( Process Control )

( Process Control )

 ( Process Control )



3
1 ) ( Manipulated Variable )
2 ) ( Disturbance )
3 ) ( Controlled Variable )

( Process )

( )


( Value Position )
( Motor Speed )
( Damper Position )

( Temperature )
( Liquid )
( Pressure )
( Position )
( Speed )
( Weight )

( Process )
( Level Transmitter ) LT
( Level Controller ) LC
( Control Valve ) LV

1)
2)
3)
4)

( Process )
( Measurement )
( Comparison ) ( Evaluation )
( Control )




( Set point )

( Comparison )

( Control )

( Measurement )

( Process )

( Out put )

 ( Process )

 ( Measurement )



( Analog Signal ) ( Digital Signal )

 ( Comparison )
( Evaluation )



- ( Comparator )
- ( Controller )

( Comparison )

 ( Control )
( Final Control Equipment )


( Process and Instrumentation
Drawing ) P & ID

 ( Process Controlling )

 ( System Error )

( )

 ( System Response )
2
1 ) ( Undamped )
2 ) ( Damped )


( Control Loop Design )

( Loop )


( Control Loop Design )


( Maximum Error )
( Offset Error )
( Error Area )
( Setting Time )


2
1 ) ( Manual Control )

2 ) ( Automatic Control )


5
1 ) ( On/Off Control )
2 ) ( Proportional Control P Control )
3 ) ( Proportional plus Integral Control
PI Control )
4 ) ( Proportional plus and Derivative Control
PD Control )
5 ) (Proportional - Integral - Derivative Control
PID Control )

 ( Process Control Loop )

2
1 ) ( Single loop Feedback Control )
2 ) ( Advanced Control Loop )
2.1 ) ( Cascade )
2.2 ) ( Ratio )
2.3 ) ( Feedforward )

 ( Single loop Feedback Control )

( Process Variable / PV )

( Set Point / SP )



( Manipulated Variable )

 ( Process Controller )
3
1 ) ( Mechanical )
2 ) ( Pneumatic )
3 ) ( Electronic )

output

Input

( Time Response )

 ( Advanced Control Loop )

3
1 ) ( Cascade Control Loop )
2 ) ( Ratio Control Loop )
3 ) ( Feedforward Control Loop )

 ( Cascade Control Loop )

( Intermediate Controlled Variable )

TIC
100

TE
100

SP

Outflow
PV
100

PT
100

Fuel

Furnace
Inflow


FIC
100

TIC
100

TE
100

SP

Outflow
FV
100

FT
100

Furnace

Fuel

Inflow
FE
100

 ( Advanced Control Loop )

2


Uncontrolled Flow
Air

Air
FE
200
FE
100

FT
200
FT
100

FFIC
100

Fuel

FV
100

Fuel
Controlled Flow

 ( Feedforward Control Loop )



( Load Change )

( Set Point )

Input

( Measurement )

( Process )

Output


( Pressure )



P = F/A

P / F / A



( English System )
SI ( International System of Units )
N/M2

( Sea Level )


2
1 )
2 )


( Absolute Pressure , Pa )
( Zero Absolute )
( Total Vacuum )
( Gauge Pressure )
( Atmospheric Pressure , Patm )

 ( Manometer )


( Calibration )

 ( Pressure Gauge )

2
1 ) ( Indicator )
2 ) ( Pressure Element )


3
1 ) ( Bourdon Tube )

2 ) ( Diaphragm )
3 ) ( Bellow )

 ( Bellow )

( Accordion )



( Potentiometer Type )
( Variable Capacitance Type )
( Variable Inductance Type )
( Strain Gauge Type )


( Strain Gauge )

LMax
Transmitter

SG = 0.95

4mA- 20mA

LMin
High

Low

Lmax

SG = 0.95

4 mA 20 mA

Lmin
d

dP Trasmitter
High

Low

LMax

SG = 0.95

dP Transmitter

LMin
High

Low

 SGw

SGw = 1.2

LMax
SG = 0.95

dP Transmitter

LMin
High

Low

 SGw

Lmax

SGw

SG = 0.95
Lmin

dP Transmitter
d

High

Low


( Temperature )
( Thermal Energy )

( Kinetic Energy )





( Controller ) ( System Load )


4
1 ) ( Farenheit )
2 ) ( Celsius )
3 ) ( Kelvin )
4 ) ( Rankine )



1 )
2 )
3 )
4 )

= 212 = 32
= 100 = 0
= 373.15 = 273.15
= 671.67 = 491.67

1)
2)
3)
4)

T ( K ) = T ( C ) + 237.15

T ( F ) = ( 9/5 T ( C ) ) + 32

T ( C ) = 5/9 ( T ( F ) - 32 )
T ( R ) = T ( F ) + 459.67



( Filled bulb Thermometer )


( Bimetallic Thermometer )


( Thermoelectric )

( Seebeck Effect )
Volt meter
Cu

Hot Junction

RTD ( Resistance Temperature Detector )

RTD

RTD

 RTD
.

Volt Meter


( Thermistor )


( Sight-type Instrument )
3 1 ) ( Sight Glass Gauge )
2 ) ( Displacer )
3 ) ( Float Type )

 ( Sight Glass Gauge )

( Process Tank )

 ( Sight Glass Gauge )

2
( Tubular ) ( Flat )



( Archimedes Theory )

( )

High Level
Low Level


( Pressure Type Instrument )
3
1 ) ( Differential Pressure )
2 ) ( Bubbler )
3 ) ( Diaphragm )

dP Transmitter

High

Low

dP Transmitter

High

Low

LT

LT
101

LT
101

LT
102

LT
102



1 ) ( Capacitance )
2 ) ( Conductance )
3 ) ( Ultrasonic )

 ( Capacitance Probe )

LT
300


( Conductivity )

LSH 400


( Ultrasonic Level Measurement )
( Delay Time , t )
( Sound Wave )





2
1 ) ( Single Gamma Source )
2 ) ( Multiple Gamma Source )



GHZ ( Transmitted
Signal )

( Reflected Signal )

4-20mA

(k=1.0)

4-20mA



( Process Tank )
3
1 ) ( Float Switch )
2 ) ( Rotating Paddle Switch )
3 ) ( Ultrasonic Level Switch )

 ( Float Switch )

Reed Switch

Reed Switch

Reed Switch

Reed Switch

 ( Rotating Paddle Switch )

 ( Ultrasonic Switch )
( Ultrasonic Switch )
2 ( Transmitter )
( Receiver )


3
1 )

2 )

3 )



( Solid Flow Measurement )


LVDT
.

LVDT


( Volumetric Flow )


4
1 ) ( Differential Pressure )
2 ) ( Velocity )
3 ) ( Volumetric ) ( Positive
Displacement , PD )
4 ) ( Mass )


( Restriction Area )


4
1 )
2 )
3 )
4 )




( Turbine Flowmeter )
( Vortex Shedding )
( Megnetic Flowmeter )
( Ultrasonic Flowmeter )


( Magnetic
Flowmeter ) ( Faraday s Law )



( Coriolis Mass Flowmeter )


( Analytical Process )


( Conductivity Measurement )


3


( Plate ) 2

( Electrode )

 pH
pH ( pH Measurement and Control )

pH

( Acid ) ( Alkaline ) pH

 pH
( Ion )
2 ( )
( )

 pH
pH 2

( Active Electrode )

( Reference Electrode )

pH

( KCI )

 pH
.

pH
pH Meter



( Flow Rate )
( Temperature ) ( Pressure )



4
1 ) ( Hydrometer )
2 ) ( Fixed volume Method )
3 ) ( Differential Pressure Method )
4 ) ( Nuclear Method )


( Hydrometer )

.
1.280

1.150


.
LED

( )


( Fixed-Method )
( Displacement )

( SG )


( Differential Pressure )

AIT

dP Transmitter

h1
h2


( Humidity )

3
1 ) ( Absolute Humidity )
2 ) ( Relative Humidity , RH )
3 ) ( Dew Point )



( Aluminum Oxide Sensor )





3 ( Psychrometric )
( Hygrometric )
( Electronic Capacitance )

( Dry Bulb )

( Wet Bulb )


( Hygrometric Detector )

( Hygroscopic )


( Electronic
Capacitance Detector )


( Glass Fiber )

25 V




1 ) ( Measuring Unit )
2 ) ( Comparator )

3 ) C(t)
( Control Signal )
4 )

( SP )

( Controller )

( Measurement )

( Process )

( PV )

( Automatic Controller )
4
1 ) ( On off Control )
2 ) ( Proportional Control P Control )
3 ) ( Proportional plus Integral Control
PL Control )
4 ) ( Proportional plus Integral Derivative
Control PID Control )

 -

( On )
( Off )

 ( P Control )


( Integral Control I Control )




1 ) ( Transient Response )

2 ) ( Steady
State , Error ,SSE )


( Derivative Controller D Controller )




1 )
2 )

3 )




2
1 )

2 )

( Differential Equation )



3
1 ) ( Characteristic of the Process )
2 ) ( Selection of
Controller Mode )
3 ) ( Performance of Control Loop )

 Ziegler - Nichols
Ziegler Nichols


4 1 25%

 Damped Oscillation
Damped Oscillation
Ultimate Method


( Trail and Error
Tuning )

1 )


2 )

3 )

4 )

5 )

 KP

C(t)
0

. kP

. kP

. kP

C(t)
0
C(t)
0

 TP

C(t)
0

. Ti

C(t)
0

. Ti

C(t)
0

. Ti

 Td

C(t)
0

. Td

C(t)
0

. Td

C(t)
0

. Td