeapaom ta=umif;&if;jy\emudk ajz±Sif;ay;jcif;onfomv#if t
aumif;qHk;ajz±Sif;csufjzpfayvdrfhrnf? xdkodk@vkyfaqmifay;jcif;ESifh ywfoufI
Oyrmtaejzifh ppfyGJ od@k r[kwf obm0ab;'%fa=umifh rdbrsm;ESihf wuJw G
jym;pDjzpfomG ;ygu xdrk b d rsm;udk vduk vf ±H mS azGay;jcif;/ axmifrv S w
$ af wmhrnfh
rdbrsm;jzpfygu axmifv$wfonfhtcsdeftxd uav;udkapmifha±Smufay;xm;
jcif;/ t&uf od@k r[kwf rl;,pfaq;pJaG eaom rdbjzpfygu aq;0g;ukoI jzwf
awmufay;jcif;/ rdbrsm;. pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f mzdp;D r_rsm; avsmeh nf;apa&; tpDt
pOfrsm;udk aqmif±Gufay;jcif;ESifh rdbrsm;tvkyftudkif ±SmazGay;jcif;wdk@udk
Oyrmjy&ayvdrfhrnf? xdkodk@ rdbESifhuav;wdk@ wuJGwjym;pDjzpfapaom t
a=umif;&if;rsm;udk ajz±Sif;ay;aepOftcsdeftwGif;ESifh jy\emudk vHk;0rajz
73
CRC.pmd 73 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

±Sif;EdkifcifumvtwGif;wGif wm0ef,lapmifha±Smufrnfh rdom;pkxH xdkuav;
udk ,m,DtyfESHxm;jcif;onf taumif;qHk;enf;vrf;yifjzpfonf?
tydk'f(20)wGif rdom;pkESifh ,m,DwuJGwjym;jzpfaeaom uav;
rsm;ESifhywfoufI aemufxyfqdkxm;aom tcsufwcsuf±Sdao;onf? xdkt
csufrSm uav;tay: umuG,fapmifha±Smufr_rsm; axmufyhHay;Edkifrnfhae&m
Xmersm;wGif vdt k yfygu xdo k @kd aomuav;rsm;udk tyfEx HS m;Edik o
f nf qdak om
tcsujf zpfonf? xdko@kd aomae&mXmersK;d rSm rdom;pkrsm;aexdik af om aetdrf
rsK;d r[kwb f J uav;rsm;tm; apmifah ±Smufun l &D eftwGuf vcay;xm;onfh
0efxrf;rsm;±Sad omae&mudk qdv k o kd nf? xdXk mersm;onf tpd;k &vufatmufcH
jzpfEdkifovdk yk*~vduydkifvnf;jzpfEdkifonf? trsm;tm;jzifh ukodkvfjzpftzJG@
rsm;ESifh bmoma&;tzJG@rsm;u xdkXmersm;udk wm0ef,lwnfaqmufzGifhvSpf
xm;avh±Sdonf? tcsKdŒae&mXmersm;wGif xdef;odrf;apmifha±Smufxm;&ol u
av;aygi;f &mESichf sID &S+d yD; tcsKŒd rSmuav;tenf;i,fuo kd m wm0ef,El ikd af om
tzJG@i,frsm;jzpfonf? tcsKdŒXmersm;wGif arG;uif;puav;t±G,frSpIS t
±G,fa&mufonftxd wm0ef,lwwfonf?
xdtk csuEf iS yhf wfoufI owdðy&efrmS “vdt k yfygu” [laom pum;
pkyifjzpfonf? xdkpum;t& rdbrsm;ESifh woD;wjcm;jzpfaeaom uav;t
wGuf aemufxyfajz±Si;f p&m tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm; vH;k 0r&Sad wmhonft h cgwiG rf S
om xdXk mersm;od@k tyfEjHS cif;vky&f rnf[k qdv k okd nf? xdo k @kd aom Xmersm;onf
rnfr#aumif;rGefvSygonf[kqdkapumrl aumif;rGefaomywf0ef;usif/ aEG;
axG;aom rdom;pkb0xufydkrdk+yD; uav;b0zHG@òzd;wdk;wufap&ef omvGef
aumif;rGefjcif; r±SdEdkifqdkonfhtcsufudk oabmayguf&rnf?
rdbESifhwoD;wjcm;pDjzpfaeaomuav;tm; rnfonfhae&mrsKd;wGif
tyfESH&rnfenf;qdkaomtcsufudk qHk;jzwf&mwGif rarhravsmhxnfhoGif;pOf;
pm;&rnfh tcsufESpfcsuf±Sdonf? yxrtcsufrSm tcsdef=um=umwnf+rJr_jzpf
onf? tu,fI rdbrsm;ESiahf 0;uGmaeaom uav;wOD;tm; tjcm;olrsm;ESihf
tjcm;ae&mwckwiG f tyfEx HS m;pOf wae&mrSwae&m/ wrdom;pkrS tjcm;wrd
74
CRC.pmd 74 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

om;pkvufo@kd t}udr}f udrt f cgcg ajymif;a±$Œae&ygu tajctaetopfrsm;ESihf
vdkufavsmnDaxGpGm aexdkifwwfap&ef uav;tzdk@ tcuftcJrsm;pGmawG@&
ayrnf? xd@k a=umifh uav;tm;tyfE+HS yD; wm0ef,al pmifah ±Smufrr_ sm;jzifh yHyh ;kd ay;
rnfhae&mwGif uav;taejzifh wnf+rJpGmaexdkifEdkifa&;udk t"duxnfhoGif;
pOf;pm;&rnf? 'kwd,tcsufrSm xdkodk@tyfESH+yD; wm0ef,lapmifha±Smufr_rsm;
ay;&mwGif uav;jzpfo. l ud;k uG,o f nfbh mom/ ajymqdo k nfph um;/ wdik ;f &if;
om;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_aemufcHtcsufrsm;udk twwfEdkifqHk; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;
ay;&rnf [laomtcsujf zpfonf? xdt k csurf sm;udk xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;+yD;rSom
rnfonfhae&mrsKd;wGif xdkuav;udkxm;&ef oifhavsmfrnfqdkaom qHk;jzwf
csuu f kd csrw S o
f ifo
h nf? xdtk &mrsm;udk xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;&onfh ta=umif;&if;
ESpfcsuf±Sdonf? yxrtcsufrSm uav;aexdkif&rnfhae&mopfonf ,cif
aexdik cf &hJ aom rdom;pkaetdrEf iS hf xl;xl;jcm;jcm; uJjG ym;jcm;em;jcif; r±So d nfh
tcg xdu k av;taejzifh tvG,w f ul vdu k af vsmnDaxGpmG aexdik Ef ikd af yvdrhf
rnf? xdk@jyif xdkuav;. wdkif;&if;om;ESifh,Ofaus;r_rsm;tm; ae&mopf±Sd
,Of aus;r_topfrsm;u zHk;v$rf;zsufpD;jcif;rðyEdkif&ef umuG,fay;jcif;vnf;
ajrmufonf?
ÐÐÐÐÐ
75
CRC.pmd 75 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

tyk'd f (21)
arG;pm;jcif;
uav;arG;pm;jcif;udk todtrSwfðyaom odk@r[kwf cGifhðyaom pm

csKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHonf xdkarG;pm;jcif;pepfwGif uav;.taumif;qHk;tusKd;udk
txl;tjrifrh m;qH;k xnho f iG ;f pOf;pm;&rnfjzpfonf? xdo k @kd jzpfap&eftwGuæ f
(u) vkyfaqmifEdkifr_pGrf;&nf±Sdonfh tm%mydkifrsm;u qHk;jzwfcGifh
ðyaom uav;arG;pm;jcif;rsm;jzpfap&ef tmrcHay;&rnfjzpf+yD; xdo k @kd
qHk;jzwf&mwGifvnf; xdkuav;arG;pm;jcif;onf uav;.rdbrsm;/
aqGrsKd;rsm;ESifh w&m;0iftkyfxdef;cGifh&aomolrsm;ESifh ywfoufonfh
uav;. tqifhtwef;tajctaersm;udk oufqdkif&mOya'rsm;/
vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;ESihf qDavsmo f nfh cdik rf maomowif;tcsuf t
vufrsm;tay: tajccHavhvm+yD;rS cGifhðy&rnf?
(c) tu,fI xdkuav;tm; apmifah ±Smufrnfrh o d m;pkrsm;/ arG;pm;
rnfh rdom;pkrsm;ESifh uav;tm;apmifha±Smufrnfh tjcm;oifhavsmf
76
CRC.pmd 76 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

aomenf;vrf;rsm; uav;.arG;&yfEikd if t H wGi;f wGif r±Sad wmhonft h
cgrsKd;wGifrS xdkuav;tm; tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;Y arG;pm;cGifhðyjcif;udk
tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh uav;tm;apmifha±Smufjcif;tjzpf todt
rSwfðy&rnf?
(*) xdkodk@tjcm;wdkif;jynfwGif arG;pm;cH&aomuav;onf rdrdwdkif;
jynftwGi;f wGif wnf±adS eaomarG;pm;jcif;ESihf udu k nf o D nfh umuG,f
apmifah ±Smufay;r_rsm;ESihf tqift h wef;rsm;twdik ;f &±Scd pH m;Edik af p&ef
tmrcHay;&rnf?
(C) xdkodk@ tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif arG;pm;jcif;±Sdvmygu xdkodk@
arG;pm;&mwGif yg0ifywfoufaeonfo h rl sm;twGuf roifah vsmaf om
aiGa=u;tusKd;tjrwf&±Sdapjcif;rjzpfap&ef oifhavsmfaomaqmif
±Gufcsufrsm;tm;vHk;udk vkyfaqmifay;I tmrcH&rnf?
(i) uav;tm; tjcm;wdik ;f jynfwiG x f m;±Sjd cif;udk t&nftcsi;f jynfh
rSDaom tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh tzJG@tpnf;rsm;uom wm0ef,lvkyf
aqmifEikd &f eftwGuf wEdik if EH iS hf Edik if rH sm;t=um; pDpOfaqmif±u G rf r_ sm;
odk@r[kwf oabmwlnDcsufrsm; vkyfaqmifjcif;tygt0if ,ckvkyf
ydkifcGifhabmiftwGif;wGif±Sdaom tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh Ttydk'f.
&nf±G,fcsufrsm;udk oifhavsmfovdk wdk;jr‡ifhvkyfaqmifoGm;&rnf?
,cktyd'k w f iG f uav;arG;pm;jcif;udck iG ðhf yxm;aom Edik if rH sm;Y uav;
arG;pm;cGifhðyjcif;ESifhywfoufI rnfonhftcsuftvufrsm;udk av;pm;vdkuf
em&rnfjzpfa=umif; azmfjyxm;onf?
EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif uv;arG;pm;jcif;udk w&m;Oya'jzifh cGifhðy
xm;onf? od@k aomf tpPvmrfEikd if rH sm;wGif arG;pm;jcif;[krac:qdb k J umzvm
(Khafala) [lIac:a0:+yD; rdom;pkwpkuaeI uav;tm; woufvHk;ðypk
apmifah ±Smufonfh yHpk t H pOftvmudk usio hf ;kH avh±o dS nf? +yD;cJah om tyd'k (f 20)
wGif xdu k mzvmtpOftvmudk uav;tm; umuG,af pmifah ±Smufaomenf;
vrf;wcktjzpf todtrSwfðyxm;onfudk awG@Edkifonf?
77
CRC.pmd 77 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

uav;arG;pm;jcif;udk w&m;Oya't& cGifhðyaomEdkifiHrsm;Y uav;
arG;pm;jcif;ESifhywfoufI a±S;OD;yxrtaejzifh txl;xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfh
tcsufrSm uav;.taumif;qHk;tusKd;yifjzpfonf? xdkodk@ uav;tusKd;
twGuf taumif;qH;k jzpfaprnfh uav;arG;pm;r_rsK;d udk cGiðhf yEdik af om tm%m
ESifh vkyfydkifcGifh±Sdaom w&m;±Hk;uJhodk@aom Xmewckcku twnfðycGifhðy&rnf?
xdo k @kd aomXmewckcu k uav;.tajctaeudk avhvmppfaq;r_rsm;ðyvky+f yD;
arG;pm;oifo h nf[I l vufcq H ;kH jzwfay;jcif; r±Sad omarG;pm;r_rsK;d onf w&m;
r0ifaom arG;pm;r_rsK;d jzpfonf? tu,fI arG;pm;jcif;ESiyhf wfoufI uav;
jzpfoEl iS hf ‚if;.rdbESpyf g;. qENukd &,l&efvt kd yfonfh tajctaersK;d jzpfygu
xdkolrsm;taejzifh rSefrSefuefuefqHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfapEdkifa&;twGuf vdk
tyfaomulnDvrf;!$efr_rsm; ay;&ygrnf?
Ttydk'fwGif tjcm;EdkifiHwEdkifiHrS ZeD;armifESHESpfOD;uaeI rdrdwdk@ESifh
EdkifiHcsif;rwlaomEdkifiHrS uav;wOD;tm; arG;pm;jcif;ESifhywfouf+yD; txl;
vdkufem&rnfh pnf;urf;rsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf? xdkodk@ EdkifiHrwlaomEdkifiHrS
uav;rsm;tm; arG;pm;jcif;onf ,ckumvwGif txl;rsm;jym;vmonfudk
awG@&onf? xdo k @kd rsm;jym;vm&onft h a=umif;rSm zH@G òzd;wd;k wufaomEdik if rH sm;
±Sd ZeD;armifErHS sm;wGif uav;&±Srd _ enf;yg;ae+yD; zH@G òzd;wd;k wufr_ enf;yg;aom
EdkifiHrsm;wGif rdbrJhuav;rsm;/ pGef‹ypfcHuav;ta&twGuf rsm;jym;aer_wdk@
uGm[rsm;jym;vmaejcif;a=umifjh zpfonf? tcsKŒd pufrx _ eG ;f um;aom Edik if rH sm;
±Sd ZeD;armifESH &mcdkifE_ef;tawmfrsm;rsm;onf usef;rma&;csKdŒ,Gif;csufa=umifh
uav;r&±SEd ikd af omjy\emESihf óuHawG@aevsu±f o dS nf? arG;pm;Edik rf nfu h av;
rsm;udk ±SmazG&efrSmvnf; xdkEdkifiHrsKd;wGif rvG,fulvSacs? xdk@a=umifh xdkEdkifiH
rsm;rS &ifaoG;r&Edik af om ZeD;armifErHS sm;onf zH@G òzd;wd;k wufr_ edru hf saeaom
Edik if rH sm;rS rdbrJhuav;rsm;/ pGe@f ypfcu H av;i,frsm;udk arG;zGm;Edik &f ef vdu k vf H
±SmazG&mrSaeI ,ckuJhodk@ wjcm;EdkifiHrsm;rSuav;rsm;udk arG;pm;r_rsm; wdk;
yGm;vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf?
xdkodk@ EdkifiHjcm;rSarG;pm;rnfholrsm;tm; arG;pm;cGifhðyjcif;onf xdku
78
CRC.pmd 78 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

av;i,faexdik o f nfEh ikd if tH wGi;f arG;pm;rnfh od@k r[kwf ,m,Dwm0ef,l xde;f
ausmif;ay;rnfh rdom;pkrsm;r±Sad wmhojzifh aemufq;kH taejzifh cGiðhf yvdu k &f jcif;
rsK;d jzpf&rnf? tu,fI xdu k av;i,ftm; arG;pm;vdak om ZeD;armifEEHS pS w f GJ
jzpfae+yD; wwJrG mS Edik if jH cm;rS ZeD;armifErHS sm;jzpf+yD; tjcm;wwJrG mS xdu k av;ae
xdkif&mEdkifiHrS armifESHrsm;jzpfygu xdkuav;ESifh EdkifiHwlaomarmifESHudk arG;
pm;cGifhay;&ef ydkrdkOD;pm;ay;&rnf[k Ttydk'f(21)u qdkxm;onf?
Ekid if jH cm;od@k ac:aqmifarG;pm;&mwGif owdðy&rnfah emufxyftcsuf
rSm xdo k @kd arG;pm;jcif;onf tusK;d tjrwfwpHw k cktwGuf arG;pm;jcif;rjzpfap&ef
yifjzpfonf? xdkodk@qdk&jcif;rSm vuf±SdawGóuHae&onfh uav;i,frsm;tm;
EdkifiHwumwGif ukefypPnf;rsm;ozG,f ul;oef;a&mif;0,faeonfh jzpf&yfrsm;
a=umifhyifjzpfonf? wcsKdŒarG;pm;vdkolrsm;onf rdrdwdk@arG;pm;vdkaomuav;
rsm;udk vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;/ pnf;urf;Oya'rsm;twdkif; arG;pm;vdkjcif;r±SdbJ aiG
ay;Itvsiftjref arG;pm;vdk=uonf? tcsKdŒEdkifiHrsm;wGifvnf; xdkodk@uav;
arG;pm;jcif;udk tjrwftpGef;twGufar#mfudk;I vkyfpm;aeaom yJGpm;rsm;±Sd
aewwfonf? xdktcgrsKd;wGif aiGa=u;tjrwftpGef;udkom t"duxm;ojzifh
uav;.taumif;qHk;tusKd;udk a±S•±_&rnf[laomtcsufudk xnfhoGif;pOf;
pm;jcif; r±Sad wmhacs? xdt k cg uav;twGuf taumif;qH;k tusK;d udk zefw;D ay;
Edik rf nfh rdom;pkrsK;d udk vdu k vf ±H mS azGay;onfh yHpk rH sK;d r[kwaf wmhbJ rdom;pku
arG;pm;vdkaom uav;rsKd;udkom vdkufvH±SmazGaom yHkpHrsKd;odk@ qdkufa&muf
oGm;awmhonf?
ÐÐÐÐÐ
79
CRC.pmd 79 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

tyd'k f (22)
uav;'kuo
© nfrsm;
(1) pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf wOD;wnf;jzpfap/ uav;.rdbESifh

twlwuGjzpfap od@k r[kwf tjcm;olEiS jhf zpfap a&muf±v dS m+yD; 'kuoQ nftjzpf
av#mufxm;aom od@k r[kwf 'kuo Q nftjzpf todtrSwðf ycHxm;&aom u
av;tm; TpmcsKyfyg oifhavsmfonfh tcGifhta&;rsm;tjyif pmcsKyftzJG@0if
Edik if rH sm;taejzifh av;pm;vdu k ef m&efwm0ef±o
dS nfh tjcm;Edik if w
H um vl@tcGihf
ta&;ESifh vlom;csif;pmemaxmufxm;aom pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;yg tcGifht
a&;rsm; cHpm;&±Sdap&eftwGuf oifhavsmfaomumuG,fr_rsm;ESifh vlom;csif;
pmemaom tultnDrsm;&±Sdap&ef oufqdkif&mEdkifiHwumOya'rsm; odk@r
[kwf EdkifiHawmfOya'rsm;ESifh vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;ESifhtnD oifhwifhavsmuf
ywfaom vkyfaqmifr_rsm; vkyfaqmifay;&rnf?
(2) xdk&nf±G,fcsuftwkdif; pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf ukvor*~
odk@r[kwf vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;±Sdaom tjcm;EdkifiHwumtzJG@tpnf;rsm; odk@r
[kwf ukvor*~EiS hf vufwv GJ yk af qmifaeaom tpd;k &r[kwo f nfh tzJ@G tpnf;
80
CRC.pmd 80 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

rsm;ESifh vdktyfygu yl;aygif;aqmif±GufI 'kuQonfuav;rsm;tm; olwdk@.
rdom;pkrsm;ESifh jyefvnfaygif;qHkEdkif&eftwGuf vdktyfaomowif;tcsuf
tvufrsm; &±Sdap&eftvdk@iSm xdkuav;.rdbrsm;ESifh tjcm;rdom;pk0ifrsm;
tm; vdkufvH±SmazGjcif;rsm;/ xdkuav;tm; ulnDumuG,fay;jcif;rsm;udk
axmufyahH y;&rnf? tu,fI xdu k av;.rdbrsm;ESihf tjcm;rdom;pk0ifrsm;udk
±SmazGrawG@awmhonfhtcgrsKd;wGif xdkuav;tm; ,ckpmcsKyfwGifazmfjyxm;
aom enf;trsK;d rsK;d a=umifh rdom;pkb0ESihf ,m,Djzpfap/ xm0&jzpfap uif;
a0;aeaom tjcm;uav;rsm;ESihf wef;wlaom umuG,af pmifah ±Smufr_ cHpm;
ap&rnf?
Ttydk'fwGif 'kuQonfuav;rsm;onf TpmcsKyfyg uav;tcGifh
ta&;rsm;udk tjcm;uav;rsm;wef;wl cHpm;EdkifcGifh±Sdap&eftjyif EkdifiHwum
'kuQonfOya'rsm;wGifyg0ifaom 'kuQonfqdkif&m tjcm;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk
vnf; cHpm;cGifh±Sdap&eftwGuf tpdk;&uwm0ef,l ulnDaqmif±Gufay;oifh
a=umif; qdkxm;onf?
'kuQonfqdkonfrSm rdrd.wdkif;jynf&if;wGif EdkifiHa&;cH,lcsufa=umifh
jzpfap/ bmoma&;/ vlrsKd;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;tkyfpk0ifjzpfaoma=umifhjzpfap rdrd
wdkif;jynfwGif ta&;,ljcif;cH&rnfjzpfaom odk@r[kwf xdkodk@ta&;,lcH&rnfh
tE W&m,f±Sdaomolrsm;udk qdkvkdjcif;jzpfonf? rdrdae&if;wkdif;jynfxuf ydkrdk
aumif;rGeaf om b0rsK;d &±Szd @kd tcGit hf vrf;±SmazG&eftwGuf xGuvf maomol
rsm; od@k r[kwf rdrw d ikd ;f jynf±dS Edik if aH &;pepfukd rESpo
f uf¶o
kH ufoufjzifh xGuf
vmaomolrsm;udk 'kuQonftjzpf rqdkEdkifyg? 'kuQonftjzpf todtrSwfðy
cHEdkif&eftwGuf xdkolrsm;onf tjypfay;ta&;,l cH&aomolrsm; odk@r[kwf
wdkif;jynftwGif; qufvufaexdkifygu xdkodk@tjypfay; ta&;,lcH&rnfh t
ajctae/ tE W&m,frsKd; qdkufa&mufEdkifaom olrsm;jzpfa=umif; oufaot
axmuftxm; cdkifvHkpGmjyoEdkif&ef vdktyfonf?
'kuo
Q nfrsm;ESiyhf wfoufonfh Edik if w H umOya'rsm;xJwiG f ta&;t
}uD;qH;k aomtcGit hf a&;rSm xd'k u k o Q nfrsm;tm; olw@kd .b0ESihf vGwvf yfru_ kd
81
CRC.pmd 81 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

tE W&m,fjzpfaprnfh EdkifiH&if;odk@ twif;t=uyfjyefvnfydk@aqmifjcif;rS um
uG,af y;aom tcGit hf a&;yifjzpfonf? xdt k cGithf a&;t& 'kuo Q nfrsm; xGuf
ajy;cdvk cH_ ahJ omEdik if rH S tm%mydik rf sm;onf 'kuo Q nfrsm; tE &W m,fóuHawG@Eikd f
rnfh Edik if &H if;qDo@kd twif;t=uyf jyefy@kd aqmifjcif;rðyEdik af y? xdt k cGit
hf a&;rsm;
ESifhywfoufI 1951 ckESpf 'kuQonfrsm;tqifhtwef;qdkif&m EdkifiHwumo
abmwlpmcsKyfwGif wdwdusus a&;om;xm;onfudk avhvmEdkifonf?
cdkv_HcGifhav#mufxm;olqdkonfrSm rdrdtm; 'kuQonftjzpf todt
rSwfðyoifhonf[k ,Hk=unfxm;+yD; 'kuQonftjzpf todtrSwfðy rcH&ao;
aomolrsm;udk qdv k o kd nf? xdok rl sm;onf 'kuo Q nfrjzpfao;aomfvnf; t
csKdŒtcGifhta&;rsm;udk &±SdcHpm;cGifh±Sd+yD; txl;ojzifh 'kuQonftjzpf av#muf
xm;ydik cf iG Ehf iS hf 'kuo Q nftjzpf todtrSwðf yr_ukd rqH;k jzwf&ao;cif xdo k rl sm;
tm; EdkifiH&if;odk@ twif;t=uyf jyefvnfydk@aqmifjcif;rsm;rS umuG,fr_rsm;
cHpm;ydkifcGifh±Sdonf?
uav;oli,ftcGit hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf. tyd'k (f 22)t&
'kuo Q nfuav;i,frsm;onf olw@kd . rdbrsm;ESihf wuJw G jym;jzpfaeonfw h ikd f
atmif 'kuQonfqdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;tm;vHk;udk cHpm;ydkifcGifh±Sdonf[k qdk
xm;onf? rdbrsm;ESifh wuJGwjym;jzpfaeonfhwdkifatmif 'kuQonftcGifht
a&;rsm;udk cHpm;cGifh±Sdonf[k txl;azmfjyxm;jcif;rSm tcsKdŒEdkifiHrsm;.Oya'
rsm;wGif uav;i,frsm;. 'kuQonftqifhtwef;udk qHk;jzwf&mwGif xdku
av;rdbrsm;. 'kuQonftqifhtwef;tay:rlwnfI owfrSwfqHk;jzwfavh±Sd
aoma=umifhjzpfonf? xdkOya't& rdbrsm;tm; 'kuQonftjzpf todt
rSwðf ycH&ygu xdrk b d .&ifaoG;rsm;rSm tvdt k avsmuf 'kuo Q nftjzpf tod
trSwfðycH&+yD; vrf;c&D;wGifrdbrsm;aysmufqHk;/ aoqHk;oGm;aom uav;i,f
rsm; od@k r[kwf rdbrsm;rygbJ xGuaf jy;vmcJ&h aom uav;rsm;rSm 'kuo Q nf
tjzpf av#mufxm;cGifhr±Sdawmhacs? tydk'f(22)u xdkodk@Oya'rsKd;udk wm;jrpf
xm;+yD; rdbrsm;rygbJ wOD;wnf;xGufajy; wdrf;a±Smifvmaom uav;rsm;
onfvnf; 'kuQonftjzpf cHpm;cGifhðy&ef azmfjyxm;onf?
82
CRC.pmd 82 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

'kuQonfrsm;qdkif&m r[mrif;}uD;±Hk;u xkwfjyefxm;aom tazmf
rygonfh uav;i,frsm;ESifhywfoufI udkifwG,fajz±Sif;&rnfh vrf;!$efcsuf
pmtkyfwGif touf(15)ESpftxuf uav;i,frsm;tm; tu,fI olwdk@
wdkif;jynfodk@jyefygu tjypfay;ta&;,l cH&rnfhta=umif;tcsuf tE W&m,f
rsm;±Sd r±Sd oD;jcm;ar;jref;+yD;rS xdu k av;. 'kuo Q nftqift h wef;udk oD;oef@
qH;k jzwfay;&rnf[k vrf;!$ex f m;onf? xd@k jyif rdbESit hf wlwuGr[kwaf om
touf(15)ESpfatmuf uav;i,frsm;onf 'kuQonftjzpf vufcHtodt
rSwfðyxdkufaom ta=umif;tcsufrsm;ESifhjynfhpHkaom oltrsm;pkESifhtwl
a&muf±Sdvmygu xdkuav;i,fonfvnf; 'kuQonfjzpfxdkufonf[k qdk
xm;onf?
rlvae&if;wdkif;jynfodk@ twif;t=uyfjyefvnfydk@aqmifjcif;rS um
uG,af y;a&;qdo k nfth csurf v S I GJ 'kuo Q nfuav;i,frsm;. tcGit hf a&;onf
tjcm;uav;i,frsm;. tcGifhta&;ESifh tajccHtm;jzifh twlwlyifjzpfonf?
'kuQonfuav;rsm;onfvnf; ynmoif=um;cGifh/ usef;rma&; tapmifht
a±SmufcH,lydkifcGifh/ 'kuQonfpcef;twGif;arG;zGm;aom uav;yifjzpfap arG;
pm&if;rSwfyHkwif&±SdcGifh/ t=urf;zufr_ESifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&m xdcdkufcHpm;cJh&aom
uav;rsm;twGuf jyefvnfemvefx tpDtpOfrsm; cHpm;cGifhwdk@tygt0if
tjcm;uav;oli,fqikd &f m tcGit hf a&;rsm;udv k nf; cHpm;cGi±hf odS nf? tu,f
I 'kuo Q nfuav;wa,mufonf rdbrsm;ESihf wuJw G jym;jzpfaeygu xdrk b d
rsm;ta=umif; owif;rsm;udo k ±d cdS iG /hf xdrk b
d rsm;ESihf qufo, G cf iG Ehf iS hf jyefvnf
qHkawG@cGifhrsm;&±Sdatmif ulnDaqmif±Gufay;&rnf?
ÐÐÐÐÐ
83
CRC.pmd 83 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

tyd'k f (23)
roefrpGr;f aomuav;rsm;
(1) pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf pdwfydkif;qdkif&mESifh ±kyfykdif;qdkif&m

roefrpGr;f jzpfaeaomuav;rsm;taejzifh olw@kd .*k%o f ud mQ ±Sad &;/ uk,
d t
hf m;
ud,k u f ;kd vdpk w d f wd;k wufa&;ESihf ywf0ef;usit f wGi;f wufºuGpmG yg0ifvmapa&;
wdk@udkæ
(2) tmrcHaomtajctaersK;d ±So d nfh oifw h ihaf vsmufywf+yD; jynfph kH
aomb0rsKd; cHpm;oifha=umif; todtrSwfðy&rnf?
(3) pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf roefrpGr;f uav;rsm;. txl;apmifh
a±Smufc, H yl ikd cf iG u
hf kd todtrSwðf y&rnfth jyif &±SEd ikd af omt&if;tjrpfrsm;t&
xdkodk@cH,lydkifcGifh ±Sdaomuav;rsm;ESifh xdktxl;apmifha±Smufr_twGuf wm0ef
±So
d rl sm;udk tm;ay;jcif;jzifh uav;.tqift h wef;/ uav;rdbrsm; od@k r[kwf
xdkuav;tm; apmifha±Smufaeaomolrsm;. tajctaersm;ESifhudkufnD+yD;
oifhwifhavsmufywfaom ulnDaqmif±Gufay;r_rsm; tjrifhrm;qHk;&±Sdatmif
84
CRC.pmd 84 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

vkyfaqmifay;&rnf?
(4) roefrpGr;f uav;rsm;. txl;vdt k yfcsuu f kd todtrSwðf yonfh
tm;avsmfpGm txufygtydk'fcJG(2)wGif azmfjyxm;aom tultnDrsm;ay;
&mwGif rdbrsm;ESihf tjcm;apmifah ±Smufay;olrsm;. b¾ma&;tajctae udk
xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;I jzpfEikd yf gu xdt k ultnDrsm;onf tcrJjh zpfap&rnf? xd@k
jyif xdt k ultnDrsm;onf roefrpGr;f uav;rsm;twGuf vlra_ &;aygi;f pnf;r_
ESihf xdu k av;.,Ofaus;r_EiS hf pm&dwyW ikd ;f qkid &f m zH@G òzd;wd;k wufrr_ sm;tyg t0if
wOD;csi;f zH@G òzd;wd;k wufru _ kd tpGr;f ukeEf iS hf tjzpfEikd q f ;kH &±Sd atmifjrifapEdik af om
ynma&;rsm;/ oifwef;rsm;/ use;f rma&;apmifah ±Smufr_ tpDtpOfrsm;/ jyefvnf
emvHxa&; tpDtpOfrsm;/ tvkyv f yk Ef ikd &f eftwGuf jyifqifay;r_rsm;ESihf tyef;
ajztem;,l&ef tcGit hf vrf;rsm;udk tusK;d t±Sq d ;kH &,lcpH m;Edik af p&eftwGuf
jyifqifaqmif±Gufay;&rnf?
(5) pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf Edik if w H umyl;aygi;f aqmif±u G rf _ pdwf
"mwfEiS t hf nD pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;. vkyaf qmifEikd rf p_ rG ;f &nfrsm;/ u|r;f usif
r_rsm; wdk;wufapa&;twGuf roefrpGrf;uav;rsm;ESifhywfoufaom um
uG,jf cif;qdik &f m use;f rma&;apmifah ±Smufrr_ sm;ESihf jyefvnfemvHxa&;qdik &f m
tpDtpOfrsm;ta=umif;/ oufarG;0rf;ausmif; tpDtpOfrsm;ta=umif;wdk@ESifh
oufqdkifonfhaq;ynmqdkif&m/ pdwfydkif;qdkif&mESifh vkyfaqmifEdkifr_ pGrf;&nf
qdkif&mukxHk; ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk oifhavsmfovdk owif;zvS,fjcif;rsm;
wdk;wufatmif vkyfaqmifay;&rnf?
roefrpGrf;aomuav;rsm;wGif txl;tcGifhta&;rsm;±Sdonf[k T
tyd'k w f iG f azmfjyxm;onf? roefrpGr;f r_qo kd nfrmS omrefuav;rsm; aexdik f
onfb h 0twdik ;f raeEdik af tmif cE<mud, k Ef iS phf wd yf ikd ;f wd@k tm; jyif;jyif;xefxef
ESihf xm0&xdcu kd af ponfjh y\em[k t"dym` ,fziG ahf vh±o dS nf? wcsKŒd uav;rsm;
onf arG;&myg roefrpGr;f olrsm;jzpfavh&+dS yD; tcsKŒd rSm rawmfwqxdcu kd rf E_ iS hf
a&m*gwdk@a=umifh arG;zGm;+yD;rS roefrpGrf;jzpfoGm;olrsm;vnf;±Sdonf? uav;
oli,frsm; roefrpGrf;jzpfapaom tjcm;tcsufrSm ppfyJGtwGif; '%f&m&±Sd
85
CRC.pmd 85 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

jcif;/ rdik ;f eif;rdjcif;a=umifh ud,
k t
f *F gtpdwt f ydik ;f rsm; csKŒd wJoh mG ;aomtjzpfyif
jzpfonf? aemufxyfwcsurf mS ydv k , D akd &m*g umuG,af q; rxd;k onft h wGuf
roefrpGrf;jzpfjcif;jzpfonf?
vHkavmufaomt[m&r&bJ csKŒd wJhr_a=umifh uav;rsm;roefrpGrf;
jzpf&jcif;rsKd;vnf; ±Sdygonf? txl;ojzifh tdkiftdk'if;"mwfESifh ADwmrif"mwf
rsm;csKŒd wJrh a_ =umifh urBmay:±Sd uav;i,foed ;f aygi;f rsm;pGmonf ESppf OfEpS w f ikd ;f
rsufrjriftjzpfodk@ a&muf±Sdaevsuf±Sdonf?
,cktydk'f(23)wGif t"duazmfjyxm;aomtcsufrSm roefrpGrf;
uav;i,frsm;onfvnf; olw@kd .*k%o f u
d mQ udk rxdcu kd af ponfh “oifw h ihf
avsmufywf+yD;jynfhpHkaomb0” udk &±SdcHpm;cGifh±Sdonfqdkaom tcsufyifjzpf
onf? xd@k tjyif roefrpGr;f uav;rsm;taejzifh ud, k u
hf u kd ,
kd f tm;ud;k &yfwnf
vmEdkif&efESifh vlr_ywf0ef;usif. v_yf±Sm;r_rsm;wGif wufºuGpGmyg0ifvmap&ef
twGuf vdktyfaom tcGifhta&;rsm;&±Sdap&ef vkyfaqmifay;&rnf[kvnf;
qdkxm;ygonf? olwdk@udk,fwdkif vkyfaqmifvmatmif avhusifhoif=um;Edkif
onfh vkyfief;rsm;wGif tjcm;olrsm;tay:wGifom rDScdktm;xm;ae&r_rsm;/
roefrpGrf;onfhtcsufa=umifh tcsKdŒaomynm&yfrsm;udk avhvmoif,lcGifh
rðyr_rsm; rusifhoHk;oifhay?
Ttydk'fwGif roefrpGrf;uav;i,frsm;onf txl;umuG,fapmifh
a±Smufrr_ sm;vdt k yfonf[k azmfjyxm;+yD; xd@k twGuaf =umifh tpd;k &onf xdu k
av;rsm;ESifh rdbrsm;tm; vdktyfaomtultnDrsm;jzpfonfh aq;0g;t
axmuftyhHrsm;/ jyefvnfemvefx
a&; tpDtpOfrsm;ESifh txl;ynm
oif=um;a&;tultnDrsm;/ tvkyf
oifwef;rsm;/ tm;upm;/ ,Ofaus;
r_ tpDtpOfrsm;ESihf tjcm;tyef;ajz
r_rsm;wGif yg0ifEdkifaprnfh tcGifht
vrf;rsm;udk axmufyaHh y;&ef wm0ef
86
CRC.pmd 86 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

±Sda=umif; twdtusazmfjyxm;onf? jzpfEdkifygu xdkodk@axmufyHhay;aom
txl;tultnDrsm;onf tcrJhjzpf&rnf[k Ttydk'fuqdkxm;onf?
pmcsKyfudk vufrSwfa&;xkd;xm;onfh tzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;t=um; xdkodk@
uav;rsm; roefrpGr;f jzpfapr_ukd umuG,af y;Edik o
f nfh owif;tcsut f vuf
rsm;ta=umif;/ jyefvnfemvHxa&; tpDtpOfrsm;ta=umif;ESifh txl;ynm
oif=um;a&; enf;ynmrsm;ta=umif;udk wEdkifiHESifhwEdkifiHt=um; tjyeft
vSefzvS,fr_rsm; vkyfaqmifoifha=umif; ,cktydk'fu wdkufwGef;xm;onf?
od@k ro
S m roefrpGr;f jzpfaeaom uav;i,frsm;twGuf taumif;qH;k ESihf t
jzpfEdkifqHk;aom ulnDaxmufyhHay;r_rsm; axmufyhHay;Edkifvdrfhrnfjzpfonf?
ÐÐÐÐÐ
87
CRC.pmd 87 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

tyk'd f (24)
usef;rma&;apmifah ½SmufrKS cHpm;ydik cf iG hf
(1) pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf uav;rsm;. usef;rma&;tqifht

wef;rsm;udk tjrifrh m;qH;k &±Scd pH m;cGit
hf m; todtrSwðf y&rnfjzpf+yD; ruse;f rm
zsm;emr_rsm;udk ukoay;jcif;ESihf jyefvnfemvHx xlaxmifvmapa&;twGuf
axmufyhHay;jcif;rsm; vkyfaqmifay;&rnf? pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf rnf
onfu h av;wa,mufrS xdu k se;f rma&;apmifah ±Smufrr_ sm;udk rcHpm;&jcif; r±Sd
&apatmif txl;tmrcHay;&rnf?
(2) pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf xdktcGifhta&;rsm;udk tpGrf;ukef/
tjynfht0 taumiftxnfazmfay;Edkifap&eftwGuf txl;ojzifh æ
(u) arG;uif;p&ifaoG;aoqHk;r_ESifh uav;i,frsm;. aoqHk;r_rsm;
udk avsmhenf;ap&ef?
(c) tajccHusef;rma&;apmifha±Smufr_rsm; wdk;wufapa&;udktxl;
tav;xm;I uav;wdkif;twGufvdktyfaom usef;rma&;ulnDr_
88
CRC.pmd 88 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

ESifh apmifha±Smufr_rsm; axmufyhHay;jcif;rsm;ukd tmrcH&ef?
(*) vuf±Sd±Sdaeaom twwfynmudk toHk;csjcif;ESifh obm0ywf
0ef;usif npfnrf;r_.tE &W m,fEiS hf tem*wfwiG jf zpfvmEdik rf nfh +cdr;f
ajcmufrr_ sm;udv k nf; xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;+yD; vHak vmufaom t[m&
tpm;tpmrsm;/ oef@±Sif;vHkavmufaom aomufoHk; a&rsm; yhHydk;
ay;jcif;wdk@rSwqifh tajccHusef;rma&;apmifha±Smufr_ESifh tóuH;0if
aom a&m*grsm;ESifh t[m&csKdŒwJhr_wdkŒudk wdkufzsuf&ef?
(C) rdcifrsm;twGuf uav;rarG;zGm;rSED iS hf arG;zGm;+yD;tcsed u f mvwd@k
wGif oifah vsmaf om use;f rma&;apmifah ±Smufrr_ sm; &±Sad pa&;twGuf
tmrcHay;&ef?
(i) vlr_todkif;t0dkif;. tpdwftydkif;tm;vHk;udk txl;ojzifh rdb
rsm;ESihf uav;rsm;tm; uav;use;f rma&;ESihf t[m&zH@G òzd;a&;/ Ed@k csKd
wdu k af u|;jcif;. tusK;d aus;Zl;rsm;/ wud, k af &oef@±iS ;f r_/ ywf0ef;usif
oef@±iS ;f r_rsm;ta=umif;ESihf rawmfwq xdcu kd 'f %f&m&±Srd r_ sm; wm;
qD;r_rsm;ESiyhf wfoufaom tajccHA[kow k rsm;udk ay;Edik o f nfh ynm
a&;rsm;&±Sdap&eftwGuf tmrcHay;&ef?
(p) usef;rma&;twGuf óudwifumuG,fr_rsm;/ rdom;pkpDrHudef;rsm;
ESifhaxmuf yHhay;r_rsm;twGuf rdbrsm;tm;vrf;!$efay;r_rsm; wdk;
wufvmap&ef tp±So d nfw@kd ukd oifah vsmo f vdk vkyaf qmifay;&rnf?
uav;wdkif;onf tjzpfEdkifqHk;ESifh taumif;qHk;aom usef;rma&;
apmifha±Smufr_ESifh aq;ukor_cH,lydkifcGifh±Sdonf? xdkodk@aom usef;rma&;apmifh
a±Smufrc_ yH ikd cf iG &hf ±Sad p&ef tpd;k &. vkyaf qmifay;&rnft h csurf sm;udk Ttyd'k f
(24)wGif ±Sif;vif;pGm azmfjyxm;onfudk awG@Edkifonf?
yxrOD;qH;k tpd;k &taejzifh vkyaf qmifay;&rnf[k azmfjyxm;aom
tcsurf mS arG;uif;p&ifaoG;aoqH;k r_ (Infant mortality) ESihf uav;i,frsm;.
aoqH;k r_(Child mortality) wd@k avsmyh g;atmif vkyaf qmifay;&efjzpfonf? arG;
uif;p &ifaoG;aoqH;k r_qo dk nfrmS arG;zGm;vm+yD;aemuf toufwESprf jynfch if
89
CRC.pmd 89 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

uav;i,frsm; aoqH;k r_ukd qdv k jkd cif;jzpfonf? uav;i,frsm;. aoqH;k r_qkd
onfrmS toufig;ESprf jynfah om uav;i,frsm; aoqH;k r_uq kd v
kd o
kd nf? xdu
k
av;touft±G,fESpfrsKd;udk t"duxm;azmfjy&jcif;rSm xdktouft±G,ft
wGif;±Sdaom uav;rsm;onf txl;Eke,fvSaom t±G,frsm;jzpfonfhtjyif
‚if;wdk@aoqHk;&aom a&m*grsm;rSmvnf; tvG,fwul umuG,fwm;qD;Edkif
aom a&m*grsm; jzpfaeaoma=umifhjzpfonf?
tpdk;&u vkyfaqmifay;oifhonf[k azmfjyxm;aom aemufxyf
tcsurf mS uav;i,fwikd ;f aq;0g;apmifah ±Smufr_ cH,yl ikd cf iG jhf zpfonf? Ttyd'k f
(24)wGif azmfjyxm;onfh aq;0g;apmifha±Smufr_ cH,lydkifcGifhqdkonfrSm tajc
cHusef;rma&; apmifha±SmufcGifhudk qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf? xdktajccH usef;rma&;
apmifha±Smufr_wGif usef;rma&;ppfaq;r_rsm;/ umuG,faq;xdk;ay;r_rsm;ESifh
uav;i,frsm;t=um;wGif tjzpfrsm;onfh a&m*grsm;twGuf aq;0g;rsm;
ay;jcif; ponfwdk@udkqdkvdkonf? wcgw&HwGif tpdk;&taejzifh jynfolrsm;t
=um;wGif tjzpfrsm;aoma&m*grsm;udk ukoay;Edkifrnfh usef;rma&;apmifh
a±Smufr_rsm;tm; ydkrdkaumif;rGefatmif vkyfaqmifay;oifhovm;/ odk@r[kwf
acwfrDwdk;wuf+yD; aiGa=u;tukeftusrsm;aom enf;ynmrsm;ESifh uko&ef
cufcaJ om a&m*grsm;uko&ef aemufq;kH ay: enf;ynmaq;enf;rsm;udk 0,f
,l&rvm; ponfhtcsufESpfcsuft=um;wGif qHk;jzwfcsufcs&cufonfh tajc
taersKd;vnf; ±Sdwwfonf? tydk'f(24)t& xdkodk@a±G;cs,fp&mjzpfvmygu
wdkif;jynftwGif;±Sd vltenf;i,ftwGuf vdktyfaom acwfrDaq;0g; enf;y
nmrsm;xuf vltrsm;twGuf tajccHusaom use;f rma&;apmifah ±Smufru _ kd
vHkvHkavmufavmuf yhHydk;ay;r_tm; OD;pm;ay;&rnf[k qdkxm;onf?
xdk@jyif t[m&csKdŒwJhr_ESifh a&m*gxlajymr_rsm;udk wdkufzsufEdkif&ef
twGuf t[m&jynf0h aomtpm;tpmESihf oef@±iS ;f aomaomufo;kH a&rsm;udk
vlwdkif;&±Sdap&ef tpdk;&u tmrcHjznfhqnf;ay;&rnf[k Ttydk'fu qdkxm;
ygonf? xdkodk@oef@±Sif;aoma&/ avESifht[m&jynfh0aom tpm;tpmrsm;
&±Sdap&eftwGuf obm0ywf0ef;usifnpfnrf;r_udk tav;xm;aqmif±Guf&
90
CRC.pmd 90 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

rnfjzpfa=umif;vnf; azmfjyxm;onf? urBmay:wGif uav;i,frsm;tm;
trsm;qH;k aoqH;k aponfh a&m*gEpS rf sK;d rSm 0rf;a&m*gEiS hf touf±v ª rf;a=umif;
qdik &f m a&m*grsm;jzpfojzifh xdak &m*grsm; ul;pufjyef@ymG ;apEdik rf nfh tpm;tpm/
a&ESiahf vwd@k oef@±iS ;f ap&eftwGuf tpd;k &uaeI txl;*±kpu kd f vkyaf qmifay;
&ef vdt k yfonf?
tpdk;&u vkyfaqmif&efazmfjyxm;aom pwkwWtcsufrSm uav;
rarG;zGm;rSED iS hf arG;zGm;+yD;tcsed u f mvwd@k wiG f rdcifrsm;taejzifh aumif;rGeaf om
use;f rma&;apmifah ±Smufrr_ sm; &±Sad p&eftwGuf tpd;k &uaeI tmrcHay;&rnf
[laom tcsuyf ifjzpfonf? ud, k 0f efaqmifaepOftwGi;f ud, k 0f efaqmifrcd if
tm; oifw h ifah umif;rGeaf om use;f rma&;apmifah ±Smufay;jcif;jzifh arG;zGm;vm
rnf&h ifaoG;. use;f rma&;udv k nf; aumif;rGeaf pEdik o
f nf? rarG;zGm;rSD use;f rm
a&;apmifha±Smufr_qdkonfrSm usef;rma&; rSefrSefppfaq;r_rSpI arG;zGm;&cufcJ
Edkifonfh jy\emrsm;udk prf;oyfppfaq;ukoay;jcif;/ ar;cdkifumuG,faq;
xdk;ay;jcif;/ tyef;ajztem;,lapjcif;ESifh t[m&jynfh0apjcif;wdk@ yg0ifonf?
arG;zGm;+yD;aomumvwGif rdcifjzpfoltm; vdktyfaomusef;rma&; apmifh
a±Smufr_rsm; axmufyHhay;jcif;rSmvnf; ta&;}uD;aom vkyfaqmifr_wckyif
jzpfonf? od@k ro S m rdciftaejzifh arG;zGm;vmonfh uav;i,ftm; aumif;rGef
pGm apmifha±SmufEdkifayrnf?
tpd;k &taejzifh aemufxyfwm0ef±adS o;aom tcsuw f ckrmS uav;
i,frsm;ESifhrdcifrsm;tm; usef;rma&;ynmay;jcif;yifjzpfonf? usef;rma&;y
nmay;&mwGif t[m&jynfh0a&;ta=umif;/ wudk,fa& oef@±Sif;r_ta=umif;
ESifh rawmfwqxdcdkufr_rsm;ta=umif;ESihf ywfoufonfh owif;tcsuft
vufrsm; yg0ifoifhonf? rdbrsm;udk rdcifEdk@wdkufjcif;ta=umif;ESifh rdom;pk
pDrHudef;rsm;ta=umif; odaumif;p&m owif;rsm;ta=umif; today;&rnf?
uav;wOD;ESiw hf OD;arG;zGm;csed f eD;uyfveG ;f ygu rdcif.use;f rma&;udk xdcu kd af p
Edkifonf? rdcifusef;rma&; xdcdkufvmygu &ifaoG;jzpfol. usef;rma&;udkyg
xdcdkufaponfqdkaom usef;rma&;todynmay;r_rsKd; rdom;pktwGif; od±Sd
91
CRC.pmd 91 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

atmifvkyfaqmifay;&rnf? yxruav;ESifh wESpfcJGcef@jcm;+yD; arG;zGm;vm
aom aemufxyfuav;i,fonf ESpEf pS /f oH;k ESpcf ef@jcm;+yD;rS arG;zGm;vmaom
uav;xuf aoqH;k E_e;f ESpq f ydrk sm;onfqakd om owif;tcsurf sm;udk trsm;
odap&rnf?
Ttydk'fwGif uav;jzpfol.usef;rma&;udk tE W&m,fjzpfaprnfh
a±S;±d;k pOfvm aq;rD;wdu k xk ;kH rsm; yaysmufap&eftwGuf tpd;k &taejzifh óud;
yrf;aqmif±Gufay;&ef azmfjyxm;onf?
xdktcsufudk xnfhoGif;&jcif;.&nf±G,fcsufrSm uav;i,f. udk,f
cE<mtpdwt f ydik ;f wckcu
k kd bmoma&;ta=umif;a=umif;a=umifjh zpfap/ tjcm;
aom &nf±G,fcsufjzifhjzpfap jzwfawmufaom"avhrsm; yaysmufoGm;ap&ef
jzpfonf? od@k wikd af tmif tcsKŒd Edik if rH sm;wGif tysKad zmf/ vlysKad zmf0ifonfh txdr;f
trSwftcrf;tem;rsm;Y ukd,fcE<mtpdwftydkif;tm; jzwfawmufaom"avh
rsm;udk ,ae@xdwdkif usifhoHk;aeqJjzpfonf?
ÐÐÐÐÐ
92
CRC.pmd 92 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

tyk'd f (25)
uav;apmifah ½Smufxm;onfXh mersm;tm; tcsderf eS rf eS pf pfaq;jcif;
pGr;f aqmifEikd o f nfh tm%mydik rf sm;u ±kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f mESihf pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m
use;f rma&;uko&ef/ umuG,af y;&efEiS hf apmifah ±Smufay;&ef &nf±, G cf surf sm;
jzifh ae&mwckwiG f apmifah ±Smuf&eftwGuq f ;kH jzwfI tyfEx HS m;aom uav;
rsm;wGif ‚if;wd@k tay: qufqu H o
k aer_rsm;ESihf ‚if;a&muf±adS eaom ae&mESihf
oufqikd of nfh tjcm;tajctaersm;tay: tcsed u f mvtydik ;f tjcm;tvdu k f
ppfaq;cHydkifcGifh±Sdonfudk pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;u todtrSwfðy&rnf?
Ttyd'k w f iG yf g0ifaom tcsurf sm;rSm rdbrJah *[m/ vli,foifwef;
ausmif;uJhodk@aom uav;rsm;tm; apmifha±Smufxm;onfh ae&mXmersm;Y
a&muf±Sdcdkv_Hae&aom uav;rsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;jzpfonf? uav;rsm;
tm; xdak e&mXmersm;wGif yd@k aqmif&aom ta=umif;tcsurf sK;d pHk ±Sw d wfonf?
wcsKŒd uav;rsm;rSm rdbrsm;u*±krpdu k f vspv f sL±_aoma=umifh od@k r[kwf ESyd f
93
CRC.pmd 93 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

pufaeaoma=umifh aetdrfrSaeI xdka*[mrsm;odk@ ydk@aqmifxm;&aom u
av;rsm;jzpfonf? wcsKŒd rSm uav;jzpfoo l nf ±kyyf ikd ;f pdwyf ikd ;f roefrpGr;f jzpf
aeI rdom;pku rapmifha±SmufEdkifbJ a*[mwGif vma&muftyfESHxm;aom
uav;rsm;vnf;±Sdonf? wcsKdŒuav;rSmrl rl;,pfaq;0g;pJGaeaoma=umifh
rl;,pfaq;0g;jzwfawmuf&eftwGuf xdak e&mod@k a&muf±adS eaom uav;rsK;d
vnf;±Sdonf? wcsKdŒrSm rdbrsm;u pGef@ypfxm;aoma=umifh apmifha±Smufol
rJjh zpfaeI a&mufvmjcif;rsK;d vnf;±So d nf? ±kyyf ikd ;f ESihf pdwyf ikd ;f csKŒd ,Gi;f r_a=umifh
ESihf aq;0g;apmifah ±Smufrc_ ,H &l ef vdt
k yfaoma=umifh a&mufvmaomuav;
rsm;udk trsm;tm;jzifh aq;±HkESifh tjcm;txl;Xmersm;wGif apmifha±Smufxm;
avh±Sdonf? umuG,fapmifha±Smuf&ef vdktyfaomuav;rsm;ESifh rdbrsm;u
ðypkapmifah ±Smuf&ef rwwfomojzifh a&muf±v dS maomuav;rsm;udk uav;
a*[mrsm;wGif xm;±Sdavh±Sdonf? tydk'f(25)wGifyg0ifaom uav;apmifh
a±Smufxm;onfhXmersm;wGif a&muf±Sdcdkv_Haeaom uav;rsm;. tcGifht
a&;onf xdak e&mESprf sK;d pvH;k wGif a&mufaeaom uav;rsm;twGujf zpfonf?
xdkodk@ae&mrsm;wGif a&muf±Sdaeaom uav;rsm;tm; rnfuJhodk@qufqHae
onfqakd omtcsuu f kd ppfaq;r_rsm; ðyvkyaf y;&rnft h jyif xdu k av;i,ftm;
xm;±Sdonfhae&mESifh ywfoufonfh tcsuftvufrsm;tm;vHk;udkvnf; ppf
aq;ay;&rnf[k Ttydk'fu qdkxm;onf?
xdkodk@qdkxm;aomfvnf; tcsdefrnfr#=um=umwGif rSefrSefppfaq;&
rvJ/ rnfolawGu wm0ef,lppfaq;&rvJ/ rnfonfhtcsuftvufrsm;udk
pHkprf;ppfaq;&rvJqdkaom ar;cGef;rsm;twGuf EdkifiHwumESifhudkufnDrnfh t
ajzr±Sad o;yg? od@k aomf t"dutcsurf mS uav;rsm;udk uav;a*[mrsm;ESihf
oifwef;ausmif;rsm;wGif tyfESHxm;vdkuf¶Hkjzifh rjynfhpHkao;yg? xdktyfESHxm;
aom uav;rsm;.tajctaeESihf olw@kd .tcGit hf a&;rsm;tay: xdak e&mrsm;±Sd
wm0ef±Sdolrsm;u trSefwu,f av;pm;r_±Sdr±Sd/ uav;.*k%foduQmtwkdif;
qufqHr_±Sdr±Sdwdk@udk tcsdefrSefrSefavhvmpHkprf;r_rsm; ðyvkyf&rnfqdkaom t
csufjzpfonf?
94
CRC.pmd 94 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

aq;zufqikd &f mukor_EiS hf pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f mtultnDrsm; vdt k yfaom
a=umifh xdkae&mrsm;odk@ ydk@aqmifxm;aomuav;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI pHkprf;
&rnfhtcsufrsm;rSm xdkuav;rsm;tay: ukoay;aeaom ukor_yHkpHonf
uav;rsm; trSew f u,fvt kd yfaomukoyHk [kwrf [kw/f xdo k @kd uo
k r_a=umifh
wd;k wufaumif;rGev f mjcif; ±Srd ±Sq
d akd omtcsurf sm; jzpfayvdrrhf nf? apmfum;
cHxm;&aomuav;rsm;tm; apmifha±Smufxm;aom a*[mrsm;udk ppfaq;
&mwGif xdu k av;rsm;cHpm;cJ&h aom ±kyyf ikd ;f ESiphf w d yf ikd ;f qdik &f m emusicf pH m;cJ&h r_
rsm;tm; ajzazsmufEdkifonfh tultnDrsm;jzpfrjzpf pHkprf;&efvdktyfonf? r
oefrpGr;f jzpfaom uav;rsm;a*[mwGif pHpk rf;ppfaq;rnfqykd gu uav;rsm;
tm; qufqHyHkonf tydk'f(23)wGifqdkxm;onhf uav;rsm;udk,fhtm;udk,f
udk;I ywf0ef;usifwGif wufºuGpGm yg0ifapEdkifatmif vkyfaqmifay;Edkifonfh
qufqHenf;rsm; [kwfr[kwfudk t"duxm;ppfaq; pHkprf;&rnfjzpfonf?
xdok @kd qufqyH kH qufqeH nf;rsm;omru xdak *[mrsm;wGi±f adS om ae
xdkifr_ tajctaersm;udkvnf; ppfaq;&efvdktyfonf? xdkuav;rsm;tm;
au|;aomtpm;tpmrsm;onf t[m&jynfhrjynfh/ t0wftpm;rsm;onf
oef@±Sif;r_±Sdr±Sd/ &moDOwkESifhudkufnDr_±Sdr±Sd/ oif=um;aeaomynma&;rsm;
aumif;raumif;/ uav;rsm;. pdwyf ikd ;f ESiv hf rl a_ &;qdik &f m vdt k yfcsurf sm; jznfh
qnf;ay;Edkifjcif;±Sdr±Sd/ uav;rsm;tyef;ajzupm;cGifh±Sdr±Sd/ uav;rsm;tay:
t=urf;zufrr_ S umuG,af y;jcif;±Srd ±Sd qko d nft h csurf sm;tjyif uav;rsm;t
ay: vdifydkif;qdkif&mtygt0if tjcm;aomtjrwfxkwfr_rsm; ±Sdaeovm; qdk
aomtcsufrsm;udk ppfaq;&efvdktyfonf?
aemufxyfppfaq;&ef vkt d yfaomtcsurf mS xdu k av;tm; xdak e&m
wGif qufvufxm;±Sd&ef vdkrvdk[laom tcsufyifjzpfonf? xdktcsufrSm
tjcm;tcsufrsm;ESifh wef;wlta&;}uD;vSonf? TpmcsKyfygtydk'f(9)wGif u
av;rsm;tm; rvdktyfbJ rdbrsm;ESifhwoD;wjcm; cJGxm;jcif;rðy&[k qdkxm;
onf? tu,fI uav;jzpfou l kd vdt k yfaomta=umif;tcsuf tajctae
t& rdbrsm;ESiw hf oD;wjcm;pD cJx G m;&aomjy\em aemufxyfqufvufr±Sd
95
CRC.pmd 95 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

awmhygu xdkuav;tm; rdb&if;xH jyefvnfv$Jajymif;ay;&awmhrnf jzpf
onf? tydk'f(25)wGif xdkae&mrsKd;odk@ a&muf±Sdvmaom uav;rsm;tm;
oGefoifqHk;r&mwGif olwdk@.todkif;t0dkif;twGif; tqifajyajyjzifh jyefvnf
aexdik Ef ikd &f ef &nf±,
G I
f oGeo
f ifay;&rnf[k vrf;!$ex
f m;onf? xd@k twGuf
a=umifh xdkXmersm;wGif usifhoHk;aomuav;rsm;tm; qufqHyHkqufqHenf;
rsm;onf xdk&nf±G,fcsufrsm;twdkif; [kwfr[kwf pHkprf;ppfaq;avhvm&ef
vdktyfjcif;jzpfonf?
ÐÐÐÐÐ
96
CRC.pmd 96 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

tyd'k f (26)
vlrKS zlvakH Mu; (Social Security)
(1) pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf uav;wdik ;f wGif vlrt _ mrcHa=u;rsm;

tygt0if vlr_zlvHka=u;rsm;. tusKd;rsm;cHpm;cGifh±Sdonfudk todtrSwfðy&
rnf? xdk@jyif xdktcGifhta&;tm; tjynfht0em;vnfoabmaygufap&eft
wGuf vdt k yfaomvkyaf qmifrr_ sm;udk Edik if aH wmfOya'rsm;ESit hf nD vkyaf qmif
ay;&rnf?
(2) xdktusKd;rsm;udk cHpm;cGifhðy&mwGif uav;ESifhuav;tm; xdef;
odr;f apmifah ±Smuf&ef wm0ef±adS omolrsm;.ºuG,0f r_EiS hf tajctaersm;tjyif
uav;.udk,fpm; ay;tyfr_ESifhoufqdkifaom tjcm;xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;p&m
tcsufrsm;ukdvnf; oifhavsmfygu xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonf?
vlr_zlvHka=u;qdkonfrSm rawmfwqxdcdkufr_rsm;ESifh obm0ab;
'%frsm;a=umifh 'kuQa&mufolrsm;udk tultnDay;Edkif&ef tmrcHxm;aom
pepfuakd c:onf? tvkyv f yk o f w l ikd ;f taejzifh vlrt
_ mrcHciG u
hf kd rjzpfraeay;&+yD;
97
CRC.pmd 97 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

xdv k rl t _ mrcHa=u;udk tvkyv f yk o
f El iS thf vky±f iS u f cJaG 0r#ay;&avh±o dS nf? xdk
vlrz_ v l akH =u;onf tcsKŒd Edik if rH sm;wGif usio hf ;kH aomtpd;k &rS tvkyrf ±So d rl sm;udk
apmifah ±Smufonft h aejzifh ulnaD y;tyfaom tpDtpOfrsm; (Public welfare)
rsm;ESifhrwlyg? vlr_zlvHka=u; tpDtpOfrsm;onf tvkyfr±Sdaom jynfolrsm;/
tcsed jf ynfw h nf+rJaom tvkyrf ±Sad omolrsm;twGuf tpd;k &uaxmufyaHh om
aiGa=u;jzpfygonf?
tcsdefjynfh tvkyfvkyfaomolrsm;onf ±kwfw&ufjzpfyGm;aom r
awmfwq ta=umif;wckcak =umifh xdt k vkyu f kd c%wmjzpfap/ xm0&jzpfap
qufvuf vkyfudkifEdkifjcif;r±SdawmhbJ &yfwhHvdkuf&v#if odk@r[kwf tem;,l
vdkuf&v#if xdkol.qHk;±_H;r_udk umuG,fay;Edkif&eftwGuf vlr_zlvHka=u; ay:
aygufvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf? vlr_zlvHka=u;xnfhoGif;xm;ol tvkyform;w
a,mufonf ud, k 0f efaqmifonft h cg/ zsm;emonft h cg/ rawmfwq xdcu kd f
'%f&m&onfhtcg/ aoqHk;oGm;onfhtcg/ udk,ft*F gcsKdŒ,Gif;xdcdkufoGm;onfh
tcg/ touft±G,}f uD;jrifo h mG ;onft h cgEiS hf tvkyrf ±Sad wmhonft h cgwŒkd wGif
xdo k o l nf use;f rma&;apmifah ±Smufc, H yl ikd cf iG Efh iS hf xdo k t
l vkyv f yk pf Ofu&aom
0ifaiGvpm. yrm%tcsKdŒw0ufudk tenf;qHk; &±SdcGifh±Sdonf? xdkodk@ pDpOf
aqmif±u G af y;jcif;. &nf±, G cf surf mS tvkyv f yk af eaom rdom;pkwpktaejzifh
±kwfw&ufjzpfyGm;cJhaom tajctaewckcka=umifh 'kuQwGif;odk@ csufcsif;us
a&mufroGm;ap&efjzpfonf?
omrefvlŒtodkif;t0dkif;rsm;wGif tvkyfrvkyfEdkifaom olrsm;tay:
ulnaD pmifah ±Smufonfw h m0efukd rdom;pk/ aqGrsK;d / bmoma&;tzJ@G rsm;ESihf a'
otwGif;±Sd =oZmtm%m±Sdolrsm;u wm0ef,lavh±Sdonf? tultnD t
axmuftyHh vdt k yfaomolw@kd tay: ywf0ef;usiu f 0dik ;f 0ef;axmufyaHh y;onfh
xdyk pkH rH sK;d udk ,ckwikd f a'otrsm;tjym;wGif usio hf ;kH vsu±f odS nf? ,ckaqG;aEG;
aeonfh vlr_zlvHka=u;qdkonfrSm EdkifiHawmf.Oya'jzifh jyXmef;owfrSwfxm;
aom axmufyaHh =u;jzpf+yD; xdak xmufyrHh a_ iGa=u;. yrm%wcsKŒd w0ufukd Edik if H
awmftpd;k &u pdu k xf w
k uf n l &D jcif;jzpfonf? xdjk yXmef;xm;aomOya'u xdk
98
CRC.pmd 98 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

vlrz_ v l akH =u; tpDtpOfwiG f rnfonft h vkyu f v kd yk u
f ikd af om tvkyo f rm;0ef
xrf;rsm;om yg0ifEikd af =umif;ESihf xdzk v l akH =u;cHpm;cGiw hf iG f rnfonft h usK;d aus;
Zl;rsm;yg0ifa=umif; owfrSwfjyXmef;xm;avh±Sdonf?
vlr_zlvHka=u;udk cHpm;&oltawmfrsm;rsm;onf t±G,fa&muf+yD;
aom vl}uD;rsm;jzpfaomfvnf; xdkcHpm;&aom tusKd;aus;Zl;onf xdkol.
rdom;wpkv;kH udyk g oufa&mufr±_ o dS nf? tu,fI puf±w kH ±Hak '0gvcD vH ukd &f
ojzifh zcifwa,muf tvkyðf ywfomG ;ygu xdzk cif&±Scd pH m;&onfh vlrz_ v l akH &;
cHpm;cGio hf nf xdo k l aemufxyftvkyo f pfr&ciftxd xdo k . l rdom;wpkv;kH t
ay: ulnDaxmufyhHay;&ma&mufonf? tvkyfvkyfaeaom rdcifwa,muf
vkyfief;cGifwGif rawmfwq '%f&m&±SdoGm;I &uftwef=um tvkyfrqif;
Edik af wmhojzifh xdrk cd iftvkyo f rm; &±Scd pH m;&onfh vlrz_ v l akH =u;aiGonf xdrk d
om;pktm; pkaqmif;xm;or#tm;vH;k xkwo f ;kH &aomtjzpfrsK;d ra&mufatmif
ulnDay;Edkifonf?
tcsKŒd aomtajctaersK;d wGif vlrz_ v l akH =u;cHpm;cGio hf nf uav;rsm;
tay: ydrk w kd u
kd ±f u
kd uf n l aD xmufyaHh y;onfukd awG@&onf? Oyrm - rdom;pkwiG f
t"duaiG±Smau|;aeaomolwOD; aoqHk;oGm;ygu usefcJhaomrdom;pk0ifrsm;
ESifh uav;rsm;onf xdkaoqHk;oGm;ol &±SdcJhaomvpm0ifaiGudk uav;rsm;
ausmif;wufaeonfu h mvywfv;kH cHpm;ydik cf iG ±hf o dS nf? xd@k jyif ud, k 0f efaqmif
rdcifwOD;tm; rD;rzGm;rDSESifhrD;zGm;t+yD; udk,f0efaqmifrD;zGm;cGifh ay;jcif;onf
olr arG;zGm;vmonfh &ifaoG;tay: txl;ulnDay;&ma&mufonf? xdkrdcif
tem;,lEdkifrSom arG;zGm;vmaom&ifaoG;. usef;rma&;ESifh tjcm;vdktyf
onfht&mrsm;udk ðypkapmifha±SmufEdkifrnfjzpfojzifh xdkcHpm;cGihfonf uav;
tay: txl;axmufyHhay;&ma&mufonf?
ÐÐÐÐÐ
99
CRC.pmd 99 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

tyd'k f (27)
oihw
f ifah vsmufywfaom vlaerSKtqift
h wef; &½Scd pH m;cGihf
(1) uav;.±kyfydkif;/ pdwfydkif;/ oDvydkif;/ pm&dwWydkif;ESifh vlr_zGH@òzd;wdk;

wufr_wdk@twGuf vHkavmufaomtajctae±Sdonfh vlaer_tqifhtwef;udk
dS nfukd pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;u todtrSwðf y&rnf?
uav;wdik ;f cHpm;cGi±hf o
(2) uav;zHG@òzd;wdk;wufa&;twGuf vdktyfaomaexdkifr_ tqifht
wef;rsm;&±Sad p&eftwGuf uav;.rdbrsm; od@k r[kwf tjcm;aomwm0ef±o dS l
rsm;onf ‚if;wdk@wGif±SdaompGrf;&nfrsm;ESifh b¾maiGa=u;tajctaersm;t
vdkuf t"duwm0ef±Sdonf?
(3) ,cktcGifhta&;rsm;udk EdkifiH.tajctaersm;ESifh owfrSwfxm;
csurf sm;ESithf nD uav;jzpfo&l ±Sad p&eftwGuf ±kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f m taxmuftyhH
rsm;/ ulnrD t _ pDtpOfrsm;/ txl;ojzifh t[m&/ t0wftpm;ESihf aetdrrf sm;
ESifhywfoufI rdbrsm;ESifh tjcm;wm0ef±Sdolrsm;tay: ulnDr_rsm;udk pmcsKyf
tzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;u oifhavsmfovdk vkyfaqmif&rnf?
(4) pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf EdkifiHwGif;wGif±Sdaom odk@r[kwf t
jcm;EdkifiHwGif±Sdaom uav;.rdbrsm; odk@r[kwf uav;tm;aiGa=u;t&
100
CRC.pmd 100 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

axmufy&Hh ef wm0ef±o dS rl sm;.axmufyrHh r_ sm; uav;xHa&muf±adS p&eftwGuf
oifhavsmfovdk enf;vrf;rsKd;pHkjzifh aqmif±Gufay;&rnf? txl;ojzifh uav;
tm; aiGa=u;axmufy&Hh ef wm0ef±o dS o l nf uav;±Sad eaomEdik if w
H iG rf [kwb
f J
tjcm;Edik if w H iG ±f adS eygu pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf Edik if w H um oabmwlnD
csurf sm;udk vufrw S x f ;kd jcif;/ xdo k abmwlncD surf sm;udk a&;qJjG cif;ESihf tjcm;
oifah vsmaf om pDpOfaqmif±u G rf r_ sm;udk wk;d wufatmif vkyaf qmifay;&rnf?
Ttyd'k (f 27)wGif uav;wdik ;f onf ‚if;wd@k .±kyyf ikd ;f / pdwyf ikd ;f / oDv
ydik ;f / pm&dwyW ikd ;f ESihf vlrz_ @HG òzd;wd;k wufrw _ @kd twGuf vHak vmufaom tajctae
±Sdonfh vlaer_tqifhtwef;udk &±SdcHpm;cGifh±Sdonf[k azmfjyxm;onf?
vlaer_tqifhtwef;[kqdkvdkufv#if tcsKŒd u rdom;pk0ifaiGudkqdkvdk
onf[k oabmayguf=uavh±Sdonf? a,bl,stm;jzifhvnf; 0ifaiGaumif;
aumif;±Sdaomrdom;pkonf vlaer_tqifhtwef;aumif;aumif;jzifh aexdkif
Edik af vh±odS nf? 0ifaiGaumif;olrsm;om vlaer_tqift h wef; aumif;aumif;
cHpm;cGifh±Sdaev#if qif;&Jaomrdom;pkrsm;onf vlaer_tqifhtwef;cHpm;cGifh
r±Sad om toGirf sK;d jzpfaeonf? xd@k a=umifh qif;&Jaom rdom;pkrsm;jzpfapum
rl xdkrdom;pkrsm;vnf; oifhwifhavsmufywfaom b0twGufvdktyfonfh
tajccHvdktyfcsufrsm; cHpm;Edkif&eftwGuf tpdk;&uvkyfaqmifay;&ef vdktyf
onf? tpd;k &u xdo k @kd tajccHvrl t _ qift h wef;rsm;udk wajy;nDjznfq h nf;ay;
ygu 0ifaiGaumif;aom rdom;pkrsm;taejzifv h nf; rdom;pktwGi;f ±Sd &ifaoG;
rsm;twGuf xdktajccHvdktyfcsufrsm;ESifhywfouf+yD; pdk;&drfylyefp&m vdkawmh
rnfr[kwfacs?
aexdkifr_tqifhtwef;qdkonfrSm uav;.±kyfydkif;qdkif&m zHG@òzd;wdk;
wufrE_ iS yhf wfoufaom aetdr/f t0wftxnf/ tpm;tpm/ a&ESihf vHòk cHaom
obm0ywf0ef;usiw f @kd ukd qdv k okd nf? òydusqq J jJ zpfaeaom/ ºuGu/f jcif/ ,if
wdk@jzifh jynfhaeaom/ v#yfppfrD;óud;rsm; ayguf+yJaeaom/ eH&Haq;rsm;uGmae
aom/ tE W&m,f±SdaomavScg;rsm;ESifh jywif;aygufrsm;±Sdaeaom/ roef@±Sif;
aoma&ykwrf sm;/ trdu _ yf rkH sm;ESiehf ;D uyfaeaom/ obm0ywf0ef;usif npfnrf;
101
CRC.pmd 101 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

aeaom aetdrrf sK;d onf uav;rsm;twGuf ±kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f m zH@G òzd;wd;k wufatmif
b,fvdkrSzefwD;ay;Edkifrnfr[kwfyg? xdk@jyif obm0ab;tE W&m,frsm;ESifh r
=umc%&ifqikd óf uHawG@ae&aom ae&ma'orsK;d onfvnf; uav;rsm;twGuf
oifw h ifah vsmufywfaom vlaer_tqift h wef;rsK;d jzpfEikd rf nfr[kwyf g? t[m
&ESijhf ynfph akH om tpm;tpmrsm;/ oef@±iS ;f aom a&aumif;a&oef@/ vHòk cHaom
upm;uGif;wdk@rSmvnf; uav;rsm;twGuf ±kyfydkif;qdkif&m zHG@òzd;wdk;wufap&ef
vdktyfaom t&mrsm;yifjzpfygonf?
pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m zH@G òzd;wd;k wufa&;twGuf vdt k yfaomtajctae t
qift h wef;rsm;rSm uav;rsm;. ±kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f m zH@G òzd;wd;k wufa&;twGuf vdt k yf
aomt&mrsm;ESifh rsm;pGmuGmjcm;jcif;r±Sdyg? txl;ojzifh t[m&ESifhjynfhpHk
aom tpm;tpmrsm;&±Sad &;ESihf npfnrf;aom obm0ywf0ef;usirf S uif;a0;
a&;wd@k onf ±kyyf ikd ;f ESiphf w d yf ikd ;f zH@G òzd;wd;k wufr_ ESprf sK;d pvH;k twGuf vdt k yfaom
t&mrsm;yifjzpfonf? uav;. pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m zH@G òzd;wd;k wufa&;twGuf owd
ðy&rnft h csurf mS rdcifu, kd 0f efaqmifaepOfumvtwGi;f tE &W m,fjzpfaprnfh
"mwfa&mifjcnfrsm;/ "mwkypPn;f ESihf rxdawG@rad p&ef jzpfonf? pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m
zH@G òzd;wd;k wufra_ ES;auG;jcif;jzifh arG;zGm;vmaom uav;trsm;pkonf rdcifjzpf
olu ud, k 0f efaqmifcsed t f wGi;f roH;k pJo G ifah om aq;0g;rsm;oH;k pJaG oma=umifh
vnf;aumif;/ vkyfief;cGiftwGif "mwkaq;0g;rsm;jzifh tvkyfvkyfudkif&aom
a=umifhvnf;aumif; t&ufESifhaq;vdyfudk tvGeftu|H aomufoHk;aom
a=umifhvnf;aumif; jzpf&onf[k aq;okawoersm;uqdkonf?
xdtk csut f jyif uav;.pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m zH@G òzd;wd;k wufapa&;twGuf
vdt k yfaom tjcm;tcsurf sm;vnf;±Syd gao;onf? Oyrm - uav;tm; *±k
wpdkufjzifh pum;rsm;ajymay;jcif;/ ayG@zufcsDacsmhjrLay;jcif;/ Edk;aepOftcsdeft
wGif; twlupm;ay;jcif;wdk@onf uav;tm;pdwfydkif;qdkif&m zHG@òzd;wdk;wufr_
tm;aumif;aponf[k avhvmolrsm;uqd=k uonf? xdo k @kd *±kpu
kd cf spcf ifacsmh
jrLr_rsK;d rcHpm;&aomuav;rsm;onf tjcm;uav;rsm;xuf zH@G òzd;wd;k wufr_
aES;auG;onfukd awG@&onf? xd@k jyif touft±G,}f uD;vmaomuav;rsm;.
102
CRC.pmd 102 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m oefprG ;f ap&eftwGuf upm;enf;rsm; upm;cGiahf y;jcif;/ *DwoD
csif;rsm; em;axmifapjcif;/ pmtkyfrsm;zwf±_cGifh±Sdjcif;ESihf rdbarmifESpfrrsm;u
=uifemaEG;axG;pGm tm;ay;jcif;rsm; vdktyfvSonf?
vlrz_ @GH òzd;wd;k wufa&;qdo k nfrmS rdwAW v wd;k wufjrifrh m;vmapa&;udk
qdv k o kd nf? tjcm;olrsm;ESihf aumif;rGeaf omqufqaH &; wnfaqmufwwfr_
tygt0if taygi;f toif;0ifqef@onfh rdwAW vjynf0h a&;udk wd;k wufaumif;
rGeaf tmif vkyaf qmifay;&efvt kd yfonf? rdru d ,
kd u f ,kd =kH unfr±_ adS om/ tjcm;
olrsm;udk ,H=k unfwwfaom/ aygi;f oif;qufqw H wfaom/ tcuftcJukd t
rsm;ESifhyl;wJGajz±Sif;wwfaom/ tjcm;ol.qENudk,lwwfaom/ pkaygif;vkyf
aqmifwwfaom/ tjcm;olrsm;udkav;pm;wwfaom/ rdrdwm0efrdrdaus¹yGef
aom uav;rsm;jzpfvmap&eftwGuf avhusiyhf sK;d axmifay;&rnf?xdo k @kd aom
t&nftaoG;rsm; wd;k wufjrifrh m;vmapa&;twGuf uav;rsm;onf tjcm;
oufwl±G,fwl uav;rsm;tygt0if tjcm;olrsm;ESifh tjyeftvSefqufqH
r_±&dS ef vdt k yfonf? tjcm;olrsm;ESiyhf wfoufI rnfo@kd qufq&H rnf/ tcuf
tcJjzpfvmygu rnfuo hJ @kd ajz±Si;f &rnf[al om t}uHOm%frsm;udk teD;uyfay;
&ef vdt k yfonf? wcsKŒd uav;pdwyf nm±Sirf sm;.tqdt k & uav;rsm;tm;us
twkcdk;apEdkifrnfh pHjyvlrsm;±Sdygu uav;rsm;taejzifh ydkrdkwdk;wufxGef;um;
Edik o f nf[k od&onf? uav;rsm;tm; rw&m;apmfum;jcif;/ vspv f sL±_ypfy,f
xm;jcif;ESifh tjcm;aomenf;rsm;jzifh rw&m;qufqHjcif;wdk@udk umuG,fay;
&ayrnf?
oDvydik ;f qdik &f mESihf pm&dwyW ikd ;f qdik &f m zH@G òzd;wd;k wufrw _ @kd onf wckEiS hf
wck qufpyfaeonf? pm&dwyW ikd ;f qdik &f m zH@G òzd;wd;k wufrq _ okd nfrmS trSm;ESit hf
rSeu f kd cJjG cm;odjrifem;vnfaom todw&m;rsm; wd;k wufjcif;udk qdv k jkd cif;jzpf
onf? oDvydik ;f qdik &f m zG@H òzd;wd;k wufrq _ okd nfrmS ±ky0f g'rD [kwb f J b0.wefz;kd /
tusio hf v D ydik ;f qdik &f mudk wefz;kd xm;wwfaom todpw d zf @GH òzd;r_ukd qdv k o kd nf?
c&pf,mef/ Ak'<bmomESifh tpPvmrfbmomw&m;rsm;wGif oDvydkif;qdkif&m
zH@G òzd;wd;k wufrq _ o kd nfrmS bk&m;ociftm; ouf0if,=kH unfrE_ iS hf bmomw&m;
103
CRC.pmd 103 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

udkif;±_dif;r_wdk@udk qdkvdkonf? [dENLbmomESifh tjcm;aomrd±dk;zvmudk;uG,f
onfh bmomw&m;wd@k wiG f oDvydik ;f qdik &f m zH@G òzd;wd;k wufrq _ o kd nfrmS ewfbk
&m;rsm;,Hk=unfr_ESifh xdkbk&m;rsm;tay: wm0efaus¹yGefr_jzpfonf?
bma=umifh uav;rsm;. pm&dwEW iS o hf v
D ydik ;f qdik &f m zH@G òzd;wd;k wuf&ef
vdk tyfygovJ[k ar;cGe;f xkwaf umif;xkwEf ikd yf gonf? xdak r;cGe;f udk ajzaomt
ajzonf bma=umifu h av;rsm;. ±kyyf ikd ;f / pdwyf ikd ;f ESihf vlrz_ @GH òzd;wd;k wufrr_ sm;
vdktyfygovJ [laomar;cGef;udk ajzqdkonfhtajzavmuf ±Sif;±Sif;vif;vif;
±SdcsifrS±Sdayvdrfhrnf? odk@aomf uav;rsm;tm; trSm;ESifhtrSef a0zefydkif;jcm;
wwfap&eftwGuf oif=um;ay;&ef vdt k yfonfqakd omtcsuu f kd rnfou l rS
apm'uwuf=urnfr[kwyf g? xd@k jyif atmifjrifr/_ ausm=f um;r_w@kd uo kd m wyf
ruf+yD; oDvrJhaeaomtjzpfrsKd; ra&mufap&eftwGuf uav;rsm;udk qHk;r&
rnfqo kd nfukd vlwikd ;f vufcx H m;=uygonf? xd@k twGuaf =umifh pm&dwyW ikd ;f ESihf
oDvydik ;f qdik &f m zH@G òzd;wd;k wufatmif vkyaf qmifay;&jcif;jzpfygonf? bmom
w&m;udk ,H=k unfaomrdbrsm;u olw@kd .ouf0if,=kH unfr¶_ o dS nft h wdik ;f u
av;rsm;,Hk=unfwwfvmatmif/ bmoma&;tpOftvmrsm;wGif yg0ifwwf
vmatmif qH;k ryJjh yifwwf=uonf? bmomw&m; tqH;k trrsm;ESihf rnD!w G f
onft h &mrsm;tay: twkc;kd I uav;rsm;vrf;rrSm;oGm;&atmif oGeo f ifq;kH
rr_rsm;udk vkyfaqmifay;jcif;onf uav;rsm;. pm&dwWESifhoDvydkif;qdkif&m
zHG@òzd;wdk;wufatmif vkyfaqmifay;jcif;yifjzpfonf?
Ttydk'f(27)wGif uav;rsm;zHG@òzd;wdk;wufap&eftwGuf vdktyf
aomaexdkifrt _ qifhtwef;rsm; &±Sdap&eftwGuf rdbrsm;wGif t"duwm0ef
±Sdonf/ rdbrsm;u twwfEdkifqHk; jznfhpGrf;ay;&rnf[k azmfjyxm;onf? t
u,fI rdbrsm;u xdw k m0efukd rxrf;aqmifEikd o f nft h cgrsK;d wGif xdo k @kd vt
kd yf
aom rdom;pkrsm;udk Edik if aH wmftpd;k &u tpm;tpm/ t0wftxnfEiS hf tdrf
,mtultnDrsm; axmufyhHay;&rnf[kvnf; qdkxm;onf? xdkodk@ulnD
axmufyhHr_rsm;. yrm%onf oufqdkif&mvlr_todkif;t0dkif;. vdktyfcsuf/
&nf±G,fcsufrsm;ESifh vdkufavsmnDaxGjzpf&ef vdktyfonf?
104
CRC.pmd 104 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

tyd'k f (28)
ynmoifMum;cGihf
(1) pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf uav;rsm;. ynmoif=um;cGifhudk

todtrSwðf y&rnfth jyif xdtk cGit hf a&; wd;k wufr±_ pdS mG jzifh atmifjrifap&efEiS hf
wef;wltcGifhtvrf;rsm;tay: tajccHEdkif&eftwGuf txl;ojzifhæ
(u) tajccHtqifyh nmudk roifrae&ESihf vlwikd ;f tcrJw h ufa&muf
Edkifapatmif vkyfaqmif&ef?
(c) tv,fwef;ynmudk taxGaxGEiS hf toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynm
&yfrsm;tygt0if tjcm;aomenf;vrf;trsK;d rsK;d wd@k Y wd;k wufvmap
a&;twGuf tm;ay;axmufcHr_rsm; vkyaf qmif&ef/ xdt k csurf sm;udk
uav;wdik ;f tvG,w f ul oif=um;Edik af p&ef/ vdt k yfaom uav;rsm;
twGuf tcrJhynma&;ESifh ynmoifaxmufyhHa=u;rsm;ay;jcif; p
onfwdk@udk oifhavsmfovdkvkyfaqmif&ef?
(*) ynmoif=um;&efowfrw S x
f m;aom vdt k yfonfh t&nftcsi;f
105
CRC.pmd 105 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

ESifhjynfhpHkolrsm;tm;vHk;tqifhjrifhynma&;udk oif=um;Edkifapa&;t
wGuf vkyfaqmifay;&ef?
(C) ynma&;ESifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynm&yfqdkif&m owif;t
csuftvufrsm;ESifh vrf;!$efr_rsm;udk uav;rsm;tm;vHk; &±SdtoHk;
ðyEkdifap&eftwGuf vkyfaqmifay;&ef?
(i) yHrk eS af usmif;wufru _ kd tm;ay;jcif;ESihf ausmif;xGuEf e_ ;f rsm; avsmh
usa&;twGuf vkyfaqmifjcif;rsm; vkyfaqmifay;&ef?
(2) ausmif;rsm;wGif toHk;ðyaeaomausmif;pnf;urf;rsm;onf u
av;. *k%o f ud mQ ESiuhf u
kd n
f +D yD; ,ckoabmwlpmcsKyfwiG f azmfjyxm;onht f
csufrsm;ESifh vdkufavsmnDaxG±Sdap&eftwGuf pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;taejzifh
oifhavsmfaom vkyfaqmifr_rSefor#udk vkyfaqmif&rnf?
(3) pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf ynma&;ESiyhf wfoufI txl;ojzifh
wurBmvHk;wGif vspfvsL±_r_rsm;ESifh pmrwwfr_yaysmufa&;twGuf vdktyf
aom tusKd;ðyvkyfaqmifjcif;rsm;ESifh ody`HESifhpufr_ynmqdkif&m A[kokwrsm;
ESifh acwfrDoif=um;a&; enf;pepfrsm;udk yhHydk;ay;jcif;rsm;ESifhywfoufI EdkifiH
wum. yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufr_ wdk;wufatmifvkyfjcif;/ tm;ay;tm;ajr‡muf
ðyvkyfjcif;rsm;udk vkyfaqmif&rnf?
uav;rsm;. ynmoif=um;cGihfESifh xdkynma&;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;
ESiyfh wfoufI tpd;k &uvkyaf qmifay;&rnfh tcsurf sm;udk Ttyd'k (f 28)wGif
azmfjyxm;onf?
uav;wdik ;f onf rlvwef;ynmudk tcrJo h if=um;cGi±hf adS =umif; ,ck
tyd'k wf iG f wdwu d susazmfjyxm;onf? uav;wdik ;f onf tedrq hf ;kH tqift h ae
jzifh rlvwef;ynmudk tcrJEh iS rhf oifrae& oif=um;cGi±hf o dS nf[k qdx k m;onf?
xdkr#ru uav;wdkif;onf tqifhjrifhynmESifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynm
rsm;udk oif=um;Edik &f eftwGuf tcGit hf vrf;rsm;vnf;±S&d rnf[k qdx k m;onf?
tu,fI tv,fwef;ynmonf tcrJhr[kwfygu axmufyhHa=u;vdktyf
aomuav;oli,frsm;tm; ynmoifaxmufyhHa=u;rsm;udk axmufyhHay;&
106
CRC.pmd 106 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

rnf[k Ttyd'k w f iG af zmfjyxm;onf? uav;rsm;ausmif;xGujf cif;udk wm;qD;
Edkif&eftwGuf vdktyfaomvkyfaqmifcsufrsm; ðyvkyf&rnfhtjyif ynmoif
=um;a&;qdik &f m tcGit hf vrf;rsm;udv
k nf; uav;wdik ;f od±adS tmif vkyaf qmif
ay;&rnfjzpfonf? EdkifiHawmftpdk;&onf wuUodkvfaumvdyfrsm;odk@ wuf
a&muf&ef t&nftcsif;jynfhrDolrsm;taejzihf ausmif;wufa&mufoif=um;
Edkif&eftwGuf vdktyfovdk pDpOfr_rsm;vkyfaqmifay;&rnfjzpf+yD; tqifjrifh
ynma&;tqifhwdkif;wGif ody`HynmESifhpufr_ynm&yfrsm;qdkif&m A[kokwrsm;
tm; avhvmEdkifatmif pDpOfay;&efwm0ef±Sdonf?
,cktydk'f(28)wGif ynma&;tqifh jrifhrm;wdk;wufapa&;twGuf
acwfrDynmoif=um;ydk@csenf;rsm;udk EdkifiHESihft0Srf; oif=um;ydk@csEdkifa&;t
wGuf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rsm;u pGrf;aqmifay;&ef wdkufwGef;Edk;aqmfxm;onf?
xdk@jyif ,cktydk'fwGif ausmif;rsm;YcsrSwfxm;aom pnf;rsOf;pnf;
urf;rsm;onf uav;rsm;. tcGifhta&;ESifh*k%foduQmudk xdcdkufysufjym;ap
aom pnf;urf;rsm;rjzpfap&ef owday;xm;onf?
ÐÐÐÐÐ
107
CRC.pmd 107 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

tyd'k f (29)
wefz;kd ½Sad omynma&;
(1) pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;taejzihf uav;rsm;. ynma&;tm;

atmufygtwdkif;jzpfatmif vrf;!$efay;&rnf?
(u) uav;. ud, k &f nfu,kd af oG;/ ADZxl;c|erf E_ iS hf pdwyf ikd ;f ±kyyf ikd ;f t
&nftcsif;rsm;udk tjynfh0 qHk;xkwfazmftoHk;csEdkifr_ wdk;wufzHG@òzd;
vmapa&;?
(c) vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh tajccHvGwfvyfcGifhrsm;tjyif ukvor*~.
yÉdnmOfwiG yf g±adS om tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;tay: av;pm;r_rsm;
wdk;wufzHG@òzd;vmapa&;/
(*) uav;.rdbrsm;/ uav;. udk,fydkif,Ofaus;r_ 0daoorsm;/
bmompum;ESifhwefzdk;rsm;/ uav;aexdkifaom wdkif;jynftwGif;
od@k r[kwf uav;.Edik if &H if;±Sd Edik if aH wmfwefz;kd vuQ%mrsm;ESihf u
av;.udk,fydkif vl@,Ofaus;r_rsm;ESifh rwluJGjym;onfh tjcm;vl@,Of
108
CRC.pmd 108 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

aus;rsm;tm;vHk;tay: av;pm;wwfr_rsm; wdk;wufzHG@òzd;vmapa&;?
(C) vGwv f yfaom vl@todik ;f t0dik ;f twGi;f em;vnfr/_ +idr;f csr;f r_/
pdw±f n S rf /_ vdit f &wef;wlnrD /_ wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;/ Edik if oH m;rsm;/ bm
oma&;tkypf rk sm;ESihf rl&if;XmaevlrsK;d aemufc±H adS omolrsm;tygt0if
vlom;tm;vH;k t=um; csp=f unf&if;ES;D r_ponfh pdwx f m;rsm;ESihf wm
0ef±Sdaom b0wcktwGuf jyifqifay;jcif;?
(i) obm0ywf 0 ef ; usif u d k av;pm;wef z d k ; xm;r_ r sm; wd k ; wuf
zHG@òzd;vmapa&;?
(2) Ttydk'fESifh tydk'f(28)wdk@wGifyg0ifaom rnfonfhtcsufurS
wOD;wa,mufcsif; odk@r[kwf Xmewck. ynma&;qdkif&mausmif;rsm; wnf
aqmufjcif;ESifh pDrHcef@cJGjcif;wdk@ESifhywfoufaom vGwfvyfcGifhudk xdyg;aESmuf
,Sufjcif;rðy? xdkausmif;rsm;onf Ttydk'fcJG(1)wGif azmfjyxm;aom o
abmw&m;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHawmfu csrSwfjyXmef;xm;aom tedrfhqHk;tqifht
wef;rsm;ESifh udkufnDr_±Sd r±Sd avhvmEdkif&eftwGuf xdkausmif;rsm;tm; t+rJ
wrf;apmifh=uyfr_rsm; vkyfaqmifEdkifonf?
tydk'f(28)wGif uav;rsm;. ynmoif=um;cGifhta=umif; azmfjy
xm;ovdk ,cktydk'f(29)wGif xdkuav;rsm; cH,loif=um;oifhaom ynm
a&;trsKd;tpm;ta=umif; ±Sif;vif;wifjyxm;onf? Ttydk'fwGifyg0ifaom
tyd'k cf iGJ g;ckpvH;k wGif ausmif;rsm;Y rnfonfyh nma&;yHpk rH sK;d udk yd@k csoifh onft h
a=umif; twdtusazmfjyxm;onf?
yxrOD;qH;k azmfjyxm;onfrmS uav;jzpfo. l ud,k &f nfu, kd af oG;/
ADZt&nftcsi;f xl;c|erf /_ pdwyf ikd ;f ESihf ±kyyf ikd ;f pGr;f &nfrsm;tm; tjynf0h qH;k azmf
xkwt f oH;k csEikd rf u _ kd tm;ay;onfh ynma&;yHpk rH sK;d jzpf&rnf[al om tcsujf zpf
onf? ,ciftcsed rf sm;u ausmif;ynmqdo k nfrmS ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vH;k udk
tajccHA[kow k ESihf twwfynmu|r;f usirf r_ sm; ay;&eftwGuo f m &nf±, G cf hJ
onf? ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;wGif±Sdaom yifudk,ft&nftcsif;/ pGrf;&nf
rsm;udk azmfxw k v f mEdik &f ef &nf±,
G cf jhJ cif;r±Scd ahJ y? ynmoif=um;r_ypkH rH mS vnf;
109
CRC.pmd 109 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

tcsut f vuf/ ude;f *%ef;/ ae@prGJ sm;udk tvGwu f surf w S jf cif;tay: tav;
xm;aom oif=um;avhvmr_yHkpHrsKd; jzpfcJhonf? usKd;a=umif;qifjcif oHk;oyf
wwfr_ESifh vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:pOf;pm;Edkif&eftwGuf t"dutm;ay;tav;
xm;cJjh cif;r±Scd ahJ y? wcsKŒd aomEdik if rH sm;wGif ausmif;oifcef;pmrsm;onf xdEk ikd f
iHwiG f usio hf ;kH aeaom Edik if aH &;pepf/ vlrsK;d a&;/ bmoma&;wd@k rnfr#aumif;
rGefonfhta=umif;udkom avhvmoif,l&aom yHkpHrsKd;yif jzpfaeavh±Sdonf?
,cktyd'k w f iG f &nf!e$ ;f azmfjyxm;aom ynma&;yHpk o H nf ausmif;om;rsm;.
ynma&;vdktyfcsufrsm;udk ta&;ay;oif=um;onfh ynma&;yHkpHjzpfonf?
'kwd,tydk'fcJGwGif azmfjyxm;aom ynma&;yHkpHonf ausmif;om;
rsm;taejzifh vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh tajccHvGwfvyfr_rsm;tjyif ukvor*~ yÉd
nmOfpmwrf;wGifyg0ifonfh tcsufrsm;udkyg av;pm;=uolrsm;jzpfap&ef óud;
yrf;aqmif±Gufonfh ynma&;rsKd;jzpf&rnf? ukvor*~ yÉdnmOfpmwrf;wGif
vl@tcGit hf a&;tajccH oabmw&m;rsm;/ Edik if }H uD;i,fra±G; wef;wlnrD #rq _ ikd f
&m tcGit hf a&;rsm;/ jy\emwckukd cGet f m;oH;k rajz±Si;f bJ +idr;f csr;f pGmajz±Si;f
&ef wm0efrsm;yg±o dS nft
h wGuf xdt k csurf sm;udk av;pm;vdu k ef maom Edik if o H l
Edik if o
H m;rsm; ay:xGe;f vmatmif pGr;f aqmifEikd o f nfh ynma&;rsK;d jzpf&rnf[k
Ttydk'fcJGwGif azmfjyxm;onf?
wwd,tydk'fcJGwGif ynma&;onf vlwOD;wa,muf.rdb/ EdkifiH/
tcsKyftjcmtm%m/ ,Ofaus;r_/ bmompum;ESihf vlrw _ efz;kd wd@k tay: av;
pm;*k%, f w l wfaom pdw"f mwfrsm;xGe;f um;apaom ynma&;rsK;d jzpf&rnf[k
azmfjyxm;onf?
pwkwWtydk'fcJGY ynma&;onf uav;rsm;tm; vGwfvyfyGifhvif;
aom vl@todkif;t0dkif;wGif usifvnf±SifoefEdkif&eftwGuf avhusifhjyifqif
ay;aomyHpk rH sK;d jzpf&rnf[k qdx k m;onf? vGwv f yfyiG v
hf if;aom vl@todik ;f t
0dkif;qdkonfrSm 'Drdkua&pDusaom vl@todkif;t0dkif; jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm
ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;onf Edik if aH &;pepfypkH rH sm;ESihf ,if;wd@k . vkyx f ;kH vkyf
enf;rsm;udk od±Sdem;vnf&ef vdktyfonf? ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;onf
110
CRC.pmd 110 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

'Drdkua&pDenf;vrf;wus qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csrSwfr_/ 'Drdkua&pDusifhpOfrsm;udk
em;vnfoabmayguf&rnfhtjyif vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:cGifh ajymqdkcGifhrsm;udk
vnf; rdrw d @kd touft±G,/f tajctaewd@k EiS u hf ukd n f pD mG toH;k csEikd cf iG ±hf adS om
ynma&;rsKd;jzpf&rnf[k Ttydk'fcJGwGif a&;om;xm;onf? xdk@jyif ynma&;
onf ausmif;om;ausmif;olw@kd tm; +idr;f csr;f a&;/ usm;/ rwef;wlnrD #r/_ rwl
nDaombmomw&m;/ vlrsKd;/ wdkif;&if;om;ESihf rl&if;XmaevlrsKd;rsm;t=um;
em;vnfr_/ pdwf±Snfonf;cHr_ESifh cspf=unf&if;ESD;r_wdk@jzifhom zHk;v$rf;aeaom
urBm}uD;wGif touf±Sifusifvnfaexdkif&eftwGuf jyifqifay;aom t&m
rsKd;jzpf&rnf[k qdkxm;jyefonf? ausmif;q&mq&mrESifh ausmif;oif±dk;!$ef;
wrf;pmtkyrf sm;onf wOD;udw k OD;ppfrufjzpf&ef v_@H aqmfay;aom/ trsK;d om;
ESifh trsKd;orD;wdk@t=um; yHkpHcGufcsxm;r_udk ydkrdkcdkifrmapaom/ bmomw
&m;wckonf tjcm;bmomrsm;xuf ydkrdkjrifhjrwfonf[lonfhpdwfrsKd; ayguf
zGm;apaom/ vlrsK;d rsm;/ wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;t=um; r[mvlrsK;d }uD;pdw"f mwfrsm;
xGef;um;apaomt&mrsm; rjzpfap&efudkvnf; owday;xm;onf? xdkq&m
q&mrrsm;ESifh ausmif;oif±dk;!$ef;wrf;rsm;onf rwlnDaombmoma&;ESifh
vl@abmiftzJG@tpnf;rsm;tm; ydkrdkem;vnfESpfoufvufcHaompdwfrsm;/ +idrf;
csrf;a&;ESifh usm;rwef;wlnDr#r_tay: vufcHr_rsm;xGef;um;ap&ef yhHydk;ulnD
ay;aom t&mrsm;jzpf&ayrnf? xdkodk@qdkonfhtwGuf q&m/ q&mrrsm;ESifh
ausmif;oif±dk;!$ef;wrf;rsm;onf xdkwefzdk;rsm;ta=umif;udk ydk@cs&rnf[k qdk
vdkjcif;r[kwfbJ ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;udk,fwdkif pl;prf;vdkpdwfESifh tcsif;
csi;f t=um; tjyeftvSeaf vhvmvdpk w d rf sm; ayguzf mG ;apEdik rf nfh tawG@tóuH
rsm;ESifh owif;rsm;udk yhHydk;ay;&efudkom qdkvdkonf?
yOPrtydk'fcGJY ynma&;onf obm0ywf0ef;usifudk av;pm;wefzdk;
xm;wwfapr_ukd xGe;f um;atmif vkyaf qmifay;Edik o f nfyh nma&;rsK;d om jzpf
&rnf[k aemufqHk;azmfjyxm;onf?
xdk@jyiftydk'f(29)wGif ausmif;rsm;Y rnfonfht&mrsm; oif=um;&
rnfjzpfa=umif; csrw S x f m;aom Ttyd'k w f iG yf g±odS nfh vrf;!$ecf surf sm;onf
111
CRC.pmd 111 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

yk*v~ u d ausmif;rsm; zGichf iG rhf ±S[
d k owfrw
S yf w
d yf ifxm;jcif;r[kwaf =umif; xyfrH
±Si;f jyxm;ygonf? txufwiG af zmfjyxm;aom vrf;!$ecf surf sm;udk av;pm;
vduk ef m+yD; tpd;k &uowfrw S xf m;aom vdu k ef m&rnfh vkyxf ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;t
wdkif; vkyfaqmifxm;ygu yk*~vduausmif;rsm;udk zGifhvSpfydkifcGihf±Sdonf[k qdk
xm;onf? xdo k @kd y*k v
~ u
d ausmif;rsm; zGiv hf pS cf iG o
hf nf uav;oli,frsm;pmcsKyf
ray:aygufrDuwnf;u pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&mtcGifhta&;
rsm; oabmwlpmcsKyfwGif yg±SdcJh+yD;jzpfonf?
ÐÐÐÐÐ
112
CRC.pmd 112 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

tyd'k f (30)
vlenf;pkEiS hf rl&if;XmaevlrsKd;pkuav;rsm;
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;/ bmoma&; od@k r[kwf bmompum;tenf;

pkvrl sK;d rsm; od@k r[kwf rl&if;XmaevlrsK;d rsm;wnf±adS eaom Edik if rH sm;wGif xdv k l
rsK;d pkE,
G uf av;rsm; od@k r[kwf rl&if;XmaevlrsK;d pkE, G u f av;rsm; rdr. d ud, k yf ikd f
,Ofaus;r_ukd tjcm;aomywf0ef;usit f wGi;f ±So
d rl sm;ESit hf wl aysm&f i$ pf mG cHpm;
cGi/hf rdr.d ud;k uG,af ombmomudk vufcu H siohf ;kH cGiEhf iS hf rdr.
d ud,
k yf ikd b
f mom
pum; toHk;ðycGihfwkd@udk jiif;y,fjcif;rðyap&?
tydk'f(30)wGif vlenf;pkESifh rl&if;XmaevlrsKd;pkrsm;. uav;rsm;cH
pm;cGifh±Sdonfh txl;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf? Ttydk'fwGif vl
enf;pkrsm;udk bmompum;/ udk;uG,fonfhbmomESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pk
rsm;[lI oH;k rsK;d cJjG cm;xm;onfukd awG@&onf? xdo k ;kH rsK;d teuf yxrESprf sK;d rSm
cJGjcm;&ef tvGefvG,fulonf? yxrtrsKd;tpm;jzpfonfh bmompum;t&
vlenf;pkrsm;qdkonfrSm trsm;pkajymaompum;rsKd;ESifh rwluJGjym;onfh bm
113
CRC.pmd 113 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

ompum;udak jymonfh vlenf;pkrsm;jzpf+yD; 'kw, d jzpfaom ud;k uG,o f nfbh m
omt& vlenf;pkrsm;qdo k nfrmS vlrsm;pku ud;k uG,af ombmomESihf rwluGJ
jym;aombmomtm; ud;k uG,o f rl sm;udk qdv k okd nf? wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm;
qdkonfrSm trsm;pkusifhoHk;onfh }uD;rm;aom,Ofaus;r_rsm;ESifhrwlaom "
avhEiS hf vlaer_b0rsm;±Sad om tkypf rk sm;udk qdv k o kd nf? xdo k rl sm;onf ±ky&f nf
oGifjyifrStp rwlnDuJGjym;aom ±kyfqif;oGifjyifrsm; ±Sdwwfonf?
xdok rl sm;tm; cJjG cm;owfrw S &f mwGif r=umc%qdo k vdk a&maxG;xyf
wljzpfaer_rsm; jzpfavh±Sdonf? tcsKdŒaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;wGif udk,f
ydkifpmayESifh udk;uG,fonfhbmomrsm; ±Sd=uonf? odk@&mwGif xdkvlrsKd;rsm;
onf udk,fydkifpmayudk roHk;rðyawmhbJ rdrdbmomrStjcm;bmomodk@ ul;
ajymif;oGm;cJ+h yD;jzpfaomfvnf; rdrv d rl sK;d rsm;."avhEiS hf b0yHpk rH sm;twdik ;f ae
xdkifusifh}uHvsuf±Sdaeygu xdkolrsm;onf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;yif jzpfae
vsuf±Sdonf? xdk"avhESifh b0yHkpHrsm;qdkonfrSm ±dk;&moDcsif;rsm;/ tursm;/
yHkjyifrsm;/ tm;vyf&ufrsm;/ upm;enf;rsm;/ tpm;tpmrsm;/ 0wfpm;qif
,ifyHkrsm;/ vltrsm;uvufcHxm;aom vlr_tqifhtwef;rsm;ESifh oufarG;
0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;udk qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf?
vlenf;pk (Minority) qdak ompum;.t"dym` ,frmS vlO;D a&toift h
wifhrsm;aomtkyfpkwpku wdkif;jynftwGif;odk@ 0ifa&muftajccsum bdk;pOf
abmifqufaygi;f rsm;pGm aexdik v f mcJ+h yD; xdak exdik &f mEdik if .
H Edik if o
H m;rsm;olukd
qdv k okd nf? zdvpfyikd Ef ikd if w
H iG f vma&muftajccsaexdik af om tar&duefrsm;ESihf
=opa=w;vsEikd if rH S Edik if o H m;tenf;i,favmufukd vlenf;pktjzpf rowfrw S f
Edkifyg?
tyd'k (f 30)wGif qdv k o kd nfh rl&if;XmaevlrsK;d rsm;. uav;rsm; (Indig-
enous children) qdkonfrSm wdkif;jynfwcktwGif; ordkif;rwifrDuwnf;u
tajccs aexdkifcJh=u+yD; v$rf;rdk;csKyfudkifonfh taetxm;rsKd;Yr±Sdaom vlrsKd;
rsm;rSaeI ayguzf mG ;vmaom uav;rsm;jzpfonf? xdo k rl sm;onf v$r;f rd;k csKyf
ukdifxm;aom vlrsKd;rsm;ESifhEd_if;,SOfvdkufv#if ta&twGufenf;yg;onfh t
114
CRC.pmd 114 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

wGuf xdo k w l @kd onfvnf; vlenf;pkrsm;yifjzpfaomfvnf; xdo k rl sm;ESihf tjcm;
vlenf;pkrsm;t=um; rwluJGjym;r_rsm;pGm±Sdaoma=umifh xdkolrsm;udk rl&if;Xm
aevlrsK;d rsm;[lI oD;oef@trnfay; ac:a0: jcif;jzpfonf? tjcm;vlenf;pkrsm;
ESifh rl&if;XmaevlrsKd;pkrsm;t=um; tcGifhta&;ESihfywfoufI uJGjym;aomt
csurf mS rl&if;XmaevlrsK;d pkrsm;wGif olw@kd b;kd pOfabmifquf aexdik v f mcJah om
ajr,mrsm;tm; ydkifqdkifcGifhESifh toHk;ðycGifh±Sdjcif;jzpfonf? xdkrl&if;XmaevlrsKd;
pkrsm; ud;k uG,af ombmoma&; ,H=k unfcsuo f nf xdo k rl sm;rd±;kd zvm tpOft
qufaexdkifcJhonfh ydkifeufe,fajrrsm;ESifh qufpyfaevsuf±Sdonf? Oyrm-
tar&duEdik if w H iG ±f adS om tm±Svrl sK;d rsm;onf vlenf;pkrsm;jzpf+yD; tar&duef
EdkifiHwGif±Sdaom vleD&wftif'D,ef;rsm;onf rl&if;XmaevlrsKd;pkrsm;jzpfonf?
TpmcsKyft& bmompum;/ udk;uG,fonfhbmomESifh vlrsKd;pkt&
vlenf;pkjzpfaeaom uav;i,frsm;ESihf rl&if;XmaevlrsK;d uav;i,frsm;wGif
txl;tcGit hf a&; oH;k rsK;d ±So d nf? xdt k xl;tcGit hf a&;rsm;rSm tjcm;olw@kd vl
rsK;d rsm;ESit hf wl ud, k yf ikd ,
f Ofaus;r_wiG f yg0ifaysm±f i$ cf iG /hf ud,k yf ikd b
f mompum;
rsm;tm; toH;k ðycGiEhf iS hf bmoma&;usi}hf uHu;kd uG,cf iG hf wd@k jzpfonf? xdt k xl;
tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk tpd;k &uumuG,af y;&ef vdt k yfonft h jyif tpd;k &uaeI
csK;d azmufjcif;rðy&efvnf; wm0ef±o dS nf? tpd;k &onf xdv k el nf;pkrsm;ESihf rl&if;
XmaevlrsK;d rsm;. bmompum;/ bmomw&m;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_w@kd ukd wm;jrpf
jcif;/ 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufjcif;rðy&ay? xd@k jyif xdv k el nf;pkvrl sK;d rsm;. bmomp
um;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_rsm; wdrfaumroGm;ap&ef umuG,fonfhvkyfaqmifr_rsKd;/
Oyrm - wdkif;&if;om;bmompum;jzifh a&'D,kdtpDtpOfrsm; xkwfv$ifhjcif;/
xdkbmompum;rsm;udk avhvmEdkif&eftwGuf bmompum;ESifh pmayoif
=um;r_rsm; zGifhvSpfoif=um;ay;jcif;ponfwdk@ ðyvkyfay;&ef vdktyfonf?
rl&if;XmaevlrsKd;pkrsm;taejzifh rd±dk;zvm,Ofaus;r_rsm;wGif yg0if
aysm±f i$ Ef ikd &f eftwGuf xdo k rl sm;onf a±S;±d;k tpOftqufuwnf;u aexdik v f m
cJhaom udk,fydkifajr,mrsm;wGif jyifyaESmuf,Sufr_rsm;uif;a0;+yD; twlwuG
pkpnf;aexdkifrSom jzpfEdkifvdrfhrnf[k trsm;uvufcH,Hk=unfxm;=uonf?
115
CRC.pmd 115 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

xdkodk@r[kwfbJ zHG@òzd;wdk;wufa&;trnfcHaom pDrHudef;rsm; vkyfaqmif&eft
wGuf xdo k rl sm;udk olw@kd yidk af jr,ma'orsm;rS t"rRarmif;xkwjf cif;/ xdo k rl sm;
aexdik &f ma'otwGi;f od@k jyifyvlrsm;0ifa&mufaexdik rf u _ kd cGiðhf yjcif;wd@k jzpfay:
vmygu xdrk &l if;Xmae vlrsK;d rsm;t=um;wGif olw@kd . ud, k yf ikd b
f mompum;/
ud;k uG,o f nfb h mom/ ±d;k &m"avhrsm;ESihf rd±;kd zvm aexdik rf t
_ pOftvmrsm;udk
xdrf;odrf;xm;Edkif&ef tcuftcJaygif;rsm;pGmwdk@ESifh óuHawG@vm&awmhonf?
wcgw&HwGif ±dk;&m"avhrsm;ESifhxHk;pHrsm;onf vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh r
udkufnDbJ 0da&m"djzpfwwfonf? TpmcsKyf.tydk'f(24)tydk'fcJG(3)wGif EdkifiH
awmftpdk;&onf uav;rsm;.usef;rma&;udk xdcdkuftE W&m,fjzpfapEdkifrnfh
±dk;&m"avhrsm;/ tðytrlrsm;udk yaysmufatmif vkyfaqmif&rnfjzpfa=umif;
azmfjyxm;onf? xdkodk@ tE W&m,fjzpfaprnfh ±dk;&m"avhrsm;udk yaysmuf
atmifvyk af qmif&rnfh wm0efEiS hf xdo k rl sm;. ,Ofaus;r_xrd ;f odr;f a&; tcGihf
ta&;wdk@ wzufESifhwzuf 0da&m"djzpfvmygu uav;i,f. tcGifhta&;udk
tav;omay;&rnfjzpfonf?
ÐÐÐÐÐ
116
CRC.pmd 116 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

tyd'k f (31)
upm;cGihf
(1) pmcsKyftzJŒG 0ifEidk if rH sm;onf uav;rsm;.toufEiS hf vku d af vsm

nDaxGaom tem;,lcGifh/ tyrf;ajzcGifh/ upm;cGifh/ rdrd0goemyg&mtvkyfjzifh
pdwftem;,lcGifh ,Ofaus;r_b0ESifh tEkynmwGifyg0ifcGifhwdk@udk todtrSwf
ðy&rnf?
(2) pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf uav;rsm;. ,Ofaus;r_b0ESihf tEk
ynmwGif tjynft h 0yg0ifciG w hf @kd ukd av;pm;&rnfjzpf+yD; wd;k wufatmif vkyf
aqmifay;&rnf? xd@k jyif ,Ofaus;r_/ tEkynm/ pdwt f em;,lrE_ iS hf tyrf;ajzr_
wdk@wGif oifhwifh+yD;wef;wlnDr#aom tcGifhtvrf;rsm;±Sdap&ef tm;ay;tm;
ajr‡mufðyvkyfay;&rnf?
,cktyd'k wf iG yf g0ifaom tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk tkypf o k ;kH pkcjGJ cm;Edik o
f nf?
yxrtkypf rk mS tem;,lciG Ehf iS hf tyef;ajzcGi/hf 'kw, d tkypf rk mS upm;cGiEhf iS hf rdr0d g
oemyg&m tvkyjf zifh pdwt f em;,lciG Ehf iS hf aemufq;kH wwd,tkypf rk mS ,Ofaus;r_
117
CRC.pmd 117 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

b0ESifh tEkynmwdk@wGif yg0ifcGifhwdk@jzpf.?
yxrtkypf w k iG yf g0ifaom tem;,lciG Ehf iS hf tyef;ajzcGiw hf @kd wiG f tem;
,lcGifhqdkonfrSm ukd,fum, wjznf;jznf;}uD;xGm;wdk;wufvmaeaom u
av;rsm;twGuf vdt k yfaomtcsuw f csujf zpfonf? uav;. touft±G,f
ESihf v_y±f mS ;vkyu f ikd af om v_y±f mS ;r_rsm;tvdu k f uav;wOD;ESiw hf OD; tem;,lr_
rwlnED ikd af y? tyef;ajzr_qo kd nfrmS tm;vyfonft h csed w
f iG f pdwu f t kd em;ay;
tyef;jcif;udk qdkvdkonf? udk,fcE<mzHG@òzd;xGm;óudif;ap&eftwGuf tem;,lay;
&ef/ tdyfpuf&efvdktyfovdk pdwfcsrf;ajrhaysmf±$ifapa&;twGuf pdwftyef;ajz
&efvnf; r±Srd jzpfvt kd yfonf? xdo k @kd tyef;ajztem;,ljcif;udk t±G,af &muf
+yD;jzpfaom vl}uD;rsm;tygt0if vlwdkif;vdktyfaomfvnf; uav;rsm;tzdk@
ydrk vkd t kd yfonf? uav;oli,frsm;tm; tyef;ajztem;,lciG rhf ay;bJ jyif;xef
pGmtvkyfvkyfcdkif;jcif;/ pmusufrSwfapjcif;onf t±G,fa&muf+yD;jzpfaom vl
}uD;rsm;tm; tqifhoifhrjzpfcif wm0ef}uD;}uD;rm;rm; apcdkif;jcif;rsKd;ESifh t
vm;wlyifjzpfonf? xdkodk@apcdkif;jcif;a=umifh pdwfzdpD;r_rsm;cHpm;vm&+yD; xdkrS
wqifh uav;.udk,f&nfudk,faoG;rsm; zHG@òzd;wdk;wufr_tay: raumif;aom
tusK;d oufa&mufrr_ sm; jzpfvmEdik o f nf? tqd;k 0g;qH;k taejzifh xdo k @kd tyef;
ajztem;,lcGifh vHk;0r&aomuav;rsm;onf pdwfydkif;qdkif&m xdcdkufr_jy\
emrsm; jzpfvmonftxd cHpm;oGm;wwfonf?
'kw, d tkypf jk zpfaom upm;cGiEhf iS fh rdr0d goemyg&mtvkyjf zifh pdwt f
em;,lciG w hf @kd wiG f upm;jcif;onf rdwaf qGtaygi;f toif;wd;k apaom v_y±f mS ;r_
jzpfonf? uav;wd@k onf uav;tcsi;f csi;f od@k r[kwf t±G,af &muf+yD;olrsm;
ESifhtwl upm;&if;jzifh rdwfaqGrsm;wdk;yGm;vmonf? xdkodk@ upm;&if;jzifh t
jcm;olrsm;ESihf tqifajyatmif rnfo@kd aexdik o f ifah =umif;udk tvdt k avsmuf
avhvmrdapEdkifonf? xdk@jyif obm0w&m;ta=umif;/ rdrdywf0ef;usif±Sd ±kyf
0wWKypPnf;rsm;ta=umif;/ bmompum;rsm;ta=umif;udk upm;&if;avhvm
rdomG ;ovdk rwlnaD omtajctaersK;d udk vlrsm;u wke@f jyefwwfyrkH sm;/ vlt
rsK;d rsK;d . pdwu f ;l pdwaf wG;rsm;udv k nf; twk,al vhvmoGm;rdaponf? rdr0d go
118
CRC.pmd 118 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

emyg&mtvkyfjzifh pdwftem;,ljcif;wGif tm;upm;rsm;udk tkyfpkvdkufupm;
jcif;tjyif pdwf=unfEl;aysmf±$ifap&ef &nf±G,fcsufjzifh vkyfavhvkyfx±Sdaom
pmzwfjcif;/ aw;*Dwem;axmifjcif;/ ±kyf±Sif=unfhjcif;/ yifv,furf;ajcwGif
tyef;ajztem;,ljcif;/ vrf;av#mufjcif;/ yef;+cHrsm;/ jywdkufrsm;odk@ oGm;
a&mufvnfywfjcif; ponfwdk@yg0ifonf?
wwd,tkypf w k iG f yg0ifaomtcGit hf a&;rSm ,Ofaus;r_b0ESihf tEky
nmwd@k wiG f yg0ifciG jhf zpfonf? tEkynmqdo k nfrmS yef;cs/D "mwfy/kH yef;ykpaom
tEkynmrsm;tjyif aw;*Dw/ tuESihf pifwifjyZmwfponfw@kd yg yg0ifonf?
,Ofaus;r_b0qdo k nfrmS pmay/ ±d;k &mtEkynmESihf yJaG wmfrsm; ponfw@kd jzpf
onf? xd, k Ofaus;r_b0ESihf tEkynmwd@k wiG f yg0ifciG [ hf q
k &kd mwGif tEkynmudk
zefwD;olwa,muftaejzifh wufºuGpGmyg0ifjcif;omru =unfh±_oly&dowf
tjzpf yg0ifjcif;vnf; tóuH;0ifonf?
xdkodk@aom tcGifhta&;rsm;udk uav;rsm;aysmf±$ifpGm cHpm;Edkif&eft
wGuf yxrqHk;taejzifh tm;vyfcsdefrsm; vdktyfygonf? xdkodk@ tm;vyfcsdef
rsm;&±Sd&eftwGuf rdom;pkonf oifhwifhvHkavmufaom 0ifaiG&±SdrSjzpfrnf?
odk@rSom uav;i,fjzpfolrsm;onf olwdk@.tm;vyfonhf tcsdef rsm;wGif
rdom;pk0rf;a&;twGuf 0ifa&mufvyk u f ikd pf &m rvdt k yfawmhay? wjcm;wzuf
uvnf; rdbESiq hf &mq&mrwd@k onf uav;rsm;tay: rwefrq wm0efay;
jcif;/ 0efxw k 0f efy;kd rsm; ydapjcif;rsm;rvkyb f J uav;rsm;tyef;ajz tem;,lEikd f
ap&eftwGuf owdðy+yD;apcdkif;&ef vdktyfygonf?
uav;rsm; xdt k cGit hf a&;rsm; cHpm;Edik &f eftwGuf vdt k yfaom 'kwd
,tcsufrSm uav;rsm;onf olwdk@tm;vyfcsdeftwGif; tjcm;uav;i,f
rsm;ESihf vHv
k akH vmufavmuf qufo, G cf iG ±hf &dS ef [laomtcsujf zpfonf? wwd
,taejzifh uav;rsm;vdktyfaomt&mrSm upm;&efae&myifjzpfonf? u
av;.aetdrw f iG jf zpfap/ &yfuu G yf wf0ef;usiw f iG jf zpfap uav;rsm;pdwcf svòkH cH
pGm upm;Edik &f eftwGuf ae&mrsm;vdt k yfonf? xdak e&mrsm;wGif tjcm;olrsm;
0ifa&mufaESmuf,u S Ef ikd jf cif;r±Sbd J uav;rsm;.t±G,Ef iS u fh u kd n
f oD nfh upm;
119
CRC.pmd 119 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

enf;rsm;udk tyltyifuif;uif; upm;EdkifonfhvHkòcHr_rsKd; vdktyfonf? xdkodk@
pdwcf svòkH cHr±_ ¶dS wkH ifomrubJ xdu
k pm;onfah e&mrsm;onf uav;rsm;udk qJG
aqmifEdkifonfht&mrsm;/ uav;rsm;pdwfcsrf;ajrhpGm upm;vdkonfhae&mrsm;
jzpf&efvnf; vdktyfonf?
,Ofaus;r_b0/ tEkynmESifhtm;upm;wdk@wGif yg0ifEdkif&eftwGuf
aw;*Dwwl&d,mrsm;/ tEkynmtaxmuftulypPnf;rsm;/ pmtkyfrsm;/ tm;
upm;ypPnf;rsm;/ upm;uGif;rsm;ESifh pepfwusoif=um;ay;rnfh tm;upm;
enf;jyrsm; vdt k yfygonf? =unf±h t _ m;ay;vdak om uav;rsm;twGuf =unfh
±_tm;ay;Edkif&ef vufrSwfrsm;a&mif;csay;&efvnf;vdkonf? vlaer_tqifh
jrifh+yD; 0ifaiGaumif;aom rdom;pkrsm;rS uav;rsm;om xdktcGifhta&;rsKd;
&±Sdjcif;rjzpfap&efESifh qif;&Jonfhrdom;pkrsm;rS uav;i,frsm;vnf; xdkodk@yg
0ifEikd &f eftwGuf tcrJph m=unfw h u kd rf sm;zGiahf y;jcif;/ jywdu
k rf sm;wGif tcrJ0h if
cGifhay;onfhae@rsm; owfrSwfay;jcif;/ tcrJhjyyJGrsm; wifqufazsmfajzr_rsm;udk
usi;f yay;jcif;/ ausmif;rsm;wGif tEkynmESihf tm;upm;tpDtpOfrsm; usi;f y
ay;jcif;wkd@udk pDpOfaqmif±Gufay;Edkifonf?
ÐÐÐÐÐ
120
CRC.pmd 120 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

tyd'k f (32)
uav;tvkyo
f rm;rsm;
(1) uav;tm;tE &W m,fjzpfapEdik af om/ od@k r[kwf ynma&;udk xd

cdkufapEdkifaom odk@r[kwf uav;.usef;rma&; odk@r[kwf ±kyfydkif;/ pdwfydkif;/
pm&dwyW ikd ;f / oDvydik ;f ESihf vlrz_ @GH òzd;wd;k wufrt
_ m; taESmuft,Sujf zpfapaom
tvkyrf sm;apcdik ;f jcif;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;tjrwfxw k rf r_ S umuG,af y;r_c,
H yl ikd cf iG rhf sm;
uav;wGif±Sdonfqdkonfhtcsufudk pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEkdifiHrsm;u todtrSwf
ðy&rnf?
(2) Ttydk'fudk taumiftxnfazmfaqmif±GufEdkif&eftwGuf pm
csKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if o
H nf Oya'ðyu¾/ tkycf sKyfa&;u¾/ vlra_ &;u¾ESihf ynm
a&;u¾toD;oD;wdk@wGif vkdtyfovdkvkyfaqmifay;&rnf? xdkodk@jzpfap&ef
twGuf tjcm;oabmwl pmcsKyfrsm;wGifyg0ifonfh oufqkdifaomtcsuf
rsm;ESifhywfoufI pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf txl;ojzifhæ
121
CRC.pmd 121 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

(u) tvkyf0ifa&mufvkyfudkif&eftwGuf tedrfhqHk;toufudk owf
rSwfay;&rnf?
(c) tvkyv f yk u
f ikd rf E_ iS hf ywfoufaom tajctae tqift h wef;rsm;
ESifh oifhavsmfaom pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;udk jyXmef;ay;&rnf?
(*) Ttyd'k u f kd wduspmG jzifh tav;xm;vdu k ef map&eftwGuf oifh
avsmfaom jypf'%frsm;ESihf ta&;,lr_rsm;udk jyXmef;&rnf?
Ttyd'k w f iG f uav;rsm;tm; apcdik ;f jcif;rðyoifo h nfh tvkyt f rsK;d t
pm;rsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf? xdt k vkyt
f rsK;d tpm;rsm;rSm (1) uav;.ynm
a&;udk xdcu kd af ponft h vkyrf sK;d / (2) tE &W m,f±adS omtvkyrf sK;d ESihf (3) uav;
. use;f rma&;/ ±kyyf ikd ;f / pdwyf ikd ;f / oDvydik ;f / pm&dwyW ikd ;f ESihf vlrz_ @GH òzd;wd;k wufru _ kd
taESmuft,Sufjzpfapaom tvkyfrsKd;wdk@jzpfonf?
vkyfief;cGifwGif rawmfwqxdcdkufr_jzpfyGm;E_ef;rsm;aom tvkyfrsm;
onf tE W&m,f±Sdaom tvkyfrsKd;yifjzpfonf? xdk@jyif tvkyfvkyfcsdefonf
ausmif;csdeftwGif;jzpfygu odk@r[kwf tvkyfvkyf&ojzifh uav;i,fonf
ausmif;pmavhvm&ef/ ausmif;wuf&eftwGuf yifyef;aeygu xdt k vkyo f nf
uav;. ynma&;udkxdcdkufapaom tvkyfrsKd;jzpfonf? ausmif;oifcef;pm
rsm;ESifh tdrpf mrsm; rvkyfEdkifavmufatmif taESmuft,Sufðyaom tvkyf
rsKd;onfvnf; ynma&;udk xdcdkufapaomtvkyf[k owfrSwfI&onf?
uav;. use;f rma&;/ ±kyyf ikd ;f / pdwyf ikd ;f / oDvydik ;f / pm&dwyW ikd ;f ESihf vl
r_z@GH òzd;wd;k wufrw _ @kd ukd taESmuft,Sujf zpfapaom tvkyrf sK;d qdo k nfh t"dym` ,f
zGiq hf ckd surf mS txl;us,jf yef@vo S nf? uav;twGuf tE &W ,fjzpfaprnfh t
vkyfrsm;tm;vHk;udk ydwfyifwm;qD;ay;&ef &nf±G,fxm;onf?
uav;. pdwf"mwfydkif;zHG@òzd;wdk;wufr_udk taESmuft,Sufjzpfap
aom tvkyrf sm;qdo k nfrmS uav;tm; &mZ0wf*% kd ;f rsm;ESihf qufo, G vf yk f
udkifapjcif;/ odk@r[kwf uav;.pdwf"mwfydkif;udk ysufjym;aprnfh tvkyfrsm;
jzpfaom avmif;upm;/ jynfw h efqm/ npfnrf;pmay/ t&ufEiS rhf ;l ,pfaq;0g;
vkyif ef;rsm;wGif uav;udt k oH;k csjcif;wd@k ukd qdv k o
kd nf? oDvydik ;f zH@G òzd;wd;k wuf
122
CRC.pmd 122 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

r_udk taESmuft,SufjzpfapaomtvkyfrsKd;rSm xdkuav;udk;uG,faom bm
oma&;t&raumif;r_[k wm;jrpfyw d yf ifxm;aom vkyif ef;rsK;d udk qdv k o kd nf?
vlrz_ @GH òzd;wd;k wufru _ kd taESmuft,Sujf zpfapaom tvkyq f okd nfrmS omref
uav;b0wGi&f ±So d ifo h nfh rdbESiv
hf akH vmufaom qufo, G rf /_ tyef;ajzu
pm;csed Ef iS hf tjcm;uav;rsm;ESihf cspcf if&if;ES;D aysm±f i$ cf sed rf sm; r±Sad vmufatmif
wm;qD;[ef@wm;apaom tvkyfrsKd;jzpfonf?
Ttyd'k w
f iG f uav;rsm;tm; pD;yGm;a&;t& tjrwfxw k jf cif;rS um
uG,fay;&ef vdktyfonfhta=umif; azmfjyxm;onf? pD;yGm;a&;t& tjrwf
xkwfjcif;qdkonfrSm tjcm;olrsm;'kuQa&mufatmifvkyf+yD;rS udk,fhpD;yGm;wdk;
wufatmif aiG±mS jcif;jzpfonf? uav;rsm;tm; ul;oef;a&mif;0,fjcif;/ jynfh
wefqmvkyfief;rsm;odk@ twif;t=uyfoGwfoGif;jcif;wdk@onf pD;yGm;a&;t&t
jrwfxkwfjcif;rsm;yifjzpfonf? xdk@jyif uav;tm;awmif;&rf;cdkif;jcif;/ tjcm;
olypPnf;rsm;udk cdk;0Sufcdkif;jcif;wdk@onfvnf; pD;yGm;a&;t& tjrwfxkwfjcif;
ajrmufonf? uav;vkyftm;jzifh±SmazGxm;aom 0ifaiGrsm;tm; uav;t
wGuf oD;oef@z,fxm;jcif;r±SdbJ toHk;ðyjcif;onfvnf; pD;yGm;a&;tjrwf
xkwfjcif;jzpfonf? uav;o±kyfaqmifrsm;/ uav;*Dwynm±Sifrsm;ESifh u
av;tm;upm;orm;rsm;udk uav;.taumif;qHk;tusKd;udk riJhuGufbJ ap
cdkif;jcif;udkvnf; uav;tay: pD;yGm;a&;tjrwfxkwfjcif;[k ac:Edkifonf?
uav;rsm;tm; vkyftm;apcdkif;jcif;ESifhywfoufI EdkifiHawmftpdk;
&u enf;vrf;oHk;rsKd; vkyfaqmifEdkifa=umif; ,cktydk'fwGif qdkxm;onf? xdk
enf;vrf;oHk;rsKd;rSm (1) tvkyfvkyfcGifhðyonfh uav;.toufudk owfrSwf
ay;jcif; (2) uav;wa,muf tvkyv f yk Ef ikd o
f nfh tvkycf sed Ef iS hf vkyif ef;cGitf
ajctaersm;udk pnf;urf;rsm; xkwjf yefowfrw S jf cif;/ (3) uav;vkyo f m;ap
cdik ;f r_qikd &f m pnf;rsO;f Oya';rsm;udk csK;d azmufaomukr% ` rD sm;tm; jyif;xefpmG
ta&;,ljcif;wdk@jzpfonf?
uav;oli,frsm; tcGifhta&;pmcsKyf ray:aygufrDuyif tvkyfo
rm;rsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk jyXmef;xm;onfh tjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyfo
123
CRC.pmd 123 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

rm;tzJ@G csKyfraS eI tvkyv f yk cf iG ðhf yonfh toufowfrw S cf suq
f ikd &f m oabm
wlpmcsKyfudk jyXmef;cJh+yD;jzpfonf? ,ckuav;pmcsKyfwGif uav;rsm;tm; t
vkyv f yk cf iG ðhf yonft h oufukd wdwu d susazmfjyxm;jcif;r±Sad omfvnf; Edik if t H
pdk;&rsm;taejzifh xdktjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyform;tzJG@csKyf. oabmwl
pmcsKyfudk udk;um;usifhoHk;Edkifonf? xdkpmcsKyft& tcsdefjynfhtvkyfvkyfcGifhðy
xm;aom uav;.toufonf(15)ESpfjzpf+yD; qif;&JaomEdkifiHrsm;wGif t
ouf(14)ESpfxufri,f&[k owfrSwfxm;onf? odk@aomf touf(13)ESpf
jynfh+yD;aom uav;rsm;udk olwdk@.usef;rma&;ESifh zHG@òzd;wdk;wufr_udk rxd
cdu
k /f ausmif;ynmoif,rl u _ v kd nf; taESmuft,Surf jzpfapaom oufom
onfhvkyfief;rsKd;wGif tcsdefydkif;taeESifh vkyfudkifcGifhðyxm;onf?
uav;rsm; txl;ojzifh zHG@òzd;wdk;wufqJEkdifiHrsm;±Sd uav;rsm;onf
rdom;pk&yfwnfa&;twGuf tvkyfvkyf&efvdktyfonfhtwGuf uav;rsm;
tm; tvkyfapcdkif;jcif;tm; ydwfyifwm;qD;r_onf trSefwu,fvufawG@
usyghrvm;[k apm'uwufcJh=uonf? vltawmfrsm;rsm;u Oya'w&yf jy
Xmef;¶Hkoufoufjzifh uav;rsm;tm; tvkyfapcdkif;jcif; ryaysmufoGm;Edkif[k
axmufjy=uonf? xd@k a=umifh rdom;pkp;D yGm;a&;=uyfwnf;r_ukd tajz±Smonfh
taejzifh rdom;pkwdkif; pm;0wfaea&;zlvHkonfh tqifhtwef;a&mufatmif
zefwD;ay;&efvdktyfa=umif; qdk=uonf?
uav;vkyt f m; apcdik ;f jcif;jy\emudk txl;&ifqikd óf uHawG@ae&aom
Edik if rH sm;wGif trsm;qH;k óud;yrf;vkyaf qmifavh±o dS nfrmS uav;vkyt f m; apcdik ;f
jcif;rsm;xJrS tcsKŒd aomapcdik ;f r_trsK;d tpm;rsm; wjznf;jznf;ESihf yaysmufomG ;
atmif óud;yrf;tm;xkwfjcif;jzpfonf?
tqd;k 0g;qH;k aom uav;vkyt f m;apcdik ;f r_onf uav;rsm;. omref
uav;b0udk taESmuft,Sujf zpfap¶Ho k mru uav;.ynma&;/ ud, k cf E<m
zH@G òzd;wd;k wufrw _ @kd uykd g xdcukd af pEdik o f nf? xd@k jyif rawmfwq xdcu kd 'f %f&m&r_
ESihf "mwkaA' aq;0g;rsm;a=umifh a&m*grsm;&±Su d m b0woufwmvH;k vlpOfr
rDjzpfapEdkifonf? xdkodk@ tqdk;0g;qHk;aom uav;vkyftm;apcdkif;r_rsKd;rsm;rS
124
CRC.pmd 124 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

uav;udkumuG,fay;&efrSm Ttydk'f(32)wGif yg0ifonfh vkyfaqmifay;&
rnfh t&mtm;vH;k udk vkyaf qmifay;jcif; r[kwo f nfw
h ikd af tmif ta&;}uD;vS
aom ajcvSr;f wvSr;f vSr;f vdu k jf cif;yifjzpfonf? Ttyd'k w f iG f qdx
k m;onht
f
wdkif; uav;rsm;tm; vkyftm;apcdkif;aejcif; wckvHk;udk vHk;0yaysmufoGm;
atmif vkyfaqmifaeaomumvtwGif; apcdkif;cHae&aom uav;rsm;tm;
wwfEikd o
f a±GŒ use;f rma&;apmifah ±Smufrr_ sm; axmufyaHh y;jcif;/ t[m&vHv k kH
avmufavmufjzpfatmif ulnaD y;jcif;/ vHv k òkH cHòcH tem;,lciG &hf atmif zefw;D
ay;jcif;ESifh tcsdefydkif;ynmoif=um;Edkifatmif vkyfaqmifay;jcif;wdk@udkvnf;
vkyfaqmifoifhonf[k tcsKdŒuqdkonf?
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CRC.pmd 125 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

tyd'k f (33)
uav;ESihf rl;,pfaq;0g;tvJo
G ;kH pm;vkyrf KS
pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf uav;rsm;tm; EkdifiHwumoabmwl

csurf sm;t& jyXmef;xm;aom rl;,pfaq;0g;rsm;ESihf vlux kd xkH ikd ;f apaom aq;
0g;rsm;tm; w&m;r0iftoHk;ðyjcif;tjyif uav;rsm;tm; w&m;r0if rl;,pf
aq;0g;rsm;xkwv f yk jf cif;ESihf ul;oef;a&mif;0,fjcif;wd@k wiG f toH;k csjcif;wd@k tm;
umuG,af y;&ef Oya'ðyu¾/ tkycf sKyfa&;u¾/ vlra_ &;u¾ESihf ynma&;u
¾toD;oD;wdk@wGif vkdtyfovdk vkyfaqmifay;&rnf?
Ttydk'ftwGif; EdkifiHwumOya'rsm;u jyXmef;ydwfyifxm;onfh
rl;,pfaq;0g;rsm;ESifh vludkxHkxdkif;apaom aq;0g;rsm;tm; uav;rsm;tae
jzifh w&m;r0iftoHk;ðyjcif;rS umuG,fay;&ef qdkxm;onf?
rl;,pfaq;rsm;udk aq;zufqikd &f mt& toH;k ðyoH;k pJjG cif;onf w&m;
0ifjzpfaomfvnf; aq;zufqikd &f m vdt k yfcsutf &r[kwb f J oH;k pJyG gu w&m;
r0ifoHk;pJGjcif;ajrmufonf? uav;rsm;tm; Oya't& ydwfyifwm;jrpfxm;
aom rl;,pfaq;0g;rsm; roH;k pJaG p&ef umuG,af y;&rnf? xdrk ;l ,pfaq;0g;rsm;
126
CRC.pmd 126 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

udk uav;rsm;u ud, k q hf ENjzifo h ;kH pJjG cif;jzpfap/ taysmo f abmrsK;d jzifh oH;k pJjG cif;
jzpfap wm;jrpfydwfyif&rnf?
rl;,pfaq;0g;oH;k pJo G rl sm; txl;rsm;jym;onfEh ikd if rH sK;d wGif uav;i,f
rsm;onf rarG;zGm;rDuwnf;uyif rl;,pfaq;0g;ESifh qufpyf&if;ESD;+yD;om;
jzpfaewwfonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaom rl;,pfaq;0g;oHk;pJGaom udk,f0ef
aqmifrcd ifrw S qifh xdu k av;oaE<om;xH rl;,pfaq;0g;rsm; a&mufaeaom
a=umifjh zpfonf? rdcifo;kH pJaG om rl;,pfaq;trsK;d tpm;ESihf xdt k rsK;d tpm;.y
rm%/ tcsed Ef iS hf ta&twGuu f vkd u kd I f xd&k ifaoG;arG;zGm;vmcsed w f iG f rl;,pf
aq;0g;pJGaer_rsKd; jzpfvmaponf?
Ttydk'fwGif rnfonfhrl;,pfaq;0g;rsm;udk ydwfyifxm;ovJ qdk
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udkuif;/ udk'def;ESifh aq;ajcmufwdk@jzpfonf?
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ydwyf ifwm;jrpf&jcif;jzpfonf? xdo k @kd rl;,pfaq;pJo G rl sm;onf aq;oH;k pJEG ikd &f ef
twGuf &mZ0wfr_rsm;udk usL;vGefvmwwf=uonf? rl;,pfaq;0g;udk aoG;
a=umxJ aq;xd;k olrsm;wGiv f nf; ud, k cf t
H m;usaom a&m*gtygt0if tjcm;
aom a&m*grsm;ul;pufI aoqHk;Edkifonf? xHkxdkif;apwwfaom aq;rsm;.
tmedoifa=umifh tcsKdŒolrsm;onf omreftajctaersKd;wGif rvkyf&Jonfh
&ufpuf=urf;ñuwfr_rsm;udk usL;vGefvmwwfonf? vl.pdwfudk azmufjyef
apEdkifonf?
ydwfyifwm;jrpfxm;aom rl;,pfaq;0g;pm&if;wGif aq;±Guf}uD;ESifh
t&ufw@kd ryg0ifonfukd awG@&onf? tb,fa=umifq h akd omf xdEk pS rf sK;d pvH;k udk
Edik if wH umOya'rsm;wGif rl;,pfaq;0g;tjzpf xnfo h iG ;f owfrwS x f m;jcif; r±Sd
aoma=umifjh zpfonf? trSew f u,fwiG f xdEk pS rf sK;d pvH;k onf vlupkd aGJ p+yD; use;f
127
CRC.pmd 127 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

rma&;udv k nf;xdcu kd af paom t&mrsm;yifjzpfonf? xd@k jyif aps;}uD;}uD;ray;
&bJ rl;,pfaq;0g;tjzpf oH;k pJI G &aomaumfuo hJ @kd rl;,pfapwwfonfh t&m
rsm;udkvnf; Ttydk'fwGif rxnfhoGif;xm;jcif;r±Sdacs? xdkt&mrsm;udk xnfh
oGif;azmfjyxm;jcif;r±Sdaomfvnf; xdkt&mrsm;oHk;pJGjcif;onf uav;.usef;
rma&;ESifh zHG@òzd;wdk;wufr_wdk@udk tE W&m,fðyapojzifh uav;tcGifhta&;pm
csKyfyg tydk'f(6)ESifh(24)t& xdkt&mrsm;tm; uav;rsm;oHk;pJGjcif;tm; wm;
jrpfumuG,fay;&ef vdktyfonf?
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jcif;ESifh ul;oef;a&mif;0,fjcif;wdk@wGif yg0ifywfoufaer_rsm;tm; umuG,f
ay;&ef tydk'f(33)u qdkxm;onf? uav;rsm;tm; rl;,pfaq;0g;rsm; pdkuf
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wGifvnf;aumif;/ aq;0g;tjzpf xkwfvkyfjzef@jzL;a&mif;csonfh ae&mwGif
vnf;aumif; toH;k ðyjcif;tm; wm;jrpfay;&ef vdt k yfonf? xdo
k @kd aom vkyf
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aponf? rl;,pfaq;0g; ul;oef;a&mif;0,fo,faqmif&mwGif yg0ifae&aom
uav;rsm;taejzifv h nf; wm0ef±o dS rl sm;/ tm%mydik rf sm;. zrf;qD;jcif;/ *d% k ;f
tcsif;csif;wdkufyJGrsm;t=um; owfjzwfcH&jcif;wdk@ óuHawG@Edkifonf?
xdk@jyif Ttydk'fwGif rl;,pfaq;0g;vkyfief;rsm;wGif uav;rsm;yg0if
jcif;r±Sad tmif vkyaf qmifoifo h nfvh yk if ef;rsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf? xdv k yk if ef;
rsm;rSm Oya'rsm;jyXmef;jcif;ESihf uav;rsm;taejzifh rl;,pfaq;0g;. qJaG qmif
r_rcH&atmif ynma&;ESifhtm;upm;tpDtpOfrsm; csrSwftaumiftxnf
azmfjcif;wdk@jzpfonf? rl;,pfaq;0g;pJG+yD; jyefvnfemvefxxlaxmifvmaom
uav;rsm;ESifhywfoufI tydk'f(39)wGif xyfrHazmfjyxm;ygonf?
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128
CRC.pmd 128 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

tyd'k f (34)
vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f mtjrwfxw

k jf cif;ESihf vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f mapmfum;jcif;
pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf uav;tm;vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f m tjrwfxw k f

jcif;ESihf vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f mapmfum;jcif;wd@k rS umuG,af y;&ef vkyaf qmifay;&rnf?
xd&k nf±, G cf sut f wdik ;f umuG,w f m;qD;apa&;twGuf pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;
onf Edik if aH wmftqif/h ESpEf ikd if t H qifEh iS hf Edik if w
H umtqifwh @kd wiG f vdt
k yfovdk
vkyfaqmif&mwGifæ
(u) uav;rsm;tm; w&m;r0if vdifvkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifvkyf
aqmifap&ef aoG;aqmifjrLqG,fzsm;a,mif;jcif;rsm;?
(c) uav;rsm;tm; jynfhwefqmvkyfief;rsm;ESifh tjcm;w&m;r0if
vdifr_udpPwdk@wGif tjrwfxkwfapcdkif;jcif;rsm;?
(*) uav;rsm;tm; vdipf w d jf rLqG,af om ajzazsmrf r_ sm;ESihf ±kyyf rkH sm;
wGif tjrwfxw k tf oH;k csjcif;rsm;wd@k ukd wm;jrpfjcif; ðyvkyaf y;&rnf?
vdifydkif;qdkif&m trltusifhESifhywfoufI pdwf"mwfydkif;/ vlr_a&;ydkif;
ESifh w&m;Oya'ydkif;qdkif&m owfrSwfxm;csufrsm;onf vl@todkif;t0dkif;wck
129
CRC.pmd 129 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

ESifhwck/ bmomw&m;wckESifhwck/ acwfa&pD;a=umif; wckESifhwckt=um;wdk@
wGif rwlnED ikd af y? uav;wd@k . vdiyf ikd ;f qkid &f mtrltusiEhf iS hf ywfoufIvnf;
EdkifiHtm;vHk;tay: v$rf;òcHowfrSwfEdkifaom t"dy`m,fowfrSwfxm;csufwck
csrw S &f ef rjzpfEikd yf g? xd@k a=umifh xdu k pd EP iS yhf wfoufI uav;tcGit hf a&;rsm;
qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyfwiG f rnfo@kd vyk af qmif&rnf[al om vrf;!$ecf surf
yg0ifbJ rdbtaejzifh rdrd.udk,fydkif,Hk=unfcsuft&jzifhom udkifwG,fajz±Sif;
&ef qdx k m;ygonf? uav;pmcsKyfwiG f uav;rsm;. tcGit hf a&;ESiyhf wfouf
I txl;tE &W m,fðyaeaom tcsurf sm;udo k m us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ xnfo h iG ;f
azmfjyxm;onfudk awG@&ygonf?
Ttydk'f(34)wGif uav;rsm;tm; vdifydkif;qdkif&mapmfum;jcif;
(Sexual Abuse) ESihf vdiy f ikd ;f qdik &f m tjrwfxw k jf cif; (Sexual Exploitation)
wdk@rS umuG,fay;&ef a&;om;xm;ygonf? xdkpum;vHk;ESpfvHk;rSm qifwlo
a,mif±Sdaomfvnf; t"dy`m,fxyfwlxyfr#rwlyg? vdifydkif;qdkif&m apmfum;r_
qdkonfrSm uav;tm;qENrygbJ vdifudpPtwGuftoHk;ðyjcif; odk@r[kwf o
abmwlqENazmfjy&eftwGuf t±G,fi,fvGef;aom uav;rsm;tm; vdifydkif;
qufoG,fr_vkyfjcif; odk@r[kwf xdkuav;tm; xdrf;odrf;apmifha±Smufonfh
tm%m±So d u
l xdu k av;tm; vdiyf ikd ;f apmfum;jcif;wd@k ukd qdv k o
kd nf? tu,f
I uav;xuftouf}uD;aomolu uav;ESihf vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f m qufqrH u _ sL;
vGefv#if vdifydkif;qdkif&m apmfum;r_ajrmufonf? xdk@jyif uav;tm;apmifh
a±Smufay;&ef wm0ef±=dS uaom q&mq&mrrsm;/ tm;upm;enf;jyrsm;/ bke;f
awmf}uD;rsm;/ w&m;a[mq&mrsm;/ uav;a*[mrsm;rS 0efxrf;rsm;ESifh u
av;ulnDapmifha±Smufa&;tzJG@rsm;rS wm0ef±Sdolrsm;onf uav;jzpfolESifh
vdifydkif;qdkif&mqufoG,fr_ wpHkw&musL;vGefyguvnf; vdifydkif;qdkif&m apmf
um;r_ajrmufonf? uav;tm; roifhravsmfpGmudkifwG,fjcif;/ zufjcif;wdk@
onf tiftm;oHk;t=urf;zufjcif; r±Sdaomfvnf; vdifydkif;qdkif&m apmfum;
jcif;yifjzpfonf? npfnrf;pmay/ ±kyyf /kH AD'G , D rkd sm;udk uav;ESit hf wl =unf±h j_ cif;/
uav;tcsif;csif; vdifydkif;qdkif&mtðytrlrsm; vkyfaqmifap+yD;=unfh¶_jcif;/
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CRC.pmd 130 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

uav;. ud, k cf E<mAvmusi;f udk "mwfy±kH u kd jf cif;/ vdipf w d jf zifh r±d;k om;aom
&nf±n G cf sujf zifh =unf±h j_ cif;wd@k rmS vnf; uav;tm; vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f m apmfum;
&majrmufayonf? uav;tm; ta=umif;&if;r±Sb d J vdiyf ikd ;f qkid &f m ta=umif;
rsm;ajymqdkjcif;onfyif vdifydkif;qdkif&mapmfum;r_[k owfrSwfEdkifonf?
vdifydkif;qdkif&mapmfum;r_onf uav;rsm;tay: tjcm;enf;rsm;jzifh
apmfum;r_rsm;uJhodk@yif uav;b0wavsmufvHk;twGuf pdwfydkif;qdkif&m xd
cdu
k rf r_ sm;jzpfaponf? apmfum;cH&aomuav;taejzifh ud, k u hf u kd ,
kd f odrif ,f
aejcif;/ ,H=k unfru _ if;rJjh cif;/ pdwt f m±Hpk ;l pdu
k rf _ rðyEdik af wmhjcif;/ tjcm;olrsm;
ESihf rdwaf qGvyk &f ef cufcaJ ejcif;ESihf aysm±f i$ rf r_ ±Sad wmhjcif;/ tdyrf ufq;kd rsm;ruf
aejcif; ponfw@kd ukd cHpm;&awmhonf? tcsKŒd uav;rsm;qdv k #if t±G,rf a&muf
cifuwnf;u xdu k av;ud, k w
f ikd yf if tjcm;olrsm;udk apmfum;aeolrsm; jzpf
oGm;avh±Sdonfudk avhvmawG@±Sd&onf?
vdifydkif;qdkif&m tjrwfxkwfr_qdkonfrSm uav;i,frsm;tm; jynfh
wefqmtjzpfapcdik ;f jcif;/ npfnrf;pmayrsm;wGif toH;k csjcif;/ vdijf yyJrG sm;wGif
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uav;rsm;onf vdiaf pmfum;cH&aom uav;rsm;enf;wl cHpm;&onft h jyif
tjcm;aomtE &W m,frsm;vnf; xyfavmif;&ifqikd f óuHawŒG&Edik o f nf? uav;
jynfhwefqmrsm;onf t=urf;zufapmfum;r_/ ±dkufESufr_rsm;udk &ifqdkif&Edkif
onf? uav;jynfw h efqmrsm;udk aus;u|erf sm;ozG,af pcdik ;f jcif;/ vdiq f ufqH
jcif;rsKd; óuHEdkifonf? xdkr#ru vdifqufqHjcif;rS ul;pufwwfaoma&m*grsm;
ul;pufEdkifovdk rl;,pfaq;0g;rsm;vnf; pJGuyfEdkifonf?
uav;rsm;onf vdiaf pmfum;r_EiS hf vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f m tjrwfxw k rf r_ sm;
udk touft±G,fra±G; óuHawG@Edkifonf? usm;/r ra±G;jzpfEkdifonf? xdkodk@
apmfum;usL;vGeo f rl sm;rSmvnf; rdom;pktwGi;f rS rdb&if;rsm;/ t±G,af &muf
ol tpfut kd pfrrsm;/ toufy}kd uD;aomuav;rsm;/ aqGrsK;d rsm;/ tdref ;D em;csi;f
rsm;ESihf uav;rsm;udo k m vdiq f ufqv H o kd nfph w d ±f o
dS rl sm; ponfjzifh vltrsK;d
rsKd;jzpfEdkifonf? xdkodk@apmfum;olrsm;xJwGif omref=unfhv#if ,Hk=unfav;
131
CRC.pmd 131 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

pm;cH&avmufaom/ trsm;u=unfndKaomolrsm;vnf; yg0ifaewwfonf?
jynfw h efqmtjzpfa&mufcahJ om uav;rsm;udk okawoevky=f unfh
&mwGif trsm;pkrmS ‚if;wd@k .aetdrw f iG f yxrqH;k apmfum;cH&aom uav;rsm;
jzpfaeonfudk awG@±Sd&onf? vdifapmfum;cH&jcif;ESifh tjcm;enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh
apmfum;cH&r_a=umifh uav;rsm;onf aetdrfrSxGufajy;um aemufydkif;wGif
touf±iS &f yfwnf&eftwGuf jynfw h efqmtjzpf pnf;±H;k odr;f oGi;f jcif; cHvu kd &f
awmhonf?
tcsKŒd Edik if Hrsm;wGif uav;rsm;udk vlarSmifc*kd %
kd ;f rsm; vdu k vf 0H ,f,l
+yD; xdok w
l @kd uwqifh jynfw h efqmtjzpf toH;k csrnfo h rl sm;xHwqifh jyefvnf
a&mif;csjcif;rsm;ðy=uonf? wcgw&HwGif rdb&if;rsm;udk,fwdkifu tvkyft
udkifaumif;aumif;/ 0ifaiGaumif;aumif;&±Sdrnf[laom ar#mfvifhcsufjzifh yJG
pm;rsm;xH rdrd.&ifaoG;rsm;udk udk,fwdkifa&mif;csvdkufjcif;rsKd;vnf;±Sdonf?
uav;rsm;ESifhom vdifqufqHvdkaomolrsm;twGuf &nf±G,fIzGifh
xm;aom c&D;oGm;vkyif ef;rsm;/ a[mfw,frsm;onf Edik if w H csKŒd wGif ±Sad eqJjzpf
onf? qif;&JraGJ wr_EiS hf tm%mydik w f @kd . vm'fpm;r_w@kd a=umifh zH@G òzd;wd;k wufr_
enf;aom EdkifiHrsm;±Sduav;rsm;rSm vdiftjrwfxkwfr_'%fudk ydkrdkcHpm;ae&
avh±o dS nf? csr;f omºuG,0f onfh Edik if jH cm;c&D;onfrsm;u xdq k if;&Jvsu±f adS e
aom EdkifiHrsm;rSuav;rsm;udk vdifydkif;qdkif&mapmfum;&ef &nf±G,fcsufjzifh
vma&mufvnfywf=uonfh vdicf &D;oGm;vkyif ef;rsm;udv k nf; wm;qD;ydwyf if
rSom uav;rsm;tm; vdifydkif;tjrwfxkwfjcif; yaysmufapEdkifrnfjzpfonf?
ÐÐÐÐÐ
132
CRC.pmd 132 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

tyd'k f (35)
uav;a&mif;pm;jcif;
pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf uav;rsm;tm; jyefay;qJG&ef/ a&mif;cs

&ef/ ul;oef;a&mif;0,f&ef ponfh&nf±G,fcsufrsm;jzifh rnfhonfhtoGifrsKd;jzifh
jzpfap xdkodk@vkyfaqmifjcif;udk wm;qD;umuG,fay;&eftwGuf EdkifiHawmft
qif/h ESpEf ikd if t
H qifEh iS hf Edik if w
H umtqifw h @kd wiG f vdt k yfovdk vkyaf qmifay;&
rnf?
Ttydk'f(35)wGif EdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;taejzifh uav;rsm;tm; jyefay;
qJGjcif;/ a&mif;pm;jcif;ESifh ul;oef;a&mif;0,fjcif;wdk@udk wm;qD;&eftwGuf
wm0ef0wW&m;rsm; tyfESif;xm;onf?
jyefay;qJGjcif;qdkonfrSm pifppftm;jzifh uav;cdk;jcif;yifjzpfonf?
aiGa=u;&±Sdvdkaoma=umifh uav;tm;jyefay;qJGI "m;pmcHtjzpfzrf;qD;xm;
+yD; awmif;onfah iG&ygu jyefvw $ af y;jcif;rsK;d udk jyefay;qJjG cif;[k trsm;uod
±Sdaomfvnf; uav;udk xm0&ac:aqmifoGm;onfh jyefay;qJGjcif;rsKd;vnf;
±Sad o;onf? uav;udjk yefay;qJo G ol nf ,m,Dxrd ;f odr;f xm;&efqakd om &nf
133
CRC.pmd 133 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

±G,cf surf sK;d jzifrh [kwb f J jyefvnfa&mif;pm;&ef[al om &nf±, G cf sujf zifh cd;k ,l
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ydwyf ifcohJ nfrmS &mpkEpS yf ifausmv f eG v
f mcJ+h yD;jzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh uav;rsm;
a&mif;csjcif;yaysmufoGm;+yD[k xifaumif;xifEdkifaomfvnf; trSefwu,f
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udk,fwdkifu a&mif;csvdkufjcif;rsKd;vnf;±Sdonf?
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aom pD;yGm;a&;wck jzpfvmonfudk awG@&onf? xdkuJhodk@ uav;rsm;tm;
vdifydkif;qdkif&m tjrwfxkwf&efESifh npfnrf;pmayrsm;Y toHk;ðy&ef&nf±G,f
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rsm; tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m aemufqufwpGJ mcsKyfukd ouU&mZf2000ckEpS w f iG f xyf
rHjyXmef;vmEdkifcJhonf?
ÐÐÐÐÐ
134
CRC.pmd 134 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

tyd'k f (36)
tjcm;enf;rsm;jzifh tjrwfxw
k af pmfum;rSKrsm;
pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf uav;tm; tjcm;enf;rsm;jzifh tjrwf

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*tpJGrsm;rS umuG,fay;&rnf?
uav;rsm;tm; enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh tjrwfxkwfapmfum;r_rsm;udk Tpm
csKyfyg tyd'k t
f oD;oD;wGif azmfjyxm;cJ+h yD;jzpfonf? tyd'k (f 32)wGif uav;rsm;
tm; tvkyfapcdkif;jcif;/ pD;yGm;a&;t& tjrwfxkwfjcif;ESifh ywfoufIvnf;
aumif;/ tyd'k (f 33)wGif uav;rsm;tm; rl;,pfaq;0g;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif apcdik ;f
jcif;ESihf ywfoufIvnf;aumif;/ tyd'k (f 34)wGif uav;rsm;tm; vdiyf ikd ;f qdik f
&m tjrwfxw k jf cif;ESihf ywfoufIvnf;aumif;/ tyd'k (f 35)wGif uav;rsm;
tm;a&mif;csjcif;/ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fjcif;ESifh ywfoufIvnf;aumif;/ tydk'f
(38)wGif uav;rsm;tm; ppfom;tjzpf apcdkif;jcif;ESifhywfoufIvnf;
aumif; toD;oD;azmfjyxm;onf? ,cktydk'f(36)onf xdktydk'frsm;wGif
azmfjyxm;jcif;r±Sad o;aom tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh uav;rsm;tay: tjrwf
xkwrf r_ sm;udk umuG,af y;&eftwGuf pmcsKyfwiG rf ygao;aom tjcm;tjrwf
135
CRC.pmd 135 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

xkwfr_ yHkpHrsm;[lor#tm;vHk;udk Ttydk'fu v$rf;òcHazmfjyxm;jcif;jzpfonf?
pmcsKyfygtjcm;tyd'k rf sm;wGif azmfjyxm;ao;jcif;r±So d nfh uav;rsm;
tay:tjrwfxw k rf _ OyrmwckrmS uav;rsm;udk rl;,pfaq;0g;ESihf jynhw f efqm
vkyfief;rsm;wGifr[kwfbJ tjcm;&mZ0wfvkyfief;rsm;vkyf&ef apcdkif;jcif;jzpf
onf? tcsKŒd Edik if rH sm;wGif &mZ0wfvyk if ef; vkyu f ikd o
f w l @kd onf uav;rsm;udk
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onfudkvnf; awG@&onf? xdkodk@ apcdkif;jcif;onf uav;rsm;tm; tjrwf
xkwfapcdkif;jcif;jzpf+yD; uav;rsm;. b0om,mr_udk xdcdkufaponf?
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uGefjyLwm*def;rsm;tm; tvGeft=uL;upm;cGihfðyjcif;jzpfonf? avmif;upm;
jcif;onf pJGwwfaomtðytrljzpf+yD; avmif;upm;r_udk pJGaeaomolonf
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f kd pnf;urf;r±So d ;kH pJw
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ausmif;pmudk pdwrf 0ifpm;awmhjcif;rsm;/ rdom;pkEiS ehf ;D eD;uyfuyf raer_rsm;udk
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136
CRC.pmd 136 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

qENjyr_ukd 0ifa&mufòzdco GJ nft h wGuf uav;rsm;xdcu kd o f mG ;ygu òzdciG ;f &eft
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óudurf sm;ap&ef &nf±, G cf sujf zifh uav;rsm;ESi, hf OS w f I GJ "mwfyt kH ±du k cf oH nf
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jzpfap uav;rsm;. yg0ifr±_ &dS ef vkyaf qmifjcif;rsK;d jzpfygu uav;rsm;tay:
tjrwfxw k t
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xdk@jyif xdkodk@yg0ifjcif;a=umifh uav;rsm;twGuf tE W&m,fusa&mufapEdkif
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r=umao;aom ESprf sm;twGi;f upwifI uav;tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m
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rsKd;jzpfonf[k tcsKdŒu vufcHvmcJh=uonf?
ÐÐÐÐÐ
137
CRC.pmd 137 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

tyd'k f (37)
vGwv
f yfrKS ½kyo
f rd ;f cH&aomuav;rsm;
pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf æ
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aom axmif'%fwoufwu|ef; csrSwfjcif;rsm;rðy&?
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xd@k jyif xdok @kd vyk af qmifro _ nf tjcm;enf;rsm;r±Sad wmhI aemufq;kH enf;tjzpf
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touft±G,t f vdu k f vdtk yfcsut
f & vlom;qefpmG ESihf xdu k av;.arG;&myg
138
CRC.pmd 138 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

vlom;wa,muf. *k%o f u d mQ udk av;pm;pGmqufq&H rnfjzpfonf? txl;o
jzifh vGwv f yfciG u
fh kd ±kyo
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jcm;tajctaersK;d wGif t±G,af &muf+yD;jzpfaom vl}uD;rsm;ESihf oD;oef@ cJjG cm;
xm;&rnf? xdu k av;rsm;tm; rdom;pkrsm;ESihf pmESijhf zpfap/ vlcsi;f awG@qrkH j_ zpf
ap tjcm;tajctaersKd;rsm;jzifhjzpfap qufoG,f±SdcGifh±Sd&rnf?
(4) vGwv f yfciG u
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aumif; jyefvnfacsyEdik +f yD; xdo k @kd vyk af qmifrt _ ay: vsijf refpmG qH;k jzwfcsuf
cH,lydkifcGifh±Sdonf?
Ttydk'f(37)wGif oGm;vmcGifh±kyfodrf;cHxm;&aom uav;rsm;
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tcGit hf a&;udk azmfjyxm;onf? xdt k cGit hf a&;rsm;rSm Oya'csK;d azmufonf[k
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onf?
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xm;aom vl@tcGifhta&;w&yfjzpfonf?
139
CRC.pmd 139 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

xduk muG,rf a_ y;xm;aom tajccHtcGit hf a&;udk Ttyd'k . f tyd'k cf GJ
(2)wGif xyfavmif;I t"dy`m,fzGifhqdkxm;onf? xdktydk'fcJG(2)wGif uav;
rsm;tm; xdkodk@xdef;odrf;xm;jcif;onf wjcm;enf;vrf;r±Sdawmhojzifh vkyf
aqmif&onfh aemufq;kH enf;vrf; jzpf&rnfjzpf+yD; xdo k @kd xed ;f odr;f xm;&onfh
tcsed u f mvudk twwfEikd q f ;kH wdak wmif;Edik o
f r# wdak wmif;ap&rnf[k qdx k m;
onf? xdktcsufrSm uav;rsm; zHG@òzd;wd;k wuf&eftwGuf taumif;qHk;ae&m
rSm xdkuav;. rdom;pkywf0ef;usifyifjzpfonf [laomtcsufudk xyfrHyhH
yd;k jcif;jzpfonf? uav;rsm;onf trSm;rsm;rS avhvm,lwwfonf/ xdo k @kd t
rSm;rsm;rS oifcef;pm,lI &ifu h suv f map&eftwGuf xdt k rSm;usL;vGerf ad om
olrsm;udk jypf'%fjyif;jyif;xefxef rcsrw S &f ef&nf±, G I
f wdu k w f eG ;f xm;onf?
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pcef;rsm;wGif wESpf odk@r[kwf ESpfESpfxufydkI xdrf;odrf;xm;&efrvdk[k cef@
rSef;=uonf? xdk@xufydkrdk=um±SnfpGm xdef;odrf;xm;ygu xdkuav;twGuf
aumif;usKd;xufqdk;usKd; oufa&mufapr_ ydkrsm;aponf[k qdk=uonf?
Ttyd'k w f iG yf g0ifaom aemufxyft"dutcsurf mS xde;f odr;f cHxm;
&aom uav;rsm;tm; vlom;qefpGmqufqH&efESifh ‚if;wdk@.*k%foduQmudk
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t±G,fa&mufaomolrsm;yg tóuH;0ifcHpm;&rnfh tcGifhta&;w&yfjzpfonf?
odk@aomf ,cktydk'f(37). tydk'fcJG(3)wGif uav;rsm;ESifh tóuH;0ifonfh t
csufESpfcsuftm; ydkrdktao;pdwfazmfjyxm;onf? yxrtcsuft& uav;
rsm;udk tjcm;t±G,fa&muf+yD;aom tusOf;om;rsm;ESifhtwl a&maESmIcsKyf
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av;rsm;udk rdom;pkrsm;ESifhqufoG,fcGifh ðy&rnfjzpfonf?
uav;rsm;omru vl}uD;rsm;ESifhyg tóuH;0ifonfh pmcsKyfygaemuf
xyftcsufrSm xdkodk@xdef;odrf;cHxm;&aom olwdkif;onf w&m;±Hk;odk@oGm;
a&mufI w&m;pD&ifr_ cH,yl ikd cf iG ±hf o dS nf? xde;f odr;f xm;cH&aom uav;rsm;t
wGuf xdkodk@ w&m;pD&ifr_cH,l&efrSm tjcm;oltultnDr±SdbJ vG,fulrnfr
140
CRC.pmd 140 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

[kwyf g? xd@k a=umifh xde;f odr;f cHuav;rsm;tm; w&m;±H;k Y tr_=um;emppfaq;
cGihf &±SEd ikd &f eftwGuf vdt k yfoifah wmfaom tultnDrsm;ay;&rnf[k qdx k m;
onf? xdktultnDrsm;wGif xdef;odrf;cHxm;&aom uav;ESifh‚if;. rdom;
pkrsm;t=um; qufoG,fay;Edkifrnfh vlr_vkyfom;rsm; &±SdcGifhvnf;yg0ifonf?
xdvk rl v _ yk o f m;rsm;taejzifh xdu k av;. rdom;pkrsm;xHo@kd uav;jyefroGm;
oifah om tcsurf sm;±Sad ejcif;±Sd r±Su d kd pHpk rf;ay;Edik of nf? tu,fI uav;jzpf
ol zsm;em'%f&m&aeygu vdktyfaomaq;0g;ukor_ cH,lEdkifcGifhonfvnf;
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cGifh±Sdonf?
Ttydk'f. tydk'fcJG(1)wGif rnfonfhuav;udkrS ESdyfpufjcif;/ &uf
puf=urf;ñuwfpmG / vlrqefpmG vl@*% k o f ud mQ ndK‡ ;EGr;f apaom tðytrlrsm;rðy
vky&f [k ydwyf ifwm;jrpfxm;onf? &ufpuf=urf;ñuwfpmG / vlrqefpmG vl@*% k f
odumQ n‡K;d EGr;f apaom tðytrlrsm;[laompum;pk. t"dym` ,fukd ,ckuav;
tcGifhta&;qdkif&mpmcsKyfwGif wdwdusus rowfrSwfay;xm;aomfvnf; t
jcm;vl@tcGifhta&;pmcsKyfrsm;wGif }udrf'%fay;jcif;ESifh wdkufydwfjcif;wdk@onf
vnf; &ufpuf=urf;ñuwfpmG / vlrqefpmG vl@*% k of u d mQ ndK;EGr;f apaom tðy
trlajrmufa=umif; qdkxm;onfudk awG@Edkifonf? uav;.pdwfydkif;qdkif&m
emusifcHpm;xdcdkufaprnfhta=umif;rsm; ajymjyjcif;onfvnf; uav;tm;
pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m ESyd pf ufjcif;ajrmufojzifh xdo k @kd ðyvkyaf jymqdjk cif;udv k nf; wm;
jrpfydwfyifxm;onf?
aemufqHk;taeESifh Ttydk'f(37)wGif wm;jrpfxm;onfhtcsufrSm
touf(18)ESpfatmuft±G,f±Sdaomolrsm;tm; ao'%fay;jcif; odk@r[kwf
axmif'%fwoufwu|e;f csrw S pf &D ifjcif;wd@k rðyvky&f ef ydwyf ifxm;aom t
csufjzpfonf? ÐÐÐÐÐ
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tyd'k f (38)
vufeufuikd yf ¥dyu©rsm;ESihf uav;ppfom;toH;k jyKjcif;
(1) pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf vufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm;ESifh ywf

oufaom EdkifiHwum vlom;csif;pmemaxmufxm;jcif;qdkif&m Oya'rsm;
wGif yg0ifonfu h av;rsm;ESihf oufqikd af omOya'rsm;udk av;pm;&efEiS hf av;
pm;&eftwGuftmrcH&ef vkyfaqmif&rnf?
(2) pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf uav;rsm;tm; vufeufudkifyÉd
yuQrsm;ESihf ppfyrGJ sm;twGi;f wdu k ±f u
kd yf g0ifywfoufjcif;r±Sad pa&;udk tmrcH
Edkif&eftwGuf jzpfEdkifacs¶Sdaom vkyfaqmifr_rsm;tm;vHk;udk vkyfaqmifay;&
rnf?
(3) pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf touf(15)ESpfrjynfhao;aom
rnfo@l urkd S rdr.d ppfwyftwGi;f 0ifa&muftr_xrf;apjcif;rðy&? touf(15)
ESpfjynfh+yD;aomfvnf; touf(18)ESpfrjynfhao;aomolrsm;udk ppfwyft
wGi;f 0ifa&mufapaomtcgwiG v f nf; touft±G,yf rkd }kd uD;jrifah om olrsm;udk
ydkrdkOD;pm;ay;Ia±G;cs,f&ef óud;yrf;aqmif±Guf&rnf?
142
CRC.pmd 142 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

(4) EdkifiHwum vlom;csif;pmemaxmufxm;jcif;qdkif&m Oya'rsm;
u qdkxm;onfh t&yfom;jynfolrsm;udk umuG,fay;&rnfqdkaomtcsuf
twdik ;f pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf vufeufuikd yf ÉdyuQa=umifh oufa&muf
r_cpH m;&aom uav;rsm;tm; umuG,af y;r_EiS hf apmifah ±Smufrr_ sm;udk tmrcH
ay;Edik &f eftwGuf jzpfEikd af cs¶adS om vkyaf qmifrr_ sm;tm;vH;k udk vkyaf qmifay;
&rnf?
urBmhukvor*~tzJG@}uD; ay:aygufvmcJhjcif;. &nf±G,fcsufrsm;t
euf t"du&nf±G,fcsufwckrSm +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh ppfyJGwm;qD;a&;twGufjzpf
onf? odk@&mwGif ,ae@wdkif jynfwGif;ppfrsm; qufvufjzpfyGm;ae&qJyifjzpf
onf?
ppfyJGrsm;rjzpfyGm;ap&eftwGuf vHk;0wm;qD;Edkifjcif;r±Sdao;onfhtcg
ppfyJGrsm;udk rnfuJhodk@qifEJGoifha=umif; pnf;rsOf;xkwfEdkif&ef wzefóud;pm;}uH
pnfvm=ujyefonf? xdkodk@ppfyJGrsm;qdkif&m vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;udk owfrSwf
vmEdkifcJhaomtcg xdkpnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;udk vlom;csif;pmemaxmufxm;r_
qdkif&mOya'rsm; odk@r[kwf ppfyJGqdkif&mOya'rsm;[k ac:a0:vm=uonf? xdk
Oya'rsm;wGif rormaomenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh wdkufcdkufjcif;/ trsm;jynfolwdk@
xdcu kd af oa=uaprnfh vufeufrsm;jzifh wdu k cf ukd jf cif;wd@k ukd ydwyf ifwm;jrpfjcif;
rsm;tjyif vufeufcsvmaomolrsm;ESihf ppfyt GJ wGi;f zrf;qD;rdvmaom ppfo@kH
yrf;rsm;tm; rnfuJhodk@qufqH&rnfqdkaom tcsufrsm;vnf;yg0ifonf?
xdktcsufrsm;udk 1949 ckESpf/ *sDeDAmoabmwlpmcsKyfESifh 1977 ckESpfwGif jy
Xmef;cJhaom aemufqufwJGpmcsKyfrsm;wGif txift±Sm;awG@jrifEdkifonf? *sDeD
AmpmcsKyfukd Edik if tH m;vH;k eD;yg;u oabmwlvufrw S f a&;xd;k xm;cJ+h yD;jzpfojzifh
xdpk mcsKyfyg tcsurf sm;onf wurBmvH;k u av;pm;vdu k ef m&rnft h csurf sm;
toGifjzpfvmcJh.? xdkpmcsKyfygtcsufrsm;udk tpdk;&ppfwyfrsm;u oabm
aygufav;pm; vdkufemvmap&ef tjynfjynfqdkif&m =uufajceDaumfrwDu
ynmay;vsuf±Sdovdk ppfyJGrsm;jzpfyGm;aeaom a'orsm;twGif; xdkpmcsKyfo
abmwlnDcsufrsm;tm; av;pm;r_±Sdr±Sd apmifh=uyfvsuf±Sdonf? xdkpmcsKyfyg
143
CRC.pmd 143 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

tcsurf sm;tm; csK;d azmufygu ppfyq GJ ikd &f m&mZ0wfr_ usL;vGeo f nf[k owf
rSwfavh±Sdonf?
Ttydk'f(38)wGifyg0ifaom vufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm;a=umifh u
av;rsm;tay: qdk;usKd;oufa&mufr_r±Sdap&ef óud;yrf;r_rsm;onf *sDeDAmpm
csKyfwiG yf g0ifaom tcsurf sm;ESihf qufpyfvsu±f o dS nf? Edik if t H pd;k &rsm;taejzifh
vufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm;. oufa&mufr_cHpm;&aomuav;rsm;udk umuG,f
ay;&efEiS hf *±kpu
kd af pmifah ±Smufrr_ sm; vkyaf qmifay;&ef Ttyd'k u f qdx k m;onf?
Ttydk'fwGif ppfyJGqdkonfh pum;vHk;udkroHk;bJ vufeufudkifyÉdyuQqdkaom
pum;vH;k ukd a±G;cs,o f ;kH pJx
G m;onf? xdo k @kd o;kH pJx
G m;jcif;rSm ppfyt GJ jzpfa=unm
wdkufcdkufaom toGifrsKd;r[kwfonfh vufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm;/ ppfyJG}uD;[k
owfrSwfIr&Edkifaom wdkufcdkufr_rsm;jzpfyGm;aom tcsdefrsKd;Yyif TtcGifht
a&;rsm;udk av;pm;umuG,fay;=u&rnfudk vltrsm;owdðyrdapvdkaom
a=umifhjzpfonf?
vufeufudkif yÉdyuQrsm;a=umifh uav;rsm;tay: enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh
oufa&mufr_±SdEdkifonf? ppfjzpfyGm;+yDqdkygu vufeufudkifwyfzJG@0ifrsm;onf
wcgw&HwGif trsKd;orD;ESifhuav;rsm;tygt0if t&yfom;rsm;jrifjrifor#
wd@k ukd ypfcwfavh±o dS nf? ±Gmw±GmvH;k òrdŒwòrdŒvH;k udk AH;k }uJwu kd cf u
kd o f nfth cgrsK;d
wGif t&yfom;rsm;yg xdcdkufaoa=uwwf=uonf? xdkodk@usL;vGefjcif;onf
t&yfom;rsm;xdcu kd rf u_ kd twwfEikd q f ;kH avsmeh nf;ap&eftwGuf ppfyq GJ ikd &f m
ypfrSwfrsm;udk txl;aocsmpGma±G;cs,fI wdkufcdkuf&ef !$ef=um;xm;onfh
Oya'pnf;urf;rsm;udk azmufzsujf cif;jzpfonf? xd@k jyif òrdŒ±Gmrsm;udk odr;f ydu k f
xm;jcif;/ vrf;c&D;oGm;vmr_rsm;udk ydwfyifxm;jcif;/ t&yfom;rsm;udk &duQm
ESihf a&rsm;jywfvyfatmif jzwfawmufxm;jcif;/ t&yfom;rsm;udk ‚if;wd@k ae
xdik &f maetdrrf sm;rS armif;xkwaf jymif;a±$Œapjcif;/ aq;0g;ESihf tjcm;tultnD
rsm;udk axmufycHh iG rhf ðyjcif;wd@k a=umifh t&yfom;jynfov l x l rk sm; txl;ojzifh
uav;i,frsm;rSm qif;&J'kuQrsm;udk ydkrdkcHpm;&wwfonf? xdktðytrlrsm;
tm;vHk;onf EdkifiHwumu av;pm;&efwm0ef±Sdonfh vlom;csif;pmem
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axmufxm;r_ Oya'rsm;udk csKd;azmufjcif;jzpfonf?
xdk‹jyif ppfyJGrsm;twGif;toHk;ðyaom ajrðryfAHk;rsm;a=umifhvnf; u
av;i,frsm;twGuf tE W&m,fusa&mufapEdkifonf? ppfyJG+yD;qHk;oGm;onfh
tcsdefwdkifatmif xdkajrðryfrdkif;AHk;rsm; qufvuftE W&m,fay;aeqJjzpfonf?
jynfwiG ;f ppftwGi;f u use&f pfcahJ om ajrðryfrikd ;f rsm;a=umifh uarBm'D;,m;Edik if H
wGif ,ae@widk f toufao/ ud, k tf *F gcsKŒd ,Gi;f cJ&h aom uav;aygi;f oef;ESichf sD
I ±SdaecJhonf? ajrðryfrdkif;tE W&m,fudk rodem;rvnfaom uav;rsm;rSm
xdkajrðryf rdkif;tE W&m,fudk ydkrdkcH=u&±Smonf?
Ttydk'f(38)wGif uav;oli,frsm;tm; ppfom;tjzpf apcdkif;jcif;
udk wm;jrpfxm;onf? vufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm;twGif; uav;rsm;tm; ppf
om;rsm;tjzpf ppfwyftwGi;f twif;t=uyf0ifa&mufapjcif;/ avhusirhf r_ ±Sb d J
a±•Swef;rsm;wGif taocHwdkufcdkufcdkif;jcif;/ ppfr_xrf;aepOftwGif; rw&m;
ESyd pf ufowfjzwfjcif;ESihf vdiaf pmfum;jcif;wd@k ukd jrefrmEdik if t H ygt0if vufeuf
udkifyÉdyuQrsm;jzpfyGm;aeaom ae&ma'orsm;Y awG@jrif&Edkifonf? tpdk;&
wGifomru tpdk;&tm;qef@usifaeaom vufeufudkiftzJG@rsm;uvnf; u
av;ppfom;rsm; toHk;ðyavh±Sdwwfonf?
Ttydk'fudk twnfðy&eftwGuf qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwf&mwGif ppfwyf
wGif; 0ifa&mufEdkifrnfhtouft±G,fudk owfrSwf&mwGif EdkifiHrsm;t=um;
jyif;xefpmG tacstwifjiif;ckrH _ ðycJ=h u&onf? Edik if t H csKŒd u tu,fI uav;
ppfom;toH;k ðyjcif; toufowfrw S cf suu f (kd 18)ESp[f k owfrw S yf gu uav;
tcGifhta&;pmcsKyfwckvHk;udk qef@usifoabmrwla=umif; uef@uGufrnf[k
+cdr;f ajcmufcI hJ xdt k oufowfrw S cf suu f kd touf(15)ESpf atmuf[I l vdu
k f
avsmowfrw S cf &hJ onf? tyd'k cf (GJ 2)ESi(hf 3)wGif touf (15)ESpf atmuf±adS om
rnfonfhuav;udkrS ppfwyftwGif; 0ifa&mufapjcif;rðy&ef wm;jrpfxm;+yD;
vufeufudkifyÉdyuQtwGif; uav;rsm;yg0ifjcif;r±Sdatmif tpdk;&u wm;
qD;ay;&rnf[k azmfjyxm;onf? Ttydk'fwGif owfrSwfxm;aom uav;
ppfr_xrf;jcif;toufrSm(15)ESpfjzpfaomfvnf; 2000 ckESpfwGif aemufxyfjy
145
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Xmef;cJah om vufeufuikd yf ÉdyuQtwGi;f uav;rsm;yg0ifrE_ iS hf ywfoufaom
aemufqufwJGpmcsKyfY ppfr_xrf;Edkifaomtoufudk(18)ESpf[k wdk;jr‡ifhowf
rSwcf o hJ nf? xdak emufqufwpGJ mcsKyft& touf(18)ESprf jynfah o;aom u
av;rsm;tm; vufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm;twGif; toHk;ðyjcif;udk wm;jrpfxm;
onf? vufeufudkifyÉdyuQtwGif;wGif yg0ifywfoufaeaom tzJG@rsm;tm;
vH;k u touf(18)ESpaf tmuf uav;rsm;tm; twif;t=uyfjzpfap/ t=uyf
udik I
f jzpfap/ rdrq d ENtavsmuf yg0ifjcif;jzpfap uav;ppfom;rsm;tjzpf t
oHk;csjcif;udk wm;jrpf&ef tpdk;&wGif wm0ef±Sdonf?
Ttydk'fwGif EdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;onf uav;i,frsm;udk vufeufudkif
yÉdyuQrsm;ESifhywfoufaom vlom;csif;pmemaxmufxm;r_qdkif&m Oya'
rsm;udk av;pm;vdkufem&rnf[k !Gef=um;xm;onf? xdkOya'rsm;wGif vuf
eufuikd f yÉdyuQrsm;twGi;f uav;rsm;tm; rnfuo hJ @kd qufq&H rnf qdo k nf
wdk@udk azmfjyxm;onf? Oyrm vufeufudkifwdkufyJGrsm;twGif; rdom;pkrsm;
wuJw G jym;pDjzpfomG ;ygu rdom;pkrsm;jyefvnfaygi;f pnf;Edik af tmif vkyaf qmif
ay;jcif;rsm;/ rdom;pkr±Sdaom rdbrJhuav;rsm;tm; ydkrdkapmifha±Smufay;r_rsm;
vkyfaqmif&ef xdkppfyJGqdkif&mOya'rsm;u qdkxm;onf?
ÐÐÐÐÐ
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tyd'k f (39)
jyefvnfjyKpkysKd;axmif emvHxtpDtpOfrsm; &&Scd iG hf
pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf ypfy,fvspv f sL±_jcif;/ tjrwfxw k af pcdik ;f

jcif;/ apmfum;jcif;/ ESyd pf ufjcif;ESihf tjcm;&ufpuf=urf;ñuwfpmG edrchf sapmfum;
aomenf;rsm;jzifhqufqHjcif; odk@r[kwf ESdyfpufjcif;rsm;ESifh vufeufudkifyÉd
yuQrsm;udk enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh &ifqikd óf uHawG@c&hJ aom uav;rsm;twGuf ±kyyf ikd ;f
ESihf pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m jyefvnfw;kd wufaumif;rGev f m&efEiS hf vlrt
_ odik ;f t0dik ;f t
=um; jyefvnftajcus aygif;pnf;aexdkifr_rsm; wdk;wufaumif;rGefvmap&ef
vdktyfovdk vkyfaqmifay;&rnf? xdkodk@jyefvnf wdk;wufaumif;rGefvmr_
ESihf jyefvnftajcus aygi;f pnf;aexdik rf r_ sm;onf uav;.use;f rma&;/ ud, k hf
ud, k u f ,
kd af v;pm;r_EiS hf xdu k av;.*k%o f u
d mQ wd@k ukd ay:xGe;f apEdik o
f nfh ywf
0ef;usifrsKd;wGif jzpfap&rnf?
Ttyd'k w f iG f yg0ifaomtcGithf a&;rsm;onf uav;tcGit hf a&;rsm;
csKd;azmufapmfum;jcif;cHcJh&aom uav;rsm;ESifhywfoufI ulnDay;&rnfh
tultnDrsm;ESifh oufqdkifygonf? csKd;azmufcH&aom tcGifhta&;rsm;tm;
147
CRC.pmd 147 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

vH;k udk qdv k jkd cif;r±Sb d J pdwyf ikd ;f ESi±hf yk yf ikd ;f xdcukd 'f %f&m&xm;aom uav;rsm;/
apmfum;r_/ ypfy,fvspv f sL±_rE_ iS hf tjrwfxw k rf c_ cH &hJ aom uav;rsm;/ ESyd pf uf
jcif;/ vlrqefpmG qufqjH cif;wd@k óuHawG@cpH m;cJ&h aom uav;rsm;ESihf vufeuf
udik yf ÉdyuQrsm;udk &ifqikd jf zwfoef;cJ&h aom uav;rsm;udo k m &nf±, G af zmfjy
xm;ygonf? tydk'f (19)/ (34)/ (35)/ (36)/ (37)/ (38) ESifh (40) ygtcsuf
rsm;ESifhom tóuH;0ifrnfjzpfonf?
xdkodk@aom tjzpftysufrsm;tm; óuHawG@cHpm;cJh&aom uav;rsm;
twGuf tultnDo;kH rsK;d axmufyaHh y;&ef tpd;k &wGiw f m0ef±o dS nf? xdt k ul
tnDrsm;rSm ±kyfydkif;qdkif&mxdcdkuf'%f&mrS oufomaysmufuif;atmif ul
nDay;jcif;/ pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f mxdcu kd cf pH m;&r_rS oufomaysmufuif;atmif ulnD
ay;jcif;ESihf uav;rsm;taejzifh vlrb _ 0twGi;f jyefvnftajcus aygi;f pnf;
aexdkifEdkif&ef ulnDay;jcif; ponfwdk@jzpfonf?
±kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f m xdcu kd 'f %f&m&±Scd ahJ om uav;rsm;twGuf aq;0g;uk
oay;r_rsm;vdktyfovdk tu,fI xdkuav;onfa&m*gpJGuyfaeygu odk@r
[kwf emwm±Snf'%f&mrsm;&aeygu odk@r[kwf t[m&csKdŒwJhaeygu odk@
r[kwf udk,ft*F gcsKdŒ,Gif;oGm;ygu jyefvnfoefpGrf;vmatmif avhusifhay;
r_rsm; vdktyfygonf?
wcsKdŒuav;rsm;onf ±kyfydkif;qdkif&m xdcdkuf'%f&m&jcif;r[kwfbJ
pdwfydkif;qdkif&m xdcdkufcHpm;cJh&aomolrsm;jzpfaeI xdkuav;rsm;udk pdwfydkif;
qdik &f m jyefvnfjr‡iw hf ifay;onfh ulnrD r_ sm;vdt k yfygonf? t=urf;zufrr_ sm;
ESihf qd;k 0g;vSaom obm0tE &W m,frsm;udk rsujf rif&ifqikd óf uHawG@cahJ om u
av;wa,mufonf tdyrf ufq;kd rsm;rufjcif;/ a'go}uD;vGe;f jcif;/ xdjk zpfysucf hJ
onfh tjzpfreS rf sm;udv k ufc&H ef jiif;qefjcif;/ tm±Hpk ;l pdu k rf _ uif;rJjh cif;/ txl;
wkefv_yfajcmufjcm;aewwfjcif;/ xdktjzpfqdk;rsm;udk r=umc% jyefvnfjrif
a,mifaejcif;rsm; ponfah 0'emrsm;udk cHpm;ae&wwfygonf? rdom;pktwGi;f
±kyyf ikd ;f ESihf vdiyf ikd ;f apmfum;cHc&hJ aom uav;rsK;d rSmvnf; ud, k u
hf u kd ,
kd Ef rdS chf sjcif;/
ro'Dawmhjcif;/ tjcm;olrsm;ESifh aygif;oif;qufqH&ef cufcJjcif;wkd@ cHpm;ae
148
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&wwfonf? xdkuav;rsm;udkrl yHkrSefpdwfrsKd;jyefjzpfvmap&ef vdktyfonfh
pdwfydkif;qdkif&mtultnDrsm; ay;tyf&rnfjzpfonf?
vlr_b0twGif; jyefvnftajcus aygif;pnf;aexdkifEdkif&ef ulnDay;
jcif;qdk&mwGif uav;rsm;rlvaexdkifcJhonfh vlr_todkif;t0dkif;twGif; or±dk;
us obm0uspGm jyefvnfaexdkifEdkif&eftwGuf vkyfaqmifay;jcif;udk qdkvdk
onf? rdbrsm;ESihf tcsed t f wdik ;f twmwckt& uJu G mG cJah om uav;ppfom;
rsm;/ uav;jynfhwefqmrsm;/ axmifuscJh&aomuav;rsm;/ vrf;ay:a&muf
uav;rsm;taejzifh ,cifow l @kd aexdik cf ahJ om aetdrrf sm;ESirhf o d m;pkrsm;xHwiG f
csucf si;f tqifajyajyjzifh jyefvnftajcusaexdik Ef ikd &f ef rjzpfEikd af cs? ,cift
ajctaetwdik ;f jyefvnfa&muf±adS exdik Ef ikd &f eftwGuf uln! D a‡d y;&ef vdt k yf
onf? uav;zufomru xdu k av;.rdbrsm;ESihf rdom;pk0ifrsm;zufuvnf;
xdu k av;jzwfoef;cJ&h aom tjzpftysurf sm;ESihf xdu k av;tay: oufa&muf
cJ&h r_rsm;udk em;vnfoabmayguaf y;&ef tcsed v f t
kd yfonf? rdom;pkrsm;wGif
jyef vnf0ifqhH&efomru ausmif;pmoifcef;rsm;twGif; jyefvnf0ifa&muf
Edkifzdk@twGuf!d‡Ed_if;ay;&ef tultnDvdktyfayonf?
±kyfydkif;ESifhpdwfydkif;qdkif&m jyefvnfðypkysKd;axmifay;&ef vdktyfonfh
uav;rsm;tm; aq;±HkwGifjzpfap txl;ulnDapmifha±Smufr_rsm;ay;aom t
jcm;ae&mrsKd;wGif ðypkay;&efvdktyfonf? tu,fI xdkuav;i,fonf rdrd
.aetdrfY apmfum;cHcJh&jcif;jzpfygu xdkuav;.aetdrfwGif jzpfysufcJhr_ESifh
ywfoufonfh tajctaersm; wdk;wufaumif;rGefvmr_ r±Sdrcsif; a*[m
od@k r[kwf cdv k &H_ mae&mwckcw k iG f xm;±S&d rnf? tyd'k f (39) u xdo k @kd aq;±Hrk sm;
ESihf a*[mrsm;wGif xm;±Sx d m;aom uav;i,frsm;tm; use;f rma&;aumif;
rGev f mapaom/ ud, k u
hf ,
kd u f , kd Ef iS hf rdr*d %
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f u
d mQ udk jyefvnfav;pm; *k%, f l
wwfapaom ywf0ef;usifrsKd;jzifh qufqHðypkay;&rnf[k qdkxm;onf?
ÐÐÐÐÐ
149
CRC.pmd 149 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

tyd'k f (40)
uav;&mZ0wfrKS Oya'rsm;
(1) pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf &mZ0wfr_wGif yg0ifywfoufusL;

vGeo f nf[k oHo,±Scd x H m;&aom/ pGypf cGJ x H m;&aomESihf yg0ifywfoufonf
[k todtrSwðf ycHxm;&aom uav;rsm;tm; qufqo H nft h cgwiG f uav;
.*k%o f ud mQ ESiw
hf efz;kd udk wd;k wufaumif;rGeaf paom tðytrlrsK;d jzifh qufq&H
rnfjzpfa=umif; todtrSwðf y&rnf? xdo k @kd qufq&H mwGif uav;.touft
±G,fESifh uav;.jyefvnfaygif;pnf;r_ESifh vlr_todkif;t0dkif;twGif; aumif;
rGefaom ae&mu¾wckwGif yg0ifvmapvdkaomqENrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;
pm;I uav;taejzifh vl@tcGit hf a&;ESihf tjcm;olrsm;. tajccHvw G vf yfciG hf
udk ydkrdkav;pm;vmap&eftwGuf jzpfap&rnf?
(2) xd@k twGuaf =umifh tjcm;oufqikd af om Edik if w H um oabmwl
nDcsufrsm;ESifhudkufnDpGm pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onfæ
(u) uav;wOD;vkyaf qmifcahJ om tðytrlwpHw k &monf xdt k odŒk
150
CRC.pmd 150 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

ðyvkycf phJ Oftcsed t f cgu xkwjf yefxm;aom Edik if aH wmf od@k r[kwf Edik f
iHwumqdik &f mOya'u wm;jrpfxm;onfh tðytrlr[kwyf gu xdt k
a=umif;tcsufa=umifh rnfonfhuav;udkrS &mZ0wfr_jzifhpGyfpJGjcif;/
oHo,±Sdapjcif;ESifh yg0ifywfoufonf[k todtrSwfðyjcif;wdk@
rðy&?
(c) &mZ0wfrj_ zifh pGypf jGJ cif;/ oHo,±Sad pjcif;ESihf yg0ifywfoufonf[k
todtrSwfðyjcif;cHae&aom uav;rsm;udk tedrfhqHk; atmufygt
csufrsm;jzif tmrcHay;&rnf?
1? w&m;Oya't& tjypf±Sda=umif; rpD&ifrcsif; tjypfr±Sd[k
vufcHEdkifjcif;?
2? xdkuav;tay:pGyfpJGcsufudk csufcsif;ESifh wdkuf±dkuftoday;
jcif;/ vdt k yfygu uav;.rdb od@k r[kwf w&m;0iftyk x f ed ;f cGihf
±Sod rl sm;rSwqifh today;jcif;/ xd@k jyif xdpk yG pf cGJ suEf iS hf ywfoufI
umuG,af v#mufvEJ ikd &f eftvd@k imS jyifqifrr_ sm;ESihf wifjyr_rsm;
vkyfaqmifEdkif&eftwGuf w&m;Oya't&ESifh tjcm;oifhavsmf
aom tultnDrsm; &±Sdapjcif;?
3? uav;. toufEiS t fh ajctae/ uav;.rdbjzpforl sm; od@k
r[kwf w&m;0iftyk x f rd ;f olrsm;. ta=umif;t&mwd@k ukd xnfh
oGif;pOf;pm;+yD; uav;. taumif;qHk;tusKd;twGuf roifh
awmf[, k q l &aom tr_rsK;d rSvI GJ uset
f r_rsm;udk w&m;Oya'
t&ESihf tjcm;oifah vsmaf om tultnDrsm;&,l+yD;onfah emuf
aESmifhaES;=uef@=umjcif;r±SdbJ t&nftcsif;jynfhrDol/ vGwfvyf
+yD;bufvu kd rf r_ ±Sad om tm%mydik rf sm; od@k r[kwf w&m;pD&ifa&;
XmeuaeI Oya'twdkif; r#wonfh=um;emppf aq;r_jzifh qHk;
jzwfcsufcsjcif;?
4? twif;t=uyfxGufqdkcdkif;jcif; odk@r[kwf usL;vGefa=umif;
0efccH ikd ;f jcif;r±Sb d J wef;wltcGit hf vrf;rsm; &±Sad p&eftwGuf ESpf
151
CRC.pmd 151 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

bufpvHk;rS rsufjrifoufaorsm;udk tjyeftvSefppfaq;jcif;/
uav;.ud, k pf m; rsujf rifoufaorsm;udk ac:,lIyg0if xGuq f kd
apjcif;?
5? tu,fI &mZ0wfr_usL;vGefonf[k owfrSwfjcif;cH&ygu
xdok @kd p&D ifq;kH jzwfrE_ iS hf xdpk &D ifcsuEf iS yhf wfoufonfh tjcm;vkyf
aqmifrr_ sm;udk Oya't& pGr;f aqmifEikd af om/ vGwv f yfaomESihf
bufvu kd rf r_ ±Sad om txuftm%mydik f od@k r[kwf ydrk t kd qifjh rifh
aom w&m;pD&ifr_Xmeu jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;?
6? tu,fI uav;onf ±H;k awmfwiG t f oH;k ðyaom bmomp
um;udk em;vnfoabmaygufjcif;ESifh ajymqdkEdkifjcif; r±Sdygu
bmomjyefudk tcrJh&±Sdapjcif;?
7? xdo k @kd =um;emppfaq;aeonfh umvtwGi;f uav;. yk*v ~ d
u ud, k af &;ud, k w
f m vGwv f yfciG rhf sm;udk tjynfth 0 av;pm;
ay;jcif;?
(3) pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf &mZ0wfr_jzifhpGyfpJGjcif;/ oHo,±Sd
apjcif;ESifh yg0ifywfoufonf[k todtrSwfðyjcif;cH&aom uav;rsm;t
wGuf txl;oufqikd o f nfh Oya'rsm;/ vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;/ tm%mydik rf sm;ESihf
Xmersm; ay:aygufvmap&ef tm;ay;&rnf? txl;ojzifhæ
(u) &mZ0wfr_usL;vGefjcif;rajrmuf[k owfrSwfI&Edkifaom u
av;.tedrfhqHk;toufudk owfrSwfay;jcif;?
(c) oifhawmf+yD;vdkvm;ygu xdkodk@aomuav;rsm;tm; w&m;pD&if
a&; vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;twdkif;r[kwfbJ vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh w&m;a&;
umuG,fay;r_rsm;udk tjynfht0av;pm;I udkifwG,fqufqHjcif;?
(4) xdok @kd rsm;jym;pGm±Sad eaom vkyif ef;rsm;/ Oyrm - apmifah ±Smuf
jcif;/ vrf;!$efjcif;ESifh xdef;ausmif;jcif;vkyfief;rsm;jzpfonfh t}uHOm%frsm;
ay;jcif;/ ðyjyifxdef;odrf;xm;jcif;/ apmifha±Smufay;jcif;rsm;/ ynma&;ESifh t
oufarG;0rf;a=umif; oifwef;tpDtpOfrsm; tjcm;aomenf;vrf;rsm; odk@
152
CRC.pmd 152 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

r[kwf apmifha±Smufr_yHkpHrsm;onf uav;.b0 om,mcsrf;ajrŒa&;twGuf
oifah vsmaf om yHpk rH sm;jzpf&rnft h jyif olw@kd .tajctaersm;/ usL;vGecf ahJ om
tr_rsm; ESpfckpvHk;ESifh tcsKd;wusjzpfap&rnf?
Ttyd'k (f 40). yxrtyd'k cf EGJ iS hf &Jwyfz@GJ / w&m;a&;pepfw@kd EiS hf yg0if
ywfoufvmaom uav;rsm;tm; rnfuo hJ @kd qufq&H rnfqakd om a,bl,s
tcsurf sm;udk azmfjyxm;onf? xdo k @kd aom uav;rsm;udk wm0ef±o dS rl sm;u
qufqo H nfth cgwiG f uav;.*k%o f u d mQ udk tav;xm;qufq&H rnfjzpf+yD;
uav;taejzifh tjcm;olrsm;. vGwv f yfciG Ehf iS hf tcGit
hf a&;rsm;udk jyefvnf
av;pm;wefzdk;xm;wwfvmap&ef &nf±G,fIvkyfaqmif&rnf[k Ttydk'fu
qdxk m;onf? uav;tm; qufqrH r_ sm;tm;vH;k onf uav;udk aysm±f i$ af p+yD;
vl@abmiftodkif;t0dkif;udk tusKd;ðyaom vlom;wa,mufjzpfap&ef &nf
rSef;xm;&rnfjzpfonf? uav;jzpfoltm; rkef;wD;r_/ cg;oD;r_rsm;ESifh tjcm;
olrsm;tm; raygi;f oif;vdak wmhonfh oltjzpfrsK;d odŒk a&mufroGm;ap&ef owd
ðyqufq&H rnf? xdyk xrtyd'k w f iG f w&m;pD&ifra_ tmufo@kd a&muf±v dS maom
uav;tm; qufq&H mwGif xdu k av;.touft±G,u f kd t+rJwrf; xnfo h iG ;f
pOf;pm;&rnfjzpfa=umif; azmfjyxm;onf? xdk@a=umifh toufq,fESpft±G,f
uav;tm; qufqHyHkESifh toufq,fhig;ESpft±G,fuav;tm; qufqHyHkwdk@
wlnDEdkifrnfr[kwfyg?
'kwd,tydk'fcJGwGif w&m;r#waom w&m;pD&ifr_cHpm;EdkifcGifhESifh ywf
oufaomtcsufrsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf? xdktydk'fcJGwGif &mZ0wfr_usL;vGef
onf[k pGypf cGJ xH m;&aom uav;ESiyhf wfoufI rnfuo hJ Œkd aom tjcm;txl;
tcGit hf a&;rsm; ±Sad eao;onfukd ±Si;f jyxm;onf? xdak zmfjyxm;aom tcGihf
ta&;rsm;rSm tjcm;vl@tcGit hf a&; oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;wGif xif±mS ;pGmazmfjy
xm;+yD;jzpfaom tcGit hf a&;rsm;yifjzpfonf? usL;vGepf Ofu &mZ0wfrr_ owf
rSwx f m;onfh tðytrlrsK;d udk aemufa=umif;jyef w&m;pJq G jkd cif;rS uif;vGwcf iG hf
udk 'kwd,tydk'fcJGwGif awG@Edkifonf? xdk@jyif w&m;Oya't&tjypf±Sdonf[k
pD&ifcsufrcsrcsif; xdkolwGif tjypfr±Sd[laomtcsufudkvnf; Ttydk'fcJGwGif
153
CRC.pmd 153 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;onf? tpdk;&taejzifh tjypfr±Sdoludk tjypfay;jcif;rðy
Edkif&ef ,ckuJhodk@ owfrSwfxm;apjcif;jzpfonf?
uav;rsm; yg0ifywfoufaeaom &mZ0wfr_rsm;tm; vGwfvyf+yD;
bufvdkufr_r±Sdaom t&nftcsif;jynfhonfh w&m;±Hk;rsm;uaeI aESmifhaES;
=uef@=umjcif;r±Sad pbJ pD&ifcsucf srw S &f rnfjzpfa=umif; xdt k yd'k cf x
GJ YJ yif azmfjy
xm;onf? t&nftcsi;f jynfah om[lonfph um;. t"dym` ,frmS w&m;Oya'
enf;vrf;wus pD&ifwwfaomw&m;±Hk; odk@r[kwf xdkuJhodk@aom XmersKd;udk
qdv k okd nf? w&m;±H;k qdo k nfrmS Oya'uzGiq hf xkd m;onft h wdik ;f om pD&ifcsuf
csrw S Ef ikd rf nfjzpfonf? xdw k &m;±H;k rsm;onf uav;rsm;. pdwcf pH m;r_EiS hf rdom;
pkb0tajctaersm;udk oabmaygux f m;&ef vdt k yfonf? vGwv f yfaomqdk
onft h "dym` ,frmS w&m;pD&ifrnfw h &m;ol}uD;onf rnfoŒl rsuEf mS udrk S =unfh
jcif;r±Sb d J w&m;Oya'/ oufaotaxmuftxm;ESihf xdt k a=umif;tcsuEf pS f
cktay: rdrad wG@jrifo;kH oyf pD&ifcsurf sm;udo k m=unfI h pD&ifcsucf sjcif;qdo k nfh
t"dy`m,fjzpfonf? rnfolwOD;wa,mufurS w&m;ol}uD;tm; rnfodk@pD&if
trdef@cs&ef wdkufwGef;jcif;/ aoG;aqmifjcif;/ +cdrf;ajcmufjcif; vkyfcGifhr±Sday?
bufvu kd rf r_ ±Sad om pum;pk.qdv k &kd if;rSm w&m;ol}uD;rsm;onf tjrifus,f
aomoabm±S+d yD; tr_p&D if&mwGif ud, k af &;ud, k w f mtusK;d pD;yGm; uif;±Si;f pGm
jzifh tr_pD&ifjcif;jzpfonf?
udk,fa&;udk,fwm vGwfvyfcGifhudkvnf; ,cktydk'fcJGwGif azmfjyxm;
onf? uav;ESiyhf wfoufaom xGuq f ckd surf sm;/ &mZ0wfrp_ pkH rf;ppfaq;awG@
±Scd surf sm;/ w&m;av#mufvcJ surf sm;udk trsm;jynfoo l ±d adS tmif xkwjf yefjcif;
rðy&ef Ttyd'k w f iG f azmfjyxm;onf? xdu k av;rnforl nf0gjzpfa=umif; od±dS
apEdkifrnfh uav;.trnfrsm;/ "mwfyHkrsm;ESifh tjcm;tcsuftvufrsm;udk
azmfjyjcif;rS wm;jrpfay;&rnfjzpfonf? xd@k jyifuav;tm;zrf;qD;/ w&m;pJq G pkd D
&ifonfh rSww f rf;rsm;udv k nf; txl;vHòk cHpmG odr;f qnf;xm;&ef vdt k yfonf?
xdkodk@vkyfaqmifay;jcif;tm;jzifh w&m;a&;udpPrsm; +yD;qHk;oGm;onfhtcsdefwGif
xdkuav;taejzifh rdrd.rdom;pkESifh ywf0ef;usifrsm;t=um; tcuftcJ}uD;
154
CRC.pmd 154 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

}uD;rm;rm;r±Sb d J tvG,w f uljyefvnfaeom;wus aygi;f pnf;oGm;Edik af yrnf?
tydk'f(40)wGif aemufxyfazmfjyxm;aom tjcm;tcGifhta&;rsm;
rSm rdrt d m;pGypf x GJ m;csut f m; od±cdS iG Ehf iS hf a±Sa• ejzifu
h muG,af v#mufvyJ ikd cf iG /hf
pGypf cGJ &H olu rnfonft h &mrS xkwaf zmfrajymbJ qdwq f wd af ecGi/hf bmomjyef&
±SdcGifh/ vdktyfygu t,lcHwifcGifh ponfwdk@jzpfonf? uav;a±•SaejzpfolwGif
vnf; oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm; wifjycGiEhf iS hf rsujf rifoufaorsm; ac:
,lcGifhwdk@ &±Sd&rnf?
tydk'f(40). aemufqHk;wwd,tydk'fcJGwGif uav;oli,frsm;t
wGuf txl;w&m;Oya'rsm;/ w&m;±Hk;vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;/ w&m;±Hk;rsm;ESifh
Xmersm; vkt d yfa=umif;azmfjyxm;onf? &mZ0wfusK;vGerf u _ kd tjypfay;ta&;
,lyikd cf iG rhf ±Sad om toufuv kd nf; wdwu d sus owfrw S &f efvt kd yfa=umif;ESihf
t±G,rf a&mufao;aom uav;rsm;tm; tr_p&D if&mwGif omrefvyk x f ;kH vkyf
pOfrsm; twdik ;f r[kwb f J w&m;pD&ifEikd &f efw@kd uv kd nf; ,cktyd'k w f iG f a&;om;
xm;onf?
aemufqHk;tydk'fwGif w&m;Oya'udkcsKd;azmufaom uav;rsm;tm;
tjypfay;ta&;,ljcif;xuf olw@kd .b0 jyefvnf±iS o f efvmap&eftwGuf rnf
uJhodk@aom jyefvnfðypkysKd;axmifr_rsm; vkyfaqmifay;&rnfudk a&;om;azmf
jyxm;onf?
ÐÐÐÐÐ
155
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156
CRC.pmd 156 3/11/2005, 7:19 PM

Uav Tcgifhta& Qdkif&Mpmcskyftamumif Odaumif P&M: Vlœtcgifhta& Ynmay Xme (Jrefrmedkifih)

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uav;tcGithf a&;qdik &f mpmcsKytf aMumif; odaumif;p&m

Author: Aung Myo Min

Cartoon: Saw Ngo , Agga and Kham Chuen

Cover: Yun Ein Si Thu (9 years old in 2005)

Published By: Human Rights Education Institute of Burma

Address: G. P.O Box - 485,

Second Edition, 1,500 copies,

© Aung Myo Min

All rights reserved. This work may be reproduced, provided that no

Funded byTerre Des Hommes FR Germany

CRC.pmd 1 3/11/2005, 7:18 PM

tydk'f (1) uav;qdkonfrSm 11

CRC.pmd 2 3/11/2005, 7:18 PM

tydk'f (11) uav;i,ftm; wdkif;jynftwGif;rSw&m;r

CRC.pmd 3 3/11/2005, 7:18 PM

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uav;qdak om pum;vH;k .t"dym` ,frmS omreftm;jzifh Ed@k p@kd uav;

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