CELLS Anton Van Leeuwenhooke-invented the microscope Robert Hooke-discovered the cell using the microscope -used a cork

rk under the light microscope and saw tiny chambers which reminded him of a monastery's tiny rooms which are called cells. Robert Brown-described the nucleus of the cell Matthais Schleiden-said that plants have cells Theodore Schwann-said that animals have cells Rudolf Virchow-studied the cell reproduction and concluded that humans are made up of cells -"every cell comes from a preexisting cell" Cell Theory-developed through the researches of the scientist above =All living things are composed of cells =Cells are the basic unit and function of life =New cells come from preexisting cells due to reproduction I. PROKARYOTIC CELLS -no nucleus -extremely successful group of organisms whose evolution started from the very first cells a. Bacteria o Spirillium-long rod shaped bacteria that are twisted into spirals o Spirochetes-more rigid that spirillium o Coccus-spherical shaped bacteria o Bacillicus-rod shaped bacteria

embedded and peripheral proteins -can form internal pouches called mesosomes *mesosomes-increased surface area for the attached enzymes 2. Cell Wall-maintains the shape of cells -cell wall of bacterium is strengthened by peptidoglyan *peptidoglycan-containes unique amino acids, disaccharides and peptide fragments 3. Glycocalyx-layer of polysaccharides outside the cell wall -capsule if not easily washed off and organized -aids against drying out of the bacterium Cytoplasm-semi-fluid solution composed of water, inorganic and organic molecules -found "swimming" around the cytoplasm are the ff: a. nucleoid-DNA of bacterium are located here b. ribosomes-proteins are specified for bacterial DNA c. Cynobacteria-bacteria that act like plants(photosynthesis) -aka blue-green bacteria -thylakoids contain chlorophyll and other pigments that absorb solar energy Appendages 1. Sex pili-rigid tubular tubes used to pass DNA 2. Fimbrea-small bristle like fibers that are not included in locomotion 3. Flagella-has a filament, a hook and a basal body -it rotates allowing the bacteria to move - # and location depends on the type of bacteria

shapes of bacteria bacteria appendages

Cell Envelope-plasma membrane, cell wall and glycocalyx 1. Plasma Membrane-same composition as of eukaryotic cells, phospholipid bilayer with

b. Archea

-more diverse shape than bacteria -cell wall does not contain peptidoglycan -found in extremely hot and/or salty aqueous environment -may have been the first cell to evolve II. EUKARYOTIC CELLS -protist, fungi, plants and animals - have membrane-bounded nucleus -have small structures and organelles Structure of Eukaryotic Cells 1. Nucleus -contains the chromatin in a semi-fluid called nucleoplasm *chromatin-found inside are chromosomes **chromosomes -Found inside are the DNA, RNA -nucleolus > dark region of chromatin where ribosomal RNA are produced (rRna) -nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm through the nuclear envelopes, which have nuclear pores to allow the passage of mRNA and ribosomal subunits.

nucleus

2. Ribosomes -non-membrane-bounded particles where protein synthesis occurs -occur freely within the cytoplasm, if in groups, they are called polyribosomes -others attached to the endoplasmic reticulum 3. The Endomembrane System -consists of the nuclear envelope, the membranes of the ER, golgi apparatus a. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) -complicated system of membranous channels and saccules -continues until the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope *rough ER

-full of ribosomes on the sides of the membrane -synthesizes the proteins *smooth ER -no attached ribosomes -synthesizes lipids (phospholipids and steroids) -function depends on the cell b. Golgi Apparatus -named after Camillo Golgi -composed of 3-20 stacks of flattened saccules -one side(cis or inner face) is directed towards the ER, other side (Trans or outer membrane) directed toward the plasma membrane -receives proteins from the smooth ER through the inner face -sorts and packages proteins in vesicles and departs though the outer face c. Lysosomes -membrane-bounded vesicles produced by the golgi apparatus -low ph and have high hydrolytic digestive enzymes -participate in apoptosis *apoptosis-programmed cell death 4. Peroxisomes -membrane bounded vesicles that enclose enzymes -enzymes are synthesized by free ribosomes and transported to the cytoplasm -prevalent in breaking down lipids *adrenoleukodystrophy-the lack of a peroxisome(myelin) causes a neurological damage because the fatty acids consume and are not broken down. 5. Vacuole -membranous sacs - store substances PLANT CENTRAL VACOULE -take up 90% of the volume of a cell -filled with water substance called sap -contains hydrostatic pressure or turgor pressure 6. Chloroplast -use solar energy to break down carbohydrates and convert them to ATP -only plants and algae have them -type of plasmid -contain chlorophyll and can carry out photosynthesis *stroma-large space enclosed by a double membrane *thylakoid-disklike sacs *granum-stack of thylakoids **cellular respiration-process by which the chemical energy of carbohydrates is converted to ATP Carbohydrates+Oxygen carbon dioxide+water+ATP ***endosymbiotic theory-chloroplast are derived

from cynobacteria that entered a eukaryotic cell since they have ribosomes and DNA

parts of the chloroplast

7. Mitichondria -has 2 membranes *inner membrane-highly convoluted cristae that project into the matrix *outer membrane *matrix-contains mitochondrial genes and ribosomes (endosymbiotic theory) -highly concentrated mixture of enzymes that are broken down into carbs and other molecules -power house of the cell because most of the ATPs are produced here 8. The Cytoskeleton -interconnect and extend from the nucleus to the plasma membrane -contains actin filaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules which maintain the shape of the cell -dynamic because its protein components assemble and disassemble *phosphoralation-assemble *diphosphoralation-disssemble a. Actin Filaments -extremely long, thin, flexible fibers that occur in bundles or mesh like networks -each filament has 2 globular actin monomers twisted with each other -plant cells, actin filaments form tracks where chloroplast circulate in a particular direction(cytoplasmic streaming) -having networks of each filaments account for the formation of pseudopods (false feet) -interacts with motor cells(myosin)

b. Intermediate Filaments -ropelike assembly of fibrous polypeptides -specific type varies according to the tissues -also highly dynamic -will disassemble when phosphate is added by kinase c. Microtubules -small hallow cylinders -made of globular proteins called tubulin -two types: and > have slightly different amino acids -regulation of microtubules depends on the microtubule organizing center(MTOC) *main MTOC @ the centosome 9. Centrioles -short cylinders with a 9 + 0 pattern micro tubes -may give rise to basal bodies 10. Cilia and Flagella -hair like projections that allow cells to move -membrane bounded cylinders enclosing a matrix area