Maths Extension 1 Circle Geometry

Circle Geometry
Properties of a Circle Circle Theorems: ! Angles and chords ! Angles ! Chords ! Tangents ! Cyclic Quadrilaterals

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Maths Extension 1 Circle Geometry

Properties of a Circle

Radius Major Segment

Diameter

Chord Minor Segment

Tangent

Concyclic points form a Cyclic Quadrilateral

Sector

Arc

Tangents Externally and Internally Concentric circles

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Maths Extension 1 Circle Geometry

Circle Theorems
l

! Equal arcs subtend equal angels at the centre of the circle. ! If two arcs subtend equal angles at the centre of the circle, then the arcs are equal.
O

l = r

! Equal chords subtend equal angles at the centre of the circle.

||

! Equal angles subtended at the centre of the circle cut off equal chords.

||

||

S OB = OC (radius of circle) A BOA = COD (vert. opp. Angles) S OA = OD (radius of circle) BOA COD (SAS) AB = DC (corresponding sides in ' s )

|| C

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Maths Extension 1 Circle Geometry

! A perpendicular line from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the chord. ! A line from the centre of a circle that bisects a chord is perpendicular to the chord.
O

R OMB = OMA (straight line) H OB = OA (radius of circle) S OM = MO (common) AOM BOM (RHS) AM = BM (corresponding sides in ' s )
O

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Maths Extension 1 Circle Geometry

! Equal chords are equidistant from the centre of the circle. ! Chords that are equidistant from the centre are equal.

||

R ANO = BMO = 90 (A line from the centre of a circle that bisects a chord is perpendicular to the chord) H AO = BO (Radius of Circle) S NO = MO (given) ANO BMO (RHS)
|| M

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Maths Extension 1 Circle Geometry

Internally
A

! The products of intercepts of intersecting chords are equal AX.XB = CX.XD

C X

Prove AXD ||| CXD

C X

A AXD = CXB (vertically opp) A XAD = XCB (Angle standing on the same arc) A XDA = XBC (Angle sum of triangle) Correspond sides AX CX = XD XB AX . XB = CX . XD

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Maths Extension 1 Circle Geometry

Externally

! The square of the length of the tangent from an external point is equal to the product of the intercepts of the secant passing through this point. (AX)2 = BX.CX
A

Externally

Prove ACX ||| BAX A AXC = BXA (common) A XAC = XBA (Angle in alternate segment) A ACX = BAX (Angle sum of triangle) Correspond sides AX BX = CX AX ( AX ) 2 = BX .CX

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Maths Extension 1 Circle Geometry

! The angle at the centre of a circle is twice the angle at the circumference subtended by the same arc.

C D B

Let CAO = Let BAO = AO = CO = BO (radius of circle) ACO = (base angles of isosceles ) ABO = (base angles of isosceles ) COD = 2 (exterior angle = two opposite interior angles) BOD = 2 (exterior angle = two opposite interior angles) CAB = + COD = 2(a + )

! Angle in a semicircle is a right angle.

180

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Maths Extension 1 Circle Geometry

! Angles standing on the same arc are equal.

Prove AXD ||| CXD A AXD = CXB (vertically opp) A XAD = XCB (Angle standing on the same arc) A XDA = XBC (Angle sum of triangle)
C

X D

Corresponding angles of similar triangles are equal

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Maths Extension 1 Circle Geometry

! Tangents to a circle from an exterior point are equal.

Prove OAC OBC R OAC = OBC (90) H OC = OC (common) S OA = )B (radii) OAC OBC RHS

B || O A

AC = BC (corresponding sides in congruent triangles)

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Maths Extension 1 Circle Geometry

! When two circles touch, the line through their centres passes through their point of contact.

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Maths Extension 1 Circle Geometry

! The angle between a tangent and a chord through the point of contact is equal to the angle in the alternate segment.

X B C

Let XAB = Let BAQ = + = 90 AXB = (angle in semicircle is 90, complementary angle) ACB = AXB (angle on the same arc) ACB = BAQ

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Maths Extension 1 Circle Geometry

! The opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary. ! If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are supplementary, then the quadrilateral is cyclic. 180 B

180
C

! The exterior angle of s cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite angle.

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