ဖားေအာက္ေတာရဆရာေတာ္ဘုရားၾကီး၏ ဝိပႆနာပုိင္း ႏွင့္ သမထကမၼ႒ာန္းပုိင္း (ပဥၥမတြဲ)

edAme*grdedy#dy'g
edAmefa&mufaMumif;usifhpOf - yrwGJ
0dyemydkif; ESifh orxur|mef;ydkif;
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
edAme*grdedy#dy'g - yrwGJ
Volume 5
edAme*grdedy#dy'g
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
edAme*grdedy#dy'g
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
oA'geH "r'geH Zdemwd?

oA&oH "r&aom Zdemwd/
oA&wd H "r&wd Zdemwd?
wPSua,m oA'kuH Zdemwd/
'getm;vkH;udk "r'geu atmifEdkif\/
t&omtm;vkH;udk w&m;t&omu atmifEdkif\/
arGUavsmfzG,ftm;vkH;udk w&m; arGUavsmfjcif;u atmifEdkif\/
'kutm;vkH;udk wPSmukefjcif;u atmifEdkif\/
pd&H wd|wk o'arm? "ar a[mE K o*g&0g/

bk&m;&Sif\ tqHk;tr omoemawmfonf
t"GefY&SnfpGm wnfygapownf;/
o'roHk;jzm kdaoav;pm;jcif; &SdMuygapukefownf;/
"r'ge
zm;atmufawm& "r'getjzpf tokH;jyK&ef twGufom jzpfonf/
usrf;pmudk rnfolrqkd ul;,lcGifh ykHESdyfcGifh &Sdonf/
First Edition
Copyright
1998 Pa Auk Sayadaw
This book belongs to the Public Domain and may be
reproduced without any further permission from the author.
0dyemydkif; -- rmwdum
earm w b*0awm t&[awm ormorK'/
edAme*grdedy#dy'g
rmwdum
pmrsufESm
ed'geuxm
pmrsufESm
0dyemydkif;
r*gr*P'e0dok'd eda'o
oroePfcef;
uvmyoroe ac: e,0dyem
xif&Sm;&m vG,ful&mu pyg
owdjyK rSwfom;yg
taMumif; Oyg,fwHrsOf
kyfemrf ESpfyg;enf;tm;jzifh Ienf;
vuPma&; oHk;wef
tedpvuPmu p IyHk
owdjyK&ef tcsufwpf&yf
'kuvuPm
tewvuPm
emrfw&m;rsm;udk 0dyem IyHk
&Hcg tZw &Hcg A[d'
&Hcg tZw &Hcg A[d' &Hcg kyfw&m;
&Hcg emrfw&m;
owdy|mefav;yg;odkY 0ifoGm;yHk
txl;owdjyK&eftcsuf
"rmEkyem owdy|mef
twdwf tem*wf ypKyef umvoHk;yg;
0dyemIykH
cEm (5) yg; Ienf;
MoVm&dukyf - okckrkyf
[Dekyf - yPDwkyf
'l&kyf - oEdukyf
MoVm&du a0'em - okckr a0'em

Zmwd = Zmwf\ tpGrf;jzifh
MoVm&du okckr jzpfykH
obm0\ tpGrf;jzifh MoVm&du
okckr jzpfyHk
vIyf&Sm;rI - acsmufcsm;rI
yk*dKvf\ tpGrf;jzifh MoVm&du
okckr jzpfykH
avmuD avmukw&m\ tpGrf;jzifh
a&Smif&Sm;oifhaom tcsuf
tcsif;csif; axmufq axmufq
MoVm&du okckr ,lykH
wpfenf; MoVm&du okckr cJGyHk
[De - yPDw = t,kwf - tjrwf
'l& - oEdu = ta0; - teD;
ocFg&uEm
tusKH;0ifEdkifykH
emrfcEm av;yg;
lyuEm cJG IykH
vuP00wme 0g& = tedporoe
'kuoroe teworoe
oDa[myrokwef
1
6
7
7
9
9
13
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25
29
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edAme*grdedy#dy'g -- yrwGJ
ocFg&'kuonfom vdk&if;jzpfonf
oroetjym;
tedpmEkyem y&d,m,f
IykHpepf
tm,we (12) yg;enf;
"mwf (18) yg;enf;
oVm,we0*oH,kwfygVdawmfIuGufrsm;
owdy|mefusifhxkH; Oya'orsm;
a0'emEkyem owdy|mef
vG,fulaom pepfwpfck
pdwmEkyem owdy|mef
"rmEkyem owdy|mef
twdwf tem*wf ypKyef
tokb bm0em
oarm[0daem'eD t|uxmESifh
rlv#Dum tzGifh
tEkyg'dEu yu
apwd,yAw0goD r[mwdax&f
t&[wzdkvfodkY qdkufa&mufawmfrlykH
o0dnmPutokb - t0dnmPu
tokb
orxESifh 0dyem
[aw*[dwyO0wK = vufudkudkif
ajymjyaom 0wK
obm* - 0dobm*
0dyemydkif; t0dnmPutokb =
aotokb IuGuf
olaoaumif (9) rsKd;
vuPm,mOf wifyg
>cif;csuf tenf;i,f
tcuftcJwpf&yf
&m*udkwdkufzsufa&;
o0dnmPutokb = &SiftokbIuGuf
kyfy&rwfw&m;wdkYudkvnf; tokbIykH
tm'De0gEkyem
orxESifh 0dyem
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ii
emrfw&m;wdkY\ tokboabm
t|uxmBuD;rsm;\ owfrSwfcsuf
kyf-emrf wJGvnf; Iyg
y#dporkyg'ft*Fg&yfrsm;
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73
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awm (40) IuGuf

tedpvuPm (10) csuf
1/ tedpawm
2/ yavmuawm
3/ pvawm
4/ yb*kFawm
5/ t'K0awm
6/ 0dy&dPmr"rawm
7/ tom&uawm
8/ 0db0awm
9/ r&P"rawm = rpK
10/ ocFwawm
76
'kuvuPm (25) csuf

1/ 'kuawm
0dyem r[kwfao;onfudk owdjyKyg
2/ a&m*awm
3/ tCawm
4/ *@awm
5/ ovawm
6/ tmAm"awm
7/ Oy'0awm
8/ b,awm
9/ wdawm
10/ Oyo*awm
11/ twmPawm
12/ tavPawm
13/ to&Pawm
14/ 0"uawm
15/ tCrlvawm
16/ tm'De0awm
17/ omo0awm
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18/ rm&mrdoawm
93
19/ Zmwd"rawm 20/ Z&m"rawm
21/ Asm"d"rawm
94
22/ aomu"rawm 23/ y&da'0"rawm
24/ Oyg,mo"rawm
95
25/ oHudavodu"rawm
95
tewvuPm (5) csuf
96
1/ tewawm
97
2/ y&awm
97
3/ &dwawm
98
4/ wkpawm
98
5/ oknawm
99
udk,fhwGufudk,fwm usifhMuHyg
100
aÈxufjrufaMumif;w&m; (9) yg;
101
IvdkY&Ekdifygovm;
105
tlyedAwdyemum& (0dok'd-2-252/) 106
Pf\ tmEkabmf BuD;rm;ykH
108
ynmbm0em jynfhpkHEdkifygonf
110
a&S;a[mif;vrf;dk;BuD;om jzpfonf
110
tewvuPokwef a'oemawmf
112
tewvuPokwef
a'oemawmf jrefrmjyef
114
t&Sifr[marm*vmefrax&fjrwfBuD;
119
t&Sifom&dykwudk,fawmfjrwfBuD;
120
t&SiftmeEmudk,fawmfjrwfBuD;
121
tmeEokwef a'oemawmf
121
tmeEokwef jrefrmjyef
121
todPf rxifvmaomw&m;rsm;
127
tedpokwef
129
tEkavmrdumcEd
130
lyowuIenf;
131
1/ tm'geedauyetm;jzifh Ienf;
131
tedptjcif;t&m
131
'kutjcif;t&m
133
tew tjcif;t&m
134
tESpfwpf&m[lonf
135
iii
2/ 0a,m0kw*Frtm;jzifh Ienf;
]]<u - aqmif - vTJ - vTwf - cs - zd}}
"mwfvGef - "mwf,kwf
3/ tm[m&r,kyf - Ienf;
4/ Owkr,kyf - Ienf;
5/ urZkyf - Ienf;
6/ pdwork|mefkyf - Ienf;
7/ "rwmkyf - Ienf;
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tlyowu 0dyem Ienf;

1/ uvmytm;jzifh Ienf;
aU&Spdwf - aemufpdwf
2/ ,ru = tpkHtm;jzifh Ienf;
3/ cPdutm;jzifh Ienf;
4/ y#dyg#d = tpOftm;jzifh Ienf;
5/ 'd|dO *g#e = 'd|dudk cGmaom
tm;jzifh Ienf;
6/ rmeO *g#e = rmeukd cGmaom
tm;jzifh Ienf;
7/ eduEdy&d,m'ge = wPSm (= eduEd )
ukefatmif rjzpfatmif Ienf;
'd|dO *g#e - rmeO*g#e eduEdy&d,m'ge (5 - 6 - 7/)
t0o0wea|e tewm
[kwGm tbm0a|e tedpm
Oyg'0,y#dyDVea|e 'kum
vdk&if;tusOf;csKyfrSwfom;&ef
y*kP jzpfavNyD
r[m0dyem (18) rsKd;
tedrdwmEkyem tyPd[dwmEkyem
oknwmEkyem
tedrdwmEkyem
tyPd[dwmEkyem
oknwmEkyem
t"dynm"r0dyem
,xmblwP'e
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O',A,Pfcef;
O',A,'e (2) rsKd;
y#dord'gr*ygVdawmf
a[mMum;xm;awmfrlyHk
ypKyef[lonfrSm
pOf;pm;&ef tcsufrsm;
qdkvdkaom oabmw&m;
t"dyg,f,lqykH
b0udk tqkH;xm; a[mMum;awmf
rl&jcif;
IykHpepf
vuPm,mOfudk wifyg
wlnDyHkudk odkY oabmaygufyg
jrwfaomtouf&Sifjcif;
O',A, tus,f IyGm;enf; lyuEm O',IyHk - ygVdawmf
lyuEm 0,IyHk - ygVdawmf
a0'emuEm O',IyHk - ygVdawmf
a0'emuEm 0,IyHk - ygVdawmf
onmuEm O',IyHk - ygVdawmf
onmuEm 0,IyHk - ygVdawmf
ocFg&uEm O',IyHk - ygVdawmf
ocFg&uEm 0,IyHk - ygVdawmf
0dnmPuEm O',IyHk - ygVdawmf
0dnmPuEm 0,IyHk - ygVdawmf
edAwdvuPm
t0dZmeda&m"m lyeda&ma"m
t&[wr*fudk &&Sdrnfh tcsdef
Oyg'eda&m" - tEkyg'eda&m"
eda&m" (5) rsKd;
y#doaE - ocFg&uEm
O',IyHk (yxrenf;)
y#doaE - ocFg&uEm
O',IyHk ('kwd,enf;)
y#doaE - 0dnmPuEm O',IyHk
b0if - lyuEm O',IyHk
b0if - a0'emuEm O',IyHk
b0if - onmuEm O',IyHk
b0if - ocFg&uEm
O',IyHk (yxrenf;)
b0if - ocFg&uEm
O',IyHk ('kwd,enf;)
b0if - 0dnmPuEm O',IyHk
y'Gg&m0Zef; - lyuEm O',IyHk
lygHkvdkif; - y'Gg&m0Zef; a0'emuEm O',IyHk
y'Gg&m0Zef; - onmuEm O',IyHk
y'Gg&m0Zef; - ocFg&uEm O',IyHk
(yxrenf;)
y'Gg&m0Zef; - ocFg&uEm O',IyHk
('kwd,enf;)
y'Gg&m0Zef; - 0dnmPuEm O',IyHk
puK0dnmPf - a0'emuEm O',IyHk
puK0dnmPf - onmuEm O',IyHk
puK0dnmPf - ocFg&uEm O',IyHk (yxrenf;)
puK0dnmPf - ocFg&uEm O',IyHk
('kwd,enf;)
puK0dnmPf - 0dnmPuEm O',IyHk
or#d pd Kif; - a0'emuEm O',IyHk
or#d pd Kif; - onmuEm O',IyHk
or#d pd Kif; ocFg&uEm
O',IyHk (yxrenf;)
or#d pd Kif; ocFg&uEm
O',IyHk ('kwd,enf;)
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ork',"rmEkyDydkif; - O','e =
tjzpfoufouf Ienf;
y#doaE - lyuEm
y#doaE - a0'emuEm O',IyHk
y#doaE - onmuEm O',IyHk
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iv
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or#d pd Kif; - 0dnmPuEm O',IyHk

208
puK'Gg&0Dxd - r[mukokdvf 'kwd,aZm
a0'emuEm
209
lygHkvkdif; - raem'Gg&0Dxd - r[mukokdvf
'kwd,aZm a0'emuEm
209
0,"rmEkyDydkif;
0,"rmEkyD[lonf
210
y#doaE - lyuEm 0,IyHk
211
y#doaE - a0'emuEm 0,IyHk
212
y#doaE - onmuEm 0,IyHk
212
y#doaE - ocFg&uEm 0,IyHk
(yxrenf;)
212
('kwd,enf;)
213
y#doaE - 0dnmPuEm 0,IyHk
213
puK0dnmPf - lyuEm 0,IyHk
214
puK0dnmPf - a0'emuEm 0,IyHk
214
puK0dnmPf - onmuEm 0,IyHk
215
puK0dnmPf - ocFg&uEm 0,IyHk
(yxrenf;)
215
('kwd,enf;)
215
puK0dnmPf - 0dnmPuEm 0,IyHk 216
a,bk,s tMuHay;csuf
216
aomw0dnmPf - lyuEm O',IyHk 217
aomw0dnmPf - lyuEm 0,IyHk
217
aomw0dnmPf - a0'emuEm O',IyHk 218
aomw0dnmPf - a0'emuEm 0,IyHk 218
aomw0dnmPf - 0dnmPuEm O',IyHk 218
aomw0dnmPf - 0dnmPuEm 0,IyHk 219
ork',0,"rmEkyDykdif;
ork',0,"rmEkyD[lonf
221
y#doaE - lyuEm O',-0, IyHk
222
y#doaE - a0'emuEm O',-0, IyHk 223
y#doaE - ocFg&uEm O',-0,IyHk
('kwd,enf;)
224
y#doaE - 0dnmPuEm O',-0,IyHk

b0if lyuEm ponfh lyuEm
O',-0,IyHk
y#dord'gr*t|uxm tqdk
r[m#Dum\ jyefvnfacsycsuf
xyfrH &Sif;vif;csuf
t|uxmBuD;rsm;ESifh ESD;aESmrdygonf
op - y#dporkyg'f - e, - vuPmwdkY
xif&Sm;NyD - opmav;yg; xif&Sm;yHk
y#dporkyg'f oabmw&m; xif&Sm;vmyHk
enf;av;yg; xif&Sm;vmyHk
vuPm ig;yg; xif&Sm;vmyHk
wkP 0dyemPf
oputar; - bk&m;&Siftajz
owdy|mefusifhpOf - wwd,qifh
0dyEkyudavo (10) yg;
y#dord'gr*ygVdawmf a[mMum;
xm;awmfrlyHk
1/ Mobmo = ta&miftvif;
r[mem*rax&f
2/ P = 0dyemPf
3/ yDwd = 0dyemyDwd
4/ y'd = 0dyemy'd
5/ okc = 0dyemokc
6/ t"darmu = o'g"darmu
7/ y*[ = 0dyem0D&d,
8/ Oy|me = 0dyemowd
9/ Oayum = 0dyEkayum +
tm0ZEkayum
tm0Zef;\ xufjrufrI
10/ eduEd = 0dyemeduEd
OyudavoESifh Oyudavo0wK
t&d,r*f [kwfonf r[kwfonfukd
ykdif;jcm;rSwfom;jcif;
tusKd;*kPftif tmedoif
225
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266
y#dy'gP'e0dok'd eda'o
OyudavorS vGwfajrmufoGm;aom
O',A,Pf
vuPma&; okHk;wef rxifrI xifrI
wZmynwf
vuPm,mOfudk wifyg
&d,myx - orZn IuGuf
267
269
273
275
276
b*FgEkyemPfcef;
b*FgEkyemPf[lonf
Oyg' - Xdwd - y0w
edrdw
csKyfrI[lonf
b*FgEkyemPf\ tIcH
y&rwffw&m;rsm;
tcsKyfrSwfom;&ef
vuPma&; oHk;wef
Ipdwf[lonf
IuGufykHpHrsm;
b*FPf\ rSwfausmuf wpfck
owdy|mef av;yg; = tEkyem av;yg;
0wK + tmkH + a0'em
0wK + tmkH + 0dnmPf
0wK + tmHk + z
0dyemIonfh Pf
vuPm,mOfudk wifyg
0dyem tcdkuf ork', csKyfykH
tEG,Pfjzifh rSef;qIyHk
cGmEdkif y,fEdkifonf
tusKd;tmedoif (8) yg;jzifh jcH&Htyfaom
b*FgEkyemPf
owdy|mefav;yg;odkY ouf0ifykH
(1) yxr pwku

(2) 'kwd, pwku
(u) yDwd y#doHa0'D
(c) okc y#doHa0'D
(*) pdwocFg& y#doHa0'D
(C) yr,H pdwocFg&H
a0'emEkyem
a0'em wpfckwnf;udkyif I&rnfavm
(3) wwd, pwku
(u) pdw y#doHa0'D
(c) tbdyarm',H pdwH
(*) orm'[H pdwH
(C) 0darmp,H pdwH
'd| - t'd| w&m;
pdwfwpfckwnf;udkyif I&rnfavm
(4) pwkw pwku
(u) tedpmEkyD
(c) 0d&m*gEkyD
(*) eda&m"mEkyD
(C) y#ded*gEkyD
ok'0dyemESifh orx0dyem
owdy|mefusifhpOf pwkwqifhodkY qdkufNyD
&d,myx - orZn IuGuf
aool - &Sifol = vlao ESifh vl&Sif
278
279
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283
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285
286
287
287
288
291
293
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329
b,wky|mePfcef;
b,Pf[lonf
b,Pfonf aMumufwwfygoavm
ypKyef[lonf
avmuOyrmrsm;
aMumufrufzG,f b,oabmtm;jzifh
xifyHk
b,Pf\ tIcHtmHkw&m;
330
330
331
331
vi
332
333
tm'De0gEkyemPfcef;
tm'De0gEkyemPf
y#dord'gr*ygVdawmf a[mMum;
xm;awmfrlyHk
'ku - omrdo - ocFg&

Pf (10) yg;
334
337
339
335
edAd'gEkyemPfcef;
edAd'gEkyemPf = edAdEPf
w&m;udk,f teufoabmwlaom
PfoHk;yg;
340
341
rkdwkurswmPfcef;
ocFg&w&m;wdkYrS vGwfajrmuf
vdkaomPf
342
y#docFgEkyemPfcef;
y#docFgEkyemPf
tedp[k IyHk
'ku[k IykH
tokb[k IyHk
tew[k IykH
avmuOyrm wpf&yf
y#dord'gr*ygVdawmf\
a[mMum;awmfrlcsuf
343
344
344
346
346
347
347
ocFgkayumPfcef;
'dGaum#dum oknwmEkyem
pwkaum#dum oknwmEkyem
1/ em[H uGped
2/ upd udewod H
tw twed, oknw
3/ e p (rr) uGped
4/ rr udodd udewwd
qaum#du - q[mum&oknwmEkyem
t| tmum& = t|aum#duoknwmEkyem
'o[mum& = 'oaum#du
oknwmEkyem
'Gg'o[mum& oknwmEkyem
'GgpwmvDom tmum&oknwmEkyem
(42) yg;aom tjcif;t&m

&Sifaorif; rjrifEdkifol
b,ESifh eED
NidrfaewwfyHk
ta&;tBuD;qHk;aom tcsdefwpfcsdef
&d,myx - orZn IuGuf t>ruf
rsufpdzGifh IMunfhyg
bm0empdwfonf Nidrf0yfpGm ocFg&tmkH
uyf wnfaecJhaomf
yk*vZmo,
,k*e'okwef (tH-1-475/)
bmomjyefESifh t"dyg,f &Sif;vif;csuf
'domumu - usD;
0darmurkc (3) rsKd;
tedpmEkyem = tedrdw0darmu
o'daÈ tjzpfrsm;yHk
349
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351
351
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352
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vii
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367
372
374
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375
'kumEkyem = tyPd[dw0darmu
tewmEkyem = oknw0darmu
rkcsESifh y&d,m,f
oknw trnf&ykH
tyPd[dw trnf&yHk
vuPma&; oHk;wef
t&d,yk*dKvf (7) rsKd; - a0zefyHk
ar;jref;zG,f tcsuf
rkcstm;jzifh ,lyHk
edy&d,m, = rkcstm;jzifh ,lyHk yk*dKvf (7) rsKd;
oHk;rnf& Pf
0k|me*grde0D yd em
rEynyk*dKvf\ aomwmywdr*0Dxd
wduynyk*dKvf\ aomwmywdr*0Dxd
0k|me*grdeD 0dyem\ tmHk
tbdeda0oESifh 0k|me trsKd;tpm;
awblru ur|medu yk*dKvfjrwfBuD;
yk*dKvf trsKd;tpm;
Oyrm (12) &yf
1/ 0*Kvd = vif;EdkY
2/ uPSoy = a>ra[muf
3/ C&H = tdrf
4/ a*g = EGm;
5/ ,uD = bDvl;r
6/ 'g&u = oli,f
<uif;Oyrm (6) &yf
trw&oH um,*wmowdabmZeH
wGefYvdyfaom pdwfxm;&dSol
aAmZsif - r*if - psmeif - y#dy'g 0darmu - xl;jcm;rI
1/ yxraw&0g' - yg'uZsme0g'
2/ 'kwd,aw&0g' = orodwpsme0g'
3/ wwd,aw&0g' =
yk*vZsmo, psme0g'
wdyd#uplVem*rax&f\0g' pdppfcsuf
arm&0gyD0goD r[m'wrax&f\ 0g'
pdppfcsuf
wdyd#uplVmb,rax&f\0g' pdppfcsuf
y#dy'g (4) rsKd;
t|omvdeD t|uxm\ oHk;oyfcsuf
t|uxmq&mawmfwdkY ESpfoufonfh0g&
1/ yxr - lyglyy&d*[ 0g&
2/ 'kwd, - emrly00wmye 0g&
3/ wwd, - yp,y&d*[ 0g&
4/ pwkw - vuPy#da0" 0g&
5/ yr - eduEdy&d,m'ge0g&
t|uxmq&mawmfwdkY
ESpfoufawmfrlaom 0g&
r[m#Dumq&mawmf\ oHk;oyfcsuf
y#dy'g uGJjym;rI wlnDrI
wpfenf; t&d,r*fPf\trnfrsm; &&SdyHk
y#doaEusKd;udk ay;Edkifonfh
ocFgkayumrsKd;
ta&;tBuD;qHk;aom tcsdef
aomwmEk*wokwef
376
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426
tEkavmrPfcef;
opmEkavmrduPf
0k|me*grdeD 0dyem\ trnfrsm;
1/ twr,wm
2/ edAd'g
3/ "r|dwdPf
4/ on*
5/ yg&dok'dy"med,*F
6/ rkdwkurswmPf + y#docFgEkyemPf + ocFgkayumPf
7/ tEkvHk a*gMwbk a0g'gef
8/ y#dy'gP'e 0dok'd
edrdwESihf y0wrS xyHk jzwfxHk;
433
437
437
439
439
441
viii
441
441
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442
443
1/ r[mynyk*dKvf\ r*0Dxd
2/ rZsdrynyk*dKvf\ r*0Dxd
3/ rEynyk*dKvf\ r*0Dxd
tEkyg'dEu 0k|me = tEkyg'dEu
cEmtpOfrS xyHk
Oyg'dEu 0k|me = Oyg'dEu cEmtpOfrS
xyHk
(7) b0 t,ltq
aomwmyef oHk;rsKd;
owfrSwfay;aomw&m;
xyfrH &Sif;vif;csufrsm;
oarm[0daem'eD t|uxm\
zGifhqdkcsuf
txufr*f oHk;yg;wdkY y0wrS xyHk
tEky'"r 0dyem
t0dZmESifh 0dZm
444
444
444
448
449
449
450
450
451
452
453
457
460
P'e0dok'deda'o
yxrr*fPf = aomwmywdr*fPf
aomwmyef yk*dKvf
'kwd,r*fPfydkif;
udavom acgif;yg;rI
wpfBudrfomjyefvmol
wwd,r*fPfydkif;
pwkwr*fzdkvf = t&[wr*fzdkvf
owdy|mef av;yg; jynfhpHkNyD
aAm"dyud,w&m; (37) yg;
t&d,r*fcP aAm"dyud,w&m;
(37) yg; jzpfyHk
w&m;udk,f aumuf,lyHk
edrdw-y0wrS xyHk 0k|meydkif;
a*gMwbkPf
Obawm0k|me - r*fPf
orxAv 0dyemAv =
orxpGrf;tm; 0dyempGrf;tm;
y#dord'gr*ygVdawmf a[mMum;xm;yHk
t&d,r*fw&m;u y,f&Sm;onfhudavom
blrdv'KyE udavom
blrdtrnf r&Edkifonfh cEm
rnfonfh cEm udef;oenff;
opmav;yg;udk wpfNydKifeuf odyHk
,kwdom"u ygVdawmf
Oyrm Oyar,s ESD;aESmcsuf

opmteuf (16) csuf
'kuopmteuf (4) csuf
rSwfom;xm;&ef xl;jcm;csuf
ork',opmteuf (4) csuf
eda&m"opmteuf (4) csuf
r*opmteuf (4) csuf
apm'emzG,f tcsufrsm;
y&dnmbdor,
y[membdor,
r[m0dyem (18) rsKd;
opdud&d,mbdor,
bm0embdor,
ynmbm0em\ tusKd;*kPftif tmedoif
zvormywduxm
todpdwf rcsKyfyg
t&SnfwnfwHh&ef taMumif; oHk;rsKd;
zvormywfrS xEdkifjcif;\
taMumif; ESpfrsKd;
0dyem oHk;rsKd;
bk&m;&Sif\ wdkufwGef;csuf Oa,smZOf
tmemygewd\ tusKd;*kPftif
tmedoif
463
466
469
469
470
471
472
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474
479
481
483
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489
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ix
500
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501
504
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510
513
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520
522
522
528
531
532
535
536
537
orxur|mef;ydkif;
&nfTef;csuf tmoDo
ur|mef; trsKd;tpm;
oAwu - yg&d[m&d,
oAwuur|mef;
pwk&m&u ur|mef; = tapmifhav;yg;
ur|mef;
yg&d[m&d,ur|mef; = rlvur|mef;
Oypm&ur|mef; - tyemur|mef;
(32) aum|mo
A[d'avmuodkY pdwfudk apvTwfMunfhyg
pdwf"mwf\ xufjrufaom pGrf;tifowd
vkyfief;cGifpwifyHk
vrf;oHk;oG,f
y#dulvreodum&
r[mwdrax&fjrwfBuD;
oHC&udwrax&fjrwfBuD;\
tvkyftauR; omraP
rvurax&fjrwf
tdk;pkur|mef;
psmeft*Fg ig;yg;
A[d'odkY
ar;jref;wwfaom ar;cGef;wpf&yf
tdk;pk ur|mef; (2) rsKd;
tbdbm,wepsmef
trSwf (1) yk*dKvf
trSwf (2) yk*dKvfrS trSwf (8) yk*dKvf

pdkufESifh avsmfpGm a[mMum;awmfrlyHk
tZswH lyonD - [k a[mawmfrljcif;
Mo'gwuodkPf;
edrdw0ee, = edrdwfudk wdk;yGm;atmif
jyKvkyfenf;
txl;owdjyK&ef tcsufwpf&yf
edrdwfoHk;rsKd;ESifh bm0emoHk;rsKd;
psmeft*Fg ig;yg;
'kwd,psmefodkY
wwd,psmefodkY
pwkwpsmefodkY
tcsKdUaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfrsm;
jzpfwwfyHk
eDvuodkPf; = tndKa&mifuodkPf;
yDwuodkPf; = t0ga&mifuodkPf;
yef;ydawmufESifh ika&T0g
avm[dwuodkPf; = teDa&mifuodkPf;
yx0DuodkPf; = ajruodkPf;
tmayguodkPf; = a&uodkPf;
awaZmuodkPf; = rD;uodkPf;
0ga,muodkPf; = avuodkPf;
tmavmuuodkPf; = tvif;a&mif
uodkPf;
tmumouodkPf; = aumif;uifuodkPf;
540
540
541
541
541
543
543
544
545
549
549
549
550
552
553
554
556
557
558
559
560
560
562
566
568
569
570
572
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583
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589
590
590
591
594
595
597
597
599
tlyg0p&psmefydkif;
tmumomem,wepsmef
0dnmPm,wepsmef
tmudnm,wepsmef
ae0onmemonm,wepsmef
601
605
607
610
0dorxur
yemydki|f;mef--;ydrmwd
kif; --urmwd
m um
jA[0d[m&eda'oydkif;
arwmbm0em
yGm;rsm;yHk
psmeft*Fgig;yg;
oDrmoar' = tydkif;tjcm;NzdK&ef
taem"daomz&Pm arwm
apawm0drkwd (5) rsKd;
Mo"daomz&Pm arwm
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfyHk tpDtpOf
'domz&Pm arwm
arwmpsmef\ tusKd; (11) yg;
616
617
619
621
623
624
625
625
626
ukPmbm0em
rk'dwmbm0em
Oayumbm0em
vuP &o ypKy|mef y'|mef
Ak'gEkwdur|mef;
t0dnmPu tokb ur|mef; (10) rsKd;
tm'De0gEkyem
r&Pwd = r&PmEkwdur|mef;
atmifjrifrI &&dSaeaom usifhpOf
OyormEkwdur|mef;
627
628
629
631
634
635
637
638
640
642
rSwfom;zG,f&m tu&mpOf tTef;
645
rmwdum NyD;\/
22222
xi
ed'geuxm
ed'geuxm
taMumif;jypmwrf;vTm
a,mufsm;jrwfwdkY\ tMuH
jrwfpmG bk&m;&Sio
f nf wpf0g &awmfrNl y;D aemuf yxrtBurd f uydv0wfaejynfawmfoYkd <ua&mufawmfrlNyD;vQif xdkrS &mZN*dK[fNrdKU a0VK0efausmif;wdkufawmfodkY jyefvnf <ucsDawmfrlvm&m vrf;ckvwf
wpfae&m wnf&dSaom tEkyd,o&ufO,smOf awmtkyfBuD;twGif; acwoDwif;oHk;aeawmfrlpOf
tEkk'rif;om; b'd,rif;om; tmeErif;om; b*krif;om; udrdvrif;om; a'0'wrif;om; --
rif;nDrif;om; ajcmufOD;wdkYonf OygvdaqwmonfESifh twlwuG jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif\ xHawmfarSmufodkY
vma&muf &Sif&[ef; jyKMuavonf/
xdkckepfyg;wdkYteuf t&Sifb'd,rax&fonf xdk0gwGif;rSmyif t&[wzdkvfodkY qdkufa&mufawmf
rlavonf/ t&Sit
f Ek'k g rax&fonf avmuDpsmeformywf &Spyf g;ESiw
hf uG 'dAp uKtbdnmPfukd jzpfapawmfral vonf/ t&Siaf '0'wfrax&fonf avmuDpsmeformywf &Spyf g;wdEYk iS t
hf wlwuG avmuD tbdnmPfwdkYudk &&Sdawmfrlavonf/ t&SiftmeEmrax&fonf aomwmywdzdkvf wnfawmfrlavonf/
t&Sifb*krax&f t&Sifudrdvrax&fwdkYum; aemuftcgrSmrS t&[wzdkvfodkY qdkufa&mufawmfrlMuavonf/
txl;ojzifh t&SiftEkk'grax&fjrwfonf &[ef;jyKawmfrlNyD;aemuf xdk yxr0gwGif;rSmyif avmuDpsmeformywf &Spyf g;wdu
Yk kd &&daS wmfru
l m avmu"mwf pMu0Vmwdu
k af ygif; wpfaxmifukd Ijrifjcif;iSm
pGrf;Edkifaom 'dApuKtbdnmPf todPfudk &&dSawmfrlcJhavonf/ 0dyem bm0emur|mef;udk
qufvuf BudK;yrf;awmfrl&m xdk0gwGif; atmifjrifrI r& jzpfae\/ t&SiftEkk'grax&fjrwfonf
wpfaeYo t&Sifom&dykw&mrax&fjrwfxHodkY oGm;a&mufNyD;vQif odkY avQmufxm;awmfrl\/ --1/ t&Sib
f &k m; om&dyw
k & m ...wynfah wmfonf txl;ojzifh pifMu,faom vlw\
Ykd rsupf t
d jrifukd
vGefaom ewfrsufpdESifhwlaom 'dApuKtbdnmPfrsufpdjzifh wpfaxmifaom avmu"mwfudk
jrifEdkifpGrf;&dSyg\/
2/ wynfah wmfonf wGeq
Yf w
k rf rI &db
S J orx0dyem bm0emwdYk tjyif;txef BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwjf cif;
vkHYv 0D&d,udk tm;xkwftyfyg\/ um, a0'em pdw "r trnf&aom taMumif;w&m;ESifh
wuGaom ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedptcsuf 'kutcsuf tewtcsufwdkYudk odrf;qnf;wwfaom
owdonf arhaysmufjcif; r&drS
l xifaeyg\/ ud,
k pf w
d o
f nf ylyefjcif;r&dS Nird ;f at;yg\/ pdwo
f nf
wpfckwnf;aom tmkH&dSonfjzpf aumif;pGm wnfMunfyg\/
3/ xdkodkY jzpfygvsufvnf; wynfhawmf\ pdwfonf Oyg'geuEmig;yg; ocFg&w&m;wdkY wPSm 'd|dwdkYjzifh ]]ig-igh[m}} [k rpGJvrf;rl tmoa0gw&m;wdkYrS rvGwfuif;ao;yg bk&m; - [l --A
odkY avQmufxm;av\/ xdktcg t&Sifom&dykw&mrax&fjrwfBuD;u t&SiftEkk'gudk,fawmfjrwfudk odkY rdefYqdkawmfrl\/ --1/ igh&Sif tEkk'g ...]]igonf txl;ojzifh pifMu,faom vlwdkY\ rsufpdtjrifudk vGefaom ewf
rsufpdESifh wlaom 'dApuK tbdnmPf rsufpdjzifh wpfaxmifaom avmu"mwfudk jrifEdkifpGrf;
&dSyg\}}[k odkY tMuHjzpfjcif;onfyif oifhoEmef0,f rmejzpf ae\/
2/ igh&iS f tEk'k g ...]]igonf wGeq
Yf w
k rf rI &db
S J orx 0dyem bm0emwdYk tjyif;txef BuKd ;pm;
tm;xkwjf cif; vHv
Yk 0D&,
d udk tm;xkwt
f yfyg\? um, a0'em pdw "r trnf&aom taMumif;w&m;ESifhwuGaom ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedptcsuf 'kutcsuf tewtcsufwdkYudk odrf;qnf;wwfaomowdonf arhaysmufjcif;r&drS
l xifaeyg\? ud,
k pf w
d o
f nf ylyefjcif;r&dS Nird ;f at;yg\?
pdwfonf wpfckwnf;aom tmkH&dSonfjzpf aumif;pGm wnfMunfyg\}} [k odkY tMuH jzpfjcif;
onfyif oifhoEmef0,f pdwfysH hvGifhjcif; = O'p jzpf ae\/
3/ igh&Sif tEkk'g ...]]xdkodkY jzpfygvsufvnf; ig\ pdwfonf Oyg'geuEmig;yg; ocFg&w&m;wdkY
wPSm 'd|dwdkYjzifh ]ig-igh[m}[k rpGJvrf;rl tmoa0gw&m;wdkYrS rvGwfuif;ao;yg}}[k odkY
tMuHjzpfjcif;onfyif oifhoEmef0,f awG;awm ylyefrI oHo,ukuKp jzpf ae\/
igh&iS f tEk'k g ...wynfah wmf wdu
k w
f eG ;f awmif;yefpum; ajymMum;vdo
k nfrmS t&Sit
f Ek'k g onf
rdrdoEmef jzpfyGm;aeaom rme O'p ukuKp w&m;oHk;rsKd;wdkYudk y,fpGefY w&m;oHk;rsKd;wdkYudk
ESvHk;roGif;bJ tNrdKufedAmef"mwfodkY = rao&mtNrdKuf edAmeffodkY a&mufaMumif; usifhpOfjzpfonfh orx
tmkH 0dyemtmkHodkY rdrd\ pdwfudk ydkYaqmifapcsifygonf bk&m; --- [l ur|mef;w&m;udk jyifay;awmfrlavonf/ (tH-|-3-225/)
t&Sit
f Ek'k g rax&fjrwfonf ur|mef;udk oif,Nl y;D aemuf jrwfpmG bk&m;&Siu
f kd yefMum; avQmufxm;Ny;D vQif apwdwikd ;f odYk oGm;a&mufum xdak pwdwikd ;f 0,f taU&0S g;awmt&yf aexdik o
f w
D if;oH;k awmf
rl &[ef;w&m;udk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfawmfrlavonf/ xdktcsdefwGif bk&m;&Sifonf b*wdkif; okokrm&*d&dNrdKUudk qGrf;cH&Gmtjzpf trDSjyK om;wdkYudk ab;rJhay;&m abouVm0e trnf&aom awmtkyfBuD;
twGif; abouVm0eausmif;wdkuf oDwif;oHk;aeawmfrl\/ bk&m;&Sif oDwif;oHk;awmfrl&m b*wdkif;
abouVm0e awmtkyfrSm taemufbufwGif wnf&dS t&SiftEkk'grax&fjrwf oDwif;oHk;awmfrl&m
apwdwdkif; 0g;awm t&yfrSm taU&SbufwGif wnf&dSaeayonf/
t&SiftEkk'gudk,fawmfjrwfonf wpfq,fhig;&uf = v0ufywfvHk; rtdyfrae pBuoGm; orx
0dyembm0emw&m;wdu
Yk kd tjyif;txefBuKd ;pm;tm;xkwaf wmfral vonf/ rax&fjrwfonf ur|mef;
tvkyf tm;xkwfrI 'Pfcsuf jyif;xefpGm EdSyfpuftyf&um; yifyeff; EGrf;e,faom udk,f&dSonf jzpf
0g;kHwpfck\ atmuf0,f jrufopf&GufwdkYudk pkkH;vsuf tcif;jyKum tay:rS tcif;wpfck xyfcif;vsuf
xdt
k cif;xuf acw tyef;ajz xdik af eawmfral vonf/ xdt
k cg t&Sit
f Ek'k g rax&fjrwf\ pdwt
f pOf0,f r[myk&do0dwu trnf&aom a,mufsm;jrwfw\
Ykd tMurH sm;onf xif&mS ;pGm jzpfymG ;vmavonf/
t&SiftEkk'grax&fjrwfonf r[myk&do0dwufBuD; ckepfrsKd;wdkYudk MuHpnfpOf;pm;qifjcifNyD;aemuf aU&SodkY
B
ed'geuxm
wpfqifw
h uf &Spcf ak jrmufjzpfaom r[myk&o
d 0dwufBu;D udk qufvuf MupH nfqifjcif&ef yifyef;vsuf
&dSav\/ rSefayonf ------ om0uwdkYtzdkY&m ynmwdkifatmifaom ckepfrsKd;aom r[myk&do0dwufwdkYudk
pOf;pm;qifjcif NyD;aomtcg xdkYxuf txufodkY wuf w&m;wpfrsKd;udk pOf;pm;qifjcif&ef 0efav;jrJ
yifyef;jrJ "rwmjzpfavonf/ om0uwdkYtzdkY&m ynmwGifa&GUom w&m;qHk;aejrJ "rwm jzpfonf/
xdak Mumifyh ifvQif t&Sit
f Ek'k g rax&fjrwfonf ckepfcak jrmuf ynmESiphf yfaom r[myk&o
d 0dwufBu;D udk
MuHpnfpOf;pm; qifjcifNyD;aemuf &Spfckajrmufjzpfaom r[myk&do0dwufBuD;udk qufvuf MuHpnf
qifjcif&ef yifyef;vsuf &dSavonf/
xdktcg bk&m;&Sifonf xdkodkY yifyef;aeaMumif;udk od&dSawmfrlojzifh wefcdk;tbdnmPffjzifh wpfcPcsif;rSmyif <uvmawmfrlum &Spfckajrmuf r[myk&do0dwufudkyg jznfhpGufawmfrlvsuf r[myk&do0dwufBuD; (8)rsKd;udk a[mMum;jyoay;awmfrl\/
xdak emif r[myk&o
d 0dwufBu;D &Sprf sK;d udk MupH nfpw
d u
f ;l aevQif avmuD yxrpsmeff 'kw,
d psmeff
wwd,psmef pwkwpsmefwdkYudk tvG,fwul &,l0ifpm;EdkifaMumif;udkvnf;aumif; r[myk&do
0dwufBuD; &SpfrsKd;udk MuHpnfum avmuDpsmefav;yg;wkdYudk tvG,fwul &,l0ifpm;aevQif --1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
&&orQaom yhHoulouFef;jzifh a&mifh&JvG,fjcif; pD0&oaEmo

qGrf;cH0wfjzifh &&orQaom qGrf;jzifh a&mifh&JvG,fjcif; yd@ygwoaEmo
&&orQaom opfyif&if;wnf;[laom ausmif;jzifh a&mifh&JvG,fjcif; aoemoeoaEmo
&&orQaom jrufopf&Guftcif;jzifh a&mifh&JvG,fjcif; o,emoeoaEmo
&&orQaom EGm;usifi,fykyfjzifh pdrfxHkxm;tyfaom ZD;jzLoD; zefcg;oD;paom aq;jzifh a&mifh&JvG,fjcif; aboZoaEmo ---
oaEmow&m; ig;yg;wdkYESifh jynhfpHkvmEkdifaMumif;udkvnf;aumif; r[myk&do0dwufBuD;

&SpfrsKd;udk MuHpnfpdwful;aevQif lyg0p&psmefav;yg;wdkYudk rNidKrjiif ryifryef; vG,fvG,fulul &,l0ifpm;EdkifvQif oaEmow&m;ig;rsKd;ESifh jynfhpHknDGwfaevQif orx0dyem bm0emwdkY arGUavsmf
aysmfydkufESpfNcdKufjcif; bm0em&mrwm t&d,0Hoy#dy'gudkvnf;aumif; udavom[l tylcyfodrf;rS
tNidrf;BuD; Nidrf;&mjzpfaom edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfBuD;udkvnf;aumif; tvG,fwul &,lEdkifaMumif;wdkYudk
tus,fw0ifh a[mMum;ay;awmfrl\/ xdkaemif bk&m;&Sifonf t&SiftEkk'gtm; ygpde0Ho'g, trnf
&aom taU&S0g;awmt&yfyif aemufESpf 0g 0gqdk 0guyfvsuf &[ef;w&m;rsm;udk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf&ef rdefYrSmawmfrlNyD;aemuf abouVm0e ausmif;wdkufodkY jyeff<uawmfrl\/ bk&m;&Sifonf
abouVm0eausmif;wdu
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k &kd if;tcsuu
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k
f
wifjyaytHh/ --1/ tydpm,H bdua0 "arm? em,H "arm r[dp/
2/ oE K|m,H bdua0 "arm? em,H "arm toE K|/
3/ y0d0dwm,H bdua0 "arm? em,H "arm o*FPdum&mr/
C
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
tm&'0D&d,m,H bdua0 "arm? em,H "arm ukoDw/

Oy|dwwdm,H bdua0 "arm? em,H "arm rk|wd/
orm[dwm,H bdua0 "arm? em,H "arm torm[dw/
yn0awm t,H bdua0 "arm? em,H "arm 'kyn/
edyym&mrm,H bdua0 "arm edyy&wdaem? em,H "arm yym&mr yy&wdaem/
(tH-3-65/)
1/ &[ef;wdYk ...avmukw& mw&m; ud;k yg;onf tvdek nf;yg;aom = vdck sirf I pm wPSmr&daS om
tydpyk*dKvf\ oEmeffomvQif jynfhpHkEdkif\/ avmukw&mw&m; udk;yg;onf tvdk&rufBuD;rm;vSaom r[dpyk*dKvf\ oEmef rjynfhpHkEdkif/ (tH-3-65/)
ypn;f av;yg;udk rsm;rsm; vSLvQif enf;enf;om tvSLcH enf;enf; vSLvQiv
f nf; vSLonfh
atmuf ,kwfavsmh enf;enf;udkom tvSLcHNyD;vQif tukefvHk;udk tvSLrcHaom ypnf;av;yg;
tvdkenf;aom yp, tydpyk*dKvf rdrd r*fzdkvfw&m;xl; w&m;jrwf&onfudk olwpfyg;wdkYtm; tod
ray;vdkbJ vQKdU0Sufxm;aom t"d*r tydpyk*dKvf rdrd y&d,wf A[kokw aygrsm;wwfuRrf;onfudk
olwpfyg;wdkYtm; todray;vdkbJ vQKdU0Sufxm;aom y&d,wd tydpyk*dKvf rdrd"kwifaqmufwnfxm;onfudk olwpfyg;wdkYtm; todray;vdkbJ vQKdU0Sufxm;aom "kw*F tydpyk*dKvf[k tvdkenf;yg;aom
tydpyk*dKvf av;rsKd; &dS\/
xdk tvdkenf;yg;aom tydpyk*dKvfonf tydpyk*dKvfjzpfaomfvnf; tvdkenf;yg;aom tydpyk*dKvf
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vkHYv0D&d,&dSaom yk*dKvfjzpfvsuf xufoefaom vkHYv0D&d,&dSol[k olwpfyg;wdkYu odrSmudk tvdkr&dS/
xifvif;aom owd&dSoljzpfvsuf xifvif;aom owd&dSol[k olwpfyg;wdkYu odrSmudk tvdkr&dS/ Oypm&
tyem ESpfjzmaom orm"d&dSol jzpfvsuf orm"d&dSol[k olwpfyg;wdkYu odrSmudk tvdkr&dS/ 0dyem
PfynmESifh jynfhpHkoljzpfvsuf 0dyemPfynmESifh jynhfpHkol[k olwpfyg;wdkYu odrSmudk tvdkr&dS/
oHo&mudkcsJUxGifwwfonfh wPSm rme 'd|dwnf;[laom yyw&m;uif;&m edAmefw&m;awmfjrwf
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2/ &[ef;wdkY ...avmukw&mw&m; udk;yg;onf &&orQaom rQwkHomjzpfaom MunfndKzG,fkrH Qomjzpfaom qGr;f ouFe;f ausmif; aq; ypn;f av;yg;jzifh a&mif&h v
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rjynfhpHkEdkif/ (tH-3-65/)
3/ &[ef;wdkY ...avmukw&mw&m; udk;yg;onf 0da0uoHk;jzm arGUavsmfaysmfydkuf ESpfNcdKufaom
yk*dKvf\ oEmefomvQif jynfhpHkEdkif\/ yk*dKvfow0gtaygif;tazmf udavomtaygif;tazmf
arGUavsmfaysmfydkuf ESpfNcdKufaom yk*dKvf\ oEmef rjynfhpHkEdkif/ (tH-3-65/)
D
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IyGm;oHk;oyfavaomf y#dord'gPfav;yg;wdkYESifh twlwuG t&[wzdkvfodkY qdkufa&mufawmfrl\/
t&[wzdkvf edAmefonfum; cyfodrf;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh Oy"d0da0urnf\/ xdkedAmefonf
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pdwf"mwf&dS&eff TefMum;vsuf jyefvTwfum orx0dyem bm0emwdkYudkom tm;xkwfavonf/
(tH-3-66/ tH-|-3-26/)
4/ &[ef;wdkY ...avmukw&mw&m; udk;yg;onf tukodkvfw&m;wdkYudk y,fEdkif&ef ukodkvfw&m;wdu
Yk kd jynfph akH p&eff orx0dyem bm0emwdu
Yk kd tjyif;txef BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwaf om pGr;f tm;ESihf
jynfhpHkaom xufoefjrJjrHaom ZGJvkHYv0D&d,&dSaom yk*dKvf\ oEmeffomvQif jynfhpHkEdkif\? ysif;&daom yk*dKvf\ oEmef rjynfhpHkEdkif/ (tH-3-65/)
5/ &[eff;wdkY ...avmukw&mw&m; udk;yg;onf um, a0'em pdw "r trnf&aom kyfemrf"r ocFg&w&m;wdkY odrf;qnf;wwfaom xifvif;aom owd ,if; um, a0'em pdw "r
trnf&aom kyef mrf"r ocFg&w&m;wd\
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owd taMumif;w&m;ESifhwuGaom ,if;kyfemrf"r ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedptcsuf 'kutcsuf
tewtcsuw
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h aYkd om xifvif;aom
owd&dSaom yk*dKvf\ oEmefomvQif jynfhpHkEdkif\? owd vGwfuif;aom yk*dKvf\ oEmef
rjynfhpHkEdkif/ (tH-3-65-67/)
6/ &[ef;wdYk ...avmukw& mw&m; ud;k yg;onf Oypm& tyem ESpjf zmaomorm"d&aSd om yk*Kd v\
f
oEmefomvQif jynhfpHkEdkif\? Oypm& tyem ESpfjzmaom orm"d r&dSaom yk*dKvf\ oEmef
rjynfhpHkEdkif/ (tH-3-65/)
orm"dt& yxrpsmeform"d 'kwd,psmeform"d wwd,psmeform"d pwkwpsmeform"dwdkYudk
qdkvdkaMumif;udk bk&m;&Sifudk,fawmfwdkifu xdk tEkk'r[m0dwuokwef (tH-3-67/) wGif &Sif;vif;
a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/ txGwftxdyfodkY a&mufaeaom Oypm&orm"d[laom umrm0p&orm"d
lyg0p&orm"d tlyg0p&orm"d[k orm"do;kH rsK;d &d&S m tv,fwnf&aSd om lyg0p&orm"dukd ,lojzifh
tpjzpfaom umrm0p&orm"d tqHk;jzpfaom tlyg0p&orm"dwdkYudkvnf; odrf;usKH;,l&aom raZ'Dyuenf;tm;jzifh a[mMum;xm;awmfrljcif; jzpf\/ Oypm&orm"dESifh wuG ormywf&Spfyg;wdkYonf
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7/ &[ef;wdkY ...avmukw&mw&m; udk;yg;onf 0dyemPfynm t&d,r*fynm &dSaom

yk*Kd v\
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f
oEmef rjynfhpHkEdkif/
8/ &[ef;wdkY ...avmukw&mw&m; udk;yg;onf oHo&mudk csJUxGifwwfonfh wPSm rme 'd|dwnf;[laom yyw&m;rS uif;vGwf&m edAmefw&m;awmfjrwf arGUavsmfaysmfydkuf ESpfNcdKufaom
yk*dKvf\ oEmefomvQif jynfhpHkEdkif\? yyw&m; = ig-igh[m-ig\tw --- [k pGJvrf;ae&rI
arGUavsmf aysmfydkuf ESpfNcdKufaom yk*dKvf\ oEmef rjynfhpHkEdkif/ (tH-3-65/)
(8)csuw
f u
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k m;awmifw
h vsu&f aSd om olawmfaumif;wdik ;f
olawmfaumif;wdkif; vdkufemjyKusifh&rnfh t*Fg&yfwdkYom jzpfMu\/ (8)yg;wdkYwGif trSwf (5-6-7)
jzpfonfh owd orm"d ynmwdkY\ taMumif;t&mudk tenf;i,fxyfrH &Sif;vif;wifjyyg&ap/
owd --- t,H ye ,om owd,m tm&rPH y&d*a[wGm ynm, tEkywd? e [d owd0d&[dw tEkyem emr twd/ (r-|-1-248/)
bk&m;&Sifonf r[mowdy|meokwefwGif owd\wnf&m tmHkwdkYudk um,-a0'em-pdw-"r
[k av;rsKd;cGJjcm; a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJh\/ xdkwGif um,t& tmemygewdorm"dponfh orx
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xlaxmifNyD;aemuf aU&SOD;pGm tZw A[d' oEmefESpfrsKd;vHk; um, a0'em pdw "r trnf&onfh
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ponfjzifh taMumif;w&m;rsm; xif&Sm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusKd; um, a0'em pdw "rwdkY xif&Sm;jzpfyHk
taMumif;w&m;rsm; csKyNf ird ;f jcif;aMumifh tusK;d um, a0'em pdw "rwYkd csKyNf ird ;f yHjk zpfonfh yp,awm
O',A,'e = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh jzpfrIysufrIudkvnf;aumif; cPawm O',A,'e =
taMumif; tusKd; ESpf&yfvHk;wdkY\ cPtm;jzifh jzpfrI ysufrI O',-0,udkvnf;aumif; odrf;qnf;&eff
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oufoufudk odrf;qnf;&ef TefMum;xm;awmfrl\/ taMumif;w&m;ESifhwuGaom um, a0'em pdw
"rw\
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owdu taMumif;w&m; xif&Sm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusKd; um, a0'em pdw "rwdkY xif&Sm;jzpfyHkudk
odr;f qnf;\? ynmu taMumif;w&m; xif&mS ;jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusK;d um, a0'em pdw "rwYkd xif&mS ;
jzpfyu
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Ykd
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jzpfrI ysurf u
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a0'em pdw "rw\
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odkYvQif owdu orxtmkH 0dyemtmHkudk odrf;qnf;wwf ynmu [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm
tzefzef txyfxyf Iwwf\/ owduif;aom tEkyem rnfonf r&dSpaumif;ay/ xdkaMumifh
taMumif;w&m;ESifhwuGaom um, a0'em pdw "rwdkY\ tedptcsuf 'kutcsuf tewtcsufwdkY
xifvif;aom owd&dSonfh yk*dKvf\ oEmefomvQif avmukw&mw&m; udk;yg;onf jynfhpHkEdkif\/
taMumif;w&m;ESifhwuGaom um, a0'em pdw "rwdkY\ tedptcsuf 'kutcsuf tewtcsufwdkY
xifvif;aom owdr&dSonfh owdvGwfuif;aom yk*dKvf\ oEmef avmukw&mw&m; udk;yg;onf
rjynfhpHkEdkif/ taMumif;rl trSwf (7) tjzpf a[mMum;xm;awmfrlaom 0dyemPfonf wpfenf;
um,mEkyem a0'emEkyem pdwmEkyem "rmEkyemonf owdESifhuif; rjzpfEdkifaomaMumifhyif jzpf\/
orm"d ------ orm"d H bdua0 bma0x? orm[dawm bdua0 bduK ,xmblwH yZmemwd/
(oH-2-12/ oH-3-363/)
&[ef;wdkY ...orm"dudk yGm;rsm;Muyg xlaxmifMuyg/ &[ef;wdkY ...orm"d&dSaom &[ef;onf
[kwfwdkif;rSefpGm uGJuGJjym;jym; od\/ (oH-2-12/ oH-3-363/)
orm"d&dSaom &[ef;onf um; kyf a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPfwnf;[k [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm
uGJuGJjym;jym; od\/ um; kyf a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPf\ jzpfaMumif;oabmw&m;ESifh jzpfjcif;
oabmw&m;[k [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm uGJuGJjym;jym; od\/ um; kyf a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPf\
csKyfaMumif;oabmw&m;ESifh csKyfjcif;oabmw&m;[k [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm uGJuGJjym;jym;od\/ (oH-2-12/)
orm"d&dSaom &[ef;onf um; 'kut&d,opmwnf;[k [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm uGJuGJjym;jym; od\/
um; 'kujzpfaMumif; ork',t&d,opmwnf;[k [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm uGJuGJjym;jym; od\/ um;
'kuc sKy&f m eda&m"t&d,opmwnf;[k [kww
f ikd ;f rSepf mG uGu
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a&mufaMumif; usifhpOf = r*t&d,opmwnf;[k [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm uGJuGJjym;jym; od\/ (oH-3-363/)
ygVdawmfrsm; bk&m;&Si
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l nfEiS t
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taMumif;w&m; xif&mS ;jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusK;d cEmig;yg; xif&mS ;jzpfyu
kH kd [kww
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&&daS &;twGuf t&d,r*fPf t&d,zdv
k
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t0iftygjzpfonfh t&d,opmav;yg;vHk;udk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm oda&;twGuf yxrpsmeform"d 'kwd,G
psmeform"d wwd,psmeform"d pwkwpsmeform"dwdkYudk xlaxmif&awmhrnf jzpf\? wpfenf;qdk&aomf

Oypm&orm"d tyemorm"d[al om ESprf sK;d aom orm"dww
Ykd iG f wpfrsK;d rsK;d aom orm"dukd rvTrJ a&Smifom
xlaxmif&awmhrnf jzpfayonf/ taMumif;rl orm"d&SdygrS odEdkifaomw&m;rsm; jzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/
xdkaMumifh edAme*grdedy#dy'gtrnf&aSd om usr;f vnf; tmemygewdorm"dydkif;wGif tmemyge
usiphf OfrS pwkwp smeform"doq
Ykd u
kd af tmif orm"dukd xlaxmifyt
kH ydik ;f udv
k nf;aumif; orxur|mef;ydkif;wGif uodkPf;q,fyg; ormywf&Spfyg;ponfh orm"dxlaxmifyHk tydkif;rsm;udkvnf;aumif; a&;om;
wifjyxm;ayonf/
'kucyfodrf;rS ylyeffcyfodrf;rS tNidrf;BuD; Nidrf;&m tat;BuD; at;&m jzpfonfh r[mtocFw"mwf
tNidrf;"mwf edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfBuD;udk t&d,r*fPf t&d,zdkvfPfwdkYjzifh rsufarSmufjyKvdkaom
toifolawmfaumif;onf --- ]]avmukw&mw&m; udk;yg;onf orm"d&dSaom yk*dKvf\ oEmef
omvQif jynfhpHkEdkif\? avmukw&mw&m; udk;yg;onf orm"dr&dSaom yk*dKvf\ oEmef rjynfhpHkEdkif}}
[laom bk&m;&Sif\ tqHk;trawmfudk OD;xdyf&Guf yeffqifoifhvSayonf/
ynm ------ ]]yn0awm t,H bdua0 "arm? em,H "arm 'kynm}}wd wd acg yaewH 0kwH?
udawH y#dp 0kwH/ " bdua0 bduK yn0g a[mwd O',w*grded,m ynm, orEm*awm
t&d,m, edaA"dum, orm 'kuu,*grded,m/ ]]yn0awm t,H bdua0 "arm? em,H "arm
'kynm}}wd wd ,H wH 0kwH? 'arwH y#dp 0kwH/ (tH-3-67/)
]]&[ef;wdkY ...avmukw&mw&m; udk;yg;onf (0dyemynm t&d,r*fynm[laom) ynm&dS
yk*dKvf\ oEmefomvQif jynfhpHkEdkif\/ avmukw&mw&m; udk;yg;onf (0dyemynm t&d,r*fynm[laom) ynmrJah om yk*Kd v\
f oEmef rjynfph EkH ikd }f } [k a[mMum;tyfaom xdpk um;udk tb,fukd
tpJGjyK a[mMum;tyfygoenf;[lrl --- &[ef;wdkY ...omoemawmf a,m*g0p&&[ef;onf
(0dyemynm t&d,r*fynm[laom) ynm &dS\/ taMumif;w&m;ESifhwuGaom Oyg'geuEm ig;yg;
kyef mrf"r ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd azmufc
JG odjrifEikd af om avmbxktpdik t
f cJ a'goxktpdik t
f cJ arm[xk
tpdkiftcJwdkYudk NzdKcGJ zsufqD;Edkifaom 0#fqif;&J\ ukef&m edAmefodkY aumif;pGm a&mufaMumif; jzpfaom
,if; ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfrI ysufrIudk odpGrf;Edkifaom jzLpifjrifhjrwfaom (0dyemynm t&d,r*fynm[laom) ynmESifh jynfhpHk\/ ]]&[ef;wdkY ...avmukw&mw&m; udk;yg;onf (0dyemynm
t&d,r*fynm[laom) ynm&dSaom yk*dKvf\ oEmefomvQif jynfhpHkEdkif\? avmukw&mw&m;
udk;yg;onf (0dyemynm t&d,r*fynm[laom) ynmrJhaom yk*dKvf\ oEmef rjynfhpHkEdkif}} --- [k
a[mtyfaom xdkpum;udk onfudkyif tpGJjyK a[mMum;awmfrltyf\/ (tH-3-67/)
txufyg ygVdawmf\ bmomjyefudk atmufyg t|uxmtzGifhudk rDSjirf;jyK a&;om;xm;ygonf/
O',w*grded,mwd yEH cEmeH O',0,*grded,m O', 0, y#d0dZdwHk orwm,/ t&d,m,mwd 0dure0aoe p orkap'0aoe p udavao[d tm&um Xdwm, y&dok'g,/ ynm,
orEm*awmwd 0dyemynm, ap0 r*ynm, p or*blawm/ edaA"dum,mwd oma,0
edAdZeawm edaA"dumwd 0kpwd? wm, orEm*awmwd tawm/ ww r*ynm, orkap'0aoe
H
ed'geuxm
tedAd'ykAH ty'gvdwykAH avmbuEH a'gouEH arm[uEH edAdZwd y'gavwDwd edaA"dum/

0dyemynm, w'*F0aoe edaA"dum, r*ynm, y#dvmboH0weawm pmwd 0dyem
]]edaA"dum}}wd 0wKH 0wd/ orm 'kuu,*grded,mwd "myd r*ynm orma[wkem ea,e 0'kuH
acy,rmem *pwDwd orm 'kuu,*grdeD emr/ 0dyem w'*F0aoe 0'ku udavo'ku
acy,rmem *pwDwd 'kuu,*grdeD/ 'kuu,*grded,m 0g r*ynm, y#dvmboH0weawm {om
'kuu,*grdeDwd a0'dwAm/ (r-|-3-22/ tH-|-3-2/)
O',w*grde,
d m --- [lonf Oyg'geuEm ig;yg;wdkY\ jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; O', 0, oabmudk
xdk;xGif; odjrifjcif;iSm pGrf;Edkifaom[k qdkvdk\/ t&d,m, = jzLpifjrifhjrwfaom --- [lonf orxydkif;
udavomwdkYudk wpfem&D ESpfem&Dponfjzifh cyfMumMum cGmxm;Edkifaom 0durey[mef\ tpGrf;jzifh
t&d,r*ftcdu
k f udavomwdu
Yk kd t<uif;rJh jzwfawmufwwfaom orkap'y[mef\ tpGr;f jzifh udavomwdkYrS a0;uGmaomt&yf wnfaeojzifh jzLpifjrifhjrwfaom[k qdkvdk\/ ynm, orEm*awm =
ynmESifh jynfhpHk\ --- [lonf 0dyemynmESifhvnf;aumif; t&d,r*fynmESifhvnf;aumif; jynfhpHk\
[k qdkvdk\/ eda A"dum, = azmufcGJEdkifaom ynm[lonf xdk 0dyemynm t&d,r*fynmudkyifvQif
udavomxktpdkiftcJudk azmufcJGEdkifaomaMumifh edaA"dumynm[l qdktyf\? xdkedaA"dumynmESifh
jynfhpHk\[k qdkvdk\/ xdkedaA"dumynmtrnf&aom 0dyemynm t&d,r*fynmwdkYwGif t&d,r*fynmonf t<uif;rJhy,fowfjcif; orkap'y[mef\ tpGrf;jzifh rxdk;azmufzl;ao;aom razmufcGJzl;ao;aom avmbxktpdkiftcJ a'goxktpdkiftcJ arm[xktpdkiftcJudk xdk;azmufwwf\ azmufcJGwwf\? xdak Mumifh edaA"u
d mynm rnf\/ 0dyemynmonf w'*F = cPacwy,fonf\ tpGr;f jzifh
avmbxktpdkiftcJ a'goxktpdkiftcJ arm[xktpdkiftcJudk xdk;azmufwwf\? azmufcGJwwf\?
xdkaMumifh edaA"dumynmrnf\/ wpfzef edaA"dum trnf&aom t&d,r*fynmudk &jcif;udk jzpfapwwfaomaMumifhvnf; 0dyemynmudk edaA"dum[l qdkjcif;iSm oifhay\/ orm 'kuu,*grded,m
= aumif;rGefrSefuefpGm oHom&0#f'ku udavo0#f'ku\ukef&m edAmefodkY a&mufapwwfaomynm
[lonf --- vnf; t&d,r*fynmonf aumif;rGefrSefuefaom taMumif;w&m;jzifh enf;vrf;jzifh
oHom&0#f'ku udavo0#f'kuudk ukefapvsuf edAmefodkY oGm;wwfaomaMumifh orm'kuu,*grdeD
ynm rnf\ = aumif;rGefrSefuefpGm oHom&0#f'ku udavo 0#f'ku\ ukef&m edAmefodkY a&mufapwwfaom ynm rnf\/ 0dyemynmonf w'*F\ tpGr;f jzifh oHom&0#f'u
k u
v
kd nf;aumif; udavo0#f'kuudkvnf;aumif; ukefapvsuf edAmefodkY Gwfudkif;dIif;aomtm;jzifh edAmefbufodkY oGm;wwfaomaMumifh 'kuu,*grdeD ynm = 'kuukef&m edAmefodkY a&mufapwwfaom ynm rnf\/ wpfenf;
oHom&0#f'ku udavo0#f'kuudk ukefapwwfaom t&d,r*fynmudk &&dSjcif;udk jzpfapwwfaomaMumifh 0dyemynmonf 'kuu,*grdeD ynm = 'kuukef&m edAmefodkY a&mufapwwfaom ynm
rnf\[k od&dSygav/ (r-|-3-22/ tH-|-3-2/)
edAm e*grdeyd #dy'g trnf&aSd om usr;f pmvnf; oHo&m0#fqif;&J'u
k udavom0#fqif;&J 'kuu
kd
ukefcef;apwwfaom 0dyemynm t&d,r*fynm &&dSa&;twGuf &nf&G,fawmifhw --1/ Oyg'geuEm ig;yg;wdkYwGif tusKH;0ifaom lyuEm trnf&aom kyfw&m;wdkYudk y&rwfodkYqdkufatmif [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm od&dS&ef IyGm;yHkpepfrsm;udk kyfur|mef;ykdif;wGif a&;om;wifjycJh\/
I
2/ Oyg'geuEmig;yg;wdkYwGif tusKH;0ifaom a0'emuEm onmuEm ocFg&uEm 0dnmPuEm

[laom emrfcEm av;yg; = emrfw&m;wdkYudk y&rwfodkY qdkufatmif [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm od&dS&ef
IyGm;yHkpepfrsm;udk emrfur|mef;ydkif;wGif a&;om;wifjycJh\/
3/ twdwf tem*wf ypKyef[laom umvoHk;yg; tZw A[d'[laom oEmefESpfyg;twGif;
wnf&dSaom Oyg'geuEm ig;yg; kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkY\ taMumif;w&m;wdkYudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm
od&dS&ef [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,lwwf&ef odrf;qnf;wwf&ef IyGm;yHk odrf;qnf;yHkpepf
rsm;udk y#dpo
rkyg 'fyikd ;f wGif a&;om;wifjycJ\
h / yp,y&d*[
Pfukd &&daS &;twGuv
f nf;aumif;
yp,awm O',A,'e[laom taMumif;w&m; xif&mS ;jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusK;d w&m; xif&mS ;
jzpfyHk taMumif;w&m; csKyfNidrf;jcif;aMumifh tusKd;w&m; csKyfNidrf;yHk taMumif;tusKd; ESpf&yfvHk;wdkY\ jzpfrIysufrIudk Ijrifwwfaom O',A,Pf odkYr[kwf 0dyemPf &&dSa&;twGuf
vnf;aumif; txl;&nfTef; a&;om;wifjycJh\/
4/ taMumif;w&m;ESiw
hf uGaom xdk Oyg'geuEm ig;yg; kyef mrfw&m;wdYk todPf oef&Y iS ;f oxuf
oefY&Sif;&ef &nf&G,fawmifhw t|uxmBuD;rsm; TefMum;jyoxm;onfhtwdkif; vuP &o
ypKy|mef y'|mef enf;tm;jzifh ,if; kyf-emrf-aMumif;-usKd; ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;IyGm;yHk
pepfrsm;udk vuPm'dpwkuydkif;wGif a&;om;wifjycJh\/
5/ ,ckwpfzef taMumif;w&m;ESiw
hf uGaom xdk Oyg'geuEm ig;yg; kyef rf"r ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk jzpfrI
ysufrIudk tmkH,lvnf;aumif; tysufoufoufudk tmkH,lvnf;aumif; tedp 'ku tew
vuPma&;oH;k wef wpfvn
S phf w
D ifum 0dyemIymG ;yHpk epfrsm;udk 0dyemynm t&d,r*fynm
ESifh jynfhpHkvma&;twGuf &nf&G,fawmifhw 0dyemydkif;wGif a&;om;wifjyxm;ygonf/
wxm*w trnf&awmfrljcif;
oHk;avmuxG#fxm; oAnKormorK'bk&m;&Sifudk wxm*w[l ac:qdk&jcif; taMumif;w&m;rsm; rsm;pGm &dSae\/ xdktaMumif;w&m; rsm;pGmwdkYteuf taMumif;w&m; wpfrsKd;rSm odkY jzpf\/
, bdua0 &wd H wxm*awm tEkw&H ormoarm"d H tbdorKZwd? , &wd H tEkyg'daoom, edAme"mwk,m y&dedAm,wd? ,H {wod HtEa& bmowd vywd ed'dowd? oAH wH wax0
a[mwd aem tnxm/ wom ]]wxm*awm}}wd 0kpwd/ ('D-3-111/ tH-1-332/)
&[ef;wdkY ...wxm*w trnf&awmfrlaom oifwdkYq&m igbk&m;onf tMuifnOfhvnf;
twkr&dS tjrwfq;kH jzpfonfh t&[wr*fPf oAnKwPfawmfjrwfBu;D udk xd;k xGi;f odjrifawmfr\
l /
(r[mou&mZf - 103-ckESpf uqkefvjynfhaeY n jzpf\/) tMuifnOfhvnf; 0dygufurZkyf t<uif;
r&daS om tEkyg'daooedAm e"mwfjzifh y&deAd m efpaH wmfr\
l / (r[mou&mZf -148-ckEpS f uqkev
f jynfah eY
n jzpf\/) xdknOfh ESpfnOfhwdkY\ twGif; av;qJhig;0g umvywfvHk; tMuifw&m;awmfudk a[mMum;awmfr\
l >ruf[awmfr\
l Tejf yawmfr\
l / xdak [majym>ruf[Tejf yawmfrt
l yfaom w&m;tvH;k pHo
k nf
a[mMum;awmfrlonfhtwdkif; >ruf[awmfrlonfhtwdkif; Tefjyawmfrlonfhtwdkif; rSefonfomvQif
jzpf\? rrSef[laom tjcm;wpfrsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh rjzpfay/ xdkaMumifh oifwdkYq&m igbk&m;udk
wxm*w[l ac:qdktyfayonf/ ('D-3-111/ tH-1-332/)
J
ed'geuxm
bk&m;&Sifonf oAnKwPfawmfjrwfBuD;udk &&dSawmfrlonfhaeYrS p y&dedAmef pHawmfrlonfh

aeYtxd av;q,fhig;0g umvywfvHk; a[mMum;Tefjy qdkqHk;rxm;awmfrltyfaom w&m;awmf rSef
orQonf a[mMum;jyo qdkqHk;rxm;awmfrlonfhtwdkif; rSefonfomvQif jzpf\? rrSef[laom tjcm;
wpfrsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh rjzpfay/ xdkYaMumifh --]]avmukw&mw&m; udk;yg;onf --- tvdkenf;yg;aom tydpyk*dKvf\ oEmefomvQif jynfhpHk
Edkif\? tvdk&rufBuD;rm;aom r[dpyk*dKvf\ oEmef rjynfhpHkEdkif/ a&mifh&JvG,faom oEK|dw&m;
xif&Sm;&dSaom yk*dKvf\ oEmefomvQif jynfhpHkEdkif\? a&mifh&JvG,faom oE K|dw&m; xif&Sm;r&dSaom
yk*dKvf\ oEmef rjynfhpHkEdkif/ 0da0uw&m;oHk;yg; arGUavsmfaysmfydkuf ESpfNcdKufaom yk*dKvf\ oEmef
omvQif jynfhpHkEdkif\? vloltaygif;tazmf udavomtaygif;tazmf arGUavsmfaysmfydkuf ESpfNcdKufaom
yk*dKvf\ oEmef rjynfhpHkEdkif/ orx0dyem bm0emwdkYudk tjyif;txefBudK;pm;tm;xkwfaom vkHYv
0D&,
d &daS om yk*Kd v\
f oEmefomvQif jynfph EkH ikd \
f ? ysi;f &daom yk*Kd v\
f oEmef rjynfph EkH ikd /f taMumif;
w&m;ESifhwuGaom um, a0'em pdw "rwdkY\ tedptcsuf 'kutcsuf tewtcsufwdkY xifvif;aom owd&dSaom yk*dKvf\ oEmefomvQif jynfhpHkEdkif\? arhavsmhwwfaom aysmufysufaom owd
&dSaom yk*dKvf\ oEmef rjynfhpHkEdkif/ Oypm&orm"d tyemorm"d[laom wpfrsKd;rsKd;aom orm"d
&dSaom yk*dKvf\ oEmefomvQif jynfhpHkEdkif\? orm"dr&dSaom yk*dKvf\oEmef rjynfhpHkEdkif/ 0dyem
ynm t&d,r*fynm &dSaom yk*dKvf\ oEmefomvQif jynfhpHkEdkif\? 0dyemynm t&d,r*fynm
r&dSaom yk*dKvf\ oEmef rjynfhpHkEdkif/ yyw&m;oHk;yg;\ csKyfNidrf;&m edAmefw&m;awmfjrwf arGUavsmf
aysmfydkuf ESpfNcdKufaom pdwf"mwf&dSaom yk*dKvf\ oEmefomvQif jynfhpHkEdkif\? yyw&m;oHk;yg; arGUavsmfaysmfydkuf ESpfNcdKufaom pdwf"mwf&dSaom yk*dKvf\ oEmef rjynfhpHkEdkif/}} --odkY a[mMum;jyo qdkqHk;rxm;awmfrlonfh --- r[myk&do0dwu = a,mufsm;jrwfwdkY\ tMuH
trnf&aom w&m;a'oemawmfonfvnf; a[mMum; >ruf[ Tejf yawmfro
l nft
h wdik ;f rSeo
f nfom
vQif jzpf\? rrSef - [laom tjcm;wpfyg;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh ajymif;vJ jzpfdk; "rwm r&dSay/
xdkaMumifh toifolawmfaumif;onfvnf; avmukw&mw&m; udk;yg;udk tvdk&dScJhygrl --1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
tvdkenf;yg;jcif; tydpw&m;ESifh jynfhpHkatmif

a&mifh&JvG,fjcif; oE K|dw&m;ESifh jynfhpHkatmif
0da0uw&m; oHk;yg;ESifh jynfhpHkatmif
orx0dyem bm0emwdkY tjyif;txef BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif; vkHYv0D&d,ESifh jynfhpHkatmif
taMumif;w&m;ESifhwuGaom um, a0'em pdw "rwdkY xifvif;aom owdESifh jynfhpHkatmif
Oypm&orm"d tyemorm"d[laom wpfrsKd;rsKd;aom orm"dESifh jynfhpHkatmif
0dyemynm t&d,r*fynmESifh jynfhpHkatmif
yyw&m; oHk;yg;\ csKyfNidrf;&m edAmefw&m;awmfjrwf arGUavsmfaysmfydkuf ESpfNcdKufaom pdwfxm;
ESifh jynfhpHkatmif usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfav&mownf;/
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
zm;atmufawm& - pdwvawmifausmif;
1356 - ck? jymodkvqef; (9) &uf? wevFmaeY/
K
r*gr*P'e0dok'd eda'o -- oroePfcef;
0dyemydkif;
r*gr*P'e0dok'd eda'o - oroePfcef;
wH orma'wkumare uvmyoroeocFgwm, e,0dyem, wm0 a,ma*g u&PDa,m/
(0dok'd-2-241/)
0dyem\ npfnL;aMumif; Oyudavo w&m;rsm;rS vGwfajrmufoGm;aom 0dyemvrf;rSef
vrf;d;k twdik ;f oGm;aeaom 0dyemynmonf t&d,r*f\ a&S;tzdYk jzpfaom vrf;rSev
f rf;k;d ykAb
m*r*fwnf;/ Mobmo = ta&miftvif;paom Oyudavow&m;rsm;onfum; t&d,r*f\ a&S;tzdkY
jzpfaom vrf;rSef vrf;dk; ykAbm*r*f r[kwf/ odkYvQif t&d,r*f\ a&S;tzdkY jzpfaom vrf;rSef
vrf;dk; jzpfaom ykAbm*r*fudkvnf;aumif; vrf;rSef vrf;dk; r[kwfaom ykAbm*r*fudkvnf;aumif;
razmufrjyef [kwfrSefonfhtwdkif; em;vnf ydkif;jcm; aumif;pGm rSwfom; wnfaom Pfonf
r*g r*P'e0dok'd = um; vrf;rSef um; vrf;rSm;[k odjrifonfjzpf 0dyemtnpftaMu;rS pifMu,faom Pf rnf\/ (0dok'd-2-241/)
xdk r*gr*P'e0dok'd Pftjrifudk jynfhpHkapvdkaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf uvmy
oroe [k ac:qdktyfaom e,0dyem a&S;OD;pGm tpOfojzifh tm;xkwfjcif;udk jyKoifhayonf/
(0dok'd-2-241/)
twDwm'd0aoe taeuab'bdaE "ar uvmyawm ocyw
d mG oroeH uvmyoroeH?
t,H ud& ZrK'yD 0goDeH tbdvmayg/ ]],H udd ly}}Et
d m'dem ea,e [d "rmeH 0dyem e,0dyem?
t,H ud& wryPd'Dy0goDeH tbdvmayg/ (r[m#D-2-386/)
" t*ad 0e rr om0aum ,H udd lyH twDwmem*wypKyE H tZwH 0g A[d'g 0g MoVm&duH
0g okckrH 0g [DeH 0g yPDwH 0g ,H 'la& oEdau 0g? oAH lyH ]]aewH rr? aeaom[rod? e araom
twm}}wd {0arwH ,xmblwH orynm, ywd/ (r-1-297/)
aewH rr? aeaom[rod? e araom twmwd orEkymrD wd tedpH 'kuH tewmwd
orEkymrd/ (r-|-4-232/ qaEm0g'okwef/)
twdwf tem*wf ypKyef tZw A[d' MoVm&du okckr [De yPDw 'l& oEdu [laom
(11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mwdkYjzifh uGJjym;ukefaom kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkYudk uvmy = taygif;tpk
tm;jzifh jcHKikH tedp 'ku tew[laom vuPm,mOf oHk;csufwif IyGm;oHk;oyfjcif;onf uvmy
oroernf\/ uvmyoroe[laom a0g[m&um; ZrL'dyfuRef; oDwif;oHk;awmfrlMuukefaom
rax&fjrwfBuD;wdkY\ toHk;jyKaom a0g[m& jzpfonf/
,if; twdwf tem*wf ypKyef ponfh (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnf&SdMuukefaom
tvHk;pHkaom kyf (a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPf) w&m;udk --1
aewH rr? aeaom[rod? e araom twm --- [k

= igh[m r[kwf ? ig r[kwf? ig\tw r[kwf --- [k
= tedp[k 'ku[k tew[k
odkY 0dyemIjcif;onf e,0dyem rnf\/ e,0dyem[laom trnfonf oD[dkVfuRef; oDwif;oHk;awmfrlMuukefaom rax&fjrwfBuD;wdkY\ toHk;jyKaom a0g[m&jzpfonf/
(r[m#D-2-386/)
uvmyoroePfrnfonf wpfckckaom 0dok'dusifhpOfaomfvnf; tusKH;r0ifay/ tcsKdUaom q&mwdkYonfvnf; xdkuvmyoroeudk roHk;oyfrlomvQif 0dyempm& = 0dyemPf\
usufpm;rIudk zGifhqdkukef\/ odkYaomfvnf; xdkuvmyoroeudk xdkxdk okwefwdkY (tewvuPokwef
cE0*oH,kwfygVdawmfpaom xdkxdk okwefwdkY) wpfpdwfwpfa'otm;jzifhvnf;aumif; t<uif;rJh
tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; IyGm;oHk;oyf&ef bk&m;&Sifonf TefMum;xm;awmfrl\/ y#dord'gr*fygVdawmf
(pmrsufESm 51-ponf) vnf; 0dyemudk tm;opfp yk*dKvfwdkYtzdkY uvmyoroe IyGm;enf;rSm
ESvkH;oGif;& vG,fulonfhtwGuf 0dyem\ tptjzpfjzifh wnfxm;awmfrltyf\/ 0dyemIaeaom
a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f oEmefvnf; Mobmo[laom xl;uJaom ta&miftvif;ponfwo
Ykd nf jzpfay:vmvwfuek af omf r*gr*Pf= avmukw& mr*fPf\ a&S;tzdYk jzpfaom vrf;rSev
f rf;rSm;udk ydik ;f jcm;
odjrifonfjzpf 0dyemtnpftaMu;wdkYrS pifMu,faom 0dyemPf= O',A,Pfonf
jzpfay:vmwwf\/ oHk;rsKd;aom taMumif;aMumifh r*g r*P'e0dok'u
d dk jynfhpHkapvdkaom
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf a&S;OD;pGm uvmyoroe[k ac:qdktyfaom e,0dyemudk BudK;pm;tm;xkwfoifhaMumif;udk t|uxmq&mawmfu pdppf wifjyaejcif; jzpfayonf/
a,yd p oroEky*g? awok a, , ygu#m a[mEd okace y&d *[H *p Ed? awok awe
oroeH tm&bdwA/H (0dok'd-2-244/)
a, lygly"rm/ ,mwd a,m*daem/ awok awe oroeH tm&bdwAH ,xmygu#H
0dyembdeda0aomwd uwGm/ ypm ye tEky|[aEyd Oyga,e Oy|[maywGm te0aooawm0
orodwAm/ (r[m#D-2-391/)
0dok'dr*t|uxm oroePfydkif;wGif y#dord'gr*fygVdawmf (51-52-55? 6-9/) oH,kwf
ygVdawmf tbdan,sokwef (oH-2-258/) ponfwdkYudk udk;um; oroePfpaom 0dyemPfwdkYjzifh IyGm;oHk;oyf&rnfh 0dyemPf\ tIcHtmkH y&rw"mwfom;wdkYudk enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh
atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;zGifhqdkxm;awmfrl\/ --1/ twdwf tem*wf ypKyef tZw A[d' MoVm&du okckr [De yPDw 'l& oEduwnf;[laom
(11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom Oyg'geuEm (5) yg;
2/ 'Gg& tmkHwdkYESifh wuG 'Gg& jzpfukefaom y&rw"rrsm;
3/ Oyg'geuEm (5) yg;
4/ 'Gg& (6) yg;
2
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
10/
11/
12/
13/
14/
15/
16/
17/
18/
19/
20/
21/
22/
23/
24/
25/
tmkH (6) yg;

0dnmPf (6) yg;
z (6) yg;
a0'em (6) yg;
onm (6) yg;
apwem (6) yg;
wPSm (6) yg;
0dwuf (6) yg;
0dpm& (6) yg;
"mwf (6) yg; (yx0D"mwf tmayg"mwf awaZm"mwf 0ga,m"mwf tmumo"mwf 0dnmP"mwf)
uodkPf; (10) yg;
(32) aum|mo
tm,we (12) yg;
"mwf (18) yg;
aÈ (22) yg;
"mwfoHk;yg; (umr"mwf ly"mwf tly"mwf)
b0Bu;D (9) yg; (umrb0 lyb0 tlyb0 {ua0gum&b0 pwka0gum&b0 ya0gum&b0
onDb0 tonDb0 ae0onDemonDb0)
psmefav;yg; (lyg0p&psmef av;yg;)
tyrnmw&m; (4) yg; (arwmpsmef ukPmpsmef rk'dwmpsmef Oayumpsmef)
ormywfav;yg; (tmumomem,wepsmef 0dnmPm,wepsmef tmudnm,wepsmef
ae0onmemonm,wepsmef [laom tlypsmeformywf av;yg;)
y#dporkyg'f t*Fg (12) yg; ---
odkY a&wGufjyxm;awmfrl\/ (0dok'd-2-242-243-244/)

y&d*[ (5) rsKd;vHk; wpfbufurf;cyfatmif aygufa&mufNyD;aom vuP &o ypKy|mef y'|mef
enf;tm;jzifh taMumif;w&m;ESihf wuGaom kyef mrf"r ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd odr;f qnf;xm;Ny;D aom toif
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfoljrwftzdkY txufyg w&m;wdkYrSm twdwf tem*wf ypKyef [laom umvoHk;yg;
tZw A[d' [laom oEmefESpfyg; twGif; wnf&SdMuaom pdwf+apwoduf+kyf y&rww&m;wdo
Yk nfomjzpfMuuke\
f [laomtcsuu
f kd oabmaygufEikd af vmufayNy/D ,if;w&m;wdrYk mS kyef mrf ESpyf g;
cEmig;yg; tm,we wpfq,fEh pS yf g; "mwf wpfq,f&h pS yf g; y#dpo
rkyg 'ft*Fg&yf wpfq,fEh pS yf g;wdo
Yk m
jzpfMuonfudkvnf; oabmaygufNyD; jzpfEkdifayvdrfhrnf/ odkYaomf rnfodkYaom taMumif;aMumifh odkY
(25)rsKd; cGJ zGifhqdkxm;&onf[laom tcsufESifh ywfouf r[m#Dum (-2-389)wGif odkY &Sif;vif;
wifjyxm;\/ -----3
y#dord'gr*fygVdawmf 0dyemPf\ tIcHtmkHwdkYudk ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;yHkudk qdkvwHUaom

enf;jzifh od&Sdygav/ --y#dord'gr*fygVdawmfBuD; 0dyemudk tm;opfpjzpfukefaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfwdkYtm; 0dyemESvHk;oGif;jcif; csrf;omvG,fulygapjcif; tusKd;iSm &nfoefawmifhwawmfrl a&S;OD;pGm twdwf
tem*wf ypKyef tZw A[d' ponfjzifh (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifhwnfaeaom Oyg'geuEm
ig;yg;wdkYudk twdwf tem*wf ypKyef ponfudk a0zefjcif;udk y"mejyKojzifh 0dyemPf\ tIcH
tmkHtjzpf ,lxm;tyfayonf/
xdck Emwdo
Yk nfum; 'Gg&tmkw
H EYkd iS hf twlwuG 'Gg&jzpfaom w&m;wd\
Yk tpGr;f tm;jzifh a0zefjcif;udk
&tyfukef\/ (kyfw&m;wdkYum; 'Gg&w&m; tmkHw&m;wdkY jzpfMu\? emrfw&m;wdkYum; raem'Gg&w&m;
'Gg&ajcmufyg; jzpfaomw&m; tmkHw&m;wdkY jzpfMu\/) xdkYaMumifh xdkcEmwdkY\ tjcm;rJh 'Gg&qu
ponfwdkY\ tpGrf;jzifh q,fyg;aom quwdkYudk = ( 'Gg& 6-yg;rSonf 0dpm& 6-yg;odkY wdkifatmif qu10-yg;wdkYudk) 0dyemPf\ tIcHtmkHtjzpf ,l zGifhjyawmfrltyfukef\/
wpfzef vuPma&;oHk;wefwdkYwGif tewvuPmum; cJcJ,Of;,Of; cGJjcm;a0zef od&aom
odEidk cf aJ om vuPmwpfck jzpf\/ xdaYk Mumifh xdt
k ewvuPmudk xifpmG jyjcif;iSm yx0D"mwf tmayg"mwf awaZm"mwf 0ga,m"mwf tmumo"mwf 0dnmP"mwf[al om "mwfajcmufyg;wdu
Yk kd 0dyemPf\ tIcH tmkHtjzpf ,l a[mMum;awmfrltyf\/
xdkYaemifrS tMuifuodkPf;wdkY omoemawmfrS tjyifty jzpfMuukefaom omoemawmf\
jyifyt,ltq &SdMuukefaom wdwdwdkYonf tw[k ESvHk;oGif;Muukef\/ ,if;wdwdwdkY oEmef ,if;
uodP
k ;f wdu
Yk kd tw[k ESv;kH oGi;f jcif;onf jzpfae\/ xdk uodP
k ;f wdo
Yk nfum; psmefw\
Ykd ( lyg0p&psmef tlyg0p&psmefwdkY\) tmkH\ tjzpfjzifh xifaomtjcif;t&mrQwdkYonfomwnf;/ odkY xif&Sm;
jyawmfrjl cif; tusK;d iSm uodP
k ;f (10) yg;wdu
Yk kd 0dyemPf\ tIct
H mkpH m&if;wGif ,l zGiq
hf akd wmf
rljcif;jzpf\/ (uodP
k ;f ynwfwu
Ykd m; 0dyemPf\ tIct
H mkw
H u
Ykd m; r[kwMf uuke?f uodP
k ;f ynwfwdkYudktmkHjyK jzpfay:vmMuukefaom psmeformywfw&m;wdkYonfomvQif 0dyemPf\ tIcH
tmkH jzpfMu\/ odkYaomf omoemy t,ltq&Sdol wdwdwdkYu ,if; uodkPf;wdkYudk tw[k ESvHk;oGif;
aeMu\/ xdkt,ltqudk wdkufzsuf&ef uodkPf;ynwfwdkYudk ,l zGifhqdkxm;onf[lvdk/)
xdaYk emif 'kum Ekyem\ tjct
H &H\ tjzpfjzifh &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G f y#duv
l reodum&\ tpGr;f jzifh
ESv;kH oGi;f IymG ;Ekid &f ef &nfoef awmifw
h awmfr
l (32) yg;aom aum|mowdu
Yk kd ,l zGiq
hf x
kd m;awmfr\
l /
*d&drmeEokwef (tH-3-343) 32-aum|mowdkYudk tokbonmtaejzifh yGm;rsm;&ef bk&m;&Sifonf
TefMum;xm;awmfrl\/ tokbm bma0wAm &m* y[mem,/ (O'gef;ygVdawmf-120) arCd,
okwe f &m*udw
k u
kd zf su&f eftwGuf 0dyemydik ;f wGiv
f nf; tokbbm0emudk yGm;rsm;&ef TeMf um;awmf
rlcJh\/ o0dnmPutokb t0dnmPutokb[laom tokbESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif o0dnmPutokb
wnf;/ ,if; tokbonmudk orxydkif;wGif y#dulvreodum&[k ac:qdk 0dyemydkif;wGif 'kumEkyem\ tjcHt&H tokbonm[k ac:qdkonf/ orxydkif; (32)aum|mowdkY\ &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f
y#duv
l oabmudk tmk,
H
l yxrpsmeform"doYkd qdu
k af tmif ESv;kH oGi;f &\/ 0dyemydik ;f um; cEm4
tdr\
f tjypftm'De0udk Pfjzifjh rifatmif tm'De0gEkyemtaejzifh 'kum Ekyem\ tjct
H &Htjzpf
IyGm;oHk;oyfjcif;jzpf\/
a&S; cEmig;yg;enf;\ tpGr;f jzifh tusO;f tm;jzifh 0dyemPf\ tIct
H mkt
H jzpf ,l zGiq
hf kd
xm;tyfukefaom y&rww&m;wdkYudkyif rus,fvGef; rusOf;vGef;aom enf;jzifhvnf;aumif; tus,fenf;jzifhvnf;aumif; 0dyemESvHk;oGif;jcif;udk jyKtyfukef\[k Tefjyjcif; tusKd;iSm tm,we (12)
yg;wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif; "mwf (18) yg;wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif; 0dyemPf\ tIct
H mkt
H jzpf ,l zGiq
hf -kd
tyfukef\/
xdk qdt
k yfcNhJ y;D aom cEm tm,we "mwf w&m;wdw
Yk iG f qdv
k wUH aom aÈx
u
kd af om w&m;wdkYonf twrS qdwfokOf;onf\tjzpf tm;xkwfjcif; r&Sdonf\tjzpf aMumifhMuAsmyg& uif;onf\
tjzpfonf xif&mS ;&Sjd im;aomfvnf; y&rw"robm0tm;jzifh o[Zmwfw&m;wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif; trScD H
w&m;wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif; tpd;k &onf\ tjzpf\ tpGr;f jzifh jzpfMuuke\
f [k tewvuPmudk xif&mS ;pGm
jyjcif;tusK;d iSm aÈw
&m;wdu
Yk kd 0dyemPf\ tIct
H mkt
H jzpf ,l zGiq
hf t
kd yfuek \
f / (0dyem
Iaumif;aom aÈxdkufaom w&m;wdkYudk txl;&nfTef;xm;ygonf/)
odv
Yk Qif 0dyemPf\ tIct
H mkw
H rYkd mS enf;trsK;d rsK;d uGjJ ym;ukeaf omfvnf; w&m;wdo
Yk nf
bHkoHk;yg;taygif; tusKH;0ifonf\ tjzpfjzifh bHkoHk;yg;taygif;om tusKH;0ifonf\ tjzpfaMumifh
oHk;yg;omvQif tjym;&Sdukef\[k Tefjyjcif; tusKd;iSm umr"mwf ly"mwf tly"mwf [laom "mwf
oHk;yg;wdkYudk 0dyemPf\ tIcHtmkH tjzpfjzifh ,l zGifhqdkawmfrljyefonf/
rQjzifh 0dyemPf\ tIcH tmkHjzpfonfh ocFg&edrdwfudk TefjyNyD; t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef
ocFg& uH[al omtaMumif;w&m;rsm; xif&mS ;jzpfjcif;aMumifh 0dnmPf emrfyk f oVm,we z a0'em
[laom tusKd;w&m;rsm; xif&Sm;jzpfyHk [laom Oyg'dEuy0wudk Tefjyjcif; tusKd;iSm = taMumif;w&m;rsm; xif&Sm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusKd; kyfw&m; + tusKd; emrfw&m; + tusKd; kyfemrfw&m;wdkYwnf;
[laom b0rsm; xif&Sm;jzpfyHkudk Tefjyawmfrljcif;iSm umrb0paom b0BuD; (9) b0wdkYudk ,l
0dyemPf\ tIcHtmkH tjzpfjzifh zGifhqdkawmfrltyfjyefayonf/
rQaom 0dyemPfjzifh xd;k xGi;f odxu
kd af om txufyg y&rw"rwnf;[laom tbdan,s
w&m;xl; jzpfay:aeaom 0dyembm0em ESvHk;oGif;rI uRrf;usifvdrmrI&Sdaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf odrfarGUEl;nhHukefaom jzpfaptyfNyD;aom rdrd&&Sdxm;NyD;aom r[*Kwf psmefw&m;wdkY 0dyem
ESvHk;oGif;jcif;udk jzpfaptyf\[k Tefjyawmfrljcif;iSm --- (1) lyg0p&psmef av;yg; (2) jA[pdk&fw&m; =
jA[0d[m&psmef av;yg; (3) tlyg0p&psmef av;yg;wdkYudk 0dyemPf\ tIcHtmkHtjzpf ,l
zGifhqdkawmfrltyfjyefayonf/
rSwfcsuf --- a&S;,cifu rsm;aomtm;jzifh ormywf&Spfyg;wdkYudkvnf;aumif; pwk&m&u[laom
tapmifhur|mef;av;rsKd;wdkYudkvnf;aumif; yGm;rsm;NyD;rS orx,meduyk*dKvfrsm;onf 0dyemodkY
ul;avh&SdMu\/ xdkwGif arwmpsmefudk teEpMu0VmodkYwdkifatmif jzefYMuufvsuf yGm;rsm;Ekdifaom
psmef0ifpm;Edkifaom olawmfaumif;wdkYonf ukPmpsmef rk'dwmpsmef OayumpsmefwdkYudkvnf;
5
vG,v
f ,
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f u
l yl if 0ifpm;awmfrEl ikd Mf uojzifh jA[p&kd w
f &m; av;yg; = tyrnmw&m; av;yg;vH;k udyk if
t|uxmq&mawmfu 0dyemPf\ tIcH tmkHtjzpf ,l zGifhqdkoGm;jcif; jzpfay&monf/
odkYaomf --- vmbdaem {0 ye r[*wpdwmed okygu#med a[mEd = r[*KwfpsmefwdkYudk &&Sdawmf
rlMuonfh olawmfaumif;wd\
Yk 0dyemPfomvQif r[*Kwpf smefw&m;wdo
Yk nf aumif;aumif;Bu;D
xif&mS ;Muuke\
f / (r[m#D-2-353/) odYk zGiq
hf x
kd m;awmfral omaMumifh psmefw&m;wdu
Yk kd 0dyem
I&ef zGifhqdkcsufrSm ,if;psmefwdkYudk &&SdawmfrlMuonfh psmevmbD orx,medu olawmfaumif;wdkY
twGufom[k rSwfyg/
t|uxmq&mawmfonf uodP
k ;f (10)yg;wdu
Yk kd txufwiG f a&;om;zGiq
hf x
kd m;awmfrNl y;D jzpfojzifh
uodkPf;psmefwdkYudkvnf; zGifhqdkNyD;yif jzpfoGm;\/ xdkYaMumifh ,cktBudrf xyfrH zGifhqdkxm;aom -----pwm&d psmemed? pwam tyrnm? pwam ormywda,m/ (0dok'd-2-43/) pwm&d psmemed t&
txufwGif zGifhqdkcJhNyD;aom uodkPf;ponfvQif tmkH&Sdaom psmefwdkYrS <uif;aom tmemygey#dbm*
edrdwfpaom orxedrdwfvQif tmkH&Sdaom lyg0p&psmefwdkYaywnf;/
taMumif;w&m;ESihf tusK;d w&m;wdu
Yk kd cGjJ cm;a0zefaomtm;jzifh txufyg y&rww&m; rSeo
f rQwu
Ykd kd Pfjzifh cGjJ cm;pdwjf zm 0dyemESv;kH oGi;f tyfuek \
f [k odYk Tejf yawmfrjl cif;iSm y#dpo
rkyg 'f
t*Fg (12) &yfwdkYudk,l 0dyemPf\ tIcHtmkHtjzpf zGifhqdkawmfrltyfayonf/ rSefayonf --yp,mum&trnf&aom y#dporkyg'ft*Fg&yfwdkY taMumif;w&m;ESifh tusKd;w&m;udk Pfjzifh cGJjcrf;
pdwfjzm vuPma&;oHk;wef wpfvSnfhpDwifum 0dyem ESvHk;oGif;jcif;onf vuPma&; oHk;yg;
taygif;udk csrf;csrf;omom vG,fvG,fululjzifhvnf;aumif; tvGefYtvGef aumif;rGefpGmvnf;aumif;
xif&Sm;ap\/ xdkYaMumifh aemufqHk; y#dporkyg'ft*Fg&yfwdkYudk 0dyemPf\ tIcHtmkHtjzpfjzifh
,ltyfukef\/ (r[m#D-2-389/)
tu,f toifolawmfaumif;onf uodkPf; (10)yg; ormywf (8)yg; jA[pdk&fw&m; (4)yg;
wdkYudkyg yGm;rsm;xm;NyD;ol ,if; psmeformywfwdkYudkyg &&Sdxm;NyD;ol jzpfygu txufyg (25) rsKd;aom
IuGufwdkYrSm y&d*[ (5) rsKd;wdkYudk Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,lxm;EkdifNyD;aom toifolawmfaumif;tzdkY tcuf
tcJ r&SdEdkifawmhNyD jzpfonf/ tu,f uodkPf; (10) yg; ormywf (8) yg;wdkYudkvnf;aumif; jA[pdk&f
w&m; (4) yg; wdkYudkvnf;aumif; ravhvm&ao;ygu tmemygeusifhpOfvrf;rS yxrpsmef 'kwd,psmef
wwd,psmef pwkwp smefwu
Ykd o
kd m 0dyemI&ef jzpfygonf/ tu,f pwk&m&uur|mef;rsm;udk toif
olawmfaumif;onf yGm;rsm;xm;NyD;jzpfygu ,if; psmefw&m;rsm;udkvnf; xnfhoGif; 0dyemI&rnf
jzpfygonf/ --- w&m;wdkYrSm 0dyemI&rnfh 0dyemPf\ tIcHtmkHw&m;wdkY jzpfMuonf/
xdrk Q rsm;jym;vSaom w&m;wdw
Yk iG f rnfonfw
h &m;u p 0dyem I&rnfenf;[k ar;&ef&\
dS ? tajzrSm
atmufygtwdkif; jzpf\/

xdkodkY uvmyoroe[k ac:qdktyfaom e,0dyemudk pwif tm;opfvdkaom a,m*g0p&
yk*Kd vo
f jl rwfonf txuf ygVdawmf t|uxm #Dumwdu
Yk TeMf um;jyo zGiq
hf x
kd m;awmfro
l nft
h wdik ;f
tMuif kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkYonfvnf; tedp[kvnf;aumif; 'ku[kvnf;aumif; tew[kvnf;6
aumif; vuPma&;oHk;wefodkY wifum IyGm;oHk;oyfjcif;iSm xdkufukef\? xdkkyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkYwGif

tMuif kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkYonf tMuif a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfoljrwf\ todPf xif&Sm;ukef\/
csr;f csr;f omom vG,v
f ,
G u
f u
l jl zifh Pfjzifh ydik ;f jcm;,lEikd jf cif; odr;f qnf;Edik jf cif;odYk a&mufuek \
f / xdo
k Ykd
xif&Sm;&m csrf;csrf;omom vG,fvG,fululjzifh Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,l odrf;qnf; &Edkif&m kyfw&m;
emrfw&m;wdYk xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf tedp 'ku tew vuPma&;oH;k wefwifum IymG ;oH;k oyfjcif;
oroetrIudk BudK;pm;tm;xkwfxdkufay\/ (0dok'd-2-244/)
0dyemudk p ESv;kH oGi;f jcif;onf xif&mS ;&mu p ESv;kH oGi;f IymG ;oif\
h [k ESv;kH ydu
k af wmfr
l
t|uxmq&mawmfu xdkkyfemrfwdkYwGif a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ todPf xif&Sm;&m csrf;csrf;omom
vG,fvG,fululjzifh Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,l odrf;qnf; &Edkif&m kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkY xdka,m*g0p&
yk*Kd vo
f nf tedp 'ku tew vuPma&; oH;k wefwifum IymG ;oH;k oyfjcif; oroetrIukd BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwfxdkuf\[k zGifhqdkawmfrljcif; jzpf\/ odkYaomf xif&Sm;&m vG,ful&m kyfemrfwdkY 0dyemINyD;&m
aemufydkif;umvum; todPf rxifvm rjrifvmao;aom kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkYudkvnf;
taMumif; Oyg,fwHrsOfjzifh todPf xifvmjrifvmap kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkYudk t<uif;tusef
r&Sd ukefpifatmifomvQif vuPma&; oHk;wefwifum IyGm;oHk;oyfxdkufukef\/ (r[m#D-2-391/)
owdjyK rSwfom;yg
txufygt|uxmtzGiEhf iS hf #DumtzGihf pum;&yfwu
Ykd kd txl;owdjyK rSwo
f m;yg / todPf
xif&mS ;&m vG,u
f &l mkyef mrfuom p 0dyemI&ef TeMf um;jcif; jzpf\ / todPf rxif&mS ;aom
kyef mrfwu
Ykd kd 0dyem rI&[k qdv
k akd eonfum; r[kw/f wpfzef y&d*[
ig;rsK;d urf;wpfbufoYkd aygufa&mufNyD;ol emrlyy&dap'PfESifh yp,y&d*[Pf ESpfyg;udk &&SdNyD;ol olawmfaumif;wdkYudkom
todPf xif&Sm;&m vG,ful&m kyfemrfup 0dyemI&ef TefMum;awmfrlaejcif;jzpf\/ kyfur|mef;ydkif;wGif a&;om;wifjycJhonfhtwdkif; kyfw&m;udk y&rwodkYqdkufatmif rodao;aom emrfur|mef;ydkif;wGif a&;om;wifjycJhonfhtwdkif; emrfw&m;udkvnf; y&rwodkYqdkufatmif rodrf;qnf;
rIyGm;wwfao;aom twdwftaMumif;w&m;aMumifh ypKyeftusKd;w&m;jzpfyHk ypKyeftaMumif;w&m;
aMumifh tem*wftusKd;w&m;jzpfyHkudkvnf; orm'd|d Pfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf
rodrjrifao;aom --- odkYvQif rodrIawG wpfykHBuD; xrf;vsuf ,ckrS ur|mef;ausmif; twGif;odkY
0ifa&mufvmaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf wpfOD;udk ynwf y&rwf rcGJbJ ynwf y&rwf ruGJbJ rsm;aom
tm;jzifh ynwff twHk;tcJrsm;udk tmkH,l todPf xif&Sm;vG,ful&m ay:&mudk 0dyem I&ef
TefMum;aejcif; r[kwfonfudkum; txl;owdjyK rSwfom;av&monf/
0dyemudk p tm;opfp tm;xkwfp aU&Sydkif;om a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ todPf xif&Sm;&m
vG,ful&mu p 0dyemI&efom TefMum;jcif;jzpf\/ aemufydkif;um; todPf rxif&Sm;aom
kyfemrfwdkYudkvnf; taMumif;Oyg,fwHrsOfjzifh xif&Sm;atmifjyKvkyf t<uif;tusefr&Sd ukefpifatmif
7
0dyemI&ef (r[m#D-2-391/) xyfqif

h eT Mf um;xm;awmfro
l jzifh ,if; taMumif;Oyg,fwrH sOrf sm;udk
qufvuf aqG;aEG;wifjytyfygonf/
orm"d H bdua0 bma0x? orm[dawm bdua0 bduK ,xmblwH yZmemwd/
(oH-2-12/ oH-3-363/)
1/ txufyg orm"dokwefrsm; bk&m;&Sif\ TefMum;xm;awmfrlcsufESifh tnD ----(u) cEmig;yg;udk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm y&rwodkY qdkufatmif od&Sda&;
( c ) t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH paom taMumif;w&m;rsm; xif&Sm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusKd;
cEm (5) yg; xif&Sm;jzpfykH
( * ) t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH paom taMumif;w&m;rsm; csKyNf ird ;f jcif;aMumifh tusK;d cEm
(5) yg; csKyfNidrf;yHkwdkYudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odjrifa&;
(C) opmav;yg;wdkYudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odjrifa&; ---odkY [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odjrifa&;wdkYtwGuf orm"dudk xlaxmif&ef txl;vdktyfygonf/ um;
taMumif; Oyg,fwHrsOf wpfrsKd;wnf;/
ar pwma&m r[mblaw y&d*PSE Oyg'glyH ygu#H a[mwd/ (tbd-|-2-241/)
2/ kyfur|mef;ydkif;wGif a&;om;wifjycJhonfhtwdkif; (6)'Gg& (42)aum|mowdkY wnf&Sdaom kyfw&m;wdkYudk Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,l&m odrf;qnf;&m Oyg'gkyfwdkYudk odrf;qnf;zdkY&ef tcuftcJ MuHKcJhaomf
,if; (6)'Gg& (42)aum|mowdkY wnf&SdMuaom rdrdodrf;qnf;vdkaom Oyg'gkyfwdkY\ rSD&m uvmyfwl
r[mbkwfav;yg;wdkYudk xyfum xyfum odrf;qnf;yg Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,lyg/ Oyg'gkyfrsm;onf wpfp
wpfp xif&Sm;vmrnfom jzpfayonf/ onfrSmvnf; taMumif; Oyg,fwHrsOf wpfrsKd;yifwnf;/
oap ye awe awe rkace lyH y&d*a[wGm tlyH y&d*PSawm okckrwm tlyH e
Oy|mwd? awe "k&edauyH tuwGm lyar0 ykeyKeH orodwAH reodumwAH y&d*a[wAH 00waywAH/ ,xm ,xm [d lyH ok0dumvdwH a[mwd edZ#H oky&dok'H? wxm wxm w'g&rPm
tly"rm o,ar0 ygu#m a[mEd/ (0dok'd-2-225/)
3/ xdkxdk kyfemrfukd odrf;qnf;aMumif; Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,laMumif; enf;trsKd;rsKd; (cEm ig;yg;enf;
tm,we wpfq,hfESpfyg;enf; "mwf wpfq,hf&Spfyg;enf; paom enf;trsKd;rsKd;) wdkYudk tOD;rlojzifh
kyfw&m;udk odrf;qnf;NyD; emrfw&m;udk odrf;qnf;aom xdk a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; odrfarGUonf\
tjzpfaMumifh emrfw&m;onf todPf tu,f rxifvm rjrifvmonf jzpfjim;tH?h xdk a,m*g0p&
yk*dKvfonf ur|mef;wm0ef 0efxkyf0efydk;BuD;udk vkHYv0D&d, avQmhcsjcif;udk vufvTwfvdkuf pGefYypfvdkufjcif;udk rjyKrl kyfw&m;udkyifvQif tzefwvJvJ vuP &o ypKy|mef y'|mef tm;jzifh aumif;pGm
pl;prf;qifjcif oHk;oyftyf\? ESvkH;oGif;tyf\? Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,ltyf\? tcsif;csif; ra&m,Sufaom
tm;jzifh kyfw&m;wdkY\ udk,fydkifobm0 vuPm ponfwdkY uGJjym;atmif ydkif;jcm; rSwfom;tyf\/
tusKd;xl;um; ----- txufygtwdkif; BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;jzifh xdk a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ todPf
kyfw&m;onf aumif;pGm okwfoiftyfonf ra&m,Sufaomtm;jzifh xifjcif;aMumifh tcsif;csif; a&m8
,SufIyfaxG;jcif; uif;onf tvGef xuf0ef;usifrS pifMu,fonf jzpf\/ xdkxdk tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh

xdk yk w
f &m;omvQif tmk&H u
dS ek af om emrfw&m;wdo
Yk nf rdryd ifuo
kd bm0vuPmtwdik ;f tvdv
k ykd ifvQif
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ todPf xifvmukef\/ (0dok'd-2-225/)
lyy&d*a[m tlyy&d*[ Oyga,m Oywarm p/ (r[m#D-2-355/)
kyfw&m;udk Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,ljcif; odrf;qnf;jcif;onf emrfw&m;udk Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,ljcif;
odrf;qnf;jcif;\ taMumif;Oyg,fwHrsOf wpfrsKd;jzpf\? taxmuftyHh wpfrsKd;jzpf\/ (r[m#D-2-355/)
odkYponfh taMumif;Oyg,fwHrsOfwdkYudk vdkufemjyKusifhvsuf todPf rxifvm rjrifvmao;aom kyef mrfwu
Ykd v
kd nf; todPf xifvmjrifvmatmif jyKvyk
f kyef mrf y&rw "mwfom;wdu
Yk kd
t<uif;tuserf &Sd ukepf ifatmif vuPma&;oH;k wefwifum IymG ;oH;k oyf&rnf[o
k m rkcsyakH o rSwo
f m;
em,lav&monf edAmefudk tvdk&SdMuukefaom olawmfaumif;taygif;wdkY .../

txufyg pnf;urf;owfrSwfcsufrsm;t& ypKyef kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkYrSm toifa,m*D
olawmfaumif;\ PfwiG f yd
k xifv,
G f jrifv,
G f odr;f qnf;vG,rf nf jzpfojzifh ,if; ypKye f kyw
f &m;
emrfw&m;wdkYudk kyfwpfpk emrfwpfpkxm; 0dyemIyGm;yHkpepfudk pwif a&;om;wifjytyfygonf/
xdkodkY 0dyemI&m tZwu pvnf;aumif; A[d'u pvnf;aumif; rdrdESpfouf&mu p
IEkdifygonf/ usrf;wGifum; kyfemrfwdkYudk odrf;qnf;cJhpOfu tZwkyfw&m;u p odrf;qnf;IyGm;yHkudk a&;om;wifjycJhojzifh 0dyemydkif;vnf; tZwkyfw&m;uyif pwif 0dyemIyGm;
oHk;oyfyHkudk pwif a&;om;wifjytyfygonf/
tcsdefrSp kyftwkrsm;omjzpfMuonfh tedyEkyf (10)rsKd;wdkYudk 0dyemPf\ tIcHtmkH
pm&if;rS xkwfy,fcsefvSyfxm;yg/ vuPma&;oHk;wefwifum 0dyem rIaumif;aom kyfw&m;rsm;
jzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/ xdkYaMumifh kyfur|mef;ydkif;Z,m;rsm;wGif a&;om;wifjycJhonfhtwdkif; (6)'Gg&
(42)aum|mowdkY wnf&SdMuaom kyftppfrsm;udkom y"mexm; 0dyemIyg/
xdkodkY I&m (6)'Gg& (42)aum|mowdkY wnf&SdMuaom kyftppf tm;vkH;wdkYudk jcHKikHvnf;
0dyemIvdku IEdkifygonf/ odkYaomf PfEkol jzpfcJhygrl (6)'Gg&wdkYwGif 'Gg&wpfckpDcGJvnf;aumif;
(42)aum|mowdkYwGifvnf; aum|mo wpfckpDcGJvnf;aumif; kyfw&m;rsm;udk jcHKikH 0dyem Ivdkuvnf; IEdkifygonf/
Oyrm ----- puK'Gg& = puKXme &SdMuaom (54) rsKd;ukefaom kyfwdkYudk jcHKikH odrf;qnf;yg/ ,if;
kyfw&m;wdkYudk jcHKikH 0dyemIyg/
vuPma&; oHk;wef
0dok'dr*t|uxm 'kwd,wGJ pmrsufESm (301) wGif - ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk ----1/ tedpvuPm oufoufwif 0dyem IkHrQjzifhvnf; t&d,r*fodkY rqdkufEdkif?
9
2/ 'kuvuPm oufoufwif 0dyem IkHrQjzifhvnf; t&d,r*fodkY rqdkufEdkif?

3/ tewvuPm oufoufwif 0dyem IkHrQjzifhvnf; t&d,r*fodkY rqdkufEdkif?
4/ xdkYaMumifh ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk &Hcg tedpvuPm &Hcg 'kuvuPm &Hcg tewvuPm wif
0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyf&ef TefMum;xm;awmfrl\/ (0dok'd-2-301/)
tcsKdU q&mjrwfwdkYum; cE0*oH,kwfygVdawmf vm&Sdaom oa[wktedpokwef oa[wk'ku
okwe f oa[wktewow
k e f (oH-2-20/) oVm,we0*o,
H w
k yf gVdawmf vm&Sad om tZwmedp
okwef tZw'kuokwef tZwmewokwef Am[d&medpokwef Am[d&'kuokwef Am[d&mewokwef
(oH-2-238/) -- odkYponfh okweft&yf&yfwdkYudk udk;um; vuPma&;oHk;wefvHk; IzdkY rvdkaMumif;
vuPmwpfyg;IkHrQjzifh udpNyD;Edkifonf t&d,r*fodkYqdkufEdkifonf[k t,l&SdawmfrlMu\/ jyem&yf ajyvnf&eftwGuf atmufyg t|uxmtzGifhrsm;ESifh ESD;aESmMunfhoifhayonf/
wd 'H okwH qok tZwdum,waeok wDPd vuPmed 'awGm uxdaw AkZeumeH
tZmoa,e 0kwH/ (oH-|-3-2/)
'kwd,H a'G vuPmed wwd,H {uvuPH 'awGm uxdaw AkZeumeH tZmoa,e 0kwH/
aoomed ye aw[d ovudwmed 0g {waue 0g ovauEDwd/ (oH-|-3-2/)
'rd Am[da&ok qok tm,waeok wdvuPH 'awGm uxdaw AkZeumeH 0aoe 0kwH/
yar qa| p 'kwd,wwda,ok 0kwo'daom0 ea,m/ (oH-|-3-2/)
owrm'Ded twDwmem*awok pum'Dok tedpvuPm'Ded ovauwGm ypKyaEok Av0*ga[e udvrEmeH 0aoe 0kwmed/ (oH-|-3-3/)
ovudwmeDwd ora'0 Oy"m&dwmed/ {wauemwd 'dGEH {ua0 0g vuP uxaee/
(oH-#D-2-283/)
txufyg t|uxm#DumwdkY\ zGifhqdkcsufrsm;\ qdkvdk&if;rSm odkY jzpf\/ ----oVm,we0*oH,kwfygVdawmf ----- tZwmedpokwefwGif vuPma&;oHk;wef tZw'ku
okwefwGif 'kuvuPm tewvuPm[laom vuPma&; ESpfwef tZwmewokwefwGif tew
vuPmwpfckudk Am[d&medpokwef Am[d&'kuokwef Am[d&mewokwef wdkYwGifvnf; tvm;wlyif
vuPma&; oHk;wef vuPma&; ESpfwef vuPma&; wpfwefwdkYudk toD;toD; tpOftwdkif;
a[mMum;awmfrl\/
xdo
k Ykd vuPma&; oH;k wef ESpw
f ef wpfwefwu
Ykd kd Tejf y a[mMum;awmfr&l m opmav;yg;udk
t&d,r*fPfjzifh xd;k xGi;f odjrifxu
kd u
f ek af om a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vw
f \
Ykd tvdt
k Zmo,"mwfEiS hf avsm-f
nDpGm a[mMum;awmfrljcif;jzpf\/
1/ ocFgw&m;wdu
Yk kd (tZw jzpfap A[d' jzpfap) vuPma&;oH;k wefv;kH wifum IymG ;ok;H oyfz&Ykd ef
vdkaeao;aom &[ef;awmfwdkYudk vuPma&; oHk;wefvHk;wifum IyGm;oHk;oyf&ef bk&m;&Sifonf
TefMum;awmfrl\/ (tZwmedpokwef Am[d&medpokwef ----- oH-2-236-237/)
10
2/ xdk&[ef;awmfwdkYwGif tcsKdU&[ef;wdkYonf vuPma&;oHk;wefwdkYwGif tedpvuPmudk xdk;xGif;

odjrifNyD; jzpfaeMu\/ tedpmEkyemPfrSm tm;aumif;aeMu\? 'kumEkyemPfESifh
tewmEkyemPfwu
Ykd m; tm;aysmah eMu\/ xdaYk Mumifh xdv
k t
kd yfaeaom vuPmESpyf g;wdu
Yk kd
IyGm;oHk;oyf&ef a[mMum;ay;awmfrlvdkufonf&Sdaomf opmav;yg;udk odjrifMuayvdrfhrnf[k
bk&m;&Sifonf xdka0ae,swdkY\ tZmo,"mwfudk odawmfrlNyD; jzpfae\/ wpfenf;qdk&aomf
'kumEkyemPfESifh tewmEkyemPfwdkYudk &ifhoefatmif BudK;yrf;vdkufygu tedpmEkyemPfvnf; &ifo
h efvmum opmav;yg;udk xd;k xGi;f odvrd rhf nf[k bk&m;&Sio
f nf odawmfrlNyD; jzpfae\/ xdkYaMumifh 'kumEkyemESifh tewmEkyemESpfrsKd;udk I&ef bk&m;&Sifu ('kwd,
tZw'kuokwf) TefMum;awmfrljcif; jzpf\/ (Am[d&'kuokwfvnf; enf;wl rSwfyg/)
3/ wpfzef tZwmewokwf (oH-2-237/) Am[d&mewokwf (oH-2-238/) wdkY tewvuPmudk
OD;pm;ay; ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk 0dyemI&ef TefMum;xm;awmfrl\/ xdk&[ef;wdkYum; tedpmEkyemPfESifh 'kumEkyemPfwdkY &ifhusufaeolwdkY jzpfNyD;vQif tewmEkyemPfu
tm;aysmah e\/ tm;aysmah eaom tewmEkyemPfukd OD;pm;ay; ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd 0dyem
IyGm;oHk;oyfvdkufygu xdk &[ef;awmfwdkYonf opmav;yg;udk xdk;xGif;odjrifvwHU[k bk&m;&Sifu
odjrifawmfral e\/ wpfenf;qdak omf tewmEkyemPfukd OD;pm;ay; ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd 0dyem IymG ;oH;k oyfcahJ omf tedpm EkyemPf 'kum EkyemPfwu
Ykd v
kd nf; aumif;pGm rSw-f
om;EdkifMuukef opmav;yg;udk xdk;xGif;odjrifukefEdkifvwHU[k bk&m;&Sifonf odjrifawmfrlNyD;
jzpf\/ xdkYaMumifh tewmEkyemPfudk OD;pm;ay;I&ef TefMum;awmfrljcif;jzpf\/
um; txufyg t|uxm#Dum tzGifhwdkY\ qdkvdk&if; teufoabmwnf;/ tu,f xdk
t|uxm #DumtzGiw
hf o
Ykd nf ygVdawmfEiS hf rnDw
G yf g[k toifoal wmfaumif;bufu t,ltq &Sad eygao;vQif ,if; rl&if;ygVdawmfrsm;udkyif zwfIMunfhyg/
1/ puKH bdua0 tedpH? ,'edpH wH 'kuH? ,H 'kuH w'ewm? ,'ewm wH ]]aewH rr? aeaom[rod?
e araom twm}}wd {0arwH ,xmblwH orynm, '|AH/ (oH-2-236/)
lyg bdua 0 tedpm / ,'edpH wH 'ku?H ,H 'kuH w'ewm? ,'ewm wH ]]aewH rr? aeaom[ro?d
e araom twm}}wd {0arwH ,xmblwH orynm, '|AH/ (oH-2-237/)
&[ef;wdkY ...puKtMunf"mwfonf tedpwnf;/ tedpjzpfaom xdk puKtMunf"mwfonf
'kuw
nf;/ 'kuj zpfaom xdk puKtMunf"mwfonf tewwnf;/ tewjzpfaom xdk puKtMunf"mwfukd
]]aewH rr? aeaom[rod? e araom twm = puKtMunf"mwfonf igh[m r[kwf? puKtMunf"mwfonf ig r[kwf? puKtMunf"mwfonf ig\tw r[kwf}} ----- [k odkYvQif
puKtMunf"mwfudk razmufrjyef [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm kyfwHk;kyfcJ emrfwHk;emrfcJ NzdKcGJazmufxGif;
0dyemPftvif;"mwfjzifh Iyg/ (oH-2-236/)
&[ef;wdkY ...lygkHwdkYonf tedpwdkYomwnf;/ tedpjzpfaom xdk lygkHonf 'kuwnf;? 'ku
jzpfaom xdklygkHonf tewwnf;/ tewjzpfaom xdklygkHudk ----- ]]aewH rr? aeaom[rod? e
araom twm = lygko
H nf igh[m r[kw?f lygko
H nf ig r[kw?f lygko
H nf ig\tw r[kw}f }11
[k odkYvQif lygkHudk razmufrjyef [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm kyfwHk;kyfcJ emrfwHk;emrfcJ NzdKcGJ azmufxGif;

0dyemPftvif;"mwfjzifh Iyg/ (oH-2-237/) <uif;usefaom twGif;tm,we tjyiftm,we
wdkYvnf; yHkpHwlyif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygonf/
2/ puKH bdua0 'kuH? ,H 'kuH w'ewm? ,'ewm wH ]]aewH rr? aeaom[rod? e araom
twm}}wd {0arwH ,xmblwH orynm, '|AH/ (oH-2-237/)
lyg bdua0 'kum? ,H 'kuH w'ewm? ,'ewm wH ]]aewH rr? aeaom[rod? e araom
twm}}wd {0arwH ,xmblwH orynm, '|AH/ (oH-2-238/)
&[ef;wdkY ...puKtMunf"mwfonf 'kuwnf;? 'kujzpfaom puKtMunf"mwfonf tew
wnf;/ tewjzpfaom xdkpuKtMunf"mwfudk ]]aewH rr? aeaom[rod? e araom twm =
puKtMunf"mwfonf igh[m r[kw?f puKtMunf"mwfonf ig r[kw?f puKtMunf"mwfonf
ig\tw r[kwf}}----- [k odkYvQif puKtMunf"mwfudk razmufrjyef [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm kyfwHk;kyfcJ
emrfwHk;emrfcJ NzdKcGJazmufxGif; 0dyemPftvif;"mwfjzifh Iyg/ (oH-2-237/)
&[ef;wdYk ...lygkw
H o
Ykd nf 'kuw
w
Ykd nf;? 'kuj zpfaom xdk yl gko
H nf tewwnf;? tewjzpfaom
xdklygkHudk -----]]aewH rr? aeaom[ro?d e araom twm = lygko
H nf igh[m r[kw?f lygHo
k nf
ig r[kwf? lygkHonf ig\tw r[kwf}} ----- [k odkYvQif lygkHudk razmufrjyef [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm
kyw
f ;kH kycf J emrfw;kH emrfcJ NzKd cJG azmufxiG ;f 0dyemPftvif;"mwfjzifh Iyg/ (oH-2-238/) <uif;usef
aom tm,wetm;vHk;wdkYvnf; yHkpHwlyif qufvuf a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygonf/
3/ puKH bdua0 tewm? ,'ewm wH ]]aewH rr? aeaom[rod? e araom twm}}wd {0arwH
,xmblwH orynm, '|AH/ (oH-2-237/)
lyg bdua0 tewm? ,'ewm wH ]]aewH rr? aeaom[rod? e araom twm}}wd {0arwH
,xmblwH orynm, '|AH/ (oH-2-238/)
&[ef;wdkY ...puKtMunf"mwfonf tewwnf;? tewjzpfaom xdkpuKtMunf"mwfudk -----]]aewH rr? aeaom[rod? e araom twm = puKtMunf"mwfonf igh[m r[kwf?
puKtMunf"mwfonf ig r[kwf? puKtMunf"mwfonf ig\tw r[kwf }}----- [k odkYvQif
puKtMunf"mwfudk razmufrjyef [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm kyfwHk;kyfcJ emrfwHk;emrfcJ NzdKcGJ azmufxGif;
0dyemPftvif;"mwfjzifh Iyg/ (oH-2-237/)
&[ef;wdkY ...lygkHwdkYonf tewwdkYwnf;? tewjzpfaom xdklygkHudk ----- ]]aewH rr? aeaom[rod? e araom twm = lygkHonf igh[m r[kwf? lygkHonf ig r[kwf? lygkHonf
ig\tw r[kw}f }----- [k odv
Yk Qif lygku
H kd razmufrjyef [kww
f ikd ;f rSepf mG kyw
f ;kH kycf J emrfw;kH emrfcJ
NzKd caJG zmufxiG ;f 0dyemPftvif;"mwfjzifh Iyg/ (oH-2-238/) <uif;useaf om tm,wetm;vH;k wdYk
yHkpHwlyif qufvuf a[mMum;xm;awmfrlayonf/
txufyg okwefrsm; tZwmedpokwef Am[d&medpokwefwdkYwGif twGif;tm,we (6)yg;
tjyiftm,we (6)yg;wnf;[laom tm,we (12)yg; ocFgw&m;wdkYudk tedp 'ku tewjzpfaMumif;
12
a[mMum;awmfrlNyD;aemuf ,if; ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk ----- ]]aewH rr? aeaom[rod? e araom twm}}

[k qufvuf 0dyemI&ef TefMum;awmfrl\/
wpfzef tZw'kuokwef Am[d&'kuokwefwdkYwGif twGif;tm,we (6)yg; tjyiftm,we
(6)yg;wnf;[laom tm,we (12)yg; ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd 'ku teww&m;wdYk jzpfaMumif;udk a[mMum;awmfrNl y;D aemuf ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd ----- ]]aewH rr? aeaom[rod? e araom twm}}----- [k
qufvuf 0dyemI&ef TefMum;awmfrljyef\/
wpfzef tZwmewokwef Am[d&mewokwefwdkYwGif twGif;tm,we (6)yg; tjyiftm,we (6)yg; wnf;[laom tm,we (12)yg; ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk teww&m;wdkY jzpfaMumif; a[mMum;jyoawmfrNl y;D aemuf ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd ----- ]]aewH rr? aeaom[rod? e araom twm}}[k
qufvuf 0dyemI&ef TefMum;xm;awmfrljyef\/
orEkymrd/ (r-|-4-232/)
txufyg qaEm0g'okwef t|uxmtzGifhESifhtnD ---- aewH rr? aeaom[rod? e araom
twm --- [k 0dyemI&ef TefMum;awmfrljcif;onf ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tedp[kvnf;aumif; 'ku[k
vnf;aumif; tew[kvnf;aumif; Iyg[k TefMum;awmfrljcif;ESifh twlwlyif jzpfonf[k rSwfyg/
xdaYk Mumifh txufyg t|uxm#Dum tzGirhf sm;onf ygVdawmf bk&m;&Si\
f a[mMum;awmfrcl suf
ESifh **Fga&ESifh ,rkema& a&mouJhodkY wpfom;wnf; nDGwfvsuf &Sdonf[k rSwfyg/ tvm;wlyif
cE0*oH,kwf ygVdawmf vm&Sdaom tedpokwef 'kuokwef tewokwef ,'edpokwef ,H'kuokwef
,'ewmokwef oa[wktedpokwef oa[wk'kuokwef oa[wktewokwef wdkYvnf; xdkxdk
uRwfxdkufool opmav;yg;udk xdk;xGif;odxdkufoolwdkY\ tvdktZmo,"mwfESifh avsmfnDpGm w&m;awmfudk a[mMum;awmfrljcif;om jzpfayonf/ vuPma&; oHk;wefvHk;udkum; I&rnfom[k rSwfyg/
tedp0a* y&da,momeokwH ykpm0oduH? aoomed wxm wxm AkZeume 0aoe
a'odwmeDwd/ (oH-|-2-242/)
tus,u
f kd tlyowu Ienf;tydik ;f wGif xyfr
H a&;om;wifjyygOD;rnf/ tydik ;f wGif vuPma&; oHk;wefvHk;udk wpfvSnfhpD vSnfh 0dyemI&rnf[kom rSwfom;xm;ESifhygOD;/
tedpvuPmu p IyHk
vuPma&;oH;k wefwiG f rdrd a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vf BuKd uEf pS o
f uf&m vuPmu p 0dyemIEikd -f
onfom jzpfonf/ (0dok'd-2-301 - udk Munfhyg/) usrf;wGifum; tedpvuPmu p 0dyem
IyGm;yHkudk OD;pm;ay; wifjytyfygonf/
a&S;OD;pGm puK'Gg& &Sdaom (54)rsKd;aom y&rwfw&m; (= kyftppf) wdkYudk odrf;qnf;yg/ ,if;
y&rwfkyfw&m;wdkY\ jzpfNyD; ysufoGm;aom oabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh ukefukefoGm;aom
oabm aysmufaysmufomG ;aom oabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunf
h tedp[
k Iyg/ ,if; kyw
f &m;wd\
Yk
13
jzpfysufoabmum; jrefaernf jzpfonf? jrefaomfvnf; tedp[kIrIrSm cyfjznf;jznf;om Iyg/ jzpfysuf

jrefoavmuf tedp[
k IrrI mS jrefaeaomf rvdu
k Ef ikd b
f J armvmwwfonf/ jzpfryI surf I tBurd rf mS tvGef
ta&twGufrsm;aomf tedp[k IrIrSm aES;aomfvnf; tjypfrjzpfyg/ tu,f a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfu
,if; kyfy&rwfw&m;wdkY\ jzpfysufoabmudk cyfaES;aES; cyfjznf;jznf;om Pfjzifh jrifaevQifvnf;
jzpfysufoabmw&m;wdkYudk jrefjrefjrifatmif pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf Iyg/ tZw atmifjrifrI &&Sdaomtcg
A[d'vnf; A[d'csif; wlnD omrefaygif;pk jcHKiHkvsuf puK'Gg& &Sdaom (54)rsKd;aom kyftppfwdkY\
jzpfrIysufrIudk tmkH,l tedp[k Iyg/ &Hcg tZw &Hcg A[d' oGufatmif Iyg/ A[d'udk I&m
a&S;OD;pGm teD;u p omref jcHKiHkIyg/ aemufydkif; oGufvmaomtcg wpfpwpfp wdk;csJU IoGm;yg/
(31)bHt
k wGi;f wnf&adS om kyaf vmutm;vH;k udk jcKH i
Hk IEikd o
f nftxd BuKd ;yrf;yg/ atmifjrifrI auseyfrI
&&Sdaomtcg aomw'Gg&ponfwdkYvnf; enf;rSD; Iyg/ Oyrm ---- aomw'Gg& (54)rsKd;aomkyf
um,'Gg& (44)rsKd;aomkyf qHyif (44)rsKd;aomkyf ----- odkYponfjzifh kyfur|mef;ydkif; Z,m;rsm;wGif
azmfjyxm;onfhtwdkif; 'Gg&wpfckpD wpfckpD wnf&Sdaom kyfw&m;wdkYudkvnf;aumif; aum|mowpfckpD
wpfckpD wnf&Sdaom kyfw&m;wdkYudkvnf;aumif; jcHKikH ,if; kyfw&m;wdkY\ jzpfrIysufrIudk Pfjzifh
jrifatmif Munfh tedp[kom tZwwpfvSnfh A[d'wpfvSnfh wGifwGifIaeyg/
xdo
k Ykd I&m owdjyK&ef tcsuw
f pf&yfrmS kyu
f vmyfrsm;\ NyKd NyKd ysuyf suaf erI oabmudk tmk,
H
l
tedp[k Ijcif;yifjzpf\/ ,if;odkY kyfuvmyfwdkY\ jzpfrIysufrIudk tmkH,l tedp[kum; rIygESifh? kyfuvmyf [lonf kyfavmu0,f orl[Ceponfh kyftwkH;tcJrsm; rNydKao;onfh tao;qHk; kyftzGJU
tpnf; wpfcrk Qomjzpf\/ orl[ynwf ruGmao;onfh ynwftwH;k tcJuav;rQom jzpf\/ ynwfu-kd
um; vuPm,mOf oH;k csuw
f if 0dyem rIaumif;? ,if;kyu
f vmyf wpfcw
k pfc\
k twGi;f wnf&-dS
Muaom (8)rsKd; (9)rsKd; (10)rsKd; paom kyfy&rwftppfwdkYudkom 0dyem Iaumif;onf/ owd&Sdap/
xdkodkY ynwfrSm aomifwif aernfpdk;onfu wpfaMumif; 0dyemudk tm;opfpwGif Pfu
tvGeBf u;D rxufjruf rpl;&Sao;ojzifh kyw
f &m; tm;vH;k udk todPf oefo
Y ef&Y iS ;f &Si;f jzifh rjcKH Eidk f rikEH idk f
jzpfwwfao;onfu wpfaMumif; taMumif;ESpfcsufaMumifh (6)'Gg&wdkYvnf; 'Gg&wpfckpD wpfckpD
wnf&adS om kyw
f &m;wdu
Yk kd (42)aum|mowdYk vnf; aum|mo wpfcpk D wpfcpk D wnf&adS om kyw
f &m;
wdkYudk a&S;OD;pGm jcHKikH 0dyem Icdkif;jcif; jzpfygonf /
xdkuJhodkY 'Gg&wpfckpD wnf&SdMuaom kyfw&m; aum|mo wpfckpD wnf&SdMuaom kyfw&m;
wdkYukd 'Gg&wpfckpD aum|mowpfckpD cGJ jcHKiHk 0dyem I&m tZw A[d' ESpfrsKd;vHk;yif tm;&
auseyfrI&Sdvmaomtcg (6)'Gg& (42)aum|mowdkY wnf&SdMuaom kyfw&m;tm;vHk;udk jcHKikH ,if;
kyfw&m;wdkY\ jzpfrI ysufrIudk tmkH,l tZwwpfvSnfh A[d'wpfvSnfh jcHKiHkvnf; Iyg/ wpfp wpfp
(31)bHkudk jcHKikH odkYr[kwf pMu0VmwpfckvHk;udk jcHKikH IEkdifonftxd wdk;csJU Iyg/
owdjyK&ef --- owdjyK&ef tcsufwpf&yfrSm -----1/ (6)'Gg& (42)aum|mowdw
Yk iG f 'Gg& (1)ckpD aum|mo (1)ckpD &Sad om kyw
f &m;wdu
Yk kd jcKH i
Hk Ienf;
14
2/ (6)'Gg& (42)aum|mowdkY wnf&SdMuaom kyfw&m;tm;vHk;udk jcHKikHIenf;[k jcHKikHIaom

uvmyoroe[k ac:aom e,0dyem ESpfrsKd;udk owdjyK rSwfom;xm;yg/
ouf&Sdavmu &Sdaom kyfw&m;wdkYudk jcHKikH tedp[k wGifwGif IEdkifaomf A[d' oufrJhavmu
&Sdaom OwkZ MoZ|rukyf OwkZ o'e0uuvmyfkyfwdkYudkvnf; teD;rS p wjznf;jznf; pMu0Vm
wpfcv
k ;kH jcKH irHk ad tmif wd;k csUJ tedp[
k yI g/ oufrahJ vmuvnf; y&rwfoYkd Pftjrif qdu
k af tmif
kyfw&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf; ,if; y&rwfw&m;wdkY\ jzpfrIysufrIudk tmkH,l tedp[k wGifwGif Iyg/
kyfuvmyftrIefrsm;\ jzpfrI ysufrIudk tmkH,l rIygESifh/
xdo
k Ykd kyaf vmu teD;rSonf ta0;odw
Yk ikd af tmif tZw A[d' ESprf sK;d vH;k wdYk pMu0Vmwpfcv
k ;kH udk
jcKH i
Hk tZww
pfvn
S hf A[d'w
pfvn
S hf wGiw
f iG Bf u;D IEikd af omtcg rdr
d PfprG ;f &So
d rQ teEpMu0VmodYk
wdkifatmif Pfudk jzefYMuuf kyfw&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;NyD;vQif ,if; kyfw&m;wdkY\ jzpfrI ysufrIudk
tmkH,l tedp[k tZwwpfvSnfh A[d'wpfvSnfh wGifwGifBuD; Iaeyg/
'kuvuPm
tedpv
uPmudk txufygtwdik ;f wGiw
f iG Bf u;D IEikd
f tm;&auseyfrI &&Sv
d maomtcg tvm;wlyif tZw A[d' oEmefESpfrsKd;vHk; (6)'Gg& (42)aum|mowdkYwGif 'Gg& (1)ckpD aum|mo (1)ckpD
wnf&SdMuaom kyfw&m;wdkYudk jcHKikHvnf;aumif; (6)'Gg& (42)aum|mowdkY wnf&SdMuaom kyfw&m;
tm;vHk;udk jcHKikHvnf;aumif; ,if;kyfw&m;wdkY\ jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; 'Pfcsufjzifh tjrJrjywf tnOf;yef;
tESdyfpufcH&onfh oabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmif Munfhvnf;aumif; ,if; kyfw&m;wdkY\ jzpfjcif;
ysufjcif; 'Pfcsufjzifh tjrJrjywf nOf;yef;ESdyfpuf cH&onfhtwGufaMumifh aMumufvefYzG,faumif;aom
teufoabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh vnf;aumif; 'ku 'ku[k Iyg/ ouf&Sdavmu tZw
wpfvSnfh A[d'wpfvSnfh I auseyfrI &&Sdaomtcg oufrJhavmuvnf; enf;wlyif tedpvuPm
IuGuf wifjycJhonfhtwdkif; enf;rSD; Iyg/ tedpvuPm 'kuvuPm ESpfyg; teEpMu0VmodkY
wdkifatmif Pfudk jzefYMuuf Ivm&m tm;&auseyfrI &aomtcg tewvuPmodkY ajymif;
IEdkifayNyD/
tewvuPm
(6)'Gg& (42)aum|mowdkY wnf&SdMuaom kyfw&m;wdkY\ tedpoabm 'kuoabmrsm;onf
Pf aygavmBuD; ay:vmaomtcg ,if; jzpfysuf aeaom kyfw&m; jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; 'Pfcsufjzifh
tjrrJ jywf tnO;f yef; tESyd pf uf cHae&aom kyw
f &m; jzpfjcif; ysujf cif; 'Pfcsujf zifh tjrrJ jywf nO;f yef;
EdSyfpufcHae&onfh twGufaMumifh aMumufvefYzG,f aMumufrufzG,f kyfoabmw&m;wdkY ---1/ rysupf ;D bJ tusw
d t
f cJ tcdik t
f rm tESpo
f m&tm;jzifh wnfaeonfh cEmtdrt
f opfvaJ omfvnf;
rysufpD;bJ wpfb0NyD;wpfb0 tjrJwnfaeaom ed0goDtw
2/ jyKvkyfzG,f rSeforQudk jyKvkyfwwfaom um&utw
3/ cHpm;zG,f rSeforQudk cHpm;wwfaom a0'utw
15
4/ rdrdtw\ tvdktwdkif; jzpfapEdkifaom o,H0oDtw

5/ cEmtdrfudk ydkifqdkifaom omrdtw
6/ jyKvkyfzG,frSeforQudk pDrHcefYcGJwwfaom t"d|m,utw --odkYponfh omoemyt,ltq&Sdol tw0g'orm;wdkY ajymqdkavh pGJ,lavh&Sdaom tw\ r&SdrI
oabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh ---- tew tew [k wGifwGif Iyg/ tedpvuPm azmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; tZw A[d' oEmefESpfrsKd;vHk;vnf;aumif; ouf&Sdavmu oufrJhavmu ESpfrsKd;vHk;
vnf;aumif; teEpMu0VmodkYwdkifatmif jzefYMuuf Iyg/
kyaf vmu0,f teEpMu0Vmodw
Yk ikd af tmif Pfukd jzefMY uuf kyw
f &m;wdu
Yk kd Pfjzifh ydik ;f jcm;
,lMunfh&m0,f ,if;kyfw&m;wdkY\ jzpfNyD;vQif ysufaeonfh oabmudkom Pfjzifh jrifawGUaeaom
tcg ,if;kyaf vmu jzpfNy;D aemuf rysupf ;D bJ tusw
d t
f cJ tcdik t
f rm tESpo
f m&tm;jzifh wnfaeonfh
twukd a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf &SmrawGUjzpfae\/ (emrfavmuvnf; enf;wlyif rSwyf g/) odv
Yk Qif
tedponm aumif;pGm wnfaeaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfoljrwf\ oEmef tewonmvnf; wnf
vmEdkifojzifh ---tedpondaem [d arCd, tewonm oPmwd/ (O'gef;ygVdawmf-120/)
cspfom; arCd, ... tedponm&Sdaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef tewonmonf
aumif;pGm wnfvm\/ (O'ge-120/)
odkY bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;awmfrljcif; jzpf\/ O'gef;t|uxmuvnf; atmufygtwdkif; zGifhqdkxm;\/ ---tedpvuaP [d 'da| tewvuPH 'd|ar0 a[mwd/ wDok [d vuaPok {uod H 'da|
w&'G,H 'd|ar0 a[mwd/ (O'ge-|-214/)
tedpvuPmudk aumif;pGm jrifaomf tewvuPmudkvnf; aumif;pGm jrifEdkifonfomvQif
jzpf\/ rSefayonf ---- vuPma&;oHk;wefwdkYwGif vuPmwpfyg;udk jrifu usefvuPm ESpfyg;udk
jrifEdkifonfom jzpfayonf/ (O'ge-|-214/)
t&m t,ltq rrSm;apvdkyg/ vuPma&; oHk;wefwdkYwGif wpfckIvQifvnf; vdk&if;udp
NyD;onf? r*fPfudk &Edkifonf[k qdkvdk&if; r[kwfonfudkum; owdjyKapvdkonf/
1/ ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tedp[k I&mvnf; ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfrI ysufrIudk Pfjzifh jrifae
&rnfjzpf\/
2/ ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk ykd if 'ku[
k I&mvnf; ,if; ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk jzpfjcif;ysujf cif; 'Pfcsujf zifh
tjrJrjywf nOf;yef;ESdyfpufcHae&onfh oabmudk Pfjzifh jrifae&rnf jzpf\/
3/ ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkYudkyif tew[k I&mvnf; jzpfNyD;vQif ysufaeonfh ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkY
rysufpD;bJ tusdwftcJ tcdkiftrm tESpfom&tm;jzifh wnfaeonfh tw r&Sdonfh oabmudk
Pfjzifh jrifae&rnf jzpf\/
16
odkYtwGuf vuPma&; oHk;wefwdkYwGif rnfonfhvuPmudkyif jzpfap wif ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk

I&m ,if; ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfrIysufrI = jzpfNyD;onfESifh ysufoGm;rIoabmudk Pfjzifh awGUjrifae&rnfom jzpfayonf/ xdkYaMumifh vuPmwpfyg;udk jrifu usefvuPm ESpfyg;udkvnf; Pfjzifh
awGUjrif&jcif; awGUjrifEdkifjcif; jzpfonf[kom qdkvdk&if; jzpfayonf/

emrfw&m;wdu
Yk kd odr;f qnf;cJph Ofu ,if; emrfw&m;wdu
Yk kd jcKH i
Hk tm,we'Gg&tvdu
k f odr;f qnf;xm;Edik o
f jzifh emrfw&m;wdu
Yk kd 0dyemI&mvnf; tm,we'Gg&tvdu
k f jcKH i
Hk 0dyemI&ef tm;opfp
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfrsm;twGuf pwif a&;om;wifjytyfygonf/
kyw
f &m;rsm;\ tedpo
abm 'kuo
abm tewoabmwdu
Yk kd tZw A[d' ESprf sK;d vH;k auseyfrI
&atmif INy;D aomtcg odrYk [kwf oGuo
f u
G v
f ufvuf IEikd af omtcg emrfw&m;rsm;udk ajymif; wpfvn
S hf
0dyem IEdkifygonf/ a&S;OD;pGm emrfw&m;rsm;udk emrfur|mef;ydkif;wGif &Sif;vif;wifjycJhonfhtwdkif;
emrfur|mef;ydkif;Z,m;rsm;twdkif; ---1/ todpdwf = 0dnmPfu p jzpfap
2/ zu p jzpfap
3/ a0'emu p jzpfap ---rdrEd pS o
f uf&mup tm,we'Gg&tvdu
k f emrfur|mef;ydik ;f Z,m;rsm;twdik ;f odr;f qnf;yg/ xdo
k Ykd
odrf;qnf;&m toifolawmfaumif;onf tmemygepwkwpsmefodkY wdkifatmifaom psmefw&m;rsm;udk
&&Sx
d m;Ny;D oljzpfojzifh odrYk [kwf jzpfaeygu ,if;psmefemrfw&m;wdu
Yk p odr;f qnf;Edik yf gonf/ ,if;odYk
odrf;qnf;&m psmeormywd0Dxd Z,m;rsm;twdkif; emrfw&m;wdkYudk jcHKikH odrf;qnf;yg/ ,if;odkY
odrf;qnf;NyD;aemuf Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,lNyD;aemuf ,if; psmefemrfw&m;wdkY\ jzpfNyD;vQif ysufoGm;rI
oabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmif Munfh tedp tedp [k Iyg/ ,if;odkY Ijcif;udkyif tedpvuPma&;
wifonf[k qdo
k nf/ xdo
k Ykd I&m jzpfysuu
f m; jrefEikd o
f rQ jrefygap? tedp[
k Iru
I m; cyfjznf;jznf;om
Iyg/ yxrpsmeormyw0d x
D d 'kw,
d psmeormyw0d x
D d wwd,psmeormyw0d x
D d pwkwp smeormywd
0Dxd emrfw&m;wdu
Yk kd wpf0x
D Nd y;D wpf0x
D d Burd zf efrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum Iyg/ tu,f toifoal wmfaumif;onf uodP
k ;f (10)yg; ormywf (8)yg;wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif; pwk&m&uuo
hJ aYkd om tjcm;tjcm;aom
psmefw&m;rsm;udkvnf;aumif; &&Sdxm;NyD;ol jzpfygu ,if; psmefemrfw&m;wdkYudkvnf; yHkpHwlyif Iyg/
tm;&auseyfrI&&Sdaomtcg <uif;usefaom emrfw&m;rsm;udk qufvuf odrf;qnf; 0dyemIyg/
xdkodkY I&m emrfw&m;rsm;udk odrf;qnf;cJhpOfu tm,we'Gg&tvdkuf odrf;qnf;cJhojzifh ,ck
0dyemydkif;wGifvnf; tm,we'Gg&tvdkuf Ijcif;uyif rsm;aomtm;jzifh ydk todPf oefY&Sif;
wwfayonf/ INyD;onfh emrfw&m; rI&ao;onfh emrfw&m;wdkYudkvnf; tvG,fwul odEdkifayonf/
xdaYk Mumifh emrfur|mef;ydik ;f Z,m;rsm;wGif a&;om;wifjyxm;onft
h wdik ;f wpfwef;Ny;D wpfwef; wpfwef;pD
wpfwef;pD Iygav/ xdkodkY I&m a&S;u puK'Gg&paomy'Gg&0Dxd wpfBudrfjzpfu aemufu ,if;lygkH
ponfh ymkHudkyif xdkufovdk tmkHjyKonfh raem'Gg&0Dxdrsm;onf 0DxdwpfckESifh wpfck tMum;wGif
17
b0ifrsm; jcm;vsuf tBurd rf sm;pGm jzpfEikd o

f nfukd Pfjzifh jrifatmif Munf
h 0dyemIyg/ 0Dxad ygif;
rsm;pGmudk jcHKikH vuPmwpfcsufyif wifygu vHkavmufygonf/ kyfemrfESpfyg;enf; cEmig;yg;enf;
ponfwdkYvnf; enf;wloabmaygufyg/ O',A,PfponfwdkYvnf; enf;wlyifwnf;/
lygkHvdkif; o'gkHvdkif; *EmkHvdkif; &omkHvdkif; azm|AmkHvdkif; "rmkHvdkif; [laom (6)vdkif;vHk;
emrfw&m;wdu
Yk kd uRr;f uRr;f usiu
f sif odr;f qnf;Edik f Pfjzifh ydik ;f jcm;,lEikd Nf y;D aom toifoal wmfaumif;onf ,ckuJhodkY psmeormywd0Dxdrsm; twGif; wnf&SdMuaom emrfw&m;wdkYudk auseyfatmif tm;&atmif tedpv
uPmwif 0dyemIymG ;oH;k oyfEikd af omtcg lygkv
H ikd ;f emrfw&m;wdu
Yk p (6)vdik ;f vHk;twGif; wnf&SdMuaom emrfw&m;wdkYudk wpfvdkif; wpfvdkif; taumif;tkyfpk raumif;tkyfpkrsm;udk
ukefpifatmif odrf;qnf; ,if;emrfw&m;wdkY\ jzpfrIysufrIudk Pfjzifh jrifatmif Munfh tedp
tedp[k wGifwGifBuD; Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum Iyg/ tZwwpfvSnfh A[d'wpfvSnfh Iyg/
wjznf;jznf; A[d' (31)bHkudk jcHKikH IEdkifonfhwdkifatmif Pfudk jzefYMuuf BudK;pm;tm;xkwfNyD;
0dyemIyg/ emrfur|mef;ydkif;Z,m;rsm;twdkif; twef;vdkuf Iyg/
&Hcg tZw &Hcg A[d'

xdo
k Ykd 0dyemI&m tZw A[d' ESprf sK;d vH;k kyef mrfwu
Ykd kd odr;f qnf;xm;Ny;D aom toifa,m*g
0p&yk*Kd vt
f zdYk tZwr o
S mp 0dyemIEikd o
f nf r[kwyf g/ A[d'u
p 0dyem ESv;kH oGi;f vdu
k vnf;
ESv;Hk oGi;f Edik f IEikd o
f nfom jzpfonf/ tu,f txufygtwdik ;f tZwu
p 0dyemIygu tZw
(6)vdkif;vHk;udk wpfvdkif;NyD; wpfvdkif; tedpvuPmwifum 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyfNyD;aomtcg
A[d'vnf; qufvuf 0dyemIyg/ oGufvmaomtcg wpfvdkif; wpfvdkif;rSmyif tZwwpfvSnfh
A[d'wpfvSnfh oGufatmif Iyg/
xdo
k Ykd &I m aU&u
S puK'gG &0Dxpd aom y'gG &0Dxrd sm; wpfBurd jf zpfvQif ,if;lygkpH onfh ymku
H ykd if
xdu
k o
f vdt
k mk,
H Ml uonfh aemufvu
kd f raem'Gg&0Dxpd aom raem'Gg&0Dxrd sm;onf wpf0x
D Ed iS hf wpf0x
D d
tMum; b0ifrsm;jcm;vsuf tBudrfrsm;pGm jzpfEdkifMuonfudk odkYr[kwf jzpfaeMuonfudk Pfjzifh
jrifatmif Munfh tedp[k wGifwGif Iaeyg/ 'ku[k tew[k I&mwdkYvnf; enf;wlyif rSwfyg/
lygkHvdkif; emrfw&m;wdkYudk tZwwpfvSnfh A[d'wpfvSnfh tedp tedp[k 0dyemI&m
oGuv
f ufvmaomtcg tvm;wlyif o'gkv
H ikd ;f = toHvikd ;f rSonf "rmkv
H ikd ;f odw
Yk ikd af tmif emrfw&m;wdu
Yk v
kd nf; tZw A[d' ESprf sK;d vH;k wpfvn
S phf D tedp[
k Iaeyg/ wpfpwpfp wd;k csUJ pMu0Vmwpfcv
k ;kH udkvnf;aumif; teEpMu0VmodkYwdkifatmifvnf;aumif; Pfudk jzefYMuuf ,if; emrfw&m;wdkYudk
tedp[k wGifwGif Iay;yg/
a,m*Dtrsm;pkum; A[d'0,f teD;rS p IygrS tedpmEkyem paom tEkyemPfrsm;
t&Sdeft0g tm;aumif;wwfonfudk awGU&\/ ta0;rSp A[d'emrfw&m;wdkYudk Iygu PfrSm rikHrd
&Sdwwf\? rxifr&Sm;aomfvnf; &dSwwf\/
wom ooEme*aw oA"ar y&oEme*aw p awoH oEme0dbm*H tuwGm A[d'gbm0omrnawm oroeH? t,H om0umeH oroepma&m/ (r-#D-3-274-275/)
18
rdrdoEmef &Sdaom kyfw&m; emrfw&m;tm;vHk;wdkYudkvnf;aumif; olwpfyg;oEmef &Sdaom

kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkYudkvnf; xdk kyfemrfwdkYudk a,mufsm; rdef;r yk*dKvf ow0g rnfolrnf0g ponfjzifh
oEmef cGjJ cm;a0zefru
I kd rjyKr
l A[d'c si;f wln
D omrntm;jzifh aygif;pkjcKH i
Hk vnf;aumif; vuPma&;oH;k wefwifum 0dyemIymG ;oH;k oyfjcif;onfum; om0uwd\
Yk oroepm&acwfyif jzpfayonf/
(r-#D-3-274-275/)
txufyg tEky'okwef#Dum zGifhqdkcsufESifhtnD A[d'udk I&m a,mufsm;rdef;r rnfolrnf0g
ponfjzifh oEmefcGJjcm;a0zefrIudk rjyKbJ A[d'csif; wlnD omrefaygif;pk jcHKikH Ijcif;rQom jzpfonf/
tedpvuPmudk wjznf;jznf; teD;rSonf ta0;odkY wdk;csJU Ivm&m teEpMu0VmodkY wdkifatmif
jcHKikH Pfudk jzefYMuuf IEdkifaomtcg 'kuvuPmodkY ajymif; Iyg/
'kuvuPm ---- tZw A[d' ESpfrsKd;vHk; emrfw&m;wdkY\ tedpoabmudk ausauseyfeyf INyD;aomtcg ,if; emrfw&m;wdkY\ jzpfjcif;ysufjcif; 'Pfcsufjzifh tjrJrjywf nOf;yef;ESdyfpufcH&rIoabm
jzpfjcif;ysufjcif; 'Pfcsufjzifh tjrJrjywf nOfyef;ESdyfpufcHae&onfhtwGuf aMumufvefYzG,faumif;aomoabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh 'ku 'ku [k Iyg/ tedpenf;wl -- (6)vdkif;vHk; taumif;
tkyfpk raumif;tkyfpk ukefpifatmif Iyg? tZwwpfvSnfh A[d'wpfvSnfh Iyg/ (31)bHkaygif; rsm;pGm =
pMu0Vmaygif;rsm;pGmudk jcHKikH IEdkifonfwdkifatmif wpfpwpfp wdk;csJU IoGm;yg/
tewvuPm ---- 'kuvuPmoabm Pftjrif oefY&Sif;vmaomtcg tewoabmudk
qufvuf Iyg/ xdkemrfw&m;wdkY txufwGif &Sif;jycJhonfhtwdkif; (omrD ed0goD um&u a0'u
t"d|m,u) [laom rysufpD;bJ tusdwftcJ tcdkiftrm tESpfom&tm;jzifh wnfaeonfh twr&SdrI
oabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmif Munf
h ---- tew tew ---- [kIyg/ (6)vdkif;vHk; taumif;tkyfpk
emrfw&m; raumif;tkyfpk emrfw&m;wdkYudk ukefpifatmif Iyg/
&Hcg tZw &Hcg A[d' &Hcg kyfw&m; &Hcg emrfw&m;

aom umave tZwH orowd? umave A[d'g/ y / aom umave lyH orowd? umave
tlyH/ (tbd-|-1-270-271/ 0dok'd-2-300/)
xdkodkY vuPma&;oHk;wefudk wpfvSnfhpD wif ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk 0dyem I&m txufyg
t|uxmBuD;rsm;\ TefMum;owfrSwfay;awmfrlonfhtwdkif; ---1/
2/
3/
4/
&Hcg tZw ocFg&w&m;udk

&Hcg A[d'ocFg&w&m;udk -- xdkwGifvnf; --&Hcg kyfw&m;udk
&Hcg emrfw&m;udk ----
5/ &Hcg tedpvuPmwif
6/ &Hcg 'kuvuPmwif
7/ &Hcg tewvuPmwif --Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum 0dyemIaeyg/ xdkodkY I&m emrfw&m;rsm;udk odrf;qnf;cJhpOfu
19
vnf;aumif; kyfemrfudk odrf;qnf;cJhpOfuvnf;aumif; tm,we'Gg&tvdkuf odrf;qnf;cJhojzifh ,ck

0dyemydkif;wGifvnf; tm,we'Gg&tvdkuf Ijcif;uyif ydk todPf oefY&Sif;ayonf/ INyD;onf
rNy;D onfuv
kd nf; tvG,w
f ul odEikd af yonf/ emrfur|mef;udk odr;f qnf;cJph Ofuvnf;aumif; kyef mrf
udk yl;wGJ odrf;qnf;cJhpOfuvnf;aumif; lygkH o'gkH *EmkH &omkH azm|AmkH "rmkH wdkYudk tmkHjyK
jzpfay:vmMuaom emrfw&m;wdu
Yk kd lygkv
H ikd ;f ponfh (6)vdik ;f vH;k wpfvikd ;f wpfvikd ;f wGif taumif;tkypf k
[k ac:qdkaom ukodkvfaZmrsm; yg0ifonfhaZm0Dxd raumif;tkyfpk[k ac:qdkaom tukodkvfaZmrsm;
yg0ifonfh aZm0Dxdrsm;udk ukefpifatmif odrf;qnf;xm;ouJhodkY 0dyemydkif;wGifvnf; xdkodkY
odrf;qnf;cJhonfh yHkpHtwdkif; lygkHvdkif;rS p jzpfap odkYr[kwf "rmkHvdkif;rS p jzpfap wpfvdkif;
wpfvdkif;wGif taumif;tkyfpk raumif;tkyfpkrsm;udk ukefpifatmif Iyg/
xdkodkY I&m jzpfrIysufrI oabmw&m;wdkYudk tvGef vsifvsifjrefjref jrifatmif Iyg/ vuPm
wifrIudkum; cyfjznf;jznf;om wifyg/ 0Dxd pdwuPwdkif; yg0ifwnf&SdMuaom pdwf apwodufwdkYudk
vHk;axG;raeygapESifh? wpfvHk;pD wpfvHk;pD Pf uGJjym;aeygap/ CerNydKygu orl[ynwfponfh
ynwfwGif aomifwifaernf jzpfonf/ kyfCe emrfCe toD;toD;udk Pfjzifh NzdKcGJzsufqD;vsuf
y&rwf kyef mrfw\
Ykd cPwdik ;f cPwdik ;f jzpfryI surf u
I kd Pfjzifjh rifatmif Munf
h vuPma&;oH;k wef
wpfvn
S phf w
D if wpfvn
S phf D Iyg/ 0Dxpd w
d rf sm; tMum;tMum;&Sad om b0ifpw
d af pwoduf emrfw&m;pk
wdkYudkvnf; tvm;wlyif CetoD;toD; NydKatmif Pfjzifh cGJjcm;pdwfjzm ,if;b0if emrfy&rwf
w&m;wdkY\ jzpfrIysufrIudk PfjzifhjrifatmifMunfh vuPm,mOf oHk;wef wpfvSnfhpDwifum 0Dxd
emrfw&m;pkwdkYESifhtwl a&maESmom Iyg/
xdkodkYI&m tZwu pvnf;aumif; A[d'u pvnf;aumif; rdrdESpfNcdKuf&m vG,ful&mu
p IEdkifygonf/ odkYaomf ---1/
2/
3/
4/
tZwocFg&w&m; oufoufudk 0dyemIaekHrQjzifh

A[d'ocFg&w&m; oufoufudk 0dyemIaekHrQjzifh
kyfw&m; oufoufudk 0dyemIaekHrQjzifh
emrfw&m; oufoufudk 0dyemIaekHrQjzifh ---t&d,r*fodkY rqdkufEdkif&um; ----
1/
2/
3/
4/
&Hcg tZw ocFg&w&m;udk

&Hcg A[d' ocFg&w&m;udk -- xdkwGifvnf; --&Hcg kyfw&m;udk
&Hcg emrfw&m;udk ----
5/ &Hcg tedpvuPm wif

6/ &Hcg 'kuvuPmwif
7/ &Hcg tewvuPmwif ---wpfvSnfhpD vSnfhum; 0dyem I&rnfjzpfonf/ (tbd-|-1-270-271/ 0dok'd-2- 300/)
20
pnf;urf; owfrSwfcsufwdkYum; 0dyem bm0emvkyfief;udk pwif tm;opfaeaom toif

olawmfaumif;tzdkY ausmufxD;wE KuJhodkY tvGefYtvGef tav;*kjyK&rnfh kdaopGm vdkufem&rnfh
pnf;urf;owfrw
S cf surf sm;yif jzpfMuayonf/ xdo
k Ykd I&m tZw A[d' ESprf sK;d vH;k kyw
f ;kH kycf J emrfw;kH
emrfcw
J nf;[laom kyC
f e emrfCersm;udk NyKd atmif Pfjzifh NzKd cJG zsuq
f ;D vsuf y&rwf kyef mrfwu
Ykd o
kd m
vuPm,mOfoHk;csuf wpfvSnfhpDwif 0dyemIEkdif&ef BudK;pm;tm;xkwfyg/
oGuo
f u
G v
f ufvuf IEikd af omtcg lygkv
H ikd ;f wpfcu
k ykd if tZww
pfvn
S hf A[d'w
pfvn
S hf tedp
wpfvSnfh 'kuwpfvSnfh tewwpfvSnfh kyfwpfvSnfh (rSD&m0wKkyfESifh tmkHkyf) emrfwpfvSnfh odkY
vSnfh Iaeyg/ emrfur|mef;ydkif;Z,m;rsm;wGif a&;om;wifjycJhonfhtwdkif; kyfw&m;t& rSD&m0wKkyf
(54) (44) ponfjzifh wifjycJhonfh kyfw&m;rsm;ESifh qdkif&m tmkHkyfw&m;wdkYudk qdkvdkonf[k rSwfyg/
emrfur|mef;ydik ;f Z,m;rsm;twdik ;f wpfwef;Ny;D wpfwef; twef;vdu
k f kyw
f pfvn
S hf emrfwpfvn
S hf vSn
fh
vuPm,mOfo;kH csuf wpfvn
S phf w
D ifum Burd zf efrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum Iyg/ 0Dxrd sm;\ tMum;tMum;
wnf&MdS uaom b0ifemrfw&m;rsm;ESihf b0if\rS&D m[',0wKEiS w
hf uG (54)rsK;d aom kyw
f &m;wdu
Yk v
kd nf;
kyC
f e emrfCe NyKd atmif Pfjzifh NzKd cv
JG suf a&maESmom 0dyemIyg/ txl;ojzifh tmkH kyw
f &m;rsm;udkvnf; I&m CeNydKygap? y&rwfodkY Pftjrif qdkufygap/
o'e0uuvmyf = toHvQif (9)ckajrmuf&Sdaom kyfuvmyf ---- toHonf tmkH (6)yg;wGif
wpfyg; tygt0ifjzpf\/ toufSL oHponfh tZwtoHudkaomfvnf;aumif; A[d' toHwpfckckudk
aomfvnf;aumif; tmk,
H
l IEikd yf gonf/ odaYk omf toHonf kyw
f &m;wd\
Yk "rwmtwdik ;f kyu
f vmyf
taejzifo
h m jzpf;dk "rwm &S\
d / 0dyemydik ;f wGiu
f m; kyt
f ppfwu
Ykd o
kd m 0dyem IymG ;oH;k oyf&rnf
jzpfojzifh o'e0uuvmyfkyfudkom OD;pm;ay; Iyg/ tvm;wlyif 0P"mwf = lygkHudk I&mvnf;
rdrd 0dyemIvdkufaom lygkHonf t|uvmyf yg0ifaom lygkHjzpfvQif lygkHESifhwuG (8)rsKd;aom
kyfw&m;wdkYudk ZD0dwe0uuvmyfuJhodkYaom e0uuvmyf yg0ifaom lygkHjzpfvQif (9)rsKd;aom
kyw
f &m;wdu
Yk kd um,'ouuvmyf ponfwu
Ykd o
hJ aYkd om 'ouuvmyf yg0ifaom kyw
f &m;jzpfcv
hJ Qif
(10)rsKd;aom kyfw&m;wdkYudk CeNydKatmif y&rwfodkY Pftjrifqdkufatmif odrf;qnf;vsuf 0dyem
I&ef owdjyKyg/ *EmkH &omkH azm|AmkH ponfwdkYvnf; enf;wlyif oabmaygufyg/
xdkodkY kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkYudk 0dyemI&m ---1/ kyfw&m;udk tOD;rl kyfemrfwdkYudk odrf;qnf;vsuf ,if;kyfemrfwdkYudk vuPma&;oHk;wef wpfvSnfhpD wifum 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyfcJhaomf um,mEkyemowdy|mefodkY ouf0if\/
2/ a0'emudk tOD;rl kyef mrfwu
Ykd kd odr;f qnf;vsuf ,if;kyef mrfwu
Ykd kd vuPma&;oH;k wef wpfvn
S phf D
wifum 0dyemIyGm;oHk;oyfcJhaomf a0'emEkyemowdy|mefodkY ouf0if\/
3/ todpdwfudk tOD;rl kyfemrfwdkYudk odrf;qnf;vsuf ,if;kyfemrfwdkYudk vuPma&;oHk;wef wpfvSnfhpD wifum 0dyemIyGm; oHk;oyfcJhaomf pdwmEkyemowdy|mefodkY ouf0if\/
21
4/ zudk tOD;rl kyef mrfwu

Ykd kd odr;f qnf;vsuf ,if;kyef mrfwu
Ykd kd vuPma&;oH;k wef wpfvn
S phf D
wifum 0dyemIyGm;oHk;oyfcJhaomf "rmEkyemowdy|mefodkY ouf0if\/
txl;owdjyK&eftcsuf
a0'emudk tOD;rl emrfw&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;NyD;vQif ,if;emrfw&m;wdkY\ rSD&m0wKkyfESifh tmkH
kyfwnf;[laom blwkyf Oyg'gkyfwdkYudk odrf;qnf;vsuf 0dyemI&m rdrdIyGm;aeaom emrfw&m;wdkY\ pdwuPwdkif; wnf&Sdaom okca0'em odkYr[kwf 'kua0'em odkYr[kwf aomrea0'em
odkYr[kwf a'grea0'em odkYr[kwf Oayuma0'emwdkYudk tav;*kjyK Iyg/ emrfur|mef;ydkif;
Z,m;rsm;udk jyefMunfhyg/ emrfur|mef;ydkif;wGif a&;om;wifjycJhonfhtwdkif; (6)vdkif;vHk;twGif; wnf&Sdaom okca0'em aomrea0'em 'kua0'em a'grea0'em Oayuma0'emwdkYudk tOD;rl
emrfkyfwdkYudk ukefpifatmifodrf;qnf;vsuf 0dyemIEkdifvQif -----1/ umr*kPfESifh pyfaom omrdo okc 'ku Oayuma0'em
2/ umr*kPfESifh rpyfaom ed&mrdo okc 'ku Oayuma0'em -- a0'emIuGufwdkYonfvnf; tusKH;0ifoGm;NyD jzpfayonf/ 'ku 'ku trnf&aom um,du
'kua0'em 0dy&dPmr 'ku trnf&aom okca0'emwdkYonfvnf; jzpfjcif;ysufjcif; 'Pfcsufjzifh tjrJ
rjywf tnOf;yef; tESdyfpufcH&aomaMumifh ocFg&'kutwGif;odkYyif tusKH;0ifoGm;onf[k rSwfyg/
"rmEkyem owdy|mef
wpfenf;tm;jzifhqdkaomf ,if; kyfw&m; emrfw&m; y&rw"mwfom;wdkYudk -----1/ (5) yHk ykH cEm (5)yg;enf;tm;jzihf
2/ (12) yHk yHk tm,we (12)yg;enf;tm;jzifh
3/ (18) yHk yHk "mwf (18)yg;enf;tm;jzifh
4/ 'kuo
pm ork',opm taejzifh (2) yHk yH
k opma'oemawmfenf;tm;jzifh toD;toD; 0dyem
IcJhvQifvnf; "rmEkyemowdy|mefodkYyif ouf0ifayonf/
cEm (5)yg;enf; IuGuf ponfudk aemufwGif qufvuf a&;om;wifjyygrnf/ ,ckwpfzef
twdwf tem*wf ypKye f umvoH;k yg;twGi;f wnf&MdS uaom kyef mrf"r ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd vuPma&;
oHk;wef wifum 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyfyHkudk qufvuf wifjytyfygonf/
twdwf tem*wf ypKyef umvoHk;yg; 0dyemIyHk

ypKyef ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tZwwpfvSnfh A[d'wpfvSnfh kyfwpfvSnfh emrfwpfvSnfh tedp
wpfvSnfh 'kuwpfvSnfh tewwpfvSnfh vSnfhvnf vuPm,mOfwifum 0dyemIjcif; vkyfief;&yf0,f tawmftoifh tm;&auseyfrI &&Sv
d maomtcg twdwf ypKye f tem*wf [laom umvoH;k yg;\
twGif; wnf&SdMuaom kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkYudkvnf; enf;wl IEdkifayonf/
22
a&S;OD;pGm toifolawmfaumif;onf emrlyy&dap'Pfydkif;wkef;u rdrdodrf;qnf;EdkiforQaom

twdwb
f 0rSp twdwb
f 0tqufqufro
S nf ypKye ?f ypKye rf o
S nf tem*wfb0qH;k onfwikd af tmif
tem*wftqufqufoYkd -----1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
tZwvnf;aumif;
A[d'vnf;aumif; - xdkwGifvnf; ---kyfw&m;oufoufudkvnf;aumif;
emrfw&m;oufoufudkvnf;aumif;
kyfemrfudkvnf;aumif; ----
odr;f qnf;cJyh u
kH kd jyefvnf tmk,
H x
l m;yg/ xdo
k Ykd odr;f qnf;cJo
h nfh yHpk t
H wdik ;f ,cktcg 0dyem
I&ef jzpfygonf/
rdrdodrf;qnf;EdkiforQ (10-ckajrmuf twdwfb0 odkYr[kwf 9-ckajrmuf twdwfb0ponfh) xdkxdk
twdwfb0\ y#doaErSp pkwdwdkifatmif b0wpfck wpfck\ twGif; wnf&Sdaom kyfw&m;wdkY\
Oyg'f-XD-bif = jzpf-wnf-ysuf oabmudk wpfenf;qd&k aomf jzpfryI surf o
I abmudk Pfjzifh jrifEikd o
f rQ
jrifatmifMunfh twdwftqufqufrSonf ypKyef? ypKyefrSonf tem*wftqufquf qkH;onf
wdkifatmif twdwf ypKyef tem*wf wdk;vQKdayguf kyfw&m;oufoufudk tedp tedp[k Iyg/ tZwkyw
f &m; umvoH;k yg;vH;k wd;k vQKad yguf tedp[
k INy;D aomtcg tzefzef txyfxyf tacgufaygif;rsm;pGm
INyD;aomtcg A[d'kyfw&m;udkvnf; umvoHk;yg;vHk; wdk;vQKdayguf tedp[k enf;wl Iyg/ tzefzef
txyfxyf tacgufaygif;rsm;pGm Iyg/ cyfpyd pf yd f Iyg? umvoH;k yg;vH;k &Sad om Ivu
kd rf ad om kyw
f &m;wdik ;f
CetoD;toD; NyKd aeygap/ y&rwfoYkd Pftjrif qdu
k af eygap/ twdwf tem*wf ypKye f umvok;H yg;
tZw A[d' oEmefESpfyg;vHk; wnf&Sdaom kyfw&m;wdkYudk tedp[k tzefzef I&m tedpmEkyem
Pftjrif oef&Y iS ;f vmaomtcg 'kum EkyemPf tewmEkyemPfrsm; Pftjrif oef&Y iS ;f atmif qufvuf enf;wlyif 0dyemIyg/
umvoHk;yg; tZw A[d' oEmefESpfyg;twGif; wnf&SdMuaom kyfw&m;wdkYudk wpfp wpfp
wjznf;jznf; wdk;csJU (31)bHkodkYwdkifatmifvnf;aumif; teEpMu0VmodkYwdkifatmifvnf;aumif; jzefYMuuf vuPma&;oHk;wef wpfvSnfhpDwifum 0dyemIyGm;oHk;oyfjcif;trI tawmftoifh tm;&
auseyfrIudk &&Sdvmaomtcg emrfw&m;wdkYudkvnf; twdwftem*wfypKyef umvoHk;yg; tZw A[d'
oEmefESpfyg;twGif; yHkpHwlyif vuPma&;oHk;csuf wpfvSnfhpDwifum 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyfyg/
xdo
k Ykd I&m umvoH;k yg;vH;k twGi;f wnf&MdS uaom emrfw&m;rsm;udk odr;f qnf;cJph Ofu yHpk t
H wdik ;f
0dyemI&mvnf; rdrdIEdkiforQ twdwfb0rS p = (10-ckajrmufb0 9-ckajrmufb0 ponfh rdrd
IEikd o
f rQ twdwb
f 0rSp) xkx
d b
kd 0\ y#doaEro
S nf pkwo
d w
Ykd ikd af tmifaom b0wpfavQmuftwGi;f
jzpfco
hJ rQ jzpfaeorQ jzpfvwUH rSeo
f rQ emrfw&m;wdu
Yk kd jcKH i
Hk vuPm,mOfo;kH csuf wpfvn
S phf w
D ifum
cyfpyd pf yd f Iyg/ Burd zf efrsm;pGm Iyg/ tZw A[d' wpfvn
S phf D Iyg/ A[d' um; tZw Ionfyh pkH t
H wdik ;f
A[d'csif; wlnD omrefaygif;pk jcHKikHom wpfp wpfp wdk;csJU (31)bHkudk jcHKikH Iyg/ pGrf;Edkifygu
teEpMu0VmodkY wdkifatmif jzefYMuuf Iyg/
23
xdkodkY 0dyemI&m b0wpfavQmuftwGif; jzpfcJhonfh kyfemrfrSeforQ jzpfqJ kyfemrfrSeforQ

jzpfvwUH kyef mrfreS o
f rQukd ukepf ifatmifum; om0uwpfO;D onf rIEikd ?f ,kwpf t
G qH;k wpfem&DtwGi;f
jzpfcJhorQ kyfemrfrSeforQudkyif ukefpifatmif 0dyemIzdkY&efrSm tvGefjzpfEdkifcJaom t&mjzpfayonf/
odkYaomf IEdkiforQ cyfpdyfpdyf jcHKikHom 0dyemI&ef jzpfygonf/ {ua'o = wpfpdwfwpfa'o t,l
tqydik ;f wGif &Si;f vif;wifjycJNh y;D jzpfayonf/ rdr\
d twdwb
f 0xdx
k u
kd qnf;yl;cJzh ;l aom yg&rDtaygif;aMumifh aumif;pGmpkaygif; jzpfay:vmaom Pf\ tmEkabmfESifh ypKyefwGif jyKpkysKd;axmifxm;aom
orm"d\ pGr;f tm;&Sed af pmf tmEkabmfwt
Ykd ay: tajcpdu
k
f cyfrsm;rsm; wpfpw
d w
f pfa'oESihf cyfenf;enf;
wpfpdwfwpfa'o xdkufovdk jzpfEdkif\/ A[d'udk 0dyemI&mum; -----,|daum#d,m OyDa VaEm 0d, {ua'oar0 oroaEm ... (r-|-4-58/)
t&Sirf [marm*vm ef ud,
k af wmfjrwfBu;D wdu
Yk o
hJ aYkd om om0uwdo
Yk nf ajrBu;D udk awmifa0S;pGe;f jzifh
axmufomG ;ouJo
h Ykd A[d'w
&m;udk I&m Ivu
kd Ef ikd af om A[d'w
&m;um; awmifa0S;pGe;f xdyjf zifh xdvu
kd -f
rdaom ajrBuD; yrmPavmufom&Sd rIvdkufrdaom rIvdkufEdkifaom A[d'w&m;wdkYum; awmifa0S;pGe;f xdyjf zifh rxdvu
kd rf ad om ajrBu;D xkyrmPavmuf rsm;jym;ayonf/ tZw vnf; enf;wlyifrw
S yf g/
odkYaomf trsKd;tpm;udkum; ukefpifatmif 0dyem I&ayrnf/
txl;ojzifh om0u yg&rDPft&m A[d'u
kd 0dyemI&m0,f a,mufsm; rde;f r yk*Kd vf ow0g
rnfolrnf0gponfjzifh oEmefcGJjcm; a0zefrIrjyKbJ omrefaygif;pkjcHKikHom kyfemrfwdkYudk odrf;qnf;
vsuf 0dyemIyGm;oHk;oyfvQifvnf; r*fzdkvfedAmefodkY qdkufa&mufEdkifonfom jzpfayonf/
(r-#D-3-274-275 - tEky'okweftzGifhwGif Munfhyg/)
odaYk omf -----axa&m ye A[d'g"aryd oEme0dbma*e aupd aupd O'&dwGm orod? w acg aPe
zk|rwH uwGm/ (r-#D-3-275/)
t&Sifr[marm*vmef udk,fawmfjrwfBuD;onfum; A[d'w&m;wdkYudkvnf; oEmefcGJjcrf; a0zefjcif;jzifh tcsKdUtcsKdUaom A[d'w&m;udk oD;oefYxkwfaqmif 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyfawmfrl\/ xdk
oD;oefYxkwfaqmif 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyftyfaom A[d'w&m;udkvnf; 0dyemPfawmfjrwfjzifh
awGUxdtyfumrQudkom jyK 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyfawmfrlavonf/ (r-#D-3-275/)
txufyg usrf;*efrsm;\ zGifhqdkawmfrlcsuft& toifolawmfaumif;onf A[d'w&m;wdkYudk
0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyf&m toifolawmfaumif;\ 0dyemPfa&mifjzifh awGUxdrd&m ow0gwdkYudk
A[d'csif; wlnD omrefaygif;pk jcHKikHvnf;aumif; 0dyemPfjzifh awGUxdrd&m tcsKdUtcsKdUaom
ow0gwd\
Yk kyef mrfwu
Ykd kd oD;oefx
Y w
k Ef w
I
f rdr\
d 0dyemPfjzifh awGUxdtyfumrQ jyKvnf;aumif;
0dyem IymG ;oH;k oyfEikd yf gonf/ odaYk omf tcsKUd tcsKUd aom kyef mrfwu
Ykd kd oD;oefx
Y w
k af qmif 0dyem
Ijcif;rSm t&Sifr[marm*vmef udk,fawmfjrwfBuD;wdkYuJhodkY tbdnmPf&ol olawmfaumif;BuD;rsm;
twGufom ydk vG,fulzG,f&m&Sdayonf/
wom ooEme*aw oA"ar y&oEme*aw p awoH oEme0dbm*H tuwGm A[d'gbm0omrnawm oroeH? t,H om0umeH oroepma&m/ (r-#D-3-274-275/)
24
rdrd\oEmef wnf&Sdaom kyfemrftrsKd;tpm; tm;vHk;wdkYudkvnf;aumif; olwpfyg;oEmef

wnf&Sdaom kyfemrfwdkYudkvnf; xdk olwpfyg;oEmef wnf&Sdaom kyfemrfwdkYudk a,mufsm; rdef;r rnfol
rnf0g ponfjzifh oEmefcGJjcrf;a0zefjcif;udk rjyKrl A[d'csif; wlnDojzifh A[d'tjzpf omrefaygif;pk
jcHKikHvnf;aumif; 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyfjcif;onf om0uwdkY\ oroepm&acwfyif jzpfayonf/
(r-#D-3-274-275/)
txufyg tEky'okwef#DumtzGifhESifh tnD toifolawmfaumif;onf A[d' kyfemrfwdkYudk
0dyemI&m a,mufsm;rdef;r rnfolrnf0gponfjzifh oEmefcGJjcrf;a0zefjcif; rjyKrl A[d'csif; wlnD
ojzifh A[d't
jzpf omrefaygif;pk jcKH i
Hk 0dyemIvQiv
f nf; toifoal wmfaumif;twGuf vHak vmufonfomjzpfygonf? r*fzdkvfedAmefudk &&SdEdkifonfom jzpfygonf/
0dyemPf\ tIct
H mkjH zpfonfh pdwf + apwoduf + kyw
f nf;[laom y&rw"mwfom;wdu
Yk kd
kyfwpfyHk emrfwpfyHk ESpfyHkcGJ kyf+emrf ESpfyg;enf;jzifh 0dyemI tm;&auseyfrI tawmftoifh
&aomtcg vuPma&; oHk;wefwGif oHk;wefvHk;udkvnf; tuGufaphatmif INyD;aomtcg ,if; vuPma&;oH;k wefrS rdrBd uKd uEf pS o
f uf&m vuPmwpfcu
k kd OD;pm;ay;vnf; Burd zf efrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum
IEdkifygonf/ ,if;odkY IEdkifcJhaomf ---- twdwf tem*wf ypKyef umvoHk;yg;vHk; -----1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
&Hcg tZw (kyf-emrf)

&Hcg A[d' (kyf-emrf) - xdkwGifvnf; -----&Hcg kyfw&m;wdkY\
&Hcg emrfw&m;wdkY\ ---&Hcg tedpoabm
&Hcg 'kuoabm
&Hcg tewoabmwdkYudk ------
0dyem IyGm;NyD; jzpfoGm;ayonf/ xdkodkY IyGm;Edkifaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ todPf ----]]kyw

f &m; emrfw&m;wdo
Yk nf xkx
d ckd P xdx
k b
kd 0om jzpfNy;D vQif ysuo
f mG ;Mu\? cPwpfcrk S cPwpfco
k Ykd
b0wpfckrS b0wpfckodkY ajymif;a&TU rjzpfEdkif}} ------ [laom Pftjrifonf oefY&Sif;vsuf&Sdaernf
jzpfonf/ ,if;oabmw&m;rsm;udk orm'd|
d Pfynmjzifh ud,
k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmufojd rifaernf
jzpfonf/ odkYaomf 0dyemudk tm;opfpjzpfaom uJhodkYaom oroePf tpydkif;wGif kyfemrf
y&rwfw&m;wdkY\ Oyg'f-XD-bif [laom cPypKyefodkY qdkufatmif orm'd|d Pfynmjzifh udk,fwdkif
rsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrifrIrSm tcsKdUt0ufrQom &SdaeOD;rnf jzpfonf/ cPypKyefodkY qdkufatmif
0dyemPfjzifh rIvdkufEdkifao;aom y&rwfkyfemrftcsKdUwdkYonfvnf; &SdaeOD;rnfom jzpfayonf/
cEm (5) yg; Ienf;

,ckwpfzef "rmEkyemowdy|mefwiG f tusK;H 0ifaom cEm (5)yg;Ienf;udk qufvuf a&;om;
wifjytyfygonf/ txufwGif wifjycJhonfhtwdkif; 0dyemPf\ tIcH tmkHjzpfaom pdwf +
apwoduf + kyf y&rwfw&m;wdkYudk kyfwpfpk emrfwpfpkjyK kyfemrf ESpfyg;enf;jzifh 0dyem INyD;aom
tcg cEm (5)yg;enf;odkY ajymif; Ivdku IEdkifygonf/
25
twdwf tem*wf ypKyef[laom umvoHk;yg; tZw A[d'[laom oEmefESpfyg; twGif;

wnf&Sdaom pdwuP toD;toD; -----1/
2/
3/
4/
,if;pdwuP toD;toD; wnf&Sdaom emrfw&m;pk\ rSD&m0wKkyfESifh tmkHkyfrsm;udk wpfyHk

pdwuP toD;toD; wnf&Sdaom a0'emudk wpfyHk
pdwuP toD;toD; wnf&Sdaom onmudk wpfyHk
pdwuP toD;toD; wnf&Sdaom a0'em onmrS <uif;aom apwoduf ocFg&w&m;pkwdkYudk
wpfyHk
5/ pdwuP toD;toD; wnf&Sdaom todpdwf 0dnmPfudk wpfyHk ---odv
Yk Qif pdwu
P
wdik ;f kyw
f &m;udk wpfykH emrfw&m;udk ( 4 )yHk yH
k 0dyemIaom enf;pepf
jzpfonf/ Pfynmxufjrufol wduy n0g a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vw
f t
Ykd wGuf 0dyemI&rnfh Iuu
G v
f nf;
jzpfonf/ kyfw&m; todPf oefY&Sif; emrfw&m; todPf roefY&Sif;ol awGa0ol a,m*g0p&
yk*Kd vw
f t
Ykd wGuf 0dyem Iuu
G v
f nf; jzpfonf/ 0dyemt&m0,f tusO;f enf;udo
k m ESpNf cKd uMf uonfh
= oHcdwkpd yk*dKvfwdkYtwGuf 0dyemIuGufvnf; jzpfonf/
xdo
k Ykd &I m a&S;emrfur|mef;ydik ;f wGif a&;om;wifjycJo
h nft
h wdik ;f twef;vdu
k f wpfwef;Ny;D wpfwef;
Ijcif;u ydak umif;ygonf/ emrfur|mef;ydik ;f Z,m;rsm;udk jyefMunfyh g/ lygku
H kd tmkjH yK jzpfay:vmaom
Pfyw
D d ESprf sK;d vH;k ,SOo
f nfh puK'gG &0Dxd raem'Gg&0Dxjd zpfonfh Z,m;yxrwef;udk jyeftmk,
H Ml unfyh g/
a&S;u puK'Gg&0Dxd wpf0Dxdjzpfu aemufu raem'Gg&0Dxdaygif;rsm;pGm b0ifjcm;vsuf jzpfEdkifonfudk
oabmaygufatmif odrf;qnf;IyGm;yg/ rSD&m0wKkyfESifh tmkHkyfwdkYudkvnf; odrf;qnf;IyGm;yg/ xdkodkY
wpfwef;wpfwef; kyfESifhemrfudk odrf;qnf;IyGm;Edkifaom toifolawmfaumif;onf cEmig;yg;enf;
IuGufudk IEdkifayNyD/ -----1/ rS&D m0wKyk Ef iS hf tmkH yk rf sm;udk tmkjH yK wpfwef;vH;k wd;k vQKad yguf 0dyemIyg/ pdwu
P
wdik ;f \
rSD&m0wKkyfESifh tmkHkyfjzpfonf/
2/ pdwuPwdkif; wnf&Sdaom a0'emudktmkHjyK wpfwef;vHk; wdk;vQKdayguf 0dyemIyg/
3/ pdwuPwdkif; wnf&Sdaom onmudktmkHjyK wpfwef;vHk; wdk;vQKdayguf 0dyemIyg/
4/ pdwuPwdkif; wnf&Sdaom ocFg&udk tmkHjyK wpfwef;vHk; wdk;vQKdayguf 0dyemIyg/
5/ pdwuPwdkif; wnf&Sdaom 0dnmPfudktmkHjyK wpfwef;vHk; wdk;vQKdayguf 0dyemIyg/
yxrtwef; auseyfrI&atmif 0dyem INyD;aomtcg 'kwd,twef;vnf; yHkpHwlyif Iyg/
wwd,twef;ponfwdkYvnf; oabmaygufEdkifavmufayNyD/ (6)vdkif;vHk; ukefatmif Iyg/ tZw
A[d'o
Emef ESprf sK;d vH;k Iyg/ xdo
k Ykd &I m a&S;u puK'gG &0Dxpd aom y'gG &0Dxd wpfBurd jf zpfu aemufu
raem'Gg&0Dxrd sm; Burd zf efrsm;pGm b0ifrsm;jcm;vsuf jzpfEikd o
f nfukd oabmaygufatmif Iyg/ 0Dxad ygif;
rnfrQyifrsm;apumrl ,if; 0Dxdaygif;rsm;pGmudk jcHKikH vuPm,mOfwpfcsufrQavmuf wifrdvQifvnf;
vHkavmufonfom jzpfayonf/
emrfur|mef;ydkif;wGif kyfemrfwdkYudk odrf;qnf;cJhpOfu ---- emrfur|mef;ydkif;Z,m;rsm;wGif wifjycJhonfhtwdkif; Z,m; wpfwef;pD wpfwef;pD -----26
1/ kyfemrf ESpfyg;enf;
2/ cEm (5)yg;enf;
3/ tm,we wpfq,fhESpfyg;enf;
4/ "mwf wpfq,fh&Spfyg;enf; -----odpYk aom enf;trsK;d rsK;d wdjYk zifh odr;f qnf;cJ\
h / xdo
k Ykd odr;f qnf;cJo
h nft
h wdik ;f 0dyemydik ;f vnf; vuPm,mOfoHk;csufudk wpfvSnfhpDwif 0dyem Iyg/ O',A,Pf b*FPfponfh
txufydkif; 0dyemPfIuGufwdkYvnf; enf;wl oabmaygufyg/
xdo
k Ykd I&m ypKye w
f iG f tZw A[d' oEmefEpS rf sK;d vH;k kyef mrfEpS yf g;enf; cEmig;yg;enf; ponfwdkYjzifh 0dyemI auseyfrI txdkuftavsmuf &&Sdaomtcg twdwfypKyeftem*wf [lonfh umv
oHk;yg;twGif; wnf&Sdaom ocFg&w&m;wdkYudkvnf; kyfemrfESpfyg;enf; cEmig;yg;enf; ponfwdkYjzifh
qufvuf 0dyem IEdkif\/ xdkodkY I&mum; ---- twdwftqufqufrSonf ypKyef? ypKyefrSonf
tem*wfqHk;onfwdkifatmif -----1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
kyfoufoufudk wdk;vQKdayguf
a0'emoufoufudk wdk;vQKdayguf
onmoufoufudk wdk;vQKdayguf
ocFg&oufoufudk wdk;vQKdayguf
0dnmPfoufoufudk wdk;vQKdayguf ----
jcHKikHom 0dyemIyg/ tZw A[d' ESpfrsKd;vHk; Iyg/ xdkodkY I&ef atmufyga'oemawmfrsm;u

TefMum;vsuf &Sd\/ -----,H udd lyH twDwmem*wypKyEH tZwH 0g A[d'g 0g MoVm&duH 0g okckrH 0g [DeH 0g yPDwH 0g
,H 'la& oEdau 0g? oAH lyH tedpawm 00waywd? {uH oroeH/ 'kuawm tewawm 00waywd?
{uH oroeEd/ (0dok'd-2-244/)
lyH twDwmem*wypKyEH tedpH c,a|e/ (y#doH-51/ 0dok'd-2-245/)
wom {o ,H twDwH lyH? wH ,om twDawa,0 cDPH? e,drH b0H orwEd tedpH c,a|e/
,H tem*wH teE&ba0 edAwdwd? wrd waw0 cD,dwd? e wawm y&H b0H *rdwDwd tedpH
c,a|e/
,H ypKyEH lyH? wrd a"0 cD,wd? e awm *pwDwd tedpH c,a|e/
,H tZwH? wrd tZwar0 cD,wd? e A[d'gbm0H *pwDwd tedpH c,a|e/
,H A[d'g? wrd A[d'ga,0 cD,wd? e tZwbm0H *pwDwd tedpH c,a|e/ (0dok'd-2-245/)
txufyg y#dord'gr*ygVdawmfBuD; 0dok'dr*t|uxmBuD;wdkY\ TefMum;owfrSwfcsuft&
toifolawmfaumif;onf umvoHk;yg; oEmefESpfyg; twGif; wnf&Sdaom kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkYudk
(5)yHk yHk cEm (5)yg;enf;jzifhvnf; 0dyem IEdkifygonf/ a&S;OD;pGm tZwup IyHkudk a&;om;
wifjytyfygonf/
27
1/ lyuEm ------ toifolawmfaumif;onf kyfemrfESpfyg;enf; IuGufwGif a&;om; wifjycJhonfh

twdik ;f toifoal wmfaumif;\ kyef mrfoEmeftpOfwiG f toifoal wmfaumif; ud,
k w
f ikd f
I &Edik o
f rQaom twdwfb0tqufqufrSonf ypKyef? ypKyefrSonf tem*wfqHk;onfwdkifatmif wdk;vQKdayguf
kyw
f &m; tm;vH;k udk jcKH i
kH tedp tedp [kyI g/ cyfpyd pf yd f Iyg/ 'ku tewwu
Ykd v
kd nf; enf;wl qufyI g/
A[d'vnf; enf;wlIyg/
2/ a0'emuEm ------ toifolawmfaumif;onf rdrd\ kyfemrfoEmeftpOf tusKH;0ifaom umv
oHk;yg;twGif; wnf&Sdaom rdrd odrf;qnf;EdkiforQ tqHk;pGefaom twdwfb0rSp tem*wfqHk;onf
wdik af tmif xdx
k kd b0wpfavQmuftwGi;f jzpfNy;D jzpfqJ jzpfvwUH jzpfaom xdx
k kd pdwu
P
toD;toD;\
emrfw&m;pkrS a0'emudk a&G;xkw
f xdak 0'emudk tedp[
k wGiw
f iG f yI g/ rdrd odr;f qnf;Edik o
f rQ twdwrf S
onf tem*wfqHk;onfwdkifatmif wdk;vQKdayguf Iyg? cyfpdyfpdyf Iyg/ xdkxdk b0wpfavQmuftwGif;
jzpfjzpforQ pdwuPwdkif; yg0ifwnf&Sdaom a0'emwdkif;udk ukefpifatmif rIEdkifapumrl IEdkiforQ
a0'emwdkYudk rdrdPfpGrf;tm; &Sdoavmuf Iyg/ xdkodkY I&m xdkxdkb0 xdkxdkpdwuP toD;toD;\
twGif; wnf&Sdaom okca0'em odkYr[kwf 'kua0'em odkYr[kwf aomrea0'em odkYr[kwf
a'grea0'em odrYk [kwf Oayuma0'emwdu
Yk kd toD;toD; uGjJ ym;atmif Iyg/ (rnfonfh pdwu
P

rnfonfha0'em ,SOfonfudk emrfur|mef;ydkif; qdkcJhNyD;onfhtwdkif; odygav/)
tedpm EkyemPf Burd zf efrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum I tawmftoifh tm;&auseyfrI &aom
tcg 'kumEkyemPfESifh tewmEkyemPfrsm;udk &&Sdatmifvnf; enf;wlyif qufvuf
BudK;yrf;yg/ tZw atmifjrifrI &&Sdaomtcg A[d'vnf; enf;wlyif Iyg/ &Hcg tZw &Hcg A[d'
wpfvSnfhpD vSnfh Iyg/ Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum Iyg/
3/ onmuEm ------ onmuEm udk 0dyem I&mvnf; a0'emuEm a&;om;wifjycJo
h nft
h wdik ;f
xdkxdkb0 xdkxdkpdwuP twGif; wnf&Sdaom emrfw&m;pkrS onmudk a&G;xkwf tedp tedp[k
Burd zf efrsm;pGmIyg/ 'ku tewwu
Ykd v
kd nf; enf;wlyifyI g/ tZw A[d' oEmef ESprf sK;d vH;k wpfvn
S phf D
Burd zf efrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum Iyg/ xdo
k Ykd I&m lyonm o'onm *Eonm &oonm azm|Aonm
"ronm[laom onm (6)rsKd;udk uGJuGJjym;jym; odatmif Iyg/ b0wpfavQmuftwGif; xdkufonfh
tm;avsmpf mG jzpfay:oGm;aom puK'gG &0Dxpd aom 0Dxd (6)rsK;d ESihf y#doaE b0if pkw[
d al om 0Dxrd w
k pf w
d f
wdkYudk jzpfcJhonfhtwdkif; jzpfay:qJtwdkif; jzpfvwHUtwdkif; 0DxdtrsKd;tpm;rsm;udk ukefpifatmif odrf;qnf;vsuf 0dyemIEikd yf gu onm (6)rsK;d wdv
Yk nf; pkv
H ifpmG yg0ifomG ;rnfom jzpfayonf/ onmESihf
,SOfwGJvsufpdwuP wpfcktwGif;0,f twljzpf oGm;Muaom a0'em ocFg& 0dnmPf emrfw&m;pkwdkYonfvnf; pHkvifoGm;Murnfom jzpfayonf/
4/ ocFg&uEm ------ a0'emuEmwGif a&;om; wifjycJhonfhtwdkif; xdkxdkb0 xdkxdkpdwuP toD;
toD;\ emrfw&m;pkrS a0'emonmudk EIw
f <uif;useaf om apwoduw
f u
Ykd kd wpfpw
k pfyx
kH m; apwemudk y"meOD;wnfvsuf 0dyemI&rnft
h ydik ;f jzpfonf/ rdro
d rd ;f qnf;Edik o
f rQ twdwb
f 0rSonf ypKye ?f
ypKye rf o
S nf tem*wfq;kH onfwikd af tmif pdwu
P
toD;toD; ,SOw
f v
JG su&f adS om ocFg&uEm apwodufw&m;pkwdkYudk ,if;w&m;wdkY\ jzpfNyD;vQif ysufoGm;onfh oabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmif Munfh
28
tedp tedp[k wGifwGifom Iaeyg/ 'ku tewwdkYudkvnf; enf;wlyif Iaeyg/ tZwwpfvSnfh A[d'
wpfvSnfh Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum Iaeyg/ a0'em onmwdkY enf;wl ---- tZw A[d' oEmef
ESpfyg; vHk; twdwf ypKyef tem*wf umvoHk;yg;vHk;0,f wdk;vQKdaygufatmif cyfpdyfpdyf 0dyemIyg/
lyoawem o'oawem *Eoawem &ooawem azm|Aoawem "roawem[laom
apwem (6)rsK;d OD;aqmifonfh ocFg&uEm w&m;pkwu
Ykd kd uGu
J jJG ym;jym; odatmif odr;f qnf;vsuf 0dyem
Iyg/
5/ 0dnmPuEm ----- txufyg a0'em onm ocFg&trnf&aom apwoduw
f &m;pkwEYkd iS hf pdwu
P
toD;toD; twl,SOfwGJjzpfonfh umvoHk;yg;vHk;twGif; wnf&Sdaom pdwuP toD;toD; yg0if

wnf&adS om todpw
d f 0dnmPfukd a&G;xkw
f tedp tedp[
k Iyg/ twdwf ypKye f tem*wf umvoH;k yg;
0,f wdk;vQKdayguf Iyg/ tZwwpfvSnfh A[d'wpfvSnfh Iyg/ 'ku tewwdkYudkvnf; enf;wl Iyg/
odv
Yk Qif umvoH;k yg;vH;k wd;k vQKad ygufatmif cEmig;yg;vH;k udk wpfcpk cD
JG tZww
pfvn
S hf A[d'
wpfvn
S hf tedpw
pfvn
S hf 'kuw
pfvn
S hf tewwpfvn
S hf vuPm,mOfo;kH csuf wpfvn
S phf w
D if tedpm EkyemPf 'kum EkyemPf tewmEkyemPf[al om 0dyemPftjrifrsm; oef&Y iS ;f atmif qufvuf BudK;yrf;ygav/
a&;om;wifjyxm;onfh twdik ;f cEmig;yg;wdu
Yk kd pepfwus t0g;0pGm 0dyem IEikd af omtcg
,if;odkY azmfjyxm;aom -----1/ twdwfcEm ig;yg;
2/ ypKyefcEm ig;yg;
3/ tem*wfcEm ig;yg;
4/ tZwcEm ig;yg;
5/ A[d'cEm ig;yg;wdkY -----6/ MoVm&du = kefY&if;Murf;wrf;aom cEmig;yg;
7/ okckr
= odrfarGUEl;nHhaom cEmig;yg;
8/ [De
= ,kwfnHhaom cEmig;yg;
9/ yPDw = rGefjrwfaom cEmig;yg;
10/ 'l&
= a0;aom cEmig;yg;
11/ oEdu = eD;aom cEmig;yg; -- (6)rsKd;aom cEmig;yg;wdkYonfvnf; tusKH;0ifoGm;ayonf/
(6)'Gg& (42)aum|mowdkY wnf&SdMuaom kyfw&m;wdkYudk jcHKiHk 0dyemI&m ,if;kyfw&m;
wdkYwGif ------ puKtMunf aomwtMunf CmetMunf Zd0SgtMunf um,tMunf[laom tMunfkyf
= yom'kyf (5 )yg; lygkH o'gkH *EmkH &omkH azm|AmkH (yx0D awaZm 0ga,m) [laom tmkHkyf
= a*gp&kyf (7)yg; ESpf&yfaygif; (12)rsKd;aom kyfw&m;wdkYonf 0do,D 0do,jzpf xdcdkufonf\
29
tpGrf;jzifh a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm; ,ltyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh MoVm&du = kefY&if;

Murf;wrf;aom kyfrnf\/ (yom'kyfig;ckwdkYum; 0do,DkyfwdkY jzpfMu\? tmkHkyf ckepfrsKd;wdkYum;
0do,kyfwdkY jzpfMu\/ puKyom'paom qdkif&m 0do,DkyfodkY lygkHpaom qdkif&m0do,kyfu a&S;I
xdcwfaomtcg xdo
k Ykd a&S;Ixcd wfaomtcsed f a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf rdr\
d 0dyemPfjzifh ]]um;
puKyom' um; lygk}H } odpYk onfjzifh ydik ;f jcm; ,lEikd \
f / a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f todPf xifv,
G f
jrifvG,f\/ xdkYaMumifh ,if;kyf 12-rsKd;wdkYonf kefY&if;Murf;wrf;aom MoVm&dukyf rnfukef\/)
tmayg"mwf bm0kyf (= wdbm0kyf yk&dobm0kyf ) ZD0dw [',0wK MoZm [laom
kyftppfwdkYum; 0do,D 0do,jzpf xdcdkufonf\ tpGrf;jzifh a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;
,l&aom kyfw&m;rsm;um; r[kwfMuay/ r[mukodkvf (r[mBud,m) raem'Gg&duaZm0Dxd pdwftpOfjzifo
h m odrYk [kwf ,if; aZm0Dxpd w
d t
f pOfwiG f tusK;H 0ifaom 0dyemPfjzifo
h m ydik ;f jcm; ,l&aom
,lEdkifaom kyfw&m;wdkY jzpfMu\/ xdkYaMumifh ,if; kyfw&m;wdkYonf a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ todPf
odrfarGUaom okckrkyfwdkYrnf\/ (tedyEkyf q,frsKd;wdkYonfvnf; okckrkyfwdkYyif jzpfMu\/ odkYaomf
0dyem rIaumif;aom kyfw&m;rsm;om kyftwkwdkYom jzpfjcif;aMumifh csefvSyfxm;ygonf/)
(0dok'd-2-81/)
[Dekyf - yPDwkyf
[Dekyf yPDwkyf trsKd;tpm;onf -----1/ y&d,m,ftm;jzifhvnf;aumif;
2/ rkcstm;jzifhvnf;aumif; ---ESpfrsKd;ESpfpm; &SdaMumif;udk odoifhay\/ xdkwGif tued|jA[mwdkY\ kyfatmuf ok'DjA[mwdkY\
kyfonf ,kwfnhH\? xdk ok'DjA[mwdkY\ kyfonfyifvQif ok'mjA[mwdkY\ kyfxuf rGefjrwf\/
odkYaomenf;jzifh i&Jom;ow0gwdkY\ kyfodkYwdkifatmif y&d,m,ftm;jzifh tqifhqifh ,kwfnhHyHkudk
vnf;aumif; tqifhqifh rGefjrwfyHkudkvnf;aumif; od&Sdygav/
rkcstm;jzifu
h m; tMuifyk w
f &m; tukov
kd u
f \
H tusK;d jzpfaom tukov0dyguf0n
d mPfonf
tmkHjyK jzpfay:vm\/ xdk tukov0dyguf0dnmPf\ tmkHjzpfaom kyfonf ,kwfnHh\/ tMuif
kyw
f &m; ukov
kd u
f \
H tusK;d jzpfaom ukov0dyguf0n
d mPfonf tmkjH yK jzpfay:vm\/ xdk ukov0dyguf0dnmPf\ tmkHjzpfaom kyfonf rGefjrwf\/ (0dok'd-2-103/)
tydik ;f toifoal wmfaumif;onf puK'gG &0Dxpd aom 0Dxpd Ofrsm;udk jyefvnfowdjyKxm;yg/
xdk0Dxd (6)rsKd;wdkYwGif y0dnmPf or#d pd Kif; oED&P w'gkH [laom 0dyguf0dnmPfrsm; yg0ifMu\/
tMuifkyfw&m;udk tmkHjyK ,if; 0dyguf0dnmPfrsm;onf tukov0dyguf0dnmPfrsm; jzpfMujim;tHh?
xdk tukov0dyguf0dnmPf\ tmkHjzpfaom xdkkyfonf ted|pifppfjzpfaomaMumifh [Dekyf rnf\/
tMuifkyfw&m;udk tmkHjyK y0dnmPf or#d pd Kif; oED&P w'gkH[laom 0dyguf0dnmPfrsm;onf ukov0dyguf0n
d mPfrsm; jzpfMujim;th?H xdk yk w
f &m;onf ukov
kd u
f \
H tpGr;f aMumifh jzpfay:vmaom pifppftvdk&dStyf aumif;jrwfaom |kyfjzpfaomaMumifh yPDw = rGefjrwfaomkyf rnf\/
30
,xm [d tukov0dygaum o,H teda|m teda| {0 OyZwd? e a|? {0H ukov0dygaumyd

o,H a|m a| {0 OyZwd? e teda|/ wxm [d 0kwH t|uxm,H -----]]tukovurZ0aoe ted|m y umr*kPm 0dbwm? ukovurZH ye ted|H emr ewd? oAH
|ar0/ ukovurZ0aoe |m y umr*kPm 0dbwm/ ukovurZOd ted|H emr ewd? oAH
|ar0g}}wd/ (r[m#D-2-156-157/ tbd-|-2-8/)
xif&mS ;atmif qd&k aomf odYk jzpf\? ----- tukov0dyguf0n
d mPfonf rdru
d ,
kd w
f ikd u
f tvdrk &d-S
tyfaom ted|w&m;jzpf tvdkr&dStyfaom ted|tmkHomvQif jzpfouJhodkY tvdk&dStyf aumif;jrwfaom |tmkH rjzpfouJo
h Ykd twl ukov0dyguf0n
d mPfonfvnf; rdru
d ,
kd w
f idk u
f tvd&k t
Sd yf
aumif;jrwfaom |w&m;jzpf tvdk&dStyf aumif;jrwfaom |tmkHomvQif jzpf\/ tvdkr&dS
tyfaom ted|tmkH rjzpfay/ rSefayonf ----- oarm[0daem'eDt|uxm atmufygtwdkif;
zGifhqdkxm;\/ -----]]tukodkvfuHaMumifhjzpfaom tukodkvfurZkyf\ tpGrf;jzifhomvQif tvdkr&dStyfukefaom
ted|jzpfuek af om tmkH (5)yg; umr*kPw
f &m;wdu
Yk kd cJjG cm;a0zef bk&m;&Sio
f nf a[mMum;awmfrt
l yfukef\/ ukodkvfuHaMumifhjzpfaom ukodkvfurZkyfonfum; tvdkr&dStyfaom ted|mkHrnfonf r&dS/
ukov
kd u
f aH Mumifjh zpfaom ukov
kd u
f rZkyt
f m;vk;H onf tvd&k t
Sd yf aumif;jrwfaom |tmkH yk cf sn;f
omwnf;[kvnf;aumif; ukodkvfuHaMumifhjzpfaom ukodkvfurZkyf\ tpGrf;jzifhomvQif tvdk&dStyf
aumif;jrwfukefaom |jzpfukefaom tmkHig;yg; umr*kPfw&m;wdkYudk cJGjcm;a0zef bk&m;&Sifonf
a[mMum;xm;awmfrltyfukef\/ rSefayonf ---- ukodkvfuHaMumifhjzpfaom ukodkvfurZkyfonf tvdk
r&dt
S yf rESpo
f uftyfaom ted|jzpfaom kyw
f &m;rnfonf r&dpS aumif;ay/ ukov
kd u
f aH Mumifjh zpfaom
ukodkvfurZkyftm;vkH;onf tvdk&dStyf aumif;jrwfaom |tmkHkyfw&m;csnf;omwnf;[kvnf;aumif;}} ----- odkYvQif oarm[0daem'eDt|uxmBuD; zGifhqdkxm;awmfrlayonf/
(r[m#D-2-156-157/ tbd-|-2-8-9/)
'l&kyf - oEdukyf
txufwiG f azmfjycJah om odraf rGUaom okcrk kyo
f nfyifvQif odraf rGUonfjzpf xd;k xGi;f odEikd -f
cJaom oabm&dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifh a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ IaeaomtodPfESifh a0;&um; 'la&kyf
= 'l&kyf rnf\/ ke&Yf if;Murf;wrf;aom MoVm&dukyo
f nf ke&Yf if;onf\ tjzpfjzifh xd;k xGi;f odv,
G af om
oabm&dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifh a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ IaeaomtodPfESifh eD;uyf&um; oEdaukyf =
oEdukyf rnf\/ (0dok'd-2-81/)
wpfenf; ------ t&yfMoumotm;jzifhvnf; 'l&'kuf tqifhqifh axmufaxmuf 'l&
oEdu tjzpfudk od&dSygav/ (0dok'd-2-104/)
xdkpum;&yf tb,frQaom t&yfrSp kyfw&m;onf wnf&mt&yf Moumo\ tpGrf;jzifh
oEad ukyf = a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f IaeaomPfEiS hf eD;onf rnfoenf;? wpfzef tb,frQaom t&yfrS
p kyw
f &m;onf wnf&mt&yfMoumo\ tpGr;f jzifh 'la&kyf = a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f IaeaomPfEiS hf
a0;onf rnfoenf; -----31
yuwdaom pum;jzifh ajymqdkaomolwdkY\ (12)awmifwdkYonf o0Elypm&rnf\/ xdk o0Elypm&\ twGi;f buf wnf&aSd omkyo
f nf oEad ukyf tjyifbuf wnf&aSd omkyo
f nf 'la&kyf rnf\/
xdk'l&oEdu t&yfESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif okckrkyfonf o0Elypm& (12)awmift&yfrS jyifbuf a0;aom
t&yf jzpfvwfaomf vuPmtm;jzifhvnf;aumif; Moumo = wnf&mt&yftm;jzifhvnf;aumif;
'l&kyfrnfonf jzpf\/ a0;aomkyf rnf\/ o0Elypm&[laom (12)awmif twGif; eD;aomt&yf
jzpfvwfaomfum; wnf&mt&yf Moumotm;jzifhomvQif oEdaukyf = eD;aom kyfrnf\? vuPm
tm;jzifhum; oEdaukyf = eD;aomkyf rrnf/
MoVm&dukyf = kefY&if;aomkyfonfum; o0Elypm&[laom (12)awmiftwGif; eD;aomt&yf
jzpfvwfaomf vuPmtm;jzifhvnf;aumif; wnf&mt&yf Moumotm;jzihfvnf;aumif; oEdaukyf
= eD;aomkyf rnf\/ (12)awmif[laom o0Elypm&t&yf\ jyifbuf a0;aomt&yf jzpfvwfaomf
wnf&mt&yf Moumotm;jzifhomvQif 'la&kyf = a0;aomkyf rnf\? vuPmtm;jzifhum; 'la&kyf =
a0;aomkyf rrnf/ (r[m#D-2-158/)
wpfzef ------ Oyg'g,kyg'g, = axmufq axmufq wnf&mt&yf Moumotm;jzifh kyw
f &m;
\ 'l&oEdujzpfykHudk od&dS&ef t|uxmq&mawmfu zGifhqdkoGm;awmfrlaomaMumifh rdrd\ kyfonf
oEdaukyf = eD;aomkyf rnf\/ rdrd\0rf;wGif; (udk,f0efom;i,f odkYr[kwf ydk;avmufow0g ponf
tjzpfjzifh) wnf&dSjim;aomfvnf; olwpfyg;\ kyfonf 'la&kyf = a0;aomkyf rnf\/
rdrd\ 0rf;wGif; wnfaom (udk,f0efom;i,f odkYr[kwf ydk;avmufow0g paom) ow0g\
kyfonf oEdaukyf = eD;aomkyf rnf\/ rdrdcEmtdrf\ jyify wnf&dSaomkyfonf 'la&kyf rnf\/
a0;aomkyfrnf\/ odkYpaom enf;jzifh -----1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
wdkufcef;twGif;t&yf
ausmif;OD;rsufESmpmt&yf
y&d0kPft&yf = ausmif;aqmif wpfaqmif\ ywf0ef;usift&yf
oHCmhtm&rfac:aom ausmif;wdkuf wpfwdkufvkH; = Oypm&odrft&yf
&Gmwpf&Gm
Zeyk'fwpfck (wdkif;ESifh jynfe,f)
wdkif;jynf wpfjynf = EdkifiH wpfEdkifiH
ork'&m
pMu0VmwdkYwGif ------
xdx
k akd om t&yf\ twGi;f wnfaomky?f ty wnfaomkyw
f \
Ykd tpGr;f jzifh 'l&kyf = a0;aom
kyf oEdukyf = eD;aomkyf tjzpfudk od&dSygav/ (r[m#D-2-158/)
twdwf tem*wf ypKye f yk f tZw yk f A[d' yk rf sm;\ cJjG cm;owfrw
S yf Hk tjcif;t&mudk txufwiG f
a&;om;wifjycJhNyD; jzpfayonf/ txufyg &Sif;vif;csufrsm;udk oabmaygufNyD;aom zwfINyD;aom
toifolawmfaumif;onf tewvuPokwefpaom xdkxdkokwefwdkY cEm (5)yg;enf;jzifh ocFg&
32
w&m;wdu
Yk kd 0dyemIymG ;ok;H oyf&ef bk&m;&Si\
f TeMf um;awmfrcl surf sm;udk oabmaygufEikd af yvdrrhf nf/
ykHpHwpfckudk atmufwGif azmfjytyfygonf/
wom wd[ bdua0 ,H udd lyH twDwmem*wypKyEH tZwH 0g A[d'g 0g MoVm&duH 0g okckrH
0g [DeH 0g yPDwH 0g ,H'la& oEdau 0g? oAH lyH ]]aewH rr? aeaom[rod? e araom twm}}wd
{0arwH ,xmblwH orynm, '|AH/ (oH-2-56-tewvuPokwf/)
&[ef;wdkY ...xdkodkY cEmig;yg;wdkYonf tedp 'ku tew jzpfjcif;aMumifh oifcspfom;wdkYonf
omoemawmfjrwftwGif; -----1/ twdwfkyfw&m; tm;vkH;onfvnf;aumif;
2/ tem*wfkyfw&m; tm;vkH;onfvnf;aumif;
3/ ypKyefkyfw&m; tm;vkH;onfvnf;aumif;
4/ tZwkyfw&m; tm;vkH;onfvnf;aumif;
5/ A[d'kyfw&m; tm;vkH;onfvnf;aumif;
6/ kefY&if;aom MoVm&dukyfw&m; tm;vkH;onfvnf;aumif;
7/ odrfarGUaom okckrkyfw&m; tm;vkH;onfvnf;aumif;
8/ ,kwfnHhaom [Dekyfw&m; tm;vkH;onfvnf;aumif;
9/ rGefjrwfaom yPDwkyfw&m; tm;vkH;onfvnf;aumif;
10/ a0;aom 'la&kyfw&m; tm;vkH;onfvnf;aumif;
11/ eD;aom oEdaukyfw&m; tm;vkH;onfvnf;aumif; &dS\/
(11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom tvkH;pkHaom kyfw&m;udk -----aewH rr? aeaom[rod? e araom twm/
= kyw
f &m;onf igh[m r[kw?f kyw
f &m;onf ig r[kw?f kyw
f &m;onf ig\tw r[kw[
f k
= tedp[k 'ku[k tew[k -----razmufrjyef [kww
f ;Hk kycf J emrfw;Hk emrfcJ NzKd caGJ zmufxiG ;f 0dyemPftvif;jzifh
Iyg/ (oH-2-56/)
0dok'dr*t|uxm 'kwd,wJG pmrsufESm (245)wGif MoVm&dukyf okckrkyf [Dekyf yPDwkyf
'la&kyf oEdaukyfwdkYudkvnf; oD;oefYcJGjcm; 0dyemI&ef TefMum;xm;ayonf/ xdk TefMum;awmf
rlonfhtwdkif; toifolawmfaumif;onf cJGIvdkuvnf; Iyg/
tu,f toifolawmfaumif;onf twdwf tem*wf ypKyef[laom umvokH;yg; tZw
A[d'[laom oEmefESpfyg;twGif; wnf&dSaom kyfw&m;tm;vkH;udk odrf;usKH; jcHKikH 0dyemIEdkifygu ,if; kyfw&m;wdkYwGif MoVm&dukyf okckrkyf [Dekyf yPDwkyf 'la&kyf oEdaukyf tm;vkH;wdo
Yk nfvnf; tusK;H 0ifomG ;MuNy;D yif jzpfMu\/ xdaYk Mumifh ,if; kyw
f &m;wdu
Yk kd oD;oefcY jGJ cm; Ivu
kd vnf;
Iyg/ jcHKIvdkuvnf; Iyg/ a0'emuEmpaom emrfcEmwdkYvnf; xdkenf;wlyif oabmaygufyg/
(y#doH-|-1-233 - Munfhyg/)
33
a0'emuEm paom emrfcEmwdkY twdwf tem*wf ypKyef tZw A[d' cJGjcm;owfrSwfykHudk

a&S;ydkif;wGif &Sif;vif;wifjycJhNyD; jzpfonf/ ,cktcgwGif MoVm&du okckr [De yPDw 'l& oEdu cJGjcm;
owfrSwfykHudk qufvuf a&;om;wifjytyfygonf/ ------

tukovm a0'em MoVm&dum? ukovmAsmuwm a0'em okckrm/ (tbd-2-4/)
= tukodkvfa0'emonf MoVm&du rnf\? ukodkvf tAsmuwa0'emonf okckr rnf\/ odkY
paom enf;jzifh 0dbif;ygVdawmf (tbd-2-4) bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrltyfaom -----1/
2/
3/
4/
Zmwd = Zmwf\tpGrf;jzifh vnf;aumif;

obm0 = obm0\tpGrf;jzifh vnf;aumif;
yk*v = yk*dKvf\tpGrf;jzifh vnf;aumif;
avmuD avmukw&mwdkY\ tpGrf;jzifh vnf;aumif; ---MoVm&du okckrjzpfykHudk odoifhay\/
1/ Zmwd = Zmwf\ tpGrf;jzifh MoVm&du okckr jzpfykH

tukov
kd af 0'emonf ygPmwdygw = olUtoufukd owfjcif;paom uJ&h UJ xdu
k af om tjypfEiS w
hf uG
jzpfaom tukov
kd u
f jkd yKjcif;\ taMumif;w&m; jzpfaomaMumifv
h nf;aumif; (Muufom;? 0ufom;ponfwd\
Yk t&omudk ok;H aqmifcpH m;zl;aom ,if;t&om wG,w
f mwyfrufwwfaom &owPSmESihf ,SOw
f -GJ
aeaom tukodkvfa0'emonf vIHUaqmftyfojzifh aemufxyfpm;vdkaomtcg ,if; Muuf 0ufwdkYudk
xyfrH owfcJhaomf ,if; tukodkvfa0'emrsKd;udk MoVm&dua0'em[k qdkvdkonf/) udavomwnf;
[laom rD;jzifh ylavmifjcif;&dSonf tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; tylrNidrf;aom jzpfjcif;&dS\/ xdkYaMumifh
udavomrD;jzifh rylyefjcif; udavomrD;\ Nird ;f at;jcif;oabm&daS om ukov
kd af 0'ematmuf ke&Yf if;\/
tukodkvfa0'emonf tusKd;udk jzpfapjcif;iSm avsmufywfojzifh aMumifhMuAsmyg&ESifh twlwuG
jzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; tusKd;0dygufudk jzpfapjcif;iSm pGrf;Edkifaom urowdxl;ESifh twl
wuG jzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; *wd0dywd Oy"d0dywd umv0dywd ya,m*0dywdwnf;
[laom tjcm;taMumif;w&m;wdkYESifh aygif;qkHrdvwfaomf tusKd;0dygufudk jzpfapEdkifojzifh tusKd;0dyguf
&dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; wpfenf;qdk&aomf ---- um,uHpaom Asmyg& xif&Sm;&Sdonf\
tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif; aZmwnf;[laom Om[\ tpGr;f tm;jzifh tm;xkwjf cif; Om[ &do
S nf\
tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; tusKd;0dygufudk jzpfapjcif;vnf; pGrf;Edkifonf\ tjzpfwnf;[laom owd
&dSonf\tpGrf;tm;jzifh tusKd;0dygufudk jzpfapEdkifaom urowd xif&Sm;onf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; udavomwnf;[laom rD;jzifh ylavmifjcif;&do
S nf\ tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif; uJ&h UJ xdu
k af om
&m* a'go arm[ paom tjypfESifhwuGjzpfaom "r\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; 0dyguf tAsmuw
a0'ematmuf kefY&if;\/
34
tusK;d 0dygufukd jzpfapjcif;vnf; pGr;f Edik o

f nf\tjzpfwnf;[laom ow&d o
Sd nf\ tpGr;f tm;jzifh
tusKd;0dygufudk jzpfapEdkifaom urowdxif&Sm;&dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; udavomwnf;
[laom rD;jzifh ylavmifjcif;&dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; udavo'ku&dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifh
vnf;aumif; uJh&JUxdkufaom &m* a'go arm[paom tjypfESifhwuG jzpfaom "r\ tjzpfaMumifh
vnf;aumif; ud&d,m tAsmuwa0'ematmuf kefY&if;\? MoVm&dujzpf\/ (0dok'd-2-104/)
ukov
kd af 0'em tAsmuwa0'emwdo
Yk nf tjypfuif;aom tjyKtrl\ tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif;
udavom[laom ylyefjcif;\ r&dSjcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif; udavom[laom qif;&J\ r&dSjcif;aMumifh
vnf;aumif; Nidrf;at;aom jzpfjcif; &dS\/ odkY tukodkvfa0'em qdktyfNyD;onfrS ajymif;jyeftm;jzifh
tukodkvfa0'emxuf odrfarGUykH = okckrjzpfykHudk od&dSygav/ (0dok'd-2-104/ r[m#D-2-159/)
ukodkvfa0'em tukodkvfa0'em ESpfrsKd;vkH;wdkYonfvnf; um,uHpaom Asmyg& xif&Sm;&Sdonfh
tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; aZmwnf;[laom tm;xkwfjcif; Om[\tpGrf;jzifh tm;xkwfjcif; vkHYv
Om[ &do
S nf\ tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif; tusK;d 0dygufukd jzpfapjcif;vnf; pGr;f Edik o
f nf\ tjzpfwnf;[laom owd&dSonf\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh tusKd;0dygufudk jzpfapEdkifaom urowd xif&Sm;&Sdonf\
tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif; ,SOo
f ifo
h nft
h m;avsmpf mG 0dyguftAsmuwa0'em Bu,
d mtAsmuwa0'em
[laom tAsmuwa0'emESpfrsKd;atmuf kefY&if;ukef\ = MoVm&du jzpfukef\/ (0dok'd-2-104)
ukodkvfa0'em tukodkvfa0'emwdkYonf 0dyguftAsmuwa0'ematmuf txufyg taMumif;w&m; okH;rsKd;vkH;wdkYaMumifhyif MoVm&du = kefY&if;ukef\/ Bud,mtAsmuwa0'ematmufrlum; tusKd;
0dygufudk jzpfapjcif; pGrf;Edkifonf\ tjzpfwnf;[laom owd&Sdonf\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh tusKd;0dygufudk
jzpfapEdkifaom urowd xif&Sm;&Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifh MoVm&du = kefY&if;ukef\/ wpfenf; tusKd;udk
jzpfapwwfaom pGrf;tifurowd&Sdaom o0dyguw&m;\ tjzpfjzifh Bud,mtAsmuwa0'emxuf
xl;uJaom aMumifhMuAsmyg& tm;xkwfjcif; vkHYvOm[&Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifh MoVm&du = kefY&if;
ukef\/ odkY od&Sdygav/ (r[m#D-2-159/)
0dyguftAsmuwa0'emonf um,uHpaom Asmyg&\ xif&Sm;r&Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; aZm[laom tm;xkwfjcif; vkHYvOm[\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh tm;xkwfjcif; vkHYvOm[\ r&Sd
jcif;aMumifv
h nf;aumif; tusK;d 0dygufukd jzpfapjcif; pGr;f Edik o
f nf\ tjzpfwnf;[laom owrd &So
d nf\
tpGrf;jzifh tusKd;0dygufudk jzpfapEdkifaom urowd\ xif&Sm;r&Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif;
ukodkvfa0'em tukodkvfa0'emwdkYxuf odrfarGU\? okckr jzpf\/ (0dok'd-2-105/ r[m#D-2-160/)
ud&,
d mtAsmuwa0'emonfum; tusK;d 0dygufukd jzpfapjcif; pGr;f Edik o
f nf\tjzpfwnf;[laom
owdr&Sdonf\ tpGrf;jzifh tusKd;0dygufudk jzpfapEdkifaom urowd\ xif&Sm;r&Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifh
wpfenf; ----- tusKd;0dygufudk jzpfapwwfonfh pGrf;tifurowd r&Sdaom t0dyguw&m;\ tjzpfjzifh
xl;jcm;aom um,uHpaom Asmyg& aZm[laom tm;xkwjf cif; vkv
YH Om[\ tpGr;f jzifh tm;xkwjf cif;
vkv
YH Om[\ xif&mS ;&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumifh ukov
kd af 0'em tukov
kd af 0'emxuf odraf rGU\/ od-Yk
vQif ukov
kd af 0'em tukov
kd af 0'em qdt
k yfcNhJ y;D aomenf;rS ajymif;jyeftm;jzifh 0dyguftAsmuwa0'em
Bud,mtAsmuwa0'emwdkYonf ukodkvfa0'em tukodkvfa0'emwdkYxuf okckrjzpfyHk = odrfarGUyHkudk
35
od&Sdygav/ rSefayonf ------ uH\t[kefonf ypfcstyfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; uH\ yHkwloabm

jzpfaomaMumifv
h nf;aumif; um,uHrpI onfwYkd aMumifMh uAsmyg& uif;jcif;aMumifh tm;xkwjf cif; vkv
YH
Om[r&Sdaom 0dygufa0'emonfvnf;aumif; tm;xkwfjcif; vkHYvOm[&Sdaom Bud,ma0'emonfvnf;aumif; tusKd;ay;jcif;oabm r&SdaomaMumifh ukodkvfa0'em tukodkvfa0'emwdkYxuf
odrfarGU\/
&[Emt&Sijf rwfwo
Ykd nfvnf; oDvapmifx
h ed ;f rIwnf;[laom um,uHrI 0pDurH I w&m;a[mrI
paom 0pDurH I orx0dyem yGm;rsm;tm;xkwrf [
I al om raemuHrrI sm;udk jyKawmfrMl u\/ xdt
k rIwu
Ykd kd
jyKpOf aZmrsm; apmMuonfomjzpfMu\/ odaYk omf &[Emt&Sijf rwfBu;D wdo
Yk nfum; ukov
kd f tukov
kd w
f u
Ykd kd
y,fpGefYxm;NyD; jzpfawmfrlMu&um; xdkaZmwdkYrSm Bud,maZmwdkYom jzpfMu\/ Bud,maZmwdkYvnf;
tusKd;0dyguf wpfpHkwpf&mudk jzpfxGef;apEdkifaom urowdum; r&Sday/ txufyg pum;&yfrsm;u
oabmw&m;rsm;udk &nfTef;xm;onf[k rSwfyg/
rSeaf yonf --- tusK;d ay;jcif;oabm&Sad om ukov
kd af 0'em tukov
kd af 0'emwdo
Yk nf tusK;d wnf;
[laom udk,f0efudk aqmifukefbdouJhodkY jzpfukef MoVm&du = kefY&if;ukef\/
(0dok'd-2-105/ r[m#D-2-160/)
tukovm a0'em MoVm&dum? ukovmAsmuwm a0'em okckrm/ ukovmukovm a0'em
MoVm&dum? tAsmuwm a0'em okckrm/ (tbd-2-4/)
tukodkvfa0'emwdkYonf udavom[laom tylESifhwuG jzpfukefonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; raumif;aom ted| tusKd;&Sdukefonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; MoVm&dum = kefY&if;
Murf;wrf;ukef\/ (tbd-|-2-13/)
ukov
kd af 0'emwdo
Yk nf udavom[laom tylr&Su
d ek o
f nf\ tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif; aumif;jrwfaom | tusKd;&Sdukefonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; okckrm = odrfarGUukef\/
(tbd-|-2-13/)
tAsmuwa0'emwdkYonf tm;xkwfjcif; vkHYvOm[ (= tusKd;w&m; jzpfay:vmatmif tm;xkwfjcif; vkHYvOm[) r&Sdukefonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; tusKd;r&Sdukefonf\ tjzpfaMumifh
= tusKd;0dygufw&m;udk jzpfay:apwwfaom pGrf;tifurowd r&Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif;
okcrk m = odraf rGUuke\
f / (ed
k m[a|e = tusK;d w&m;jzpfay:vmatmif tm;xkwjf cif; vkv
YH Om[
r&Sdukefonf\ tjzpfaMumifh[laom pum;&yfjzifh 0dyguftAsmuwa0'emudk jy\/ t0dygua|e =
tusKd;0dygufw&m;udk jzpfay:apwwfaom pGrf;tifurowd r&Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ------ [laom
pum;&yfjzifh Bud,mtAsmuwa0'emudk jyonf/) (tbd-|-2-13/)
ukodkvfa0'em tukodkvfa0'emwdkYonf tusKd;w&m;udk jzpfay:vmatmif aZmwnf;[laom
tm;xkwfjcif; vkHYvOm[ESifhwuG jzpfukefonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; tusKd;0dygufw&m;udk
jzpfay:apwwfaom pGr;f tif urowEd iS hf twlwuG jzpfuek o
f nf\ tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif; MoVm&dum = kefY&if;Murf;wrf;ukef\/ (tbd-|-2-13/)
36
tAsmuwa0'emwdkYonf qdktyfcJhNyD;onfhtwdkif; tusKd;w&m; jzpfay:vmatmif tm;xkwfjcif;

vkHYvOm[ r&Sdukefonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; tusKd;0dygufw&m;udk jzpfay:apwwfaom
pGrf;tifurowd r&Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; okckrm = odrfarGUukef\/ (tbd-|-2-13/)
odkYvQif ukodkvfZmwf tukodkvfZmwf 0dyguf + Bud,m[laom tAsmuwZmwf ---- [laom
Zmwf\tpGrf;jzifh a&S;OD;pGm MoVm&du-okckr jzpfyHkudk od&Sdygav/
2 / obm0\ tpGrf;jzifh MoVm&du okckr jzpfyHk

'kum a0'em MoVm&dum? okcg p t'kurokcg p a0'em okckrm/ okc'kum a0'em MoVm&dum?
t'kurokcg a0'em okckrm/ (tbd-2-4/)
obm0vuPm\ tpGr;f tm;jzifh 'kua 0'emonf om,mtyfaom oabmr&Sjd cif;aMumifv
h nf;aumif; = om,mtyfaom okcudky,fjcif;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; wkefvIyfjcif;&Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifh
vnf;aumif; = rNidrfoufaomtm;jzifhvnf;aumif; acsmufcsm;jcif;udk jyKwwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh
vnf;aumif; xdwv
f efzY ,
G f &So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif; ESyd pf ufvrT ;f rd;k wwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh
vnf;aumif; okca0'em Oayuma0'emwdkYatmuf kefY&if;Murf;wrf;\ MoVm&dujzpf\/
(0dok'd-2-105/)
okca0'em Oayuma0'emwdo
Yk nf om,mtyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif; Nird o
f ufonf\
tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; rGefjrwfonf\tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; pdwfESvHk;udk yGm;apwwfonf\
tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif; vspv
f sLIwwf tv,ftvwfwnfaomoabm &Sw
d wfonf\tjzpfaMumifh
vnf;aumif; ,SOfoifhonftm;avsmfpGm 'kua0'emxuf odrfarGUukef\ = okckr jzpfukef\/ (0dok'd-2105/) tmkHudkvspfvsL Iwwf tv,ftvwfcHpm;wwfaom rZwwmoabmonf okca0'em r&Sd?
om,mtyfaom omwoabmonf Oayuma0'em r&S?d Nird o
f ufro
I abm oEwmponfwu
Ykd m; okc
Oayum ESpfrsKd;vHk;wdkY &tyfukef\? xdkYaMumifh ,xma,m*H = ,SOfoifhonhf tm;avsmfpGm[k qdkonf/
(r[m#D-2-160/)
wpfzef okca0'em 'kua 0'emESprf sK;d vH;k wdo
Yk nf wkev
f yI jf cif;&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif;
= rNidrfoufaomtm;jzifhvnf;aumif; acsmufcsm;jcif;udk jyKwwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif;
xif&Sm;onf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; t'kurokctrnf&aom Oayuma0'ematmuf kefY&if;
ukef\ = MoVm&dujzpfukef\/ xdkt'kurokc = Oayuma0'emonf qdktyfNyD;onfrS ajymif;jyefaom
tm;jzifh xdkokca0'em 'kua0'emESpfrsKd;xuf odrfarGU\ = okckr jzpf\/ odkYvQif obm0vuPm\
tpGrf;jzifh MoVm&du okckr jzpfyHkudk od&Sdygav/ (0dok'd-2-105/)
'kua 0'emwdo
Yk nf rom,mtyfuek o
f nf\ tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif; cJ,Of;ojzifh cHpm;tyfuek -f
onf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; = tcHcufukefonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; rcHEdkifukefonf\
tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif; MoVm&dum = ke&Yf if;Murf;wrf;uke\
f / / okca0'emwdo
Yk nf om,mtyfuek -f
onf\ tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif; vG,u
f o
l jzifh cHpm;tyfuek o
f nf\ tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif; okcrk m
= odraf rGUuke\
f / / t'kur okc = Oayuma0'emwdo
Yk nf Nird o
f ufuek o
f nf\tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif;
rGefjrwfukefonf\tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; okckrjzpfukef\ = odrfarGUukef\/ (tbd-|-2-13/)
37
okca0'em 'kua0'emwdkYonf vIyf&Sm;apwwfukefonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; = acsmufcsm;apwwfukefonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; jzefYwwf = ysHUESHUapwwfukefonf\ tjzpfaMumifh

vnf;aumif; MoVm&du jzpfuek \
f = ke&Yf if;Murf;wrf;uke\
f / rSeaf yonf okca0'emonfvnf; vIy&f mS ;
apwwf\ = acsmufcsm;apwwf\? jzefw
Y wf\ = ysUH ESUH apwwf\/ 'kua 0'emonfvnf; xdt
Yk wlyifwnf;/
tus,frSm odkYwnf;/ --okca0'emonf jzpfay:vmvwfaomf wpfudk,fvkH;udk vIyf&Sm;apvsuf acsmufcsm;apvsuf
vnf;aumif; arTaESmufvsuv
f nf;aumif; pdpk w
G af pvsuv
f nf;aumif; rdru
d ed ;f &m ow0g\ Zdr,
f pfru
I kd
jyKvsufvnf;aumif; ESpfoufapvsuf vTrf;rdk;vsufvnf;aumif; at;jraom a&tdk;jzifh avmif;vdkuf
ouJo
h Ykd jzpfay:vm\/ / 'kua 0'emon f jzpfay: vmvwfaomf tvGeyf al om x,fomG ;udk cEmud,
k \
f
twGi;f odYk oGi;f vdu
k b
f o
d uJo
h v
Ykd nf;aumif; jrufr;D S L ;jzifh cEmud,
k \
f jyifbufu avmifNrKd uaf y;vdu
k f
ouJhodkYvnf;aumif; jzpfay:vm\/ / t'kurokc = Oayuma0'emwdkYonf qdktyfcJhNyD;onfhtwdkif;
Nidrfoufukefonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; rGefjrwfukefonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; okckr
jzpfukef\ = odrfarGUukef\/
t[dwfukov0dyguf okco[*kwf um,0dnmPfESifh ,SOfaom um,du okca0'emonf
wpfenf; qd&k aomf okca0'emESihf wuGaom ,if; okco[*kwf um,0dnmPf pdwaf pwoduf w&m;pkonf pdwZkyfudk rjzpfapEdkifay/ odkYaomf -----OyjAL[dwmeH "mwleH yp,bma0e okcg acgabwd 0dAm"dwmeH yp,bma0e 'kum p/
(rlv#D-2-13/)
um,duokcjzpfaomtcg aemufaemufpdwfrsm;u "mwfBuD;av;yg;udk wdk;yGm;apEdkif\ = rsm;pGm
jzpfapEdkif\? xdkYaMumifh okca0'emonf "mwfBuD;av;yg; wdk;yGm;jcif;\ t&if;cHjzpfonf/ xdkokcudk
taMumif;jyK pdwZ kyjf zpfaom "mwfBu;D av;yg; wd;k yGm;vmaomtcg cEmud,
k &f Sd kyrf sm;onf e*dt
k wdik ;f
rNidrfoufbJ vIyf&Sm;vm&onf? Oyrm --- y&dowftwGif; vlwdk;vmaomtcg y&dowf rNidrfoufouJo
h w
Ykd nf;/ um,du'kuu
kd taMumif;jyK emusiaf omtcgvnf; pdwZ ky"f mwfrsm;onf enf;wlyif
rNidrfrouf vIyfvSufonfyifwnf;/ (rlv#D-2-13/)
3/ yk*dKvf\ tpGrf;jzifh MoVm&du okckr jzpfykH

wpfzef yk*dKvf\ tpGrf;jzifh ormywfr0ifpm;aom yk*dKvf\ a0'emonf tmkHtrsKd;rsKd; ysHUvGifhonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ormywf0ifpm;aom yk*dKvf\ a0'ematmuf MoVm&dujzpf\ = kefY&if;\/
ajymif;jyeftm;jzifh ormywf0ifpm;aom yk*Kd v\
f a0'emonf ormywfr0ifpm;aom yk*Kd v\
f a0'emxuf okckrjzpf\ = odrfarGU\/ odkYvQif yk*dKvf\ tpGrf;jzifh MoVm&du okckrjzpfykHudk od&dSygav/
(0dok'd-2-105/ tbd-|-2-13-14/)
ormywf0ifpm;aom yk*dKvf\ a0'emonf avmuDpsmeformywfjzpfvQifvnf; rdrd tmkHjyKonfh
tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftmkH odkYr[kwf uodkPf;y#dbm*edrdwftmkHponfh tmkHwpfckwnf;om
vSnfhvnfjzpfay:ae\? avmukw&mormywfjzpfvQifvnf; tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAmefwnf;
38
[laom tmkw
H pfcw
k nf;om vSnv
hf nfjzpfay:ae\? xdaYk Mumifo
h rmywf0ifpm;aom yk*Kd v\
f a0'emonf ormywfr0ifpm;aom yk*dKvf\ a0'emxuf okckrjzpf\ = odrfarGU\/ (tbd-|-2-14/)
4/ avmuD avmukw&m\ tpGrf;jzifh MoVm&du okckr jzpfykH

wpfzef avmuD avmukw& m\tpGr;f jzifh tmoa0gw&m;av;yg;wd\
Yk tmkHjzpfaom a0'emonf
avmud,rnf\? xdkavmuDa0'emonf tmoa0gw&m; (avmb 'd|d arm[) jzpfjcif;\ taMumif;
jzpfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; MoCav;yg;wdkYonf tmkHjyK vTrf;rdk;tyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; a,m*av;yg;wdo
Yk nf tmkjH yK vTr;f rd;k tyfonf\tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif; tmk\
H tjzpfjzifh
jzpfwwfonfjzpf tmkEH iS phf w
d u
f dk xk;H zJUG xm;wwfuek af om (avmb 'd|d a'go) *Ew&m;wd\
Yk tpD;tyGm;
jzpfaomaMumifh vnf;aumif; eD0&Pw&m;wdkYonf tmkHjyKaomtm;jzifh ajr;,Suf ydwfzkH;tyfonf\
tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif; = eD0&Pw&m;wd\
Yk tpD;tyGm; jzpfjcif;aMumifv
h nf;aumif; Oyg'gefw&m;wd\
Yk
tpD;tyGm;jzpfjcif;aMumifv
h nf;aumif; ylyefapwwf ESyd pf ufwwfaom udavomudk &jcif;iSm xdu
k o
f nf\
tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; ykxkZefyk*dKvfwdkYtm; qufqHonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; temo0
a0'ematmuf MoVm&du jzpf\ = kefY&if;\/ temo0a0'em[lonf avmukw&mpdwfESifh ,SOfaom
a0'emwnf;/ xdt
k emo0a0'emonf ajymif;jyeftm;jzifh tmo0a0'emxuf okcrk jzpf\ = odraf rGU\/
odkYvsif avmuD avmukw&m\ tpGrf;jzifh MoVm&du okckr jzpfykHudk od&dSygav/ (0dok'd-2-105/)
xdkqdktyfcJhNyD;aom MoVm&du okckrtjzpf ZmwfponfwdkY\ tpGrf;jzifh a&m,SufIyfaxG;rIudk
a&Smif&Sm;oifhayonf/ xif&Sm;aptHh ---tukov0dyguf um,0dnmPfESifh ,SOfaom 'kua0'emonf 0dyguftAsmuww&m; jzpfjcif;aMumifh Zmwf\tpGrf;jzifh okckrjzpfaomfvnf; obm0 yk*v avmud,wdkY\ tpGrf;jzifh MoVm&du
jzpfjyef\/ rSefayonf ---tAsmuwm a0'em okckrm? 'kum a0'em MoVm&dum? ormyE a0'em okckrm/ tormyE a0'em MoVm&dum/ omo0g a0'em MoVm&dum/ temo0g a0'em okckrm/ (tbd-2-4/)
tAsmuwa0'emonf okckr jzpf\? 'kua0'emonf MoVm&du jzpf\/ ormywf0ifpm;aom
yk*dKvf\ a0'emonf okckr jzpf\? ormywfr0ifpm;aom yk*dKvf\ a0'emonf MoVm&du jzpf\/
tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tmkH jzpfaom omo0a0'em = avmuDa0'emonf MoVm&du jzpf\? tmoa0g
w&m;wdkY\ tmkHr[kwfaom temo0a0'em = avmukw&ma0'emonf okckrjzpf\/ (tbd-2-4/)
odkYvQif pum;awmfudk bk&m;&Sifonf a[mMum;xm;awmfrltyfcJhavNyD/
wpfzef 'kua0'emonf Zmwd = Zmwftm;jzifh 0dyguftAsmuwZmwfjzpf okckr jzpfjim;
aomfvnf; obm0ponfwdkY\ tpGrf;jzifh MoVm&dujzpfouJhodkY twl tukodkvf okca0'em =
aomrea0'emonf tukodkvfZmwfjzpf Zmwd = Zmwf\tpGrf;jzifh MoVm&dujzpf\/ obm0\
tpGrf;jzifhum; okckrjzpf\/ ukodkvfpsmefESifh twlwuGjzpfaom okca0'em = aomrea0'emonf
39
ukov
kd Zf mwfjzpf Zmwf\tpGr;f jzifh MoVm&dujzpf\/ psmeformywfukd 0ifpm;aom yk*Kd v\
f psmeformywfESifh ,SOfaomokc = aomrea0'emwdkYum; yk*dKvf\tpGrf;jzifh okckrjzpfukef\/ odkYvQif okc
= aomrepaom a0'emwdkYonfvnf; Zmwf\ tpGrf;jzifh MoVm&du jzpfukefaomfvnf; obm0
yk*vponfwdkY\ tpGrf;jzifh okckrjzpfukef\/ (0dok'd-2-105/ r[m#D-2-160/)
xdaYk Mumifh tMuiftjcif;t&mtm;jzifh Zmwfponfw\
Ykd tpGr;f jzifh a&m,Suf yI af xG;jcif;onf rjzpf?
xdktjcif;t&mtm;jzifh a0'emwdkY\ MoVm&du okckrtjzpfudk od&dStyfay\/ a&m,Suf IyfaxG;jcif;
rjzpfaom tjcif;t&monf tb,fenf;/ ---tAsmuwa0'emonf Zmwd\tpGrf;jzifh ukodkvfa0'em tukodkvfa0'emwdkYxuf okckrjzpf\?
xdt
k Asmuwa0'emonf Zmwd\tpGr;f jzifh ukov
kd af 0'em tukov
kd af 0'emwdx
Yk uf okcrk jzpf\[laom
pum;&yf ---1/ tb,ftAsmuwa0'emenf;?
2/ 'kua0'emavm?
3/ okca0'emavm?
4/ ormywf0ifpm;aom yk*dKvf\ a0'emavm?
5/ ormywfr0ifpm;aom yk*dKvf\ a0'emavm?
6/ omo0 a0'emavm?
7/ temo0 a0'emavm ---odkYvQif ,if; tAsmuwa0'em\ obm0 yk*vpaom tjym;udk = trsKd;tpm;udk rokH;oyfoifhay = rqef;ppfoifhay/
1/
2/
3/
4/
Zmwd
obm0
yk*v
omo0-temo0 = avmud,-avmukw&m ---av;rsKd;aom aum|mowdkYudk tcsif;csif; ra&maESm ra&m,SufonfwdkYudkomvQif jyK ,ltyfukef\/ odkYaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh a&m,Sufjcif;udk a&SmifvJTjcif;onf jzpf\/ tjcm;wpfyg;aom
tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh a&SmifvjTJ cif;onf rjzpf/ odaYk om teuft"dyg ,fukd Tejf y\/ tAsmuwa0'em
udk t&if;cHjyKojzifh Tefjyxm;ouJhodkY tvm;wlyif ukodkvfa0'em tukodkvfa0'emudk tOD;rlojzifh
vnf; Tefjytyfay\/ onfrQomruao; Zmwdudk t&if;cHjyKojzifh TefjytyfouJhodkY obm0 yk*v
ponfwdkYudk t&if;cHjyKojzifhvnf; Tefjyoifhay\/ (0dok'd-2-105-106/ r[m#D-2-160-161/)
tcsif;csif; axmufq axmufq MoVm&du okckr ,lykH

wpfenf;vnf; xdkxdka0'emudk axmufq axmufq a0'emudk MoVm&dujzpfonf odkYr[kwf
okckrjzpfonf[k rSwfom;yg/ odkY a[mMum;awmfrlaomaMumifh tukova0'emponfwdkYwGifvnf;
avmbESifh twlwuG jzpfaom avmbo[*kwfa0'ematmuf a'goESifh twlwuG jzpfaom a'go
40
o[*kwfa0'emonf rD;uJhodkY rdrd\rSD&m [',0wKudk avmifwwfaomaMumifh wpfenf;qdkaomf rdrd\

rSD&mcEmudk avmifwwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh MoVm&du rnf\/ avmbo[*kwf a0'emonf a'go
o[*kwfa0'emxuf odrfarGU\ okckr jzpf\/ (0dok'd-2-106/)
a'goESihf twlwuGjzpfaom a'goo[*kwaf 0'emonfvnf; trduo
kd wfjcif; tzudo
k wfjcif;
&[Emyk*Kd vt
f m; owfjcif; bk&m;&Sit
f m; aoG;pdr;f wnfapjcif; oHCmoif;cJjG cif;wnf;[laom aoonf\
tjcm;rJh tyg,fav;bkH tusKd;ay;jrJaom tvGefav;vHaom tmeE&d,uHtjzpfodkY a&mufaom
rdpw
e ,
d wa0'emonf MoVm&du jzpf\? ted,wjzpfaomtusK;d ay; ude;f aorjraJ om a'goo[*kwf
a0'emonf okckrjzpf\/ tmeE&d,tjzpfodkY a&mufaom rdpwed,w a'goo[*kwf a0'emonfvnf; urmywfvkH; i&J wnfaumif;aom 0dyguftusKd;&Sdaom a0'emonf MoVm&du jzpf\/ urmywfvkH; i&J wnfaumif;aom 0dyguftusKd;r&Sdaom = uy|dwdu r[kwfaom tmeE&d,uHtjzpfodkY
a&mufaom rdpw
e ,
d w a'goo[*kwaf 0'emonf okcrk jzpf\/ (t&Siaf '0'wf\ tmeE&,
d uHum;
uy|dwdu a'goo[*kwfa0'emESifh,SOf\/ tZmwowf\ tmeE&d,uHum; uy|dwdur[kwfaom
a'goo[*kwfa0'emESifh ,SOf\ ---- odkY ponfjzifh oabmaygufyg/) (0dok'd-2-106/)
uy|w
d u
d a'goo[*kwaf 0'emwdw
Yk iG v
f nf; tocFg&du a'goo[*kwaf 0'emonf MoVm&du
jzpf\? oocFg&du a'goo[*kwfa0'emonf okckr jzpf\/ (0dok'd-2-106/)
wpfzef avmbo[*kwfa0'emonf 'd|d*wor,kwfjzpfrl MoVm&du jzpf\? 'd|d*w0dy,kwf
a0'emonf okcrk jzpf\/ xdk 'd|*d wor,w
k af 0'emonfvnf; ed,wrdpm 'd|d jzpft?hH MoVm&du jzpf\/
ed,wrdpm'd|d rjzpftHh (= ed,wrdpm'd|dESifhr,SOfaom avmbo[*kwfa0'em jzpftHh) okckr jzpf\/
ed,wrdpm 'd|Ed iS hf ,SOaf om 'd|*d wor,w
k af 0'emonfvnf; uy|w
d u
d a0'emonf MoVm&du jzpf\?
uy|dwdu r[kwfaom 'd|d*wor,kwfa0'emonf okckr jzpf\/ uy|dwdua0'emwdkYwGifvnf;
tocFg&dua0'emonf MoVm&du jzpf\? oocFg&dua0'emonf okckr jzpf\/ (0dok'd-2-106/)
avmbo[*kwf a'goo[*kwf[k rcGJbJ omreftm;jzifhum; tukodkvfa0'emonf rsm;aom
tusKd;&dSrl MoVm&du jzpf\/ tusKd;enf;rl okckr jzpf\/ wpfzef ukodkvfa0'emonf tusKd;enf;rl
MoVm&du jzpf\/ tusKd;rsm;rl okckr jzpf\/ (0dok'd-2-106/)
wpfenf; MoVm&du okckr cJGyHk

wpfenf;vnf; umrm0p& ukodkvfa0'emonf MoVm&dujzpf\? lyg0p& ukokdvfa0'emonf
okcrk jzpf\/ xdk lyg0p& ukov
kd af 0'emxuf tlyg0p& ukov
kd af 0'emonf okcrk jzpf\/ xdt
k lyg0p&
ukodkvfa0'emxuf avmukw&m ukodkvfa0'emonf okckrjzpf\/
qufqdkOD;tHh? ---- 'gejzpfaom umrm0p&ukodkvfa0'emonf MoVm&dujzpf\? oDvjzpfaom
umrm0p& ukov
kd af 0'emonf okcrk jzpf\/ xdo
k v
D jzpfaom umrm0p&ukov
kd f a0'emxuf bm0em
jzpfaom umrm0p&ukodkvfa0'emonf okckrjzpf\/ bm0emjzpfaom umrm0p&ukodkvf a0'emonfvnf; 'd[
G w
d jf zpfrl MoVm&dujzpf\? wd[w
d jf zpfrl okcrk jzpf\/ bm0emjzpfaom wd[w
d f umrm0p&
ukodkvfa0'emonfvnf; oocFg&dujzpfrl MoVm&dujzpf\? tocFg&dujzpfrl okckrjzpf\/
41
1/
2/
3/
4/
wpfzef ---yxrpsmef
'kwd,psmef
'kwd,psmef
wwd,psmef
wwd,psmef
pwkwpsmef
pwkwpsmef
yrpsmef
,SOfaom lyg0p&ukodkvfa0'emonf MoVm&du

,SOfaom lyg0p&ukodkvfa0'emonf okckr?
,SOfaom lyg0p&ukodkvfa0'emonf okckrwnf;/
wpfzef tlyg0p&jzpfaom ---1/ tmumomem,wepsmef ,SOfaom a0'emonf MoVm&du

0dnmPm,wepsmef ,SOfaom a0'emonf okckr?
2/ 0dnmPm,wepsmef ,SOfaom a0'emonf MoVm&du
tmudnm,wepsmef ,SOfaom a0'emonf okckr?
3/ tmudnm,wepsmef ,SOfaom a0'emonf MoVm&du
ae0onmemonm,wepsmef ,SOfaom a0'emonf okckrwnf;/
wpfzef avmukw&mjzpfaom --1/ aomwywdr*f ,SOfaom a0'emonf MoVm&du
ou'g*grdr*f ,SOfaom a0'emonf okckr?
2/ ou'g*grdr*f ,SOfaom a0'emonf MoVm&du
tem*grdr*f ,SOfaom a0'emonf okckr?
3/ tem*grdr*f ,SOfaom a0'emonf MoVm&du
t&[wr*f ,SOfaom a0'emonf okckrwnf;/
xdkxdkbkHjzpfaom 0dygufa0'em Bud,ma0'emwdkYvnf;aumif; 'kuponf tormyEponf
(= ormywfr0ifpm;aom yk*dKvf\ a0'emponf) omo0ponfwdkY\ zGifhqdktyfcJhNyD;aom a0'emwdkY
vnf;aumif; enf;udk rSwfom;ygav/ (0dok'd-2-106/)
Moumo\ tpGrf;tm;jzifhvnf; i&Jjzpfaom 'kua0'emonf MoVm&dujzpf\/ wd&pmefbkH
jzpfaom 'kua0'emonf okckrjzpf\/ y / y&edrdw0o0wd ewfbkHwdkY jzpfaom 'kua0'emonf
okckromwnf;/ / 'kua0'emudk ,SOftyfouJhodkYvnf; tvm;wlyif okca0'emudkvnf; tvkH;pkHaom
bkw
H Ykd xdu
k o
f nft
h m;avsmpf mG ,SOaf pxdu
k \
f / / a0'em\ jzpf&mwnf&m tmkHjzpfaom 0wKtm;jzifv
h nf;
,kwaf om0wKukd tmkjH yKjzpfaom trSwrf &daS om a0'emonf MoVm&durnf\/ rGejf rwfaom 0wKukd
tmkHjyK jzpfaom trSwfr&dSaom a0'emonf okckr rnf\/ (0dok'd-2-106/)
42

[De-yPDw = t,kwf tjrwf uJGjym;rI tMuif a0'emonf MoVm&dujzpf\? xdk a0'emonf
[Dejzpf\/ tMuif a0'emonfum; okcrk jzpf\? xdk a0'emonfum; yPDwjzpf\? rGejf rwf\/ odv
Yk Qif
[De = t,kwf yPDw = tjrwf jzpfykHudk rSwfom;ygav/ (0dok'd-2-106/)

tukodkvfa0'emonf Zmwfpaomtm;jzifh rwlaom aum|mo = tzdkYtpk&dSonf\ tjzpfjzifh
vnf;aumif; qif;&Jaom tusK;d w&m;udjk zpfapjcif; paomtm;jzifh rwlaomudp& o
Sd nf\tjzpf[al om
rES;D aESmaomtm;jzifv
h nf;aumif; rwlaomoabm&do
S nf\ tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif; ukova0'em
tAsmuwa0'emwdkYrS a0;\/ xdkYtwl ukokdvfa0'em tAsmuwa0'emwdkYonf tukodkvfa0'emrS
a0;ukef\/ MoVm&du okckruJGjym;rI qdktyfcJhNyD;aom enf;udkrSD;ojzifh zGifhqdktyfukefaom cyfodrf;aom 0g&wdkY <uif;aomenf;udk od&dSygav/ (0dok'd-2-107/)
wpfzef ---- tukodkvfa0'emonf Zmwfpaomtm;jzifh wlaom aum|mo = tzdkYtpk&dSonf\
tjzpfaMumihfvnf;aumif; qif;&Jaom tusKd;w&m;udk jzpfapjcif; paomtm;jzifh wlaomoabm &dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; tukodkvfa0'emESifh oEdu = eD;\/ um; a0'emuEm twdwf
ponf\tjzpfudk a0zef&m tus,fpum;t>rufwnf;/
xdx
k kd a0'emuEm ESihf ,SOu
f ek af om ---- onmuEm ocFg&uEm 0dnmPuEmwdkY\ twdwf
ponfudk cJGjcm;a0zef&m a0'emuEm qdkcJhaom tus,fpum;t>ruftwdkif;omvQif od&Sdygav/
(0dok'd-2-107/)
ocFg&uEm
apwemwd a[|draum#d,m y"meocFg&0aoe 0kwH/ a[|draum#d,m [d tEraom puK0dnmaPe o'd HygVd,H tm*wm pwma&m ocFg&m OyZEd/ awok apwem y"mem tm,l[ea|e
ygu#wm/ wom t,ar0 *[dwm/ wHor,kwocFg&m ye wm, *[dwm, *[dwm0 a[mEd/
(tbd-|-2-19/)
bk&m;&Sio
f nf 0dbif;ygVdawmf0,f ocFg&uEm udk a0zefa[mMum;awmfr&l m apwemwpfcu
k o
kd m
a0zefa[mMum;oGm;awmfr\
l / ,if;odYk a[mMum;awmfr&l m apwem[laom yk'u
f kd atmufxpfyikd ;f jcm;
t,kwfqkH; pdwKyg'f tydkif;tjcm;tm;jzifh y"mejzpfaom ocFg&w&m;udk jyawmfrlonf\ tpGrf;jzifh
bk&m;&Sio
f nf a[mMum;awmfrt
l yf\/ atmufxpfq;Hk pdwK yg 'f tydik ;f tjcm;tm;jzifh atmufxpfyikd ;f jcm;
t,kwq
f ;Hk tm;jzifh puK0n
d mPfEiS hf twltuG "ro*FPyD gVdawmf wdu
k f u
kd v
f mukeaf om z apwem
{u*wm ZD0dwdaÈ[laom av;rsKd;ukefaom ocFg&uEmw&m;wdkYonf jzpfMuukef\/ (reodum&onf
"ro*FPyD gVdawmf wdu
k f u
kd rf vm? a,0gyeu w&m;tjzpfjzifo
h mvmonf? a0'em onmum; oD;jcm;
cEmtjzpfjzifh EIwfNyD;wnf;/) xkdocFg&uEmw&m;pkwGif apwemum; jy"mef;\= y"mejzpf\/ tb,f43
aMumifeh nf; ---- apwem\ tm,l[e| = tm;xkwfonf\ tjzpf[laom teufoabmtm;jzifh

xif&Sm;onf\ tjzpfaMumifhwnf;/ xdkodkY y"mejzpfaomaMumifh apwemudkomvQif puKorZm
apwemponfjzifh apwemudo
k m acgif;wyf ocFg&uEm t&m ,lawmfro
l nf? xdo
k yYkd if apwemudo
k m
acgif;wyf a[mMum;awmfrt
l yfygaomfvnf; xdak pwemESihf or,w
k jf zpfaom ocFg&uEm apwoduf
w&m;pkwdkYudk xdkapwemudk ,ltyfNyD;aomf ,ltyfNyD;om jzpfukef\/ (tbd-|-2-19/)
tusKH;0ifEdkifykH
twdwf tem*wf ypKyef umvokH;yg; tZw A[d' oEmefESpfyg;twGif; wnf&dSaom kyfa0'em-onm-ocFg&-0dnmPfwu
Ykd kd twdwt
f qufqufro
S nf ypKye ?f ypKye rf o
S nf tem*wfq;Hk onfh
wdkifatmif odrf;qnf;vsuf 0dyem IyGm;okH;oyfEdkifygrl txufyg &Sif;vif;csufrsm;t& MoVm&duokckr-[De-yPDw-'l&-oEdu [laom cEmig;yg;wdkYonfvnf; tusKH;0ifoGm;NyDjzpfonfudk vufcHEdkifzG,f&m&dSayonf/ MoVm&du-okckr-[De-yPDw-'l&-oEdu [laom cEmig;yg;wdkYrS tvGwfjzpfaom
cEmig;yg;wdkYum; r&dSpaumif;onfomwnf;/ tusKH;0ifrIudk vufcHEdkifygvQif ,H udd lyH twDwmem*wypKyEH ponfjzifh a[mMum;xm;awmfrlaom awy&d0"r a'oemawmfrsm;\ t"dyg,fudk
atmufygtwdkif;vnf; ,lqEdkifayonf/ ---kyf-a0'em-onm-ocFg&-0dnmPf[laom Oyg'geuEm (5)yg;onf ---1/ twdwfyif jzpfap
2/ tem*wfyif jzpfap
3/ ypKyefyif jzpfap
4/ tZwyif jzpfap
5/ A[d'yif jzpfap
6/ MoVm&duyif jzpfap
7/ okckryif jzpfap
8/ [Deyif jzpfap
9/ yPDwyif jzpfap
10/ 'l&yif jzpfap
11/ oEduyif jzpfap ---,if;tvkH;pkHaom kyf a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPf[laom Oyg'geuEmig;yg;tm;vkH;udk ---aewH rr? aeaom[rod? e araom twm [k ---= igh[m r[kwf? ig r[kwf? ig\tw r[kwf [k ---= tedp[k 'ku[k tew [k ---razmufrjyef [kww
f ;kH kycf J emrfw;Hk emrfcJ NzKd caGJ zmufxiG ;f 0dyemPftvif;jzifh
Iyg/ odkY qdkvdk&if;jzpfonfudk oabmusav&monf/
44
emrfcEm av;yg;
wpfzef txufyg MoVm&du okckr [De yPDw 'l& oEdu cJGjcm;owfrSwfykHrsm;udk jyefvnf
tmkH,lMunfhyg/ emrfcEmav;yg;udk cJGjcm;owfrSwf&m ud&d,mtAsmuwaZmrsm;ESifh avmukw&m
aZmrsm;vnf; yg0ifae\/ ykxZk ef a,m*Dtqifw
h iG o
f m &daS eao;aom toifoal wmfaumif;\ oEmef
Bud,mtAsmuwaZmrsm;rSm jzpfEdkifcGifhr&dSao; csefvSyfxm;yg/ avmukw&maZmrsm;rSmvnf; 0dyemPf\ tIcHtmkH r[kwf csefvSyfxm;yg/ emrfur|mef;ydkif;Z,m;rsm;wGif wifjycJhonfhtwdkif;
ukodkvfaZmrsm; apmonfh aZm0Dxdrsm; tukodkvfaZmrsm; apmonfh aZm0Dxdrsm;udk (6)vdkif;vkH;0,f
ukepf ifatmif odr;f qnf;vsuf 0dyem IymG ;ok;H oyfEikd yf gu MoVm&du-okcrk ? [De-yPDw? 'l&-oEu
d
emrfcEmav;yg;wdkYvnf; tusKH;0ifoGm;NyD; 0dyemIyGm;NyD; jzpfonfudkvnf; oabmusav&monf/
twdwf tem*wf ypKyef umvokH;yg; tZw A[d' oEmefESpfyg;vkH; jzpfNyD; jzpfqJ jzpfvwHU kyfemrf
rSeo
f rQukd jcKH i
Hk (trsK;d tpm; ukepf ifatmif) cyfpyd pf yd f odr;f qnf;vsuf 0dyem IymG ; ok;H oyfEikd v
f Qi-f
vnf; MoVm&du-okckr? [De-yPDw? 'l&-oEdu cEmig;yg; kyfemrfw&m;tm;vkH; tusKH;0ifoGm;NyD;
jzpfonfudkvnf; oabmusav&monf/
lyuEm cJG IykH

tu,f toifolawmfaumif;onf tbd"rmtajccHynm tawmftoifh uRrf;usifvdrmol
qnf;yl;avhvmxm;NyD;ol a,m*Dolawmfaumif;jzpf MoVm&du-okckr? [De-yPDw? 'l&-oEdu
cEmig;yg;wdkYudk 0dok'dr*t|uxm (2-244-245/)paom t|uxmBuD;rsm;\ owfrSwfcsuftwdkif;
cEmwpfyg; wpfyg;pD (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh 0dyem IyGm;vdkcJhaomf IEdkifygonf/
1/ twdwf ---toifa,m*Doal wmfaumif;onf odr;f qnf;&Edik o
f rQ twdwb
f 0rsm;pGmwdw
Yk iG f tpGeq
f ;Hk twdwf
b0rSp (Oyrm 9-ckajrmuftwdwfb0 odkYr[kwf 5-ckajrmuftwdwfb0rSp) kyfw&m;rsm;\ xdkxdk
cP xdx
k t
kd wdwb
f 0rSmyif jzpfNy;D aemuf ukeu
f ek af ysmufaysmufomG ;onfo
h abmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmif
Munfh tedp tedp[k Iyg/ xdkodkYI&m xdkxdkkyfw&m;\ xdkxdkcP xdkxdkb0rSmyif jzpfNyD;aemuf
ukefukef aysmufaysmufoGm;rI cPwpfckrS cPwpfckodkY b0wpfckrS b0wpfckodkY ajymif;a&TUjzpfdk; r&dSrI
oabmudu
k m; toifoal wmfaumif;\ 0dyemPfwiG f xifxifvif;vif;Bu;D jrifaeatmif BuKd ;pm;
Iyg/ tydkif;wGifum; b0wpfckrS kyfw&m;rsm; b0wpfckodkY ajymif;a&TUrI r&dSykHudk OD;pm;ay; Iyg/
2/ ypKyef ---3/ tem*wfkyfwdkY tem*wftqufquf qkH;onfhwdkifatmif enf;wlIyg/
4/ tZwkyf ---5/ A[d'kyfw&m;wdkYudkvnf; xdkxkdcP xdkxdkoEmefom jzpfNyD;aemuf ukefukefaysmufaysmuf
oGm;onfhoabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh tZwoEmefrS A[d'oEmefodkY A[d'oEmefrS tZw
oEmefodkY ajymif;a&TUrjzpfonfudk Pfjzifh jrifatmif Munfh Iyg/ A[d'I&m teD;rSonf ta0;odkY
wpfpwpfp wdk;csJU (31)bkHudk pGrf;Edkifygu teEpMu0Vmudk jcHKikH IEdkifonfhwdkifatmif avhusifhyg/
45
6/ MoVm&dukyf
7/ okckrkyf
8/ [Dekyf
9/ yPDwkyf
10/ 'l&kyf
11/ oEdukyfwdkYudkvnf; ---umvokH;yg; oEmefESpfyg; twGif; txufwGif azmfjycJhaom cJGjcm;owfrSwfykHtwdkif; MoVm&du
kyfudk wpfykH okckrkyfudk wpfykH odkYponfjzifh wpfykHpD wpfykHpD ykH xdkxdk kyfw&m;wdkY\ xdkxdk cP
jzpfNy;D aemuf ukeu
f ek f aysmufaysmuf oGm;rIoabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunf
h tedp tedp[
k wGiw
f iG f
Iaeyg/ tedpv
uPm,mOfwif Ionfyh pHk t
H wdik ;f 'kuv
uPm,mOfwifvnf; Iyg? tewvuPm,mOfwifvnf; Iyg/
xdkodkY I&m twdwfypKyeftem*wf umvokH;yg;udk rlvxm; tZw A[d' MoVm&du okckr
[De yPDw 'l& oEduwdkYudk rlvDoGwf I&efjzpfonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm ---1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
twdwfkyf = twdwflyuEmvnf; ---tZwkyf

A[d'kyf
MoVm&dukyf
okckrkyf
[Dekyf
yPDwkyf
'l&kyf
oEdukyfwdkYukd 0dyemI&ef jzpfonf/
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
wpfzef twdwf tZwkyfvnf; ---MoVm&dukyf

okckrkyf
[Dekyf
yPDwkyf
'l&kyf
oEdukyf [k (6)rsKd; cJG Iyg/
tvm;wlyif twdwfA[d'kyfvnf; (6)rsKd;yifcJG Iyg/ twdwftZwkyf twdwfA[d'kyf

(6)rsKd;pD cJGIouJhodkY tvm;wlyif ypKyeftZwkyf ypKyefA[d'kyf tem*wftZwkyf tem*wf
A[d' yk w
f Ykd vnf; (6)rsK;d pDyif cJ
G Iyg/ a0'emuEm ponfh emrfcEmwdYk vnf; enf;rD;S ykpH w
H yl ifyI g/
twdwfyJjzpfjzpf ypKyefyJjzpfjzpf tem*wfyJjzpfjzpf tZwyJjzpfjzpf A[d'yJjzpfjzpf MoVm&duyJ
jzpfjzpf okckryJjzpfjzpf [DeyJjzpfjzpf yPDwyJjzpfjzpf 'l&yJjzpfjzpf oEduyJjzpfjzpf (11)rsKd;aom
46
tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom ky-f a0'em-onm-ocFg&-0dnmPf[al om cEmig;yg;wdu

Yk kd cEmwpfyg;pD
wpfyg;pD jcKH i
Hk twdwrf o
S nf tem*wfq;Hk onfw
h ikd af tmif wd;k vQKad yguf vuPma&;ok;H wef wpfvn
S phf D
wif 0dyemIEdkifyguvnf; om0uyg&rDPft&m vkHavmufonfyif jzpfonf[k usrf;u
vufcHvsufyif &dSygonf/ ,H udd ork',"rH? oAH wH eda&m""rH = jzpfaomw&m; rSeforQ tm;vkH;
ysu\
f [k awblru ocFg&w&m;tm;vk;H udk jcKH aI om Iuu
G u
f kd axmufyg/ (oH-3-397/) (ud Hokaumyr
okwef/) awblru ur|medu &[Emrax&fjrwfBuD;\ IuGuf jzpfonf/
vuP00wme 0g& = tedporoe 'kuoroe teworoe

odkYvQif twdwf tem*wf ypKyef tZw A[d' MoVm&du okckr [De yPDw 'l&
oEdu[laom (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifhjym;aom kyfw&m;udk 0dyemPfjzifh okH;oyfIyGm;jcif;aMumifh (11)rsKd;tjym;&dSonfvnf; jzpfaom tvkH;pkHaom oroeonf tedpH c,a|e= ,if;
kyfw&m;\ jzpfNyD;aemuf ukefukefaysmufaysmufoGm;jcif;aMumifh tedp[laom wpfckaom tjcif;t&m
tm;jzifh jzpfaom oroe\tpGrf;jzifh tedp[laom wpfckaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh okH;oyfjcif;udk
taMumif;jyK wpfckaom oroe rnf\/ tedp[k wpfckaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh okH;oyfjcif;udk
taMumif;jyK wpfckaom oroe rnfaomfvnf; twdwfpaom wnf&m Moumo tjym;tm;jzifh
(11)rsKd; tjym;&dSayonf/ (0dok'd-2-245/)
wpfzef tvkH;pkHomvQif jzpfaom xdk (11)rsKd; tjym;&dSonfvnf; jzpfaom kyfonf b,| =
aMumuftyfaomoabm &dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifh 'kurnf\[k okH;oyfIyGm;\ = 'ku 'ku[k I\/
b,|-[lonfum; aMumuftyfaom teufoabm&dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifh[k qdkvdk\/ rSefayonf -tMuifkyfonf jzpfNyD;vQif ysufwwfonfh rjrJaom tedpoabm &dS\? xdktedpjzpfaom kyfonf
aMumufrufz,
G af b;udk aqmifwwf\/ tb,fow
l t
Ykd m; aMumufrufjcif;udk jzpfapouJo
h eYkd nf;[lru
l m;
oDa[myrokwefudk bk&m;&Sifonf a[mMum;awmfrltyfonf&dSaomf touf&SnfMuaom ewfjA[mwdkYtm; aMumuf&GHUxdwfvefYjcif;onf jzpfouJhodkYwnf;/ ----
oDa[myrokwef
&[ef;wdkY ...om;wdkYoeif; auo&mZmjcaoFhrif;onf ncsrf;tcg ae&mrSxGuf pr,fNyD;vQif
xuf0ef;usift&yfav;rsufESmwdkYudk Munfh okH;Budrfwdkifwdkif jcaoFhoHudk a[mufvsuf usufpm;&m
t&yfodkYoGm;\? &[ef;wdkY om;wdkYoeif; jcaoFhrif;\a[mufoHudk Mum;&aom wd& pmefow0g tm;vkH;wdo
Yk nf rsm;aomtm;jzifh xdwjf cif; vefjY cif;odYk a&mufuek \
f / wGi;f aeow0gwdo
Yk nf wGi;f odYk 0ifuek \
f ?
a&aeow0gwdkYonf a&odkY 0ifukef\? awmaeow0gwdkYonf awmodkY 0ifukef\? iSufwdkYonf aumif;uifodkY ysHukef\? &[ef;wdkY &Gmed*kH;rif;aejynfwdkY cdkifcHhaom BudK;wdkYjzifh csnfxm;tyfukefaom rif;wdkY\
qifwaYkd omfrv
S nf; xdBk uKd ;wdu
Yk kd jzwfuek v
f suf csK;d zJNh y;D vQif aMumufojzifh usiif ,fusiBf u;D wdu
Yk kd pGeMYf uum
xdkrS rS ajy;oGm;ukef\? &[ef;wdkY om;wdkYoeif; jcaoFhrif;onf wd& pmefow0gwdkYwGif odkY wefcdk;
BuD;\? odkY tpdk;&\? odkY tmEkabmfBuD;\/
47
&[ef;wdkY ...Oyrmtwlyif tMuiftcg vlewfjA[mow0gwdkY\ jrwfaomtvSL ylaZmf

txl;udk cH,al wmfrx
l u
kd af om t&[H*P
k af wmf tvk;H pkaH om w&m;wdu
Yk kd ud,
k w
f ikd rf eS pf mG odawmfral om
ormorK'* P
k af wmf todPf = 0dZm tusihf = p&PESihf jynfph aHk wmfral om 0dZm p&PorE* P
k af wmf
aumif;aompum;udk qdkawmfrlwwfaom ok*w*kPfawmf avmuudkodawmfrlaom avmu0d'l*kPfawmf qk;H rxdu
k o
f u
l kd qk;H rwwfonfh twkryhJ *k Kd vjf zpfawmfral om tEkwa &myk&o
d 'rom&xd*P
k af wmf
ewfvlwdkY\ q&mjzpfawmfrlaom owma'0rEkme*kPfawmf uRwfxdkufool a0ae,swdkYtm;
opmav;yg;w&m;wdkYudk odapawmfrlwwfaom Ak'*kPfawmf bkef;wefcdk; BuD;jrwfawmfrlaom b*0g
*kPaf wmf ---- odkY *kPfawmf (9)yg;ESifh jynfhpkHawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;onf avmu yGifhxGef;
ay:aygufawmfrlvm\/ xdkjrwfpGmbk&m;onf ---1/ um; kyfw&m;wnf;?
2/ um; kyfw&m;\ jzpfaMumif;oabmESifh jzpfjcif;oabmwnf;?
3/ um; kyfw&m;\ csKyfaMumif;oabmESifh csKyfjcif;oabmwnf;/
1/ um; a0'emwnf;?
2/ um; a0'em\ jzpfaMumif;oabmESifh jzpfjcif;oabmwnf;?
3/ um; a0'em\ csKyfaMumif;oabmESifh csKyfjcif;oabmwnf;/
1/ um; onmwnf;?
2/ um; onm\ jzpfaMumif;oabmESifh jzpfjcif;oabmwnf;?
3/ um; onm\ csKyfaMumif;oabmESifh csKyfjcif;oabmwnf;/
1/ onfwdkYum; ocFg&wdkYwnf;?
2/ um; ocFg&wdkY\ jzpfaMumif;oabmESifh jzpfjcif;oabmwnf;?
3/ um; ocFg&wdkY\ csKyfaMumif;oabmESifh csKyfjcif;oabmwnf;/
1/ um; 0dnmPfwnf;?
2/ um; 0dnmPf\ jzpfaMumif;oabmESifh jzpfjcif;oabmwnf;?
3/ um; 0dnmPf\ csKyfaMumif;oabmESifh csKyfjcif;oabmwnf;/
odv
Yk Qif w&m;awmfukd a[mMum;awmfr\
l / &[ef;wdYk ...xdt
k cg touf&n
S u
f ek af om tqif;
vSukefaom csrf;omrsm;ukefaom jrifhaomAdrmefwdkY MumjrifhpGmwnfukefaom ewfwdkYaomfrSvnf;
jrwfpGmbk&m;\ w&m;oHudk Mum;em& ---tcsi;f wdYk ...igwdo
Yk nf rjro
J w
l o
Ykd m jzpfuek v
f suf jrMJ uuke\
f [k xifrcd u
hJ ek \
f ? tcsi;f wdYk igwd-Yk
onf rcdik cf o
hH w
l o
Ykd m jzpfMuukev
f suf cdik cf u
hH ek \
f [k xifrcd u
hJ ek \
f ? tcsi;f wdYk igwdo
Yk nf rwnfwo
hH w
l o
Ykd m
jzpfMuukev
f suf wnfwu
hH ek \
f [k xifrcd u
hJ ek \
f / tcsi;f wdYk igwdo
Yk nfvnf; rjrMJ ubl;wJh rcdik cf MhH ubl;wJh
rwnfwHhMubl;wJh oum, tusKH;0ifukefowJh (= xif&Sm;&dSaom cEmig;yg; tusKH;0ifukefowJh)[k
trsm;tm;jzifh aMumufjcif; xdwjf cif; vefjY cif;odYk a&mufuek \
f / &[ef;wdYk ...jrwfpmG bk&m;onf ewfEiS hf
wuGaom avmu odYk wefc;kd Bu;D awmfr\
l / odYk tpd;k &awmfr\
l / odYk tmEkabmfBu;D jrwfawmfr\
l /
(oH-2-70/)
48
odkYvQif twdwfpaomtm;jzifh jym;aomkyfudk 'ku 'ku[k okH;oyfjcif;aMumifh (11)rsKd; tjym;

&dSonfvnf;jzpfaom tvkH;pkHaom oroeonfvnf; ---- 'kuH b,a|e = aMumufvefYzG,f teuf
oabmaMumifh 'ku[laom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh okH;oyfaom oroe\ tpGrf;jzifh 'ku[laom
tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh ok;H oyfjcif;udk taMumif;jyK wpfcak om oroe rnf\/ xdkoyYkd if rnfygaomfvnf;
twdwfpaom wnf&m Moumotm;jzifh (11)rsKd; jym;\/ (0dok'd-2-245/)
tvkH;pkHaomkyfonf 'kucsnf;omvQif jzpfouJhodkY twl tvkH;pkHvnf;jzpfaom xdkkyfonf
tewm tom&ua|e = tw[laom tESpfom& r&dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifh tewrnf\ = tew[k
okH;oyf\/ tom&ua|e--[lonfum; cEmig;yg;taygif;udak omfvnf;aumif; xdck Emig;yg;\ wpfpw
d f
wpfa'oudak omfvnf;aumif; tw0g'orm;wdu
Yk twaumif[k Muq
H tyf\? xdk twaumif[k Muq
H tyfaom xdck Emig;yg; taygif;onfvnf; tedpo
m rSe\
f ? 'kuo
m rSe\
f / odaYk omf tw0g'orm;wdu
Yk
,if;cEmig;yg;\ taygif;udk odkYr[kwf wpfpdwfwpfa'oudk ---1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
tw
ed0goD
um&u
a0'u
o,H0oD
= rysufpD;bJ tusdwftcJ tjrJwnfaeonfh twaumif[k

= cEmtdrfxJ tjrJaeavh&dSonfh ed0goD tw[k
= jyKvkyfzG,f rSeforQudk jyKvkyfwwfaom tw[k
= cHpm;zG,f okc'kurSeforQudk cHpm;wwfaom tw[k
= cEmtdrfudk rdrdtvdkodkY vdkufygapwwfaom tw[k ----
MuHqwwf\/ odkY tw0g'orm;wdkYu MuHqtyfaom tw[laom tESpfom&\ r&dSonf\

tjzpfaMumifh tedp 'kuj zpfaom cEmtaygif;onf tewrnf\/ rSeaf yonf ---- tMuif kyw
f &m;onf
tedpjzpf\? xdkkyfw&m;onf 'kuomwnf;/ xdk tedp 'kujzpfaom kyfonf rdrdkyfw&m;\aomfvnf;
tedp\
tjzpfuv
kd nf;aumif; jzpfjcif;ysujf cif; 'Pfcsujf zifh tnO;f yef; tEdyS pf ufc&H jcif; 'ku\
tjzpfukd
vnf;aumif; wm;jrpfjcif;iSm rpGrf;Edkif jzpf&wkHao;\/ xdktedpjzpfaom kyfw&m;\ jyKpD&ifwwfol
um&utp&daS om tjzpfonf tb,frmS vQif &dES ikd yf gtHeh nf;/ xdaYk Mumifh bk&m;&Sio
f nf odYk a[mMum;
xm;awmfr\
l / ---ly [d'H bdua0 twm tb0d? e,d'H lyH tmAm"m, oH0aw,s/
(oH-2-55 ---- tewvuPokwf/)
&[ef;wdkY ...kyfw&m;onfum; tu,f twom (ed0goD um&u a0'u o,H0oD
twom) jzpfbdygrlum; kyfw&m;onf nOf;yef;EdSyfpufjcif;iSm rjzpfav&m/ (oH-2-55/)
odv
Yk Qif twdwpf aomtm;jzifh jym;aomkyw
f &m;udk tew[k ok;H oyfjcif;aMumifh (11)yg; tjym;
&do
S nfvnf;jzpfaom oroeonfvnf; ---- tewm tom&ua|e = tw[laom tESpfom&
r&djS cif;aMumifh tew[k wpfcak om tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh ok;H oyfaom oroe\ tpGr;f jzifh tew[k
wpfckaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh okH;oyfjcif;udk taMumif;jyK wpfckaom oroe rnf\/ xdkodkYyif
jzpfaomfvnf; twdwfpaom wnf&m Moumo tjym;tm;jzifh (11)rsKd; jym;\/ a0'emuEm paom
emruEmav;yg;wdkY lyuEm qdktyfaomenf;udk aqmiftyfay\/ (0dok'd-2-246/)
49
1/ 'kuo[*kwf um,0dnmPfESifh,SOfaom um,du 'kua0'em a'goESifh,SOfaom a'gre =
apwodua0'emonf obm0tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; trnfemrtm;jzifhvnf;aumif; 'kutppf
jzpfaomaMumifh 'ku'ku rnf\/
2/ okca0'emonf azmufjyefysufpD;jcif;jzifh 'kujzpfjcif;\ taMumif;jzpfaomaMumifh 0dy&dPmr
'ku rnf\/
3/ Oayuma0'emonfvnf;aumif; a0'emokH;rsKd;rS <uif;ukefaom awblru = bkHokH;yg;twGif;
&dSaom ocFg&w&m;rSeforQonfvnf;aumif; jzpfjcif;ysufjcif; 'Pfcsufjzifh tjrJrjywf nOf;yef;
EdSyfpufcH&wwfonfh twGufaMumifh ocFg&'ku rnf\/ (0dok'd-2-130/)
wDok 'kuwmok ocFg&'kuwm0 AsmydeD ]],'edpH? wH 'ku}}Ed p t"daywmwd 0kwH ]]tedpwH 0g
O',A,y#dyDVeH 0g}}wd/ (r[m#D-2-392/)
'ku'ku 0dy&dPmr'ku ocFg&'ku[laom ,if;'kuwmokH;rsKd;wGif ocFg&'kuwm[laom ocFg&
'kuvuPmonfomvQif 'kuokH;rsKd;vkH;odkY ysHUESHUwnf\/ (qdkvkdonfrSm 'ku'ku 0dy&dPmr'ku
wdkYonfvnf; jzpfjcif;ysufjcif; 'Pfcsufjzifh tnOf;yef; tESdyfpufcH&onfom jzpfMu\? xdkYaMumifh ,if;
'kuE pS rf sK;d wdo
Yk nfvnf; ocFg&'ku[
al om trnfukd &&dES ikd o
f nfom jzpf\/ odaYk omf 'ku' u
k 0dy&dPmr
'ku[laom trnfxl;udk &&dSxm;aomaMumifhom ocFg&'ku[k rqdkjcif;jzpfonf? ocFg&'ku r[kwf
ocFg&'ku[k rqdkonfum; r[kwf? xdkYaMumifh ocFg&'kuwm[laom ocFg&'kuvuPmonfomvQif
'kuokH;rsKd;vkH;odkY ysHUESHU wnfay\ [lvdkonf/) ,'edpH? wH 'kuH = tMuifw&m;onf tedpwnf;?
xdkw&m;onf 'kuwnf; ---- odkYvnf; tvdk&dStyfonfomwnf;/ xdkYaMumifh ---tedpwH 0g O',A,yDVeH 0g 0ga&wkH e oaumwd/ (0dok'd-2-245/)
tMuifkyfw&m;onf tedpjzpf\? xdkkyfw&m;onf 'kuomwnf;? xdktedp'kujzpfaom kyfonf
rdrdkyfw&m;\aomfvnf; tedp\ tjzpfudkvnf;aumif; jzpfjcif;ysufjcif; 'Pfcsufjzifh tnOf;yef;
tEdSyfpufcH&jcif; 'ku\ tjzpfudkvnf;aumif; wm;jrpfjcif;iSm rpGrf;EdkifjzpfwkHao;\? xdktedpjzpfaom
kyfw&m;\ jyKpD&ifwwfol um&utp&dSaom tjzpfonf tb,frSmvQif &dSEdkifygtHhenf; ---- odkY
ponfjzifh t|uxmq&mawmfu zGifhqdkoGm;awmfrljcif;jzpf\/ (r[m#D-2-392/)
oroetjym;
lyuEm twdwt
f em*wf ponfjzihf cJjG cm;uJjG ym;rIukd rjyKbJ tedp[
k ok;H oyfrI 'ku[
k ok;H oyfrI
tew[k ok;H oyfru
I o
kd m ,lcahJ omf tab'tm;jzifh oroeok;H rsK;d jym;\/ tedpm EkyemPfpaom
tEkyemPfwdkY\ wnf&mMoumo tjym;tm;jzifhum; tedpmEkyemPf (11)rsKd; 'kumEkyemPf (11)rsKd; tewmEkyemPf (11)rsKd;pD jym;&um; lyuEm twdwftem*wf
paom tjym;tm;jzifh = ab'tm;jzifh (33)rsKd; jym;\/
1/ lyuEm tab'tm;jzifh (3) rsKd; ab'tm;jzifh (33) rsKd; jym;ouJhodkY tvm;wlyif ---50
2/
3/
4/
5/
a0'emuEm tab'tm;jzifh (3) rsKd; ab'tm;jzifh (33) rsKd;

onmuEm tab'tm;jzifh (3) rsKd; ab'tm;jzifh (33) rsKd;
ocFg&uEm tab'tm;jzifh (3) rsKd; ab'tm;jzifh (33) rsKd;
0dnmPuEm tab'tm;jzifh (3) rsKd; ab'tm;jzifh (33) rsKd; ---
odkY toD;toD; jym;onf[k rSwfyg/ tm;vkH;aygif;aomf oroe0g&aygif; (165)0g&wdkYudk

t|uxmq&mawmfu Tefjytyfukef\/ 'Gg&-qu ponfwdkYvnf; enf;rSD; odav/
(r[m#D-2-392-394/)
tedpmEkyem y&d,m,f
wpfzef tMuifkyfw&m;onf tedpwnf;? xdktedpjzpfaom kyfonf udef;ao{uefjrJaom ed,r
oabmtm;jzifh ocFwtjzpfpaom xl;jcm;rI 0daoo &dS\? xdkYaMumifh xdktedp\ y&d,m,fudk jyjcif;iSm
vnf;aumif; txl;xl;aom tjcif;t&mwdkYjzifh tedptjzpf tedpmEkyemPfudk wkd;yGm;apaom
ESvHk;oGif;rI\ jzpfykHtjcif;t&mudk Tefjyjcif;iSmvnf;aumif; ---lyH twDwmem*wypKyEH tedpH ocFwH y#dporkyEH c,"rH 0,"rH 0d&m*"rH eda&m""rH/
odkY paom ygVdawmfudk wpfzefa[mawmfrltyf\/ a0'emuEmponfwdkYvnf; enf;udk
aqmifxdkufay\/
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
tedpH
= jzpfNyD;vQif ysufjcif;oabm = r&dSjcif;oabm?
ocFwH
= taMumif;w&m;wdkYonf aygif;pk jyKjyifrS jzpfay:vm&aomoabm?
y#dporkyEH = taMumif;w&m;wdkYudk pJGrSD jzpfay:vm&aomoabm?
c,"rH
= ukefwwfaomoabm?
0,"rH
= ysufwwfaomoabm?
0d&m*"rH = ocFg&wdkY\ cPtm;jzifh ysufjcif;oabm?
(c,0d&ma*gwd ocFg&meH ba*Fg/) (0dok'd-1-282/)
7/ eda&m""rH = ocFg&wdkY\ cPtm;jzifh csKyfjcif;oabm ---,if; (7)yk'w
f w
Ykd iG f ----- c,"r 0,"r 0d&m*"r eda&m""r [laom (4)yk'fwdkYum; tedp\
y&d,m,fwdkYwnf;/ trSwf (1) jzpfaom tedpum; tedp\ y&d,m,fr[kwf? tedponfyif tedp\
y&d,m,fr[kwfaomaMumifhwnf;/ trSwf (2) ocFwyk'f trSwf (3) y#dporkyEyk'fwdkYvnf; tedp\
y&d,m,fyk'fwdkY r[kwfukef/ tb,faMumifhenf;[lrl tedpyk'fu jzpfNyD;aemuf r&dSjcif; teufoabmudk
jyaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; ocFwyk'f y#dporkyEyk'fwdkYu tusKd;w&m;wdkY jzpfay:vmatmif rjyKtyfao;rD taMumif;rnDGwfao;rD a&S;rqGu r&dSao;jcif; teufoabmudkom jyjcif;aMumifhwnf;/
pifppfrSmrl a&S;rqGu r&dSao;jcif;udk jyojzifh tedptjzpfudk NyD;apaomtzdkYum; wnfukef\/ rSefayonf xdaYk Mumifyh ifvQif cyford ;f ukeaf om (7)yk'v
f ;Hk wd\
Yk tedp\
y&d,m,ftjzpf\ r[kwjf cif; r&djS cif;
aMumifh ememuma&[d 0gwd = txl;xl;aom tjcif;t&mwdkYjzifh tedptjzpf tedpmEkyemPfudk
wdk;yGm;apaom ESvkH;oGif;rI\ jzpfykH tjcif;t&mudk Tefjyjcif;iSmvnf;aumif; [k &nf&G,fcsufwpfrsKd;udk
xyfrH t|uxmq&mawmfu zGifhqdkoGm;awmfrljcif; jzpfayonf/ (r[m#D-2-393/)
51
IykHpepf
1/ (6)'Gg& (42)aum|mowdkY wnf&dSaom kyftppftm;vkH;wdkY\ jzpfNyD;vQif ysufoGm;rIoabmudk
Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh tedp-tedp[k Iyg/ (emrfcEmwdkYvnf; enf;wl Iyg/)
2/ (u) uHaMumifhjzpfaom urZkyfwdkYudk uHESifh taMumif; tusKd;pyfvsuf ocFw-ocFw [k Iyg =
uHaMumifh urZkyfjzpfykHudk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh ocFw-ocFw [k Iyg/
(c) pdwfaMumifh pdwZkyfjzpfykHudk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh ocFw-ocFw [k Iyg/
(*) OwkaMumifh OwkZkyfjzpfykHudk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh ocFw-ocFw [k Iyg/
(C) tm[m&aMumifh tm[m&ZkyfjzpfykHudk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh ocFw-ocFw
[k Iyg/
a0'emuEm paom emrfcEmwdkYvnf; qdkif&mqdkif&m taMumif;wdkYu jyKjyifay;ygrS ,if;
tusK;d w&m;wd\
Yk jzpfay:vm&yku
H kd y#dpo
rkyg 'fyikd ;f wGif a&;om;wifjycJo
h nft
h wdik ;f 0dyemPfjzifh
jrifatmifMunfh ocFw-ocFw [k Iyg/
3/ tvm;wlyif ,if; qdkif&mqkdif&m taMumif;w&m;wdkYudk tpJGjyK qdkif&mqdkif&m tusKd;w&m;wdkY
jzpfay:vm&ykHudk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh y#dporkyE-y#dporkyE [k Iyg/
4/ ,if;kyfw&m;wdkY\ (a0'emuEmponfwdkY\) bifumv ukefukefoGm;rI oabmudk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh c,"r-c,"r [k Iyg/
5/ ,if;kyw
f &m;wd\
Yk (a0'emuEm ponfw\
Ykd ) bifumv NyKd NyKd ysuyf suo
f mG ;rI oabmudk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmif Munfh 0,"r-0,"r [k Iyg/
6/ ,if;kyw
f &m;wd\
Yk (a0'emuEm ponfw\
Ykd ) bifumv uif;aysmufomG ;rIoabmudk 0dyemPfjzifhjrifatmifMunfh 0d&m*"r-0d&m*"r [k Iyg/
7/ ,if;kyfw&m;wdkY\ (a0'emuEmponfwdkY\) bifumvwdkif; cPrpJ woJoJ csKyfqkH;oGm;
rIoabmudk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh eda&m""r-eda&m""r [k Iyg/
cEmig;yg;vkH; cEmwpfyg;pD wpfyg;pDcJG ykHpHwl I&rnf jzpfayonf/ A[d'vnf;aumif;
twdwftem*wfvnf;aumif; cEmig;yg;enf;jzifh ykHpHwlyif Iyg/
tm,we (12) yg;enf; "mwf (18) yg;enf;

emrfur|mef;ydkif;wGif a&;om;wifjycJhonfhtwdkif; pdwuP wpfckwpfck\ twGif; tm,we
(4) yg;pD "mwf (4) yg;pDcJG tm,we (12) yg;enf; "mwf (18) yg;enf;wdkYjzifhvnf; 0dyemIvdku
qufvufIEdkifygonf/
Iuu
G yf pHk w
H pfcu
k kd xkwq
f &kd aomf (r-|-1-268/)paomt|uxmwdYk odYk TeMf um;xm;awmfr\
l /
puK0dnmPf pdwuP tcdkuf ---1/ puKyom' = puKtMunfonf = pum,we = puK"mwf
2/ lygkHonf = lyg,we = ly"mwf
52
3/ puK0dnmPfonf = rem,we = puK0dnmP"mwf

4/ puK0dnmPfESifh ,SOfzufapwoduf (7) vkH;wdkYonf = "rm,we = "r"mwf ---odkYvQif tm,we (4) yg; "mwf (4) yg; &dSaMumif; zGifhqdkxm;awmfrl\/ xdkodkY zGifhqdkxm;awmf
rlonfhtwdkif; pdwuPwdkif; tm,we "mwfwdkYudk xdkufonfhtm;avsmfpGm zJGU ,if; tm,we
"mwf y&rwfw&m;wdu
Yk v
kd nf; vuPma&;ok;H wef wpfvn
S phf w
D ifum 0dyem IymG ;ok;H oyfEikd yf gonf/
oVm,we0*oH,kwfygVdawmf IuGufrsm;
bk&m;&Sio
f nf oVm,we0*o,
H w
k yf gVdawmfwiG f tm,wea'oemenf;Iuu
G f "mwka'oemenf;IuGufrsm;udk rsm;pGm a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJh\/ wGif oVm,we0*oH,kwfygVdawmf tm'dwy&d,m,okwefvmaom IuGufwpfrsKd;udk qufvuf a&;om;wifjytyfygonf/ ,if; IuGufrSm
oVm,we0*oH,kwfygVdawmfvm&dSaom IuGuftm;vkH;udk jcHKrd iHkrdaom IuGufvnf; jzpfayonf/
wd puK tedpH? lyg tedpm? puK0dnmPH tedpH? puKoram tedapm? ,rd'H puKoryp,m OyZwd a0',dwH okcH 0g 'kuH 0g t'kurokcH 0g? wrd tedpH/ (oH-2-378/)
txufyg ygVdawmf\ qdkvdk&if; IuGufrSm odkYjzpf\/
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
puKyom' = puKtMunf"mwfudk tedp[k Iyg/

lygkHudk tedp[k Iyg?
puK0dnmPfudk tedp[k Iyg/
puKorudk tedp[k Iyg/
puKorudk taMumif;cH jzpfay:vmaom okca0'em odkYr[kwf 'kua0'em odkYr[kwf
Oayuma0'emudk tedp[k Iyg/
um; txufyg ygVdawmf\ qdkvdk&if;wnf;/ t&mwGif trSwf (5) jzpfonfh puKorudk

taMumif;cH jzpfay:vmonfh okca0'emudv
k nf;aumif; 'kua 0'emudv
k nf;aumif; Oayuma0'emudkvnf;aumif; okH;rsKd;aom a0'emwdkYudkvnf; 0dyemI&ef bk&m;&Sif\ TefMum;awmfrlcsufrSm
a0'emwpfckwnf;udkom 0dyemI&ef TefMum;xm;awmfrlonfum; r[kwf? atmufwGif azmfjyxm;aom plV&m[kavm0g'okwefESifhtnD puKorudk taMumif;cH jzpfay:vmMuaom a0'emuEm
onmuEm ocFg&uEm 0dnmPuEm[laom ,SOfzufor,kwfw&m;tm;vkH;udkyif 0dyemI&rnf[k
rSwfom;yg/
,rd'H puKoryp,m OyZwd a0'em*wH onm*wH ocFg&*wH 0dnmP*wH ...
(r-3-325/ oH-2-324/) (plV&m[kavm0g'okwef)
plV&m[kavm0g'okwef bk&m;&Sifonf puKorudk taMumif;cH jzpfay:vmMuukefaom a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPf [laom emrfcEmav;yg;udk 0dyemI&ef TeMf um;xm;awmfr\
l /
puKorudk taMumif;cH jzpfay:vmMuukefaom emrfcEmwdkYrSm ---1/ y'Gg&m0Zef; emrfcEm (4)yg;
2/ puK0dnmPf emrfcEm (4)yg;
53
3/ or#d pd Kif; emrfcEm (4) yg;

4/ oED&P emrfcEm (4) yg;
5/ 0ka|m emrfcEm (4) yg;
6/ aZm toD;toD; emrfcEm (4) yg;pD
7/ w'gkH toD;toD; emrfcEm (4) yg;pD
(b0ifemrfcEmrsm;)
8/ raem'Gg&m0Zef; emrfcEm (4) yg;
9/ aZm toD;toD; emrfcEm (4) yg;pD
10/ w'gkH toD;toD; emrfcEm (4) yg;pD ---odkYponfh emrfcEm toD;toD;wdkY jzpf\/ puK'Gg&0Dxd emrfw&m;rsm;ESifh raem'Gg&0Dxd emrfw&m;rsm;\ tMum;tMum; wnf&dSMuaom b0ifemrfcEmav;yg;wdkYrSm puKoraMumifh jzpfay:vmMuonfh emrfcEmwdkY r[kwfMuaomfvnf; 0dyemI&m a&maESmum; IEdkifonfom jzpf\/
Iaumif;onfom jzpf\/ y'Gg&m0Zef; emrfcEmav;yg;wdkYudkvnf; ruif;paumif;aom t0dembm0
enf;t& 0dyemIjcif;yif jzpfayonf/
xdkodkY emrfw&m;wdkYudk 0dyemI&m pdwuPwdkif;0,f emrfcEmav;yg;vkH;udk ukefpifatmif
0dyemIapvdkvQif tb,faMumifh bk&m;&Sifonf ---1/ puK0dnmPfponfh 0dnmPf
2/ puKorponfh z
3/ puKoryp,m a0'emponfh a0'em --- 0dnmPf z a0'emokH;rsKd;wdkYudkom a&G;xkwf a[mawmfrl&ygoenf;[k ar;&ef&dS\/
tajzum; emrfw&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;vsuf 0dyemIyGm;&m ---1/ 0dnmPfudk tOD;rl emrfw&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;vsuf 0dyemIenf;
2/ zudk tOD;rl emrfw&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;vsuf0dyemIenf;
3/ a0'emudk tOD;rl emrfw&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;vsuf 0dyemIenf; ---odkYvQif emrfw&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;vsuf 0dyemIyGm;ykH enf;Oya'o okH;rsKd; &dSaMumif;udk
TefMum;jyo qdkqkH;rawmfrlvdkonfjzpf bk&m;&Sifonf emrfw&m;wdkYudk 0dyemI&ef TefMum;jyoawmfrl&m 0dnmPf z a0'emokH;rsKd;wdkYudk emrfw&m;taygif;rS a&G;xkwf TefMum;awmfrljcif;
jzpfonf/ TefMum;csufrsm;udk OD;xdyf&Gufyefqifvsuf t|uxmBuD;rsm;uvnf; emrfur|mef;ydkif;
odr;f qnf;ykH IymG ;ykH ok;H enf;&daS Mumif;udk zGiq
hf akd &;om;awmfrjl cif; jzpfMuonf/ (tus,u
f kd emrfur|mef;ydkif;wGif jyefMunfhyg/)
xdkodkY emrfw&m;rsm;udk odrf;qnf;vsuf 0dyemIyGm;&m a&S;OD;pGm a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf
txl;ojzifh umrm0p& emrfw&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;vsuf 0dyemIyGm;vdkcJhaomf y&d*[daw lyur54
|mae (r-|-1-280/) ponfh t|uxmBuD;rsm;\ TefMum;csufrsm;twdkif; kyfur|mef;udk = kyfw&m;

wdu
Yk kd odr;f qnf;xm;Ny;D odr;f qnf;Edik Nf y;D jzpf&ayrnf/ xdk yk w
f &m;rsm;udk oVm,we0*o,
H w
k yf gVdawmf
IuGuft& odkYr[kwf oVm,we IuGuft& ---1/ 0wKkyf = rSD&m0wKkyf
2/ tmkHkyf = lygkHponfh tmkHkyf[k
kyfw&m;wdkYudk ESpfrsKd;cJG 0dyem I&rnf jzpfayonf/ xdkodkY 0dyemI&m ---1/ rS&D m0wKyk Ef iS hf tmkH yk w
f u
Ykd kd tOD;rl kyef mrfwu
Ykd kd odr;f qnf;vsuf 0dyemIymG ;ok;H oyfcahJ omf
um,mEkyemowdy|mefodkY ouf0if\/
2/ a0'emudk tOD;rl emrfkyfwdkYudk odrf;qnf;vsuf 0dyemIyGm;okH;oyfcJhaomf a0'emEkyem
owdy|mefodkY ouf0if\/
3/ 0dnmPfudk tOD;rl emrfkyfwdkYudk odrf;qnf;vsuf 0dyemIyGm;okH;oyfcJhaomf pdwmEkyem
4/ zudktOD;rl emrfkyfwdkYudk odrf;qnf;vsuf 0dyem IyGm;okH;oyfcJhaomf "rmEkyem
odkYtwGuf oVm,we0*oH,kwfygVdawmf vm&dSaom a'oemawmfrsm;ESifh tnD a0'emEkyemowdy|mefponfh owdy|mefw&m;wdkYudk IyGm;vdkaomf atmufygtwdkif; 0dyemIyg/ ----
a0'emEkyem owdy|mef
1/ 0wK ... tedp
2/ tmkH ... tedp
3/ a0'em ... tedp
&Sif;vif;csufrsm;
1/ 0wK ---- y'gG &m0Ze;f rSp 0Dxpd w
d u
P
wdik ;f oH;k csuf EI ikd o
f nf/ y'gG &m0Ze;f onf wpfenf;
y'Gg&m0Zef;pdwfESifh ,SOfaom Oayuma0'emESifh wuGaom y'Gg&m0Zef; emrfw&m;pkonf [',0wKyk u
f rkd
DS jzpfojzifh 0wKt& ,if;emrfw&m;pk\rS&D m [',0wKyk u
f kd odr;f qnf;vsuf ,if;[',0wKkyf\ jzpfrI ysufrIudk Pfjzifh jrifatmif Munfh tedp[k Iyg/ odkYaomf Ce toD;toD; NydKa&;
y&rwfodkY Pftjrifqdkufa&;twGuf [',0wKkyfudkOD;wnf [',0wKkyfESifhwuG ESvkH; wnf&dSaom (54)rsKd;aom kyfw&m;rsm;udkyif jcHKikH ,if;kyfw&m;wdkY\ jzpfjcif; ysufjcif;oabmudk Pfjzifh
jrifatmifMunfh tedp[k Iyg/
2/ tmkH ---- tmkt
H & lygkv
H ikd ;f jzpfvQif lygkH o'gkv
H ikd ;f jzpfvQif o'gkH odpYk onfh tmkH (6)yg;udk
xdkufovdk aumuf,lyg/ tu,f tmkHrSm lygkHjzpfvQif ,if;lygkHrSmvnf; kyfuvmyftaejzifhom
jzpfdk;"rwm&dSojzifh rdrd0dyemIonfh lygkHonf odkYr[kwf 0dyemIrnfh lygkHonf t|uuvmyf
kyfwdkY tusKH;0ifaom lygkHjzpfvQif lygkHESifhwuG (8)rsKd;aom kyfw&m;wdkYudk e0uuvmyf tusKH;
55
0ifaom lygkHjzpfvQif lygkHESifhwuG (9)rsKd;aom kyfw&m;wdkYudk 'ouuvmyf tusKH;0ifaom lygkH

jzpfvQif lygkEH iS w
hf uG (10)rsK;d aom kyw
f &m;wdu
Yk kd odr;f qnf;vsuf ,if;kyw
f &m;wd\
Yk jzpfjcif; ysujf cif;
oabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfhvsuf tedp[k Iyg/ lygkHtrsm;pkudk jcHKikH I&mvnf; enf;wlyif
oabmaygufygav/ xdo
k Ykd IEikd yf grSomvQif CeNyKd rnf? CeNyKd ro
S mvQif y&rwfoYkd Pftjrifqu
kd rf nf/
y&rwfoYkd Pftjrifqu
kd rf o
S mvQif 0dyemPf tppftrSef jzpfEikd rf nf/ ppfreS af om 0dyemPfuomvQif r*fPf zdv
k
f Pftm; tm;Bu;D aomrS&D m Oyed,yp,owjd zifh aus;Zl;jyKay;Edik rf nfjzpfayonf/ o'gkpH onfh tmkw
H Ykd vnf; enf;wlyif oabmaygufyg/ o'gkrH mS o'e0uuvmyftaejzifh
jzpfdk;"rwm &dS&um; 0dyemt&m0,f ,if; (9)rsKd;aom kyfwdkYudk odrf;qnf;vsuf 0dyemIyg/
3/ a0'em ---- y'Gg&m0Zef; Oayuma0'em,SOfojzifh ,if;Oayuma0'emudk tOD;rlvsuf Oayuma0'emESifh wuG (11)vkH;aom ,SOfzufor,kwf emrfw&m;pktm;vkH;udk Pfjzifh odrf;qnf;vsuf
,if;emrfw&m;pk\ jzpfrIysufrIudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh tedp[k wGifwGifIyg/
y'Gg&m0Zef; 0wK tmkH a0'em[k (3)csufcJG 0dyemIouJhodkY tvm;wlyif puK0dnmPf
paom pdwuPwdkif;vnf; (3)csufcJGyif toD;toD; 0dyemIEdkifygonf/ toifa,m*g0p&
yk*dKvfoljrwfonf emrfur|mef;ydkif;Z,m;rsm;udk jyefvnf tmkH,lxm;yg/
xdk puK'Gg&0Dxdemrfw&m;pkESifh lygkHudkyif qufvuf tmkH,lonfh raem'Gg&0Dxdemrfw&m;pk
wdkYwGif puK0dnmPf emrfw&m;pkrSvJG <uif;usefaom 0DxdpdwuP toD;toD; wnf&dSaom emrfw&m;pk[lorQonf [',0wKkyfudkom rSDjzpfMu\/ puK0dnmPfESifhwuGaom emrfw&m;pkwdkYum;
puK0wKkyfudk rSD jzpfMu\/ xdkwGif puK0wKt& puK0wKkyfESifhwuG puK = rsufpd wnf&dSaom
(54)rsKd;aom kyfw&m;wdkYudkyif odrf;qnf; 0dyemIyg/
enf;twdik ;f tmkH (6)rsK;d udk xdu
k o
f vdk tmkjH yK jzpfay:oGm;Muukeaf om 0Dxw
d \
Ykd pdwu
P
wdik ;f pdwu
P
wdik ;f (1) 0wK (2) tmkH (3) a0'em[k ok;H rsK;d pD cJ
G cJ
G vuPma&;ok;H wef wpfvn
S phf D
wifum 0dyem IymG ;ok;H oyfygav/ (6)vdik ;f vk;H wpfvikd ;f wpfvikd ;f 0,f taumif;tkypf k raumif;tkypf k
ukefpifatmif Iyg/ tvm;wlyif 0DxdpdwfwdkY\ tMum;tMum; jzpfay:oGm;Muukefaom b0if
pdwuPwdkYvnf; (1) 0wK (2) qdkif&mtmkH = b0if\ tmkH (3) a0'em[k (3)rsKd;pD cJG ,if;b0if
tcdkuf emrfkyfwdkYudkvnf; vuPma&;okH;wef wpfvSnfhpDwif 0dyemIyg/
vG,fulaom pepfwpfck
xdkodkY0dyemI&m ydkvG,fulaom pepfwpfckrSm odkY jzpf\/ ---1/ toifoal wmfaumif;onf emrfur|mef;ydik ;f Z,m;rsm;udk jyefvnf tmk,
H x
l m;yg/ puK'gG &0Dxd
emrfw&m;pkESifh lygkHudk qufvuftmkH,lMuonfh raem'Gg&0Dxd emrfw&m;pkwdkYwGif puK0dnmPfonf
puK0wKkyfudkrDS <uif;usefaom 0Dxdpdwftm;vkH;wdkYrSm [',0wKkyfudkcsnf; rSDjzpfMu\/ xdkYaMumifh
y'Gg&m0Zef;\ rSD&m [',0wKkyfrS p 0DxdpdwuPwdkif;\ rDS&m 0wKkyfwdkYudkvnf;aumif; 0Dxd
tMum;tMum; wnf&dSMuaom b0if\rSD&m 0wKkyfwdkYudkvnf;aumif; Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh
y'gG &m0Ze;f \rS&D m 0wKyk rf o
S nf w'Ek0wu raem'Gg&0Dxpd aom lygku
H kd qufvuftmk,
H Ml uaom
56
raem'Gg&0DxdwdkY\ 'kwd,w'gkH\rSD&m [',0wKkyfodkY wdkifatmifaom kyfw&m;wdkYudk (= 54-54

paom kyfw&m;wdkYudk) jcHKikH ,if;kyfw&m;wdkY\ jzpfrIysufrIudk tmkH,l tedp tedp[k Iyg/
2/ ,if;puK'gG &0Dx\
d tmHEk iS hf lygku
H kd qufvuftmk,
H Ml uonfh raem'Gg&0Dxw
d \
Ykd tmkrH mS lygk-H
yifjzpf\/ 0Dxd tMum;tMum; wnf&aSd om b0if\tmkrH mS uH urerd w
d f *wderd w
d f tmkH (3)rsK;d wdw
Yk iG f
xdkufovdk wpfrsKd;rsKd; jzpf\/ ,if; lygkHudk CeNydKatmif y&rwfodkY Pftjrifqdkufatmif odrf;qnf;vsuf b0if\tmkrH mS y&rwfjzpfvQiv
f nf; ,if;y&rwfw&m;wdu
Yk ykd g odr;f qnf;vsuf ,if;puK'gG &0Dxd
raem'Gg&0Dxd emrfw&m;pkwdkY\ tmkHjzpfonfh lygkHESifh b0if\ tmkHjzpfonfh y&rwftmkHwdkYudk odrf;qnf;vsuf ,if;y&rwfw&m;wdkY\ jzpfrIysufrIudk tmkHjyK tedp tedp[k Iyg/
3/ 0DxdpdwuPwdkif;vnf;aumif; b0ifpdwuPwdkif;vnf;aumif; a0'emudk tOD;rl emrfw&m;wdu
Yk kd odr;f qnf;vsuf ,if;emrfw&m;wd\
Yk jzpfryI surf u
I kd tmk,
H
l tedp tedp[
k Iyg/ CeNyKd ygap/
y&rwfodkY Pftjrif qdkufygap/ xdkodkY I&m rsufpdwpfrSdwf vQyfwpfjyuf vufzspfwpfwGuf[laom
tcsdefumvtwGif;0,f tBudrfuka#wpfodef;cefY jzpfysufoGm;Muaom emrfw&m;pkwdkYwGif 0dyem
Ivu
kd Ef ikd af om Ivu
kd rf ad om emrfw&m;pkwv
Ykd nf; &daS v&m\? 0dyem rIvu
kd Ef ikd af om rIvu
kd rf ad om
emrfw&m;tcsKdUwdkYvnf; &dSav&m\/ 0dyemIvdkufEdkifaom 0Dxdemrfw&m;pk b0ifemrfw&m;pkwdkY
oEwdCe orl[Ce udpCe[laom Ce toD;toD; NydKatmif y&rwfodkY Pftjrif qkdufatmif
odr;f qnf;vsuf 0dyemIyg/ emrfur|mef;ydik ;f Z,m;rsm;wGif wifjyxm;onfh twef;wdik ;f twef;wdik ;f wGif 0wK tmkH a0'em [k okH;csufpD okH;csufpD 0dyemIyg/ ukodkvfaZm0Dxdrsm; tukodkvfaZm
0Dxdrsm;udk ukefpifatmifIyg/ 'kuESifh tewwdkYvnf; enf;wlyif Iyg/
pdwmEkyem owdy|mef
1/ 0wK ... tedp
2/ tmkH ... tedp
3/ 0dnmPf ... tedp
Iuu
G f 0wKEiS t
hf mkH u
I u
G rf mS txufygtwdik ;f enf;wlyifjzpfonf/ 0dnmPft& 0dnmPfukd
tOD;rl 0dnmPfESifh ,SOfzuf emrfw&m;pktm;vkH;udk odrf;qnf;vsuf a0'emEkyemowdy|mefwGif
a&;om;cJhonftwdkif; Iyg/ 'ku tewwdkYudkvnf; Iyg/
"rmEkyem owdy|mef
1/ 0wK ... tedp
2/ tmkH ... tedp
3/ z ... tedp
0wKESifh tmkHwdkYrSm txufygtwdkif; enf;wlrSwfyg/ zt& zudk tOD;rl zESifhwuG
,SOfzufor,kwfw&m; tm;vkH;udk 0DxdpdwuPwdkif;vnf;aumif; 0Dxdrsm; tMum; wnf&dSaom
b0ifpdwuPwdkYvnf;aumif; odrf;qnf;vsuf vuPma&;okH;wef wpfvSnfhpDwif 0dyemIyg/
57
a0'emEkyemowdy|mef a&;om;cJhonfhtwdkif; enf;wl rSwfyg/ (6)vdkif;vkH; ukodkvfaZm0Dxd

tukodkvfaZm0Dxdrsm;udk ukefpifatmif Iyg/
tZw- A[d' ---- tZw 0dyemIonfh ykHpHtwdkif; A[d'vnf; ykHpHwlyif 0dyemIyg/
&Hcg tZw? &Hcg A[d' wpfvSnfhpD Iyg/ vuPma&;okH;wefwGifvnf; &Hcg tedp &Hcg 'ku &Hcg
tew ---- odkY vSnfh wpfvSnfhpD Iyg/
twdwf tem*wf ypKyef

ypKye f Iuu
G t
f om;us tm;&rI auseyfrI toift
h wifh &&daS omtcg twdwt
f qufqufr-S
onf ypKye f ypKye rf o
S nf tem*wftqufquf qk;H onfw
h ikd af tmif wd;k vQKad yguf enf;wlyif 0dyem
Iygav/ odkY I&mvnf; tZwwpfvSnfh A[d'wpfvSnfh tedpwpfvSnfh 'kuwpfvSnfh tewwpfvSnfh vSnfh 0dyemIygav/
tokb bm0em
tokbm bma0wAm &m* y[mem,/ (O'ge-120/)
= &m*udk y,f&mS ;&eftwGuf tokbbm0emudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwyf g[k bk&m;&Sio
f nf arCd,okwe f
(O'ge-120/) wdkufwGef;xm;awmfrl\/
orxydik ;f tokbbm0em 0dyemydik ;f tokbbm0em[k tokbbm0emudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwyf Hk
ESpfrsKd;&dS\/ orxydkif; tokbbm0emvnf; ---1/ A[d'tavmif;udk tmkH,l tokbbm0em Ienf;
2/ (32)aum|mowdkYudk tmkH,l tokbbm0em Ienf; ---odYk Ienf; ESprf sK;d vm&d\
S / orxydik ;f A[d't
avmif;udk tmk,
H
l tokbbm0emudk yGm;rsm;cJhaomf yxrpsmeform"dodkY qdkuf\/ IyGm;ykHudk orxur|mef;ydkif;wGif Munfhyg/
wpfzef (32)aum|mowdu
Yk kd y#duv
l reodum&tjzpfjzifh ESv;Hk oGi;f &ef r[mowdy|meokwe w
f iG f
(r-1-72/) bk&m;&Sifonf TefMum;xm;awmfrlcJh\/ ,if;TefMum;xm;awmfrlcsufrSm (32)aum|mowdkYudk tyempsmeform"dodkY qdkufatmif IyGm;&ef tyemur|mef;tjzpf a[mMum;xm;awmfrlaMumif;udk
r[mowdy|meokweft|uxm (r-|-1-305/)wGif zGifhqdkxm;awmfrl\/
oarm[0daem'eD t|uxmESifh rlv#Dum tzGifh

{w ye twaem ZD0rmeuo&Da& y#dulvEd y&durH ua&mE tyemyd Oypm&rd Zm,wd/
y& ZD0rmeu o&Da& y#dulvEd reodua&mE ae0 tyem Zm,wd? e Oypm&H/ eEk p 'ook
tokabok Ob,arwH Zm,wDwd/ tmr Zm,wd/ wmed [d tEkyg'dEuyau Xdwmed? wom ww
tyemyd Oypm&rd Zm,wd/ 'H ye Oyg'dEuyau XdwH? awaea0w Ob,arwH e Zm,wd/
tokbmEkyemocFgwm ye 0dyembm0em a[mwDwd a0'dwAm/ rod HyaA ud HuxdwEd?
orx0dyem uxdwm/ (tbd-|-2-248/)
58
tEkyg'dEuyau XdwmeDwd {awe apwd,yAw0goD r[mwdawa&m 0d, oHC&udwawyk |muomraPa&m 0d, p tEkyg'dEu
yau XaywGm *a[wkH oaumE 'o0d"mokb0aoe
ZD0rmeuo&Da&yd Oy|daw Oypm&ywd 'dwm a[mwDwd a0'dwAm/ ]]twd uma,}}wd ye
ow0aoe auom'Dok *,Srmaeok ,xm ]]rod u
H ma,}}wd ow-*[P&[daw t[Hum&0wKrdS
0d'om[Huma& o'g oEd[daw ygua# p twaem uma, Oy|meH a[mwd? e wxm wwmwd
tyeH tywm tm'De0gEkyem0 ww a[mwDwd t"dyga,em[ ]]tokbmEkyemocFgwm ye
0dyembm0em a[mwDwd a0'dwAm}}wd/ (rlv#D-2-156/)
ow*[P&[dawwd owynwdrd temrodwGm a'odwwm 0kwH/ ooEmewm, t[Hum&0wKrSd ty[Derme y[Demum&H oEm,m[ ]]0d'om[Huma&}}wd/ (tEk#D-2-157/)
rdrd\udk,f olwpfyg;\udk,fwdkYwGif rdrd\ touf&SifqJjzpfaom udk,f ]]y#dulv = &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f}}---- [l pD;jzef;jcif; y&durfudk jyKaom yk*dKvf\ oEmef tyempsmefonfvnf;aumif;
Oypm&psmefonfvnf;aumif; jzpfEdkif\/ olwpfyg;\ touf&SifqJjzpfaom udk,f ]]y#dulv = &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f}} [l pD;jzef;jcif; y&durfudk jyKaom xdkodkY ESvkH;oGif;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef
tyempsmefonfvnf; rjzpfEdkif? Oypm&psmefonfvnf; rjzpfEkdif/ ,if;odkY jzpfaomf tokb (= A[d'
tokb)q,frsKd;wdkY tyempsmef Oypm&psmef ESpfrsKd;vkH;onfvnf; jzpfEdkifonf r[kwfygavm[k
ar;&ef&dS\/ jzpfEdkifonfum; rSef\/ odkYaomf xdktokb (10)rsKd;wdkYonf wPSm'd|dwdkYonf uyfa&muftyfaomuHonf ]]ig\ tusKd;}}[k tusKd;\ tjzpfjzifh rpGJ,ltyfaom oufrJhavmutzdkYtpk wnfukef\/ xdkYaMumifh xdktokb (10)yg;wdkY tyempsmefonfvnf;aumif; Oypm&psmefonfvnf;aumif;
jzpfEdkif\/ (32)aum|mowdkYudk y#dulvoabmtm;jzifh Ionfh tydkif;um; A[d'jzpfaom
olwpfyg;\ (32)aum|moonf ]]ig-ighOpm}}[k wPSm'd|dwdkYjzifh pJGvrf;tyfaom ouf&dS Oyg'dEu tzdkY
tpk wnfae\/ xdkYaMumifhyifvQif olwpfyg;ukd,f tusKH;0ifaom (32)aum|mo tyempsmef
Oypm&psmef ESpfrsKd;vkH;onfvnf; rjzpfEdkif/ odkYaomf tokbbm0em[k qdktyfaom 0dyembm0em
um; jzpfEdkif\[k od&dSygav/ um,mEkyemtydkif;tcef; (32)aum|mowdkYESifh ywfouf
rnfuJhodkYaom IykHpepfudk bk&m;&Sifonf a[mMum;awmfrltyfygoenf;[lrl orxIenf; 0dyem
Ienf; ESpfrsKd;vkH;udkyif a[mawmfrltyf\[k ajzqdkav&m\/ (tbd-|-2-248/)
tEkyg'dEu yu
t|uxmq&mawmfu A[d'jzpfaom tokb (10)rsKd;wdkY tyempsmef Oypm&psmef ESpfrsKd;vkH;
jzpfEdkifaMumif;udk zGifhqdkoGm;awmfrl\/ xdktokb (10)rsKd;wdkYonf tEkyg'dEuyu = wPSm'd|dwdkYonf
uyfa&muftyfaom uHonf ]]ig\ tusKd;}}[k tusKd;\tjzpfjzifh rpGJ,ltyfaom oufrJhavmutzdkY
tpk wnfaomaMumifh tyempsmef Oypm&psmef ESpfrsKd;vkH; jzpfEdkifaMumif;udkvnf; zGifhqdkoGm;awmfrl\/
xdktokb (10)rsKd;wdkYwGif t|du = tdk;pkvnf; yg0ifvsuf &dS\/
wom t|duEd y#duLv0aoae0 MoavmauwAH/ (0dok'd-1-186/)
]]t|duy#duLvH t|duy#duLv}}Ed reoduma&m y0awwaAm/ (0dok'd-1-186-187/)
59
,if; td;k pktokb\ &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,

G o
f abmudyk if tmk,
H
l ]]t|du-y#duL v = td;k pk-&GpH &m}}
[k IcJhaomftyempsmef Oypm&psmefrsm;udk &EdkifaMumif; zGifhqdkxm;\/
A[d'ouf&dSow0gwdkY\ (32)aum|mo tpkta0;vnf; tdk;aum|mo = tdk;tpktyHk
yg0ifvsuf &dS\/ ,if;tdk;pkum; Oyg'dEuyu = wPSm'd|dwdkYonf uyfa&muftyfaomuHonf ]]ig\
tusKd;}}[k tusKd;\ tjzpfjzifh pGJ,ltyfaom ouf&dStzdkYtpk wnfae\/ <uif;aum|mowdkYvnf;
enf;wl rSwfyg/
txufyg tEkyg'dEuyu = oufrJhtzdkYtpkwnfaeaom tdk;wdkY tyempsmef Oypm&psmefrsm;
jzpfEdkifaMumif; zGifhqdkxm;aom xdkpum;&yfjzifh apwd,awmif oDwif;okH;awmfrlaom r[mwd
rax&fjrwfBuD;uJhodkYvnf;aumif; oHC&udwrax&fjrwfBuD;\ tvkyftauR;jzpfaom omraPuJhodkY
vnf;aumif; Oyg'dEu
tzdt
Yk pk wnfaeaom ouf&t
Sd d;k pkukd tEkyg'dEu
yu oufrt
hJ d;k pk tzdt
Yk pk
xm; = oufrJhtdk;pkt&mxm; Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,ljcif;iSm pGrf;Edkifaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftzdkY
(10)rsK;d tjym;&daS om tokb\tjzpfjzifh touf&iS q
f jJ zpfaom ud,
k f vnf; &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G f y#duv
l
oabm = tokboabmonf a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f Pf xifvmvwfaomf Oypm&psmefoYkd a&mufjcif;udk Tefjytyf\[k odxdkufay\/ wpfzef ---]]twd uma,}}[l ow0g\tjzpfjzifh qHyiftp&dSonfwdkYudk ,ltyfukefvwfaomf ]]ro
uma, = udk,f}}[l ow0g[k pJG,ljcif;rSuif;aom ig[k jyKtyfaom udk,f zsufqD;tyfNyD;aom
ig[k ESvkH;oGif;jcif;&dSaom (= ig\udk,f[k rqdkaomaMumifh zsufqD;tyfNyD;aom ig[k jyKjcif;uif;aom
= ig[k ESvkH;oGif;jcif; uif;aom) tcgcyfodrf; rdrda,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ Pf\teD; aumif;pGm pka0;
wnfaeaom xif&Sm;onfvnf;jzpfaom rdrdum, xifvmjcif;uJhodkY xkdYtwl xdkolwpfyg;\ udk,fum, xifvmjcif;onf rjzpf&um; tyempsmefodkY ra&mufaom tm'De0gEkyem = cEmtdrf\
tjypftm'De0udk tzefzef Iwwfaom tm'De0gEkyemPfonfomvQif xdo
k w
l pfyg;\ ud,
k u
f m,
jzpfEikd \
f / ---- odkYaom t"dyg,foabmtm;jzifh ]]tokbmEkyem[k ac:qdktyfaom 0dyem
bm0emonfum; jzpfEikd \
f [k od&ySd gav}}[k t|uxmq&mawmfu zGiq
hf o
kd mG ;awmfrjl cif; jzpfayonf/
(rlv#D-2-155-156/)
r[mwd rax&fjrwfBu;D onf rdrd oDwif;ok;H awmfr&l m apwd,awmifausmif;rS tEk&m"NrKd UwGi;f odkY qGrf;cH<u0ifawmfrlvm\/ rxif&Sm;aom trsKd;orD;wpfOD;onf tdrf&Sifa,mufsm;ESifhtwl pum;
rsm;Ny;D aemuf ewforD;uJo
h Ykd aumif;pGm zD;vdr;f jyKjyif wefqmqif,ifum cyfapmapmyifvQif tEk&m"NrKd UrS
xGufcJh rdrd\ trsKd;tdrf = rdbtdrfodkY jyefvmcJh\/ vrf;ckvwfwpfae&m apwd,awmifausmif;rS
tEk&m"NrdKUodkY qGrf;tvdkYiSm <uvmawmfrlaom r[mwdrax&fjrwfBuD;udk awGUjrifavaomf rax&fjrwfBuD;\ tay: &m*jzifh azmufjyefaom pdwfxm;&dSonfjzpf xdktrsKd;orD;u toHxGufatmif
&,farmvdkuf\/ xdktcsdefwGif r[mwdrax&fjrwfBuD;um; ur|mef;udk ESvkH;oGif;vsuf <uvmawmf
rlcdkufjzpf\/ yxrpsmef\ a&S;tzdkYjzpfaom yxrpsmefodkY a&mufaMumif; ur|mef;udk ESvkH;oGif;jcif;
ykAbm*reodum&um; toHESifh xdyfwdkuf qefYusifbuf jzpf\/ toHonf ql;ajimifhcvkwf jzpf\/
60
xdkYaMumifh toHodkY tpOfvdkufcg wcdcd&,farmaom toHum; tb,ftoHenf;[k Munfhvwfaomf

toHxGufatmif jyHK;&,faeaom xdktrsKd;orD;\ oGm;dk; t|dutokbonmudk &&Sdawmfrl\/
t|duur|meH [d axa&m w'g y&d[&wd/ (r[m#D-1-48/)
xdktcsdeftcg rax&fjrwfBuD;onf t|duur|mef; = tdk;pkur|mef;udk aqmifvsuf qGrf;cH<uvmawmfrlqJjzpf\/ (r[m#D-1-48/)
rax&fjrwfBu;D onf t|du tokbonmudk &&do
S nfjzpf t&[wzv
kd o
f Ykd qdu
k af &mufomG ;awmf
rl\/ xdkYaMumifh a&S;t|uxmq&mawmfwdkYu odkY rdefYqdkawmfrlMu\/
wm 'E|duH 'doGm? ykAonH tEk&d/
waw0 aom Xdawm axa&m? t&[wH tygykPd/ (0dok'd-1-20/)
r[mwdrax&fjrwfBu;D onf xdt
k rsK;d orD;\ oGm;d;k udk jrifawmfro
l nfjzpf a&S;&tyfz;l aom
t|duonmudk ESv;Hk oGi;f awmfr\
l / xdak e&myifvQif &yfawmfrv
l suf xdrk ax&fBu;D onf t&[wzv
kd o
f Ykd
qdkufa&mufawmfrlcJhNyD/ (0dok'd-1-20/)
t&[wH ygykPDwd axa&m ud& wm [oEd,m 'E|d'aeae0 ykAbm*bm0em,
okbm0dwwm y#dbm*edrdwH omwdo, Oypm&ZmeH vbdwGm ,xmXdawm0 ww yxrZmeH
t"d*Em wH yg'uH uwGm 0dyeH 0awGm r*y&r&m, tmo0u,H ygykPd? ykAonH tEk&Dwd
ykAuH ,xm&'H umave umvH tEk,kd,rmeH t|duur|meH tEk&d orEm[&d/
(r[m#D-1-48-49/)
r[mwdrax&fjrwfBuD;um; t|duonm tokbbm0emudk yGm;rsm; tm;xkwfaeus jzpf\/
xdk t|duonm = tdk;pkur|mef; yxrpsmeform"dodkY qdkufatmif orm"dudk xlaxmifawmfrlvsuf
xdk yxrpsmeform"dukd 0dyem\ tajcyg'ujyK 0dyemodYk ul;aeusvnf; jzpfawmfr\
l / rax&fjrwfBuD;onf ,cktBudrfwGifvnf; jyHK;&,fvdkufaom xdktrsKd;orD;\ oGm;dk;udk jrifawGUvdkuf&onfESifh
wpfNydKifeufwnf;rSmyifvQif tdk;pkur|mef; qGrf;cHvrf;wpfavQmufvkH;vnf;aumif; a&S;,cifu
vnf;aumif; yxrpsmef\ a&S;tzdkYjzpfaom ykAbm*bm0emudk aumif;pGm yGm;rsm;xm;tyfNyD;onfh
twGufaMumifh y#dbm*edrdwfudkvnf;aumif; tvGeftuJESifhwuG Oypm&psmefudkvnf;aumif; &&dSawmfrlcJh\/ trsKd;orD;\ oGm;dk;udk jrifvdkufonfESifh wpfNydKifeufwnf;rSmyifvQif rax&fjrwfBuD;\
bm0emPf xdt
k rsK;d orD;\ wpfu,
kd v
f ;Hk onf td;k pkw\
Ykd taygif;tpktjzpfjzifh xifvm\/ xdt
k cg
xkdtdk;pk\ &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#duLvoabmudk qufvuf tm;xkwfawmfrl&m y#dbm*edrdwfodkY
qdu
k af &mufawmfr\
l ? Oypm&psmef Oypm&orm"dov
Ykd nf; qdu
k af &mufawmfr\
l / wpfzef tZwt
d;k pkoYkd
ajymif; &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#duLvoabmudk ESvkH;oGif;awmfrl&m yxrpsmefodkY qdkufa&mufawmfrl\/
xdyk xrpsmefukd 0dyem\ tajcyg'u jyK 0dyemPfrsm;udk wd;k yGm;atmif jyKawmfr&l m r*fPf
tpOftwdkif; t&[wzdkvfodkYwdkifatmif qkdufa&mufawmfrl\/ (r[m#D-1-48-49/)
tdrf&Sifa,mufsm;uvnf; c&D;pOftwdkif; aemufuvdkufvmcJhaomf rax&fjrwfBuD;udk jrif
61
]]t&Sib
f &k m; ...trsK;d orD;wpfO;D udk awGUjrifvu
kd yf govm;}}[k avQmufxm;\/ rax&fjrwfBu;D u odYk
rdefYawmfrlvdkuf\/
embdZmemrd wD 0g? yk&daom 0g awm *awm/
tydp t|doCFma#m? *paw o r[myax/
olawmfaumif; ... rSomG ;oolonf trsK;d orD;[lvnf;aumif; trsK;d om;[lvnf;aumif;
ig roday? pifppfrlum; tdk;pkonf c&D;vrf;rBuD;ay: oGm;aeay\/ (0dok'd-1-20-21/)
tokbonm ---- t*kFw&edum,f 'ouedygwf *d&drmeEokwefwGif (32)aum|mowdkYudk &GH&Sm
pufqkyfzG,f = y#duLv taejzifh ESvkH;oGif;jcif;udk tokbonm[k a[mMum;awmfrlcJh\/
(tH-3-343/)
o0dnmPutokb - t0dnmPutokb
okwe yd gwfygVdawmf (307-308) 0dZ,okwe w
f iG f o0dnmPutokb = &Sit
f okb t0dnmPu
tokb = aotokb[k tokbbm0em (2)rsK;d cJjG cm; a[mMum;xm;awmfrcl \
hJ / o0dnmPutokb
= &Siftokb[lonfrSm ouf&Sd (32)aum|mowdkY\ &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f tokboabmudk tmkH,l
Ijcif;wnf;/ t0dnmPutokb = aotokb[lonfrmS tavmif;aumif\ &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G f tokb
oabmudk tmkH,l Ijcif;wnf;/
orxESifh 0dyem
orxydkif;wGif o0dnmPutokb = &Siftokbudk I&m txufwGif &Sif;jycJhonfhtwdkif;
tyempsmefuv
kd nf;aumif; Oypm&psmefuv
kd nf;aumif; tvd&k cSd ahJ omf rdr\
d (32)aum|mowd\
Yk &G&H mS
pufqkyfzG,f = y#duLvoabmudk tmkH,l Iyg/ xdkodkY I&m (32)aum|movkH;udk jcHK jzpfap
aum|mowpfckckudk tmkH,ljzpfap IEdkif\/
[aw*[dwyO0wK = vufudkudkif ajymjyaom 0wK

rvurax&fonf oufawmf&Snf 'DCedum,faqmif 'DCbmPu tb,rax&fudk vuf
qJGudkif ]]igh&Sif tb, ...a&S;OD;pGm jyemudk oif,lyg}}[k qdk odkY rdefYqdkawmfrl\ ---]]rvurax&fonf (32)aum|mowdkY (32)rsKd;aom yxrpsmefudk &avh&dS\? nOfh wpfckaompsmefudk
aeY wpfckaompsmefudk tu,f 0ifpm;jim;tHh? vcJGudk vGefojzifh wpfzef pyfrd\/ odkYr[kwf aeYwdkif;
aeYwdkif; psmefwpfckwpfckudk tu,f 0ifpm;jim;thH? wpfvudkvGefojzifh wpfzef pyfrd\/}} odkY
rdefYqdkzl;avowwf/ (0dok'd-1-257/) odkY Ijcif;udk y#dulvreodum& = (y#duLvreodum&) [k
ac:qdkayonf/
obm* - 0dobm*
wpfzef A[d' (32)aum|mowdkY\ y#dulvoabmudk tmkH,l I&mum; txufwGif &Sif;jycJhonfhtwdkif; Oypm&psmef = Oypm&orm"dodkYum; qdkufEdkif\/
62
wpfzef t0dnmPutokb = aotokbtavmif;udk tmkH,l yxrpsmeform"dudk tvdk&dS

IvdkcJhaomf trsKd;om;a,m*Donf trsKd;om;tavmif;aumifudk trsKd;orD;a,m*Donf trsKd;orD;
tavmif;aumifuo
dk m I&\/ tZww
pfvn
S hf A[d'w
pfvn
S hf I&efrvdyk g/ um; orxydik ;f twGu-f
wnf;/
0dyemydkif;um; o0dnmPutokb t0dnmPutokb ESpfrsKd;vkH; obm* 0dobm* =
vdifwl vdifrwl cJG&ef rvdkay/ 0dZ,okwefwGif od&drm\ tavmif;aumifwpfckudkyif ---1/
2/
3/
4/
&[ef;a,mufsm; y&dowf
&[ef;rdef;r y&dowf
vla,mufsm; y&dowf
vlrdef;r y&dowf [laom ----
y&dowf (4)rsKd;wdkYtm; 0dyemI&ef TefMum;xm;awmfrl\/ tm'De0gEkyem = rdrd olwpfyg;

ESpOf ;D om;wd\
Yk cEmtdrt
f jypfukd jrifatmif&I ef TeMf um;awmfral om tEkyem jzpf\/ o0dnmPu
tokb = &Sit
f okbvnf; enf;wlyifwnf;/ orxydik ;f psmefukd &&d&S ef OD;wnfcsu&f \
Sd ? 0dyemydik ;f
tjypftm'De0udk Ijrif&ef OD;wnfcsu&f \
Sd / orxydik ;f um; tZww
pfvn
S hf A[d'w
pfvn
S hf I&efrvd/k
0dyemydkif; o0dnmPutokb t0dnmPutokb ESpfrsKd;vkH;udkyif tZwwpfvSnfh A[d'
wpfvSnfhI&ef bk&m;&Sifonf 0dZ,okwefwGif odkYTefMum;xm;awmfrl\/ ---,xm 'H wxm {wH? ,xm {wH wxm 'H/
tZw A[d'g p? uma, qEH 0d&mZa,/
ouf&dS o0dnmPu tokbaumifonf ---1/ tm,k = touf[laom kyfZD0dw
2/ Oom = udk,faiGU[laom urZawaZm"mwf
3/ 0dnmPf[laom todpdwf ---okH;yg;ukefaom w&m;wdkY\ ruif;ruGmao; rcsKyfNidrf;ao;jcif;aMumifh oGm;&yfxdkifavsmif;
ouJhodkY xdkYtwl ,ck okomef avsmif;pufaeonfh oufrJh t0dnmPu tokbtavmif;aumifonfvnf; raorD a&S;tcgu tm,k-Oom-0dnmPf[al om xdw
k &m;ok;H rsK;d wd\
Yk ruif;uGmao; rcsKy-f
Nidrf;ao;jcif;aMumifh oGm; &yf xdkif avsmif;jcif; oabm&dSonf jzpfcJhavNyD/
,ckaoaeaom xdk t0dnmPu tokbtavmif;aumifonf tm,k Oom 0dnmPf[laom
xdkw&m;okH;rsKd;wdkY\ csKyfpJjywfuif;jcif;aMumifh oGm; &yf xdkif avsmif;jcif;oabm r&dSouJhodkY xdkYtwl
o0dnmPu tokbaumifonfvnf; tm,k-Oom-0dnmPf[laom xdkw&m;okH;rsKd;wdkY\ csKyfpJ
jywfuif;jcif;aMumifh oGm; &yf xdkif avsmif;jcif; oabm r&dSonf jzpfayvwHU/
odkY usifhMuH BudK;ukwf yGm;rsm; tm;xkwfvsuf&dSaom oHo&mab; cEma&;udk axmufawG;
ajrmfjrif ynm&Sifonf rdrd\ twGif;tZw udk,fum,vnf;aumif; tjyifA[d' olwpfyg;\ udk,fum,vnf;aumif; wG,w
f mNiu
d yf wufrufjcif; qE&m*"mwfukd av;yg;r*fPf orkap'y[mefjzifh
uif;uGmapEdkif&m\/ (okwedygw-308/)
63
tm,k Oom p 0dnmPEd lyZD0dwdÈd,H urZawaZm"mwk pdwH ... (r-|-2-250/)

txufyg t|uxmtzGifhESifhtnD tm,kt& lyZD0dwdaÈudk = kyfZD0dwudk aumuf,lyg/
emrfZD0dwum; 0dnmPH yl;wJG yg0ifoGm;ayonf/
*gxm qdkvdk&if;oabmudk odkY rSwfom;yg/ ---,xm 'H wxm {wH = ouf&dS o0dnmPu ig\udk,fuJhodkYyif xdkoufrJht0dnmPu
tokbaumifonfvnf; a&S;ujzpfcJhzl;avNyD[k rdrdESifh aoaom olaumifudk xyfrQjyKum 0dyemPfjzifh IMunfhjcif;jzifh tjyifA[d' udk,fum, jzpfay:vmrnfh a'goudavomudk y,fpGefYEdkif\/
,xm {wH wxm 'H = xdk aoaom t0dnmPu olaoaumifuJhodkYyif ig\ ouf&dS
o0dnmPu udk,faumifonfvnf; aemifwpfcsdef jzpfvdrfhrnf[k aoaom t0dnmPu olaoaumifEiS hf rdru
d kd xyfrQjyKum 0dyemPfjzifh IMunfjh cif;jzifh rdr\
d twGi;f tZw ud,
k u
f m,tay:
jzpfay:vmrnfh &m*udavomudk y,fpGefYEdkif\/
tZw A[d' udk,fum,ESpfrsKd;vkH;udk wpfenf; ouf&dSoufrJh udk,fum,ESpfrsKd;vkH;udk xyfrQ
jyKum 0dyemPfynmjzifh Munfh EI ikd \
f / tZw A[d' ouf&o
Sd ufrhJ ud,
k u
f m,ESprf sK;d vk;H \ tokb
tjcif;t&mudk 0dyemPfjzifh uJGuJGjym;jym;odcJhaomf xdkudk,fum,ESpfrsKd;vkH; tokbtjcif;t&m
oabmoGm;rSefudk rodjcif; = arm[udavomudk y,fpGefYEdkif\/
odkYvQif aU&Sydkif; 0dyemPftcdkufyif trSeftwdkif; odjrifojzifh avmb a'go arm[
wnf;[laom tukov rlvw&m;okH;yg;udk w'*Fy[mefjzifh y,f&Sm;EdkifNyD;vQif xdk0dyemPfrS
txuf r*fav;yg;tpOfjzifh tvkH;pkHaom qE&m*udk orkap'y[meftaetm;jzifh t<uif;rJh y,fpGefYEdkifavonf[k qdkvdk&if;t"dyg,fudk odrSwfav&m\/ (okwedygw-|-242/)
txufyg t&yf&yfaom TeMf um;awmfrcl surf sm;ESit
hf nD ,cktcg 0dyemydik ;f t0dnmPu
tokb o0dnmPu tokb Iuu
G rf sm;udk qufvuf wifjytyfygonf/ orxydik ;f um; tyempsmef
Oypm&psmefudk&atmif IyGm;&ojzifh tokbtjcif;t&mudk tZw A[d' wpfvSnfhpD I&efrvkd/ 0dyemydik ;f um; rdrd olwpfyg; ESpOf ;D om;vk;H wd\
Yk cEmtdr\
f tjypfukd jrifatmif I&aom tm'De0gEkyemydkif; jzpfojzifh tZw A[d'wpfvSnfhpD I&\/ vdk&if;tcsufudk BudKwif rSwfom;xm;yg/
0dyemydkif; t0dnmPutokb = aotokb IuGuf

yke py&H bdua0 bduK ao,sxmyd ya,s o&D&H od0xdum, qdwH {um[rwH 0g
'GD[rwH 0g wD[rwH 0g O'KrmwuH 0deDvuH 0dykAuZmwH/ aom rar0 um,H OyoH[&wd ]]t,rd
acg uma,m {0H "arm {0H bm0D {0H tewDawm}}wd/ (r-1-73/)
&[ef;wdkY ... wpfzef xdkYjyifvnf; &[ef;onf ---1/ aoNyD; wpf&uf&dSaom olaoaumif
2/ aoNyD; ESpf&uf&dSaom olaoaumif
3/ aoNyD; okH;&uf&dSaom olaoaumif
64
4/ zl;zl;a&mif<u ykyfyGvsuf&dSaom olaoaumif

5/ kyfqif;ysufvsuf ndKrnf;aeaom olaoaumif
6/ jynfuJhodkY pufqkyfzG,f tykyf&nf,dkpD;aom oif;csKdif; pGefYypfxm;tyfaom olaoaumif --- olaoaumifudk awGUjrif&mouJhodkY = awGUjrif&m\/ xkdodkY awGUjrifaom &[ef;onf ]]ig\
kyt
f aygif;jzpfaom lyum, = ud,
k o
f nfvnf; odaYk om oabm&d\
S ? odYk rcRw{f uef jzpfayvwUH ?
odaYk om oabmudk rvGeq
f efEikd }f }[k rdr\
d lyum, = ud,
k u
f ykd if Pfjzifh (= 0dyemPfjzif)h
uyfaqmif I\/ (r-1-73/)
'DCbmPur[moD0awa&m ye ]]e0od0xdum tm'De0gEkyem0aoe 0kwm}}wd tm[/
(r-|-1-305/)
'DCbmPu r[moD0rax&fjrwfBuD;\ t,ltqtm;jzifh txufyg r[mowdy|meokwef
vm&daS om tokbbm0emIuu
G rf mS tm'De0gEkyem[laom rdrd olwpfyg; ESpOf ;D om;vk;H wd\
Yk lyum,
= ud,
k \
f tjypftm'De0udk jrifatmif 0dyemPfjzifh I&ef bk&m;&Si\
f TeMf um;awmfrcl suf jzpfonf[k
rSwfyg/ ,if; TefMum;awmfrlcsufrsm;twdkif; t0dnmPutokb = aotokbudk 0dyemydkif;
IyGm;vdkcJhaomf atmufygtwdkif; Iyg/ ---tydkif;wGif toifolawmfaumif;onf umvokH;yg; oEmefESpfyg; twGif; wnf&dSMuaom
ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk vuPma&;okH;wefwifum wGifwGifBuD; 0dyemIEdkifaom tqifhodkY a&muf&dSaeNyD;
jzpf\/ tcsdefwGif tokbbm0emudk tm'De0gEkyemtaejzifh xyfqifh yGm;awmhrnfh tcsdef
jzpfayonf/ odkYtwGuf toifolawmfaumif;onf rdrd&&Sdxm;NyD;onfh tmemygepwkwpsmeform"dodkY
wdik af tmif odrYk [kwf Mo'gwuodP
k ;f pwkwp smeform"dow
Ykd ikd af tmiform"dukd wpfzefjyef xlaxmifyg/
xdpk wkwp smeform"dEiS ,
hf OS af om PfaMumifh vif;a&mifjcnfrsm;onf NyKd ;NyKd ;jyuf wvufvuf awmufyvmaomtcg xdkvif;a&mifjcnf tultnDjzifh rdrdjrifzl;onfh &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f taumif;qkH; tokb
tavmif;aumifwpfckudk jyefvnf tmkH,lMunfhyg/ xdktavmif;aumifrSm vdifwltavmif;aumif
aomfvnf;aumif; vdifrwl tavmif;aumifaomfvnf;aumif; ESpfrsKd;vkH; &Edkif\/
xdt
k avmif;aumif\ &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G f taumif;qk;H taetxm; rdrd\ bm0empdwu
f kd Nird 0f yfpmG
uyfxm; tokb-tokb[k Iaeyg/ tokbtjcif;t&monf Pf aygavmay:vmaomtcg
rdrd\ lyum, = udk,faumifbufodkY Pfudk a&S;Iuyfaqmif ]]ig\udk,fonfvnf; odkY oabm
&dS\/ odkY rcRwf{uef jzpfayvwHU? odkYaom oabmudk rvGefqefEdkif}}[k IMunfhyg/ rdrdao
ykyfyGaeaom rdrd\ tavmif;aumifudk Pfjzifh jrifatmif uyfaqmif Munfhyg/ awGUjrifvQifum;
aumif;\/ tu,f rawGUjrifao;ygu A[d' t0dnmPutavmif;aumifudkyif wpfzefjyef Iyg/
xdaYk emif rdr\
d tavmif;aumifukd wpfzefjyefIyg/ Burd zf efrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum avhusiyhf gu rdr\
d
tavmif;aumifudkvnf; awGUjrifEkdifygonf/ xdkodkY awGUjrifygu ykyfyGaeaom rdrd\ tavmif;aumifudv
k nf; tokb-tokb[k Iyg/ tZwt
avmif;aumifukd wpfvn
S hf A[d't
avmif;aumifukd wpfvn
S hf
Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum Iyg/
xdkodkY I&m toifolawmfaumif;udk,fwdkif a&G;cs,f tokbbm0em IyGm;aeaom A[d'
tavmif;aumifrSm vGefcJhaom ESpftenf;i,fcefYu tavmif;aumifjzpfcJhaomf xdktavmif;aumifrSm
65
,ckuJhodkY tokb bm0emIaeaomtcsdef tdk;rsm; rIefYrIefYnufnuf aMuaeaom tqifhodkYvnf;

a&mufaumif;a&mufaeEdkif\/ xdkodkY jzpfcJhaomf xkdtavmif;aumif\ rdrdjrifcJhzl;aom ykyfyGaeaom
tajctaerSonf tdk;rsm; rkefYrkefYnufnuf aMuaeaom tcsdefodkYwdkifatmif Pfudk apvTwf xdk
tavmif;aumifukd wpfpwpfp IMunfv
h mygu tavmif;aumif\ taetxm;rSm tqifq
h ifh ajymif;vJ
vm aemufqkH; tdk;pk\ rkefYrkefYnufnuf aMuaeonfh tqifhodkY wdkifatmif Pfqdkufa&mufoGm;Edkif\/ odkY tqifhqifh ajymif;vJoGm;&mvnf; tZwwpfvSnfh A[d'wpfvSnfh Iyg/
tu,f rdrjd rifz;l aom tavmif;aumifrmS odrYk [kwf rdrd tokbbm0emI&ef a&G;cs,x
f m;aom
tavmif;aumifrmS rMumrD &ufyikd ;f twGi;f u tavmif;aumifjzpfcahJ omfvnf;aumif; tokbbm0em
IrnfhaeYrS avmavmvwfvwf awGUjrif&aom tavmif;aumifjzpfaomfvnf;aumif; xdktavmif;aumifrSm avmavmq,f rkefYrkefYnufnuf aMuaeonfh tdk;rIefYtqifhodkYum; ra&mufEdkifao;ay/
xkdodkY ra&mufEdkifao;aomfvnf; (tem*wf kyfemrfwdkYukdyif 0dyemIEdkifNyD; jzpfaeaom toifolawmfaumif;tzdkY) xdktavmif;aumif\ tem*wfbufodkY Pfudk apvTwf wpfpwpfp wdk; wdk;
Ivdkufygu xdktavmif;aumif\ taetxm;rSm tqifhqifh ajymif;vJoGm;um aemufqkH; rkefYrkefYnufnuf aMuaeonfh tdk;trIefY tpktykHtqifhodkY wdkifatmif qdkufa&mufoGm;Edkifygonf/ tqifhrsm;wGifvnf; tZwwpfvSnfh A[d'wpfvSnfh wpfvSnfhpD tokbbm0emudk yGm;rsm;ygav/
olaoaumif (9) rsKd;

wGif r[mowdy|meokwe w
f iG f vm&daS om tm'De0gEkyem = cEmud,
k \
f tjypftm'De0udk
jrifatmif IyGm;&rnfh 0dyemydkif;qdkif&m tIcHtmkHjzpfonfh olaoaumif (9)rsKd;udk qufvuf
wifjytyfygonf/ ---1/ (u) aoNyD; wpf&uf&dSaom olaoaumif
( c ) aoNyD; ESpf&uf&dSaom olaoaumif
( * ) aoNyD; okH;&uf&dSaom olaoaumif
(C) zl;zl;a&mif<u ykyfyGvsuf&dSaom olaoaumif
( i ) kyfqif;ysufvsuf ndKrnf;aeaom olaoaumif
( p ) jynfuJhodkY pufqkyfzG,f tykyf&nf,dkpD;aom olaoaumif
2/ (u) usD;wdkYrlvnf; cJpm;tyfaom olaoaumif
( c ) pGef&JwdkYrlvnf; cJpm;tyfaom olaoaumif
( * ) vif;wwdkYrlvnf; cJpm;tyfaom olaoaumif
(C) bkHrwD;iSufwdkYrlvnf; cJpm;tyfaom olaoaumif
( i ) acG;wdkYrlvnf; cJpm;tyfaom olaoaumif
( p ) usm;wdkYrlvnf; cJpm;tyfaom olaoaumif
(q) opfwdkYrlvnf; cJpm;tyfaom olaoaumif
( Z ) ajracG;wdkYrlvnf; cJpm;tyfaom olaoaumif
( ps ) ydk;trsKd;rsKd;wdkYrlvnf; cJpm;tyfaom olaoaumif
66
3/ tom;taoG;&daS o;aom taMumwdjYk zifh zJUG pyfxm;aom td;k qufvsu&f aSd o;aom olaoaumif
4/ tom;uif; (= tom;r&dSawmhbJ) aoG;wdkYjzifh ayusHvsuf taMumwdkYjzifh zJGUpyfvsuf&dSaom
tdk;qufvsuf&dSao;aom olaoaumif
5/ tom;taoG;uif;vsuf taMumwdkYjzifh zJGUpyfxm;aom olaoaumif
6/ wpfae&m vufdk; wpfae&m ajcdk; wpfae&m ajczrsufdk; wpfae&m jrif;acgif;dk;
wpfae&m aygifdk; wpfae&m cg;dk; wpfae&m eHdk; wpfae&m ausmufukef;dk; wpfae&m
yckH;dk; wpfae&m vnfyif;dk; wpfae&m ar;dk; wpfae&m oGm;dk; wpfae&m OD;acgif;cGH
tm;jzifh zJGUjcif;uif;ukefvsuf xdkxdkt&yfwdkY jyefYMuJaeukefaom tdk;pkolaoaumif
7/ ckoif;tqif;ESifhtwl azG;azG;jzLukefaom tdk;pkolaoaumif
8/ ESpfvGefvsuf pkykHaeaom tdk;pkolaoaumif
9/ aqG;jrnfhvsuf trIefYjzpfukefaom tdk;pkolaoaumif --- olaoaumif (9)rsKd;wdkYum; tokbbm0emIyGm;&ef r[mowdy|meokwefwGif bk&m;&Sif
a[mMum;xm;awmfrlaom olaoaumif (9)rsKd;wdkY jzpfMuonf/ okomefoif;csKdif; pGefYypfxm;tyf
ukefaom olaoaumifwdkYcsnf;omwnf;/ (r-1-73-74/r-|-1-278/)
toifolawmfaumif;onf txufyg olaoaumif (9)rsKd;vkH;udkyif jzpfap tcsKdUudk jzpfap
tm'De0gEkyemtaejzifh tZwwpfvSnfh A[d'wpfvSnfh Iyg/
vuPm,mOf wifyg
umvokH;yg; oEmefESpfyg;twGif; wnf&dSMuaom cEmig;yg; = kyfemrfw&m;wdkYudk vuPma&;
okH;wef wpfvSnfhpDwifum EdkifEdkifeif;eif; 0dyem IyGm;okH;oyfNyD;ygrS tokbbm0emudk qufvuf
BudK;yrf;vmaom toifolawmfaumif;tzdkY xdkodkYtZw A[d'ESpfXmewdkY tokboabmudk tjyefjyef
tvSefvSef Iae&if;jzifh kyfuvmyftrIefrsm;udkvnf; Pfjzifh awGUjrifvmwwf\/ tu,f tm;&
auseyfrI &&dSonfhwdkifatmif tokboabmudk tZw A[d' ESpfrsKd;vkH; Iaeaomfvnf; kyfuvmyf
trIefrsm;ukd rawGUygu ,if; tZw A[d'tavmif;aumifwdkY "mwfBuD;av;yg;udk pdkuf Ivdkufygu
kyfuvmyftrIefrsm;udk awGU&dSEdkifayonf/ ,if; kyfuvmyftrIefrsm;ukd CeNydKatmif y&rwfodkY Pf
tjrifqdkufatmif Pfjzifhydkif;jcm;,lvsuf odrf;qnf;vsuf ,if;kyfy&rwfw&m;wdkYudk vuPma&;
okH;wef wpfvSnfhpDwif 0dyemIyg/ ,if; t0dnmPutokb = aotokb OwkZMoZ|rukyfwdkYudkom (a,bk,stm;jzifh) awGU&dSrnfjzpfonf/ ,if;OwkZ kyfuvmyfwdkYum; rMunfay/ "mwfcJGvdkufaomf kyfuvmyfwpfckwpfck y&rwfkyfoabmw&m; (8)rsKd;pD &dS\/
>cif;csuf tenf;i,f
tcsKdUaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfwdkYonf tZw A[d'jzpfaom ,if;aotokbtavmif;aumif
"mwfBuD;av;yg;udk pdkuf Ivdkufaomtcg0,f Munfaom kyfuvmyftrIefrsm;udkvnf; rMunfaom
kyfuvmyfwdkYESifh a&maESmawGUaewwf\/ xdkodkYawGU&dS&jcif;\ taMumif;rSm xdktavmif;aumif
67
xdt
k csed w
f iG f touf&iS af eqJ yd;k avmufrsm; x<uaomif;use;f aeygu xdyk ;kd avmufwYkd um,tMunf"mwfpaom tMunf"mwfrsm; xdkufovdkyg&dSaom kyfuvmyfwdkYudkyg a&maxG; a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfu
Pfjzifh awGUjrifvdkufjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ trSefrSmrl tZw A[d'jzpfaom aotokbtavmif;aumif ESpfrsKd;vkH;um; OwkZMoZ|rukyf = OwkaMumifhjzpfaom MoZmvQif (8)ckajrmuf&dSaom kyf
w&m;rsm;om &dSayonf/
tcuftcJwpf&yf
A[d'tavmif;aumif\ tokboabmudk INyD;aomtcg tZw0,f aotokboabmudk
Pfjzifha&S;I uyfaqmif I&m tcsKdUa,m*Drsm; rdrd\ aotokboabmudk vG,fvG,fululjzifh
rawGUEdkif jzpfaewwf\/ xdkodkY jzpfcJhaomf rdrd\ b0 tem*wfpkwdbufodkY Pfudk apvTwf ,ck
tcsed rf pS b0pkwo
d w
Ykd ikd af tmif kyw
f &m; emrfw&m;wdu
Yk kd wpfpwpfp odr;f qnf;oGm;yg/ aemufq;Hk
pkwdtcdkufodkY qdkufa&mufoGm;aomtcg rdrd\ aotokboabmudkvnf; Pfjzifh rsuf0g;xifxif
awGUjrifEdkifygonf/ xdktcgwGif tZwwpfvSnfh A[d'wpfvSnfh Iyg/
tu,f toifoal wmfaumif;onf A[d't
avmif;aumif\ tem*wfbufoYkd Pfukd apvTw-f
Ivdkufrdojzifh xdkA[d'tokbtavmif;aumif\ ykyf&mrS yGvmNyD;vQif tykyf&nfrsm; ,dkpD;usvmykH
ndKrnf;uJt
G ufvmykH yd;k avmufrsm; x<uvmykH td;k pkjzpfomG ;ykH td;k pkrS trIejYf zpfomG ;ykH ponfah jymif;vJ
rI tqifhqifhwdkYudk Pfjzifh awGUjrifygu xdkodkY awGUjrifwdkif; awGUjrifwkdif; tZwtavmif;aumifodkY
vnf; Pfudk aU&SIaqmif,l tokboabmudk jrifatmifIyg/ tZw A[d' wpfvSnfhpD Iyg/
&m*udk wdkufzsufa&;
xdo
k Ykd tZwE iS hf A[d'u
kd wpfvn
S phf v
D n
S
hf aotokboabmudk 0dyemPfjzifh Ijcif;onf
&m*udkwdkufzsuf&m vufeufaumif;wpfckyif jzpfonf/ odkYaomf rQjzifh &yfem;raeao;bJ A[d'odkY
wjznf;jznf; Pfudk apvTwf wdk;csJUIyg/ PfaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom tvif;a&mifESifh awGUxdrd&m
t&yf awGUorQow0gwdkY\ aotokboabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh qufvufIyg/ Pfa&mifjzifh awGUxdr&d m ow0gwdik ;f \ tokboabmudk jrifawGUaomtcg tZw\
tokboabmud-k
vnf; &Hcg jyef Iay;yg/
xdkodkY I&m kyfuvmyftrIefrsm;udk Pfjzifh awGUjrifaomf kyfuvmyfrsm;udk "mwffcJGvsuf kyfy&rwfw&m;rsm;udk vuPma&;ok;H wef wpfvn
S phf w
D ifum 0dyem jyefIyg/ tu,f xdo
k Ykd tZw
A[d'wdkY tokboabmudk tm;&auseyfonfh wdkifatmif INyD;aomfvnf; kyfuvmyftrIefrsm;udk
vG,v
f ,
G u
f u
l l rawGUjrifygu ,if;tokbtavmif;aumif "mwfBu;D av;yg;udk pdu
k
f Iyg/ kyu
f vmyf
trIefrsm;udk awGUaomtcg kyfuvmyfrsm;udk "mwfcJGvsuf kyfy&rwfw&m;rsm;udk vuPma&;okH;wef
wpfvSnfhpD wif 0dyem qufIyg/ txl;ojzifh rdrd&m*jzpfwwfonfh yk*dKvfow0grsm;udk cyfrsm;
rsm; OD;pm;ay; Iyg/
68
o0dnmPutokb = &Siftokb IuGuf

o0dnmPutokb = &Siftokbydkif; ---1/ (32)aum|mowdkY\ tokboabm
2/ ydk;avmufwdkYESifh jynfhaeaom cEmtdrf\ tokboabm
3/ kyfy&rwfwdkY\ tokboabm ---odkYvQif tokboabmudk okH;rsKd;cJG Iyg/
1/ (32)aum|mowdkY\ &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f tokboabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh tokb
tokb[k Iyg/ tZww
pfvn
S hf A[d'w
pfvn
S hf Iyg/ A[d'w
iG v
f nf; wd;k csUJ wpfpwpfp Iyg/ &m*jzpfaeus yk*Kd vo
f w0grsm;udk OD;pm;ay; Iyg/ ouf&aSd vmuwpfcv
k ;Hk ukd iHEk ikd o
f rQ ikrH ad tmif wd;k csUJ Iyg/
xdkodkY I&m toifolawmfaumif;onf tqifhwGif tZw A[d' oEmefESpfrsKd;vkH; (32)
aum|mo wnf&aSd om kyw
f &m;wdu
Yk kd vuPm,mOf ok;H csuo
f Ykd wif wGiw
f iG Bf u;D t0g;0pGm 0dyem
Ixm;NyD;jzpfaomaMumifh ,if; (32) aum|mowdkYrSm ]]tokb tokb}}[k I&if; I&if;jzifh wjznf;jznf;
kyfuvmyftrIefrsm; jzpfoGm;wwfayonf/ tu,f kyfuvmyftrIefrsm; jzpfrvmcJhaomf ,if; (32)
aum|mowdkY\ tokbtjcif;t&mudk I tm;&auseyfrI &&dSvmaomtcg ,if;aum|mowdkYudk jcHK
jzpfap aum|mowpfckpD cJG jzpfap? ,if;aum|mowdkY wnf&dSMuaom "mwfBuD;av;yg;wdkYudk pdkuf
Ivdkufygu kyfuvmyftrIefrsm;udk vG,fvG,fululyif awGU&dSEdkifayonf/ kyfur|mef;ydkif;wGif a&;om;
wifjycJhonfhtwdkif; ,if;kyfuvmyfwdkYudk "mwfcJGvsuf ,if;kyfy&rwfw&m;wdkYudk vuPma&;okH;wef
wpfvSnfhpDwif 0dyemqufIyg/
2/ lyum,cEmtdrBf u;D trsK;d tpm;tm;jzifh yd;k trsK;d aygif; (80)wdYk rSw
D if;aexdik Mf u\/ xdaYk Mumifh
xdck EmtdrBf u;D onf xdyk ;kd trsK;d rsK;d wd\
Yk tdraf xmif&m om;arG;&m tdrv
f nf;jzpf\? usiBf u;D pGe&Yf m usiif ,f
pGe&Yf m tdrv
f nf;jzpf\? zsm;em&m zsm;emaqmifvnf;jzpf\? aovQif tokbcs&m okomefoif;csKid ;f vnf;
jzpf\/ xdyk ;kd avmufwo
Ykd nf cEmtdrrf S jyifywpfae&moGm; om;arG;jcif; usiBf u;D pGejYf cif; usiif ,f
pGejYf cif; aq;ukjcif; tokbcsjcif;ponfwu
Ykd kd jyKvyk Mf uonfum; r[kwu
f ek /f (oH-|-2-294/) xdaYk Mumifh
xdkydk;avmuftrsKd;rsKd;wdkYjzifh jynhfESufaeaom cEmtdrfBuD;onf &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f tokboabmom
{uefjzpf\/ ,if;odkY &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f tokboabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh tokb-tokb
[k Iyg/ tZwwpfvSnfh A[d'wpfvSnfh Iyg/ xdkodkYI&m ydk;avmufwdkYudkvnf; PfjzifhjrifawGUygap?
yd;k avmufwEYkd iS hf jynfEh u
S af eonfch Emtdr\
f &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G o
f abmudv
k nf; Pfjzifh jrifawGUaeygap/
tydik ;f wGiv
f nf; tZww
pfvn
S hf A[d'w
pfvn
S hf Izefrf sm;vmaomtcg kyu
f vmyftrIerf sm;udk rMumrD
awGU&dSwwfygonf/ rawGUyguvnf; ydk;avmufwdkYESifh jynhfESufaeaom cEmtdrf "mwfBuD;av;yg;udk
jrifatmif pdkufIvdkufygu (kyfur|mef;ydkif;wGif a&;om;cJhonfhtwdkif;) kyfuvmyfrsm;udk wjznf;jznf;
awGU&dSEdkifayonf/ ,if;kyfuvmyfwdkYudk "mwfcJGvsuf kyfy&rwfw&m;wdkYudk vuPm,mOfokH;csuf
wpfvSnfhpD wif 0dyem qufIyg/
69
3/ kyfy&rwfw&m;wdkYudkvnf; tokbIykH
wd tZwH 0g uma, um,mEkyD 0d[&wd? A[d'g 0g uma, um,mEkyD 0d[&wd?
tZwA[d'g 0g uma, um,mEkyD 0d[&wd/ (r-1-73-74/ e0od0xduyA/)
wd tZwH 0gwd {0H O'Krmwm'dy&d*[aPe twaem 0g uma, y& 0g uma, umave 0g twaem umave 0g y& uma, um,mEkyD 0d[&wd/ (r-|-1-277/)
ork',"rmEkyD 0g um,od H 0d[&wd? 0,"rmEkyD 0g um,od H 0d[&wd? ork',0,"rmEkyD 0g um,od H 0d[&wd/ (r-1-73-74/ e0od0xduyA/)
txufyg ygVdawmf t|uxmwdkYESifhtnD toifolawmfaumif;onf txufwGif a&;om;cJhonhftwdkif; t0dnmPutokb = aotokbudkvnf;aumif; o0dnmPu tokb = &Siftokbudk
vnf;aumif; INyD;aomtcg ---1/ t0dnmPutokb = aotokb wnff&dSaom kyfy&rwfw&m;wdkYudkvnf;aumif;
2/ (32)aum|mo[laom o0dnmPutokb = &Siftokb wnf&dSaom kyfw&m;wdkYudkvnf;aumif;
3/ ydk;avmufwdkYjzifh jynfhESufaeaom cEmtdrf wnf&dSaom kyfw&m;wdkYudkvnf;aumif;
4/ ,if;kyfw&m;wdkYudk tmkHjyK ,if;kyfw&m;wdkYudk rSD jzpfay:vmMuukefaom emrfw&m;wdkYudk
vnf;aumif; --- lyum, = kyfw&m;taygif; emrum, = emrfw&m;taygif;wdkYudk tZw A[d' oEmef
ESpfrsKd;vkH; odrf;qnf; ,if;kyfemrfwdkY\ taMumif;w&m;wdkYudk &SmazGNyD;vQif taMumif;w&m;ESifhwuG
,if;kyfemrfwdkYudk qufvuf 0dyemI&ef bk&m;&Sifonf r[mowdy|meokwef e0od0xduyA =
olaoaumif (9)rsK;d udk Ionft
h ydik ;f wGif qufvufeT Mf um;xm;awmfr\
l / taMumif;w&m;ESiw
hf uGaom
xdk kyef mrf = ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd qufvuf 0dyemI&ef TeMf um;xm;awmfro
l nft
h wGuf txufwiG f
t0dnmPutokb = aotokbtavmif;aumif wnf&dSaom kyfw&m; o0dnmPutokb =
&Sit
f okb = (32)aum|mowdYk wnf&aSd om kyw
f &m;wdu
Yk kd 0dyemI&ef a&;om;wifjycJjh cif; jzpfayonf/
(32)aum|mo[laom aum|moynwfEiS hf tokbtavmif;aumif[al om tokbynwfwu
Ykd kd
tmkH,l &Siftokb aotokbIuGufudk I&ouJhodkY tvm;wlyif kyfy&rwfw&m;wdkY\ tokb
oabmudkvnf; tmkH,l kyfy&rwftppfwdkYudkvnf; tokb[kI&ef azPyd@Lyrokwef (oH-2104/) tmoD0ad omyrokwe f (oH-2-381/)paom xdx
k o
kd w
k e f ygVdawmf t|uxm #DumwdYk atmufyg
twdkif; vm&dSayonf/ ---{0H lyrd edpEd 0g "k0Ed 0g t[Ed 0g rrEd 0g *a[wkH e oum? *[dwrd e wxm wd|wd? tedpH
'kuH tewm tokban0 a[mwDwd {0H azPyd@o'doar0 a[mwd/ (oH-|-2-294/)
'k*EH tokpd H Asm"d H? Z&H r&PyrH/
tewm a[mEd yaaw? rDVvdaw0 yEa*/ (oH-|-3-59/)
70
txufyg t|uxmwdYk TeMf um;owfrw

S x
f m;onfEiS t
hf nD kyyf &rwfw&m;wdu
Yk v
kd nf; tedp
'ku tew[k IEdkifkHomru tokb[kvnf; IEdkifayonf/ rnfodkYaom tokbenf;[k ar;&ef&Sd\/
,if; kyfw&m;wdkY ---1/ 'k*E = raumif;aom teHY&dSjcif;
2/ tokpd = rpifrMu,f &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,foabm&dSjcif;
3/ Asm"d = emrIoabm&dSjcif;
4/ Z&m = tdkrIoabm = XDoabm&dSjcif;
5/ r&P = aorIoabm = ysufrIoabm = bifoabm&dSjcif; --oabmw&m;wdu
Yk m; kyw
f &m;wd\
Yk tokbtjcif;t&moabmrsm;yif jzpfMuonf/ kyu
f vmyf
toD;toD; wnf&dSaom "mwfBuD; (4)yg;wdkYonf ,if; 'k*E tokpd Asm"d Z&m r&P[laom tusKd;rJh
w&m; (5)rsK;d udk ,laqmifvsuo
f m jzpfay:vmMu\/ kyw
f &m;wdYk wnf&aSd om ,if;oabmw&m;rsm;udk
Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh Pfjzifh tmkH,l ,if;kyfy&rwfwdkYudk tokb-tokb [lvnf;
IEdkifayonf/ odkYvQif kyfw&m; odkYr[kwf um,mEkyemydkif; ynwfudk tokbIenf; kyfy&rwfudk tokbIenf;[k ESpfrsKd;&dSonfudk rSwfom;ygav/
tm'De0gEkyem
,H lyH tedpH 'kuH 0dy&dPmr"rH? t,H ly tm'Dea0g/ (oH-2-51/ ow|meokwf/)
tMuifyk w
f &m;onf tedpv
nf; jzpf\? 'kuv
nf; jzpf\? azmufjyefysupf ;D wwfaom 0dy&dPmr"rvnf; jzpf\? tedp 'ku 0dy&dPmr"roabmonf kyfw&m;\ tjypftm'De0yifwnf;/ ,if;
tjypftm'De0udk Ijcif;onf tm'De0gEkyemyifwnf;/ ,if;tm'De0gEkyemudyk if txuf azmfjyxm;aom oH,kwft|uxm (oH-|-3-59)u tokbbm0emtjzpf zGifhqdkjcif;yifjzpfayonf/ a0'em
ponfh emrfcEm (4)yg;wdkYvnf; enf;wlyif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlayonf/ (oH-2-51 - Munfh/)
orxESifh0dyem
(32)aum|mowdkY\ &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,foabmudk tmkH,l tZw A[d' wpfvSnfhpD IyGm;okH;oyfjcif;udk txufwGif &Sif;jycJhonfhtwdkif; 0dZ,okwefwGif o0dnmPutokb = &Siftokb[k
vnf;aumif; *d&drmeEokwefwGif tokbonm[kvnf;aumif; a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJh\/ tjypf
tm'De0udk jrifatmifIaom tm'De0gEkyem wpfrsKd;yifjzpfonf/ ,if; (32)aum|mowdkYudk I&m
vrf;okH;oG,f &dSayonf/ ---tmucFrme 0Pawm tmucFrme y#dulvawm tmucFrme oknawm ur|meH
Oy|[dwda,0/ (tbd-|-2-243/)
1/ tvdk&dSooltm; 0PuodkPf; = ta&mifuodkPf;tm;jzifh
2/ tvdk&dSooltm; &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulvoabmtm;jzifh
3/ tvdk&dSooltm; oknw = "mwfur|mef;oabmtm;jzifh --ur|mef;onf xif&Sm;vmvdrfhrnfom jzpfayonf/ (tbd-|-2-243/)
71
(32)aum|mowdkYudk tZw A[d' ESpfrsKd;vkH; EdkifEdkifeif;eif; t0g;0pGm avhvmxm;Edkifaom olawmfaf umif;onf ,if; (32)aum|mowdYk 0PuodP
k ;f vrf; y#duv
l reodum&vrf; oknw"mwfu
r|mef;vrf;[laom vrf;ok;H oG,w
f w
Ykd iG f BuKd uEf pS o
f uf&mvrf;odYk vdu
k
f a&G;cs,
f IEidk o
f nfomjzpfonf/
'Od r[mowdy|mae y#dulv0aoae0 uxdwH? r[m[wdya'gyr r[m&m[kavm0g'
"mwk0b
d a*Fok "mwk0aoe uxdw/H um,*wmowdoak w ye , 0Pawm Oy|mwd? wH oEm,
pwm&d psmemed 0dbwmed/ ww "mwk0aoe uxdwH 0dyemur|meH a[mwd? y#dulv0aoe
uxdwH orxur|meH/ (tbd-|-2-216/ 0dok'd-1-235/)
(32)aum|moudk r[mowdy|meokwef ('D-2-233/) y#dulvreodum&\ tpGrf;jzifh
a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/ r[m[wdya'gyrokwef (r-1-242/) r[m&m[kavm0g'okwef (r-2-84/)
"mwk0db*Fokwef (r-3-283/)wdkY "mwkreodum&\tpGrf;jzifh a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/ um,*wmowdokwef (r-3-132/)um; tMuifa,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ todPf ta&miftqif; = 0Ptm;jzifh
xifvm\/ xdk0Pudk = 0PuodkPf;udk &nf&G,fawmfrl psmefav;yg;wdkYudk a0zefa[mMum;xm;awmf
rl\/ xdkwGif "mwkreodum&\ tpGrf;jzifh a[mMum;xm;awmfrltyfaom ur|mef;onf 0dyem
ur|mef;jzpfonf/ y#duv
l reodum&\ tpGr;f jzifh a[mMum;xm;awmfrt
l yfaom ur|mef;onf orx
ur|mef;jzpf\/ (tbd-|-2-216/ 0dok'd-1-235/)
txufyg t|uxmrsm; (32)aum|mowdYk &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G f y#duv
l oabmtm;jzifh ESv;Hk oGi;f jcif;udk orxur|mef;jzpfaMumif; zGiq
hf ckd surf mS tyempsmef Oypm&psmefwu
Ykd kd tvd&k aSd om olawmfaumif;wdt
Yk zdYk tyempsmef Oypm&psmefwu
Ykd &kd atmif tm;xkwyf pHk epfukd &nfeT ;f xm;awmfrjl cif;jzpf\/
0dZ,okwef *d&drmeEokwef ponfwdkY TefMum;xm;awmfrlonfhtwdkif; ,if; (32)aum|mowdkYudk
tm'De0gEkyemtaejzifh &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulvoabmudk tZwwpfvSnfh A[d'wpfvSnfh
Iyguvnf; ,if; tm'De0gEkyemrSm 0dyemydkif;odkY ouf0ifonfom[k rSwfyg/ 'kumEkyem\
tjcHt&Hwnf;/ (r[m#D-2-389/)
txufwiG f wifjycJah om ow|meukovokwe f (oH-2-51/) a[mMum;xm;awmfro
l nft
h wdik ;f
emrfcEm (4)yg;wdkYvnf; tedpjypfcsufBuD; 'kujypfcsufBuD; azmufjyefysufpD;wwfaom 0dy&dPmr"r
jypfcsufBuD;rsm; &dSMuonfom jzpf\/ ,if; jypfcsufBuD;wdkYum; emrfw&m;wdkY\ emrI tdkrI aorIrsm;yif
jzpfMu\? &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G f tokboabmwdo
Yk m jzpfMu\/ ,if;oabmudk tmk,
H l ESv;Hk oGi;f emrfcEm
(4)yg;wdkYudkvnf; tokb-tokb[k Iyg/
udavomokpdy*&Pwm, p/ y / tokbmum&mEkyD/ (r-#D-1-346/)
tukov
kd af Zmemrfw&m;pkwu
Ykd m; rdrt
d ukov
kd ef mrfw&m;pkrS rpifrMu,f &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G f udavomtykyf&nfrsm; wpDpD pD;us ,dkpD; pdrfhxGufaeojzifh &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f tokboabmw&m;wdkYom
jzpfMu\/ xdkYaMumifh ,if;tukodkvfaZmrsm; apmMuonfh raumif;tkyfpk emrfw&m;wdkYudkvnf;- udav
om tykyf&nfrsm; ,dkpD;pdrfhxGufvmrIudk tmkH,l tokb-tokb[k Iyg/
72
wpfzef tmkH (6)yg;udk xdkufovdk tmkHjyK ukodkvfaZmrsm;apmonfh puK'Gg&0Dxdpaom 0Dxd

(6)rsKd;wdkY xdkufovdk jzpfay:vmMu&m ,if;ukodkvfaZmemrfw&m;wdkYudk taMumif;jyK avmb-a'goarm[-rmefrme-m-rp&d,paom udavom tykyf&nfrsm; pD;usvmonfjzpftHh? uJhodkYaom
orx0dyem bm0emwdkYtay: om,mrI eduEd jzpfaejim;tHh? odkYr[kwf orx0dyemukodkvfwdkY
tay: pdwfwdkif;rusojzifh a'gojzpfaetHh? igrdkY odkYI&wm? oif;wdkY b,fIvdkY&Edkifrwkef; ponfjzifh
wpfzufom;tay: tom,lvdkonfh axmifvTm;rI rmefrmew&m;awG jzpfvmjim;tHh? udk,fhxufom
remvdo
k nfh mw&m; rdrw
d &m;udk txdrcHEikd o
f nfh rp&,
d w&m;wdYk jzpfvmjim;th?H orx0dyem
bm0emukodkvf t[kefaMumifh vlawmfvlaumif; ewfaumif;ewfjrwf ewfxufewf jA[mxufjA[m
jzpf&ygvd\
k [laom t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gefw&m;wdYk xif&mS ;jzpfay:vmonf jzpfjim;th?H ,if;odjYk zpfaomf
ukov
kd af Zm taumif;tkypf k emrfw&m;pkrS udavomtyky&f nfrsm; ,kpd ;D pdrx
hf u
G v
f mjcif;yifjzpf\/ ,if;
oabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh taumif;tkyfpk emrfw&m;rsm;udkvnf; tm,we'Gg&tvdkuf
tokb-tokb[k Iyg/ (udavomokpdy*&Pwm, p / y / tokbmum&mEkyD/ r-#D-1-346/)
twdwf tem*wf ypKyef umvokH;yg; tZw A[d' oEmefESpfyg;vkH; enf;wl Iyg/ odkY IEdkifcJhaomf
atmufygt|uxmBuD;rsm;\ owfrSwfcsuf abmiftwGif;odkY 0ifoGm;NyD jzpfayonf/
aom umave tZwH orowd? umave A[d'g/ (tbd-|-1-270/ 0dok'd-2-300/)
aom umave lyH orowd? umave tlyH/ (tbd-|-1-271/ 0dok'd-2-300/)
txufyg t|omvdet
D |uxmESihf 0do'k rd *t|uxmwdu
Yk &Hcg tZwc Emig;yg; &Hcg A[d'
cEmig;yg; xdkwGifvnf; &Hcg kyfw&m; &Hcg emrfw&m;wdkYudk &Hcg tedpvuPm &Hcg 'kuvuPm &Hcg
tewvuPm &Hcg tokbvuPmwdkYudk wif 0dyemI&ef TefMum;xm;awmfrl\/ xdkTefMum;awmfrlcsufrsm;ESifhtnD toifolawmfaumif;onf ---1/ &Hcg tZwkyfw&m;wdkY\ &Hcg tedpoabm &Hcg 'kuoabm &Hcg tewoabm &Hcg tokb
oabmwdkYudkvnf;aumif;
2/ &Hcg A[d'kyfw&m;wdkY\ &Hcg tedpoabm &Hcg 'kuoabm &Hcg tewoabm &Hcg tokb
3/ &Hcg tZwemrfw&m;wdkY\ &Hcg tedpoabm &Hcg 'kuoabm &Hcg tewoabm &Hcg tokb
4/ &Hcg A[d'emrfw&m;wdkY\ &Hcg tedpoabm &Hcg 'kuoabm &Hcg tewoabm &Hcg tokb
oabmwdkYudk vnf;aumif; ---oabmwdkYudk wpfvSnfhpD vSnfh Iyg/ twdwfvnf; xdkenf;vnf;aumif; tem*wfvnf;
xdkenf;vnf;aumif; Iyg/ 0dyemt&m odkYI&aom IuGufrSm 0k|me*grded0dyem trsKd;rsKd;wdkYudk
&Si;f vif;wifjy zGiq
hf x
kd m;Muaom omoemh0efxrf; &Si&f [ef;wdo
Yk nf ausmufx;D wEK tvGet
f av;*k
jyKxdkufaom txdu& omoemhrSwfwdkifBuD;rsm; jzpfMuaom t|omvdeDt|uxm pmrsufESm-270271/ 0do'k rd *t|uxm 'kw,
d wJG pmrsuEf mS -300-301 wdYk vm&daS om TeMf um;csurf sm;yif jzpfMuonf/
73
TefMum;csufrsm;udk toifolawmfaumif;onf vufcHEdkifygvQif 0dyem[lonf ynwf y&rwf

rcJGbJ Icsif&mudk pnf;r&dS urf;r&dS Icsifwdkif; I&aom pepf r[kwfaMumif;udk oabmaygufoifhayNyD/
kyfemrf wJGvnf; Iyg

toifa,m*Doal wmfaumif;onf tZw A[d' ESprf sK;d vk;H kyw
f &m; emrfw&m;wd\
Yk tedpt
csuf
'kutcsuf tewtcsuf tokbtcsufwdkYudk oGufoGufvufvuf ausauseyfeyfINyD; Pftjrif
oefY&Sif;vmaomtcg kyfESifhemrf twJGvdkuf twJGvdkuf - jzpfrIysufrIudk Pfjzifh jrifatmif Munfh
tedp[
v
k nf;aumif; jzpfjcif;ysujf cif; 'Pfcsujf zifh tjrrJ jywf tnO;f yef; tESyd pf ufc&H onfo
h abmudk
Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunf
h 'ku[
v
k nf;aumif; rysupf ;D bJ tusw
d t
f cJ tcdik t
f rm tESpo
f m&tm;jzifh
wnfaeonfh twr&SdrIoabmudk PfjzifhjrifatmifMunfh tew[kvnf;aumif; &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f
tokboabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh tokb[kvnf;aumif; toD;toD; wpfvSnfhpD Iyg/
odkYI&m a&S; kyfemrfudk yl;wJGodrf;qnf;cJhonfh emrlyy&d*[ydkif;wGif kyfemrfudk odrf;qnf;ykH
kyef mrfcyGJ Hk jyqdck NhJ y;D onft
h wdik ;f tmkH (6)yg;udk xku
d o
f vdt
k mkjH yK jzpfay:vmMuukeaf om (6)vdik ;f vk;H
twGi;f wnf&MSd uaom emrfw&m;wd\
Yk pdwu
P
wdik ;f pdwu
P
wdik ;f vnf;aumif; 0Dxw
d \
Ykd tMum;
tMum;wnf&SMd uaom b0ifemrfw&m;wd\
Yk pdwu
P
wdik ;f pdwu
P
wdik ;f vnf;aumif; (54-44)paom
rDS&m0wKkyf lygkHpaom tmkHkyfrsm;ESifhwuG twJGvdkuf twJGvdkuf NydKNydKysufysufaeonfhoabmudk
h tmk,
H
l 0dyemIyg/ &Hcg tZw &Hcg A[d' wpfvn
S phf D yI g/ ypKye 0f ,f
tZw A[d' ESprf sK;d vk;H tm;&auseyfrI &&daS omtcg toifoal wmfaumif;ud,
k w
f ikd f I&Edik o
f rQaom
twdwf tqufqufro
S nf ypKye f ypKye rf o
S nf tem*wfq;Hk onf txd --- (1) kyo
f ufoufukd
vnf;aumif; (2 ) emrfoufoufudkvnf;aumif; (3) kyfESifhemrf wJGvnf;aumif; ,if;kyfemrfwdkY\
tedptcsuf 'kutcsuf tewtcsuf tokbtcsufwdkYudk Pfjzifh jrifatmif Munfh tedp[k
vnf;aumif; 'ku[
v
k nf;aumif; tew[v
k nf;aumif; tokb[kvnf;aumif; toD;toD; wpfvn
S phf D
wpfvn
S phf D Iyg/ tZww
pfvn
S hf A[d'w
pfvn
S hf Iyg/ Burd zf efrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum Iyg/ xdx
k kd yk w
f &m;
xdkxdkemrfw&m;wdkY\ cPypKyefodkYqdkufatmif txl;tav;*kjyK Iyg/ Oyg'f-XD-bifudk jrifEdkiforQ
jrifatmif Pfpu
kd
f Iyg/ twdwt
f qufqufro
S nf tem*wfq;Hk onfw
h ikd af tmif ,if;odYk EI ikd cf ahJ omf
twdwf tem*wf ypKyefumvokH;yg; &Hcg tZw &Hcg A[d' &Hcg kyfw&m; &Hcg emrfw&m;wdkY\ &Hcg
tedpoabm &Hcg 'kuoabm &Hcg tewoabm &Hcg tokboabmwdkYudk IyGm;NyD; jzpfoGm;ayonf/
(rSwfcsuf ---- kyfemrfudk yl;wGJ Ijcif;rSm kyfemrfwdkY\ cPypKyefodkY qdkufatmif Pftjrif oefY&Sif;oGm;aom O',A,Pfpaom txufydkif; 0dyemPfodkY wufvSrf;oGm;aom a,m*DwdkYudkom
&nfTef;xm;onf[k rSwfyg/)
xdo
k Ykd 0dyemIymG ;Edik af om a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f todPf ]]kyw
f &m; emrfw&m;wdo
Yk nf xdx
k kd
cP xkdkxdkb0om jzpfNyD;vQif ysufoGm;Mu\/ cPwpfckrS cPwpfckodkY b0wpfckrS b0wpfckodkY
ajymif;a&TU rjzpfEdkif}} [laom Pftjrifonf oefY&Sif;vsuf &dSaernfjzpfonf/ udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf
xGi;f azmufojd rifaernf jzpfonf/ odaYk omf oroePfyikd ;f wGif cPypKye o
f q
Ykd u
kd af tmif 0dyem
74
IvdkufEdkifaom y&rw"mwfom; kyfw&m;emrfw&m;wdkYrSm tcsKdUt0ufrQom &dSMuayrnf? cPypKyefodkY

qdkufatmif = Oyg'f-XD-bifodkY qdkufatmif rIvdkufEdkifao;aom kyfemrfy&rw"mwfom; tcsKdUwdkYvnf;
&dSaeMuOD;rnfom jzpfayonf/ "rmEkyemowdy|mefwGif tusKH;0ifaom cEm ig;yg;enf; tm,we
wpfq,fhESpfyg;enf; "mwf wpfq,fh&Spfyg;enf;wdkYukdvnf; qufvufIyg/ twdwftqufqufrSonf
tem*wfq;Hk onfw
h ikd af tmif tZw A[d' ESprf sK;d vk;H Iyg/ tm;&auseyfrI tawmftoifh &&daS omtcg
txl;ojzifh ypKyef rdrd&&dSxm;onfh psmefemrfw&m;wdkYudk OD;pm;ay; 0dyem Iygav/
y#d porkyg'f t*Fg&yfrsm;

tydkif;um; y#dporkyg'fyxrenf; a&;om;wifjycJhonfh aMumif;-usKd;qufEG,frIoabmudk
toifoal wmfaumif;onf jyefvnf tmk,
H x
l m;yg/ twdwt
f qufqufro
S nf tem*wftqufquf
qk;H onfw
h ikd af tmif t0dZm ocFg&paom y#dpo
rkyg 'ft*Fg&yfw\
Ykd wpfcEk iS w
hf pfck aMumif;-usK;d qufE,
G -f
vsuf jzpfay:ykHudk Pfjzifh a&S;OD;pGm jrifatmifMunfh ,if;y#dporkyg'ft*Fg&yfwdkYudk vuPma&;
okH;wef wpfvSnfhpDwifum 0dyemIyGm;&rnfh tydkif; jzpfayonf/ oroePfjzifh 0dyem IyGm;
okH;oyf&rnfh 0dyemPf\ tIcH tmkHpm&if;wGif y#dporkyg'ft*Fg&yfrsm;vnf; yg0ifaMumif;udk
0dok'dr*t|uxmwGif ---t0dZm tbdan,sm/ y / Z&mr&PH tbdan,sH/ (0dok'd-2-244/)
odkYponfjzifh (oH-2-258/ y#doH-6-9/) ponfh oH,kwfygVdawmf y#dord'gr*fygVdawmfwdkYudk
udk;um; zGifhqdkxm;ayonf/ xdkzGifhqdkcsufrsm;ESifhtnD toifolawmfaumif;onf a&S;OD;pGm twdwfu
odrYk [kwf yxrtwdwu
f t0dZm aMumifh ,if;yxrtwdwf ocFg&jzpfyu
Hk kd Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunh
f t0dZmjzpfjcif;aMumifh ocFg&jzpf\/
t0dZm (jzpf-ysuf) tedp? ocFg& (jzpf-ysuf) tedp/
odkYponfjzifh 0dyemIyg/ xdkodkY 0dyemI&m y#dporkyg'fydkif;wGif a&;om;wifjycJhonfh
twdkif; t0dZmonfvnf; t0dZmwpfvkH;wnf; jzpfEdkifonfh pGrf;tm;r&dS? emrfw&m;wdkY\ "rwmtwdkif;
tkyfpktvdkuf = emrfuvmyftvdkufom jzpfdk;"rwm &dS\/ tvm;wlyif ocFg&onfvnf; ocFg&wpfckwnf; = apwemwpfckwnf; jzpfEdkifonfh pGrf;tm; r&dS? emrfw&m;wdkY\ "rwmtwdkif; tkyfpktvdkuf =
emrfuvmyftvdkufom jzpfdk;"rwm &dS\/ wpfzef ,if;t0dZmemrfw&m;tkyfpk? ocFg&emrfw&m;tkyfpkwdkYrSmvnf; 0Dxdac:onfh pdwed,mrvrf;aMumif;twdkif;om jzpfdk;"rwm &dS\/ y#doaE cEmig;yg;
ponfh 0dygufcEmwdkYudk jzpfapEdkifonfh pGrf;tm;&Sdaom 0DxdrSmvnf; raem'Gg&0Dxdyif jzpf\/ ,if;
raem'Gg&0Dxd w'gkHrSm usaomfvnf; &dS&m\/ rusaomfvnf; &dS&m\/ jzpfcJhonfhtwdkif; Pfjzifh
jrifatmifMunf
h t0dZm yg0ifonfh raem'Gg&0Dxad Mumifh ocFg&yg0ifonfh raem'Gg&0Dxjd zpfyu
Hk kd Pfjzifh
jrifatmifMunfh ---t0dZmjzpfjcif;aMumifh ocFg&jzpf\/
t0dZm (jzpf-ysuf) tedp? ocFg& (jzpf-ysuf) tedp/
odkY Iyg/ wpfzef ocFg&jzpfjcif;aMumifh 0dnmPfjzpfykHudk Ionfhtydkif;vnf; ocFg&yg0ifaom
75
raem'Gg&0DxdaMumifh y#doaE0dnmPfponfh 0dyguf0dnmPfrsm;jzpfykHudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunhf---ocFg&jzpfjcif;aMumifh y#doaE0dnmPf (emrfw&m;pk) jzpf\/

ocFg& (jzpf-ysuf) tedp? y#doaE0dnmPf (jzpf-ysuf) tedp/
odkYponfjzifh y#dporkyg'fydkif; yxrenf;wGif a&;om;wifjycJhonfhtwdkif; taMumif; tusKd;
pyfum y#dporkyg'ft*Fg&yfwdkYudk 0dyemIyg/ CetoD;toD; NydKatmif y&rwfodkY Pftjrif qdkufatmif Iyg/ rnfonfhb0 rnfodkYaom t0dZm rnfodkYaom ocFg& rnfodkYaom 0dnmPfjzpfcJhonfudk
y#dporkyg'f yxrenf;wGif taMumif; tusKd; odrf;qnf;cJhpOfu ykHpHtwdkif; Iyg/ y#dporkyg'f t*Fg&yf
tm;vk;H wdYk enf;wloabmaygufyg/ 'ku tewwu
Ykd v
kd nf; enf;wlyif Iyg/ twdwt
f qufqufro
S nf
tem*wfqkH;onftxd okH;b0 okH;b0wdkYudk aMumif;-usKd;qufpyfvsuf Iyg/ tZw IouJhodkY A[d'
vnf; A[d'c si;f wln
D aygif;pkjcKH iv
Hk suf Iygav/ a,mufsm;rde;f r yk*Kd vo
f w0g rnforl nf0g ponfjzifh
oEmefcJGjcm;a0zef rIygESifh/ kyfemrfudkodrf;qnf;cJhpOfu A[d'csif;wlnD omrntm;jzifh aygif;pk
jcHKikH odrf;qnf;&ouJhodkY 0dyemydkif;vnf; tvm;wlyif A[d'csif;wlnD omrntm;jzifh
aygif;pkjcHKikHom 0dyemIyg/
awm (40) IuGuf

yuaE tedpawm 'kuawm a&m*awm *@awm ovawm tCawm tmAm"awm
y&awm yavmuawm wdawm Oy'0awm b,awm Oyo*awm pvawm yb*kFawm
t'K0awm twmPawm tavPawm to&Pawm &dwa wm wkpa wm oknawm tewawm
tm'De0awm 0dy&dPmr"rawm tom&uawm tCrlvawm 0"uawm 0db0awm omo0awm
ocFwawm rm&mrdoawm Zmwd"rawm Z&m"rawm Asm"d"rawm r&P"rawm aomu"rawm
y&da'0"rawm Oyg,mo"rawm oHudavodu"rawm/ (y#doH-411/) (0dok'd-2-246/)
yuaE tedpawm yaEm tEkavmrduH cEd H y#dvbwd/ yEH cEmeH eda&ma"m edpH edAmeEd
yaEm orwed,mrH Mourwd/ ... (y#doH-411/) (0dok'd-2-246/)
vuPoroePfydkif;wGif 0dok'dr*t|uxmu txufyg y#dord'gr*fygVdawmfBuD;udk
udk;um; awm (40) IuGufrsm;udk zGifhqdkxm;awmfrl\/ awm (40) IuGufrsm;udk rSwfom;vG,ful
ap&eftwGuf r[m0do'k g &mrq&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D u rdr\
d y&rwolyab'eDusr;f 'kw,
d wJG pmrsuEf mS
(529) ponf *gxmrsm;jzifh a&;om;oDu;Hk xm;awmfr\
l / xd*k gxmrsm; vmonft
h wdik ;f tedpv
uPm
(10)csufudk wpfpk? 'kuvuPm (25)csufudk wpfpk? tewvuPm (5)csufudk wpfpk odkY (3)pkcJG
a&;om;wifjyaythH/ ----
tedpvuPm (10) csuf

lyH tedpH yavmuH ? pvH yb*kF t'K0H/
0dy&dPmrmom&uH? 0db0H rpKocFwH/
lyH = kyfw&m;onf ---1/ tedpH
= jrJjcif; oabmr&dS = rjrJ/
76
2/ yavmuH = ysufpD;jcif;oabm &dS\/

3/ pvH
= rwnfMunf rwHhpm; a&GU&Sm;wkefvIyfwwf\/
4/ yb*kF
= zdkz&JNydKuJGjcif; oabm&dS\/
5/ t'K0H
= cdkifrmjcif;oabm r&dS/
6/ 0dy&dPmr"rH = azmufjyefjcif;oabm &dS\/
7/ tom&uH = cdkifrmonfh tESpfom& r&dS/
8/ 0db0H
= qkH;IH;jcif;oabm &dS\/
9/ rpK
= aoqkH;jcif;oabm &dS\/
10/ ocFwH
= taMumif;w&m;wdkYonf tzefzef jyKjyiftyf\/
1/ tedpawm
tep Eduwm, tm'dtE0Ewm, p tedpawm/ (0dok'd-2-247/)
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf cEmig;yg;wdkYwGif cEmwpfyg;pD wpfyg;pDudk cJG awm (40) IuGufudk
Iyg/ kyf-emrf ESpfyg;enf;jzifh kyfwpfykH emrfwpfykH ykHvnf; IEdkifygonf/
kyfemrf cEmwdkYonf jzpfjcif; = Oyg'f[laom aU&StpGef; ysufjcif; = bif[laom aemuftpGef;
&daS omw&m;rsm; jzpfMu\/ ysujf cif; = bif[al om aemuftpGe;f udk ausmv
f eG
f wnfwEhH ikd af om oabm
r&dSMuukef? bifumvodkYa&mufvQif csKyfaysmufoGm;dk; "rwm&dSMu\/ r&dSjcif;oabmodkY a&muf&dSoGm;Mu\/ xdkodkY bifumv[laom aemuftpGef;udk ausmfvGefEdkifaom jrJaom ow r[kwfonf\
tjzpfaMumifh bifumv[laom aemuftpGef;udk rausmfvGefEdkif ausmfvGef rjzpfEdkif rwnfEdkifonf\
tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; jzpfjcif; = Oyg'f[laom aU&StpGef; ysufjcif; = bif[laom aemuftpGef;
&do
S nf\ tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif; jrjJ cif;oabm r&daS om rjraJ om tedpw
&m;rsm; jzpfMu\/ (Oyg'fpGef;udk rvGefEdkif[lonf kyfw&m;emrfw&m;wdkYonf jzpfjcif; Oyg'fumvodkY ra&mufrD umvuvnf;
r&dSMuao;? jzpf&ef toifhBudKwif apmifhqdkif;aerIoabmrsKd; r&dSMuao;[k qkdvdk\/ ysufjcif; = bif
tpGe;f udk rvGeEf ikd [
f o
l nf kyw
f &m;emrfw&m;wdo
Yk nf ysujf cif; = bifumv\ aemufvnf; wpfae&m
oGm;a&muf tavmif;aumifrsm; pkykHxyfaeouJhodkY pkykHxyfaerIrsKd;vnf; r&dS[k qdkvdk\/ rjzpfcifu
r&dSjcif; ysufNyD;aemuf r&dSjcif;[laom ]]r&dSjcif;}} ESpfrsKd;wdkY\ tv,ftMum;omvQif Oyg'f-XD-bif =
jzpf-wnf-ysuf taetxm;tm;jzifh tcdu
k t
f wefY wpfcPrQom wnfjcif;oabm&d\
S /) kyef mrfwo
Ykd nf
xdkodkY Oyg'fpGef; bifpGef;udkvGef wnfaejcif;oabm r&dSjcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif; Oyg'fpGef; bifpGef;
[laom tpESifhtqkH; xif&Sm;&dSjcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif; kyfemrfwdkYonf tedp[laom trnfudk &Muonf/ ,if; tedpoabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh tedp tedp [k Iyg/
2 / yavmuawm
Asm"dZ&mr&aP[d yvkZewm, yavmuawm/ (0dok'd-2-247/)
cEmig;yg; kyfemrfw&m;wdkYonf Asm"dZ&mr&P = emrI tdkrI aorIwdkYjzifh NydKuJGwwf aygufjyJwwf
ysufpD;wwfonf\tjzpf Asm"dZ&mr&PwdkYaMumifh vGefpGmysufpD;jcif;oabm &dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifh
77
yavmu = ysufpD;jcif; oabm&dS\/ orKwdopme,frS qdk&rl b0wpfcktwGif; emrI tdkrI aorIonf

Asm"d Z&m r&Pwnf;/ y&rwopmtm;jzifrh u
l m; jzpfvmaom kyw
f &m;emrfw&m;wd\
Yk cPXdw[
d al om
Oyg'f-XD-bif umvokH;yg;twGif; tusKH;0ifaom tcdkuftwefYwnfrI = XDumvonf Z&m ysufrI =
bifumvonf r&Pwnf;/ jzpfay:aeaom cEmwdkY\ "mwfobm0wpfckckvGefuJrIonf Asm"doabm
w&m;wnf;? "mwfobm0wpfckck vGefuJvmaomtcg azmufjyefysufpD;vmaomtcg zsm;emonf[k
qdk&\/ jzpfay:vmaom cEmig;yg; kyfemrfw&m;wdkY ,if; Asm"d Z&m r&Poabm = "mwfobm0
wpfckck vGefuJrIoabm XDoabm bifoabmwdkYaMumifh vGefpGmysufpD;wwfonfh oabmudk Pfjzifh
jrifatmifMunfh yavmu yavmu [k I y g/
3/ pvawm
Asm"dZ&mr&aP[d ap0 vmbmvmbm'D[d p avmu"ar[d ypvdwwm, pvawm/
(0dok'd-2-247/)
avmu"rm vmbm'da[wkum tEke,y#dCm? aw[d Asm"dtm'D[d p te0|dwwm ypvdwwm/ (r[m#D-2-396/)
cEmig;yg; kyef mrfw&m;wdo
Yk nf Asm"dZ&mr&PwdaYk Mumifv
h nf; rwnfMunf rwHph m; tjym;tm;jzifh
wkev
f yI w
f wf\/ vmb = vmbf&jcif; ,o = tjct
H &Hrsm;jcif; *kPo
f wif; tausmt
f apm Bu;D rm;jcif;
yoHo = tcsD;rGrf;cH&jcif; okc = csrf;omokcudk cHpm;&jcif; ---- tvdk&dStyfaom |avmu"H
(4)rsKd;aMumifh cspfjrwfEdk;wwf wG,fwmrufarmwwfaom tEke, ac: &m*jzpfjcif;? tvmb = vmbf
r&jcif; t,o = ta>ct&H r&dSjcif; *kPfowif;tausmftapmrJhjcif; edE = tuJh&JUcH&jcif; 'ku =
qif;&Jonfh'kua0'emudk cHpm;&jcif; - tvdkr&dStyfaom ted|avmu"H (4)rsKd;aMumifh pdwfcufxef
Murf;wrf;jcif; rauseyfjcif;y#dC ac: a'gow&m;jzpfjcif; - vmbf&jcif; vmbfr&jcif; ponfwu
Ykd kd
taMumif;cH jzpfay:vmukefaom tEke,ac:aom &m* y#dCac:aom a'gowdkYum; avmu"r =
avmu"HwdkYyifwnf;/ ,if;avmu"Hw&m;wdkYaMumifhvnf; cEmig;yg; kyfemrfw&m;wdkYonf rwnfMunf
rwHhpm; a&GU&Sm;wkefvIyfwwf\/ ,if;odkYaom rwnfMunf rwHhpm; tjym;tm;jzifh a&GU&Sm;wkefvIyfwwfaom oabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh pv pv [k Iyg/
4/ yb*kFawm
Oyuare ap0 o&aoe p yb*Fky*reoDvwm, yb*kFawm/ (0dok'd-2-247/)
Yk nf rdr\
d vkv
YH ya,m*jzifv
h nf;aumif; olwpfyg;\ vkv
YH ya,m*jzifh
vnf;aumif; rdrd\ yifudkoabmtm;jzifhvnf;aumif; zdkz&JNydKuJGysufpD;jcif;odkY a&mufavh&dSonf\
tjzpfaMumifh yb*kF = zdkz&J NydKuGJysufpD;jcif; oabm&dS\/ ,if;oabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh
yb*kF yb*kF [k Iyg/
5/ t'K0awm
oAm0wedygwdwm, xd&bm0 p tbm0wm, t'K0awm/ (0dok'd-2-247/)
78
oAm0wedygwdwm,mwd kuzvH 0d, twdwkPumvawm y|m, oAmok t0wmok edyweoDvwm,/ tedywyd oaAe oAH tom&wm, xd&bm0 tbm0wm,/
(r[m#D-2-396/)
tvGeEf ak om umvrSp wa>ca>ca<uusaom opfo;D uJo
h Ykd i,f&,
G Ef ek ,faomt&G,f aysm&f iT f
jrL;wl;upm;aomt&G,f odpYk aom tvk;H pkaH om touft&G,f tcdu
k t
f weft
Y rsK;d rsK;d wdYk a<uusjcif;
oabm&dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; ra<uusaomfvnf; cyfodrf;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh
tESpfrJhonfjzpf jrJjrHcdkifcHhaomtjzpf\ r&dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf
rcdkifcHhonfh t'K0w&m;wdkYom jzpfMu\/ ,if;oabmw&m;udk Pfjzifh jrifatmif Munfh t'K0
t'K0 [k Iyg/
6/ 0dy&dPmr"rawm
Z&m, ap0 r&aPe pmwd a'G"m y&dPmryuwdwm, 0dy&dPmr"rawm/ (0dok'd-2-247/)
cEmig;yg; kyfemrfw&m;wdkYonf Z&m[kac:qdktyfaom XDumvjzifhvnf;aumif; r&P[k ac:qdktyfaom bifumvjzifhvnf;aumif; - odkYvQif ESpfrsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh azmufjyefjcif;
ajymif;vJjcif; 0dy&dPmroabm &d\
S / Zmwdwnf;[laom Oyg'foabmrS Z&mwnf;[laom XDoabmodYk
vnf;aumif; Z&mwnf;[laom XDumvrS r&Pwnf;[laom bifoabmodkYvnf;aumif; cPwdkif;
cPwdkif; azmufjyefajymif;vJaeMu\/ ocFg&w&m;wdkY ,if;odkYaom 0dy&dPmroabm&dSaomaMumifh
,if;oabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh 0dy&dPmr"r 0dy&dPmr"r [k Iyg/
7/ tom&uawm
'kAvwm, az*K 0d, okc beD,wm, p tom&uawm/ (0dok'd-2-247/)
Yk nf jzpfNy;D onfEiS hf wpfNyKd ief uf rdro
d abmtm;jzifh tvdv
k ykd if ysupf ;D wwf tvGeftm;enf;Mu\/ tcsKdU tm;enf;aom tm;EJGUaysmhaysmif;aom t&m0wKonf El;nHhaysmhaysmif;onfhtwGuf trI cHhnm;aeonfhtwGuf zsufqD; &EdkifcJ\/ cEmig;yg; kyfemrfw&m;wdkYonfum; xdu
k o
hJ rYkd [kw?f tumuJo
h Ykd ysupf ;D vG,Mf u\/ odv
Yk Qif ocFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nf rdro
d abmtm;jzifh
tvdkvdkyif ysufpD;wwf tm;enf;onf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; tumuJhodkY ysufpD;vG,faomaMumifhvnf;aumif; tom&u = cdkifrmonfh tESpfom& r&dSay/ ,if;oabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmif
Munf
h tom&u tom&u [k Iyg/
8/ 0db0awm
0d*wb0wm, 0db0or Lwwm, p 0db0awm/ (0dok'd-2-248/)
cEmig;yg; kyfemrfocFg&w&m;wdkYonf Oyg'fNyD;aemuf bifumvodkYa&mufvQif csKyfaysmufoGm;&um; bifumv\ aemuf qufvufBuD;yGm;jcif; pnfyifjcif; r&dSMuay/ BuD;yGm;pnfyifjcif;oabmrS
uif;uke\
f / wpfzefyk ef mrf"rocFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nf txl;ojzifh 0dygu0#fwiG f tusK;H 0ifaom kyef mrf"r
ocFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nf 0db0wPSm 0db0'd|d = Oap''d|rd S aygufzmG ;vm&\? jzpfay:vm&\/ (0db0wPSm
0db0'd|d[k owfrSwfjyjcif;rSm OyvuPenf; ed'eenf;[krSwfyg/ t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg&
79
uH[laomtaMumif;w&m; ig;yg;wGif tusKH;0ifaom wPSm[lorQ wPSmESifh,SOfonfh 'd|d[lorQudk

&nfTef;xm;onf[k rSwfyg/) wpfenf; ---- rdrdudkjzpfapwwfaom tzESifhwlaom oabmwl obm*jzpfaom (t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH [laom) taMumif;w&m;pk\ Oyg'f-XD-bif oufwrf;aph
csKyfysufNyD;onfrS aemufumv (0dygu0#fjzpfukefaom) kyfemrf"r ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf jzpfjcif;
oabmrsKd; &dSMuukef\/ zcif aoqkH;NyD;rS jzpfay:vm&aom w&m;rsKd;wdkY [lvdkonf/ ,if;odkYvQif ocFg&
w&m;wdkYonf BuD;yGm;pnfyifjcif; oabmuif;aomaMumifhvnf;aumif; 0db0wPSm 0db0'd|drS
jzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh vnf;aumif; wpfenf; ---- zcif qk;H I;H ysupf ;D Ny;D onfrS aemufumv jzpfay:vm&onfh tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif; 0db0H = qk;H I;H jcif;oabm&d\
S / ,if;oabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmif
Munfh 0db0 0db0 [k Iyg/
9/ r&P"rawm = rpK
r&Pyuwdwm, r&P"rawm/ (0dok'd-2-248/)
kyfemrf"r ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf aojcif; = ysufjcif; = bif[laom r&Poabm&dSjcif;aMumifh
r&P"r = rpK = aojcif;oabm &dSMu\/ ,if;oabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh r&P"r
r&P"r (= rpK rpK ) [k Iyg/
10/ ocFwawm
a[wkypa,[d tbdocFwwm, ocFwawm/ (0dok'd-2-248/)
kyfemrf"r ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf ---1/ wdkufdkufjzpfapwwfaom a[wktaMumif; = ZeutaMumif;
2/ tm;ay;axmufyHhwwfaom OywrutaMumif; = yp,taMumif;
taMumif;w&m;wdkYonf aygif;pk jyKjyiftyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ocFwH = taMumif;w&m;wdkYonf tzefzef jyKjyiftyfaomoabm &dS\/
b0wpfcu
k kd a&S;OD;pGmpwif jynfwnfay;aom kyw
f &m;wdrYk mS urZkyw
f Ykd jzpfMu\/ ,if;urZkyfw&m;rsm;udk wdkufdkufjzpfapwwfaom taMumif;w&m;um; uHyifjzpf\/ ZeutaMumif; a[wk
taMumif;wnf;/ t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef[laom udavo0#f taMumif;w&m;wdkYum; xdktwdwfuHudk
tm;ay;axmufyhHwwfukefaom Oywru taMumif;w&m;wdkYwnf;/ odkYaomf xdkudavo0#fwdkYonf
ukov
kd u
f t
H m; Oyed,paom oww
d jYkd zifh aus;Zl;jyKay;\? tukov
kd u
f t
H m;rlum; Oyed,paom
oww
d jYkd zifv
h nf;aumif; o[Zmw tnrn ed,paom oww
d jYkd zifv
h nf;aumif; aus;Zl;jyKay;\/
wpfzef pdwf Owk tm[m&wdkYonfvnf; tcsKdUaom pdwZkyf OwkZkyf tm[m&ZkyfwdkYtm; wdkufdkuf
jzpfapwwf tcsKUd kyw
f t
Ykd m; tm;ay;axmufyw
hH wfaomfvnf; urowu
d urZkyw
f t
Ykd m;jzpfapykEH iS hf
rwlbJ &dSMu\/ pdwfu pdwZkyfwdkYtm; o[Zmwpaom yp,owdwdkYjzifh Owku OwkZkyfwdkYtm;
Oyed,paom yp,owdwdkYjzifh tm[m&u tm[m&ZkyfwdkYtm; tm[m&paom yp,owdwdkYjzifh
aus;Zl;jyKay;\/ xdkYaMumifh urowd r[kwfojzifh ZeutaMumif;[k rqdkbJ Oywru taMumif;[k
qdkonf rSwfyg/
80
b0wpfck0,f a&S;OD;pGm jzpfMuaom emrfw&m;wdkYrSm y#doaE 0dygufemrfw&m;pkwdkY jzpfMu\/

,if;0dygufemrfw&m;pkw\
Ykd a[wktaMumif; ZeutaMumif;rSm uHjzpf\/ t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef[al om
udavo0#fwrYkd mS kyf qdck o
hJ nfeh nf;wl rSwyf g/ ,if;emrfw&m;wd\
Yk ypKye t
f aMumif;w&m; jzpfuek af om
0wK tmkH zpaomw&m;wdkYonfum; Oywru taMumif;w&m;wdkYyifwnf;/
txufyg oabmw&m;wdkYudk Pfjzifh jrifatmif Munfh rdrdIyGm;rnfh IyGm;aeonfh kyf
(a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPf) w&m;udk ocFw ocFw [k Iyg/
lyuEm Ionfhenf;wl emrfcEm (4)yg;wdkYvnf; toD;toD; cEmwpfyg;pD wpfyg;pD cJGIyg/
cEm wpfyg; wpfyg; tedpmEkyemPf (10)yg; jzpfojzifh cEmig;yg;vkH; tedpmEkyemPf
(50) jzpfayonf/
y#dporkyg'ft*Fg&yfwdkYvnf; tedpvuPm (10)csufudk IEdkifonfom jzpfayonf/ wGif
tedpvuPm (10)csuf NyD;\/
'kuvuPm (25) csuf

'ku a&m*g-CH *@H? ovm-Am"H Oy'0H/
b,D-wsL-yo*g-wmPH? tavPm-o&PH 0"H/
tCrlvH tm'De0H? omo0H rm&tmrdoH/
Zmwd-Z&H Asm"daomuH? y&da'0-rkyg,moH/
oHudavoobm0uH/
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
'kuH
a&m*H
tCH
*@H
ovH
tmAm"H
Oy'0H
b,H
9/ wd
10/ Oyo*H
11/ twmPH
12/ tavPH
13/ to&PH
14/ 0"uH
= ,kwfrmnpfqdk; qif;&Jonfh 'kursKd;omwnf;/

= usifem npfqdk; a&m*grsKd;omwnf;/
= tusKd;,kwf tusKd;rJhrsKd;omwnf;/
= rzG,fkyfqif; xGwfjrif;temrsKd;omwnf;/
= pl;0ifnpfqdk; jrm;ajimifhrsKd;omwnf;/
= EdSyfpufvTrf;rdk; temrsKd;omwnf;/
= vGefpGm uyf&yf EdSyfpufwwfaom Oy'frsKd;omwnf;/
= csrf;omponfESifh ra&m jyefYajymrsm;jym; BuD;rm;aom ab;rsKd;omwnf;/ 0g ?
aMumufzG,f npfqdk; ab;&efrsKd;omwnf;/
= xdwfvefYpzG,f tE&m,frsKd;omwnf;/
= wG,fwm pJGuyf EdSyfpufwwfaom Oy'frsKd;omwnf;/
= apmifha&SmufrJhvQif; ab;\ toif;tyif;omwnf;/
= uG,fumrJhvQif; ab;\ toif;tyif;omwnf;/
= udk;&mrJhvQif; ab;\ toif;tyif;omwnf;/
= (orKwo
d pm avsmpf mG ynwf ac:a0:tyfonfh vlewfjA[m ow0gukd ok;H jzmcP
bifodkYusatmif umvr&Snf oEmefpnf em&Drvyf twGifowfonfh) olowf
rsKd;dk;omwnf;/
81
15/ tCrlvH
16/ tm'De0H
17/ omo0H
18/
19/
20/
21/
22/
23/
24/
25/
= usKd;rJhcyif; qif;&Jjcif;\ t&if;tjrpfomwnf;/

= qd;k 0g;npfusK tjypfpo
k mwnf;/0g/ cdu
k ;kd &mrJh txD;usef olqif;&Jomwnf;/
= tmoa0gw&m;av;yg;wdkY\ tpD;tyGm;omwnf;/ tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\
teD;uyfqkH; taMumif;y'|mefomwnf;/
rm&tmrdoH
= udavorm&f rpKrm&fwdkY\ pm;zwf 0g;zwf okH;oyfeif;e,f&momwnf;/
Zmwd
= ow0gudk rnmriJh t&GJUtapmif; raumif;qdk;npf jzpfcsifwdkif; jzpfwwfaom oabm&dS\/
Z&H
= qkwf,kwfavsmhyg;jcif; oabm&dS\/
Asm"d
= zsm;emjcif; oabm&dS\/
aomuH
= pdk;&drfylyefjcif; oabm&dS\/
y&da'0H
= idka<u;jrnfwrf;&jcif; oabm&dS\/
Oyg,moH
= oufBuD;Idufiif jyif;pGm ylyef&jcif;oabm&dS\/
oHudavodu"rH = oHudavoobm0uH = wPSm 'd|d 'kp&dwwnf;[laom npfEGrf;jcif;
okH;yg;udk yGm;pD;apwwfaom oabm&dS\/
1/ 'kuawm
Oyg'0,y#dyDVewm, 'ku0wKwm, p 'kuawm/ (0dok'd-2-247/)
Oyg'0,y#dyDVewm,mwd Oyga'e 0a,e p ywd ywd caP caP wHor*aem 0dAm"eobm0wm? aw[d 0g o,ar0 0dAma"wAwm/ O',A,0aEm [d "rm tbdPSH aw[d y#dyDVdwm
{0 a[mEd? ,m yDVem ]]ocFg&'kuwm}}wd 0kpwd/ 'ku0wKwm,mwd wd0d"myd 'ku oHom&'ku p t"d|mebm0awm/ (r[m#D-2-395/)
kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkYonf jzpfjcif; = Oyg'fjzifhvnf;aumif; ysufjcif; = bifjzifhvnf;aumif;
cPwdik ;f cPwdik ;f xdk yk ef mrfcEmESihf jynfph aHk omow0gudk nO;f yef;ESyd pf ufjcif; oabm&d\
S / wpfenf;
qdk&aomf ---- xdk jzpfjcif;ysufjcif; &dSaom kyfemrfcEmwdkYonf rdrdwdkY tvdkvkd rdrdwdkYobm0 twdkif;yif
jzpfjcif;ysujf cif; 'Pfcsujf zifh tjrrJ jywf tnO;f yef; tEdyS pf ufc&H aom oabm&S\
d / wpfzef ,if;kyw
f &m;
emrfw&m;wdkYonf ---1/ ted|azm|AmkHudk tmkHjyK jzpfay:vmaom um,'Gg&0Dxd\ twGif; yg0ifwnf&Sdaom 'kuo[*kwfum,0dnmPf = xdodpdwfESifh ,SOfaom um,du'kua0'emESifh ted|mkHudk tmkHjyK
jzpfay:vmaom a'gorla'G; ,SOfaom apwodua'grea0'em = apwodu'kua0'em
[laom 'ku'ku
2/ |azm|AmkHudk tmkHjyK jzpfay:vmaom um,'Gg&0Dxd\ twGif; yg0ifwnf&Sdaom okco[*kwfum,0dnmPf = xdodpdwfESifh ,SOfaom um,duokca0'emESifh |mkHudk tmkHjyK
jzpfay:vmaom apwoduaomrea0'em = apwoduokca0'em[laom 0dy&dPmr'ku
3/ Oayuma0'emESifhwuG <uif;usefaom kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wnf;[laom ocFg&'ku ---82
'kuoHk;rsKd;wdkY\ wnf&m0wKvnf; jzpfMu\/ kyfemrf"r ocFg&w&m; rSeforQwdkYonf jzpfjcif;

ysufjcif; 'Pfcsufjzifh tjrJrjywf tnOf;yef; tEdSyfpufcH&onfcsnf; jzpfMu\/ ,if;odkY tnOf;yef;
tESdyfpufcH&jcif;oabmudkyif ocFg&'ku[l ac:qdk\/ jzpfjcif; = O',oabm ysufjcif; = 0,oabm&dSaom ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ "rwmyifjzpf\/ xdkYaMumifh 'ku'ku 0dy&dPmr'ku ocFg&'ku trnf
&aom ocFg&w&m;rSeforQwdkYonf ocFg&'kutrnf&Muonfom jzpfukef\/ wpfenf; ---- kyfemrf"r
ocFg&w&m;rSeo
f rQwo
Ykd nf 'ku' u
k 0dy&dPmr'ku ocFg&'ku[
al om 'kuo
;Hk rsK;d wd\
Yk wnf&m0wKvnf;
jzpfMu\/ Zmwd Z&m Asm"d r&P aomu y&da'0 'ku a'gre Oyg,mownf;[laom oHom&0#f'ku\ wnf&m0wKvnf; jzpfMu\/ ,if;odkYvQif ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf jzpfjcif;ysufjcif; 'Pfcsufjzifh
tjrJrjywf tnOf;yef; tESdyfpufcH&onfhoabmaMumifhvnf;aumif; 'kuokH;rsKd;wdkY\ wnf&m0wKjzpfjcif;oabmaMumifhvnf;aumif; oHom&0#f'ku\ wnf&m0wK jzpfjcif;oabmaMumifhvnf;aumif;
'kuH = ,kwfrmnpfqdk; qif;&Jonfh 'kursKd;om jzpf\/ ,if;oabmw&m;udk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh
'ku 'ku [k Iyg/ odkY IrIrsKd;udkyif ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk 'kuvuPm,mOfwif 0dyemIonf[k
ac:qdkayonf/
0dyem r[kwfao;onfudk owdjyKyg

'kuv
uPm,mOfwif 0dyemI&onfh wdik af tmifaom 0dyemIuu
G u
f kd toifoal wmfaumif;onf owdjyK tmkH,lMunfhyg/ 'kuvuPmukd IyGm;vdkaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf ---1/ pwkyg&dok'doDvwnf;[laom tajccHoDv pifMu,fNyD;jzpfojzifh oDv0dok'djzpfjcif;
2/ tmemygepwkwpsmeform"duJhodkYaom tyempsmeform"d odkYr[kwf Oypm&orm"dwnf;[laom
orm"dwpfckckudk atmifatmifjrifjrif xlaxmifEdkifojzifh pdw0dok'dESifh jynfhpkHjcif;
3/ kyfuvmyf emrfuvmyfrsm;udk "mwfcJGEdkif kyfy&rwf emrfy&rwfodkY Pftjrif qdkufatmif
kyfemrfwdkYudk odrf;qnf;Edkif emrlyy&dap'Pfudk &&dSxm;NyD;jzpfojzifh 'd|d0dok'dPftjrifESifh
jynfhpkHaejcif;
4/ y#dpo
rkyg 'fyikd ;f wGif &Si;f vif;wifjycJo
h nft
h wdik ;f twdwf tem*wf ypKye f umvok;H yg;twGi;f
taMumif;w&m;tqufquf tusKd;w&m;tqufqufwdkYudk Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,lEdkif odrf;qnf;Edkifojzifh yp,y&d*[Pfudk &&Sdxm;NyD; jzpfojzifh ucFg0dw&P0dok'dpcef;odkY qdkufa&mufNyD;ol
jzpfjcif;
5/ twdwf tem*wf ypKyef umvokH;yg; tZw A[d' oEmefESpfyg; twGif; wnf&dSMuaom
taMumif;w&m;ESiw
hf uGaom kyw
f &m;emrfw&m;wdu
Yk kd vuPma&;ok;H wefwifum IymG ;ok;H oyfEdkifojzifh oroePfydkif;odkY qdkufa&mufaejcif; ---txufyg t*Fg&yf toD;toD;ESifh jynfhpkHol olawmfaumif; jzpf&ayrnf/ t*Fg&yf toD;
toD;ESifh rjynfhpkHojzifh ---1/ kyu
f vmyf emrfuvmyfuv
kd nf; Pfjzifh rjrifao;bJ jrifaomfvnf; kyu
f vmyf emrfuvmyfukd
"mwfrcJGEdkifao;ojzifh y&rwfodkY Pftjrif rqdkufao;bJ kyfemrfy&rwftppf "mwftESpfudk
rodao;bJ
83
2/ twdwftqufqufrSonf tem*wftqufquf qkH;onfhwdkifatmif y#dporkyg'fa'oemawmf

enf;rsm;t& taMumif;w&m;tqufquf tusKd;w&m;tqufqufudk Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm; r,lwwfao;bJ rodrf;qnf;wwfao;bJ orm'd|dPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf
rodao;bJ
3/ kyfemrfy&rwftppfodkY Pftjrif rqdkufao;ojzifh kyfemrfy&rwfwdkY\ jzpfjcif;ysufjcif; 'Pfcsufjzifh tjrJrjywf tnOf;yef; tEdSyfpufcHae&rIoabmudk cPypKyefodkY qdkufatmif orm'd|d
Pfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufrodao;bJ ---odkY rodrIawGudk wpfyHkBuD; xrf;vsuf ur|mef;ausmif;twGif;odkY 0ifa&mufvmaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef xdkifvdkufonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf csufcsif; 0dyem rjzpfEkdifao;onfudkum;
oabmaygufygav/ atmufyg usrf;*eftqdktrdefYudk zwfIMunfhyg/
tedpm'd0aoe 0d0da"[d tmuma&[d "ar ywDwd 0dyem/ (tbd-|-1-175/)
taMumif;w&m;ESifhwuGaom kyfemrf"r ocFg&w&m;wdkYukd tedppaom txl;xl;aom tjcif;t&mwdkYjzifh odatmif jrifatmif IwwfaomaMumifh 0dyem rnf\/ 0dyem[lonf y&rw
w&m;udk,f teufoabmtm;jzifh orm'd|d Pfynmwnf;/ (tbd-|-1-175/)
2/ a&m*awm
yp,,myeD,wm, a&m*rlvwm, p a&m*awm/ (0dok'd-2-247/)
cEmig;yg; kyfemrfw&m;wdkYonf xdkufonfhtm;avsmfpGm taMumif;w&m;wdkYjzifh rQwaptyfaom
w&m;wdkY jzpfMu\/ urZkyfwdkYudk uHw&m;wdkYu rQwatmif jyKjyifay;Mu&\/ pdwZkyfwdkYudk pdwfu
OwkZkyfwdkYudk Owku tm[m&ZkyfwdkYudk tm[m&wdkYu rQwatmif jyKjyifay;Mu&\/ emrfw&m;wdkYudkvnf; qkdif&mqdkif&m taMumif;w&m;wdkYu rQwatmif jyKjyifay;Mu&\/ (y#dporkyg'fydkif;udk
jyefMunfhyg/) rQwrI[lonf Oyg'frSonf bifwdkifatmif wnfwhHaprI jzpfonf/ ,if;odkY Oyg'frSonf
bifow
Ykd ikd af tmif touf&n
S rf I wnfwrhH o
I nf qdik &f mtaMumif;w&m;wdEYk iS hf uif; rjzpfEikd af y/ wpfzef
kyef mrf"r ocFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nf cEmud,
k 0f ,f tpOfwpdu
k f vdu
k yf gaeaom emwm&Snaf &m*g\ taMumif;&if;jzpfaom rlvtajccH ,mystema&m*g wpfckckESifhvnf; wlMu\/
1/
2/
3/
4/
om"sa&m*g = aq;ukonfjzpfap rukonfjzpfap aysmufuif;Ekdifaoma&m*g

tom"sa&m*g = raysmufuif;Edkifaoma&m*g
udpom"sa&m*g = aq;ukrS aysmufuif;aoma&m*g
,mysa&m*g = aq;ukvQif a&m*goufomko
H mjzpf raysmufuif;Edik af oma&m*g = rwfwwfem
odkY tema&m*g (4)rsKd;&dS&m kyfemrf"r ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf cEmudk,f0,f tpOfwpdkuf vdkufygaeaom emwm&Snfa&m*gwdkY\ taMumif;&if;jzpfaom rlvtajccH ,mystema&m*gwpfckckESifhvnf;
wlMu\/ "mwfBuD;av;yg;onf a>rBuD; (4)aumifESifh wl\/ cEm (5)yg;onf vlowform;BuD; (5)OD;
ESifhwl\ ---- odkYponfjzifh tmoD0daomyrokwef (oH-2-381/) bk&m;&Sifonf a[mMum;xm;awmf
rl\/ cEmudk,f jzpfay:aeaom 'kurSeforQonf kyfemrfcEmrS aygufzGm;vmjcif;om jzpf\/ kyfemrf
84
cEm r&dSaomf 'ku[lorQvnf; r&dSawmhNyD jzpf\/ ,if;odkYvQif kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkYonf xdkufonfh

tm;avsmfpGm taMumif;w&m;wdkYjzifh rQaptyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; cEmudk,f0,f tpOf
wpdu
k f vdu
k yf gaeaom emwm&Snaf &m*gwd\
Yk taMumif;&if; rlvjzpfaom ,mystema&m*gESihf wlonf\
tjzpfaMumihfvnf;aumif; a&m*H = usifemnpfqdk; a&m*grsKd;omwnf;/ ,if;oabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh a&m* a&m* [k Iyg/
,mysAsm"d [d a&ma*g? wa&m tmAma"mwd/ (r[m#D-2-395/)
0dok'dr*r[m#Dumq&mawmfu ,mystemudk a&m*? <uif;aomtemudk tmAm"[k zGifhqdkawmf
rl\/ (r[m#D-2-395/) kyef mrfwo
Ykd nf cyford ;f aom um,du apwodu a&m*gtrsK;d rsK;d wd\
Yk wnf&m
jzpfaomaMumifh ,mystema&m*gESifhwlonf [lvdkonf/
3/ tCawm
0d*&[PD,wm, t0dtm0[ewm, tC0wKwm, p tCawm/ (0dok'd-2-247/)
tCEd ygyH 0d, t&d,Zae[d 0d*&[dwAH/ owmeH tewZeeawm t0dtm0[H ygy p
0wKblwH cEyuEd tm[ 0d*&[/ y / tCawmwd/ (r[m#D-2-395/)
cEmig;yg; kyfemrfw&m;wdkYukd tukodkvfw&m;wdkYuJhodkY bk&m;tp&dSaom t&d,molawmfaumif;wdkYonf uJh&JUawmfrlukef\/ rpif[lorQonf tenf;i,fyifjzpfaomfvnf; &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,foabmom
{uef&dSouJhodkY b0[lorQonf tenf;i,fyif jzpfaomfvnf; &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,foabmom {uef&dS\?
xdkYaMumifh bk&m;&Sifonf rnfonfhb0udkrQ csD;rGrf;awmf rrlay/ rpifudk pufqkyf&GH&SmawmfrlouJhodkY
b0[laom kyef mrfcEmudk pufqyk &f &HG mS awmfr\
l / (tH-1-36/) ,if;odv
Yk Qif kyw
f &m; emrfw&m;wdo
Yk nf
tukodkvfw&m;wdkYuJhodkY uJh&JUtyfaom oabm&dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; kyfemrfcEm &dSolwdkYonfomvQif y#doaEab;qdk;BuD; tdkab;qdk;BuD; emab;qdk;BuD; aoab;qdk;BuD; tyg,fab;qdk;BuD;
ponfhab;qdk;BuD; trsKd;rsKd;ESifh awGU&\? kyfemrfcEmr&dSolwdkYum; xdkab;qdk;BuD;wdkYESifh wpf&HwpfqpfrQ
rawGU&awmhay/ kyfemrfcEmwdkYu xdkab;qdk;BuD;rsm;udk o,faqmifay;aewwfaomaMumifh jzpf\/
y&rwopmtm;jzifh qd&k rlum; ocFwy&rww&m;wdYk jzpfwnfysuf = Oyg'f-XD-bif oabmw&m;rsm;
xif&mS ;&dMS uonfcsn;f omwnf;/ ,if;ocFwy&rwfw&m;wd\
Yk jzpfrI wnfrI ysurf w
I u
Ykd m; ab;qd;k Bu;D rsm;
yifwnf;/ xdk jzpfwnfysuf ab;qdk;BuD;rsm;udk kyfemrfcEmwdkYonf rdrdwdkYESifh wpfygwnf; o,faqmif
vmMu\/ ,if;odv
Yk Qif kyef mrfcEmwdo
Yk nf ow0gtrsm;wd\
Yk tusK;d pD;yGm;rJu
h kd vGepf mG aqmifwwfonf\
tjzpfaMumifh vnf;aumif; ---- tC[k ac:qdktyfaom tukodkvfxdkxdkonfvnf; kyfemrfcEmwdkYudk
tpJjG yKomjzpfay:vm&\? kyef mrfcEm r&du
S rjzpfEikd /f ,if;odv
Yk Qif tC[kac:qdt
k yfaom tukov
kd f
xdx
k \
dk wnf&m\tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif; ---- taMumif;w&m;rsm;aMumifh kyef mrfcEm [lorQonf
tCH = tusKd;,kwf tusKd;rJhrsKd;omjzpf\/ ,if;oabmw&m;rsm;udk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh tC
tC [k Iyg/
4/ *@awm
'kuwmolva,m*dwm, udavomokpdy*&Pwm, Oyg'Z&mba*F[d O'Krmw-y&dyuybdEwm, p *@awm/ (0dok'd-2-247/)
85
yuwdaom xGwjf rif;tem tdik ;f trmemwdo

Yk nf emusiu
f u
kd cf jJ cif; 'Pfcsujf zifh xd;k qGc&H ouJo
h Ykd
kyfemrfcEmwdkYonfvnf; um,du'kua0'em apwodu'kua0'em [laom 'ku'ku wnfaewkef;
tcdkuftwefY jzpfwkef; tcdkuftwefY Oyg'fwkef; tcdkuftwefYom okcjzpf bifumvodkYa&mufu
azmufjyef ysufpD;wwfaom um,duokca0'em apwoduokca0'em [laom 0dy&dPmr'ku
jzpfjcif;ysufjcif; 'Pfcsufjzifh tjrJrjywf tnOf;yef; tESdyfpufcH&aom ocFg&'ku ---- okH;rsKd;aom
emusiu
f u
kd cf jJ cif; 'kuw
m'Pfcsujf zifh tjrrJ jywf txd;k tqG cHae&\/ ,if;odv
Yk Qif ok;H rsK;d aom 'kuw
m
[k qdktyfaom xdk;usifhudkufcJjcif;ESifh ,SOfonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif;
yuwdaom tdkif;trmemrS tykyf&nfrsm;onf wppfppf wpDpD ,dkpD;usukefouJhodkY ,if;kyfemrf
cEmwdu
Yk kd tmkjH yK &m*paom udavomtyky&f nfrsm;onfvnf; wppfppf wpDpD ,dpk ;D uswwfuek \
f /
,if;&m*paom udavomtykyf&nfwdkYonf &HcgtcsKdUaom tukodkvfemrfw&m;wdkYESifh ,SOfwJGvnf;
twljzpfwwfukef\/ odkYvQif kyfemrfcEmwdkYonf tmkHtm;jzifhvnf;aumif; or,kwftm;jzifh
vnf;aumif; xdu
k o
f nft
h m;avsmpf mG &m*ponfh udavomtyky&f nf[al om rpifrMu,f &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G f
tnpftaMu;udk wppfppf wpDpD ,dkwwfukefonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif;
yuwdaom tdkif;trmemonf zl;zl;a&mifwufjcif; rSnfhusufjcif; zdkz&JaygufuJGjcif; &dSouJhodkY
kyfemrfcEmwdkYonfvnf; ---(u) a&S;ur&dSrl ,ckrS kwfjcnf;jzpfay:vmojzifh ,if; jzpfjcif; = Oyg'foabmjzifh zl;zl;a&mifwufjcif;
( c ) XDoabm = Z&moabmjzifh rSnfhusufjcif;
( * ) bifoabm = r&Poabmjzifh zdkz&J aygufjyJ uJGtuf ysufpD;jcif;oabm &dSaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; ---taMumif;rsm;aMumifh kyfemrfcEm[lorQonf *@H = rzG,fkyfqif; xGwfjrif;tdkif;trmemrsKd;omwnf;/ ,if;oabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh *@ *@ [k Iyg/
5/ ovawm
yDVmZeuwm, taEmwk'ewm, 'kED[&PD,wm, p ovawm/ (0dok'd-2-247/)
kyef mrf"r ocFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nf jzpfjcif; ysujf cif; 'Pfcsujf zifh kyef mrfued ;f 0yf&m ow0gudk nO;f yef;
ESdyfpufjcif;udk jzpfapwwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif;
'kua 0'empaom a0'emtrsK;d rsK;d wdo
Yk nf ud,
k w
f iG ;f xd;k qGwwf xd;k usiw
hf wfouJo
h Ykd kyef mrf
"r ocFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nfvnf; cEmud,
k t
f wabm\ twGi;f wnfuek o
f nfomvQif jzpfuek
f jzpfjcif;
ysufjcif;\ tpGrf;jzifh xdk;qGwwf EdSyfpufwwfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;
kyef mrf"r ocFg&w&m;wdt
Yk ay: ]]ig-igh[m}}[k wPSm'd|w
d jYkd zifh ESv;Hk oGi;f rIonf jrjJ rcH ikd cf o
hH nf\tjzpfaMumifh ,if;wPSmpGJ 'd|dpJGwdkYudk t&d,r*fwnf;[laom arG;nyfESifh uif; EIwfy,fjcif;iSm
wwfEdkifcJonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; ---taMumif; w&m;rsm;aMumifh kyfemrf"r ocFg&w&m;rSeforQonf ovH = pl;0ifnpfqdk; jrm;ajimifhrsKd;omwnf;/ ,if;oabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh ov ov [k Iyg/
86
6/ tmAm"awm
tao&dbm0Zeuwm, tmAm"y'|mewm, p tmAm"awm/ (0dok'd-2-247/)
ruse;f rrmonfh tdy&f mwGif vJaeaom vlemonf &d,mykxaf v;yg; ud,
k phf rG ;f tm;jzifh rwwfEikd f
olwpfyg;wdkYu vkyfauR;jyKpkay;&jcif; tdyf&m vSJodyfay;&jcif; tdyf&mrS xlray;&jcif; ponfjzifh
olwpfyg;ESifhpyfaom udk,f\jzpfjcif;&dSonfjzpf tao&DrnfouJhodkY kyfemrfcEmwdkYonfvnf; &d,mykxaf v;yg; ud,
k phf rG ;f tm;jzifh rwwfEikd ?f rdrEd iS pfh yfjcif;r&d?S taMumif;w&m;[laom olwpfyg;ESio
fh m
pyfjcif;&dS\? xdkYaMumifh tao&dbm0rnf\/
kyfemrfcEm&dSrS tema&m*g&dS\/ kyfemrfcEmr&dSaomf tema&m*gr&dS? xdkYaMumifh kyfemrfwdkYonf
tonf;toef vGefpGm ESdyfpufwwfaom tema&m*g\ teD;uyfqkH; taMumif;&if; y'|mef jzpf\/
odv
Yk Qif kyef mrfcEm[lorQonf taMumif;w&m;[laom olwpfyg;ESiphf yfjcif; = pyfjzpfjcif; &do
S nf\
tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; tonf;toef vGefpGm EdSyfpufwwfaom tema&m*g\ taMumif;&if;jzpfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; tmAm"H = EdSyfpufvTrf;rdk; temrsKd;omwnf;/ ,if;oabmudk Pfjzifh
jrifatmifMunfh tmAm" tmAm" [k Iyg/
7/ Oy'0awm
t0d'dwmeHa,0 0dykvmeH tewmeH tm0[eawm oAKy'00wKwm, p Oy'0awm/
(0dok'd-2-247/)
yuwdaom rif;ab; rif;'Pfpaom ab;&ef Oy'a0gwdkYonf rif;jypf rif;'Pfoifhol ow0gudk
tusKd;rJhudk jzpfapvsuf vTrf;rdk;zdpD; EdSyfpufwwf\/ twl kyfemrfcEmwdkYonfvnf; ]]OxJMuufi,f
ayguf0,faus;od}Yk } awG;q odjcif;iSm rwwftm;onfomvQif jzpfuek af om tdak b; emab; aoab;
rif;ab; rif;'Pfpaom jyefYajymaygrsm;ukefaom tusKd;rJhtrsKd;rsKd;wdkYudk &Gufaqmifay;wwfukef\/
uyfEdSyfpufwwfaom tvkH;pkHaom ab;Oy'a0g trsKd;rsKd;\ wnf&m0wK,mcif;vnf; jzpf\/
odv
Yk Qif kyef mrf"r ocFg&w&m; rSeo
f rQonf awG;q odEikd cf o
J nhf tusK;d rJt
h rsK;d rsK;d udk o,faqmifwwfaomaMumifv
h nf;aumif; vGepf mG uyf&yf EdyS pf ufwwfaom ab;Oy'a0g trsK;d rsK;d \ wnf&m
0wK,mcif; jzpfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; Oy'0H = vGefpGmuyf&yf EdSyfpufwwfaom ab;Oyg'frsKd;omwnf;/ (,if; ab;&efOy'a0gwdkYwGif odEdkifcJ jrifEdkifcJaom jzpfjcif;ysufjcif; ab;'Pf[laom ab;
Oy'a0gvnf; yg0if\/) ,if;oabmw&m;udk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh Oy'0 Oy'0 [k Iyg/
Oy'0wDwd Oy'a0g? tewH ZaeaEm tbdb0wd taZmw&wDwd tawm? &mZ'@m'DeH {wH
t"d0peH/ cEm p {'domwd 0kwH ]]t0d'dwmeH/ y / Oy'0awm}}wd/ (r[m#D-2-395/)
uyfEdSyfpufwwfaomaMumifh Oy'0 = Oy'a0g rnf\/ tusKd;rJhtrsKd;rsKd;udk jzpfapvsuf vTrf;rdk;
zdpD; EdSyfpufwwf\[k qdkvdk\/ Oy'0 = Oy'a0g[laom trnfonf rif;ab; rif;'Pf ponfwdkY\
trnfwnf;/ cEmwdo
Yk nfvnf; odYk oabm&do
S nfomvQif jzpfuek \
f / xdaYk Mumifh t|uxmq&mawmfu ]]yuwdaom rif;ab; rif;'Pfpaom ab;&efOy'a0gwdkYonf rif;jypf rif;'Pfoifhol ow0gukd
87
tusKd;rJhudk jzpfapvsuf vTrf;rdk; zdpD; EdSyfpufwwf\/ twl kyfemrfcEmwdkYonfvnf; ]OxJMuufi,f

ayguf0,faus;od}Yk awG;q odjcif;iSm rwwftm;onfomvQif jzpfuek af om tkad b; emab; aoab;
rif;ab; rif;'Pfpaom jyefYajymaygrsm;ukefaom tusKd;rJh trsKd;rsKd;wdkYudk &Gufaqmifay;wwfukef\}}
[k zGifhqdkawmfrltyfayonf/ (r[m#D-2-395/)
8/ b,awm
oAb,meH tmu&wm, 'ku0lyorocFgw y&rmo y#dyublwwm, p
b,awm/ (0dok'd-2-247/)
'd|"rduor&m,dub,m0[awm tb,y#dyuawm p cEm b,Ed tm[ ]]oAb,meH
/ y / b,awm}}wd/ (r[m#D-2-395/)
cEmig;yg; = kyfemrfw&m;wdkYonf rsufjrifavmu ypKyefb0 usa&mufaom ab;trsKd;rsKd;
wrvGeaf vmu usa&mufaom ab;trsK;d rsK;d [k qdt
k yfuek af om tvk;H pkaH om ab;trsK;d rsK;d wd\
Yk wnf&m
ab;wGi;f Bu;D ozG,f jzpfMu\/ kyef mrfcEm&drS S ,if;ab;qd;k Bu;D rsm; jzpfEikd Mf u\ wnf&ESd ikd Mf u\/ kyef mrf
= cEmwdkYu ,if;ab;trsKd;rsKd;wdkYudk o,faqmifay;wwfukefaomaMumifh jzpf\/ ,if;ab;trsKd;rsKd;
wdw
Yk iG f y#doaEab;qd;k Bu;D tdak b;qd;k Bu;D emab;qd;k Bu;D aoab;qd;k Bu;D (&m*ruif;ao;olwt
Ykd wGu)f
aomu-y&da'0-'ku- a'gre-Oyg,mo[laom ab;qd;k Bu;D jzpfjcif;ysujf cif; 'Pfcsujf zifh tjrrJ jywf
tnOf;yef; tEdSyfpufcH&onfh ocFg&'kuab;qdk;BuD;ponfh ab;qdk;BuD; trsKd;rsKd;wdkYvnf; yg0ifMu\/
wpfzef ,if;cEmig;yg; kyfemrfw&m;wdkYonf qif;&J'kucyfodrf;\ tNidrf;BuD;Nidrf;&m tat;BuD;
at;&m tcsr;f omBu;D csr;f om&m toufomBu;D oufom&m[k qdt
k yfaom edAm efw&m;awmfjrwfBu;D \vnf; xdyfwdkufqefYusifbuf jzpfMu\/
odkYvQif cEmig;yg; = kyfemrfw&m;rSeforQonf rsufarSmuf wrvGef ESpfwefaom ab;'ku
trsKd;rsKd;wdkY\wnf&m ab;wGif;BuD;ozG,f jzpfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; ab;trsKd;rsKd;wdkY\ Nidrf;at;&m
oufom&m edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfBuD;\ qefYusifbuf jzpfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; b,H = csrf;om
ponfESifh ra&m jyefYajymrsm;jym; BuD;rm;aom ab;rsKd;om jzpf\/ ,if;oabmw&m;udk Pfjzifh
jrifatmifMunfh b, b, [k Iyg/
9/ wdawm
taeuAsoem0[ewm, wda wm/ (0dok'd-2-247/)
Asm"dtm'D[d p cEmeH AsoeEd / Asoem0[bma0e {wDwd wd/ tm*E KumeH tukovyud,meH Asoea[wleH {wH t"d0peH/ cEm p {'domwd tm[ ]]taeuAsoem0[wm,
wda wm}}wd/ (r[m#D-2-395/)
Asm"d Z&m r&PponfwdkYjzifh cEmig;yg;=kyfemrfw&m;wdkY\ ysufpD;jcif;onf Asoewnf;/ um;
orkwo
d pmwnf;/ jzpfjcif;ysujf cif; 'Pfcsuw
f jYkd zifh tnO;f yef; tEdyS pf ufc&H jcif;aMumihf kyef mrfcEmwd\
Yk
ysufpD;jcif;onf Asoewnf;/ um; y&rwopmwnf;/ wpfenf;qdk&aomf ocFww&m; rSeforQ--88
1/ Oyg' = jzpfrIoabm
2/ 0, = ysufrIoabm
3/ Xdw tnxw = wnfonfh XDumv[laom jzpfNy;D aemuf ysurf nfh bifumvbufoYkd ,dik v
f -J
aerIoabm ---txufyg ocFwvuPmokH;yg;onf &dSjrJ"rwm jzpf\/ ocFww&m;rSeforQonf = ocFg&
w&m;rSeforQonf ,if;jzpfrI-wnfrI-ysufrI[laom ocFw'Pfcsuf okH;rsKd;jzifh tjrJrjywf tnOf;yef;
tEdSyfpufcHae&\/ ocFw kyfemrfcEmwdkY\ ysufpD;jcif; Asoeyifwnf;/ cEmig;yg; = kyfemrfw&m;wdkYonf ysufpD;jcif; Asoew&m;udk rdrdwdkYESifhtwlwuG wpfygwnf; o,faqmif vmwwfaomaMumifh wdrnf\/ wd-[laomtrnfonf Oypm&tm;jzifh {nfo
h nftm*E KozG,jf zpfuek af om
tukodkvfw&m;wdkY\ toif;tyif; bufawmfom;jzpfukefaom ysufpD;jcif; Asoew&m;\ taMumif;&if;ppf jzpfMuukefaom t0dZm-wPSm-Oyg'gef OD;aqmifonfh udavo0#f w&m;pkwdkY\ trnf jzpfayonf/
udavo0#fwnf;[laom tpdk"mwf tap;"mwf &dSrSomvQif ur0#ftrnf&aom ukodkvfuH
tukodkvfuHwdkYonf 0dygu0#f trnf&aom cEmig;yg; kyfemrf tusKd;w&m;wdkYudk jzpfapEdkifMuukef\/
cEmig;yg; = kyfemrfw&m;wdkYonf xif&Sm;wnf&dSaeygrSomvQif ysufpD;jcif; = Asoew&m;onfvnf;
xif&mS ;jzpfay:vmEdik \
f / xdaYk Mumifh udavo0#fw&m;pkwo
Ykd nf Asoew&m;\ taMumif;&if;ppfjzpfMu
wd rnfMu\/ cEmig;yg; = kyfemrfw&m;wdkYonfvnf; enf;twl ysufpD;jcif; Asoew&m; trsKd;rsKd;udk aqmifwwfaomaMumifh- wd = xdwv
f efpY zG,f tE&m,frsK;d wdo
Yk mwnf;/ ,if;oabmw&m;udk
Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh wd wd [k Iyg/
10/ Oyo*awm
taeau[d teaw[d tEkA'wm, a'golyo|wm, Oyoa*g 0d, te"d0goem&[wm,
p Oyo*awm/ (0dok'd-2-247/)
A[d'g wdAsoem'D[d tZwH &m*g'D[d teaw[d OyoZea|e Oyo*o'dowm, p
Oyoa*g/ Oyoa*gwd p a'0wlyoH[m&0aoe y0awm Asm"dtm'd teawm/ aom twumare
rk[kwrd e tZKayudwaAm a[mwd/ awe 0kwH ]]taeau[d/ y / Oyo*awm}}wd/
(r[m#D-2-395-396/)
aqGrsKd;wdkY\ ysufpD;jcif; = wdAsoeab; pD;yGm;OpmwdkY\ ysufpD;jcif; abm*Asoeab;paom
A[d'a b;qd;k trsK;d rsK;d wdo
Yk nfvnf;aumif; tusK;d rJ[
h o
l rQukd tpGr;f ukef &u
G af qmifay;wwfonfh &m*
a'go arm[ rmefrmeponfh tZwa b;qd;k trsK;d rsK;d wdo
Yk nfvnf;aumif; cEmig;yg; = kyef mrfw&m;wdkY\ aemufodkY tpOfwpdkufvkduf zJGUpyfae\? uyfNidae\/ ,if;odkYvQif kyfemrfwdkYonf tusKd;rJhudk
tpGrf;ukef &Gufaqmifay;wwfonfh aqGrsKd;wdkY\ ysufpD;jcif; pnf;pdrfOpmwdkY\ ysufpD;jcif;paom A[d'
ab;qdkd;trsKd;rsKd; &m* a'go arm[ rmefrmepaom tZwab;qdk;trsKd;rsKd;wdkYu tpOfwpdkufvdkuf
zJGUpyftyf uyfNidtyfaomaMumifh Oyo* rnf\/
89
wpfzef kyfemrfwdkYonf Oyo*ESifhwlaomaMumifhvnf; Oyo*rnf\/ wlnDykHum; odkYwnf;/

ewfwdkY\ uyfaqmifjcif; aqmifay;jcif; jyKpm;jcif; vSnfhpm;jcif;\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfay:vmaom
zsm;emjcif; Asm"dpaom tusK;d rJo
h nfh Oyo*wnf;/ xdt
k usK;d rJh Oyo*ukd tusK;d pD;yGm;udk vdv
k m;awmif-h
wvsuf&dSaom yk*dKvfrSeforQonf wpfrk[kwfrQaomfvnf; vspfvsLrItyf rIxdkufjzpf\/ tvm;wlyif
cEmig;yg; = kyfemrfw&m;wdkYonf Asm"dpaom tusKd;rJhwdkYudk uyfaqmifvmMu\? xdkYaMumifh Oyo*ESifhwl\/ ,if;Asm"dpaom tusKd;rJh jzpfjcif;ysufjcif;[laom tusKd;rJhwdkYudk o,fydk;&Gufaqmif vmwwfukefaom Oyo*trnf&aom cEmig;yg; = kyfemrfw&m;wdkYudk r*fzdkvf edAmefwnf;[laom tusKd;pD;yGm;
csrf;omxl; csrf;omjrwfBuD;udk vdkvm;awmifhwaom trsKd;aumif;om; trsKd;aumif;orD; rSefygu
wpfrk[kwf wpfcPuav;rQaomfvnf; onf;cHxm;jcif; vspfvsL Ixm;jcif;iSm rxdkufwefay/
wpfzef cEmig;yg; = kyfemrfw&m;rSeforQwdkYonf tmkHtm;jzifhvnf;aumif; or,kwftm;jzifh
vnf;aumif; &m*paom tjypfa'gowdkYESifh uyfNid,SufwG,f aeMu\/ (txuf &Sif;jycJhNyD/)
odkYvQif cEmig;yg; = kyfemrfw&m;wdkYonf tZw A[d'jzpfaom rsm;jym;vSpGmaom tusKd;rJhwdkYu tpOfwpdkufvdkuf zJGUpyftyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; &m*paom tjypfa'gowdkYESifh
uyfNi,
d u
S w
f ,
G o
f nf\ tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif; tusK;d rJu
h kd aqmifwwfaom Oyo*uo
hJ Ykd wpfcPrQ
aomfvnf; onf;rcHxdkuf vufrcHxdkufonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; ---- kyfemrf"r ocFg&w&m;
rSeforQonf Oyo*H = wG,fwmpJGuyf EdSyfpufwwfaom Oyg'frsKd;omwnf;/ ,if;oabmw&m;udk
Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh Oyo* Oyo* [k Iyg/
11/ twmPawm
twm,ewm, ap0 tvAae,sacrwm, p twmPawm/ (0dok'd-2-247/)
wm,dwkH &udwkH torwwm, e wm,aemwd twm,aem? wAma0g twm,ewm/
wmPmoDom, Oy*w tvAae,sacrwm/ (r[m#D-2-396/)
cEmig;yg; = kyef mrfw&m;wdo
Yk nf jzpfay:vmNy;D u rysuaf tmif apmifah &Smufz&Ykd ef tvGecf ,
J Of;aom w&m;rsKd;wdkY jzpfMu\? ,if;odkY apmifha&Smufjcif;iSm rpGrf;Edkifonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif;
apmifha&Smufapvdkaom tmomqEjzifh qnf;uyfygaomfvnf; rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ rysufatmif
ysufjcif;ab;uif;atmif rapmifha&SmufEdkifonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; kyfemrf"r ocFg&w&m;
rSeforQonf twmPH = apmifha&SmufrJhvQif; ab;\toif;tyif;omwnf;/ ,if;oabmw&m;udk
Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh twmP twmP [k Iyg/
ocFg&w&m;wdkYum; jzpfay:vmNyD;aemuf rysufatmif xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufzdkY&efvnf; cufcJ\?
apmifha&Smufapvdkaom tmomqEjzifh qnf;uyfygaomfvnf; ysufjcif;wnf;[laom ab;uif;rIudk
rnfonfeh nf;ESirhf Q r&tyf r&Edik af y/ aMumufvefzY ,
G af umif;onfh b,| ab;'ku teufoabmyif
jzpf\/
90
12/ tavPawm
tvD,dwkH te&[wm, tvDemerd p avPudpmum&dwm, tavPawm/
(0dok'd-2-247/)
'kubDwd,m OyvD,em"dyga,e tvD,dwkH/ 'kued0weH avPudpH/ (r[m#D-2-396/)
kyef mrf"r ocFg&w&m; rSeo
f rQonf qif;&J'u
k r S aMumufonfjzpf (txl;ojzifh jzpfjcif;ysujf cif;
'Pfcsufjzifh tjrJrjywf tnOf;yef; tEdSyfpufcHae&onfh qif;&J'kurS aMumufonfjzpf) cdkrSDuyf&yfvdkaom tmomjzifh uyf&yfcdkrSD;jcif;iSm rxdkufwefonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif;
qif;&J'kurS aMumufonfjzpf cdkrSDuyf&yfvdkaom tmomjzifh uyf&yfcdkrSDMuukefaom olwdkY\vnf; qif;&J'u
k u
kd aysmufu,
G f epfjrKyaf pjcif;[laom yke;f atmif;&mudpu
kd rjyKvyk w
f wfonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; tavPH = uG,fumrJhvQif; ab;\ toif;tyif;omwnf;/ oabmw&m;udk
Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh tavP tavP [k Iyg/
13/ to&Pawm
eddwmeH b,om&uwmbma0e to&Pawm/ (0dok'd-2-247/)
Zmwdtm'db,meH [d HoeH 0d"reH b,om&uwH/ (r[m#D-2-396/)
cEmig;yg; = kyfemrfw&m;wdkYonf rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkifu Zmwd-Z&m-Asm"d-r&Ppaom oabmw&m;
xif&Sm;&dSaeMuojzifh Zmwd-Z&m-Asm"d-r&Ppaom ab;'kuudk aMumuf rSDckduyf&yfukefaom olwdkY\
Zmwd-Z&m-Asm"d-r&Ppaom ab;'kuu
kd nO;f qJwwf y,fazsmufwwfaomoabm\ xif&mS ;r&djS cif;aMumifh kyfemrf"r ocFg&w&m;rSeforQonf to&PH = udk;&mrJhvQif; ab;\ toif;tyif;omwnf;/
oabmw&m;udk 0dyemPfjzifh aphaphikik jrifatmifMunfhI to&P to&P [k Iyg/
14/ 0"uawm
rdwrkcoyawm 0d, 0dmoCmwdwm, 0"uawm/ (0dok'd-2-248/)
ar lyg'a,m okca[wk? e 'kua[wlwd Zedw0dmomeH [eeoDvwm, caEok
[d ]]{wH rrm}}wd *g[0aoe owm AsoeH ygykPEd? 0dmoH 0g [eEDwd 0dmoCmwdaem?
wAm0awm/ (r[m#D -2-397/)
cEm (5)yg;wdkYonf olowform;BuD; (5)OD;wdkY jzpfaMumif;udk tmoD0da omyrokwef (oH-2381-383/) wGif bk&m;&Sio
f nf a[mMum;xm;awmfrcl \
hJ / cEmwpfyg;yg;onf azmufjyefveG u
f v
J mygu
cEm&Sio
f w0gonf tcsed rf a&G; aoausysupf ;D Edik \
f / odt
Yk wGuf kyef mrf"r ocFg&w&m;rSeo
f rQwo
Ykd nf
rdwfaqG\ rsufESmESifhwlaom jyHK;csKdaom rsufESm&Sdaom &efoluJhodkY tuRrf;0ifaom oludk owfwwfaomaMumifh 0"u = olowfrsKd;kd;wdkYom jzpfMu\/ y&rwopmtm;jzifh y&rwfw&m;wdkif;\ cPwdkif;
cPwdkif;0,f bifumvwdkif; bifumvwdkif; twGifowfae\/ xdkYaMumifh cEmwdkif; cEmwdkif;onf
orKwdopm avsmfpGmynwf ac:a0:tyfonfh vlewfjA[m ow0gudk oHk;jzmcP bifodkYusatmif
umvr&Snf oEmefpnf em&Drvyf twGifowfonfh vlowfrsKd;kd;omwnf;/ ,if;oabmw&m;udk
0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh 0"u 0"u [k Iyg/
91
15/ tCrlvawm
tCa[wkwm, tCrlvawm/ (0dok'd-2-247/)
tC ygy a[wkwm tCa[wkwm/ cEy#dA'ar0 [d oAH udAdoEd/ (r[m#D-2-397/)
raumif;rIreS o
f rQwo
Ykd nf cEmig;yg; kyef mrfw&m;wdEYk iS hf tjrw
J rf; qufpyfvsu&f MdS u\/ cEmr&Su
d
raumif;rIvnf; r&SdEdkifawmhNyD/ xdkYaMumifh cEmig;yg; kyfemrfw&m;wdkYonf Murf;MuKwf kefY&if;aom
raumif;rItukov
kd \
f taMumif;&if;ppf tjzpfBu;D jzpfaomaMumifh tCrlvH = usK;d rJh cyif; qif;&Jjcif;\
t&if;tjrpfomwnf;/
kyfw&m;wdkYudk tmkHjyKjzpfap rSDjzpfap emrfw&m;wdkYudk tmkHjyKjzpfap emrfw&m;wdkYESifh
,SOfwGJjzpfap raumif;rItukodkvf xdkxdkw&m;pkwdkYonf jzpfay:vmMu&\/ ,if;oabmw&m;udk
Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh tCrlv tCrlv [k Iyg/
16/ tm'De0awm
y0wd'kuwm, 'ku p tm'De0wm, tm'De0awm? tx0g tm'DeH 0gwd *pwd y0wwDwd
tm'Dea0g? uyPrEkawH t"d0peH? cEmyd p uyPma,0gwd tm'De0o'dowm, tm'De0awm/ (0dok'd-2-247/)
y0wd'kuwm,mwd b0y0wd'kubm0awm/ b0y0wd p yEH cEmeH tedpm'dtmuma&e
y0wear0? aom p tm'Dea0g/ ,xm[ ]],H bdua0 yKyg'geuEm tedpm 'kum 0dy&dPmr"rm/
t,H bdua0 yok Oyg'geuaEok tm'Dea0g}}wd/ awem[ ]]'ku p tm'De0wm,m}}wd/
(r[m#D-2-396/)
cEmwdkY\ jzpfjcif;um; y0wdwnf;? cEmwdkY\ rjzpfjcif; epfjcif;um; ed0wdwnf;/ y0wdum; 0jzpf 'kuwnf;/ ed0wdum; ---- yEH cEmeH eda&ma"m okcH edAmeH - [lonfESifhtnD cEmig;yg;wdkY\
csKyfjcif;onf eda&m"edAmejzpf okcwnf;/
cEmig;yg;wdkY\ tedppaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh jzpfjcif;onfum; b0y0wd = b0jzpfjcif; 0#f'ku\
jzpfay:vmjcif; oabmw&m;yifwnf;/ ,if;odYk cEmig;yg;wd\
Yk tedpp aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh
jzpfjcif;onf cEmig;yg;wdkY\ tjypf = tm'De0yifwnf;/
]]&[ef;wdkY ...Oyg'geuEmig;yg;wdkYonf tMuiftaMumif;w&m;aMumifh jzpfNyD;vQif ysufwwfonfh tedpw
&m;wdYk jzpfuek \
f ? jzpfjcif;ysujf cif; 'Pfcsujf zifh tjrrJ jywf tnO;f yef; tESyd pf ufc&H onfh
'kuw&m;wdkY jzpfukef\? Z&m-r&PwdkYjzifh azmufjyef ysufpD;wwfaom 0dy&dPmr"rwdkY jzpfukef\/
&[ef;wdkY ... tedp-'ku-0dy&dPmr"roabmw&m;onf Oyg'geuEmig;yg;wdkY tjypftm'De0wnf;/ (oH-2-23-51 ... ) ---- odkYbk&m;&Sifonf a[mMum;xm;awmfrlay\/
odv
Yk Qif cEmig;yg; kyef mrfw&m;wdo
Yk nf b0y0w'd u
k \
tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif; ,if;cEm
ig;yg; 'kuopmw&m;\ tedp 'ku 0dy&dPmr"r[laom tjypf = tm'De0&Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifh
vnf;aumif; kyfemrf"r ocFg&w&m; rSeforQonf tm'De0 = tedp 'ku 0dy&dPmr"r[laom
tjypf&Sdaom w&m;pkomjzpf\/
92
lyH bdua 0 tedp?H a,myd a[wk a,myd ypa,m ly Oyg'g,? aomyd tedapm? tedpo
r LwH
bdua0 lyH ukawm edpH b0dwd/ (oH-2-20/)
&[ef;wdkY ...kyfw&m;onf tedpwnf;? kyfw&m;\ jzpfay:vmzdkY&ef wdkufdkufjzpfay:apwwfaom tMuif a[wktaMumif;w&m; = ZeutaMumif;w&m;onfvnf;aumif; tm;ay;axmufyHh
wwfaom yp,taMumif;w&m; = OywrutaMumif;w&m;onfvnf;aumif; &Sd\/ xdktaMumif;
w&m;onfvnf; tedpomwnf;/ &[ef;wdkY ...tedpw&m;aMumifh jzpfay:vm&aom kyfw&m;onf
tb,frSmvQif edp jzpfEdkifygtHhenf;/ (oH-2-20/)
cEmig;yg;vH;k yHpk w
H yl if a[mMum;xm;awmfral yonf/ 'ku tew jzpfyu
kH v
kd nf; yHpk w
H yl if a[mMum;xm;awmfrlayonf/ xdkYaMumifh Oyg'geuEmig;yg;wdkYudk wdkufkdufjzpfay:apwwfukefaom t0dZm
-wPSm-Oyg'gef-ocFg&-uH-pdwf-Owk-tm[m&-0wK-tmkH-zpaom a[wktaMumif;w&m;
yp,taMumif;w&m;wdkY udk,fwdkifu tedp 'ku 0dy&dPmr"r[laom tjypf = tm'De0 &Sdaeonfh
twGuaf Mumifh cEmig;yg;wdo
Yk nfvnf; tedp 'ku 0dy&dPmr"r[al om tjypf = tm'De0 &SMd u&ayonf/
wpfenf; ---- avmu txD;useo
f q
l if;&Jukd tm'De0[k ac:qdMk u\/ tvGet
f xD;useo
f nfjzpf
qif;&J&&d mS ; yifyef;vSpmG jzpfru
I kd tm'De0[kqo
kd nf/ kyef mrfcEmwdo
Yk nfvnf; cdu
k ;kd &mrJah om txD;usef
olqif;&JESifh wlukef\/ txD;usefolqif;&Jonf cdkudk;&mrJhouJhodkY cEmwdkYonfvnf; jzpfNyD;u rysufatmif tedp 'ku 0dy&dPmr"roabmodYk ra&mufatmif yke;f atmif;vnf;avsmif;&m cdu
k ;kd &m r&SMd uuke/f
odkYvQif cEmwdkYonf cdkudk;&mrJh txD;usef olqif;&JESifhwlonf\ tjzpfaMumifh tm'De0 = cdkudk;&mrJh
txD;usefolqif;&JwdkYom jzpfMu\/ ,if;oabmw&m;udk 0dyemPfynmjzifh jrifatmifMunfh
tm'De0 tm'De0 [k Iyg/
17/ omo0awm
tmo0y'|mewm, omo0awm/ (0dok'd-2-248/)
tmo0geH tm&rPm'dem yp,bma0g tmo0y'|mewm/ (r[m#D-2-397/)
kyfemrfcEmwdkY\ taMumif;&if;ppf ork',opm jzpfMuukefaom t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gefwdkYum;
tmoa0gw&m;rsm;yif jzpfMu\/ kyfemrfcEmwdkYonf tmoa0gw&m;vQif taMumif;&if;ppf &SdMu\/
tmoa0gw&m;wd\
Yk tpD;tyGm;wdo
Yk m jzpfMu\/ wpfzef tmoa0gw&m;wdo
Yk nfvnf; kyef mrfwu
Ykd o
kd m
tmkHjyK jzpfay:vmMu&ukef\/ kyfemrfcEmwdkYu tm&rPyp,owdponfwdkYjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;wwfMuaomaMumifh tmoa0gw&m;wdkYonf jzpfay:vmMu&ukef\/ ,if;odkYvQif kyfemrfcEmwdkYonf
tmoa0gw&m;wd\
Yk teD;uyfq;kH aom taMumif;y'|mefjzpfaomaMumifh omo0 = tmoa0gw&m;wd\
Yk
tpD;tyGm; tmoa0gw&m;wd\
Yk tmkjH zpfMuuke\
f / ,if;oabmw&m;udk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmif
Munf
h omo0 omo0 [k Iyg/
18/ rm&mrdoawm
rpKrm&udavorm&meH tmrdoblwwm, rm&mrdoawm/ (0dok'd-2-248/)
93
rpKrm& t"d|mebma0e uda vorm& yp,bma0e oH0eawm tmrdoblwwm??

cEmyd cEmeH tmrdoblwm yp,bma0e oH0eawm? w'aEm*"m tbdocFg&m/ a'0ykwrm&
ye ]]rarw}}Ed t"drme0aoe tmrdobma0gwd cEm'drm&merd aroH ,xm&[H tmrdoblwwm
0wAm/ (r[m#D-2-397/)
a'0ykwrm&f udavorm&f cErm&f rpKrm&f tbdocFg&rm&f[k rm&fig;yg; &Sd\/ rdk;ewfom;
rm&fewfrif;ESifh rm&fewf\ toif;tyif;wdkYudk a'0ykwrm&f[kac:\/ udavomrm&fppfonfwdkYudk
udavorm&f[ak c:\/ cEmig;yg;wdu
Yk kd cErm&f[ak c:\/ aojcif;r&Pw&m;udk rpKrm&f[ak c:\/ b0opfudk jzpfay:vmatmif jyKjyifpDrHwwfaom ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuHwdkYudk tbdocFg&rm&f[kac:\/
kyfemrfcEmwdkYonf aojcif; = r&P[laom rpKrm&f\ wnf&mvnf; jzpfMu\/ t0dZm wPSm
Oyg'gefpaom udavomrm&fppfonfw\
Ykd pGrJ
DS jzpf&m taMumif;w&m; Bu;D yGm;wd;k wuf&ef taMumif;w&m;vnf; jzpfMu\/ xdkYaMumifh kyfemrfwdkYonf rpKrm&f udavorm&fwdkY\ pm;zwf0g;zwf oHk;oyf
eif;e,f&m rm&mrdo = rm& + tmrdowdkY jzpfMu\/
0dygu0#ftrnf&aom cEmwdu
Yk kd wpfenf;qdak omf cEmig;yg;wdu
Yk kd tcsed rf D 0dyemrIEidk Mf uaom
ow0gwdkY\ oEmef ,if;cEmwdkYtay: ta,medaomreodum&udk taMumif;cH udavo0#frsm;
xyfjzpfMu\/ ,if;udavo0#fudk tpGJjyK ur0#fwdkYvnf; xyfjzpfMujyefukef\/ ,if;ur0#faMumifh
0dygu0#ftrnf&aom cEmwdkYvnf; xyfrH jzpfMu&jyefukef\/ (y#dporkyg'fydkif;udk jyefMunfhyg/)
xdaYk Mumifh cEmwdo
Yk nfvnf; tjcm;tjcm;aom topftopfcEmwd\
Yk jzpfay:vmzd&Yk ef taMumif;w&m;\
tjzpfjzifh cEmtopftopfudk wdk;yGm;apwwfaomaMumifh tmrdojzpfMuukef\/ b0opfudk jzpfay:vmatmif jyKpDrHwwfukefaom tbdocFg&w&m;wdkYonfvnf; xdkcEmwdkYyif tusKH;0ifMu\/ cE
rm&f tbdocFg&rm&fwdkYwnf;? rm&mrdowdkYyifwnf;/
a'0ykwrm&f\rlum; ---- ]]w&m;taygif;onf ig\ Opmwnf;}} [k odkY rSwfxifaom t"drme\ tpGrf;jzifh tmrdo\tjzpfudk od&Sdygav/ xdkYaMumifh cErm&f tbdocFg&rm&f a'0ykwrm&f
wdu
Yk v
kd nf; cEmig;yg;wd\
Yk tmrdojzpfonf\ tjzpfukd xdu
k o
f nft
h m;avsmpf mG qdo
k ifh qdx
k u
kd af y\/
xdkYaMumifh kyfemrfcEmwdkYonf rpKrm&f udavorm&fwdkY\ wpfenf;qdk&aomf rm&fig;yg;wdkY\
pm;zwf0g;zwf oHk;oyfeif;e,f&m jzpfjcif;aMumifh rm&mrdo = rm& + tmrdo = udavorm&f rpKrm&f
wd\
Yk wpfenf; rm&fig;yg;wd\
Yk pm;zwf0g;zwf oH;k oyfeif;e,f&momwnf;/ ,if;oabmw&m;udk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh rm&mrdo rm&mrdo [k Iyg/
19/ Zmwd"rawm 20/ Z&m"rawm 21/ Asm"d"rawm

Zmwd-Z&m-Asm"d (r&P) yuwdwm, Zmwd-Z&m-Asm"d (r&P) "rawm/ (0dok'd-2-248/)
"roa'g ]]Zmwd"rme}}Edtm'Dok 0d, yuwdtawm ]]"ry#dord'g}}wdtm'Dok 0d, a[wktawm pmwd tm[ ]]ZmwdZ&mAsm"dr&Pyuwdwm, aomuy&da'0Oyg,moa[wkwm,m}}wd/
(r[m#D-2-397/)
94
( r&P"rum; tedpvuPm yg0ifNyD;jzpf\/) kyfemrfcEmwdkYonf Zmwdoabm Z&moabm

Asm"doabm (r&Poabm) &Sdonf\tjzpfaMumifh ---19/ Zmwd = jzpfcsifwdkif; jzpfwwfaom oabm&Sd\/
20/ Z&m = qkwf,kwfavsmhyg;jcif; oabm&Sd\/
21/ Asm"d = zsm;emjcif; oabm&Sd\/
orkwdopme,f = (orKwdopme,f) y&rwopme,f ESpfrsKd;vHk; ,if;Zmwd Z&m Asm"d oabmrsm;udk IEkdifygonf/ odkYaomf y&rwopmom vdk&if;jzpfonf/ ,if; Zmwdoabm Z&moabm Asm"d
oabm toD;toD;udk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh ---19/ Zmwd"r Zmwd"r [kvnf;aumif;
20/ Z&m"r Z&m"r [kvnf;aumif;
21/ Asm"d"r Asm"d"r [kvnf;aumif; ---toD;toD; Iyg/
22/ aomu"rawm 23/ y&da'0"rawm 24/ Oyg,mo"rawm

aomu-y&da'0-Oyg,moa[wkwm, aomu-y&da'0-Oyg,mo"rawm/(0dok'd-2-248/)
kyfemrf = cEmwdkYudk taMumif;jyK tpGJjyK ---1/ pdk;&drf ylaqG;&jcif; aomuw&m;
2/ idka<u; jrnfwrf;&jcif; y&da'0w&m;
3/ jyif;pGm ylyef&jcif; yifyef;&jcif; Oyg,mow&m;wdkY toD;toD; jzpfay:vmMu&\/
xdkYaMumifh kyfemrf = cEmwdkYonf aomu - y&da'0 - Oyg,mowdkY\ taMumif;&if;wdkY jzpfMu\/
odkYtwGuf cEmig;yg; kyfemrfw&m;rSeforQonf ---22/ aomu = pdk;&drf ylyef&jcif; oabm&Sd\/
23/ y&da'0 = idka<u; jrnfwrf;&jcif; oabm&Sd\/
24/ Oyg,mo = oufBuD;Idufiif jyif;pGmylyef&jcif; oabm&Sd\/
,if;oabmw&m; toD;toD;udk 0dyem Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh ---22/ aomu"r aomu"r [kvnf;aumif;
23/ y&da'0"r y&da'0"r [kvnf;aumif;
24/ Oyg,mo"r Oyg,mo"r [kvnf;aumif; ---odkY toD;toD; cGJ Iyg/
25/ oHudavodu"rawm
wPSm-'d|d-'kp&dwoHudavomeH 0do,"rwm, oHuda vodu"rawm/ (0dok'd-2-248/)
95
oHuda vow,*[aPe wa'u|meH 'oEH udavo0wLerd o*Fa[m '|aAm/ w'g&rPmyd [d "rm w'ewd0weawm oHudavodum {0/ wxm ck'g wPSm Z#m'Dok o&D&
oHudavo p o*Fa[m '|aAm/ (r[m#D-2-397/) (ck'gwPSmZ&m'Dok y&droHudavo
p o*Fa[m '|aAm/ oD - rl/)
kyfemrfcEmwdkYudk tmkH,l tmkHjyKomvQif wPSm-'d|d-'kp&dw = 'kpkduf[laom pdwftpOfudk
npfEGrf;apwwfaom rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkifvnf; npfEGrf;wwfaom tukodkvf w&m;qdk;wdkYonf jzpfay:vmMu&\/ xdkYaMumifh kyfemrfcEmwdkYonf wPSmoHudavo 'd|doHudavo 'kp&dwoHudavownf;
[laom pdwt
f pOfukd npfErG ;f apwwfaom rdrw
d u
Ykd ,
kd w
f ikd f npfErG ;f wwfaom oHuad vow&m;oH;k yg;wd\
Yk
tmkH"rjzpfaomaMumifh oHudavodu"r = oHudavoobm0u = wPSm-'d|d-'kp&dw[laom
npfEGrf;jcif;oHk;yg;udk yGm;pD;apwwfaom oabm&SdMu\/ ,if;oabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh
oHuda vodu"r oHuad vodu"r [k Iyg/
odkYaomf r[m#Dumq&mawmfu odkYvnf; qufvuf zGifhqdkxm;awmfrlayonf/ ---wPSmoHudavo 'd|doHudavo 'kp&dwoHudavo[laom oHudavooHk;yg;taygif;udk
oHuad vodu"rt& ,ljcif;jzifh xdo
k u
H ad vow&m; oH;k yg;ESihf wlaomwnf&m &SMd uukeaf om udavo0wK (10)yg;wdkYudkvnf; oHudavodu"rtjzpfodrf;usKH;a&wGuf,lyg? rSwfom;yg/ rSefayonf - xdk
oHudavo0wK (10)yg;wdkY\ tmkHjzpfukefaom w&m;wdkYonfvnf; xdkoHudavo0wKwdkY\ tmkHtjzpfudk rvGefjcif;aMumifh oHudavodu rnfukefonfomvQifwnf;/ tvm;wlyif qmavmifjcif;
rGwfodyfjcif; tdkrif;jcif; odkYr[kwf pdwfIyfaxG;jcif;ponfwdkYaMumifh pdwfyifyef;jcif;[laom oHudavoudkvnf; oHudavodu"r[laomyk'f odrf;usKH;a&wGuf,ltyf\[k rSwfom;ygav/ (r[m#D-2-397/)
cEm wpfyg; wpfyg; 'kuvuPm (25) yg; jzpfojzifh cEmig;yg;vHk; 'kuvuPmaygif; ---25 _ 5 = 125 (yg;) jzpfonf/
tewvuPm (5) csuf

tewm p y&H &dwH? wkpH okn Ed wmvDoH/
a0'em'a,m cEmyd? wax0 yumyd 0g/
(y&rwolyab'eD-2-529/)
1/ tewm = tw r[kwfukef/
2/ y&H
= tuRrf;0ifjcif; tjrJuif;aom olpdrf;jyifyomwnf;/
3/ &dwH = edp okc okb tw[laom tESpfom&[lorQESifh jrLrQr,SOf tpOfuif;qdwfaom
oabmw&m;omwnf;/
4/ wkpH = edp okc okb tw tESpfrrSD; tcsnf;ESD;omwnf;/ (0g) ao;i,f,kwfnHh tcsnf;ESD;aom w&m;omwnf;/
5/ oknH = omrd ed0god um&u a0'u t"d|m,u[laom twrS qdwfokOf;\/
96
1/ tewawm
o, tmrdubm0g'dwm, tewawm/ (0dok'd-2-247/)
,xm auepd omrdtm'dvuaPe twem oknm {aw? {0H o,rd twHobma0gwd tm[
]]o,/y/ tewawm}}wd/ e twmwd [d tewmwd/ (r[m#D-2-396/)
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
omoemy t,ltq&Sdol tcsKdUtcsKdUaom tw0g'orm;wdkYu ---cEmtdrfudk ydkifqdkifaom omrdtw &Sd\/

cEmtdrftopfvJaomfvnf; ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sd? cEmtdrf topf topf b0wdkif; tjrJvdkufyg
aexdkifaom ed0godtw &Sd\/
jyKvkyfzG,f vkyfief;udp&yf [lorQudk jyKvkyfwwfaom um&utw &Sd\/
cHpm;zG,f tmkH[lorQudk cHpm;wwfaom a0'utw &Sd\/
udpt00 vkyfief;&yf [lorQudk pD&ifqHk;jzwfwwfaom t"d|m,utw&Sd\/ ---odkY ponfjzifh tw&SdaMumif;udk ajymqdkMu\/
cEmig;yg; kyef mrfw&m;wdu

Yk m; ,if;uJo
h aYkd om omrdtw ed0godtw um&utw a0'utw
t"d|m,utwwdkYrS qdwfokOf;&um; rdrdkyfemrfcEmwdkY udk,fwdkifuvnf; omrdtw ed0godtw
um&utw a0'utw t"d|m,utw oabmr&Sdjcif;aMumifh tewm = tw r[kwfMuukef/
,if;oabmw&m;udk 0dyemPfynmjzifh jrifatmifMunfh tew tew [k Iyg/
2/ y&awm
t0owm, t0da",swm, p y&awm/ (0dok'd-2-247/)
t0owm,mwd t0o0weawm/ ,xm ya&mowaEm yk&daom y& 0oH e *pwd? {0H
okbokcg'dbma0e 0ao 0awwHk touKaP,sawm/ t0da",swm,mwd ]]rm ZD&x? rm
rD,xm}}wdtm'dem 0d"mwHk touKaP,sawm/ (r[m#D-2-395/)
kyfemrfcEmwdkYonf y#dporkyg'fydkif;wGif &Sif;vif; wifjycJhonfhtwdkif; taMumif;w&m;ESifh
avsmfnDpGmomvQif jzpfay:vmMu&\/ rdrd\tvdktwdkif;um; jzpfEdkifonfhoabm r&Sday/ rdrdudk,fudk
rdrdvQif jy"mef;jcif;&Sdaom a,mufsm;onf olwpfyg;\ tvdkodkY rvdkuf&ouJhodkY tvm;wlyif kyfemrf
cEmwdo
Yk nf ]]odYk vSywifw
h ,fygap odYk csr;f omokc&Syd gap/}} ---- odpYk aom okb okc ponf\
tjzpfjzifh rdrd\ tvdkqE&Sdwdkif; kyfemrfwdkYudk jzpfapjcif;iSm rpGrf;EdkifaomaMumifh tvdkodkY rvdkufygwwfaom oabmw&m;rsm; jzpfMu\/
]]rtdkapvifh remapvifh raoapvifh odkY jzpfNyD;ygu odkY rysufygapvifh}} ---- odkY
ponfjzifh pD&ifjcif;iSm rwwfaumif;aom oabmw&m;rsm;vnf; jzpfMu\/
odkY tvdkodkY rvdkufwwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; tvdk&Sdwdkif; pD&ifjcif;iSm rwwfaumif;onf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; kyfemrfcEmwdkYonf y& = tuRrf;0ifjcif; tjrJuif;aom
olpdrf;jyifywdkYomjzpfMu\/ oabmw&m;udk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh y& y& [k Iyg/
97
3/ &d wawm
,xmy&duydaw[d "k0okbokcwbma0[d &dwwm, &dwawm/ (0dok'd-2-247/)
,xmy&duydaw[Dwd y&rwawm t0dZr mae[d Amav[d y&duyw
d yuma&[d/ &dww
m,mwd 0d0dwwm,?0d&[dwwm,mwd tawm/ (r[m#D-2-396/)
y&rwPfynmrsufpd r&Sdol vlNydef;tE vlUAmvwdkYonfum; kyfemrfcEmwdkYudk ---1/ "k0 = cdkifcHhukef\[kvnf;aumif;
2/ okb = vSywifhw,fukef\[kvnf;aumif;
3/ okc = csrf;omokc jzpfukef\[kvnf;aumif;
4/ tw = toufaumif vdyfjymaumif 0dnmPfaumif twaumif jzpfukef\[kvnf;aumif; odYk Muq
H xm;tyfuek \
f / odaYk omf kyef mrfcEmwdo
Yk nfum; xdyk &rwfPfynmpuKr&So
d l vlNyed ;f
vlt vle vlUAmvwdYk awG;awm Muq
H xm;tyfonfh "k0 okb okc twoabmwdrYk S tjrw
J rf; uif;qdw-f
Muukef\/ xdkYaMumifh kyfemrfcEmwdkYonf &dw = "k0 okb okc tw[laom tESpfom&[lorQESifh jrLrQ
r,SOf tpOfuif;qdwfaom oabmw&m;wdkYomwnf;/ ,if;oabmw&m;udk 0dyemPfynmjzifh
toD;toD; jrifatmifMunfh &dw &dw [k Iyg/
4/ wk pawm
&dwwma,0 wk pa wm tyuwm 0g/ tyurd [d avmau wkp Ed 0kpwd/ (0dok'd-2-247/)
taEmom&mbma0g &dwwm/ om {0 p wkpwmwd tm[ ]]&dwwma,0 wkpa wm}}wd/
tyuwmwd y&dwwm? vmruwm 0g/ (r[m#D-2-396/)
kyfemrfcEmwdkY\ twGif;om; ---1/
2/
3/
4/
edp[laom tESpfom&
okc[laom tESpfom&
okb[laom tESpfom&
tw[laom tESpfom& ----
uJhodkYaom tESpfom&wdkYrS tpOfxm0& uif;qdwfaeonfhtwGufaMumifh kyfemrfcEmwdkYonf

wkp = "k0 (= edp) okc okb tw[al om tESprf rS;D tcsn;f ES;D aom w&m;wdo
Yk mwnf;/ ,if;oabmudk
0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh wk p wk p [k Iyg/
wpfenf; ------- kyfemrfcEmwdkYonf "k0 okb okc tw oabmwdkYrS qdwfokOf;Muaomfvnf;
y&rwoabmtm;jzifh wu,fxif&Sm; r&SdMuonfum; r[kwf? wu,fxif&Sm; &SdMuonfomwnf;/
odkYaomf ,if;odkYxif&Sm;&SdrIum; Oyg'f-XD-bif = jzpf-wnf-ysuf taetm;jzifh wu,fxif&Sm;&Sdjcif;omwnf;/ Oyg'f-XD-bif taetm;jzifh xif&Sm;jzpfay:&ukefaom kyfemrf y&rww&m;wdkY\ oufwrf;um;
tvGefYtvGef wdkawmif;vS\/ emrfw&m;wdkYonf rsufpdwpfrSdwf vQyfwpfjyuf vufzspfwpfwGuf
wpfpuefY[laom tcsdefumvudk tBudrfuka# wpfodef;cefYyHkvQif wpfyHkcefYom oufwrf; &SdMu\/
98
kyfw&m;wdkYum; ,if;rsufpdwpfrdSwf vQyfwpfjyuf vufzspfwpfwGuf wpfpuefY[laom tcsdefumvudk

tBudrfuka# ig;axmifcefYyHkvQif wpfyHkcefYavmufom oufwrf;&SdMu\/ odkYvQif kyfemrfy&rwf
w&m;wdkYonf jzpfay:NyD;aemuf kwfjcnf; csKyfaysmufoGm;Mu&onfh Oyg'f-XD-bif [laom tvGefYtvGef
wdak wmif;aom tenf;i,faomtcsed u
f mv oufwrf;twGi;f om wnf&EdS ikd af om w&m;rsK;d wdYk jzpfMu\/
tcsed u
f mv tenf;i,fuav;rQom jzpfciG &hf aomaMumifh ,if;kyef mrf = cEmwdu
Yk kd wkp = tcsn;f ES;D [l
ac:qdk\/ rSefayonf ---- avmu tenf;i,fudkaomfvnf; wkp = tcsnf;ESD;[l ac:a0:oHk;pGJkd;
&Sdayonf/ xdkYaMumifh kyfemrf = cEmwdkYonf wkp = ao;i,f,kwfnHh tcsnf;ESD;aom w&m;rsKd;wdkYom
jzpfMu\/ ,if;oabmw&m;udk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh wk p wk p [lvnf; Iyg/
5/ oknawm
omrd-ed0god-um&u-a0'um-"d|m,u0d&[dwwm, oknawm/ (0dok'd-2-247/)
"k0om&mbm0g'D[d o'd H twom&mbm0H &dwya'e 0wGm edAwdwrwom&mbm0ar0 oknya'e 'awHk ]]omrd/ y / oknawm}}wd 0kwH/ (r[m#D-2-396/)
tw0g'Dorm;wdkYum; omrdtw ed0godtw um&utw a0'utw t"d|m,utw
&S\
d [k pG,
J Ml u\/ cEmig;yg; kyef mrfw&m;wdYk ,if;uJo
h aYkd om y&rwPfynmrsupf d uif;olwYkd Muq
H xm;tyfaom omrdtw ed0godtw um&utw a0'utw t"d|m,utwwdkYum; r&Sd{uef
jzpfcJhukef\/ kyfemrfcEmwdkY ,if;twtrsKd;rsKd;wdkYonf tw0g'Dorm;wdkYu jzpfaptyfkHrQaom tESpf
om& tjzpfrQom &Sd\/ kyfemrfcEmwdkY ,if;uJhodkYaom twtrsKd;rsKd;rS uif;qdwfonf\tjzpfaMumifh
kyfemrfcEmwdkYonf omrdtw ed0godtw um&utw a0'utw t"d|m,utwrS qdwf
okOf;Muukef\/ xdkYaMumifh kyfemrf = cEmwdkYonf okn = omrdtw ed0godtw um&utw
a0'utw t"d|m,utwrS qdwfokOf;Mu\/ ,if;oabmw&m;udk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmif
Munf
h okn okn [k Iyg/
cEmig;yg;wdkYwGif cEmwpfyg; wpfyg; tewvuPm (5)csufpD &Sdojzifh cEm (5)yg;vHk; tew
vuPm (25)csuf jzpfonf/ cEmig;yg;vHk; ---1/ tedpvuPm
2/ 'kuvuPm
3/ tewvuPm
------- 50 ?
------- 125 ?
------- 25 ?
tm;vH;k aygif;aomf bm0emaygif; (200) jzpfonf/ wpfenf;qdak omf cEmwpfyg;wpfyg;pD bm0em

(40) jzpfojzifh cEmig;yg;vHk; bm0em (200) jzpfonf/
odkYvQif (200)aom bm0emPfjzifh cEmig;yg;wdkYudk IyGm;oHk;oyfcJhaomf xdek ,0dyem
[k ac:qdktyfaom vuPm,mOfoHk;csufwif IyGm;oHk;oyfrI oroevkyfief;&yf = oroePf
onf jrJjrHcdkifchHjcif; jzpfvm\/ um; ygVdawmfenf;udk tpOfrSD;ojzifh oroePf tm;xkwfyHk tpDt&if jzpfonf/ (y#doH-411/ 0dok'd-2-246-248/)
99
tZw A[d'oEmefESpfyg; twdwftem*wf ypKyef[laom umvokH;yg; cEmig;yg;enf;jzifh

txufyg awm (40) IuGufudk ukefpifatmifIyg/ twdwftqufqufrSonf tem*wftqufquf
qkH;onfhwdkifatmif I&rnfjzpfayonf/ Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum IEdkifygu wdkif;xuftvGef
wHcGefESifhbk&m; jzpfacsonf/ y#dporkyg'f t*Fg&yfwdkYudkyg awm (40) IuGufjzifh 0dyem IyGm;
okH;oyfEdkifygu omomyif aumif;onfxuf aumif;vSayonf/ wGif tvuFm*kPfajrmufpGm
tESpfom& jynfh0pGmjzifh zJGUqdkoDukH; a&;om;xm;awmfrlaom v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ qkH;rvTm
wpfyk'fudk xnfhoGif; vufaqmifyg;vdkufygonf/ ------
qdkydefY[kwf&m? pOf;pm;ygavmh ...? cEmbm&? yuum; (= cEmig;yg;wnf;[laom 0efxkyf
0efy;kd Bu;D um;) ,k,cifrif? pdeaf &Tqif? jyKjyifyu
kd af xG;? eifauR;arG;vnf;? ta&;ra&muf? oJa&arSmufo?Ykd
eifhaemufryg? eifvdk&mudk? b,fcgrvdkuf? eifhtBudKufESifh? wdkufdkufzDvm? qefYusifygcJh/
kyf0gEke,f? IpzG,fESifh? wifhw,f&Tef;pdk? eifvSvdkvnf;? ttdkpm&if;? oluoGif;\/
ab;uif;&efumG ? vGecf sr;f om? rem&vd?k awmif;qkqv
kd nf;? eifu
h rkd nm? ab;a&m*gESi?hf cgcgriJ?h
rdwfaqGzJGU\/
eifeJYwlnD? cspfBudK;oDom;? yvDyvm? tjypfuGmonfh? cspfpGmr,m;? orD;om;ESifh? pD;yGm;Opm?
wumudk? b,fcgruJG? twlwJG? tjrJjyHK;csKd? ae&vkdvnf;? eifhudkraxmuf? eifhaemufrvdkuf? tyl
wdkuf? eif[dkufeifacG? eifhudkaoatmif? usm;a>rcHwGif;? tpmoGif;odkY? aorif;olUvuf? yPmquf\/
v-&uf-ESpfa wG? toacsFESifh?vGefavb0? teEu? qkH;prydkif? ,ckwdkifatmif? EdkifEdkifeif;eif;?
PfroGi;f ? aorif;olvQK?d cEmud,
k u
f ?kd rNiKd jiif&uf? pJv
G rf;csujf zif?h NrKd ief ufpeG zf sm;? awmopfusm;ud?k
r,fbGm;rdcif? EGm;i,fxifodkY? tjrifrajzmifh? 0dyvfarSmifh? waMumifhMuMu? jyKcJhvSNyD/
bk&m;omoem? cktcg? ynmpuK? zefzefIavmh? ....
Owk*drSef? tcsdefwefaomf? ol&uefa0SU? tylaiGUaMumifh? a&aoGUcef;jim;? tdkifyum;0,f? usufpm;aeMu? ig;rpwdkY? a&uvnf;eJ? odef;pGef0J? aysmfyJGjrLrQ? &Smr&bJ?aoMuzdkYom? eD;uyfvmodkY/
oligup? &dSorQvnf;? aeYnOfhrvyf? tpOfpyfvsuf? Oyg'f-XD-bif? rjywfESifvsuf? aysmf&Tifp&m?
r&dSygbJ? zsm;emudkufcJ? a&m*gpGJ? aoyJGaowrf;? aopcef;ESifh? aovrf;odkYom? eD;uyfvm\/
igigwuf<u? rmefrmeESifh? avmba'gom? tpjzmom;? ,kwfrmpGmvS? t"rudk? a0;urvm?
uif;&Sif;uGmatmif? cgcgryGm;? tysif;rsm;rl? av;yg;yg,f&Gm? eifhtdrfom[k? pdwfrSmpJGuyf? owdcsyfavmh/
vlY&yfewf&Gm? xufjA[mESifh? r[mokc? edAmeodkY? &Spf0r*if? oabFm,mOfjzifh? aqmvsifuyfcdk?
a&muf&vdkrl? xdkxdkykn? ukovudk? aeYnrpJ? vkHYvoJavmh/
MuKH cJvpS mG ? omoemESi?hf eifrh mS ra&GU? ,ckawGUNy?D arharhr;l rl;? eifrl;ESi?hf qDO;D axmywf? &o"mwfu?kd
tjrwfwpfc?k rSwrf Ib?J &GmolU0ufru
kd ?f rpifBuKd uo
f ?Ykd tNrKd uw
f &m;? eifa&Smif&mS ;? ig;yg;tmk?H rpifyu
Hk ?kd
pkHpkHrufruf? rESpfoufESifh?xufjruftzsm;? oifwkef;oGm;0,f? ysm;ozG,f[k? Pfus,foavmuf?
100
tjypfaumuf? awmifacsmufNrdKifMum;? orifrsm;udk? opfusm;ykef;atmif;? t&acsmif;odkY? awmifacgif;

&dyfajrmif? ocFrf;acsmif0,f? wdrf;a&Smifwpfudk,f? awm-awmqdk? r*fzkdvfraESmif;? t&acsmif;rS?
taygif;'ku? uif;vGw&f [k? Ak'a &TEw
I ?f Mumurkcrf ?S vSpx
f w
k >f rufMum;? rdeaYf wmfxm;onf? eifum;eifw
h u
G f
usifhawmhwnf;/
aÈ xufjrufaMumif;w&m; (9) yg;

o'g-0D&d,-owd-orm"d-ynm-[laom aÈxufjruf PfynmBuD;rm;aom tcsKdUaom
a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vt
f m; uvmyoroe[k ac:qdt
k yfaom e,0dyemjzifhyifvQif O',A,Pfonf jzpfay:vmEdik \
f / aÈE aYHk ES;aom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vt
f m; O',A,Pfonf jzpfay:rvmEdkifao;ay/ rSefayonf 0dyemt&m O',A,Pf\ jzpfay:vmjcif;onf uvmyoroe[k
ac:qdktyfaom e,0dyemjzihfomvQif NyD;pD;jynfhpkHEdkif\ jzpfay:vmEdkif\[k tvdk&dStyfayonf/
t'gypKyefrSonf oEwdypKyefodkY qdkufatmif oEwdypKyefrSonf cPypKyefodkYqdkufatmif uvmy
oroeenf;jzifh IymG ;ok;H oyfvm&m O',A,PftjrifoYkd oefo
Y ef&Y iS ;f &Si;f ausauseyfeyf tm;&yg;&
rqdkufao; jzpfaeygu xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf aÈxufjrufaMumif; w&m; (9)yg;wdkYudk jyKusifh
(7)yg;ukeaf om toyg,wdu
Yk kd a&SmifMuOf (7)yg;ukeaf om oyg,wdu
Yk rkd 0DS v
J suf e,0dyemenf;jzifh
kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkYudk tzefzef txyfxyfIyGm; okH;oyftyfayonf/
(0dok'd-2-248/ r[m#D-2-398/)
]]e0[muma&[d Èd,med wdumed b0Ed ---- OyEKyEmeH ocFg&meH c,ar0 ywd? ww p
oupud&d,m, orma'wd? omwpud&d,m, orma'wd? oyg,ud&d,m, orma'wd? orm"d
p edrdw*ga[e? aAmZ*Fge tEky0wewm,? uma, p ZD0daw p teayuwH Oy|maywd? ww p
tbdbk,s aeuare? tE&m p taAsmomaeem}}wd {0H 0kwmeH e0EH tmum&meH 0aoe Èd,med
wdum ed uwGm yx0DuodPeda'ao 0kwea,e ow toyg,med 0aZwGm ow oyg,med
ao0rmaee umave lyH orodwAH? umave tlyH/ lyH oroaEe ly edAwd ydwAm/
(0dok'd-2-248/)
lygly"rmeH tpE0 "d &k wm, {uZH torow
d Awm wxm oroe p " te"daywwm
]]umave lyH orodwAH? umave tly}}Ed 0kwH/ wwmyd p ly MoVm&duwm, ok0dan,swm
yXrH orodwAwm 0kwm/ edAwd ydwAmwd yXrH wm0 tm*rmEkom&awm tEkrme0aoe '|Am/
wawm y&H tEkuare Avyaw bm0emaP ypuawmyd 'dwDwd/ (r[m#D-2-399/)
1/ ocFwy&rwfw&m; rSeforQonf Oyg'f-XD-bif taetm;jzifh taMumif;rukefao;orQ tjrJwrf;
jzpfay:aeMu\/ a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf Oyg'f-XD-bif [laom cPwdkif; cPwdkif; jzpfay:aeMuukeaf om 0dyemPf\ tIct
H mkH jzpfMuukeaf om taMumif;w&m;ESihf wuGjzpfuek af om kyef mrf"r
ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk jzpfro
I abmudk a&S;OD;pGm jrifatmif
I ,if;jzpfrI Oyg'fudk vTwv
f u
kd
f ukeu
f ek yf suyf suf
NydKNydKaysmufaysmufoGm;aom bifoabmudkomvQif 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifIay;yg/
c,ar0gwd yXrH Oyg'H 'doGm wH rkdwGm c,ar0 b*Far0 ywd/ w wxm c,'eyokw 0dyemynm wdum ol&m 0[wd? w&med p Èd,med/ (r[m#D-2-398/)
101
,if;odkY ukefukefysufysuf NydKNydK aysmufaysmufoGm;jcif; c,oabm = bifoabmudk Ijcif;

avhusio
hf m;&vmaom xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f 0dyemPfonf 0dyemynm\ xufjrufp;l &Sjcif;
&J&ifhjcif;udk &Gufaqmifay;wwf\/ 0dyemynmonf xufjruf pl;&S &J&ifhcJhaomf tjcm;aom o'g
0D&,
d owd orm"d wnf;[laom aÈw
o
Ykd nfvnf; xufjrufp;l &S &J&ifv
h mukeo
f nfom jzpfMuuke\
f /
(0dok'd-2-248/ r[m#D-2-398/)
2/ xkdodkYocFg&w&m;wdkY\ c,oabm = bifudk Ijcif; ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ ukefjcif; c,oabmudk
Iaom c,'e0dyemPfvQif tjrwfqkH; twdkif;t&Snf&dSatmif dkdkaoao av;av;pm;pm;
jyKjcif;jzifh c,'e0dyembm0emudk = tysufudkom Ijrifwwfaom 0dyembm0emudk jynfhpkHap\ = jynfhpkHatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfyg/ (0dok'd-2-248/ r[m#D-2-398/)
3/ a&S;a&S; bm0emPfESifh aemufaemuf bm0emPfwdkYudk qufpyfoGm;atmif tjywftvyf
r&dSatmif rjywfrvyf tywfwukwf jyKjcif;jzifh c,'e0dyembm0emudk jynfhpkHap\/ jynfhpkHatmifBuKd ;pm;tm;xkwyf g/ ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk tysufudk tqufrjywf qufwu
kd f jrifoad eaom c,'e
0dyemPfrsm;udk a&S;PfESifh aemufPf qufpyfvsuf txyfxyf jzpfaeatmif BudK;yrf;yg/
omwpud&d,m,mwd t0dap'ud&d,m,? ,xm 0dyemPH c,'e0aoe ed& E&ar0
y0wwd? {0H ,kwy,kawm eH orma'wd/ (r[m#D-2-398/)
4/ a&S; tmemygewdorm"dyikd ;f wGif &Si;f vif; wifjycJo
h nft
h wkid ;f tm0gooyg,paom (7)yg;aom
oyg,udk rSD0Jjcif;udk jyKusifhvsuf ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tysufudk Ijrifwwfaom c,'e0dyem
bm0emudk jynfhpkHap\ = jynfhpkHatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfyg/ (0dok'd-2-248/ r[m#D-2-398/)
5/ edrdw*ga[emwd ,xm reodua&mE 0dyemorm"d OyaEm? w tmum& ovuP0aoe orxedrdw*[aPe orma'wDwd oraEm/ (r[m#D-2-398/)
5/ tMuifoaYkd om tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk tysuu
f kd Ijrifwwfaom c,'e0dyem
bm0emudk ESvkH;oGif;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; 0dyemorm"donf jzpfay:vm\/ xdk0dyem
orm"d\ jzpfay:vmaMumif; jzpfaom edrdwftjcif;t&mudk aumif;pGm Pfjzifh ,ljcif;jzifh c,'e
0dyembm0emudk jynfhpkHap\ = jynfhpkHatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfyg/ (0dok'd-2-248/ r[m#D-2-398/)
6/ tEky0wewm,mwd tEklyawm y0waee bm0empdw vDebma0 yDwd0D&d,"r0dp,oarmZ*FgeH O'wbma0 y'dorm"d OayumoarmZ*FgeH jAL[aeemwd tawm/(r[m#D-2-398/)
6/ toifoal wmfaumif;onf tmemygewdorm"dydkif;wGif a&;om;wifjycJhonfh aAmZifw&m;
(7)yg;wdu
Yk kd nDrQatmif usiyhf t
Hk ydik ;f udk jyefvnf zwfMI unfyh g/ orxydik ;f aAmZiw
f &m; (7)yg;wdu
Yk kd
nDrQatmif jznfu
h si&hf ouJo
h Ykd 0dyemydik ;f vnf; aAmZiw
f &m; (7)yg;wdu
Yk kd nDrQatmif usi&hf rnfom
jzpfayonf/
toifolawmfaumif;\ 0dyembm0empdwfonf 0dyembm0emvkyfief;cGif wGefYqkwfepfrI
jzpfaomtcg "r0pd , oarmZif 0D&,
d oarmZif yDwo
d armZiw
f u
Ykd kd yGm;apojzifv
h nf;aumif; toif
olawmfaumif;\ pdwfonf 0dyemPf\ tIcHtmkHjzpfonfh ocFg& edrdwftmkHrS ysHUvGifhoGm;aom
tcg y'doarmZif orm"doarmZif OayumoarmZifwdkYudk yGm;apojzifhvnf;aumif; c,'e
102
0dyem bm0emudk jynfhpkHap\ = jynfhpkHatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfyg/ (0dok'd-2-248/r[m#D-2-398/)

7/ uma, p ZD0daw p teayuwEd twaem uma, tokpdbma0e Am[d&ut0dnmPuukPay 0d, ZD0daw t[dwm0[ypwdau 0d, ed&ayupdwH Oy|aywd/ (r[m#D-2-398-399/)
7/ rdrd\ lyum,udk,faumif tjyifty A[d'jzpfaom t0dnmPu = oufrJh olaoaumif
ykyfuJhodkY rpifrMu,f&GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f\ tjzpfjzifh iJhuGufrIr&dSaom pdwf"mwfudk a&S;Ijzpfaptyf\/
ZD0w
d [k ac:qdt
k yfaom toufvnf; tusK;d pD;yGm;rJu
h kd &Guaf qmifay;wwfaom &efow
l u
Ykd o
hJ Ykd iJu
h u
G rf I
r&dSaom pdwf"mwfudk a&S;Ijzpfaptyf\ = xdkuJhodkYaom pdwf"mwfrsKd; jzpfay:vmatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfyg/ (0dok'd-2-248/ r[m#D-2-398-399/)
txufyg TefMum;csuft& tydkif;wGif 0dyemPfrsm;\ xufjrufpl;&Sa&;twGuf
t0dnmPu tokb = aotokb bm0emudk tZw A[d'wdkY Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum
yGm;rsm;yg/ ocFg&w&m;wdt
Yk ay: tusK;d pD;yGm;rJu
h kd &Guaf qmifay;wwfaom &efow
l u
Ykd o
hJ Ykd oabmxm;Edkif&ef tewmEkyemPfudkvnf; txl;OD;pm;ay; ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk 0dyem IyGm;okH;oyfyg/
8/ ww p tbdbk,s aeuaremwd wod Hum,pdaw teayubma0e Èd,meH wdubm0g
yg'aee OyEH OyEH 'kuH 0D&da,e tbdb0dwGm bm0eH orma'wd/ (r[m#D-2-399/)
8/ xdo
k Ykd ud,
k Ef iS phf w
d f riJu
h u
G rf
l aÈw
u
Ykd kd xufjrufonf\tjzpfoYkd a&mufapjcif;jzifh jzpfay:vmwdik ;f jzpfay:vmwdik ;f aom qif;&J'u
k u
kd ysi;f &djcif;rS xGwaf jrmufwwfaom edur "mwf vkv
YH 0D&,
d jzifh
vTrf;rdk;zdpD; c,'e0dyembm0emudk jynfhpkHap\ = jynfhpkHatmif BudK;pm;tm; xkwfyg/
(0dok'd-2-248/ r[m#D-2-399/)
9/ tE&mwd ,xm"daywm, bm0emod'd,m tE&m0/ taAmomaeemwd toauFmpaee/
(r[m#D-2-399/)
9/ tMuiftMuif rdrdtvdk&dStyfaom rdrdajrmfrSef;xm;aom bm0emPf\ jynfhpkHNyD;ajyjcif;\
tMum;vnf; = bm0emPfrjynfhpkHrD tMum;umv rwGefYrqkwf r&yfrwefYojzifh c,'e
0dyembm0emudk jynfhpkHap\ = jynfhpkHatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfyg/ (0dok'd-2-248/ r[m#D-2-399/)
(9)yg;aom tjcif;t&mwdkYjzifh 0dyembm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;yGm;rsm; tm;xkwfcJhaomf
aÈwdkYonf pl;&SxufjrufvmMuukef\/
t&m odoifhodxdkufaom Oyrmum; odkYwnf;/ El;nHhodrfarGUukefaom ykvJoEm ponfwdu
Yk kd xGi;f azmuf&m xGi;f azmuftyfaom ykvo
J Emponfwx
Ykd uf omvGe
f odraf rGUEl;nHah om pl;onf
jzpfoif\
h odYk --- tvm;wlyifvQif El;nHo
h rd af rGUukeaf om kyw
f &m;emrfw&m;wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif; xdk yk w
f &m;
emrfw&m;wd\
Yk taMumif;w&m;wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif; Pfjzifh ydik ;f jcm;,l&m odr;f qnf;&m jzpfaom emrly
y&dap'Pfydkif; yp,y&d*[Pfydkif; xufjrufpl;&Saom Pfonf jzpfoifhjzpfxdkufvS\/ wpfzef
taMumif;w&m;ESihf wuGaom xdk yk w
f &m;emrfw&m;wd\
Yk ukejf cif;ysujf cif; c,0,oabmudk tmk,
H
l
vuPma&;ok;H wefwifum 0dyemI&mjzpfaom c,0,'e 0dyemPft&mum; taMumif;w&m;ESifh wuGaom xdkkyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;wwfaom emrlyy&dap'Pf yp,y&d*[Pfwx
Ykd uf omvGe
f xufjrufp;l &Saom 0dyemPfonf yd
k yif jzpfoifjh zpfxu
kd v
f aS yonf/
103
wpfzef xdkocFg&w&m;wdkY\ ukefwwfysufwwfaom c,0,oabmudk tmkH,l Iaeaom xdk

c,0,'e0dyemPf\ omxufjrufonf\tjzpfukd Ny;D apvdrk l aÈw
u
Ykd kd xufjrufonf\
tjzpfodkY a&mufapjcif;jzifh NyD;aptyf\/ ykqdefaoG;&m ausmufjyifwpfckxuf ykqdefudk aoG;av&m\/
ausmufrsuEf mS jyifukd El;nHh acsmnufatmif jyKvyk jf cif;jzifh ykqed o
f mG ;udk aoG;&m\/ ausmufrsuEf mS jyifonf El;nHhacsmnufouJhodkY aoG;aeaom ykqdefoGm;onfvnf; El;nHhacsmnufpGm xufjrufvm\/
ykqed u
f kd aoG;&m ausmufrsuEf mS jyif El;nHah csmnufvmatmif jyKvyk jf cif;jzifh ykqed o
f mG ;udk aoG;cJah omf
ykqdefoGm;\ xufjrufjcif;udponfvnf; NyD;NyD;om; jzpfouJhodkY ---- tvm;wlyif ocFg&w&m;wdkY\
ukek w
f wfysuw
f wfaom c,0,oabmudk Iaom 0dyemPf\ omxufjrufp;l &Sonf\ tjzpfukd
tvdk&dSygrl aÈwdkYudk xufjrufonf\ tjzpfodkY a&mufapjcif;jzifh NyD;pD;aptyfayonf/ aÈwdkYonf
xufjrufvmMuygu 0dyemPfrsm;onfvnf; xufjrufpl;&SvmMurnfom [lvdkonf/ aÈ
xufjrufatmif jyKjcif;[lonfrSmvnf; (9)yg;aom tjcif;t&mwdkYjzifh xdkkyfemrf"r ocFg&w&m;wdkY\
ukefwwfysufwwfaom c,0,oabmudk Iaejcif;yif jzpfayonf/ xdkodkY I&m ---1/ &Hcg kyfw&m;udk vuPm,mOf (3)csuf wpfvSnfhpDwif 0dyem IyGm;okH;oyfyg/
2/ &Hcg emrfw&m;udk vuPm,mOf (3)csuf wpfvSnfhpDwif 0dyem IyGm;okH;oyfyg/
kyfw&m;ESifh emrfw&m;wdkYonfum; pifppf tcsif;csif; a0;uGmaom oabm&dSonf jzpfMu&um;
waygif;wpnf;wnf; wpfNydKifeuf vuPm,mOfwif rokH;oyfxdkufaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; xdkodkYaom okH;oyfjcif; vkyfief;&yfvnf; oroePft&m tvdkr&dStyfao;onf\ tjzpfaMumifh
vnf;aumif; &Hcg kyfw&m;udk &Hcg emrfw&m;udk wpfvSnfhpD vuPm,mOf wif IyGm;okH;oyf&ef
a&S;a&S;t|uxmrsm;u zGifhqdkxm;awmfrlMujcif; jzpfayonf/
xdk kyfw&m;emrfw&m; ESpfrsKd;wdkYwGifvnf; kyfw&m;um; emrfw&m;xuf omvGef Murf;wrf;
xif&Sm;ojzifh odvG,faom oabm&dS&um; emrfw&m;\ aU&SOD;pGm kyfw&m;udk vuPm,mOfwif
0dyemIyGm;okH;oyfxdkufonf\ tjzpfudk t|uxmu zGifhqdkxm;awmfrljcif; jzpfayonf/
xdo
k Ykd vuPm,mOf wif 0dyemIymG ; ok;H oyf&m kyw
f &m; emrfw&m; ocFwy&rwfw&m;wdkY\ Oyg'f-XD-bif-[laom cPokH;yg;taygif;jzpfonfh cPwdkif; cPwdkif; jzpfrI = edAwdvuPmudk
0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifIyg/ xdkodkY I&m yxraU&SOD;pGm bk&m;a[ma'oemawmfudk Pfjzifh
tpOfavQmufojzifh bk&m;a[m a'oemusrf;*efrsm; tay: ,kHMunfrI o'gw&m; tjynfht0jzifh =
ocFwy&rwfw&m;wd\
Yk Oyg'f-XD-bif[al om cPypKye o
f Ykd qdu
k af tmif om0uwd\
Yk 0dyemPfjzifv
h nf; I &Edik o
f nf I odEikd o
f nf I jrifEikd o
f nf[al om ,kMH unfcsuf o'gw&m; tjynft
h 0jzifh
rSe;f qjcif; = tEkrme\tpGr;f jzifh rsu&f rf;rSe;f qom IEiS yhf gOD;/ xdrk aS emuf tpOftwdik ;f wjznf;jznf;
Ivm&m 0dyem bm0emPfonf cGeftm;&dSonf\ tjzpf pGrf;tm;BuD;onf\ tjzpfodkY a&muf&dSvmvwfaomf rsuaf rSmuf yput
m;jzifv
h nf; ocFww&m;wd\
Yk jzpfrI Oyg'foabm = edAw
v
d uPmudk
ypuPfjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odjrifvmayonf/ odjrifvmayvdrfhrnf/ xdkodkY ocFw
y&rwfw&m; ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk cPwdik ;f cPwdik ;f topftopfjzpfrI edAw
v
d uPmudk ypu
Pfjzifh
ud,
k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmufoo
d nfwikd af tmif a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf IymG ;ok;H oyf&rnf jzpfayonf/
(0dok'd-2-248/ r[m#D-2-399/)
104
kyfw&m;wdkYudk 0dyemI&m0,f kyfur|mef;ydkif;wGif &Sif;vif; wifjyxm;onfhtwdkif; ----1/

2/
3/
4/
cPwdkif; cPwdkif; jzpfay:aeaom urZkyf

cPwdkif; cPwdkif; jzpfay:aeaom pdwZkyf
cPwdkif; cPwdkif; jzpfay:aeaom OwkZkyf
cPwdkif; cPwdkif; jzpfay:aeaom tm[m&Zkyf
(4)rsK;d ukeaf om kyw

f &m;wdu
Yk kd toD;toD; cJjG cm;pdwjf zm 0dyemPfjzifh odjrifatmifyI g/
(0dok'd-2-249-252/ r[m#D-2-399-404/)
emrfw&m;wdkYudk 0dyemI&mvnf; emrfur|mef;ydkif;wGif a&;om;wifjycJhonfh twdkif; 'Gg&
(6)yg; xdkufonfhtm;avsmfpGm jzpfay:aeMuukefaom 0DxdpdwfESifh 0DxdrStvGwfjzpfaom 0Dxdrkwfpdwf
[laom (81)rsKd;aom avmuDpdwKyg'f = avmuDpdwfapwodufwdkY\ tpGrf;jzifhomvQif emrfw&m;wdkY\
pdwuPwdkif; pdwuPwdkif; topftopf jzpfay:rI = edAwdvuPmudk ypuPfjzifh udk,fwdkif
rsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrifatmif odonfhwdkifatmif jrifonfhwdkifatmif 0dyemIyg/
(0dok'd-2-253/ r[m#D-2-404-405/)
owdjyK&ef ----- avmuDpdwf (81)rsKd;vkH;udk 0dyemI&ef t|uxm (0dok'd-2-252/) u
zGifhqdkxm;awmfrljcif;rSm yk*dKvftm;vkH;wdkYtwGuf odrf;usKH; zGifhqdkaom oAo*Fg[du0pe pum;awmf
[k rSwfom;yg/ vlom;wpfOD;om jzpfaeao;aom toifa,m*Dolawmfaumif;onf ,cktcg jA[mjynf0,f wnf&dSaeonf r[kwfao;ojzifh r[*Kwf0dygufemrfw&m;rsm;onf toifolawmfaumif;\
oEmef0,f rjzpfEdkifao;ay/ odkYaomf toifa,m*Dolawmfaumif;onf psmefw&m;rsm;udk &&dS aemif
tem*wfwiG f xkpd smefaMumifh &&dES ikd o
f nfh jA[mch sr;f omudk &nf&,
G af wmifw
h cJo
h nfjzpfthH xdpk smefaMumifh
aemiftem*wfwiG f &&dES ikd o
f nfh qdik &f m jA[m0h yd gufcEmwdu
Yk u
kd m; tem*wfu
I u
G jf zpfonfh aMumif;usK;d quf y#dpo
rkyg 'fyikd ;f wGiv
f nf;aumif; 0dyemydik ;f wGiv
f nf;aumif; xnfo
h iG ;f Ivu
kd IEikd af yonf/
psmefw&m;wdkYwGifvnf; rdrd&&dSonfhpsmefudkom 0dyemIyGm; okH;oyfEdkifayonf? b0wGif rdrdr&zl;ao;aom psmefw&m;rsm;udk (r&&daS o;onfh twGuaf Mumif)h rdr\
d 0dyemIuu
G rf S csev
f yS x
f m;Edik o
f nf/
tu,f toifolawmfaumif;onf ok'0dyem,meduyk*dKvf oufoufomjzpf psmefvkH;0r&&dSu
psmefw&m;rsm;udk vkH;0 0dyemrIbJ xm;Edkifygonf/ wpfzef ,cktcg toifolawmfaumif;onf
&[Em rjzpfao;vQif Bud,maZmpdwfrsm;onf toifolawmfaumif;\ oEmef0,f rjzpfEdkifao;ojzifh
csev
f yS x
f m;Edik yf gonf/ Bu,
d maZmpdww
f u
Ykd m; &[Em t&Sijf rwfBu;D wd\
Yk 0dyemPf\omvQif tIcH
tmkHwdkY jzpfMuonf/
IvdkY&Ekdifygovm;
{up&uaP aum#dowo[ocFg OyZdwGm edkZwd/ (oH-|-2-295/)
rsupf w
d pfrw
Sd f vQyw
f pfjyuf vufzspw
f pfwu
G f wpfpue[
Yf k ac:qdt
k yfaom tcsed u
f mvtwGi;f
uka#wpfoed ;f [k ac:qdt
k yfaom emrfw&m;wdo
Yk nf = pdwu
P
wdo
Yk nf jzpfNy;D vQif csKyyf suo
f mG ;Mu\/
(oH-|-2-295/)
uJhodkYaom azPyd@Lyrokweft|uxmtzGifhpaom xkdxkdusrf;*efrsm; vm&dSaom tqdk
trderYf sm;ESit
hf nD xdrk Q tvGet
Yf vGef vsiv
f sijf refjref jzpfysuaf eaom b0ifpw
d f 0Dxpd w
d rf sm;udk ,SOzf uf
105
or,kwfw&m;wdkYESifh twlwuG pdwuPwdkif; pdwuPwdkif; jzpfrIysufrIudk IvdkYjrifEdkifyghrvm;

bk&m;&Siw
f \
Ykd t&momjzpfonf r[kwyf gvm; ponfjzifh tcsKUd tcsKUd aom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f jl rwfwu
Ykd
ar;jref;Mujyef\? oHo,vnf; &dSMu\/
t&m0,f emrfw&m;wdkYudk 0dyemPfjzifh Ijrifjcif;onf oAnKormorK'bk&m;&SifwdkY\
t&momjzpfonf om0uwdkY\ t&mr[kwf[laom t,ltqrsm;rSm yd#uygVdawmfESifh t|uxm
#DumwdYk rvm&daS om usr;f *eftaxmuftxm;uif;rJah eaom tqdt
k rdepYf um;rsm;om jzpfMuayonf/
ty&dZmeeokwef (oH-2-249-250/)paom xdkxdka'oemawmfrsm; cEmig;yg;[laom tvkH;pkHaom kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkYudk wy&dnm wD&Py&dnm y[mey&dnm[laom y&dnmokH;rsKd;wdkYjzifh
udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf rodrjrifygu oHo&m0#f qif;&J'ku ukefjcif;iSm rxdkufwefaMumif;udk
bk&m;&Siu
f ,
kd af wmfwikd f a[mMum;xm;awmfrcl \
hJ / xdak 'oemawmfrsm;ESit
hf nD emrfw&m;rsm;udk om0uwdkYvnf; odrf;qnf;IyGm;&ef 0dyemI&ef zGifhqdkxm;aom t|uxm #Dum tzGifhrsm;ukdvnf; emrfur|mef;ydkif;wGif &Sif;vif;wifjycJhNyD; jzpfayonf/
wGif ---- om0ursm;onfvnf; ,if;emrfw&m;rsm;udk 0dyemI&rnfom jzpfonf? 0dyemPfjzifh IjrifEdkifygrS udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odjrifEdkifygrS ,if;emrfw&m;wdkY\ jzpfrI edAwd
vuPmudk jrif &Hcg emrfw&m;ukd vuPm,mOfwif 0dyemIyGm;okH;oyfonf rnfaMumif;udk
zGifhqdkxm;awmfrlaom 0dok'dr*t|uxm\ zGifhqdkcsufudk a&S;emrfur|mef;ydkif;wGif wifjyNyD; jzpfaomf
vnf; tydkif;wGif t"dyg,fqdkvdk&if;udk vG,fulpGm oabmaygufEdkif&ef &nfoefawmifhw xyfrHNyD;
a&;om;wifjytyfygonf/
tlyedAwdyemum& (0dok'd-2-252/)
wpfzefyk w
f &m;ukd vuPm,mOfwif 0dyemIymG ;ok;H oyfaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f jl rwfonf
kyfw&m;\ jzpfjcif; = edAwd vuPmudk ItyfouJhodkY tvm;wlyif emrfw&m;udkvnf; vuPm,mOfwifum 0dyemIyGm;okH;oyfaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfoljrwfonf emrfw&m;\ jzpfjcif; edAwd
vuPmudkvnf; 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifI&rnfom jzpfayonf/ xdkemrfw&m;\ jzpfjcif; =
edAw
v
d uPmudv
k nf; (avmukw& mw&m;rsm;\ 0dyemPf\ tIcH tmkrH [kwMf uojzifh 0dyem
IymG ;&rnfh t&mr[kwaf omaMumif)h (81)rsK;d aom avmuDpw
d K yg 'f = avmuDpw
d af pwodu\
f tpGr;f jzifh
omvQif 0dyem IyGm;okH;oyftyfayonf/
avmuDpdwKyg'f\ tpGrf;jzifh IyGm;okH;oyf&aom 0dyem[lonf tb,fenf;[lrlum;
tus,frSm odkYjzpf\/ ---- emrfw&m;rnfonfum; a&S;b0 tm;xkwftyfaom uH\tpGrf;jzifh y#doaEtcg y#dporkyg'fydkif;wGif &Sif;vif;wifjyxm;cJhonfhtwdkif; (19)rsKd;aom y#doaEpdwfwdkYwGif wpfrsKd;rsKd;aom
pdwo
f nf b0wpfc0k ,f y#doaEpw
d t
f jzpfjzifh pwifjzpfay:vm\/ jzpfay:vmykt
H jcif;t&mudk y#dp-
orkyg'fydkif;wGif &Sif;vif;wifjycJhonfhtwdkif;om od&dSygav/ xdky#doaEpdwfonfyifvQif ,if;y#doaE
pdwuP\ tjcm;rJhjzpfaom pdwfrSp b0if\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfay:vm\/ touf\ tqkH; pkwd\
106
tpGrf;jzifh jzpfay:vm\/ (b0wpfck0,f y#doaE-b0if-pkwd pdwfokH;rsKd;wdkYum; wljrJ"rwmyifwnf;/)

tu,f xdyk #doaEpw
d o
f nf umrm0p&pdwjf zpft?hH xdu
k mrm0p&y#doaEpw
d f (10)rsK;d onf 'Gg& (6)yg;wdYk tm;&daS omtmkH w'gk\
H tpGr;f jzifh = aZm,lonfh tmku
H ykd if qufvuf,o
l nfh tmk\
H tpGr;f jzifh
jzpfay:vm\/
wpfzef y0wt
d cg0,f puKyom' rysupf ;D ao;onfh ow0gwd\
Yk oEmef0,f puKyom'\ rysu-f
pD;ao;onf\ tjzpfaMumifh puKyom' lygkH tmavmu reodum&paom taMumif;w&m;rsm;udk
tpJjG yK XDumvodaYk &mufaeaom lygku
H XDumvodaYk &muf&aSd eaom puKyom'ESihf tdr&f iS b
f 0ifraem
tMunf"mwfwu
Ykd kd NyKd iw
f l u
kd cf wfaomtcg tvif;a&mif = tmavmuudrk aDS om reodum& = y'gG &m0Ze;f pdwK yg 'fvQit
f aMumif;&if;&daS om puK0n
d mPfpw
d o
f nf or,w
k w
f &m;wdEYk iS hf twlwuG = ,SOzf uf
apwodufw&m;wdkYESifh twlwuG jzpfay:vm\/
csJUqdkOD;tHh ---- puKyom'\ XDcP XDcPodaYk &mufonfomvQijf zpfaom lygko
H nf puKyom'udk = puKtMunf"mwfESifh b0ifraemtMunf"mwfudk xdcdkufrd\/ xdklygkHonf puK'Gg& raem'Gg&
xdcdkufonf&dSaomf b0ifESpfBudrf jzpfcsKyf\/ xdkb0ifcsKyfonfrS aemufumv xdklygkH yifvQif =
xdk yl gku
H kd tmkjH yKyifvQif ud&,
d mraem"mwftrnf&aom y'gG &m0Ze;f pdwo
f nf lygku
H kd qifjcifjcif;
udpu
kd Ny;D apvsuf ,SOzf ufor,w
k w
f &m;wdEYk iS hf twlwuG jzpfay:vm\/ xdyk 'gG &m0Ze;f \ tjcm;rJh
xdklygkHudkyifvQif jrifwwfaom (,if;lygkHonf |mkHjzpfaomf) ukov0dygufrlvnf;jzpfaom (,if;
lygko
H nf ted|mkjH zpfaomf) tukov0dygufrv
l nf; jzpfaom puK0n
d mPfpw
d o
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k w
f &m;wdEYk iS hf
twlwuGjzpfay:vm\/ xdkodkY puK0dnmPfpdwfjzpfonfrS aemufumv xdklygkHudkyifvQif cHvifhouJhodkYaom 0dygufraem"mwftrnf&aom (ukov0dyguf odkYr[kwf tukov0dyguf) or#d pd Kif;pdwfonf or,kwfw&m;wdkYESifh twlwuG jzpfay:vm\/ xdkor#d pd Kif;pdwfjzpfonfrS aemufumv
xdklygkHudkyifvQif pkHprf;vifhouJhodkYaom (ukov0dyguf odkYr[kwf tukov0dygufjzpfaom) 0dyguf
t[dwf raem0dnmP"mwftrnf&aom oED&Ppdwfonf jzpfay:vm\/ xdk oED&PpdwfjzpfonfrS
aemufumv xdk yl gku
H ykd ifvQif | odrYk [kwf ted|ponfjzifh ydik ;f jcm;rSwo
f m; qk;H jzwfvifo
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Bud,mt[dwf raem0dnmP"mwftrnf&aom Oayumo[*kwf 0ka|mpdwfonf jzpfay:vm\/
xdk0ka|mpdwfjzpfonfrS aemufumv umrm0p&ukodkvf tukodkvf Bud,mpdwfwdkYwGif wpffrsKd;rsKd;aom
pdwfonf (a,medaomreodum& ta,medaomreodum& tm;avsmfpGm) (5)Budrfaomfvnf;aumif;
(7)Budrfaomfvnf;aumif; aZmudpudk &Gufaqmifukefonfjzpf jzpfay:vm\/ wpfBudrfaom raem'Gg&m0Ze;f pdwo
f nfaomfrv
l nf; aZmt&m jzpfay:vmwwf\/ (aZmrapmawmhbJ 0ka|mpdwf = raem'Gg&m0Zef; pdwfESpfBudrfjzpfrIudk &nf&G,f rdefYqdkjcif;jzpfonf/) xdkaZmpdwfcsKyfonfrS aemufumv
umrm0p&ow0gwd\
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d w
f w
Ykd iG f aZmtm;vnf;aumif; tmkt
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d o
f nf jzpfay:vm\/ odYk jzpfay:vmaom
pdwftpOfrsm;udk or,kwfw&m;wdkYESifh twlwuG 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmif Iyg/ puK'Gg&rS <uif;ukefaom aomw'Gg&paom y'Gg&wdkYvnf; enf;udk od&dSygav/ raem'Gg&um; aZmt&m0,f
umraZmwdkYwGifomru r[*KwfaZmwdkYonfvnf; jzpfEdkifMuukef\/ a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf odkYvQif
'Gg& (6)yg;wdkY emrfw&m;\ jzpfjcif; edAwdvuPmudk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmif Iyg/ tusKd;udk
qdk&aomf odkY qdktyfNyD;aom enf;jzifh emrfw&m;\ jzpfjcif; edAwdvuPmudk 0dyemPfjzifh
107
jrifatmifaI om a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf &Hcg emrfw&m;udk vuPm,mOfwifum 0dyemIymG ;ok;H oyfonf rnfayonf/ (0dok'd-2-252-253/ r[m#D-2-404-405/)
txufyg t|uxm\ TefMum;xm;awmfrlonfh tqdktrdefYrsm;ESifhtnD toifa,m*g0p&
yk*Kd vo
f jl rwfonf b0wpfc\
k tp0,f a&S;OD;pGm jzpfay:vmaom ,SOzf ufor,w
k w
f &m;ESiw
hf uGaom
y#doaEpdwf\ jzpfrIoabm edAwdvuPmudkvnf;aumif;? y#doaEaemif yxrb0ifrSp b0wpfavQmuf0,f 0Dxdpdwfrsm; rjzpfonfhtcsdef jzpfavh&dSaom ,SOfzufor,kwfw&m;ESifhwuGaom b0if
pdwf\ cPwdkif;cPwkdif; jzpfrIoabm edAwdvuPmudkvnf;aumif; b0wpfck\ tqkH; jzpfavh
&dSaom ,SOfzufor,kwfw&m;ESifhwuGaom pkwdpdwf\ jzpfrIoabm edAwdvuPmudkvnf;aumif;
y0wt
d cg tm,we'Gg&tvdu
k f xdu
k o
f nft
h m;avsmpf mG jzpfaeMuukeaf om 'Gg& (6)yg; twGi;f wnf&-Sd
aom ,SOfzufor,kwfw&m;ESifhwuGaom xdkxdk0DxdpdwfwdkY\ xdkxdkcPwdkif; cPwdkif; jzpfrIoabm
edAwdvuPmudkvnf;aumif; 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifIEdkifygrS vuPm,mOfwif 0dyem
IyGm;okH;oyfEdkifygrS tly edAwd = emrfw&m;\jzpfrI edAwdoabmvuPmudk Ijrifonf rnfayonf/ t|uxmrsm;ESifhtnD --- edAme*grdedy#dy'g trnf&aom usrf;wGifvnf; emrfw&m;rsm;udk
Pfjzifyh ikd ;f jcm;,l&m odr;f qnf;&mjzpfaom emrlyy&dap'Pfyikd ;f vnf; emrfw&m;rsm;udk tm,we
'Gg&tvdkuf 'Gg&wpfckNyD; wpfck odrf;qnf;&efudkvnf;aumif; 0dyemydkif;wGifvnf; tm,we'Gg&
tvdkuf wpfckNyD;wpfck 0dyemI&efudkvnf;aumif; a&;om;wifjyxm;jcif; jzpfayonf/
aZm --- xdo
k Ykd 0dyemI&m aZmt&wGif tukov
kd af Zmrsm;udv
k nf; 0dyemI&ef t|uxmu
xnfo
h iG ;f azmfjyxm;\/ ,if;uJo
h aYkd om zGiq
hf x
kd m;awmfrcl surf mS o&m*H 0g pdwH o&m*pdwE d yZmemwd
paom owdy|mefa'oemawmfrsm;ESifhtnD tukodkvfw&m;rsm;udkvnf; 0dyemIyGm;&ef t|uxm
q&mawmfu TefMum;awmfrljcif;om jzpfonf[k rSwfom;ygav/

txufyg t|uxmpum;&yfrsm;u 0Dxdrkwfpdwf trnf&aom y#doaEpdwf b0ifpdwf pkwdpdww
f EYkd iS hf 'Gg& (6)yg; xdu
k o
f nft
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k f jzpfay:aeMuaom 0Dxpd w
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toD;wdu
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P
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I abm ysurf I
oabmwdkYudk jrifatmif 0dyemI&ef TefMum;xm;awmfrlojzifh jzpfrSjzpfEdkifyghrvm;[k &ifwrrESifh
ar;jref;Mu\? pdppfMu\? aqG;aEG;Mu\/
t&m toifa,m*g0p&yk*dKvfoljrwfonf qif;&Jcyfodrf;rS tNidrf;BuD;Nidrf;&m tat;BuD;
at;&mjzpfonfh r[mtocFw"mwf edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfBuD;udk vdkvm;awmifhwcJhygrl oAnKormorK'bk&m;&Sif\ ormoarm"dPfawmfjrwfBuD;udkvnf;aumif; oAnKwPfawmf a'oem
Pfawmf ponfwdkYjzifh cJGjcrf;pdwfjzm a[mMum;jyo qdkqkH;rxm;awmfrlaom oHo&m0#fqif;&J'kurS
xGufajrmufaMumif; ed,smeduw&m;aumif; tppf tjzpfBuD; jzpfawmfrlaom r*if&Spfyg; tusifhjrwf
w&m;awmfBuD;udkvnf;aumif; ,kHMunfrIo'gw&m; tjynfht0&dS&efum; vdktyfonfom jzpfayonf/
bk&m;&Sifonf om0uwdkY rodEdkif rjrifEdkif PfrrDEdkifonfh opmav;yg;w&m;wdkYudk om0uwdkYonf
odatmif yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf&rnf[k rwdkufwGef;wefav&m[kum; toifolawmfaumif;\ oEmef
108
,kHMunfcsuf o'gw&m;udk cdkifjrJpGm qkyfudkifxm;&rnfom jzpfayonf/ Oyg'geuEmig;yg; = kyfw&m;

emrfw&m;wdkYum; 'kuopmw&m;pkrsm; jzpfMuojzifh ,if;'kuopm jzpfMuonfh kyfemrfwdkYudk y&rwfodkY
qdkufatmif razmufrjyef [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odvdkygu Oypm&tyem ESpfjzmaom orm"dwdkYwGif wpfrsKd;
rsKd;aom orm"dudk 0dyem\ tajcyg'utjzpf orm"dxlaxmif kyfwkH;kyfcJ emrfwkH;emrfcJwnf;
[laom kyfCe emrfCewdkYudk Pfjzifh NzdKcJGzsufqD;vsuf y&rwfodkY Pftjrifqdkufatmif IEkdifzdkY
vdkayonf/ taMumif;rl ---- opmav;yg;w&m;wdkYonf y&rwopmw&m;rsm; jzpfMuaomaMumifhwnf;/
,if;y&rw'u
k o
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Yk iG f emrfw&m;wdrYk mS ajymif;vJrrI &do
S nfh ude;f aojraJ om pdwe ,
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k [
d al om 0Dxrd t
S vGwjf zpfaom
0Dxdrkwfpdwftaejzifhaomfvnf;aumif; 0DxdpdwftpOftm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif; pdwuP wpfckNyD;rS
wpfck tpDtpOftwdkif; tjrJwrf; jzpfdk;"rwm &SdMu\/ ,if;pdwed,mroabmw&m;udk qefYusif
yHkpHajymif;um jzpfkd;"rwm r&dSay/ ,if;emrfw&m;wdkYudk Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,lvdkaom odrf;qnf;vdkaom
0dyemIvdkaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfoljrwfonf ,if;uJhodkY pdwed,mr "rwmvrf;dk; vrf;a[mif;BuD;
twdkif; ordk;us jzpfaeus vrf;dk;BuD;twdkif; jzpfaeMuonfhtwdkif;om 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmif
I&rnfomjzpfonf/ tu,f emrfw&m;wdkYonf ,if;pdwed,mr "rwmvrf;aMumif;rS wdrf;apmif;vnf;jzpfEkdifMuonf[laom oabmwpfrsKd;onfvnf; &dSEdkifonf jzpfjim;tHh? ,if;odkY jzpfEdkifao;cJhaomf
toifoal wmfaumif; ESpNf cKd urf &I o
Sd nft
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h aYkd om pdwe ,
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{uefom jzpfcJh\/ xdkYaMumifh toifolawmfaumif;onf emrfw&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;vdkcJhaomf Pfjzifh
ydkif;jcm;,lvdkcJhaomf 0dyemIyGm;vdkcJhaomf ,if;pdwed,mr "rwmvrf;dk; vrf;a[mif;BuD;twdkif;om
odrf;qnf;&rnf Pfjzihf ydkif;jcm;,l&rnf 0dyem IyGm;okH;oyf&rnf jzpfayonf/ taMumif;rl ---,if;uJo
h aYkd om pdwe ,
d mr "rwmvrf;d;k vrf;a[mif;Bu;D twdik ;f jzpfay:aeMuaom 0Dxrd w
k pf w
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d nf rnfaomaMumifyh ifwnf;/
orm"dwnf;[laom jrwfaomausmufzsmxuf jrjrxufatmif aoG;xm;tyfaom Pfwnf;[laom
oefvsuf\ pGrf;tm;&dSefapmf tmEkabmfum; BuD;rm;vSonfom jzpfayonf/
odkYaomf om0uyg&rDPft&m rsufpdwpfrSdwf vQyfwpfjyuf vufzspfwpfwGuf tcsdefumv
twGif; pdwuPaygif; tBudrfuka#wpfodef;cefYrQ jzpfysufoGm;Muaom emrfw&m;pkwdkYwGif om0uwdkYonf 0dyemIvdkufEdkifaom emrfw&m;wdkYum; tcsKdUt0uf wpfpdwfwpfa'orQom &dSaMumif;udk
a&S;emrfur|mef;ydkif;wGif &Sif;vif;wifjycJhNyD;yif jzpfayonf/ twdwfb0 xdkxdku qnf;yl;pkaqmif;cJhaom yg&rDawmfjrwfw&m;taygif; ypKye w
f iG f jyKpyk sK;d axmifaeaom yg&rDw&m;taygif;ESihf ypKye w
f iG f
jyKpyk sK;d axmifxm;aom orm"d\ pGr;f tiftay:wGif tajcpdu
k v
f suf PftmEkabmf\ pGr;f tm;&deS af pmf
tmEkabmfrSmvnf; BuD;xGm;vm&onfjzpf&um; PftmEkabmf BuD;vQifBuD;oavmuf cyfrsm;rsm;
wpfpdwfwpfa'oudk 0dyem IyGm;okH;oyfEdkif PftmEkabmf ao;vQifvnf; ao;oavmuf cyfenf;enf; wpfpdwfwpfa'oudkom 0dyem IyGm;okH;oyfEdkifrnf jzpfayonf/
109
toifoal wmfaumif;onf rdr\

d teD;&ifqikd w
f iG f wnf&aSd eaom olawmfaumif;wpfO;D \ qHyifukd
vSrf;Munfhprf;Munfhyg/ tu,f toifolawmfaumif;\ puKyom'rsm;rSm tvGeftm;aumif;aeygu rsufpdwpfrSdwf vQyfwpfjyuf vufzspfwpfwGuf[k ac:qdktyfaom tcsdefumvtwGif; xdkrdrd\
aS;I&ifqikd f wnfaeaom olawmfaumif;\ qHyifrsm;udk ra&rwGuEf idk af tmif tvGet
Yf vGef rsm;jym;pGm
awGUjrifEikd rf nfjzpfayonf/ onfrmS d;k d;k yuwdrsupf t
d jrif[ak c:qdt
k yfaom puK'gG &0DxEd iS hf qHyifukd
tmkHjyKaeMuaom raem'Gg&0DxdwdkY\ pGrf;tifrQomjzpfonf/ yuwdaom rsufpdtjrifonfyif xdkrQavmuf tmEkabmfBuD;rm;vQif 0dyemPfrsufpdum; xdkxufyif tqt&mtaxmifru pGrf;tm;
&deS af pmf tmEkabmfBu;D rm;vSonfuu
kd m; toifa,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f jl rwfonf vufcEH ikd &f rnfom jzpfayonf/ toifolawmfaumif;onf bk&m;&Sif\ omoemawmfjrwfBuD;ESifh tvJGBuD; rvJGrdatmif txl;
owdjyKoifhvSayonf/
{0H umave lyH umave tlyH orow
d mG yd wdvuPH tma&maywGm tEkua re y#dyZrmaem
{aum ynmbm0eH orma'wd/ (0dok'd-2-253/)
tEkuaremwd O',A,Pm"d*rmEkuare ynmbm0eH orma'wd t&[wH t"d*pwd/
(r[m#D-2-405/)
odv
Yk Qif &Hcg kyw
f &m;udk &Hcg emrfw&m;udk ok;H oyfvnf; vuPm,mOfo;Hk csuu
f kd wpfvn
S phf D
wif 0dyembm0emudk IymG ;cJo
h nf&aSd omf O',A,Pfukd &&dS jcif;paom tpDtpOfjzifh tpOftwdik ;f
usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfwpfOD;onf ynmbm0emudk jynfhpkHapEdkif\/
t&[wzkdvfudk &&dSEdkifay\/ (0dok'd-2-253/ r[m#D-2-405/)
0dyemt&m y&rw"mwfom; wpfv;Hk pD wpfv;Hk pDukd vuPm,mOfwifum 0dyemIymG ;ok;H oyfaom tEky'"r0dyemIyGm;enf;ESifh y&rw"mwfom;wdkYudk kyfemrfESpfyg;enf; cEmig;yg;enf;
tm,wewpfq,fEh pS yf g;enf; "mwfwpfq,f&h pS yf g;enf; ponfjzifh tkypf t
k vdu
k f aygif;pkjcKH i
Hk 0dyem
IyGm;okH;oyfaom uvmyoroe [kac:qdktyfaom e,0dyemIyGm;enf;[k ESpfenf;&dSaMumif;udk
txufwiG f &Si;f vif;wifjycJNh y;D jzpf\/ 0dyembm0emudk pwiftm;opfpjzpfaom tm'duru
d a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf tEky'"r0dyemIenf;jzifh pwif tm;rxkwfao;bJ uvmyoroeenf;jzifh
pwif tm;opfoifah Mumif;udv
k nf; &Si;f vif;wifjycJNh y;D yif jzpf\/ 0dyemydik ;f wGif ,ckwikd af tmif
a&;om;wifjycJhaom 0dyembm0emrSmvnf; uvmyoroeenf;rQom &dSayao;onf/ uvmy
oroeenf; oufoufjzifv
h nf; ynmbm0em jynfph EHk ikd af Mumif; t&[wzv
kd o
f Ykd qdu
k af &mufEikd af Mumif;
udk txufwGif a&;om; wifjyxm;onfhtwdkif; 0dok'dr*t|uxmuvnf; zGifhqdkxm;awmfrl\/
t&[wzkdvfodkY qdkufa&mufoGm;awmfrlMuaom a&S;a[mif;xkH;rsm;onfvnf; o*Fg,emokH;wef wifxm;tyfaom odrYk [kwf o*Fg,em (6)Burd w
f ikd w
f ikd f wifxm;tyfaom yd#uygVdawmfrsm;wGif txift&Sm;
&dSMuonfomjzpfayonf/ xdkyd#uygVdawmfrsm;rS xif&Sm;&m ykHpHtcsKdUudk qufvufwifjytyfygonf/
110
bk&m;&Sio
f nf y0*t
D rnf&aSd wmfrMl uaom rax&fjrwfwt
Ykd m; "rpuy0weokwef (oH-3-368)
[k ac:qdkaom "rpMumw&m;a'oemawmfjzifh aomwmywdzdkvf wnfapawmfrlcJh\/ "rpMumw&m;
a'oemawmfrSm r[m0*oH,kwfygVdawmf opoH,kwf (oH-3-368) xnfhoGif; o*Fg,em wifxm;awmfrlaom opa'oemawmfenf;jzpf\/ opa'oemawmfenf;t& 0dyembm0emur|mef;udk
tm;opfvdkaom yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfvdkaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf 0opmjzpfMuaom 'kuopm ork',opm w&m;wdYk 0dyembm0emur|mef;udk ESv;Hk oGi;f &rnf jzpfaMumif;udk t|uxmrsm;uvnf;
atmufygtwdkif; zGifhqdkxm;awmfrlMu\/ ---ww yk&drmed a'G opmed 0H? ypdrmed 0d0H/ awok bduKaem 0a ur|membdeda0aom
a[mwd? 0d0a ewd tbdeda0aom/ (tbd-|-2-109/ 'D-|-2-391/)
= xdk opm (4)yg;wdkYwGif 'kuopm ork',opm[laom a&S;opm (2)yg;wdkYum; 0opmwnf;/
eda&m"opm r*opm[laom aemufopm (2)rsK;d wdu
Yk m; 0d0opmwnf;/ xd0k opm 0d0opm ESprf sK;d wdkYwGif a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf 0opm jzpfMuaom 'kuopm ork',opm ESpfrsKd;omvQif 0dyem
bm0emur|mef; ESvkH;oGif;jcif;onf jzpf\/ (tbd-|-2-109/ 'D-|-2-391/)
0dyemESvkH;oGif;IyGm;&rnfh 0opmESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif -- 'kuopm[lonf oHcdawe yKyg'geuEm
'kum / (oH-3-369)[laom "rpMuma'oemawmfEiS t
hf nD Oyg'geuEm ig;yg;wdo
Yk nf 'kuo
pmw&m;wdYk
jzpfMu\/ lykyg'geuEm a0'Ekyg'geuEm onKyg'geuEm ocFgkyg'geuEm 0dnmPkyg'geuEmwdkYyifwnf;/
1/ tmoa0gw&m;wd\
Yk tmkjH zpfaom wPSm'd|w
d jYkd zifh ]]ig-igh[m}}[k pJ,
G t
l yfaom twdw-f tem*wf
ypKye -f tZw- A[d'- MoVm&du-okcrk -[De-yPDw-'l&-oEu
d [laom (11)rsK;d aom tjcif;t&m
tm;jzifh wnfaeaom kyfw&m;tpktykHonf lykyg'geuEm rnf\/
2/ / y / (11)rsK;d aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom a0'emtpktyko
H nf a0'Ekyg'geuEm rnf\/
3/ / y / (11)rsK;d aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom onmtpktyko
H nf onKyg'geuEm rnf\/
4/ / y / (11)rsKd;aomtjcif;t&mtm;jzifhwnfaeaom ocFg&w&m;tpktykHonf ocFgkyg'geuEm
rnf\/
5/ / y / (11)rsKd;aomtjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom 0dnmPfw&m;tpktykHonf 0dnmPkyg'geuEm rnf\/ (oH-2-39/ cEokwef/)
,if;Oyg'geuEmig;yg; 'kuopmw&m;wdkY\ taMumif;&if;ppfjzpfaom t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gefwdkY
jcH&Hxm;tyfaom ocFg&-uHwdkYonf ork',opmrnf\/ wpfenf;qdk&aomf y#dporkyg'f t*Fg&yfwdkY\
wpfckESifhwpfck aMumif;usKd;qufEG,frI oabmw&m;onfum; ork',opm rnf\/
(tH-1-178/ wdwm,weokwef/)
opma'oemawmfenf;t& 0dyembm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;tm;xkwfvdkaom a,m*g0p&
&[ef;awmfonf ,if; (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom Oyg'geuEmig;yg; = 'kuopm
w&m;ESifh txufyg ork',opmw&m; ESpfyg;wdkY 0dyembm0emur|mef;ukd pD;jzef;tm;xkwf&\/
y0*&D [ef;awmfwo
Ykd nfvnf; ,if;'kuo
pmw&m; ork',opmw&m;wdu
Yk kd 0dyemIymG ;ok;H oyfawmf
111
rlMuojzifh aomwmywdzdkvfodkY toD;toD; qdkufa&mufoGm;awmfrlMu\/

wpfzef bk&m;&Sio
f nf aomwmyefwnfawmfrNl y;D Muaom y0*&D [ef;awmfwt
Ykd m; tewvuP
okwe fa'oemawmfjzifh wpfqifw
h uf t&[wzv
kd o
f Ykd wnfapawmfrcl \
hJ / ,if;tewvuPokwe f
a'oemawmfum; Oyg'geuEmig;yg;wdkY\ tedpjzpfykH 'kujzpfykH tewjzpfykHwdkYudk tedpwpfausmh 'ku
wpfausmh tewwpfausmh wpfausmhpD wpfausmhpD tjyeftvSef tar;tajz jyKvkyfNyD;rS y0*D&[ef;awmfwdkYu Oyg'geuEmig;yg;wdkY\ tedpjzpfaMumif; 'kujzpfaMumif; tewjzpfaMumif;udk 0efcHpum;
avQmufMum;vmawmfrlMuaomtcg bk&m;&Sifu twdwf tem*wf ypKyefponfh (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeonfh Oyg'geuEm ig;yg;wdu
Yk kd 0dyemI&ef TeMf um;jyoay;awmfral om awy&d0"ra'oemawmfyif jzpf\/ wGif toifolawmfaumif;taygif;wdkYonf y0*D&[ef;awmfwdkY
t&[wzdkvfayguf IyGm;okH;oyfoGm;awmfrlaom 0dyem[lonf rnfuJhodkYaom 0dyemrsKd;jzpfonf
udk ,kMH unfcsuf o'gw&m; tjynft
h 0jzifh rSwo
f m;em,lEikd &f ef tvdiYk mS tewvuPokwe f a'oemawmfudk qufvuf a&;om; wifjytyfygonf/
1/ {uH or,H b*0g Am&mPod,H 0d[&wd odywae rd*'ga,/ wMw acg b*0g y0*da,
bduL tmraEod bdua0gwd/ b'aEwd aw bduL b*0awm ypamokH/ b*0g {w'a0gp ---2/ lyH bdua0 tewm? ly [d'H bdua0 twm tb0d? e,d'H lyH tmAm"m, oH0aw,s?
vaAx p lay ]]{0H ar lyH a[mwk? {0H ar lyH rm ta[moD}}wd/ ,om p acg bdua0 lyH
tewm? wom lyH tmAm"m, oH0wwd? e p vAwd lay ]]{0H ar lyH a[mwk? {0H ar lyH rm
ta[moD}}wd/
3/ a0'em tewm? a0'em p [d'H bdua 0 twm tb0d? e,d'H a0'em tmAm"m, oH0aw,s?
vaAx p a0'em, ]]{0H ar a0'em a[mwk? {0H ar a0'em rm ta[moD}}wd/ ,om p acg
bdua0 a0'em tewm? wom a0'em tmAm"m, oH0wwd? e p vAwd a0'em, ]]{0H ar a0'em
a[mwk? {0H ar a0'em rm ta[moD}}wd/
4/ onm tewm? onm p [d'H bdua0 twm tb0d? e,d'H onm tmAm"m, oH0aw,s?
vaAx p onm, ]]{0H ar onm a[mwk? {0H ar onm rm ta[moD}}wd/ ,om p acg bdua0
onm tewm? wom onm tmAm"m, oH0wwd? e p vAwd onm, ]]{0H ar onm a[mwk?
{0H ar onm rm ta[moD}}wd/
5/ ocFg&m tewm? ocFg&m p [d'H bdua0 twm tb0dHok? e,d'H ocFg&m tmAm"m,
oH0aw,sKH? vaAx p ocFga&ok ]]{0H ar ocFg&m a[mE K? {0H ar ocFg&m rm ta[ok}}Ed/ ,om p
acg bdua0 ocFg&m tewm? wom ocFg&m tmAm"m, oH0wEd? e p vAwd ocFga&ok ]]{0H ar
ocFg&m a[mE K? {0H ar ocFg&m rm ta[ok}}Ed/
112
6/ 0dnmPH tewm? 0dnmP [d'H bdua 0 twm tb0d? e,d'H 0dnmPH tmAm"m, oH0aw,s?
vaAx p 0dnmaP ]]{0H ar 0dnmPH a[mwk? {0H ar 0dnmPH rm ta[moD}}wd/ ,om p acg
bdua0 0dnmPH tewm? wom 0dnmPH tmAm"m, oH0wwd? e p vAwd 0dnmaP ]]{0H ar
0dnmPH a[mwk? {0H ar 0dnmPH rm ta[moD}}wd/
7/ wH ud H rnx bdua0? lyH edpH 0g tedpH 0gwd/ tedpH baE/ ,H yemedpH? 'kuH 0g wH okcH 0gwd/
'kuH baE/ ,H yemedpH 'kuH 0dy&dPmr"rH? uvH Ek wH orEkydwkH ]]{wH rr? {aom[rod? {aom
ar twm}}wd/ aem a[wH baE/ a0'em/ onm/ ocFg&m/ 0dnmPH edpH 0g tedpH 0gwd/ tedpH baE/
,H yemedpH ? 'kuH 0g wH okcH 0gwd/ 'kuH baE/ ,H yemedpH 'kuH 0dy&dPmr"rH? uvH Ek wH orEkydwkH
]]{wH rr? {aom[rod? {aom ar twm}}wd/ aem a[wH baE/
8/ wom wd[ bdua0 ,H udd lyH twDwmem*wypKyEH tZwH 0g A[d'g 0g MoVm&duH 0g okckrH
0g [DeH 0g yPDwH 0g ,H 'la& oEdau 0g? oAH lyH ]]aewHrr? aeaom[rod? e araom twm}}wd
{0arwH ,xmblwH orynm, '|AH/
9/ ,m umpd a0'em twDwmem*wypKyEm tZwH 0g A[d'g 0g MoVm&dum 0g okckrm 0g [Dem
0g yPDwm 0g ,m 'la& oEdau 0g? oAm a0'em ]]aewH rr? aeaom[rod? e araom twm}}wd
10/ ,m umpd onm twDwmem*wypKyEm tZwH 0g A[d'g 0g MoVm&dum 0g okckrm 0g [Dem
0g yPDwm 0g ,m 'la& oEdau 0g? oAm onm ]]aewH rr? aeaom[rod? e araom twm}}wd
11/ a, aupd ocFg&m twDwmem*wypKyEm tZwH 0g A[d'g 0g MoVm&dum 0g okckrm 0g [Dem
0g yPDwm 0g ,m 'la& oEdau 0g? oaA ocFg&m ]]aewH rr? aeaom[rod? e araom twm}}wd
12/ ,H udd 0dnmPH twDwmem*wypKyEH tZwH 0g A[d'g 0g MoVm&duH 0g okckrH 0g [DeH 0g
yPDwH 0g ,H 'la& oEdau 0g? oAH 0dnmPH ]]aewH rr? aeaom[rod? e araom twm}}wd
13/ {0H yH bdua0 okw0g t&d,om0aum lyodrd edAdEwd? a0'em,yd edAdEwd? onm,yd
edAdEwd? ocFga&okyd edAdEwd? 0dnmPodrd edAdEwd? edAdEH 0d&Zwd? 0d&m*g 0drkpwd? 0drkwod H ]]0drkw}}rdwd
PH a[mwd/ ]] cDPm Zmwd 0kodwH jA[p&d,H? uwH u&PD,H? emy&H wwm,m}}wd yZmemwDwd/
'ra0gp b*0g ? twrem y0*d,m bduL b*0awm bmodwH tbdeEKH/
rod H p ye a0,smu&Pod H bnrmae y0*d,meH bduLeH tEkyg'g, tmoa0[d pdwmed
0drkpd Holwd/ (oH-2-55-56/)
,cktcg ,if;tewvuPokwe f a'oemawmfjrwf\ jrefrmjyefukd qufvuf a&;om;wifjytyfygonf/
113
tewvuPokwefa'oemawmf jrefrmjyef
1/ tcgwpfyg; bkef;awmfBuD;jrwfawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;onf Am&mPoDjynf\teD; bk&m;
yapuAk'g t&SifjrwfwdkY\ psmeftbdnmPfjzifh aumif;uifrS oufqif;&m aumif;uifodkY wuf&m
jzpfjcif;aMumifh odywe trnf&aom om;aygif;pkHonfh rd*'g0kef awm&*kH oDwif;okH;pHaeawmfrl\/
xdt
k cg jrwfpmG bk&m;onf y0*&D [ef;awmfwu
Ykd kd ]]&[ef;wd}Yk }...[k rdeaYf c:awmfr\
l / ]]t&Sib
f &k m;}}...
[k xd&k [ef;wdo
Yk nf jrwfpmG bk&m;tm; jyefMum;avQmufxm;uke\
f / jrwfpmG bk&m;onf tewvuP
okwef w&m;a'oemawmfjrwfudk odkY a[mMum;awmfrl\/ ---2/ &[ef;wdYk ...kyw
f &m;onf twr[kw/f &[ef;wdYk ...kyw
f &m;onfvnf; twjzpfcjhJ im;tH?h
kyfw&m;onf emusifjcif;iSm rjzpfav&m/ ]]ig\ kyfw&m;onf odkY jzpfygapownf;? ig\ kyf
w&m;onf odkY rjzpfygapvifh}} [k kyfw&m; awmifhwonfhtwdkif; &vnf;&av&m\/ &[ef;wdkY
kyw
f &m;onf twr[kwaf omaMumifh emusijf cif;iSm jzpf\/ ]]ig\ kyw
f &m;onf odjYk zpfygapownf;?
ig\ kyfw&m;onf odkY rjzpfygapvifh}} [k kyfw&m; awmifhwonfhtwdkif; &vnf; r&tyfay/
(kyfw&m;onf tw r[kwfonfhtwGuf emusifjcif;om jzpfkHomru remygvifh[l awmifhwwdkif;
vnf; r&tyf r&Edkif [lvdkonf/)
3/ &[ef;wdkY ...a0'emonf twr[kwf? &[ef;wdkY ...a0'emonfvnf; twjzpfcJhjim;tHh?
a0'emonf emusifjcif;iSm rjzpfav&m/ ]]ig\ a0'emonf odkYjzpfygapownf;? ig\ a0'emonf odkYrjzpfygapvifh}} [k a0'emw&m; awmifhwonfhtwdkif; &vnf;&av&m\/ &[ef;wdkY
a0'emonf twr[kwfaomaMumifh emusifjcif;iSmjzpf\/ ]]ig\a0'emonf odkYjzpfygapownf;?
ig\ a0'emonf odkY rjzpfygapvifh }}[k a0'emw&m; awmifhwonfhtwdkif; &vnf;r&tyfay/
4/ &[ef;wdkY ...onmonf twr[kwf? &[ef;wdkY ...onmonfvnf; twjzpfcJhjim;tHh?
onmonf emusifjcif;iSm rjzpfav&m/ ]]ig\ onmonf odkYjzpfygapownf;? ig\ onmonf
odrYk jzpfygapvif}h } [k onmw&m; awmifw
h onft
h wdik ;f &vnf;&av&m\/ &[ef;wdYk onmonf
twr[kwaf omaMumifh emusijf cif;iSmjzpf\/ ]]ig\ onmonf odYk jzpfygapownf;? ig\ onmonf
odkY rjzpfygapvifh}}[k onmw&m; awmifhwonfhtwdkif; &vnf;r&tyfay/
5/ &[ef;wdkY ...(apwoduf) ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf twr[kwfukef/ &[ef;wdkY ... (apwodu)f ocFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nfvnf; twjzpfcu
hJ ek jf im;tH?h (apwodu)f ocFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nf emusijf cif;iSm
rjzpfMuavuke&f m/ ]]ig\ (apwodu)f ocFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nf odYk jzpfygapukeo
f wnf;? ig\ (apwodu)f
ocFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nf odYk rjzpfMuygapukev
f if}h }[k (apwodu)f ocFg&w&m;wdYk awmifw
h onft
h wdik ;f
&vnf;&avukef&m\/ &[ef;wdkY (apwoduf) ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf twr[kwfMuukefaomaMumifh
emusifjcif;iSm jzpfukef\/ ]]ig\ (apwoduf) ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf odkY jzpfygapukefownf;? ig\
(apwoduf) ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf odkY rjzpfMuygapukefvifh}}[k (apwoduf) ocFg&w&m;wdkY awmifhwonfhtwdkif; &vnf;r&tyfavukef/
6/ &[ef;wdkY ... (todpdwf) 0dnmPfonf twr[kwf? &[ef;wdkY ... (todpdwf) 0dnmPfonf
twjzpfcjhJ im;th?H (todpw
d )f 0dnmPfonf emusijf cif;iSm rjzpfav&m/ ]]ig\ (todpw
d )f 0dnmPfonf
114
odjYk zpfygapownf;? ig\ (todpw

d )f 0dnmPfonf odrYk jzpfygapvif}h }[k (todpw
d )f 0dnmPfw&m;
awmifw
h onft
h wdik ;f &vnf;&av&m\? &[ef;wdYk (todpw
d )f 0dnmPfonf twr[kwaf omaMumifh
emusijf cif;iSm jzpf\/ ]]ig\ (todpw
d )f 0dnmPfonf odYk jzpfygapownf;? ig\ (todpw
d )f 0dnmPfonf odkY rjzpfygapvifh}}[k (todpdwf) 0dnmPfw&m; awmifhwonfhtwdkif; &vnf;r&tyfay/
7/ &[ef;wdkY ...xdkigbk&m; ar;rnfht&mudk oifcspfom;wdkYonf tb,fodkY rSwfxif,lqMuukefoenf;/ &[ef;wdkY ...kyfw&m;onf edpavavm? tedpavavm/
tedpyg t&Sifbk&m;/
tedpjzpfaom kyfw&m;onf 'kuavavm? okcavavm/
'kuyg t&Sifbk&m;/
tedpjzpfaom 'kujzpfaom azmufjyefysufpD;wwfonfh 0dy&dPmr"rjzpfaom xdkkyfw&m;udk
]]kyfw&m;onf ig\ kyfw&m;wnf;? kyfw&m;onf igjzpf\? kyfw&m;onf ig\twwnf;}}
[k pGJvrf;xifjrif Iqifjcifjcif;iSm oifhwifhavsmufywfygrnfavm/
roifhavsmfyg t&Sifbk&m;/
a0'emonf/ y /
onmonf/ y /
(apwoduf) ocFg&w&m;pkwdkYonf/ y /
(todpdwf) 0dnmPfonf edpavavm? tedpavavm/
tedpyg t&Sifbk&m;/
tedpjzpfaom (todpdwf) 0dnmPfonf 'kuavavm? okcavmavm/
'kuyg t&Sifbk&m;/
tedpjzpfaom 'kujzpfaom azmufjyefysufpD;wwfonfh 0dy&dPmr"rjzpfaom xdk (todpdwf)
0dnmPfw&m;udk ]] (todpw
d )f 0dnmPfw&m;onf ig\ (todpw
d )f 0dnmPfw&m;wnf;? (todpw
d )f
0dnmPfw&m;onf igjzpf\? (todpdwf) 0dnmPfw&m;onf ig\twwnf;}}[k pGJvrf;xifjrif
Iqifjcifjcif;iSm oifhwifhavsmufywfygrnfavm/
roifhavsmfyg t&Sifbk&m;/
8/ &[ef;wdkY ...Oyg'geuEm ig;yg;wdkYonf xdkodkY tedp 'ku tew jzpfaomaMumifh (oH-|-2256/) ---twdwftem*wfypKye jf zpfaom tvH;k pHak om kyw
f &m;onfvnf;aumif; tZwr v
l nf;jzpfaom
A[d'r v
l nf;jzpfaom tvH;k pHak om kyw
f &m;onfvnf;aumif; ke&Yf if;Murf;wrf;aom MoVm&durlvnf;
jzpfaom odraf rGUEknahH om okcrk rlvnf;jzpfaom tvH;k pHak om kyw
f &m;onfvnf;aumif; ,kwn
f ahH om
[Derlvnf;jzpfaom rGefjrwfaom yPDwrlvnf;jzpfaom tvHk;pHkaom kyfw&m;onfvnf;aumif;
(Iaeaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vt
f odPfEiS )hf a0;aom 'l&rlvnf;jzpfaom eD;aom oEu
d rlvnf;jzpfaom
tvHk;pHkaom kyfw&m;onfvnf;aumif; &Sdacs\/ (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom
tvHk;pHkaom kyfw&m;udk ---115
u/ aewH rr
= kyfw&m;onf ig\ kyfw&m; r[kwf/
c/ aeaom[rod = kyfw&m;onf ig r[kwf/
*/ e araom twm = kyfw&m;onf ig\tw r[kwf/
odkYvQif tvHk;pHkaom kyfw&m;udk razmufrjyef [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm kyfwHk;kyfcJ emrfwHk;emrfcJ
NzdKcGJazmufxGif; 0dyemPftvif;"mwf = 0dyemPfynmjzifh Iyg/
orEkymrd/ (r-|-4-232/) t|uxmtzGiEhf iS t
hf nD aewH rr? aeaom[ro?d e araom twm
[k Iyg[lonf tedp[k Iyg? 'ku[k Iyg? tew[k Iyg [lonfESifh twlwlyif[k rSwfom;yg/
9/ twdwf tem*wf ypKyefjzpfaomtvHk;pHkaom a0'emw&m;onfvnf;aumif; tZwrlvnf;
jzpfaom A[d'rlvnf; jzpfaom tvHk;pHkaom a0'emw&m;onfvnf;aumif; kefY&if;Murf;wrf;aom
MoVm&durlvnf;jzpfaom odraf rGUEknahH om okcrk rlvnf;jzpfaom tvH;k pHak om a0'emw&m;onfvnf;aumif; ,kwfnhHaom [Derlvnf;jzpfaom rGefjrwfaom yPDwrlvnf;jzpfaom tvHk;pHkaom a0'em
w&m;onfvnf;aumif; a0;aom 'l&rlvnf;jzpfaom eD;aomoEdurlvnf;jzpfaom tvHk;pHkaom
a0'emw&m;onfvnf;aumif; &Sad cs\/ (11)rsK;d aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom tvH;k pHak om
a0'emw&m;udk ---u/ aewH rr
= a0'emw&m;onf ig\ a0'emw&m; r[kwf/
c/ aeaom[rod = a0'emw&m;onf ig r[kwf/
*/ e araom twm = a0'emw&m;onf ig\tw r[kwf/
odkYvQiftvHk;pHkaom a0'emw&m;udk razmufrjyef [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm kyfwHk;kyfcJ emrfwHk;emrfcJ
NzdKcGJazmufxGif; 0dyemPftvif;"mwf = 0dyemPfynmjzifh Iyg /
10/ twdwf tem*wf ypKyefjzpfaom tvHk;pHkaom onmw&m;onfvnf;aumif; tZwrlvnf;
jzpfaom A[d'rlvnf;jzpfaom tvHk;pHkaom onmw&m;onfvnf;aumif; kefY&if;Murf;wrf;aom
MoVm&durlvnf;jzpfaom odraf rGUEknaHh om okcrk rlvnf;jzpfaom tvH;k pHak om onmw&m;onfvnf;aumif; ,kwfnhHaom [Derlvnf;jzpfaom rGefjrwfaom yPDwrlvnf;jzpfaom tvHk;pHkaom onm
w&m;onfvnf;aumif; a0;aom 'l&rlvnf;jzpfaom eD;aom oEdurlvnf;jzpfaom tvHk;pHkaom
onmw&m;onfvnf;aumif; &Sad cs\/ (11)rsK;d aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom tvH;k pHak om
onmw&m;udk ---u/ aewH rr
= onmw&m;onf ig\ onmw&m; r[kwf/
c/ aeaom[rod = onmw&m;onf ig r[kwf/
*/ e araom twm = onmw&m;onf ig\tw r[kwf/
odkYvQif tvHk;pHkaom onmw&m;udk razmufrjyef [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm kyfwHk;kyfcJ emrfwHk; emrfcJ
NzdKcGJazmufxGif; 0dyemPftvif;"mwf = 0dyemPfynmjzifh Iyg/
11/ twdwf tem*wf ypKyefjzpfaom tvHk;pHkaom (apwoduf) ocFg&w&m;wdkYonfvnf;aumif;
tZwr v
l nf;jzpfaom A[d'r v
l nf;jzpfaom tvH;k pHak om (apwodu)f ocFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nfvnf;aumif;
116
kefY&if;Murf;wrf;aom MoVm&durlvnf;jzpfaom odrfarGUEknhHaom okckrrlvnf;jzpfaom tvHk;pHkaom

(apwodu)f ocFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nfvnf;aumif; ,kwn
f aHh om [Derlvnf;jzpfaom rGejf rwfaom yPDwrlvnf;jzpfaom tvH;k pHak om (apwodu)f ocFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nfvnf;aumif; a0;aom 'l&rlvnf;jzpfaom
eD;aom oEu
d rlvnf; jzpfaom tvH;k pHak om (apwodu)f ocFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nfvnf;aumif; &SMd uacs\/
(11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeMuaom tvHk;pHkaom (apwoduf) ocFg&w&m;pkwdkYudku/ aewH rr
= (apwoduf) ocFg&w&m;onf ig\ (apwoduf) ocFg&w&m; r[kwf/
c/ aeaom[rod = (apwoduf) ocFg&w&m;onf ig r[kwf/
*/ e araom twm = (apwoduf) ocFg&w&m;onf ig\tw r[kwf/
odkYvQif tvHk;pHkaom (apwoduf) ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk razmufrjyef [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm kyfwHk;kyfcJ
emrfwHk;emrfcJ NzdKcGJazmufxGif; 0dyemPftvif;"mwf = 0dyemPfynmjzifh Iyg/
12/ twdwf tem*wf ypKyefjzpfaom tvHk;pHkaom (todpdwf) 0dnmPfw&m;onfvnf;aumif;
tZwr v
l nf;jzpfaom A[d'r v
l nf;jzpfaom tvH;k pHak om (todpw
d )f 0dnmPfw&m;onfvnf;aumif;
kefY&if;Murf;wrf;aom MoVm&durlvnf;jzpfaom odrfarGUEknHhaom okckrrlvnf;jzpfaom tvHk;pHkaom
(todpdwf) 0dnmPfw&m;onfvnf;aumif; ,kwfnhHaom [Derlvnf;jzpfaom rGefjrwfaom yPDwrlvnf;jzpfaom tvH;k pHak om (todpw
d )f 0dnmPfw&m;onfvnf;aumif; a0;aom 'l&rlvnf;jzpfaom
eD;aom oEdurlvnf;jzpfaom tvHk;pHkaom (todpdwf) 0dnmPf w&m;onfvnf;aumif; &Sdacs\?
(11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom tvHk;pHkaom (todpdwf) 0dnmPfw&m;udk ---u/ aewH rr
= (todpw
d )f 0dnmPfw&m;onf ig\ (todpw
d )f 0dnmPfw&m; r[kw/f
c/ aeaom[rod = (todpdwf) 0dnmPfw&m;onf ig r[kwf/
*/ e araom twm = (todpdwf) 0dnmPfw&m;onf ig\tw r[kwf/
odkYvQif tvHk;pHkaom (todpdwf) 0dnmPfw&m;udk razmufrjyef [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm kyfwHk;kyfcJ
emrfwHk;emrfcJ NzdKcGJazmufxGif; 0dyem Pftvif;"mwf = 0dyemPfynmjzifh Iyg/
13/ odkY (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifhwnfaeaom Oyg'geuEmig;yg;wdkY\ tedptcsuf 'ku
tcsuf tewtcsufwdkYudk 0dyemynm r*fynmjzifh Ijrifaom tm*rokw[laom oifod t"d*r
okw[laom usifhod -- todESpfrsKd;jzifh tMum;tjrif A[kokw&Sdaom t&d,mwynfhom0uonf
wpfenf; ---- t&d,mjzpfawmfrlaom igbk&m;&Sif\ wynfhom0uonf kyfw&m;vnf; NiD;aiGUawmh\?
a0'emw&m;vnf; NiD;aiGUawmh\? onmw&m;vnf; NiD;aiGUawmh\? apwodufocFg&w&m;pkvnf;
Ni;D aiGUawmh\?todpw
d 0f n
d mPfw&m;vnf; Ni;D aiGUawmh\/ Ni;D aiGUcJah omf (= edA'd gEkyemPfEiS w
hf uG
aom 0dyemPftm;vHk;wdkYonf tpOftwdkif; 0dyem\txGwftxdyfodkY a&mufatmif jzpfay:
cJhaomf) Oyg'geuEmig;yg;wdkYtay: wG,fwmwyfrufjcif; &m*w&m;onf uif;jywfkyfodrf; csKyfNidrf;
awmh\/ Oyg'geuEmig;yg;wdkYtay: wG,fwmwyfrufrI &m*w&m;\ uif;jywfkyfodrf; csKyfNidrf;jcif;aMumifh udavomwdrYk S vGwaf jrmufawmh\/ udavomwdrYk S vGwaf jrmufvwfaomf ]]igonf udavomwdrYk S vGwaf jrmuf&ayNy}D }[k todPfonf jzpfay:vm\/ y#doaEwnfae&rIonf ukeq
f ;kH ysujf yKe;f
cJhavNyD/ oDv-orm"d-ynm[laom odumoHk;&yf tusifhjrwfjzifh odrf;usKH;a&wGuftyfaom omoe
117
jA[p&d, t&d,r*fPfwnf;[laom r*jA[p&d, - jA[p&d,ESpfyg;udk wpfenf; r*jA[p&d,udk

usio
hf ;kH Ny;D Ny?D omoemawmf jyKoifjh yKxu
kd af om t&d,r*fupd u
kd jyKNy;D Ny/D r*fupd t
vdiYk mS wpfyg;aom
jyKzG,fudponf r&SdawmhNyD[k od\ ----- [k a[mMum;awmfrl\/
bkef;awmfBuD;jrwfawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;onf tewvuPokwef a'oemawmfjrwfudk
y0*&D [ef;awmfwt
Ykd m; a[mMum;jyo qdq
k ;kH rawmfr\
l / y0*&D [ef;awmfwo
Ykd nf jrwfpmG bk&m;&Si\
f
a[mMum;jyo qdkqHk;rawmfrltyfaom w&m;a'oemawmfudk ESpfvdktm;&rf; &Tifvef;0rf;ajrmufaom
pdwx
f m; &SMd uukeo
f nfjzpf jrwfpmG bk&m;\ a[mMum;jyo qdq
k ;kH rawmfrt
l yfaom w&m;a'oemawmf
udk tvGef ESpfoufawmfrlMuavukefNyD/
*gxmrzuf oufoufaom tar;tajzjzpfaom a0,smu&Ptrnf&aom tewvuP
okwef w&m;a'oemawmfjrwfudk a[mMum;jyo qdkqHk;rawmfrltyfonf&Sdaomf y0*D&[ef;awmfwdkY\
pdww
f o
Ykd nf Oyg'geuEm ig;yg;wdt
Yk ay: wPSm'd|w
d jYkd zifh rpGv
J rf;rl tmoa0gw&m;wdrYk S vGwaf jrmufawmfrlMuavukef\/ (oH-2-55-56/)
a'oemawmfum; aemifawmfah emifawmfrsm; jzpfawmfrMl uonfh y0*&D [ef;awmfw\
Ykd edAm efoYkd
<uoGm;awmfrl&m a&S;a[mif;vrf;kd;BuD;om jzpfayonf/ y0*D&[ef;awmfwdkYonf aomwmywdzdkvf
wnfawmfrlMuNyD;aemuf twdwf tem*wf ypKyefponfh (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeonfh
Oyg'geuEm ig;yg;wdu
Yk kd vuPma&;oH;k wefwifum 0dyemIymG ;oH;k oyfawmfrMl uojzifh t&[wzv
kd o
f Ykd
qdu
k af &mufawmfrcl MhJ u\/ ,if;odjYk zpfvQif "rpMuma'oemawmfEiS hf tewvuPokwe f Iuu
G o
f nf
wlnDrI&SdrS &Sdyghrvm;[k toifolawmfaumif;taejzifh oHo,jzpfaumif; jzpfayvdrfhrnf/ xdkodkYum;
oHo,rjzpfoifhay/ txufwGif &Sif;vif;wifjycJhonfhtwdkif; opma'oemawmfenf;t& a,m*g0p&
&[ef;awmfonf pwkopbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;vdck ahJ omf 0opmjzpfaom 'kuo
pmw&m; ork',opmw&m;wdkY 0dyembm0emur|mef;udk ESvHk;oGif;IyGm; oHk;oyftyfayonf/ xdkwGif 'kuopm
w&m;[lonfrSmvnf; twdwf tem*wf ypKyefponfh (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom
Oyg'geuEmig;yg;wdkYyif jzpfMuonf/ ,if; Oyg'geuEmig;yg;wdkYudkyif wpfzef tewvuPokwef
a'oemawmf vuPma&;oHk;wefwifum 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyf&ef txl;ojzifh tewvuPmudk
OD;pm;ay; 0dyemIymG ;oH;k oyf&ef bk&m;&Siu
f xyfr
H TeMf um;awmfrjl cif;jzpf\/ xdaYk Mumifh "rpMum
a'oemawmfIuGufESifh tewvuPokwefa'oemawmf IuGufwdkYrSm y&rw"mwfom; w&m;udk,f
teufoabmtm;jzifh wlnDvsufyif&Sdonf[k rSwfom;yg/
,if;odkYjzpfvQif tewvuPokwefa'oemawmf ork',opmudk 0dyemIonfh IuGuf
r&SdawmhNyDavm[k ar;&ef&Sd\/ tajzrSm odkY jzpf\/ ---ork',opmum; taMumif;w&m;? 'kuopmum; tusKd;w&m;wnf;/ y#dporkyg'fydkif;wGif
&Si;f vif;wifjycJo
h nft
h wdik ;f twdwt
f aMumif;w&m;ig;yg;[lonf twdwOf yg'geuEm ig;yg;wd\
Yk tpdwf
tydkif; wpfckrQom jzpf\/ twdwfOyg'geuEmig;yg;wGif tusKH;0ifvsuf&Sd\/ ypKyeftusKd;w&m;ig;yg;
ypKyeftaMumif;w&m;ig;yg;wdkY[lonfrSmvnf; ypKyefOyg'geuEmig;yg;wdkY\ tpdwftydkif; wpfckrQom
jzpf\? ypKyef Oyg'geuEmig;yg;wdkYwGif tusKH;0ifvsufyif &SdMu\/ tem*wftusKd;w&m;ig;yg;wdkY
[lonfrSmvnf; tem*wfOyg'geuEmig;yg;wdkYyif tusKH;0ifvsuf &SdMu\/
118
wpfzef y0*Dtrnf&SdawmfrlMuaom rax&fjrwfBuD;wdkYonf 'kuopm ork',opmw&m;wdkY

Budrfzefrsm;pGm 0dyembm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;awmfrlMuNyD;aom olawmfaumif;BuD;rsm; jzpfawmf
rlMu\/
, ye {u0g&H aPe zdwH? yke wH zdwAar0? wm'do 0aoe 0kwEd 0'Ed/
(r[m#D-2-470/)
a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vw
f pfO;D onf kyef mrf -aMumif;usK;d = ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd wpfBurd w
f pfcgrQaomfvnf;
0dyemPfjzifh awGUxdz;l \/ vuPma&;oH;k wefwifum wpfBurd w
f pfcgrQaomfvnf; 0dyemIymG ;
oHk;oyfzl;\/ xdk wpfBudrfwpfcgrQaomfvnf; 0dyemPfjzifh awGUxdtyfNyD;aom ocFg&w&m;onf
awGUxdtyfNyD;omvQif jzpfayonf/ aemufxyfwpfzef xdkocFg&w&m;udk 0dyemPfjzifh rawGUxd
aomfvnf; xdcsuef mygu udpN y;D pD;Edik \
f ? 0dyemPfjzifh xyfr
H awGUxd&ef rvdak wmhonfomwnf;/
(r[m#D-2-470/) (tus,fudk ocFgkayumPfydkif;wGif Munfhyg/)
xufjrufaom Pfynm&Sdaom olawmfaumif;wdkYudk &nf&G,fawmfrl txufyg pum;&yfudk
zGiq
hf x
kd m;awmfrjl cif; jzpfayonf/ y0*t
D rnfawmf&adS yaom &[ef;awmfwu
Ykd m; xufjrufvsijf refaom
Pfynm&Sad wmfrMl uonfh olawmfaumif;Bu;D wdYk jzpfawmfrMl u\/ 0gqdv
k jynfah eYrpS 0gqdv
k jynfah usmf
ig;&ufaeYodkYwdkifatmif 'kuopm ork',opm trnf&onfh ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk xyfumxyfum
Budrfzefrsm;pGm 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyfvsuf aeawmfrlMuaom &[ef;awmfwdkY jzpfawmfrlMu\/ 0gqdk
vjynfhausmf ig;&ufaeYodkY qdkufa&mufvmaomtcg t&[wzdkvfodkY qdkufa&mufawmfrlEdkifavmufaom &ifu
h suaf om aÈr sm;udk &&Sad wmfrv
l mMu\/ xdt
k cgwGif bk&m;&Sio
f nf txufyg tewvuP
okwefa'oemawmfjrwfudk a[mMum;jyoay;awmfrlayonf/ y0*D&[ef;awmfwdkYuvnf; a'oemawmfaemufodkY tpOfvdkuf 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyfawmfrlEdkifMuojzifh a'oemawmfed*Hk; NyD;qHk;vwf
aomtcg t&[wzv
kd f wnfomG ;awmfrMl uavonf/ xdyk 0*&D [ef;awmfwo
Ykd nf ork',opmw&m;
wdkYudk 0dyem rIMuonfum; r[kwf? 0dyem IyGm;awmfrlMuonfom jzpfMuonf[k rSwfom;
ygav/ wpfzef a&S;a[mif;xHk;wpf&yfudk qufvuf wifjytyfygonf/ -----
t&Sifr[marm*vmefrax&f jrwfBuD;
r[marm*vmeawa&m [d om0umeH oroepm&H ,|daum#d,m OyDaVaEm 0d, {ua'oar0 oroaEm ow'd0ao 0g,rdwGm t&[wH yawm/ (r-|-4-58/ tEky'okwt|uxm/)
tEky'"r0dyem, tbm0awm ]]{ua'oar0 oroaEm}}wd 0kwH/ (r-#D-3-274/)
txm,om r[marm*vmaem yAZdw'd0oawm owar'd0ao r*"&a| uv0gV*gruH
Oyedm, orP"rH ua&maEm xderd'H MouraEm owm&m oHa0Zdawm xderd'H 0daema'wGm
wxm*awe 'dEH "mwkur|meH okPaEm0 Oy&dr*w,
udpH ed|maywGm om0uyg&rDP rwuH
yawm/ (om&w'DyeD#Dum-3-228/)
txufyg t|uxm#Dumwdu
Yk zGiq
hf x
kd m;awmfro
l nft
h wdik ;f t&Sirf [marm*vm ef ud,
k af wmfjrwfBuD;onfvnf; y&rw"mwfom;wdkYudk wpfvHk;pD wpfvHk;pD vuPm,mOfwifum 0dyemIyGm;
119
oHk;oyfonfh tEky'"r0dyemenf;udk rIyGm;roHk;oyfbJ y&rw"mwfom; ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk jcHKiHk

vuPm,mOfwifum 0dyem IymG ;oH;k oyfjcif;[laom uvmyoroeenf;jzifo
h m 0dyemw&m;udk
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfawmfrlojzifh t&[wzdkvfodkY qdkufa&mufawmfrlcJhavonf/
t&Sifr[marm*vmef udk,fawmfjrwfBuD;onf a&S;OD;pGm y&dAdkZfb0wGif wnf&SdpOfu t&Sifom&dykw&m tavmif;tvsm jzpfawmfrlonfh Oywdy&dAdkZfxHrS t&SiftZdrax&f a[mMum;awmfrl
vdu
k af om a, "rm a[wkyb
0g - paom *gxmw&m;a'oemawmfukd Mum;em& aomwmywzd v
kd o
f Ykd
qdkufa&mufawmfrlcJh\/ ,if;a'aoemawmfrSm opa'oemawmfyifjzpf\/ wpfzef r*"wdkif; uv0gV
&Gmi,fukd trSaD *gp&*grfjyK &[ef;w&m;rsm;udk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwaf wmfr&l m uvmyoroeenf;jzifo
h m
0dyembm0emudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfawmfrl\/ ckepf&ufajrmufaomaeY bk&m;&SifxHrS (tH-2-461464 ) t*Fkw&edum,f owuedygwf vm&Sdaom ypvm,rmeokwew
f &m;awmfjrwfudk emMum;cGifh
&&Sdawmfrl\/ ,if;okwef\ aU&Sydkif;wGif xderd'y,fazsmufaMumif; w&m; (7)rsKd;wdkY vm&Sd\/ aemufydkif;
jzpfonfh 0dyemydkif;wGif ----aom oAH "rH tbdZmemwd? oAH "rH tbdnm, oAH "rH y&dZmemwd/ (tH-2-464/)
odkY ponfjzifh tvHk;pHkaom Oyg'geuEmw&m;ig;yg;wdkYudk y&dnmoHk;yg;wdkYjzifh ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm;
odatmif 0dyemIyGm;oHk;oyf&ef TefMum;xm;awmfrl\/ tvHk;pHkaom Oyg'geuEmw&m;ig;yg;wdkYudk
0dyemI&ef TefMum;xm;awmfrl\/ ,if;TefMum;awmfrlcsufrSm "mwfur|mef;vrf;pOfrS Oyg'geuEmwdkYudk odrf;qnf; 0dyemI&ef TefMum;xm;awmfrljcif; jzpfaMumif;udk txufyg om&w'DyeD#u
D mu zGiq
hf x
kd m;ayonf/ xdaYk Mumifh t&Sirf [marm*vm ef ud,
k af wmfjrwfBu;D onfvnf; uvmy
oroeenf;jzifhyifvQif t&[wzdkvfodkY qdkufa&mufawmfrlaMumif;udk od&Sd&ayonf/
tanok [d caEok tuwmbdeda0aom bduK ae0onmemonm,weuaE orodwGm
edA'd H ywKH orawm emr ewd tydp tm,om om&dykawm/ yuwd0dyaum ye r[myanm
om&dykwo'daom0 ouKaP,s? aomyd ]]{0H ud&dar "rm t[kwGm oarmEd? [kwGm y#da0ED}} wd {0H
uvmyoroe0aoae0 aem tEky'"r0dyem0aoe/ {0H okckrwH *wm {om ormywd/
(tbd-|-1-253/ 0dok'd-1-331/)
txufyg t|uxmrsm;\ zGifhqdkxm;awmfrlcsufrsm;ESifhtnD t&Sifom&dykw&m udk,fawmfjrwfBu;D onfvnf; ormywf (8)yg;wdw
Yk iG f yxrpsmeformywfro
S nf tmudn
m,wepsmeformywfoYkd
wdkifatmifaom atmufpsmeformywf (7)yg;wdkY\twGif; wnf&SdMuaom emrfw&m; toD;toD;wdkYudk
wpfvHk;pD wpfvHk;pD 0dyemIyGm;oHk;oyfjcif;wnf;[laom tEky'"r0dyem enf;vrf;jzifh 0dyem
IyGm;oHk;oyfawmfrl ae0onmemonm,wepsmeformywfum; ,if;ormywftwGif; wnf&SdMuaom emrfw&m;pkwdkYudk aygif;pkjcHKiHk 0dyemIyGm;oHk;oyf&aom uvmyoroe[k ac:qdkaom
e,0dyemenf;jzifhomvQif 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyfawmfrlayonf/
(tbd-|-1-253/ 0dok'd-1-331/)
120
t&SiftmeEm udk,fawmfjrwfBuD;onfvnf; rEmPdykaP;r\ om;jzpfawmfrlaom t&SifykP
rax&f\ xHawmfrS cEmig;yg;ESiphf yfonfh awy&d0"ra'oemawmfukd Mum;em& aomwmywzd v
kd o
f Ykd
qdu
k af &mufawmfrcl \
hJ / a&S;ola[mif;wd\
Yk edAm efoYkd <uoGm;awmfr&l m vrf;d;k vrf;a[mif;Bu;D udk MunfnKd
o'gw&m; yGm;oxufyGm;Edkif&eftvdkYiSm t&SiftmeEmudk,fawmfjrwfBuD;\ aomwmywdzdkvfodkY qdkufa&mufawmfrlonfh a&S;a[mif;xHk;wpf&yfudkvnf; xyfrH a&;om;wifjytyfygonf/ ----
tmeEokwef a'oemawmf
1/ om0wded'geH/ wMw acg tm,om tmeaEm bduL tmraEod ]]tm0kaom bdua0}}wd/
]]tm0kaom}}wd acg aw bduL tm,oawm tmeE ypamoH/k tm,om tmeaEm {w'a0gp2/ ykaPm emr tm0kaom tm,om rEmPdykawm trSmuH e0umeH owH A[lyuma&m a[mwd?
aom tarS rdem Mo0ga'e Mo0'wd ]]Oyg'g, tm0kaom tmeE ]toD}wd a[mwd aem tEkyg'g,/
ud Oyg'g, ]toD}wd a[mwd aem tEkyg'g,/ lyH Oyg'g, ]toD}wd a[mwd aem tEkyg'g,/
a0'eH/ onH/ ocFga&/ 0dnmPH Oyg'g, ]toD}wd a[mwd aem tEkyg'g,/
3/ ao,sxmyd tm0kaom tmeE wD 0g yk&daom 0g '[a&m ,k0g r@euZmwdaum tm'gao
0g y&doka' y&da,m'gaw tap 0g O'uyaw ouH rkcedrdwH ypa0urmaem Oyg'g, ya,s
aem tEkyg'g,/ {0ar0 acg tm0kaom tmeE lyH Oyg'g, ]toD}wd a[mwd aem tEkyg'g,/
a0'eH/ onH/ ocFga&/ 0dnmPH Oyg'g, ]toD}wd a[mwd aem tEkyg'g,/
4/ wH ud H rnod tm0kaom tmeE? lyH edpH 0g tedpH 0gwd/ tedpH tm0kaom/ a0'em/ onm/
ocFg&m/ 0dnmPH edpH 0g tedpH 0gwd/ tedpH tm0kaom/ wom wd[/ y / {0H yH/ y / emy&H
wwm,mwd yZmemwD}}wd/ ykaPm emr tm0kaom tm,om rEmPdykawm trSmuH e0umeH
owH A[lyuma&m a[mwd? aom tarS rdem Mo0ga'e Mo0'wd/ ' ye ar tm,oawm
ykP rEmPdykw "ra'oeH okwGm "arm tbdordawmwd/ (oH-2-86-87/)
1/ om0wded'gef;/ xdktcg t&SiftmeEm udk,fawmfjrwfonf ]]igh&Sif &[ef;wdkY}} [k &[ef;wdkYudk
ac:awmfr\
l / ]]t&Sib
f &k m;}} [k xd&k [ef;awmfwo
Ykd nf t&Sit
f meEmtm; jyefMum;avQmufxm;Muuke\
f /
t&SiftmeEm udk,fawmfjrwfonf w&m;pum;udk rdefYMum;awmfrl\/ ---2/ igh&SifwdkY ... rEmPDykaP;r\ om;jzpfawmfrlaom t&SifykP trnf&Sdaom t&Sifjrwfonf
oDwif;i,fjzpfMuukefaom wynfhawmfwdkYtm; tvGefaus;Zl;rsm;vS\/ xdkt&Sifjrwfonf wynfhawmfwdkYudk w&m;a'oemawmf tqHk;trjzifh qdkqHk;rawmfrl\/ ---]]igh&Sif tmeEm ...tpGJjyKomvQif igjzpf\[laom wPSm-rme-'d|d = yyw&m; = oHo&mudk
csJUxGifwwfaom w&m;oHk;yg;onf jzpfay:vm\/ tpGJrjyKrlomvQif jzpfay:vmonfum; r[kwf/
121
tb,fudk tpGJjyK = trSDjyK igjzpf\[laom wPSm-rme-'d|d = yyw&m; = oHo&mudk csJUxGifwwfaom w&m;oHk;yg;onf jzpfay:vmoenf;/ tpGJrjyKrl rrSDrl rjzpfay:vmavoenf;/ kyfudk
/ y/ a0'emudk/ onmudk/ ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk/ 0dnmPfudk tpGJjyKomvQif ]]igjzpf\}}[laom wPSmrme-'d|d = yyw&m; = oHo&mudk csJUxGifwwfaom w&m;oHk;yg;onf jzpfay:vm\/ tpGJrjyKrl
omvQif jzpfay:vmonfum; r[kwf/
igh&iS f tmeEm ...Oyrmaomfum; i,f&,
G Ef yk sKad om wefqmqifjcif;oabm&Sad om trsK;d o;D onf
aomfvnf;aumif; trsKd;om;onfaomfvnf;aumif; Munfvifawmufyaom rSefjzpfap Munfvif
aom a&cGufjzpfap rdrd\ rsufESm&dyfudk MunfhIqifjcifvwfaomf tpGJjyKomvQif jrif&m\? tpGJrjyK
rlum; rjrifav&m/
igh&Sif tmeEm ...OyrmtwlyifvQif ---u/
c/
*/
C/
i/
kyfw&m;udk tpGJjyKomvQif igjzpf\[laom yyw&m;oHk;yg;onf jzpfay:vm\/

a0'emudk/
onmudk/
apwodufocFg&wdkYudk/
todpdwf0dnmPfudk tpGJjyKomvQif igjzpf\[laom yyw&m;oHk;yg;onf jzpfay:vm\?
tpGJrjyKrlum; rjzpfay:vmay/
rSwcf suf ---- okwefa'oemawmfum; rqHk;ao;yg/ t&mwGif rSwfom;zG,f&m tcsKdUudk

qufvuf wifjytyfygonf/ ---u/
c/
*/
C/
ykxkZefonf wefqmqifxm;aom trsKd;om; odkYr[kwf trsKd;oD;ESifh wl\/

Oyg'geuEmig;yg;onf rSeftjyifESifh wl\/
wPSm-rme-'d|d jzpfjcif;onf rsufESm&dyfESifh wl\/
wPSm-rme-'d|d jzpfaomf igyJ olyJ a,mufsm;yJ rdef;ryJ ponfjzifh pGJvrf;jcif; txl;onf
rsufESm&dyfudk rSD xifvmaom tqif;ponfESifh wl\/ odkYvQif okwefa'oemawmf
OyrmESifh Oyar,sudk ESD;aESmpyf[yf ,lav&m\/ (oH-#D-2-244/)
rSex
f w
J iG x
f ifvmaom xdrk suEf mS &dyo
f nf pifMu,foef&Y iS ;f vsuf Munfvifawmufyaeaom aMu;rHk
rSeftjyifudk tpGJjyK xif&Sm;vm\/ xdkaMu;rkHrSeftjyifudk MunfhIaomf aMu;rHkrSefxJ rdrd\ rsufESm&dyfonfyif xifvmavoavm olwpfyg;\ rsufESm&dyfonfyif xifvmavoavm? wpfenf;qdk&aomf
xdkaMu;rkHjyifrSefxJxifvmaom rsufESm&dyfonf rdrdavavm olwpfyg;avavm? odkYar;&ef &Sd\/-tajz ---- tu,f aMu;rHkrSeftjyif xifvmaom rsufESmonf rdrdjzpfjim;thH? aMu;rHkrSefudk
Munfhaeol rdrdbufodkY rsufESmrl wnfaeaom rsufESm&dyfonf rjzpfwef&m = tu,f aMu;rHkrSefudk
Munfo
h l rdro
d nf taU&b
S ufoYkd rsuEf mS rl rSe\
f aU&w
S iG f &yfwnfaejim;tH?h aMu;rHrk eS t
f jyifwiG f xifaeaom rsufESm&dyfonfvnf; rdrdom jzpfdk;rSefygu rdrdbufodkY rsufESmrrlbJ taU&SbufodkYom rsufESmrl
wnfaeav&m\/ ,ckru
l m; rSeu
f Mkd unfo
h l rdrb
d ufoo
Ykd m rsuEf mS rl rsuEf mS &dyo
f nf xifvmayonf/
122
tu,f aMu;rHrk eS t
f jyif xifvmaom rsuEf mS &dyo
f nf aMu;rHrk eS u
f Mkd unfah eol rdr\
d rsuEf mS &dyf
r[kwb
f J olwpfyg;\ rsuEf mS &dyo
f nf jzpfjim;tH/h xdrk suEf mS &dyo
f nf rdrEd iS hf kyt
f qif; yHo
k Pmef ponfwdkYjzifh wlnDrI r&Sdonfjzpf xif&Sm;vmav&m\/ qdkvdkonfrSm xdkaMu;rHkrSeftjyif xifvmaom
rsuEf mS &dyo
f nf rdrEd iS w
hf al om tjcm;olwpfO;D \ rsuEf mS &dyo
f nf tu,f jzpfjim;th?H xdo
k jYkd zpfaomfum;
wpfpHkwpfckaom rwlnDrIonf jzpfoifhav&m\ = cRwfpGyfxm;ouJhodkYum; rwlnDEdkif[k qdkvdkonf/
xdkaMumifh xdkaMu;rHkrSeftjyif xifjrifvmaom rsufESm&dyfonf aMu;rHkrSefudk Munfhaeol rdrd\
rsuEf mS vnf; r[kw?f olwpfyg;\ rsuEf mS vnf; r[kw?f odaYk omf aMu;rHrk eS u
f kd tpGjJ yK trSjD yK edbmo
ly trnf&aom xdkyHkwl rsufESm&dyfonf xif&Sm;vm\[k q&mjrwfwdkY rdefYqdkawmfrlMuukef\/ xdkodkY
jzpfvQif Munfvifaoma& xifvmaom rsuEf mS &dyo
f nf tb,ftaMumif;aMumifh xifvmygoenf;[k
ar;&ef&\
dS / orkwo
d pme,frS a&[k ac:a0:orkwx
f m;aom "mwfBu;D av;yg;wd\
Yk txl;ojzifh oef&Y iS ;f
pifMu,faomaMumifh[k ajzqdkav&m\/ (oH-|-2-283/ oH-#D-2-243-244/)
toifolawmfaumif;udk,fwdkif pOf;pm;EdIif;csdefEdkif&ef Oyrmwpf&yfudk xyfrH wifjytyfygonf/
tu,f aMu;rHrk eS t
f jyif xifvmaom rsuEf mS &dyo
f nf rdrjd zpfjim;tHh ? xdak Mu;rHrk eS t
f jyif xifvmaom
rsufESm&dyfudk aoavmufaom vufeufwpfckckjzifh ypfcwfMunfhyg/ aMu;rHkrSefom tpdwfpdwf t`rTm`rTm
uGJoGm;av&monf/ aMu;rHkrSefudk Munfhaeol rdrdum; raoEdkifav&m/ aMu;rHkrSeftjyif xifvmaom
rsufESm&dyfonf rdrdjzpfdk;rSefygu rdrdvnf; aoav&m\/ odkYaomf aoum; rao jzpfcJh\/ tu,f
rdrdESifhwlol tjcm;wpfpHkwpfa,muf\ rsufESmjzpfjim;tHh ? xdkodkY aoavmufaom vufeufwpfckckjzifh
xdkaMu;rHkrSeftjyif xifaeaom rsufESm&dyfudk ypfcwfvdkufaomtcg xdktjcm;olvnf; aoav&m\/
odkYaomf aoum; rao jzpfcJh\/ xdkYaMumifh aMu;rHkrSeftjyif xifvmaom rsufESm&dyfonf rdrd\
rsufESmvnf; r[kwf? olwpfyg;\ rsufESmvnf; r[kwf/ aMu;rHkrSeftjyifudk trSDjyK xifvmaom yHkwl
rsufESm&dyfwpfrsKd;rQom jzpfonf[k t|uxmq&mjrwfwdkYu rdefYqdkawmfrlMujcif; jzpfayonf/
tvm;wlyif y&rwPfynmrsufpdr&Sdaom ykxkZefonf aMu;rHkrSeftjyifESifh wlaom Oyg'geuEmig;yg;udk aMu;rHkrSeftjyif xifvmaom rsufESm&dyfESifhwlaom wPSm-rme-'d|dwdkYjzifh igyJ olyJ
a,mufsm;yJ rdef;ryJ ponfjzifh trSm;rSm;t,Gif;,Gif; pGJ,lrdavonf/ Oyg'geuEmig;yg;wdkY tay:
wPSm-rme-'d|dwdkY jzpfay:vmayonf/ okwefudk qufzwfyg/
igh&Sif tmeEm ...xdk igar;rnfh taMumif;t&mudk igh&Sifonf tb,fodkY atmufarhrSwfxif
,lqavoenf;/
1/ kyfw&m;onf edpavavm? tedpavavm? tedpyg t&Sifbk&m;/
2/ igh&Sif ...a0'emonf/
3/ onmonf/
4/ apwoduf ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf/
5/ todpdwf = 0dnmPfonf edpavavm? tedpavavm/ tedpyg t&Sifbk&m;/
igh&Sif ...Oyg'geuEmig;yg;wdkYonf xdkodkY tedp ('ku-tew) jzpfaomaMumifh igh&Sifonf ---1/ twdwf tem*wf ypKye jf zpfaom tvH;k pHak om kyw
l nf;jzpfaom
A[d'r v
123
jzpfaom odraf rGUEknaHh om okcrk rlvnf;jzpfaom tvH;k pHak om kyw

f aHh om
a0;aom 'l&rlvnf;jzpfaom eD;aom oEdurlvnf;jzpfaom tvHk;pHkaom kyfw&m;onfvnf;aumif;
&Sdacs\/ (11) rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifhwnfaeaom tvHk;pHkaom kyfw&m;udk ---u/ aewH rr
= kyfw&m;onf ig\kyfw&m;r[kwf/
c/ aeaom[rod = kyfw&m;onf igr[kwf/
*/ earaom twm = kyfw&m;onf ig\twr[kwf/
odkYvQif tvHk;pHkaom kyfw&m;udk razmufrjyef [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm kyfwHk; kyfcJ emrfwHk;emrfcJ
NzdKcGJazmufxGif; 0dyemPftvif;"mwf = 0dyemPfynmjzifh Iyg/ y /
2/ (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom tvHk;pHkaom a0'emw&m;udk/ y /
3/ (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom tvHk;pHkaom onm w&m;udk / y /
4/ (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom tvHk;pHkaom apwodufocFg&w&m;wdkYudk/y/
5/ (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifhwnfaeaom tvHk;pHkaomtodpdwf = 0dnmPfw&m;udk -= todpdwf = 0dnmPfw&m;onf ig\todpdwf = 0dnmPfw&m;r[kwf/
u/ aewH rr
c/ aeaom[rod = todpdwf = 0dnmPfw&m;onf igr[kwf/
*/ earaom twm = todpdwf = 0dnmPfw&m;onf ig\twr[kwf/
odkYvQif tvHk;pHkaom todpdwf = 0dnmPfw&m;udk razmufrjyef [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm kyfwHk;kyfcJ
emrfwHk;emrfcJ NzdKcGJazmufxGif; 0dyemPftvif;"mwf = 0dyemPfynmjzifh Iyg/
odkY (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom Oyg'geuEmig;yg;wdkY\ tedptcsuf 'ku
tcsuf tewtcsufwdkYudk 0dyemynm r*fynmjzifh Ijrifaom/ y / r*fudptvdkYiSm wpfyg;aom
jyKzG,fudponf r&SdNyD[k od\[k qHk;r\/
igh&SifwdkY ...rEmPDykaP;r\ om;jzpfawmfrlaom ykPtrnf&Sdawmfrlaom t&Sifjrwfonf
oDwif;i,fjzpfMuukeaf om wynfah wmfwt
Ykd m; tvGeaf us;Zl;rsm;vS\/ xdt
k &Sijf rwfonf wynfah wmfwu
Ykd kd
tqHk;tr a'oemawmfjzifh qdkqHk;rawmfrl\/ rEmPDykaP;r\ om;jzpfawmfrlaom t&SifykP
rax&fjrwf\ w&m;a'oemawmfudk Mum;em& wynfhawmfonf opmav;&yfw&m;jrwfudk
aomwmywdr*fPfjzifh xdk;xGif;odjrifawmfrlygay\/ (oH-2-86-87/)
a'oemawmfrmS vnf; awy&d0"ra'oemawmfyif jzpf\/ 0dyemydik ;f 0dyemIuu
G w
f iG f
tewvuPokwef a'oemawmfjrwfESifh yHkpHwlyif jzpfayonf/ tvm;wlyif cE0*oH,kwfygVdawmf
wpfavQmuf uJhodkYaom uvmyoroe0dyemIenf; awy&d0"ra'oemawmfenf;jzifh 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyfawmfrlMuojzifh t&[wzdkvfodkY qdkufa&mufoGm;awmfrlMuaom a&S;xHk;a[mif;
rsm;onf rsm;pGmyif vm&Sad yonf/ txufwiG f azmfjyxm;aom t&Sio
f m&dyw
k & m t&Sirf [marm*vm ef
t&Siyf P
k t&Sit
f meEm y0*&D [ef;awmfrsm; ponfh omoemawmf aevtoGif tvGex
f if&mS ;awmf
rlMuaom rax&fBuD; rax&fausmf yk*dKvfxl; yk*dKvfarmfwdkYum; y#dord'gav;yg;odkY a&muf&Sdawmfrl
Muaom y#dord'gPfudk &&SdawmfrlMuonfh t&SifjrwfBuD;wdkY jzpfawmfrlMu\/ y#dord'gPfudk &&Sd
124
awmfrlMuonfh yk*dKvfjrwfBuD;wdkY\ y#dord'gPfrsm;\ oefY&Sif;pifMu,f&jcif;\ taMumif;&if; ig;

&yfudk 0dok'dr*t|uxm 'kwd,wGJ pmrsufESm (72) &Sif;vif; wifjyxm;awmfrl\/ xdkwGif trSwf
(5) t*Fg&yfrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpf\/ ---ykAa ,ma*g emr ykAAk'geH omoae *wypm*wdubma0e ,m0 tEkavmrH a*gMwbkorDyH?
wm0 0dyemEka,ma*g/ (0dok'd-2-72/)
txufyg t|uxm\ zGiq
hf akd wmfrcl suEf iS t
hf nD y#dor'd gyw = y#dor'd gPfoYkd a&muf&adS wmf
rlMuaom &[Emrax&fjrwfBu;D wdu
Yk m; a&S;a&S;bk&m;&Siw
f \
Ykd omoemawmfjrwftwGi;f qGr;f cHomG ;&m
ur|mef;udkaqmifjcif; qGrf;cH&GmrS jyef<uvm&m ur|mef;udk aqmifjcif;wnf;[laom *wypm*wdu
0wfukd jznfu
h siahf wmfrv
l suf a*gMwbkPf\teD;jzpfaom tEkavmrtrnf&aom ocFgkayumPf
odkYwdkifatmif 0dyembm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfcJhzl;ol yk*dKvfxl; yk*dKvfjrwfBuD;wdkY
jzpfawmfrMl u\/ tcsuu
f u
kd m; toifoal wmfaumif;onf txl;owdjyK rSwo
f m;xm;oifah yonf/
wpfzef ykAa,m*&SdNyD;ol olawmfaumif;BuD;wdkYESifh ykAa,m* r&Sdol olawmfaumif;wdkYudk 0dyem
e,fy,f wef;wlxm; ra0zef roH;k oyfxu
kd o
f nfuv
kd nf; txl;owdjyK rSwo
f m;xm;oifah yonf/
wpfzef ed'ge0*oH,kwfygVdawmfwpfavQmufvnf; y#dporkyg'ft*Fg (12)&yfwdkYudk uvmy
oroeenf;t& jcKH i
kH 0dyemIymG ;oH;k oyfykH enf;pepfrsm;udk bk&m;&Sio
f nf Burd zf efrsm;pGm a[mMum;
xm;awmfrcl \
hJ / bk&m;&Si\
f r[m0Zd&0dyemPfawmfjrwfBu;D onfvnf; pMu0Vmuka#wpfoed ;f jzifh
ydkif;jcm;tyfaom e,fajrtwGif; twdwf tem*wf ypKyef[laom umvoHk;yg; tZw A[d'[laom
oEmefESpfyg;twGif; wnf&SdMuaom y#dporkyg'ft*Fg (12)&yfwdkYudk uvmyoroeenf;tm;jzifh
aygif;pkjcHKiHk vuPm,mOfoHk;csufwifum 0dyemIyGm;oHk;oyfawmfrlaom PfawmfjrwfBuD;yif
jzpfawmfrlayonf/ (r-#D-3-275-Munfhyg/)
,if;y#dporkyg'ft*Fg (12)&yf[lonfrSmvnf; tbd"rmPfynmrsufpdjzifh cGJjcm;pdwfjzm
Munfch ahJ omf twdwf tem*wf ypKye [
f al om umvoH;k yg; tZw A[d' [laom oEmefEpS yf g;twGi;f
wnf&Sdaom kyfw&m;emrfw&m; tpktyHkrQom jzpfayonf/ Oyg'geuEmig;yg;wdkYom jzpfMuonf/
tvm;wlyif oVm,we0*o,
H w
k f ygVdawmfwpfavQmufvnf; 'kuo
pm ork',opm trnf
&onfh y&rw"mwfom;wdkYudk tm,we (12)yg;enf;tm;jzifh (12)yHk yHk "mwf (18)yg;enf;tm;jzifh
(18)yHk yHk uvmyoroeenf;jzifh aygif;pkjcHKiHk 0dyemIyGm;oHk;oyfawmfrlojzifh t&[wzdkvfodkY
qdkufa&mufawmfrloGm;Muaom a&S;a[mif;xHk;rsm;vnf; rsm;pGmyif vm&Sdayonf/ xdkaMumifh ---twdwf tem*wf ypKyef tZw A[d' MoVm&du okckr [De yPDw 'l& oEdu [laom
(11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom ---1/ lyuEmudk
2/ a0'emuEmudk
3/ onmuEmudk
4/ ocFg&uEmudk
5/ 0dnmPuEmudk --125
toD;toD; vuPm,mOfoHk;csuf wpfvSnfhpDwif 0dyemIyGm;oHk;oyf&aom cEmig;yg;enf;

tm;jzifh 0dyemIenf; twdwf tem*wf ypKye pf onfh (11)rsK;d aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom
1/ kyfw&m;udk
2/ emrfw&m;udk ---toD;toD; vuPm,mOfo;kH csuf wpfvn
S phf w
D if 0dyemIymG ;oH;k oyf&aom kyef mrf (2)yg;enf;tm;jzifh 0dyemIenf; tm,we (12)yg;enf;tm;jzifh 0dyemIenf; "mwf (18)yg;enf;tm;jzifh
0dyemIenf;paom xdkxdkuvmyoroe0dyemIenf;rsm;onf a&TjynfedAmefodkY 0ifpHcdkvIHoGm;
awmfrlMuukefaom a&S;a&S; t&d,molawmfaumif;BuD;wdkY\ edAmefodkY <uoGm;awmfrl&m vrf;dk; vrf;
a[mif;BuD;om jzpfayonf[k ,HkMunfav;euf xufjrufpl;&Saom o'gw&m; cdkifjrJaom owdw&m;
jzifh kdaopGm rSwfom;em,lav&monf/
xdkvrf;dk; vrf;a[mif;BuD; ---1/ twdwf tem*wf ypKyef[laom umvoHk;yg; tZw A[d'[laom oEmefESpfyg;twGif;
wnf&Sdaom kyfw&m;wdkYudk jcHKiHk odrf;qnf;Edkifaomtcg = Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,lEdkifaomtcg ---]]kyf kyf}} [k jzpfap
]]kyfw&m; kyfw&m;}} [k jzpfap I&\/
2/ ,if;umvoH;k yg; oEmefEpS yf g;twGi;f wnf&adS om emrfw&m;wdu
Yk kd tm,we'Gg&tvdu
k f jcKH i
kH
odrf;qnf;Edkifaomtcg = Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,lEdkifaomtcg ---]]emrf emrf}} [k jzpfap
]]emrfw&m; emrfw&m;}}[k jzpfap I&\/
3/ wpfzef ,if;kyw
f &m;emrfw&m;wdu
Yk kd ESpzf EYkd pS pf jk yK kyef mrfwu
Ykd kd odr;f qnf;aomtcg = Pfjzifh
ydkif;jcm;,laomtcg ---]]kyfw&m; emrfw&m;}} [k I&\/
4/ wpfzef ,if;kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkY yk*dKvf ow0g vlewfjA[m toufaumif vdyfjymaumif
0dnmPfaumif twaumif r&SdrIoabm kyfemrfrS tvGwfjzpfaom yk*dKvfow0g vlewfjA[m touf
aumif vdyfjymaumif 0dnmPfaumif twaumif r&SdrIoabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh kyfemrf
wdkYudk ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;&m emrly00wmePfydkif; ---]]yk*dKvf ow0g vlewf jA[m ZD0 tw r&Sd? kyfemrf rQom &Sd\}} [k I&\/
5/ ,if;umvoH;k yg; oEmefEpS yf g;twGi;f wnf&adS om kyw
f &m;emrfw&m;wd\
Yk taMumif;w&m;wdu
Yk kd
odrf;qnf;Edkifaomtcg = Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,lEdkifaomtcg ---]]taMumif;w&m; tusKd;w&m;}} [k I&\/
6/ vuP-&o-ypKy|mef-y'|mefenf;tm;jzifh kyfemrfwdkYudk odrf;qnf;&m Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,l&m
tydkif;um; vuPm'dpwkuydkif;wGif Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,l&ef a&;om;wifjycJhonfhtwdkif; odrf;qnf;
IyGm;&\/
126
7/ 0dyemydkif;odkY a&muf&Sdvmaom tcgrlum; 0dyemPf\ tIcHtmkHjzpfMuukefaom

'kuopm ork',opmtrnf&onfh ,if;y&rw"mwfom; ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk ---(u) kyfemrfESpfyg;enf;jzifh ESpfyHk yHk jzpfap
( c ) cEmig;yg;enf;jzifh ig;yHk yHk jzpfap
( * ) tm,we (12)yg;enf;jzifh (12)yHk yHk jzpfap
(C) "mwf (18)yg;enf;jzifh (18)yHk yHk jzpfap
( i ) y#dporkyg'fenf;jzifh y#dporkyg'ft*Fg&yfwdkYudk (12)ykH yHk jzpfap ---odkYpaom enf;trsKd;rsKd;wdkYjzifh 0dyemIaomtcg ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkYwGif twdwf tem*wf
ypKyefponfh (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom kyfw&m;\ ---(u) jzpfjcif; ysujf cif;oabmudk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunf
h ,if;kyw
f &m;udk &Hcg tedp[k
vnf;aumif;
( c ) jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; 'Pfcsufjzifh tjrJrjywf nOfyef;ESdyfpufcH&rI oabmudk 0dyemPfjzifh
jrifatmifMunfh ,if;kyfw&m;udk &Hcg 'ku[k vnf;aumif;
( * ) rysupf ;D bJ tusw
d t
f cJ tcdik t
f rm tESpo
f m&tm;jzifh wnfaeonfh twr[kwo
f nfo
h abmudk
twr&SdrIoabmudk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh &Hcg tew[k vnf;aumif; ---odkY toD;toD; 0dyemI&\/
tvm;wlyif twdwf tem*wf ypKyef tZw A[d'ponfh (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh
wnfaeaom emrfw&m;udkvnf; ---(u) &Hcg tedp [kvnf;aumif;
( c ) &Hcg 'ku [kvnf;aumif;
( * ) &Hcg tew [kvnf;aumif; ---odkY toD;toD; 0dyemI&\/ cEmig;yg;enf; ponfwdkYvnf; enf;wlyif oabmaygufyg/
IuGufudk wpfenf;wpfzHktm;jzifh oabmaygufatmif xyfrH qdk&aomf odkY jzpf\/ ---(u)
(c)
(*)
(C)
&Hcg tZw kyfw&m;udk vuPm,mOfoHk;csuf wpfvSnfhpDwif Iyg/

&Hcg A[d' kyfw&m;udk vuPm,mOfoHk;csuf wpfvSnfhpDwif Iyg/
&Hcg tZw emrfw&m;udk vuPm,mOfoHk;csuf wpfvSnfhpDwif Iyg/
&Hcg A[d' emrfw&m;udk vuPm,mOfoHk;csuf wpfvSnfhpDwif Iyg/
ypKye f 0dyemIouJo
h Ykd twdwf vnf;aumif; tem*wfvnf;aumif; enf;wlyif 0dyem
Iyg/ um; bk&m;&Sif\ vufxufawmfrS rlrysuf qif;oufvmaom 0dyem vrf;kd;vrf;a[mif;
BuD;yif jzpfayonf/
t&m0,f tcsKdUtcsKdUaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfoljrwfwdkYu ]]todPf xifrSom IvdkY&\?
rxifvQif b,fvdkvkyf IrvJ}} ponfjzifh ar;jref;wwfMujyef\/ taMumif;jywwfMujyef\/
127
bk&m;&Sio
f nf kyu
f r|mef;udk a[mMum;awmfr&l m0,f "mwfur|mef; tusO;f enf; "mwfur|mef;
tus,fenf;[k ESpfenf;om a[mMum;xm;awmfrlojzifh "mwfur|mef; tusOf;enf;jzifhjzpfap "mwfur|mef; tus,fenf;jzifhjzpfap ESpfenf;vHk;jzifhjzpfap "mwfBuD;av;yg;udk CetoD;toD; NydKatmif
y&rwfodkY Pftjrifqdkufatmif IyGm;odrf;qnf;wwfNyD; = Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,lxm;wwfNyD;aom
a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f jl rwftzdYk tqifo
h Ykd qdu
k af &mufvmygu "mwfBu;D av;yg;udk jynfwnf odr;f qnf;
IymG ;ygu rdr0d yd emIymG ;vdak om kyw
f &m;wdu
Yk kd tvG,w
f ul 0dyem IymG ;oH;k oyfEikd rf nfom jzpf\/
wpfzef qdik &f mqdik &f m 0wK = 'Gg&ESihf tmHw
k u
Ykd kd yl;wGu
J m odr;f qnf;Edik af om = Pfjzifh ydik ;f jcm;,lEikd af om
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfoljrwftzdkY rnfonfh emrfw&m;udkrqdk 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyfvdkaom tcsdefwGif
tcsdefra&G; 0dyemIEdkifrnfom jzpf\/ 0wK = 'Gg& tmkH tmavmu reodum&paom xdkxdk
qdkif&mqdkif&m taMumif;w&m;rsm; pHknDygu xdkxdk qdkif&mqdkif&m emrfw&m;wdkYonf jzpfdk;"rwmyif
&SMd u\/ xdw
k iG f a,medaomreodum&ESihf ta,medaomreodum& tm;avsmpf mG ukov
kd af Zm odrYk [kwf
tukov
kd af Zm[laom aZmwdo
Yk nf xdu
k o
f vdk apmMurnf jzpfonf/ onfo
h abmw&m;udyk if &nf&,
G f
awmfrl r[m#Dumq&mawmfu atmufygtwdkif; zGifhqdka&;om;oGm;awmfrlayonf/
ypm ye tEky|[aEyd Oyga,e Oy|[maywGm te0aooawm0 orodwAm/
(r[m#D-2-391/)
= 0dyemydkif;odkY a&mufopfpjzpfaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf 0dyemtpydkif;wGif xif&Sm;&m
vG,ful&m kyfemrfup 0dyemI&aomfvnf; aemufydkif;wGifum; todPf rxifvmrjrifvmao;aom kyw
f &m; emrfw&m;wdu
Yk v
kd nf; taMumif; Oyg,fwrH sOjf zifh todPf xifvmjrifvmatmif
jyK t<uif;tusefr&Sd ukefpifatmifomvQif kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkYudk 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyfygav/
(r[m#D-2-391/)
zGifhqdkcsufESifh ywfoufonfh tus,f&Sif;vif;csufudk a&S;wGif &Sif;vif;wifjycJhNyD; jzpf\/
zGiq
hf ckd surf mS emrlyy&dap'PfEiS hf yp,y&d*[
PfEpS yf g;wdu
Yk kd &&Sx
d m;Ny;D aom oroePfyikd ;f odYk
ul;wufvmaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfoljrwftwGufom zGifhqdka&;om;xm;awmfrlaom tqdktrdefY
wpf&yfom jzpfonfudkum; toifolawmfaumif;onf rarhoifhay/ xdkodkY ---1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
kyfw&m;[k Ioifhaom tcsdef kyfw&m;[k rIbJ

emrfw&m;[k Ioifhaom tcsdef emrfw&m;[k rIbJ
kyfw&m; emrfw&m;[k Ioifhaom tcsdef kyfw&m; emrfw&m;[k rIbJ
kyef mrfwu
Ykd kd ydik ;f jcm;rSwo
f m;&rnfh emrly00wmePfyikd ;f kyef mrfwu
Ykd kd rydik ;f jcm; rrSwo
f m;bJ
taMumif;w&m; tusKd;w&m;wdkYudk Ioifhonfhtcsdef taMumif;w&m;tusKd;w&m;[k rIbJ
wpfenf;qdkaomf kyfuvmyf emrfuvmyfwdkYudk CetoD;toD; NydKatmif y&rwfodkY Pftjrif
qdkufatmif "mwfrcGJEdkifojzifh y&rwfodkY Pftjrifqdkufatmif kyfemrfaMumif;usKd; = ocFg&
w&m;wdkYudk rodrf;qnf;EdkifbJ ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk ---6/ tedp[k Ioifhonfh tcsdef tedp[k rIbJ
7/ 'ku[k Ioifhonfh tcsdef 'ku[k rIbJ
128
8/ tew[k Ioifhonfh tcsdef tew[k rIbJaecJhaomf ---r*fzv

kd ef Ad m efoYkd qdu
k af &mufEikd \
f rqdu
k af &mufEikd \
f [laom tar;jyemESihf ywfouf tajz
udk od&Sdvdkygu toifolawmfaumif;onf atmufyg t*FkwdK&fygVdawmf quedygwfvm&Sdaom tedp
okwef udk zwfIMunfhyg/
tedpokwef
aom 0w bdua0 bduK ud ocFg&H edpawm orEkyaEm tEkavmrdum, cEd,m orEm*awm b0dwDwd aewH XmeH 0dZwd? tEkavmrdum, cEd,m torEm*awm orwed,mrH
MourdwDwd aewH XmeH 0dZwd? orwed,mrH taemurrmaem aomwmywdzvH 0g ou'g*grdzvH
0g tem*grdzvH 0g t&[wzvH 0g opdu&dwDwd aewH XmeH 0dZwd/
aom 0w bdua0 bduK oAocFga& tedpawm orEkyaEm tEkavmrdum, cEd,m
orEm*awm b0dwDwd XmearwH 0dZwd? tEkavmrdum, cEd,m orEm*awm orwed,mrH
MourdwDwd XmearwH 0dZwd? orwed,mrH Mourrmaem aomwmywdzvH 0g ou'g*grdzvH 0g
tem*grdzvH 0g t&[wH 0g (t&[wzvH 0g ) opdu&dwDwd XmearwH 0dZwd/
(tH-2-384-385/)
= &[ef;wdkY ...wpfpHkwpfckaom ocFg&w&m;udk jrJaomedpoabmtm;jzifh (okcoabmtm;jzifh
twoabmtm;jzifh) Iaom xdk&[ef;onf pifppftm;jzifh tEkavmrdumcEd [k ac:qdktyfaom
avmukw&mw&m;tm;avsmfaom 0dyemynmESifh jynfhpHkvdrfhrnf[laom taMumif;onf r&SdEdkif/
tEkavmrdumcE[
d k ac:qdt
k yfaom avmukw& mw&m;tm;avsmaf om 0dyemynmESihf rjynfph o
kH nf
&Sad omf razmufrjyef ude;f aojraJ omoabm[k ac:qdt
k yfaom orwe ,
d mr trnf&aom t&d,r*f
w&m;odkY ouf0ifvdrfhrnf[laom taMumif;onfr&SdEdkif/ razmufrjyef udef;aojrJaom oabm[k
ac:qdt
k yfaom orwe ,
d mrtrnf&aom t&d,r*fw&m;odYk rouf0ifonf&adS omf aomwmywzd v
kd u
f kd
vnf;aumif; ou'g*grdzv
kd u
f v
kd nf;aumif; tem*grdzv
kd u
f kd vnf;aumif; t&[wzv
kd u
f v
kd nf;aumif;
rsufarSmufjyKEdkifvdrfhrnf[laom taMumif;onf r&SdEdkif/
&[ef;wdkY ...tvHk;pHkaom ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tedptm;jzifh ('kutm;jzifh tewtm;jzifh) Iaom
xdk&[ef;onf pifppftm;jzifh tEkavmrdumcEdac:aom avmukw&mw&m;tm;avsmfaom 0dyem
ynmESifh jynfhpHkvdrfhrnf[laom taMumif;onf &SdEdkif\/ tEkavmrdumcEd[kac:aom avmukw&m
w&m;tm;avsmfaom 0dyemynmESifh jynfhpHkonf&Sdaomf razmufrjyef udef;aojrJaom oabm[k
ac:qdktyfaom orwed,mrtrnf&aom t&d,r*fw&m;odkY ouf0ifvdrfhrnf[laom taMumif;onf &SdEdkif\/ razmufrjyef udef;aojrJaomoabm[k ac:qdktyfaom orwed,mr trnf&aom
t&d,r*fw&m;odkY ouf0ifonf &Sdaomf aomwmywdzdkvfudkvnf;aumif; ou'g*grdzdkvfudkvnf;
aumif; tem*grdzdkvfudkvnf;aumif; t&[wzdkvfudkvnf;aumif; rsufarSmufjyKEdkifvdrfhrnf[laom
taMumif;onf &SdEdkif\/ (tH-2-384-385/)
129
tEkavmrdumcEd
tEkavmrdum, cEd,mwd {w 0dyemPar0 avmukw&r*H tEkavmarwDwd tEkavmrduH/ wa'0 cEdrayudwGm tEkavmrdum/ oAocFg&m w tedpawm 'kuawm tewawm
crEd kpEDwd cEd/ om rk'kum rZdrm wdumwd wd0d"m/ uvmyoroem'dum O',A,Py&da,momem rk'kumEkavmrdum cEd/ b*FgEkyem'dum ocFgkayumPy&da,momem rZdrmEkavmrdum cEd/ tEkavmrPH wdumEkavmrdum cEd/ (y#doH-|-2-315/)
txufyg y#dord'gr*t|uxmtzGifhESifhtnD - tEkavmrdumcEd Pf[lonf avmukw&mt&d,r*fw&m;tm;avsmfaom 0dyemPftm;vHk;yif jzpf\/ xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ Pfonf
0dyemtcdu
k f ocFg&w&m;tm;vH;k udk tedpt
m;jzifh = tedp[
k 'kut
m;jzifh = 'ku[
k tewtm;jzifh
= tew[k 0dyemIrI ESpfoufae\/ xdkodkY avmukw&mt&d,r*ftm;avsmf ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk
tedp[k 'ku[k tew[k 0dyemIrI ESpfoufaom Pfjzpfjcif;aMumifh ,if;0dyemPfudk
tEkavmrdumcEd [k ac:qdkjcif; jzpfonf/ xdktEkavmrdumcEd Pfonf tEkYHpm; tvwfpm;
tjrwfpm;tm;jzifh oHk;rsKd;oHk;pm; &Sd\/
1/ uvmyoroePftp O',A,PftqHk;&Sdaom 0dyemPfonf tEkH hpm; = tnhHpm;
tEkavmrdumcEdPfwnf;/
2/ b*FgEkyemPftp ocFgkayumPftqHk;&Sdaom 0dyemPfonf tvwfpm; tEkavmrdumcEdPfwnf;/
3/ tEkavmrPfonf txufpm; tjrwfpm; tEkavmrdumcEdPfwnf;/ (y#doH-|-2-315/)
kyfuvmyf emrfuvmyfwdkYudk rjrif&ao;aomfvnf;aumif; kyfuvmyf emrfuvmyfwdkYudk
jrifaomfvnf; kyw
f ;kH kycf J emrfw;kH emrfcw
J nf;[laom kyC
f e emrfCewdu
Yk kd NyKd uaJG tmif Pfjzifh rNzKd cJG
Edik af o;aomfvnf;aumif; kyyf &rwftppf emrfy&rwftppfoYkd Pftjrifrqdu
k af o;aom kyyf &rwf
tppf emrfy&rwftppfwdkYudk tedp[k 'ku[k tew[kvnf; 0dyem rIEdkifao;aom a,m*g0p&
yk*dKvfwdkYum; tEkavmrdumcEd[k ac:qdktyfonfh avmukw&m t&d,r*fw&m;tm; avsmfonfh 0dyemPfynmESifh rjynfhpHkao;[k txufyg ygVdawmf t|uxmwdkYu rdefYqdkawmfrlvsuf &Sd\/
tEkavmrdumcEd[k ac:qdktyfaom avmukw&m t&d,r*fw&m;tm;avsmfaom 0dyem
ynmESifh rjynfhpHkonf&Sdaomf razmufrjyef udef;aojrJaom oabm[k ac:qdktyfaom orwed,mr
trnf&aom t&d,r*fw&m;odkY ouf0ifvdrfhrnf[laom taMumif;onf r&SdEdkif/ razmufrjyef
udef;aojrJaom oabm[k ac:qdktyfaom orwed,mr trnf&aom t&d,r*fw&m;odkY rouf0if
Edkifonf&Sdaomf aomwmywdzdkvfudkvnf;aumif; ou'g*grdzdkvfudkvnf;aumif; tem*grdzdkvfudk
vnf;aumif; t&[wzv
kd u
f v
kd nf;aumif; rsuaf rSmufjyKEikd v
f rd rhf nf[al om taMumif;onf r&SEd ikd /f
(tH-2-384-385/)
22222
130
lyowu Ienf;
toifa,m*g0p&yk*dKvfoljrwfonf txufyg uvmyoroe 0dyemIenf;jzifh 0dyem
Iygaomfvnf; tm;&wif;wdrrf u
I kd r&&Sad o;ygu lyowuIenf; tlyowuIenf;rsm;udk qufvuf 0dyemIyGm;vdkygu 0dyem IyGm;Edkifonfom jzpfonf/ IyGm;yHk enf;pepfrsm;udk 0dok'dr*
t|uxmESifh r[m#DumwdkYrS vdk&if;udk xkwfEkwf a&;om;wifjytyfygonf/
tm'geedauyeawm? 0a,m0kw*grdawm/
tm[m&awm p Owkawm? urawm pmyd pdwawm/
"rwmlyawm ow? 0dwma&e 0dywd/ (0dok'd-2-253/)
1/ tm'geedauyetm;jzifh Ienf;
tm'ge[lonf b0opfudk ,ljcif; = y#doaE = Zmwdwnf;? edauye[lonf b0a[mif;udk
pGefYypfjcif; = r&P = pkwdwnf;/ xdkaMumifh tm'geedauyeIenf; [lonf y#doaEESifh pkwdtwGif;
wnf&Sdaom blwkyf Oyg'gkyfwdkYudk y&rwfodkY Pftjrifqdkufatmif Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,lNyD;vQif
a,bk,spnf;urf;odYk vdu
k
f ESpaf ygif; (100)[k owfrw
S x
f m;tyfaom b0wpfavQmuftwGi;f jzpfymG ;
wnf&SdaeMuukefaom ocFg&w&m;wdkY vuPma&;oHk;wef wpfvSnfhpDwif 0dyemIyGm;oHk;oyf
&aom 0dyemvkyfief;cGifwpfrsKd;yif jzpfonf/ xdkaMumifh toifolawmfaumif;onf touf (100)
&Snfaomfvnf; &Snfav&m\? r&Snfaomfvnf; &Sdav&m\/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap rdrd\y#doaErSonf pkwd
umvodw
Yk ikd af tmifaom tcsed u
f mvtwGi;f jzpfymG ;wnf&adS eaom y&rwfyk w
f &m;wdu
Yk kd jcKH i
kH ,if;
kyw
f &m;wd\
Yk tedpt
jcif;t&mudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunf
h tedp[
v
k nf;aumif; 'kut
jcif;t&mudk
Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh 'ku[kvnf;aumif; tewtjcif;t&mudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh
tew[kvnf;aumif; Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum Iyg/ xdkodkY I&m y#doaEESifh pkwdtMum;
wnf&Sdaom kyfw&m;wdkYudk cyfusJusJ rIbJ cyfpdyfpdyfom Iyg/ b0wpfavQmuftwGif;0,f rnfonfh
tcdkuftwefYrqdk wnf&Sdaeonfh kyfw&m;rSeforQ tm;vHk;onf tedpcsnf; 'kucsnf; tewcsnf;om
jzpfaMumif;udk PftjrifoefY&Sif;atmif vuPma&;oHk;wefwGif wpfyg; wpfyg; Budrfzefrsm;pGm
tacgufaygif;rsm;pGm Iyg/
tedptjcif;t&m
Oyg'0,0wdawm 0dy&dPmrawm wm0umvduawm edpy#dauyawm p/ (0dok'd-2-253/)
ww Oyg'0,0wdawmwd OyZe0aoe edkZe0aoe p y0weawm? t[kwGm or0awm
[kwGm 0,ly*reawmwd tawm/ (r[m#D-2-406/)
f rQwo
Ykd nf jzpfjcif;\ tpGr;f jzifv
h nf;aumif;
1/ Oyg'0,0wad wm ------- kyef mrf"r ocFg&w&m; rSeo
ysufjcif;\ tpGrf;jzifhvnf;aumif; jzpfwwfaomaMumifh = a&S;ur&Sdao;rl rjzpfao;rl ,ck Oyg'f
umvodaYk &mufrS kwjf cnf; jzpfay:vmwwfaomaMumifh ,ckjzpfNy;D ysujf cif;odYk uyfa&mufomG ;wwfaomaMumifh tedpr nfuek \
f /ocFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nf rjzpfrD a&S;tzdu
Yk r&Sd jcif; jzpfNy;D aemuf r&Sd jcif;[laom
131
r&Sdjcif;ESpfrsKd;wdkY\ tv,fomvQif ,m,DtcdkuftwefYtm;jzifh jzpfay:vmMuaom "robm0w&m;wdkYom jzpfMu\? jzpfNyD;onfESifh wpfNydKifeuf r&Sdjcif;oabmodkYom uyfa&mufoGm;Mu\/ ,if;oabm
w&m;udk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh ,if;kyfw&m;wdkYudk (= ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk) tedp[k Iyg/
2/ 0dy&dPmrawmwd oEme yk&drkw&0do'dobm0awmwd 0'Ed/ wH 0owy&d pdaE lay
'H oroeEd t"dyga,ae0 0kwH od,m? Z&mr&aPe 0dy&dPmarwAawmwd tawm/ towdyd
"raba' t0wmaba'g pdwaAm/ e [d Oyg'g0wm {0 b*Fg0wmwd ,kwm/ wxm [d 0kwH
]]Z&m, ap0 r&aPe pmwd a'G"m y&dPmryuwdwm,m}}wd / obm00d*arm {0 0g {w 0dy&dPmarm/
(r[m#D-2-406/)
2/ 0dy&dPmr[lonf kyfoEwdtpOf\ a&S;a&S;jzpfay:oGm;aom kyfoEwdtpOfESifh aemufaemuf
jzpfay:oGm;aom kyfoEwdtpOfwdkY\ rwlaomjzpfjcif; &SdrIudk qdkvdkaMumif;udk q&mjrwfwdkYu rdefYqdkawmfrMl uuke\
f / xdq
k &mjrwfw\
Ykd pum;onf - tm'geedauyeenf;tm;jzifh kyw
f &m;wdu
Yk kd 0dyem
IymG ;oH;k oyfjcif; = oroeonf ESpaf ygif; (100)jzifh ydik ;f jcm;tyfaom kyw
f &m; 0dyemIymG ;oH;k oyfjcif;
oroeomwnf; --- odkYaom t"dyg,ftvdkoabmjzifhomvQif ajymqdktyfonf jzpfwefav&m\/
kyfy&rwfw&m;wdkYonf tdkjcif; Z&m aojcif; r&Pw&m;jzifh azmufjyef ajymif;vJaptyfaomaMumifh
0dy&dPmr"r rnf\/ um; xdkq&mjrwfwdkY\ qdkvdkaom teufoabmw&m;wnf;/ y&rw"r
oabmw&m; = y&rw"mwfom;w&m;vHk; trsKd;tpm;\ xl;axGuGJjym;jcif;onf r&Sdjim;aomfvnf;
,if;y&rw"rwdkY\ jzpfrIysufrI tcdkuftwefY\ uGJjym;rIudkum; tvdk&Sdtyfayonf/ rSefayonf --Oyg'ftcdkuftwefYonfyifvQif biftcdkuftwefYwnf; [laom odkYaom teuft"dyg,fonf roifh
onfom jzpf\/ xdkaMumifhyifvQif t|uxmq&mawmfonf awm (40) IuGufwGif --Z&m, ap0 r&aPe pmwd a'G"m y&dPmryuwdwm, 0dy&dPmr"rawm/ (0dok'd-2-247/)
tdjk cif; = Z&mw&m;jzifv
h nf;aumif; aojcif; = r&Pw&m;jzifv
h nf;aumif; odYk ESpzf EYkd pS pf t
k m;jzifh
azmufjyefjcif;oabm&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumifh Z&mr&P[laom ESpzf EYkd pS pf t
k m;jzifh azmufjyefjcif;oabm
&Sdonfh 0dy&dPmr"r[k Iyg/ (0dok'd-2-247/)
odYk zGiq
hf akd &;om;xm;awmfrcl \
hJ / wpfenf; --- t&m y&rwfw&m;wd\
Yk rdrd rdrw
d \
Ykd qdik &f m
yifu&kd if; obm0ow\
d uif;jcif; csKyyf suo
f mG ;jcif;onfyifvQif 0dy&dPmr rnfayonf/ ,if;0dy&dPmr
oabmudk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh tedp[k Iyg/ (r[m#D-2-406/)
3/ cPduwm wm0umvduwm/ (r[m#D-2-406/)
3/ wm0umvduawm --- ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf Oyg'f-XD-bif = jzpf-wnf-ysuf[laom wpfcPrQom
&SnfMumonf\ tjzpfaMumifh tedprnfukef\/ rjzpfcifu r&Sdjcif; jzpfNyD;aemuf r&Sdjcif;[laom
r&Sjd cif;ESprf sK;d wd\
Yk tv,fomvQif ,m,Dtcdu
k t
f wefu
Y av;rQom jzpfay:vmMu&aom "robm0wdo
Yk m jzpfMu\/ rsupf w
d pfrw
dS f vQyw
f pfjyuf vufzspw
f pfwu
G [
f al om tcsed u
f mvudk uka# (5000)cefY
yHv
k Qif wpfyckH efaY vmufom oufwrf;&Sad om ,m,Djzpf\/ (kyo
f cFg&w&m;wdu
Yk o
kd m qdv
k o
kd nf/ emrfocFg&
w&m;wdkYum; rsufpdwpfrSdwf vQyfwpfjyuf vufzspfwpfwGuf[laom tcsdefumvudk uka#wpfodef;cefY
yHkvQif wpfyHkcefYom oufwrf;&SdMu\/) xdkrQ wdkawmif;vSaom tcdkuftwefY oufwrf;&SdrI oabmudk
0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh ,if;kyfw&m;wdkYudk tedp[k Iyg/
132
4/ edpobm0gbma0g {0 edpy#dauayg/ tedp"rm [d awae0 twaem obma0e ZmeEmeH

edpwH y#dudyEd emr/ (r[m#D-2-406/)
4/ edpy#dauyawm --- edpoabmudk y,fjcif;aMumifh tedprnfukef\/ edpoabm\ r&Sdjcif;onf
yifvQif edpoabmudk y,fonfrnf\/ rSefayonf tedp"rjzpfMuukefaom ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf
xdkrjrJaom tedpoabmjzifhyifvQif ,if; ocFg&"r = tedp"rwdkYudk odukefaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfwdkYtm; ,if;ocFg&"rwdkY\ jrJjcif; edptjzpfudk jiif;y,fonf rnfukef\/ ,if;taMumif;aMumifhyifvQif
edp r[kwf tedp [lvdkonf/ (0dok'd-2-253/ r[m#D-2-406/)
'kutjcif;t&m
,om ye OyEm ocFg&m Xdwd H ygykPEd? Xdwd,H Z&m, udvrEd? Z&H ywGm t0H bdZEd? wom
tbdPSor#dyDVeawm 'kurawm 'ku0wKawm okcy#dauyawm p 'kum/ (0dok'd-2-253/)
kyfemrf"r ocFg&w&m; rSeforQwdkYonf jrJonfh edpw&m;rsm; r[kwfjcif;aMumifh rjrJonfh
tedpw&m;wdkYom jzpfMuukef\/ ,if;tedpjzpfMuonfh ocFg&w&m;wdkif; --1/ jzpfjcif; = Oyg'fcP tcdkuftwefY
2/ wnfjcif; = XDcP tcdkuftwefY
3/ ysufjcif; = bifcP tcdkuftwefY --tcdkuftwefY oHk;rsKd;pD toD;toD; &Sd\/ wpfzef ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf --1/ Oyg'ftcdkuftwefY Oyg'ftcdkuftwefYom &Sd\? XDtcdkuftwefY biftcdkuftwefYwdkY r&Sdukef/
2/ XDtcdkuftwefYvnf; XDtcdkuftwefYom &Sd\? Oyg'ftcdkuftwefY biftcdkuftwefYwdkY r&Sdukef/
3/ biftcdu
k t
f wefY vnf; biftcdu
k t
f wefo
Y m &S\
d ? Oyg'ftcdu
k t
f wefY XDtcdu
k t
f wefw
Y Ykd r&Su
d ek /f
jzpfay:vmMuukefaom = Oyg'fumvodkY a&muf&SdvmMuukefaom ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf XDumvodkY a&muf&SdvmMuukef\? XDumv Z&moabmjzifh yifyef;ndK;EGrf;Mu&ukef\/ Z&modkY a&muf&SdvmMu
ukefaom ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf rcRwf{uef ysufpD;Mu&ukef\ = bifumvodkY a&muf&SdMu&ukef\/
xdak Mumifh --1/ Oyg'f XD (= Z&m) bif onf rjywfEdSyfpuftyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif;
2/ xdkodkY EdSyfpufwwfonfjzpf onf;cHEdkifcJonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif;
3/ (u) um,du'kua0'em apwodu'kua0'em[laom 'ku'ku
( c ) um,duokca0'em apwoduokca0'em[laom 0dy&dPmr'ku
( * ) <uif;ocFg&w&m; tm;vHk;[laom ocFg&'ku
(C) oHom&0#fqif;&J'ku = oHom&'ku --'kutrsKd;rsKd;\ wnf&m0wK\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif;
4/ okc\ qefu
Y sib
f uf jzpfaomaMumifh okcudk y,fwwf jrpfwwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif;
kyfemrf"r ocFg&w&m; rSeforQwdkYonf 'ku rnfukef\/ okc r[kwf 'kuppfppfwdkYomwnf;/
(0dok'd-2-253/ r[m#D-2-406-407/)
133
tew tjcif;t&m
,om p ]]OyEm ocFg&m Xdwd H rm ygykPE K? Xmeywm rm ZD& E K? Z&ywm rm bdZ E L}}wd arok
wDok Xmaeok upd 0o0wdbma0g ewd? oknm awe 0o0wemuma&e? wom oknawm
tmrduawm t0o0wdawm twy#dauyawm p tewmwd/ (0dok'd-2-253-254/)
(u) wpfzef ---- jzpfay:vmMuukefaom Oyg'fcPESifh jynfhpHkMuukefaom ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf XD
umvodkY ra&mufMuygapukefvifh/ (jzpfay:vmwdkif;aom Oyg'ftjcif;t&mtm;jzifhom wnfaeMuygapukef/)
( c ) XDumvodkY a&muf&SdvmMuukefaom ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf r&ifhusufMuygapukefvifh = rtdkMu
ygapukefvifh/
( * ) &ifu
h sujf cif; tdjk cif;Z&mumvodYk a&muf&v
dS mMuukeaf om ocFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nf rysupf ;D Muygap
ukefvifh = jrJMuygap/
uJhodkYaom oHk;yg;aom t&mXmewdkY wpfpHkwpfa,mufaomol\ tvdkqEodkY vdkufavsmwwfonf\ tjzpfonf r&SdEdkifay/ xdkoHk;yg;ukefaom t&mXmewdkY tvdkqEodkY vdkufavsmwwfaom
tjcif;t&mrS ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf qdwfokOf;Muukef\/ xdkaMumifh ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf ---1/ (u) cEmtdrf topfopfvJaomfvnf; ajymif;vJrIr&SdbJ rysufpD;bJ topfopfaom cEmtdrf
tjrJvdkufygvsuf udef;0yfwnfaeaom tjrJvdkufygaexdkifaom ed0goDtw
( c ) jyKvkyfzG,f rSeforQudk jyKvkyfwwfaom um&utw
( * ) cHpm;zG,f&m tmkHrSeforQudk cHpm;wwfaom a0'utw
(C) pDrHcefYcGJrI rSeforQudk pDrHcefYcGJwwfaom t"d|m,utw -twtoD;toD;rS uif;qdwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif;
2/ cEmtdru
f kd ydik q
f ikd o
f nfh ydik &f iS jf zpfol wpfpw
kH pfa,mufaom omrdtw\ r&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumifh
vnf;aumif; (trSwf 12 - pum;&yfwdkYjzifh ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf tw\Opm r[kwfonf\
tjzpfudk jy\/)
3/ ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ Oyg'f-XD-bif[laom oHk;yg;aom t&mXmewdkY wpfpHkwpfa,mufaom ol\ =
wpfpw
kH pfa,mufaom tw\ tvdq
k EoYkd vdu
k yf gwwfaom tjzpf\ r&Sjd cif;aMumifv
h nf;aumif;
4/ omoemy t,l&MdS uukeaf om wdww
d o
Ykd nf Muq
H tyfaom twukd y,fjcif;aMumifv
h nf;aumif;
av;rsKd;aom taMumif;w&m;wdkYaMumifh tew rnfukef\? tw r[kwfukef/
t&m0,f ---1/ oknawm = twrSuif;qdwfrI (oknww)
2/ tmrduawm = cEmtdrfudk ydkifqdkifonfh ydkif&Sif omrdtw\ r&Sd rI (tomrduw)
3/ t0o0wad wm = ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ Oyg'f-XD-bif tcdkuftwefYwdkY\ wpfpHkwpfckaom tw\
tvdktwdkif; rvdkufygrI (t0o0wew) --134
oHk;rsKd;aom teufoabmwdkYjzifh ocFg&"rwdkY\ omoemy t,ltq&Sdol wdwdwdkY MuHqtyfaom twrS uif;jcif;qdwfjcif;udk qdktyf\/
4/ twy#dauyawm = tw&SdrIudk jiif;y,frI[laom teufoabmjzifhum; ,if;wdwdwdkYonf
MuHqtyfaom twoabmw&m;\ xif&Sm;r&Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifh twr[kw[
f k y,fjrpfjcif;
y#dauyudk qdktyfayonf/
toifa,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f jl rwfonf y#doaEro
S nf pkwo
d w
Ykd ikd af tmifaom tcsed u
f mvtwGi;f
wnf&adS om kyw
f &m;wdu
Yk kd jcKH i
kH ,if;txufyg tedpo
abm 'kuo
abm tewoabmwdu
Yk kd Pfjzifh
jrifatmifMunfh tedp[kvnf;aumif; 'ku[kvnf;aumif; tew[kvnf;aumif; wpfvSnfhpD cGJ
tacgufaygif;rsm;pGm Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum Iyg/ y#doaErSonf pkwdodkYwdkifatmif tedpudk
oyfoyfIyg/ tvm;wlyif 'kuudkvnf; oyfoyfIyg/ tewudkvnf; oyfoyfIyg/ twdwftqufquf
rSonf tem*wftqufquf qHk;onfwdkifatmifvnf; enf;wlyif Ivdku IEdkifygonf/ xdkodkYI&m
tZwwpfvSnfh A[d'wpfvSnfh Ivdku Iyg/
tESpfwpf&m[lonf
]]a,m pd&H ZD0wd ? aom 0ow}}Ed 0peawm wawm ODem"dubma0g tyrmPEd 0kwH ]]{uH
0owH y&d pdEdwGm}}wd/ (r[m#D-2-406/)
tMuifyk*dKvfonf &SnfjrifhpGm touf&Sif\? xdkyk*dKvfonf tESpfwpf&m umvywfvHk; touf
&Snf\/ ('D-2-3/ oH-1-109-110/ tH-2-503/) odkY bk&m;&Sifonf a[mMum;xm;awmfrljcif;aMumifh
xdt
k ESpw
f pf&mumvatmuf ,kwaf vsmo
h nf\ tjzpf xdt
k ESpw
f pf&mumvxuf ydv
k eG o
f nf\ tjzpfonf yrmPr[kwf? odkYESvHk;ydkufawmfrl t|uxmq&mawmfu y#doaErS pkwdodkYwdkifatmifaom
tcsdefumvudk ESpfaygif;wpf&mjzifh ydkif;jcm; ,if;ESpfaygif;wpf&m\ twGif; wnf&Sdaom kyfy&rwf
w&m;wdkYudk vuPma&;oHk;wef wpfvSnfhpDwif 0dyemIyGm;oHk;oyf&ef TefMum;awmfrljcif; jzpf\/
(r[m#D-2-406/)
2/ 0a,m0kw*Frtm;jzifh Ienf;
0a,m0kw*Fr rnfonfum; t&G,f\ tpGrf;jzifh tqifhqifh BuD;&ifhNyD;aom kyfw&m;\ tqifh
qifh csKyfjcif;wnf;/ xdkodkY t&G,ftm;jzifh tqifhqifh BuD;&ifhNyD;aom kyfw&m;\ tqifhqifh csKyfjcif;\
tpGrf;jzifh vuPm,mOfoHk;csuf wpfvSnfhpDwif 0dyemIyg[k qdkvdk\/
a,bk,soufwrf; owfrSwfcsufodkY vdkuf b0wpfck\ oufwrf;udk tESpfwpf&mywf0ef;usif
xm; ,if;b0wpfck\ twGif; wnf&Sdaom kyfw&m;wdkYudk (3)yHk (10)yHk ponfjzifh yHk wpfyHk wpfyHk
twGi;f yg0ifwnf&adS om kyw
f &m;wdu
Yk kd vuPma&;oH;k wef wpfvn
S phf w
D if 0dyemI&rnfh tydik ;f
u@&yfyif jzpfonf/ odkYtwGuf IyHkpepfudk tusOf;csKyf atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;wifjytyfygonf/
135
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
10/
tESpf (100) udk

/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
(3) yHk yHkvnf;aumif;

(10)
/
(20)
/
(25)
/
(33)
/
(50)
/
(100)
/
(300)
/
(600)
/
(2400)
/
(33-34-33 ESpfpD)
(10 - ESpfpD )
(5 - ESpfpD )
(4 - ESpfpD )
(3 - ESpfpD )
(2 - ESpfpD )
(1 - ESpfpD )
(1 - OwkpD )
(2 - vpD )
(1 - yu = 15 - &ufpD )
xdt
k yHt
k oD;toD;twGi;f jzpfay:aeaom kyw
f &m;wdu
Yk kd txufygtwdik ;f toD;toD; wpfypkH D
wpfyHkpD cGJjcm;pdwfjzm ydkif;jcm; vuPm,mOfoHk;csuf wpfvSnfhpDwif 0dyemIyg/ wpfyHkNyD;rS wpfyHk
wjznf;jznf; Iyg/ wpfyHkwpfyHk wnf&Sdaom kyfw&m;rsm;onf aemufaemufaom tyHkodkY ajymif;a&TU
roGm;yHkudkvnf; Pfjzifh jrifatmifIyg/
xdkaemif wpf&ufwpf&uftwGif; wnf&Sdaom kyfw&m;wdkYudk ---1/ aeYESifh n cGJ (2)yHk yHkvnf;aumif;
2/ aeY eHeuf aeYvnf nae [k (3)yHk yHkvnf;aumif;
3/ n nOfhOD;,mrf oef;acgif,mrf rdk;aomuf,mrf[k (3)yHk yHkvnf;aumif; --(tESpfwpf&mtwGif; wnf&Sdaom &ufwdkif; &ufwdkif; 6-yHkpD 6-yHkpD yHk[k qdkvdkonf/)
xdt
k yHt
k oD;toD; twGi;f wnf&adS om kyw
f &m;rsm;udk vuPm,mOfo;kH csuf wpfvn
S phf w
D if
0dyemIyg/
txufygtwdkif; 0dyemINyD;ygu xdkwpfaeYwm\ ,if;azmfjyyg tcsdefydkif; (6)ydkif;twGif;0,f
tcsdefydkif; wpfydkif;pD wpfydkif;pD\ twGif; wnf&Sdaom kyfw&m;wdkYudk ---1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
aU&SodkYwuf&m jzpfay:aeaom kyfw&m;

aemufodkYqkwf&m jzpfay:aeaom kyfw&m;
wnfhwnfhMunfhcdkuf jzpfay:aeaom kyfw&m;
apmif;iJhMunfh&m jzpfay:aeaom kyfw&m;
auG;&m jzpfay:aeaom kyfw&m;
qefY&m jzpfay:aeaom kyfw&m; ---
kyfw&m; toD;toD;udkvnf; &d,myxydkif; orZnydkif;wdkY a&;om;wifjycJhonfh IuGuf

twdkif; kyfw&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf; vuPm,mOfoHk;csuf wpfvSnfhpD wif 0dyemIyg/ toif
olawmfaumif;\ y#doaErSonf pkwdodkYwdkifatmifaom tcsdefumvtwGif; wnf&Sdaom &ufwdkif;
&ufwdkif; txufyg IuGufudk I&rnf jzpfayonf/
136
xdak emif xdx

k kd wpfaeYwm wpfaeYwmtwGi;f aU&o
S w
Ykd ufcu
kd f aemufoq
Ykd w
k cf u
kd pf onfh &d,myxydik ;f orZnydik ;f qdik &f m xdx
k t
kd cdu
k t
f wefw
Y Ykd wpfcak om ajcvSr;f tBurd u
f kd (6)ydik ;f ydik ;f wpfyikd ;f
wpfyikd ;f twGi;f jzpfay:aeaom kyw
f &m;wdu
Yk kd odr;f qnf;vsuf vuPm,mOfo;kH csuf wpfvn
S phf w
D if
0dyemIyg/ (6)ydkif; ydkif;yHkrSm odkY jzpf\/ ---1/ O'&P = ajrrS ajcudk <ucsDajrmufaom tcdkuf jzpfay:aeaom kyfw&m;rsm;
2/ twd[&P = <ucsND y;D ajcudk &yfxm;aom ajcodYk wdik af tmif aU&o
S Ykd aqmif,cl u
kd f jzpfay:aeaom
kyfw&m;rsm;
3/ 0Dw[
d &P = &yfxm;aom ajcudk ausmv
f eG o
f mG ;atmif aU&b
S ufoYkd vSr;f aeaom ajcudk aqmif,-l
cdkuf jzpfay:aeaom kyfw&m;rsm; wpfenf; ---- cvkwf opfikwf ponfudk jrif a&SmifvTJcdkuf
jzpfay:aeaom kyfw&m;rsm;
4/ a0gZe = &yfxm;aom ajcudk ausmv
f eG o
f mG ;atmif aU&o
S Ykd ,laqmifvmaom ajcudk atmufoYkd
vTwfcsaom tcdkuf jzpfay:aeaom kyfw&m;rsm;
5/ oEda uye = xdkajcudk ajrBuD;ay: odkYr[kwf Murf;jyifay: csxm;cdkuf jzpfay:aeaom
kyfw&m;rsm;
6/ oEdk re = wpfzef xdkajcudk aemufxyf ajcwpfvSrf; vSrf;&ef ,if;ajcaxmufudk ajrrS odkYr[kwf
Murf;jyifrS r<ucif ajrBuD;udk odkYr[kwf Murf;jyifudk zdeif;vdkufaom tcdkuf jzpfay:aeaom
kyw
f &m;rsm; --tcdu
k t
f wefY (6)rsK;d twGi;f jzpfay:aeaom kyw
f &m;wdu
Yk kd toD;toD; vuPm,mOf oH;k csuf
wpfvSnfhpDwif 0dyemIyg/ ajcwpfvSrf;twGif; jzpfyGm;oGm;Muaom kyfw&m;wdkYudk ,if;uJhodkY
tcdkuftwefY (6)rsKd; cGJ I&onfh IuGuf twdkcsKyfudk odkY rSwfom;yg/ ----
]] <u - aqmif - vTJ - vTwf - cs - zd }}

pum;&yfrsm;um; t&dyjf yvQif taumifxif&rnfh OyvuPenf; ed'eenf;tm;jzifh TeMf um;
jyoaom pum;&yfrsm; jzpfMuonf/ tESpfwpf&mjzifh owfrSwfxm;tyfaom tcsdefumv twGif;0,f
&ufwdkif;&ufwdkif; xdkxdk oGm;-&yf-xdkif-avsmif; [laom &d,myxtcdkuftwefY aU&SodkYwufjcif;
aemufodkYqkwfjcif; wnfhwnfhMunfhjcif; apmif;iJhMunfhjcif; auG;jcif; qefYjcif;paom xdkxdkorZn
tcdkuftwefYwdkYvnf; xdkxdkkyfw&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf; vuPm,mOfoHk;csuf wpfvSnfhpD wif
0dyemI&ef TefMum;aejcif; jzpfonf[k oabmaygufyg/ (0dok'd-2-254-258/ Munfhyg/)
wd ww ww OyEm w&H w&H aum|moH tywGm ww waw0 yAH yAH oEd oEd Mo"d
Mo"d [kwGm wwuygav yudwwdvm 0d, w#w#m,Em ocFg&m bdZEd? wom tedpm 'kum
tewm}}wd/ wa0H yA yA *aw ocFga& 0dyawm lyoroeH okckrH a[mwd/
(0dok'd-2-257/)
odkYvQif ]]<u-aqmif-vTJ-vTwf-cs-zd}} [laom xdkxdkaum|mo = tzdkYtpk jzpfay:oGm;Muukeaf om kyw
f &m;taygif;wdo
Yk nf rS wpfyg;aom rS wpfyg;aom tjcm;tjcm;aom aemufaemuf
137
aum|mo = tzdkYtpkodkY ra&mufrl xdkxdkaum|moomvQif tqpftqpf tpyftpyf tydkif;tydkif;

jzpf avmavmylaom tdk;uif; xnfhtyfaom ESrf;wdkYonf wzspfzspfrnfaom toHudk jyKukefvsuf
ysuu
f ek o
f uJo
h Ykd blwkyf Oyg'gky[
f al om ocFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nf xdx
k ckd P cPrpJ woJoJ NyKd NyKd ysuyf suf
aeMuuke\
f / xdaYk Mumifh tedpw
w
Ykd nf;? 'kuw
w
Ykd nf;? tewww
Ykd nf;/ odYk qifjcifo;kH oyfyI mG ;ae\/
odkY tqpftqpf tydkif;tydkif;jzpfukefaom blwkyf Oyg'gkyf ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk 0dyemIaeaom
xdka,m*g0p&&[ef;awmf\ kyfw&m;udk 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyfvsuf&Sdaom lyoroe 0dyemPfonf odrfarGUaom tqifhodkY a&muf&SdoGm;NyD jzpfayonf/ (0dok'd-2-257/)
"mwfvGef - "mwf,kwf
xdkajcwpfvSrf;twGif;0,f ]]<u-aqmif-vTJ-vTwf-cs-zd}}[laom tcdkuftwefY (6)rsKd;wdkYwGif
ajcud<k ucsaD om tcdu
k t
f wefY yx0D"mwf tmayg"mwf[al om "mwfEpS yf g;wdo
Yk nf obm0owpd rG ;f tif
tm;jzifh ,kwfnhHaom yrmP&Sdukef\/ EkHYukef\/ awaZm"mwf 0ga,m"mwf ESpfyg;wdkYum; obm0owd
pGrf;tiftm;jzifh vGefuJaom yrmP &Sdukef\? pGrf;tm; BuD;rm;ukef\? oefrmaom pGrf;tm; &SdMuukef\/
xdkYtwlyif twd[&P = ajcudk aU&SodkY aqmif,lcdkufvnf;aumif; 0Dwd[&P = ajcudk vJTcdkufvnf;aumif; awaZm"mwf 0ga,m"mwf ESpfyg;wdkYonf obm0owd pGrf;tiftm;jzifh vGefuJaom yrmP
&dSukef\? oefrmaom pGrf;tm;&dSukef\? pGrf;tm; BuD;rm;ukef\/ a0gZe = ajcudk vTwfjcif; atmufodkY
csjcif; awaZm"mwf 0ga,m"mwf[al om "mwfEpS yf g;wdo
Yk nf obm0owpd rG ;f tiftm;jzifh ,kwn
f ahH om
yrmP&du
S ek \
f ? Eku
YH ek \
f / yx0D"mwf tmayg"mwf ESpyf g;wdo
Yk nf obm0owdp rG ;f tiftm;jzifh vGeu
f aJ om
yrmP&dSukef\? oefrmaom pGrf;tm; &dSukef\/ ajrtjyif ajcudkcsxm;jcif; = oEdauye csDtyfaom
ajcudk ajrESiw
hf uG MuyfMuyfzEd ySd jf cif; = oEd kre wdYk tvm;wlyif yx0D"mwf tmayg"mwf ESpyf g;wdo
Yk nf
obm0owdpGrf;tiftm;jzifh vGefuJaom yrmP&dSukef\? oefrmaom pGrf;tm; &dSukef\/
odv
Yk Qif 0a,m0kw*Frkyfw&m; <u-aqmif-vTJ-vTwf-cs-zd [k aeYpOf aeYpOf xdx
k kd oGm;cdu
k f
vmcdu
k w
f Ykd (6)ykH yk
H xdk (6)yg;aom aum|mowd\
Yk tpGr;f jzifh ,if;kyw
f &m;wdu
Yk kd Pfjzifh jrifatmif
Munfh vuPma&;okH;wefodkY wpfvSnfhpDwifum 0dyemIyGm;okH;oyfyg/ (0dok'd-2-257/)
ajcud<k ucsaD om tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh jzpfaom pdwo
rk|mefyk w
f w
Ykd iG f pifppftm;jzihf awaZm"mwf
0ga,m"mwfwdkY\ vGefuJaom yrmP&dSonf\ tjzpfudk tvdk&dStyf\/ tb,faMumifhenf;[lrl ---- xdk
awaZm"mwf 0ga,m"mwfw\
Ykd ayghyg;aom oabm&do
S nf\ tjzpfaMumifw
h nf;/ xdo
k Ykd ajcudk <ucscD u
kd f
awaZm"mwf 0ga,m"mwfw\
Ykd vGeu
f aJ om yrmP&do
S nf\ tjzpfaMumifo
h mvQif rSwpfyg;ukeaf om
yx0D"mwf tmayg"mwfw\
Ykd ,kwn
f ahH om yrmP&do
S nf\tjzpfukd tvd&k t
Sd yf ayonf/ tb,faMumifh
enf;[lrl ---- xdkyx0D"mwf tmayg"mwfwdkY\ av;vHaom oabm&dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifhwnf;/
xdkpdwZkyfESifh qufpyfaeonf\tjzpfaMumifh pdwZkyfrS<uif;aom urZkyf OwkZkyf tm[m&Zkyf[laom wdork|mefkyfonfvnf; xdkpdwZkyf\ tvm;&dSonfomvQif jzpf\/ um,0dnwf\
jzpfjcif; 0ga,m"mwf\ vGeu
f aJ om yrmP&So
d nf\tjzpf 0pD0n
d wfjzpfjcif; yx0D"mwf\ vGeu
f aJ om
yrmP&dSonf\tjzpfonf qdktyfcJhNyD;aom teufudk TefjyaMumif; O'g[kPf[k rSwfom;ygav/
ajcud<k ucsjD cif;uJo
h Ykd ajcudk aU&o
S aYkd qmifjcif; xdrk S rS aqmifjcif;vnf; ayghyg;aom ov[u
k oabm
138
&daS om kyw
f &m;\ jzpfjcif;onf jzpf&um; xdEk pS yf g;ukeaf om awaZm"mwf 0ga,m"mwfw\
Ykd vGeu
f aJ om
yrmP&dSonf\ tjzpfudk tvdk&dStyf\/ xdkYaMumifh twd[&P 0Dwd[&PwdkYvnf; enf;wl rSwfyg[k
t|uxmu zGifhqdkjcif; jzpfonf/ (r[m#D-2-409/)
3/ tm[m&r,kyf - Ienf;
xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf qdktyfcJhNyD;aom enf;twdkif; trsKd;rsKd;aom tpktykHwdkYudk ykHvsuf
0a,m0kw*Fr kyf vuPma&;okH;wefudk wif 0dyemINyD;aemuf wpfzef xdkkyfw&m;udkyifvQif
cJjG crf;a0zef ---(u) tm[m&r,kyf = tm[m&aMumifh jzpfaomkyf
( c ) Owkr,kyf
= OwkaMumifh jzpfaomkyf
( * ) urZkyf
= uHaMumifhjzpfaomkyf
(C) pdwork|mefkyf = pdwfaMumifhjzpfaomkyf --av;rsKd;ukefaom kyfwdkY\ tpGrf;jzifh av;yg;ukefaom aum|mo = tpktykHwdkYudk jyK wpfck
wpfckaom aum|mo = tpktykH vuPma&;okH;wefudk wifvsuf 0dyem IyGm;okH;oyf\/
xdkkyfav;rsKd;wdkYwGif xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef0,f tm[m&aMumifhjzpfaom tm[m&r,kyfonf qmavmifrGwfodyfaomtcg tpm0 a&mifh&Jaomtcg\ tpGrf;jzifh xif&Sm;\/ rSefayonf
rGwfodyfqmavmifaomtcg jzpfaom kyfonf ndK;EGrf;\ yifyef;\? rD;avmifikwfuJhodkYvnf;aumif;
rD;aoG;awmif;xuf em;aeaom usD;uJhodkYvnf;aumif; tqif;rvSjzpf\? raumif;aomoPmef &dS\/
tpm0 wif;wdrfa&mifh&Jaomtcg jzpfaom kyfonf a&mifh&J\? tom;\ pdkpdkjynfjynf yGm;wuf
jynfhpkHjcif;jzifh NydKUNydKUNzdK;NzdK;&dS\? El;nHh\? odrfarGU\? aumif;aom tawGUtxd &dS\/
xdkYaMumifh toifa,m*g0p&yk*dKvfoljrwfonf tESpfwpf&mjzifh owfrSwfydkif;jcm;xm;tyfaom
wpfoufwm b0wpfavQmuf0,f aeYpOfaeYpOf wpfaeYwm wpfaeYwmtwGif; ---(u) tpmtm[m& qmavmif rGwfodyfaomtcg jzpfaom uH-pdwf-Owk-tm[m& [laom
taMumif;w&m; av;rsKd;aMumifh jzpfaom pwkoEwdkyf
( c ) tpmpm;NyD; tpm0aomtcg jzpfaom uH-pdwf-Owk-tm[m& [laom taMumif;w&m;
av;rsKd;aMumifh jzpfaom pwkoEwdkyf ---,if;kyw
f &m;wdu
Yk kd odr;f qnf; = Pfjzifh ydik ;f jcm;,l vuPma&;ok;H wef wpfvn
S phf D wifum
0dyem IyGm;okH;oyfyg/
aeYwdkif; aeYwdkif; xdkpwkoEwdkyfudk odrf;qnf; = Pfjzifhydkif;jcm;,l qmavmifrGwfodyfaomtcg jzpfaomkyo
f nf tpm0 jynfNh zKd ;aom tcsed u
f mvodYk ra&mufbJ qmavmifrw
G o
f yd af om
tcsdefumvyif csKyfysufoGm;ykHudkvnf;aumif; tpmpm;NyD; jynfhNzdK;aom tcsdefumv jzpfaom
kyfonfvnf; qmavmifrGwfodyfaomtcgodkY ra&mufbJ ,if;jynfhNzdK;aom tcsdefumvyif csKyfysufoGm;ykHudkvnf;aumif; 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh vuPma&;okH;wefudk wpfvSnfhpD wifum
0dyemIyg/ (0dok'd-2-258-259/)
139
4/ Owkr,kyf - Ienf;
tvm;wlyif toifa,m*g0p&yk*dKvfoljrwfonf wpfaeYwm wpfaeYwmtwGif; ---(u) ylaomtcg jzpfaom pwkoEwd kyfw&m;
( c ) at;aomtcg jzpfaom pwkoEwd kyfw&m; - kyw
f &m;wdu
Yk kd odr;f qnf; = Pfjzifh ydik ;f jcm;,l ,if;kyw
f &m;wdu
Yk kd vuPm,mOf ok;H wefudk wpfvSnfhpD wif 0dyemIyg/ (0dok'd-2-259 - Munfh/)
5/ urZkyf - Ienf;
tvm;wlyif toifa,m*g0p&yk*dKvfoljrwfonf wpfaeYwm wpfaeYwmtwGif; ---1/ puK'Gg& = rsufpd jzpfay:aeaom (54)rsKd;aom kyfw&m;rsm;
2/ aomw'Gg& = em; jzpfay:aeaom (54)rsKd;aom kyfw&m;rsm;
3/ Cme'Gg& = ESm jzpfay:aeaom (54)rsKd;aom kyfw&m;rsm;
4/ Zd0Sg'Gg& = vQm jzpfay:aeaom (54)rsKd;aom kyfw&m;rsm;
5/ um,'Gg& = udk,f jzpfay:aeaom (44)rsKd;aom kyfw&m;rsm;
6/ raem'Gg& = ESvkH;jzpfay:aeaom (54)rsKd;aom kyfw&m;rsm; -- kyw
f &m;wdu
Yk kd odr;f qnf; = Pfjzifh ydik ;f jcm;,l ,if;kyw
f &m;wd\
Yk 'Gg&wpfcrk S 'Gg&wpfco
k Ykd
rajymif;ra&TUbJ xdx
k kd 'Gg&tcdu
k t
f wefY yif jzpfrI ysurf I csKyyf surf o
I abm ponfukd Pfjzifh jrifatmif
Munfh vuPm,mOfokH;csufudk wpfvSnfhpDwif 0dyem Iyg/ (kyfta&twGufESifh ywfouf
kyfur|mef;ydkif;Z,m;rsm;udk jyefMunfhyg/) (0dok'd-2-259-Munfh/)
6/ pdwork|mefkyf - Ienf;
tESpf (100)jzifh ydkif;jcm;xm;tyfaom xdktcsdefumv\ wpfaeYwm wpfaeYwm tcsdefumv
twGi;f ---(u) aomredwumv = 0rf;ajrmufrI jzpfcdkuf jzpfay:aeaom pwkoEwdkyfw&m;rsm;
( c ) a'gredwumv = pdwfrcsrf;omrI 0rf;enf;rI jzpf&mtcdkuf jzpfay:aeaom pwkoEwd
kyw
f &m;rsm; --xdkkyfw&m;wdkYudk toifa,m*g0p&yk*dKvfoljrwfonf odrf;qnf; = Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,l
vuPm,mOfokH;csufudk wpfvSnfhpDwifum 0dyem IyGm;okH;oyfyg/ (0dok'd-2-259/)
odkYvQif pdwork|mefkyfudk odrf;qnf; = Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,l vuPm,mOfokH;wefudk
wif 0dyembm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;vsu&f aSd om xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f jl rwf\ Pf qdt
k yf
vwUH aom ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk tvGet
Yf vGef wdak wmif;aom cP&do
S nf\ tjzpf tvGet
Yf vGef wdak wmif;aom oufwrf;&dSonf\ tjzpf[k qdktyfaom teufoabmw&m;onf xif&Sm;vmay\/ ---1/ ZD0dwH twbma0g p? okc'kum p au0vm/ {updworm,kwm? v[kaom 0waw caPm/
2/ pkvmoDwd o[med? uyH wd|Ed a, rl/ eawG0 awyd wd|Ed? 'GD[d pdaw[d oarm[dwm/
140
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
a, edk'g r&E? wd|rme 0g "/ oaA0 o'dom cEm? *wm ty#doEdum/

teE&m p a, b*g? a, p b*g tem*aw/ w'E&m edk'geH? a0orH ewd vuaP/
tedAawe e Zmawm? ypKyaEe ZD0wd/ pdwb*Fg rawm avmaum? ynwd y&rwd,m/
ted"me*wm b*g? ykam ewd tem*aw/ edAwm a,yd wd| Ed? tm&a* omoylyrm/
edAwme "rmeH? ba*Fg aeoH yk&uawm/ yavmu"rm wd|Ed? yk&maP[d trddwm/
]t'eawm tm,Ed? b*g *p E K}'eH/ 0dZKyga'g0 tmumao? OyZEd 0,Ed p/
(r[meda'o-32/ 0dok'd-2-260/)
1/ ZD0w
d = ZD0w
d ad Èo
nfvnf;aumif;/ twbma0g p = ZD0w
d a0'em 0dnmPfukd MuOfz,fxm;
<uif;aom y&rw"r[k qdt
k yfaom twbm0onfvnf;aumif;/ okc'kum p = okca0'em 'kua 0'em
Oayuma0'emwdkYonfvnf;aumif;/ (r[m#D-2-411/) au0vm = twESifhvnf;aumif; edptjzpfESifh
vnf;aumif; ra&mr,Suf oufoufjzpfuek
f / {updwo
rm,kwm = wpfck wpfcak om pdwEf iS hf ,SOw
f
GJ
twlwuG jzpfay:vmMuukef\/ ({updwuPduwm, = wpfckaompdwuP &dSonf\tjzpfaMumifh)
v[kaom = tvGefwdkawmif;aom oufwrf;&dSonf jzpf vsifjrefaom jzpfjcif;&dSaom/ caPm =
touf&Sifaom cPonf/ 0waw = 0wwd = jzpfay: aeay\/
2/ a, rl = tMuifewfjA[mwdkYonf/ pkvmoDwdo[med uyH = &Spfaomif;av;axmif twdkif;
twm yrmP&daS om urmBu;D umvywfv;Hk / wd| Ed = wnfaeMuuke\
f / awyd = xdo
k Ykd touf&n
S pf mG aom ae0onmemonm,we ewfjA[mwdkYonfvnf;/ 'GD[d pdaw[d = pdwuP ESpfcsufwdkYESifh/
oarm[dwm = twlwuGjzpfukef/ eawG0 wd| Ed = rwnfukefonfomwnf;/ urmaygif; (84000)
touf&iS v
f suf wnfaeEdik Mf uukeaf om ae0onmemonm,we jA[mBu;D wd\
Yk oEmefaomfrv
S nf;
ZD0dw a0'em onmpaom apwoduf emrfw&m;pkwdkYonf ESpfrsKd;aom pdwfwdkYESifh twlwuG jzpfay:
wnfaeMuonfum; r[kwfukef/ wpfckaom pdwfESifhomvQif twlwuG jzpfMuukef xdkpdwfESifhyif
twlwuG csKyyf su
f oGm;jcif;aMumifh 'kw,
d pdwf jzpfonfw
h ikd af tmif rwnfEikd u
f ek [
f k qdv
k \
kd / (r[m#D2-411/)
3/ r&E = pkawuG,fvGefaom ow0g\/ edk'g = pkwdpdwfESifh twlwuG csKyfavukefaom/
a, cEm = tMuifcEmwdkYonfvnf;aumif;/ " = y0wdtcg/ wd|rme = wnfaeqJjzpfaom
= touf&SifaeqJjzpfaom ow0g\/ a, 0g edk'g = tMuifysufjcif; = bifumvodkY a&muf&Sdojzifh
csKyfysufaom cEmwdkYonfvnf;aumif;/ oEd = &dSMuavukef\/ aw oaAyd cEm = xdktvkH;pkHaom
cEmwdo
Yk nfvnf;/ o'dom = wpfcsuw
f nf; wlnMD uuke\
f / ty#o
d Eu
d m = wpfzef jyefvm qufpyfjcif;
r&dSukefrl/ *wm = 0d*wm = uif;aysmuf oGm;Muavukef\/ (pkwd\ bifumv pkwdcEmwdkY\
csKyfysufjcif; y0wdtcg y&rwfcEmwdkY\ bifumvcsKyfysufjcif; csKyfysufjcif; ESpfrsKd;um; wlnDvsuf&dS\/ csKyfysufonfhtcg r&dSjcif;oabmodkYom a&muf&dSoGm;\/ csKyfysufNyD;aom cEmonf topf
wpfzef jyefjzpf;kd "rwm r&Sd ? r&djS cif; oknoabmodo
Yk m qdu
k af &mufomG ;\/ ,if;r&djS cif; oknoabmodYk
qdkufa&mufoGm;NyD;aom cEmonf topfwpfzefjzpfjyef jzpfqJcEmESifh jyefvnfqufpyfjcif; oabmvnf; r&dS/ pkwdcEmwdkYonf topfwpfzef jyefvnf rjzpfMuukefouJhodkY tvm;wlyif xdkpkwdpdwfrS
a&S;vnf; cEmwdo
Yk nfvnf; csKyNf y;D aemuf topfjyefvnf jzpfjcif;oabm r&dMS uavuke/f xdaYk Mumifh
141
ow0gwdkY\ touf[k ac:qdktyfaom ZD0dwdaÈonf wpfckaom pdwuPomvQif oufwrf;&dS\[k

qdkvdk\/)
4/ a, ocFg&m = tMuifocFg&w&m;wdkYonf/ teE&m p = teE&ar0 = vGefavNyD;aom
tjcm;r&dSonfh tjcm;rJhumvomvQif/ b*g = edk'g = csKyfysufcJhavukefNyD/ a, p ocFg&m = tMuif
ocFg&w&m;wdkYonfvnf;/ tem*aw = tem*wfumv/ b*g = AseoDvm = csKyfysufjcif;oabm
&dSukefonfjzpf/ bdZdEd = csKyfysufMuukefvwHU/ awoH = xdktwdwftem*wf ocFg&w&m;wdkY\
vnf;aumif;/ w'E&m edk'geH = xdktwdwftem*wf ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tv,f ypKyef\ tjzpfodkY
a&muf csKyfysufukefaom ocFg&w&m;wdkY\vnf;aumif;/ awoH = xdktwdwf tem*wf ypKyef[k
ok;H rsK;d jym;ukeaf om ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk vnf;/ vuaP = ysujf cif; = bifumv[laom vuPmaMumif/h
0g/ ysujf cif; = bifumv[laom trSwv
f uPmedrw
d f / a0orH = rwlx;l jcm;uJjG ym;onf\ tjzpfonf/
ewd = r&dSonfomwnf;/
5/ tedAawe = tEkyaEe = Oyg'f-XD-bif = jzpf-wnf-ysuf[laom cPokH;yg;taygif;odkY a&mufqJ
r[kwfaom/ pdawe = pdwfjzifh/ Zmawm = jzpfonf rnfonf/ ea[mwd = r[kwf/ ypKyaEe pdawe
= ypKye pf w
d jf zif/h ZD0wd = touf&iS o
f nf rnf\/ pdwb
*Fg = pdw\
f csKyyf suo
f mG ;jcif;aMumif/h avmaum
= owavmuonf/ rawm = aoonfrnf\/ {0H oaEyd = odkY jzpfygaomfvnf;/ ynwd =
oEmeynwfonf/ y&rwd,m y&rwblwm = y&rwESifh pyfjcif;&dS&um; y&rwjzpf jzpf\/
wpfb0 wpfcgaoaus ysupf ;D &jcif;um; orkwo
d pm orkwrd &Pwnf;/ y&rwopmtm;jzifh
pkwpd w
d \
f bifumvodaYk &muf&jSd cif; = csKyyf sujf cif;udyk if aoonf[k qd\
k / pkwpd w
d \
f csKyyf sujf cif;uJo
h Ykd
y0wt
d cg tvk;H pkaH om xdx
k pkd w
d \
f vnf; csKyyf sujf cif; bifumvodYk a&mufjcif;aMumifh avmuonf
y&rwopmtm;jzifh aoonfrnf\/ tb,faMumifhenf;? csKyfysufNyD;aom pdwf\ wpfzefjyefvm
rcsKyyf suaf o;aom pdwEf iS hf qufpyfjcif;rnfonf r&do
S nf\ tjzpfaMumifyh ifwnf;/ ,if;odjYk zpfygvsuf
tb,foabmtm;jzifh y#doaErS pkwdwdkifatmif touf&Sif\[k qkdtyfygoenf;[lrl? xdkxdkxif&Sm;
&dSaom rSD&m0wKkyfESifh wuGaom pdwfudk tpJGjyK ]]wdonf touf&Sif\? zkonf touf&Sif\}}
odYk tac:ta0:pum;jzpfjcif;\ t&mjzpf jzpfaom tMuif tqufrjywf aU&ES iS ahf emuf qufpyfvsuf
txyfxyfjzpfaeaom cEmtpOf[al om tMuifoEmeynwfonf &d\
S / xdak vmua0g[m&pum; jzpfjcif;\ t&mjzpfaom oEmeynwfonf ]]wdonf touf&Sif\? zkonftouf&Sif\}}[laom
avmua0g[m&pum; jzpfjcif; udk;uG,ftm;xm;&m y&rwyif jzpf\/ rSefayonf --- emra*gwH
e ZD&wd (oH-1-40/) = trnfemrynwf trsKd;tEG,fynwfonf rtdk}} -- odkY a[mMum;xm;awmf
rlukef\/ (r[m#D-2-412/)
6/ a, = tMuif ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf/ b*g = csKyfysufoGm;Muukef\/ aw = xdkcsKyfysufoGm;Muukeaf om ocFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nf/ ted"me*wm = wpfpw
Hk pfcak om t&yf odrk ;DS odr;f qnf;xm;tyfonf\
tjzpfodkY ra&muf&dSMuavukef/ (tx acg = wu,fpifppftm;jzifhrlum;/ tbm0ar0 = r&dSjcif;
tbm0oabmodkYomvQif/ *wm = a&muf&dSoGm;Muavukef\/) ,awm = tMuifocFg&w&m; tpktykH
rS/ 0wrmebm0H = jzpfqJ0wrmef = ypKyeftjzpfodkY/ tm*ap,sKH = a&muf&dSvmMuavukef&m\/ tem
142
*aw = aemiftem*wftzdkY/ wm'daom = xdkuJhodkYaom oabm&dSaom/ ykam = ocFg&w&m;tpktykH

onf/ ewd = r&dSonfomwnf;/ a, = tMuifypKyefjzpfaom ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf/ edAwm = rdrd
rdr\
d ud,
k yf ikd o
f bm0 vuPmtoD;toD;odYk Oyg'f-XD-biftaetm;jzifh qdu
k af &mufvmukeo
f nf jzpf
&tyfaom twabm&dSukef = y&rwtxnfudk,fj'yf xif&Sm;&dSukef jzpfqJjzpfMuukef\/ awyd =
xdyk pKye o
f cFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nfvnf;/ tm&a* = yGwaf qmufzsm; pl;zsm;/ omoylyrm = wifxm;tyfaom
rkefnif;aphvQif wlaomOyrm &dSukef/ wd| Ed = wnfMuukef\/
tyfwpfacsmif;onf axmifvsuf wnfaeonf qdkMupdkY/ xdkodkYaxmifvsuf pdkufxlxm;tyfaom
tvGet
Yf vGef ao;i,ford af rGUaom tyfzsm;\ xdyaf y: ypfwifxm;tyfaom rken
f if;aphonf xdt
k yf\
tpGef;xdyfzsm;udk xdumrQonfom jzpf vdrfhusoGm;um Mum&SnfpGm rwnfEdkifouJhodkY tvm;wlyif
twdwf tem*wf ypKye [
f al om umvok;H yg;twGi;f wnf&aSd eMuukeaf om ocFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nf jzpfNy;D onfEiS hf wpfNyKd ief uf csKyyf su
f om oGm;Muuke\
f / xdo
k cFg&w&m;wd\
Yk Mumjrifph mG wnfwjhH cif; oabmonf r&dSonfomwnf;/ umvokH;yg;twGif; wnf&dSMuaom xdkocFg&w&m; rSeforQwdkYonf rjzpfrD
rjzpfcif aU&StzdkYvnf; r&dSMu/ jzpfNyD;aemufvnf; r&dSMu/ xdkr&dSjcif; ESpfrsKd;wdkY\ tv,fomvQif
yGwaf qmufzsm; wifxm;tyfaom rken
f if;aphyrm tvGet
Yf vGef wdak wmif;aom tcsed u
f mv twGi;f om Oyg'f-XD-bif-[laom ,m,Dtcdu
k t
f wefrY Qom xif&mS ;jzpfay:vmMuuke\
f [k od&ySd gav/ (r[m#D2-412/)
7/ edAwmeH = jzpffay:NyD;Muukefaom/ aeo "rmeH = xdkocFg&w&m;wdkY\vnf;/ ba*Fg = ysufjcif;
= bif rnfonfudk/ yk&uawm = aU&SrSjyKtyfonf = aU&SoGm;jyKtyfonf/ a[mwd = jzpfay\/ (pifppf
ysufvwHU jzpf rvJTra&SmifEdkif [lvdkonf/) yk&maP[d = a&S;twdwfa[mif; cEmwdkYESifh/ trddwm
= ra&mr,Sufukefonf jzpf/ yavmu"rm = ysufpD;jcif; oabm&dSukefonf jzpf/ wd| Ed = wnfaeMuukef\/
8/ t'eawm = rjriftyf&m t&yfrS = tm,Ed = tm*p Ed = vmukef jzpfuek \
f / (pum;&yfjzifh
ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ wpfpkHwpfckaom tpktykHrS vmjcif; r&dSonfudkyif qdkvkdonf/) b*g = b*gyd =
ysuu
f ek Nf y;D aom ocFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nfvnf;/ t'eH = rjriftyfonf\ tjzpfo/Ykd *p Ed = a&mufuek \
f /
(wpfpw
Hk pfcak om tpktyko
H Ykd uyfa&mufjcif; r&daS omaMumifh tcsi;f cyford ;f tbm0odo
Yk mvQif a&mufukef\ [lvdkonf/) tmumao = aumif;uif/ 0dZKyga'g0 = vQyfjyufouJhodkY/ OyZEd p = jzpfvnf;
jzpfukef\/ 0,Ed p = ysufvnf;ysufukef\/ wd t,H tawm = odkYaom teufoabmonf/
ygua#m = xif&Sm;onf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/ (r[meda'o-32/ 0dok'd-2-260/)
7/ "rwmkyf - Ienf;
puKaÈ aomwdaÈ CmedaÈ ZD0SdaÈ um,daÈ ZD0dwdaÈ paom urZkyf[laom aÈwdkYESifh
qufpyfrIr&dSaom oH-aMu;-ovJGjzL-ovJGrnf;-a&T-aiG-ykvJ-ywjrm;-ausmufrsufJG-ckoif;-oEmywjrm;eD-ywjrm;ajymuf-ajr-ausmufawmif-jruf-opfyif-EG,f-ponfh oufrJhavmu wnf&dSaom
tedÈd,A'trnf&aom MoZ|rukyf o'e0uuvmyfkyfw&m;wdkYudk vuPm,mOfwif 0dyem
Iyg/
143
a&S;OD;pGm toifa,m*g0p&yk*dKvfoljrwfonf rdrd 0dyemIyGm;vdkaom opfyif-a&-ajr-awmawmif-a&T-aiG-ausmuf-oH-ywjrm;ponfh oufrJht&m0wKwpfckckudk rdrd\ 0dyemPfta&mif

tvif;jzifh xdk;pdkuf xdkt&m0wK wnf&dSaom "mwfBuD;av;yg;wdkYudk pdkufIyg/ ,if;t&m0wK
wnf&dSaom "mwfBuD;av;yg;wdkY\ tpktykHudk twkH;tcJudk 0dyemPfjzifh Ijrifaomtcg ,if;
"mwfBuD;av;yg;wdkY\ twkH;tcJ tmumo"mwfudk wpfzefjrifatmif qufIvdkufygu kyfuvmyf
trIefrsm;udk vG,fulpGmyif awGU&dSEdkifygonf/ odkYaomf tqifhodkY wdkifatmif tZw A[d' ESpfrsKd;vkH;
ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk wGifwGifBuD; 0dyemIEdkifaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftzdkYrlum; rsm;aomtm;jzifh rdrd
0dyemIymG ;vdak om a&T-aiG-paom ,if;t&m0wK wnf&aSd om "mwfBu;D av;yg;wdu
Yk kd pdu
k
f Ivu
kd f Hk
rQjzifyh if ,if;kyu
f vmyftrIerf sm;udk tvG,w
f ulyif awGU&dES ikd af yonf/ ,if;kyu
f vmyfwu
Ykd kd "mwfcyGJ g/
,if;kyfuvmyf toD;toD; toHrygaomf MoZmvQif (8)ckajrmuf&dSaom MoZ|rukyfrsm; &dSMu\/
toHygaomf toHvQif (9)ckajrmuf&Sdaom o'e0uuvmyfkyfrsm; &dSMu\/ ,if;y&rwfkyfw&m;wdkYudk
vuPm,mOfwifum 0dyemIyg/
lyowu 0dyemIenf; (7)enf;wdkYwGif eHygwf (1)rS eHygwf (6)wdkifatmifaom kyfw&m;wdkYum; ouf&dSavmu wnf&dSMuaom kyfw&m;rsm; jzpfMu\/ tZw A[d' oEmefESpfrsKd;vkH;yif
0dyemIEdkifygonf/ aemufqkH; a&;om;wifjyxm;aom eHygwf(7)ckajrmuf jzpfaom "rwmkyf
w&m;rsm;um; tedÈd,A'jzpfaom oufrJhavmu wnf&dSaom kyfw&m;rsm;om jzpfMu\/ ,if;
"rwmkyfwdkYudk A[d' oufrJhavmuom Iyg/
tlyowu 0dyem Ienf;

1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
tlyowu 0dyemIenf; ---uvmytm;jzifhIenf; = aygif;pkjcHKikH Ienf;

,ru = tpkHtm;jzifh Ienf;
cPdutm;jzifh Ienf;
y#dyg#d = tpOftwdkif;tm;jzifh Ienf;
'd|dO *g #e = 'd|dudk cGmaomtm;jzifh Ienf;
rmeO*g #e = rmeudk cGmaomtm;jzifh Ienf;
eduEdy&d,m'ge = wPSm = eduEdudk ukefatmif rjzpfatmif Ienf; --odkYtm;jzifh 0dyemIyGm;okH;oyfykH (7)enf; vm&dSayonf/
1/ uvmytm;jzifh Ienf;
txufyg lyowu Ienf; vm&dSaom (7)XmewdkY wnf&dSaom kyfw&m;udk aygif;pkjcHKiHk
tedp[
v
k nf;aumif; 'ku[
v
k nf;aumif; tew[v
k nf;aumif; wpfvn
S phf D 0dyemIaeaom pdwu
f kd
aemufpw
d jf zifh tedp[
v
k nf;aumif; 'ku[
v
k nf;aumif; tew[v
k nf;aumif; wpfzefjyef wpfvn
S hf
pD 0dyemIyg/ (0dok'd-2-261-262/)
144
rQjzifh 0dyemIuGufudk oabmraygufao;aom toifa,m*g0p&yk*dKvfoljrwftwGuf

&Sif;vif;csufrsm;udk xyfrH a&;om;wifjytyfygonf/ --lyowuIenf; a&;om;wifjycJhaom tm'geedauyekyfrSonf "rwmkyfodkYwdkifatmifaom
(7)XmewdYk wnf&adS om kyw
f &m;wdu
Yk kd (7)Xme rcJjG cm;awmhbJ wpfaygif;wnf;jyK ,if;kyw
f &m;wdu
Yk kd
tedp[kvnf;aumif; 'ku[kvnf;aumif; tew[kvnf;aumif; wpfvSnfhpD 0dyem Iyg/ xdkodkY
I&m0,f tedp[kIaom 0dyempdwfudk aemuf0dyempdwfjzifh wpfzefjyef tedp[kvnf;aumif;
'ku[kvnf;aumif; tew[kvnf;aumif; wpfvSnfhpD xyf 0dyemI&jyef\/
qdv
k o
kd nfrmS odYk jzpf\ -- ,if; (7)XmewdYk wnf&aSd om kyw
f &m;wdu
Yk kd aygif;pkjcKH i
Hk odr;f qnf;
Ny;D vQif ,if;kyw
f &m;wd\
Yk jzpfNy;D vQif ysuo
f mG ;onfo
h abmudk = tedpt
jcif;t&mudk 0dyemPfjzifh
jrifatmifMunf tedp[
k Iyg/ tedp[
k aI om ,if;0dyempdwu
f ykd if = tedp[
k aI eaom raem'Gg&du
0dyemaZm0Dxd pdwftpOfudkyif wpfzef jyef aemuf0dyempdwfjzifh = aemuf0dyemaZm0Dxd
pdwftpOfjzifh ,if; aU&S0dyemaZm0Dxd pdwftpOf\ jzpfNyD;vQif ysufoGm;aom tedptjcif;t&mudk
Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh tedp[k Iyg/
tvm;wlyif wpfzef ,if;kyw
f &m;wdu
Hk odr;f qnf;Ny;D vQif ,if;kyw
f &m;wd\
Yk tedp
tjcif;t&mudk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh tedp[k Iyg/ tedp[kIaom ,if;aU&S0dyem
aZmpdwt
f pOfuykd if wpfzefjyef aemuf0yd empdwjf zifh = aemuf0yd emaZmpdwt
f pOfjzifh jrifatmif
Munf
h ,if;aU&0S yd empdw\
f = aU&0S yd emaZmpdwt
f pOf\ jzpfjcif;ysujf cif; 'Pfcsujf zifh tjrrJ jywf
tnOf;yef; tEdSyfpufcH&onfh oabmudk = 'kutjcif;t&mudk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh
'ku[k Iyg/
tvm;wlyif wpfzef ,if;kyfw&m;wdkYudk aygif;pkjcHKikH odrf;qnf;NyD;vQif ,if;kyfw&m;wdkY\
tedpt
jcif;t&mudk 0dyemPfjzihf jrifatmifMunf
h tedp[
k Iyg/ tedp[
k aI om ,if;aU&0S yd em
aZmpdwt
f pOfuykd if wpfzefjyef aemuf0yd emaZmpdwt
f pOfjzifh jrifatmifMunf
h ,if;aU&0S yd em
pdw\
f = aU&0S yd emaZmpdwt
f pOf\ rysupf ;D bJ tusw
d t
f cJ tcdik t
f rm tESpo
twr[kwfonfh tewtjcif;t&mudk tmkHjyK tew[k Iyg/
,if;(7)XmewdkY wnf&Sdaom kyfw&m;wdkYudk 'ku[k I 'ku[k Iaom ,if;aU&S0dyempdwfudk
aemuf0yd empdwjf zifh tedp[
v
k nf;aumif; 'ku[
v
k nf;aumif; tew[v
k nf;aumif; toD;toD;cJ
G
tvm;wlyif 0dyemIyg/
tvm;wlyif ,if; (7)XmewdkY wnf&dSaom kyfw&m;wdkYudk tew[k I tew[k Iaom ,if;
aU&S0dyempdwfudk aemuf0dyempdwfjzifh tedp[kvnf;aumif; 'ku[kvnf;aumif; tew[k
vnf;aumif; 0dyemIyg/ oabmaygufEdkifavmufayNyD/
0dyemIaeaom pdw[
f o
l nf ykxZk efEiS hf aouy*k Kd vrf sm;\ oEmef r[mukov
kd f raem'Gg&du
aZm0Dxdpdwfrsm; jzpf taou = &[Emt&SifjrwfwdkY\ oEmef r[mBud,m raem'Gg&du aZm0Dxd
pdwftpOfrsm; jzpfMu\/ (tbd-|-2-388/)
145
t&m aU&Spdwf-aemufpdwf[k t|uxmq&mawmfu zGifhqdkoGm;awmfrljcif;rSm ,if; raem'Gg&du 0dyemaZm0Dxd pdwftpOftm;vkH;udkyif {uwenf;tm;jzifh aU&Spdwf aemufpdwf[k zGifhqdk
oGm;awmfrljcif; jzpf\/ pdwuPwpfck wpfck\ twGif; wnf&dSaom pdwfwpfck wpfckudkomvQif &nfTef; aU&Spdwf-aemufpdwf[k zGifhqdkoGm;awmfrljcif; r[kwfay/ taMumif;rSm odkY jzpf\/ ---txuf lyowuIenf;wGif a&;om;wifjyxm;aom (7)Xme wnf&SdMuaom kyfw&m;wdkYudk
tmkHtvdkuf cJGwrf;csvdkufaomf lygkH o'gkH *EmkH &omkH azm|AmkH "rmkH[k tmkH (6)rsKd;jym;onf
udk awGU&dSEdkif\/ tESpf (100)jzifh ydkif;jcm;xm;tyfaom tcsdefumvtwGif; wnf&dSaom kyfw&m;
tm;vk;H udk &nfeT ;f xm;aomaMumifh jzpf\/ ,if;kyw
f &m;tm;vk;H udk avmuD0yd empdwf wpfcw
k nf;u
wpfNydKifeuf wpfcsufwnf; avmuD0dyem aZmpdwuP wpfcktwGif;um; rodEdkif/
(tnxm) {auae0 avmud,pdawe yEH cEmeH y&d*[y&dZmeem'DdeH tor0awm/ e [d
oed'eoy#dCm'd H {uZH tm&rPH umwkH oum/ (r[m#D-2-470/)
ykxZk eftqifw
h iG o
f m wnf&aSd eao;aom toifoal wmfaumif;\oEmef jzpfEikd af om 0dyem
pdwfwdkYrSm r[mukodkvfraem'Gg&du aZm0DxdpdwftpOfwdkYom jzpfMu\/ wpfckwnf;aom avmuD
0dyempdwfjzifh = avmuD0dyem pdwuP wpfcsufwnf;jzifh cEmig;yg;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;jcif;
cEmig;yg;wdkY\ tedptcsuf 'kutcsuf tewtcsufwdkYudk cPypKyefodkY qdkufatmif ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm;
odjcif;ponfwdkY\ rjzpfoifhaomaMumifhyifwnf;/ rSefayonf avmuD0dyem pdwuP wpfcsuf
wnf;jzifh lygkH o'gkpH onfh tmkH (6)yg;vk;H udk wpfaygif;wpfpnf;wnf; tmkjH yKjcif;iSmum; rpGr;f Edik af y/
xdaYk Mumifh ---wrd pdwH tya&e pdawe ]]tedpH 'kurewm}}wd orowd/ (0dok'd-2-262/)
odYk ponfjzifh aU&0S yd empdwu
f kd aemuf0yd empdwjf zifh wpfzefjyef 0dyemI&ef TeMf um;awmfrljcif;onf a&S;a&S;aom 0dyemraem'Gg&duaZm0Dxd pdwftpOfudk aemufaemufaom 0dyem
raem'Gg&duaZm0Dxd pdwftpOfjzifh wpfzef jyef 0dyem IyGm;okH;oyf&ef TefMum;awmfrljcif;om
jzpfonf[k rSwfyg/ ,if; 0dyem raem'Gg&duaZm0Dxd pdwftpOfwpfckvkH;u rdrdIyGm;okH;oyfaeaom
ocFg&w&m;\ odkYr[kwf ocFg&w&m;pk\ tedptcsuf odkYr[kwf 'kutcsuf odkYr[kwf tewtcsufudkom tmkHjyKaeaomaMumifh {uwenf;tm;jzifh -- wH pdwH tya&e pdawe = xdkaU&S0dyempdwfudk
aemuf0dyempdwfjzifh 0dyemIyg -- odkYponfjzifh pdwfwpfckwnf;taejzifh zGifhqdkoGm;awmfrljcif;
jzpfayonf/
t&m0,f toifoal wmfaumif;onf obm0,kwb
d ufuvnf; wpfzef a0zefEiId ;f csed f pOf;pm;
oifhvSay\/ eda&m"ormywfrS xpjzpfaom tem*grft&Sifjrwf\ oEmef tem*grdzdkvf &[Em
t&Sifjrwf\ oEmef t&[wzdkvfonf tm0Zef;rygbJ jzpfEdkifonfh xkH;rsm;&dSaomfvnf; dk;dk; tmkH
(6)yg;udk xdkufovdktmkHjyKaeonfh umrm0p&pdwfrsm; jzpf&mtcg 0dyemt&mponfwdkY 0Dxdpdwf
wdkYonf tm0Zef;rygbJ jzpfEdkifdk;"rwm r&dSMuay/ tm0Zef;ygrSom jzpfEdkifdk;"rwm &dSMu\/ wpfckwnf;aom tm0Zef;uvnf; tmkH (6)yg;vkH;udk wpfNydKifeuf wpfcsufwnf; qifjcifEdkifonfh pGrf;tm;um; r&dSay/ tmkH wpfrsKd;NyD;rS wpfrsKd;udkom xdkufovdk qifjcifEdkif\/ txufwGif wifjyxm;aom
146
(7)Xme wnf&Sdaom jcHKikH 0dyemI&rnfh kyfw&m;wdkYwGif tmkH (6)yg;vkH; xdkufovdk yg0ifae\/

lygkHudk qifjcifaom tm0Zef; o'gkHudk qifjcifaom tm0Zef; ponfjzifh Iaeaom 0dyemaZm
bufvnf; tm0Ze;f toD;toD; xdu
k o
f vdk &dES ikd \
f / tm0Ze;f wpfrsK;d ygaom 0dyemaZm0Dxd pdwt
f pOf
wpfckudk wpf0Dxd[k ac:qdk&um; tm0Zef; trsKd;rsKd; xdkufovdk &dSEdkifouJhodkY 0dyemaZm0Dxd pdwf
tpOfvnf; trsKd;rsKd;yif &dSEdkifayonf/
wpfzef ,if;kyw
f &m;wdu
Yk kd tmkjH yK 0dyemIaeaom raem'Gg&du 0dyemaZm0Dxd pdwrf sm;udk
wpfzefjyef aemuf0yd emraem'Gg&du aZmpdwjf zifh 0dyemI&ef TeMf um;xm;\/ aU&0S yd em
raem'Gg&du aZmpdwftpOfu kyfw&m;udk tmkHjyK\/ aemuf0dyem raem'Gg&du aZmpdwftpOfu
aU&S0dyem raem'Gg&du aZmpdwftpOf[laom emrfw&m;pkudk tmkHjyK\/ odkYvQif aU&SpdwfESifh
aemufpdwfwdkYum; tmkHcsif;vnf; rwlnDMuay/
wpfenf;qdk&aomf ---- aU&Spdwf[k ac:a0:okH;pJGxm;tyfaom aU&S0dyem raem'Gg&du aZm0Dxd
pdwt
f pOfrsm;um; ,if; (7)XmewdYk wnf&aSd om kyw
f &m;wd\
Yk tedpt
jcif;t&m odrYk [kwf 'kut
jcif;t&m odkYr[kwf tewtjcif;t&mudk tmkHjyK\/ aemufpdwf[k ac:a0:okH;pJGxm;tyfaom 0dyem
raem'Gg&duaZm0Dxd pdwftpOfrsm;u aU&Spdwf[k ac:a0:okH;pJGxm;tyfaom aU&S0dyem raem'Gg&du
aZm0Dxd pdwftpOf[laom emrfw&m;wdkY\ tedptjcif;t&m odkYr[kwf 'kutjcif;t&m odkYr[kwf
tewtjcif;t&m[laom tjcif;t&m wpfrsK;d rsK;d udk tmkjH yK\/ odv
Yk Qif aU&pS w
d Ef iS hf aemufpw
d w
f o
Ykd nf
= aU&S0DxdESifh aemuf0DxdwdkYonf tmkHcsif;vnf; rwluJGjym; jcm;em;Muukef\/ tmkHcsif; rwlnDojzifh
tm0Zef;csif;vnf; rwluJGjym; jcm;em;vsufyif &dS\/ aU&Spdwf\ tm0Zef;um; kyfw&m;wdkY\ tedp
tjcif;t&m 'kutjcif;t&m tewtjcif;t&mwdkYwGif wpfrsKd;aom tjcif;t&mudk qifjcifwwfaom
tm0Zef; jzpf\/ aemufpdwf\ tm0Zef;um; aU&Spdwf[laom emrfw&m;pk\ tedptjcif;t&m 'ku
tjcif;t&m tewtjcif;t&mwdkYwGif wpfrsKd;rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mudk od\/ aU&Spdwf\ tm0Zef;ESifh
aemufpdwf\ tm0Zef;onf rwlnDojzifh aU&Spdwfum; 0DxdpOf wpfck aemufpdwfum; 0DxdpOf wpfckyif
jzpfayonf/
w'gkH --- wpfzef oarm[0daem'eDt|uxm y#dporkyg'f0dbif; 0dnmPyk'ftzGifh (tbd-|2-147/) vuPma&;okH;wefudk tmkHjyKaeaom 0dyemaZmrsm;\ aemif w'gkHudk r&EdkifaMumif;
udkvnf;aumif; 0k|me*grded0dyem trnf&aom tvGeftm;aumif;aom Av0 0dyemaZmrsm;\
aemif w'gkHudk r&tyf r&EdkifaMumif;udkvnf;aumif; zGifhqdkxm;awmfrl\/ ,if;zGifhqdkcsufrSm tvGef
tm;aumif;aom Av00dyemydkif;udk &nf&G,f zGifhqdkxm;jcif;yif jzpfaMumif;udk y|mef;ygVdawmfESifh
y|mef;t|uxmwdkYudk udk;um; a&S;emrfur|mef;ydkif;wGif a&;om;wifjycJh\/ ,cktcg toif
olawmfaumif;\ oEmef ,kHrSm;oHo,rsm; uif;&Sif;oGm;ap&ef &nfoef ,if;y|mef;ygVdawmf
jrwfBuD;ESifh y|mef;t|uxmwdkYudk xyfrH wifjytyfygonf/ ---aoum 0g ykxkZem 0g ukovH tedpawm 'kuawm tewawm 0dyEd? ukoav edka'
0dygaum w'g&rPwm OyZwd/ (y|me-1-133/)
ukoav edka'wd 0dyemZ0e0Dxd,m ypdEm,/ 0dygaumwd umrm0p&0dygaum/ w'g-&rPwmwd w'g&rPwm,/ wH ukov Z0e tm&rPblwH 0dydwukovH tm&rPH
147
uwGm OyZwDwd tawm/ e au0v w'g&rP0aoae0? y#doEd-b0*F-pkwd0aoemyd/ 0dygaum

[d urH tm&rPH uwGm *[dwy#doEu
d ukovm&raPm a[mwda,0? aom ye 'kAad n,swm
" e 'dawm/ (tbd-|-3-436/ y|met|uxm/)
aouyk*dKvfwdkYonfvnf;aumif; ykxkZefyk*dKvfwdkYonfvnf;aumif; ukodkvfw&m;udk tedptm;jzifh = tedp[k 'kutm;jzifh = 'ku[k tewtm;jzifh = tew[k 0dyem IyGm;okH;oyfMuukef\/
0dyemIaeaom 0dyemukodkvfaZm0Dxdonf = ukodkvfaZmpdwftpOfonf jywfcJhaomf csKyfcJhaomf
,if;0dyemukov
kd af Zm\ aemif umrm0p&0dygufpw
d o
f nf xd0k yd emukov
kd af Zm\ tmkjH zpfaom
xdk0dyemukodkvfaZm\ tIcH ukodkvfw&m;tmkHudkyif tmkHjyK w'gkHtjzpfjzifh jzpfay:vm\/
(y|me-1-133/)
t|uxmum; ,if; umrm0p&0dygufw&m;onf ukodkvfw&m;udk tmkHjyK w'gkH\ tpGrf;jzifhom jzpfonf r[kwfao;? y#doaEudp b0ifudp pkwdudp\ tpGrf;jzifhvnf; jzpfEdkifao;\[k
zGifhqdkxm;\/ xif&Sm;atmifqdk&aomf odkY jzpf\/ ---oHo&mc&D; rqkH;ao;aom ow0grSeforQonf aocgeD;r&PmoEumv0,f uH-uredrdwf*wdedrdwf[laom edrdwfokH;rsKd;wdkYwGif wpfrsKd;rsKd;udk tmkHjyKjrJ "rwm jzpf\/ tu,f a,m*g0p&
yk*dKvf wpfOD;onf twdwfb0 aocgeD;umv r&PmoEtcg0,f ukodkvfw&m;wdkY\ tedptjcif;t&mukd tmkHjyK tedp[kvnf;aumif; 'kutjcif;t&mudk tmkHjyK 'ku[kvnf;aumif; tew
tjcif;t&mudk tmkjH yK tew[v
k nf;aumif; 0dyemIvsuf r&PmoEaZmonf apmcJo
h nf jzpft?hH
xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f b0opf y#doaE-b0if-pkw[
d al om 0dygufpw
d o
f nf xd0k yd emPf\ tIcH
tmkHjzpfaom ukodkvfuHudkyif tmkHjyK\/ (tjcm;ukodkvfuH tmkH wpfckck xif&mvnf; enf;wl
rSwfyg/) xdkukodkvfuHtmkHudk y#doaE-b0if-pkwd[laom 0dygufw&m;u tmkHjyKrIonf odEdkifcJaom
oabm&dSaomaMumifh y|mef;ygVdawmf yOm0g& tm&rPypnf;t&m bk&m;&Sifonf rTefjyawmf
rljcif;jzpfonf/ (y|me-| = tbd-|-3-436/)
txufyg ygVdawmfESifh t|uxmwdkY 0dyemukodkvfaZm\ aemif w'gkHusrI vm&dSaomaMumifh ,if;w'gkHusEkdif\[laom tqdkrSm wkP0dyem[k ac:qdktyfaom Eke,faom aZm\
aemif w'gku
H sru
I kd &nf&,
G o
f nf[k q&mjrwfwYkd t,l&adS wmfrMl uonf/ Av00dyem trnf&aom
tvGeftm;aumif;aom 0dyemaZm\ aemifum; txufyg oarm[0daem'eDt|uxmBuD;
zGiq
hf x
kd m;onft
h wdik ;f w'gkH rusEikd [
f yk if rSwyf g/ ynm&Sd olawmfaumif;taygif;wdo
Yk nf pdppfp;l prf;
,l&ef tcsufwpf&yfyif jzpfonf/
toifa,m*g0p&yk*dKvfoljrwftwGufum; vufawGU prf;oyf IyGm;Munfh&ef tcGifhaumif;BuD;
wpf&yfyif jzpfayonf/ ,if; txufyg tqdktrdefYrsm;ESifh tnD 0dyemIaom pdwf[lonfrSm
raem'Gg&du aZm0Dxd pdwftpOfyif jzpfonf/ ,if; 0dyem raem'Gg&du aZm0Dxd pdwftpOfrSm w'gkH
uscJhaomf raem'Gg&m0Zef; wpfBudrf aZm ckepfBudrf w'gkH ESpfBudrfwdkY jzpfMu\/ w'gkH ruscJhaomf
raem'Gg&m0Zef; wpfBudrf aZm ckepfBudrfwdkY jzpfMu\/
aZm toD;toD;vnf;aumif; tu,f w'gkHuscJhaomf w'gkH toD;toD;vnf;aumif; 148
1/
2/
3/
4/
Pfvnf; ,SOf yDwdvnf; ,SOfaomf emrfw&m;

Pfom ,SOf yDwd r,SOfaomf emrfw&m;
Pf r,SOfbJ yDwdom ,SOfaomf emrfw&m;
Pfvnf; r,SOf yDwdvnf; r,SOfaomf emrfw&m;
-------------
34 ?
33 ?
33 ?
32 ?
odkY toD;toD; jzpfayonf/ (pdwEd apw oor,kwpdwH t"daywH/ y#doH-|-1-239/)

xdkYaMumifh aU&Spdwf-aemufpdwf[k pdwfudkom rSwf qdkaomfvnf; ,SOfzufor,kwfw&m;wdkYESifh
wuGaom 0dyemraem'Gg&duaZm0Dxd pdwt
f pOf wpfcv
k ;Hk udyk if {uwenf;tm;jzifh aU&pS w
d [
f v
k nf;aumif; aemufpdwf[kvnf;aumif; zGifhqdkxm;jcif;jzpfonf[k rSwfyg/ tvm;wlyif ,SOfzufor,kwf
apwodufrsm;ESifh twlwuGaom ,if;raem'Gg&duaZm0Dxd pdwftpOfwpfckvkH;udkyif tedp[kIaom
pdwf 'ku[kIaom pdwf tew[kIaom pdwf ponfjzifhvnf;aumif; yxrpdwf 'kwd,pdwf ponfjzifh
vnf;aumif; ac:a0:ok;H pJx
G m;onf[v
k nf; rSwo
f m;ygav/ ,rutm;jzifh Ienf; ponfh aemufaemuf
IuGufwdkYvnf; enf;wlyif oabmaygufyg/
2 / ,ru = tpkHtm;jzifh Ienf;

tm'geedauykyfudk ,if;kyfw&m;\ tedptjcif;t&mudk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmif Munfh
tedp[k Iyg/ xdkodkYIaom 0dyempdwfudk = or,kwfw&m;wdkYESifh wuGaom raem'Gg&duaZm0Dxd
pdwftpOfudk aemuf0dyempdwfjzifh = aemufraem'Gg&duaZm0Dxd pdwftpOfjzifh ,if;yxr0dyem
raem'Gg&duaZm0Dxd pdwftpOf\ tedptjcif;t&mudk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh tedp[k
vnf;aumif; 'kutjcif;t&mudk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh 'ku[kvnf;aumif; tew
tjcif;t&mudk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh tew[kvnf;aumif; toD;toD; Iyg/ tvm;wlyif tm'geedauykyu
f kd 'ku[
k aI om 0dyempdwf tew[k aI om 0dyempdww
f u
Ykd v
kd nf; enf;wlyif vuPm,mOf okH;wef wpfvSnfhpD wif 0dyemIyg/
0a,m0kw*Frkyf tm[m&r,kyf Owkr,kyf urZkyf pdwork|mefkyf "rwmkyf toD;
toD;udk tedp[k ('ku[k tew[k) toD;toD; I ,if; tedp[k ('ku[k tew[k) Iaom
0dyempdwfudk aemuf0dyempdwfjzifh tedp[k ('ku[k tew[k) toD;toD; enf;wl jyef
0dyemIyg/ (0dok'd-2-262/)
rSwcf suf ---- uvmytm;jzifh Ienf; (7)Xme wnf&dSaom kyfw&m;wdkYudk XmewpfckpD rcJGbJ
jcKH 0dyemI\/ ,ruIenf;um; Xmewpfcpk D cJ
G 0dyemI\/ rQom xl;axGujGJ ym;onf?
3/ cPdutm;jzifh Ienf;
toifa,m*g0p&yk*dKvfoljrwfonf tm'geedauykyfudk tedp[k 0dyem IyGm;okH;oyfyg/
1/ ,if;odkY Iaom yxr 0dyempdwfudk 'kwd, 0dyempdwfjzifh
2/ 'kwd, 0dyempdwfudk wwd, 0dyempdwfjzihf
3/ wwd, 0dyempdwfudk pwkw 0dyempdwfjzifh
149
4/ pwkw 0dyempdwfudk yr 0dyempdwfjzifh --toD;toD; tedp[k Iyg/ ('ku[k Iyg/ tew[k Iyg/)
tm'geedauykyu
f kd 'ku[
k I&m tew[k I&mwdYk vnf; enf;wlyifrw
S yf g/ tvm;wlyif 0a,m0kw*Frkyf tm[m&r,kyf Owkr,kyf urZkyf pdwork|mefkyf "rwmkyf toD;toD;udk tedp[k
vnf;aumif; 'ku[kvnf;aumif; tew[kvnf;aumif; toD;toD; 0dyemI ,if;0dyem
pdwfudk 'kwd,0dyempdwfjzifh 'kwd,0dyempdwfudk wwd,0dyempdwfjzihf wwd,0dyempdwf
udk pwkw0dyempdwfjzifh pwkw0dyempdwfudk yr0dyempdwfjzifh wpfzefjyef toD;toD;
0dyemIyg/ odkYvQif tm'geedauykyfpaom kyfw&m; toD;toD;udk odrf;qnf;aom pdwfrS p
av;qifh av;qifhaom pdwfwdkYudk vuPma&;okH;wef wpfvSnfhpD wif 0dyem IyGm;okH;oyfcJhaomf
cPdutm;jzifh 0dyemIyGm;okH;oyfonf rnfayonf/ (0dok'd-2-262/)
vnf; lyowuIenf;vmaom (7)rsKd;aom kyfwdkYudk cJG wpfckpD Iyg/ 0a,m0kw*Fr
kyf tqifhqifh I&ef rarhygESifh/ a&S;0Dxdpdwfudk aemuf0Dxdpdwfjzifh 0dyemIjcif; jzpfonfudkvnf;
oabmaygufyg/
4/ y#dyg#d = tpOftm;jzifh Ienf;

tm'geedauykyfudk tedp[k IyGm;okH;oyf xdkodkY 0dyem IyGm;okH;oyfaom ---1/ yxr0dyempdwfudk 'kwd,0dyempdwfjzifh tedp[k Iyg/
2/ 'kwd,0dyempdwfudk wwd,0dyempdwfjzihf tedp[k Iyg/
3/ wwd,0dyempdwfudk pwkw0dyempdwfjzifh tedp[k Iyg/
4/ pwkw0dyempdwfudk yr0dyempdwfjzifh tedp[k Iyg/
5/ yr0dyempdwfudk q|0dyempdwfjzifh tedp[k Iyg/
6/ q|0dyempdwfudk owr0dyempdwfjzifh tedp[k Iyg/
7/ owr0dyempdwfudk t|r0dyempdwfjzifh tedp[k Iyg/
8/ t|r0dyempdwfudk e0r0dyempdwfjzifh tedp[k Iyg/
9/ e0r0dyempdwfudk 'or0dyempdwfjzifh tedp[k Iyg/
10/ 'or0dyempdwfudk {um'or0dyempdwfjzifh tedp[k 0dyem Iyg/ xdk pdwf[lonf
pdwfudk tOD;rl TefjyajymqdkaMumif; jzpfaom pum;wnf;? apwodufwdkYvnf; yg0ifMuonf[k
rSwfyg/ (r[m#D-2-414/)
wpfzef ,if; tm'geedauykyu
f ykd if tedp[
k Iaeaom 0dyempdwu
f kd 'kw,
d 0dyempdwjf zifh
'ku[kvnf;aumif; tew[kvnf;aumif; toD;toD; 0dyemIyg/ txufwGif wifjyxm;onfh
twdkif; (10)qifhwdkifwdkif 0dyemIyg/ tvm;wlyif tm'geedauykyfudk 'ku[k 0dyemI
,if;0dyempdwfudk tedp[kvnf;aumif; 'ku[kvnf;aumif; tew[kvnf;aumif; ,if;tm'geedauykyfudk tew[k 0dyemI ,if;0dyempdwfudk tedp[kvnf;aumif; 'ku[kvnf;aumif;
tew[kvnf;aumif; txufygtwdkif; (10)qifhwdkifwdkif 0dyem Iyg/
150
0a,m0kw*rF kyf tm[m&r,kyf Owkr,kyf urZkyf pdwo

rk|mefyk f "rwmkyf kyw
f &m;
toD;toD;udkvnf; tedp[kvnf;aumif; 'ku[kvnf;aumif; tew[kvnf;aumif; toD;toD;
0dyemIyg/ ,if;0dyempdwfudk 'kwd,0dyempdwfjzifh/y/ 'or0dyempdwfudk {um'or
0dyempdwfjzifh wpfzefjyef vuPma&;okH;wefudk wpfvSnfhpD wif 0dyemIyg/ (txufwGif
wifjycJhonfhtwdkif; enf;rSD; Iyg/) odkYvQif 0dyemtpOfjzifh tvkH;pkHaom aeYtzdkYywfvkH;vnf;
0dyem IyGm;okH;oyfjcif;iSm jzpfoifhav&m\/ (= aU&Spdwfudk aemufpdwfjzifh qufvuf q,fckajrmuf
pdwfxuf ydkvGef 0dyemIaecJhaomf wpfaeYywfvkH;aomfvnf; 0dyemIyGm;okH;oyfjcif;iSm jzpfoifh
av&m\/) xdkodkYyif jzpfoifhaomfvnf; q,fckajrmufjzpfaom 0dyempdwfudk vuPma&;okH;wef
wifum 0dyem IyGm;okH;oyfonfwdkifatmifaom oroevkyfief;&yfjzifh kyfur|mef;onfvnf;aumif; emrfur|mef;onfvnf;aumif; t0g;0pGm EdkifEdkifeif;eif; avhvmtyfNyD; jzpfoGm;\/ xdkYaMumifh
'orpdwf = q,fcak jrmufaom pdwf omvQif wef&Y yfav&m\[k t&d,0Houxm zGifhqdkxm;\/
odkY vuPm,mOfokH;csufudk wif 0dyem IyGm;okH;oyfaom a,m*g0p&&[ef;awmfonf y#dyg#d
= tpOftm;jzifh 0dyem IyGm;okH;oyfonf rnf\/ (0dok'd-2-262/) vnf; a&S;0Dxdudk aemuf
0Dxdjzihf 0dyem Ijcif;udkom &nfTef;xm;onfudkvnf; oabmaygufav&monf/
5/ 'd|dO *g#e = 'd|dudk cGmaomtm;jzifh Ienf;

]]t[H 0dymrd? rr0dyem = igonf 0dyemI\? ig\ 0dyemwnf;}}[k pJG,lrdaom
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; 'd|dork*g#e = 'd|d\ aysmufjcif; uGmjcif; rnfonf rjzpfao;/ tavsmftm;jzifh
qdk&rl ]]ocFg&m0 ocFga& 0dyEd oroEd 00wayEd y&d*PSEd y&d pdEEd = ocFg&w&m;wdkYonfomvQif
ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk 0dyemIukef\? vuPm,mOfudkwifum okH;oyfukef\? tedp[k 'ku[k tew[k
ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;ukef\? odrf;qnf;ukef\? ydkif;jcm;,lukef\/ odkY,laom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; 'd|dudk
cGmjcif; rnfonf jzpfay:vm\/ (0dok'd-2-263/)
0dyemIwwfaom ocFg&w&m;wdkYrSm ykxkZefrQom jzpfaeao;aom toif a,m*g0p&
yk*dKvf twGuf uGuf qdk&rl 0dyemPfESifh twlwuGjzpfaom r[mukodkvf raem'Gg&duaZm0Dxd
pdwt
f pOf emrfw&m;pkww
Ykd nf;/ ,if; 0dyemPf\ tIct
H mkjH zpfaom emrfw&m;wdrYk mS ,if; 0dyem
PfESifh twlwuGjzpfaom r[mukodkvf raem'Gg&duaZm0Dxd pdwftpOfemrfw&m;pkwdkY t0iftyg
'kuopm ork',opm trnf&aom ocFg&w&m;pkwdkYwnf;/
]]ig 0dyemI\? ig\ 0dyemwnf;}}[k pJG,lwwfaom ]]ig}}rSm twudk &nfTef;xm;aom pum;[k rSwfyg/
6/ rmeO *g#e = rmeukd cGmaomtm;jzifh Ienf;

]]ok|K 0dymrd? remyH 0dymrd = aumif;pGm 0dyemI\? pdwfESvkH;ukd yGm;apaom tjcif;t&m
tm;jzifh 0dyemI\}} odYk vGeu
f aJ om t"drmejzifh pJ,
G al om a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vt
f m; rmeudk cGmtyfonf rnfonf rjzpfao;/ ocFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nfomvQif ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd 0dyem Iuek \
f ? vuPm,mOfudk wifum okH;oyfukef\? tedp[k 'ku[k tew[k ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;ukef\? odrf;qnf;ukef\?
151
ykdif;jcm;,lukef\/ odkY ,laom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; rmeudk cGmtyfonf rnfonf jzpfay:vm\/

(0dok'd-2-263/)
7/ eduEdy&d,m'ge = wPSm (= eduEd) ukefatmif rjzpfatmif Ienf;

]]0dydwkH oaumrd = igonf 0dyemIjcif;iSm pGrf;Edkif\}} odkY 0dyemudk om,maom
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; eduEd rnfaom wPSm\ a&uJhodkY cef;ajcmufvsuf ukefysufaom oabm
rnfonf rjzpfEdkif/ tavsmftm;jzifh qdk&rl -- ocFg&w&m;wdkYonfomvQif ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk 0dyem
Iukef\? vuPm,mOfudk wifum okH;oyfukef\/ tedp[k 'ku[k tew[k ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;ukef\?
odrf;qnf;ukef\? ykdif;jcm;,lukef\/ odkY ,laom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; eduEdrnfaom wPSm\
a&uJhodkY cef;ajcmufvsuf ukefysufaom oabmrnfonf jzpfay:vm\/ (0dok'd-2-263/)
wpfzef 'd|dO *g #e rmeO*g#e eduEyd &d,m'ge jzpfatmif wPSmpJG rmepJG 'd|pd GJ NyKd atmif 0dyem
IyGm;okH;oyf&rnfh tpDt&ifukdvnf; t|uxmq&mawmfu atmufygtwdkif; qufvuf zGifhqdk
oGm;awmfr\
l / ----
'd|dO*g#e - rmeO*g#e - eduEdy&d,m'ge (5 - 6 - 7/)

1/ oap ocFg&m twm ba0,sKH? twmwd *a[wkH 0a,sKH? tewm p ye twmwd *[dwm?
wom aw t0o0wea|e tewm? [kwGm tbm0a|e tedpm? Oyg'0,y#dyDVea|e 'kumwd
yawm 'd|dO *g#eH emr a[mwd/
2/ oap ocFg&m edpm ba0,sKH? edpmwd *a[wkH 0a,sKH? tedpm p ye edpmwd *[dwm? wom
aw [kwGm tbm0a|e tedpm? Oyg'0,y#dyDVea|e 'kum? t0o0wea|e tewmwd yawm
rmeork *ga#m emr a[mwd/
3/ oap ocFg&m okcg ba0,sKH? okcgwd *a[wkH 0a,sKH? 'kum p ye okcgwd *[dwm? wom
aw Oyg'0,y#dyDVea|e 'kum? [kwGm tbm0a|e tedpm? t0o0wea|e tewmwd yawm
eduEdy&d,m'geH emr a[mwd/
4/ {0H ocFga& tewawm yE 'd|dork *g#eH emr a[mwd/ tedpa wm yE rme
ork *g#eH emr a[mwd/ 'kuawm yE eduEdy&d,m'geH emr a[mwd/ wd t,H 0dyem
twaem twaem Xmaea,0 wd|wDwd/ (0dok'd-2-263-264/)
,om 'd|dork*g#eH emarw 0daooawm tewmEkyem, a[mwd? wom wH 'aaEe
]]oap ocFg&m}}wdtm'dem tewmEkyem0d"d H 0wGm ,om ye tewawm tEkyaEe ocFg&m
tedpawmyd 'kuawmyd tEkydwAm {0 w'kyjAL[eawm? wom ]][kwGm tbm0a|em}}wdtm'd
0kwH/
,om rmeork*g #eH emr tedpm Ekyem, a[mwd/ caP caP bdZe au ocFga& yE
ukawm rme t0oa&m/ tedponm bma0wAm todrmeork*g#m,mwd [d 0kwH/
152
,om eduEdy&d,m'geH emr 'kumEkyem, a[mwd/ e [d obm0awm 'ku0wKawm p

'kublaw ocFga& yE ww ourd tbd&awm a[mwd/ tm'gEkydaem [d ww
wPSm OyaZ,s/ aooH tewvuaP 0kwe ,ar0/ t,H yaew oacFyawm ------ 0kwea,e
y#dyg#dawm oroeH yokw a,m*daem ,'g tewmEkyem wdum ol&m 0do'g y0wwd?
w&m a'Gyd w'Ek*wdum? w'gaee 'd|dO *g#eH uwH a[mwd/ tw'd|drlvdum [d oAm 'd|da,m/
tewmEkyem p tw'd|d,m OZky#dyum/
,'g ye tedpmEkyem wdum ol&m 0do'g y0wwd? w&m a'Gyd w'Ek*wdum? w'gaee
rmeork*g #eH uwH a[mwd/ owd [d edp* ga[ rmeZyem ]]'H edpH ? 'H "k0}}Ed tm'dem AujA[Kaem
0d,/ tedpmEkyem p edp*g[ OZky#dyum/
,'g ye 'kumEkyem wdum ol&m 0do'g y0wwd? w&m a'Gyd w'Ek*wdum? w'gaee
eduEdy&d,m'geH uwH a[mwd/ owd [d okconm, wPSm*ga[m0? 'kumEkyem p eduEd,m
OZky#dyum/
{0H wdEH tEkyemeH udp0daoo0aoe 'd|dO*g#em'Ded a[mEd/ awe 0kwH ]]wd t,H
0dyem twaem twaem Xmaea,0 wd|wD}}wd/ tEkyemeH ,xm&[H ouudpu&POd
ou|maea,0 XmeH/ wom 0dokH oroeea,m ewDwd e 0wAEd t"dyga,m/ (r[m#D-2-416/)
t0o0wea|e tewm
1/ ocFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nf tu,f twjzpfuek jf im;tH?h tw[
l ynmjzifh ydik ;f jcm;,ljcif;iSm oifah vukef&m\/ odkYaomf ocFg&w&m;wdkYonfum; tewpifppf jzpfukef\/ tewpifppf jzpfukefvsufvQif
tw[l pGJ,lMujcif; jzpf\/ xdkodkY tewpifppf jzpfygvsuf tw[l tw0g'orm;wdkYu pJG,ltyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh xdkocFg&w&m;wdkYonf ---u/ rdrd tvdkodkY vdkufygapwwfaom twr&dSonf\ tjzpfwnf;[laom ouwfteufaMumifh
tewwdkYwnf;/
c/ a&S;tzdkY xif&Sm;r&dS ,ckrS kwfjcnf;jzpf csufwpfjzKwf ysufwwfonf jzpf r&dSonf\
tjzpfwnf;[laom ouwfteufaMumifh tedpwdkYwnf;/
*/ jzpfjcif;ysufjcif;onf tzefwvJvJ nOf;yef;EdSyfpuftyfonf\ tjzpfwnf;[laom ouwf
teufaMumifh 'kuwdkYwnf;/
odkY tew tedp 'ku vuPma&;udkwifum ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk 0dyemIaom a,m*g0p&
yk*dKvftm; 'd|dudk y,fcGmjcif; rnfonf jzpfay:vm\/ (0dok'd-2-263/)
0dyemt&m 'd|dudk y,fcGmjcif;rnfonf txl;tm;jzifh tewmEkyemaMumifh jzpfay:vm&\/ xdkYaMumifh xdktewmEkyem IyGm;ykH tpDt&ifudk ]]tu,f ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf tw
jzpfuek jf im;th}H }ponfjzifh zGiq
hf Nkd y;D aemuf wpfzef ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd tewtm;jzifh = tew[k 0dyem
Iaeaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tedp[kvnf;aumif;? 'ku[kvnf;aumif;
vuPm,mOfwifum 0dyem IyGm;okH;oyfxdkufonfom jzpf\[k qufvufzGifhqdkxm;awmfrl\/
153
taMumif;rl ---- xdktedpmEkyemPf 'kumEkyemPfwdkYu tewmEkyemPfudk wdk;yGm;apaomaMumifh jzpf\ = tedpm EkyemPf 'kum EkyemPf ESpyf g;wdu
Yk tewmEkyemPftm;
'd|dudk y,fcGmEdkifonfh pGrf;tifrsm; jynfh0vmatmif tm;BuD;aom rSD&m Oyed,owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyK
ay;aomaMumifh tewmEkyemPfonf pGr;f tif wd;k yGm;vmaom jynf0h vmaom tEkyemPf
jzpfvm\? xufjrufpl;&Svm\/ xdkYaMumifh ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tew[k vuPm,mOfwifum IyGm;
okH;oyfNyD;aemuf tedp[kvnf;aumif; 'ku[kvnf;aumif; vuPm,mOfwifum IyGm;okH;oyf&ef
qufvuf t|uxmq&mawmfu zGifhqdkoGm;awmfrljcif; jzpf\/ (r[m#D-2-415-416/)
[kwGm tbm0a|e tedpm

t|uxmu tedpvuPmudk azmfjy&m -- [kwGm tbm0a|e tedpm = jzpfNyD;aemuf r&dSjcif;
oabmodYk a&muf&o
Sd mG ;aom teufoabmaMumifh ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk tedpj zpfaMumif;ukd zGiq
hf o
kd mG ;awmf
rl\/ xdkwGif [kwGm = jzpfNyD;aemuf [laom pum;&yfjzifh ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfjcif;Oyg'frS aU&StzdkY
xif&Sm;r&dS? qdwfokOf;onf\tjzpf a&S;&dS Oyg'f-XD-bif [laom cPokH;yg;wdkY\ taygif;jzpfaom
tv,f xif&Sm;&Sdonf\ tjzpfudk jyonf/ xdk [kwGm = jzpfNyD;aemuf[laom pum;&yfudk zGifhqdkNyD;
tbm0udk xyfrq
H jkd yefojzifh ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk Oyg'f-XD-bif-[laom cPok;H yg;wd\
Yk taygif;jzpfaom
tv,f xif&Sm;&dSonf\ tjzpf a&S;&dS ysufjcif; = bifrS txufjzpfaom aemuftzdkY xif&Sm;r&dS
aysmufysufonf\tjzpfukd jyonf/ [kwGm tbm0-[laom pum;ESpf&yfjzifhvnf; ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf
rjzpfcifu r&dSjcif; jzpfNyD;aemuf r&dSjcif;[laom r&dSjcif; ESpfrsKd;wdkY\ tv,fomvQif ,m,D tcdkuf
twefYtm;jzifhom wnf&dSEdkif tcgcyfodrf; rwnf&dSjcif;onf tedpvuPm[k jyownf;/
(jynfed,-5-148-vnf; Munfhyg/)
2/ ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf tu,f edpjzpfukefjim;tHh? edp[l ynmjzifh ykdif;jcm;,ljcif;iSm oifhavukef&m\/ odkYaomf ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf tedppifppf jzpfukefvsufvQif ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk edp[l
pJ,
G jl cif; jzpf\/ xdaYk Mumifh xdo
k cFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nf a&S;tzdYk xif&mS ;r&dS ,ckrS kwjf cnf;jzpf csuw
f jzKwf
ysufwwfonf jzpf r&dSjcif;tbm0odkY a&muf&dSoGm;wwfonf\ tjzpfwnf;[laom ouwfteufaMumifh tedpwdkYwnf;/ jzpfjcif; ysufjcif;onf tzefwvJvJ nOf;yef;EdSyfpufwwfonf\ tjzpfwnf;
[laom ouwfteufaMumifh 'kuw
w
Ykd nf;/ rdrd tvdo
k Ykd vdu
k yf gapwwfaom twr&So
d nf\ tjzpfwnf;
[laom ouwfteufaMumifh tewww
Ykd nf;/ odv
Yk Qif 0dyem IymG ;ok;H oyfvsu&f adS om a,m*g0p&
yk*dKvf\ oEmef rmeudk y,fcGmjcif;rnfonf jzpfay:vm\/ (0dok'd-2-263/)
rmeudk y,fcmG jcif;rnfonf txl;ojzifh tedpm EkyemaMumifh jzpfay:vm&\/ cPwdik ;f cPwdkif; cPrpJ woJoJ NydKNydK ysufysufaeaom ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk 0dyemPfjzifh Ijrifvsuf&dSaom
a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f Pf ]]ig-ig}} [k axmifvmT ;wuf<uwwfaom rmefrmew&m;\ axmuf&mwnf&m
jzpfEdkif&maom tcGifhtvrf;onf twnfrSmvQif &dSEdkifygawmhtHhenf;/ (okH;q,fhwpfbkHtwGif;vnf;
ocFg&w&m; tpktykHwdkYom &SdMu\/ ocFg&w&m;wdkYrS vJG ig-[lonf ol-[lonf r&dSjzpfcJh\/ ocFg&
w&m;wdkYonfvnf; cPwdkif; cPwdkif; cPrpJ woJoJ NydKNydK ysufysufaeaom obm0"rwdkYom
jzpfMu\/ xdo
k cFg&w&m;wdYk ]]ocFg&w&m;u igyJ ocFg&w&m;u oly}J }ponfjzifh pJ,
G al vmufonfh
154
ajymjyavmufonfh tcsed u
f mvonfvnf; r&dS jzpfc\
hJ / xdaYk Mumifh ]]ig-ig}}ponfjzifh axmifvmT ;wuf<uwwfaom rmefrmew&m;onf ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedptjcif;t&mudk 0dyemPfynmrsufpdjzifh
udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrifaeaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ todPf axmuf&mwnf&mudk
r&&dSEdkifay[lvdkonf/) bk&m;&Sifudk,fawmfwdkifu arCd,okwef (O'ge-120)wGif ---tedponm bma0wAm todrmeork*g#m,/
= ]]ig-ig}}[k axmifvmT ; wuf<uwwfaom rmew&m;udk y,fEw
I &f ef tvdiYk mS tedpo
nmudk yGm;rsm;
tm;xkwfyg[k a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJh\/ (r[m#D-2-416/)
3/ ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf tu,f okcjzpfukefjim;thH? okc[l ynmjzifh ydkif;jcm;,ljcif;iSm oifhavukef&m\/ odkYaomf ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf 'kupifppf jzpfukefvsufvQif ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk okc[l
pJG,ljcif;jzpf\/ (jzpfjcif;ysufjcif; 'Pfcsufjzifh tjrJrjywf tnOf;yef; tEdSyfpufcHae&onfh 'kuw&m;
pifppfjzpfygukefvsufvQif ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk okc[l pJG,ljcif; jzpf\ [lvdk/) xdkYaMumifh xdkocFg&
w&m;wdkYonf jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; 'Pfcsufjzifh tjrJrjywf tnOf;yef; tEdSyfpufcH&wwfaom teuf
oabmaMumifh 'kuwdkYwnf;/ a&S;u r&dS ,ckrS kwfjcnf; csufwpfjzKwf jzpfay:vm jzpfay:NyD;aemuf
r&dSjcif; = tbm0oabmodkYom qdkufa&mufoGm;wwfaom teufoabmaMumifh tedpwdkYwnf;/
rdrdtvdkodkY vdkufygapwwfaom tw r&dSonf\ tjzpfwnf;[laom ouwfteufaMumifh tewwdkY
wnf;/ odkY 0dyemPfynmjzifh Ijriffaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef wPSm = eduEdw&m;\
a&uJhodkY cef;vsuf ukefysufjcif;rnfonf jzpfay:vmay\/ (0dok'd-2-264/)
wPSm = eduEdw&m;\ a&uJhodkY cef;vsuf ukefysufjcif;rnfonf txl;ojzifh 'kumEkyemaMumifh jzpfay:vm&\/ rSeaf yonf --- yifu&kd if; obm0tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif; 'ku\
wnf&m taMumif;
w&m;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; 'kupifppf tjzpfBuD; jzpfukefaom ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkY\
jzpfjcif;ysufjcif; 'Pfcsufjzifh tjrJrjywf tnOf;yef; tEdSyfpufcHae&onfh tjcif;t&mudk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunf
h 'kuv
uPm,mOfuw
kd ifum 0dyem IymG ;ok;H oyfvsu&f aSd om a,m*g0p&
yk*dKvf\ oEmef xdkocFg&w&m;wdkYtay: tenf;i,frQaomfvnf; arGUavsmfaysmfydkuf ESpfNcdKufjcif;
rnfonf rjzpfawmhonfomwnf;/ rSeaf yonf ---- ocFg&w&m;wdkYukd om,mzG,f tm' oabm
w&m;[k Ijrifaeaom yk*dKvf\ oEmefomvQif xdkocFg&w&m;wdkYtay: ESpfoufjrwfEdk;jcif;?
wG,fwmrufarmjcif; wPSmw&m;onf xif&Sm;jzpfay:vmav&m\ = xif&Sm;jzpfay:Edkifav&m\/
(r[m#D-2-416/)
tedpmEkyemPf 'kumEkyemPft&mwdkYvnf; tewmEkyemPft&m
zGifhqdka&;om;wifjycJhonfhtwdkif; enf;wl rSwfom;&ef r[m#Dumq&mawmfu (r[m#D-2-416)
rdefYrSmxm;awmfrlayonf/ xdkrdefYrSmawmfrlcsufESifh tnD PfEkolrsm;twGuf xyfrH tenf;i,f
&Si;f vif;wifjytyfygonf/ ----
155
tedpmEkyemPfonf rmepJGudk y,fcGmEdkifonfrSm NzdKcJGzsufqD;EdkifonfrSm rSef\/ odkYaomf

,if;tedpmEkyemPfonf 'kumEkyemPf tewmEkyemPf ESpfyg;wdkYu tm;BuD;aom
rS&D m Oyed,owjd zifh aus;Zl;jyKay;ygrS xufjrufvm\? pl;&Svm\? &J&ifv
h m\? wd;k yGm;vm\? pGr;f tif
jynfh0vm\/ xdkuJhodkY xufjruf pl;&S &J&ifhvmaom wdk;yGm;vmaom pGrf;tifjynfh0vmaom 'kumEkyemPf tewmEkyemPf ESpyf g;wd\
Yk tm;Bu;D aom rS&D m Oyed,owx
d ;l Bu;D jzifh aus;Zl;
jyKay;rI t&deS t
f 0gxl;Bu;D udk qufc&H aom tedpm EkyemPfuomvQif rmepJu
G kd NzKd czGJ suq
f ;D Edik af omaMumifh ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd tedpv
uPm,mOfwifum 0dyem IymG ;ok;H oyfNy;D aomfvnf; 'kuv
uPm
ESifh tewvuPmudkyg wif qufvufum 0dyemIyGm;okH;oyf&ef (0dok'd-2-264) t|uxm
q&mawmfu zGifhqdkoGm;awmfrljcif; jzpfayonf/
tvm;wlyif 'kumEkyemPfonf wPSm = eduEdudk ukefcef;apEdkifonfum; rSef\/ odkYaomf
,if;'kum EkyemPftm; tedpm EkyemPf tewmEkyemPf ESpyf g;wdu
Yk wPSm = eduEu
d kd
ukefcef;apEdkifonfh pGrf;tifrsm; jynfh0vmatmif yifudkyuwdtm;jzifh tm;BuD;aom rSD&m Oyed,
owjd zifh aus;Zl;jyKay;aomaMumifh ,if;'kum EkyemPfonf pGr;f tifw;kd yGm;vmaom jynf0h vmaom
tEkyemPfwpfck jzpfvm\? xufjrufpl;&Svm\? &J&ifhvm\/ xdkYaMumifh ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk 'ku
vuPm,mOfwifum 0dyem IymG ;ok;H oyfNy;D aemufvnf; ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd tedp[
v
k nf;aumif;
tew[v
k nf;aumif; vuPm,mOfwifum 0dyemIymG ;ok;H oyf&ef t|uxmq&mawmfu (0do'k -d
2-264) qufvuf zGifhqdkoGm;awmfrljcif; jzpf\/
vdk&if;tusOf;csKyf rSwfom;&ef
t&m qdv
k wUH aom pum;um; tusO;f csKyq
f v
kd &kd if; teufoabmw&m;wnf;/ txufyg
tlyowu Ienf;0,f y#dyg#d = tpOftm;jzifh Ienf; [laom 0dyemIenf;udk a&;om;wifjycJh\/
odYk a&;om;zGiq
hf ckd o
hJ nft
h wdik ;f y#dyg#denf;tm;jzifh ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd vuPma&;ok;H wefukd wifum
0dyemIymG ;ok;H oyfjcif; oroevkyif ef;&yfukd tavhtusuf rsm;jym;aom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f Pf
tMuiftcg0,f tewmEkyemPfonf xufjrufvm\? &J&ifv
h m\? oefo
Y ef&Y iS ;f &Si;f jzpfay:vm\/
xkdtcg0,f tedpmEkyemPf 'kumEkyemPf ESpfrsKd;wdkYonfvnf; xdktewmEkyemPf\
aemufoYkd tpOfwpdu
k f vdu
k yf gMu&\/ xdt
k cg tewmEkyemPfu 'd|u
d kd y,fcmG jcif; vkyif ef;&yfukd
jyKvkyfNyD; jzpfawmh\/ rSefayonf - rdpm'd|drSeforQwdkYonf tw0g' tw'd|dvQif tajccHtaMumif;&if;
Zpfjrpf &dSMuukef\/ tewmEkyemPfonfvnf; tw'd|dESifh ajzmifhajzmifhxdyfwdkuf qefYusifbuf
tEkyemjzpf\/ xdkaMumifh tedpmEkyemPf 'kumEkyemPfESpfyg;wdkYu tm;BuD;aomrSD&m
Oyed,owx
d ;l Bu;D jzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;vdu
k o
f nfh t&Sed t
f 0gowx
d ;l Bu;D udk qufc&H aom pGr;f tifowd
jynf0h pkn
H v
D maom xufjrufp;l &S &J&ifo
h ef&Y iS ;f vmaom tewmEkyemPfonf tw'|d u
d kd NzKd cEGJ ikd jf cif;
jzpfayonf/ (r[m#D-2-416/)
tMuiftcgum; tedpmEkyemPfonf xufjrufpl;&Svm\? &J&ifhvm\? oefYoefY&Sif;&Sif;
jzpfay:vm\? xdktcg 'kumEkyemPf tewmEkyemPf ESpfrsKd;wdkYonfvnf; xdktedpm
EkyemPf\ aemufoYkd tpOfwpdu
k f vdu
k yf gMu&uke\
f / xdt
k cg0,f tedpm EkyemPfu rmeudk
156
y,fcGmjcif; vkyfief;&yfudk jyKNyD; jzpfawmh\/ rSefayonf --- ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk edp[k pJG,ljcif;onf

xif&Sm;&dSvwfaomf ]]'H edpH 'H "k0H = Xmeonf jrJonfh edpwnf;? cdkifcHhonfh "k0wnf;}} (r-1401/) --- odkYponfjzifh AujA[m\ oEmefuJhodkY rmefrmew&m; axmifvTm;wuf<ujcif;onf
jzpfay:vmwwf\/ tedpm Ekyemonfvnf; ocFg&w&m;udk edp[
k pJ,
G w
l wfaom edp* g[\ ajzmif-h
ajzmifh xdyw
f u
kd f qefu
Y sib
f uf tEkyemjzpf\/ xdaYk Mumifh 'kum EkyemPf tewmEkyemPf
ESpfyg;wdkYu tm;BuD;aom rSD&mOyed,owdxl;BuD;jzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;rI t&dSeft0g owdxl;BuD;udk
qufcH&aom pGrf;tifowd jynfh0pkHnDvmaom xufjrufpl;&S &J&ifhoefY&Sif;vmaom tedpmEkyemPfonf rmepJGudk NzdKcJGzsufqD;Edkifjcif; jzpfayonf/ (r[m#D-2-416/)
tMuiftcgum; 'kumEkyemPfonf xufjrufpl;&Svm\? &J&ifhvm\? oefYoefY&Sif;&Sif;
jzpfay:vm\/ xdktcgum; tedpmEkyemPf tewmEkyemPf ESpfrsKd;wdkYonfvnf; xdk
'kumEkyemPf\ aemufodkY tpOfwpdkuf vkdufygMu&ukef\/ xdktcg0,f 'kumEkyemPfu
wPSm = eduEdw&m;udk ukefcef;apjcif;udk jyKNyD;jzpfawmh\/ rSefayonf -- ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tay:
okc[kxifaom trSwfonmonf xif&Sm;&dSvwfaomf ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk ]]igh[m}}[k wPSmjzifh
pJ,
G jl cif; wPSm*g[w&m;onf xif&mS ;jzpfay:vm\/ 'kum Ekyemonfvnf; wPSm = eduEw
d &m;\
ajzmifah jzmifh xdyw
f u
kd f qefu
Y sib
f uf tEkyemwpfrsK;d jzpf\/ xdaYk Mumifh tedpm EkyemPf tewmEkyemPf ESpfrsKd;wdkYu tm;BuD;aom rSD&m Oyed,owdxl;BuD;jzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;rI t&dSeft0g
owdxl;BuD;udk qufcH&aom pGrf;tifowd jynfh0pkHnDvmaom xufjrufpl;&S &J&ifhoefY&Sif;vmaom
'kumEkyemPfonf wPSm = eduEdw&m;udk ukefcef; ysufpD;apEdkifjcif; jzpfayonf/
(r[m#D-2-416/)
odv
Yk Qif ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd tew[k 0dyemPfjzifh Ijrifaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f oEmef
'd|dudk y,fcGmjcif;rnfonf jzpfay:vm\/ tedp[k 0dyemPfjzifh Ijrifaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\
oEmef rmeudk y,fcGmjcif;rnfonf jzpfay:vm\/ 'ku[k 0dyemPfjzifh Ijrifaom a,m*g0p&
yk*Kd v\
f oEmef wPSm = eduEu
d kd ukecf ef;apjcif;rnfonf jzpfay:vm\/ odv
Yk Qif 0dyemonf
rdrd rdrd\ t&mXmeomvQif &yfwnf aeay\[laom enf;Oya'oudk Tefjytyfayonf/
(0dok'd-2-264/)
xdaYk Mumifh toifoal wmfaumif;onf ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd vuPma&;ok;H wefv;Hk wifum 0dyem
IyGm;okH;oyfygrS wPSmpJG rmepJG 'd|dpJG[laom tpJGokH;rsKd;vkH; jyKwfEdkifrnf[laom "rLya'o a&S;a[mif;
usiphf Ofx;Hk wpf&yfudk kad opGm em,lrw
S o
f m;av&monf/ ,if; "rLya'ot& ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd tew[k
IkHoufoufrQjzifhvnf; ,if;tewmEkyemPfu 'd|dudk w'*Ftm;jzifh rcGmEdkif ry,fEdkif/ tedp[k
Io
Hk ufoufrQjzifv
h nf; ,if;tedpm EkyemPfu rmepJu
G kd w'*Ftm;jzifh rcGmEdik f ry,fEikd /f 'ku[
k
IkHoufoufrQjzifhvnf; ,if;'kumEkyemPfu odrfarGUaom eduEdwPSmudk rukefapEdkif w'*F
tm;jzifh ry,fEikd /f tEkyemPfwpfcu
k kd uset
f EkyemPfEpS cf w
k u
Ykd tm;Bu;D aomrS&D m Oyed,
owdjzifh tm;ay;axmufyHhrSomvQif qdkif&mqdkif&m tEkyemPfu qdkif&mqdkif&m udavomwdkYudk
w'*Ftm;jzifh cGmEdkif y,fEdkifonf[k od&dSav&monf/
157
y*kP jzpfavNyD
{wm0wm ye lyur|merd tlyur|merd y*kPH a[mwd/ (0dok'd-2-264/)
odkY a&;om;wifjycJhonfhtwdkif; lyowuIenf; tlyowuIenf;wdkYudk tZw A[d' ESpfXmewdkY t0g;0pGm EdkifEdkifeif;eif; 0dyem IyGm;okH;oyfEdkifcJhaomf kyfur|mef; emrfur|mef; ESpfrsKd;vkH;
onfvnf; t0g;0pGm EdkifEkdifeif;eif; avhvmtyfNyD;om jzpfawmh\? y*kPjzpfavNyD/ (0dok'd-2-264/)
r[m0dyem (18) rsKd; (0dok'd -2-264/)

vufvnfpmG vS t0g;0atmif avhvmtyfNy;D aom kyu
f r|mef; emrfur|mef;&daS om xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf txufb*FgEkyemrSp y[mey&dnm\ tpGr;f jzifh oroePfyikd ;f uJo
h Ykd wpfpdwfwpfa'otm;jzifhom r[kwfbJ okyftm;jzifhvnf;aumif; udptm;jzifhvnf;aumif; tvkH;pkHaom
tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh qdktyfvwHUukefaom tMuifr[m0dyem (18)rsKd;wdkYonf &dSukef\/ xdk r[m
0dyem (18)rsKd;wdkY\ wD&Py&dnmpcef;jzpfonfh oroePfydkif;yifvQif aU&SOD;pGm wpfpdwf
wpfa'oudk xdk;xGif;vsufodonfjzpf xdktEkyemPf toD;toD;u t&m jzpfoifh jzpfxdkuf
ukefaom xdkxkdtEkyem\ xdyfwdkufqefYusifbuf jzpfukefaom edp[k trSwfrSm;jcif; edponm
ponfwdkYukd y,fpGefYav\/ y,fcGmav\/
tedpmEkyem tp&dSukefaom 0dyemynmwdkYonf (18)rsKd;ukefaom r[m0dyemwdkY rnfukef\/ ,if; r[m0dyem (18)rsKd;wdkYwGif ocFg&w&m;wdkYtay: ---1/
2/
3/
4/
tedpmEkyemudk yGm;apaom a,m*Donf edp[k trSwfrSm;aom edponmudk y,fcGm\/

'kumEkyemudk yGm;apaom a,m*Donf okc[k trSwfrSm;aom okconmudk y,fcGm\/
tewmEkyemudk yGm;apaom a,m*Donf tw[k trSwfrSm;aom twonmudk y,fcGm\/
tedpmEkyem ponfwdkYaMumifh aumif;pGm jzpfay:vmaom ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk NiD;aiGUaom
tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh tzefwvJvJ Iaom edA'd gEkyemudk yGm;apaom a,m*Donf ocFg&w&m;wdkY ESpfoufjrwfEdk;jcif; eEDw&m;udk y,fcGm\/
5/ ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk tedp 'ku tewjzpf ted|tokbtjcif;t&mudk odjrifaom 0dyemPf
aU&SoGm;&dS ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh tzefwvJvJ Iaom
0d&m*gEkyemudk yGm;apaom a,m*Donf ocFg&w&m;wdkY wyfrufaom &m*udk y,fcGm\/
(ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ ysufjcif;bifum; &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f 0d&m*oabmw&m; jzpf\/ ,if;0d&m*
oabmudk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh vuPm,mOfokH;wef wpfvSnfhpD wifum IyGm;
okH;oyfaom 0dyemudk 0d&m*gEkyem[k ac:onf/ wpfenf; --- ocFg&wdkY\ ysufjcif;bifudk
tmkH,l vuPm,mOfokH;csufudk wifum 0dyem IyGm;okH;oyfcdkuf &m*onf w'*Ftm;jzifh
csKyfNidrf;oGm;\/ xdkYaMumifh ,if;tEkyemudk 0d&m*gEkyem[k qdkonf/ &m*\ pifppfcsKyf&m
edAmefudk tmkHjyK jzpfay:vmaom t&d,r*fPfudkvnf; 0d&m*gEkyem[kqdkonf/ 0dok'd1-282/)
158
6/ ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ cPrpJwoJoJ csKyfysufjcif;cPbifudk tmkH,l vuPm,mOfudkwifum

0dyem IyGm;okH;oyfjcif;wnf;[laom eda&m"mEkyemudk yGm;apaom a,m*Donf ocFg&
w&m;wdkY\ taMumif;&if; ork',udk y,fcGm\/ (ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ cPrpJ woJoJ csKyfysufjcif;
cPbifudk tmkHjyK jzpfay:vmaom tEkyemudkvnf; eda&m"mEkyem[k qdkonf/
udavomwdu
Yk kd w'*Ftm;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f apaom tEkyemwnf;/ &m*\ pifppfcsKyNf ird ;f &m edAm efukd
tmkHjyK jzpfay:vmaom t&d,r*fPfudkvnf; eda&m"mEkyem[kyif qdkonf/ - 0dok'd1-282/)
7/ ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk wpfzef rpJG,l rpJGvrf;rl pGefYvTwfaMumif;jzpfaom y#ded*gEkyemudk
yGm;apaom a,m*Donf wpfzef b0opf tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk pJG,ljcif; edp
ponfwdkY\ tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh pJGvrf;jcif;wdkYudk y,fcGm\/ (ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ ysufjcif;bifudk
tmkH,l vuPm,mOfudk wifum IyGm;okH;oyfwwfaom 0dyemonf w'*F\ tpGrf;jzifh
cEmig;yg; b0opfukd jyKjyifwwfaom tbdocFg&w&m;wdEYk iS hf twlwuG udavomwdu
Yk kd y,fpeG -Yf
wwfaomaMumifh y&dpm*y#ded*vnf; rnf\? ocFww&m;wdkY\ cPrpJ woJoJ csKyfysufjcif;
wnf;[laom ocFwtjypfudk Ijrifojzifh xdkocFww&m;ESifh xdyfwdkuf qefYusifbuf ajymif;jyef
jzpfaom tocFw edAm efw&m;awmfjrwf Gwu
f ikd ;f Iid ;f aomtm;jzifh ajy;0ifaomaMumifh yuEe
y#ded*vnf;rnf\/ t&d,r*fPfonf t<uif;rJh y,fowfwwfaom orkap'\ tpGrf;jzifh
cEtbdocFg&w&m;wdkYESifhwuG udavomwdkYudk y,fpGefYwwfaomaMumifh y&dpm*y#ded*vnf;
rnf\? tmkHrsufarSmufjyKonf\ tpGrf;jzifh tocFw tNidrf;"mwf edAmef ajy;0ifaomaMumifh
yuEe y#de
d *vnf; rnf\/ 0do'k -d 1-282/ ,if;y#de
d *EiS hf jynfph aHk om 0dyemPfonf
y#de
d *gEkyemrnf\/)
8/ ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk cPwdik ;f cPwdik ;f ysurf I cPbifukd tmk,
H
l vuPm,mOfwifum tzef
wvJvJ Iaom c,mEkyemudk jzpfapaom a,m*Donf kyw
f ;Hk kycf J emrfw;Hk emrfcw
J nf;[laom
twkH;tcJay: trSwfrSm;wwfaom Ceonmudk y,fcGm\/ (ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ oEwdCe
orl[Ce udpCe tm&rPCewnf;[laom kyfwkH;kyfcJ emrfwkH;emrfcJwdkYudk tMuif0dyem
ynmjzifh cJGjcm;a0zef pdwfjzmjcif; NzdKcGJzsufqD;jcif;udk jyK y&rwftppf "mwftESpfjzpfaom
,if;ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd --- tedpH c,a|e = ukew
f wf ysuw
f wfaom teufoabmaMumifh tedp[
k
I\/ xdk0dyemynmonf c,mEkyem rnf\/ ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ cPbifudk tzefwvJvJ
IonfrS p xdkc,mEkyem\ xuf0ef;usif jynfhpkHjcif;onf jzpfav&um; Ceonm\ uGmjcif;onf jzpf\/ xdb
k *FgEkyem = c,mEkyemrS a&S;tzdYk um; c,mEkyem\ xuf0ef;usif
rjynfph aHk o;onf\ tjzpfaMumifh Ceonm\ uGmjcif;onf rjzpfao;/ Ceonm[lonf oEw-d
Ce orl[Ce udpC
e tm&rPCewd\
Yk tpGr;f jzifh ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd wpfcw
k nf;tjzpf pJ,
G jl cif;
trSwfrSm;jcif;wnf;/)
9/ ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk ysujf cif; csKyjf cif;udk tzefwvJvJ Iaom 0,mEkyemudk jzpfapaom a,m*Donf tm,l[etrnf&aom ukov
kd o
f cFg& tukov
kd o
f cFg&wdu
Yk kd aygif;pk;Hk pnf;jcif;udk jyKwwfaom wPSmudk y,fcGm\/ (yputm;jzifhvnf;aumif; tEkrme-q odaom tEG,tm;jzifh
159
vnf;aumif; ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ bifudk I xdkbif[k qdktyfaom csKyfjcif;omvQif ESvkH;oGif;onf\tjzpf ESvkH;Gwfonf\ tjzpfonf 0,mEkyem rnf\/ ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ xdkysufjcif;
csKyfjcif;udk Iaom 0,mEkyemjzifh yknmbdocFg& tyknmbdocFg& tmaembdocFg&wnf;
[laom ocFg&wdkYudk qnf;yl;kH;pkaygif;pnf;jcif;udk jyKaom wPSmudk pGefYcGmEdkifownf;/ tMuif
rjywf qufum qufum jzpfaom 0#fw&m;tusK;d iSm tMuifwPSmjzifh ukov
kd o
f cFg& tukov
kd f
ocFg&wdkYudk qnf;yl;kH;pk aygif;pnf;jcif;ukd jyK\ = jyKpkysKd;axmif\/ xdk0#fw&m; wPSmjzifh
xdka,m*D\ pdwfonfum; rGwfNyD? xdkYaMumifh 0,mEkyemudk jzpfapaoma,m*Donf tm,l[eudk y,fcGm\[k rdefYqdkjcif; jzpfonf/ r[m#D-2-417/)
10/ ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk Z&m-r&P (= XDumv-bifumv) [laom ESpyf g;aom tzdt
Yk pkwjYkd zifh azmufjyef
ysupf ;D jcif; 0dy&dPmroabmudk tzefwvJvJ Iaom 0dy&dPmrmEkyemudk jzpfapaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf ocFg&w&m;wdkY jrJjrHonf\ tjzpfudk rSwfwwfaom "k0onmudk y,fcGm\/
11/ tedrdwmEkyem trnf&aom tedpmEkyemudk jzpfapaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf oEwd
Ce orl[Ce rNydKojzifh kyfoEwd emrfoEwd kyfuvmyf emrfuvmyfwdkYudk y&rw"mwfom;
wpfckwnf; wpfvkH;wpfcJwnf;\ tjzpfudk rSwfom;wwfaom onmjzifh pJG,ltyfaom vkH;vkH;
avsmif;avsmif; txnfudk,f&dSouJhodkY uyf xifjcif;[laom edrdwfudk y,fcGm\/
12/ tyP[
d w
d mEkyem trnf&aom awmifw
h wyfruf ESpo
f ufz,
G f r&d[
S k todPfjzpfaMumif;
jzpfaom 'kum Ekyemudk jzpfapaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf okcudk awmifw
h wwfaom wPSm
[laom yPd"dudk y,fcGm\/
13/ oknwmEkyemtrnf&aom ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk twrS qdwo
f Ok ;f onf\ tjzpfudk tzefwvJvJ
Iwwfaom tewmEkyemudk jzpfapaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf ocFg&w&m;wdkY tw[k
rSm;aomtm;jzifh ESvkH;oGif;jcif; twmbdeda0oudk y,fcGm\/
14/ ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk edp okc twrS qdwo
f Ok ;f onf\ tjzpfukd tmk,
H
l jzpfay:vmaom vGeu
f -J
aom 0dyem[k qdt
k yfaom t"dynm"r0yd emudk jzpfapaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf ocFg&
w&m;wdYk edpo
m& ponfwu
Ykd kd pJ,
G o
l nf\ tpGr;f jzifh jzpfay:vmaom rSm;aom ESv;Hk oGi;f jcif;[k
qdktyfaom wPSmESifhwuGaom 'd|dudk = om&m'gembdeda0oudk y,fcGm\/
15/ taMumif;w&m;ESiw
hf uGaom emrfyk u
f kd [kww
f ikd ;f rSepf mG Ijrifwwfaom 0dyemynm taMumif;
w&m;ESifhwuGaom ,if;emrfkyf\ tedptjcif;t&m 'kutjcif;t&m tewtjcif;t&mudk
[kwfwdkif;rSefpGm Ijrifwwfaom 0dyemynm[laom ,xmblwP'eudk jzpfapaom
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf ]]igonf twdwfb0u jzpfcJhavoavm}} odkY ponfjzifh jzpfay:vmaom rSm;aomtm;jzifh ESvkH;oGif;wwfaom oarm[mbdeda0o ]]tpdk;&aom y&rDoGmjA[m
ponfaMumifh avmuonf jzpfay:vm\}} odkYponfjzifh jzpfay:vmaom rSm;aomtm;jzifh
ESvkH;oGif;wwfaom oarm[mbdeda0oudk y,fcGm\/
16/ ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk tysuu
f kd 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunf
h vuPm,mOfwifum 0dyem
IyGm;okH;oyfvsuf&dSaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ Pf ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk aMumufvefYzG,f&m
160
ab;qdk;BuD;rsm;tjzpfxifvm\/ ,if;odkY aMumufvefYzG,f&m ab;qdk;BuD;tjzpf xifvmonf\

tpGrf;jzifh jzpfay:vmaom b0tm;vkH;wdkY ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ azmufjyef ysufpD;wwfonfh 0dy&dPmr"rtjypfukd Ijrifwwfaom tm'De0gEkyemudk jzpfapaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf wpfpHk
wpfcak om ocFg&w&m;rQ\vnf; yke;f atmif;&m rScD &kd m r&do
S nf\ tjzpfukd jrifjcif;aMumifh rScD &kd m[k
uyfNiw
d wfaomtm;jzifh rSm;rSm;,Gi;f ,Gi;f ESv;Hk oGi;f wwfaom wPSm[laom tmv,mbdead 0oudk
y,fcGm\/
17/ ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk pGefYvTwfjcif;\ taMumif;jzpfaom ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedptcsuf 'ku
tcsuf tewtcsufponfwdkY tzefwvJvJ qifjcifwwf IyGm;wwfaom 0dyemPf[k
qdktyfaom y#docFgEkyemudk jzpfapaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf ty#docF trnf&aom
ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedptcsuf ponfwdkY tzefwvJvJ qifjcifwwfaom IyGm;wwfaom
0dyemPf\ qefYusifbuf jzpfaom t0dZmudk y,fcGm\/
18/ oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku\ uif;jywfkyfodrf; csKyfNidrf;jcif; tusKd;iSm tzefwvJvJ Iaom 0d0mEkyemtrnf&aom ocFgkayumPf tEkavmrPfudk jzpfapaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf
umr*kPfESifh pyf,SOfjcif; tp&dSaom udavom\ jzpfjcif;[k qdktyfaom rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif; ESvkH;
oGif;jcif; [laom oHa,m*gbdeda0oudk y,fcGm\/ (0dok'd-2-264/)
xdk (18)yg;aom r[m0dyemwdkYwGif a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf tedp 'ku tew[laom
vuPmok;H yg;taygif;\ tpGr;f jzifh ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd jriftyfuek o
f nf\ tjzpfaMumifh tedpm Ekyem
'kumEkyem tewmEkyemwdkYonf &tyfonf rnfukef\/
tedrdwmEkyem tyPd[dwmEkyem oknwmEkyem

,m p tedpmEkyem ,m p tedrdwmEkyem? ar "rm {uwm? Asear0 emeH/ / ,m p
'kumEkyem ,m p tyPd[dwmEkyem? ar "rm {uwm Asear0 emeH/ / ,m p tewmEkyem ,m p oknwmEkyem? ar "rm {uwm? Asear0 emeH/ (y#doH-259/ 0dok'd-2-265)
tedpm Ekyem tedrw
d m Ekyem[laom tEkyem ESprf sK;d wdo
Yk nf teuftm;jzifh wluek \
f ?
o'gonfomvQif xl;\/ 'kumEkyem tyPd[dwmEkyem[laom tEkyem ESpfrsKd;wdkYonf
teuftm;jzifh wlukef\? o'gonfomvQif xl;\/ tewmEkyem oknwmEkyem[laom
tEkyem ESpfrsKd;wdkYonf teuftm;jzifh wlukef\? o'gonfomvQif xl;\/
(y#doH-259/ 0dok'd-2-265/)
tedrdwmEkyem
edrdwEd oEwd,H orla[ p {uwonm, *,SrmeH umvE&m0|m,dbma0e edpbma0e p
ocFg&meH oudpy&dap'wm, o0d*[H 0d, (o0d*[meH 0d,) Oy|merwH/ (r[m#D-2-417/)
edrdwE d ocFg&edrdwH/ ,H ocFg&meH orl[m'dCe0aoe oudpy&dap'wm, p o0d*[meH 0d,
Oy|meH/ (r[m#D-2-439/)
161
edrdw"arolwd orl[m'dCe0aoe p oudpy&dap'wm, p oy&d*a[ok caEok/

(rlv#D-1-113/)
edrdw"rm ocFg&m aw[d oedrdwm o0d*[m 0d, Oy|[EDwd awoH tbm0dwbm0e
bm0dwbm0e p Oy|[emum&H 'aaEm ]]orl[m'D}}wdtm'drm[/ (tEk#D-1-121/)
edrdwEd ocFg&edrdwH? twDwmem*wypKyEmeH ocFg&meara0wH t"d0peH/ (0dok'd-2-284/)
ocFg&edrdwEd ]]ocFg&meH orl[m'dCe0aoe oudpy&dap'wm, p o0d*[meH 0d, Oy|me}}Ed
0kawm 0g,rawm/ ocFg&meH ye wxm Oy|meH ocFg&0dedrkwH e a[mwDwd tm[ ]]twDwm/ y /
t"d0pe}}Ed/ (r[m#D-2-447/)
0dok'dr*t|uxmq&mawmfu edrdwt& ocFg&edrdwfudk qdkvdkaMumif;udkvnf;aumif; xdkedrdw
[laom trnfonf twdwf tem*wf ypKye [
f al om umvok;H yg;twGi;f wnf&aSd om ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk
trnfjzpfaMumif;udkvnf;aumif; (0dok'd-2-284) zGifhqdkxm;awmfrl\/
uJhodkY &Sif;vif;zGifhqdkcsufESifh qufpyf #Dumq&mawmfrsm;u ]]t"d0peH emrH&dS&m Oypm}}[laom o'gpnf;urf;ESifhtnD odkY &Sif;vif;wifjyxm;awmfrlMu\/ 0dyem bm0emur|mef;udk
y&rwfodkY Pftjrifqdkufatmif wu,fh 0dyeme,fajr tppfodkY a&mufatmif rpD;jzef;&ao;aom
rpD;jzef;zl;ao;aom yk*Kd vEf iS hf pD;jzef;zl;aomfvnf; 0dyemur|mef;udk acw,m,D jzpfap cyfMumMum
jzpfap csxm;aom yk*dKvfwdkYonf kyf-emrf-aMumif;-usKd; = ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk twkH;vdkuf tcJvdkuf
jrifaewwf\? kyfw&m;wdkYudk oEwdCe twkH;tcJ orl[Ce twkH;tcJ udpCe twkH;tcJ rNydKbJ
emrfw&m;wdkYudkvnf; oEwdCe twkH;tcJ orl[Ce twkH;tcJ udpCe twkH;tcJ tm&rPCe
twkH;tcJ rNydKbJ twkH;vdkuf tcJvdkuf jrifaewwf\/
xdkoEwdCe twkH;tcJ = kyfemrf oEwd tpOftwef; twkH;tcJ orl[Ce twkH;tcJ = kyfemrf taygif;tpk twkH;tcJ udpCe twkH;tcJ = kyf-emrf vkyfief;udp twkH;tcJ tm&rPCe
twk;H tcJ = tmk,
H w
l wfaom 0dyemIaeaom emrfw&m;wd\
Yk twk;H tcJ [laom twk;H tcJwrYkd mS
0dyembm0emudk ryGm;rsm;&ao;aom odrYk [kwf 0dyemur|mef;udk csxm;aom yk*Kd vw
f t
Ykd zdYk xifvm
jrifvmaom kyf-emrf"r ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ twkH;tcJwdkYom jzpfMu\/ ocFg&w&m;wdkY r&dSu twkH;tcJvnf; r&dSEdkifNyD/ ocFg&w&m;wdkYrS vGwfaom twkH;tcJrnfonf r&dSEdkifaomaMumifh jzpf\/
ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ taygif;tpkjzpfaom oEwdCe twkH;tcJ orl[Ce twkH;tcJ udpCe
twkH;tcJ tm&rPCe twkH;tcJwdkY\ ocFg&edrdwf[laom trnfudk tpdwftpdwf jzpfaom CeNydKNyD;aom y&rwftppf "mwftESpfjzpfaom ocFg&w&m;wdkY wifpm; ocFg&w&m;wdkYudkyif ocFg&edrdwf
[k ac:qdkxm;jcif; zGifhqdkxm;jcif; jzpfayonf/
tqdktrdefYrsm;t& kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkYudk Ce toD;toD; NydKatmif Pfjzifh rNzdKcJG&ao;bJ y&rwfodkY Pftjrif rqdkufao;bJ twkH;vdkuf tcJvdkuftwdkif;om 0dyem IaevQifum;
twkH;vdkuf tcJvdkufudkyif Munfh jzpfysuf IaevQifum; tedp[k IaevQifum; edrdwudkom 0dyem
Iaeao;onf rnf\/ tedrdwu
dk Ionf rrnf/ edrdwudkom Iaeao;vQif tedrdwudk 0dyem
162
rIEikd af o;vQif tedrdwmEkyem rrnfao;ay/ tedrdwmEkyem rrnfao;ygu tedpmEkyemvnf; rrnfao;ay/ tedpmEkyem rrnfao;vQif 0dyemPf tppfvnf; rjzpfao;ay/
bk&m;a[m wu,fh 0dyemtppfodkY rqdkufa&mufao;ay/
xif&Sm;aptHh/ -- bk&m;a[m wu,fh0dyemtppfum; kyfuvmyf emrfuvmyfwdkYudk Pfjzifh
awGUjrifaomtcg ,if;kyfuvmyf emrfuvmyfwdkYudk kyfwkH;kyfcJ emrfwkH;emrfcJwnf;[laom kyfCe
emrfCewdu
Yk kd Pfjzifh NzKd czGJ suq
f ;D vsuf y&rwftppf "mwftESpjf zpfaom kyef mrfwu
Ykd kd odr;f qnf;Ny;D vQif
,if;kyfemrf y&rwfw&m;wdkY\ tedptjcif;t&m 'kutjcif;t&m tewtjcif;t&mudk Pfjzifh
jrifatmifMunf
h vuPm,mOfo;Hk csuf wpfvn
S phf D wifum IymG ;ok;H oyf&aom vkyif ef;cGirf sK;d om jzpf\/
tu,f toifoal wmfaumif;onf rdr\
d cEmud,
k t
f wGi;f odYk pdu
k f v
I u
kd af omtcg rmrI Murf;rI av;rI
aysmrh I acsmrI ayghrI ,dpk ;D rI zJUG pnf;rI ylrI at;rI axmufrI wGe;f rI [laom "mwfobm0wdu
Yk kd twk;H vdu
k f
tcJvu
kd o
f m awGUjrifaeonf jzpft?hH kyu
f vmyf emrfuvmyfrQuakd omfvnf; Pfjzifh rawGUjrifao;onf
jzpftHh? kyfuvmyf emrfuvmyfudk jrifaomfvnf; y&rwfodkY Pftjrif qdkufatmif kyfCe emrfCe
toD;toD;udk NzdKcJGzsufqD;vsuf kyfy&rwf emrfy&rwfwdkYudk rodrf;qnf;Edkifao;onf jzpfjim;tHh?
uJhodkYaom y&rwfodkY Pftjrif rqdkufao;aom oorm&yx0D oorm&tmayg oorm&
awaZm oorm&0ga,m"mwfrQavmufukdom awGUjrifaeao;aom toifolawmfaumif;onf ,if;
twkH;vdkuf tcJvdkufom awGUjrifae&aom "mwfobm0wdkYudk 0dyemIaeygu odkYr[kwf 0dyem
Iaeonf[k qdkygu xdk0dyemrSm edrdwudkom Iaeaom 0dyem jzpf\? tedrdwudk 0dyem
Iaeaom tedrdwmEkyem tedpmEkyemum; r[kwfao;ay/ xdkYaMumifh kyfemrfwdkYudk y&rwfodkY
Pftjrif qdu
k af tmif rodr;f qnf;Edik af o;aom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f 0dyemudk wu,fh bk&m;a[m
0dyemtppf r[kwfao;[k qdkjcif; jzpf\/
tu,f toifoal wmfaumif;onf yg&rDtm;avsmpf mG kyu
f vmyfrsm;udk awGU&d
S xdk yk u
f vmyfwdkY\ tvGef vsifvsifjrefjref jzpfrI ysufrIudk Munfh jzpfysuf[kvnf;aumif; tedp[kvnf;aumif;
IaevQiv
f nf; edrw
d " rukd 0dyemIaeao;onf rnf\/ kyu
f vmyfw[
Ykd o
l nf orl[ynwf oPme
ynwfponfh ynwfrsm; ruGmonfh ynwfrsm; rpifao;onfh tao;qk;H ynwf twk;H tcJrsm; jzpfMu\/
ynwf[lorQonf edrdw"rrsKd;om jzpf\/ ,if;kyfuvmyfrsm;udk Ce toD;toD; NydKatmif Pfjzifh
cJGjcm; pdwfjzm IEdkifygrSomvQif y&rwfodkY Pftjrif qdkuf ,if;y&rwf kyfw&m;wdkYonfomvQif
tedrdw"rwdkY jzpfMu\/ ,if;tedrdw"rwdkYonfomvQif 0dyemPf\ tIcHtmkHwdkY jzpfMu\/
tu,f toifolawmfaumif;onf 0dyembm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;&m kyfuvmyfrsm;udkaomfrS rjrifzl;ao;[k qdkvQif wpfenf;qdk&aomf kyfuvmyf emrfuvmyfudkaomfrQ rjrifzl;ao;bJ
kyfwkH;kyfcJ emrfwkH;emrfcJtwdkif; jzpfysufIaeonf tedp[k Iaeonf[kqdkvQif ,if;uJhodkYaom IrIrSm
kyfy&rwf emrfy&rwf jzpfaom tedrdw"rodkY Pftjrif rqdkufao;aom IrIrQom jzpfaeojzifh
tedrdwmEkyem tedpmEkyem[laom trnfukd r&&dSEdkif[laom tcsufudkum; txl;ajymzG,f&myif rvdkawmhay/ tedrdwmEkyem tedpmEkyem trnfr&EdkifvQif 0dyemtppfvnf;
rjzpfEdkifao;[laom tcsufrSmvnf; &Sif;vsuf vif;vsuf xif;vsufyif &dSayonf/ ynm&dSaomfvnf;
owdjzpfcJ\/
163
kyu
f vmyf emrfuvmyf wpfcw
k pfck twGi;f wnf&aSd om kyw
f &m; emrfw&m; y&rw"mwfom;
toD;toD;\ Oyg'fpGef; bifpGef;udk Pftjrif qdkufygrS oEwdCe NydKrnf jzpf\/ Oyg'fpGef; bifpGef;udk
Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;rjrifbJ kyfuvmyf emrfuvmyf wpfcktwGif; wnf&dSaom y&rw"mwfom;wdkY\
bifumvESifh tjcm;kyfuvmyf emrfuvmyfwpfcktwGif; wnf&dSaom y&rw"mwfom;wdkY\ Oyg'f
umvukd wpfenf;qdk&aomf a&S;a&S; y&rw"mwfom;wdkY\ bifumvESifh aemufaemuf y&rw"mwfom;wd\
Yk Oyg'fumvudk wpfqufwnf; wpfpOfwnf;uJo
h Ykd xifae jrifae awGUaevQif Oyg'fpeG ;f bifpeG ;f udk
uef
Y ydik ;f jcm; rjrifvQif ocFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nf Oyg'f-XD-bif[al om umvwpfyg;rS Oyg'f-XD-bif[al om
tjcm;umvwpfyg;odYk wdik af tmif wnfaeEdik o
f nf[al om t,ltqrSm;onf jzpfay:vmwwf\/ a&S;a&S;
y&rw"mwfom;ESifh aemufaemuf y&rw"mwfom;udk wpfckwnf;[k ,lqvmwwf\/ {uw onmwnf;/ ,if;odkY ,lqcJhaomf ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk edptjzpf vufcHvmwwf\/
wpfzef kyfuvmyf emrfuvmyf wpfckwpfck twGif; wnf&dSaom tkyfpktvdkuf tkyfpktvdkuf
jzpfaeMuaom kyfw&m; emrfw&m; y&rw"mwfom;wdkYukd --- um; yx0D um; tmayg um;
awaZm um; 0ga,m ponfjzifhvnf;aumif; - um; z um; a0'em um; onm
um; apwem um; 0dnmPf ponfjzifhvnf;aumif; wpfvkH;pD wpfvkH;pD Pfjzifh cJGjcrf;pdwfjzm
r,lEikd f rIEikd f rjrifEikd v
f Qif orl[Ce = kyt
f aygif;tpk twk;H tcJ emrftaygif;tpk twk;H tcJ rNyKd ay/
orl[Ce rNydKvQif orl[ynwf oPmeynwfrsm; ruGmEdkifao;ojzifh o0d*["r = oPmefj'yf
&dSaom w&m;rsKd;om jzpfae\/ ,if;o0d*["rwdkYudk y&rw"mwfom;wpfckwnf; tae xifvmwwf
jrifvmwwf ,lqvmwwf\? {uw onmwnf;/ oPmefj'yf&aSd om w&m; rSeo
f rQ o0d*[
"r rSeo
f rQ
edrw
d " rwo
Ykd m jzpfMu\/ ,if;edrw
d " rwu
Ykd kd 0dyemIaeaomf tedrw
d m Ekyem rrnfojzifh tedpm Ekyemvnf; rrnf&um; 0dyem tppftrSefvnf; r[kwfao;onfom[k rSwfom;av&monf/
tyPd[dwmEkyem
yPd"dEd okcyweH? &m*g'dyPd"d H 0g ? twawm wPSm0aoe ocFga&ok edEwH/
(r[m#D-2-417/)
csrf;omokcudk vdkvm;awmifhwjcif;udk yPd"d[k ac:qdkonf/ wpfenf; --- &m*paom awmifhwjcif;udk = &m*[laom awmifw
h jcif;udk yPd"[
d k ac:qdo
k nf/ y&rw w&m;ud,
k f teufoabmjzifu
h m;
wPSm\ tpGrf;jzifh kyfemrfocFg&w&m;wdkY Gwfudkif;Idif;onf\ tjzpfudk qdkvdkayonf/ tyPd[dw
[lonf ,if;yPd"d\ qefYusifbufwnf;/
tyPd[dwmEkyem[lonf ocFg&w&m;wdkY tay: wPSmjzifh vdkvm;awmifhwrI uif;jywfatmif usiahf om tEkyemwnf;/ ocFg&w&m;wdYk 'kum EkyemPf &ifo
h efvmvQif tyP[
d w
d odYk
qdu
k af &mufvmrnf jzpfayonf/ xdaYk Mumifh tyP[
d w
d mEkyemESihf 'kum Ekyemwdo
Yk nf w&m;ud,
k f
teufoabmtm;jzifh wlnDMuayonf/
164
oknwmEkyem
ocFg&w&m;wdYk omrd-ed0god-um&u-a0'u-t"d|m,u[k omoemy t,ltq&do
S l tw0g'
orm;wdkY MuHqtyfaom twrS qdwfokOf;rIudk jrifatmif tzefzef txyfxyf Iaom tEkyemPfonf oknwmEkyemPf rnf\/ xdkYaMumifh oknwmEkyemPfESifh tewmEkyemPfwdkYonf w&m;udk,f teufoabmtm;jzifh wlMuonf/
t"dynm"r0dyem
t"dynm"r0dyem ye oAmyd 0dyem/ (0dok'd-2-265/)
lyg'dtm&rPH wGm w'g&rP pdw b* 'doGm ocFg&m {0 bdZ Ed? ocFg&meH r&PH? e
tanm aumpd twDwd b*F0aoe oknwH *a[wGm y0wm 0dyem t"dynm p om "arok p
0dyemwd t"dynm "r0dyem? wm, edpom&m'dtm'ge0aoe y0wH tbdeda0oH owPSH 'd|
yZ[wd/ (r[m#D-2-417/)
t"dynm"r0dyem[lonf 0dyemPf tm;vkH;udkyif qdkvdkonf/ (0dok'd-2-265/)
kyw
f &m; emrfw&m;ponfh 0dyemPf\ tIct
H mkH jzpfaom ocFg&tmku
H kd odNy;D xdk yk w
f &m;
emrfw&m; ponfudk tmkHjyK jzpfay:vmaom pdwf\ = 0dyemraem'Gg&du aZm0Dxd pdwftpOf\
ysujf cif; = bifukd jrif ocFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nfomvQif ysuu
f ek \
f ? ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk omvQif aojcif;onf
jzpf\? ysufaom aoaom ocFg&w&m;wdkYrS tjcm;wpfyg;aom wpfpkHwpfa,mufaom yk*dKvfow0g
rnfonf r&dS[k ysufjcif; = bif\ tpGrf;jzifh ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ oknjzpfrIudk = tusdwftcJ tcdkiftrm
tESpfom&tm;jzifh wnfaewwfonfh twrS qdwfokOf;rIudk Pfjzifh ykdif;jcm;,l jzpfay:vmaom
0dyemPfonf vGeu
f aJ om ynmvnf; [kw\
f ? xdv
k eG u
f aJ om ynm[lonf ocFg&"rwYkd Iaeaom
0dyemPfvnf; [kw\
f ? xdaYk Mumifh t"dynm"r0yd em rnfayonf/ xdt
k "dynm"r0yd emjzifh
ocFg&w&m;wdYk edp[
al om tESpo
f m& okc[laom tESpo
f m& tw[al om tESpo
f m& &d\
S ponfjzifh
pJG,lonf\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfay:vmaom ocFg&"rwdkYudk edp-okc-tw-"k0 ponfjzifh jrJjrHpGm ESvkH;
oGif;jcif;[k qdktyfaom wPSmESifhwuGaom 'd|dudk y,fpGefYEdkif\/ (r[m#D-2-417/)
,xmblwP'e
,xmblwP'eH ucFg0dw&P0dok'd,m {0 o*F[dwH/ (0dok'd-2-265/)
,xmblwP'eH emr oyp,
emrly'eH/ awe ]]ta[mod EH k acg t[rwDwr'ge}}Ed
{0rm'duH ]]&awm avmaum or0wD}}wd {0rm'du oarm[mbdeda0oH yZ[wd/
(r[m#D-2-417-418/)
taMumif;w&m;ESifh wuGaom emrfkyfudk odjrifwwfaom Pfonf ,xmblwP'e
rnf\/ ,if;Pfudk ucFg0dw&P0dok'dydkif;jzifhomvQif odrf;usKH;a&wGuftyf\/ xdkPfjzifh ]]igonf
twdwfumvu jzpfcJhavoavm}} odkY paom jyif;pGm awGa0vsuf rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif; ESvkH;oGif;jcif;165
udv
k nf;aumif; ]]zefqif;&Sif ydik &f iS f &aMumifh avmuonf jzpfay:vm&\/}} odYk paom jyif;pGm
awGa0vsuf rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif; ESvkH;oGif;jcif;udkvnf;aumif; y,fpGefYEdkif\/ (r[m#D-2-417-418/)
rQjzifh a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf tedpmEkyemPf 'kumEkyemPf tewmEkyemPf tedrdwmEkyemPf tyPd[dwmEkyemPf oknwmEkyemPf t"dynm"r
0dyem ,xmblwP'e[laom 0dyemPfwu
Ykd kd &tyfonf rnfonfomvQif jzpfay\/
<uif;ukefaom edAd'gEkyempaom 0dyemPf (10)yg;wdkY tcsKdUudk &&dSNyD; jzpf\? tcsKdUudkum;
r&tyfao;ay/ aemuf xif&Sm;vwHU/
oroePfcef; NyD;\/
22222
166
r*gr*P'e0dok'd eda'o -- O',A,Pfcef;
O',A,Pfcef;
xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf odkYvQif tedpmEkyem ponfwdkY\ qefYusifbuf jzpfukefaom
edpo
nmponfh oHuad vo tnpftaMu;wdu
Yk kd y,fEikd jf cif;aMumifh txl;ojzifh pifMu,faom 0dyemPfonf xdyk *k Kd v\
f oEmef0,f jzpfay:vm\/ wdrw
f u
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xuf0ef;usif pifMu,fjcif;onf jzpfay:vmouJo
h v
Ykd nf;aumif; Get
f npftaMu;\ uif;pifjcif;aMumifh
a&\xuf0ef;usif pifMu,fjcif;onf jzpfay:vmouJhodkYvnf;aumif; oHpaom tnpftaMu;\
uif;pifjcif;aMumifh a&T\ pifMu,fjcif;onf jzpfay:vmouJo
h v
Ykd nf;aumif; 0dyemPf\ npfErG ;f aMumif; jzpfaom edponmpaom oHudavo tnpftaMu;\ uif;pifjcif;aMumifh 0dyemPf\
xuf0ef;usif pifMu,fjcif;onf jzpfay:vm&ayonf/
wpfyg;ru rsm;jym;pGmaom tjcif;t&mwdkYjzifh >yrf;aom ocFg&w&m;wdkY vuPm,mOfwif
0dyem IyGm;okH;oyfjcif;[laom oroePf\ udp ajyukefpGm jyKtyfNyD;onf\ tjzpfaMumifh xdk
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf oroePf\ urf;wpfbufodkYvnf; qdkufa&mufvm\/ ,if;oroePf
tjrifEiS hf jynfph aHk om a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf O',A,PftjrifEiS hf jynfph aHk tmif qufvuf tm;opf&rnf jzpf\/ (0dok'd-2-265/ r[m#D-2-419/)
O',A,'e (2) rsKd;

1/ yp,awm O',A,'e = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh jzpfysufudk Ijcif;
2/ cPawm O',A,'e = Oyg'f-XD-bif [laom cPtm;jzifh jzpfysufudk Ijcif; -odkYvQif O',A,'e ESpfrsKd; &dS\/ xdkESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif cPawm O',A,'e = Oyg'f-XDbif [laom cPw,tm;jzifh = cPw,odkY qdkufatmif ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfrI ysufrIudk odjrifaom
O',A,Pfudk &&dSjcif;iSm aU&SOD;pGm O',A,tusOf;enf;udk pwif tm;xkwf&\/ tm;xkwf&ef
Tefjyaom ygVdawmfrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpf\/ --
y#dord'gr*ygVdawmf a[mMum;xm;awmfrlyHk
uxH ypKyEmeH "rmeH 0dy&dPmrmEkyae ynm O',A,mEkyae PH ZmwH lyH ypKyEH?
w edAwd vuPH O'a,m? 0dy&dPmrvuPH 0a,m? tEkyem PH/ Zmwm a0'em onm
ocFg&m 0dnmPH/ ZmwH puK/ y / Zmawm ba0g ypKyaEm? w edAwdvuPH O'a,m? 0dy&dPmrvuPH 0a,m? tEkyem PH/ (y#doH-52/ 0dok'd-2-265/)
txufyg y#dord'gr*ygVdawmfESifhtnD O',A,Pfydkif; 0dyem pwifI&rnfh 0dyemPf\ tIcH tmkHw&m;rsm;rSm ypKyefjzpfaom Oyg'f-XD-bif[laom cPokH;yg; taygif; tusKH;
0ifaom Oyg'geuEm (5)yg; tm,we (12)yg; "mwf (18)yg; avmuDaÈw&m;rsm; t0dZmrSonf
b0odkY wdkifatmifaom y#dporkyg'f t*Fg&yf (10)yg;wdkYwnf;/
167
ypKyef[lonfrSm
{w p cPm'duxm0 edy&d,m,m/ aoom oy&d,m,m/ (0dok'd-2-103/)
ypKyElyH emr ZmwH cPw,y&d,myEEd tawm/ wH ye tm'dawm 'ky&d*[Ed oEwdypKyE0aoe 0dyembdeda0aom umwaAm/ (r[m#D-2-419/)
t'gypKyef oEwdypKyef cPypKyef[k ypKyefokH;rsKd;&dS&m oroePfydkif; t'gypKyefw&m;
wdkYu p 0dyem IyGm;ESvkH;oGif;&\/ O',A,Pfydkif;um; oEwdypKyefrS p cPypKyefodkY
qdkufatmif 0dyem IyGm;ESvkH;oGif;&\/ t'gypKyefw&m;rS p 0dyem ESvkH;oGif;onfyif jzpfap?
oEwdypKyefw&m;rS p 0dyem ESvkH;oGif;onfyif jzpfap? ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ Oyg'f-XD-bif[laom
cPtm;jzifh jzpfrI ysufrI = cPypKyefodkY Pftjrifqdkufatmif 0dyemI&rnfom jzpfayonf/
xdkypKyef okH;rsKd;wdkYwGif t'gypKyef oEwdypKyefwdkYum; y&d,m,uxm pum;wdkYwnf;/ t'g
ypKyef trnf&aom ocFg&w&m; oEwdypKyeftrnf&aom ocFg&w&m;wdkY w&m;udk,f y&rw"r
rsm;onf aU&SESifh aemuf uJGjym;rI &dSMu\/ qdkvdkonfrSm odkY jzpf\? -- t'gypKyef trnf&aom
y#doaErSonf pkwdodkY wdkifatmifaom b0wpfckjzifh ydkif;jcm;xm;tyfaom w&m;wdkYum; trsKd;rsKd;
tpm;pm;yif &dMS u\/ b0wpfavQmufv;Hk y&rw"mwfom; wpfcw
k nf;om jzpfaeonfum; r[kwaf y/
kyf trsKd;rsKd; emrf trsKd;rsKd; ukodkvf trsKd;rsKd; tukodkvf trsKd;rsKd; 0dyguf trsKd;rsKd; Bud,m trsKd;rsKd;wdkY
jzpfMu\/ oEwdypKyefw&m;wdkYvnf; xdkufovdk enf;wlyif rSwfyg/
xdkt'gypKyef oEwdypKyefw&m;wdkYwGif wpfckaom Oyg'f-XD-bif[laom cPokH;yg;taygif; =
cPw,rS apmifhMunfhcJhaomf tcsKdUum; cPw,udk vGefNyD; twdwfw&m;rsm; jzpfMu\? tcsKdUum;
cPw,odkY ra&mufao;aom tem*wfw&m;rsm; jzpfMu\/ tcsKdUum; cPw,odkY a&mufqJ ypKyef
w&m;rsm; jzpfMu\/ xdkYaMumifh t'gypKyef oEwdypKyef[k qdkaom pum;wdkYum; y&d,m,uxm =
ypKye [
f k y&d,m,ftm;jzifh qdak om pum;wdo
Yk m jzpfMu\/ Oyg'f-XD-bif[al om cPok;H yg;wd\
Yk taygif;
jzpfaom cPw,ESifh jynfhpkHaom w&m;onf rkcstm;jzifh ypKyefw&m;rnf\[k qdkaom cPypKyefESifh
qufpyfaom pum; ,if;cPw,rS a&S;jzpfaom w&m;um; twdwfw&m; ,if;cPw,rS aemuf
jzpfaomw&m;um; tem*wfw&m;[k qdkaom pum;rsm;onfomvQif edy&d,m,uxm = y&d,m,f
rzufonfh rkcspum;rsm; jzpfMu\/
qdkvdkonfrSm ------ cPypKyefw&m;onfomvQif rkcs ypKyefw&m;wnf;/ t'gypKyefw&m; oEwd
ypKye w
f &m;wdu
Yk m; y&d,m,ypKye w
f &m;wdw
Yk nf;/ taMumif;rl Oyg'f-XD-bif[al om cPw,twGi;f
wnf&dSaom cPypKyefw&m;wdkY y&rw"mwfom; w&m;vkH;rsm; uJGjym;jcm;em;rI r&dS/ y&rw"mwfom;
tkyfpkrsm;onf rsKd;wlvsufom &dSMu\/ y&rw"mwfom; uJGjym;rI xl;jcm;rI r&dSbJ Oyg'fumv XDumv
bifumv[laom umvuJjG ym;rIom &d\
S / ,if;cPw,twGi;f t'gypKye f oEwyd pKye w
f &m;wdu
Yk o
hJ Ykd
wpfpkHwpfckaom enf;y&d,m,fjzifh um; twdwfw&m; um; tem*wfw&m;[k qdkzG,f txl;
r&dSaomaMumifh jzpf\/
tajccHtbd"rmynm tm;enf;olwdkYtwGuf oabmaygufap&ef oEwdypKyef trnf&aom
puK'Gg&0Dxd pdwftpOf wpfckudk ykHpHxkwf xyfrH &Sif;vif; wifjytyfygonf/ ---168
twdr[EmkH puK'Gg&du0Dxd pdwftpOf wpfcktwGif; y'Gg&m0Zef; puK0dnmPf or#d pd Kif;

oED&P 0ka|m aZm (7)Budrf w'gkH (2)Budrf[k 0Dxdpdwfrsm; &dSMu\/ puK'Gg&0DxdtwGif; wnf&dS
aom emrfw&m; tm;vkH;onf oEwdypKyefw&m;pkwdkYom jzpfMu\/
xdkwGif y'Gg&m0Zef; pdwuPtcdkuf pdwf+apwoduf = emrfw&m; (11)vkH;wdkY NydKifwl jzpfMu\? emrfuvmyf wpfrsKd; tkyfpkwpfrsKd; jzpf\/ puK0dnmPf pdwuPtcdkuf pdwf+apwoduf = emrf
w&m; (8)vk;H wdYk NyKd iw
f l jzpfMu\? emrfuvmyf wpfrsK;d tkypf w
k pfrsK;d jzpf\/ odYk ponfjzifh pdwu
P
wdik ;f
pdwuPwdkif; pdwf+apwoduf = emrfw&m;tkyfpkcsif; wpfrsKd; wjcm; wpfyg;pDom toD;toD; jzpf\/ a&S;a&S; pdwuPtwGif; wnf&dSMuaom emrfw&m;pkwdkY csKyfysufoGm;ygrS aemufaemuf pdwuP
twGif; wnf&dSMuaom emrfw&m;pkwdkYonf jzpfcGifh &&dSMuojzifh a&S;a&S; pdwuP\ y&rw"mwfom;
w&m;udk,fESifh aemufaemuf pdwuP\ y&rw"mwfom;w&m;udk,fwdkYonf rwlMuay/ aU&Szum;
wjcm; aemufzum; wjcm; aU&Sa0'emum; wjcm; aemufa0'emum; wjcm; ---- odkY ponfjzifh
wpfrsKd;wjcm;pDom jzpfMu\/ odkYvQif aU&SpdwuPESifh aemufpdwuPwdkYonf y&rw "mwfom;
tcsif;csif;vnf; uJGjym;Mu\/
wpfzef puK0n
d mPf\ Oyg'f-XD-bif = cPw,rS Munfch ahJ omf y'gG &m0Ze;f onf twdwf jzpf\?
or#d pd Kif;onf tem*wf jzpf\? odkY ponfjzifh twdwftem*wf uJGjym;rIvnf; &dSMu\/ xdkYaMumifh
oEwyd pKye [
f al om pum; ---1/ y&rw"mwfom; w&m;udk,f uJGjym;jcm;em;rI trsKd;rsKd; &dSjcif;
2/ twdwfw&m; tem*wfw&m;wdkY a&maxG;vsuf yg0ifaejcif; --taMumif;rsm;aMumifh oEwdypKyefonf wu,fh ypKyefppfppf r[kwf? y&d,m,ftm;jzifhom
ypKyef[k qdkaom pum;jzpfonf/ t'gypKyefvnf; enf;wlyif oabmaygufygav/
Oyg'f-XD-bif [laom cPokH;yg; taygif; = cPw, tusKH;0ifaom cPw,ESifh jynfhpkHaom
y&rwfw&m;um; cPypKyef jzpf\? ,if;cPypKyefw&m;onfomvQif wu,fh ypKyefppfppf jzpf\?
rkcsypKyef jzpf\/
xdkYaMumifh oEwdypKyefrS cPypKyefodkY qdkufatmif oEwdypKyefw&m;rS pwif 0dyemIrIonfyif wu,fyh pKye w
f nfw
h nfu
h kd 0dyemIaeonf r[kwaf o;onfuv
kd nf;aumif; twdww
f &m;
ESifh tem*wfw&m;wdkY a&maxG;vsuf yg0ifaeao;onfudkvnf;aumif; oabmusav&monf/
txufyg &Sif;vif;csufrsm;ESifh tnD toifolawmfaumif;onf ---1/ umvok;H yg;twGi;f wnf&aSd om y#dpo
rkyg 'ft*Fg&yf toD;toD;udk ,if;t*Fg&yf toD;toD;\
xdx
k ckd P jzpfrI wnfrI ysurf u
I kd Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunf
h cPypKye o
f q
Ykd u
kd af tmif 0dyem
Iyg [laom pum;
2/ oEwdypKyefw&m;rSonf cPypKyefw&m;odkY Pftjrif qdkufatmif 0dyem Iyg [laom
pum;
pum;&yfrsm;ESifh qufpyf wGif qdkvdkaom ypKyefudk ae&mwus t"dyg,frSef ,lqwwf
zdkYvdkayonf/
169
'ged teE&H 0kw oroeP ememea,[d bm0emxd&u&aPe yg&H *Em Xdawe

tedpm 'dawm 'da| ocFga& O',Aa,e y&d pEd w
d mG tedpm 'dawm 0dyewH 0kw
O',A,mEkyem
P eda'ao ZmwH lyEdtm'Dok oEwd0aoe ,xmouH ypa,[d edAwH lyH/ w Zmw
ly edAwdvuPH Zmwd H Oyg'H tbde0gum&H O'a,mwd 0dy&dPmrvuPH c,H b* 0a,mwd
tEkyem ykeyKeH edomrem? O',A,mEkyem PEd tawm/ a0'em'Dokyd {ao0 ea,m/
(y#doH-|-1-234/)
,cktcg tjcm;rJh a[mawmfrltyf zGifhqdktyfcJhaom oroePf\ txl;xl;aom enf;wdkYjzifh
0dyembm0emudk jrjJ raH tmif jyKjcif;jzifh urf;wpfbufoYkd a&muf&
Sd wnfaeaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v-f
onf tedppaomtm;jzifh IjriftyfNyD;aom ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk jzpfjcif; ysufjcif;jzifh ydkif;jcm; tedp
paomtm;jzifh vuPm,mOf wif 0dyemIjcif;iSm zGifhqdkawmfrltyf a[mMum;awmfrltyfaom
O',A,mEkyemPf\ eda'o ---ZmwH lyH ponfh ygVd&yfwdkY oEwd\ tpGrf;jzifh rdrd rdrdwdkY qdkif&m udk,fydkif taMumif;w&m;wdkYonf jzpfaptyfaom kyfw&m;onf Zmw lywnf;? jzpfqJ kyw
f nf;/ xdjk zpfqJ Zmw ly kyw
f &m;\
edAwdvuPmjzpfaom Zmwdoabm Oyg'foabm[laom topfjzpfaom tjcif;t&mudk O', =
jzpfrIoabm[l 0dy&dPmrvuPmjzpfaom ukefjcif; ysufjcif;oabmudk 0, = ysufrIoabm[l
,if;jzpfrI ysufrI jzpfjcif; ysufjcif;oabmudk tzefzeftxyfxyf Iwwfaom Pfudk O',A,mEkyemPf = O',-0,udk tzefzef txyfxyf Iwwfaom Pf[l qkdvdkayonf/
(y#doH-|-1-234/)
txufyg t|uxmpum;&yf ---1/ oroePf\ urf;wpfbufodkY a&muf&dS wnfaeaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf (oroePfydkif;) tedppaomtm;jzifh IjriftyfNyD;aom ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk jzpfjcif; ysufjcif;jzifh ydkif;jcm;
tedpp aomtm;jzifh vuPm,mOfwif 0dyemIjcif;iSm zGiq
hf akd wmfrt
l yf a[mMum;awmfrt
l yfaom
O',A,mEkyemPf[laom pum;wpf&yf
2/ oEwd\ tpGrf;jzifh rdrd rdrdwdkY qdkif&m udk,fydkif taMumif;w&m;wdkYonf jzpfaptyfaom kyfonf
Zmw ly = jzpfqJ kyfwnf; [laom pum;wpf&yf ---- pum; ESpf&yfudk toifolawmfaumif;onf
aocsmpGm rSwfom;xm;yg/
ZmwEd edAwH y#dv'wbm0H/ t,H [d Zmwoa'g cPw,or*wH oEm, 0kawm ]]a,
"rm Zmwm blwm}}wdtm'Dok 0d,? e twDwH ---]]a, aw Zmwm e aw oEd? a, e Zmwm waw0 aw/
v'wbm0g aem b*g? aw0 oEd obm0awm/}}wd ---tm'Dok 0d,? emyd ZmwwmrwH ]],H wH ZmwH blwH ocFw}}Edtm'Dok 0d,/ awem[ ]]ZmwH
lyH ypKyE}}Ed/ ypKyElyH emr ZmwH cPw,y&d,myEEd tawm/ wH ye tm'dawm 'ky&d*[Ed
oEwdypKyE0aoe 0dyembdeda0aom umwaAm/ (r[m#D-2-419/)
170
Zmw-[lonf jzpfay:vmaom &tyfaom twabmwnf;/ (kyef mrfy&rw"mwfom;wd\

Yk Oyg'f
-XD-biftm;jzifh okyt
f xnf xifxif&mS ;&Sm; jzpfonfuykd if twabmudk &onf[k qdo
k nf/ kyu
f vmyf
wpfc\
k twGi;f --- rmrI Murf;rI av;rI odkYr[kwf aysmhrI acsmrI ayghrI[laom yx0D"mwf ,dkpD;rI
odkYr[kwf zJGUpnf;rI[laom tmayg"mwf ylrI odkYr[kwf at;rI[laom awaZm"mwf axmufuefrI
wGef;uefrI[laom 0ga,m"mwf - odkY paom y&rw"mwfom;wdkY\ Oyg'f-XD-biftaetm;jzifh okyf
txnfudk,f j'yf xifxif&Sm;&Sm; jzpfay:vmonfudkyif twabmudk &onf[k qdkonf/ emrfuvmyfwdkYvnf; enf;wlyif rSwfyg/) Zmw-o'gudk ---a, "rm Zmwm blwm (tbd-1-213/) = tMuifw&m;wdkYonf jzpfukef\ xif&Sm;jzpfukef\-odpYk aom ygVd&yfwYkd uJo
h Ykd Oyg'f-XD-bif[al om cPw,or* = cPok;H yg;taygif;ESihf jynfph o
Hk nf\
tjzpfudk &nf&G,f -- ZmwH lyH ypKyEH ponfjzifh y#dord'gr*ygVdawmf a[mMum;xm;awmfrlayonf/
]]a, aw Zmwm e aw oEd/ y / aw0 oEd obm0awm = tMuifw&m;wdkYonf jzpfNyD;ukefNyD?
xdkjzpfNyD;ukefaom twdwfw&m;wdkYonf &dSqJ r[kwfMuukef/ tMuifw&m;wdkYonf rjzpfMuukefao;? xdk
rjzpfMuukeaf o;aom tem*wfw&m;wdo
Yk nf xdt
Yk wlyif &dq
S rJ [kwMf uuke/f tMuifw&m;wdo
Yk nf Oyg'fXD-biftm;jzifh okyt
f xnfu,
kd jf 'yf xifxif&mS ;&Sm; jzpfjcif;[laom &tyfaom twabm &dMS uuke\
f ?
rysufMuukefao;? xdkw&m;wdkYonfomvQif ocFwy&rw obm0tm;jzifh xif&Sm;&dSqJ jzpfMuukef\/}}
odkY paom t&mXmewdkY Zmw-o'gudk twdwfw&m;udk &nf&G,f a[mMum;xm;\/ -ZmwH lyHypKyEH - paom ygVdawmfum; xdkuJhodkY twdwfw&m;udk &nf&G,f a[mMum;xm;onfum;
r[kwaf y/ wpfzef ---]],H wH ZmwH blwH ocFwH ('D-2-119/ oH-3-141/) = tMuifw&m;onf jzpfay:vm\/ xif&Sm;
jzpfvm\/ taMumif;w&m;wdkYu aygif;pk jyKjyiftyf\/ xdkw&m;onf pifppf rysufpD;ygapownf;[k
odkY awmifhw &Edkifjcif;\ tcGifhtvrf;onf r&dSEdkif}}----odkY paom ygVdawmfwdkY Zmw-o'gonf jzpfjcif;rQ = Zmwrwudkom a[m\/ --- ZmwH
lyH ypKyEH - ponf Zmwo'gonf xdkuJhodkY Zmwrw = jzpfjcif;rQ oabmudkvnf; ra[may/
a[monfrSmum; Oyg'f-XD-bif[laom cPw,or* = cPokH;yg; taygif;ESifh jynfhpkHonf\ tjzpfudkom a[mayonf/ xdkYaMumifh ZmwH lyH ypKyEH = ypKyefkyf[lonf xif&Sm;jzpfay:vmaom Oyg'fXD-bif[laom cPokH;yg; tusKH;0ifaom w&m;yifwnf;[k a[mawmfrljcif; jzpfonf/ xdkcPokH;yg;
taygif;ESifh jynhfpkHonfh cPw,or*jzpfaom ypKyefw&m;udkum; 0dyemudk tm;opfpjzpfaom
tm'duru
d yk*Kd vo
f nf odr;f qnf;Edik zf &Ykd ef cJ,Of;vS\? xdaYk Mumifh oEwyd pKye w
f &m;up 0dyemudk
ESvkH;oGif;&ef r[m#Dumq&mawmfu zGifhqdkxm;ayonf/ TefMum;csuftwdkif; toifolawmfaumif;onf oEwyd pKye w
f &m;rSwpfqifh cPypKye o
f Ykd qdu
k af tmif wjznf;jznf; qufvuf 0dyem
ESvkH;oGif; IyGm;yg/ (r[m#D-2-419-Munfhyg/)
pum;&yf Oyg'f-XD-bif-tm;jzifh okyftxnfudk,f xifxif&Sm;&Sm; jzpfay:vmaom y&rw
"mwfom;wnf;[laom txnfu,
kd f twabm &paumif;aom Oyg'f-XD-bif[al om cPok;H yg;taygif;
= cPw, tusKH;0ifaomw&m;onf ypKyefw&m; rnf\ [laom vdk&if;tcsufudk rSwfom;xm;yg/
171
odkYrSomvQif atmufyg ygVdawmf IuGufudk oabmaygufEdkifrnf/

ZmwH lyH ypKyEH? w edAwdvuPH O'a,m? 0dy&dPmrvuPH 0a,m? tEkyem PH
/ y / Zmwm t0dZm ypKyEm? wm edAwdvuPH O'a,m? 0dy&dPmrvuPH 0a,m? tEkyem
PH/ (y#doH-52/)
jzpfqjJ zpfaom Oyg'f-XD-biftm;jzifh okyt
f xnfu,
kd f xifxif&mS ;&Sm; jzpfjcif;[laom &tyfaom
twabm &dSaom = twabmudk &qJjzpfaom t0dZmonf ypKyef rnf\/ (ypKyefjzpfaom t0dZm
rnfonf jzpfqJ jzpf Oyg'f-XD-bif[laom cPokH;yg; taygif; tusKH;0ifaom t0dZmyifwnf;
[lvdkonf/) xdkypKyefjzpfaom t0dZm\ p jzpfjcif;[l rSwftyfaom ocFwvuPmonf O', =
jzpfjcif; rnf\/ azmufjyefysufpD;jcif;[l rSwftyfaom ocFwvuPmonf 0, = ysufjcif; rnf\/
,if; O',-0,udk tzefwvJvJ Iaom ynmonf Pf rnf\/
txufyg y#dor'd gr*ygVdawmf t0dZm wGif twdwf tem*wf ypKye [
f al om umvok;H yg;vH;k
twGif; tusKH;0ifaom t0dZm trsKd;rsKd; yg0ifEdkifonfudk a&S;y#dporkyg'fydkif;wGif a&;om;wifjycJhaom IuGufrsm;ESifh qufpyf oabmaygufygav/ ypKyef 0dygufcEm (5)yg;wdkY\ taMumif;w&m;
rsm;wGif yg0ifaom twdwfb0xdkxdku jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhaom t0dZmvnf; yg0if\/ twdwf 0dygufcEm
wd\
Yk taMumif;w&m;rsm;wGif yg0ifaom twdwb
f 0xdx
k u
kd jyKpyk sK;d axmifcahJ om t0dZm vnf; yg0if\/
tem*wf 0dygufcEm &&daS &;twGuf jyKpyk sK;d axmifaeaom ypKye t
f aMumif;w&m;rsm;wGif tusK;H 0ifaom
t0dZmvnf; yg0if\/ tem*wf oHo&mc&D; qufvuf&ef &dSaeao;aom olawmfaumif;rsm;twGuf
tem*wfb0xdkxdk wnf&dSaom 0dygufcEmrsm;\ taMumif;w&m;pkwGif yg0ifaom tem*wf t0dZmvnf; yg0if\/ twdwf tem*wf ypKyef[laom umvokH;yg;vHk;jzifh odrf;usKH;a&wGuftyfaom t0dZm
tm;vkH; yg0if\/ ,if;t0dZmwdkif;udkyif ---Zmwm t0dZm ypKyEm?
jzpfqjJ zpfaom Oyg'f-XD-biftm;jzifh okyt
f xnfu,
kd f xifxif&mS ;&Sm; jzpfjcif;[laom &tyfaom
twabm &dSaom = twabmudk &qJjzpfaom t0dZmonf ypKyef rnf\ = ypKyefjzpfaom t0dZm
rnfonf jzpfqJ jzpf Oyg'f-XD-bif[laom cPokH;yg; taygif; tusKH;0ifaom t0dZmyifwnf;/
odkY a[mMum;xm;awmfrlayonf/ <uif;usefaom y#dporkyg'ft*Fg&yfwdkYvnf; enf;wl oabmaygufygav/ ,if;odkY jzpfvQif ---ZmwH lyH ypKyEH ---- ponfjzifh a[mMum;xm;awmf rltyfaom kyf-a0'em-onm-ocFg&0dnmPfwdkYonfvnf; rnfodkYaom cEmig;yg;wdkYygenf;[k ar;&ef&dS\/ tajzrSm ---- twdwf tem*wf
ypKye [
f al om umvok;H yg; tZw A[d'[
al om oEmefEpS yf g; tusK;H 0ifaom cEmig;yg;wdyYk if jzpfonf
[l ajzqdkav&m\/
tb,faMumifhenf;[lrl txufwGif a&;om;wifjycJhaom y#dord'gr*t|uxm (1-234)
vm&dSaom pum;twdkif; O',A,Pf\ tjcm;rJh jzpfcJhaom oroePf\ urf;wpfbufodkY
a&muf wnfaeaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf tedppaomtm;jzifh ItyfNyD; jriftyfNyD;aom ocFg&
172
w&m;wdkYudkyif jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; O',A,jzifh ydkif;jcm; tedppaomtm;jzifh 0dyem IyGm;okH;oyf&ef

O',A,mEkyemIyGm;enf;udk a[mMum;xm;awmfrljcif; jzpfaomaMumifhwnf; ---- [l ajzqdkav&monf/
oroePfjzifh tedppaomtm;jzifh ItyfNyD; jriftyfNyD;aom ocFg&w&m;wdkYudkyif
O',A,Pfuvnf; O',A, = jzpfjcif; ysufjcif;jzifh ydkif;jcm; xyfrH 0dyemIjcif; jzpf\/
oroePfjzifh ItyfNyD; jriftyfNyD;aom ocFg&w&m;wdkY[lonfrSm twdwf tem*wf ypKyef[laom
umvokH;yg; tZw A[d'[laom oEmefESpfyg;twGif; wnf&dSaom cEmig;yg; = kyfemrfw&m;wdkY
jzpfMuonf/ ,if;w&m;wdw
Yk iG f y#dpo
rkyg 'ft*Fg&yf (12)yg;wdo
Yk nfvnf; yg0ifMu\/ ,if;w&m;wdu
Yk ykd if
O',A,Pfuvnf; wpfzefjyef tedppaomtm;jzifh 0dyemI&rnf jzpfonf/
xdkYaMumifh ZmwH lyH ypKyEH --- ponfjzifh a[mawmfrltyfaom cEmig;yg;wdkYrSm twdwf tem*wf
ypKye f tZw A[d'j zpfaom cEmig;yg;wdyYk if jzpfMuonf/ ,if;odjYk zpfvQif ZmwH lyH ypKyE -H [k tb,faMumifh a[mawmfrl&oenf;[k ar;&ef&dS\/ umvokH;yg; oEmefESpfyg;twGif; wnf&dSaom rnfonfh
w&m;udk rqdk 0dyemIaomtcg ,if;w&m;\ Oyg'f-XD-bif[laom cPypKyefudk jrifatmif cP
ypKyefodkY qdkufatmif 0dyemI&rnf[k odapvdkaomaMumifh ZmwH lyH ypKyEH-[k a[mMum;awmf
rl&onf[al y/ odjYk zpf&um; ypKyE -H [lonfrmS ypKye b
f 0 tusK;H 0ifaom w&m;oufoufuo
kd m qdv
k kd
onf r[kwfbJ umvoHk;yg;twGif;0,f Oyg'f-XD-bif [laom cPokH;yg;taygif; = cPw, tusKH;
0ifaom jzpfqJqJw&m;udkom qdkvdkonf[k rSwfyg/
qdkvdkaom oabmw&m;
qdv
k o
kd nfrmS odYk jzpf\/ O',A,Pfyikd ;f O',A,mEkyemPfjzifh 0dyem IymG ;&rnfh 0dyemPf\ tIcHtmkHw&m;rSm Oyg'f-XD-bif [laom cPokH;yg;taygif; = cPw,
twGif; wnf&dSqJw&m;om jzpfonf/
1/ xdkw&m;onf umvtm;jzifh ypKyefb0 ypKyeft"GefYumvwGif tusKH;0ifaom w&m;jzpfvQifvnf; xdkw&m;\ Oyg'f-XD-bif[laom cPokH;yg;taygif; = cPw,twGif; wnf&dSaeqJ tcdkufudk
h ,if;cPok;H yg; tusK;H 0ifaom w&m;\ jzpfrI ysurf u
I kd Pfjzifh tmk,
H
l
Pfjzifh Munf
h ,if;w&m;udk tedp[
k ('ku[
k tew[)k toD;toD; vuPm,mOfwifum 0dyem
I&rnf jzpfonf/
2/ xdw
k &m;onf umvtm;jzifh twdwb
f 0 twdwt
f "Geu
Yf mv tusK;H 0ifaom w&m;jzpfvQiv
f nf;
xdkw&m;\ xdktwdwfumvu Oyg'f-XD-bif[laom cPw,ESifh jynfhpkHcdkufudk Pfjzifh jrifatmif
Munfh ,if;cPokH;yg;taygif;\ twGif; wnf&dSaom w&m;\ jzpfrIysufrI = O',-0, oabmudk
Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh tedp[k ('ku[k tew[k) toD;toD; vuPm,mOfwifum 0dyem
I&rnf jzpfonf/
3/ xdkw&m;onf umvtm;jzifh tem*wfb0 tem*wft"GefYumv tusKH;0ifaom w&m;jzpfvQiv
f nf; xdw
k &m;\ xdt
k em*wft"Geu
Yf mv Oyg'f-XD-bif[al om cPw,ESihf jynfph cHk u
kd u
f kd Pfjzifh
173
jrifatmifMunfh ,if;cPokH;yg;taygif; cPw,twGif; wnf&dSaom w&m;\ jzpfrI ysufrI O',0,udk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh tedp[k ('ku[k tew[k) toD;toD; vuPm,mOfudk wif
0dyem I&rnf jzpfonf/
O',A,Pfjzifh 0dyemIyGm;okH;oyf&rnfh xdkw&m;onf twdwfb0 twdwft"GefYumvu
jzpfcahJ om w&m;yif jzpfcsijf zpfygap ypKye b
f 0 ypKye t
f "Geu
Yf mvwGif tusK;H 0ifaom w&m;yif jzpfcsif
jzpfygap tem*wfb0 tem*wft"GefYumvwGif tusKH;0ifaom w&m;yif jzpfcsif jzpfygap rnfonfh
w&m;udk rqdk 0dyemIygu xdk0dyemPf\ tIcHtmkHjzpfaom w&m;\ Oyg'f-XD-bif[laom
cPw,or* = cPokH;yg;taygif;ESifh jynfhpkHcdkuf0,f xdkw&m;\ Oyg'fpGef; bifpGef;[laom jzpfrI
ysufrIudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh tedp[k ('ku[k tew[k) vuPm,mOfudk wif 0dyem
I&rnfom jzpfonf/
toifolawmfaumif;onf y#dporkyg'ft*Fg&yfwdkYudk jyefvnf tmkH,lMunfhyg/ ypKyefwGif
0dnmPf emrfkyf oVm,we z a0'em[laom tusKd; 0dygu0#f cEmig;yg;wdkY\ taMumif;&if;ppf
jzpfaom t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH[laom taMumif;w&m; ig;yg;wdkYum; twdwfcEmig;yg;
tusK;H 0ifMu\/ t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gefwrYkd mS udavo0#f raem'Gg&duaZm0Dxd pdwt
f pOf emrfw&m;pkwYkd
jzpfMu\/ ocFg&ESifh uHwdkYrSm vlom;wpfOD; jzpfaeaom toifolawmfaumif;twGuf uGuf qdk&rl
ur0#f r[mukodkvf raem'Gg&duaZm0Dxd pdwftpOf emrfw&m;pkwdkY jzpfMu\/ t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef
wdYk yg0ifaom aZmpdwu
P
toD;toD;onf aomreo[*kwf 'd|*d wor,w
k f tocFg&dujzpfvQif
emrfw&m; tvkH; (20)pD ,if;aZm toD;toD; yg0ifwnf&dSMurnf jzpf\/
tu,f toifolawmfaumif;onf ,if;t0dZmudk vSrf; tmkH,lum 0dyem IcJhaomf
ruif;paumif;aom t0dembm0enf;tm;jzifh aZm\aU&SwGif wnf&dSaom raem'Gg&m0Zef; emrfw&m;pkudv
k nf;aumif; aZm\ aemifwiG f w'gku
H scahJ omf ,if;w'gkH emrfw&m;pkwu
Ykd v
kd nf;aumif; a&maESm
0dyem I&rnf jzpfonf/ xdkodkY I&m ,if;udavo0#f raem'Gg&duaZm0Dxd\ pdwuPwdkif;\
emrfw&m;pkwdkY\ jzpfrI ysufrIudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh vuPm,mOfudk wifum 0dyemIyg/
txl;ojzifh t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gefwdkY OD;aqmifonfh aZmpdwuP toD;toD; wnf&dSMuaom emrfw&m;pkwdkY\ jzpfrI ysufrI = Oyg'fpGef; bifpGef;udk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh vuPm,mOf
wifum 0dyem Iyg/ xdo
k Ykd IEikd cf ahJ omf toifoal wmfaumif;onf t0dZm udk wpfenf;qdak omf t0dZm
ESifh wuGaom emrfw&m;pkudk ypKyefodkY qdkufatmif ypKyefwnfhatmif 0dyem IEdkifNyD jzpfayonf/
tvm;wlyif toifoal wmfaumif;onf ur0#fjzpfaom ocFg&-uHukd vSr;f tmk,
H u
l m 0dyem
IcahJ omf ruif;paumif;aom t0dembm0enf;tm;jzifh aZm\aU&w
S iG f wnf&aSd om raem'Gg&m0Ze;f emrfw&m;pkudkvnf;aumif; aZm\ aemifwGif w'gkHuscJhaomf ,if;w'gkH emrfw&m;pkwdkYukdvnf;aumif;
a&maESm 0dyem I&rnf jzpfonf/ xdkodkY I&m ,if;ur0#f r[mukodkvf raem'Gg&duaZm0Dxd
pdwftpOf0,f pdwuPwdkif; pdwuPwdkif; emrfw&m;pkwdkif; emrfw&m;pkwdkif;\ txl;ojzifh aZm
pdwuPwdkif; aZmpdwuPwdkif; wnf&dSaom emrfw&m;pkwdkif; emrfw&m;pkwdkif;\ jzpfrI ysufrI
= O',-0, oabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh vuPm,mOfokH;csufudk wpfvSnfhpD wifum
0dyem Iyg/ xdkodkY IEdkifcJhaomf toifolawmfaumif;onf ocFg&udk wpfenf;qdkaomf ocFg&ESifh
174
wuGaom emrfw&m;pkudk ypKyefodkY qdkufatmif ypKyefwnfhatmif 0dyem IEdkifNyD jzpfayonf/

<uif;aom y#dporkyg'ft*Fg&yfwdkYvnf; enf;wlyif oabmaygufyg/
xdaYk Mumifh 0dyemt&m 0dyemI&m ypKye q
f wfqwfuo
kd m ypKye w
f nfw
h nfu
h o
kd m ypKye f
ay:&may:&mudkom 0dyem Iaumif;\ twdwf tem*wfudk 0dyem rI&[k qdkvQif xdkpum;rSm
tm;vk;H rrSeaf cs/ umvok;H yg; oEmefEpS yf g;twGi;f wnf&aSd om rnfonfw
h &m;udrk qdk 0dyemI&m
rdrd IyGm;vdkaom w&m;\ O',-0, = jzpfrI ysufrIudk jrifatmif jzpf-wnf-ysuf[laom cPypKyefodkY
qdu
k af tmif ypKye w
f nfah tmif 0dyemI&\[k qdv
k Qif xdpk um;rSm >cif;csurf &dS rSeu
f efaom pum;yif
jzpfayonf/
xdkYaMumifh O',A,Pfcef; ZmwH lyH ypKyEH ------ odYk ponfjzifh a[mMum;awmfrt
l yfaom
ypKyefw&m;[lonf ---- ypKyefjzpfaom jzpfqJ jzpf Oyg'f-XD-bif[laom cPokH;yg;taygif;
tusKH;0ifaom w&m;wnf;[k vdk&if;udk rSwfom;xm;av&monf/
toifolawmfaumif;onf txufyg t,ltqudk tu,f vufrcHEdkifygvQif ---1/ oroePfydkif; IcJhaom ocFg&w&m;wdkYudkyif O',A,Pfu wpfzefxyf Oyg'fpGef;
bifpGef;jzihf ydkif;jcm; 0dyemI&rnf[laom tcsuftvuf tqdktrdefYudkvnf; vufrcH&m
a&muf&dSoGm;Edkifonf/
2/ xdo
k v
Ykd ufrcHEikd o
f jzifh oroe-0dyemPf\ tIct
H mkw
H &m;ESihf O',A,-0dyemPf\
tIcHtmkHw&m;wdkYonf rwlnDMuay ---- [laom tjypfodkYvnf; a&muf&dSoGm;Edkifonf/
3/ umvok;H yg; tusK;H 0ifaom y#dpo
rkyg 'ft*Fg&yfwu
Ykd v
kd nf; Zmwm t0dZm ypKyE m -- ponfjzifh
ypKyEo'gjzifh a[mMum;csufudkvnf; ajz&Sif; r&Edkifaom tjypfrsm;onfvnf; a&muf&dS
vmEdkifayonf/
,if;odYk jzpfvQif ---oEwdypKyaE cPypKyaE 0g "ar O',A,'embdeda0aom umwaAm ? e twDwmem*aw/ (r[m#D-2-419/)
= oEwdypKyefw&m;vnf;aumif; cPypKyefw&m;vnf;aumif; O',A,Pfjzifh 0dyem
IyGm; ESvkH;oGif;jcif;udk jyKtyf\/ twdwftem*wfw&m; O',A,Pfjzifh 0dyem IyGm; ESvkH;oGif;jcif;udk rjyKtyf/
odYk zGiq
hf x
kd m;awmfral om r[m#Dumq&mawmf\ pum;udk rnfoYkd t"dyg ,f ,lq&rnfenf;[k
ar;&ef &dS\/
t"dyg,f,lqykH
twdwf tem*wf ypKyef t"GefYumvokH;yg;vHk; jzpfNyD; jzpfvwHU jzpfqJ w&m;rSeforQwdkYonf
jzpfwkef; jzpfcdkuf jzpfpOf0,f Oyg'f-XD-bif[laom cPypKyeftaetxm;jzifhom jzpfkd;"rwm &dSMu\?
jzpfNyD; jzpfvwHU jzpfqJ w&m;rsm; jzpfMu\/ xdk Oyg'f-XD-bif[laom cPw, = cPokH;yg;taygif;\
aU&StzdkYjzpfaom w&m;um; twdwfw&m;wnf;/ xdk Oyg'f-XD-bif[laom cPw, = cPokH;yg;
175
taygif;\ aemuftzdkY jzpfaom w&m;um; tem*wfw&m;wnf;/ a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf O',A,Pfydkif;odkY a&muf&dSvmaomtcg ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk O',A,mEkyemPfjzifh 0dyem IyGm;okH;oyf&m0,f xdk rdrd IymG ;vdu
k af om ocFg&w&m;\ Oyg'f-XD-bif[al om cPw, = cPok;H yg;taygif;\
aU&StzdkY aemuftzdkY jzpfaom twdwf tem*wfw&m;wdkYudk O',A,mEkyemPfjzifh 0dyem
rI&? Oyg'f-XD-bif[laom cPw, = cPokH;yg;taygif;\ twGif; wnf&dSaom ocFg&w&m;udkom
O',A,mEkyemPfjzifh 0dyem I&\? taMumif;rl ---- O',A,Pf\ 0dyemtIcHtmkH
w&m;rSm Oyg'f-XD-bif[laom cPw, = cPokH;yg;taygif;ESifh jynfhpkHcdkuf cPokH;yg;taygif;
tusKH;0ifaom ocFg&w&m;om jzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/
qdv
k o
kd nfrmS odYk jzpf\/ twdwt
f "Geu
Yf mv tusK;H 0ifaom ocFg&w&m;yif jzpfcsif jzpfygap
tem*wft"GefYumv tusKH;0ifaom ocFg&w&m;yif jzpfcsif jzpfygap ypKyeft"GefYumv tusKH;
0ifaom ocFg&w&m;yif jzpfcsif jzpfygap? rnfonfh ocFg&w&m;udk rqdk O',A,mEkyemPfjzifh
vSr;f tmk,
H u
l m 0dyemI&m xdk rdrd IymG ;vdu
k af om ocFg&w&m;\ Oyg'f-XD-bif[al om cPw,
= cPokH;yg;taygif;udk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh 0dyem I&\? xdk rdrd IyGm;vdkufaom ocFg&
w&m;\ aU&StzdkY aemuftzdkY jzpfaom ocFg&wdkYudk O',A,mEkyemPfjzifh 0dyem I&rnf
r[kw?f Oyg'f-XD-bif[al om cPok;H yg;taygif; tusK;H 0ifaom ocFg&w&m;onfomvQif O',A,mEkyemPf\ tIcHtmkHjzpfonf [lvdk/ tu,f toifolawmfaumif;onf rdrd 0dyem
Ivdkufaom ocFg&w&m;\ aU&StzdkY &dSaom twdwfocFg&w&m; aemuftzdkY &dSaom tem*wfocFg&
w&m;wdu
Yk v
kd nf; 0dyemIvo
kd nf jzpfthH xdk rdrd 0dyemIymG ;vdak om xdw
k &m;\ Oyg'f-XD-bif[al om
cPw, = cPok;H yg;taygif;udk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunf
h xdo
k cFg&w&m;\ jzpfrI ysurf u
I kd
Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,l O',A,mEkyemPfjzifh vuPm,mOfudk wifum 0dyem Iygav/ cJpG?
oabmusEdkifcJ\/
xdaYk Mumifh O',A,mEkyemydik ;f Iuu
G u
f kd Tejf yxm;awmfral om y#dor'd gr*ygVdawmfBu;D \
jrefrmjyef qdkvdk&if;oabmudk atmufygtwdkif; rSwfom;av&monf/ ---uxH ypKyEmeH "rmeH 0dy&dPmrmEkyae ynm O',A,mEkyae PH ZmwH lyH ypKyEH?
w edAwdvuPH O'a,m? 0dy&dPmrvuPH 0a,m? tEkyem PH/ Zmwm a0'em onm
ocFg&m 0dnmPH/ ZmwH puK/ y / Zmawm ba0g ypKyaEm? w edAwdvuPH O'a,m? 0dy&dPmrvuPH 0a,m? tEkyem PH/ (y#doH-52/)
tb,fodkYvQif (oEwdypKyef) Oyg'f-XD-bif[laom cPokH;yg;taygif; tusKH;0ifaom cP
ypKyef jzpfukefaom bkHokH;yg; twGif; wnf&dSMuukefaom awblru ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ azmufjyef
ysufpD;jcif; 0dy&dPmroabmudk tzefzef txyfxyf Ijcif; jzpfay:vmaom ynmonf jzpfjcif;
ysufjcif; = O',-0,udk Ijcif; jzpfaom O',A,mEkyemPf rnfavoenf;/
Oyg'f-XD-bif = jzpf-wnf-ysuf[laom cPokH;yg;taygif; tusKH;0ifaom jzpfqJjzpfaom =
y&rw txnfudk,f twabmudk &qJjzpfaom kyfonf ypKyef rnf\ (= ypKyefjzpfaom kyfrnfonf
jzpfqJ jzpf Oyg'f-XD-bif[laom cPokH;yg;taygif; tusKH;0ifaom kyfwnf;)/ xdkypKyefjzpfaom
176
ky\
f pjzpfjcif;[k rSwt
f yfaom ocFwvuPmonf jzpfjcif; = O', rnf\/ azmufjyefysupf ;D jcif;[k
rSwt
f yfaom ocFwvuPmonf ysujf cif; = 0, rnf\/ ,if; O',-0,udk tzefwvJvJ Iwwfaom
ynmonf O',A,mEkyemPf rnf\/
Oyg'f-XD-bif = jzpf-wnf-ysuf[laom cPokH;yg;taygif; tusKH;0ifaom jzpfqJ jzpfaom =
y&rw txnfukd,f twabmudk &qJjzpfaom a0'emonf/ y/ onmonf/ y/ ocFg&wdkYonf/ y/
0dnmPfonf/ y/ pum,we aomwm,we Cmem,we Zd0Sg,we um,m,we rem,we
lyg,we o'g,we *Em,we &om,we azm|Am,we "rm,weonf/ y/ Oyg'f-XD-bif =
jzpf-wnf-ysuf[laom cPokH;yg;taygif; tusKH;0ifaom jzpfqJjzpfaom = y&rw txnfudk,f
twabmudk &qJjzpfaom t0dZmonf/ y/ Oyg'f-XD-bif = jzpf-wnf-ysuf[laom cPokH;yg;taygif;
tusKH;0ifaom jzpfqJjzpfaom = y&rw txnfudk,f twabmudk &qJjzpfaom b0onf (= urb0
Oyywdb0onf) ypKyef rnf\ (= ypKyefjzpfaom b0rnfonf jzpfqJjzpf Oyg'f-XD-bif[laom
cPok;H yg;taygif; tusK;H 0ifaom urb0 Oyywb
d 0wnf;)/ xdyk pKye jf zpfaom b0\ p jzpfjcif;[k
rSwftyfaom ocFwvuPmonf jzpfjcif; O', rnf\/ azmufjyefysufpD;jcif;[k rSwftyfaom
ocFwvuPmonf ysufjcif; = 0, rnf\/ ,if; O',-0,udk tzefwvJvJ Iwwfaom ynmonf
O',A,mEkyemPf rnf\/ (y#doH-52/)
b0udk tqkH;xm; a[mMum;awmfrl&jcif;

oroePfydkif;0,f uvmyoroeponfh 0dyembm0em vkyfief;&yfwdkY t0dZmrSonf
Z&mr&PodkY wdkifatmif Zmwd-Z&m-r&Pudk tOD;rlojzifh Zmwd-Z&m-r&Poabm &dSMuukefaom =
jzpf-wnf-ysufoabm &dSMuukefaom kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkYudk (okwefenf;t& 0dygufcEmig;yg;wdkYudk)
a[mMum;xm;awmfr\
l / O',A,Pfyikd ;f um; ---Zmwd ypKyEm? wm edAwdvuPH O'a,m? 0dy&dPmrvuPH 0a,m ---odYk ponfjzifh Zmwdvnf; O',-0, &drS u
I kd a[mawmfrcl ahJ omf Zmwd-Z&m- r&P toD;toD;
Zmwd-Z&m- r&P toD;toD; &do
S nf\ tjzpfukd cGijhf yKtyfouJo
h Ykd jzpfae\/ (jzpfrI = Zmwdw&m;vnf;
Oyg'f-XD-bif = jzpfrI-wnfrI-ysufrI okH;rsKd;vkH;&dSonf[kvnf;aumif; wnfrI = Z&mw&m;vnf; Oyg'fXD-bif = jzpf-wnf-ysuf okH;rsKd;vkH;&dSonf[kvnf;aumif; ysufrI = r&Pw&m;vnf; Oyg'f-XD-bif =
jzpf-wnf-ysuf okH;rsKd;vkH;&dSonf[kvnf;aumif; cGifhjyKtyfouJhodkY jzpfae\ [lvdkonf/) xdkYjyifvnf;
,if; Zmwd-Z&m-r&Pw&m; toD;toD; Oyg'f-XD-bif = jzpf-wnf-ysuf toD;toD; udk,fpDudk,fpD
&dSonf[kqdkvQif ,if; Zmwd-Z&m-r&PwdkY\vnf; edyEkyfjzpfonf[k edyEkyfjzpfrIudkvnf; cGifhjyKtyf
ouJhodkY jzpfae\/ xdkYaMumifh xdkuJhodkYaom tjypfa'goudk a&SmifvJTjcif;iSm y#dporkyg'ft*Fg&yfwdkY --Zmawm ba0g ypKyaEm? w edAwdvuPH O'a,m? 0dy&dPmrvuPH 0a,m? tEkyem
PH/
Oyg'f-XD-bif = jzpf-wnf-ysuf[laom cPokH;yg;taygif; tusKH;0ifaom jzpfqJjzpfaom =
y&rw txnfudk,f twabmudk &qJjzpfaom b0onf ypKyef rnf\/ xdkypKyefjzpfaom b0\
p jzpfjcif;[k rSwftyfaom ocFwvuPmonf jzpfjcif; = O', rnf\/ azmufjyefysufpD;jcif;[k
177
rSwt
f yfaom ocFwvuPmonf ysujf cif; = 0, rnf\/ ,if; O',-0,udk tzefwvJvJ Iwwfaom
ynmonf O',A,mEkyemPf rnf\ ---- [k b0tqkH; &dSonfomvQifjzpfaom a'oemawmfudk
jyKawmfrltyfayonf/ (r[m#D-2-420/)
ZmwdZ&mr&P0EmeHa,0 O',A, y&d*a [wAwm ZmwdZ&mr&PmeH O',A,mbm0awm
ZmwdZ&mr&PH temrodwGm ZmwH puK/ y / Zmawm ba0gwd ay,smvH uwH/ (y#doH-|-1-234/)
kyfavmu Zmwd-Z&m-r&P[lonf kyftppfwdkY\ jzpfrI-wnfrI-ysufrI [k ac:qdktyfaom
Oyp,-oEwd-Z&wm-tedpwm kyfwdkYwnf;/ emrfw&m;wdkY\ jzpfrI-wnfrI-ysufrIudkvnf; Zmwd-Z&mr&P[k qdkvdkonf/ y&rwopmwnf;/
Zmwd-Z&m-r&P = jzpf-wnf-ysuf &dSMuukefaom ocFww&m;wdkY\omvQif jzpfjcif;-ysufjcif; =
O',-0,udk odrf;qnf;tyf odrf;qnf;Edkifonf\ tjzpfaMumifh y#dporkyg'ft*Fg&yfwdkYwGif yg0ifaom
Zmwd-Z&m-r&Pwd\
Yk O',-0, = jzpf-ysuf oabm r&djS cif;aMumifh (ZmwdEiS hf O',um; wl\? 0,ESihf
r&Pum; wl\/) Zmwd-Z&m-r&Pudk rokH;oyfrl ------ ZmwH puK/ y/ Zmawm ba0g - [k ay,smvudk
jyKawmfrlonf/ (y#doH-|-1-234/)
odkY wdkifatmifaom pum;&yfwdkYjzifh O',A,mEkyemPfjzifh 0dyem IyGm;okH;oyf&rnfh
tIcHtmkHw&m;rsm;udk pdppfwifjy NyD;avNyD/ tu,f toifolawmfaumif;onf ypKyefw&m;
oufoufudkom ypKyefw&m; wpfrsKd;wnf;udkom 0dyemI&rnf 0dyemIaumif;onf[k tpJGoef
aeygvQif toifolawmfaumif;tzdkY t0dZmrSonf b0odkY wdkifatmifaom y#dporkyg'ft*Fg&yfwdkYudk
jynfjh ynfph pHk Hk pkpH v
Hk ifvif 0dyemI&ef rnfonfeh nf;ESirhf Q jzpfEikd af wmhrnf r[kwaf y/ ypKye f 0dygu0#f
w&m;pk\ taMumif;&if;ppf jzpfaom t0dZm ocFg&wdrYk mS twdwb
f 0xdx
k 0dk ,f urb0udk xlaxmifcphJ Ofu
jzpfcJhaom twdwfb0 tusKH;0ifaom twdwfw&m;pkwdkYom jzpfMu\/ wpfzef ypKyefwGif jyKpkysKd;axmifvu
kd af om t0dZm -wPSm-Oyg'gef-ocFg&-uHwaYkd Mumihf jzpfay:vmrnfh Oyywdb
0 trnf&aom
0dygu0#f cEmwdkYrSmvnf; tem*wfb0wGif tusKH;0ifaom tem*wf ocFg& w&m;pkwdkYom jzpfMu\/
ypKye b
f 0wGif tusK;H 0ifaom w&m;pkwu
Ykd m; r[kwMf uay/ wpfzef ypKye f 0dygu0#fwiG f tusK;H 0ifaom
0dnmPf- emrfyk [
f al om y#dpo
rkyg 'ft*Fg&yfww
Ykd iG f ta&;Bu;D vSaom y#doaE 0dnmPf-emrfyk w
f v
Ykd nf;
yg0ifvsufyif &SdMu\/ xdk y#doaE 0dnmPf-emrfkyfwdkYrSmvnf; tcsKdUtcsKdUaom rsufarSmufacwf
a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vw
f Ykd vufc,
H q
l xm;aom ypKye w
f &m;rsK;d um; r[kwaf y/ ypKye f ay:qJay:qJ w&m;rsKd;um; r[kwfay/ trd0rf;Mumwdkuf0,f y#doaE wnfaepu jzpfcJhMuaom ocFg&w&m;pkwdkYom
jzpfMu\/ rkcstm;jzifh qdk&rl twdwfw&m;pkwdkYom jzpfMu\/ wpfzef ypKyef oufoufudkom 0dyem
Iaumif;ygonf[k tpGJoefaevQif ---t0dZmork',m lyork'a,m/ (y#doH-54/)
t0dZmjzpfjcif;aMumifh (urZ)kyf jzpf\/
odkYpaom O',A, tus,f IyGm;enf;[k ac:qdktyfaom yp,awm O',A,'e =
taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh jzpfysuf Ienf;udv
k nf; rnfonhef nf;ESirfh Q ypu
Pfjzifh ud,
k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf
xGi;f azmuf odjrifatmif IEikd af wmhrnfvnf; r[kwaf y/ xdaYk Mumifh w&m;ppf w&m;rSeu
f kd vkv
d m; awmif-h
178
wvsuf &Sdaom toifolawmfaumif;onf taMumif;t&mrsm;udk txl; tav;*kjyKum owdxm;

oifhvSayonf/
IykHpepf
xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf ZmwH lyH ypKyEH ---- odkY ponfjzifh a[mMum;xm;awmfrltyfaom
y#dord'gr*ygVdawmfenf;udk tpOfrSD;ojzifh Oyg'f-XD-bif[laom cPoHk;yg;taygif; tusKH;0ifaom
jzpfqjJ zpfaom emrfyk \
f p jzpfjcif;[k rSwt
f yfaom ocFwvuPmjzpfaom edAw
v
d uPm[laom
jzpfjcif; Oyg'fukd topfjzpfay:vmaom tjcif;t&mudk O', = jzpf-[l tzefwvJvJ I\ = (vuPm
,mOfudk wifum tzefwvJvJ I\/) azmufjyef ysufpD;jcif; = 0dy&dPmrvuPm[l rSwftyfaom
ocFwvuPmjzpfaom ukefjcif; csKyfjcif; ysufjcif; bifudk 0, = ysuf-[l vuPm,mOfudk wifum
tzefwvJvJ 0dyemI\/ (0dok'd-2-266/)
uJhodkY vuPm,mOfudk wifum 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyfaeaom xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvffonf
odkYaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh uGJuGJjym;jym; od\/
1/ emrfkyf\ jzpfonfrS a&S;tzdkY rjzpfrD jzpfzdkY&ef toifhapmifhqdkif;aeaom tpktyHkonfvnf;aumif; taygif;tpkonfvnf;aumif; r&Sad y/ y&rw"robm0vuPm[laom txnfu,
kd f
twabmudk r&&Sdtyfao;aom w&m;\ tcsif;cyfodrf; xif&Sm;r&Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifhwnf;/
2/ jzpfqJ jzpfaeaom emrfkyf\vnf; toifhjzpf&ef apmifhqdkif;aeaom tpktykHrSvnf;aumif;
taygif;tpkrSvnf;aumif; vmjcif; rnfonf r&Sday/
3/ csKyfqJjzpfaom emrfkyf\vnf; wllt&yf taxmifht&yfodkY uyfa&mufjcif; oGm;jcif;rnfonf
r&Sd/
4/ csKyfNyD;aom kyfemrf\vnf; wpfckaom ae&mXme tpktykHtm;jzifhvnf;aumif; taygif;tpk
tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; wnfaejcif; rnfonf r&Sd/
xdkpum;udk xif&Sm;apthH/ wD;tyfaom apmif;rS jzpfay:vmaom toH\ toHjzpfonfrS a&S;
toHrjzpfrD wpfae&m pka0;aeaom taygif;tpk tpdkiftcJonf r&Sdom jzpfcJh\/ jzpfqJjzpfaom
toHonfvnf; wpfckaom tpdkiftcJ taygif;tpkrS a&muf&Sdvmonfvnf; r[kwf/ csKyfqJjzpfaom
toH\vnf; wllt&yf taxmifht&yfodkY oGm;a&mufjcif; uyfa&mufjcif;rnfonf r&Sday/ csKyfNyD;aom
toHonfvnf; csKyfNyD;aemuf wpfpHkwpfckaom t&yfXme aygif;pkpnf;a0; rwnf/ pifppfaomfum;
apmif;udv
k nf;aumif; apmif;Muufom;a&udv
k nf;aumif; apmif;orm;\ xdt
k oHjzpfjcif;tm; avsmufywfaom apmif;wD;jcif; vkHYvudkvnf;aumif; tpGJjyK a&S;u r&Sdrl ,ckrS kwfjcnf; jzpfay:vm\f?
jzpfNyD;vnf; t&Snfrwnf csufwpfjzKwf csKyfaysmufysufpD;ouJhodkY Oyrmwl -- cyfodrf;ukefaom
kyf-emrf"r ocFg&w&m; rSeforQwdkYonfvnf; a&S;u r&Sdrl ,ckrS kwfjcnf; jzpfay:vmMuukef\?
(a[wktaMumif; yp,taMumif;[laom taMumif;w&m;wdkY nDGwfMuonf &Sdaomf Oyg'ftm;jzifh
xif&Sm; jzpfay:vmMuukef\ [lvdk/) jzpfNyD;vnf; t&Snfrwnf csufwpfjzKwf csKyfaysmuf ysufpD;
Muuke\
f / ---- odkY uGJuGJjym;jym; od\/ (0dok'd-2-266/)
179
zGiq
hf ckd surf sm;ESihf tnD toifoal wmfaumif;onf 'kuo
pm ork',opm trnf&aom ocFg&
w&m;wdu
Yk kd ---1/ kyf-emrf ESpfyg;enf;jzifh (2 )yHk yHk jzpfap
2/ cEm (5)yg;enf;jzifh (5)yHk yHk jzpfap
3/ tm,we (12)yg;enf;jzifh (12)yHk yHk jzpfap
4/ "mwf (18)yg;enf;jzifh (18)yHk yHk jzpfap
5/ y#dporkyg'fenf;jzifh t0dZmrSonf b0odkYwdkifatmifaom t*Fg&yfwdkYudk (10)yHk yHk jzpfap --odkY paom enf;jzifh ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk ,if;wdkY\ jzpfrI-ysufrI = O',-0,oabmudk
Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh tedp[k odkYr[kwf 'ku[k odkYr[kwf tew[k vuPma&;oHk;wefudk
wpfvSnfhpD wif 0dyem Iyg/ rdrd 0dyem Ivdkufaom ocFg&w&m;\ jzpf-ysuf = O',-0,udk
cPypKyefodkY qdkufatmif jrifaeygap/
vuPm,mOfudk wifyg
txufwGif wifjyxm;aom 0dok'dr*t|uxm (2-266) ocFwvuPm &dSMuukefaom kyfemrfwdkY\ Oyg'fpGef; bifpGef;udk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh O',[k 0,[k = jzpf-ysuf[k
0dyemI&ef TefMum;xm;awmfrl\/ xdkodkY ]]jzpf-ysuf}}[k I&ef TefMum;xm;awmfrlojzifh ,if;ocFg&
w&m;wdkYudk tedp[k 'ku[k tew[k vuPm,mOfwif 0dyem rI&awmhNyDavm[k ar;&ef&dS\/
tajzum; odw
Yk nf;/ ---tedpawm reodua&mawm Mobmaom OyZwd/ (y#doH-291/ 0dok'd-2-269/)
ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tedp[k odkYr[kwf 'ku[k odkYr[kwf tew[k ESvHk;oGif;aeaom 0dyem
Iaeaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef0,f Mobmo = ta&miftvif;ESifhwuG yDwd y'dpaom
0dyem npfnL;aMumif; Oyudavow&m;rsm;onf jzpfay:vmwwfaMumif;udk y#dord'gr*ygVdawmf
(291)udk udk;um; 0dok'dr*t|uxm zGifhqdkxm;awmfrl\? zGifhqdkcsufESifh tnD a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf
onf O',A,Pfydkif; ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpf-ysufudkvnf; jrif&rnf? ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk
tedp[k ('ku[k tew[k) vuPm,mOfudkvnf; wif 0dyem I&rnf[k rSwfom;yg/
oroeP/ y / yg&H *Em Xdawe tedpm'dawm 'da| ocFga& O',Aa,e y&dpdEdwGm
tedpm'dawm 0dyewH ...(y#doH-|-1-234/)
oroePf\ urf;wpfbufodkY a&muf wnfaeaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf oroePfjzifh tedppaomtm;jzifh IjriftyfNyD;aom ocFg&w&m;wdkYudkyif jzpfjcif; ysufjcif;jzifh ydkif;jcm; tedp
paomtm;jzifh 0dyemIjcif;iSm y#dord'gr*ygVdawmf O',A,Pfudk qufvuf a[mMum;
xm;awmfrlaMumif;udk txufyg y#dord'gr*t|uxmuvnf; zGifhqdkxm;awmfrl\/ zGifhqdkcsufESifh
tnD oroePfydkif; ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tedp[k ('ku[k tew[k) vuPm,mOfudk wifum 0dyem I&ouJo
h Ykd tvm;wlyif O',A,Pfyikd ;f vnf; ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk ykd if tedp[
k ('ku[
k
tew[k) vuPm,mOfudkwifum 0dyem I&rnfom jzpfonf/
180
wpfzef 0k|me*grded0dyem trsKd;rsKd;wdkYudk zGifhqdk&m tydkif; (tbd-|-1-270-271/ 0dok'd-2300-301/)wGifvnf; ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tedp[k Icdkuf r*fqdkufonfvnf; &Sd\[kvnf;aumif; 'ku[k
Icdkuf r*fqdkufonfvnf;&Sd\[kvnf;aumif; tew[k Ickduf r*fqdkufonfvnf; &Sd\[kvnf;aumif;
zGifhqdkxm;\/ ,if;odkY zGifhqdkxm;ojzifh ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tedp[k 'ku[k tew[k vuPm,mOfudk
wifum 0dyemIrIrSm 0k|me*grded0dyemodkYwdkifatmif wnf&Sdae\[k rSwfyg/ odkYaomf 0k|me*grdeD
0dyemodw
Yk idk af tmif[al om pum;&yf 0k|me*grde0D yd em ryg0if[k rSwyf g? taMumif;rl 0k|me*grdeD
0dyemtrnf&aom tEkavmrPfow
Ykd ikd af tmifaom avmuD0yd emPfonf ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk
tedpt
jcif;t&m od[
Yk w
k f tewtjcif;t&mudo
k m jrif\? ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tedp[k odkYr[kwf 'ku[k odkYr[kwf tew[k vuPm,mOfudk rwifay? xifkHom xif rwif
[lvdkonf/
xdkYaMumifh O',A,Pfydkif;wGifvnf; ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk ]]jzpf-ysuf}}[k IaeHkrQjzifh vdk&if;
udp rNyD;pD;Edkifao;? ,if;jzpf-ysuf\ aemufrS ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpf-ysufudk 0dyemPfjzifh
jrifatmifMunfh tedp[kvnf;aumif; 'ku[kvnf;aumif; tew[kvnf;aumif; vuPma&;
oH;k wefukd wpfvn
S phf w
D ifum 0dyemIygrSomvQif vd&k if;udp Ny;D pD;Edik o
f nf/ t&d,r*foYkd qdu
k af &mufEdkifrnf[k oEd|mefus rkcsyHkao rSwfom;em,lav&monf/
xdo
k Ykd ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd vuPm,mOfukd wifum 0dyem I&m ,if;ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk jzpfysuf
ukd Pfjzifh tvGefYtvGef vsifvsifjrefjref jrifatmif BudK;pm;yg? twdwf tem*wf ypKyef[laom
umvoHk;yg; tZw A[d'[laom oEmefESpfyg;twGif; wnf&Sdaom rnfonfhocFg&w&m;udk rqkd
0dyemI&m xkdocFg&w&m;\ jzpfrIysufrIukd cPypKyefodkY qdkufatmif oEwdypKyefrSonf cP
ypKyefodkY qdkufonfhwkdifatmif Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh vuPm,mOfukd wpfvSnfhpD wif
0dyemIyg? ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpf-ysufrSm tvGefYtvGef vsifjrefaomfvnf; tvGefYtvGefrsm;jym;
aomfvnf; tedp[k odkYr[kwf 'ku[k odkYr[kwf tew[k vuPm,mOfudkwifum 0dyemIrIrSm
cyfjznf;jznf;om Iyg/
ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfrI ysufrIum; tvGefvsifjrefvS\? rsufpdwpfrSdwf vQyfwpfjyuf vufzspf
wpfwGuf[k ac:qdktyfaom tvGefYtvGef wdkawmif;aom tcsdefumvtwGif;yif uka#axmifaygif;
rsm;pGmaom uka#aomif;aygif;rsm;pGmaom ocFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nf jzpfNy;D vQif ysuo
f mG ;Mu\? xdrk Q wdak wmif;vSaom tcsdefumvtwGif; xdkrQ rsm;jym;pGm xdkrQ vsifjrefpGm jzpfysufoGm;Muaom ocFg&w&m;wdkif;
uka#aygif;axmifEiS hf aomif;ESichf s
D vuPm,mOfuw
kd ifum 0dyem rIEikd af y? xdaYk Mumifh toifo-l
awmfaumif;\0dyemPfwiG f ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk jzpfryI surf rI mS vsijf refEikd o
f avmuf vsijf refaeygap?
cPypKye o
f Ykd Pftjrif qdu
k af eygap? tedp[
k odrYk [kwf 'ku[
k odrYk [kwf tew[k vuPm,mOfukd
wifum 0dyemIrIudkum; cyfjznf;jznf; cyfat;at;om Iyg? ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfrI ysufrI jrefoavmuf vuPm,mOfudkvnf; cyfjrefjrefyif vkduf wifaeygu MumvQif armyef;oGm;wwfayonf?
emrfur|mef;ydkif;Z,m;rsm;wGif a&;om;wifjycJhonfhtwdkif; wpfwef;NyD; wpfwef; twef;vdkuf Iyg/
oroePfydkif;wGif 0dyemIonfhyHkpHtwkdif;yif O',A,Pfydkif;vnf; ---181
1/
2/
3/
4/
&Hcg tZw kyfw&m;udk

&Hcg A[d' kyfw&m;ukd
&Hcg tZw emrfw&m;ukd
&Hcg A[d' emrfw&m;ukd
wpfvn
S phf D vSnv
hf nf vuPm,mOfo;kH wefuv
dk nf; wpfvn
S phf w
D ifum 0dyemIyg? 0dyem
Pfrsm;onf tvGex
f ufjrufp;l &S &J&ifo
h ef&Y iS ;f vmaomtcg ,if;0dyemPf0,f ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk
jzpfrIysufrIwdkYonf tvGefvsifvsifjrefjref xifvmayrnf? 0dyemPfu xufjrufpl;&S vsifjref
vmaomtcg oefY&Sif;vmaomtcg kyf-emrfwdkY\ tjzpftysufudk oEwdypKyefrSonf cPypKyefodkY
qku
d af tmif &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; ausauseyfeyf awGU&Sv
d mrnf jzpfayonf? xdo
k aYkd wGU&Scd ahJ omf kyEf iS ehf mrfudk
wG
J (emrfur|mef;ydik ;f Z,m;rsm;wGif a&;om;wifjyxm;cJo
h nft
h wdik ;f kyef mrfukd yl;wGo
J rd ;f qnf;cJo
h nfh
twdik ;f ) ,if;ky-f emrf"r ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk tjzpf tysuu
f kd cPypKye o
f Ykd qdu
k af tmif Pfjzifh jrifatmif
Munfh vuPm,mOfoHk;csufukd wpfvSnfhpDwif 0dyemIyg? tZwwpfvSnfh A[d'wpfvSnfh Iyg?
A[d'udk I&m teD;rSonf ta0;odkYwkdifatmif wpfpwpfp wkd;csJU (31) bHkukd odkYr[kwf pGrf;Edkifygu
(31)bHkaygif;rsm;pGmudk jcHKiHk 0dyemIyg/ tZwwpfvSnfh A[d'wpfvSnfh Budrfzef rsm;pGm xyfum
xyfum IyGm;oHk;oyfcJhaomf 0dyemPfonfvnf; txl;ojzifh xufjrufpl;&Svmwwf\? &J&ifhvm
wwf\? oefY&Sif;vmwwf\/
ypKyefocFg&w&m;wdkYukd 0dyemI&m 0dyemPfonf tvGef oGufvufvm ocFg&
w&m;wd\
Yk cPypKye o
f Ykd Pftjrif qdu
k o
f nfw
h ikd af tmif txl;ojzifh xufjrufp;l &S &J&ifv
h suf tvGef
oefY&Sif;vmaomtcg twdwf tem*wf ocFg&w&m;wdkYvnf; enf;udkaqmif enf;wlyif Iyg/ xkdodkY
I&m toifolawmfaumif;onf tu,f twdwfb0 ig;b0odkY wdkifatmif kyf-emrf-aMumif;-usKd;
= ocFg&w&m;wdkYukd odrf;qnf;xm;cJhonf jzpftHh ---1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
yrtwdwf y#doaErSonf pkwdodkY wkdifatmif

pwkwtwdwf y#doaErSonf pkwdodkY wkdifatmif
wwd,twdwf y#doaErSonf pkwdodkY wkdifatmif
'kwd,twdwf y#doaErSonf pkwdodkY wkdifatmif
yxrtwdwf y#doaErSonf pkwdodkY wdkifatmif
ypKyef
y#doaErSonf pkwdodkY wdkifatmif
yxrtem*wf y#doaErSonf pkwdodkY wdkifatmif
(&SdcJhaomf) 'kwd,tem*wf y#doaErSonf pkwdodkY wdkifatmif
odkYponfjzifh rdrdodrf;qnf;xm;aom tpGefqHk; twdwfb0rSonf tem*wfqHk;onftxd --- twdwf-ypKyef-tem*wf[laom umvoHk;yg; twGif; wnf&Sdaom tZw-A[d' oEmefESpfyg;
twGi;f wnf&adS om ---1/ kyfw&m; oufoufudkvnf;aumif;
2/ emrfw&m; oufoufudkvnf;aumif;
3/ kyfESifhemrfudk wGJvnf;aumif; ---182
aygif;pkjcHKiHk ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfrIysufrIukd = Oyg'fpGef; bifpGef;ukd jrifatmifMunfh---1/ &Hcg tedp[kvnf;aumif;

2/ &Hcg 'ku[kvnf;aumif;
3/ &Hcg tew[v
k nf;aumif; --odkY vuPm,mOfoHk;csufudk wpfvSnfhpDwif Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum 0dyemIyg/
xdkodkY I&m kyfuvmyfwdkY\ jzpfrI ysufrIudk tmHkr,lygESifh? ,if;kyfuvmyfwdkY\ twGif; wnf&dSaom
kyyf &rwfw&m;wdu
Yk o
kd m tmH,
k
l 0dyemIyg? emrfy&rwfw&m;wdYk vnf; enf;wlyif oabmaygufyg/
Oyrm -- y'Gg&m0Zef; pdwuPtcdkuf - lygHkESifh [',0wKESifhwuGaom (54) rsKd;aom kyfwdkYvnf;
jzpf-ysuf y'gG &m0Ze;f emrfw&m; (11)vH;k vnf; jzpf-ysuf tedp[
k odpYk onfjzifh kyEf iS ehf mrf tpHv
k u
dk f
tpHv
k u
dk f jzpfysurf u
I dk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunf
h vuPm,mOfo;kH csuu
f kd wpfvn
S phf D wif 0dyem
Iyg/ umvoHk;yg; oEmefESpfyg; twGif; wnf&Sdaom ocFg&w&m;wdkY cPypKyefodkY qdkufatmif Pf
tjrif oefY&Sif;cJhaomf oroePfrS O',A,e,fxJodkY 0ifa&mufvmNyD jzpfayonf/ odkYaomf 0Dxd
pdwuPwdkYvnf;aumif; 0Dxdrkwfpdwf pdwuPwdkYvnf;aumif; kyfw&m;wdkYvnf;aumif; cP
ypKye o
f Ykd qdu
k af tmif Pftjrif oef&Y iS ;f rI &Srd &Su
d dk txl; tav;*kjyK Burd zf efrsm;pGm 0dyemIvsuf
qef;ppfyg/
kyfemrf ESpfyg;enf;jzifh I tm;&auseyfrIudk &&Sdaomtcg ---1/ cEmig;yg; enf;jzifhvnf;aumif;
2/ tm,we (12)yg; enf;jzifhvnf;aumif;
3/ "mwf (18)yg; enf;jzifhvnf;aumif;
4/ y#dporkyg'f yxrenf;jzifh aMumif;usKd;pyfvsuf y#dporkyg'ft*Fg&yfwdkYukd t0dZmrSonf b0odkY
wdkifatmif (10) yHk yHk y#dporkyg'fenf;jzifhvnf;aumif; --qufvuf 0dyemIMunfhyg? wpfzef a&S;oroePfykdif;wGif a&;om;wifjycJhonfhtwkdif;1/ 0wK + tmHk + a0'em = (a0'emEkyem)
2/ 0wK + tmHk + 0dnmPf = (pdwmEkyem)
3/ 0wK + tmHk + z = ("rmEkyem)
a0'emEkyem pdwm Ekyem "rmEkyem Iuu
G w
f u
Ykd v
kd nf; qufvuf 0dyemIyg/
y#dporkyg'f t*Fg&yfwdkYudk 0dyemI&m ---1/ t0dZm jzpfjcif;aMumifh ocFg& jzpf\?
t0dZmvnf; jzpf-ysuf --- tedp
ocFg&vnf; jzpf-ysuf ------- tedp
odkY vuPm,mOfukd wif 0dyemIyg? 'ku-tewwdkYukdvnf; enf;wlIyg/ xkdodkY I&m
t0dZm OD;aqmifonfh raem'Gg&duaZm0Dxd ukov
kd af pwem apwoduo
f cFg& OD;aqmifonfh raem'Gg&du
aZm0DxdwdkYukd Ce toD;toD; NydKatmif Pfjzifh NzdKcGJzsufqD;vsuf y&rwfodkY Pftjrif qkdufatmif
t0dZmESifh wuGaom y&rwfw&m; ocFg&ESifhwuGaom y&rwfw&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;vsuf vuPm183
,mOfukd wifum 0dyemIyg/ b0 urb0 Oyywdb0[k b0ESpfrsKd;&Sd&m Oyywdb0\ w&m;ukd,f

jzpfaom Oyg'geuEm ig;yg;wdkYum; 0dyem Iaumif;aom w&m;rsm;yif jzpfMu\/ Zmwdukd xyf
0dyem rIaumif;aomfvnf; Zmwd\ w&m;ukd,fjzpfaom Oyywdb0trnf&aom Oyg'geuEm
ig;yg;wdkYum; 0dyem Iaumif;onfom jzpfonf? xkdaMumifh O',A,Pfydkif; b0ukdyg xnfhoGif; 0dyemI&ef y#dord'gr*ygVdawmf (52) TefMum;xm;awmfrljcif;yif jzpfayonf/
odkYvQif twdwf tem*wf ypKyef[laom umvoHk;yg; tZw A[d'[laom oEmefESpfyg;
twGi;f wnf&aSd om kyef mrfEpS yf g; = Oyg'geuEm ig;yg;wdu
Yk dk tedp- 'ku- tew vuPma&; oH;k wefudk
wpfvn
S phf D wif orm'd|
d Pfynmjzifh uk,
d w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmufojd rifonfwikd af tmif toif
olawmfaumif;onf ausauseyfeyfBu;D 0dyem IymG ;oH;k oyfEidk cf ahJ omf atmufyg tewvuPokwe f
vm&Sdaom 0dyemIuGufudk tauseyfBuD; auseyf oabmtusBuD; usEdkifrnf jzpfayonf? bk&m;&Sif\ tay:vnf;aumif; y0*Dig;OD; tpjzmonfh a&S;a&S; t&d,molawmfaumif;BuD;wdkY\ tay:
vnf;aumif; tMunfdkBuD; MunfdkEkdifNyDvnf; jzpfEdkifayonf/
wom wd[ bdua0 ...
1/ ,H udd lyH twDwmem*wypKyEH tZwH 0g A[d'g 0g MoVm&duH 0g okckrH 0g [DeH 0g yPDwH 0g
,H 'la& oEdau 0g? oAH lyH ]]aewH rr? aeaom[rod? e araom twm}}wd {0arwH
,xmblwH orynm, '|AH/
2/ ,m umpd a0'em/ y /
3/ ,m umpd onm/ y /
4/ a, aupd ocFg&m/ y /
5/ ,H udd 0dnmPH twDwmem*wypKyEH tZswH 0g A[d'g 0g MoVm&duH 0g okckrH 0g [DeH 0g
yPDwH 0g ,H 'la& oEdau 0g? oAH 0dnmPH ]]aewH rr?aeaom[rod? e araom twm}}wd
{0arwH ,xmblwH orynm, '|AH/ (oH-2-56/)
&[ef;wdkY ...xdkodkY Oyg'geuEmig;yg;wdkY\ tedp-'ku-tewwdkYom jzpf aejcif;aMumifh
omoemawmfjrwf twGif; oifwdkYonf ---1/ twdwf tem*wf ypKye jf zpfaom tvH;k pHak om kyw
l nf;jzpfaom
A[d'r v
jzpfaom odraf rGUEl;nHah om okcrk rlvnf;jzpfaom tvH;k pHak om kyw
f ahH om
a0;aom 'l&rlvnf;jzpfaom eD;aom oEdurlvnf;jzpfaom tvHk;pHkaom kyfw&m;onfvnf;aumif;
&Sdacs\/ (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom tvHk;pHkaom kyfw&m;udk ]]kyfw&m;onf
igh[m r[kw?f kyw
f &m;onf ig r[kw?f kyw
f &m;onf ig\tw r[kw}f }[k odv
Yk Qif kyw
f &m;udk
razmufrjyef [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm kyfwHk;kyfcJ emrfwHk;emrfcJ NzdKcGJazmuffxGif; 0dyemPftvif;jzifh Iyg/
2/ twdwf tem*wf ypKyefjzpfaom tvHk;pHkaom a0'em/ y /
3/ twdwf tem*wf ypKyefjzpfaom tvHk;pHkaom onm/ y /
184
4/ twdwf tem*wf ypKyefjzpfaom tvHk;pHkaom ocFg&/ y /

5/ twdwf tem*wf ypKyefjzpfaom tvHk;pHkaom 0dnmPfw&m;onfvnf;aumif; tZwrlvnf;
jzpfaom A[d'r v
l nf;jzpfaom tvH;k pHak om 0dnmPfw&m;onfvnf;aumif; ke&Yf if; Murf;wrf;aom MoVm&durlvnf;jzpfaom odrfarGUEl;nHhaom okckrrlvnf;jzpfaom 0dnmPfw&m;onf
vnf;aumif; ,kwn
f aHh om [Derlvnf;jzpfaom rGejf rwfaom yPDwrlvnf;jzpfaom tvH;k pHak om
0dnmPfw&m;onfvnf;aumif; a0;aom 'l&rlvnf;jzpfaom eD;aom oEdurlvnf;jzpfaom
tvH;k pHak om 0dnmPfw&m;onfvnf;aumif; &Sad cs\/ (11)rsK;d aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom tvH;k pHak om 0dnmPfw&m;ukd ]]0dnmPfw&m;onf igh[m r[kw?f 0dnmPfw&m;onf
ig r[kw?f 0dnmPfw&m;onf ig\tw r[kw}f } [k odv
Yk Qif 0dnmPfw&m;ukd razmufrjyef
[kwfwdkif;rSefpGm kyfwHk;kyfcJ emrfwHk;emrfcJ NzdKcGJazmufxGif; 0dyemPftvif;jzifh Iyg/
(oH-2-56 ---- tewvuPokwef/)
rSwfcsuf ---- ]]aewH rr? aeaom[rod? e araom twm = kyfw&m;onf igh[m
r[kwf? kyfw&m;onf ig r[kwf? kyfw&m;onf ig\tw r[kwf}}[k IygqkdonfESifh (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom kyw
f &m;udk tedp[
k 'ku[
k tew[k Iygqdo
k nfrmS twlwyl if
jzpfonf[k rSwfyg/ cEmig;yg;vHk; enf;wl oabmaygufyg/ (r-|-4-232-Munfhyg/)

ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfjcif;ysufjcif; 'Pfcsufjzifh tjrJrjywf tnOf;yef; tEdSyfpufcH&rIoabmukd
tmHk,l 'ku[k vuPm,mOf wifum wGifwGifBuD; 0dyemIcJhaomf ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ cP
ypKyefodkY qdkufatmif jzpfjcif;ysufjcif; 'ku'Pfcsufjzifh tEdSyfpufcHae&rI 'kuoabmukd uGufuGuf
uGif;uGif; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; 0dyem orm'd|dPfynmjzifh ukd,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odjrifaeygu xdkocFg&w&m;wdkYtay: ]]igh[m-igh[m}}[k pGJ,lwwfaom wPSmpGJonf pGJ,lzdkY&ef tcGifhtvrf;udk r&EdkifawmhNyD? xdkYaMumifh ocFg&w&m;wdkdYukd 'ku[k Ijcif;ESifh ]]igh[m r[kwf}}[k Ijcif;onf
wlnDvsuf &Sd\/
wpfzef ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkYukdyif ,if;wdkY\ cPypKyefodkY qkdufatmif jzpfrI ysufrIukd 0dyem
orm'd|
d Pfynmjzifh jrifatmifMunf
h tedp[
k vuPm,mOfuw
dk ifum 0dyem IymG ;oH;k oyfcahJ omf
cPrpJ woJoJ NyKd NyKd ysuyf suaf eaom ocFg&w&m;wdYk ]]ocFg&w&m;u igyJ ocFg&w&m;u oly}J }
ponfjzifh pG,
J zl &Ykd ef tcGit
hf vrf;udyk if pG,
J zl &Ykd ef tcsed u
f ykd if r&&SEd ikd af wmhay? rsupf w
d pfrw
dS f vQyw
f pfjyuf
vufzspfwpfwGuf[laom tcsdefumvudk uka#axmifaygif;rsm;pGm yHkcJhaomf odkYr[kwf uka#odef;ESifh
csD yHkcJhaomf wpfyHkcefYom oufwrf;&SdaomaMumifh jzpf\? xdkYaMumifh tedp[k Ijcif;ESifh ]]ig r[kwf}}[k
Ijcif;onf wlnDvsuf &Sd\/
wpfzef ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdYk rysupf ;D bJ tusw
d t
f cJ tcdik t
f rm tESpo
twr&SdrI oabmukd tmkH,l tew[k vuPm,mOfukd wifum wGifwGifBuD; 0dyemIcJhaomf
,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkY twr&SdrI tewoabmudk ausauseyfeyfBuD; vufcHEkdifrnfjzpf\? xdktcg ,if;
ocFg&w&m;wdYk tw[k pGaJ eaom twpo
JG nf ajcukw,
f
l r&&dES idk af wmhay? taMumif;rl kyw
f &m;wd\
Yk
185
rsufpdwpfrSdwf vQyfwpfjyuf vufzspfwpfwGuf wpfpuefY[laom tcsdefumvukd uka#ig;axmifcefY

yHkvQif wpfyHkcefYavmufom oufwrf;&SdrIudkaomfvnf;aumif; emrfw&m;wdkY\ ,if;uJhodkYaom tcsdef
umvudkyif uka#wpfodef;cefY yHkvQif wpfyHkcefYavmufom oufwrf;&SdrIukdaomfvnf;aumif; 0dyem
orm'd|
d Pfynmjzifh ud,
k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmuf odjrifaeonft
h wGuf xdk yk ef mrf"rocFg&w&m;wdkY ]]w&m;um; cdkifrmonfh tESpfom& twwnf;}}[k pGJ,lzdkY&ef tcGifhtvrf;onf tb,frSmvQif
axmuf&m wnf&mukd &&SEd idk af wmhtehH nf;? xdak Mumifh tew[k Ijcif;ESihf ]]ig\tw r[kw}f }[k Ijcif;onf
wlnDvsuf &Sd\/
(11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom txufyg Oyg'geuEmig;yg;udk cEmwpfyg;
wpfyg; tedpv
uPmwpfvn
S hf 'kuv
uPmwpfvn
S hf tewvuPmwpfvn
S hf odYk vuPm,mOf
oHk;csufukd wpfvSnfhpDwif 0dyemIyGm;oHk;oyf&aom bm0emusifhpOfvrf;onf bk&m;tp&Sdaom
y0*Dig;OD; trSL;&Sdaom a&S;a&S; t&d,molawmfaumif;wdkY\ edAmefodkY <uoGm;awmfrl&m wpfaMumif;
wnf;aom vrf;d;k vrf;a[mif;Bu;D om jzpf\/ toifoal wmfaumif;onfvnf; bk&m;&Siq
f v
dk o
dk nfh tppf
trSef edAm efw&m;awmfjrwfBu;D ukd wu,fwrf; vkv
d m;awmifw
h onf jzpfjim;tH?h xdv
k rf;d;k vrf;a[mif;Bu;D
twkdif;om aÈ&& *kPfodum&Sd&Sdjzifh ydyd&d&d NidrfNidrfoufouf avQmufoGm;&rnfom jzpfonf?
taMumif;rl edAm efoYkd oGm;&m vrf;aMumif;rSm ESpaf Mumif;r&S?d wpfaMumif;wnf;om &Sad omaMumifh jzpf\/
a,m p 0owH ZDa0? tyH O',A,H/
{um[H ZD0dwH aoa,sm? yawm O',A,H/ ("ry'-30/)
a,m p = tMuifyk*dKvfonfum;/ O',A,H = cEmig;yg; = kyf-emrfw&m;wdkY\ jzpfjcif;-ysufjcif;
= O',-0, oabmukd/ tyH = tyaEm = 0dyemynm r*fynmjzifh rodrjrifbJ/ 0owH
= ESpfaygif; (100) umvMumatmif/ ap ZDa0 = tu,f touf&Sifjim;tHh/ w = xkdyk*dKvf\/ wH
ZD0dwH = xdkodkY touf&Snfjcif;onf/ e aoa,sm = rjrwfonfomwnf;/
a,m p = tMuifyk*dKvfonfum;/ O',A,H = cEmig;yg; = kyf-emrfw&m;wdkY\ jzpfjcif;-ysufjcif;
= O',-0,oabmukd/ ywd = 0dyemynm r*fynmjzifh odjrif\/ O',A,H = cEmig;yg; = kyfemrfw&m;wdkY\ jzpfjcif;-ysufjcif; = O',-0,oabmudk/ yawm = 0dyemynm r*fynmjzifh
odjrifaom/ w = xdyk *k Kd v\
f / {um[H = wpfaeY wpf&uf wpfeeH ufrQ/ ZD0w
d H = touf&iS &f jcif;onf/
aoa,sm = jrwfvSygay\/ ("ry'-30/ *gxmeHygwf-113/)
cEmig;yg; kyfemrfw&m;wdkY\ jzpfjcif;-ysufjcif; = O',-0,oabmukd 0dyemynm odkYr[kwf
t&d,r*fynmjzifh rodrjrifaom ol\ ESpfaygif; (100) umvMumatmif touf&Sif&jcif;um; rjrwf?
cEmig;yg; kyef mrfw&m;wd\
Yk jzpfjcif;-ysujf cif; = O',-0,-oabmukd 0dyemynm odrYk [kwf t&d,r*f
ynmjzifh odjrifaomol\ wpfaeYwpf&uf wpfeHeufrQ touf&Sif&jcif;uom jrwf\? odkY bk&m;&Sif
ukd,fawmfwkdif a[mMum;jyo qkdqHk;rxm;awmfrljcif;aMumifh toifolawmfaumif;onfvnf; rdrd\
b0ukd bk&m;&Sif\ tvdkqEawmftwkdif; tvGef tqifhtwef; jrifhrm;onfh jrifhjrwfaom b0wpfck
jzpfatmif usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfav&monf/
186
O',A, tus,f IyGm;enf; - ork',"rmEkyDydkif;

yp,awm O',A,'e = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh jzpf-ysufIenf;ukd wpfenf;tm;jzifh
qd&k aomf taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh jzpf-ysuf eI nf;ESihf cPtm;jzifh jzpf-ysuf eI nf;[laom ESpef nf;vH;k udk
aygif;pyf 0dyemI&aom enf;ukyd if O',A, tus,f yI mG ;enf;[k ac:qk\
d / wGif ygVduRr;f usi-f
olrsm;taejzifh EIwfwuf&atmif BudKwif usufxm;oifhaom ygVdawmfukd a&S;OD;pGm azmfjytyfygonf/
lyuEm O',IyHk - ygVdawmf

1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
t0dZmork',m lyork'a,mwd yp,ork',a|e lyuE O',H ywd/

wPSmork',m lyork'a,mwd yp,ork',a|e lyuE O',H ywd/
urork',m lyork'a,mwd yp,ork',a|e lyuE O',H ywd/
tm[m&ork',m lyork'a,mwd yp,ork',a|e lyuE O',H ywd/
edAwdvuPH yaEmyd lyuE O',H ywd/
lyuE O',H yaEm rmed y vuPmed ywd/

1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
t0dZmeda&m"m lyeda&ma"mwd yp,eda&m"a|e lyuE 0,H ywd/

wPSmeda&m"m lyeda&ma"mwd yp,eda&m"a|e lyuE 0,H ywd/
ureda&m"m lyeda&ma"mwd yp,eda&m"a|e lyuE 0,H ywd/
tm[m&eda&m"m lyeda&ma"mwd yp,eda&m"a|e lyuE 0,H ywd/
0dy&dPmrvuPH yaEmyd lyuE 0,H ywd/
lyuE 0,H yaEm rmed y vuPmed ywd/
O',A,H yaEm rmed 'o vuPmed ywd/

1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
t0dZmork',m a0'em ork'a,mwd yp,ork',a|e a0'emuE O',H ywd/

wPSmork',m a0'emork'a,mwd yp,ork',a|e a0'emuE O',H ywd/
urork',m a0'emork'a,mwd yp,ork',a|e a0'emuE O',H ywd/
zork',m a0'emork'a,mwd yp,ork',a|e a0'emuE O',H ywd/
edAwdvuPH yaEmyd a0'emuE O',H ywd/
a0'emuE O',H yaEm rmed y vuPmed ywd/

1/ t0dZmeda&m"m a0'emeda&ma"mwd yp,eda&m"a|e a0'emuE 0,H ywd/
2/ wPSmeda&m"m a0'emeda&ma"mwd yp,eda&m"a|e a0'emuE 0,H ywd/
187
3/ ureda&m"m a0'emeda&ma"mwd yp,eda&m"a|e a0'emuE 0,H ywd/

4/ zeda&m"m a0'emeda&ma"mwd yp,eda&m"a|e a0'emuE 0,H ywd/
5/ 0dy&dPmrvuPH yaEmyd a0'emu E 0,H ywd/
a0'emuE 0,H yaEm rmed y vuPmed ywd/

1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
t0dZmork',m onmork'a,mwd yp,ork',a|e onmuE O',H ywd/

wPSmork',m onmork'a,mwd yp,ork',a|e onmuE O',H ywd/
urork',m onmork'a,mwd yp,ork',a|e onmuE O',H ywd/
zork',m onmork'a,mwd yp,ork',a|e onmuE O',H ywd/
edAwdvuPH yaEmyd onmuE O',H ywd/
onmuE O',H yaEm rmed y vuPmed ywd/

1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
t0dZmeda&m"m onmeda&ma"mwd yp,eda&m"a|e onmuE 0,H ywd/

wPSmeda&m"m onmeda&ma"mwd yp,eda&m"a|e onmuE 0,H ywd/
ureda&m"m onmeda&ma"mwd yp,eda&m"a|e onmuE 0,H ywd/
zeda&m"m onmeda&ma"mwd yp,eda&m"a|e onmuE 0,H ywd/
0dy&dPmrvuPH yaEmyd onmuE 0,H ywd/
onmuE 0,H yaEm rmed yvuPmed ywd/

1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
t0dZmork',m ocFg&ork'a,mwd yp,ork',a|e ocFg&uE O',H ywd/

wPSmork',m ocFg&ork'a,mwd yp,ork',a|e ocFg&uE O',H ywd/
urork',m ocFg&ork'a,mwd yp,ork',a|e ocFg&uE O',H ywd/
zork',m ocFg&ork'a,mwd yp,ork',a|e ocFg&uE O',H ywd/
edAwdvuPH yaEmyd ocFg&uE O',H ywd/
ocFg&uE O',H yaEm rmed y vuPmed ywd/

1/ t0dZmeda&m"m ocFg&eda&ma"mwd yp,eda&m"a|e ocFg&uE 0,H ywd/
2/ wPSmeda&m"m ocFg&eda&ma"mwd yp,eda&m"a|e ocFg&uE 0,H ywd/
3/ ureda&m"m ocFg&eda&ma"mwd yp,eda&m"a|e ocFg&uE 0,H ywd/
188
4/ zeda&m"m ocFg&eda&ma"mwd yp,eda&m"a|e ocFg&uE 0,H ywd/

5/ 0dy&dPmrvuPH yaEmyd ocFg&uE 0,H ywd/
ocFg&uE 0,H yaEm rmed y vuPmed ywd/
O',A,H yaEm rmed 'ovuPmed ywd/

1/ t0dZmork',m 0dnmPork'a,mwd yp,ork',a|e 0dnmPuE O',H ywd/
2/ wPSmork',m 0dnmPork'a,mwd yp,ork',a|e 0dnmPuE O',H ywd/
3/ urork',m 0dnmPork'a,mwd yp,ork',a|e 0dnmPuE O',H ywd/
4/ emrlyork',m 0dnmPork'a,mwd yp,ork',a|e 0dnmPuE O',H ywd/
5/ edAwdvuPH yaEmyd 0dnmPuE O',H ywd/
0dnmPuE O',H yaEm rmed y vuPmed ywd/

1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
t0dZmeda&m"m 0dnmPeda&ma"mwd yp,eda&m"a|e 0dnmPuE 0,H ywd/

wPSmeda&m"m 0dnmPeda&ma"mwd yp,eda&m"a|e 0dnmPuE 0,H ywd/
ureda&m"m 0dnmPeda&ma"mwd yp,eda&m"a|e 0dnmPuE 0,H ywd/
emrlyeda&m"m 0dnmPeda&ma"mwd yp,eda&m"a|e 0dnmPuE 0,H ywd/
0dy&dPmrvuPH yaEmyd 0dnmPuE 0,H ywd/
0dnmPuE 0,H yaEm rmed y vuPmed ywd/
O',A,H yaEm rmed 'o vuPmed ywd/ (y#doH-52- 55/)
txufyg Iuu
G w
f rYkd mS y#dor'd gr*ygVdawmf vm&Sad om O',A, tus,f yI mG ;enf; Iuu
G w
f yYkd if
jzpfMuonf/ ,if;ygVdawmf vm&Sdaom IuGuf tjynfhtpHkukd aemufwGif qufvuf a&;om;wifjyygrnf? ,cktcgwGif ,if;ygVdawmf\ qdv
k &kd if;oabm t"dyg ,fukd &Si;f vif;zGiq
hf x
kd m;aom y#dor'd gr*
t|uxmtzGifh tcsKdUESifh r[m#DumtzGifh tcsKdUukd aU&SOD;pGm a&;om;wifjytyfygonf/
ww t0dZmork',m lyork'a,mwd ]]yk&drurb0od Harma[m t0dZm}}wd 0kwm, t0dZm,
owd rod Hba0 ly Oyga'g a[mwDwd tawm? yp,ork',a|emwd yp, OyEbma0emwd tawm? t0dZm-wPSm-urmed apw " y#doEda[wkblwm twDwyp,m? arok p wDok
*[dawok ocFgkyg'gemed *[dwmae0 a[mEd? tm[m&ork',mwd y0wdypa,ok uAVDum&m[m& Av0wm aoma,0 *[dawm? wod Hye *[daw y0wda[wkblwmed Owkpdwmedyd *[dwmae0 a[mEd/ (y#doH-|-1-235/)
ww t0dZmork',mwd t0dZm, Oyg'g? twdbm0gwd tawm/ eda&m"0da&m"D [d Oyga'g
twdbm00gpaumyd a[mwDwd 0kawm 0g,rawm? wom yk&drb0od'g, t0dZm, owd rod H
ba0 ly Oyga'g a[mwDwd tawm/ yp,ork',a|em wd yp, OyEbma0e? twdbm0189
awmwd tawm/ t0dZm 'D[d p wD[d twDwumvdumed awoH o[um&Dum&Pblwmed Oyg'gem'Deyd d

*[dwmae0gwd '|AH/
y0wdypa,ok uAVDum&m[m& Av0wm, aom{0 *[dawm ]]tm[m&ork',m}}wd/
wod Hye *[daw y0wdyp,wmomrane Owkpdwmedyd *[dwmae0 a[mEDwd pwkork|meduly
yp,awm O','eH 0dbm0dwar0gwd '|A/H t0dZm wPSKyed,o[dawae0 urKem lyum,
edAwd/ towd p t0dZKyed,m, b0eduEd,m Zmwd,m tora0g {0gwd/ ,xm p ly
t0dZmwPSKyed,wm? {0H a0'em'Derd '|Am/ tm[ma&m ye OyE ly aygoaum? uAVDum&m[m& t"daywwm umr"mwm"d|mewm p a'oem,/ OuHoeda'aoe 0g tm[m&*[PH? ]]edAwdvuP}}Edtm'dem umv0aoe O','erm[/ ww t'ge0aoe ya*0 O',H
ydwGm Xdawm " oEwd0aoe 'doGm tEkuare cP0aoe ywd/ (r[m#D-2-420-421/)
txufyg t|uxm #DumwdkY\ qkdvkd&if; t"dyg,fum; odkYwnf;/ ---t0dZmork',m lyork'a,m = t0dZmjzpfjcif;aMumifh (urZ) kyf jzpf\ ---- odkYponfjzifh
a[mMum;awmfrl&m0,f a&S;a&S;b00,f urb0udk jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhpOfu jzpfcJhaom t0dZm-wPSmuH\ tusKd;kyfudk jzpfapEdkifaom obm0owdpGrf;tifonf xif&Sm;&Sdaeaomf b0 (urZ) kyf
w&m;onf xif&Sm;jzpfay:vm\[k qdkvdk\? odkY taMumif;w&m;\ jzpfNyD;onf\ tjzpfjzifh ,if;
taMumif;w&m; tusKd;w&m;udk jzpfapEdkifaom obm0owdpGrf;tif\ xif&Sm;&Sdaeonf\ tjzpfjzifh
lyuEm \jzpfjcif; = O',udk a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf 0dyemPfjzifh ud,
k w
f idk rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmuf
odjrifatmif I&rnf jzpf\/
xdktaMumif;w&m;wdkYwGif t0dZmESifh wPSmudk wdkufdkuf,l a[mMum;awmfrlvkdufojzifh ,if;
t0dZm -wPSmwdEYk iS hf udavo0#fjcif; wlnaD om Oyg'gefuv
kd nf; ,lNy;D a[mNy;D yif jzpf\/ uH-udk wdu
k f u
kd f
,l a[mMum;awmfrlvdkufojzifh ,if;uHESifh ur0#fcsif; wlnDaom ocFg&udkvnf; ,lNyD; a[mNyD;yif
jzpf\/ xkdaMumifh urZkyfw&m;ESifh 0dygufemrfw&m;wdkYudk wdkufkduf jzpfay:apwwfaom taMumif;
w&m;wdkYrSm t0dZm-wPSm-Oyg'gefwdkYu jcH&Hxm;tyfaom ocFg&-uHwdkYyif jzpfMu\? wpfenf;qdk&aomf
t0dZm-wPSm-Oyg'gef-ocFg&-uHwdkYyif jzpfMu\/
b0wpfck0,f y#doaEESifh pkwd\ tMum;umvudk y0wd[k ac:qkd\? xdky0wdumv jzpfay:aeaom taMumif;w&m;wdkYukd y0wda[wk = y0wdyp,[k ac:qdk\? ,if;y0wdyp,um; t'gypKyef
trnf&aom ypKye b
f 0wGif tusK;H 0ifaom ypKye t
f aMumif;w&m;yifwnf;/ ,if;y0wt
d aMumif;w&m;
wdw
Yk iG f = pdw-f Owk-tm[m&[laom kyw
f &m;udk jzpfapwwfaom taMumif;w&m;wdw
Yk iG f tm[m&um;
jy"mef;vsu&f \
dS / tm;Bu;D aom tm;aumif;aom taMumif;w&m;jzpf\/ uAVDum&m[m&\ taxmuf
tyHhudk &&SdygrSomvQif umrbHk kyfw&m;rsm;onf t"GefY&SnfpGm qufvufwnfwHhEdkif\/ uAVDum&m[m&onf jzpfNyD;aom pwkoEwdkyfudk apmifha&Smufwwf\? arG;jrLwwf\/ taMumif;rl uAVDum&m[m&udk tvk&d t
dS yfonf\ tjzpfaMumihv
f nf;aumif; = O',A, tus,f yI mG ;enf; Iuu
G af 'oemawmf\ uAVDum&m[m&[laom taMumif;w&m;udk tvdk&Sdtyffonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif;
IuGufa'oemawmf\ umrb0[laom umr"mwfvQif wnf&m&Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif;
jzpfay\/
190
wpfenf;qdk&aomf y0wdtaMumif;w&m;wdkYwGif tm[m&[laom taMumif;w&m;wpfckukd ,l

a[mawmfrljcif;onf tvGeftjrwfukd Tefjyajymqdkaom OuHoeda'o = Ou|eda'oenf; jzpf\/
aewyd gVdawmfBu;D vm&Sad om vuPm[m&aewed nf;ESihf nd
,lcahJ omf y0wt
d aMumif;w&m;wdw
Yk iG f
tm[m&[laom taMumif;w&m; wpfcu
k kd ,l a[mawmfrjl cif;jzifh y0wt
d aMumif;w&m;jcif; wlnaD om
Owkpw
d w
f u
Ykd v
dk nf; ,lNy;D a[mNy;D xif&mS ;jyNy;D om jzpf\? vuPmcsi;f wl&mudk pkaygif;a[mMum;xm;awmf
rlaomaMumifhwnf;/ xdkYaMumifh pdwf-OwkwdkYaMumifh jzpfaom kyfw&m;wdkYudkyg xnfhoGif; 0dyem
I&efudkvnf; xif&Sm;jyNyD;om jzpfonf[k rSwfyg/
t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH[laom taMumif;w&m;wdkYonf twdwfb0u jzpfcJhaom
twdwfb0wpfckcku jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhaom udavo0#f ur0#fw&m;rsm; jzpfMu\? ,ckuJhodkY toif
olawmfaumif;udk,fwkdif O',A, tus,fIyGm;enf;[laom 0dyemIuGufudk vufawGU usifhoHk;
aeaom tcgrsK;d ,if;twdwt
f aMumif;w&m; ig;rsK;d wdo
Yk nf Oyg'f-XD-bif taetm;jzifh xif&mS ; jzpfaeMuaom w&m;rsK;d wdu
Yk m; r[kwaf y? xdak Mumifh ,if;t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHw\
Ykd jzpfjcif;aMumifh
kyfw&m; jzpf\-[l&m0,f ,if;taMumif;w&m;wdkY\ jzpfrI[lonf ,if;taMumif;w&m;wdkY\ tusKd;
w&m;udk jzpfapEdkifaom obm0owd pGrf;tif\ xif&Sm;&SdrIudk qdkvdkonf? xkdxif&Sm;&SdrI[lonf Oyg'fXD-bif-tm;jzifh y&rw okyt
f xnfu,
dk f xifxif&mS ;&Sm; jzpfrI xifxif&mS ;&Sm; &drS I y&rwtwabmudk
&&SdrIukd rqdkvdk? ,if;taMumif;w&m;wdkY\ tusKd;w&m;udk jzpfapEdkifonfh obm0owd pGrf;tif\
xif&mS ;&Srd [
I al om jzpfjcif; Oyg'oabm rcsKyaf o;aom pGr;f tifrukeaf o;aom teda&m"oabmuko
d m
qdkvdkonf/
xdkteda&m" = rcsKyfao;aom oabmrnfonf tb,fenf;[lrl ---- t&d,r*fw&m;jzifh ry,fowftyfao;onf\ tjzpfaMumifh xif&mS ;&Sad eonf\ tjzpfonfvnf;aumif; rjzpfaptyfao;aom
tusKd;w&m;&Sdonf\ tjzpf = tusKd;ray;&ao;onf\ tjzpf t&d,r*fw&m;jzifh y,fowfjcif;iSm
rxku
d o
f nf\ tjzpfwjYkd zifh tusK;d w&m;udk jzpfapjcif;iSm xdu
k o
f nf\ tjzpfonfvnf;aumif; teda&m"
rnf\? twdbm0 = xif&Sm;&SdrI Oyg'oabm rnf\/
xif&Sm;aptHh ---- t0dZm-wPSm-Oyg'gefpaom tukokdvfw&m;wdkYum; t&d,r*fw&m;jzifh y,fowfxu
kd af om tukov
dk w
f &m;wdw
Yk nf;? xdt
k ukov
dk w
f &m;wdu
Yk kd t&d,r*fw&m;u ry,fowf&ao;vQif
xdw
k &m;wdo
Yk nf rcsKyNf ird ;f Muao;ojzifh ,if;tukov
dk w
f &m;wdu
Yk dk teda&m"[k qd&k \? xif&mS ;&Sad eao;
ojzifh twdbm0[k qdk&\? ,if;teda&m"oabm twdbm0oabmukdyif Oyg' = jzpfjcif;[k
qdkvdkonf/ ork',[k qdkvkdonf/
wpfzef ukov
dk w
f &m;ESihf tAsmuw = 0dygufBu,
d mw&m;wdu
Yk m; t&d,r*fw&m;jzifh ry,fowftyf
ry,fowfxdkufukefaom w&m;wdkY jzpfMu\/ xdkukokdvf-tAsmuw w&m;wdkY &[Em r[kwfukefao;
rjzpfuek af o;aom yk*Kd vw
f t
Ykd m; oHa,mZOfw&m;wdo
Yk nf jzpfMuuke\
f / vlUb0 vlUcEm ewfb0 ewfcf Em
wdkYukd wG,fwmrufarmjcif; vlUb0 vlUcEm ewfb0 ewffcEmwdkYukd &aMumif; a&mufaMumif; jzpfonfh
ukokdvfw&m;wdkYudk wG,fwmrufarmjcif; ponfwdkYwnf;/ xkdoHa,mZOfw&m;wdkY\ rukefao;onf\
tjzpfonfvnf; ty[Debm0 = t&d,r*fw&m;jzifh ry,f&Sm;&ao;onf\ tjzpfyif rnfayonf?
rSefayonf ---- tEko,"mwfukd t&d,r*fw&m;jzifh t<uif;rJh ry,fowftyfao;onf\ tjzpfaMumifh
191
oHa,mZOfESifhwuGaom cEmwdkY\ rjywfjzpfjcif;onf y#dporkyg'fyif rnfayonf/ tEko,"mwfukd

ry,fowf&ao;vQif tusK;d ay;Edik af om pGr;f tifowd xif&mS ; &Sad eao;aom ocFg&-uHwu
Ykd m; jrKH roGm;ay/ ememuPduurowd taetm;jzifh oifhavsmfaom tusKd;w&m;udk jzpfxGef;apEkdifonfh pGrf;tif
owdum; wnf&Sdaeonfom jzpfonf/
xkduJhodkY t0dZm-wPSm-Oyg'gef[laom udavo0#fw&m;wdkY\ t&d,r*fw&m;jzifh ry,fowf
&ao;jcif; ,if;tEko,"mwfw\
Ykd ude;f 0yfwnf&adS eao;ojzifh ocFg&-uHwu
Ykd ememuPu
d urowd
taejzifh kyfemrfcEmtpOf wnf&Sdaeao;jcif;ukdyif ------- t0dZmork',m ... wPSmork',m ...
urork',m ... t0dZm jzpfjcif;aMumifh.... wPSm jzpfjcif;aMumifh ... uH jzpfjcif;aMumifh ...
kyjf zpf\ odpYk onfjzifh a[mMum;awmfro
l nf[k rSwyf g? t0dZm -wPSm-Oyg'gef-ocFg&-uHw\
Ykd Oyg'fXD-bif taetm;jzifh xif&Sm;jzpfaeonfh jzpfrIrsKd; r[kwfonfudkum; owdjyKygav/
edAwdvuPm
edAw
v
d uPEd t'g-oEw-d cP0aoe ly Oyg'H? Oyga'ga,0 ocFwvuPwm vuPEd
p 0kawm/ (y#doH-|-1-235/)
]]edAwdvuP}}Edtm'dem umv0aoe O','erm[/ ww t'ge0aoe ya*0 O',H
ydwGm Xdawm " oEwd0aoe 'doGm tEkuare cP0aoe ywd/ (r[m#D-2-421/)
wDPd rmed bdua0 ocFw ocFwvuPmed/ uwrmed wDPd? Oyga'g ynm,wd? 0a,m
ynm,wd? Xdw tnxwH ynm,wd/ (tH-1-150/)
bk&m;&Sifonf ocFwvuPokwef (tH-1-150/)wGif ocFww&m; rSeforQwdkY ---1/ Oyg' = jzpfrI
2/ 0, = ysufrI
3/ Xdw tnxw = wnfaeaom w&m;\ ysufrnfhbufodkY ,kdifvJaeaom tjcif;t&m[laom
wnfrI XDumv ---odkY vuPm oHk;rsKd;pD &SdaMumif;ukd a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/
oroePfydkif; twdwf ypKyef tem*wf[laom t"GGefYumv\ tpGrf;jzifh kyfw&m;\ jzpfrI
O',oabmudk a&S;OD;pGm INy;D aom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf O',A,Pfyikd ;f oEw\
d tpGr;f jzifh
kyw
f &m;\ jzpfrI = O', oabmudk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmif I&\/ oEw\
d tpGr;f jzifh kyw
f &m;\
jzpfrI = O',oabmudk 0dyemPfjzifh IjrifNyD;aomtcg wpfzef tpOftwdkif; qufvuf cP\
tpGr;f jzifh kyw
f &m;\ jzpfrI = O',oabmukd 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmif qufvuf I&\? xdck P\
tpGrf;jzifh kyfw&m;\ jzpfrI = O',oabm = Oyg'foabmonfyifvQif edAwdrnf\/ y#dord'gr*
t|uxm tvdktm;jzifh xdkt'g-oEwd-cP\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh kyfw&m;\ jzpfrI = Oyg'foabm =
O',oabmonfyifvQif edAwd rnf\/ ,if;edAwdonfyifvQif ocFw\vuPm jzpfaomaMumifh
,if;edAw
u
d ykd ifvQif vuP[lvnf; a[mawmfrt
l yfayonf/ edAw
d ESihf vuP ESp&f yfukd aygif;aomf
edAwdvuPm jzpfonf/ a0'emuEm ponfwdkYvnf; enf;ukdyif tpOfavQmuf od&Sdygav/
192
t0dZmeda&m"m lyeda&ma"mwd tem*wb0 yp,blwm, rod Hba0 t0dZm, t&[wr*aPe eda&ma" uaw yp,mbm0g tem*w ly tEkyg'eda&ma"m a[mwDwd
tawm/ yp,eda&m"a|emwd yp, edk'bma0emwd tawm/ eda&ma"m apw tem*wy#doEdyp,meH " t0dZm-wPSm-urmeHa,0 eda&ma"m/ (y#doH-|-1-236/)
t0dZmeda&m"m lyeda&ma"mwd t*r*aPe t0dZm, tEkyg'eda&m"awm tem*w
ly tEkyg'eda&ma"m a[mwd yp,mbma0 tbm0awm/ yp,eda&m"a|emwd t0dZmocFgw
tem*aw OyZeulyyp, edk'bma0e/ wPSmeda&m"m ureda&m"mwd {wmyd {ao0 ea,m/
(r[m#D-2-421/)
t0dZm csKyjf cif;aMumifh kycf sKy\
f ---- odkYponfjzifh a[mMum;xm;awmfrltyfaom 0dyem
IuGuf0,f t0dZm-wPSm-Oyg'gefwdkYukd t&[wr*fu t<uif;rJh y,fowfvdkufaomtcg odkYr[kwf
y,fowfEikd af omtcg t0dZm -wPSm-Oyg'gefwYkd OD;aqmifonfh udavo0#fw&m;wdo
Yk nf vk;H 0 csKyNf ird ;f
oGm;Murnf jzpf\? aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;jcif; tEkyg'eda&m"oabmodkY a&muf&Sd
oGm;Murnf jzpf\? udavo0#frsm;\ t<uif;rJh csKyNf ird ;f oGm;jcif;aMumifh udavom tpd"k mwf tap;"mwf
&Syd grS tusK;d ay;Edik pf rG ;f &SMd uonfh ocFg&-uH[al om ur0#fw&m;wdo
Yk nfvnf; csKyNf ird ;f oGm;Murnf jzpf\/
aemifwpfzef b0opfukd jzpfapwwfaom taMumif;w&m;wdkY\ t&[wr*faMumifh vHk;0 csKyfNidrf;
oGm;jcif;aMumifh taMumif;w&m;rsm; xif&Sm;&SdygrSomvQif y&dedAmepkwd\ aemufqG,fwGif jzpfay:vmEkdifaom tem*wf 0dygu0#fw&m;wdkYonfvnf; jzpfEdkifcGifh r&SdMuawmhojzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;Mujyef\/
(,if;0dygu0#fwGif y&dedAmepkwd\ tjcm;rJh aemiftem*wfb0 jzpfvwHUaom kyfw&m;rsm;vnf;
yg0ifMu\/) taMumif;w&m;rsm;\ xif&mS ; r&SMd uawmhjcif;aMumifh tusK;d w&m;rsm;onfvnf; xif&mS ;
r&SEd ikd Mf uawmhay/ a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf t&[wr*foYkd qdu
k af &mufomG ;aomtcg ,if;t&[wr*faMumifh t0dZm-wPSm-Oyg'gef-ocFg&-uHwdkY\ csKyfNidrf;oGm;jcif;aMumifh y&dedAmepkwd\ tjcm;rJh aemif
tem*wfb00,f jzpfEikd cf iG &hf adS om 0dygu0#fjzpfaom kyw
f &m; (emrfw&m;)wd\
Yk csKyNf ird ;f rIukd 0dyem
Pfjzifh = O',A,mEkyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh IuGufudk jrifatmif I&rnf jzpfonf/

t&[wr*f[lonf rnfonfh tcsdeftcgwGif jzpfay:vmrnfh t&[wr*fygenf;[k ar;&ef&Sd\/
,ck Iuu
G rf mS ykxZk eftjzpfro
S nf t&d,mtjzpfoYkd wufvrS ;f vdMk uol a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vrf eG w
f t
Ykd wGuf
txl;tav;ay; ygVdawmf t|uxm #DumwdkYu a[mMum;xm;awmfrlaom zGifhqdkxm;awmfrlaom
Iuu
G f jzpfygonf/ t&d,molawmfaumif;rsm;onfvnf; Iuu
G u
f kd rIaumif;[k rqdv
k ykd g/ ykxZk efyif
jzpfcsif jzpfygap t&d,molawmfaumif;yif jzpfcsif jzpfygap rnfonfh a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vf rqdk t&[w
r*foYkd rqdu
k af &mufao;orQ umvywfv;kH aÈ r&ifu
h suaf o;ygu IymG ;&rnfh 0dyem Iuu
G w
f o
Ykd m
jzpfMuonf/ odaYk omf ykxZk efoal wmfaumif;wpfO;D onfvnf; t&d,molawmfaumif; tjzpfoYkd wufvrS ;f Edik &f ef tvdiYk mS 0dyemIuu
G u
f dk IymG ;&ef ygVdawmf t|uxm #Dumwdu
Yk TeMf um;aejcif; jzpfaMumif;udk oabmayguf&ef ajymqkdaejcif;om jzpfonf/ ,ckuJhodkY O',A,Pfudk &&Sdatmif tm;opf
193
aeqJjzpfaom ykxZk eftjzpfom wnf&adS eao;aom toifa,m*g0p&yk*Kd vt

f zdYk t&[wr*fuv
kd nf;
r&&Sad o;ojzifh t&[wr*f[o
l nf tcsKUd tcsKUd aom q&mjrwfwYkd ,lqMuovkd ypKye q
f wfqwf w&m;rsK;d
= ypKye w
f nfw
h nfh w&m;rsK;d um; r[kwaf o;ay? ykxZk eftqifh om wnf&adS eao;aom toifoal wmfaumif;\ oEmef0,f O',A,Pf tqifhom wnf&Sdaeao;cdkuf t&[wr*fPfonfvnf;
rjzpfay:ao;aomaMumifhwnf;/
tu,f toifolawmfaumif;onf ypKyefwnfhwnfhudkom ypKyefqwfqwfudkom 0dyem
Iaumif;ygonf[k oHukef[pfum a<u;aMumfaevQif -- yp,awm O',A,'e = taMumif;w&m;
tm;jzifh O',-0,udk Ienf;[laom O',A, tus,fIyGm;enf; 0dyem IuGufonf toifolawmfaumif; twGuf t"dyg,fuif;rJhaeonfh IuGufwpfrsKd;om jzpfaezG,f&m &Sdayonf? bk&m;&Sifonf
0dyemIuu
G u
f kd toifoal wmfaumif;twGuf a[mMum;xm;awmfrcl o
hJ nf r[kw[
f al om oabm
t"dyg ,fov
Ykd nf; oufa&mufomG ;Edik af yonf? bk&m;&SiEf iS v
hf nf;aumif; bk&m;&Si\
f w&m;awmfEiS v
hf nf;aumif; tvGJBuD; vGJroGm;&atmif txl; owdjyKoifhvSayonf/
O',A,Pftqihfom wnfaeao;aom ykxkZefrQom jzpfaeao;aom toifolawmfaumif;twGuf t&[wr*f[lonf aemiftem*wf wpfcsdefcsdefom jzpfay:rnfh w&m;jzpfonf? xkd
tem*wf[o
l nfrmS b0twGi;f wpfcsed cf sed [
f al om tem*wfvnf; jzpfEidk \
f ? b0pkw\
d aemuf
jzpfvwHUaom tem*wfb0 wpfckckvnf; jzpfEkdif\/
xdt
k &[wr*f jzpfay:vmrnfh tcsed t
f cgudk 0do'k rd *r[m#Dum ]]t&[wr*faMumifh t0dZm \
aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;jcif;aMumifh y&dedAmepkwd\ aemufqG,f tu,f
taMumif;w&m; rukeaf o;ygu jzpfEikd cf iG &hf adS om tem*wfyk w
f &m;\ aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyjf cif;jzifh
csKyfNidrf;jcif;onf jzpfay:vm\}} odkYponfjzifh b0tuefYtowf r&SdbJ rnfonfhb0[k rqdkbJ
omrnom zGifhqdkxm;awmfrl\/ odkYaomf txufwGif a&;om;wifjyxm;aom y#dord'gr*t|uxm
um; --- eda&ma"m apw tem*wy#doEdyp,meH " t0dZm-wPSm-urmeHa,0 eda&ma"m/
(y#do-H |-1-236/) ]]tem*wfb0\ taMumif;&if;jzpfaom t0dZm \ (t0dZm -wPSm-Oyg'gef-ocFg&uH\) b0yif t&[wr*fPfaMumifh csKyNf ird ;f jcif;udk jyKvyk Ef ikd cf ahJ omf taMumif;w&m;\ xif&mS ;
r&Sad wmhjcif;aMumifh aemiftem*wfjzpfaom jzpfvwUH aom y#doaEyk w
f &m;\ aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom
csKyfNidrf;jcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;jcif;onf jzpfay:vm\}}/
odpYk onfjzifh zGiq
hf x
kd m;awmfr\
l / xdo
k Ykd b0 jzpfay:vwUH aom t&[wr*f[k zGiq
hf jkd cif;rSm
rsm;&modv
Yk u
dk
f a,bk,senf;tm;jzifh zGiq
hf x
kd m;awmfrjl cif;om jzpfonf[k ,lqoifah yonf/ wpfenf;
tm;jzifh qkd&aomf t&dyfjyvQif taumifxif&rnfh OyvuPenf; ed'eenf;tm;jzifh b0wGif
t&[wr*fodkY qkdufrnfh a,m*Dolawmfaumif;ukd ykHpHxkwf zGifhqdkxm;onf[k ,lqoifhayonf/
taMumif;rl --- b0wGif t&d,r*fPfodkY rqdkufa&mufEdkifao;aom O',A,Pf ponfh
0dyemPfrQudkom &&SdEdkifaom ykxkZef {uADZd aomwmyef aumvHaumv aomwmyef owuwKy&r aomwmyef ewfjynf jA[mhjynf y&dedAmefpHawmfrlMurnfh ou'g*grf tem*grfpaom
olawmfaumif;wdkYonf tem*wf b0wpfckckwGifom t&[wr*fukd &&SdEdkifaomaMumifh jzpfonf/
194
rnfodkYyif &Sdap? a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf tu,f b0wGifyif t&[wr*fudk &&SdvwHUonf

jzpft?hH ,if; t&[wr*faMumifh t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHw\
Ykd aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyjf cif;jzifh
csKyNf ird ;f jcif; = tEkyg 'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f oGm;jcif;aMumifh tu,f t&[wr*fudk r&&Syd gu
jzpfEkdifcGifh&Sdaom vmrnfhtem*wfb0wGif lyuEm\ (0dyguf emrfcEmwdkY\) aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom
csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;rI tEkyg'eda&m"oabmudk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh O',A,
tus,fIyGm;enf; IuGufudk I&ef jzpfayonf? (y#dporkyg'fykdif;wGif a&;om;wifjycJhaom y#davmr
y#dporkyg'f IuGufukd jyefvnf tmHk,lxm;yg/)
tu,f toifoal wmfaumif;onf aemiftem*wf b0wpfcck w
k iG rf S t&[wr*fukd &&Sv
d wUH onf jzpfygu ,if;t&[wr*faMumifh t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwdkY\ aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom
csKyjf cif;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f rI tEkyg 'eda&m"oabmodYk a&muf&o
dS mG ;jcif;aMumifh ,if;t&[wr*fudk &vwUH onfh
tem*wfb0\ aemuf t&[wr*fudk r&&Sdu jzpfEkdifcGifh&Sdaom lyuEm\ (0dyguf emrfcEmwdkY\)
aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;rI tEkyg'eda&m"oabmukd 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmif
Munfh O',A,Pf tus,fIyGm;enf; IuGufudk I&rnf jzpfayonf/
y#dporkyg'fydkif;wGif a&;om;wifjycJhaom y#dporkyg'f yrenf; IuGufudk jyefvnf tmHk
,lxm;yg/ ,if;yrenf;twdkif; O',A, tus,f IyGm;enf;udk I&rnfjzpfonf/ y#dporkyg'f
yrenf;jzifh taMumif;w&m; tusKd;w&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;cJhpOfu tem*wfwGif y#dporkyg'f oHo&m
puf&[wf &yfprJ nft
h csed o
f Ykd wdik af tmif odrYk [kwf b0odYk wdik af tmif taMumif;w&m; tusK;d w&m;wdu
Yk dk
odrf;qnf;cJh\/ xkdoHo&mc&D;udk tqHk;owfrnfh b0wGif oHo&mc&D; rqHk;rD oHo&mpuf&[wf tqHk;
rowfrD wpfcsed cf sed f t&[wr*faMumifh t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwo
Ykd nf tEkyg 'eda&m"oabm
tm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;cJhMu\/ ,if;t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg&uHwdkY\ tEkyg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh
csKyfNidrf;oGm;jcif;aMumifh cEmig;yg;wdkY\vnf; tEkyg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;rIukd 0dyem
h -- t0dZm csKyjf cif;aMumifh kycf sKy\
f - ponfh O',A, tus,f yI mG ;enf;
IuGufukd Iyg/
ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk ysujf cif; bifjzifh rSwt
f yfaom 0dy&dPmroabmonfvnf; ocFw\ vuPmyif jzpf 0dy&dPmrvuP[k qkdonf/ a0'emuEm ponfwdkYvnf; enf;wl rSwfyg/
z ------ zka|m a0a'wd? zka|m omemwd? zka|m apawwd/ (oH-2-292/)
tmHu
k kd awGUxdaom olonf tmHu
k kd cHpm;\? tmHu
k dk awGUxdaom olonf tmHu
k kd rSwo
f m;\?
tmHkukd awGUxdaom olonf tmHkay:odkY or,kwfw&m;wdkYukd a&mufatmif aphaqmf tm;xkwf\/
odkYponfjzifhvnf;aumif;
zyp,m a0'em puKorZm a0'em onm apwem/ (tbd-2-143/)
z[laom taMumif;aMumifh a0'emonf jzpf\? puKorZm a0'emvnf;aumif; onm
vnf;aumif; apwemvnf;aumif; jzpf\ --- odkY ponfjzifhvnf;aumif;
bk&m;&Sifonf a[mMum;xm;awmfrljcif;aMumifh zonf a0'emuEm onmuEm ocFg&uEm
wdkY\ y0wdyp, = y0wdtaMumif;w&m; = ypKyeftaMumif;w&m; jzpf\/ xkdz\ tEkyg'eda&m"
195
oabmtm;jzifh csKyfjcif;aMumifhvnf; xkda0'emuEm onmuEm ocFg&uEmwdkY\ tEkyg'eda&m"

oabmtm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;jcif;onf jzpfay:vm\/
r[my'geokwf ('D-2-28/) r[med'geokwf ('D-2-48/) wdkYvnf;aumif; tbd"rm tnrnyp,0g& (tbd-4-371/) vnf;aumif; --- emrlyyp,m 0dnmPH - [k bk&m;&Sifonf a[mMum;
xm;awmfrljcif;aMumifh emrfkyfonf 0dnmPuEm\ y0wdyp, = y0wdtaMumif;w&m; = ypKyef
taMumif;w&m; jzpfonf? xkdemrfkyf\ tEkyg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyfjcif;aMumifh 0dnmPuEm\
tEkyg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;jcif;onfvnf; jzpfay:vm\/ xdkaMumifh --zork',m a0'emork'a,m? zeda&m"m a0'emeda&ma"m/ emrlyork',m 0dnmP
ork'a,m? emrlyeda&m"m 0dnmPeda&ma"m ...
= z jzpfjcif;aMumifh a0'em jzpf\ z csKyfjcif;aMumifh a0'em csKyf\/ emrfkyf jzpfjcif;aMumifh
0dnmPf jzpf\? emrfkyf csKyfjcif;aMumifh 0dnmPf csKyf\ ...
odkY ponfjzifh y#dord'gr*ygVdawmf a[mMum;xm;awmfrlayonf/ (r[m#D-2-422/)
Oyg'eda&m" - tEkyg'eda&m"
t0dZm -wPSm-Oyg'gefpaom udavo0#fw&m;wdo
Yk nf qdik &f mqkid &f m t&d,r*fw&m;jzifh ry,f&mS ;
&ao;orQ umvywfvHk; ow0gwdkY\ kyfemrf oEmef tpOf0,f tEko,"mwftaejzifh udef;0yfvsuf
vdu
k yf gwnfaevsuf &SMd u\? Oyg'f-XD-bif-taetm;jzifh xif&mS ; jzpfay:vmzd&Yk ef taMumif;w&m;rsm;onf tnDtGwf aygif;qHkrdygu ,if;udavo0#fw&m;wdkYonf Oyg'f-XD-bif taetm;jzifh xif&Sm;
jzpfymG ;vmMu\? ,if;odYk Oyg'fxif&mS ; jzpfymG ;vmMuaomtcg y&rw"robm0wd\
Yk xH;k pH"rwmtwdik ;f
Oyg'fNyD;aemuf bifumvodkY a&mufu ysufpD;oGm;Mu&\? ,if;odkY csKyfysufoGm;jcif;um; Oyg'eda&m"wnf;/ Oyg'f-XD-bif taetm;jzifh xif&mS ; jzpfay:vmzd&Yk ef taMumif;w&m;wdo
Yk nf tnDtGwf aygif;qHk
rdygu aemufxyf wpfzef Oyg'f-XD-biftaejzifh xif&mS ;jzpfciG hf &Sad eao;aom csKyjf cif;wnf;/ udavom
[lorQwdkYonf ,if;wdkY\ tEko,"mwfikwfukd qdkif&mqdkif&m t&d,r*fw&m;jzifh t<uif;rJh ry,fowf
&ao;orQ umvywfvHk; enf;ESifESif csnf;yifwnf;/ tMuiftcgum; ,if;tEko,udavom
"mwfikwfwdkYukd qkdif&mqkdif&m t&d,r*fw&m;u t<uif;rJh y,fowfvkduf\? xdktcg qdkif&mqdkif&m
udavomwdo
Yk nf aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyjf cif;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f oGm;Mu\? ,if;odYk aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom
csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;jcif;ukd tEkyg'eda&m"[k qkdonf/
eda&m" (5) rsKd;

1/ r[mukokdvfonf y,ftyfaom udavom\ r&Sdjcif; tbm0[k qkdtyfaom w'*Feda&m"
2/ lyg0p&ukov
dk f tlyg0p&ukov
kd o
f nf y,ftyfaom udavom\ r&Sdjcif; tbm0[k qkt
d yfaom
0du reeda&m"
3/ t&d,r*fw&m;onf t<uif;rJh y,f&mS ; zsuq
f ;D tyfaom udavom\ r&Sjd cif; tbm0[k qkt
d yfaom orka p'eda&m"
196
4/ t&d,zdkvfonf y,ftyfaom udavom\ r&Sdjcif; tbm0[k qdktyfaom y#dhy'deda&m"

5/ pdwf-apwoduf (kyf)wdkY\ cPwdkif; cPwdkif; bifumvwdkif; bifumvwdkif; ysufjcif;[k
qdktyfaom cPb*Feda&m" --- odkYvQif eda&m" (5)rsKd; &Sdayonf/ (tbd-|-3-311/)
xdkwGif w'*Feda&m" 0dureeda&m" cPb*Feda&m"wdkYum; Oyg'eda&m"wnf;/ taMumif;rukef
ao;ygu aemifwpfzef jzpfciG &hf adS om csKyjf cif;wnf;/ (xdw
k &m;wdw
Yk iG f y&deAd m epkwd ryg0ifay/) orkap'
eda&m" ESifh y#dy'deda&m"wdkYum; tEkyg'eda&m"wnf;/ aemifwpfzef jzpfcGifh r&Sdaom aemifwpfzef
rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;aom csKyfNidrf;jcif;rsKd;wnf;/ y&dedAmepkwd\ aemuf cEmig;yg;wdkY\
csKyfNidrf;jcif; cEy&dedAmefonfvnf; aemufwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;jcif; tEkyg'
eda&m"yifwnf;/
txufyg &Sif;vif;csufrsm;udk Munfhygu O',A, tus,f IyGm;enf;ESifh y#dporkyg'f
yrenf; IuGufwdkYonf wpfckESifh wpfck aus;Zl;jyKvsuf &Sdonfukd toifolawmfaumif;onf oabm
aygufEdkifavmufayNyD? y#dporkyg'f yrenf; a&;om;wifjycJhonfhtwdkif; taMumif;w&m; tusKd;
w&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;wwfygu O',A, tus,fIyGm;enf;udk vG,fulpGmyif oabmaygufEdkifrnf
jzpfayonf/ wGif IyGm;yHk enf;pepf yHkpHtcsKdUukd oabmaygufEdkifHkrQ a&;om;wifjytyfygonf/
ork',"rmEkyDydkif;
O','e = tjzpfoufouf Ienf;
y#doaE - lyuEm
toifolawmfaumif;onf yp,awm O','e = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh tjzpf Ienf;
cPawm O','e = cPtm;jzifh tjzpf Ienf;[laom ESprf sK;d aom O','eukd Ivykd gu a&S;OD;pGm
rdrd yI mG ;vdak om kycf Em emrfcEmukd odr;f qnf;&rnf jzpfonf? xkad emif qdik &f mqkid &f m taMumif;w&m;aMumifh qdkif&mqdkif&m tusKd;w&m; jzpfay:yHkukdvnf;aumif; tusKd;cEm\ jzpfrIoufouf O',
oabmudkvnf;aumif; qufvuf IyGm;&rnf jzpfonf/
toifoal wmfaumif;onf y#doaE cEmig;yg; Iuu
G u
f kd Ivo
kd nf jzpft?hH a&S;OD;pGm y#doaE
cEmig;yg;udk wpfzef jyef odrf;qnf;yg? xkdaemif rdrd Ivdkaom lyuEmukd xyfrH odrf;qnf;yg/
,if;y#doaE lyuEm urZkyf trsK;d tpm; (30) yg0if\/ ,if;lyuEm onfum; toifoal wmfaumif;
udk,fwdkif twdwfb0wpfcku jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhaom t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwdkYaMumifh jzpfay:vm&aom w&m; jzpf\/ ,if; t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwdkYukdvnf;aumif; ,if; t0dZm
wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwaYkd Mumifh y#doaE lyuEm \ jzpfyu
kH v
dk nf;aumif; y#dpo
rkyg 'f yrenf;jzifh
taMumif;w&m; tusK;d w&m;wdu
Yk kd odr;f qnf;cJph Ofu toifoal wmfaumif;ud,
k w
f idk f odr;f qnf;cJNh y;D yif
jzpf\/ rnfuJhodkYaom t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHrsKd;jzpfonfudkvnf; xkdpOfu odrf;qnf;cJhNyD;
odcNhJ y;D yif jzpf\/ toifoal wmfaumif;onf ,if; y#dpo
rkyg 'f yrenf;wGif Ico
hJ nft
h wkid ;f ,if;t0dZm
wPSm Oyg'gefocFg& uH[al om twdwt
f aMumif;w&m;rsm;aMumifh y#doaEurZkyf jzpfyu
kH dk 0dyem
Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh jrifaomtcg atmufyg IuGufudk Iyg/ --197
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
t0dZm(20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaEurZ) kyfjzpf\/

wPSm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE urZ) kyf jzpf\/
Oyg'gef (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE urZ) kyf jzpf\/
ocFg& (34) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE urZ) kyf jzpf\/
uH (= ocFg&-34-\ urowd) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE urZ) kyf jzpf\/
(y#doaE urZ) kyf\ jzpfjcif;oabm/
t0dZm-wPSm-Oyg'gefwdkYukd (20)[k yHkpHwpfck tjzpfjzifhom wifjyxm;ygonf? (19-2021-22) xkdufovdk jzpfEkdifygonf? ocFg&-uHwdkYukdvnf; (34)[k yHkpHwpfck tjzpfjzifhom a&;om;wifjy
xm;ygonf? (34-33-33-32) xkdufovdk jzpfEkdifygonf/ toifolawmfaumif;onf b0wpfck rdrd
kyfemrfoEmeftpOfwGif jzpfcJhonfhtwkdif;om I&ef jzpfygonf/ y#dporkyg'f yrenf;wGif a&;om;
wifjycJo
h nft
h wkid ;f b0wpfcEk iS hf b0wpfc0k ,f t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwo
Ykd nf trnfcsi;f om
wln
D jzpfyt
kH jcif;t&mcsi;f trsK;d tpm;csi;f rwlnMD uonfuu
kd m; owdjyKyg/ a&S;OD;pGm ,ckypKye b
f 0
y#doaE lyuEm ukd jzpfay:apwwfaom t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwu
Ykd kd odr;f qnf;yg/ wpfzef
,if;t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwaYkd Mumifh y#doaE lyuEm jzpfyu
kH dk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmif
Munf
h txufyg Iuu
G u
f kd Iyg/ yp,awm O','e = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh jzpfru
I dk Ijcif;wnf;/
wpfzef urZkyfwdkY\ jzpfjcif;oabm[laom IuGufwpfckukd wifjyxm;\/ urZkyfwdkY\ jzpfjcif;
oabm[laom Iuu
G rf mS cPtm;jzifh y#doaEyl uEm \ jzpfrI Oyg'f = edAw
v
d uPmudk Ijcif;yifwnf;/
cPawm O','eyifwnf;/

a&S;OD;pGm toifoal wmfaumif;onf y#dpo
rkyg 'fyikd ;f yrenf;wGif taMumif;w&m; tusK;d w&m;
wdkYudk odrf;qnf;cJhonfh yHkpHtwkdif; t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH[laom twdwftaMumif;w&m;rsm;aMumifh y#doaE a0'emuEm jzpfykHudkvnf;aumif; y#doaEa0'emuEmESifhtwl Oyg'fMuaom
0wK ([',0wK) tmHk z paom y0wdtaMumif; = ypKyef taMumif;w&m;wdkYaMumifh
y#doaEa0'emuEm jzpfyHkudkvnf;aumif; 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfhyg/ jrifaomtcgrS
atmufygIuGufudk Iyg/
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
t0dZm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE) a0'em jzpf\/

wPSm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE) a0'em jzpf\/
Oyg'gef (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE) a0'em jzpf\/
ocFg& (34) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE) a0'em jzpf\/
uH (= ocFg&-34-\ urowd) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE) a0'em jzpf\/
0wK (= [',0wK) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE) a0'em jzpf\/
tmHk (y#doaE\ tmHk) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE) a0'em jzpf\/
z (= 34 - a0'em = 33) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE) a0'em jzpf\/
(y#doaE) a0'em\ jzpfjcif;oabm/
198
0wK[lonfrSm y#doaE a0'emuEmESifh twl Oyg'faom [',0wKyifwnf;? odkYaomf

ruif;paumif;aom t0dembm0enf;tm;jzifh [',0wKESifh wuGaom ESvHk; wnf&Sdaom kyfw&m;
tm;vHk;udkyif tmHk,l Iyg? t&m&mwkdif; enf;wl rSwfyg/ tmHk[lonfrSm y#doaE emrfw&m;pk\
tmHkjzpfaom uH-uredrdwf-*wdedrdwf [laom tmHkoHk;rsKd;wdkYwGif wpfrsKd;rsKd;yifwnf;/ y#dporkyg'f
yrenf; a&;om;wifjycJhonfhtwdkif; xdktmHkudk rnfonfhtmHk jzpfonfudk toifolawmfaumif;
ukd,fwdkif qef;ppfMunfhyg/

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t0dZm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE) onm jzpf\/

wPSm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE) onm jzpf\/
Oyg'gef (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE) onm jzpf\/
ocFg& (34) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE) onm jzpf\/
uH (= ocFg&-34-\ urowd) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE) onm jzpf\/
0wK (= [',0wK) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE) onm jzpf\/
tmHk (= y#doaE\ tmHk) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE) onm jzpf\/
z (= 34 - onm = 33) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE) onm jzpf\/
(y#doaE) onm\ jzpfjcif;oabm/
y#doaE - ocFg&uEm O',IyHk (yxrenf;)

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t0dZm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE) ocFg& jzpf\/

wPSm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE) ocFg& jzpf\/
Oyg'gef (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE) ocFg& jzpf\/
ocFg& (34) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE) ocFg& jzpf\/
uH (= ocFg&-34-\ urowd) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE) ocFg& jzpf\/
0wK (= [',0wK) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE) ocFg& jzpf\/
tmHk (= y#doaE\ tmHk) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE) ocFg& jzpf\/
z (= 34 - apwem = 33) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE) ocFg& jzpf\/
(y#doaE) ocFg&\ jzpfjcif;oabm/
enf; y#doaE 0dnmPfESifh ,SOfaom apwemudkom ocFg&uEm-t& aumuf,lxm;onf?

xdkaMumifh taMumif;w&m;buf apwemrS <uif;aom emrfw&m; (33) jzpfonf/
y#doaE - ocFg&uEm O',IyHk ('kwd,enf;)

1/ t0dZm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE apwoduf) ocFg& jzpf\/
2/ wPSm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE apwoduf) ocFg& jzpf\/
3/ Oyg'gef (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE apwoduf) ocFg& jzpf\/
199
4/
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6/
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ocFg& (34) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE apwoduf) ocFg& jzpf\/

uH (= ocFg&-34-\ urowd) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE apwoduf) ocFg& jzpf\/
0wK (= [',0wK) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE apwoduf) ocFg& jzpf\/
tmHk (= y#doaE\ tmHk) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE apwoduf) ocFg& jzpf\/
usefemrfcEm oHk;yg; jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE apwoduf) ocFg& jzpf\/
(y#doaE apwoduf) ocFg&\ jzpfjcif;oabm/
ocFg&uEm0,f apwemukd ocFg&uEm[k aumuf,l&aom yxrenf; a0'em-onmrS

<uif;aom apwoduf[lorQukd ocFg&uEm[k aumuf,l&aom 'kwd,enf;[k ESpfenf;&Sd&m toif
olawmfaumif;onf ,if;ESpef nf;vH;k ukyd if Iyg/ apwemudk ocFg&uEm [k aumuf,&l aom yxrenf;
z[laom taMumif;w&m;buf apwemrS <uif;aom zESifhwuGaom ,SOfzuf or,kwfw&m;
rSeforQonf xkdufovdk wnf&Sdaernf jzpf\/ a0'em-onmrS <uif;usefaom apwodufrSeforQudk
ocFg&uEm[k t&aumuf,l&aom 'kwd,enf;um; ,if;trSwf (8) taMumif;w&m;ydkif;wGif a0'em
onm 0dnmPf[laom <uif;usefaom emrfcEmoHk;yg;om &Sdayonf/ ocFg&uEm[laom tusKd;w&m;
buf a0'em-onmrS <uif;usefaom apwoduf[lorQ tm;vHk;onf yg0ifaeaomaMumifh jzpf\/
t&m&mwkdif;wGif enf;wl rSwfyg/

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t0dZm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE) 0dnmPf jzpf\/

wPSm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE) 0dnmPf jzpf\/
Oyg'gef (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE) 0dnmPf jzpf\/
ocFg& (34) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE) 0dnmPf jzpf\/
uH (= ocFg&-34-\ urowd) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE) 0dnmPff jzpf\/
emrf-kyf jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y#doaE) 0dnmPf jzpf\/
(y#doaE) 0dnmPf\ jzpfjcif;oabm/
emrf-[lonfrSm y#doaE0dnmPfESifh,SOfzuf apwodufw&m;pkwnf;? kyf[lonfrSm rSD&m

0wKyk u
f v
kd nf; qkv
d \
dk ? tu,f y#doaE\ tmHek rd w
d o
f nf kyw
f &m;jzpfcahJ omf ,if;tmHk yk w
f &m;ukv
d nf; qdv
k \
dk ? y#doaE\ tmHrk mS kyw
f &m; [kw-f r[kwu
f dk toifoal wmfaumif; ud,
k w
f idk f qef;ppf
Munfhygav/

y#doaEaemif yxrb0ifrS p b0wpfavQmuf0,f xdkufonfhtm;avsmfpGm jzpfay:aeaom
b0if[lorQ cEmig;yg;zJGU rdrd PfrSDorQ IuGufudk IEdkifygonf/ y#doaEaemif yxrb0if\
rSD&m kyfw&m;rSm y#doaEpdwfESifh twl Oyg'faom [',0wKyif jzpfonf/ xdkyxrb0if tcdkuf
urZkyfwdkYomru pdwZkyf OwkZkyfwdkYonfvnf; jzpfyGm;vmMuNyD jzpf\/ tm[m&Zkyfom rjzpfEdkifao;ay/ ,iff;kyfw&m;tm;vHk;wdkYudk lyuEm xnfhoGif; Iyg/ ,ckuJhodkY 0dyem IyGm;aeaom
200
tcdu
k f um; xkx
d b
dk 0if\ pdwu
P
wdYk urZkyf pdwZ kyf OwkZkyf tm[m&Zky[
f al om kyt
f m;vH;k wdkYonf xkdufovdk jzpfaeMu\/ wGif ,ckuJhodkY 0dyem IyGm;aeaom tcsdeftcg umv toif
olawmfaumif;\ oEmef0,f jzpfyGm;aeaom b0ifpdwuP tckduf cEmig;yg;IuGufukd erlemtjzpf
yHkpHxkwf a&;om;wifjytyfygonf/
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t0dZm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if urZ) kyf jzpf\/

wPSm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if urZ) kyf jzpf\/
Oyg'gef (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if urZ) kyf jzpf\/
ocFg& (34) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if urZ) kyf jzpf\/
uH (= ocFg&-34-\ urowd) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if urZ) kyf jzpf\/
(b0if urZ) kyf\ jzpfjcif;oabm/
6/ pdwf jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if pdwZ) kyf jzpf\/

(b0if pdwZ) kyf\ jzpfjcif;oabm/
7/ Owk jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if OwkZ) kyf jzpf\/
(b0if OwkZ) kyf\ jzpfjcif;oabm/
8/ tm[m& jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if tm[m&Z) kyf jzpf\/
(b0if tm[m&Z) kyf\ jzpfjcif;oabm/
y#doaEtcdkuf0,f jzpfay:aeaom kyfw&m;wdkYukd y#doaE urZkyf[k ac:a0:oHk;pGJouJhodkY
tvm;wlyif b0if pdwuP tckduf0,f jzpfyGm;oGm;Muaom kyfwdkYukdvnf; b0if urZkyf b0if
pdwZkyf b0if OwkZkyf b0if tm[m&Zkyf[k toD;toD; ac:a0:oHk;pGJxm;ygonf/

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t0dZm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if) a0'em jzpf\/

wPSm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if) a0'em jzpf\/
Oyg'gef (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if) a0'em jzpf\/
ocFg& (34) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if) a0'em jzpf\/
uH (= ocFg&-34-\ urowd) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if) a0'em jzpf\/
0wK (= [',0wK) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if) a0'em jzpf\/
tmHk (= b0if\ tmHk) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if) a0'em jzpf\/
z (= 34 - a0'em = 33) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if) a0'em jzpf\/
(b0if) a0'em\ jzpfjcif;oabm/
tmHk[lonfrSm twdwfb0 aocgeD;umv0,f r&PmoEaZmonf ,ltyfcJhaom uHuredrdwf-*wdedrdwf[laom tmHkoHk;rsKd;wdkYwGif wpfrsKd;rsKd;aom tmHkyifwnf;/ b0if\ tmHkESifh y#doaE emrfw&m;pk\ tmHkonf twlwlyif jzpfonf/ b0if emrfcEmav;yg;vHk; enf;wl rSwfyg/
201

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t0dZm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if) onm jzpf\/

wPSm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if) onm jzpf\/
Oyg'gef (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if) onm jzpf\/
ocFg& (34) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if) onm jzpf\/
uH (= ocFg&-34-\ urowd) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if) onm jzpf\/
0wK (= [',0wK ) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if) onm jzpf\/
tmHk (= b0if\ tmHk) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if) onm jzpf\/
z (= 34 - onm = 33) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if) onm jzpf\/
(b0if) onm\ jzpfjcif;oabm/
b0if - ocFg&uEm O',IyHk (yxrenf;)

(ocFg&t& apwemudk aumufyg /)
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t0dZm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if apwoduf) ocFg& jzpf\/

wPSm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if apwoduf) ocFg& jzpf\/
Oyg'gef (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if apwoduf) ocFg& jzpf\/
ocFg& (34) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if apwoduf) ocFg& jzpf\/
uH (= ocFg&-34-\ urowd) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if apwoduf) ocFg& jzpf\/
0wK (= [',0wK ) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if apwoduf) ocFg& jzpf\/
tmHk jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if apwoduf) ocFg& jzpf\/
z (= 34 - apwem = 33) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if apwoduf) ocFg& jzpf\/
(b0if-apwoduf) ocFg&\ jzpfjcif;oabm/
b0if - ocFg&uEm O',IyHk ('kwd,enf;)

(ocFg&t& apwoduf 31-vHk;udk aumufyg / )
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t0dZm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if apwoduf) ocFg& jzpf\/

wPSm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if apwoduf) ocFg& jzpf\/
Oyg'gef (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if apwoduf) ocFg& jzpf\/
ocFg& (34) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if apwoduf) ocFg& jzpf\/
uH (= ocFg&-34-\ urowd) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if apwoduf) ocFg& jzpf\/
0wK (= [',0wK ) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if apwoduf) ocFg& jzpf\/
tmHk jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if apwoduf) ocFg& jzpf\/
usefemrfcEm oHk;yg; jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if apwoduf) ocFg& jzpf\/
(b0if apwoduf) ocFg&\ jzpfjcif;oabm/
202
ocFg&uEm yxrenf; IuGufum; apwem wpfckwnf;udkom ocFg&uEmt& aumuf,l

xm;ojzifh tusK;d w&m;buf apwem wpfcw
k nf;om &S
d taMumif;w&m;buf apwemrS <uif;aom
zESihf wuGaom emrfw&m; tm;vH;k onf wnf&adS eay\? ocFg&uEm 'kw,
d enf;Iuu
G f um; a0'emonm-0dnmPfrS <uif;aom zESiw
hf uGaom apwoduf (31)vH;k ukd ocFg&uEm t& aumuf,x
l m;\?
zonf tusKd;w&m;buf wnf&Sdae\? xdkYaMumifh a0'em-onm-0dnmPf[laom usefemrfcEm
oHk;yg;onf ,if;ocFg&uEm\ taMumif;w&m;ydkif;wGif wnf&Sdaeayonf? t&m&mwkdif;wGif enf;wl
rSwfyg/

1/ t0dZm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if) 0dnmPf jzpf\/
2/ wPSm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if) 0dnmPf jzpf\/
3/ Oyg'gef (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if) 0dnmPf jzpf\/
4/ ocFg& (34) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if) 0dnmPf jzpf\/
5/ uH (= ocFg&-34-\ urowd) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if) 0dnmPf jzpf\/
6/ emrf-kyf jzpfjcif;aMumifh (b0if) 0dnmPf jzpf\/
(b0if) 0dnmPf\ jzpfjcif;oabm/
emrft& b0if0dnmPfESifh,SOfzuf apwoduf tm;vHk;ukd aumuf,lyg/ rdrd odrf;qnf; IyGm;
vdkufaom b0if0dnmPfESifh ,SOfzuf apwoduf emrfw&m;wdkYrSm pdwuP wpfck\ twGif; NydKifwl
jzpfMuaom w&m;wdkYom jzpfMu\/ pdwuP rjcm;ay/ kyf-[lonfrSm b0if\ rSD&m [',0wKkyfESifh
wuG ruif;paumif;aom ESvHk; wnf&Sdaom (54)rsKd;aom kyfw&m;rsm;yifwnf;/ tu,f b0if
emrfw&m;pk\ tmHkrSm kyfw&m; jzpfvQif xkdkyfw&m;udkyg ]]emrf-kyf}} pm&if;wGif xnfhoGif; Iyg/
b0wpfavQmufwGif jzpfay:aeaom b0ifpdwuPwkdif; enf;wl rSwfyg/

toifolawmfaumif;onf emrfur|mef;ydkif; Z,m;rsm;ukd jyefvnf tmHk,lxm;yg/ xkdZ,m;rsm;wGif azmfjyxm;onfhtwkdif; 0DxdpdwuPwkdif; cEmig;yg;zJGU cEm wpfyg; wpfyg; IuGufudk
I&rnf jzpfygonf/ ,if; y'gG &m0Ze;f tcdu
k f lyuEm Iuu
G rf mS b0ifyl uEm Iuu
G Ef iS hf tm;vH;k wlNy/D
a0'emuEmponfh IuGufwdkYukdom a&;om;wifjyaytHh/
lygHkvdkif; - y'Gg&m0Zef; - a0'emuEm O',IyHk

1/ 0wK (= [',0wK) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y'Gg&m0Zef;) a0'em jzpf\/
2/ tmHk (= lygHk) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y'Gg&m0Zef;) a0'em jzpf\/
3/ z = (u) b0ifraemor (= 34) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y'Gg&m0Zef;) a0'em jzpf\/
( c ) y'Gg&m0Zef; raemor (= 11 - a0'em = 10) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y'Gg&m0Zef;)
a0'em jzpf\/
(y'Gg&m0Zef;) a0'em\ jzpfjcif;oabm/
203
y'Gg&m0Zef; a0'emrSm Oayuma0'em yHkao jzpf\/ ,if;y'Gg&m0Zef;\ rSD&m 0wKrSm

[',0wKyif jzpf\/ ruif;paumif;aom t0dembm0enf;tm;jzifh ,if;[',0wKESifh twlwuG
wnf&Sdaeaom ESvHk;tdrf twGif; jzpfay:aeaom (54)rsKd;aom kyfw&m;wdkYukdyif tmHk,l Iyg/
tmHrk mS vnf; lygHyk if jzpf\/ odaYk omf ruif;paumif;aom t0dembm0enf;tm;jzifh ,if;lygHEk iS hf
twlwuG jzpfMuaom uvmyfwl kyfw&m;wdkYukdyg CeNydKatmif y&rwfodkY qdkufatmif odrf;qnf;vsuf Iyg/ CeNydKa&; y&rwfodkY Pftjrif qkdufa&;twGufom xdkodkY Ijcif; jzpfygonf/ t&m&mwGif
enf;wl rSwfyg/
y'Gg&m0Zef; - onmuEm O',IyHk

1/ 0wK (= [', = 6 = 54) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y'Gg&m0Zef;) onm jzpf\/
2/ tmHk (= lygHk) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y'Gg&m0Zef;) onm jzpf\/
3/ z = (u) b0ifraemor (= 34) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y'Gg&m0Zef;) onm jzpf\/
( c ) y'Gg&m0Zef; raemor (= 11 - onm = 10) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y'Gg&m0Zef;)
onm jzpf\/
(y'Gg&m0Zef;) onm\ jzpfjcif;oabm/
y'Gg&m0Zef; - ocFg&uEm O',IyHk (yxrenf;)

(ocFg&-t& apwemukd aumufyg/)
1/ 0wK (= [', = 6 = 54) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y'Gg&m0Zef;) ocFg& jzpf\/
2/ tmHk (= lygHk) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y'Gg&m0Zef;) ocFg& jzpf\/
3/ z = (u) b0ifraemor (= 34) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y'Gg&m0Zef;) ocFg& jzpf\/
( c ) y'Gg&m0Zef; raemor (= 11 - apwem = 10) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y'Gg&m0Zef;)
ocFg& jzpf\/
(y'Gg&m0Zef;) ocFg&\ jzpfjcif;oabm/
y'Gg&m0Zef; - ocFg&uEm O',IyHk ('kwd,enf;)

(ocFg&-t& apwoduf 8-vHk;ukd aumufyg/)
1/ 0wK (= [', = 6 = 54) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y'Gg&m0Zef;) ocFg& jzpf\/
2/ tmHk (= lygHk) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y'Gg&m0Zef;) ocFg& jzpf\/
3/ z = (u) b0ifraemor (= 34) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y'Gg&m0Zef;) ocFg& jzpf\/
( c ) usefemrfcEm oHk;yg; jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y'Gg&m0Zef;) ocFg& jzpf\/
(y'Gg&m0Zef;) ocFg&\ jzpfjcif;oabm/
204
y'Gg&m0Zef; - 0dnmPuEm O',IyHk

1/ b0if raemor (= 34) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y'Gg&m0Zef;) 0dnmPf jzpf\/
2/ emrf-kyf jzpfjcif;aMumifh (y'Gg&m0Zef;) 0dnmPf jzpf\/
(y'Gg&m0Zef;) 0dnmPf\ jzpfjcif;oabm/
emrf[lonf y'Gg&m0Zef;0dnmPfESifh,SOfzuf apwoduf (10)vHk;udk qkdvkdonf/ kyf[lonfrSm y'Gg&m0Zef; 0dnmPf\ rSD&m[',0wKkyfESifh wuGaom (54)rsKd;aom kyfESifh lygHkyifwnf;/
,ckwpfzef puK0dnmPf pdwuPtcdkuf cEmig;yg; zJGU O', = tjzpf oufouf IuGufudk qufvuf wifjytyfygonf/ xkdwGif lyuEmrSm puK0dnmPf\ rSD&m puK0wKkyfESifh wuGaom puK
&Sdaom (54)rsKd;aom kyfw&m;rsm;ESifh lygHkyifwnf;/ IuGufrSm b0if lyuEm IuGufESifh tm;vHk;wlNyD/
puK0dnmPf - a0'emuEm O',IyHk

1/ t0dZm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) a0'em jzpf\/
2/ wPSm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPff) a0'em jzpf\/
3/ Oyg'gef (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) a0'em jzpf\/
4/ ocFg& (34) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPff) a0'em jzpf\/
5/ uH (= ocFg&-34-\ urowd) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPff) a0'em jzpf\/
6/ 0wK (= puK&Sdaom kyf-54) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) a0'em jzpf\/
7/ tmHk (= lygHk) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) a0'emjzpf\/
8/ z (= puKor = 8 - a0'em = 7) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) a0'em jzpf\/
9/ tmavmu (= ta&miftvif;) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) a0'em jzpf\/
10/ reodum& (= y'Gg&m0Zef; = 11) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) a0'em jzpf\/
(puK0dnmPf) a0'em\ jzpfjcif;oabm/
puK0dnmPf - onmuEm O',IyHk

1/ t0dZm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) onm jzpf\/
2/ wPSm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPff) onm jzpf\/
3/ Oyg'gef (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) onm jzpf\/
4/ ocFg& (34) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPff) onm jzpf\/
5/ uH (= ocFg&-34-\ urowd) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPff) onm jzpf\/
6/ 0wK (= puK0wK = 54) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) onm jzpf\/
7/ tmHk (= lygHk) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) onm jzpf\/
8/ z (= puKor = 8 - onm = 7) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) onm jzpf\/
9/ tmavmu (= ta&miftvif;) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) onm jzpf\/
10/ reodum& (= y'Gg&m0Zef; = 11) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) onm jzpf\/
(puK0dnmPf) onm\ jzpfjcif;oabm/
205
puK0dnmPf - ocFg&uEm O',IyHk - (yxrenf;)

(ocFg&-t& apwemukd aumufyg/)
1/ t0dZm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) ocFg& jzpf\/
2/ wPSm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPff) ocFg& jzpf\/
3/ Oyg'gef (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) ocFg& jzpf\/
4/ ocFg& (34) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPff) ocFg& jzpf\/
5/ uH (= ocFg&-34-\ urowd) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPff) ocFg& jzpf\/
6/ 0wK (= puK0wK = 54) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) ocFg& jzpf\/
7/ tmHk (= lygHk) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) ocFg& jzpf\/
8/ z (= puKor = 8 - apwem = 7) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) ocFg& jzpf\/
9/ tmavmu (= ta&miftvif;) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) ocFg& jzpf\/
10/ reodum& (= y'Gg&m0Zef; = 11) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) ocFg& jzpf\/
(puK0dnmPf) ocFg&\ jzpfjcif;oabm/
puK0dnmPf - ocFg&uEm O',IyHk ('kwd,enf;)

(ocFg&-t& apwoduf 5-vHk;ukd aumufyg/)
1/ t0dZm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) ocFg& jzpf\/
2/ wPSm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPff) ocFg& jzpf\/
3/ Oyg'gef (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) ocFg& jzpf\/
4/ ocFg& (34) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPff) ocFg& jzpf\/
5/ uH (= ocFg&-34-\ urowd) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPff) ocFg& jzpf\/
6/ 0wK (= puK0wK = 54) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) ocFg& jzpf\/
7/ tmHk (= lygHk) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) ocFg& jzpf\/
8/ usefemrfcEm oHk;yg; jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) ocFg& jzpf\/
9/ tmavmu (= ta&miftvif;) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) ocFg& jzpf\/
10/ reodum& (= y'Gg&m0Zef; = 11) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) ocFg& jzpf\/
(puK0dnmPf) ocFg&\ jzpfjcif;oabm/
puK0dnmPf - 0dnmPuEm O',IyHk

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t0dZm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh puK0dnmPf jzpf\/

wPSm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh puK0dnmPff jzpf\/
Oyg'gef (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh puK0dnmPf jzpf\/
ocFg& (34) jzpfjcif;aMumifh puK0dnmPff jzpf\/
uH (= ocFg&-34-\ urowd) jzpfjcif;aMumifh puK0dnmPff jzpf\/
emrf-kyf jzpfjcif;aMumifh puK0dnmPff jzpf\/
206
7/ tmavmu (= ta&miftvif;) jzpfjcif;aMumifh puK0dnmPff jzpf\/

8/ reodum& (= y'Gg&m0Zef; = 11) jzpfjcif;aMumifh puK0dnmPff jzpf\/
puK0dnmPf\ jzpfjcif;oabm/
emrf = ,SOfzuf apwoduf (7) vHk;wnf;/
kyf = puK'Gg& &Sdaom rSD&m 0wKkyf (54) ESifh lygHkwnf;/

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t0dZm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) a0'em jzpf\/

wPSm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) a0'em jzpf\/
Oyg'gef (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) a0'em jzpf\/
ocFg& (34) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) a0'em jzpf\/
uH (= ocFg&-34-\ urowd) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) a0'em jzpf\/
0wK (= [',0wK = 54) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) a0'em jzpf\/
tmHk (= lygHk) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) a0'em jzpf\/
(u) puKor (= 8) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) a0'em jzpf\/
( c ) or#d pd Kif; raemor (= 11 - a0'em = 10) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) a0'em jzpf\/
(or#d pd Kif;) a0'em\ jzpfjcif;oabm/

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t0dZm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) onm jzpf\/

wPSm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) onm jzpf\/
Oyg'gef (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;)onm jzpf\/
ocFg& (34) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) onm jzpf\/
uH (= ocFg&-34-\ urowd) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) onm jzpf\/
0wK (= [',0wK = 54) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) onm jzpf\/
tmHk (= lygHk) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) onm jzpf\/
(u) puKor (= 8) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) onm jzpf\/
( c ) or#d pd Kif; raemor (= 11 - onm = 10) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) onm jzpf\/
(or#d pd Kif;) onm\ jzpfjcif;oabm/
or#d pd Kif; ocFg&uEm O',IyHk (yxrenf;)

(apwemukd aumufyg/)
1/ t0dZm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) ocFg& jzpf\/
2/ wPSm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) ocFg& jzpf\/
207
3/
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Oyg'gef (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) ocFg& jzpf\/

ocFg& (34) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) ocFg& jzpf\/
uH (= ocFg&-34-\ urowd) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) ocFg& jzpf\/
0wK (= [',0wK = 54) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) ocFg& jzpf\/
tmHk (= lygHk) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) ocFg& jzpf\/
(u) puKor (= 8) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) ocFg& jzpf\/
( c ) or#d pd Kif; raemor (= 11 - apwem = 10) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) ocFg& jzpf\/
(or#d pd Kif;) ocFg&\ jzpfjcif;oabm/
or#d pd Kif; ocFg&uEm O',IyHk ('kwd,enf;)

(apwoduf 8-vHk;ukdaumufyg/)
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t0dZm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) ocFg& jzpf\/

wPSm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) ocFg& jzpf\/
Oyg'gef (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) ocFg& jzpf\/
ocFg& (34) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) ocFg& jzpf\/
uH (= ocFg&-34-\ urowd) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) ocFg& jzpf\/
0wK (= [',0wK = 54) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) ocFg& jzpf\/
tmHk (= lygHk) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) ocFg& jzpf\/
(u) puKor (= 8) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) ocFg& jzpf\/
( c ) usefemrfcEm oHk;yg; jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) ocFg& jzpf\/
(or#d pd Kif;) ocFg&\ jzpfjcif;oabm/

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t0dZm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) 0dnmPf jzpf\/

wPSm (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) 0dnmPf jzpf\/
Oyg'gef (20) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) 0dnmPf jzpf\/
ocFg& (34) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) 0dnmPf jzpf\/
uH (= ocFg&-34-\ urowd) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) 0dnmPf jzpf\/
puKor (= 8) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) 0dnmPf jzpf\/
(or#d pd Kif;) emrf-kyf jzpfjcif;aMumifh (or#d pd Kif;) 0dnmPf jzpf\/
(or#d pd Kif;) 0dnmPf\ jzpfjcif;oabm/
emrf-[lonf or#d pd Kif;pdwfESifh ,SOfzuf apwoduf (10) wnf;/
kyf-[lonf [',&Sdaom rDS&m0wKkyf (54) ESifh lygHkwnf;/
208
rQ enf;rSD&ygu y#dporkyg'f yrenf; IuGufudk ausyGefNyD;aom ausnufNyD;aom olawmfaumif; wpfOD;tzdkY lygHkponfh xdkxdk tmHk (6)yg;ukd tmHkjyK jzpfay:vmaom 0DxdpdwuPwdkY
pdwu
P
wdik ;f pdwu
P
wdik ;f 0,f cEmig;yg;zJUG O','e = tjzpf-IymG ;enf;ukd IymG ;wwfavmuf
ayNyD/ odkYaomf PfEkolrsm;twGuf puK'Gg&0Dxd r[mukokdvfaZm (7)wef apmcJhaomf 'kwd,aZm
a0'emuEm IuGuf wpfckudkvnf;aumif; lygkHudk qufvuftmkH,lonfh raem'Gg&0Dxd 'kwd,aZm
a0'emuEm IuGuf wpfckudkvnf;aumif; erlem yHkpHtjzpf qufvuf a&;om;wifjytyfygonf/
puK'Gg&0Dxd - r[mukokdvf 'kwd,aZm a0'emuEm

1/ 0wK (= [',0wK = 54) jzpfjcif;aMumifh ('kwd,aZm) a0'em jzpf\/
2/ tmHk (= lygHk) jzpfjcif;aMumifh ('kwd,aZm) a0'em jzpf\/
3/ (u) puKor (= 8) jzpfjcif;aMumifh ('kwd,aZm) a0'em jzpf\/
( c ) yxraZm raemor (= 34) jzpfjcif;aMumifh ('kwd,aZm) a0'em jzpf\/
( * ) 'kwd,aZm raemor (= 34 - a0'em = 33) jzpfjcif;aMumifh ('kwd,aZm) a0'em jzpf\/
4/ a,medaomreodum& (= 0ka|m = 12) jzpfjcif;aMumifh ('kwd,aZm) a0'em jzpf\/
('kwd,aZm) a0'em\ jzpfjcif;oabm/
lygHkvkdif; - raem'Gg&0Dxd - r[mukokdvf 'kwd,aZm a0'emuEm

1/ 0wK (= [',0wK = 54) jzpfjcif;aMumifh ('kwd,aZm) a0'em jzpf\/
2/ tmHk (= lygHk) jzpfjcif;aMumifh ('kwd,aZm) a0'em jzpf\/
3/ (u) puKor (= 8) jzpfjcif;aMumifh ('kwd,aZm) a0'em jzpf\/
( c ) b0if raemor (= 34) jzpfjcif;aMumifh ('kwd,aZm) a0'em jzpf\/
( * ) yxraZm raemor (= 34) jzpfjcif;aMumifh ('kwd,aZm) a0'em jzpf\/
(C) 'kwd,aZm raemor (= 34 - a0'em = 33) jzpfjcif;aMumifh ('kwd,aZm) a0'em jzpf\/
4/ a,medaomreodum& (= raem'Gg&m0Zef; = 12) jzpfjcif;aMumifh ('kwd,aZm) a0'em jzpf\/
('kwd,aZm) a0'em\ jzpfjcif;oabm/
wkid af tmifaom Iuu
G yf pkH rH sm;udk enf;rS
D emrfur|mef;ykid ;f Z,m;rsm;wGif a&;om;wifjyxm;onfh 0DxdpdwuPwkdif; cEmig;yg;zJGU y#dporkyg'f yrenf; taMumif;w&m; tusKd;w&m;wdkYukd
odrf;qnf;cJhonfh enf;twkdif; yp,awm O','eydkif;vnf; qkdif&m taMumif;w&m;aMumifh
qdik &f m tusK;d w&m; jzpfyu
kH kd Iygav/ (6)vdik ;f vH;k ukepf ifatmif Iyg/ wGif ork',"rmEkyDyidk ;f ukd
tqHk;owfvdkuf 0,"rmEkyDydkif; IuGuf t&dyft>ruf yHkpHtenf;i,fudk qufvuf a&;om;
wifjytyfygonf/
209
0,"rmEkyDydkif;
0,"rmEkyD[lonf
t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwdkYaMumifh lyuEm\ jzpfrI O',oabmudk IyGm;wwfNyD;aom
toifoal wmfaumif;onf ,if; t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHw\
Ykd t&[wr *faMumifh tEkyg 'eda&m"
oabmtm;jzifh aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh t<uif;rJh csKyfNidrf;oGm;jcif;aMumifh ,if;y#doaE
lyuEmESifh trsKd;tpm;wlaom tem*wf lyuEm\ y&dedAmepkwd\ aemufqG,fwGif aemifwpfzef
rjzpfaom csKyjf cif;jzifh t<uif;rJh csKyNf ird ;f rI tEkyg 'eda&m"oabmukd 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunf
h
IuGufudk Iyg/ tm;vHk; enf;csnf; rSwfyg/
t0dZmeda&m"m lyeda&ma"mwd t*r*aPe t0dZm, tEkyg'eda&m"awm tem*w
ly tEkyg'eda&ma"m a[mwd yp,mbma0 tbm0awm/ yp,eda&m"a|emwd t0dZmocFgw
tem*aw OyZeulyyp, edk'bma0e/ wPSmeda&m"m ureda&m"mwd {wmyd {ao0 ea,m/
(r[m#D-2-421/)
t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwdkY csKyfjcif;aMumifh kyfcsKyf\[lonf t&[wr*faMumifh t0dZm
wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwdkY\ aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh t<uif;rJh csKyfNidrf;oGm;jcif;aMumifh
y&deAd m epkw\
d aemuf jzpfciG &hf adS om tem*wfyk w
f &m;\ aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyjf cif;jzihf t<uif;rJhJ
csKyfNidrf;jcif; tEkyg'eda&m" oabmtm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;\/ taMumif;w&m; xif&Sm; r&Sdaomf tusKd;
w&m;\ xif&mS ;r&SEd idk jf cif;aMumifw
h nf;/ t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH[k ac:qdt
k yfaom y&deAd m e
pkw\
d aemif0,f tem*wf jzpfay:vwUH aom kyw
f &m;\ taMumif;w&m;\ csKyNf ird ;f oGm;jcif;aMumifh
tusKd; kyfw&m;onfvnf; csKyfNidrf;oGm;&ayonf/ (r[m#D-2-421/)
xkdaMumifh yp,awm 0,'e = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh ysufrI csKyfrIudk Ijcif;[lonf rsKd;wl
kyfw&m;wdkY\ aemifwpfzefrjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfrIukdom vSrf; Iyg/ odkYaomf rdrd Iaeaom
y#doaE lyuEmuJhodkYaom lyuEm\ ysufrI 0dy&dPmrvuPmukd Ijcif;um; cPawm 0,'e
wnf;/ ,if;uJhodkY IrIum; tem*wfkyfw&m;ESifh rqdkifay/ rdrd 0dyem Iaeaom lyuEmESifhom
qkdifayonf/ toifolawmfaumif;onf yp,awm 0,'e cPawm 0,'e[laom ,if;
0,'e ESpfrsKd;vHk;udkyif I&rnf jzpfonf/
urZkyfwdkYum; y&dedAmepkwdESifh NydKif csKyfMu\/ y&dedAmepkwdpdwfum; pdwZkyfukd rjzpfapEdkif/
y&dedAmepkwd rwdkifrD pdwfwdkYum; pdwZkyfudk jzpfapEdkifMuao;\/ y&dedAmepkwd\aemif pdwuP (16)
csucf efu
Y o
kd m aemufq;kH xm; pdwZ kyw
f Ykd csKyNf ird ;f Mu\/ tvm;wlyif tm[m&Zkyw
f \
Ykd jzpfro
I nfvnf;
jywfpo
J mG ;\/ OwkZkyu
f m; y&deAd m epkw\
d aemif xku
d o
f nft
h m;avsmpf mG &ufyidk ;f vykid ;f ESpyf idk ;f txd
tcsdefcyfMumMum jzpfEkdifcGifh &dSaeao;\/ toifolawmfaumif;onf ,if;-uH-pdwf-Owk-tm[m&wdkY\
aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh t<uif;rJh csKyfNidrf;oGm;jcif;aMumifh aemiftem*wfumv urZkyf
pdwZ kyf OwkZkyf tm[m&Zkyw
f \
Ykd aemifwpfzefrjzpfaom csKyjf cif;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f rIukd Pfjzifh jrifatmif
Munfh yp,awm 0,'e = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh ysufrI csKyfrIukd Iyg/ cPawm 0,'e =
210
cPtm;jzifh ysufrI csKyfrIudk I&mum; toifolawmfaumif;ukd,fwkdif jzpfrI O',ukd Iaeaom cEm

ig;yg; tusK;H 0ifaom urZkyf pdwZ kyf OwkZkyf tm[m&Zkyw
f \
Ykd yif ysurf I bifumvudk tmH,
k
l
Iyg/ y#doaEtcku
d f um; pdwZ kyf OwkZkyf tm[m&Zkyw
f Ykd rjzpfMuao;ojzifh I&ef rvdyk g/ pdwZ kyf
OwkZkyf tm[m&Zkyw
f &m;wdYk xif&mS ;jzpfaeaom pdwu
P
om I&ef jzpfayonf/ emrfcEm av;yg;wdkYum; y&dedAmepkwdukd aemufqHk;xm; aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh tEkyg'eda&m"
oabmtm;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f oGm;Muonf/ 0Dxpd w
d f toD;toD;\ odrYk [kwf emrfw&m; toD;toD;\ jzpfru
I dk
Iwwfaom toifoal wmfaumif;onf y&deAd m epkw\
d aemifwiG f rsK;d wl emrfw&m;tm;vH;k \ csKyNf ird ;f rI
tEkyg'eda&m"oabmukd 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh yp,awm 0,'e IuGufudk Iyg/
cPawm0,'eykdif;um; rdrd IyGm;aeaom cEmwdkY\ ysufrI bifukdyif tmHk,l Iyg/ y#doaE
cEmig;yg;udk Iygu ,if;y#doaE cEmig;yg;wdkY\yif ysufrI b0ifcEmig;yg;ukd Iygu ,if;b0if cEm
ig;yg;wdkY\yif ysufrI ---- odkYponfjzifh oabmaygufyg/

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t0dZm csKyfjcif;aMumifh kyf csKyf\/ (tEkyg'eda&m"wnf;/)

wPSm csKyfjcif;aMumifh kyf csKyf\/ (tEkyg'eda&m"wnf;/)
Oyg'gef csKyfjcif;aMumifh kyf csKyf\/ (tEkyg'eda&m"wnf;/)
ocFg& csKyfjcif;aMumifh kyf csKyf\/ (tEkyg'eda&m"wnf;/)
uH
csKyfjcif;aMumifh kyf csKyf\/ (tEkyg'eda&m"wnf;/)
(urZ) kyf\ csKyfjcif;oabm/ (Oyg'eda&m"wnf;/)
taMumif;w&m;wd\
Yk xif&mS ;jzpfay:vmjcif; wnf&adS ejcif;aMumifh tusK;d w&m;wd\
Yk xif&mS ;jzpfru
I dk
0dyemPfjzifh awGUjrifaeaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf taMumif;w&m;wd\
Yk csKyNf ird ;f oGm;jcif;aMumifh
tusKd;w&m;wdkY\ csKyfNidrf;yHkukdvnf; 0dyemPfjzifh vSrf;arQmfMunfhygu vG,fulpGmyif awGU&SdEdkifrnf
jzpfonf/ bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;awmftay: ,HkMunfcsuf o'gw&m; tjynfht0&SdzdkYum; tvGef vkdtyfaeayonf/ Pf\ pGrf;tm;&Sdefapmf tmEkabmfudk txifao;aevQif rdrd\ omref pOf;pm;awG;ac:Edik o
f nfh Pfjzifh rrSED ikd o
f nfh t&mukd = twum0p& trnf&aom MupH nfpw
d u
f ;l rI 0dwuf\usupf m;&m
e,fajrr[kwfaom y#dporkyg'f csKyfyHktpOfudk tvGeftuRH wpfzufowf qifumPf;awmwkd; a0zef
aevQiu
f m; toifoal wmfaumif;tzdo
Yk mvQif r*fPf zdv
k
f Pf\ tE&m,fjzpfaezG,&f m &Sad yonf/
xdkodkY qdkif&m taMumif;w&m;rsm;\ xif&Sm; &Sdaeao;jcif;aMumifh qkdif&m tusKd;w&m;wdkY\ xif&Sm;
jzpfru
I dk 0dyemPfjzifh awGUjrifaeaom toifoal wmfaumif;onf ,if;taMumif;w&m;wd\
Yk tEkyg '
eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;jcif;aMumifh rsKd;wl tusKd;w&m;wdkY\ tEkyg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh
csKyfNidrf;yHkukdvnf;aumif; tusKd;w&m;wdkY\ ysufrI bif[laom Oyg'eda&m"oabmukdvnf;aumif;
0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh atmufyg IuGufrsm;ukd Iyg/
211

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8/
t0dZm csKyfjcif;aMumifh a0'em csKyf\/

wPSm csKyfjcif;aMumifh a0'em csKyf\/
Oyg'gef csKyfjcif;aMumifh a0'em csKyf\/
ocFg& csKyfjcif;aMumifh a0'em csKyf\/
uH
csKyfjcif;aMumifh a0'em csKyf\/
0wK csKyfjcif;aMumifh a0'em csKyf\/
tmHk csKyfjcif;aMumifh a0'em csKyf\/
z csKyfjcif;aMumifh a0'em csKyf\/
(um; tEkyg'eda&m"wnf;/)
a0'em\ csKyfjcif;oabm/ (Oyg'eda&m"wnf;/)

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6/
7/
8/
t0dZm csKyfjcif;aMumifh onm csKyf\/

wPSm csKyfjcif;aMumifh onm csKyf\/
Oyg'gef csKyfjcif;aMumifh onm csKyf\/
ocFg& csKyfjcif;aMumifh onm csKyf\/
uH
csKyfjcif;aMumifh onm csKyf\/
0wK csKyfjcif;aMumifh onm csKyf\/
tmHk csKyfjcif;aMumifh onm csKyf\/
z csKyfjcif;aMumifh onm csKyf\/
onm\ csKyfjcif;oabm/ (Oyg'eda&m"wnf;/)
y#doaE - ocFg&uEm 0,IyHk (yxrenf; - apwemudk aumuf)

1/
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8/
t0dZm csKyfjcif;aMumifh ocFg& csKyf\/

wPSm csKyfjcif;aMumifh ocFg& csKyf\/
Oyg'gef csKyfjcif;aMumifh ocFg& csKyf\/
ocFg& csKyfjcif;aMumifh ocFg& csKyf\/
uH
csKyfjcif;aMumifh ocFg& csKyf\/
0wK csKyfjcif;aMumifh ocFg& csKyf\/
tmHk csKyfjcif;aMumifh ocFg& csKyf\/
z csKyfjcif;aMumifh ocFg& csKyf\/
ocFg&\ csKyfjcif;oabm/ (Oyg'eda&m"wnf;/)
212
y#doaE - ocFg&uEm 0,IyHk ('kwd,enf;)

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8/
t0dZm csKyfjcif;aMumifh ocFg& csKyf\/

Oyg'gef csKyfjcif;aMumifh ocFg& csKyf\/
ocFg& csKyfjcif;aMumifh ocFg& csKyf\/
uH
csKyfjcif;aMumifh ocFg& csKyf\/
tmHk csKyfjcif;aMumifh ocFg& csKyf\/
usefemrfcEm oHk;yg; csKyfjcif;aMumifh ocFg& csKyf\/
ocFg&\ csKyfjcif;oabm/ (Oyg'eda&m"wnf;/)

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6/
t0dZm csKyfjcif;aMumifh 0dnmPf csKyf\/

wPSm csKyfjcif;aMumifh 0dnmPf csKyf\/
Oyg'gef csKyfjcif;aMumifh 0dnmPf csKyf\/
ocFg& csKyfjcif;aMumifh 0dnmPf csKyf\/
uH
csKyfjcif;aMumifh 0dnmPf csKyf\/
emrfkyf csKyfjcif;aMumifh 0dnmPf csKyf\/
0dnmPf\ csKyfjcif;oabm/ (Oyg'eda&m"wnf;/)
y#dporkyg'f yrenf; taMumif;w&m; tusKd;w&m;wdkYukd odrf;qnf;onfh yHkpHukd ausyGefygu

tykdif;wGif xkdyHkpHtwkdkif;yif taMumif;tusKd;pyf O',oabm 0,oabmukd I&rnf jzpfygonf/
y#doaE cEmig;yg;ukd INyD;ygu b0if cEmig;yg;ukdvnf; enf;rSD qufIyg/ xkdaemif b0eduEdu
avmbaZm = b0opfudk wG,w
f mwyfrufaom avmbaZmusaom 0Dxd raem'Gg&m0Ze;f cEmig;yg;
b0eduEdu avmbaZm cEmig;yg;pD toD;toD; enf;rSD; Iyg/ xdkaemif lygHkvkdif; puK'Gg&0Dxd
raem'Gg&0DxdwdkY qufvuf Iyg/ ukokdvfaZm apmonfh puK'Gg&0Dxd raem'Gg&0Dxd? tukokdvfaZm
apmonfh puK'Gg&0Dxd raem'Gg&0DxdwdkY pdwuPwdkif;0,f cEmig;yg; zJGU cEmwdkif; yp,awm
0,'e cPawm 0,'e [laom IuGuf ESpfrsKd;vHk;udkyif Iyg/ aomw'Gg&0Dxd raem'Gg&0Dxd
ponfwdkYvnf; enf;wlyif Iyg/ (6)vkdif;vHk; twGif; &Sdaom 0Dxd pdwuPwdkif; cEmig;yg; zJGU
vnf;aumif; 0Dxdrsm;\ tMum;tMum; wnf&Sdaom b0ifpdwuPwdkY cEmig;yg; zJGUvnf;aumif;
toD;toD; I&rnf jzpfayonf/ y#dporkyg'f yrenf; IuGufudk ausyGefygu IuGufonfvnf;
toifolawmfaumif;tzdkY vG,fulaernfom jzpfayonf/
213
bk&m;&Sifonf y#dporkyg'f IuGuf a'oemawmfudk tZw kyfemrf oEmeftpOf aMumif;usKd;

qufEG,frI oabmw&m;ukdom y"mexm; OD;pm;ay;um a[mMum;xm;awmfrlojzifh A[d'ukd I&m
tZwdu yrmPtm;jzifhom toifolawmfaumif;onfvnf; IEkdifrnfjzpfonf/ xdkodkY I&m yk*dKvf
ow0g ponfukd cGJjcm;a0zefrI rjyKbJ A[d'csif; wlnD omrefaygif;pk jcHKikHom Iyg/ om0uyg&rDPft&mum; ow0g toD;toD;\ oEmef&Sad om t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH toD;toD;ukd
om0uwdkY\ 0dyemPfjzifh ukefpifatmif pHkvifatmif od&SdEkdifrnfum; r[kwfay/ ykaAed0gomEkwdtbdnmPf 'dApuKtbdnmPf y&pdw0dZmeetbdnmPf paom xkdxdk tbdnmPfwdkYjzifhom
txku
d t
f avsmuf od&EdS idk af yonf/ odaYk omf tykid ;f wGif ynm&Sd olawmfaumif;rsm;taejzifh qef;ppfzG,f&m tcsuftvufrsm;onf rsm;pGmyif &dSaeayonf/ wGif PfEkolwdkYonf IuGufukd ykdrkd
oabmaygufEidk Mf uap&eftwGuf puK0n
d mPf pdwu
P
twGi;f wnf&adS om cEmig;yg; Iuu
G w
f pfcu
k dk
xyfrH a&;om;wifjytyfygonf/

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t0dZm csKyfjcif;aMumifh (urZ) kyf csKyf\/ (tEkyg'eda&m"wnf;/)

wPSm csKyfjcif;aMumifh (urZ) kyf csKyf\/ (tEkyg'eda&m"wnf;/)
Oyg'gef csKyfjcif;aMumifh (urZ) kyf csKyf\/ (tEkyg'eda&m"wnf;/)
ocFg& csKyfjcif;aMumifh (urZ) kyf csKyf\/ (tEkyg'eda&m"wnf;/)
uH
csKyfjcif;aMumifh (urZ) kyf csKyf\/ (tEkyg'eda&m"wnf;/)
(urZ) kkyf\ csKyfjcif;oabm/ (Oyg'eda&m"wnf;/)
6/ pdwf csKyfjcif;aMumifh (pdwZ) kyf csKyf\/ (tEkyg'eda&m"wnf;/)

(pdwZ) kkyf\ csKyfjcif;oabm/ (Oyg'eda&m"wnf;/)
7/ Owk csKyfjcif;aMumifh (OwkZ) kyf csKyf\/ (tEkyg'eda&m"wnf;/)
(OwkZ) kkyf\ csKyfjcif;oabm/ (Oyg'eda&m"wnf;/)
8/ tm[m& csKyfjcif;aMumifh (tm[m&Z) kyf csKyf\/ (tEkyg'eda&m"wnf;/)
(tm[m&Z) kyf\ csKyfjcif;oabm/ (Oyg'eda&m"wnf;/)

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t0dZm csKyfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) a0'em csKyf\/

wPSm csKyfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) a0'em csKyf\/
Oyg'gef csKyfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) a0'em csKyf\/
ocFg& csKyfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) a0'em csKyf\/
uH
csKyfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) a0'em csKyf\/
0wK (= puK0wK ) csKyfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) a0'em csKyf\/
tmHk (= lygHk)
csKyfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) a0'em csKyf\/
214
8/ puKor (= 8 - a0'em = 7) csKyfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) a0'em csKyf\/

9/ tmavmu csKyfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) a0'em csKyf\/
10/ reodum& (= 11) csKyfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) a0'emcsKyf\/
(puK0dnmPf) a0'em\ csKyfjcif;oabm/
(tEkyg'eda&m"ESifh Oyg'eda&m"yifwnf;/)

1/ t0dZm csKyfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) onm csKyf\/
2/ wPSm csKyfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) onm csKyf\/
3/ Oyg'gef csKyfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) onm csKyf\/
4/ ocFg& csKyfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) onm csKyf\/
5/ uH
csKyfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) onm csKyf\/
6/ 0wK (= puK0wK ) csKyfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) onm csKyf\/
7/ tmHk (= lygHk) csKyfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) onm csKyf\/
8/ puKor (= 8 - onm = 7) csKyfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) onm csKyf\/
9/ tmavmu csKyfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) onm csKyf\/
10/ reodum& (= y'Gg&m0Zef; = 11) csKyfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) onm csKyf\/
(puK0dnmPf) onm\ csKyfjcif;oabm/
puK0dnmPf - ocFg&uEm 0,IyHk (yxrenf;)

1/ t0dZm csKyfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) ocFg& csKyf\/
2/ wPSm csKyfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) ocFg& csKyf\/
3/ Oyg'gef csKyfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) ocFg& csKyf\/
4/ ocFg& csKyfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) ocFg& csKyf\/
5/ uH
csKyfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) ocFg& csKyf\/
6/ 0wK (= puK0wK ) csKyfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) ocFg& csKyf\/
7/ tmHk (= lygHk) csKyfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) ocFg& csKyf\/
8/ puKor (= 8 - apwem = 7) csKyfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) ocFg& csKyf\/
9/ tmavmu csKyfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) ocFg& csKyf\/
10/ reodum& (= 11) csKyfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) ocFg& csKyf\/
(puK0dnmPf) ocFg&\ csKyfjcif;oabm/
puK0dnmPf - ocFg&uEm 0,IyHk ('kwd,enf;)

1/ t0dZm csKyfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) ocFg& csKyf\/
2/ wPSm csKyfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) ocFg& csKyf\/
215
3/ Oyg'gef csKyfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) ocFg& csKyf\/

4/ ocFg& csKyfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) ocFg& csKyf\/
5/ uH
6/ 0wK (= puK0wK) csKyfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) ocFg& csKyf\/
7/ tmHk (= lygHk)
8/ usefemrfcEm oHk;yg; csKyfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) ocFg& csKyf\/
9/ tmavmu
10/ reodum& (= 11) csKyfjcif;aMumifh (puK0dnmPf) ocFg& csKyf\/
(puK 0dnmPf) ocFg&\ csKyfjcif;oabm/
puK0dnmPf - 0dnmPuEm 0,IyHk

1/ t0dZm csKyfjcif;aMumifh puK0dnmPf csKyf\/
2/ wPSm csKyfjcif;aMumifh puK0dnmPf csKyf\/
3/ Oyg'gef csKyfjcif;aMumifh puK0dnmPf csKyf\/
4/ ocFg& csKyfjcif;aMumifh puK0dnmPf csKyf\/
5/ uH
csKyfjcif;aMumifh puK0dnmPf csKyf\/
6/ emrf-kyf csKyfjcif;aMumifh puK0dnmPf csKyf\/
7/ tmavmu csKyfjcif;aMumifh puK0dnmPf csKyf\/
8/ reodum& (= 11) csKyfjcif;aMumifh puK0dnmPf csKyf\/
puK0dnmPf\ csKyfjcif;oabm/
a,bk,s tMuHay;csuf
y#dpo
rkyg 'f yrenf; Iuu
G 0f ,f taMumif;w&m; tusK;d w&m;wdu
Yk dk odr;f qnf;cJo
h nfh yHpk t
H wdik ;f
ykdufpdyfwdkuf puK'Gg&0Dxd paom xkdxkd 0DxdpdwfwdkY\ pdwuPwkdif;vnf;aumif; tcsKdUtcsKdUaom
b0if pdwuPwdkYvnf;aumif; cEmig;yg;pD toD;toD; zJGU ork',oabm 0,oabmukd I&rnf
jzpfonf/
xkdodkY I&m ork',csnf;oufouf tjzpfcsnf;oufouf (6)vkdif;vHk; tZw A[d' oEmef
ESprf sK;d vH;k ukepf ifatmif ypKye 0f ,f Iyg/ ypKye f ork',csn;f oufouf tZw A[d' oEmefEpS rf sK;d vH;k
INyD;aomtcg twdwfvnf;aumif; tem*wfvnf;aumif; enf;rSD; yHkpHwlyif Iyg? rdrd odrf;qnf;xm;EkdiforQaom twdwftqufqufrSonf ypKyef ypKyefrSonf tem*wfqHk;onfhwkdifatmif ork',csnf; oufoufukd tm;&auseyfonfwkdifatmif Iyg/ tZw A[d' ESpfrsKd;vHk; Iyg/ emrfykdif;
Z,m;rsm;twkdif; Iyg/
xkdaemif ypKyef 0,oabmcsnf;oufouf = tcsKyfcsnf;oufouf tZw A[d' (6)vkdif;vHk;
ukefpifatmif Iyg/ tm;&auseyfrI&Sdygu rdrd I&orQ twdwftqufqufrSonf ypKyef ypKyefrSonf
tem*wfqHk;onfwkdifatmif 0,oabmcsnf;oufoufukd tZw A[d' ESpfrsKd;vHk; Iyg/
216
wpfenf; ---- pdwuPwkdif; cEmig;yg; zJGU cEm wpfyg; wpfyg; ---1/ ork',csnf; oufouf = tjzpfcsnf; oufouf
2/ 0,csnf; oufouf = tcsKyfcsnf; oufouf --odkYvnf; IEdkifygonf/ pdwuPwpfck\ twGif; wnf&Sdaom cEmig;yg;ukd ork',csnf;
oufoufvnf;aumif; 0,csn;f oufoufvnf;aumif; INy;D aomtcg tjcm;pdwu
P
wpfc\
k twGi;f wnf&Sdaom cEmig;yg;ukd ajymif; IEkdifygonf/ Oyrm ---- y'Gg&m0Zef; cEmig;yg; ork',csnf;
oufouf 0,csnf;oufouf INyD;aomtcg puK0dnmPf cEmig;yg; ork',csnf;oufouf
0,csnf;oufouf ajymif;IEkdifygonf/ PfEkolrsm;twGuf aomw0dnmPf pdwuP cEmig;yg;
IuGufukd erlemtjzpf ykHpHxkwf a&;om;wifjytyfygonf/ ----
aomw0dnmPf - lyuEm O',IyHk

1/
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5/
t0dZm jzpfjcif;aMumifh (urZ) kyf jzpf\/

wPSm jzpfjcif;aMumifh (urZ) kyf jzpf\/
Oyg'gef jzpfjcif;aMumifh (urZ) kyf jzpf\/
ocFg& jzpfjcif;aMumifh (urZ) kyf jzpf\/
uH
jzpfjcif;aMumifh (urZ) kyf jzpf\/
(urZ) kkyf\ jzpfjcif;oabm/
6/ pdwf jzpfjcif;aMumifh (pdwZ) kyf jzpf\/

(pdwZ) kkyf\ jzpffjcif;oabm/
7/ Owk jzpfjcif;aMumifh (OwkZ) kyf jzpff\/
(OwkZ) kkyf\ jzpffjcif;oabm/
8/ tm[m& jzpfjcif;aMumifh (tm[m&Z) kyf jzpf\/
(tm[m&Z) kyf\ jzpfjcif;oabm/

1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
t0dZm
wPSm
Oyg'gef
ocFg&
uH
(urZ)
csKyfjcif;aMumifh (urZ) kyf csKyf\/

kyf\ csKyfjcif;oabm/
6/ pdwf csKyfjcif;aMumifh (pdwZ) kyf csKyf\/

pdwZkyf\ csKyfjcif;oabm/
217
7/ Owk csKyfjcif;aMumifh (OwkZ) kyf csKyf\/

(OwkZ) kyf\ csKyfjcif;oabm/
8/ tm[m& csKyfjcif;aMumifh (tm[m&Z) kyf csKyf\/
(tm[m&Z) kyf\ csKyfjcif;oabm/
aomw0dnmPf - a0'emuEm O',IyHk

1/ t0dZm jzpfjcif;aMumifh (aomw0dnmPf) a0'em jzpf\/
2/ wPSm jzpfjcif;aMumifh (aomw0dnmPf) a0'em jzpf\/
3/ Oyg'gef jzpfjcif;aMumifh (aomw0dnmPf) a0'em jzpf\/
4/ ocFg& jzpfjcif;aMumifh (aomw0dnmPf) a0'em jzpf\/
5/ uH
jzpfjcif;aMumifh (aomw0dnmPf) a0'em jzpf\/
6/ aomw0wK (54) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (aomw0dnmPf) a0'em jzpf\/
7/ o'gHk
8/ aomwor (7) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (aomw0dnmPf) a0'em jzpf\/
9/ tmumo
10/ reodum& (= 11) jzpfjcif;aMumifh (aomw0dnmPf) a0'em jzpf\/
(aomw0dnmPf) a0'em\ jzpfjcif;oabm/
aomw0dnmPf - a0'emuEm 0,IyHk

1/ t0dZm csKyfjcif;aMumifh a0'em csKyf\/
2/ wPSm csKyfjcif;aMumifh a0'em csKyf\/
3/ Oyg'gef csKyfjcif;aMumifh a0'em csKyf\/
4/ ocFg& csKyfjcif;aMumifh a0'em csKyf\/
5/ uH
6/ aomw0wK
7/ o'gHk
8/ aomwor
9/ tmumo
10/ reodum& (= 11) csKyfjcif;aMumifh a0'em csKyf\/
(aomw0dnmPf) a0'em\ csKyfjcif;oabm/
onmuEm ocFg&uEmwdkY IuGufudk enf;rSD;Iygav/
aomw0dnmPf - 0dnmPuEm O',IyHk

1/ t0dZm jzpfjcif;aMumifh aomw0dnmPf jzpf\/
2/ wPSm jzpfjcif;aMumifh aomw0dnmPf jzpf\/
218
3/ Oyg'gef jzpfjcif;aMumifh aomw0dnmPf jzpf\/

4/ ocFg& jzpfjcif;aMumifh aomw0dnmPf jzpf\/
5/ uH
jzpfjcif;aMumifh aomw0dnmPf jzpf\/
6/ emrf-kyf
7/ tmumo
8/ reodum& (= 11) jzpfjcif;aMumifh aomw0dnmPf jzpf\/
aomw0dnmPf\ jzpfjcif;oabm/
aomw0dnmPf - 0dnmPuEm 0,IyHk

1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
t0dZm csKyfjcif;aMumifh aomw0dnmPf csKyf\/

wPSm csKyfjcif;aMumifh aomw0dnmPf csKyf\/
Oyg'gef csKyfjcif;aMumifh aomw0dnmPf csKyf\/
ocFg& csKyfjcif;aMumifh aomw0dnmPf csKyf\/
uH
csKyfjcif;aMumifh aomw0dnmPf csKyf\/
emrfkyf
tmumo
reodum& (= 11) csKyfjcif;aMumifhaomw0dnmPf csKyf\/
aomw0dnmPf\ csKyfjcif;oabm/
emrf = aomw0dnmPfESifh,SOfzuf apwoduf (7) vHk;/
kyf = aomw0wK (= 54) ESifh o'gHk/
rQqv
dk Qif oabmaygufEikd af vmufayNy/D twdwf tem*wf ypKye [
f al om umvoH;k yg; tZw
A[d'[laom oEmefESpfyg; twGif; txufygtwkdif; 0Dxdpdwf 0Dxdrkwfpdwf[laom pdwuP toD;
toD; cEmig;yg;pD zJGU cEmwpfyg; wpfyg; O',oabm 0,oabmwdkYukd tm;&yg;& ausaus
eyfeyf IEidk yf gu atmufyg r[mowdy|meokwe f usiphf Ofyikd ;f a[mMum;xm;awmfral om Iuu
G w
f w
Ykd iG f
trSwf (1-2) IuGufwdkYukd oabmaygufEkdifavmufayNyD/
1/ ork',"rmEkyD 0g um,od H 0d[&wd/
2/ 0,"rmEkyD 0g um,od H 0d[&wd/
3/ ork',0,"rmEkyD 0g um,od H 0d[&wd/ ('D-2-232/)
1/ ork',"rmEkyD 0g a0'emok 0d[&wd/
2/ 0,"rmEkyD 0g a0'emok 0d[&wd/
3/ ork',0,"rmEkyD 0g a0'emok 0d[&wd/ ('D-2-237/)
1/ ork',"rmEkyD 0g pdwod H 0d[&wd/
2/ 0,"rmEkyD 0g pdwod H 0d[&wd/
3/ ork',0,"rmEkyD 0g pdwod H 0d[&wd/ ('D-2-237/)
219
1/ ork',"rmEkyD 0g "arok 0d[&wd/

2/ 0,"rmEkyD 0g "arok 0d[&wd/
3/ ork',0,"rmEkyD 0g "arok 0d[&wd/ ('D-2-239/)
1/ um, (= lyum, emrum,) jzpfaMumif;oabmESifh jzpfjcif;oabmukd tzefzef txyfxyf
Iavh&Sdonfjzpfrlvnf; aeav\/
2/ um, (= lyum, emrum,) csKyaf Mumif;oabmESihf csKyjf cif;oabmukd tzefzef txyfxyf
Iavh&Sdonfjzpfrlvnf; aeav\/
3/ um, (= lyum, emrum,) jzpfaMumif;oabmESifh jzpfjcif;oabm csKyfaMumif;oabmESifh
csKyfjcif;oabmukd tzefzef txyfxyf Iavh&Sdonfjzpfrlvnf; aeav\/ ('D-2-232/)
1/ a0'emwdYk jzpfaMumif;oabmESihf jzpfjcif;oabmukd tzefzef txyfxyf Iavh&o
dS nfjzpfrlvnf;
aeav\/
2/ a0'emwdkY csKyfaMumif;oabmESifh csKyfjcif;oabmudk tzefzef txyfxyf Iavh&Sdonfjzpf
rlvnf; aeav\/
3/ a0'emwdkY jzpfaMumif;oabmESifh jzpfjcif;oabm csKyfaMumif;oabmESifh csKyfjcif;oabmukd
tzefzef txyfxyf Iavh&Sdonfjzpfrlvnf; aeav\/ ('D-2-237/)
1/ pdwf jzpfaMumif;oabmESifh jzpfjcif;oabmudk tzefzef txyfxyf Iavh&Sdonfjzpfrlvnf;
aeav\/
2/ pdwf csKyaf Mumif;oabmESihf csKyjf cif;oabmukd tzefzef txyftxyf Iavh&o
dS nfjzpfrlvnf;
aeav\/
3/ pdwf jzpfaMumif;oabmESifh jzpfjcif;oabm csKyfaMumif;oabmESifh csKyfjcif;oabmukd tzefzef
txyfxyf Iavh&Sdonf jzpfrlvnf; aeav\/ ('D-2-237/)
1/ "roabmw&m;wdkY jzpfaMumif;oabmESifh jzpfjcif;oabmukd tzefzef txyfxyf Iavh&Sdonf
jzpfrlvnf; aeav\/
2/ "roabmw&m;wdkY csKyfaMumif;oabmESifh csKyfjcif;oabmukd tzefzef txyfxyf Iavh&Sdonf
jzpfrlvnf; aeav\/
3/ "roabmw&m;wdkY jzpfaMumif;oabmESifh jzpfjcif;oabm csKyfaMumif;oabmESifh csKyfjcif;
oabmukd tzefzef txyfxyf Iavh&Sdonfjzpfrlvnf; aeav\/ ('D-2-239/)
owdy|mef a'oemawmf usifhpOf oHk;&yfwdkYwGif toifolawmfaumif;onf trSwf (1-2)
usifhpOfwdkYukd ,Ktcg0,f usifhoHk;NyD; jzpfayonf/ trSwfpOf (3) jzpfonfh ------ ork',0,"rmEkyD
[laom usifhpOfukd qufvuf usifh&OD;rnf jzpfayonf/ xdkusifhpOfESifh ywfouf t|uxm #DumwdkYu atmufygtwkdif; zGifhqkdxm;awmfrl\/
220
ork',0,"rmEkyDykdif;
ork',0,"rmEkyD[lonf
ork',0,"rmEkyD 0gwd umave ork',H umave 0,H tEkyaEm/ (r-|-1-255/)
tZwA[d'gEkyem 0d, bdE0wK0do,wm, ork',0,"rmEkyemyd {uumav e
vAwDwd tm[ ]]umave ork',H umave 0,H tEkyaEm}}wd/ (r-#D-1-350/)
txufyg t|uxm#DumwdkY\ zGifhqkdcsufESifhtnD cEmig;yg;wdkY\ &Hcg ork',oabmukd
&Hcg 0,oabmukd wpfvSnfhpD vSnfhvnf IrIukd ork',0,"rmEkyD[k qdkvdkonf rSwfyg/
cEmig;yg;wdYk ork',oufoufudk 0,oufoufudk INy;D rS ork',0,"rmEkyD Iuu
G u
f dk bk&m;&Sifonf a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJh\/ wpfckwnf;aom 0dyempdwfjzifh ork',ESifh 0,ESpfrsKd;vHk;ukd
wpfcsdefwnf; NydKifwlum; I r&Ekdif/ tZww&m;ESifh A[d'w&m;wdkYonf Iaeaom 0dyemPf
[laom (r[mukokdvf) raem'Gg&duaZm0Dxd pdwftpOf\ tmHkjyK&m wnf&m0wKrsm; jzpfMu\/ tZw
cEmig;yg;um; 0dyemPf\ wnf&m0wK wpfrsKd; jzpf\/ A[d' cEmig;yg;um; 0dyemPf\
wnf&m0wK wpfrsKd; jzpf\/ wnf&m0wK uGJjym;Mu\/ odkY wnf&m0wK uGJjym;aeaom tZwESifh
A[d' w&m;ESprf sK;d vH;k ukd wnf&m0wK uGjJ ym;aeonft
h wGuf wpfcw
k nf;aom 0dyempdwjf zifh wpfcsed -f
wnf; NyKd iw
f l rIEidk /f tvm;wlyif ork',"rEiS hf 0,"rwo
Ykd nf uGjJ ym;aom tmH"k rrsm; jzpfMuojzifh
wpfcw
k nf;aom 0dyempdwjf zifh wpfcsed w
f nf; ,if;ork',"r 0,"r ESprf sK;d vH;k ukd NyKd iw
f l rIEidk af y/
odaYk omf toD;toD;aom 0dyempdwjf zifu
h m; I&Ekid \
f / xdak Mumifh ork',oabmukd INy;D aomtcg
0,oabmukdvnf; qufvuf Iygu I &Ekdifonfom jzpfonf/ ,if;odkY IcJhaomf &Hcg ork',
oabm &Hcg 0,oabmukd Ionfyif rnfayonf/ xkdaMumifh wGif ork',ESifh 0,ESpfrsKd;vHk;ukd
wpfckNyD; wpfck wpfqufwnf; qufvuf 0dyemIyHk yHkpHtcsKdUudk pHerlemtjzpf azmfjytyfygonf/
xkdodkY I&m vuPm,mOfukd wifoifhygao;ovm;[k ar;&ef&Sd\/ tajzrSm wifoifhaom [l\/
oyp,emrly0aoe wdvuPH tma&maywGm 0dyemy#dyg#d,m ]]tedpH 'kuH tewm}}wd
oroaEm 0dp&wd/ (r-|-1-281/)
txufyg t|uxmwGif vuPm,mOf oHk;csufukd wif 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyf&rnfh
w&m;rsm;ukd oyp,-emrly0aoe = taMumif;w&m;ESifh wuGaom emrfkyfjzpfaMumif;udk zGifhqdkxm;awmfrl\/ ,if;t|uxm tzGifhrsm;ESifh tnD taMumif;w&m;ESifh wuGaom emrfkyfukd vuPm,mOf
oH;k csuu
f dk wpfvn
S phf w
D if 0dyemPfpOftwkid ;f tqifq
h ifh IymG ;oH;k oyf&rnfom[k rSwo
f m;ygav/
taMumif; tusKd; ESpf&yfvHk;ukd qufpyf vuPm,mOfwifum 0dyemI&eftwGuf tykdif;um;
tcGifhaumif;BuD; wpf&yfyif jzpfonf/ xkdaMumifh toifolawmfaumif;onf taMumif;w&m; xif&Sm;
jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusK;d w&m; xif&mS ;jzpfykH taMumif;w&m; csKyNf ird ;f jcif;aMumifh tusK;d w&m; csKyNf ird ;f yHu
k dk
orm'd|d 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunf
h taMumif;w&m; tusK;d w&m; ESp&f yfv;kH wd\
Yk jzpfrI ysurf I
O',-0,ukv
d nf; jrifatmifMunf
h vuPm,mOf oH;k csuu
f dk wpfvn
S phf D wif 0dyemIyg/ wGif
IuGuf tenf;i,fukd yHkpHtjzpf a&;om;wifjytyfygonf/
221

(ork',0,"rmEkyD 0g um,od H 0d[&wd/)
1/ t0dZm jzpfjcif;aMumifh (urZ) kyf jzpf\/
t0dZm csKyfjcif;aMumifh (urZ) kyf csKyf\/
---- jzpf-ysuf - tedp/
t0dZm
(urZ) kyf ---- jzpf-ysuf - tedp/
2/ wPSm jzpfjcif;aMumifh (urZ) kyf jzpf\/
wPSm csKyfjcif;aMumifh (urZ) kyf csKyf\/
wPSm
3/ Oyg'gef jzpfjcif;aMumifh (urZ) kyf jzpf\/
Oyg'gef csKyfjcif;aMumifh (urZ) kyf csKyf\/
Oyg'gef
4/ ocFg& jzpfjcif;aMumifh (urZ) kyf jzpf\/
ocFg& csKyfjcif;aMumifh (urZ) kyf csKyf\/
ocFg&
5/ uH jzpfjcif;aMumifh (urZ) kyf jzpf\/
uH csKyfjcif;aMumifh (urZ) kyf csKyf\/
uH
'kuvuPm,mOf tewvuPm,mOfwdkYukdvnf; wpfvSnfhpD wif enf;wlyif 0dyem Iyg/
a&S;y#dporkyg'fykdif;wGif &Sif;vif;wifjycJhonfhtwkdif; t0dZm-wPSm-Oyg'gefwdkYrSm avmb'd|dtkyfpk
emrfw&m;rsm; jzpfMu raem'Gg&du aZm0Dxd pdwt
f pOf emrfw&m;pkwo
Ykd m jzpfMu\/ ocFg&-uHwrYkd mS vnf;
vlom;wpfOD;om jzpfaeao;aom toifolawmfaumif;twGuf r[mukokdvf raem'Gg&du aZm0Dxd
pdwftpOf emrfw&m;pkwdkYom jzpfMu\/ toifolawmfaumif;onf ,if;udavo0#f ur0#fw&m;wdkYukd
I&m ,if;wdkYjzpfcJhonfh pdwfapwoduf ta&twGuf twkdif;om 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmif Iyg/
wpfzef taMumif;w&m; tusKd;w&m;wdkYukd odrf;qnf;onfhtykdif; IyGm;onfhtydkif;wGif uH-t& ememuPdu urowdukd t&aumuf IyGm;&\/ odkYaomf 0dyemykdif; = jzpf-ysuf Ionfh tykdif;um;
,if;urowrd mS Oyg'f-XD-bif taettm;jzifh xif&mS ;&Sad om w&m;rsK;d r[kwo
f jzifh 0dyem rIaumif;aom w&m;jzpf\/ ,if;urowd\ wnf&mapwemum; wpfenf; apwem OD;aqmifonfh or,kwf
w&m;pkum; 0dyem Iaumif;\/ ocFg&ESifh w&m;ukd,f t&csif; wlnD\/ a&S; y#dporkyg'fykdif;wGif
222
ocFg&ESihf urb0txl;ukd azmfjycJ\

h / ,if; cGx
J m;csut
f wkid ;f 0dyemI&ef jzpfonf/ aumif;rIuo
k v
dk f
rjyKrD jyKaepOf twGif;0,f jzpfay:cJhaom raem'Gg&duaZm0Dxd pdwfrsm;pGmwdkY\ twGif; wnf&Sdaom
toD;toD;aom aZm (7)Budrf aZm (7)BudrfwdkYukd vuPm,mOfukd wifum 0dyem IEkdifygu ocFg&uH ESpfrsKd;vHk; tusKH;0ifoGm;rnfom jzpfonf/ aemufvnf; enf;wl rSwfyg/
y#doaE - a0'emuEm O',-0, IyHk

(ork',0,"rmEkyD 0g a0'emok 0d[&wd/)
1/ t0dZm jzpfjcif;aMumifh
t0dZm csKyfjcif;aMumifh
t0dZm ---- jzpf-ysuf
a0'em ---- jzpf-ysuf
a0'em jzpf\/
a0'em csKyf\/
- tedp/
- tedp/
2/ wPSm jzpfjcif;aMumifh a0'em jzpf\/

wPSm csKyfjcif;aMumifh a0'em csKyf\/
wPSm ---- jzpf-ysuf - tedp/
a0'em ---- jzpf-ysuf - tedp/
3/ Oyg'gef jzpfjcif;aMumifh
Oyg'gef csKyfjcif;aMumifh
Oyg'gef ---- jzpf-ysuf
a0'em ---- jzpf-ysuf
a0'em jzpf\/
a0'em csKyf\/
- tedp/
- tedp/
4/ ocFg& jzpfjcif;aMumifh a0'em jzpf\/

ocFg& csKyfjcif;aMumifh a0'em csKyf\/
ocFg& ---- jzpf-ysuf - tedp/
5/ uH jzpfjcif;aMumifh a0'em jzpf\/
uH csKyfjcif;aMumifh a0'em csKyf\/
uH
6/ 0wK jzpfjcif;aMumifh a0'em jzpf\/
0wK csKyfjcif;aMumifh a0'em csKyf\/
0wK ---- jzpf-ysuf - tedp/
7/ tmHk jzpfjcif;aMumifh a0'em jzpf\/
tmkH csKyfjcif;aMumifh a0'em csKyf\/
223
tmHk ---- jzpf-ysuf - tedp/

8/ z jzpfjcif;aMumifh a0'em jzpf\/
z csKyfjcif;aMumifh a0'em csKyf\/
z ---- jzpf-ysuf - tedp/
y#doaE (b0if-pkwd) wdkY\ tmHkrSm uH-uredrdwf-*wdedrdwf[laom tmHk oHk;rsKd;wdkYwGif
wpfrsK;d rsK;d jzpf\/ xkw
d iG f uHrmS vlom;rsm;twGuf ukov
dk af pwemwnf;/ *wderd w
d rf mS vnf; lygH[
k yk if
owfrSwfcsuf&Sd\/ (tbd-|-2-149/) uredrdwfrSm ynwf y&rwf xdkufonfhtm;avsmfpGm jzpfzG,f&m
&Sdonf/ ,if;uredrdwfrSm bk&m;apwDawmfjzpfvQif bk&m;apwDawmf wnf&Sdaom "mwfBuD; (4)yg;ukd
pku
d
f Ivu
dk yf gu ,ckuo
hJ Ykd O',A,Pfyidk ;f odYk a&muf&adS eaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f jl rwf\ Pf0,f
kyfuvmyftrIefrsm;udkom rMumrD awGU&Sdrnf jzpf\/ ,if;kyfuvmyfwdkYrSm OwkZMoZ|rukyfwdkYom
jzpfMu\/ kyfuvmyf toD;toD; wnf&Sdaom ,if;OwkZMoZ|ru kyfw&m;wdkYukd odrf;qnf;vsuf
,if;y&rwf kyfw&m;wdkYukd vuPm,mOfwif 0dyemIyg/ yef; qDrD; paom vSlzG,f0wK uredrdwfvnf; enf;wlyif Iyg/ tu,f ,if;uredrdwfrSm tvSlcHyk*dKvfrsm; jzpfMuonfh &[ef;awmfrsm;
ponfh ouf&o
dS w0gwdYk jzpfMuvQif ,if; tvSLcHy*k Kd vf rsm;xdx
k w
kd \
Ykd kyef mrfoEmeftpOf wnf&adS om
"mwfBuD;av;yg;ukd 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmif Iyg/ kyfuvmyfrsm;udk awGU&Sdaomtcg (6)'Gg&
(42)aum|mowdYk wnf&MdS uaom kyyf &rwfw&m;wdu
Yk dk aygif;pkjcKH ikH odr;f qnf; ,if;y&rwfw&m;wdu
Yk dk
vuPm,mOfwifum 0dyem Iyg/ ,if;uredrdwfjzpfaom tvSLcH yk*dKvfwdkY\ oEmef jzpfyGm;aeMuaom emrfw&m;rsm;uku
d m; om0uwd\
Yk 0dyemPfu twdtus odatmif rIEidk /f y&pdw0 Zd mee
tbdnmPf 'dAp uKtbdnmPfw\
Ykd t&momjzpf\/ xkad Mumifh ,if;A[d'e mrfw&m;wdu
Yk dk emrfw&m;csi;f
wln
D omrntm;jzifh aygif;pkjcKH i
kH om 0dyem Iyg/ onmuEm ocFg&uEm w&m;pkwu
Ykd dk tOD;rl
0dyemIjcif;onf "rmEkyem owdy|mef tusKH;0if\/ wGif onmuEmESifh ocFg&uEm
yxrenf; IuGufukd a0'emuEm IuGuftwkdif; Iyg/ ocFg&uEm 'kwd,enf; IuGufukd qufvuf
a&;om;wifjytyfygonf/ ----
y#doaE - ocFg&uEm O',-0,IyHk ('kwd,enf;)

(ork',0,"rmEkyD 0g "arok 0d[&wd/)
ocFg& ---- jzpf-ysuf
ocFg& jzpf\/
ocFg& csKyf\/
- tedp/
- tedp/
2/ wPSm jzpfjcif;aMumifh ocFg& jzpf\/

224

ocFg& ---- jzpf-ysuf
ocFg& jzpf\/
ocFg& csKyf\/
- tedp/
- tedp/
4/ ocFg& jzpfjcif;aMumifh (apwoduf) ocFg& jzpf\/

ocFg& csKyfjcif;aMumifh (apwoduf) ocFg& csKyf\/
ocFg&
(apwoduf) ocFg& ---- jzpf-ysuf - tedp/
5/ uH jzpfjcif;aMumifh ocFg& jzpf\/
uH csKyfjcif;aMumifh ocFg& csKyf\/
uH
6/ 0wK jzpfjcif;aMumifh ocFg& jzpf\/
0wK ---- jzpf-ysuf - tedp/
7/ tmHk jzpfjcif;aMumifh ocFg& jzpf\/
tmkH csKyfjcif;aMumifh ocFg& csKyf\/
tmHk ---- jzpf-ysuf - tedp/
8/ usef emrfcEm oHk;yg; jzpfjcif;aMumifh ocFg& jzpf\/
usef emrfcEm oHk;yg; csKyfjcif;aMumifh ocFg& csKyf\/
usef emrfcEm oHk;yg; ---- jzpf-ysuf - tedp/
ocFg&
y#doaE - 0dnmPuEm O',-0,IyHk

(ork',0,"rmEkyD 0g pdwod H 0d[&wd/)
0dnmPf ---- jzpf-ysuf
0dnmPf jzpf\/
0dnmPf csKyf\/
- tedp/
- tedp/
225
2/ wPSm jzpfjcif;aMumifh 0dnmPf jzpf\/

wPSm csKyfjcif;aMumifh 0dnmPf csKyf\/
0dnmPf ---- jzpf-ysuf - tedp/
0dnmPf ---- jzpf-ysuf
0dnmPf jzpf\/
0dnmPf csKyf\/
- tedp/
- tedp/
4/ ocFg& jzpfjcif;aMumifh 0dnmPf jzpf\/

ocFg& csKyfjcif;aMumifh 0dnmPf csKyf\/
5/ uH jzpfjcif;aMumifh 0dnmPf jzpf\/
uH csKyfjcif;aMumifh 0dnmPf csKyf\/
uH
6/ emrf-kyf jzpfjcif;aMumifh 0dnmPf jzpf\/
emrf-kyf csKyfjcif;aMumifh 0dnmPf csKyf\/
emrf-kyf ---- jzpf-ysuf - tedp/
'kuESifh tewwdkYukdvnf; enf;wlyif qufIyg/
b0if lyuEm ponfh lyuEm O',-0,IyHk

1/ t0dZm jzpfjcif;aMumifh (urZ) kyf jzpf\/
t0dZm csKyfjcif;aMumifh (urZ) kyf csKyf\/
t0dZm
2/ wPSm jzpfjcif;aMumifh (urZ) kyf jzpf\/
wPSm csKyfjcif;aMumifh (urZ) kyf csKyf\/
wPSm
3/ Oyg'gef jzpfjcif;aMumifh (urZ) kyf jzpf\/
Oyg'gef csKyfjcif;aMumifh (urZ) kyf csKyf\/
226
Oyg'gef
4/ ocFg& jzpfjcif;aMumifh (urZ) kyf jzpf\/
ocFg& csKyfjcif;aMumifh (urZ) kyf csKyf\/
ocFg&
5/ uH jzpfjcif;aMumifh (urZ) kyf jzpf\/
uH csKyfjcif;aMumifh (urZ) kyf csKyf\/
uH
6/ pdwf jzpfjcif;aMumifh (pdwZ) kyf jzpf\/
pdwf csKyfjcif;aMumifh (pdwZ) kyf csKyf\/
pdwf
(pdwZ) kyf ---- jzpf-ysuf - tedp/
7/ Owk jzpfjcif;aMumifh (OwkZ) kyf jzpf\/
Owk csKyfjcif;aMumifh (OwkZ) kyf csKyf\/
Owk
(OwkZ) kyf ---- jzpf-ysuf - tedp/
8/ tm[m& jzpfjcif;aMumifh (tm[m&Z) kyf jzpf\/
tm[m& csKyfjcif;aMumifh (tm[m&Z) kyf csKyf\/
tm[m&
(tm[m&Z) kyf ---- jzpf-ysuf - tedp/
'ku tewwdkYukdvnf; enf;wlIyg/ rQ a&;om;wifjyxm;aom erlemyHkpHwdkYukd Munfh 0Dxd
pdwfwdkY\ pdwuPwkdif;vnf;aumif; y#doaEpdwf pkwdpdwfwdkYvnf;aumif; 0DxdpdwfwdkY\ tMum;
tMum; wnf&adS om b0if pdwu
P
tcsKUd wdYk vnf;aumif; cEmig;yg;zJUG ork',oabm 0,oabm
ork',0,oabmwdkYukd ukefpifatmif Iyg/ lygHkvdkif;ponfh (6) vdkif;vHk; vkdif;wdkif; vkdif;wkdif;0,f
taumif;tkyfpk raumif;tkyfpk emrfw&m;wdkYukd ukefpifatmif Iyg/ rQqdkvQif y#dporkyg'f yrenf;
IuGufukd ausyGefpGm avhvmxm;NyD; Ixm;NyD;jzpfaom toifolawmfaumif;onf ---- ork',0,"rmEkyD 0g um,od H 0d[&wd-ponfjzifh owdy|mefyidk ;f usiphf OfwiG f xnfo
h iG ;f bk&m;&Siu
f ,
dk af wmfwidk f
a[mMum;xm;awmfrlaom ork',0,"r IuGufukd em;vnf oabmayguf EkdifavmufayNyD? Iwwf
EdkifavmufayNyD/
IuGuf0,f - ]]t0dZm jzpfjcif;aMumifh kyf jzpf\? t0dZm csKyfjcif;aMumifh kyf csKyf\}} - odkY
ponfjzifh ESvHk;oGif; IyGm;jcif;um; ---- yp,awm O',A,'e = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh jzpfysuf
Ienf;wnf;/ ]]t0dZm - jzpf-ysuf - tedp kyf - jzpf-ysuf - tedp}} ---- odkY ponfh IuGufum;
227
cPawm O',A,'e = cPtm;jzifh jzpf-ysuf Ienf;wnf;/

taMumif;w&m; jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusK;d w&m; jzpfykH taMumif;w&m; csKyjf cif;aMumifh tusK;d w&m;
csKyfyHkukd Ijcif;[laom yp,awm O',A,'e = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh jzpf-ysufIenf;ukd y"me
tOD;rl INyD;vQif wpfzef ,if;taMumif;w&m;ESifh tusKd;w&m;wdkY\ aMumif;usKd;qufEG,frI oabm
w&m;ukd pGev
Yf w
T v
f u
kd
f ,if;aMumif;usK;d qufE,
G rf I oabmw&m;ukd rMunfah wmhbJ Oyg'fpeG ;f bifpeG ;f
&SdMuaom t0dZmpaom cEm kyfpaom cEmwdkYukd Pfjzifh ,l ,if;cEmwdkY\ jzpfrI-ysufrI Oyg'fpGef;
bifpeG ;f [laom cPypKye u
f dk = cPw,or* = cPoH;k yg;taygif;ESihf jynfph ckH u
kd u
f dk 0dyemPfjzifh
jrifatmifMunfh tedp-paomtm;jzifh vuPm,mOfukd wifum Iyg/ ,if;odkY Ijcif;rSm cPawm
O',A,'e = cPtm;jzifh jzpfysufIenf;yif jzpf\/ xkdodkYvnf; IoifhaMumif;ukd atmufwGif
qufvuf a&;om;wifjyrnfh r[m#Dumpum;&yfjzifhvnf; od&SdEkdifayonf/
emrfw&m;wdkY\ jzpfysufukd 0dyem I&m cPypKyefodkY qkdufatmif I &Ekdif-r&Ekdif[laom
taMumif;t&mESifh ywfouf y#dord'gr*t|uxmq&mawmf b'Er[memr rax&fESifh 0dok'dr*r[m#Dumq&mawmf tmp&d,"rygv rax&fwdkYonf wpfyg;ESifh wpfyg; tcsDtcs tjiif;yGm;vsuf
&SdMu\/ ,if;tjiif;yGm;rIum; ynm&SdwdkY\ w&m;ppfxdk;cef; wpfckyif jzpf\/ 0dyemI&m tvGef
ta&;wBuD; odxm;oifhaom taMumif;t&m wpfckyif jzpfonf/ y#dord'gr*t|uxmwGif odkY
zGifhqkdxm;\/
edAw
v
d uPEd t'g-oEw-d cP0aoe ly Oyg'H/ Oyga'ga,0 ocFwvuPwm vuPEd
p 0kawm/ y / 0dy&dPmrvuPEd t'g-oEw-d cP0aoe ly b*F /H ba*Fga,0 ocFwvuPwm
vuPEd 0kawm/ y / t,H ye 0daoaom ---- tlyuEmeH O',A,'eH t'g-oEwd0aoe? e
cP0aoe/ (y#doH-|-1-235-236/)
y#dord'gr*t|uxmq&mawmfu odkYt,l&Sdawmfrl\- kyfw&m;\ O',A, = jzpfysufukd
I&m ---1/ b0wpfckjzifh ykdif;jcm;tyfaom t"GefYumv t'g\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfrI ysufrI
2/ oEwd = kyftpOftwef;\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfrI ysufrI
3/ Oyg'f-XD-bif-[laom cP\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfrI ysufrI --O',A, = jzpf-ysuf oHk;rsKd;vHk;ukd I &Ekdif\[k t,l&Sdawmfrl\? wpfzef emrfw&m;wdkY\
O',A, = jzpfrI ysufrIukd I&mum; ---1/ b0wpfckjzifh ydkif;jcm;tyfaom t"GefYumv t'g\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfrI ysufrI
2/ oEwd = wpfckaom 0Dxd[laom emrftpOftwef;\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfrI ysufrI --O',A, = jzpfrI ysufrI ESpfrsKd;udkom I &Edkif\? Oyg'f-XD-bif-[laom cP\ tpGrf;jzifh
O',A, = jzpfrI ysurf u
I dk I r&Ekid [
f v
k nf; zGiq
hf x
dk m;awmfr\
l ? zGiq
hf cdk suEf iS hf ywfouf r[m#Dum
q&mawmfu rauseyfojzifh atmufygtwkdif; jyefvnfacsyxm;\/
228
r[m#Dumq&mawmf\ acsycsufrSm atmufyg 0dok'dr*t|uxm\tzGifhyif jzpf ,if;0dok'dr*t|uxm pum;&yfukd a&S;OD;pGm a&;om;wifjytyfygonf/ ---{0H {auu cE O',A,'ae 'o 'o uwGm ynmo vuPmed 0kwmed/ awoH
0aoe {0rd ly O'a,m {0rd ly 0a,m? {0rd lyH Oa'wd? {0rd lyH a0wDwd yp,awm ap0
cPawm p 0dwma&e reodum&H ua&mwd/ (0dok'd-2-267/)
{w p aupd wm0 tm[k ---- ]]tlyuEmeH O',A,'eH t'g-oEwd0aoae0 e
cP0aoem}}wd/ awoH rawe cPawm O',A,'ear0 e od,m/ tya& yem[k ]]yp,awm
O',A,'ae twDwm'd0dbm*H temrodwGm oAom"m&Pawm t0dZm'dyp,m a0'emor0H
vArmewH ywd? e Oyg'H/ t0dZm'dtbma0 p wm tor0H tvArmewH ywd? e b*F H/
cPawm O',A,'ae ypKyEmeH Oyg'H b*F ywD}}wd? wH ,kwH/ oEwd0aoe [d lygly"ar
O',awm 0,awm p reodua&mE tEkua re bm0em, Avywu
mav P wdu0 o
d 'bm0ywd,m cPawm O',A,m Oy|[EDwd/ t,Od yXrH yp,awm O',A,H reodua&maEm
t0dZm'dau yp,"ar 0daZwGm O',A,0aE caE *a[wGm awoH yp,awm O',A,'e
rkace cPawmyd O',A,H reodua&mwd/ w ,'g PH wduH 0do'H [kwGm y0wwd? w'g
lygly"rm caP caP OyZ Em bdZ Em p [kwmG Oy|[E/d awe 0kwH ]]{0rd ly O'a,m}}wdtm'd/
ww {0rd ly O'a,mwd {0H 0kwea,e t0dZmork',myd/ y/ wPSm/ y/ ur/ y/
tm[m&ork',myd ly ora0g/ {0rd ly 0a,mwd {0H 0kwea,ae0 t0dZmeda&m"myd/ y/
wPSm/ y/ ur/ y/ tm[m&eda&m"myd ly 0a,m tEkyga'gwd yp,awm 0dwma&e reodum&H
ua&mwd/ {0rd lyH Oa'wDwd {0H 0kwea,e edAwdvuPH yaEmyd urork|melyrd tm[m&Owk-pdwork|melyrd Oa'wd OyZwd edyZwDwd/ {0H 0kwea,ae0 0dy&dPmrvuPH yaEm
urork|melyrd tm[m&-Owk-pdwork|melyrd a0wd edkZwDwd cPawm 0dwma&e reodum&H
ua&mwDwd a,mZem/ (r[m#D-2-422-423/)
txufyg 0dok'dr*t|uxm\ qkdvkd&if;rSm odkYjzpf\/ cEmwpfyg; wpfyg;ukd O',A, I&m
O',Pf ig;yg; 0,Pf ig;yg;pD toD;toD; &Sd&um; cEmwpfyg; wpfyg; O',A,Pf (10)yg;
jzpf\/
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
t0dZm jzpfjcif;aMumifh kyf jzpf\/

wPSm jzpfjcif;aMumifh kyf jzpf\/
uH jzpfjcif;aMumifh kyf jzpf\/
tm[m& jzpfjcif;aMumifh kyf jzpf\/
kyf\ jzpfjcif;oabm/ (O',Pf-ig;yg;)
1/ t0dZm csKyfjcif;aMumifh kyf csKyf\/

2/ wPSm csKyfjcif;aMumifh kyf csKyf\/
229
3/ uH csKyfjcif;aMumifh kyf csKyf\/

4/ tm[m& csKyfjcif;aMumifh kyf csKyf\/
5/ kyf\ csKyffjcif;oabm/ (0,Pf-ig;yg;)
odkYvQif cEmwpfyg; wpfyg; O',Pf ig;yg; 0,Pf ig;yg; ESpf&yfaygif;aomf O',A,Pf (10)yg; jzpfonf/ (t0dZm -wPSm Oyg'gef[al om taMumif;w&m;ukv
d nf;aumif; uH- ocFg&
[laom taMumif;w&m;ukdvnf;aumif; tm[m& pdwf-Owk[laom taMumif;w&m;rsm;ukdvnf;aumif; aygif;,lxm;onf/) O',A,vuPm[kvnf; ac:\/ cEmig;yg;um; O',A,Pf =
O',A,vuPm (50) jzpfonf/ xkd (50)aom O',A,Pfw\
Ykd tpGr;f jzifh a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf1/
2/
3/
4/
taMumif;aMumifhvnf; kyfw&m;onf xif&Sm; jzpfay:vm\/

taMumif;aMumifhvnf; kyfw&m;onf csKyfNidrf;oGm;\/
odkYvnf; kyfw&m;onf Oyg'ftm;jzifh xif&Sm; jzpfay:vm\/
odkYvnf; kyfw&m;onf biftm;jzifh csKyfysufoGm;\/ ---
odv
Yk Qif taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif; cPtm;jzifv
h nf;aumif; tus,t
f m;jzifh O',A, oabmukd ESvHk;oGif;IyGm;\/ (0dok'd-2-267/)
,if;txufyg 0do'k rd *t|uxmpum;&yfrsm;ukd zGiq
hf &kd if;jzifh r[m#Dumq&mawmfu y#dor'd gr*t|uxmq&mawmf b'Er [memr rax&f\ t,ltqukd atmufygtwdik ;f jyefvnfacsyoGm;\/
qufqkdOD;tHh ---- t&m tcsKdUaomq&m = aupdq&mwdkYonf O',A,'e = ocFg&
w&m;wdkY\ jzpfysufukd I&m aU&SOD;pGm odkY qkdMuukef\/ ]]emrfcEm av;yg;wdkY\ jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; =
O',A,oabmukd Ijcif;onf t'gypKyef oEwdypKyef\ tpGrf;jzifhomvQif jzpfEkdif\ = t'gypKyef
oEwdypKyef\ tpGrf;jzifhomvQif IvdkY&Edkif\/ cPypKyef\ tpGrf;jzifh rjzpfEkdif = cPypKyefodkY
qku
d af tmif IvYkd r&Edik }f }[k qkMd uuke\
f / xdak updq&mwd\
Yk tvkt
d m;jzifh cPtm;jzifh O',A,'e
= tjzpf-tysufukd Ijcif;onfyifvQif rjzpfEdkifawmhay&m/
tya&q&m = tjcm;wpfyg;aom q&mwdkYonfum; odkY qkdawmfrlMuukef\/ ]]taMumif;w&m;
tm;jzifh jzpfjcif; ysujf cif;ukd Ijcif;[laom yp,awm O',A,'et&m twdwpf onfa0zefjcif;ukd
roHk;oyfrl tvHk;pHkwdkYESifh qufqHaomtm;jzifh t0dZmpaom taMumif;w&m;aMumifh a0'emponf\
jzpfoifhjcif;ukd &aumif;onf\ tjzpfukd I\? jzpfqJqJ Oyg'fukd rI/ (= t0dZm\ jzpfqJqJ Oyg'f
a0'emponf\ jzpfqJqJ Oyg'fukdrI? t0dZmponfaMumifh a0'em ponf\ jzpfrI[laom aMumif;usKd;
qufE,
G rf I oabmuko
d m I\/) xdrk w
S pfyg; t0dZm paom taMumif;w&m;wdo
Yk nf xif&mS ;r&Sv
d wfaomf
xkad 0'em\ (= xkad 0'emponf\ ) rjzpfoifjh cif;uko
d m r&aumif;onf\ tjzpfuo
dk m I\? ysuq
f q
J J
bifudk rI/ (= taMumif;w&m;\ tEkyg 'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f jcif;aMumifh tusK;d w&m;\vnf;
tEkyg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;rIukdom I\/ taMumif; tusKd; ESpf&yfvHk;\ odkYr[kwf tusKd;
emrfw&m;pk\ cPtm;jzifh ysufrI = cPbifukd rI/) cPawm O',A,'e = cPtm;jzifh jzpfysufukd I&mum; ypKyefjzpfukefaom a0'emuEmpaom w&m;wdkY\ jzpfqJqJ Oyg'fukdvnf;aumif;
ysufqJqJ bifukdvnf;aumif; I\}}[k qkdawmfrlMuukef\/
230
xkdtya&q&mwdkY\ pum;onf oifhjrwfvSayonf/ taMumif;um; odkY jzpf\ --- oEwd

ypKye \
f tpGr;f jzifh (= oEwyd pKye rf pS ) kyw
f &m; emrfw&m;wdu
Yk dk tjzpftm;jzifv
h nf;aumif; tysuf
tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; ESvHk;oGif; IyGm;vsuf&Sdaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; tpOfojzifh 0dyembm0em
ur|mef;ukd pD;jzef;vm&m 0dyem bm0em\ oefjreftm;aumif;jcif; tm;&Sjd cif;odYk a&muf&v
dS maom
tcgumv 0dyemPf\ xufjruf pl;&Sonf\tjzpf oefY&Sif;pifMu,fonf\ tjzpfodkY a&muf&Sd
vmjcif;aMumifh cPtm;jzifh jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; = O',A,oabmwdkYonf xifvmukef\/ xkdaMumifh
tya&q&mwdkY\ pum;onf oifhjrwfvSayonf/
rSefayonf - a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf a&S;OD;pGm ]]t0dZmjzpfjcif;aMumifh kyfjzpf\}}- odkY ponf
jzifh taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh jzpfjcif; ysufjcif;[laom yp,awm O',A,oabmukd ESvHk;oGif;\/
,if;odYk ESv;kH oGi;f Ny;D aemuf t0dZm paom taMumif;w&m;wdu
Yk dk ESv;kH oGi;f rIudk pGev
Yf w
T v
f u
kd
f (= t0dZm
paom taMumif;w&m;aMumifh tusKd;w&m;jzpfyHkudk ESvHk;roGif;awmhbJ) jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; = O',-0,
oabm &SdMuukefaom cEmwdkYukd Pfjzifh ykdif;jcm;,l xkdcEmwdkY\ taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh jzpfjcif;
ysufjcif;ukd y"mejyKojzifh cPtm;jzifhvnf; jzpfjcif; ysufjcif;ukd ESvHk;oGif;\/ xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\
oEmef0,f tMuiftcg 0dyemPfonf xufjruf pl;&Svm\? oefY&Sif;vm\/ xkdtcg kyfw&m;
emrfw&m;wdkYonf Oyg'f-XD-bif[laom cPwkdif; cPwkdif; jzpfukefonfvnf;aumif; ysufukefonf
vnf;aumif; jzpf xifvmukef\/ xkdaMumifh ---1/
2/
3/
4/
taMumif;aMumifhvnf; kyfw&m;onf xif&Sm; jzpfay:vm\/

taMumif;aMumifhvnf; kyfw&m;onf csKyfNidrf;oGm;\/
odkYvnf; kyfw&m;onf Oyg'ftm;jzifh xif&Sm; jzpfay:vm\/
odkYvnf; kyfw&m;onf biftm;jzifh csKyfysufoGm;\/ --odpYk aom pum;udk t|uxm q&mawmfonf (0do'k -d 2-267) rdeq
Yf adk wmfrjl cif; jzpfayonf/
(r[m#D-2-422-423/)
xyfrH &Sif;vif;csuf
yp,awm O',A,'e = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh jzpf-ysufIonfh t&m0,f taMumif;
w&m;wdkY\ xif&Sm;jzpfjcif; xif&Sm;&Sdjcif; [lonfrSmvnf; (txufwGif &Sif;jycJhonfhtwkdif;) t0dZmwPSm-Oyg'gef-ocFg&-uH[al om taMumif;w&m;wd\
Yk ememuPu
d urowd taetm;jzifh xif&mS ;&Srd I
udk qdv
k \
kd / (pdw-f Owk-tm[m&-0wK-tmH-k zpaom taMumif;w&m;wdu
Yk dk rqdv
k ydk g/) a,m*g0p&
yk*Kd vo
f nf ,if;uJo
h aYkd om t0dZm -wPSm-Oyg'gef-ocFg&-uH[al om taMumif;w&m;wd\
Yk ememuPu
d
urowdtaetm;jzifh xif&Sm;&SdrIukd 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh ,if;taMumif;w&m;ESifh
,if;tusKd;0dygufcEmwdkY\ aMumif;-usKd;qufEG,frI oabmukdom y"mexm; t0dZmjzpfjcif;aMumifh
kyfjzpf\ ponfjzifh Ijcif;jzpf\/
wpfzef y0wdyp, jzpfMuukefaom ypKyef taMumif;w&m;wdkYonfvnf; Oyg'f-XD-bif[laom
cPw, = cPoH;k yg; taygif;ESihf jynfph MkH uaom w&m;rsm;yif jzpfMu\? odaYk omf ,if;taMumif;w&m;wdkY\ jzpfrI ysufrIukd y"merxm;bJ taMumif;w&m;wdkY\ xif&Sm; jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusKd;w&m;wdkY\
231
xif&mS ;jzpfru
I o
dk m y"mexm; ]]pdwjf zpfjcif;aMumifh pdwZ kyjf zpf\}} odpYk onfjzifh Ijcif;jzpf\/ odYk
IpOf0,f taMumif;w&m;wdkY\ cPtm;jzifh jzpfrIysufrIudk ESvHk;roGif;ouJhodkY tusKd;w&m;wdkY\
cPtm;jzifh jzpfryI surf u
I v
dk nf; ESv;kH roGi;f ay/ odv
Yk Qif taMumif; tusK;d ESp&f yfv;kH wd\
Yk cPtm;jzifh
jzpfrI ysufrI O',0,oabmukd rIbJ ESvHk;roGif;bJ taMumif;w&m;\ xif&Sm;&Sdjcif; xif&Sm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusKd;w&m;\ xif&Sm;&SdrI xif&Sm;jzpfrIudkom Ijcif;onf yp,awm O','e vkyfief;
jzpfonf/ taMumif;w&m;\ xif&Sm;r&Sdjcif; xif&Sm;rjzpfjcif;aMumifh tusKd;w&m;\ xif&Sm;r&SdrIudk
Ijcif;onf yp,awm 0,'evkyfief; jzpfonf/
xdkodkYI&m twdwfponfjzifh cGJjcrf;a0zefrIjyK roHk;oyf&ef TefMum;xm;\/ t0dZm wPSm
Oyg'gef ocFg& uH [laom taMumif;w&m;wdkY\ ememuPduurowd[lonfrSm Oyg'f-XD-bif taetm;jzifh xif&Sm;&Sdaeaom w&m;rsKd; r[kwfojzifh twdwftem*wf ponfjzifh a0zef&ef rjzpfEdkifay?
odkYaomf ,if;ememuPduurowdwdkY\ jrpfzsm;cH&m rlvpwif jzpfyGm;cJhonfh jzpfyGm;qJ jzpfonfh
jzpfyGm;vwHU jzpfonfh t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwdkYum; Oyg'f-XD-biftm;jzifh xif&Sm;jzpfckduf
wnf&Sdckduftcgudk &nf&G,f qdk&rl twdwf tem*wf ypKyef[k a0zef cGJjcrf; &Edkifayonf/
twDaw a[wa0g y? 'ged zvyuH/
'ged a[wa0g y? tm,wd H zvyuH/ (0dok'd-2-214/)
= twdwftaMumif;w&m; ig;yg;aMumifh ypKyeftusKd;w&m; ig;yg; jzpf\/
ypKyeftaMumif;w&m; ig;yg;aMumifh tem*wftusKd;w&m; ig;yg; jzpf\/
odpYk aom a'oemawmfrsm;ukd axmufyI g/ wpfzef y0wyd p, trnf&aom pdw-f Owk-tm[m&
-0wK-tmH-k zpaom taMumif;w&m;wdu
Yk m; jzpfcu
kd 0f ,f Oyg'f-XD-bif &paumif;aom w&m;rsK;d rsm;
jzpfMuojzifh twdwf ponfjzifh cGJjcrf;a0zef &paumif;onfom jzpfMu\/ odkYaomf ,if;y0wdyp,
w&m;wdkYESifh ,if;wdkY\ qdkif&mqkdif&m tusKd;w&m;wdkY\ aMumif;usKd;qufEG,frIoabmudk I&m twdwf
ponfjzifh cGjJ crf;a0zef oH;k oyfrrI jyKbJ pdwpf aom taMumif;w&m; xif&mS ;&Sjd cif;aMumifh pdwZ kypf aom
tusK;d w&m;\ 0wKpaom taMumif;w&m; xif&mS ;&djS cif;aMumifh a0'empaom tusK;d w&m;\ jzpfoif-h
jcif;ukdom &aumif;onf\ tjzpfudkom I&rnf jzpfonf/
qkdvkd&if;ukd oabmraygufEdkifao;aom a,m*Dolawmfaumif;rsm;twGuf tenf;i,f xyfrH
&Si;f vif;wifjyayOD;tHh ---- xdkt0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwdkYrSm twdwftaMumif;w&m; ypKyef
taMumif;w&m; tem*wftaMumif;w&m; ponfjzifh xdkufonfhtm;avsmfpGm jzpfEkdifMu\/ xdkodkYyif
jzpfEikd af omfvnf; yp,awm O',A,'e[laom taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh jzpf-ysuf o
I nfh tykid ;f
twdwftaMumif;w&m; ypKyeftusKd;w&m; ypKyeftaMumif;w&m; tem*wftusKd;w&m; ponfjzifh
cGJjcrf;a0zef ESvHk;roGif;awmhbJ taMumif;w&m; xif&Sm;&Sdjcif;aMumifh xif&Sm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusKd;
w&m;\ jzpfoifhyHkukdom &aumif;onf\ tjzpfukdom Iyg/ Oyg'foabmukd rIygESifh/ t0dZmpaom
taMumif;w&m;rsm;onf xif&Sm;r&Sdvwfaomf xif&Sm;rjzpfvwfaomf a0'emponfh tusKd;w&m;wdkY\
rjzpfoifyh u
kH o
dk m r&aumif;onf\ tjzpfuo
kd m Iyg/ bifoabmukd rIygESi/hf Oyg'fEiS hf bifukd jI cif;rSm
cPawm O',A,'e = cPtm;jzifh jzpfysufIenf;om jzpf\? taMumif;cEm tusKd;cEmwdkY\
232
edAwdvuPmESifh 0dy&dPmrvuPmwdkYomwnf;/
Oyg'f-XD-bif[al om cPoH;k yg;wdYk taygif;ESihf jynfph ckH u
kd f cPw,or* twGi;f om wnf&adS om
w&m;onf ypKye jf zpf ,if;cPw,\ a&S;wnf&adS om w&m;rSm twdwjf zpf aemuf wnf&adS om
w&m;rSm tem*wfjzpf\/ cPawm O',A,'e = cPtm;jzifh jzpf-ysufukd jriftmif IrIum;
,if;Oyg'f-XD-bif[al om cPoH;k yg;taygif;ESihf jynfph ckH u
kd f cPw,or* twGi;f wnf&adS om w&m;\
Oyg'fpGef; bifpGef;ESifh qkdif\/ ,if;Oyg'fpGef; bifpGef;ukd jrifatmifMunfh 0dyemI&\/
taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh jzpf-ysufIrIum; xdkodkY Oyg'fpGef; bifpGef;ukdvnf; pl;pdkuf oHk;oyfzG,f
rvkd/ twdwf tem*wfudkvnf; pl;pdkuf okH;oyfzG,f rvdkay/ taMumif;w&m;aMumifh tusKd;w&m;
jzpfrIukdom pl;pkduf oHk;oyfzdkY vkdojzifh twdwfponfjzifh roHk;oyfrl yp,awm O',A,'eukd
I&ef TefMum;jcif; jzpfonf/ xdkodkY TefMum;xm;ojzifh- twdwftaMumif;w&m;rsm;\ xif&Sm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh ypKyeftusKd;w&m;rsm;\ xif&Sm;jzpfyHk ypKyeftaMumif;w&m;rsm;\ xif&Sm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh
tem*wftusKd;w&m;rsm;\ xif&Sm;jzpfyHk[laom aMumif;-usKd; qufEG,frI y#dporkyg'fykdif;0,f twdwf
taMumif; ypKyeftusKd; ypKyeftaMumif; tem*wftusKd;wdkYukd 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfhzdkY
rvkd[k t,ltq rrSm;apvkdyg/ qdkif&mqdkif&m taMumif;w&m;ESifh qdkif&mqdkif&m tusKd;w&m;wdkY\
aMumif;-usKd; qufEG,frIoabmukd 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh ---t0dZm jzpfjcif;aMumifh kyf jzpf\ ---- odkY ponfjzifhvnf;aumif;
qdkif&mqkdif&m taMumif;w&m;rsm;\ tEkyg'eda&m" oabmtm;jzifh t<uif;rJh csKyfNidrf;rIaMumifh
qdkif&mqdkif&m tusKd;w&m;rsm;\ tEkyg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh t<uif;rJhcsKyfNidrf;rIukd 0dyemPf
jzifh jrifatmifMunf
h ---t0dZm csKyfjcif;aMumifh kyf csKyf\ ---- odkY ponfjzifhvnf;aumif;
0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyf&rnfom jzpfygonf/ xkdodkYIpOftwGif; ]]um; twdwfw&m; um;
ypKye w
f &m; um; tem*wfw&m;}}ponfjzifh cGjJ cm;a0zefo;kH oyfru
I u
dk m; rjyKygESi[
hf
l om qkv
d &kd if;
jzpfonfukd owdjyKyg/ tb,faMumifhenf;[lrl -- taMumif;w&m; xif&Sm;&Sdjcif; xif&Sm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh
tusKd;w&m; xif&Sm;&SdyHk xif&Sm;jzpfyHkukdvnf;aumif; taMumif;w&m; xif&Sm;r&Sdjcif; csKyfjcif;aMumifh
tusKd;w&m; xif&Sm;r&SdykH csKyfyHkukdvnf;aumif; y"meaU&SoGm;jyK 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyf&rnfh tvkyf
pcef; jzpfaomaMumifhyifwnf;/ tvGefwkdawmif;aom tcsdefumvtwGif; taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh
vnf;aumif; cPtm;jzifhvnf;aumif; jzpf-ysufwdkYukd tuGufusus csufusus oGufoGufvufvuf
xufxufjrufjruf vsifvsifjrefjref zswfzswfvwfvwf Iwwf&rnf jzpfojzifh ---1/ yp,awm O',A,'e = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh jzpf-ysufukd I&m rnfodkYESvHk;oGif;&rnfukdvnf;aumif;
2/ cPawm O',A,'e = cPtm;jzifh jzpf-ysuu
f dk I&m rnfoEYkd v
S ;kH oGi;f &rnfuv
dk nf;aumif;
odYk ESv;kH oGi;f yHu
k dk owfrw
S jf yjcif; jzpfonf[k oabmaygufyg/ xko
d Ykd I&m aU&OS ;D pGm taMumif;
w&m; jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusKd;w&m; jzpfyHk taMumif;w&m; csKyfjcif;aMumifh tusKd;w&m; csKyfyHk[laom
yp,awm O',A,ukd INyD;rS cPtm;jzifh jzpf-ysufudk I&rnfjzpfonf/ cPtm;jzifh jzpf-ysufukd
233
I&m O',A,0aE caE-[k jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; oabm&Sdukefaom cEmwdkYukd I&ef owfrSwfay;xm;\/

xko
d wfrw
S cf sut
f & Oyg'f-XD-bif r&paumif;aom ememuPu
d urowrd sm;ukd taMumif;w&m;pkwiG f
yg0ifaomfvnf; jzpf-ysuf rI&[k od&Sdygav/ ,if;ememuPduurowd\ wnf&m apwemukdom
0dyemIyg/
t0dZm jzpfjcif;aMumifh kyf jzpf\/
t0dZm csKyfjcif;aMumifh kyf csKyf\/
t0dZm ---- jzpf-ysuf - tedp/
kyf
odpYk onfjzifh IyrkH sK;d wnf;/odaYk omf yp,"ar 0daZwmG = taMumif;w&m;wdu
Yk dk pGev
Yf w
T x
f m;
jzpf-ysuf I&ef txufyg r[m#Dum zGifhqkdxm;ojzifh t0dZmpaom taMumif;w&m;wdkY\ jzpf-ysufukd
IrIESifh ywfouf oHo, jzpfraezdkY&ef owdjyKyg/ tydkif;wGif taMumif;w&m;wdkY\ jzpf-ysuf =
O',A,oabmukd ESvHk;roGif;vdkygu acw csefvSyfxm;vkduf tusKd;cEmig;yg;wdkY\ jzpf-ysufudkom
ESvHk;oGif;vkdygu ESvHk;oGif;IyGm;yg/ odkYaomf taMumif;w&m;wdkY\ jzpf-ysufukdvnf; vuPm,mOfukd
wifum 0dyemI&rnfom jzpfojzifh aemufxyfwpfzef xyfr
H ,if;t0dZm paom taMumif;w&m;wdkYukdvnf; oD;oefY 0dyemI&rnfom jzpfygonf/ taMumif;rl O',A,mEkyemPf\
0dyem tIcH tmHpk m&if;wGif b0wkid af tmifaom y#dpo
rkyg 'ft*Fg&yfrsm;vnf; yg0ifaeaomaMumifh
jzpfonf? odv
Yk Qif ---1/ yp,awm O',A,'e = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh jzpf-ysuf Ijcif;
2/ cPawm O',A,'e = cPtm;jzifh jzpf-ysuf Ijcif; -- O',A,'e = jzpf-ysufESpfrsKd;wdkYukd Ijcif;wnf;[laom 0dyembm0em vkyfief;&yfukd
ae&mwus yGm;rsm;wwfygu IymG ;wwfygu O',A,mEkyemPfonf xufjrufp;l &Svmaomtcg
ky-f emrfw\
Ykd cPtm;jzifh jzpfrI ysurf w
I o
Ykd nfvnf; a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f PfwiG f xifvmukeo
f nfom
jzpfayonf/ pum;&yfwrYkd mS txufwiG f a&;om;wifjyxm;aom r[m#Dumpum;&yfudk PfEo
k rl sm;
em;vnfEdkif&ef &nfoef xyfrH &Sif;vif;wifjyxm;aom pum;&yfwdkYyif jzpfMuonf/
y#dor'd gr*t|uxmq&mawmfrmS b'Er[memr rax&f jzpfygonf/ xdb
k 'Er[memr rax&fukd r[m#Dumq&mawmf t&Si"f rygv rax&fjrwfu aupdq&m[k oH;k pGx
J m;\/ xdrk [memr rax&f\
t,ltqukd r[m#Dumq&mawmfu rESpo
f ufyg/ emrfw&m;wdu
Yk dk 0dyemI&m ,if;emrfw&m;wd\
Yk
cPypKyefodkY qkdufatmif cPtm;jzifh jzpfrI ysufrIukdvnf; om0ursm;onf I &Ekdifonf[laom
0g'ukdom r[m#Dumq&mawmfu ESpfoufjrwfEkd;awmfrl\/ xkd0g'rSmvnf; t|uxmBuD;rsm;ESifh
ESD;aESmrdonfom jzpfayonf/ omrnzvokwef owdorZnuxmwGif tmavmudw-0davmudw
= wnfw
h nfMh unf&h m-apmif;iJMh unf&h m rlvy&dnm\ tpGr;f jzifv
h nf; toarm[orZOfjzpfatmif Iyu
kH dk
odkY zGifhqdkxm;awmfrl\/
234
b0*Fg0Zea0? 'eH or#d peH/

oED&PH a0g|AeH? Z0eH b0wd owrH/ ('D-|-1-174/)
rlvyPmot|uxm r[mowdy|meokwef orZOfykdif;tzGifh (r-|-1-266)wGifvnf;aumif;
owdy|meoH,kwf owdokweftzGifh (oH-|-3-226)wGifvnf;aumif; oarm[0daem'eDt|uxm
psme0dbif;tzGihf (tbd-|-2-341)wGiv
f nf;aumif; yHpk w
H yl if wnDwGww
f nf; zGiq
hf x
kd m;awmfro
l nf/
t|uxmBuD;rsm;\ qkdvdk&if;rSm odkY jzpf\/ ---wnfhwnfhMunfh&m apmif;iJhMunfh&m lygHkukdjrif&m0,f (twDwb0if-b0*Fpve-b0*Fkyap')
y'gG &m0Ze;f ? puK0n
d mPf? or#d pd Ki;f ? oE&D P? 0ka|m? aZm (7)Burd ?f (w'gHk 2-Burd )f [laom puK'gG &du
0DxdpdwftpOfrsm;onf or,kwfw&m;wdkYESifh twlwuG jzpfay:vmMu\/ (twdr[EmHk r[EmHk
0Dxdrsm;ukd &nfTef;xm;onf/) or,kwfw&m;wdkYESifhwuGaom ,if;0DxdpdwftpOf emrfw&m;pkrsm;ukd
Ce toD;toD; NydKatmif Pfjzifh NzdKcGJzsufqD;vsuf y&rwfodkY Pftjrif qdkufatmif xGif;azmuf
odjrifygu toarm[orZOfPf jzpfNyD [lvo
kd nf/ tus,u
f dk emrfur|mef;ykid ;f wGif &Si;f vif; wifjycJhNyD;yif jzpfonf/ &Sif;vif;csufrSm kyfemrfukd Pfjzifh ykdif;jcm;,lonfh emrlyy&d*[Pfydkif;ukd
&nfTef;xm;aom zGifhqkdcsufyif jzpfonf/
wpfzef 0dok'dr*t|uxm oroePfykdif; (0dok'd-2-252-253)vnf; puK'Gg&du0Dxdpaom
xdkxkd 0DxdpdwuPwdkif; or,kwfw&m;wdkYESifh wuGaom 0Dxdpdwf emrfw&m;pkwdkY\ jzpfrI ysufrIukd
vnf;aumif; 0Dxdrsm;\ tMum;tMum; wnf&Sdaom or,kwfw&m;wdkYESifh wuGaom b0ifpdwfwdkY\
jzpfrI ysurf u
I v
dk nf;aumif; 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunf
h vuPma&;oH;k wefudk wifum 0dyem
I&ef TefMum;xm;\/ (a&S;oroePfykdif;wGif &Sif;jycJhNyD; jzpfonf/)
wpfzef oarm[0daem'eDt|uxmESifh 0do'k rd *t|uxmwdw
Yk iG v
f nf; odYk zGiq
hf x
kd m;awmfr\
l /
emem"mwka,m 0dedAKZdwGm Ce0dedaAma* uaw tewvuPH ,mxm0o&oawm Oy|mwd/
(tbd-|-2-47/ 0dok'd-2-276/)
toD;toD;aom kyf"mwf emrf"mwfwdkYukd kyfwHk;kyfcJ emrfwHk;emrfcJ [laom kyfCe emrfCe
toD;toD; NydKatmif Pfjzifh NzdKcGJzsufqD;vsuf cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm IEkdifcJhaomf tewvuPmonf
[kwfrSefwdkif;aom rdrd\ oabmtm;jzifh a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ todPf xifvmay\/
(tbd-|-2-47/ 0dok'd-2-276/)
xdkwGif kyfuvmyf emrfuvmyf wpfckwpfck twGif; wnf&Sdaom kyfy&rwf emrfy&rwf[laom
y&rw"mwfom;wdkY\ Oyg'f-XD-bif[laom cPw, = cPoHk;yg;taygif;\ twGif; jzpfrI ysufrIukd
jrifygrS oEwdCe NydKrnf jzpfonf/ oEwdCeponfh Ce toD;toD; NydKygrS y&rwfodkY Pftjrif
qkdufrnf/ y&rwfodkY PftjrifqdkufygrS a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ PfwGif tewvuPmonf [kwfrSefwkdif;aom rdrdoabmtm;jzifh xifvmrnfjzpfonf/ xkdaMumifh tewPftjrif &&Sda&; 0dyem
Pftjrif &&Sda&;twGuf kyfCe emrfCe toD;toD;ukd NydKuGJatmif 0dyemPfjzifh NzdKcGJvsuf
0dyem I&awmhrnf jzpfonf/ CeNydKygrSvnf; cPypKyefodkY qkdufrnf/ cPtm;jzifh jzpfysufudk
IjrifEidk yf grSvnf; oEwC
d e NyKd rnf? xdak Mumifh CeNyKd a&; tewPftjrifudk &&Sad &;twGuf cPtm;jzifh
jzpf-ysufukd jrifatmif kyfemrf ESpfrsKd;vHk; 0dyem I&rnfom jzpfayonf/
235
xdkaMumifh r[m#Dumq&mawmf\ y#dord'gr*t|uxm\ tqdktrdefYukd jyefvnfacsycsufrSm

wpfenf; ---- emrfw&m;wdkYvnf; cPypKyefodkY qkdufatmif cPtm;jzifh jzpf-ysufudkvnf; 0dyem
Pfjzifh jrifatmif I&rnf[laom r[m#Dumq&mawmf\ tqdktrdefYrSm t|uxmBuD;rsm;\ zGifhqdkcsurf sm;ESihf **Fga&ESihf ,rkema& a&mouJo
h Ykd wpfom;wnf; nDw
G af eaom tqdt
k rdeo
Yf m jzpfayonf/
op - y#dporkyg'f - e, - vuPmwdkY xif&Sm;NyD

opmav;yg; xif&Sm;yHk
odkY a&;om;wifjycJhonfhtwkdif; ---1/ yp,awm O',A,'e = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh jzpf-ysufukd Ijcif;
2/ cPawm O',A,'e = cPtm;jzifh jzpf-ysufukd Ijcif; [laom ---ESprf sK;d aom O',A,oabmwdu
Yk dk ESv;kH oGi;f IymG ;aom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f Pf ]]kyw
f &m;
emrfw&m;wdkYonf a&S;u r&Sdrl ,ckrS kwfjcnf; jzpfay:vmukefowwf? jzpfukefNyD;vnf; kwfjcnf;
csKyyf suf aysmufuif;ukeo
f wwf}}[k xd;k xGi;f odaom 0dyemPfonf txl;ojzifh omvGe
f oef&Y iS ;f
pifMu,fvm\/ odkY taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; cPtm;jzifhvnf;aumif; ESpfrsKd; ESpfpm;
tm;jzifh jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; O',A,oabmukd Iaom xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ Pf0,f ---1/
2/
3/
4/
opm av;yg;
y#dporkyg'f oabmw&m;
{uw paom enf; av;yg;
tedpvuPm paom vuPm ig;yg; ---w&m;wdkYonf xif&Sm;vmMuukef\/ (0dok'd-2-267/)
odkY ESvHk;oGif;aom xdka,m*Dtm; tMuifa&GUavmuf umvywfvHk; O',A,Pfonf rjzpfay:vmao;? xkad &GUavmuf umvywfv;kH kyef mrfw\
Ykd O',A, = jzpfrI ysurf w
I o
Ykd nf vGepf mG xifonf
rjzpfukef&um; 0dk;0g;omrQ tEkrmeq tavsmf&rf;vdkuf&onfukd taMumif;jyK ]]wd ud&dar "rm
t[kwGm oarmEd? [kwGm y#da0Ed = kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkYonf a&S;ur&Sdrl ,ckrS kwfjcnf;
jzpfay:vmukefowwf? jzpfukefNyD;vnf; kwfjcnf; csKyfysuf aysmufuif;ukefowwf}}[k ypur[kwf
tEkrmejy ud& = owwf-[laom o'gESifh ,SOf qdkownf;/ / wpfenf; --- e,'e = enf;vrf;ukd
Tefjyonfh taetm;jzifh odkY qdkownf;/ a&S;OD;pGm ypKyE"rwdkY\ O',A,ukd ypujzifh jrifNyD;
xdkaemifrS twdwf-tem*wfwdkYvnf; 4if;enf;[k enf;ukdaqmifonf jzpfbdaomf/ (r[m#D-2-423/
jynf-0dok'dr*fed,-5-165/) (enf;udk aqmifykHudk yxrwGJ &Sif;jycJhNyD/)
tus,frSm odkYwnf;- t0dZmponf\ a&S;b0 jzpfNyD;jcif;aMumifh cEmwdkY\ jzpfoifhjcif;ukd
vnf;aumif; t0dZmpaom taMumif;w&m;wdkY\ tEkyg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh t<uif;rJh csKyfNidrf;
oGm;jcif;aMumifh cEmwd\
Yk aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyjf cif;[k qdt
k yfaom tEkyg 'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh
csKyfNidrf;jcif;ukdvnf;aumif; 0dyemPfjzifh I\/ ,if;odkY Ijcif;onfum; xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\
236
yp,awm O',A,'e rnf\/ wpfzef edAwdvuPmESifh 0dy&dPmrvuPmwdkYukd Iaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo

f nf cEmwd\
Yk O',A,ukd I\/ ,if;odYk cEmwd\
Yk O',A,ukd Ijcif;onf xkad ,m*g0p&
yk*dKvf\ cPawm O',A,'e rnf\/ cEmwdkY\ jzpfqJ Oyg'fcPomvQif edAwdvuPmonf
jzpf\/ ysufqJ bifcPomvQif 0dy&dPmrvuPmonfvnf; jzpf\/ xdkaMumifh xkdedAwdvuPm
0dy&dPmrvuPmwdu
Yk dk Iaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf cPtm;jzifh cEmwd\
Yk jzpfjcif; ysujf cif; O',A,wdkYukd Ionf rnf\/ (0dok'd-2-267/)
1/ xdkaMumifh qdktyfcJhNyD;onfhtwkdif; taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; cPtm;jzifhvnf;aumif; ESpfrsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh O',-0,oabmukd Iaom xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ Pf
yp,awm O','e = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh tjzpfoufoufukd Ijcif;jzifh (= taMumif;w&m;
jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusK;d w&m;jzpfykH oufoufudk Ijcif;jzif)h cEmig;yg;wdu
Yk dk (= 'kuo
pmw&m;wdu
Yk )dk wdu
k -f
dkufjzpfapwwfaom Zeu taMumif;w&m;ukd 0dyemorm'd|d Pfynmjzifh ukd,fwkdif rsufarSmuf
xGif;azmuf odjrifjcif;aMumifh ork',opmonf xif&Sm;vm\/
2/ cPawm O','e = cPtm;jzifh cEmwdkY\ tjzpfoufoufukd Ijcif;jzifh (cEmwdkY\ jzpfrI
edAwdvuPmukd Ijrifjcif;jzifh) cEmig;yg;wdkY\ jzpfrI Zmwd'kuukd 0dyemorm'd|d Pfynmjzifh
ukd,fwkdif rsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odjrifjcif;aMumifh 'kuopmonf xif&Sm;vm\/
3/ yp,awm 0,'e = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh tysufoufoufukd Ijrifjcif;jzifh = (taMumif;
w&m;wdkY\ aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;jcif;[laom tEkyg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh
csKyfNidrf;jcif;aMumifh tusKd;w&m;wdkY\ aemifwpfzef rjzpfaomtm;jzifh csKyfjcif;[laom tEkyg'eda&m"
oabmukd Ijrifjcif;jzif)h eda &m"opmonf xif&mS ;vm\/ tb,faMumifeh nf;[lrl taMumif;w&m;wd\
Yk
rjzpfjcif;jzifh = taMumif;w&m;wdkY\ tEkyg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;jcif;jzifh taMumif;w&m;
xif&Sm; &dSMuukefaom tusKd;w&m;wdkY\ = taMumif;w&m;aMumifh jzpfMu&ukefaom tusKd;w&m;wdkY\
tEkyg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;rIukd 0dyemorm'd|d Pfynmjzifh ukd,fwkdif rsufarSmuf
xGif;azmuf odjrifjcif;aMumifhwnf;/ (0dok'd-2-267/)
]]yp,mEkyga'em}}wd {awe yp,meH tEkyg'eda&ma"m " yp,eda&ma"mwd 'awd/
(r[m#D-2-424/)
4/ cPawm 0,'e = cEmwdkY\ bifumv azmufjyef ysufpD;jcif; 0dy&dPmrvuPm[laom
tysufoufoufukd Ijrifjcif;jzifh r&P'ku[k ac:qdktyfaom oHo&m0#fqif;&J'kuBuD;ukd 0dyem
orm'd|d Pfynmjzifh uk,
d w
f idk f rsuaf rSmuf xGi;f azmuf odjrifjcif;aMumifh 'kuopmw&m;onfyifvQif
xif&Sm;vm\/ (0dok'd-2-267/)
orka'g r,m 'da|m = igonf ork'&mukd jrif\-[l&m ork'-o'gonf taygif;jzpfaom
ork'& m wpfpif;vH;k \ trnf jzpfjim;aomfvnf; ork'& mwpfpif;vH;k \ ork'- [laom trnfudk tpdwf
jzpfaom rsufpdjzifh jrifaumif;aom ork'&m wpfpdwfwpfa'o wifpm; tpdwfjzpfaom rsufpdjzifh
jrifaumif;aom ork'&mwpfpdwfwpfa'oukdyif {ua'olypm&tm;jzifh ork'&m[k ac:a0:ouJhodkY
vnf;aumif; ork'&mukd jrif\[k qkdouJhodkYvnf;aumif;
237
yAawm r,m 'da|m = igonf awmifukd jrif\ [l&m yAw-awmifo'gonf taygif;jzpfaom

awmifwpfckvHk;\ trnf jzpfjim;aomfvnf; awmifwpfawmifvHk;\ yAw-[laom trnfukd tpdwf
jzpfaom rsufpdjzifh jrifaumif;aom awmif wpfpdwfwpfa'o wifpm; tpdwfjzpfaom rsufpdjzifh
jrifaumif;aom awmif wpfpdwfwpfa'oukdyif {ua'olypm&tm;jzifh yAw = awmif[k ac:a0:ouJhodkYvnf;aumif; igonf awmifukd jrif\[k qkdouJhodkYvnf;aumif;
wpfpdwfwpfa'otm;jzifh ork'&mukd jrifoltm; taygif;jzpfaom ork'&monf xif&Sm;ouJhodkY
wpfpw
d w
f pfa'otm;jzifh awmifudk jrifot
l m; taygif;jzpfaom awmifonf xif&mS ;ouJo
h Ykd tvm;wlyif
cEmwdkY\ wpfpdwfwpfa'o\ jzpfrI = Zmwd'ku ysufrI = r&P'kuudk 0dyemPfjzifh odjrifaom
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonfvnf; taygif;jzpfaom 'kuopmukd xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odonfyif rnfayonf/
(r[m#D-2-423-424/)
5/ xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef jzpfay:vmaom ---(u) yp,awm O',A,'e = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk jzpfysuu
f kd Ijrifjcif;
( c ) cPawm O',A,'e = cPtm;jzifh ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfysufukd Ijrifjcif;[laom ESpfrsKd;aom ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ O',A, obm0rSefukd rawGra0 odwwfaom toarm[ =
orm'd|d jy"mef;aom ---(u) orm'd|d = ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ ESpfrsKd;aom O',A, obm0rSefukd odjrifjcif;
( c ) ormouFy = ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ ESpfrsKd;aom O',A, obm0tmHkay:odkY or,kwfw&m;wdkYukd a&S;Iwifay;jcif;
( * ) orm0g,mr = ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk ESprf sK;d aom O',A, oabmukd odatmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkw-f
jcif;
(C) ormowd = ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk ESprf sK;d aom O',A, obm0tmHu
k dk trSw&f jcif; ,if;tmHk
pdwfcdkifjrJjcif;
( i ) ormorm"d = ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ ESpfrsKd;aom O',A, obm0tmHk pdwf\ aumif;pGm
wnfMunfaejcif; [laom
r*ifw&m;ukd,f ig;yg;onf avmuDr*ifw&m; jzpf&um; xkda,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ Pf
r*opmonf xif&mS ;vm\/ tb,faMumifeh nf;[lrl -- ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ xkdESpfrsKd;aom O',A,
[kww
f idk ;f rSepf mG rodrjrifwwfaom awGa0aeaom oarm[w&m;ukd xkad vmuDr*iw
f &m;wdu
Yk w'*F
tm;jzifh y,fowfonf\ tjzpfaMumifhwnf;/ (0dok'd-2-267-268/ r[m#D-2-423-424/)
,if;avmuDr*if w&m;ukd,f ig;yg; xif&Sm; jzpfay:vmaomtcg ,if;r*ifw&m;wdkYonf ,if;
oarm[w&m;udk y,fowfvsufomvQif xifxif&Sm;&Sm; jzpfay:vmMuukef\ [lay/
(r[m#D-2-424/)
238
y#d porkyg'f oabmw&m; xif&Sm;vmyHk

t0dZm taMumif;w&m; xif&Sm;&Sdjcif;aMumifh ocFg& tusKd;w&m;onf xif&Sm; jzpfay:vm\?
ocFg& taMumif;w&m; xif&Sm;&Sdjcif;aMumifh 0dnmPf tusKd;w&m;onf xif&Sm;jzpfay:vm\ ---- odkY
ponfjzifh a[mMum;awmfrltyfaom a'oemawmfum; tEkavmry#dporkyg'f a'oemawmf jzpf\/
t0dZmyp,m ocFg&m-ponfjzifh a[mMum;awmfrltyfaom oHo&mpufvnfywfyHkjzpfpOfa'oemawmf
yifwnf;/ wpfzef t0dZm ,awG0 taoo0d&m*eda&m"m ocFg&eda&ma"m = t0dZm \ t&[wr*faMumifh
tEkyg 'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh t<uif;rJh csKyjf cif;aMumifh ocFg&\ tEkyg 'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh t<uif;rJh
csKyfjcif;onf xif&Sm;jzpfay:vm\ ---- odkYponfjzifh y#dporkyg'f oHo&mpuf&[wf\ csKyfNidrf;ykHukd
xif&Sm;azmfjyaom csKyfpOfa'oemawmfonf y#davmry#dporkyg'f a'oemawmf rnf\/
wpfzef yp,awm O','e = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh tjzpfoufoufukd Ijrifjcif;jzifh =
taMumif;w&m;aMumifh tusKd;w&m;jzpfyHk oufoufukd Ijrifjcif;jzifh xkda,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef
oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku jzpfjcif;tm;avsmfaom - t0dZmyp,m ocFg&m - odkYponfjzifh a[mMum;awmf
rltyfaom tEkavmry#dporkyg'f oabmw&m;onf xif&Sm;vm\/ tb,faMumifhenf;[lrl ---]]t0dZmpaom taMumif;w&m;onf xif&Sm;&Sdvwfaomf ocFg&paom tusKd;w&m;onf xif&Sm;
jzpfay:vm\}}- odkYponfh oabmw&m;ukd 0dyemorm'd|d Pfynmjzifh ukd,fwdkif rsufarSmuf
xGif;azmuf odjrifjcif;aMumifhyifwnf;/ (0dok'd-2-268/)
yp,awm 0,'e = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh tysufoufoufukd Ijrifjcif;jzifh = taMumif;
w&m;wdkY\ tEkyg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh t<uif;rJh csKyfNidrf;jcif;aMumifh tusKd;w&m;wdkY\ tEkyg'
eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh t<uif;rJh csKyfNidrf;rIukd 0dyemPfjzifh Ijrifjcif;jzifh xkda,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\
todPf oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku\ jzpfjcif;tm; ravsmf xdyfwdkuf qefYusifbufjzpfaom ]]t0dZm,awG0 taoo0d&m*eda&m"m ocFg&eda&ma"m}} odkYpaom y#davmry#dporkyg'f oabmw&m;onf
xif&Sm;vm\/ tb,faMumifhenf;[lrl -------- ]] t0dZmpaom taMumif;w&m;\ tEkyg'eda&m"
oabmtm;jzifh csKyfjcif;aMumifh ocFg&paom tusKd;w&m;onf tEkyg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh
csKyNf ird ;f oGm;\}} -------- odkYponfh csKyfpOfoabmw&m;ukd 0dyemorm'd|dPfynmjzifh ukd,fwkdif
rsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odjrifjcif;aMumifhwnf;/ (0dok'd-2-268/)
wpfzef cPawm O',A,'e = ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ edAwdvuPm 0dy&dPmrvuPm[k
ac:qdktyfaom Oyg'f-XD-bif[laom cPtm;jzifh jzpfrI ysufrIukd 0dyemPfjzifh Ijrifjcif;jzifh xdk
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ todPf y#dporkyE trnf&aom Zmwdpaom taMumif;w&m;ukd tpGJjyK
jzpfay:vmukeaf om Z&m-r&Ppaom tusK;d w&m;wdo
Yk nf xif&mS ;vmuke\
f / tb,faMumifeh nf;[lrl
ocFww&m;wdkY\ = ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ Oyg'f-XD-bif[laom ocFwvuPmukd 0dyemorm'd|d
Pfynmjzifh uk,
d w
f idk f rsuaf rSmuf xGi;f azmuf odjrifjcif;aMumifw
h nf;/ jzpfjcif; ysujf cif;f oabmw&m;
xif&Sm;&SdMuukefaom w&m;rSeforQwdkYonf ocFww&m;wdkY jzpfukef\? xkd ocFww&m;wdkYonfvnf;Z&mr&PH bdua0 tedpH ocFwH y#dporkyEH/ (oH-1-264/)
239
= &[ef;wdkY Z&m-r&Pw&m;onf tedpw&m;wnf;? ocFww&m;wnf;? taMumif;w&m;ukd pGJrDS

jzpfay:vm&aom y#dporkyEw&m;wnf;/ (oH-1-264/)
odkYponfjzifh bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrljcif;aMumifh y#dporkyEw&m;wdkYom jzpfukef\/
xdak Mumifh ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk cPtm;jzifh jzpfrI ysurf u
I kd 0dyemPfjzifh Ijrifjcif;jzifh xdak ,m*g0p&
yk*dKvf\ todPf y#dporkyEw&m;wdkYonf xif&Sm;vmukef\[k qkdonf/ (0dok'd-2-268/)
enf;av;yg; xif&Sm;vmyHk
1/ wpfzef yp,awm O','e = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh jzpfru
I kd Ijrifjcif;jzifh = taMumif;w&m;
jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusKd;w&m; jzpfyHkukd Ijrifjcif;jzifh xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ todPf {uwenf;onf
xif&Sm;vm\/ tb,faMumifhenf;[lrl ---- taMumif;w&m;ESihf tusK;d w&m;wdYk qufpyfvsuf txyfxyf
jzpfaeaom kyfemrf oEmef tpOf\ tpOftqufrjywf txyfxyf jzpfaeonfukd 0dyemorm'd|d
Pfynmjzifh udk,fwdkif rsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odjrifjcif;aMumifhwnf; [lay/ xkdodkY kyfemrf oEmef
tpOf\ taMumif;ESifh tusKd; qufpyfvsuf tpOf tqufrjywf txyfxyf jzpfaeonfukd 0dyem
Pfynmjzifh udk,fwdkif rsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odjrifvwfaomf tvGefYtvGef aumif;rGefpGm aovQif
jywf\[k pGJ,laom Oap''d|dukd y,fpGefYEkdif\/ (0dok'd-2-268/)
a&S;a&S;jzpfaom w&m;wd\
Yk csKyyf sujf cif;ukd aemufaemufaom w&m;wd\
Yk jzpfjcif; Oyg'fu tpOf
wpdkuf vkdufygae\ - [laom uJhodkYaom teufoabmonf yp,awm O','e = taMumif;
w&m;aMumifh tusK;d w&m;jzpfykH O',oufoufudk Ijrifjcif;jzifh Ny;D pD;vwfaomf {uwenf;ukd Pfjzifh
ykid ;f jcm;,lEikd jf cif;iSm = odjcif;iSm jzpf\/ ,if;{uwenf;udk odjcif;aMumifh - ]]tanm ua&mwd? tanm
y#doHa0',wd = tjcm;wpfa,mufaom olonf jyKvkyf\? tjcm;wpfa,mufaom olonf cHpm;\ =
jyKol wjcm; cHpm;ol wjcm;wnf; = b0 ukd,f pH xkdb0 xkdukd,f cHvdrfhrnf}} odkY paom
t,l0g' a0g[m&\ NyD;pD;aMumif;jzpfaom Oap''d|d\ axmuf&mwnf&m r&Sdonf\ tjzpfonf
jzpfay:vm\/ xdkaMumifh ]]taMumif;w&m;ESifh tusKd;w&m;wdkY qufpyfvsuf txyfxyf jzpfaeaom
kyef mrf oEmef tpOf\ tpOftqufrjywf txyfxyf jzpfaeonfudk 0dyemorm'd|d Pfynmjzifh
ukd,fwkdifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odjrifjcif;aMumifh {uwenf;onf xif&Sm;vm\ - [k t|uxmu
zGifhqkdjcif; jzpfonf/ (r[m#D-2-424/)
2/ cPawm O','e = cPtm;jzifh ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfrIudk Ijrifjcif;jzifh xdkodkY Ijrifaom
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ Pf emewenf;onf xif&Sm;vm\/ tb,faMumifhenf;[lrl ------ topftopf
xyfumxyfum jzpfaeMuukeaf om ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk cPrpJ woJoJ jzpfjcif; Oyg'fudk 0dyemorm'd|d
Pfynmjzifh uk,
d w
f idk rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmuf odjrifjcif;aMumifw
h nf;/ xdo
k Ykd odjrifvwfaomf vGerf if;pGmvQif jrJ\[k pGJ,lwwfaom ow'd|dukd y,fpGefYEdkif\/ (0dok'd-2-268/)
ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf Oyg'f-XD-bif[laom cPoHk;yg;wdkY\ taygif;jzpfaom cPwdkif; cPwdkif;
jzpfay:aeMuukef\ - [laom odkYaom teufoabmonf cPawm O','e = cPtm;jzifh
tjzpfoufoufukd Ijrifjcif;jzifh NyD;pD;vwfaomf emewenf;ukd odjcif;iSm &&Sdjcif;iSm jzpfay\/ ,if;odkY
240
emewenf;ukd odojzifh taMumif; = ypnf;w&m; tusKd; = yp,kyefw&m;wdkY\ toD;toD;aom

udk,fykdifobm0vuPm\ wpfckpD uGJjym;rIukd xkd;xGif; odjcif;aMumifh ---- aom ua&mwd? aom
y#doHa0a'wd = xdkolonfyif jyK\? xkdolonfyif cHpm;\ - odkYpaom enf;jzifh jzpfay:vmaom
ow'd|d\ axmuf&mwnf&m r&Sdonf\tjzpf jzpfcGifhr&Sdonf\ tjzpfonf xif&Sm;ownf;/
xkdaMumifh txufyg pum;&yfukd t|uxmq&mawmfu zGifhqkdoGm;awmfrljcif; jzpfayonf/
(r[m#D-2-424/)
kyw
f &m; emrfw&m;wdo
Yk nf Oyg'f-XD-bif[al om tcsed u
f mv oufwrf;aphu csKyyf suo
f mG ;Mu&\/
odkYaomf taMumif;w&m;wdkYonf tusKd;w&m;wdkY jzpfay:vmatmif aus;Zl;jyKay;aeorQ umvywfvHk;
tusKd; kyfemrfw&m;wdkYonf taMumif; rukefao;orQ topftopf xyfumxyfum jzpfvsufyif
&SMd u\/ xdo
k Ykd jzpf&m a&S;a&S;ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk uk,
d yf idk o
f bm0vuPmum; wjcm; aemufaemufocFg&
w&m;wdkY\ ukd,fykdifobm0vuPmum; wjcm;jzpf\/ a&S;a&S;yx0D\ ukd,fykdifobm0vuPmum;
wjcm; aemufaemuf topftopfjzpfaom yx0D\ ud,
k yf ikd o
f bm0vuPmum; wjcm; a&S;a&S;z\
uk,
d yf ikd o
f bm0vuPmum; wjcm; aemufaemufz\ ud,
k yf ikd o
f bm0vuPmum; wjcm; jzpf\/
a&S;a&S;y&rwfw&m;\ Oyg'fumvESifh aemufaemufy&rwfw&m;\ Oyg'fumvwdkYonf cPcsif; rwlnDMuaomaMumifh jzpf\/ Oyg'fumvcsif; rwlnDMuaomaMumifh jzpf\/ Oyg'fcsif; NydKif jzpfMuaom
w&m;wdYk uk,
d yf idk o
f bm0vuPm uGjJ ym;rIrmS ajymzG,&f myif rvdak wmhay/ xdak Mumifh ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk
cPrpJwoJoJ topftopf xyfumxyfum jzpfrIukd 0dyemPfjzifh jrifaeaom odaeaom
olawmfaumif;\ Pf emewenf; xif&Sm;vmjcif; jzpfayonf/
3/ yp,awm O',A,'e = taMumif;w&m; jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusK;d w&m; jzpfykH taMumif;w&m;
csKyfjcif;aMumifh tusKd;w&m; csKyfyHkudk Ijrifjcif;jzifh xkda,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ Pf tAsmyg&enf;onf
xif&Sm;vm\/ tb,faMumifhenf;[lrl ---- y&rw"rwdkY\ rnfonfh yk*dKvfow0g wpfpHkwpfa,muf\
tvdkodkYrQ rvkdufygwwfonf\ tjzpfukd 0dyemorm'd|d Pfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odjrifwwfaomaMumifhwnf;/ xdkodkY odjrifvwfaomf vGefrif;pGmvQif tw&Sd\[k pGJvrf;
,HkMunfaom tw'd|dukd y,fpGefYEdkif\/ (0dok'd-2-268/)
yp,awm O',A,'e Pfjzifh -- taMumif;w&m;onf xif&mS ;&Sv
d wfaomf tusK;d w&m;\
xif&Sm;jzpfjcif;onf jzpfay:vm\? taMumif;w&m;onf xif&Sm;r&Sdvwfaomf tusKd;w&m;\ xif&Sm;
rjzpfjcif;onf jzpfay:vm\ - odaYk om teufoabm\ Ny;D pD;jcif;aMumifh xif&mS ;&So
d nf\ tjzpfrQjzifh
omvQif xkdt0dZmpaom w&m;wdkYonf taMumif;w&m;jzpfukef\/ taMumif;w&m;wdkY tusKd;w&m;wdkYukd jzpfay:vmatmif jyKvkyf&ef aMumifhMuAsmyg& oabmw&m;onf xif&Sm; r&Sday/ odkYvQif
yp,awm O',A,'e PftjrifEiS hf jynfph akH om a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f Pf tAsmyg&enf;onf
xif&mS ;vm\/ ,if;odYk tAsmyg&enf;\ xif&mS ;vmjcif;aMumifh tw'|d \
d axmuf&mwnf&m r&So
d nf\
tjzpf jzpfcGifhr&Sdonf\tjzpfonf jzpfay:vm\? tb,faMumifhenf;[lrl wpfpHkwpfa,mufaom
yk*dKvfow0g\ odkYr[kwf tw\ tvdktwdkif; jzpfjcif;ukd r&tyf r&Ekdifonf\ tjzpfaMumifhwnf;/
xdkaMumifh y&rw"rwdkY\ rnfonfh yk*dKvfow0g wpfpHkwpfa,muf\ tvkdodkYrQ rvkdufygwwfonf\
tjzpfukd a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf 0dyemorm'd|d Pfynmjzifh ukd,fwkdifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf
241
odjrifjcif;aMumifh xkd0dyemPfu tw&Sd\[k pGJvrf;,HkMunfaom tw'd|dukd y,fpGefYEdkifaMumif;ukd

t|uxmq&mawmfu zGifhqdkoGm;awmfrljcif; jzpfayonf/ taMumif;w&m;wnf;[laom olwpfyg;ESifh
qufpyfrI&Sdaeonf\ tjzpfonf y&rw"rwdkY\ t0o0wdbm0 rnf\ = wpfpHkwpfa,mufaom
yk*dKvfow0g\ odkYr[kwf tw\ tvkdtwdkif; jzpfjcif;ukd r&tyf r&Edkifonf\ tjzpf rnf\/ ocFw
y&rwfw&m;wdkY qkdif&mqkdif&m taMumif;w&m;\ xif&Sm;&SdaerIudkyifvQif olwpfyg;ESifh qufpyfrI
&Sdonf\ tjzpf[k od&Sdygav/ (r[m#D-2-425/)
4/ yp,awm O','e = taMumif;w&m; xif&Sm;jzpfjcif; xif&Sm;&Sdaejcif;aMumifh tusKd;w&m;
xif&Sm;jzpfyHkukd Ijrifojzifh xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ Pf {0H"rwmenf;onf xif&Sm;vm\/ tb,faMumifhenf;[lrl ------ taMumif;w&m;tm;avsmfojzifh tusKd;w&m;\ jzpfjcif;ukd a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf
0dyemorm'd|d Pfynmjzifh ukd,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odjrifjcif;aMumifhwnf;/ xdkodkY
odjrifvwfaomf vSHrapmuf jrJjrHpGmvQif tud&d,'d|dudk y,fpGefYEdkif\/ (0dok'd-2-268/)
yp,awm O','e = taMumif;w&m; xif&Sm;&Sdjcif;aMumifh tusKd;w&m; xif&Sm;jzpfyHkukd
Ijrifwwfaom yp,awm O','ePfjzifh xkx
d dk qkid &f mqkid &f m taMumif;w&m;wdaYk Mumifh tusK;d
ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf jzpfay:vmMu&ukef\? xdkodkY jzpfukefaomfvnf; jzpfvdkoa&GU [kwf[kwf nm;nm;
jzpfcsifovkdum; rjzpf? taMumif;tm;avsmfpGmomvQif jzpfukef\[k taMumif;w&m; xif&Sm;&Sdaom
tusKd;w&m;\ taMumif;ESifh avsmfnDpGmomvQif NyD;pD;vm&jcif; jzpfay:vm&jcif;aMumifh ]]xkdxdkukokdvf
tukokdvfukd jyKaomfvnf; jyKonfrrnf = tusKd;ray;}}[k pGJ,lwwfaom tud&d,'d|d\ axmuf&m
wnf&m r&Sdonf\ tjzpfonfomvQif jzpfcGifh r&Sdonf\ tjzpfonfomvQif xif&Sm; jzpfay:vm\/
xkdaMumifh txufygpum;&yfukd t|uxmq&mawmfu zGifhqkdoGm;awmfrljcif; jzpfayonf? um&P =
taMumif;w&m;onf xif&mS ;&Sv
d wfaomf tud&,
d 0g'onf tb,frmS vQif axmuf&mwnf&mukd &&SEd idk -f
ygawmhtehH nf;/ rSeaf yonf ---- um&P = taMumif;w&m;[lonf jyKvkyfwwfaomaMumifh omvQif
um&P = taMumif;w&m; rnfayonf/ tusKd;w&m;ukd jyKvkyfwwfaomaMumifh um&P = taMumif;
w&m; rnf\ [lvo
kd nf/ (r[m#D-2-425/) (enf;av;yg;taMumif;ukd a&S;y#dpo
rkyg 'fyikd ;f wGiv
f nf;
tus,f &Sif;vif;wifjycJh\/ xdktydkif;ESifh tykdif;ukd qufpyf jyefvnf zwfIMunfhyg/)

1/ yp,awm O','e = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh jzpfrIukd taMumif;w&m; xif&Sm;&Sdvmjcif;aMumifh tusKd;w&m; xif&Sm;jzpfrIudk Ijrifjcif;jzifh xkda,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ Pf tewvuPmonf
xif&Sm;vm\/ tb,faMumifhenf;[lrl ---- ocFwy&rwfw&m;wdkY\ tusKd;w&m;ukd jzpfay:vmatmif
tm;xkwfjcif; Asmyg& uif;onf\ tjzpf taMumif;w&m;ESifh pyfom jzpfjcif; &Sdonf\ tjzpfukd
xdk;xGif; odjcif;aMumifhwnf;/ (0dok'd-2-268/)
taMumif;w&m; xif&mS ;&Sjd cif;aMumifh tusK;d w&m; xif&mS ;jzpfyu
kH dk Ijrifaeaom yp,awm O','ePftjrifESifh jynfhpHkaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef -------- taMumif;w&m;onf xif&Sm;
&Sdvwfaomf taMumif;w&m;wdkY tusKd;w&m;wdkYukd jzpfapEdkifaom obm0owdpGrf;tifonf xif&Sm;
242
&Sdvwfaomf tusKd;w&m;\ jzpfjcif;onf xif&Sm;jzpfay:vm\ - odkYvQif taMumif;w&m;wdkYonf =

taMumif;w&m;wdkY\ tusKd;w&m;wdkYukd jzpfapEkdifaom obm0owdpGrf;tifonf xif&Sm;&Sdonf\
tjzpfrQjzifh tusKd;w&m;wdkYukd jzpfay:vmatmif aus;Zl;jyKwwfonf\ tjzpfonf jzpfcJh&um; ocFw
w&m;wdkY\ tusKd;w&m;wdkY jzpfay:vmatmif tm;xkwfjcif; aMumifhMuAsmyg& r&Sdonf\ tjzpfonf
vnf;aumif; taMumif;w&m;onf xif&mS ; r&Sv
d wfaomf tusK;d w&m;\ xif&mS ; r&Sjd cif;onf jzpfay:vm\ - odkYvQif tusKd;w&m;wdkY\ taMumif;w&m;ESifhpyfaom jzpfjcif; &Sdonf\ tjzpfonf vnf;aumif; xif&Sm;odtyfonfjzpf twrS qdwfokOf;onf\ tjzpfukd xif&Sm;jywwf&um; yp,awm
O','e PftjrifESifh jynfhpHkaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef tewvuPm xif&Sm;vmaMumif;ukd t|uxmq&mawmfu txufygtwdkif; zGifhqdkoGm;awmfrljcif; jzpf\/ (r[m#D-2-425/)
2/ cPawm O',A,'e = ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ cPtm;jzifh tjzpf tysufukd Ijrifjcif;jzifh xkd
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ Pf tedpvuPmonf xif&Sm;vm\/ tb,faMumifhenf;[lrl ---- a&S;ur&Sd
,ckrS kwfjcnf;jzpfay:vm t&Snfrwnf csufwpfjzKwf ysufpD;csKyfaysmufjcif;ukd 0dyemorm'd|d
Pfynmjzifh uk,
d w
f idk rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmufojd rifjcif;aMumifv
h nf;aumif; rjzpfrD a&S;tzdYk csKyyf suNf y;D
aemuftzdkY r&Sdjcif;oabmodkY a&mufonf\tjzpf = uif;qdwfonf\ tjzpfudk 0dyemorm'd|d
Pfjzifh ukd,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrifjcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;wnf;/ (0dok'd-2-268/)
ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ cPtm;jzifh jzpfrI ysufrIukd Ijrifjcif;jzifh ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfjcif; ysufjcif;
tm;jzifh ydkif;jcm;tyfonf\ tjzpfudk odtyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ Pf tedp
vuPmonf xif&Sm;vmay\/ xdkaMumifh ------ a&S;u r&Sd? ,ckrS kwfjcnf; jzpfay:vm t&Snfrwnf
csuw
f pfjzKwf ysupf ;D csKyaf ysmufjcif;ukd 0dyemorm'd|d Pfynmjzifh uk,
d w
f idk rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmuf
odjrifjcif;aMumifh tedpvuPm xif&Sm;vmaMumif;ukd t|uxmq&mawmfu zGifhqdkoGm;awmfrljcif;
jzpf\/ rSefayonf ---- jzpfNyD; csKyfysufjcif;[lonf jzpfNyD; &SdNyD; r&Sdjcif;aywnf;/ rjzpfrD a&S;tzdkY
uif;qdwfjcif; jzpfNyD; aemuftzdkY uif;qdwfjcif; = rjzpfrD a&S;tzdkY r&Sdjcif; jzpfNyD; aemuftzdkY r&Sdjcif;
onf ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk rjzpfrD a&S;tzd[
Yk al om twdwf csKyNf y;D aemuftzd[
Yk al om tem*wf - twdwf
tem*wftzdkYtpkwdkY uif;qdwfonf\ tjzpf = r&Sdonf\ tjzpf[laom oknjzpfrI oabmyifwnf;/
rSefayonf --- ocFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nf Oyg'f-XD-bif[al om cPoH;k yg;taygif;rS a&S;vnf;aumif; aemuf
vnf;aumif; xif&Sm; r&SdMuukef/ xkdaMumifh rjzpfrD a&S;tzdkY csKyfysufNyD; aemuftzdkY uif;qdwfonf\
tjzpfukd xkd;xGif;odjcif;aMumifh - [lonf tpESifh tqHk; &Sdonf\ tjzpfukd xkd;xGif; odjcif;aMumifh
[laom teufoabmudk od&Sdygav/ (r[m#D-2-425/)
3/ 'kuvuPmonfvnf; xif&Sm;vm\/ tb,faMumifhenf;[lrl ---- jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; O',A,
oabmwdkYonf tzefwvJvJ ESdyfpuftyfonf\ tjzpfukd xdk;xGif; odjcif;aMumifhwnf;/
(0dok'd-2-268/)
jzpfukefNyD; ysufukefaom ocFg&w&m;wdkYukd Oyg'fcPrS txuf tdkjcif; &ifhjcif; = Z&m = XD
cP ysufjcif; = bifcP[laom tcdkuftwefY txl;wdkY\ jzpfjcif;jzifh tjrJrjywf EdSyfpuftyfukefonf
omvQifwnf;/ xkdocFg&w&m;wdkY\ xkdodkY jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; 'Pfcsufjzifh tESdyfpufcH&onf\ tjzpfonfvnf; aumif;rGefrSefuefpGm ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfjcif; ysufjcif;ukd Ijrifjcif;jzifh xif&Sm;vm\/
243
xdak Mumifh ocFg&w&m;wdu

Yk dk jzpfjcif; ysujf cif; O',A,oabmwdo
Yk nf tzefwvJvJ ESyd pf uftyfonf\
tjzpfukd xdk;xGif; odjcif;aMumifh 'kuvuPmonfvnf; xif&Sm;vm\[k t|uxmq&mawmfu
zGifhqdkoGm;awmfrljcif; jzpf\/ (r[m#D-2-425/)
4/ ocFg&w&m;wd\
I kd Ijrifjcif;jzifh tedpv
uPm 'kuv
uPm oufouf
omvQif xif&Sm;onfr[kwfao; pifppfaomfum; yx0D"mwf\ uuVwvuPm = rmrIoabm
z\ zkoevuPm = tmHkukd awGUxdaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh jzpfjcif;oabm odkY ponfjzifh
owfrSwftyfaom y&rw"rwdkY\ obm0[k qkdtyfaom ukd,fykdio
f bm0vuPmonfvnf; xif&mS ;
vm\? tb,faMumifhenf;[lrl ---- ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfjcif; ysufjcif;jzifh ykdif;jcm;tyfonf\ tjzpfukd
0dyemPfynmjzifh xdk;xGif; odjcif;aMumifhwnf;/ (0dok'd-2-268/)
yg*bm00d'Hombm0g0pdEH --- ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf rjzpfrD a&S;rqGu r&Sdao;jcif; ysufjcif; bif
umv\ aemuf r&Sdjcif; - r&Sdjcif; ESpfrsKd;wdkYjzifh ydkif;jcm;tyfonf jzpf ,if; a&S; aemuf ESpf&yf
r&Sdjcif; ESpfrsKd;wdkY\ tv,ftMum;omvQif Oyg'f-XD-bif tm;jzifh ,m,D acwcP &Sdvsuf xif&Sm;
vmonf [lvkd/ (r[m#D-2-425/)
5/ y&rw"rw\
Ykd uk,
d yf idk o
f bm0vuPmonf xif&mS ;vwfaomf ocFwvuPm\ Oyg'f-XDbif [laom tvGefwdkaom umv&Sdonf\ tjzpfonfvnf; xif&Sm;vm\/ tb,faMumifhenf;[lrl
jzpfqJ Oyg'fcP ysufjcif; bif\ ysufqJ bifcPvnf; jzpfjcif; Oyg'f\ r&Sdonf\ tjzpfukd
0dyemPfjzifh xkd;xGif; odjrifjcif;aMumifhwnf;/ (0dok'd-2-268/)
ocFww&m;wdkif; Oyg'f-XD-bif[laom cPoHk;yg;pD toD;toD; &Sd\/ xdkaMumifh Oyg'f-XDbif[laom cPoHk;yg;&Sdaom w&m;rSeforQonf ocFww&m;wnf;/ Oyg'f-XD-bif[laom cPoHk;yg;
taygif;onf ocFww&m;[k odaMumif; trSwftom; = ocFwvuPmwnf;/
ocFg&w&m;wd\
I dk Ijrifjcif;jzifh Oyg'f-XD-bif[al om ocFwvuPm\
Oyg'fcP XDcP bifcP[laom tvGew
f akd wmif;aom umv&So
d nf\ tjzpfonfvnf; xif&mS ;vm\/
tb,faMumifhenf;[lrl --- xdkocFwvuPm\ cPwpfyg;odkY wkdifatmif rwnfwhHjcif;aMumifhwnf;/
(Oyg'fcPonf XDcPodkY wdkifatmif XDcPonfvnf; bifcPodkY wkdifatmif bifcPonfvnf;
tjcm;aom y&rwfw&m;\ = topftopfaom y&rwfw&m;\ Oyg'fcPodYk wkid af tmif rwnfwjHh cif;aMumifh[k qdkvdk\/) xkdaMumifh jzpfqJ Oyg'fcP ysufjcif; bif\ ysufqJ bifcPvnf; jzpfjcif;
Oyg'f\ r&Sdonf\ tjzpfudk 0dyemPfjzifh xdk;xGif; odjrifjcif;aMumifh ocFwvuPm\ tvGef
wkad wmif;aom oufwrf;umv &So
d nf\tjzpfonfvnf; xif&mS ;vmaMumif;ukd t|uxmq&mawmfu
zGifhqdkoGm;awmfrljcif; jzpf\/ wpfzef t&m O',-0, = tjzpf-tysufrQudk ,l zGifhqdkjcif;onf
O',A,Pf\ ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk tjzpf-tysuu
f dk Ijrifonf\ tpGr;f jzifo
h mvQif jzpfjcif;aMumifh
wnf;/ ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ XDcP\ r&Sdjcif;aMumifhum; r[kwf[k rSwfyg/ (r[m#D-2-425-426/)
odkYvQif op - y#dporkyg'f - e, - vuP tjym;wdkY xif&Sm;vmaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\
Pf0,f ]]odv
Yk Qif ocFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nf a&S; rjzpfz;l ukeo
f nf jzpf ,ckrS topfjzpfuek o
f wwf?
244
jzpfukefNyD;aom ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf t&Snfrwnf csufwpfjzKwf csKyfysufukefowwf}}[k tjrJ topf

topfwdkYonfomvQif jzpfukef ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf xifvmayukef\/ tjrJ topftopfwdkYom
jzpfukef xifvmukefonf r[kwfao;? pifppfrSmrl aejcnfxdaysmuf ESif;&nfaygufuJhodkYvnf;aumif;
a&>yufuJhodkYvnf;aumif; a&ay: awmifa0S;wkwfacsmif;jzifh om;vkdufaom ta&;tom;uJhodkY
vnf;aumif; yGwaf qmufzsm;ay: wifxm;vdu
k af om rken
f if;aphuo
hJ v
Ykd nf;aumif; vQypf pfjyufouJo
h Ykd
vnf;aumif; = vQyfppf vQyfyef;EG,fuJhodkYvnf;aumif; oufwrf;tm;jzifh wkdawmif;vSpGmaom tcsdef
umvrQom wnfjcif; &Sdukef\ [lvnf; xifvmukef\/
onfrQomruao;? rsufvSnfhyrm wHvSyfyrm tdyfrufyrm xif;rD;pudkukdif ywfywfvnfatmif vSnt
hf yfaom rD;pufr;D 0kid ;f yrm *EAe wfw\
Ykd jrL;wl;aysmyf g; upm;vkad om tvdq
k Ejzifh NrKd UuJo
h Ykd
aumif;uif xifaptyfaom = wnfaxmifzefqif;tyfaom ewfNrdKUyrm a&jrKyfpdkifyrm iSufaysmwHk;
yrm- tp&SdonfwdkYuJhodkY tESpfuif;ukefonfjzpf tESpfrJhukef\ - [kvnf; xifvmukef\/
(0do'k -d 2-268-269/)
wkP 0dyemPf
{wm0wmaee ]]0,"rar0 OyZwd? OyE 0,H OaywD}}wd rdem tmuma&e orynmovuPmed y#d0Zd w
d mG XdwH O',A,mEkyeH emr wkP0dyemPH t"d*wH a[mwd/ ,m"d*rm
tm&'0dyaumwd ocF H *pwd/ (0dok'd-2-269/)
rQ twkdif;t&Snf &Sdaom ocFg&wdkY\ jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; = O',A,ukd 0dyembm0emPfjzifh uk,
d w
f ikd f rsuaf rSmuf xGi;f azmuf odjrifonfh wdik af tmifaom bm0em tpDt&ifjzifh a,m*g0p&
yk*dKvfonf ]]ocFg&w&m; rSeforQonf ysufjcif;oabmw&m; &Sdonf jzpfomvQif jzpfay:vm\?
jzpfNy;D vnf; rdr\
d oabm"rwmtm;jzifh ysujf cif;odo
Yk mvQif uyfa&mufomG ;\}}[k odaYk om tjcif;
t&mtm;jzifh trQ (50)aom vuPmwdkYukd xdk;xGif;odjrifNyD; wnfaeaom O',A,mEkyem
rnfaom Eke,faom wkP0dyemPfonf &tyfNy;D jzpfayonf/ ,if; O',A,mEkyemPfukd
&&Sdjcif;aMumifh tm&'0dyu = tm;xkwftyfaom 0dyem &Sdaom = tm;xkwfqJ 0dyem &Sdaom
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf[k ac:a0:jcif;odkY a&muf&Sdvmayonf/ (0dok'd-2-269/)
udwm 0wm p Ek acg abmawm a*gwr om0aum omoeua&m a[mwd Mo0g'ywdua&m?
wdP0dpdudapm 0d*wuxHuaxm a0om&Zyawm ty&ypa,m owKomoae 0d[&wDwd/ "
t*da0e rr om0aum ,H udd lyH twDwmem*wypKyEH tZwH 0g A[d'g 0g MoVm&duH 0g okckrH
0g [DeH 0g yPDwH 0g ,H 'la& oEdau 0g? oAH lyH ]]aewH rr? aeaom[rod? e araom twm}}wd
{0arwH ,xmblwH orynm, ywd/ ,m umpd a0'em/ y / ,m umpd onm/ y / a, aupd
ocFg&m/ y / ,H udd 0dnmPH/ y /
/ {wm0wm acg t*da0e rr om0aum omoeua&m
a[mwd Mo0g'ywdua&m? wdP0dpdudapm 0d*wuxHuaxm a0om&Zyawm ty&ypa,m
owKomoae 0d[&wDwd/ (r-1-297/ plVopuokwef/)
245
orynm, ywDwd o[ 0dyem, r*ynm, ok|K ywd/ (oH-|-2-197/)

or/ y / ywDwd ykAbma* 0dyemaPe oroe0aoe r*uaP tbdor,0aoe
ok|K twypaue aPe ywd/ (oH-#D-2-181/)
opu-tar; --------- tb,frQaom twdkif;t&Snfjzifh t&Sifa*gwr\ wynfhom0uonf tqHk;
trudk vdu
k ef mol TeMf um;csuu
f kd vdu
k ef mol jzpfoenf;? ,Hrk mS ;jcif;udk vGeaf jrmufvsuf odaYk vm odaYk vm
awG;awmjcif; uif;vsuf &J&ifjh cif; (= &J&ifah omPf) odaYk &mufvsuf olwpfyg;udk ud,
k ;f pm; ,HMk unf&ef
rvdkawmhonfjzpf jrwfpGmbk&m;omoemawmf aeygoenf; - [k ar;\/
bk&m;&Sifh-tajz --------- t*da0e ...omoemawmf ig\ wynfhom0uonf ----1/ twGif; (= tZw) jzpfonfjzpfap
2/ ty (= A[d') jzpfonfjzpfap
3/ kefY&if;onfjzpfap
4/ odrfarGUonfjzpfap
5/ ,kwfonfjzpfap
6/ jrwfonfjzpfap
7/ ta0; (wnfonf) jzpfap
8/ teD; (wnfonf) jzpfap
9/10/11/ twdwf tem*wf ypKyefjzpfaom kyftm;vHk;udk ---]]kyfonf igydkif r[kwf? kyfonf ig r[kwf? kyfonf igYudk,f = tw r[kwf}} - [k
odv
Yk Qif kyu
f kd trSet
f wdik ;f (0dyemynm r*fynm[laom) aumif;aomynmjzifh Ijrif\/
cHpm;jcif; = a0'emudk/ y /
rSwfom;jcif; = onmudk / y /
jyKjyifpD&ifrI = ocFg&wdkYudk/ y /
txl;odrI = 0dnmPftm;vHk;udk/ y / Ijrif\/
t*da0e ...rQaom twdkif;t&Snfjzifh ig\ wynfhom0uonf tqHk;trudk vdkufemol
TeMf um;csuu
f kd vdu
k ef moljzpf\? ,Hrk mS ;jcif;udk vGeaf jrmufvsuf odaYk vm odaYk vm awG;awmjcif;uif;vsuf
&J&ifjh cif; PfoYkd a&mufvsuf olwpfyg;udk ud,
k ;f pm;,HMk unf&ef rvdak wmhonfjzpf jrwfpmG bk&m;omoemawmf ae\[k rdefYawmfrl\/ (r-1-297/ rlvyPmoygVdawmfjrefrmjyef-305/ plVopuokwef/)
rSwfcsuf ---- twDwmem*wypKyEH tedpawm 00awwDwdtm'dem ea,e twDwwdua0
p 0aoe oroe 0kwwm tZwm'dab'H temrodwGmyd twDwwdua0 0aoe y&d pdEdwGmyd tedpm'dawm oroeH umwAar0/ (y#doH-|-1-233/) ---- txufyg rlvyPmoygVdawmf
jrefrmjyefrSm y#dord'gr*t|uxmtzGifhESifh tnDyif jzpfonf/
,om yaew ywDwd 0kwwm aoublrd 'dwm/ wom Ow&d taoublr ykpaEm
'kwd,H yOH ykpd? wrd b*0g Asmumod/ (r-|-2-182/)
246
txufyg tajzrSm ------ ywd = Ijrif\[k a[mMum;xm;awmfrlonfhtwGuf aoubHkudk

Tefjyvsuf&Sd\/ xdkaMumifh txuf taoubHkudk ar;avQmufvdk 'kwd,jyemudk qufvuf
ar;jref;jyef\? bk&m;&Siu
f vnf; tajzay;awmfr\
l / ,if;'kw,
d tar;tajzrSm atmufygtwdik ;f jzpf\/
udwm0wm ye abm a*gwr bduK t&[H a[mwd cDPmoa0g 0kodw0g uwu&PDa,m
Mo[dwbma&m tEkywo'awm y&duDPb0oHa,mZaem or'nm 0drkawmwd/
" t*da0e bduK ,H udd lyH twDwmem*wypKyEH tZwH 0g A[d'g 0g MoVm&duH 0g
okckrH 0g [DeH 0g yPDwH 0g ,H 'la& oEdau 0g? oAH lyH ]]aewH rr? aeaom[rod? e araom
twm}}wd {0arwH ,xmblwH orynm, 'doGm tEkyg'g 0drkawm a[mwd/ ,m umpd a0'em/ y /
,m umpd onm/ y / a, aupd ocFg&m/ y / ,H udd 0dnmPH/ y /
{wm0wm acg t*da0e bduK t&[H a[mwd cDPmoa0g 0kodw0g uwu&PDa,m
Mo[dwbma&m tEkywo'awm y&duDPb0oHa,mZaem or'nm 0drkawm/ (r-1-298/)
opu-tar; ---- t&Sifa*gwr tb,frQaom twdkif;t&Snfjzifh &[ef;onf tmoa0gukefNyD;aom r*ftusiu
hf kd usio
hf ;kH Ny;D aom jyKz,
G u
f pd u
kd jyKusiNhf y;D aom 0efukd csxm;Ny;D aom rdrd (t&[wzv
fkd )f
tusKd;pD;yGm;odkY a&mufNyD;aom b0udk aESmifzGJUjcif; = oHa,mZOf ukefcef;NyD;aom aumif;pGm od
vGwfajrmufNyD;aom &[Emjzpfygoenf;[k ar;\/
bk&m;&Sifh-tajz ---- t*da0e ... omoemawmf &[ef;onf ---1/ twGif; = (tZw) jzpfonfjzpfap
2/ ty = (A[d') jzpfonfjzpfap
3/ kefY&if;onfjzpfap
4/ odrfarGUonfjzpfap
5/ ,kwfonfjzpfap
6/ jrwfonfjzpfap
7/ ta0; (wnfonf) jzpfap
8/ teD; (wnfonf) jzpfap
9/10/11/ twdwf tem*wf ypKyefjzpfaom kyftm;vHk;udk ---]]kyfonf igY[m r[kwf? kyfonf ig r[kwf? kyfonf igYudk,f r[kwf}} - [k
odkY kyfudk trSeftwdkif; (0dyemynm r*fynm[laom) aumif;aomynmjzifh Ijrif
rpGJvrf;bJ vGwfajrmuf\/
cHpm;jcif; = a0'emudk/ y /
rSwfom;jcif; = onmudk / y /
jyKjyifpD&ifrI = ocFg&wdkYudk/ y /
txl;odrI = 0dnmPftm;vHk;udk/ y /
247
t*da0e ...rQaom twdkif;t&Snfjzifh &[ef;onf tmoa0gukefNyD;aom r*ftusifhudk

usifhokH;NyD;aom jyKzG,fudpudk jyKusifhNyD;aom 0efudkcsxm;NyD;aom rdrd (t&[wzdkvf) tusKd;pD;yGm;odkY
&a&mufNyD;aom b0udk aESmifzJGUjcif; = oHa,mZOf ukefcef;NyD;aom aumif;pGmod vGwfajrmufNyD;aom
&[Emjzpf\[k rdefYawmfrl\/ (r-1-298/ rlvyPmoygVdawmf jrefrmjyef-305-306/)
a'oemawmfwiG f bk&m;&Si\
f TeMf um;xm;awmfro
l nfh Iuu
G Ef iS t
hf nD a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf
aoubo
kH Ykd a&muf&adS &;twGuv
f nf;aumif; taoubo
kH Ykd a&muf&adS &;twGuv
f nf;aumif; wpfenf;
aout&d,m olawmfaumif; jzpfa&;twGuf vnf;aumif; taou&[Emolawmfaumif; jzpfa&;
twGufvnf;aumif; ------- tZwjzpfap A[d'jzpfap MoVm&dujzpfap okckrjzpfap [Dejzpfap
yPDwjzpfap 'l&jzpfap oEu
d jzpfap twdwf tem*wf ypKye f jzpfonfh kyt
f m;vH;k udk a0'emtm;vH;k udk
onmtm;vHk;udk ocFg&tm;vHk;udk 0dnmPftm;vHk;udk ------ ]]aewH rr? aeaom[ro?d e araom twm}}
[k = tedp[k 'ku[k tew[k I&rnfom jzpfayonf/
TeMf um;csurf sm;ESit
hf nD toifoal wmfaumif;onfvnf; O',A,mEkyemPf &ifo
h efa&;twGuf ---1/ &Hcg kyfw&m;ukd
2/ &Hcg emrfw&m;ukd
3/ &Hcg tZw cEmig;yg;ukd
4/ &Hcg A[d' cEmig;yg;ukd
5/ &Hcg twdwf cEmig;yg;ukd
6/ &Hcg tem*wf cEmig;yg;ukd
7/ &Hcg ypKyef cEmig;yg;ukd
8/ &Hcg taMumif;w&m;ukd
9/ &Hcg tusKd;w&m;ukd wpfvSnfhpD vSnfhvnf ---10/ &Hcg tedpvuPmukd
11/ &Hcg 'kuvuPmudk
12/ &Hcg tewvuPmukd wpfvSnfhpD wif wGifwGifBuD;om 0dyem Iygav/ a&S;wGif a&;om;
wifjycJhonfhtwkdif; um,mEkyem a0'emEkyem pdwmEkyem "rmEkyem enf;wdkYjzifhvnf; wpfvSnfhpD vSnfhvnf 0dyemIygav/
Eke,faom wkP0dyemodkY wdkifatmif wifjycJhaom pum;tpOf w&m;t,OfwdkYjzifh ---1/ tmemygewdorm"dukd pwkwpsmefodkY wkdifatmif IyGm;yHk um,mEkyem owdy|mef usifhpOf
yxrqifhudkvnf;aumif;
2/ tZw um,-a0'em-pdw-"rwnf;[laom cEmig;yg; A[d' um,-a0'em-pdw-"r
wnf;[laom cEmig;yg; odkYvQif tZw A[d' ESpfrsKd;vHk; um,-a0'em-pdw-"r-trnf
248
&aom Oyg'geuEm ig;yg;wdkYukd odrf;qnf;yHk owdy|mefusifhpOf 'kwd,qifhukdvnf;aumif;

tmemygewdorm"dydkif; kyfur|mef;ydkif; emrfur|mef;ykdif;wdkYwGif a&;om;wifjycJhNyD;avNyD/
,cktcg owdy|mefusifhpOf wwd,qifhukd a&;om;wifjyaeqJ jzpf\/ xkdwwd,qifhwGif ---(u) y#dpo
rkyg 'fyidk ;f (c) oroePfyidk ;f (*) O',A,Pfyikd ;f [k tykid ;f Bu;D oH;k ykid ;f yg0if\?
,if;wwd,qifhukd TefMum;xm;awmfrlaom a'oemawmfrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpf\/ ---3/ ork',"rmEkyD0g um,od H 0d[&wd? 0,"rmEkyD 0g um,od H 0d[&wd? ork',0,"rmEkyD 0g um,od H 0d[&wd/ (r-1-71/)
ork',"rmEkyD0g a0'emok 0d[&wd? 0,"rmEkyD 0g a0'emok 0d[&wd? ork',0,"rmEkyD 0g a0'emok 0d[&wd/ (r-1-75/)
ork',"rmEkyD0g pdwod H 0d[&wd? 0,"rmEkyD 0g pdwod H 0d[&wd? ork',0,"rmEkyD 0g pdwod H 0d[&wd/ (r-1-76/)
ork',"rmEkyD0g "arok 0d[&wd? 0,"rmEkyD 0g "arok 0d[&wd? ork',0,"rmEkyD 0g "arok 0d[&wd/ (r-1-77-78/)
a'oemawmfwdkYum;-um,-a0'em-pdw-"r trnf&aom owd\ uyfwnf&m tmHk"r
wdYk ---1/ jzpfaMumif;oabmESifh jzpfjcif;oabm
2/ csKyfaMumif;oabmESifh csKyfjcif;oabm
3/ jzpfaMumif;oabmESifh jzpfjcif;oabm csKyfaMumif;oabmESifh csKyfjcif;oabmwdkYukd ---tzefzef txyfxyf IyGm;oHk;oyf&ef TefMum;xm;awmfrlaom a'oemawmfrsm;yif jzpfMu\/
a'oemawmfrsm;ESit
hf nD edAm e*grdeyd #dy'g trnf&adS om usr;f vnf; ------- owdy|mefusifhpOf
wwd,qifhoYkd wkid af tmifaom usiphf Of t&yf&yfwu
Ykd dk a&;om;wifjycJah vNy/D edAm efudk vkv
d m;awmifw
h aom olawmfaumif;taygif;wdo
Yk nf usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm; tm;xkwaf wmfrEl idk Mf uygapukeo
f wnf;/
wkP0dyemykdif;wGif Oyudavow&m; (10)yg;wdkY jzpfwwfaMumif;udk 0dok'dr*t|uxmwGif
a&;om;zGifhqdkxm;ayonf/ ,if;Oyudavow&m; taMumif;udk qufvuf a&;om;wifjyaytHh/ --

xkdaemif O',A,mEkyem[k qkdtyfaom wkP0dyem\ tpGrf;jzifh tm;xkwfqJ
0dyem&Sad om a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f oEmefomvQif 0dyemudk npfnL;apwwfuek af om Oyuad vo
w&m; (10)rsKd;wdkYonf jzpfay:vmMuukef\/ ajymif;jyeftm;jzifh qkd&rl 0dyEkyudavow&m;wdkYonf
r*fPf zdv
k
f Pf y#da0"odYk qdu
k af &mufNy;D aom t&d,om0u\ oEmefvnf;aumif; oDvysupf ;D jcif;paom wpfpHkwpfckaom ysufjym;aeaom tusifh&Sdaom yk*dKvf\ oEmefvnf;aumif; 0dyem
bm0emukd tm;xkwyf gaomfvnf;f bm0emvkyif ef;\ pyfMum;umv vrf;ckvwf wpfae&m pdw"f mwfrsm;
wGeq
Yf w
k
f pGeyYf pfcsxm;tyfaom 0dyemur|mef;&Sad om yk*Kd v\
f oEmefvnf;aumif; oDvponf
jynfhpHkygaomfvnf; ysif;&dvsuf 0dyembm0emukd tm;rxkwfaom yk*dKvf\ oEmefvnf;aumif;
249
rjzpfay:vmMuuke/f tavsmt
f m;jzifh qk&d rl ---- aumif;rGefrSefuefaom bk&m;a[ma'oemawmfESifh
nDGwfaom usifhpOf&Sdaom aU&SvkHYv aemufvkHYvpyf aumif;aomvkHYvjzifh 0dyemPbm0emudk
rjywftm;xkwfaom O',A,PfodkY wkdifatmif tm;xkwfqJ 0dyem &Sdaom tmpm&ukvykw =
trsK;d aumif;om;\ oEmefum; {uef jzpfuek o
f nfomwnf;/ rjzpfuek o
f nfum; r[kwu
f ek /f (tu,f
rjzpfukefcJhaomf r*f[kwfonf r[kwfonfukd ykdif;jcm;odwwfaom r*gr*PfonfyifvQif rjzpfoifhawmhaomaMumifh jzpf\/) (0dok'd-2-269/)
txufyg t|uxmpum;&yf y#da0"e,fodkY qdkufa&mufNyD;aom t&d,om0u olawmfaumif;\ oEmef Oyudavow&m;rsm;onf rjzpfukef[laom pum;rSm Ou|eda'oenf; t&
taumif;qHk;ukd Tefjyonfhtaejzifh tvGefqHk;ukd owfrSwf qkdjcif;jzpfonf/ b*FgEkyemPf
b,mEkyemPf tm'De0gEkyemPf[k qdktyfaom Eke,faom wkP0dyem\ tpGrf;jzifh
tm;xkwfqJ 0dyem&Sdaom tm&'0dyu yk*dKvfwdkY\ oEmefvnf; rjzpfEdkifukef? edAd'gEkyemPfponfjzifh ac:qdt
k yfaom tm;aumif;armif;oef oefrm tm;&Sad om Av00dyem\ tpGr;f jzifhvnf; tm;xkwfqJ 0dyem&Sdaom tm&'0dyuyk*dKvfwdkY\ oEmefvnf; rjzpfEdkifMuukef/
xkdaMumifh txufyg t|uxmpum;&yfukd Ou|eda'oenf;[k rSwfyg/ (r[m#D-2-427/)
,if;Oyudavow&m;wdkYrSm Mobmo P yDwd y'd okc t"darmu y*[ Oy|me
Oayum eduEd [k (10)rsKd; &Sday\/
tedpawm reodua&mawm Mobmaom OyZwd? ]]Mobmaom "arm}}wd MobmoH tm0Zwd?
wawm 0dauayg O'pH/ awe O'ape 0d*[dwrmeaom tedpawm Oy|meH ,xmblwH eyZmemwd/
'kuawm/ tewawm Oy|meH ,xmblwH eyZmemwd/
tedpawm reodua&mawm PH OyZwd/ y/ yDwd/ y'd/ okcH/ t"darmaum/ y*a[m/
Oy|meH/ Oayum/ eduEd OyZwd/ ]]eduEd "arm}}wd eduEd H tm0Zwd? wawm 0dauayg O'pH/ awe
O'ape 0d*[dwrmeaom tedpawm Oy|meH ,xmblwH eyZmemwd/ 'kuawm/ tewawm Oy|meH
,xmblwH eyZmemwd/ (y#doH-291/ 0dok'd-2-269/)
Mobmom'Dok ]]t&d,"arm}}wd y0wH O'pH 0dauayg "rK'p ?H awe "rK'a pe 0dyem0Dxad wm
Ouraee 0dlyH *[dwH y0wdwH rmeoH "rK'p0d*[dwrmeoH/ Mobmaom "armwd um&Plypma&em[/ 'doH MobmoH 0daZaEm rr t&d,ra*gwd tawm/ MobmoH tm0Zwd ]]edAme}}Ed 0g
]]ra*g}}wd 0g ]]zv}} Ed 0g/ edAmeEd *PSaEm ww y0w"ar r*zvbma0e *PSmwd/ Pm'dau
ye r*zvbma0ae0 *PSmwd/ y/ ww tedp/ y/ eyZmemwd ]]r*H yawmoD}}wd onm, tedpwm'd0aoe reodum&a0 tbm0awm/ (r[m#D-2-427-428/)
ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tedp[k IyGm;aeaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef0,f ,if;odkY tedp[k IyGm;aeaom 0dyemPf\ tmEkabmfaMumifh Mobmo = ta&miftvif;onf jzpfay:vm\/ ocFg&
w&m;wdu
Yk dk 'ku[
k IymG ;aeaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f oEmef0,f ,if;odYk 'ku[
k IymG ;aeaom 0dyem
250
Pf\ tmEkabmfaMumifh Mobmo = ta&miftvif;onf jzpfay:vm\/ ocFg&w&m;wdkYukd tew[k

IymG ;aeaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f oEmef0,f ,if;odYk tew[k IymG ;aeaom 0dyemPf\ tmEkabmfaMumifh Mobmo = ta&miftvif;onf jzpfay:vm\/ ]]odaYk om ta&miftvif;ukd vTwaf om
ta&miftvif;ukd jzpfay:apaom w&m;onf igvdkcsifawmifhwtyfaom t&d,r*fzdkvf edAmefw&m;
wnf;}}[k Mobmo = ta&miftvif;udk ESvHk;oGif;\/ xkd0dyemPfaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom xdk
ta&miftvif;ukd t&d,r*fzdkvf edAmef[k ESvHk;oGif;jcif;[laom pdwfysHUvGifhrIum; O'p rnf\/ xdkO'p
onf ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk tedpt
csuf 'kut
csuf tewtcsuw
f u
Ykd dk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunf
h tedp[
k
'ku[k tew[k Iaeaom 0dyem vrf;kd; vrf;a[mif;BuD;rS zJcGmoGm;NyD jzpf\/ ocFg&w&m;wdkYukd
tedpponfwdkY\ tpGrf;jzifh ESvHk;oGif;rI r&dSaomaMumifh jzpf\/ ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tedpponfwdkY\
tpGr;f jzifh ESv;kH roGi;f awmhbJ 0dyemPfaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom ta&miftvif;uko
d mvQif t&d,"r
t&d,molawmfaumif;wd\
Yk w&m;ppf w&m;rSe[
f k ESv;kH oGi;f ae\/ xko
d Ykd ESv;kH oGi;f aeaom a,m*g0p&
yk*dKvfukd 0dyemvrf;dk;vrf;a[mif;BuD;rS zJcGmoGm;ojzifh azmufjyefpGm pGJ,ltyf jzpfaptyfaom pdwf
&Sad om a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v[
f k ac:qd\
k / xko
d aYkd zmufjyefpmG pG,
J t
l yf jzpfaptyfaom pdw&f adS om a,m*g0p&
yk*dKvfonf ]]r*fqdkufNyD}} [laom trSwfonmjzifh ocFg&w&m;wdkYukd tedpponfwdkY\ tpGrf;jzifh ESvHk;
oGi;f rI\yifvQif tvQi;f r&Sad wmhjcif;aMumifh tedpt
m;jzifh xifvmaom ocFg&tmHu
k dk tedp[
k razmuf
rjyef [kww
f ikd ;f rSepf mG rod/ 'kut
m;jzifh xifvmaom ocFg&tmHu
k dk 'ku[
k razmufrjyef [kww
f ikd ;f rSepf mG
rod/ tewtm;jzifh xifvmaom ocFg&tmHkukd tew[k razmufrjyef [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm rod/ xdkodkY
rodrIonfyif 0dyemvrf;c&D;rS vGJacsmfoGm;NyD jzpfonf/ (0dok'd-2-269/ r[m#D-2-427-428/)
uJhodkY oabm&Sdaom Mobmo = ta&miftvif;ukd vTwfaeaom xGufapaom w&m;onf
ig\ t&d,r*fwnf; ig\ t&d,zkdvfwnf;[k pGJ,l\/ Mobmo = ta&miftvif;ukd edAmef[k pGJ,l\/
Mobmo = ta&miftvif;ukd edAmef[k pGJ,lonf&Sdaomf xkdMobmo = ta&miftvif; tmHkjyK
jzpfay:aeMuukefaom w&m;wdkYukd t&d,r*fw&m; t&d,zkdvfw&m;\ tjzpfjzifh pGJ,l\/ Pfpaom
tjcm;tjcm;aom Oyudavow&m;wdkYukdum; t&d,r*f t&d,zkdvf tjzpfjzifhomvQif pGJ,l\/ edAmef
[kum; rpGJ,l/ (r[m#D-2-427-428/)
1/ Mobmo = ta&miftvif;
ya0gum&bH0k ,f y0wt
d cg [',0wKudk rS
D jzpfay:aeaom pdww
f ikd ;f pdww
f ikd ;f onf pdwZ
MoZ|rukyu
f dk jzpfapEdik \
f / 0dyempdwrf sm;onfvnf; [',0wKyk u
f ydk if rSw
D ,
G
f jzpfay:aeaom
pdwfrsm;yif jzpfMu&um; pdwZMoZ|rukyfrsm;udk jzpfapEdkifaom pdwfrsm;yif jzpfMu\/
0dyembm0empdwfaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom pdwZMoZ|rukyfwdkYwGif kyfuvmyfwdkif; kyf
uvmyfwikd ;f 0P"mwf = lygHk yg0ifvsu&f \
Sd / ,if; lygHk = 0P"mwfum; tvGef awmufyvsu&f \
dS /
0dyem bm0empdwf wpfck wpfco
k nf pdwZ MoZ|rukyu
f vmyfaygif;rsm;pGmukd jzpfapEdik \
f / pueyYf idk ;f
rdepfydkif;twGif; 0dyembm0empdwfaygif;vnf; rsm;pGmyif jzpfEkdif\/ pdwZkyfuvmyfaygif;vnf;
tvGet
Yf vGef rsm;jym;pGmyif jzpfEikd \
f / kyu
f vmyfwpfc\
k twGi;f yg0ifwnf&adS om 0P"mwf = lygH\
k
ta&miftvif;ESifh tjcm;kyfuvmyfwpfck\ twGif; yg0ifwnf&dSaom 0P"mwf = lygkH\ ta&mif
251
tvif;wdkYonf tvGefeD;uyfpGm yGwfcsKyf xdcdkufvsuf jzpfay:vmMu\/ xdkaMumifh xif;rD;p wpfckukd

ukid
f a0S&Y rf;vku
d b
f o
d uJo
h Ykd ,if;kyu
f vmyfww
Ykd iG f yg0ifaom 0P"mwf = lygH\
k ta&miftvif;wdu
Yk dk
wpfqufwnf;[k a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfu xif&\/
wpfzef ,if;0dyembm0empdwfaMumifh jzpfaom pdwZkyfuvmyfwkdif;wGif awaZm"mwf =
Owkvnf; yg0if\/ ,if;awaZm"mwf = Owkuvnf; OwkZMoZ|rukyfuvmyf topf topfukd
0dyemPf\ tmEkabmfu BuD;vQif BuD;ovdk rsm;pGm jzpfapEdkifjyef\/ ,if;Owkork|mefkyfwdkYukd
ooEwdywdw-Owkork|mely = rdrd\ kyfoEwdtpOf usa&mufjzpfyGm;vsuf&Sdaom Owkork|mef
kyfrsm;[k ac:\/ ,if;Owkork|mef kyfuvmyfwdkif;wGifvnf; 0P"mwf = lygHk yg0if\/ ,if;lygHkonfvnf; PftmEkabmf BuD;vQif BuD;ovkd tvGefawmufy\/
O',A,PfuJhodkYaom 0dyembm0empdwfaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom pdwZMoZ|rukyfwdkYwGif yg0ifaom tvGefawmufyaom 0P"mwf = lygHk\ ta&miftvif;ukdvnf;aumif; rdrd\
kyfoEwd tpOf usa&mufjzpfyGm;vsuf&Sdaom ,if;pdwZMoZ|rukyfwdkYwGif yg0ifaom awaZm"mwf
= OwkaMumifh PftmEkabmf Bu;D vQif Bu;D ovdk qifu
h q
J ifu
h J xyfumxyfum tqufrjywf txyfxyf
jzpfay:aeaom Owkork|mefkyfwdkYwGif yg0ifaom tvGefawmufyaom 0P"mwf = lygHk\ ta&mif
tvif;ukdvnf;aumif; 0dyaembmo = 0dyemPfa&mif[k ac:qkdayonf/ Oyudavom
avmu[kvnf; ac:qdkonf/
xdkta&miftvif; ESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif 0dyempdwfaMumifh jzpfaom pdwZMoZ|rukyfwdkYwGif yg0if
aom 0P"mwf = lygHk\ ta&miftvif;onfum; a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ cEmukd,ftwGif;omvQif
NydK;NydK;jyuf wvufvuf awmufyvsuf wnfae\/ ,if;OwkZMoZ|rukyfwdkYwGif yg0ifwnf&Sdaom
0P"mwf = lygHk\ tvGefawmufyaom ta&miftvif;onfum; a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ ukd,fwGif;
omru cEmuk,
d u
f dk vTw
f Pf\ tmEkabmftm;avsmpf mG 0ef;usiyf wfcsm t&yf (10)rsuEf mS odw
Yk ikd -f
atmif ysUH ESUH wnf\/ (0dyempdwaf Mumifjh zpfaom pdwZ kyu
f vmyfwikd ;f wGif yg0ifaom awaZm"mwf
= Owkwdkif;u OwkZMoZ|rukyfuvmyf topftopfukd jzpfap\/ ,if; OwkZMoZ|rukyfwdkYwGif
yg0ifaom awaZm"mwf = Owkuvnf; tjcm;tjcm;aom OwkZMoZ|rukyfuvmyf topftopfudk
jzpfapjyef\/ enf;jzifh 0dyemPf\ tmEkabmfu BuD;vQifvnf; BuD;ovdk ao;vQifvnf; ao;ovdk bkwftqufquf dkufcwfvsuf txyfxyf jzpfae\/ xkdOwkZMoZ|rukyfwdkYonf tZwwGif
omru A[d'odkYwdkifatmif bkwftqufquf kdufcwfvsuf = kyfuvmyfwpfckwGif yg0ifwnf&Sdaom
awaZm"mwfu aemufxyf kyfuvmyf topftopfudk jzpfay:vmatmif aus;Zl;jyKvsuf jzpfay:aeMu\/ ,if;kyu
f vmyfwYkd ysUH ESUH onfEiS t
hf rQ ,if;kyu
f vmyfw\
Ykd 0P"mwf = lygH\
k ta&mifonfvnf;
0ef;usifywfcsm t&yfq,frsufESmodkY wdkifatmif ysHUESHU wnf\/) xkdMobmo = ta&miftvif;onf
xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ Pftm;omvQif xif&Sm;\/ xkda,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf xdkta&miftvif;jzifh
awGUxdrd&m t&yf wnf&Sdaom lygHktaygif;ukdvnf; awGUjrifEdkif\/ xdkodkY awGUjrifavaomf puK0dnmPfjzifhyif awGUjrifavoavm? odkYr[kwf raem0dnmPfjzihfyif awGUjrifavoavm ----- odkY
pl;prf;qifjcifMunfhoifhayonf[k q&mjrwfwdkY rdefYqdkawmfrlMuukef\/ 'dApuKtbdnmPfukd &&Sdawmf
rlMuukeaf om yk*Kd vw
f \
Ykd oEmefuJo
h Ykd xkd yl gHt
k aygif;onf (= yef;trsK;d rsK;d paom lygHt
k aygif;onf)
252
raem0dnmPfjzifhomvQif odjriftyfaom w&m;jzpf\[k ,lcJhaomf oifhouJhodkY xifayonf/

(r[m#D-2-428-429/)
xdk0dyem Mobmo = ta&miftvif;onf jzpfay:vmonf&Sdaomf a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf
]]ightm; tcgrS a&S; odkYoabm&Sdaom ta&miftvif;onf rjzpfzl;avpGwum;? rcRwf{uefyif
igonf t&d,r*foYkd qku
d af &mufonf jzpfvwfNy?D t&d,zdv
k o
f Ykd qdu
k af &mufonf jzpfvwfNy}D }- odv
Yk Qif
t&d,r*f r[kwfaom MobmoukdyifvQif t&d,r*f[l t&d,zdkvfr[kwfaom MobmoukdyifvQif
t&d,zkdvf[l pGJ,l\/ t&d,r*f r[kwfonfukd t&d,r*f[l t&d,zdkvf r[kwfonfukd t&d,zdkvf
[l pGJ,laom xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ 0dyemvrf;dk;onf vGJacsmfoGm;NyD jzpf\/ (a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf ]ig t&d,r*fodkY qdkufa&mufayNyD}[k &Edk;jcif;jzifh 0dyemur|mef;ukd pGefYvTwfvdkufaomaMumifh
xdkyk*dKvf\ 0dyemonf 0dyemvrf;dk;vrf;rSefrS zJwufoGm;onf vrf;acsmfoGm;onf rnf\/
wpfenf; -- xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ 0dyemonf xdkodkY r*f& NyD[k xifrSwfjcif;aMumifhyifvQif 0dyem
vrf;dk;vrf;rSefrS zJwufoGm;onf rnfayonf/) xkda,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf rdrd\ 0dyem[laom rlv
ur|mef;ukd vTwfvdkuf Mobmo = ta&miftvif;ukdomvQif om,mvsuf xdkifae\/ (vrf;rSm;
vrf;vGJodkY a&muf&Sdaejcif; jzpf\/) (0dok'd-2-270/ r[m#D-2-429/)
rSwfcsuf ----- e 0w ar awm ykaA {0layg Mobmaom OyEykaAm = ightm; tcgrS
a&S; odo
Yk abm&Sad om ta&miftvif;onf rjzpfz;l avpGwum; -- odYk zGiq
hf x
kd m;aom t|uxm
pum;&yf t,ltq rvGJrSm;rdzdkY&ef owdjyKyg? odkY oabm&Sdaom ta&miftvif;rsKd;onf a&S;u
rjzpfzl;ao;[kom qkdonf/ rS a&S; ta&miftvif; vHk;0 rjzpfzl;ao;[kum; rqdkay/ O',A,mEkyemPfyikd ;f odYk a&muf&ydS grS ta&miftvif;onf p jzpfay:onfum; r[kwaf y/ orxykdif; Oypm&orm"dESifh eD;uyfaeaom y&durorm"dykdif;rS p orxbm0em wpfavQmuf 0dyem
bm0emwpfavQmufvHk; ta&miftvif;um; &Sdonfom jzpfonf/ a&S; tmemygewdorm"dykdif;wGifvnf; &Sif;vif;wifjycJhavNyD/
xdkMobmo = ta&miftvif;onf tcsKdUaom a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmftm; xuf0,fzJGUacGvsuf
xdkifae&m t&yfrQukdomvQif xGef;vif;vsuf jzpfay:vm\/ tcsKdUaom a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmftm;
w&m;xdik af eonfh wku
d cf ef; twGi;f ukd xGe;f vif;apvsuf jzpfay:vm\/ tcsKUd aom a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmftm; w&m;xkid af eonfh wku
d cf ef;\ jyifyukv
d nf; xGe;f vif;vsuf jzpfay:vm\/ tcsKUd aom a,m*g0p&&[ef;awmftm; ausmif;wkduf wpfckvHk;ukd/ wpf*g0kwf t&yfukd/ ,lZemcGJ t&yfukd/ wpf,lZem
t&yfu/dk ESp,
f Zl em t&yfu/dk oH;k ,lZem t&yfu/kd y/ tcsKUd aom a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmftm; ajrtjyifrS
tued|jA[mjynf t&yfodkY wdkifatmif wpfcJeufaom ta&miftvif;udk jyKvsuf jzpfay:vm\/ orm
orK'bk&m;&Sif\ 0dyemPfawmfjrwfaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom ta&miftvif;awmfonfum;
wpfaomif;aom avmu"mwfukd xGef;vif;apvsuf xif&Sm; jzpfay:awmfrlcJhavNyD/ (0dok'd-2-270/)
odkYvQif xdkMobmo = ta&miftvif;\ enf;onf\ tjzpf BuD;rm;us,fjyefYonf\ tjzpfjzifh
rwlxl;jcm; uGJjym;onf\ tjzpf qdkvwHUonfum; 0wKoufaownf;/
oD[kdVfuRef; pdwvawmifausmif;wdkuf pBu ywfywfvnf vSnfhxm;aom ausmif;aqmif wpfck
&Sd\/ twGif; tdyfcef;aqmifukdvnf; um&Hxm;\/ tdyfcef;aqmifudk vSnfhywfxm;aom pBuukdvnf;
253
um&Hxm;\/ eH&Htum ESpfxyf&Sdaom ,if;ausmif;aqmif twGif; rax&fBuD; ESpfOD;wdkYonf oDwif;

oH;k awmfrMl uuke\
f / rax&fjrwfBu;D ESpyf g;wdYk Mobmo = ta&miftvif;ESihf ywfouf aqG;aEG;rdaom
xkdaeYonfvnf; vuG,fyu OykofaeY jzpf\/ t&yfrsufESmwdkYukd rdk;wdrfvTmjzifh zHk;vTrf;xm;tyfukef\/
nOfhtzdkY t*Fgav;yg;ESifh jynfhpHkaom trdkufarSmifonf jzpfay:vsuf &Sd\/ xdktcg wpfOD;aom
oDwif;i,f rax&fu ----]]t&Sifbk&m; ...wynfhawmftm; ,cktcg apwD&ifjyifawmf0,f jrwfaom ae&mxuf
naecsr;f tcgu cif;usi;f ylaZmfxm;tyfuek af om ig;yg;aom tqif;&Su
d ek af om yef;wdo
Yk nf xifaeygukef\}}[k avQmufxm;\/ (oefY&Sif;aom 0dyemPf &Sdaom yk*dKvftm; Mobmo ta&mif
tvif;jzifh ysUH ESUH &m t&yf tqif;lygHk taygif;onf 'dAp uKtbdnmPfudk &&Sad om yk*Kd vt
f m;uJo
h Ykd
xifvmukef\/ ----- r[m#D-2-429/)
xdkrax&fi,fukd r[max&fBuD;u ----]]igh&Sif ...oifonf rtHhMoavmufonfukd qkdbd\? ightm;rlum; ,cktcg r[mork'&m0,f
,lZemt&yf wnf&SdMuukefaom ig;vdyfwdkYonf xifvmukef\}} [k qdk\/
um; Mobmo\ xl;axGuGJjym;rI &SdyHk 0wKwnf;/ &SnfjrifhpGmaom umvywfvHk; cRwf,Gif;
ajymqdkonf 0wKrSm odkY jzpf\/ ----Mobmoukd r*fzv
dk f edAm ef[k xifrmS ;rIonf a,bk,stm;jzifh orx,meduvrf;jzifh 0dyem
Pfukd &&Sdaom a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmf\ oEmef tjzpfrsm;\/ uJhodkYaom ta&miftvif;ukd
vTwaf eaom jzpfay:apaom Pfonf t&d,r*fzv
dk w
f nf;[k &Ek;d jcif;ukd t"drme[k ac:qd\
k / orx
,meduvrf;rS 0dyemodYk ul;vmNy;D aemuf 0dyemPfudk &&Sad omtcg ,if;uJo
h Ykd t"drme jzpfaeaom a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmfonf psmeformywfjzifh cGmxm;tyfNy;D ukeaf om udavomwd\
Yk rjzpfay:jcif;aMumifh ]]ig&[Em}}[l pdwu
f dk jzpfap\/ Op0gvdut&yf oDwif;oH;k awmfral om r[mem*rax&f
uJo
h v
Ykd nf;aumif; [Hueut&yf oDwif;oH;k awmfral om r[m'wrax&fuo
hJ v
Ykd nf;aumif; pdwv
awmifausmif;wdkuf eduFayPurnfaom ur|mef;ausmif; oDwif;oHk;awmfrlaom plVokreax&f
uJhodkYvnf;aumif; rSwfyg/ (0dok'd-2-270/)
r[mem*rax&f
wv*F& t&yf oDwif;oHk;awmfrlaom y#dord'gPfav;yg;odkY a&muf&Sdawmfrlaom "r'dEm
trnf&Sdawmfrlaom &[Emrax&fjrwfBuD; wpfyg;onf rsm;pGmaom &[ef;oHCmawmftm; tqHk;tr
Mo0g'ay;vsuf oDwif;oH;k awmfr\
l / xk"d r'Ed rax&fonf rdr\
d aeYoefpY ifawmfr&l m t&yf aexkid
f
]]todeYk nf; .. igwd\
Yk q&mwpfql jzpfawmfral om Op0gvdut&yf oDwif;oH;k awmfral om r[mem*
rax&f\ &[ef;tjzpfukd jyKvkyfay;wwfaom &[ef;udponf tNyD;tqHk;odkY a&muf&SdavNyDavm? tNyD;
tqHk;odkY ra&muf&Sdao;avoavm}} ----- odkY qifjcifvwfaomf = tbdnmPf0ifpm; Munfhawmf
rlvwfaomf xdkr[mem* rax&fjrwfBuD;\ ykxkZefom jzpfaeao;onfukd awGUjrif ]]igonf roGm;cJhonf&Sdaomf ig\ q&morm;onf ykxkZef\ tjzpfjzifhomvQif aojcif;ukd jyKawmfrlayvwHU}}---- odkY254
vnf; od&
dS tbdnmPfwefc;kd jzifh aumif;uifoYkd ysw
H uf aeYoefpY if&m t&yf oDwif;oH;k awmfral om
r[mem* rax&f\ teD; oufqif; q&morm;tm; &Sdckd; 0wfBuD; 0wfi,fukd jyK oifhwifh
avsmufywfaom t&yf xdik
f oDwif;oH;k awmfrv
l u
dk \
f / xdak emif q&mwynfw
h Ykd tcst
D cs pum;ajymqkdMuonfrSm odkY jzpf\/ ----q&m ----- igh&Sif "r'dE ...tcgr[kwfonf tb,faMumifh vm&Sdygoenf;/
wynfh ----- t&Sifbk&m; ...jyemukd avQmufxm;ar;jref;vkd vmygonf bk&m;/
q&m ----- igh&Sif "r'dE ...ar;avavmh? odukefonf&Sdaomf ajzqdkygukeftHh/
odkY rdefYqkdvwfaomf jyemaygif; wpfaxmifukd ar;jref;avQmufxm;\/ r[mem* rax&fjrwfBu;D uvnf; ar;wkid ;f ar;wdik ;f aom jyemukd rNird ,Surf
l omvQif vsijf refpmG ajzMum;awmfr\
l /
wynfh ----- t&Sib
f &k m; ...t&Sib
f &k m;wdY\
k Pfawmfonf tvGex
f ufjrufawmfryl gaypG? b,faom
tcg t&Sib
f &k m;wdo
Yk nf t&d,r*fjzifv
h maom y#dor'd gw&m;ukd &tyfygayoenf;/
(r[mem* rax&f\ tvkdtwkdif; ar;jcif; jzpfonf/)
q&m ----- igh&iS f "r'Ed ...aeYrS a&wGuaf omf vGecf ahJ om tESpaf jcmufq,fumv &tyfcyhJ g\/
wynfh ----- t&Sifbk&m; ...t&Sifbk&m;wdkYonf tbdnmPform"dukd oHk;aqmifEdkifygukef\avm/
q&m ----- igh&Sif "r'dE ...tbdnmPform"dukd oHk;aqmifjcif;onf0efav;zG,f r[kwfyg/
wynfh ----- t&Sifbk&m; ... xdkodkY 0efrav;ygvQif qifwpfaumif zefqif;awmfrlygukefbk&m;/
r[mem* rax&fjrwfBuD;onf aiGawmifESifhwlonfh ukd,fvHk;jzLaom qifBuD;ukd zefqif;awmf
rl\/
wynfh ----- t&Sib
f &k m; ... ,cktcg qifjzLawmfonf rwkerf vIyf xm;tyfaom em;&Gu&f o
dS nf
jzpf axmifxm;tyfaom tNr;D &So
d nfjzpf ESmarmif;ukd cHwiG ;f xnf
h aMumufrufzG,af om BuKd ;MumoHudk jyKvsuf t&Sib
f &k m;wd\
Yk txHoYkd a&S;Iajy;vmaom tjcif;t&mjzifh
xdkqifukd wefckd;jzifh jyKawmfrlyg/
r[mem*rax&fBuD;onf xkd"r'dEm rax&f avQmufxm;onftwdkif;yif zefqif;awmfrlvdkuf\/
vsijf refaom t[kejf zifh ajy;vmaom qifajymifBu;D \ aMumufrufz,
G jf zpfaom trlt&mukd awGUjrif&
aMumufojzifh x ajy;jcif;iSm tm;xkwfawmfrl\/ xkdr[mem* rax&fjrwfBuD;ukd &[Em jzpfawmfrlaom wynfjh zpfol "r'Ed m rax&fu vufukd qefu
Y m ouFe;f pGe;f udik
f ]]t&Sib
f &k m; &[Emyk*Kd vt
f m;
&GH&SmxdwfvefYjcif;rnfonf jzpfao;oavm}}[k ar;jref;awmfrl\/
xdk r[mem* rax&fonf xdktcsdeftcg umv rdrd ykxkZef jzpfrSef;ukd od&Sd ]]igh&Sif "r'dE
igh&Sifonf ig\ ukd;uG,ftm;xm;&m jzpfygavmh}}[kqkd ajc&if; aqmifhaMumifhxdkifawmfrl\/
]]t&Sifbk&m; ...t&Sifbk&m;wdkY\ udk;uG,ftm;xm;&m jzpfap&rnf[k ESvHk;ykdufvsufomvQif
wynfah wmfonf vma&mufcyhJ g\? pd;k &draf wmf rrlygvif}h } [k avQmufxm; ur|mef;w&m;udk a[mMum;
ay;awmfrl\/
255
r[mem*rax&fjrwfBu;D onf ur|mef;ukd ,laqmif pBuo

Ykd wuf ESv;kH oGi;f awmfr&l m oH;k Burd -f
ajrmuf ajcvSr;f tjrwfq;kH zdv
k [
f q
k t
kd yfaom t&[wzv
dk o
f Ykd qdu
k af &mufawmfr\
l / r[mem* rax&fjrwfBuD;um; a'gopkduf xlajymawmfrl\/ odkY oabm&Sdukefaom &[ef;awmfwdkYonf Mobmo
trnf&aom 0dyemta&miftvif; wkefvIyfukef\/ (0dok'd-2-270-271/)
2/ P = 0dyemPf
OyudavowGif yg0ifaom P = Pf[lonf 0dyemPfyifwnf;/ kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdu
Yk dk yp,awm O',A,'e = taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh jzpf-ysuu
f dk Ijcif; cPawm O',A,'e
= cPtm;jzifh jzpf-ysuu
f dk Ijcif; - odpYk aom enf;jzifh vuPm,mOfuw
kd if EIid ;f csed v
f suf pl;prf;vsuf
0dyemIaeaom xdOk ',A,Pfudk tNy;D tqH;k odYk a&mufapaom xdadk ,m*g0p&yk*Kd vt
f m; ypfvw
T f
vdkufaom odMum;rif;\ 0&ZdefvufeufuJhodkY rysufaom t[kef&Sdaom xufjrufaom wefcdk;&Sdaom
aoG;tyfonfjzpf tvGefxufjrufaom tvGefoefY&Sif;aom 0dyemPfonf jzpfay:vmwwf\/
(0dok'd-2-271/)
3/ yDwd = 0dyemyDwd
yDwd[lonf 0dyempdwfESifh ,SOfaom yDwdwnf;/ xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef xkdtcsdef
tcg ck'dumyDwd cPdumyDwd MouEdumyDwd OaA*gyDwd z&PmyDwd [laom ig;rsKd;aom yDwdonf
wpfukd,fvHk;ukd jynfhapvsuf jzpfay:vmwwf\/ (0dok'd-2-272/)
O',A,mEkyemPfonf vrf;rSeo
f mG ;vwfaomf yDwd ig;rsK;d wdo
Yk nf tpOftwkid ;f jzpfay:vmwwfaomaMumifh yDwd ig;rsKd;wdkY jzpfay:vmaMumif;ukd t|uxmq&mawmfu zGifhqkdawmfrljcif;
jzpfonf/ txGwftxdyfodkY a&mufaeaom O',A,PfESifh twlwuGrlum; z&PmyDwd wpfrsKd;
omvQif jzpfay:vmwwfayonf/ Oypm&orm"d tcdu
k t
f wefY tyemorm"d tcdu
k t
f wefrY S wpfyg;aom
tcgvnf; z&PmyDwo
d nf jzpfay:vmwwfonfomvQiw
f nf;/ xdak Mumifh ]]yDwo
d nf wpfu,
dk v
f ;kH ukd
jynfhapvsuf jzpfay:vmwwf\}}[k t|uxmq&mawmfu zGifhqkdawmfrljcif; jzpfonf/ (r[m#D-2430/) ,if;0dyemyDwEd iS ,
hf OS af om rGejf rwfaom 0dyempdwaf Mumifh rGejf rwfaom yPDw pdwZ ky-f
wd\
Yk wpfu,
kd v
f ;kH tjynfh tESUH tjym; jynfah pvsuf jzpfay:vmjcif;ukd txl;&nfeT ;f xm;onf[k rSwyf g/
4/ y'd = 0dyemy'd
y'd[lonf 0dyempdwfESifh,SOfaom y'dwnf;/ xkdtcsdeftcg nOfhoefYpif&m ae&m
vnf;aumif; aeYoefpY if&m ae&mvnf;aumif; 0dyembm0em ur|mef;ukd pD;jzef;vsuf xdik af eaom
xkda,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; ukd,fpdwfwdkY\ ylyefjcif;onf rjzpfawmhay/ av;vHrIonf rjzpfawmhay/
Murf;wrf;cufrmonf\ tjzpfonf rjzpfawmhay/ 0dyem bm0emrI rcHhnm;rIonf rjzpfawmhay/
tavsmt
f m;jzifq
h &kd rl xdk a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f pdww
f o
Ykd nf Nird ;f at;ukeo
f nf ayghyg;ukeo
f nf El;nhu
H ek -f
onf 0dyembm0emrI cHn
h m;ukeo
f nf tvGepf ifMu,foef&Y iS ;f ukeo
f nf ajzmifrh wfuek o
f nfomvQif
jzpfukef\/ xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf y'd v[kwm rk'kwm urnwm yg*knwm OZkuwm
256
apwodufwdkYjzifh csD;ajrmuftyfaom ukd,f-pdwf &Sdonfjzpf xdkO',A,Pf jzpfaomumv umr*kPf cHpm;ol vlwdkY\ Opm r[kwfaom umr*kPf cHpm;ol vlwdkY cHpm;jcif;iSm avsmufywfaom umr
csrf;omokc arGUavsmfjcif;ukd vGefonfjzpf trmEkoD rnfaom arGUavsmfjcif;ukd cHpm;&ay\/
(0dok'd-2-272/)
ww um,*[aPe lyum,myd *[PH a0'dwAH? e a0'em'duEw,a0/ um,y'dtm'a,m [d lyum,myd '&xm'dedr'dumwd/ (r[m#D-2-430/)
um,y'd pdwy'd um,v[kwm pdwv[kwm um,rk'kwm pdwrk'kwm um,urnwm pdwurnwm um,yg*knwm pdwyg*knwm um,kZkuwm pdwKZkuwm ----- ,k*V = tpHk
apwoduf (6)rsKd;wdkYonf tcsif;csif; rauGruGm ,SOfavh &SdMuukef\/ xdkaMumifh y'd jzpfvwfaomf
v[kwm paom apwoduw
f o
Ykd nfvnf; jzpfMuukeo
f nfomwnf;/ xkad Mumifh xkad pwoduw
f \
Ykd qdik &f m
vkyif ef;udp& yfudk azmfjyjcif;ukd y"mejyKojzifh xkt
d vH;k pHak om ,k*Vapwoduw
f u
Ykd v
dk nf; jyvdo
k nfjzpf
]]ukd,f-pdwfwdkY\ ylyefjcif;onf rjzpfawmhay? av;vHrIonf rjzpfawmhay/}} odkYponfjzifh t|uxm
q&mawmfu zGifhqdkoGm;awmfrljcif; jzpfonf/
xkdum,y'd ponfwdkY um,-o'gjzifh lyum, = kyfw&m;taygif;ukdvnf; odrf;usKH; ,l&jcif;ukd od&Sdygav/ a0'empaom emrfcEmoHk;yg;ukdomvQif aumuf,l&jcif;ukd odtyfonf r[kwfay/
rSefayonf ----- um,y'dpaom apwodufwdkYonf lyum,\vnf; ylyefjcif;ponfukd eif;e,f
acsrIef;wwfukef\[k od&Sdygav/ tb,faMumifh ukd,fpdwfwdkYonf Nidrf;at;ukefonfomvQif ayghyg;ukefonfomvQif El;nHhukefonfomvQif 0dyembm0emrI cHhnm;ukefonfomvQif tvGefpifMu,f
oefY&Sif;ukefonfomvQif ajzmifhrwfukefonfomvQif jzpfukefoenf;[lrl - ukd,f-pdwfwdkY\ ----1/
2/
3/
4/
rNidrf;at;rI\ taMumif;&if;ppf jzpfaom O'ppaom udavom

rayghyg;rI\ taMumif;&if;ppf jzpfaom xderd'paom udavom
rEl;nhHrI\ taMumif;&if;ppf jzpfaom 'd|drmepaom udavom
0dyembm0emrI rcHhnm;rI\ taMumif;&if;ppf jzpfaom <uif;aom eD0&Pw&m; (umrpEAsmyg'ponfh eD0&Pw&m;)
5/ 0dyembm0emrI ruRr;f usif rvdrm jcif; rpifMu,f roef&Y iS ;f jcif;\ taMumif;&if;ppf jzpfaom
r,HkMunfjcif; t'd,paom udavom
6/ rajzmifrh wfjcif; auGUaumufjcif;\ taMumif;&if;ppfjzpfaom rm,m-omaX,spaom udavomodpYk aom pdw"f mwfnpfErG ;f aMumif; oHuad vo"rwu
Ykd dk y,fazsmufonf\ tpGr;f jzifh xdt
k cg
0dyempdwKyg'f\ jzpfay:aejcif;aMumifh ]]udk,f-pdwfwdkY\ ylyefrIonf rjzpfawmhay? av;vHrIonf
rjzpfawmhay}} odkYponfjzifh t|uxmq&mawmfu zGifhqkdawmfrljcif; jzpfay\/ (r[m#D-2-430/)
trmEkoD trnf&aom 0dyem arGUavsmfaysmfykduf ESpfNcdKufrIrsKd;ukdyif &nf&G,f odkY
a[mMum;xm;awmfr\
l / ----257
oknm*g&H y0d|? oEpdw bduKaem/

trmEkoD &wd a[mwd? orm "rH 0dyawm/
,awm ,awm orowd? cEmeH O',A,H/
vbwD yDwdygarmZH? trwH wH 0dZmewH/ (ck-1-67/)
oknm*g&H = qdwNf ird &f m ausmif;od?Yk 0g? edpe rd w
d f okcedrw
d f twerd w
d f okbedrw
d w
f rYkd S uif;qdw&f m
jzpfaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ csrf;omokc\ rSD&mjzpfaom 0dyemodkY/ y0d| = 0ifa&mufvmNyD;aom/ oEpdw = wnfMunfNidrfouf ravmufvufaom pdwf&Sdaom/ orm = aumif;rGefrSefuefpmG toift
h m;jzif/h "rH = kyef mrf"r ocFg&w&m;pku/dk 0dyawm = O',A,mEkyem ponfw\
Ykd
tpGrf;jzifh 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyfvsuf&Sdaom/ bduKaem = a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmftm;/ trmEkoD =
tm;xkwt
f yfaom 0dyem r&Sad om vlomrefw\
Ykd t&mr[kwo
f nf\ tjzpfaMumifh trmEkoD trnf
&aom/ &wd = 0dyembm0em arGUavsmaf ysmyf u
dk f ESpNf cKd ujf cif; 0dyem&wdonf/ a[mwd = jzpfay:
vmay\/
,awm ,awm = tMuiftMuif kyftzdkY emrftzdkYrS (kyfukd OD;wnf emrfukd OD;wnf)/ cEmeH
= cEmig;yg;wd\
Yk / O',A,H = jzpfjcif; ysujf cif; O',A,oabmuk/d orowd = vuPm,mOfwifum
IyGm;oHk;oyf\/ wawm wawm = xdkxdk oHk;oyfwdkif;aom kyfemrf tzdkYtpkrS/ yDwdygarmZH = ESpfouf
0rf;ajrmufjcif; yDwdygarmZw&m;udk/ vbwd = &&Sday\/ wH = xkdESpfouf0rf;ajrmufjcif; yDwdygarmZ
w&m;onf/ 0dZmewH = 0dZmeEmeH = tjzpftysuu
f dk odjrifuek af om ynm&Sw
d \
Ykd / trwH = tNrKd uef Ad m ef
tqHk;&SdaomaMumifh tNrdKufw&m;ygaywnf;/ (jynf-0dok'dr*f-ed,-5-182-183/)
odv
Yk Qif xkad ,m*g0p&yk*Kd vt
f m; ewfvw
l Ykd cHpm;jcif;iSm avsmufywfaom umr*kPcf sr;f om
arGUavsmfaysmfykduf ESpfNcdKufjcif;ukd ausmfvGefonfjzpf trmEkoDtrnf&aom 0dyem arGUavsmf
aysmfykduf ESpfNcdKufjcif; 0dyem&wdukd NyD;pD;apvsuf v[kwm paom apwodufwdkYESifh ,SOfwGJum
y'dw&m;onf jzpfay:vm\/
5/ okc = 0dyemokc
okc[lonf 0dyempdwEf iS ,
hf OS af om apwoduokcwnf;/ xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd vt
f m; O',A,mEkyemPfESifh jynfhpHkaeaom xdktcsdeftcg wpfudk,fvHk;ukd pGwfpkdapvsuf tvGefrGefjrwfaom
0dyemokconf jzpfay:vmwwf\/ (0dok'd-2-272/)
0dyem okcESifh ,SOfaom pdwfaMumifh jzpfukefaom tvGefrGefjrwfaom twdyPDw pdwZkyfwdjYk zifh a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f tvH;k pHak om uk,
d u
f m,onf awGUxdtyf ysUH ESUH tyfonfvnf; jzpf\? xuf0ef;usifrS yGm;aptyfonfvnf; jzpf\/ xdktvGefrGefjrwfaom twdyPDw pdwZkyfwdkY\ wpfukd,fvHk;odkY
tESUH tjym; awGUxdaejcif; xuf0ef;usif yGm;aejcif;ukyd if ]]wpfu,
kd v
f ;kH ukd pGwpf akd pvsuf tvGerf eG jf rwfaom 0dyemokconf jzpfay:vmwwf\}}[k t|uxmq&mawmfu zGifhqdkawmfrljcif;jzpfonf/
(r[m#D-2-431/)
258
6/ t"darmu = o'g"darmu
t"darmu[lonf y&rww&m;ukd,f teufoabmtm;jzifh o'g-apwodufwnf;/ ("ro*FPD
ygVdawmf vm&Sdaom a,0gyeu-apwoduf trsKd;tpm;rsm;wGif yg0ifaom t"darmuapwoduf
r[kwf [lvkdonf/) rSefayonf ----- xkdtcsdeftcg 0dyemPfESifh ,SOfonfomvQif jzpfaom xkd
a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f pdwaf pwoduw
f u
Ykd dk tvGet
f uJ Munfvifapwwfonf jzpfjzpfaom oefjrefaom
cGeftm;&Sdaom o'g-apwodufonf jzpfay:vmwwf\/ (0dok'd-2-272/)
xdko'g-w&m;[lonf 0dyemt&m txl;ojzifh O',A,Pfydkif; uH\tusKd;ukd
aomfvnf;aumif; &wemoHk;yg;ukdaomfvnf;aumif; ,HkMunfonf\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfay:vmonfum;
r[kwf? pifppfaomfum; pdwfukd aemufusKapwwfaom udavomtnpftaMu; uif;ojzifh 0dyemPfEiS hf ,SOzf uf or,w
k w
f &m;wd\
Yk tvGet
f uJ MunfvifrjI zpf&ef taMumif;&if;jzpfaom o'gw&m;
yifwnf;/ ,if;o'gw&m;ukdyif t"darmu[k ac:qdkjcif; jzpfonf/ (r[m#D-2-431/)
7/ y*[ = 0dyem0D&d,
y*[[lonf 0D&d,wnf;/ rSefayonf ----- xkdtcsdeftcg0,f xkda,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef
0dyemPfEiS hf ,SOo
f nfomvQif jzpfaom ravsmv
h eG ;f rwif;vGe;f aom 0dyemPfEiS w
hf uGaom
or,kwfw&m;wdkYudk qdkif&m0dyemPf\ tmHkrS avQmus roGm;&aatmif aumif;pGm csD;yifhxm;wwfaom 0D&d,onf jzpfay:vmwwf\/ (0dok'd-2-272/)
a&S; jzpfcJhaom bm0em\ pGrf;tm;jzifhNyD;aom tnDtrQjzpfaom 0D&d,onf 0dyemPfESifh
wuGaom rdrdESifh ,SOfzufor,kwfw&m;wdkYukd npfnL;aMumif; oHudavo tzdkYjzpfaom ysif;&djcif;rS
csD;ajrmuf jrifhwifay;wwfaomaMumifh y*[ rnf\/ xdkaMumifh ]]y*[-[lonf 0D&d,wnf;}} - odkY
paom pum;udk t|uxmu zGifhqkdjcif; jzpfonf/ (r[m#D-2-431/)
8/ Oy|me = 0dyemowd
Oy|me[lonf owdyifwnf;/ rSefayonf ----- xkda,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef0,f 0dyemPfESifh ,SOfonfomvQif jzpfaom ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedp 'ku tew paom obm0ukd aumif;pGm
rSwfom;jcif;jzifh ocFg&tmHk jrJpGmuyf wnfaom qefYusifbuf eD0&Ppaom tnpftaMu;
uif;jcif;aMumifh xkdqefYusifbufw&m;onf rvIyfr&Sm;aptyfonf\ tjzpfjzifh jrJpGmwnfaom xdkodkY
jrJpGmwnfonf\ tjzpfaMumifhomvQif pdkufxlxm;tyfaom ausmufpmwkdifuJhodkY rwkefrvIyfaom
rwkefrvIyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifhomvQif jrifhrdk&fawmifrif;ESifh wlaom owdonf jzpfay:vmwwf\/
xkad ,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf tMuiftMuif rdr
d Pftm; a&S;Ixifaom kyef mrf[al om t&mXmeukd qifjcif\? ESvHk;odkY aumif;pGmaqmif\? ESvHk;oGif;\? ESvHk;xm;\? toD;toD; I\? xdkxkd kyfemrf[laom
t&mXmeonf xkda,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ owdtm; ouf0if ouf0if ----- 'dApuKtbdnmPf\
t&HXmecGJjzpfaom ,xmurLy*Pftm; wpfyg;aom avmuonf xifvmouJhodkY ---- xifvm\/
(0dok'd-2-272/)
259
,'a*e [d owd tm&rPH MouEw

d mG Oywd|wd? w'a*e tm&rPr
d MouEw
d mG Oywd|wDwd
0kpwd/ (r[m#D-2-431-432/)
tMuiftMuiftzdYk tpktm;jzifh owdonf ocFg&tmHo
k Ykd ouf0if uyf wnf\? xdx
k kd tzdt
Yk pk
tm;jzifh ocFg&tmHkonfvnf; xkdowdtm; ouf0if uyf wnf\ xif\[k qkdtyfayonf/
(r[m#D-2-431-432/)
txufyg t|uxm#DumwdkY\ zGifhqdkxm;awmfrlonfhtwdkif; ajymqkd&ygrl ----- a,m*g0p&
yk*dKvfonf twdwf tem*wf ypKyef[laom umvoHk;yg; tZw A[d'[laom oEmefESpfyg; twGif;
wnf&adS om ocFg&w&m; rSeo
f rQudk tvd&k o
dS vdk vG,v
f ,
G u
f u
l l ryifryef; Icsio
f vdk IEikd \
f ? Icsiw
f ikd ;f
IEkdif\? Iwkdif;vnf; xkdocFg& tmHkonf xifvsuf vif;vsuf &Sif;vsufom &Sdae\[k odEdkifayonf/
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfwpfOD;\ oEmef pHcsdefrSD O',A,Pfonf &Sd\ r&Sd\ukd odEkdifonfh rSwfausmuf
wpfckyifwnf;/
9/ Oayum = 0dyEkayum + tm0ZEkayum

tedp 'ku tew tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh pdppfpl;prf;tyfNyD;aom ocFg&tmHk&Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifh
ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd tedp 'ku tew tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh pdppfp;l prf;jcif; tv,ftvwf vspv
f sL Ionf\
tjzpfjzifw
h nfaom wMwrZww
m-apwodu[
f al om 0dyEkayumonfvnf;aumif; ocFg&w&m;wdkYukd tedp 'ku tew tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh pdppfpl;prf;jcif; tnDtrQ vspfvsLIonf\ tpGrf;jzifh
jzpfjcif;aMumifh raem'Gg&du 0dyemaZm0Dxd pdwt
f pOfwiG f yg0ifaom raem'Gg&m0Ze;f pdwEf iS hf ,SOaf om
apwem[laom tm0ZEkayumonfvnf;aumif; Oayumrnf\/ rSefayonf ----- xdkO',A,Pf
jzpfaeonfh tcsdeftcg xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef0,f tvHk;pHkaom umvoHk;yg; oEmefESpfyg;
twGi;f wnf&adS om ocFg&w&m;rSeo
f rQwYkd vspv
f sL Ionfjzpf jzpfaom wMwrZww
m-apwoduf
[laom 0dyEkayumonfvnf; oefjrefaom cGet
f m;&So
d nf jzpf jzpfay:vm\/ raem'Gg& raem'Gg&m0Zef;ESifh ,SOfaom apwem[laom tm0ZEkayumonfvnf; oefjrefaom cGeftm;&Sdonfjzpf
jzpfay:vm\/ rSeaf yonf --- xdx
k kd yk ef mrf"r ocFg&w&m;pk\ tedpt
csuf 'kut
csuf tewtcsuu
f dk
pdppfp;l prf;qifjcifaom xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f xkt
d m0ZEak yumonf odMum;rif;onf ypfvw
T t
f yfaom
0&ZdefvufeufuJhodkYvnf;aumif; ajcmufaoGUaeaom zufxkyfzufyHk twGif; ajy;0ifoGm;aom rD;&J&J
awmufaom pOf;oGm;uJhodkYvnf;aumif; &J&ifhonf jzpf xufjrufpl;&Sonf jzpf jzpfay:vm\/
(0dok'd-2-273/)
ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk jzpfjcif; ysujf cif; O',A,wd\
Yk a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f Pf0,f tvGex
f ifonf\
tjzpfaMumifh ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; = O',A,ukd Ijcif; vspfvsLjzpfaom wMwrZwKayumonf 0dyEkayum rnfownf;/ xkdO',A,wdkYonfum; umvoHk;yg; oEmefESpfyg;
twGi;f wnf&adS om cyford ;f OHk tvH;k pHak om ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk O',A,wdyYk ifwnf;[k ESv;kH yku
d af wmf
rl jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; O',A,wdkY vspfvsLIjcif; wMwrZwKayum[k rqdkrl cyfodrf;aom ocFg&
w&m;wdkY vspfvsLIjcif; jzpfjzpfaom wMwrZwKayum[k t|uxmu zGifhqdkawmfrljcif; jzpfonf/
(r[m#D-2-432/)
260
tm0Zef;\ xufjrufrI
raem'Gg&m0Ze;f ESihf ,SOaf om apwem[laom tm0ZEak yum\ odMum;rif;\ 0&Zdev
f ufeufEiS hf
wlonf\tjzpf avmavmyl &J&Jawmufaom pOf;oGm;jrm;ESifh wlonf\ tjzpfukdvnf;aumif; &J&ifh
xufjrufonf\ tjzpfuv
kd nf;aumif; oAnKwPfawmfjrwf\ aU&o
S mG ;jzpfaom raem'Gg&m0Ze;f uJo
h Ykd
xdrk aem'Gg&m0Ze;f odYk tpOfvu
kd af om xdrk aem'Gg&m0Ze;f \ aemif qufvufjzpfay:vmaom 0dyemPf\ odMum;rif;onf ypfvw
T t
f yfaom 0&Zdev
f ufeufEiS hf wlpmG avmavm yl&&J aJ wmufaom pOf;oGm;jrm;ESifh wlpGm &J&ifhxufjrufaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh jzpfaomaMumifh[k rSwfyg/ (0dyemPfu
xufjrufp;l &SaomaMumifh 0dyemPf\ a&S;jzpfaom raem'Gg&m0Ze;f ESihf ,SOaf om apwem[laom
tm0ZEkayumonfvnf; xufjrufpl;&Sonf [lvkd/) (r[m#D-2-432/)
10/ eduEd = 0dyemeduEd

eduEd[lonf 0dyem tvkd&Sdaom iJhuGufwyfrufaom eduEdwnf;/ 0dyemukd tvkd&Sdaom
iJhuGufwG,fwmrIwnf;/ 0dyem\ wifhw,fprm,faMumif; jzpfukefaom Mobmo = ta&miftvif;
ponfwdkYonf xdk0dyem\ tqif;wefqmuJhodkY jzpfMuukef\/ odkY Mobmo ponfwdkYjzifh wefqm
qiftyfaom 0dyem iJhuGufjcif;ukdjyKvsuf odrfarGUonfvnf;jzpfaom Nidrfoufaom tjcif;t&m
&So
d nfvnf;jzpfaom eduEo
d nf xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f oEmef0,f jzpfay:vm\/ ,if;eduEu
d dk udavom[lyif odrf;qnf;jcif;iSm rwwfaumif; rwwfEdkif jzpfwwf\/ (0dok'd-2-273/)
xked u
d E\
d xdo
k Ykd odraf rGUonf\ tjzpf Nird o
f ufaom tjcif;t&m&So
d nf\ tjzpfonf bm0em\
tvGeftuJESifhwuG jzpfjcif;aMumifh = 0dyembm0em\ tvGeftuJ tm;aumif;vmaomaMumifh
jzpf\/ xkdodkYjzpf eduEd\ udavom\ tjzpfukdvnf; odEkdifcJonf jzpfownf;/ (r[m#D-2-432/)
Mobmo = ta&miftvif;uJo
h yYkd if jyqdt
k yfcNhJ y;D aom Pfponfww
Ykd iG f wpfcck jk zpfvwfaomf
a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf ]]pifppf ightm; tcgrS a&S; odo
Yk abm&Sad om Pfonf rjzpfz;l pGwum;/
odkYoabm&Sdaom yDwdonf/y/ y'donf/ okconf/ t"darmuonf/ y*[onf/ Oy|meonf/
Oayumonf/ eduEdonf rjzpfzl;pGwum;? rcRwf{uef trSefyif igonf t&d,mr*fodkY qkdufa&mufNyD
jzpf\? t&d,mzdkvfodkY qkdufa&mufNyD jzpf\}}[k t&d,mr*f r[kwfonfukd t&d,mr*f[k t&d,mzdkvf
r[kwfonfukd t&d,mzkdvf[k pGJ,laom xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ 0dyemonff 0dyemc&D;vrf;dk;rS
ab;odkY zJoGm;onf acsmfusoGm;onf rnfayonf/ xkda,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf rdrd\ 0dyembm0em
[laom rlvur|mef;udk vTwfvdkuf rIawmhbJ 0dyemPfukdomvQif/y/ yDwd/ y'd/ okc/
t"darmu/ y*[/ Oy|me/ Oayum/ eduEdudkomvQif om,mvsuf xdkifaeay\/ (0dok'd-2-273/)
txufygpum;&yf0,f ---- PponfwdkYwGif wpfyg;yg; jzpfvwfaomf - [laom pum;ukd
]]wpfyg;yg; jzpfvwfaomf ig r*foYkd qdu
k af &mufNy}D } ponfjzifh pG,
J jl cif;ukd jyjcif;iSmomvQif qkjd cif;jzpfonf/
wpfyg;pD wpfyg;pD jzpfaomaMumifh qdkonfum; r[kwf/ rSefayonf ----- eduEdrS wpfyg;aom (9)yg;aom
OyudavowdkYonf wpfckaom pdwuPaomfvnf; NydKifwljzpfEdkifMuukef\/ t&d,r*fw&m;
t&d,zdkvfw&m; ponfjzifh qifjcifrIonfum; toD;toD; wpfyg;pD wpfyg;pDom jzpfonf/
261
wpfzef ]]rS a&S; ig\ oEmef0,f odo

Yk abm&Sad om eduEo
d nf rjzpfz;l ay}} [laom pum;ukd
"roabmukd xif&mS ;atmif jyonf\ tpGr;f jzifo
h m t|uxmu zGiq
hf t
kd yfayonf/ xdt
k cg a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f oEmef0,f xdo
k q
Ykd t
kd yfNy;D aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh pdwjf zpfjcif;\ tpGr;f jzifh qdo
k nfum;
r[kwaf y? rSeaf yonf xkad ,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf xked u
d Edjzpfcsed t
f cg eduE[
d
l yif roday? tu,f
eduEd[l odjim;tHh xkdodkY eduEd[l odcJhaomf ,if;eduEdvQif tmHk&Sdaom]]ig r*fodkY qkdufa&mufNyD}}
odkYpaom pGJ,ljcif;\ rjzpfoifhjcif;onfomvQif jzpf\/ (= eduEd[k odaomf eduEdudk r*f[k zdkvf[k
edAmef[k rpGJ,lrdav&m?eduEdudk eduEd[k rodojzifhom eduEdukd r*f[k zdkvf[k edAmef[k pGJ,lrdjcif; pGJ,l
rSm;jcif; jzpfonf [lvdkonf/) xdkaMumifh a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef0,f odkYom jzpfav&m\/ ----e 0w ar {0lyg bm0embd&wd OyEykAm? t'g r*yawmrSd/
= ]] ightm; odkYoabm&Sdaom bm0em arGUavsmfjcif;onf pifppf rjzpfzl;ao;ay? rcRwf{uef
trSefyif igonf t&d,r*fodkY qkdufa&mufNyD jzpf\/}}
odkYaom pdwftMuHom jzpfav&m\/ (r[m#D-2-432/)
(10)yg;wdkYwGif Mobmo tp Oayum tqHk;&Sdaom (9)yg;aom w&m;wdkYukd rkcstm;jzifh
Oyudavo tppfjzpfaom wPSm-rme-'d|dwdkY\ pGJrSD jzpf&mXme taMumif;w&m; jzpfonfhtwGufaMumifh Oyudavo[l qkdtyfukef\? obm0tm;jzifh tukokdvfjzpfaomaMumifh qkdtyfonfum;
r[kwfukef/ txl;um; eduEdonf tukokdvfw&m; pifppf jzpfaomaMumifh Oyudavovnf; rnf\/
wPSm-rme-'d|d[laom Oyudavo\ wnf&mjzpfaomaMumifh Oyudavo0wKvnf; rnf\/
pGv
J rf;rIukd *g[[k qd\
k / pGv
J rf;rI*g[wdu
Yk dk roH;k oyfr
l pGv
J rf;rI*g[wd\
Yk wnf&m0wKjzpfjcif;\
tpGrf;jzifhomvQif OyudavowdkYonf (10)yg; jzpfMuukef\/ pGJvrf;rI*g[\ tpGrf;jzifh cGJa0vkduf
aomf trQ (30)wdkY jzpfukef\/ jzpfyHkum; odkYwnf;/ ----]]ig\ = tw\ ta&miftvif;onf jzpfay:vmNyD}} --odkYpGJ,laom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef 'd|d*g[ = 'd|dpGJ jzpf\/ (1)/
]]pifppf ESpfoufzG,faom pdwfESvHk;ukd wdk;yGm;apwwfaom ta&miftvif;onf jzpfay:vmNyD/}}
odYk pG,
J al om a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f oEmef rme*g[ = rmepGJ jzpf\/ (ESpv
f zdk ,
G [
f k pG,
J jl cif;ukd
y"mejyKojzifh rdrdukd,fukd tjrwf ponftm;jzifh xm;wwfaomaMumifh = ]]ig odyfawmf\ olrsm;xuf
om\}} ponfjzifh pG,
J w
l wfaomaMumifh ,if;odYk pG,
J rl u
I kd rmepJG jzpfaMumif;ukd t|uxmu zGiq
hf akd wmf
rljcif; jzpfonf/) (2)/
Mobmo ta&miftvif;ukd cspfjrwfEdk;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; wPSmpGJ jzpf\/ (3)/
odv
Yk Qif Mobmo 'd|-d rme-wPSm [laom oH;k yg;ukeaf om pG,
J w
l wfaom *g[w&m;wdo
Yk nf
jzpfay:vmukef\/ <uif;aom Pf-yDwdpaom (9)yg;ukefaom w&m;wdkYvnf; xdkYtwl oHk;yg;pDyif
jzpfukef\/ odkYvQif pGJvrf;wwfaom 'd|drme wPSmwdkY\ tpGrf;jzifh trQoHk;q,fukefaom Oyud262
avowdkYonf jzpfukef\/ xkd'd|d*g[ = 'd|dpGJponfjzifh rSwftyfukefaom OyudavowdkY\ tpGrf;jzifh

rvdrmaom xifvif;aomPf r&Sdaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf Mobmo ponfwdkYaMumifh wkefvIyfwwf\? ysHUvGifhwwf\/ MobmoponfwdkYwGif wpfyg;yg;ukd ----{wH rr? {aom[rod? {aom ar twm/
= onfum; igh[mwnf;? onfum; igjzpf\? onfum; ig\ twwnf;/
odkY tzefwvJvJ Iwwf\/ (0dok'd-2-273-274/)
t&d,r*f [kwfonf r[kwfonfukd ykdif;jcm;rSwfom;jcif;

tavsmftm;jzifh qdk&rlum; ur|mef; uRrf;usifjcif;ESifh ,SOfjcif;aMumifh ur|mef; pD;jzef;jcif;
vdrm aom &ifu
h suaf om Pf&o
dS nf\tjzpfaMumifh rSn&hf ifah om ynm&Sad om tm*Hyk gVd ESUH odvrd m aom
OyudavowdkY tjypf xdkOyudavowdkYukd okwfoifjcif; tusKd;ukd odaom ynmESifh jynfhpHkaom
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf MobmoponfwdkYonf jzpfvmvwfukefaomf ]]ur|mef; ay;vkdufaom ig\
q&monf ur|mef;ay;aom umv O',A,Pfjzpfaom tcg0,f tMuif Mobmoponfukd
jzpfwwf\[l rSmawmfrltyf\/ ightm;pifppf xkdighq&m rSmvdkufaom oabm&Sdaom 0kd;0kd;0if;0if;
xGe;f vif;aom ta&miftvif; Mobmoonf jzpfay:vmvwfNy?D xkq
d &m rSmvku
d af om oabm&Sad om
Mobmoonf ----1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
jzpfNyD;vQif ysufwwfaom rjrJaom tedp w&m;wnf;/

taMumif;w&m;wdkYonf jyKjyiftyfaom ocFw w&m;wnf;/
taMumif;w&m;wdkYudk pGJ jzpfay:vmaom y#dporkyE w&m;wnf;/
ukefjcif;oabm &Sdaom c,"rwnf;/
ysufjcif;oabm &Sdaom 0,"rwnf;/
uif;jywfjcif; = csKyfjcif;oabm&Sdaom 0d&m*"rwnf;/
csKyfysufjcif; oabm&Sdaom eda&m""rwnf;/
odkYaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifhrlvnf; xdkMobmoudk ynmjzifh ydkif;jcm;\? tzefwvJvJ pHkprf;

qifjcif\/ (0dok'd-2-274/)
IypkH epfrmS odjYk zpf\/ toifoal wmfaumif;onf 'kuo
pm ork',opm trnf&aom y&rwf
ocFg&w&m;wdkYudkom vuPm,mOfudkwifum 0dyem Iaumif;onf[laom tcsufudk rarhygESifh/
Mobmo[lonf txufwGif tBudrfBudrf &Sif;jycJhonfhtwdkif; tZsw pdwZMoZ|rukyf OwkZ
MoZ|rukyfwdkY\ A[d' OwkZMoZ|rukyfwdkY\ taygif;tpkrQom jzpf\/ xdkMoZ|rukyfwdkYwGif
yg0ifaom 0P"mwf = lygk\
H vGev
f eG u
f u
J J awmufyrIom jzpfonf/ xdak Mumifh xkMd obmo "mwfBu;D
av;yg;udk jrifatmif pdu
k f yI g/ tqifo
h Ykd wdik af tmif 0dyem bm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;xm;Ny;D aom
toifoal wmfaumif;wdt
Yk zdYk ,if;Mobmo wnf&aSd om "mwfBu;D (4)yg;udk Pfjzifh jrifatmif pdu
k f -I
vdkufygu rMumrD kyfuvmyftrIefrsm;udk awGU&dSEdkifygonf/ "mwfBuD;av;yg;udk pdkuf Iaeaomfvnf;
Pfjzifh awGUjrifaeaomfvnf; kyfuvmyftrIefrsm;udk vG,fvG,fulul rawGUjrifcJhaomf ,if;"mwfBuD;
263
(4)yg;wdkY\ tpdkiftcJ tmumo"mwfudk jrifatmif xdk;pdkuf Ivdkufygu kyfuvmyf trIefrsm;udk

awGU&dSEdkifygonf/ ,if;kyfuvmyfwdkYrSm pdwZMoZ|rukyf OwkZMoZ|rukyfwdkYom jzpfMu\/ ,if;
MoZ|ru kyfwdkYudk y&rwfodkY qdkufatmif Pfjzifh cGJjcm;pdwfjzm Iyg? "mwfcJGyg/ ,if;kyfy&rwf
w&m;wdkYudkom tedp[k Iyg/ ocFw[k/y/ y#dporkyE"r/ c,"r/ 0,"r/ 0d&m*"r/ eda&m""r[k
toD;toD; Iyg/ Mobmo = ta&miftvif; twHk;vdkuf tcJvdkuf twdkif;um; oEwdynwf orl[
ynwf oPmeynwf ponfhynwfwdkY ruGmao;ojzifh ynwfe,frSmom wnf&dSaeao;aom Ce
twH;k tcJ jzpf\/ CerNyKd ao;onfh ,if;Mobmo twH;k tcJuu
kd m; 0dyem rIaumif;? y&rwfuo
kd m
0dyem Iaumif;\/ owd&Sdap/
ww yXrea, tedpvuP0dbm0ear0 'dwH?
wod H oda' w&rd vuP'G,H od'ar0 a[mwd/ (r[m#D-2-433/)
0do'k rd *t|uxmwGif Mobmoudk 0dyem I&m enf;ESpef nf; zGiq
hf x
kd m;awmfr\
l / txufwiG f
a&;om;wifjyxm;aom 0dyemIenf;rSm yxrenf;jzpf\/ ,if;yxrenf; tedpr o
S nf eda&m""roYkd
wdkifatmif (7)rsKd;aom IuGufrSm tedpvuPmudkomvQif xifxif&Sm;&Sm; azmfjyjcif;jzpf\/ xdktedp
vuPmudk IymG ;rIonf Ny;D pD;cJah omf 'kuv
uPm tewvuPm ESpyf g;udk IymG ;rIonfvnf; Ny;D pD;awmhonfom jzpf\/
owdjyK&ef ----- a&S;wGif tBudrfBudrf &Sif;jycJhonfhtwkdif; tedpvuPmum; rmepGJudk NzdKzsuf\/
rmepGJudk w'*Ftm;jzifhvnf;aumif; t<uif;rJh orkap'tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; NzdKzsufNyD;vQifum; ocFg&
w&m;wdkY tedpvuPmudkwifum 0dyemIyGm;rIonfvnf; ae&mwus NyD;pD;awmh\/ ,if;tedpmEkyemPfu rmepGJudk ae&mwus NzdKzsufEdkifa&; w'*Forkap'tm;jzifh y,fowfEdkifa&;rSm 'kumEkyemPf tewmEkyemPfw\
Ykd tm;Bu;D aom rS&D m Oyed,owjd zifh aus;Zl;jyKay;rI tm;ay;
axmufyrHh u
I kd &&dyS grSomvQif tedpm EkyemPfu rmepGu
J kd NzKd zsuEf ikd \
f / 'kum EkyemPf tewmEkyemPfw\
Ykd tm;Bu;D aom rS&D m Oyed,owdj zifah us;Zl;jyKay;rI tm;ay;axmufyrhH I t&deS t
f 0g
owx
d ;l Bu;D udk qufc&H aom tedpm EkyemPfonf xufjrufp;l &Svm\ &J&ifv
h m\ oef&Y iS ;f vm\/
,if;odkY xufjrufpl;&S &J&ifhoefY&Sif;vmaom tedpmEkyemPfuomvQif rmepJGudk NzdKzsufEkdif\
y,fowfEikd \
f / 'kum EkyemPf tewmEkyemPfw\
Ykd tm;Bu;D aom rD&S m Oyed,owjd zifh
aus;Zl;jyKay;rI t&deS t
f 0gxl;udk rqufc&H aom tedpm EkyemPfonf xufjrufp;l &SrI &J&ifrh I oef&Y iS ;f rI
r&Sad y/ ,if;uJo
h Ykd rxufjruf rpl;&S r&J&ifh roef&Y iS ;f aom tedpm EkyemPfu rmepGu
J kd rNzKd cEGJ ikd af y/
rmepGu
J kd NzKd cEJG ikd af vmufatmif pGr;f tifowd jynf0h vmaom tedpm EkyemPfonf 'kum EkyemPf tewmEkyemPfwdkY\ tm;BuD;aom rDS&m Oyed,owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;rI t&Sdeft0g
owdxl;BuD;udk qufcHae&onfom jzpf\/ xdkaMumifh tedpbm0em\ rmepGJudk NzdKzsufjcif; vkyfief;&yf
Ny;D pD;ygu ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd vuPma&;oH;k wefwifum 0dyemIymG ;rI bm0emvkyif ef;&yfonfvnf;
NyD;pD;NyD;om jzpfawmhonf[k r[m#Dumq&mawmfu zGifhqdkawmfrljcif; jzpf\/
(r[m#D-2-433+416-Munfh/)
zGifhqdkcsuf TefMum;csufrsm;ESifhtnD toifolawmfaumif;onf Mobmoudk y&rwfodkYqdkuf
a&mufatmif kyfw&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;vsuf ,if;Mobmo\ MoZmvQif &Spfckajrmuf&dSaom MoZ|ru
264
kyw
f &m;wdu
Yk kd tedpv
uPm,mOfwif 0dyemIw
Hk iG o
f mru 'kuv
uPm,mOf tewvuPm,mOfwdkYudkvnf; wif 0dyemIyg/ ,if;odkY IapvdkonfhtwGuf t|uxmq&mawmfu aemufxyf
wpfenf; xyf zGifhqdkawmfrljyefonf/ 'kwd,enf;yifwnf;/
wpfenf; ----- Mobmoonf tu,f twjzpfjim;tHh? tw[l pJG,ljcif;iSm rSwf,ljcif;iSm
jzpfEikd &f m\? odaYk omf tewpifppf jzpfygvsuf Mobmoudk tw[
l pJ,
G x
l m;jcif; jzpf\/ xdak Mumifh
xdkMobmoonf tvdkodkY vdkufwwfaomoabm r&dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifh tew rnf\/ a&S;u r&dS
,ckrS kwfjcnf;jzpf t&Snfrwnf ysufpD;wwf&um; r&dSjcif; tbm0oabm &dSaomaMumifh tedp
rnf\/ jzpfjcif; ysufjcif;wdkYonf tzefwvJvJ EdSyfpuftyfonf\ tjzpfwnf;[laom teufoabmaMumifh 'kurnf\/ odkYaom pdwfonf jzpfay:vm\/ tvHk;pHkudk tlyowu zGifhqdktyfcJhonfh
enf;twdkif; csJUtyf\/ tvm;wlyif <uif;aom (9)yg;aom OyudavowdkYvnf; csJUtyf\/
(0dok'd-2-274/)
txufyg t|uxm\ TefMum;awmfrlcsufESifhtnD toifolawmfaumif;onf Mobmo
wnf&dSaom pdwZMoZ|rukyf OwkZMoZ|rukyfwdkYudk Pfjzifh cJGjcm;pdwfjzmvsuf ----1/ aewH rr
= kyfw&m;onf igh[m r[kwf/
2/ aeaom[rod = kyfw&m;onf ig r[kwf/
3/ e araom twm = kyfw&m;onf ig\tw r[kwf/
odkY 0dyem Iyg/ wpfenf;qdk&aomf ,if;kyfw&m;udk tedp[k Iyg/ 'ku[k Iyg/ tew[k
Iyg/ PfrSp eduEdwdkifatmifaom w&m;wdkYudkvnf; enf;wl Iyg/
xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf odkYvQif 0dyemPfjzifh pHkprf;qifjcif Mobmo trnf&aom
kyfw&m;udkvnf;aumif; Pf yDwd y'd okc t"darmu y*[ Oy|me Oayum eduEd[laom
Oyudavow&m;wdkYudkvnf;aumif; ----- aewH rr? aeaom[rod? earaom twm - [k wpfenf;
tedp[k 'ku[k tew - [k vuPm,mOf oHk;csufudk wpfvSnfhpD wifEdkif wGifwGifBuD; 0dyem
IEikd o
f jzifh wGiw
f iG Bf u;D 0dyemIEikd &f um; xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f pdw"f mwfonf Mobmo ponfw-Ykd
aMumifh wkev
f yI rf I r&Sad wmhay/ pdwyf sUH vGirhf I r&Sad wmhay/ xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf odYk pdwyf sUH vGijhf cif;odYk
ra&muf&o
Sd nfjzpf trQo;kH q,f tjym;&daS omxdOk yuad vownf;[laom tajr; t,Suu
f kd okwo
f if
&Sif;vif;Edkif\/ (0dok'd-2-274/)
Mobmoponfh Oyuad vow&m;udk ----- aewH rr - [k tzefwvJvJ Iaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v-f
onf wPSm*g[ = igh[m[k pGJ,laom wPSmpGJrS pdwfudk pifMu,faponf rnf\/ aeaom[rod -[k
Iaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf rme*g[ = ig-ig[k pGJ,lwwfaom rmepGJrS pdwfudk pifMu,faponf
rnf\/ e araom twm - [k Iaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf 'd|d*g[ = tw&Sd\[k pGJ,lwwfaom
'd|dpGJrS pdwfudk pifMu,faponf rnf\/ wpfenf; ----- ,if; Oyudavo"r toD;toD;udk tedp[k
Iaomf rmepGrJ S 'ku[
k Iaomf wPSmpGrJ S tew[k Iaomf tw'|d pd rGJ S pdwu
f kd pifMu,faponf rnf\/
(r[m#D-2-434/)
265
xdkodkY Oyudavownf;[laom tajr;t,Sufukd okwfoif &Sif;vif;Edkifonf jzpf Mobmo

paom w&m;wdkYum; t&d,mr*fw&m; r[kwfukef? Oyudavo tajr;t,SufrS vGwfaom ocFg&
w&m;wdkY\ tjzpf-tysufudk wGifwGifIaeaom O',A,mEkyemPf\ tpGrf;jzifh 0dyem c&D;
vrf;rSefay:odkY rSefrSef oGm;aeaom 0dyemPfonfomvQif ajzmifhrSefaom c&D;wnf;[k edAmefodkY
oGm;&m c&D; [kwfonfudkvnf;aumif; c&D; r[kwfonfudkvnf;aumif; ydkif;jcm; rSwfom;\/ xdk
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ ----t,H ra*g? t,H e ra*g/
um; vrf;c&D;rSefwnf;? um; vrf;c&D;rSef r[kwf/
odkY vrf;c&D;rSef [kwfonfukdvnf;aumif; vrf;c&D;rSef r[kwfonfukdvnf;aumif; = r*f
[kwo
f nfuv
kd nf;aumif; r*f r[kwo
f nfuv
kd nf;aumif; od wnfaom Pfonf ----- r*gr*Pe0dok'd = r*f [kwfonf r[kwfonfudk odwwfaom jrifwwfaom Pf\ pifMu,fjcif; rnf\[k
odygav/ (0dok'd-2-274/)
r*gr*P'e0do'k pd cef;odYk wdik af tmif qdu
k af &mufvmNy;D jzpfaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf
opmoHk;yg;udk ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;jcif; = ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm; odjcif;udk jyKtyfNyD; jzpfayonf/ tb,fodkY
jzpfavoenf;/ ----1/ 'd|d0dok'dPftjrifudk &tyfonf&Sdaomf 'd|d0dok'dPfjzifh oum,'d|d = tw'd|dwnf;[laom
rdpmt,ludk okwfoifjcif; a&S;OD;pGm emrf-kyfudk Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm; rSwfom;jcif;jzifh = Pfjzifh
ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm; odjcif;jzifh 'kuopmukd Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm; rSwfom;jcif;udk = Pfjzifh ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm;
odjcif;udk jyKNyD; jzpfawmh\/ taMumif;rl 'kuopm tusKH;0ifaom emrf-kyfudk Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;
rSwfom;jcif; = Pfjzifh ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm; odjcif;aMumifh jzpf\/
2/ ucFg0dw&P0dok'dPftjrifudk &tyfonf&Sdaomf taMumif;ypnf;w&m;udk Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;
,ljcif; odrf;qnf;jcif;jzifh ork',opmukd Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;jcif;udk = Pfjzifh ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm;
odjcif;udk jyKtyfNyD; jzpfawmh\/
3/ r*gr*P'e0dok'dPftjrifudk &tyfonf &dSaomf t&d,r*f\ taMumif;&if;ppf
jzpfaom 0dyemPf[al om avmuDr*fukd Pfjzifh ydik ;f jcm;rSwo
f m;jcif; = Pfjzifh ydik ;f ydik ;f jcm;jcm;
odjcif;jzifh r*opmudk Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;jcif; = Pfjzifh ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm; odjcif;udk jyKtyfNyD;
jzpfawmh\/ odkYvQif avmuDomvQifjzpfaom Pfjzifh a&S;OD;pGm opmoHk;yg;wdkYudk ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;jcif;udk = ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm; odjcif;udk jyKtyfNyD; jzpfawmh\/ (0dok'd-2-274-275/)
r*gr*P'e0dok'deda'o NyD;\/
22222
266
y#dy'gP'e0dok'd eda'o -- O',A,Pfcef;
y#dy'gP'e0dok'd eda'o
OyudavorS vGwfajrmufoGm;aom O',A,Pf
Oyudavo tnpftaMu;rS vGwfaom 0dyem c&D;vrf;rSefay:odkY oGm;aeaom 0dyem[k
qdt
k yfaom 0dyem\ tNy;D tqH;k txGwt
f xdyf txGwt
f zsm;odYk a&mufaeaom ---- O',A,Pf
b*FPf b,Pf tm'De0Pf edA'd gPf rkw
d u
k rswmPf y#docFgPf ocFgkayumPf
opmEkavmrduPf = opmav;yg;udk odjcif;tm;avsmfaom tEkavmrPf ----- (9)wefaom
Pfonf y#dy'gP'e0dok'd rnf\/ (0dok'd -2-276/)
tb,faMumifh y#dy'gP'e 0dok'drnfoenf; ----- ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfjcif;ysufjcif;
ponfwdkYudk odjcif; teufoabmaMumifhvnf;aumif; yputm;jzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf
odjrifjcif; teufoabmaMumifhvnf;aumif; O',A,Pfpaom (9)yg;ukefaom 0dyemPf
wdkYonf P'e rnfukef\/ xdkP'etrnf&aom ,if; (9)rsKd;aom 0dyemPfwdkYonf
yifvQif edpo
nmpaom qefu
Y sib
f ufw&m;wdrYk S pifMu,fonf\ tjzpfaMumifh P'e0do'k rd nf\/
xdk P'e0dok'donfyifvQif ----- P'e0dok'djzifh t&d,r*fodkY a&muftyfaomaMumifh
t&d,r*fudk&atmif usifhtyfaomaMumifh t&d,r*fonf jzpfay:vmwwfaomaMumifh y#dy'gvnf;
rnf\/ xdkaMumifh y#dy'gP'e0dok'd rnf\/ (r[m#D-2-435/)
opmav;yg;udk rodatmif zH;k vTr;f xm;wwfaom ke&Yf if; ke&Yf if;aom arm[wnf;[laom trdu
k -f
wdu
k f trdu
k af rSmifukd uif;apjcif; y,fazsmufjcif;jzifh opmav;yg;udk xd;k xGi;f odjrifjcif;iSm avsmo
f nf\
tjzpfaMumifh tEkavmrPfudk opmEkavmrduPf[k qdkonf/ xdkaMumifh opmEkavmrduPfodkY
wdkifatmifaom (9)yg;aom 0dyemPf[laom y#dy'gP'e0dok'dudk jynfhpHkapvdkaom
a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf Oyuad votnpftaMu;rS vGwaf om O',A,Pfukd tpjyK xdk (9)yg;aom
PfwdkY tm;xkwfjcif;udk jyKtyf\/ (0dok'd-2-276/)
O',A,Pf wpfzeftm;xkwfjcif;onf tb,ftusKd;&Sdoenf;[k tu,f ar;jim;tHh/ ---tedpvuPm 'kuvuPm tewvuPmwdkYudk aumif;pGm ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;Edkifjcif; tusKd;&dS\[k
ajzqdkav&m\/ taMumif;um; odkYwnf;/ O',A,Pfonf r*gr*P'e0dok'dodkY rwdkifrD
atmufyikd ;f (10)yg;ukeaf om Oyuad vow&m; tnpftaMu;wdjYk zifh npfErG ;f onfjzpf razmufrjyef
rdr\
d oabm rdr\
d udpt
m;jzifh tedp 'ku tew vuPmoH;k yg;udk aumif;pGm rSwo
f m;jcif;iSm rpGr;f Edik -f
cJah y/ (r*gr*P'e0do'k rd S atmufyikd ;f jzpfaom O',A,Pfonf MobmoponfwYkd jzpfjcif;\
taMumif;&if;ppf jzpfaomaMumifh xufjrufpl;&Sonf oefY&Sif;onfum; rSef\? xdkodkY xufjruf pl;&S
oefY&Sif;pGm jzpfyifjzpfjim;aomfvnf; wPSm-rme-'d|dpaom udavomwdkYonf npfEGrf;aptyfonf
jzpfaomaMumifh ,if; O',A,Pfonf wkH;onfomvQif jzpf\? roefY&Sif;onfomvQif jzpf\/
xdak Mumifh odq
Yk jkd cif; jzpfonf/) odaYk omf Oyuad votnpftaMu;rS vGwaf om O',A,Pfonfum; vuPma&;oH;k wefukd aumif;pGm ydik ;f jcm;rSwo
f m;jcif;iSm pGr;f Edik \
f / xdak Mumifh vuPma&; oH;k wefudk aumif;pGm ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;Edkifjcif; tusKd;iSm O',A,Pf wpfzef BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;udk
jyKtyfayonf/ (0dok'd-2-276/) (r[m#D-2-436/)
267
O',A,Pfrnfonf ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tjzpf-tysufudkomvQif Ionf r[kwfavm? tedp

paom vuPmoHk;yg;udk rIonf r[kwfavm/ xdkO',A,Pfjzifh tedppaom vuPm oHk;yg;udk
aumif;pGm ydik ;f jcm;rSwo
f m;jcif;onf b,fykH b,fyef; b,fenf;vrf;jzifh jzpfEikd yf goenf;[k ar;zG,&f m&S\
d /
tajzum; odkYwnf;/ ----1/ ]]O',A,Pfonf vuPma&; ok;H wefvQif tmk&H o
dS nf}}[k odu
Yk m; rrSwo
f ifah y/ pifppfrmS rl
ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tjzpf-tysufudk Pfjzifh xdk;xGif; odtyfNyD;onf&Sdaomf tedpvuPmonf
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ todPf0,f xif&Sm;ay:vGifonf jzpf xifvm\/ xdkodkY xifjcif;aMumifh ----]],'edpH? wH 'kuH/ ,H 'kuH? w'ewm}}/ (oH-2-19 ...)
= tMuifw&m;onf tedp jzpf\? xdkw&m;onf 'ku jzpf\/ tMuifw&m;onf 'ku jzpf\? xdk
w&m;onf tew jzpf\/ (oH-2-19 ...)
odkYvQif tedpvuPmrS wpfyg;aom 'kuvuPm tewvuPmonfvnf; xif&Sm;vmayonf/ (r[m#D-2-436/)
jzpfNyD;vQif aysmufysufoGm;jcif;[laom ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfjcif; ysufjcif;oabmum; tedp
vuPmwnf;? tedp[
k odaMumif; trSwt
f om;wnf;/ ,if;tedpt
csuu
f kd Pfouf0ifryd gu ocFg&
w&m;wdkY\ jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; 'Pfcsufjzifh tEdSyfpufcH&rI 'kuoabmonfvnf; a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\
todPf xifvmawmhonfom jzpf\/ ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk jzpfjcif; ysujf cif; 'Pfcsujf zifh tEdyS pf ufcH&rI
oabmudk &Sif;&Sif;BuD; odjrifaeygu]]ocFg&w&m;onf odkY jzpfygap? odkY rysufygapESifh}}- odkY
ponfjzifh rdrw
d aYkd wmifw
h onfh tvdq
k Etwdik ;f rjzpfEikd rf I t0o0we| tewoabmudv
k nf;aumif;
rysufpD;bJ tusdwftcJ tcdkiftrm tESpfom&taejzifh wnfaeonfh twoabm\ ocFg&w&m;wdkY
wpdk;wpdrQ r&Sdonfh tewoabmudkvnf;aumif; Pftjrif ouf0ifawmhonfom [lvdkonf/
2/ wpfenf; ----- ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfjcif;-ysufjcif; O',A,udk Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,ljcif;jzifh ----(u) jzpfay:NyD; r&Sdaom tjcif;t&monfvnf;aumif;
( c ) jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; 'Pfcsufjzifh tjrJrjywf tEdSyfpufcH&aom tjcif;t&monfvnf;aumif;
( * ) ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk rdrw
d Ykd awmifw
h onfh tvdt
k wdik ;f rjzpfaom tjcif;t&monfvnf;aumif;
tjcif;t&m oHk;rsKd;vHk;onf txl;ojzifh xif&Sm;vm\/ xdkYaMumifh ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfrIysufrI O',A,udk ESvHk;oGif;rIonf vuPma&;oHk;wef xif&Sm;vmzdkY&ef taMumif;&if;ppf {uefyif
jzpf\/ xdkYodkY vuPma&;oHk;wef xif&Sm;rI\ taMumif;&if;ppf jzpfaomaMumifh O',A,Pf
tm;xkwjf cif;\ vuPma&;oH;k yg;udk aumif;pGm ydik ;f jcm;rSwo
f m;jcif; tusK;d &So
d nf\ tjzpfukd od&ydS gav/
ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk jzpfjcif; ysujf cif; O',A,udk ypu
Pfjzifh ud,
k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf jyKEikd f rHk Qom odtyfonf r[kwfay/ (ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpf-ysufudk jrifkHrQom Iaeonf r[kwf? vuPma&;oHk;wef
xif&Sm;atmif Ijcif; jzpfonf[k od&Sdyg [lvdkonf/) (r[m#D-2-436/)
268

vuPma&; oHk;wefwdkYonf tb,fw&m;udk ESvHk;roGif;jcif;aMumifh tb,fw&m;onf zkH;vTrf;
tyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ todPf rxifukefoenf;[lrl ----tedpvuPmonf ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfjcif; ysufjcif;wdkudk ESvHk;roGif;jcif;aMumifh kyfoEwd
tpOftwef; emrfoEwdtpOftwef;[laom oEwdynwfonf zkH;vTrf;tyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ Pf rxifvmjcif; jzpf\ = (ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ O',A,udk ESvkH;roGif;ygu
ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk Pfjzifh I&m0,f wpfqufwnf;xifaernf jzpf\/ oEwdCe zHk;onf[k ac:qdk\/
,if;oEwdCeu zkH;vTrf;xm;aomaMumifh ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedpvuPmonf a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\
Pf rxifvmjcif; jzpfonf [lvkdonf/)
'kuv
uPmonfum; ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk jzpfjcif; ysujf cif;jzifh tjrrJ jywf tzefwvJvJ tESyd pf uf
cH& rIudk ESvHk;roGif;jcif;aMumifh cPcP jyKjyifajymif;vJay;aeaom &d,mykxfwdkYonf zHk;vTrf;tyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ Pf rxifvmjcif; jzpf\/
tewvuPmonfum; toD;toD;aom ky"f mwf emrf"mwf y&rw"robm0wdu
Yk kd kyw
f ;Hk kycf J
emrfwHk;emrfcJ[laom kyfCe emrfCe toD;toD;NydKatmif Pfjzifh NzdKcGJ zsufqD;vsuf y&rw"r
obm0udk ESvkH;roGif;jcif;aMumifh kyfwkH;kyfcJ emrfwkH;emrfcJ[laom kyfCe emrfCeonf zkH;vTrf;tyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f todPf rxifvmjcif;jzpf\/ (toD;toD;aom ky"f mwf
emrf"mwfwu
Ykd kd kyC
f e emrfCe toD;toD; NyKd atmif Pfjzifh NzKd czJG suq
f ;D vsuf y&rwfoq
Ykd u
kd af tmif
ESvHk;roGif;jcif;aMumifh kyfwkH;kyfcJ emrfwHk;emrfcJtjzpf twHk;vdkuf tcJvdkuf xifaewwf\/ ,if;odkY
twkH;vdkuf tcJvdkuf xifjrifaeygu Ce twHk;tcJ tzHk;vTrf;cH&onf[k qdkonf/ Ce tzHk;tvTrf;
cH&jcif;aMumifh tewvuPmonf a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ todPf [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm rxif&Sm;ay
[lvdkonf/) (0dok'd-2-276/)
kyftpOftwef; twkH;tcJ emrftpOftwef; twkH;tcJ[laom oEwdynwfonf zHk;vTrf;xm;tyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f todPf tedpv
uPmonf rxifvmjcif; jzpf\/
xdkoEwdynwfonfvnf; ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; O',A,udk ESvHk;roGif;jcif;aMumifh
zH;k vTr;f wwfjcif; jzpf\/ (tedpv
uPmudk oEwzd ;kH \ [lvo
kd nf/)/ cPcP jyKjyifajymif;vJay;aeaom
&d,mykxfwdkYu zHk;vTrf;xm;tyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh 'kuvuPmonf a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ todPf rxifvmjcif;jzpf\/ ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk jzpfjcif; ysujf cif;wdjYk zifh tjrrJ jywf tzefwvJvJ tEdyS pf uf
cH&jcif;udk = jzpfjcif; ysufjcif;wdkYu ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tjrJrjywf tzefwvJvJ EdSyfpufjcif;udk ESvHk;
roGif;jcif;aMumifh xdk&d,mykxfwdkYuvnf; 'kuvuPmudk zHk;vTrf;wwfMujcif; jzpfukef\/ ('ku
vuPmudk &d,mykxf zHk;\ [lvdkonf/) kyfwHk;kyfcJ emrfwHk;emrfcJwnf;[laom Ceonf zHk;vTrf;
xm;tyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f todPf tewvuPmonf rxifvmjcif;jzpf\/
xdkCewdkYonfvnf; ----- toD;toD;aom kyf"mwf emrf"mwfwdkYudk y&rwfodkYqdkufatmif wpfvHk;pD
wpfv;kH pD Pfjzifh cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmjcif;udk jyK ESv;kH roGi;f jcif;aMumifh tewvuPmudk zH;k vTr;f wwfMujcif;
jzpfukef\/ (tewvuPmudk CezHk;onf [lvdkonf/) (r[m#D-2-436 -437/)
269
tavsmftm;jzifh qdk&rl ----- ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; O',A,oabmudk Pfjzihf

ydkif;jcm;,l odrf;qnf; kyftpOftwef; twkH;tcJ emrftpOftwef; twHk;tcJ[laom oEwdCe
twHk;tcJudk 0dyemPfjzifh NzdKcGJzsufqD;EdkifcJhaomf tedpvuPmonf [kwfrSefwdkif;aom rdrd\
oabmvuPmtm;jzifh a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ todPf xif&Sm;vm\/ (0dok'd-2-276/)
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf kyfuvmyf emrfuvmyf toD;toD; twGif; wnf&Sdaom kyf"mwf
emrf"mwf toD;toD;wdkY\ y&rw"robm0owdwnf;[laom udk,fydkifobm0vuPmudk Pfjzifh
ydik ;f jcm;,lEikd
f ,if;y&rw"r obm0oww
d \
Ykd Oyg'f-XD-bif - [laom cPoH;k yg;taygif;ESihf jynfph ckH u
kd f
cPw,or* twGif; jzpfrI ysufrI = Oyg'fpGef; bifpGef;udk 0dyemPfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,lEdkifcJhaomf
IjrifEdkifcJhaomf kyftpOftwef; twHk;tcJ emrftpOftwef; twHk;tcJ wnf;[laom oEwd Ceonf
NydKNyDjzpf\/ oEwdCe NydKonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf ocFgw&m;wdkY\ Oyg'fpGef; bifpGef;udk jrifojzifh
tedpv
uPmonfvnf; xif&mS ;vmay\/ ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk O',A,udk Ijrifaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f
todPf odkYxifvm\/ ]]jzpfjcif; tcdkuftwefYonf ysufjcif; tcdkuftwefYodkY ra&muf? ysufjcif;
tcdkuftwefYonfrlvnf; wpfzef jzpfjcif; tcdkuftwefYodkY ra&muf? jzpfcdkufcPonf wpfyg;wjcm;
omwnf;? ysufcdkufcPonf wpfyg;wjcm;omwnf;/}}- odkY xifvm\/ odkYvQif wpfckwnf;aom
ocFg&w&m;onfaomfvnf; cP\ tpGrf;jzihf uJGjym;aomtm;jzifh a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ todPf
xifEdkifwHkao;\? twdwfpaom ocFg&w&m;onfum; tb,frSmvQif qdkzG,f&m &dSEdkifawmhtHhenf;/
xdak Mumifh ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk O',A,udk Pfjzifh ydik ;f jcm;,lEikd f IEidk
f oEwC
d eudk NzKd czJG suq
f ;D Edik cf ahJ omf
= kyfuvmyf emrfuvmyf wpfckwpfck\ twGif; wnf&dSaom ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ Oyg'fpGef; bifpGef;udk
jrifatmif IEikd cf ahJ omf tedpv
uPmonf [kwrf eS w
f ikd ;f aom rdr\
d oabmvuPmtm;jzifh a,m*g0p&
yk*dKvf\ todPf xif&Sm;vm\[k t|uxmu zGifhqdkjcif;jzpfonf/ aU&SaemuftpOftm;jzifh
jzpfuek af om ocFg&"rw\
Ykd wpfyg;pD wpfyg;pD\ tjzpfudk ]]um; y'gG &m0Ze;f um; puK0n
d mPf
um; or#d pd Ki;f }} ponfjzifh aumif;pGm ydik ;f jcm;rSwo
f m;jcif;jzifh oEwt
d pOftwef;udk cGmtyfonfukd
]oEwC
d eudk NzKd czGJ suq
f ;D Edik o
f nf oEwyd nwfukd cGmEdik o
f nf oEwt
d zH;k tydwu
f kd zGiv
hf pS Ef ikd o
f nf}[k
qdo
k nf/ rSeaf yonf ----- ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk O',A,udk Pfjzifh aumif;pGm ydik ;f jcm;rSwo
f m;aom
a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vt
f m; ocFg&"rwo
Ykd nf wpfpyfwnf;tm;jzifh rxifuek ?f pifppfaomfum; oHacsmif;wdu
Yk o
hJ Ykd
tcsi;f csi;f rpyfaomtm;jzifo
h mvQif xifuek o
f nfjzpf aumif;rGepf mG vQif tedpv
uPmonf xif&mS ;
jzpfownf;/ (r[m#D-2- 437/)
tMuiftMuif odrf;qnf;tyfNyD;aom O',A,\ tpGrf;jzifh ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tMum;tvyf
r&Sad tmif tjrrJ jywf wpfpyfwnf; wpfqufwnf; jzpfjcif; ysujf cif; 'Pfcsujf zifh tESyd pf ufcH&rIoabmudk
ESv;kH oGi;f &d,mykxf &oifah om qif;&J 'kuu
kd zH;k vTr;f wwfonf\tjzpfukd cGmEdik f EIwEf ikd f zGiv
hf pS -f
Edik cf o
hJ nf&aSd omf 'kuv
uPmonf [kwrf eS w
f ikd ;f aom rdr\
d oabmvuPmtm;jzifh a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f
todPf xif&Sm;vm\/ (0dok'd-2-276/)
rSefayonf ----- wpfckaom &d,mykxf jzpfay:vmaom qif;&J'kuudk y,fazsmufwwfaom
tjcm;wpfrsK;d aom &d,mykxo
f nf xdq
k if;&J'u
k u
kd zH;k vTr;f ouJo
h Ykd jzpf\/ &d,mykxu
f kd jyKjyifajymif;vJ
ay;vdkufygu jzpfay:aeaom qif;&J'ku\ tawmftoifh oufom&mudk &oGm;aomaMumifh jzpf\/
270
<uif;aom &d,mykxfwdkYonfvnf; twlyifwnf;/ xdkaMumihf &d,mykxfwdkY\ xdkxdkqif;&J'kuudk

zHk;vTrf;wwfonf\ tjzpfudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odtyfonf&dSaomf xdk&d,mykxfwdkY\ qif;&J 'kuudk
zHk;vTrf;wwfonf\ tjzpfukd cGmtyfonf EIwftyfonf zGifhvSpftyfonf rnfayonf/ taMumif;rlocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tjrJrjywf tMum;tvyfr&Sdatmif qif;&J'kujzifh xdk;qGEdSyfpuf tyfonf\ tjzpf\
xif&mS ;onf\ tjzpfaMumifw
h nf;/ xdaYk Mumifh ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk jzpfjcif; ysujf cif; 'Pfcsujf zifh tjrrJ jywf
tnOf;yef; tEdSyfpuf cH&rIoabmudk ESvHk;oGif; &d,mykxfudk cGmxm;EdkifcJhaomf 'kuvuPmonf
[kwfrSefwdkif;aom rdrd\ oabmvuPmtm;jzifh a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ todPf xif&Sm;vm\[k
t|uxmu zGifhqdkjcif; jzpfonf/ (r[m#D-2-437/)
kyu
f vmyf wpfcw
k pfc\
k twGi;f wnf&adS om ky"f mwfwu
Ykd kd um; yx0D"mwf um; tmayg
"mwf um; awaZm"mwf um; 0ga,m"mwf ponfjzifv
h nf;aumif; yx0D"mwfum; wpfrsK;d wjcm;
wpfyg;omwnf;? tmayg"mwfum; wpfrsKd;wjcm; wpfyg;omwnf;? awaZm"mwfum; wpfrsKd;wjcm;
wpfyg;omwnf;? 0ga,m"mwfum; wpfrsKd;wjcm; wpfyg;omwnf; ----- odkY ponfjzifhvnf;aumif;
pdwu
P
wpfcw
k pfc[
k k ac:qdt
k yfaom emrfuvmyfwpfcw
k pfc\
k twGi;f wnf&adS om emrf"mwfwu
Ykd kd
um; z um; a0'em um; onm um; apwem um; 0dnmPf ponfjzifv
h nf;aumif;
zum; wpfrsKd;wjcm; wpfyg;omwnf;? a0'emum; wpfrsKd;wjcm; wpfyg;omwnf;? onmum;
wpfrsK;d wjcm; wpfyg;omwnf;? apwemum; wpfrsK;d wjcm; wpfyg;omwnf;? 0dnmPfum; wpfrsK;d wjcm;
wpfyg;omwnf; ----- odkY ponfjzifhvnf;aumif; toD;toD;aom kyf"mwf emrf"mwfwdkYukd Pfjzifh
cGJjcm; pdwfjzm kyfw&m;wdkY\ orl[Ce udpCe emrfw&m;wdkY\ orl[Ce udpCe tm&rP
Ce[laom kyfwHk;kyfcJ emrfwHk;emrfcJ[laom kyfCe emrfCe toD;toD;udk Pfjzifh NzdKcGJzsufqD;jcif;
udk jyKvkyfEdkifcJhaomf tewvuPmonf [kwfrSefwdkif;aom rdrd\ oabmvuPmtm;jzifh a,m*g
0p&yk*dKvf\ todPf xif&Sm;vmay\/ (0dok'd-2-276/ r[m#D-2-437/)
0dyemPf 0dyem bm0emur|mef;jzifh reif;e,f rBudwfacstyfao;aom ocFg&w&m;
&Su
d ek af om olwo
Ykd nf = ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd y&rwfoq
Ykd u
kd af tmif 0dyemPfjzifh rBuw
d af csz;l ukeaf om
olwdkYonf o[Zmw tnrnpaom yp,owdwdkYjzifh tcsif;csif; axmufyhHxm;tyfukefaom kyfuvmyf emrfuvmyftaetm;jzifh tkypf t
k vku
d f jzpfay:aeMuukeaf om kyw
f &m; emrfw&m;wdYk yx0D
wpfckwnf; tmaygwpfckwnf; awaZmwpfckwnf; 0ga,mwpfckwnf; ponfjzifhvnf;aumif; z
wpfckwnf; a0'emwpfckwnf; onmwpfckwnf; apwemwpfckwnf; 0dnmPfwpfckwnf; ponfjzifh
vnf;aumif; wpfcw
k nf;\ tjzpfjzifh ESv;Hk oGi;f onf\ tpGr;f jzifh pG,
J t
l yfaom ,lqxm;aom tMuif
orl[Ce\ tjzpfonfvnf;aumif; xdkYtwl xdkxdkyx0D zpaom obm0"rwdkY\ udptxl;
tjym;\ toD;toD; ude;f ao rSwt
f yfonf\ tjzpfonf xif&mS ;&Syd gaomfvnf; udpw
pfcpk D wpfcpk [
D k
ruGJjym;bJ udpwpfckwnf;tm;jzifh pGJ,ltyfaom ,lqtyfaom tMuifudpCe\ tjzpfonfvnf;aumif; xdkYtwl tmkHudk ,lwwfukefaom om&rP"r trnf&aom emrfw&m;wdkY\ tmkH,ljcif;\
xl;jcm;uGjJ ym;onf\ tjzpfonf = tmk,
H w
l wfaom emrfw&m;wdYk z\ tmku
H akd wGUxdaom tjcif;
t&mtm;jzifh jzpfjcif;oabm a0'em\ tmkH\ t&omudk cHpm;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh jzpfjcif;
oabm -- odkY ponfjzifh tmkH,lyHk xl;jcm; uGJjym;onf\ tjzpfonf xif&Sm; &Sdygaomfvnf; z
271
a0'em ponfjzifh uGJuGJjym;jym; rxifbJ y&rw"mwfom; wpfckwnf; taetm;jzifh pGJ,ltyf ,lq

xm;tyfaom tMuif tm&rPCeonfvnf;aumif; &Sd\/ xkdoHk;rsKd;ukefaom CewdkYonf kyf"mwf
emrf"mwfwdkY Pfjzifh cGJjcm;pdwfjzm y&rwfodkY qdkufatmif Oyg'fpGef; bifpGef;udk jrifatmif toD;
toD; Ityfukefonf&Sdaomf vufjzifh qkyfe,ftyfaom a&jrKyfqdkif (= a&jrKyfpdkif)uJhodkY ausysufjcif;odkY
a&mufomG ;Muuke\
f / ]]rdrd rdrw
d \
Ykd qdik &f mqdik &f m taMumif;w&m;tm;avsmpf mG jzpfay:vmMuukeaf om
xdkkyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkYonf twrS uif;qdwfukef\? kyfemrfy&rw"robm0rQom jzpfMuukef\}}
odkYaom tewvuPmPftjrifonf txl;ojzifh xif&Sm;vmay\/ xdkaMumifh toD;toD;aom
ky"f mwf emrf"mwfwu
Ykd kd Pfjzifh cGjJ cm;pdwjf zm kyw
f ;kH kycf J emrfw;kH emrfcw
J nf;[laom kyC
f e emrfCe
toD;toD;udk Pfjzifh NzdKcGJzsufqD;jcif;udk jyKvkyfEkdifcJhaomf tewvuPmonf [kwfrSefwdkif;aom
rdrd\ oabmvuPmtm;jzifh a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ todPf xif&Sm;vm\[k t|uxmu zGifhqdkawmfrljcif; jzpfonf/ (0dok'd-2-276/ r[m#D-2-437/)
t&m ----1/ tedp tedpvuPm
2/ 'ku 'kuvuPm
3/ tew tewvuPm -- (6)rsKd;aom cGJjcm;a0zefrIudk a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf odxm;oifhayonf/ xkdwGif ----tedp[lonf Oyg'geuEm ig;yg;wnf;/ tb,faMumifhenf;[lrl ,if;Oyg'geuEmwdkY ----1/ edAwdvuPm[laom jzpfjcif; Oyg'foabm = Zmwdoabm
2/ 0dy&dPmrvuPm[laom azmufjyefysufpD;jcif; bifoabm = r&Poabm
3/ tnxw = Oyg'foabmrS wpfyg;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh ajymif;vJ jzpfjcif; XDoabm =
Z&moabm ----oabmw&m; oHk;yg;wdkYonf xif&Sm;&dSMuukef\/ Oyg'geuEmig;yg;wdkYonf Zmwdoabm Z&m
oabm r&Poabm xif&Sm;&dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifh tedp rnf\/
wpfenf; ----- Oyg'geuEm ig;yg;wdo
Yk nf a&S;ur&dS ,ckrS (= Oyg'fumvodYk a&mufr)S kwjf cnf;jzpf
t&Snfrwnf ysufpD;jcif;aMumifh tedp rnf\/ rjzpfrD a&S;rqGu r&Sdao;jcif; jzpfNyD;aemuf bifcPodkY
a&mufu bifcPjzifh ysufNyD; r&dSawmhjcif;aMumifh tedp rnf\[k qdkvdkonf/
(0dok'd-2-276-277/ r[m#D-2-438/)
jzpfjcif;oabm = Zmwdoabm ysujf cif;oabm = r&Poabm jzpfjcif; ysujf cif;rS wpfyg;aom
XD[laom Z&moabm\ tjzpfonf tedpvuPm rnf\ = tedp[k rSwfaMumif; vuPm rnf\/
wpfenf; ----- jzpfNyD; ysufjcif; = r&Sdjcif;[k qkdtyfaom azmufjyefaom tjcif;t&mxl;onf tedp
vuPm rnf\/ (0dok'd-2-277/)
cEmig;yg;wd\
Yk ysuaf om tjcif;t&mudk azmufjyefaom oabmtm;jzifh odtyf\/ ,if;ysuaf om
tjcif;t&mum; azmufjyefaom oabmjzpfaomaMumifh jzpfaomtjcif;t&m r[kwfay/
tmum&0dum&[lonf tmum&0daoo = tjcif;t&mtxl;wnf;/ rSefayonf ----- jzpfNyD; r&dSjcif;
272
[laom tbm0onf ysufpD;jcif;[laom r&dSjcif; tbm0oabm jzpfaomaMumifh rjzpfrD a&S;rqGu

r&dSjcif;[laom tbm0rS uGJjym;\/ xdkjzpfNyD; r&dSjcif; = xdkysufjcif;[laom r&dSjcif;vnf; tedp
vuPmonf xif\/ rSefayonf ----- tedptjcif;t&monf 'kutjcif;t&m tewtjcif;t&mwdkYrS
xl;jcm;ouJhodkY jzpfrI Oyg'ftjcif;t&mrSvnf; xl;jcm;ay\/ toH = o'kyf\ ysufjcif;[laom r&dSjcif;
tbm0udk ocFw\ tjzpfjzifh NyD;pD;aptyf\/ ocFw\ tjzpfonfvnf; y&rww&m;udk,f teuf
oabmtm;jzifh jzpfrI Oyg'f&dSonf\ tjzpfaywnf;/ Oyg'fonfvnf; rjzpfrD a&S;rqGu r&dSjcif;jzifh
Ny;D aptyfaom xif&mS ;&daS om tcdu
k t
f wefyY ifwnf;/ enf;jzifh 'kuv
uPm tewvuPmwdu
Yk v
kd nf;
od&dSygavukef/ (r[m#D-2-438/)
,'edpH wH 'kuH = tedpj zpfaom oabmw&m;onf 'ku rnf\/ (oH-2-19 ...) odYk bk&m;&Sif
onf a[mMum;xm;awmfrlaomaMumifh xdktedpjzpfaom cEmig;yg;taygif;onfyifvQif 'ku rnf\/
tb,faMumifeh nf;[lru
l m; ----- jzpfjcif; ysujf cif;jzifh tjrrJ jywf tzefwvJvJ EdyS pf uf nO;f qJtyfonf\
tjzpfaMumifh 'kurnf\/ jzpfjcif; ysufjcif;jzifh tjrJrjywf tzefwvJvJ EdSyfpufnOf;qJaom tjcif;
t&monf 'kuv
uPm = 'ku[k rSwfaMumif;vuPm rnf\/ (0dok'd-2-277/)
,H 'kuH w'ewm = 'kur nfaom w&m;onf tewrnf\/ (oH -2-19 ...)odYk bk&m;&Sio
f nf
a[mMum;xm;awmfrlaomaMumifh 'kurnfaom cEmig;yg;taygif;onf tewrnf\/ tb,faMumifh
enf;[lrlum; ----- wpfpHkwpfa,mufaom yk*dKvfow0g\ = tw\ tvdkodkY rvdkufjcif;aMumifhwnf;/
wpfpw
kH pfa,mufaom yk*Kd vo
f w0g\ = tw\ tvdo
k Ykd rvdu
k yf gaom tjcif;t&monf tewvuPm
= tew[k rSwfaMumif;vuPm rnf\/ (0dok'd-2-277/)
wpfenf; ----- edpoabmudk y,fjcif;aMumifh tedprnfouJhodkY edptjcif;t&mudk y,fjcif;aMumifh
qdktyfcJhNyD;aom jzpfNyD;aemuf r&dSjcif; = tbm0tjcif;t&m[k qdktyfaom tedptjcif;t&monf
tedpvuPm rnf\/ tvm;wlyif okcoabmudk y,fjcif;aMumifh 'kurnf&um; okctjcif;t&mudk
y,fjcif;aMumifh jzpfjcif; ysujf cif; 'Pfcsujf zifh tjrrJ jywf tzefwvJvJ nO;f yef;ESyd pf ufaom tjcif;t&m[k
qdktyfaom 'kutjcif;t&monf 'kuv
uPm rnf\/ xdt
Yk wl twoabmudk y,fjcif;aMumifh tew
rnf&um; twtjcif;t&mudk y,fjcif;aMumifh wpfpHkwpfa,mufaom yk*dKvfow0g\ = tw\ tvdk
tBudKufodkY rvdkufygaom tjcif;t&m[k qdktyfaom tewtjcif;t&monf tewvuPmrnf\[k
rSwfom;yg/ (r[m#D-2-438/)
wZmynwf
aw ,dar wa,myd tmum&m tobm0"rwm cEy&d,myEm e a[mEd/ caE[d 0dem tEkyvAe,
D awm cE0ed rd w
k m yd e a[mE/d caE ye Oyg'g, a0g[m&0aoe vArmem w'g'De00dbm0em,
0daooum&Pblwm wZmynwd0daoomwd a0'dwAm/ (r[m#D-2-438/)
vuPH emr ynwd*wduH e0wA"rblwH/ (tbd-|-1-269/)
tedpwm 'kuwm tewwmwd [d 0doHk *,SrmeH vuPH ynwd*wduH y&rwawm t0dZrmeH?
t0dZrmewm {0 y&dwm'd0aoe e0wA"rblwH/ (rlv#D-1-115/)
273
tedpv
uPm 'kuv
uPm tewvuPm[laom oH;k yg;ukeaf om vuPmwdo
Yk nf obm0"r
r[kwfaomaMumifh cEm twGif;0ifukefonf = cEm tusKH;0ifukefonf rjzpfukef/ cEmESifhvnf;
uif; r&tyfaomaMumifh cEmrS vGwu
f ek o
f nfvnf; rjzpfuek /f cEmwdu
Yk u
dk m; tpJjG yK a0g[m&tm;jzifh
&tyfaom cEmwdkY\ azmufjyefysufpD;jcif; tjypftm'De0udk xif&Sm;pGmjyjcif;\ xl;uJaom taMumif;
jzpfaom wZmynwftxl; = xdkcEmwdkYaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom ynwftxl;[l rSwfom;tyf\/
(r[m#D-2-438/)
tedpvuPm 'kuvuPm tewvuPm[laom vuPma&;oHk;wef rnfonf ynwfESifh
tvm;wl\/ umrm0p&w&m; lyg0p&w&m; tlyg0p&w&m; avmukw&mw&m;[l rqdkxdkufaom
e0wA"r jzpf\/ (tbd-|-1-269/)
tedptjcif;t&m 'kutjcif;t&m tewtjcif;t&m[laom vuPmudk ,if;vuPmcsnf;
oufouf uGuf ,lcJhaomf vuPm[lonf ynwfESifh tvm;wl\/ y&rwtm;jzifh xif&Sm; r&dS/
y&rwtm;jzifh xif&mS ; r&daS omaMumifyh ifvQif umrm0p&w&m;ponfw\
Ykd tpGr;f jzifh rqdo
k ifh rqdx
k u
kd -f
aom e0wA"r jzpf\/ ( rlv#D-1-115/ )
xdktvHk;pHkaom vuPma&; oHk;yg; taygif;udkvnf;aumif; xdkvuPma&; oHk;wefjzifh ydkif;jcm;
rSwo
f m;tyfaom tedp 'ku tewjzpfaom cEmig;yg;taygif;udv
k nf;aumif; O',A,Pftjrif
ESifh jynfhpHkaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf Oyudavo tnpftaMu;wdkYrS vGwfajrmufaom 0dyemc&D;
vrf;rSefay:odkY oGm;aeaom O',A,mEkyemPfjzifh razmufrjyef [kwfrSefaom rdrd\ oabm
vuPmtm;jzifh aumif;pGm ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;\/ aumif;pGm ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;ygav/ (0dok'd-2-277/)
]]O',A,mEkyemPfjzifh razmufrjyef [kwrf eS af om rdr\
d oabmvuPmtm;jzifh aumif;pGm ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;\}} [laom pum;udk zvlypm&tm;jzifh qdktyfownf;/ O',A,Pf tusKd;iSm
jzpfaptyfaom vuPma&;oHk;wefvQif tmkH&dSaom vuPm&rPdu0dyemudk O',A,Pf[k
qdkxm;aomaMumifhwnf;/ rSefayonf ----- O',A,Pfonf 'kuvuPm tp&dSonfvQif tmkH
&So
d nfum; r[kwaf y/ wpfenf;qdak omf -- xd'k u
k v
uPmponfvQif tmH&k o
Sd nf\ tjzpfonf xif&mS ;
&dv
S wfaomf O',A,PfrnfonfomvQif rjzpfav&m/ pifppfaomfum; O',A,Pfukd xufjruf
pl;&Sonfudkvnf;aumif; oefY&Sif;onfudkvnf;aumif; jyKjcif;iSmtvdk&Sdaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf
vuPma&; oHk;yg;taygif;udk pl;prf;jcif;ukdomvQif = ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedptjcif;t&mudk Pfjzifh
jrifatmifMunfh tedp[kvnf;aumif; 'kutjcif;t&mudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh 'ku[kvnf;aumif; tewtjcif;t&mudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunf
h tew[v
k nf;aumif; qH;k jzwfjcif;udo
k mvQif
jyKoifh jyKxdkufay\/ rSefayonf ----- vuPma&; oHk;yg;taygif;udk pl;prf;qifjcif qHk;jzwfwwfaom
Pfonf xdk O',A,Pf\ y&duHESifh wlay\ (= O',A,Pf &&dSzdkY&ef pD;jzef;rIudk y&duH[k
qdkonf)/ <uif;aom txufydkif; PfwdkYvnf; enf;yifwnf;/ (r[m#D-2-438-439/)
274
vuPm,mOfudk wifyg
O',A,Pfonf 'kuvuPmponfvQif tmkH&dSonfum; r[kwf? ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfysufudkom tmkH,laom Pfjzpf\/ odkYaomf toifolawmfaumif;onf O',A,Pfudk &&dSvdkygu
txufyg t|uxm#Dumwd\
Yk TeMf um;csuEf iS t
hf nD ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd vuPm,mOf oH;k csuf wpfvn
S phf D
wifom wGifwGifBuD; 0dyemIyg/ xdkodkY wGifwGifBuD; 0dyemIcJhaomf O',A,Pftjrifonf
xufjrufpl;&Svmrnf oefY&Sif;vmrnfom jzpfayonf/ xdkodkY I&m ----1/ kyfudk tOD;rl kyfemrfwdkYudk odrf;qnf;vsuf 0dyemIjcif;[laom um,mEkyemenf;
2/ a0'emudk tOD;rl kyfemrfwdkYudk odrf;qnf;vsuf 0dyemIjcif;[laom a0'emEkyemenf;
3/ todpdwf 0dnmPfudk tOD;rl kyfemrfwdkYudk odrf;qnf;vsuf 0dyemIjcif;[laom pdwmEkyemenf;
4/ zudk tOD;rl kyfemrfwdkYudk odrf;qnf;vsuf 0dyemIjcif;[laom "rmEkyemenf; cEm
(5)yg;enf; tm,we (12)yg;enf; "mwf (18)yg;enf; y#dpo
rkyg 'fenf; opa'oemawmfenf;
odkYpaom "rmEkyemenf; ---- enf;trsKd;rsKd;wdkYjzifh rdrd tvdk&dSovdk 0dyem IEdkifayonf/ xdkodkY Izefrsm;vwf toif
olawmfaumif;\ 0dyemPfonf xufjrufpl;&Svmaomtcg ypKyefwGif ----1/ &Hcg kyfw&m;wdkY\ jzpfrI ysufrIudkvnf;aumif;
2/ &Hcg emrfw&m;wdkY\ jzpfrI ysufrIudkvnf;aumif;
3/ &Hcg kyf-emrf ESpfrsKd;vHk;wdkY\ jzpfrI ysufrIudkvnf;aumif;
0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh vuPma&; oHk;wefudk wpfvSnfhpD wif 0dyemIyg/
(6)vdkif;vHk; wnf&dSaom kyfemrfwdkYudk emrfur|mef;ydkif;Z,m;rsm;wGif a&;om;wifjyxm;onfhtwdkif;
ukefpifatmif Iyg/ tZw A[d' oEmefESpfrsKd;vHk; Iyg/ A[d'udkI&m teD;rSonf ta0;odkY wpfp
wpfp wdk; (31)bkHudk jcHKrd iHkrdatmif Iyg/ pGrf;Edkifygu teEpMu0VmodkYwdkifatmif jzefYMuuf Iyg/
tedpv
uPmudk wif tacgufaygif;rsm;pGm 'kuv
uPmudk wif tacgufaygif;rsm;pGm tewvuPmudk wif tacgufaygif;rsm;pGm Iyg/ kyef mrfw\
Ykd jzpfrI ysurf u
I kd cPypKye o
f Ykd qdu
k af tmif &Si;f &Si;f Bu;D
odjrif& tm;&auseyfrI &&dSaomtcg rdrd odrf;qnf;xm;orQ twdwftqufqufrSonf ypKyef
ypKyefrSonf tem*wfqHk;onftxd ----1/ kyfoufoufudk
2/ emrfoufoufudk
3/ kyf-emrf ESpfrsKd;vHk;udk wJG
,if; kyfemrfwdkY\ jzpfrI ysufrIudk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh vuPma&;oHk;wefudk
wpfvn
S phf D wifum wGiw
f iG Bf u;D 0dyemIyg/ tZsw A[d' oEmefEpS yf g;vH;k Iyg/ tacgufaygif;rsm;pGm
IEdkifzdkYum; tvGefta&;BuD;vS\/ twdwfcEm ypKyefcEm tem*wfcEmwdkYtay: tpJGBuD; pJGaeaom
wPSmpGJ rmepJG 'd|dpJGwdkYudk NzdKcJGaeaom vkyfief;&yfBuD;yif jzpfayonf/
275
&d,myx - orZn IuGuf

0dyemydkif; &d,myxIuGuf orZnIuGufwdkYudk qufvuf wifjytyfygonf/ oGm;&yf-xdik -f avsmif;-auG;-qefpY aom &d,myxtcdu
k f orZntcdu
k w
f Ykd cEmig;yg;udk Pfjzifh ydik ;f jcm;
,lyHk odrf;qnf;yHkudk kyfur|mef;ydkif; emrfur|mef;ydkif;wdkYwGif a&;om;wifjycJh\/ O',A,PfodkY
wdkifatmif tqifhqifh atmifjrifpGm BudK;yrf;vmaom toifolawmfaumif;onfvnf; ,if;cEmig;yg;
= kyef mrfw&m;wdu
Yk kd Pfjzifh ydik ;f jcm;,lwwf odr;f qnf;wwfNy;D jzpfayrnf/ wGif IypkH epfukd qufvuf
wifjytyfygonf/
toifoal wmfaumif;onf pBuw
pfae&m a&S;OD;pGm rwfwwf&yfvsuf orm"dukd xlaxmifNy;D vQif
kyfw&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;yg/ xdkaemif emrfw&m;wdkYudk qufvufodrf;qnf;yg/ xdkaemif tenf;i,f
oGm;Munfhyg/
1/ o,faqmifwwfaom kyfw&m; (= &d,myxkyf)
2/ to,faqmifcH&aom kyfw&m; (= pwkork|medukyf) --- kyw
f &m;wdu
Yk kd odr;f qnf;yg/ xdw
k iG f um,0dnwf v[kwm rk'w
k m urnwm tmumo"mwf
paom kyt
f wkwu
Ykd kd tmkrH ,lbJ kyt
f ppfwu
Ykd kd tmk,
H
l ,if;kyw
f &m;wd\
Yk jzpfNy;D ysuo
f nfo
h abmudk
tmk,
H
l tedp[
k Iyg/ jzpfjcif; ysujf cif; 'Pfcsujf zifh tjrrJ jywf tnO;f yef; tEdyS pf ufc&H onfh oabmudk
h 'ku[
k Iyg/ rysupf ;D bJ tusw
d t
f cJ tcdik t
f rm tESpo
f m&tm;jzifh wnfaeonfh tw r&dSonfhoabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh tew[k Iyg/
kyw
f &m;oufoufukd 0dyemI atmifjrifrI &&daS omtcg pBuo
mG ;jcif; &d,mykxu
f kd jzpfapwwfaom taMumif;&if;jzpfaom raem'Gg&duaZm0Dxd pdwftpOf emrfw&m;pkwdkYudkvnf; tvm;wlyif
vuPm,mOf oHk;csuf wpfvSnfhpD wif 0dyemIyg/
tmavmudaw 0davmudaw = wnfhwnfhMunfh&m apmif;iJhMunfh&m odrf;qnf;xm;aom
cEmig;yg; kyfemrfw&m;wdkYudkvnf; odrf;qnf;vsuf vuPm,mOfudkwifum yHkpHwlyif 0dyemIyg/
tvm;wlyif pBuoGm;cdkuf tmkH (6)yg;udk xdkufovdk tmkHjyK jzpfay:vmMuukefaom puK'Gg&0Dxd
raem'Gg&0Dxd aomw'Gg&0Dxd raem'Gg&0Dxd Cme'Gg&0Dxd raem'Gg&0Dxd Zd0Sg'Gg&0Dxd raem'Gg&0Dxd
um,'Gg&0Dxd raem'Gg&0Dxd raem'Gg&0Dxd ----- 0Dxd emrfw&m;pkwu
Ykd v
kd nf;aumif; ,if;w&m;pkw\
Ykd
rS&D m0wKyk rf sm;ESihf tmkH yk w
f u
Ykd v
kd nf;aumif; odr;f qnf; ,if;kyw
f &m; emrfw&m;wdu
Yk v
kd nf; vuPm,mOf oHk;csuf wpfvSnhfpD wif 0dyem Iyg/ auG;cdkuf qefYcdkuf oydwfouFef;udk aqmifcdkuf pm;cdkuf
aomufcdkufpaom xdkxdkorZOfydkif;qkdif&m tcdkuftwefYwdkYvnf; kyf-emrfwdkYudk odrf;qnf;vsuf
tvm;wlyif 0dyemIyg/
1/ kyfoufoufudkvnf;aumif;
2/ emrfoufoufudkvnf;aumif;
3/ kyfESifhemrfudk wJGvnf;aumif; --vuPm,mOf oHk;csufudk wpfvSnfhpD wif 0dyemIyg/ twdwf-tem*wf-ypKyef[laom
umvoHk;yg; tZsw-A[d'[laom oEmefESpfyg;vHk; vuPm,mOfudk wifum 0dyemIyg/ cEm
276
ig;yg;enf; tm,we wpfq,fhESpfyg;enf;ponfwdkYjzifhvnf; qufvuf 0dyemIyg/ xdkodkY I&m

cPypKye o
f Ykd qdu
k af tmif cEmig;yg; = kyef mrfw&m;wd\
Yk jzpfysuu
f dk jrifcahJ omf tm;&auseyfrI &cJah omf
t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHpaom taMumif;w&m;rsm; xif&Sm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusKd;kyfemrfwdkY
xif&Sm;jzpfay:vmyHk aMumif;-usKd; qufEG,frIoabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh ----1/ t0dZm jzpfjcif;aMumifh kyjf zpf\ --- odpYk onfjzifh taMumif;w&m; xif&mS ;jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusK;d
w&m; xif&Sm;jzpfykHudkvnf;aumif;
2/ t0dZmcsKyfjcif;aMumifh kyfcsKyf\ -- odkYponfjzifh taMumif;w&m; csKyfjcif;aMumifh tusKd;w&m;
csKyfyHkudkvnf;aumif;
3/ t0dZmjzpfjcif;aMumifh kyfjzpf\? t0dZmcsKyfjcif;aMumifh kyfcsKyf\ -- odkYponfjzifh taMumif;
w&m; jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusKd;w&m; jzpfyHk taMumif;w&m; csKyfjcif;aMumifh tusKd;w&m; csKyfyHkudk
vnf;aumif; Pfjzifh jrifatmif Iyg/
4/ taMumif;w&m; tusKd;w&m; ESpfrsKd;vHk;wdkY\ jzpfrI ysufrIoabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh
vuPm,mOf oHk;csufudk wpfvSnfhpD wifvnf; 0dyemIyg/
umvoHk;yg; oEmefESpfyg;vHk; Iyg/ &Hcg tokboabmudkvnf; Iyg/ vuPma&;oHk;yg;vHk;udk
tuGuaf phatmif INy;D aomtcg BuKd u&f m vuPmwpfyg;udk OD;pm;ay; 0dyemIEikd af yonf/ wpfzef
(1) 0wK - jzpf-ysuf-tedp/ / (2) tmkH - jzpf-ysuf-tedp/ / (3) a0'em - jzpf-ysuf-tedp/
(a0'emEkyem)
(1) 0wK - jzpf-ysuf-tedp/ / (2) tmkH - jzpf-ysuf-tedp/ / (3) 0dnmPf - jzpf-ysuf-tedp/
(pdwmEkyem)
(1) 0wK - jzpf-ysuf-tedp/ / (2) tmkH - jzpf-ysuf-tedp/ / (3) z - jzpf-ysuf-tedp/
("rmEkyem) ----- odkY ponfjzifh vuPma&;oHk;wef wpfvSnfhpD wifvsufvnf; 0dyem
IEdkifayonf/ (&Sif;vif;csufudk b*FgEkyemPfcef; -293-294-wGif Munfhyg/)
odv
Yk Qif &d,mykxaf v;yg;vH;k ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk jzpfrI ysurf u
I kd 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmif
Munfh vuPma&;oHk;wefudkvnf; wpfvSnfhpD wifum wGifwGifBuD; 0dyem IEdkifaomf toif
olawmfaumif;\ O',A,mEkyemPftjrifonf xufjrufonfxuf xufjruf oef&Y iS ;f onfxuf
oefY&Sif; vmayrnf/ ,if;odkY xufjrufoefY&Sif; &J&ifhvmaomtcg ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfrIudk ESvHk;
roGif;awmhbJ tysufoufoufudkom wpfzufowf ESvHk;oGif;vdkufygu toifolawmfaumif;\ 0dyemPfonf ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk tjzpfukd rjrifawmhbJ tysuo
f ufoufuo
kd m wpfzufowf jrifonfh
b*FPfbufodkY wjznf;jznf; ul;oGm;rnf jzpfayonf/ xdktcg toifolawmfaumif;\ O',A,mEkyemPfonf qkH;cef;wdkifodkY a&muf&SdoGm;NyD jzpfayownf;/
O',A,Pfcef; NyD;\/
22222
277
b*FgEkyemPfcef;
b*FgEkyemPf[lonf
wa0H ovauwGm ykeyKeH ]]tedpH 'kurewm}}wd lygly"ar wkv,awm wD&,awm wH
PH wduH [kwGm 0[wd? ocFg&m v[Hk Oy|[Ed? aP wdau 0[aE ocFga&ok v[kH Oy|[aEok
Oyg'H 0g Xdwd H 0g y0wH 0g edrdwH 0g e ormykPmwd/ c,0,ab'eda&ma"a,0 owd oEd|wd/
w ]]{0H OyZdwGm {0H emr ocFg&*wH edkZswD}}wd yawm {wod H Xmae b*FgEkyeH emr
0dyemPH OyZwd/ (0dok'd-2-277/)
odv
Yk Qif kyef mrf"r ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk tedpt
jcif;t&m 'kut
jcif;t&m tewtjcif;t&mwdu
Yk kd
aumif;pGm ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;vsuf tzefwvJvJ ]]tedp[k 'ku[k tew[k}} kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkYudk
csed
f aeaom pl;prf;pdppfaeaom xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f xd
k Pfonf xufjrufp;l &Sonf jzpf jzpfay:vm\/ ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf O',A,\ tpGrf;jzifh vsifvsifjrefjref xifvmukef\/ (0dok'd-2-277/)
0dyemPf\ xufjrufp;l &Sonf\ tjzpfonf bm0em\ t0g;0pGm avhvmtyfonf\tjzpf
Edik ef if;pGm avhvmtyfonf\tjzpf ausyeG >f yrf;wD;onf\ tjzpfaMumifh = y*kPjzpfaomaMumifh jzpf\/
,if;y*kPjzpfaom bm0emonfvnf; pdwf"mwfysHUvGifhrI r&Sdjcif;aMumifh IyGm;aeaom ocFg&tmkH
0ifa&mufouJo
h Ykd tqufrjywf jzpfae\ = bm0empdwu
f kd pdu
k x
f m;ouJo
h Ykd jzpfae\/ xdak Mumifh Pf\
xufjruf pl;&Sonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk vsiv
f sijf refjref xifonf\tjzpfukd jytyfayonf/
(r[m#D-2-439/)
0dyemPfonf xufjrufonf jzpf jzpfay:vmvwfaomf xufjrufonf\ tjzpfukd &Gu-f
aqmifonf&adS omf ocFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nf a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f todPf O',A,\ tpGr;f jzifh vsiv
f sif
jrefjref xifvmvwfukefaomf ----1/
2/
3/
4/
Oyg'
Xdwd
y0w
edrdw
= jzpfjcif; Oyg'f[laom tjcif;t&mxl;odkYvnf;aumif;

= wnfjcif; XD[laom Z&modkYvnf;aumif;
= Oyg'dEuy0ww&m;odkYvnf;aumif;
= ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ txnfudk,f vkH;vkH;avsmif;avsmif; oPmefponf xifjcif;rQodkY
vnf;aumif; ----
0dyemPffonf ra&muf&Sdawmhay/ 0dyemPfonf vdkufrrDawmhay/

1/
2/
3/
4/
c,
0,
ab'
eda&m"
=
=
=
=
ukefjcif;oabm
ysufjcif;oabm
NydKjcif;oabm
cPrpJ woJoJ csKyfjcif;oabm ----
c, 0, ab' eda&m"[k qdktyfaom cPdueda&m" = cPtm;jzifh csKyfysufjcif;oabm

w&m;omvQif owdonf aumif;pGm wnfae\/
278
y#dy'gP'e0dok'd eda'o -- b*FgEkyemPfcef;
]]ocFg& twGif;0ifaom w&m;taygif;onf odkY jzpf odkY pufqkyfzG,f vdvd csKyfbd\

wum;}} [k ----odYk aI om xkad ,m*g0p&yk*Kd vt
f m; jzpfjcif;udk vTw
f ysujf cif;udo
k mvQif ESv;kH oGi;f &m t&m
ysufjcif; bifudkomvQif tzefwvJvJ Ijcif;aMumifh b*FgEkyem trnf&aom 0dyemPfonf
jzpfay:vm\/ (0dok'd-2-277/)
ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf O',A,\ tpGrf;jzifh vsifvsifjrefjref xifvmvwfukefaomf ,if;ocFg&
w&m;wdkY\ jzpfrI = O',udk Ijrifjcif;[lonfrSmvnf; ]]jzpfjcif;oabm&Sdaom w&m;onf ysufpD;\}}[k
ysufrI = 0,udk IjrifEdkifzdkY&ef tvdkYiSmomvQif jzpf\/ tb,faMumifh tysufudk I&oenf;[lrl --- xdk
tysuu
f kd Ijrifaom Pf\ ocFg&w&m;wdYk Ni;D aiGUjcif;[laom edA'd gPfukd aqmifwwf jzpfapwwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh Ijcif;jzpf\/ xdak Mumifh ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk tysuo
f ufoufomvQif xdak ,m*g0p&
yk*dKvf\ ESvHk;oGif; = tmabm*udk aumif;pGmaqmifwwfaom ESvHk;oGif; IyGm;rI = reodum&onf
jzpfay:ae\/ xdkaMumifh xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ 0dyemPfonf Oyg' Xdwd y0w edrdwwdkYodkY r
a&mufjcif; Oyg' Xdwd y0w edrdwwdkYudk Pfu vdkufrrDjcif; jzpf\/ (r[m#D-2-439/)
Oyg' ----- Oyg'Ed edAwd0dum&H/ (r[m#D-2-439/)
Oyg' = Oyg'f[lonf ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfjcif; Oyg'f[laom tjcif;t&m txl;wnf;/
ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfrIudk ESvHk;roGif;bJ tysufoufoufudkom ESvkH;oGif;jcif;aMumifh Pfxufjruf
vmaomtcg tjzpfudk rjrifjcif; jzpfonf/ (r[m#D-2-439/)
Xdwd ----- XdwdEd XdwdywH? Z&Ed tawm/ (r[m#D-2-439/)
ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ Oyg'fNyD;aemuf bifodkY ra&mufrD tcdkuftwefYrQ wnfjcif;oabmudk XD[k
ac:qdk\/ Z&m-[k qdkvdkonf/ ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ ,if; XD-oabmudkvnf; a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf ESvHk;
roGif;awmhojzifh ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tysufoufoufudk tjrifoefonfh 0dyemPfonf xufjruf
vmaomtcg a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf ,if; XDoabmudkvnf; rjrifawmhay/
y0w ----- y0w Ed Oyg'dEuy0wH/ (r[m#D-2-439/)
tm&rPu&P0aoe wPSm'd|[
D d Oayawe urKem tm'dEm zvbma0e *[dwmwd Oyg'dEm ?
tm&rPbm0H Oy*Em Oyg'georaEe Oyg'gemeH [dwmwd Oyg'ged,m? Oyg'ge tm&rPyp,blwmearwH t"d0peH/ Oyg'dEm p aw Oyg'ged,m pmwd Oyg'dEKyg'ged,m? omo0uredAwmeH
lygly"rmearwH t"d0peH/ (tbd-|-1-85/)
wPSm'd|dwdkYonf tmkHjyKaomtm;jzifh uyfa&muftyfaom uHu ]]w&m;wdkYonf ig\ tusKd;
w&m;rsm; jzpfMuonf}}[k pG,
J t
l yfaom w&m;rsm;onf Oyg'dE rnf\/ wPSm'd|w
d o
Ykd nf avmuDw&m;wdkYudkomvQif tmkHjyKEdkifMu&um; ,if;wdkYtmkHjyKtyfaom uH[lonf avmuDukodkvfuH tukodkvfuH
omwnf;/ xdkaMumifh Oyg'dEt& avmuDukodkvfuH tukodkvfuHwdkY\ tusKd;jzpfaom avmuD0dyguf
pdwf+apwoduf = emrfw&m;pkESifh urZkyfrsm;udk aumuf,l&\/ ,if;avmuD0dyguf emrfw&m;pkESifh
urZkyfwdkY\ jzpfjcif;oabmudk 0dyguy0w[k y#dord'gr*t|uxm (y#doH-|-2-166) wGif ac:a0:
oHk;pGJxm;\/
279
,if;0dyguf emrfw&m;pkEiS hf urZkyw

f \
Ykd Oyg'f-XD-bif[al om cPoH;k yg;taygif; tusK;H 0ifonfh
jzpfrI Oyg'foabmum; txufwGif azmfjyxm;aom trSwf (1)jzpfonfh Oyg't&wGif yg0ifNyD; jzpf\/
Oyg'dEu
y0w[o
l nf ,if; 0dyguf emrfw&m;pkEiS hf urZkyw
f \
Ykd jzpfjcif; Oyg'frQukd &nf&,
G o
f nfum;
r[kwfay/wPSm'd|dwdkYonf uyfa&muftyfaom uHaMumifh 0dyguf kyfemrfwdkY\jzpfrI[laom aMumif;usKd;
qufEG,fvsuf jzpfrIudk &nfTef;xm;jcif; jzpfonf/ a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf a&S; O',A, tus,f
IyGm;enf; ----t0dZm jzpfjcif;aMumifh urZkyf jzpf\/ y /
uH jzpfjcif;aMumifh urZkyf jzpf\/
odpYk onfjzifh t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH[al om taMumif;w&m;rsm;aMumifh qdik &f mqdik &f m
0dygu0#f tusKd;w&m;wdkY\ jzpfrIudk 0dyemPfjzifh IcJh\? yp,awm O','eyifwnf;/
b*FPfyikd ;f um; a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk jzpfru
I kd ESv;kH roGi;f awmhbJ tysuf
oufoufuo
kd m ESv;kH oGi;f IymG ;jcif;aMumifh 0dyemPf\ xufjrufp;l &S oef&Y iS ;f jcif;odYk a&muf&v
dS maomtcg ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk tjzpfukd rjrifawmhbJ tysuo
f ufoufuo
kd m jrifvm\/ xdo
k Ykd jrifvmaom
tcg taMumif;w&m; jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusK;d w&m; jzpfru
I v
kd nf; ESv;kH roGi;f awmhojzifh taMumif;w&m;
jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusK;d w&m;jzpfru
I v
kd nf; rjrifawmhbJ taMumif; tusK;d ESp&f yfv;kH wd\
Yk tysuo
f ufouf
udkom jrifae&um; taMumif;w&m; xif&Sm;&Sdjcif; jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusKd;w&m; jzpfrI = Oyg'dEu
y0wudkvnf; rjrifawmhbJ 0dyemPfonf ,if;Oyg'dEuy0wodkYvnf; roufa&mufawmh[k
qdkvdkonf/ atmufazmfjyyg tzGifhudkvnf; qufvuf zwfIMunfhyg/
y0wEd lyglyb0y0wd/ (0dok'd-2-284/)
y0wH emr umrH oAm b0y0wd? rwuywm, ye b*FgEkyem, oAba0ok tbdPSor#dyDVe ok|Kw&H Oy|meawm oEokcgbdrwmyd b0g 'kuobm0wm, b,awm Oy|[EDwd
'ewH ]]y0wEd lyglyb0y0w}D }wdtm'd 0kwH/ (r[m#D-2-447/)
y0w[o
l nf lyb0 tlyb0\ jzpfjcif;wnf;/ tu,fpifppftm;jzifrh l umr ly tly[laom
tvHk;pHkaomb0\ jzpfjcif;rSeforQonf y0wrnfonfom jzpf\/ odkYaomfvnf; txGwftxdyfodkY
a&muf&Sdaeaom b*FgEkyemaMumifh tvHk;pHkaom b0wdkY jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; 'Pfcsufjzifh odkYr[kwf
tysuf'Pfcsufjzifh tjrJrjywf tzefwvJvJ nOf;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;\ txl;ojzifh omaumif;pGm
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ Pf xifjrifvmjcif;aMumifh Nidrfoufonfh csrf;om[k orkwftyfonfvnf;
jzpfukefaom lyb0 tlyb0wdkYonfaomfrSvnf; jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; 'Pfcsufjzifh odkYr[kwf tysuf
'Pfcsufjzifh tjrJrjywf tzefwvJvJ tnOf;yef; tESdyfpufcH&jcif; 'kuoabm&Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifh
aMumufvefYzG,fab; = b,oabmtm;jzifh a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ Pf xifvmukef\/ odkYaom
teufoabmudk Tejf yjcif;iSm ]]y0w [lonf lyb0 tlyb0\ jzpfjcif;wnf;}} odpYk aom pum;udk
t|uxmu rdefYqdkawmfrljcif; jzpfonf/ (0dok'd-2-248/ r[m#D-2-447/)
txufyg t|uxm #DumwdkY\ zGifhqdkawmfrlcsufESifhtnD y0w[lonf tvHk;pHkaom umr ly
tly [laom b0\ jzpfjcif;yifwnf;? 0dyguy0w[lvnf; ac:qdk\/
280
Oyywdba0g ye oacFyawm urmbdedAwm cEm/ (0dok'd-2-206/)

t|uxmESifhtnD b0[lonf w&m;udk,ftm;jzifh 0dygu0#fwGif tusKH;0ifaom uHaMumifh
jzpfay:vmMu&aom 0dygufemrfcEm 0dygufkyfcEmwdkYyifwnf;/ b0y0wd[lonf ,if;0dygufcEmwdkY\
uHaMumifh jzpfryI ifwnf;/ b0trnf&aom ,if;0dygufcEmwd\
Yk Oyg'f-XD-bif[al om cPoH;k yg; tusK;H
0ifaom Oyg'fxif&Sm;jzpfrIrSm Oyg'-Xdwd-y0w-edrdw (4)rsKd;wdkYwGif Oyg't&wGif tusKH;0ifoGm;ojzifh
b0y0wd = b0\ jzpfjcif;[lonfrSmvnf; t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gefwdkY jcH&Hxm;tyfaom ocFg& uH
taMumif;w&m;rsm;u Oyed, ememuPu
d urpaom taMumif;oww
d jYkd zifh aus;Zl;jyKay;rIaMumifh
b0trnf&aom 0dygufcEmwd\
Yk xif&mS ;jzpfru
I ykd if qdv
k o
kd nf/ ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk tysuo
f ufoufuo
kd m
ESvHk;oGif;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf b*FgEkyemPf xufjrufvmaomtcg taMumif;w&m;
tusKd;w&m; ESpf&yfvHk;wdkY\ tysufudkom jrifae\/ tjzpfudk ESvHk;roGif;jcif;aMumifh tjzpfudkvnf;
rjrifawmhay/ taMumif;w&m; jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusKd;w&m; jzpfykHudk ESvHk;roGif;jcif;aMumifh taMumif;
w&m; xif&mS ;jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusK;d w&m; xif&mS ;jzpfyu
Hk v
kd nf; rjrifawmhay/ xdak Mumifh xdak ,m*g0p&
yk*dKvf\ 0dyemPfonf y0wodkYvnf; ra&mufjcif; jzpfayonf/ y0wodkYvnf; Pfjzifh vdkuf
rrDjcif; jzpfayonf/
edrdw ---- edrdwEd ocFg&edrdwH/ ,H ocFg&meH orl[m'dCe0aoe oudpy&dap'wm, p o0d*[meH 0d, Oy|meH? wH ocFg&edrdwH/ (r[m#D-2-439/)
edrdw[lonf ocFg&edrdwfwnf;/ ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tysufudkom Iaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf
b*FgEkyemPfonf xufjrufpl;&Svmaomf oefY&Sif;pifMu,fvmaomf kyfw&m;wdkY\ orl[Ce
udpCe emrfw&m;wdkY\ orl[Ce udpCe tm&rPCe[laom kyfCe emrfCe = kyfwHk;kyfcJ
emrfwHk;emrfcJrsm;onf NydKuGJoGm;NyD jzpf\/ (oEwdCeum; a&S;rqGuyif NydKNyD; jzpf\/) aU&Sydkif;Pfrsm;
jzpfMuaom ocFg&y&dap'Pfydkif; = emrlyy&dap'Pfydkif;rS p O',A,PfodkY wdkifatmifaom
0dyemPfwdkY\ twGif;um; IvdkufEkdifaom kyfuvmyf emrfuvmyfwdkY Ce toD;toD; NydK
rIvu
kd rf d rIvu
kd Ef ikd af om kyu
f vmyf emrfuvmyfwYkd Ce toD;toD; rNydKbJ &Sw
d wf\/ rIvu
kd rf ad om
kyu
f vmyf emrfuvmyftwdik ;f awGUaewwfao;\/ Ivu
kd rf ad om Ivu
kd Ef ikd af om kyu
f vmyf emrfuvmyf
wdYk Ce toD;toD; NyKd r&rwfoYkd Pftjrif qdu
k o
f mG ;\/ taMumif;rl --- om0uyg&rDPft&m
tZsw A[d' ESpfXmewdkY kyfuvmyf emrfuvmyfwdkYudk ukefpifatmif rIEkdifbJ tcsKdUt0uf wpfpdwf
wpfa'oavmufudkom IEkdifaomaMumifh jzpf\/ odkYaomf b*FgEkyemPfonf &ifhoefvmaom
tcgum; a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf kyu
f vmyf emrfuvmyfpaom oPmef j'yf[o
l rQukd rawGU&awmhay/
kyfoabmw&m;oufouf emrfoabmw&m; oufoufudkom awGUae\/ Ce toD;toD; NydKae\/
kyfwHk;kyfcJ emrfwHk;emrfcJ[laom ocFg&edrdwfrsm;onf aysmufuG,foGm;Mu\/
ocFg&edrdwf[lonf ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ orl[Ce udpCe tm&rPCewdkY\ tpGrf;jzifh
vnf;aumif; rdrd rdrdudpvQif tydkif;tjcm;&Sdonf\ tjzpfjzifhvnf;aumif; txnfj'yf&SdukefouJhodkY
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ Pf xifvmjcif;wnf;/ (r[m#D-2-439/)
b*FgEkemPfonf ,if;ocFg&edrdwfodkYvnf; ra&muf&Sdawmhay/
281
b*FgEkyemPfydkif; a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ Pf kyfw&m;wdkY\ oEwdCe orl[Ce

udpCe emrfw&m;wdkY\ oEwdCe orl[Ce udpCe tm&rPCe[laom Ce toD;toD;onf
NyKd uaJG eNyD jzpf\/ O',A,Pfyikd ;f um; ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk Oyg'fpeG ;f bifpeG ;f udk a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf
jrifNy;D jzpf oEwC
d eum; NyKd Ny;D yif jzpf\/ xdak Mumifh b*FPfyikd ;f orl[Ce udpC
e tm&rP
CewdkY NydKjcif;udkom xyfrH zGifhqdkjcif; jzpf\/ b*FPfydkif;odkY rqdkufrD txnfj'yf &SdukefouJhodkY
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ Pf xifjcif;[lonf kyfuvmyf emrfuvmyfwdkYom jzpfMu\/ ,if;kyfuvmyf
emrfuvmyfwu
Ykd ykd if ocFg&edrw
d [
f k ac:qdo
k nf/ b*FgEkyemPfonf ,if;ocFg&edrw
d o
f v
Ykd nf;
ra&mufawmhay [lvdkonf/
t&m >cif;csuf tenf;i,f&Sd\/ tcsKdUaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfrsm;onf kyfw&m; emrfw&m;
taMumif;w&m; tusKd;w&m;wdkYudk &uf&Snfvrsm; ESpfESifhcsD odrf;qnf;aecJhaomf Pfrsm;onf
wjznf;jznf; &ifhusufvmojzifh ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk vuPm,mOfwif 0dyemrI&ao;aomfvnf;
kyu
f vmyf emrfuvmyfrsm;udk &SmazGrawGUawmhbJ kyyf &rwf emrfy&rwf oabmw&m;oufoufom
wpf&Hwpfcg Pfouf0if aewwfonfvnf; &Sd\/ um; &Hcg jzpfwwfonfh tenf;i,faom
>cif;csufom jzpfonf/
,if;odYk Oyg' Xdwd y0w edrdwwdkYudk Pfu ydkif;jcm;r,ljcif;aMumifh ,if;Oyg' Xdwd y0w
edrw
d w
o
Ykd Ykd Pf roufa&muf rqdu
k af &mufawmhvQif tb,fou
Ykd m; Pfonf qdu
k af &mufaeygoenf;
[lrl ----- c, 0, ab' eda&m"odkY a&mufvsuf owdonf aumif;pGm wnfaeayonf [l\/
eda&m"o'gonf Oyg'eda&m" tEkyg'eda&m" ESpfrsKd;ukd a[m\/ aemifwpfzef jzpfrI&Sdaom csKyfjcif;um; Oyg'eda&m"wnf;/ aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyjf cif; jzpfrrI &Sad om csKyjf cif;um; tEkyg 'eda&m"
wnf;/xdt
k Ekyg 'eda&m"vnf; eda&m"o'g\ teufonf xif&um; Oyg'eda&m"[k odapvdo
k jzifh
ab'-o'gjzifh txl;jyKum zGifhqdkxm;ayonf/
ab'--o'gonfvnf; txl;0daooudk a[maom ab'-o'gonfvnf; &Sd&um; ab'o'gonf txl;0daooteufukd ra[m? NyKd ysujf cif; ukecf ef;jcif; c,-teufukd a[monf[k odapvd
k
c,-o'gjzifh txl;jyKum zGifhqdkxm;jyefonf/ xdkaMumifh qdkvdk&if; t"dyg,frSm odkY jzpf\/ ---c,-0,-ab'ocFgaw cPdueda&ma"wd tawm/ (r[m#D-2-439/)
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ b*FgEkyemPfonf ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ ukefjcif; ysufjcif; NydKjcif;[k
qdktyfaom cPdueda&m" = cPtm;jzifh csKyfysufrIomvQif aumif;pGm wnfae\/ tvm;wlyif
,if;b*FgEkyemPfEiS hf ,SOv
f su&f adS om owdonfvnf; ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk ukejf cif; ysujf cif; NyKd jcif;
[k qdt
k yfaom cPdueda&m" = cPtm;jzifh csKyyf surf I oabmw&m;omvQif aumif;pGm wnfaeay\
[k qdkvdk\/
owd oEd |wDwd owdoDaoe Prm[/ (r[m#D-2-439/)
ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ c, 0, ab' eda&m"oabm owdonf aumif;pGmwnfae\ [lonf
owdudk tOD;rlojzifh 0dyemPfudk qdkvdk&if; jzpf\/ xdkaMumifh owdOD;aqmifonfh 0dyemPf282
onf ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ c, = ukefjcif; 0, = ysufjcif; ab' = NydKjcif;[k ac:qdktyfaom cPdu

eda&m" = cPtm;jzifh csKyfysufrIoabmw&m;omvQif aumif;pGm wnfaeonf[k rSwfyg/
csKyfrI[lonf
b*FPfodkY wdkifatmif a&;om;wifjycJhaom pum;tpOf w&m;t,OfwdkYESifh qufpyf csKyfrI
taMumif;udk tenf;i,f &Sif;vif;wifjytyfygonf/ 0dyemt&m csKyfrIum; ESpfrsKd; &Sdae\/
1/ Oyg'eda&m" = aemifwpfzef jzpfcGifh&Sdaom csKyfenf;
2/ tEkyg'eda&m" = aemifwpfzef jzpfcGifhr&Sdaom csKyfenf; --odkYvQif csKyfykHESpfrsKd; &Sdae\/ 0dyemPfwdkY\ tqkH; jzpfay:vmrnfh r*fPf zdkvfPfwd\
Yk tmkjH zpfaom tocFw"mwf tNird ;f "mwf edAm efum; tpEe ad &m"wnf; = pifppf 'kuork',wd\
Yk
csKyf&mcsKyfaMumif; jzpfaom eda&m"opmw&m;wnf;/ ,if;tpEeda&m"udk rqdkvdkyg/ Oyg'eda&m"
ESifh tEkyg'eda&m"taMumif;udkom wifjyvdkygonf/
ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ ukefukef ysufysuf NydKNydKaeonfh = c, 0, ab'[k ac:qdktyfaom cPdu
eda&m" = cPrpJ woJoJ csKyyf surf o
I abmum; Oyg'eda&m"wnf;/ taMumif;w&m;rsm; rukeq
f ;Hk ao;
orQ umvywfvHk; enf;ESifESif csKyfysufaeMurnfom jzpf\/ taMumif;rukefao;orQ tvm;wl
kyfemrfrsm; jzpfcGifh&Sdaeao;aom csKyfjcif;yif jzpf\/
t&[wr*faMumifh t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwdkYonf aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;[k
ac:qdt
k yfaom tEkyg 'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f oGm;jcif;aMumifh y&deAd m epkw\
d aemufq,
G w
f iG f
jzpfcGifh&Sdaeaom kyfemrfcEm rSeforQwdkYonfvnf; aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;Mu\? tEkyg'eda&m"yifwnf;/ yp,awm 0,'e[laom taMumif;w&m; csKyfjcif;aMumifh tusKd;
w&m; csKyfNidrf;ykHudk jrifatmif I&onfh O',A,Pfydkif;ESifh qdkif\/ Oyg'eda&m"um; 0dyemydkif;
tm;vHk;ESifh qdkif\/
0dyemt&m ,if;Oyg'eda&m"ESihf tEkyg'eda&m" ESpfrsKd;om &Sd\/ rsufarSmufacwfwGif ajymaeaom kyfcsKyf emrfcsKyf[laom csKyfenf; csKyfykHrsm;ESifhum; rsm;pGmyif uGJvGJae[ef &Sdayonf/ wpfzef
a0'em ukefoGm;NyD? a0'em r&SdawmhNyD? a0'em csKyfqHk;oGm;NyD[laom pum;rsm;rSmvnf; y&d,wd-aywH
y#dywd-aywHwdkYjzifh twdkif;rcHEkdifaom pum;wdkYom jzpfMu\/
a0'emcsKyfoGm;NyD[k ajymaeaom yk*dKvfudk todpdwf 0dnmPf &Sdaeygao;ovm;[k ar;vQif
&Sdaeao;\[k ajzqdkwwf\/ todpdwfum; &Sdaeao;\? a0'emum; r&SdawmhNyD csKyfoGm;NyD[k qdkvdk\/
ormorK'bk&m;&Sif\ y&d,wdw&m;awmfum; a0'emonf pdwftm;vHk;ESifhqufqHaom oApdw
om"m&P apwoduf jzpf\/ xdkYaMumifh todpdwf 0dnmPf&Sdaeygu a0'em &Sdaernfom jzpfonf/
xdka0'emonf okca0'emaomfvnf; jzpfav&m\? odkYr[kwf 'kua0'emaomfvnf; jzpfav&m\?
odrYk [kwf Oayuma0'emaomfvnf; jzpfav&m\/ a0'emr,SOaf om todpw
d f 0dnmPf[o
l nf bk&m;&Si-f
\ y&d,wfw&m;awmf r&Sday/
283
wpfzef a0'em csKyfNidrf;oGm;NyD[k ajymaeaom yk*dKvfudk (6)'Gg& (42)aum|mowdkY wnf&Sdaom

y&rwfw&m;wdkYudk Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,lwwf = odrf;qnf;wwf IyGm;wwfNyDvm;[k ar;jyefvQifvnf;
rIwwfao;[k tajzay;jyef\/ tcsKUd um; kyf (28)yg;[lonf oAnKormorK'b
&k m;&Siw
f \
Ykd t&mom
jzpfonf? om0uwdkY\ t&mr[kwf[k tajzay;wwfMujyef\/ wpfzef a0'emudk 0dyem Iaeaom
toifolawmfaumif;onf a0'emudk 0dyemIaomtcg a0'emESifh ,SOfzuf or,kwfw&m;wdkYudkyg
0DxdpOftwdkif; jzpfay:oGm;Muaom pdwuP toD;toD;vnf;aumif; 0DxdrStvGwfjzpfaom 0Dxdrkwpf w
d w
f Ykd vnf;aumif; Pfjzifh ydik ;f jcm;,lwwf odr;f qnf;wwf 0dyem Iwwfygovm;[k ar;vQi-f
vnf; rIwwf[k tajzay;jyef\/ ,if;emrfw&m;wdu
Yk kd oAnKormorK'b
&k m;&Siw
f o
Ykd m I &Edik o
f nf
[kvnf; tajzay;jyef\/ bk&m;&Si\
f usiphf Ofy#dywfw&m;awmfum; a0'emudk 0dyemIymG ;awmhrnfh
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf a0'emudk rIrD ----1/ kyfur|mef;udk = kyfw&m;udk Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,lNyD; = odrf;qnf;NyD; jzpf&rnf/
2/ a0'em wpfckwnf;udkom I&onf r[kwf? a0'emESifh ,SOfzuf or,kwfw&m;wdkYudk tm;vkH;
odrf;qnf; IyGm;&rnf/
odpYk onfjzifh usiphf Ofy#dywfukd owfrw
S x
f m;\/ (emrfur|mef;ydik ;f wGif jyefMunfyh g/) xdak Mumifh
a0'em ukefoGm;NyD? a0'em r&SdawmhNyD? a0'em csKyfoGm;NyD[laom pum;rsm;rSm oAnKormorK'
bk&m;&Sif\ y&d,wd-aywH y#dywd-aywHwdkYjzifh twdkif;rcHEdkifaom pum;wdkYom jzpfMuayonf/
b*FgEkyemPf\ tIcH y&rwffw&m;rsm;

uxH tm&rPy#docFg b*FgEkyae ynm 0dyae PH? lyg&rPwm pdwH OyZw
d mG bdZw
?d
wH tm&rPH y#docFg w pdw b* tEkywd/ tEkywDwd uxH tEkywd? tedpawm
tEkywd aem edpa wm? 'kua wm tEkywd aem okcawm? tewawm tEkywd aem twawm?
edAdEwd aem eEwd? 0d&Zwd aem &Zwd? eda&ma"wd aem orka'wd? y#dedZwd aem tm'd,wd/
tedpa wm tEkyaEm edpo
nH yZ[wd? 'kua wm tEkyaEm okconH? tewawm tEkyaEm twonH? edAEd a Em eEd ?H 0d&ZaEm &m*H? eda&ma"aEm ork',H? y#de
d ZaEm tm'geH yZ[wd/
a0'em&rPwm/y/ onm&rPwm/ ocFg&m&rPwm/ 0dnmPm&rPwm/ pum&rPwm/
y/ Z&mr&Pm&rPwm pdwH OyZdwGm bdZwd/y/ y#dedZaEm tm'geH yZ[wd/
(y#doH-55/ 0dok'd-2-277-278/)
tmku
H kd ukejf cif; ysujf cif;\ tpGr;f jzifh qifjcif tysuu
f kd IjrifEikd af om ynmonf tb,fov
Ykd Qif
0dyemPf rnfoenf;/
kyfw&m;\ ukefjcif; ysufjcif;vQif tmkH&Sdonf\ tjzpfjzifh 0dyempdwfonf jzpf ysuf\?
xdkkyfw&m;wnf;[laom tmkHudk ukefjcif; ysufjcif;tm;jzifh qifjcif = (Pfjzifh jrif) xdkpdwf\
ysufjcif;udk tzefwvJvJ I\/
tzefwvJvJ I\ [l&m tb,fodkYvQif tzefwvJvJ Ioenf;? tedptm;jzifh tzefwvJvJ
I\? edptm;jzifh rI/ 'kutm;jzifh tzefwvJvJ I\? okctm;jzifh rI/ tewtm;jzifh tzefwvJvJ
284
I\? twtm;jzifh rI/ Ni;D aiGU\? rESpo

f uf/ wyfEpS o
f ufjcif; uif;\? wyfEpS o
f ufonf r[kw/f csKyNf ird ;f
ap\? rjzpfay:ap/ pGefYvTwf\? pGJ,ljcif; r&Sd/
tedpt
m;jzifh tzefwvJvJ Iaomf edp[
al om trSwo
f nmudk y,fpeG \
Yf ?'kut
m;jzifh tzefwvJvJ
Iaomf okc[laom trSwfonmudk y,fpGefY\? tewtm;jzifh tzefwvJvJ Iaomf tw[laom
trSwfonmudk y,fpGefY\? NiD;aiGUaomf ESpfoufjcif;udk y,fpGefY\? wyfrufjcif; uif;aomf wyfrufwwfaom umr&m* b0&m*udk y,fpGefY\? csKyfaponf &Sdaomf jzpfjcif; ork',udk y,fpGefY\? wpfzef
pGefYvTwfaomf pGJvrf;jcif; = tm'geudk y,fpGefY\/
a0'em\ ukefjcif; ysufjcif;vQif tmkH&Sdonf\ tjzpfjzifh/ y /
onm\ ukefjcif; ysufjcif;vQif tmkH&Sdonf\ tjzpfjzifh/
ocFg&\ ukefjcif; ysufjcif;vQif tmkH&Sdonf\ tjzpfjzifh/
0dnmPf\ ukefjcif; ysufjcif;vQif tmkH&Sdonf\ tjzpfjzifh/
puKyom' = pum,we\ ukefjcif; ysufjcif;vQif/ y / Z&mr&PvQif tmkH&Sdonf\ tjzpfjzifh
0dyempdwfonf jzpf ysuf\? xdktmkHudk qifjcif xdkpdwf\ ysufjcif;udk tzefwvJvJ I\/ y /
(y#doH-55/)
txufyg y#dord'gr*ygVdawmfESifhtnD b*FgEkyemPf\ tIcH y&rw "mwfom;rsm;rSm
cEmig;yg; tm,we wpfq,fhESpfyg; "mwf wpfq,fh&Spfyg; 0dyemPf\ tIcH avmuDaÈrsm;
b0wdik af tmifaom y#dpo
rkyg 'ft*Fg&yfrsm; jzpfMu\/ ,if;y#dpo
rkyg 'ft*Fg&yfww
Ykd iG f b*FPfyikd ;f
Zmwd-Z&m-r&Pwdv
Yk nf; yg0ifaeMu\/ Zmwd-Z&m-r&Pwd\
Yk w&m;ud,
k rf mS Oyywb
d 0trnf&aom
uHaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom Oyg'geuEm ig;yg;wdkYyifwnf;/
,if;Oyg'geuEm ig;yg;wd\
Yk jzpfrI Oyg'fukd Zmwd[v
k nf;aumif; wnfrI XDukd Z&m[kvnf;aumif;
ysufrI bifudk r&P[kvnf;aumif; ac:qdkayonf/ ,if; Oyg'geuEmwdkY\ jzpfqJtcdkufudk Zmwd
ac:qdkojzifh ,if;jzpfqJtcdkufudkum; wpfzefjyef tysufI&ef rvdkay/ wnfqJtcdkufudk Z&mac:ojzifh ,if;wnfqJtcdkufudkvnf; wpfzefjyef tysufI&ef rvdkay/ ysufqJtcdkufudk r&Pac:ojzifh
,if;r&Pudkvnf; wpfzefjyef tysufI&ef rvdkay/ Zmwd-Z&m-r&Ptrnf&aom Oyg'geuEm
ig;yg;udkom tysufI&rnf jzpfonf/ odkYaomf Zmwd-Z&m-r&Pudk odkYr[kwf Zmwdudk Z&mudk r&Pudk
tmkHjyK jzpfay:vmaom 0dyemaZmpdwfudkum; = 0dyemaZm0DxdpdwftpOfudkum; wpfzefjyef
tysufIaumif;\? 0dyemIaumif;\/
tcsKyfrSwfom;&ef
a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf xdck Em tm,we "mwf y#dpo
rkyg 'f oabmw&m;wdu
Yk kd 0dyemPfjzifh
qifjcifvdkufaomtcg Ivdkufaomtcg ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ ukefjcif; ysufjcif; c,-0, oabmudk
0dyemPfjzifh odjrif\/ xdkodkY odjrifaom 0dyemPfjy"mef;aom 0dyem aZm0Dxd
pdwftpOfemrfw&m;pkudkvnf; ,if;emrfw&m;pk\ tysufudk jrifatmifMunfh wpfzefjyef 0dyem
Ityfayonf/ xdkaMumifh twdkcsKyf rSwfom;xm;&efrSm odkY jzpf\/ ----w P Oabmyd 0dywd/ (0dok'd-2-278/)
285
wEd tm&rPrm[ tEkyem0aoe wwm/ PEd tEkyem PH/ Oabmyd

0dywDwd w'kb,rd c,awm 0,awm 0dywDwd/ t,H a[w oacFyawm ---- ly ,m0
Z&mr&P c,awm 0,awm 'eH tm&rPy#docFgwH 'euP c,awm 0,awm
'eH tm&rPy#docFg, b*F tEkyeEd Ob,wynm/ yk&drH 0g w'bma0 tbm0awm
ypdrm,H yudydwGm ypdrm {0 ynm 0dyae PEd/ (r[m#D-2-440/)
w ----- [lonf lyuEmrSonf Z&m-r&PodkYwkdifatmifaom cEm (5)yg; = tm,we (12)yg;
= "mwf (18)yg;ESifh y#dporkyg'ft*Fg (12)&yf[laom 0dyemPf\ tIcH tmkH w&m;rsm;wnf;/
opma'oemawmfenf;t& qd&k rl 'kuo
pmw&m;pk ork',opmw&m;pkwyYkd ifwnf;/ tEkyemPf
= 0dyemPf\ pGr;f tifjzifh odtyfaom w&m;rsm; jzpfaomaMumifh ,if;w&m;pkwo
Ykd nf w[laom
trnfudk &&SdMuonf/
P ----- [lonf ,if;wtrnf&aom w&m;pkudk tzefzef txyfxyf 0dyem Iaeaom
tEkyemPfwnf;/ a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf xdk w-P trnf&aom w&m;ESpfrsKd;vHk;udkyif
,if;w&m;pk\ ukew
f wf ysuw
f wfaom oabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunf
h vuPm,mOfukd wifum
0dyemI\ = 0dyemI&rnf[k od&Sdygav/
rSeaf yonf ----- qdkvwHUonfum; ae&m tusOf;csKyf qdkvdk&if; teufoabmwnf;/
lyuEm rSonf Z&mr&PodYk wdik af tmifaom w&m;pkukd ,if;w&m;pk\ ukew
f wf ysuw
f wfaom oabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunf
h tedp[
k 'ku[
k tew[k vuPm,mOfukd wpfvn
S phf w
D ifum Iwwfaom
0dyemPfonf tm&rPy#docFgPf rnf\/ ,if;tm&rPy#docFgPfudkyif wpfzefxyf
,if;Pf\ ukefwwf ysufwwfaomoabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh tedp[k 'ku[k tew[k
vuPm,mOfoHk;csufudk wpfvSnfhpD wifum 0dyemIjyef\ = 0dyemI&\/ xdkodkY a&S;jzpfaom
tm&rPy#docFgtrnf&aom 0dyemPf\ ysufjcif; = bifudk tmkHjyK wpfzef xyf 0dyem
Iaom aemuf0dyemPfonf b*FgEkyemPfynm rnf\/
wpfenf; ----- tm&rPy#docFgPfum; a&S;0dyemPfwnf;/ b*FgEkyemPfum;
aemuf0dyemPfwnf;/ a&S;jzpfaom xdt
k m&rPy#docFgPfonf r&Sdvwfaomf aemufjzpfaom
b*FgEkyemPf\ r&SdEdkifjcif;aMumifh vuPm[m&aewd enf;tm;jzifh ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tysuf
oufoufudkyif Iwwfaom obm0vuPmcsif;wl&um; a&S;jzpfaom tm&rPy#docFgPfudk
aemufjzpfaom b*FgEkyemPf xnfhoGif; aemufjzpfaom b*FgEkyemPfonfomvQif
0dyemPfrnf\[k y#dord'gr*ygVdawmf a[mMum;xm;awmfrlayonf/ (r[m#D-2-440/)
vuPma&; oHk;wef
tedpH c,a|e/ 'kuH b,a|e/ tewm tom&ua|e/
(0dok'd-2-245/ tbd"rwo*F[-159/)
txufyg ygVdawmf t|uxm #DumwdkYESifhtnD toifolawmfaumif;onf w-P trnf
&aom ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk vuPma&; oHk;wef wifum 0dyem I&awmhrnf jzpf\/
286
1/ ,if; ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ ukefukef ysufysuf NydKNydK aysmufaysmufoGm;onfh oabmudk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh tedp[kvnf;aumif;
2/ ,if; ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk ukeu
f ek f ysuyf suf NyKd NyKd aysmufaysmufomG ;ojzifh aMumufvefzY ,
G f aumif;onfh oabmudk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh 'ku[kvnf;aumif;
3/ ,if; ocFg&w&m;wdkY rysufpD;bJ tusdwftcJ tcdkiftrm tESpfom&tm;jzifh wnfaeonfh
twr&Sdonfhoabmudk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh tew[kvnf;aumif; ---odkY toD;toD; 0dyemIyg/
Ipdwf[lonf
pdwEd apw oor,kwpdwH t"daywH/ (y#doH-|-1-239/)
0dyemt&m Iwwfaom 0dyempdwf[lonf or,kwf,SOfzuf apwodufrsm;ESifh wuGaom 0dyempdwu
f o
kd m tvd&k t
dS yfayonf/ ,if; ,SOzf ufor,w
k w
f &m;rsm;ESihf wuGaom 0dyem
pdwf Pfonf jy"mef;vsuf&Sd\? xdkYaMumifh ,if;Pfjy"mef;aom ,SOfzufor,kwfw&m;rsm;ESifh
wuGaom 0dyempdwfudk y"meenf;tm;jzifh w-P ESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif P-[k ac:a0:oHk;pGJxm;ayonf/ zGifhqdkcsufrsm;ESifhtnD 0dyempdwf 0dyemPf = Ionfhpdwf IonfhPf[kqdkvQif
,SOfzufor,kwfw&m;wdkYESifh wuGaom 0dyememrfw&m;pk tm;vkH;udkyif qdkvdkonf[k rSwfyg/ ,if;
emrfw&m;pkwdkYrSm ykxkZeftqifhwGifom wnf&Sdaeao;aom toifolawmfaumif;tzdkY r[mukodkvf
raem'Gg&du 0dyemaZm emrfw&m;pkwo
Ykd m jzpfMuonf/ xdak Mumifh Pw&m;udk 0dyemIvakd omf
0dyemPf jy"mef;aom r[mukodkvf raem'Gg&du aZm0Dxd emrfw&m;pkwdkYudkyif 0dyemIyg/
b*FPfyikd ;f wGif a,bk,stm;jzifh w'gkH ruswwfay/ raem'Gg&m0Ze;f (1)Burd f aZm (7)Burd f taetm;
jzifh rsm;aomtm;jzifh jzpfwwf\/ aZm yDwyd g-ryg = ,SO-f r,SOf ESprf sK;d &SEd ikd \
f / yDw,
d OS f Pf,OS af omf
emrfw&m; (34)vHk;pD &Sd\/ yDwd r,SOfbJ Pfom ,SOfaomf emrfw&m; (33)vHk;pD &Sdrnf jzpf\/
IuGufykHpHrsm;
ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk vuPma&;wifum Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfum xyfum IyGm;oHk;oyfvsuf&Sdaom
toifoal wmfaumif;\ 0dyemPfrsm;onf xufjrufp;l &S oef&Y iS ;f vmcJah omf a&S;a&S;aom 0dyem
bm0emPfwdkY\ tm;BuD;aom rSD&m Oyed,owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;rI t&Sdeft0g owdxl;BuD;udk
qufcv
H mcJ&h aom aemufaemufaom 0dyemPfwEYkd iS hf ,SOw
f v
JG su&f adS om owdonf ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ ukefrI ysufrI NydKrI csKyfrIoabmomvQif aumif;pGm wnfaeayvdrfhrnf/ xdktcg ----1/ ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ ukefrI ysufrI NydKrI csKyfrI oabmudk tmkH,l = Pfjzifh jrifatmif
Munfh tedp-tedp [k Iyg/
2/ ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ ukefukef ysufysuf NydKNydK aysmufaysmuf csKyfcsKyfaeojzifh aMumufvefYzG,f
aumif;onfh teufoabmudk tmkH,l = Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh 'ku-'ku [k Iyg/
3/ ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ rysufpD;bJ tusdwftcJ tcdkiftrm tESpfom&tm;jzifh wnfaeonfh
287
cdkifrmonfh tESpfom& tw r[kwfonfh oabmudk tmkH,l = Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh

tew-tew-[k Iyg/
emrfur|mef;ydkif;Z,m;rsm;wGif a&;om;wifjyxm;onfhtwdkif; tZwA[d'oEmef ESpfyg;vHk;-1/ &Hcg kyfoufoufudk
2/ &Hcg emrfoufoufudk
3/ &Hcg kyf-emrf ESpfrsKd;vHk;udk ---vuPma&;oH;k wef wpfvn
S phf D wif Burd zf efrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum 0dyemIyg/ &Hcg tZw
&Hcg A[d' &Hcg kyfw&m; &Hcg emrfw&m;wdkYudk &Hcg tedpvuPmudkwif &Hcg 'kuvuPmudkwif
&Hcg tewvuPmudkwif I&rnfhtydkif;yif jzpfayonf/ xdkodkYI&m A[d' csJUEdkiforQ csJUxGif
Iyg/ twdwf tem*wf cEmwdkYvnf; tvm;wlyif 0dyemIyg/ xdkodkYI&m rdrdodrf;qnf;EdkiforQ
twdwftqufqufrSonf ypKyef? ypKyefrSonf tem*wf qHk;onfhtxd wdk;vQKdayguf ----1/ kyfoufoufudkvnf;aumif;
2/ emrfoufoufudkvnf;aumif;
3/ kyf-emrf ESpfrsKd;vHk;udkvnf;aumif; --vuPma&;oHk;wef wpfvSnfhpD wif wGifwGifBuD; 0dyemIyg/ &Hcg tZw &Hcg A[d' &Hcg
kyfw&m; &Hcg emrfw&m;wdkYudk Iyg/ ,if; kyf-emrfwdkYudk ig;yHk yHk cEmig;yg;enf;jzifhvnf; tvm;wlyif
0dyemIyg/
owdjyK&ef ---- xdo
k Ykd vuPm,mOf oH;k csuu
f kd wpfvn
S phf w
D if 0dyemI&m ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk
ysurf o
I abmum; jrefcsio
f avmuf jrefygap? tedp[
k odrYk [kwf 'ku[
k odrYk [kwf tew[k vuPma&;
wif 0dyemIrrI mS cyfjznf;jznf;om jzpfygap/ 0Dxad ygif;rsm;pGm\ odrYk [kwf pdwu
P
aygif;rsm;pGm\
ysurf o
I abmudk jrifcsif jrifaeygap? jrifatmifvnf; BuKd ;pm;yg/ uka#aygif;rsm;pGmaom emrfw&m;pkw\
Ykd
= pdwu
P
wd\
Yk ysurf u
I kd tvGew
f akd wmif;vSaom tcsed u
f mvtwGi;f jrifEikd o
f rQ jrifatmif BuKd ;pm;yg/
odaYk omf jrifEikd o
f rQ pdwu
P
wdik ;f \ ysurf w
I ikd ;f udk tedp[
k vuPm,mOfwif trDvu
kd f &I ef r[kwyf g/
pdwu
P
aygif;rsm;pGm\ ysurf u
I kd tmk,
H
l tedp- tedp[
k odpYk onfjzifh cyfjznf;jznf;om vuPm,mOfwif 0dyemIyg/ kyfw&m;wdkYvnf; enf;wlyif rSwfyg/ 'kutewwdkYudkvnf; enf;wlyif
Iyg/

a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf 'd|d0dok'dpcef; emrlyy&dap'Pfcef;rS p kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkYudk
kyfCe emrfCe[laom kyfwHk; kyfcJrsm; NydKatmif Pfjzifh NzdKcGJzsufqD;vsuf IyGm;vm&m ,cktcg
b*FPfydkif;odkY a&muf&SdvmNyD jzpf\/ b*FPfodkY ra&muf&Sdao;rD tydkif; toD;toD;um; ----1/ taMumif; kyfemrf ocFg& tusKd; kyfemrf ocFg&wdkY\ jzpfrI Oyg'foabmudkvnf; awGUjrifae&ao;\/
2/ xdkocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tcdkuftwefYtm;jzifh wnfrI Z&moabm = XDoabmudkvnf; awGUjrifae
&ao;\/
288
3/ taMumif;w&m;wd\
Yk xif&mS ;jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusK;d 0dygufcEmwd\
Yk xif&mS ;jzpfjcif;[laom Oyg'dEu
y0wd = b0y0wd = b0\ jzpfjcif; oabmw&m;rsm;udkvnf; awGUjrifae&ao;\/

4/ kyfCe emrfCersm;udk Pfjzifh NzdKcJGzsufqD;vsuf y&rwfodkY Pftjrif qdkufatmif IyGm;ae
aomfvnf; &Hcg rIvu
dk rf d rIvu
kd Ef ikd af om kyu
f vmyf emrfuvmyf tcsKUd vnf; &Sad ewwfao;\?
kyfuvmyf emrfuvmyfwdkY\ tvGefYtvGef rsm;jym;rI tvGefYtvGef vsifvsifjrefjref jzpfrIrsm;aMumifhyif jzpf\/ rIvdkufrd rIvdkufEdkifaom kyfuvmyf emrfuvmyfrsm; orl[Ce udpCe
ponfh Ce = twkH;tcJrsm;onf rNydKojzifh tao;qkH; twkH;tcJ[k qdktyfaom kyfuvmyf
emrfuvmyftwdkif; awGUae&wwfao;\/
odaYk omf b*FPfyikd ;f odYk qdu
k af &mufvmaomtcgum; 0dyemPfonf tvGex
f ufjruf
pl;&S oef&Y iS ;f vmaomaMumifh ocFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nf xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f Pf0 tvGet
Yf vGef vsiv
f sif
jrefjref xifvmMuukef\/
odaYk omf t&m toifoal wmfaumif;onf t,ltq rrSm;apvdyk g/ ocFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nf ,ckrS
vsiv
f sijf refjref jzpfay:aeonf[k qdv
k &kd if; r[kwo
f nfukd owdjyKyg/ ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk m; rsupf w
d pfrw
dS f
vQyfwpfjyuf twGif;yif tBudrfuka#aygif;rsm;pGm jzpfEdkifysufEdkifaom w&m;rsm;om jzpfMu\/ ,if;
ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ ,if;uJhodkY jzpfysufaeaom rlvyHkpHrSefobm0udk 0dyemPf rxufjruf rpl;&Sao;cifu rod rjrif&ao;? ,ckb*FPfyikd ;f odYk a&muf&v
dS mygrS 0dyemPfrsm;vnf; xufjrufp;l &S
vmojzifh ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ ,if;uJhodkYaom rlvykHpHrSef obm0udk odjcif; jrif&jcif; jzpfonf[kom
qdv
k &kd if; jzpfonf/ 0dyemPfu tvGex
f ufjruf pl;&S oef&Y iS ;f vmaomaMumifh ocFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nf
xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ Pf0 tvGefYtvGef vsifvsifjrefjref xifvmvwfukefaomf ----1/ ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfrI Oyg'foabmudkvnf; Pfjzifh rDatmif rvdkufEdkif &dSae\/
2/ ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk wnfrI = XDoabm = Z&moabmudv
k nf; Pfjzifh rDatmif rvdu
k Ef ikd f &Sad e\/
3/ t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHpaom taMumif;w&m;wdkY\ xif&Sm; jzpfjcif;aMumifh = xif&Sm;
&Sdjcif;aMumifh tusKd; 0dygufcEmwdkY\ xif&Sm; jzpfay:vmjcif;[laom b0y0wd = b0\ jzpfjcif;
oabmudkvnf; Pfjzifh rDatmif rvdkufEdkif &Sdae\/
tb,faMumifeh nf;[lrl ----- e ormykPmwd t*[Pawm/ (r[m#D-2-439/) ,if;ocFg&
w&m;wdkY\ Oyg' Xdwd y0w edrdwwdkYudk a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfu Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm; r,ljcif;aMumifh ESvHk;
roGif;jcif;aMumifh ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tysufoufoufudkom ESvHk;oGif;jcif;aMumifh jzpf\/ ,if;odkY
ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tysufoufoufudkom wpfzufowf ESvHk;oGif;ojzifh ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tysuf
oufoufudkom jrifaomtcg taMumif;ocFg& tusKd;ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfrI Oyg'foabm wnfrI
XDoabmodkYyif 0dyemPfonf rouf0ifEdkifawmhbJ ,if;aMumif;-usKd; ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ cPrpJ
woJoJ ukefukef ysufysuf NydKNydK aysmufaysmufaeaom cPdueda&m"ac:aom csKyfysufrIoabmom
0dyemPfonf ouf0if aumif;pGm wnfae\/ taMumif;w&m;wdkY\ xif&Sm;jzpfjcif; tusKd;
w&m;wdkY\ xif&Sm;jzpfjcif;[laom Oyg'foabmodkYyif 0dyemPfonf rouf0ifEdkif jzpfaeojzifh
taMumif;w&m; xif&Sm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusKd;w&m; xif&Sm;jzpfjcif;[laom Oyg'dEuy0wdoabmodkY
289
vnf; 0dyemPfonf rouf0ifEdkifawmhay/

4/ wpfzef b*FPfyikd ;f a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f 0dyemPfonf tvGex
f ufjruf pl;&SvmaomaMumifh orl[Ce udpC
ersm; rNyKd ao;aom kyw
f ;kH kycf rJ sm;udv
k nf; rawGUrjrif&awmhay/ orl[
Ce udpC
e rNyKd ao;aom kyw
f ;kH kycf [
J o
l nf kyu
f vmyfrsm;yif jzpfMu\/ tydik ;f o0d*[
[laom
txnfudk,f oPmefj'yf &dSouJhodkYaom twHk;tcJrsm;rSm kyfuvmyfrsm;yif jzpfMu\/ o0d*[[laom
txnfu,
kd f oPmefj'yf &So
d uJo
h aYkd om tao;qH;k twH;k tcJjzpfonfh ,if;kyu
f vmyfrsm;udv
k nf;aumif;
emrfuvmyfrsm;udv
k nf;aumif; ocFg&w&m;[k odaMumif; trSwt
f om;rsm; jzpfjcif;aMumifh ocFg&edrw
d f
[k ac:qdk\? ,if;ocFg&edrdwfrsm;udkvnf; 0dyemPfu rawGUjrifawmhay/ taMumif;rl ukefukef
ysuyf suf NyKd NyKd aysmufaysmuf csKycf sKyaf eonfh cPdueda&m"odYk qdu
k af &mufaeaom kyyf &rwfoufoufudkom awGUjrifaeaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ kyfuvmyf emrfuvmyf[laom twkH;tcJrsm;udk 0dyem
Pfjzifh rawGUjrif&aomfvnf; kyyf &rwfoabmw&m; emrfy&rwfoabmw&m;wdu
Yk kd a&S;,ciftydik ;f rsm;ESifh rwlbJ b*FPfydkif;wGif oefYoefY&Sif;&Sif;ESifh tvGefYtvGefyif xifxif&Sm;&Sm; awGUjrifae&
wwfayonf/
b*FPfyikd ;f wGif a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf txufwiG f azmfjyxm;aom Oyg'-Xdw-d y0w-edrw
d
wdkYudk ESvHk;roGif;jcif;aMumifh 0dyemPfjzifh vdkuf rrDjcif;jzpfonf[laom pum;t& ,if; Oyg'
-Xdw-d y0w-edrw
d w
u
Ykd kd ESv;kH oGi;f ygu 0dyemPfjzifh vdu
k
f rDEikd af o;onf[al om tcsuu
f v
kd nf;
owdjyK rSwfom;ygav/
umvoH;k yg; oEmefEpS yf g;twGi;f wnf&aSd om ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk tysuo
f ufoufuo
kd m wpfzufowf ESvHk;oGif; 0dyemIyGm;ojzifh tysufoufoufudkom oefYoefY&Sif;&Sif; jrifawGUaeaomtcg
kyfuvmyfrsm;udkvnf; rjrifawmhbJ kyfy&rwfoufouf emrfy&rwfoufoufudkom Pftjrif
qdkufoGm;aomtcg Iaeonfh b*FgEkyemPf OD;aqmifjy"mef;onfh r[mukodkvf 0dyem raem'Gg&du aZm0Dxd pdwftpOfudkvnf; wpfzefjyef vuPma&;wifum 0dyemIyg/
1/ kyf I
2/
3/
4/
5/
----- kyf - ysuf - tedp?

IonfhPfvnf; ysuf - tedp/
emrf I
----- emrf - ysuf - tedp?
IonfhPfvnf; - ysuf - tedp/
kyf-emrf I ----- kyf-emrf - ysuf - tedp?
taMumif; I ----- taMumif;w&m; - ysuf - tedp?
tusKd; I ----- tusKd;w&m; - ysuf - tedp?
('ku - tewwdkYudkvnf; enf;wl Iyg/)
290
txufyg Iuu
G u
f kd I&m emrfur|mef;ydik ;f Z,m;rsm;wGif azmfjyxm;onft
h wdik ;f (6)vdik ;f vH;k udk
ukefpifatmif Iyg/ tZsw A[d' oEmef ESpfyg;vHk; Iyg/ twdwf tem*wf ypKyef umvoHk;yg;vHk;
vnf; yHkpHwlyif Iyg/ tydkif;wGif kyfw&m;udk tmkHjyK jzpfay:vmaom kyfw&m;udk 0dyemIaeaom 0dyemPfuo
kd m = 0dyemPfO;D aqmifonfh r[mukov
kd f raem'Gg&duaZm0Dxd emrfw&m;
pkudkom wpfzefjyef 0dyem I&onfr[kwfao;? emrfw&m;udk tmkHjyK jzpfay:vmaom = emrfw&m;udk 0dyemIaeaom 0dyemPfudkvnf; = 0dyemPf OD;aqmifonfh r[mukodkvf
raem'Gg&du aZm0Dxd emrfw&m;pkudkvnf; wpfzefjyef 0dyemI&rnfom jzpfayonf/ txufwGif
a&;om;wifjyxm;aom y#dord'gr*ygVdawmf ----- cEmig;yg; tm,we wpfq,fhESpfyg; "mwf
wpfq,fh&Spfyg; avmuDaÈw&m;rsm; y#dporkyg'f t*Fg wpfq,fhESpfyg;wdkYudk tmkHjyK 0dyem
Iaeaom Pfudk wpfzefjyef 0dyemI&ef TefMum;xm;onfhtcsufudk jyefvnf owdjyKyg/
tydik ;f wGif y#dpo
rkyg 'f t*Fg&yfw\
Ykd tysuo
f ufoufukd tmkjH yKvnf; vuPma&;oH;k wef
wifum 0dyemIyg/ xdo
k Ykd I&m tZsw A[d' oEmefEpS yf g; twdwf tem*wf ypKye f umvoH;k yg;vH;k
rdrdodrf;qnf;xm;orQ twdwftqufqufrSonf tem*wfqkH;onfhtxd Iyg/ odkYaomf ----- t0dZm
jzpfjcif;aMumifh ocFg&jzpfyHk ponfh aMumif;-usKd; qufEG,frIoabmudk tmkHr,lygESifh/
1/ t0dZm - ysuf - tedp/ IonfhPfvnf; ysuf - tedp/
2/ ocFg& - ysuf - tedp/ IonfhPfvnf; ysuf - tedp/
odkYponfjzifh xdkxdkt*Fg&yfwdkY\ tysufoufoufudk wpfzufowf ESvHk;oGif; 0dyemIyg/
xdo
k Ykd I&m rnfonhb
f 0 rnfuo
hJ aYkd om t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwYkd jzpfco
Jh nf jzpfqjJ zpfonf
jzpfvwHU jzpfonfudk a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf a&S;y#dporkyg'fydkif;uwnf;u odNyD; jzpfae\/ xdktwdkif;
om Iyg/
b*FPfydkif;wGif ocFg&w&m;wdkY jzpfrI xif&Sm;&dSaeonf rSefygvsuf tjzpfudk ESvHk;roGif;bJ
tysuo
f ufoufuo
kd mvQif tb,faMumifh ESv;kH oGi;f ae&ygoenf;[lrl ----- ocFg&w&m;wdkY NiD;aiGU
&GHrkef;pufqkyfonfh edAd'gEkyemPfpaom txuftxufaom 0dyemPfrsm;udk &&dSEdkif&ef
tvdiYk mS 0dyemPfrsm;udk wpfpxuf wpfp &ifu
h suv
f m&ef tvdiYk mS ,if;odYk &ifu
h suaf om 0dyem
PfwdkYuomvQif r*fPf zkdvfPfudk tm;BuD;aom rSD&m Oyed,owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;Edkifojzifh
r*fPf zdkvfPfudk &&dS&eftvdkYiSm ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tysufoufoufudkom tmkH,l 0dyem
Ijcif;jzpfonf[k ajzqdkav&m\/
owdy|mef av;yg; = tEkyem av;yg;

toifolawmfaumif;onf b*FPfydkif;vnf; um, a0'em pdw "rwnf;[laom
tEkyemenf; trsKd;rsKd;wdkYjzifh toifolawmfaumif; ESpfNcdKufovdk 0dyem IEdkifayonf/
1/ kyw
f &m;udk tOD;rl kyef mrfwu
Ykd kd odr;f qnf;vsuf ,if;kyef mrfw\
Ykd tysuu
f kd tmk,
H
l 0dyem
Iaomf ,if;0dyemPfuv
kd nf; wpfzefjyef 0dyemIaomf um,mEkyemowdy|mefoYkd
ouf0if\/
2/ a0'emudk tOD;rl kyef mrfwu
Ykd tysuu
f kd tmk,
H
l 0dyem
291
Iaomf ,if;0dyemPfuv
kd nf; wpfzefjyef 0dyemIaomf a0'emEkyemowdy|mefoYkd
ouf0if\/
3/ todpw
d f 0dnmPfukd tOD;rl kyef mrfwu
Ykd tysuu
f kd tmk,
H
l
0dyemIaomf ,if;0demPfudkvnf; wpfzefjyef 0dyemIaomf pdwmEkyem
4/ zudk tOD;rl kyfemrfwdkYudk odrf;qnf;vsuf ,if;kyfemrfwdkY\ tysufudk tmkH,l 0dyem
Iaomf ,if;0dyemPfudkvnf; wpfzefjyef 0dyemIaomf "rmEkyemowdy|mefodkY
ouf0if\/ cEmig;yg;enf; tm,we wpfq,fhESpfyg;enf;ponfwdkYjzifh 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyfcJhaomf ,if;0dyemPfudkvnf; wpfzefjyef 0dyemIyGm;oHk;oyfcJhaomf "rmEkyem
owdy|mefodkYyif ouf0if\/
kyfemrfESpfyg;enf; cEmig;yg;enf; y#dporkyg'fenf;wdkYjzifh ypKyefwGif 0dyemI tm;&auseyfrI &aomtcg twdwftqufqufrSonf tem*wfqHk;onfh wdkifatmifaom umvoHk;yg; twGif;
wnf&dSaom ocFg&w&m;wdkYudkvnf; tvm;wlyif kyfemrfESpfyg;enf; cEmig;yg;enf; y#dporkyg'fenf;
wdkYjzifh qufvuf 0dyemIyg/ &Hcg Iaeonfh 0dyemPfudkvnf; wpfzefjyef 0dyemIyg/
y#dor'd gr*ygVdawmf pmrsuEf mS (55)wGif b*FgEkyemPf\ tIct
H mkH y&rw"mwfom;wdu
Yk kd
xkwfaqmif a[mMum;jyo&m ----- Z&m&rPwm pdwH OyZdwGm bdZwd? wH tm&rPH y#docFg w
pdw b* tEkywd/ (y#doH-55/) ----- odkYponfjzifh t0dZmrSonf Z&mr&PodkYwdkifatmifaom
y#dporkyg'ft*Fg&yfwdkYudkyg xnfhoGif; a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/ ,if; cEmig;yg; tm,we (12)yg;
wdu
Yk v
kd nf; xnfo
h iG ;f a[mMum;xm;awmfr\
l / ,if; cEmig;yg;wdw
Yk iG f txufwiG f &Si;f vif; wifjycJah om
plVopuokwefESifhtnD aoubHk taoubHkodkY qdkufa&mufa&;twGuf ypKyefcEmig;yg;wGifomru
twdwf-tem*wfcEmwdkYvnf; yg0ifMuonf[k rSwfyg/ xdkaMumifh --------1/ kyfemrfESpfyg;enf;
2/ cEmig;yg;enf;
3/ tm,we (12)yg; "mwf (18)yg;enf;
4/ y#dporkyg'fenf;wdkYjzifh ----,if; ocFg&wd\
Yk tysuo
f ufoufukd tmk,
H
l ypKye w
f iG f 0dyemI tm;&auseyfrI &&Sad om
tcg rdrd pGrf;tm;&SdorQ Ixm;NyD;onfh twdwf tqufqufrSonf tem*wf qHk;onfwdkifatmifaom
umvoH;k yg;twGi;f wnf&adS om ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk v
kd nf; tvm;wlyif kyef mrfEpS yf g;enf; cEmig;yg;enf;
tm,weenf; y#dporkyg'fenf; ponfwdkYjzifh ,if;ocFg&wdkY\ tysufudk tmkH,l qufvuf
0dyem Iyg/ &Hcg Iaeonfh 0dyemPfudkvnf; wpfzefjyef 0dyemIyg/
y#dpo
rkyg 'ft*Fg&yfwu
Ykd kd 0dyemI&mum; t0dZm jzpfjcif;aMumifh ocFg&jzpfypkH onfh Oyg'dEu
y0w trnf&onfh taMumif;aMumifh tusKd;jzpfyHkudk ESvHk;roGif;awmhbJ t0dZm\ ysufrI Ionfh
0dyemPf\ ysurf I ocFg&\ ysurf I Ionfh 0dyemPf\ ysurf I ponfh tysuo
f ufoufuo
kd m
tmkH,l vuPm,mOfwifum 0dyemIyg/
292
wpfzef tm'dwy&d,m,okwef (oH-2-377-379/) paom oVm,we0*oH,kwfygVdawmfrsm;

bk&m;&Sif TefMum;xm;awmfrlonfhtwdkif; 0wK + tmHk + a0'em 0wK +tmHk + 0dnmPf 0wK +
tmHk + z - [laom IuGufrsm;twdkif;vnf; Ivkdu IEdkifygonf/ toifolawmfaumif;onf
emrfur|mef;ydkif; Z,m;rsm;udk wpfzefjyef tmHk,lxm;yg/ ,if;Z,m;rsm;wGif pdwuP toD;toD;
rSD&m 0wKkyfrsm;udkvnf; azmfjyxm;\? tmkHkyfrsm;udkvnf; azmfjyxm;\? emrfw&m;pkwdkYudkvnf;
azmfjyxm;\/ ,if;emrfw&m;pkwdkYudk a0'emudk tOD;rl odrf;qnf;vsuf 0dyemIyGm;cJhaomf 0wK +
tmkH + a0'em Iuu
G f jzpf\? a0'emEkyemowdy|mefoYkd ouf0if\/ todpw
d f 0dnmPfukd tOD;rl
,if;emrfw&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;vsuf 0dyem IyGm;cJhaomf 0wK + tmHk + 0dnmPf IuGuf jzpf\?
pdwm Ekyemowdy|mefoYkd ouf0if\/ zudk tOD;rl ,if;emrfw&m;wdu
Yk kd odr;f qnf;vsuf 0dyem
IymG ;cJah omf 0wK + tmHk + z Iuu
G f jzpf\? "rmEkyemowdy|mefoYkd ouf0if\/ rD&S m0wKyk Ef iS hf
tmHkkyfwdkYudk yl;wJG odrf;qnf;NyD;rS ,if;emrfw&m;pkwdkYudk a0'emudk odkYr[kwf todpdwf 0dnmPfudk
odkYr[kwf zudk tOD;rl odrf;qnf;vsuf 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyfjcif;aMumifh um,mEkyem
owdy|mefvnf; tusKH;0ifvsufyif &dS\/ rnfonfh owdy|mefudk tOD;rl IyGm;onfyif jzpfap? ocFg&
w&m;wdu
Yk m; tm;vH;k pkn
H v
D suo
f m &d&S rnf jzpfonf/ wpfenf; ---- Iuu
G rf sm;udk o*Fg,em rax&fjrwfwdkYu oVm,we0*oH,kwfygVdawmf xnfhoGif; o*Fg,em wifxm;awmfrlojzifh "rmEkyem
owdy|mefodkY ouf0if\[kvnf; qdkEdkifayonf/
0wK + tmkH + a0'em

1/ 0wK - ysuf - tedp? Ionfh Pfvnf; - ysuf - tedp/
2/ tmkH - ysuf - tedp? Ionfh Pfvnf; - ysuf - tedp/
3/ a0'em - ysuf - tedp? Ionfh Pfvnf; - ysuf - tedp/
0wK + tmkH + 0dnmPf

2/ tmkH - ysuf - tedp? Ionfh Pfvnf; - ysuf - tedp/
3/ 0dnmPf - ysuf - tedp? Ionfh Pfvnf; - ysuf - tedp/
0wK + tmHk + z
2/ tmHk - ysuf - tedp? Ionfh Pfvnf; - ysuf - tedp/
3/ z - ysuf - tedp? Ionfh Pfvnf; - ysuf - tedp/
1/ 0wK ----- emrfur|mef;ydik ;f Z,m;rsm;wGif rS&D m0wKyk rf sm;udk azmfjyxm;cJo
h nft
h wdik ;f puK'gG &0Dxd
lygkHudk qufvuftmkHjyKMuonfh raem'Gg&0Dxdponfh xdkxdk0DxdtwGif; wnf&SdMuaom pdwuP
toD;toD;\ rSD&m0wKkyfwdkYudkvnf;aumif; ,if;0DxdwdkY\ tMum;tMum; wnf&SdMuukefaom b0if
pdwu
P
wd\
Yk rD&S m0wKyk w
f u
Ykd v
kd nf;aumif; Pfjzifh ydik ;f jcm;,l ,if; toD;toD;aom 0wKyk w
f \
Ykd
tysufoufoufudk tmkHjyK tedp[kvnf;aumif; tedp[k Iaeaom ,if;0dyemPfudk wpfzef
293
jyef tysufudk tmkHjyK tedp[kvnf;aumif; Iyg/ 'ku tewwdkYudkvnf; enf;wl Iyg/ xdkodkYI&m
emrfur|mef;Z,m;rsm;wGif azmfjyxm;onft
h wdik ;f wpfwef;Ny;D wpfwef; Iyg/ a&S;u puK'gG &0Dxd wpf0x
D d
jzpfu aemufu raem'Gg&0Dxrd sm; tBurd rf sm;pGm jzpfyu
kH v
kd nf; oabmaygufatmif Iyg/ aomw'Gg&0Dxd
raem'Gg&0DxdponfwdkYvnf; enf;wlyif Iyg/
2/ tmkH ----- lygkHponfh qdkif&mtmkHudk Ce toD;toD; NydKatmif Pfjzifh cGJjcm; pdwfjzmvsuf
tysufudk jrifatmifMunfh tedp[k Iyg/ ,if; 0dyemPfudkvnf; wpfzefjyef tedp[k Iyg/
3/ a0'em ----- emrfur|mef;ydik ;f Z,m;rsm;wGif azmfjyxm;onft
h wdik ;f a0'emudk tOD;rl emrfw&m;
tm;vHk;udk odrf;qnf;NyD;vQif ,if; emrfw&m;wdkY\ tysufudk tmkH,l tedp[k Iyg/ ,if; 0dyem
Pfudkvnf; wpfzefjyef tedp[k Iyg/ 0Dxdrsm;\ tMum;tMum;wGif wnf&Sdaom b0ifemrfw&m;wdu
Yk v
kd nf; a&maESm Iyg/ emrfur|mef;ydik ;f Z,m;rsm;wGif azmfjyxm;onft
h wdik ;f wpfwef;Ny;D wpfwef;
ukefpifatmif Iyg/ ukodkvfaZm0Dxd tukodkvfaZm0Dxdrsm;udk (6)vdkif;vHk; ukefpifatmif Iyg/
4/ 0dnmPf ----- ,if; txufyg emrfw&m;wdkYudkyif todpdwf = 0dnmPfudk tOD;rl odrf;qnf;NyD;vQif ,if;emrfw&m;pkwdkY\ tysufudk tmkH,l tedp[k Iyg/ ,if; 0dyemPfudkvnf; wpfzef
jyef tedp[k Iyg/
5/ z ----- ,if;w&m;wdu
Yk ykd if zudk tOD;rl odr;f qnf;Ny;D vQif ,if;emrfw&m;pkw\
Ykd tysuu
f kd
tmkH,l tedp[k Iyg/ ,if; 0dyemPfudkvnf; wpfzefjyef 0dyemIyg/
0dyemIonfh Pf
0dyemIonfh Pf[lonfrSm 0dyemPf jy"mef;onfh r[mukodkvf (r[mBud,m) raem'Gg&du aZm0Dxd pdwt
f pOf emrfw&m;pkwyYkd if jzpfaMumif;udk txufwiG f &Si;f jyxm;onft
h wdik ;f 0dyem
PfESifh wuGaom ,if;emrfw&m;pkwdkY\ tysufudk jrifatmifMunfh wpfzef xyf 0dyemI&rnf
jzpfonf/ xdkodkY I&m ocFg&w&m; = ww&m;wdkY\ tysufudk tmkH,l ----1/ tedp[k Iaom 0dyemPfudk (u) tedp[kvnf;aumif;
( c ) 'ku[kvnf;aumif;
( * ) tew[kvnf;aumif;
2/ 'ku[k Iaom 0dyemPfudk (u) tedp[kvnf;aumif;
( * ) tew[kvnf;aumif;
3/ tew[k Iaom 0dyemPfudk (u) tedp[kvnf;aumif;
( * ) tew[kvnf;aumif; ---odkY toD;toD; cGJ Iyg/ cEmig;yg;enf; tm,we wpfq,hfESpfyg;enf; "mwfwpfq,fh&Spfyg;
enf; y#dporkyg'fenf;ponfwdkYvnf; enf;rSD; Iygav/
294
ocFww&m; = ocFg&w&m;rSeforQonf Zmwd Z&m r&P oabm&Sd\ = Oyg'f-XD-bif = jzpfwnf-ysuf oabm&Sd\/ xdk Zmwd Z&m r&P oabm&Sdaom ocFww&m;\ Zmwdonf tm'daum#d =
tpjzpfaom tzdkYtpGef;wnf;/ Z&monf rZdraum#d = tv,fjzpfaom tzdkYtpGef;wnf;/ r&Ponf
Moomeaum#d = tqkH;jzpfaom tzdkYtpGef;wnf;/ Zmwd Z&m r&P oabm&Sdaom ocFww&m;wdkY
Oyg'f-XD-bif[al om oH;k rsK;d aom vuPmonfvnf; ocFwvuPmyif jzpfaomaMumifh tu,fum;
tedpv
uPm rnfygay\/ odaYk omf Zmwd Z&m [laom Oyg'fEiS hf XDwu
Ykd kd jriftyfuek af omfvnf; ysuq
f J
0,cP = bifcPom tedpv
uPmonf xifxif&mS ;&Sm;jzpf a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f Pf xifvmouJhodkY xdkYtwl Zmwd Z&m [laom Oyg'ftcdkuf XDtcdkufwdkY tedpvuPmonf xifxif&Sm;&Sm;
jzpf a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ Pf rxifjrifcJhay/ xdkYaMumifh bifrnfonf ocFww&m;wdkY\ tedp
tjzpf\ tqkH;jzpfaom tzdkYtpGef; = y&rmaum#dwnf;/
xif&Sm;aptHh ----- Z&moabm = XDoabm r&Poabm = bifoabm&SdonfomvQif jzpfaom
w&m;onfomvQif jzpfwwf\ = Zmwdoabm &Sd\/ xdkaMumifh Zmwd = Oyg'fonf tedpjzpfrI\ tm'daum#d = tptzdt
Yk pGe;f jzpfouJo
h Ykd xdt
Yk wl Zmwdoabm r&Poabm&So
d nfomvQif jzpfaom w&m;onfvnf; tdkrif;&ifhusuf\ = Z&moabm XDoabm&Sd\/ xdkYaMumifh Z&m = XDonf ocFww&m;wdkY\
rZdraum#d = tv,fjzpfaom tzdkYtpGef; jzpf\/ Zmwdoabm Z&moabm&SdonfomvQif jzpfaom
w&m;onf ysufwwf\ = r&PoabmodkY a&mufwwf\/ xdkaMumifh ysufjcif; = bifonf ocFw
w&m;wdkY\ y&rmaum#d = tqkH;jzpfaom tzdkYtpGef; jzpf\[k rSwfyg/ (r[m#D-2-440-441/)
xdkaMumifh ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tysuf = bifudk Iaeaom b*FgEkyu a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf
lyuEm rSonf Z&m-r&Podw
Yk ikd af tmifaom tvk;H pHak om ocFg&e,f tusK;H 0ifaom w&m;taygif;ukd
tedptm;jzifhomvQif = tedp[komvQif tzefwvJvJ I\/ edptm;jzifhum; rI/ xdkaemif xdkb*FgEkyu a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf tedpj zpfaom ocFg&w&m;\ 'kup ifppf jzpfaomaMumifh xdt
k edpt
m;jzifh
,ltyfNyD; ItyfNyD;aom ocFg&w&m;taygif;udkyifvQif 'kutm;jzifh (= 'ku[k) tzefwvJvJ I\? okc
tm;jzifh (= okc[k) rI/ 'kujzpfaom ocFg&w&m;\ tewpifppf jzpfaomaMumifh xdk tedp-'ku
tm;jzifh ItyfNyD;aom ocFg&w&m;taygif;udkyifvQif tewtm;jzifh (= tew[k) tzefwvJvJ I\?
twtm;jzifh (= tw[k) rI/ (0dok'd-2-279/)
kyfemrfwdkYudk taygif;tpktvdkuf jcHKikH vuPma&;oHk;wef wifum IyGm;okH;oyfjcif; uvmy
oroe 0dyembm0em trIudk tm;opfaeqJjzpfaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfuJhodkY ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk
ukefjcif; teufoabmaMumifh tedp[k tEkrme = rsuf&rf;q rSef;qonf\ tpGrf;jzifh 0dyem
Ionfvnf; r[kwf/ tm;xkwfqJ 0dyem&Sdaom tm&'0dyu trnf&aom O',A,PfodkY
a&mufaeaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vu
f o
hJ Ykd ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk jzpfjcif; ysujf cif;udk Pfjzifh ydik ;f jcm;,ljcif;vQif
aU&o
S mG ;&daS om ysujf cif;udk Ijcif;\ tpGr;f jzifh 0dyemIonfvnf; r[kw/f pifppfrmS rl ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk
tysufoufoufudkom 0dyemIaom b*FgEkyu a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf O',A,Pf\
tpGrf;tmEkabmfaMumifh rsufarSmufyputm;jzifh Pf0 xifvmukefaom jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; O',295
0,wdkYwGif qdktyfcJhNyD;onfhtwdkif;yif jzpfjcif;udk vTwf ysufjcif; bifudkom Ijrifonf\ tpGrf;jzifh

omvQif tedp[k tzefwvJvJ I\? odkY Iaom xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk jrJ\[k
pGJvrf;jcif; = edp*g[\ t&dyft>rufrQaomfvnf; r&SdawmhaomaMumifh edptm;jzifh rI[k qdkonf/
xdkaMumifhyifvQif y#dord'gr*ygVdawmf ]]odkY ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tedp[k Iaeaom a,m*g0p&
yk*dKvfonf ocFg&w&m;wdkY edp[k trSwfrSm;aom edponmudk y,fpGefYEdkif\}} --- odkYpaom pum;udk
a[mMum;awmfrljcif; jzpfonf/ (r[m#D-2-441/)
vuPm,mOfudk wifyg
aupd yaew ]]tedpawm tEkywd? aem edpawm}}wdtm'dem 0dokH 'eudpH ewd? b*F'aeae0 oAH 'd|H a[mwD}}wd 0'Ed? wH b*FgEkyem, rwuywd,H ,kwH? wawm ye ykAbma*
taeumum&a0gum&m tEkyem pdwAm0/ tnxm ]]tedpawm tEkywD}}wdtm'dum ygVd
]]taeau[d tmuma&[d ykeyKeH ywD}}wd tm*wm wm t|uxm p 0da&m"dwm od,m/
(r[m#D-2-441/)
tcsKdUaom aupdq&mwdkYum; b*FgEkyemt&m ----- tedpawm tEkywd? aem edpawm
= tedptm;jzifh = tedp[ktzefwvJvJ I\? edptm;jzifh = edp[k rI ----- [laom odkYpaom y#dord'gr*ygVdawmfpum;&yfjzifh toD;tjcm; 0dyemIjcif; vkyfief;udp&yf r&Sdyg/ b*F'e = ocFg&
w&m;wdkY\ tysufoufoufudk Ijcif; jrifjcif;jzifhyifvQif tvHk;pHkudk jriftyfNyD;omvQif jzpf\[k
qdMk uuke\
f / xdak updq&mwd\
Yk pum;onf b*FgEkyemPf\ txGwt
f xdyo
f Ykd a&mufvwfaomfom
oifhjrwfaom pum;jzpf\/ odkYaomf xdktxGwftxdyfodkY a&mufaom b*FPfrS a&S;tzdkYum; ocFg&
w&m;wdkY\ tysufudk tmkHjyK tedp[k 'ku[k tew[k odkYponfh IykH tjcif;t&m trsKd;rsKd;wdkYjzifh
a&m>yrf;ukefaom IykHIenf; tEkyem trsKd;rsKd;wdkYudk tvdk&SdtyfukefonfomvQif jzpfonf/ ocFg&
w&m;wd\
Yk tysuu
f kd tmkjH yK tedp[
k 'ku[
k tew[k odpYk onfjzifh IzrYkd vd[
k k odaYk om teuf
t"dyg,fudk ,lqcJhaomf vufcHcJhaomf -- ]]tedpawm tEkywd = tedptm;jzifh = tedp[k I\}}
odkYponfjzifh a[mMum;xm;awmfrltyfaom y#dord'gr*ygVdawmfonfvnf;aumif;
tEkywDwd tEk tEk ywd? taeau[d tmuma&[d ykeyKeH ywDwd tawm/
(0dok'd-2-279/)
tEkywd [lonf tzefzef txyfxyf I\? wpfyg;ru rsm;jym;vSpGmaom tjcif;t&mwdkYjzifh
I\[k qdv
k o
kd nf --- odpYk onfjzifh vm&Sad om xdyk gVdawmf\ teuft"dyg ,fukd zGiq
hf akd om t|uxm
pum;onfvnf;aumif; ,if;aupdq&mwdkY\ pum;udk qefYusifaptyfonf jzpfav&m\/
(r[m#D-2-441/)
txufyg ygVdawmf t|uxm #DumwdEYk iS hf tnD b*FgEkyemPfyikd ;f vnf; a,m*g0p&
yk*dKvfonf ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tedp[k 'ku[k tew[k odkYponfjzifh vuPm,mOfudk wifum
0dyem I&rnfom[k rSwfyg/
296

,om ye ,H tedpH 'kurewm? e wH tbdeEdwAH/ , tebdeEdwAH? e ww &ZdwAH/ wom
{wod Hb*FgEkyemEkoma&e ]]tedpH 'kurewm}}wd 'da| ocFg&*aw edAdEwd? aem eEwd/ 0d&Zwd?
aem &Zwd/ aom {0H t&ZaEm avmudauae0 wm0 aPe &m*H eda&ma"wd? aem orka'wd/
ork',H e ua&mwDwd tawm/ (0dok'd-2-279/)
tMuif ocFg&w&m;taygif;onf tedp 'ku tew jzpf\? xdkocFg&w&m;taygif;udk ]]{wH rr?
{aom ar twm = ocFg&w&m;onf igh[mwnf;? ocFg&w&m;onf ig\twwnf;}} - [k
wPSm-'d|w
d jYkd zifh vGev
f eG rf if;rif; rESpo
f uftyfay/ xdo
k cFg&w&m;taygif; rwyfruftyfay/ (umr&m*
b0&m*udk rjzpfaptyf[k qdkvdk\/) xdkaMumifh ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tysufudk Iwwfaom b*FgEkyem
Pfudk tpOfavQmufojzifh tedp 'ku tew[k IjriftyfNyD;aom ocFg&w&m;taygif; NiD;aiGU\?
rESpo
f ufawmhay/ pufqyk \
f ? rwyfrufawmhay/ xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf odYk rwyfrufonfjzpf
a&S;OD;pGm avmuDomvQif jzpfaom Pfjzifh &m*udk 0dur e y[meftm;jzifh csKyjf cif; eda&m"odYk a&mufap\/
(cyfMumMum cGmxm;\[k qdkvdkonf/) b0jzpfaMumif; ork',udk rjzpfap? b0jzpfaMumif; ork',udk
rjyKawmh[k qdkvdk\/ (0dok'd-2-279/)
tx 0g aom {0H 0d&awm ,xm'd|H ocFg&*wH? wxm t'd|rd tEG,P0aoe eda&ma"wd?
aem orka'wd/ eda&m"awm0 reodua&mwd/ eda&m"ar0 ywd? aem ork',Ed tawm/
(0dok'd-2-279/)
{0H 0d&awmwd {0H b*FgEkyemEkoma&e 0d&awm/ ,xm'd|H orwd Oy|dwH ocFg&*wH
eda&ma"wd eda&m"H reod ua&mwd? t'd|rd twDwmem*wH tEG,P0aoe ,xm 'H {w&[d?
{0H wa&yDwd tEkrdeaEm eda&ma"wd reoduwmyd eda&m"H (reod) ua&mwd/ aem orka'wDwd
{wmyd {ao0 ea,m/ aem ork',H reod ua&mwDwd tawm/ (r[m#D-2-442/)
wpfenf; ----- b*FgEkyemPfodkY tpOfavQmufojzifh ocFg&w&m;wdkYtay: (cyfMumMum
cGmxm;Edik af omtm;jzif)h wyfrufjcif; &m*uif;aom xkad ,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf rsuaf rSmufojd riftyfaom
Pf0 a&S;Ixifvmaom ocFg&w&m;taygif;udk csKyfjcif;udk ESvHk;oGif;ouJhodkY xdkYtwl 0dyem
Pfjzifh rawGUrjriftyfao;aom rI&ao;aom twdwf tem*wf ocFg&w&m;taygif;udv
k nf; tavsmf
q ,lwwfaom tEG,Pf\ tpGrf;jzifh ,ckrsufarSmuf vufiif; ypuPfjzifh jriftyfaom
ocFg&w&m;uJhodkY xdkYtwl 0dyemPfjzifh rjriftyfao;aom rI&ao;aom twdwf tem*wf
ocFg&w&m;onfvnf; ]]odYk csKyjf cif;oabm &So
d nfomwnf;}}[k odYk EdiI ;f &Snv
hf suf csKyjf cif; eda&m"
oabmudk ESvHk;oGif;\/ jzpfjcif; ork',udk ESvHk;roGif;? csKyfaomtm;jzifh omvQif = tcsKyfudkomvQif
ESv;kH oGi;f \? xdk ocFg&w&m;taygif;\ csKyjf cif; eda&m"udo
k mvQif I\? jzpfjcif; ork',udk rI/ um;
txufwGif azmfjyxm;aom y#dord'gr*ygVdawmf\ qdkvdk&if; teufoabmw&m;wnf;/
(0dok'd-2-279/ r[m#D-2-442/)
297
1/
2/
3/
4/
txufyg t|uxm #DumwdkY vm&Sdaom ----,xm'd|H ocFg&*wH [laom t|uxmpum;

,xm'd|H orwd Oy|dwH ocFg&*wH [laom r[m#Dumpum;
t'd|rd [laom t|uxmpum;
t'd|rd twDwmem*wH [laom r[m#Dumpum; -----
pum;av;&yfudk aU&Saemuf qufpyfMunfh b*FgEkyemPfonf ypKyefwnfhwnfhudo

k m Ionf? twdw-f tem*wfuu
kd m; xdek nf;vnf;aumif;[k tEkrme = tavsmrf eS ;f qom I&onf
[k t,ltq rrSm;apvdkyg/
a&S;O',A,Pfydkif; &Sif;vif;wifjycJhonfhtwdkif; ----- ypKyef t,ltqudk vufcHEdkifygrS
oabmusEdkifygrS a&S;pum;ESifh aemufpum;onf nDGwf t"dyg,f qufpyfrdrnf jzpfygonf/
taMumif;rl ----- b*FgEkyemPf\ tIcHy&rw"mwfom; ocFg&w&m;wdkYwGif twdwf tem*wf
ypKye [
f al om umvoH;k yg;jzifh odr;f usK;H a&wGut
f yfaom Oyg'geuEm ig;yg; 'kuo
pmw&m;wdo
Yk nfvnf;
yg0ifMu\/ twdwf tem*wf ypKyef[laom umvoHk;yg;jzifh odrf;usKH;a&wGuftyfaom y#dporkyg'f
t*Fg&yf (12)rsK;d wdo
Yk nfvnf; yg0ifMu\/ t0dZm ocFg&wdu
Yk m; twdwt
f "Geu
Yf mvw&m;pkwYkd jzpfMu\/
0dnmPf emrfkyf oVm,we z a0'em wPSm Oyg'gef b0wdkYum; ypKyef t"GefYumvw&m;pkwdkY
jzpfMu\/ Zmwd Z&m r&Pwdu
Yk m; tem*wf t"Geu
Yf mvw&m;pkwYkd jzpfMu\/ ,if; y#dpo
rkyg 'ft*Fg&yf
tm;vHk;wdkYrSm rsufarSmufacwfwGif trsm;pk em;vnfaeonfh ypKyefqwfqwf w&m;rsKd;csnf; ypKyef
wnfhwnfh w&m;rsKd;wdkYcsnf;um; r[kwfMuay/ twdwfumv twdwfb0 ypKyefumv ypKyefb0
tem*wfumv tem*wfb0[laom umvoHk;yg; b0oHk;yg; t"GefYoHk;yg; twGif; wnf&Sdaom
ocFg&w&m; toD;toD;wdkYom jzpfMu\/ ,if; y#dporkyg'ft*Fg&yf tm;vHk;wdkYonf ----1/ ,xm'd|H ocFg&*wH [laom t|uxmpum;
2/ ,xm'd|H orwd Oy|dwH ocFg&*wH [laom #Dumpum; --pum;&yfwjYkd zifh azmfjytyfaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f rsuaf rSmufvufiif; odjriftyfaom ypu-
Pf0 a&S;Ixifvmaom ocFg&w&m;taygif;wGif tusKH;0ifvsufyif yg0ifvsufyif &SdMuayonf/
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfwpfOD;onf umvoHk;yg; oEmefESpfyg; twGif; wnf&Sdaom rnfonfh ocFg&
w&m;udk rqdk b*FgEkyemPfjzifh vSrf;Ivdkufygu ,if;a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ Pf0 Oyg'f-XD-bif
[laom cPw,or* = cPoHk;yg;taygif;ESifh jynfhpkHaeaom taetm;jzifh xifvmaom w&m;
rSeo
f rQonf twdwb
f 0 twdwu
f mvu jzpfcahJ om w&m;yif jzpfcsijf zpfygap ypKye u
f mv ypKye b
f 0
twGif; jzpfaom w&m;yif jzpfcsifjzpfygap tem*wfb0 tem*wfumv tusKH;0ifaom w&m;yif
jzpfcsifjzpfygap rsufarSmufvufiif; odjriftyfaom ypuPf0 a&S;I xifvmaom ocFg&w&m;
taygif;[kyif qdkEkdifayonf/
odkY t"dyg,f r,lqEdkifygu odkYaom qdkvdk&if; oabmw&m;udk vufrcHEdkifygu twdwf
tem*wf ypKye pf onfh (11)rsK;d aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom Oyg'geuEm ig;yg; 'kuo
pmw&m;
wdkYudk 0dyemI&ef TefMum;xm;awmfrlaom tewvuPokwefpaom xdkxdkokwefwdkY vm&Sdaom
298
awy&d0"ra'oemawmfrsm;onfvnf; t"dyg,fuif;rJhaeonfh a'oemawmfwdkYom jzpfMuzG,f&m

&Sad eayonf/ wpfzef umvoH;k yg;vH;k tusK;H 0ifaom y#dpo
rkyg 'f t*Fg&yfwu
Ykd kd b*FgEkyemPfjzifh
0dyemI&ef TefMum;xm;awmfrlaom a'oemawmfrsm;onfvnf; t"dyg,fuif;rJhaeonfh a'oemawmfwdkYom jzpfaeMuzG,f&m &Sdvmjyefayonf/
wpfzef a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf rnfonfo
h cFww&m;udk rqdk 0dyemPfjzifh Ivu
kd yf gu rdr\
d
Pf Oyg'f-XD-bif[laom cPoHk;yg; taygif;ESifh jynfhpkHaeonfh cPw,or* w&m;vHk; wpfck
taejzifh awGUjrifygu ,if;w&m;onf orwd Oy|dw = rdrd\ Pf vufiif;rsufarSmuf 'd|xifxif
a&S;Ixifvm wnfvmaom w&m;yifjzpfvQif ,if;ocFww&m;\ Oyg'f-XD-bif cPoHk;yg;vHk;udkyif
b*FgEkyemPfu Iaeygoavm[k ar;&ef &Sd\/ txufwGif qdkcJhNyD;onfhtwdkif; Oyg'fESifh XDudk
ESvHk;roGif;bJ cPdueda&m"[k ac:qdktyfaom tysuf bifudkom ESvHk;oGif;ojzifh b*FgEkyemyif
jzpfonf [lay/
umvoHk;yg;twGif; wnf&Sdaom Oyg'f-XD-bif[laom cPoHk;yg;taygif;ESifh jynfhpHkonhf
cPw,or*w&m;\ tysuf = bifudk IjrifaevQif b*FgEkyemPf jzpfonfqdkygu ---- (t'd|rd)
twDwmem*wH tEG,P0aoe eda&ma"wd = Pfjzifh rjriftyfaom = 0dyemPfjzifh rI&
ao;aom twdwf tem*wf ocFww&m;udkvnf; tEkrme tavsmfq ,lwwfaom tEG,Pf\
tpGrf;jzifh cPdueda&m"[laom cPtm;jzifh csKyfjcif;udk ESvHk;oGif;\ -- [k odkY zGifhqdkxm;aom
pum;udk rnfodkY t"dyg,f ,lq&rnfenf;[k ar;&ef&Sd\/ t&mwGif toifolawmfaumif; taejzifh
PfBuD;BuD; em;BuD;BuD; rsufpdBuD;BuD;xm; pOf;pm;wwfzdkY ,lqwwfzdkY vdkayonf/
vdycf yJ rm? jrjJ rpH mG vsu?f ow0g wpfa,muf? ,lrmS ;arSmufu?kd ode;f avmufb&k m;? vSeaf omtm;jzif?h
a[mMum;acscRwf? ajzrvGwfbl;/ (rCa'0-pmydk'f-319/)
rdrd\ rSm;,Gif;aeaom t,l0g'udk vdyfcJyrm jrJjrHpGm qkyfudkifxm;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfwpfOD;
rjzpfrdzdkY&ef txl;owdjyK&rnfh t&mXme jzpfayonf/
toifolawmfaumif;onf twdwfb0 tqufquf taMumif;w&m; tusKd;w&m;wdkYudk 0dyemPfjzifh IvYkd &onf IEikd o
f nf[k qdak omfvnf; toifoal wmfaumif; taejzifh Ivu
kd Ef ikd o
f nfh
twdwt
f aMumif;w&m; twdwt
f usK;d w&m;wdrYk mS b0aygif; tenf;i,ftwGi;f wnf&o
dS nfh taMumif;
w&m; tusK;d w&m;rQom jzpfz,
G &f m &Syd gonf/ ow0gwpfO;D tzdYk tprxif oHo&m usiv
f nfusupf m;
cJ&h aom b0awGum; rsm;vSonfom jzpf\/ toifoal wmfaumif;\ 0dyemPfjzifh Ivu
kd Ef ikd af om
twdwb
f 0 twdwo
f cFg&w&m;ESihf rIvu
kd Ef ikd af om twdwb
f 0 twdwo
f cFg&w&m;[laom ocFg&
w&m; ESpfrsKd;wdkYudk wdkif;wm EIdif;pm Munfhvdkufaomf rIvdkufEdkifaom twdwfb0 twdwfocFg&w&m;wdkYuom tvGefYtvGef omvGef rsm;Mu\/ tvm;wlyif tem*wfvnf; enf;wl oabmaygufyg/
t&[wr*fodkYqdkufonfwdkifatmifaom tem*wfonf tenf;i,fyif &Sdonf xm;bdOD;awmh? xdkt&[wr*fodkY rqdkufa&mufrD tcsdefumvtwGif; jzpfvwHUaom ocFg&w&m;pkudk t<uif;tusef r&Sd
ukepf ifatmif 0dyem IEikd af &;rSm om0uyg&rDPft&m rvG,u
f al om tcsuw
f pf&yfom jzpfonf/
299
taMumif;rl ----- om0uwdkYonf wpfpdwfwpfa'oaom ocFg&w&m;pkwdkYudkom 0dyem IEdkifMuaomaMumifh jzpf\/ xdak Mumifh twdwf tem*wf ocFg&w&m;pkww
Ykd iG f toifoal wmfaumif; ud,
k w
f ikd f
IvdkufEdkifaom twdwf tem*wf ocFg&w&m;pkrSm &Snfvsm;vSpGmaom oHo&mc&D;ESifh wdkif;wm EdIif;pm
vdkufygu tenf;i,f tcsKdUt0uf wpfpdwfwpfa'orQom jzpf\/ xdk rdrdIvdkufEdkifaom orwd'd| =
orwd Oy|dw = rsufarSmufxifxif 0dyemPfjzifh jrifvdkufaom Ivdkufrdaom w&m;pk\ cPrpJ
woJocJ sKyrf I cPdueda&m"oabmudk b*FgEkyemPfjzifh awGUjrifaomtcg rdr\
d 0dyemPfjzifh
rIvdkufrd rIvdkufEkdifaom twdwf tem*wf ocFg&w&m;pkonfvnf; xdkenf;vnf;aumif; cPrpJ
woJoJ csKyfysufjcif; cPdueda&m"oabm &Sdonfom[k twdwfoHo&m wpfavQmufvHk; tem*wf
oHo&m wpfavQmufv;kH twGi;f wnf&adS om ocFg&w&m; rSeo
f rQukd tEkrme rsu&f rf;q Ijcif;rsK;d om
jzpfonf[k oabmusygav/ twdwf tem*wfudk vHk;vHk;rIbJ twdwf tem*wfw&m;udkvnf;
xdkenf;vnf;aumif;[k Ionf r[kwfonfudkum; owdjyKav&monf/
odkY t"dyg,f r,lqwwfygu O',A,Pfwdkifatmifaom a&S;ydkif; 0dyemPfwdkY\
tIct
H mkH ocFg&w&m;u wpfrsK;d wjcm; wpfyg;wnf;? b*FgEkyemPf\ tIct
H mkH ocFg&w&m;u
wpfrsKd;wjcm; wpfyg;wnf;[k t"dyg,foufa&mufoGm;rnf jzpfonf/ xdkuJhodkYvnf; t"dyg,f roufa&mufoifah y/ tb,faMumifeh nf;[lrl ----- y#dord'gr*ygVdawmf O',A,Pf wdkifatmifaom
0dyemPfwdkY\ tIcHtmkH y&rw"mwfom;ESifh b*FgEkyemPf\ tIcHtmkH y&rw
"mwfom;wdkYudk twlwlyif xkwfazmf a[mMum;xm;awmfrlaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ a&S;ydkif; 0dyem
PfwdkY twdwf tem*wf w&m;rsm;udk ypuPfjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odjrifonf
wdkifatmif I&onfjzpfygvQif b*FgEkyemPfydkif;odkY a&muf&SdrS twdwftem*wf ocFg&w&m;
rSeforQudk tEkrme tavsmfrSef;qonfh tEG,Pfjzifhom I&rnf[k qdkoifh rqdkoifhudkum; toif
olawmfaumif; udk,fwdkif pOf;pm;oifhvSayonf/
xkdaMumifh a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfwpfOD;onf twdwf tem*wf ypKyef[laom umvoHk;yg;twGif;
wnf&adS om ocFg&w&m;wdw
Yk iG f rdrd IEikd o
f rQaom ocFg&w&m;rSeo
f rQ\ Oyg'f-XD-bif[al om cPoH;k yg;
taygif;ESifh jynfhpHkaeonfh cPw,or*tcdkuftwefYudk txl;ojzifh biftcdkuftwefYudk 0dyem
Pfjzifh jrifatmif IEdkifygu ,if; cPw,or* tcdkuftwefYtwGif; wnf&Sdaeaom odkYr[kwf
bifcP bifumvtwGif; wnf&Sdaom ocFg&w&m;rSeforQonf orwd'd| = vufiif; rsufarSmuf
odjriftyfaom w&m;yif jzpfonf/ 0dyemPfjzifh Ivdkufrd IvdkufEdkifaom w&m;\ aU&Saemuf
wnf&adS om rIvu
kd rf d rIvu
kd Ef ikd af om twdwf tem*wfw&m;wdu
Yk m; t'd|-twDwmem*w w&m;wdYk
jzpfMu\/ odkY cJGjcm; rSwfom;ygav/ odkY ,lqygrS vufcHEdkifygrS a&S;a&S; 0dyemPf\ tIcH
tmkEH iS hf aemufaemuf 0dyemPf\ tIct
H mkw
H o
Ykd nf wpfom;wnf; nDw
G Mf urnf jzpfayonf/
qkdtyfcJhNyD;aom tjym;&dSaom tedpmEkyemponfwdkY\ tpGrf;jzifh 0dyembm0em
ur|mef;udk usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfvsuf&Sdaom xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf pGefYvTwf\?
rpGJvrf;awmhay/ tb,foabmudk qdkvdkygoenf; [lrl ----300
tedpmEkyempaom tEkyemPfonf w'*F\ tpGrf;jzifh udavomwdkYudk y,fpGefY\/

udavomwdkYudk y,fpGefYcJhaomf xdkudavo0#fvQif taMumif;&if;cH&Sdaom ur0#fjzifh oN*K[fa&wGuftyfaom b0opfudk jyKjyifpDrHwwfaom tbdocFg&w&m;wdkYudkvnf; y,fpGefYNyD; jzpf\/ wpfzef uH udavomwdkYudk y,fpGefYonf&dSaomf xdkuHrS = xdkuHaMumifh jzpfvwHU jzpfukefaom 0dygufcEmwdkYudkvnf;
y,fpGefYonfyif rnf\/
tedpmEkyemPfpaom b*FgEkyemPfonf cEmwdkYESifhwuG tbdocFg&w&m;wdkYESifh
wuG udavomwdkYudk y,fpGefYjcif;aMumifh y&dpm*y#ded*vnf; rnf\/ ocFww&m;wdkY tedpjzpfrI
paom tjypfudk jrifojzifhvnf; xdktedpponfrS ajymif;jyefjzpfaom edp-okcpaom oabm&dSaom
edAmef xdkedAmefodkY Gwfaom pdwfESvHk;&dSonf\ tjzpfjzifh ajy;0ifjcif;aMumifh yuEey#ded*vnf;
rnf\[k qdktyfayonf/ xdkaMumifh xdktedpmEkyempaom b*FgEkyemPfESifh jynfhpHkaom
a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmfonf qdktyfcJhNyD;onfhtwdkif; udavomwdkYudkvnf; w'*Ftm;jzifh y,fpGefY\?
edAmefvnf; Gwfudkif;Idif;aomtm;jzifh ajy;0if\ = pdwfESvHk; Gwfudkif;Idif;\/ udavomwdkYudk
jzpfaponf\ tpGrf;jzifh udavomwdkYudk ,lvnf; r,l/ ocFww&m;wdkY\ tedpjzpfrIpaom tjypfudk
&Si;f &Si;f Bu;D vif;vif;Bu;D odjrifaeonft
h wGuf ocFww&m;wd\
Yk tedpj zpfrpI aom tjypfukd rjrifonf\
tpGrf;jzifh ocFwjzpfaom tmHkudk ]]ig-igh[m}}[k wPSm-'d|dwdkYjzifh rpGJ,l/ xdkaMumifh ----- y#dedZwd
aem tm'd,wd = pGefYvTwf\? rpJG,l ---- [k qdkjcif; jzpfonf/ (0dok'd-2-279/)
wdik af tmifaom pum;&yfwu
Ykd m; txufwiG f a&;om;wifjyxm;aom y#dor'd gr*ygVdawmfukd
wpfqifhNyD; wpfqifh &Sif;vif;zGifhqdkxm;aom t|uxm #Dum pum;&yfwdkYudk &Sif;vif;wifjycsufrsm;yif
jzpfMuonf/ ,ckwpfzef ,if; y#dord'gr*ygVdawmf b*FPfcef; vm&Sdaom *gxm (4)*gxmwdkYudk
qufvuf &Sif;vif;wifjytyfygonf/ *gxm wpfckNyD;rS wpfckudk &Sif;vif;wifjyaythH/
*gxma'oemrsm;
1/ 0wKouFrem ap0? ynm, p 0d0em/
tm0ZemAva0? y#docFg0dyem/ (y#doH-56/)
1/ 0wKouFrem ap0 = a&S;0wKrS wpfyg;aom aemuf0wKodkY ajymif;jcif;vnf;aumif;/ ynm, =
ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfjcif;-ysufjcif; O',-0,udk Ijrifonf\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfay:vmaom 0dyem
ynm\/ 0d0em p = tysuf (= 0,)oufoufudkom Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,lonf\tpGrf;tm;jzifh jzpfjcif;
(= O',)rS epfjcif;vnf;aumif;/ tm0ZemAva0 = tjcm;rJh qifjcifjcif;iSm pGrf;Edkifonf\ tjzpf
vnf;aumif;/ {om = onfum;/ y#docFg0dyem = kyfpaom ocFg&tmkHudk od tysuf bifudk
Iaom y#docFg0dyem = b*FgEkyem rnf\/
*gxm (u) 0wKouFrem (c) ynm, 0d0em (*) tm0ZeAv - [k &Sif;vif;wifjy&ef
pum;oHk;cGef; &Sdae\/ ,if; pum;&yfwdkYudk wpfckNyD; wpfck qufvuf &Sif;vif;wifjytyfygonf/
(u) 0wKouFrem = 0wKajymif;jcif; ----- t&m lyuEm tp Z&m-r&P tqHk;wdkifatmifaom
ocFww&m; tm;vHk;wdkYonf 0dyemPf\ tIcHtmkHw&m;rsm; jzpfMuojzifh 0dyemPf\
301
jzpf&m Xme = wnf&m tmHkjzpfaomaMumifh 0wK[laom trnfudk &&dSMuonf/ 0wKajymif;jcif;[lonf

xdk0dyemPf\ tIcHtmkH = 0wKudk ajymif;a&TU Ijcif;udk qdkvdkayonf/
yHpk H ----- lyuEm = kyfw&m;\ tysuf = bifudk INyD;vwfaomf wpfzef ----- tMuif pdwfjzifh
kyfw&m;\ tysuf = bifudk I\? xdkIaom 0dyempdwf\vnf; tysuf = bifudk wpfzefIonf\
tpGr;f jzifh kyw
f &m;\ bif[al om a&S;jzpfaom tmkrH S 0dyempdw\
f bif[al om wpfyg;aom tmko
H Ykd
ajymif;jcif; = ajymif; Ijcif;wnf;/ (0dok'd-2-280/)
ouFrem = ajymif;a&TUjcif; ----- 0dyempdwfwdkYonfvnf; tedpw&m;rsKd;wdkYom jzpfMuojzifh
pdwu
P
wpfc\
k twGi;f tusK;H 0ifaom wpfcw
k nf;aom 0dyempdwo
f nf wpfae&mrS wpfae&modYk
= tmkw
H pfcrk S tmkw
H pfco
k Ykd ajymif;a&TUjzpf;kd "rwmr&daS y/ kyw
f &m;udk tmk,
H
l Iaeaom 0dyem
pdwfonf a0'emw&m;udk tmkH,l 0dyem Icdkuf r&SdawmhNyD jzpf\/ jzpfonhfae&m jzpfonhf
tmHkom ysufoGm;\/ xdkaMumifh ajymif;a&TUrI[lonf kyfw&m;\ tysuf = bifudk Iaom a&S;
0dyempdwfESifh ,if;0dyempdwf\ tysuf = bifudk Iaom aemuf0dyempdwfwdkY\ 0dyem
pdwfjcif; wlnDonf\ tjzpfaMumifh {uwenf;tm;jzifh wpfckwnf;uJhodkY jyK qdkjcif; jzpfonf/ tjcm;
wpfrsK;d wpfzt
Hk m;jzifh teuft"dyg ,fukd ,lqvufccH ahJ omf ]]kyw
f &m;\ tysuv
f Qif tmk&H aSd om 0dyem
Pfonf tjcm;wpfrsKd;omwnf;? xdkkyfw&m;\ tysufvQif tmkH&Sdaom 0dyempdwf\ tysufvQif
tmH&k aSd om 0dyemPfonf tjcm;wpfrsK;d omvQiw
f nf;/ 0dyempdwf wpfv;kH pD wpfrsK;d pDom jzpf\?
xdkaMumifh ajymif;a&TUjcif;onf tb,frSmvQif &dSEdkifthHenf;}} - uJhodkYaom rvdkvm;tyfaom teuf
t"dyg,frsKd;onf jzpfay:vmEdkifayonf/ atmufwGif qufvuf wifjyrnfh - ynm, 0d0em [laom
pum;&yfvnf; t"dyg,fenf;wl rSwfyg/ (r[m#D-2-442-443/)
b*FgEkyemPfyikd ;f um; txufygtwdik ;f 0wKrsm;udk ajymif; ajymif; I&rnf jzpfonf/
pdw[
f &l m r[mukov
kd f 0dyem raem'Gg&duaZm0Dxd emrfw&m;pkuykd if qdv
k akd Mumif;udv
k nf; rSwo
f m;yg/ a,bk,stm;jzifh raem'Gg&m0Zef; wpfBudrf aZm ckepfBudrfwdkY jzpfMuonf/
(c) ynm, 0d0em = 0dyemynm\ tjzpf (= O',) rS qkwef pfjcif; ---- wtrnf&aom
ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk vnf;aumif; Ptrnf&aom 0dyemPf\vnf;aumif; tjzpf-tysuf = O',0,udk Ionf\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfay:aeaom 0dyemynm\ ,if; w-Pw&m;wdkY\ jzpfrI =
O',udk vTwf tysuf = 0,udkomvQif ,lonf\tpGrf;jzifh jzpfrI = O',rS qkwfepfjcif;oabmom
wnf;/ xdak Mumifh a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf ww&m; Pw&m;ESprf sK;d vH;k wd\
Yk jzpfrI = O',udk pGeyYf ,f
tysuf = 0,om rdr\
d 0dyembm0empdwu
f kd aumif;pGmwnfatmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkw&f rnf jzpfonf/
(0dok'd-2-280/ r[m#D-2-443/)
(*) tm0ZeAv = qifjcifEdkifonhf pGrf;tif ---- kyfw&m;\ tysufbifudk INyD;vwfaomf wpfzef
,if; kyfw&m;\ tysuf = bifvQif tmkH&Sdaom = kyfw&m;\ tysuf = bifudkIaom 0dyem
pdw\
f tysuf = bifukd Ijcif; jrifjcif;iSm pGr;f Edik o
f nf\ tjzpfonf tm0ZeAv rnf\/ pum;&yfjzifh
b*FgEkyemPf\ t0g;0pGm EdkifEdkifeif;eif; IEdkifrI pGrf;tm;&SdrIudk ajymqdkayonf/
302
0wKouFrem ynm, 0d0em tm0ZeAv ----- oHk;rsKd;onfum; tm&rPy#docFg b*FgEkyemPf rnfayonf/ kyfw&m;\ tysuf = bifudk Pfjzifh od xdkodaom Pf\ tysuf =
bifudk wpfzefjyef 0dyemIaom tEkyem [lvdkonf/ (0dok'd-2-280/ r[m#D-2-443/)
a0'emuEm tp Z&m-r&P tqHk;&Sdaom ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tysuf = bifudk I xdk tysuf =
bifudk Iaom 0dyemPf\ tysuf = bifudkyif wpfzefjyef 0dyemI&mwdkYvnf; tm&rP
y#docFg b*FgEkyemPf rnfykHudk oabmaygufygav/
2/ tm&rPtEGa,e? Oabm {u00wem/
eda&ma" t"drkwwm? 0,vuP0dyem/ (y#doH-55/)
tm&rPtEGa,e = vufiif; rsufarSmuf odjriftyfaom 'd|jzpfaom tmkHudk tpOfavQmuf
ojzifh/ Oabm = 'd|-t'd| tmkHESpfrsKd;wdkYudk/ {u00wem = cPbif[laom wpfckwnf;aom oabm
tm;jzifh ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;jcif;vnf;aumif;/ eda&ma" = ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ cPrpJ woJoJ csKyfysufjcif;
cPdueda&m"/ t"drkwwm = Gwfudkif;Idif;aom tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ {om = onfum;/ 0,vuP0dyem = ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ ysufjcif; 0,vuPmudk Iaom 0dyem rnf\/
tm&rPtEGa,e Oabm {u00wem ----- yputm;jzifh udk,fwdkif rsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf
odjriftyfNyD;aom IjriftyfNyD;aom w-P trnf&aom ocFg&tmkHudk tpOfavQmufojzifh
vufiif;'d| odjriftyfaom ypKyefjzpfaom ocFg&w&m;onf ysufouJhodkY xdkYtwl twdwfvnf;
ocFg&w&m;taygif;onf ysufcJhNyD? aemiftem*wfvnf; ysufvwHU[k 0dyemPfjzifh IjriftyfNy;D aom 'd|tmkH 0dyemPfjzifh rIjriftyfao;aom t'd|tmk[
H al om ESpyf g;ukeaf om tmkw
H u
Ykd kd
cPbiftm;jzifh cPrpJ woJoJ ysufjcif;[laom wlaom oabmtm;jzifhomvQif aumif;pGm
rSwfom;jcif;udk a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf jyKvkyftyfayonf/ ( 'd|w&m; t'd|w&m;ESifh ywfouf
,lqyHkudk txufwGif &Sif;jycJhonfh twdkif;om rSwfyg/)
rSefayonf ----- a&S;a&S;t|uxm q&mawmfwdkYonf pum;udk rdefYqdkawmfrlMuukef\/
oH0dZrmerSd 0dok''aem? w'EG,H aewd twDwem*aw/
oaAyd ocFg&*wm yavmudaem? Om0AdEL ol&da,0 O*aw/
oH0dZrmerSd = yputm;jzifh &tyfaom odtyf jriftyfaom ypKyef ocFg&w&m;taygif; (= 'd|
w&m; [lvdkonf)/ 0dok''aem = txl;ojzifh pifMu,faom ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ bifudk IaomPf
tjrif &Sdaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf/ w'EG,H = xdkypKyef ocFg&w&m;\ bifudkIaom PfodkY
tpOfvdkuf jzpfaom 0dyemPfudk/ twDaw = twdwfjzpfaom ocFg&w&m;vnf;aumif;/
tem*aw = tem*wfjzpfaom ocFg&w&m;vnf;aumif;/ aewd = aqmif\ = jzpfap\/ oaAyd =
<uif;rJh OHk tvH;k pHv
k nf; jzpfuek af om/ ocFg&*wm = twdwo
f cFg& tem*wfocFg& ypKye o
f cFg&w&m;
taygif;wdo
Yk nf/ yavmudaem = ysujf cif;oabm &Su
d ek \
f / udr0d = tb,fuo
hJ eYkd nf;[lru
l m;/ ol&ad ,
= aeonf/ O*aw = wufvwfonf&Sdaomf/ Om0AdEK = qD;ESif;aygufonf/ yavmuwd 0 =
aysmufysufouJhodkYwnf;/ (0dok'd-2-280/)
303
= yputm;jzifh ypKyefocFg&w&m; taygif; bifudk Iaom txl;ojzifh pifMu,faom 0dyem

Pftjrif&Sdaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf xdkypKyefocFg&w&m;\ bifudkIaom PfodkY tpOfvdkuf
jzpfaom 0dyemPfudk twdwfocFg&w&m; tem*wfocFg&w&m; enf;udk aqmif\ 0dyem
Pfudk jzpfap\/ <uif;rJhOHk tvHk;pHkvnf; jzpfukefaom twdwf tem*wf ypKyef ocFg&w&m;
rSeforQwdkYonf ysufjcif; oabm&Sdukef\? tb,fuJhodkYenf;[lrlum; --- aejcnf xdaysmuf qD;ESif;ayguf
uJhodkYwnf;/ (0dok'd-2-280/) IuGufrSm b*FPf xl;jcm;aom IuGufyif jzpfonf/
eda&ma" t"drkwwm = cPeda&m" Gwfudkif;Idif;rI ----- odkYvQif 'd|-ocFg& t'd|-ocFg&
tm;jzifh ESpfrsKd;ukefaom 0dyemPf\ tIcHtmkHwdkY\ cPrpJ woJoJ ysufaeaom cPbif\
tpGr;f tm;jzifh wlrQuek \
f [k ydik ;f jcm;rSwo
f m;jcif;udk jyK ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk bif[k qdt
k yfaom xdck sKyjf cif;
cPeda&m"omvQif ESv;kH oGi;f onf\ tjzpfonf xdck Peda&m" tav;jyKonf\ tjzpfonf xdck P
eda&m" Gwo
f nf\ tjzpfonf xdck Peda&m"odYk udik ;f onf\ tjzpfonf xdck Peda&m"odYk Iid ;f onf\
tjzpfonf eda&ma" t"drkwwm = eda&m" ESvHk;oGif;rI rnf\/ odkY yputm;jzifh Ijriftyfonfh
ocFg&tmko
H Ykd tpOfavQmufojzifh ESpyf g;ukeaf om 'd|tmkH t'd|tmkw
H u
Ykd kd cPbiftm;jzifh wlonf\
tjzpfjzifh ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;jcif;onf ysufjcif;[k qdktyfaom 0,vuPmudk Iaom 0,vuPmEkyem = b*FgEkyem rnf\/ (0dok'd-2-280/)
3/ tm&rP y#docFg? b*F tEkywd/
oknawm p Oy|meH? t"dynm0dyem/ (y#doH-56/)
tm&rP = lyuEmrSonf Z&m-r&PodkY wdkifatmifaom ocFg&tmkHudkvnf;/ y#docFg =
od/ b*F = xdkkyfw&m;ponfvQif tmkH&Sdaom pdwf\ bifudkvnf;/ tEkywd = tzefwvJvJ
I\/ oknawm p = okntm;jzifhvnf;/ Oy|meH = xifjcif;onf/ Zwd = NyD;jynfhpkH\/ t,H =
onfvQif/ t"dynm0dyem = t"dynm0dyem rnf\/
tm&rP y#docFg b*F tEkywd = a&S;jzpfaom kyfw&m;paom ocFg&tmkHudk odNyD;
xdk yk w
f &m;paom ocFg&\ ysujf cif; bifukd Pfjzifh jrifatmif
I xdk yk w
f &m;paom ocFg&w&m;\
ysufjcif; bifudkIaom 0dyempdwf\ ysufjcif;bifudk wpfzefxyf 0dyemI\/ odkY w-P
trnf&aom ESpfrsKd;aom w&m;wdkY\ ysufjcif; bifudk 0dyemIaom xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; ----]]ocFg&w&m;wdkYonfomvQif ysufukef\? xdkocFg&w&m;wdkY\ ysufjcif; bifonf r&P rnf\?
ocFg&w&m;wdkYrS wpfyg;aom tw rnfpaumif;aom wpfpHkwpfa,mufonf r&Sd/}} --odkYvQif twrS qdwfokOf;aom oknwoabmtm;jzifh ocFg&w&m;wdkY xifjcif;onf jynfhpHk
vmayonf/ (0dok'd-2-280/)
t"dynm0dyem ----- (1) kyfw&m;paom ocFg&tmkHudk odNyD; xdkkyfw&m;paom ocFg&
tmkH\ ysufjcif; bifudk tmkHjyK 0dyemIaom tm&rPy#docFgPff (2) xdkkyfw&m;paom
ocFg&w&m;\ ysufjcif; bifudk Iaom 0dyempdwf\ ysufjcif;bifudk wpfzefxyf 0dyemIaom
b*FgEkyemPff (3) ocFg&w&m;wdYk twrS qdwo
f Ok ;f aom oknwoabmtm;jzifh Pf xifjcif;
304
oknwmEkyemPf Pftjrif oHk;rsKd;onf t"dynm0dyem rnfayonf/

(0dok'd-2-280/)
xd
k w-P trnf&aom ESprf sK;d aom ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk ysujf cif; bifukd Ijrifwwfaom b*FgEkyemPfonf ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk wpfpw
kH pfa,mufaom yk*Kd vf ow0g tw\ tvdo
k Ykd rvdu
k yf gonfh
oabmudk Pfjzifh xdk;xGif; odjrifjcif;aMumifh tewvuPmudk xdk;xGif; odjrifjcif;iSm jzpf\/
xdkaMumifh ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ ysufjcif; bifudk 0dyem Iaeaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ Pf0 ocFg&
w&m;wdkY oknwoabmtm;jzifh xifjrifrI NyD;jynfhpHkvmaMumif;udk a[mMum;awmfrljcif; jzpf\/
(r[m#D-2-443/)
ocFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nf wpfpw
kH pfa,mufaom yk*Kd vf ow0g tw\tvdt
k wdik ;f vdu
k yf g jzpfEikd yf grl
ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk odkY rysufygapvifh[k awmifhwcJhaomf awmifhwonfhtwdkif; &av&m\? odkYaomf
ocFg&w&m;wdYk awmifw
h onft
h wdik ;f &um;r& jzpfc\
hJ / xdak Mumifh ocFg&w&m;wdYk twrS qdwo
f Ok ;f aom oknwoabmonf a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ Pf0 xifaeonf [lvdk/ xdkaMumifh a&S; t|uxm
q&mawmfwdkYonf odkY rdefYqdkawmfrlMuonf/ ----cEm edkZEd e pwd tanm? cEme aba'g r&PEd 0kpwd/
awoH c,H ywd tyrawm? rPd H0 0dZH 0Zda&e a,medaom/ (0dok'd-2-281/)
cEm = cEmjzpfaom ocFg&w&m;wdkYonfomvQif/ edkZEd = csKyfukef\/ rod H avmau =
avmu/ tanm = cEmrSwpfyg;aom csKyfwwfaomw&m; aowwfaomol rnfonf/ e p twd
= r&SdonfomvQifwnf;/ cEmeH = cEmwdkY\/ aba'g = ysufjcif;udk/ r&PEd = r&P[l/ 0kpwd =
qdktyf\/ awoH cEmeH = xdkcEmjzpfaom w&m;wdkY\/ c,H = cPwdkif; cPwdkif; xifvSmaom bifudk/
tyrawm = rarhravsmhaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf/ ywd = 0dyemPfjzifh Ijrif\/ ,xm
ud =H tb,fuo
hJ eYkd nf;[lru
l m;/ ukoavm yk&ad om = vdrm uRr;f usiaf om &Gx
J iG ;f orm; rif;a,mufsm;onf/ a,medaom Oyga,e = oifhaomtaMumif;jzifh/ rPd H= &GJywjrm;udk/ 0Zda&e = pdefjzifh/ 0dZH =
0dZaEm =xGi;f vwfonf&adS omf/ rPd = &GyJ wjrm;\/ qd'a r0 = taygufuo
kd mvQi/f reodua&mwd
0 = ESvHk;rlouJhodkY/ rPd = &GJywjrm;\/ 0Pm'd H= ta&miftqif; ponfudk/ e reodua&mwd
0 = ESvHk;rrlouJhodkY/ {0ar0 = Oyrm twlyifvQif/ ocFg&meH = ocFg&w&m;wdkY\/ ed& E&H =
tjrJrjywf tMum;tvyf r&Sdaom/ b*Far0 = tysufbifudkomvQif/ a,medaom = toifhenf;rSet
f m;jzif/h reodua&mwd (= tedp[
k 'ku[
k tew[)k ESv;kH oGi;f \/ oknawm = twrS uif;qdwaf om
oknoabmtm;jzifh/ reodua&mwd = ESvHk;oGif;\/ ocFga& = ocFg&w&m; oufoufwdkYudkomvQif/
e reodua&mwd = ESvHk;oGif;onfum; r[kwf/ (0dok'd-2-281/)
cEmjzpfaom w&m;wdkYonfomvQif csKyfukef\/ avmu cEmrS wpfyg;aom csKyfwwfaom
w&m; aowwfaomol rnfonf r&SdonfomvQifwnf;/cEmwdkY\ ysufjcif;udk bif = r&P[l qdktyf
\/ xdkcEmjzpfaom w&m;wdkY\ cPwdkif; cPwdkif; xifvSmaom bifudk rarhravsmhaom a,m*g0p&
yk*dKvfonf 0dyemPfjzifh Ijrif\/ tb,fuJhodkYenf;[lrlum; ----- vdrm uRr;f usiaf om &Gx
J iG ;f orm;
rif;a,mufsm;onf oifhaomtaMumif; Oyg,fenf;vrf;jzifh &GJywjrm;udk pdefjzifh xGif;azmufvwfonf
&Sdaomf &GJywjrm;\ taygufudkomvQif ESvHk;rlouJhodkY &GJywjrm;\ ta&miftqif; ponfudk ESvHk;rrl
305
ouJhodkY OyrmtwlyifvQif ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tjrJrjywf cPrpJ woJoJ NydKNydK ysufysufaeaom

cPbifudkomvQif toifhenf;rSef vrf;rSeftm;jzifh tedp[k 'ku[k tew[k ESvHk;oGif;\/ twrS
uif;qdwaf om oknoabmtm;jzifh ESv;kH oGi;f \/ ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk cPbifukd ESv;kH roGi;f bJ ocFg&w&m;
oufoufuu
kd m; ESv;kH roGi;f ay/ wpfenf; -- pdejf zifh &GyJ wjrm;udk xGi;f azmufaom &Go
J rm;\ xGi;f azmuf
NyD;&m t&yfonf wpfzefjyef jynfhjcif;odkY ra&mufouJhodkY OyrmtwlyifvQif pdefaumif;ESifhwlaom
b*FgEkyemPfjzifh ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ ysufjcif; bifudk IjriftyfNyD;onf&Sdaomf ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkY
wpfzefjyef edp[k pGJ,ljcif;onf roufa&mufEdkifawmhay/ odkYvQif ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tysuf bifukd
omvQif I\/ (0dok'd-2-281/)
4/ ukoavm wDok tEkyemok? pwam p 0dyemok/
wa,m Oy|mae ukovwm? emem'd|Dok e urwd/ (y#doH-56/)
wDok tEkyemok = tedpmEkyem paom oHk;rsKd;ukefaom tEkyemwdkY/ ukoavm =
vdrmuRrf;usifaom/ bduK = a,m*g0p&&[ef;awmfonf/ pwam p 0dyemok = edAd'gEkyem
paom av;rsKd;aom tEkyemwdkYvnf;aumif;/ wa,m Oy|mae p = oHk;yg;aom xifjcif;wdkY
vnf;aumif;/ ukovwm = vdrmonf\ tjzpfaMumifh/ emem'd|Dok = txl;xl;aom 'd|dwdkYaMumifh/ e
urwd = rwkefrvIyf/
tedpm Ekyem 'kum Ekyem tewmEkyem[laom tEkyem oH;k rsK;d wdYk vdrm uRr;f usi-f
aom a,m*g0p&&[ef;awmfonf edA'd gEkyem 0d&m*gEkyem eda&m"mEkyem y#de
d *gEkyem
[laom tEkyem av;rsKd;wdkYvnf;aumif; tedpawm Oy|me 'kuawm Oy|me tewawm
Oy|me - [laom oHk;rsKd;aom xifjcif;wdkYvnf;aumif; vdrmonf\ tjzpfaMumifh txl;xl;aom
'd|dwdkYaMumifh rwkefrvIyfawmhay/ (y#doH-56/)
wa,m Oy|me = oH;k rsK;d aom xifjcif; ----- ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tysufudk tmkH,l tedp[k
0dyemI&m ocFg&w&m;wdYk ukeu
f ek f ysuyf suo
f mG ;aom c,-0,oabmtm;jzifh xifvmS jcif;onf
tedpawm Oy|me = tedptm;jzifh xifjcif;wnf;/ ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tysufudkyif tmkH,l 'ku[k
0dyemI&m ocFg&w&m;wdYk aMumufrufz,
G f tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh xifvmS jcif;onf 'kua wm Oy|me
= 'kutm;jzifh xifjcif;wnf;/ ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tysufukdyif tmkH,l tew[k 0dyemI&m
ocFg&w&m;wdkY twrS qdwfokOf;aom oknoabmtm;jzifh xifvSmjcif;onf tewawm Oy|me =
tewtm;jzifh xifjcif;wnf;/ (r[m#D-2-444/)
edAd'gEkyempaom tEkyemav;rsKd;wdkY\ t"dyg,fonf aemufwGif xif&Sm;vwHU/
odkYvQif trsKd;rsKd;aom 'd|dwdkYaMumifh wkefvIyfrI r&Sdaom xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf ]]rcsKyfao;
aom ocFg&w&m;onfomvQif csKyf\? rysufao;aom ocFg&w&m;onfomvQif ysuf\}}- odkY jzpf
ay:vSmaom ESvHk;oGif;jcif; &Sdonfjzpf uGJaeaom tm;enf;aom pdkpGwfaom ajrcGufpdrf;\ uGJjcif;udk
omvQif Ijrif&ouJo
h v
Ykd nf;aumif; zkzd &J Muv
J iT t
hf yfaom odraf rGUaomjrL\ aysmufysujf cif;udo
k mvQif
Ijrif&ouJhodkYvnf;aumif; tdk;uif; avSmftyfukefaom ESrf;wdkY\ ysufjcif;udkomvQif Ijrif&ouJhodkY
306
vnf;aumif; - tvH;k pHak om ocFg&w&m;wd\

Yk Oyg'-Xdw-d y0w-edrw
d u
kd vTw
f ,if;ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk
ysujf cif; bifuo
kd mvQif 0dyemI\/ Oyrm rnfonfum; rsupf t
d jrif&adS om a,mufsm;onf a&uef\
urf;yg;aomfvnf;aumif; jrpfurf;yg;aomfvnf;aumif; &yfwnfvsuf BuD;pGmaom rdk;oD; rdk;ayguf
&Sdaom rdk;onf &GmoGef;vwfonf &Sdaomf a&jyifay: BuD;ukef BuD;ukefaom a&>yufwdkYudk jzpfjzpf
vsifvsifjrefjref ysufonfwdkYudkomvQif awGUjrif&mouJhodkY ---- Oyrm twlomvQif xdka,m*g0p&
yk*Kd vo
f nf tvH;k pHak om ocFg&w&m; rSeo
f rQwo
Ykd nf vsipf mG vsipf mG ysuu
f ek f ysuu
f ek o
f nfwum;[l
0dyemPfjzifh Ijrif\/ rSeaf yonf ----- odkY a&>yuf wE K ysufvG,fonfudk Iaom oabm
&Sad om a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vu
f kd &nf&,
G af wmfr
l bk&m;&Sio
f nf atmufyg *gxm a'oemawmfukd a[mMum;awmfr\
l / ----,xm AkAKVuH ya? ,xm ya r&DpduH/
{0H avmuH ta0u EH? rpK&mZm e ywd/ (0dok'd-2-281/)
AkAKVuH = a&>yufudk/ ya - ya,s ,xm = IouJhodkYvnf;aumif;/ r&DpduH = wHvQyfudk/
ya - ya,s ,xm= IouJhodkYvnf;aumif;/ {0H wxm = xdkYtwl/ avmuH = ocFg&avmuudk/
ta0u EH = 0dyemPfjzifh ouf0if tysuf tysufudkom Iaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfudk/ rpK&mZm
= &Sifaorif;onf/ e ywd = rjrif&avNyD/
a&>yufudk IjrifouJhodkYvnf;aumif; wHvQyfudk IjrifouhJodkYvnf;aumif; xdkYtwl kyfemrf"r
ocFg&avmuudk 0dyemPfjzifh ouf0if tysuf tysufudkom Iaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfudk
&Siaf orif;onf rawGUjrif&avNy/D ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk tysuu
f kd t&[wr*fukd &onfw
h ikd af tmif BuKd ;pm;
tm;xkwfojzifh t&[wr*fudk &&Sdjcif;jzifh wpfzef b0opf jzpfjcif;\ r&Sdjcif;aMumifh y&dedAmepkwd\
aemifwGif &Sifaorif; rjrifEdkif&m edAmefodkY qdkufa&mufawmfrlavNyD[k qdkvdkonf/
(0dok'd-2-281/ r[m#D-2-444/)
txufyg t|uxmpum;&yf OyrmoHk;&yfESifh qufpyf qdkvdk&if;oabmudk r[m#Dum
q&mawmfu odkY &Sif;vif; wifjyxm;awmfrl\/ ----1/ 'kAvbmZElyrm = uJGaeaom tm;enf;aom pdkpGwfaom ajrcGufpdrf; = ajrtdk; Oyrmonf
ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ rdrdoabmtm;jzifh ysufwwfonf\ tjzpfudk jy&jcif; tusKd;&dS\/
2/ 0dyud&d,rmeokckr&Zlyrm = zkdz&J MuJvTifhtyfaom odrfarGUaom jrL Oyrmonf ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tcsif;csif; rqufpyfonf\tjzpf zkdz&J jyefYMuJonf\ tjzpfudk jy&jcif;tusKd;&dS\/
3/ bdZd,rmewdvlyrm = tkd;uif; avSmftyfaom ESrf;Oyrmonf ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ cPwdkif;
cPwdkif; ysufjcif; oabm&dSonf\ tjzpfukd jy&jcif; tusKd; &dS\/ odkY rSwfom;ygav/
(r[m#D-2-444/)
307
tusKd;tmedoif (8) yg;jzifh jcH&Htyfaom b*FgEkyemPf

odkYvQif cyfodrf;aom ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf vsifpGm vsifpGm ysufukef ysufukefumom[l tjrJ
rjywf 0dyemPfjzifh Iaom xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd vt
f m; &Spyf g;aom tusK;d tmedoifjzifh jc&H t
H yfaom
b*FgEkyem Pfonf oefjrefaom pGr;f tm;odYk a&muf&v
Sd m\/ xdb
k *FgEkyemPf qdv
k wUH wdkYonfum; &Spfyg;aom tusKd;tmedoifwdkYwnf;/
1/ b0'd|d = ow'd|dudk y,fcGmEdkifjcif; (ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tysufudkyif tjrJrjywf 0dyemPfjzifh Ijrifaeaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef twonf jrJ\[k pJG,laom ow'd|d\
jzpfEdkifcGifhonf r&dSEdkifawmhNyD/)
2/ toufudk pGefYEdkifjcif;
3/ aeYnOfh rjywf bm0em vGefpGm vGefpGm tm;xkwfEdkifpGrf;&dSjcif;
4/ ,kwfrmaom tvdk&ruf a0;onfjzpf pifMu,faom toufarG;rI &dSjcif;
5/ xufoefaom oHa0*aMumifh udpBuD;i,fwdkY aMumifhMuAsmyg&udk y,fEdkifjcif;
6/ rdrdudk,fudk cspfjrwfEdk;jcif; uif;onfjzpf wpfpHkwpfckaom taMumif;aMumifhvnf; ab;r&dSonf
jzpf ab;uif;jcif;
7/ ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk tedpj zpfru
I kd aumif;pGm jriftyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh onf;cHjcif; aumif;aom
trI arGUavsmfjcif;udk &jcif;
8/ qdwfNidrfaom awmausmif; awmifausmif;wdkY rarGUavsmfjcif; orx0dyem bm0em[laom
vGefuJjrifhjrwfaom ukodkvfw&m;wdkY rarGUavsmfjcif; umr*kPfwdkY arGUavsmfaysmfydkufjcif;wdkYudk
EdSrfeif;zsufqD;Edkifjcif; ----um; b*FgEkyemPf jcH&Hxm;tyfaom tusKd;tmedoif (8)rsKd;wnf;/ (0dok'd-2-281/)
xdkaMumifh a&S;a&S; t|uxmq&mawmfwdkYonf odkY rdefYqdkxm;awmfrlMuukef\/
rmed t|*KPrkwrmed? 'doGm w[d H oroaw ykeyKeH/
tm'dwapvd&olyarm rked? b*FgEkyD trw ywd,m/ (0dok'd-2-282/)
w[d =H xdb
k *FgEkyem/ rmed t|*KPrkwr med = b0'd|u
d kd y,fjcif;tp&Sad om &Spyf g;aom
jrwfaom tusKd;tmedoifwdkYudk/ 'doGm = awGUjrif/ tm'dwapvd&olyarm = OD;acgif; wajymif
ajymif rD;awmufavmifaom OD;&pfacgif;aygif; &dSaomolvQif Oyrm&dSaom/ b*FgEkyD = bifudk Iavh
&daS om/ rked = a,m*g0p& &[ef;onf/ trw = rao&m tNrKd uef Ad m efo/Ykd yw,
d m = a&muf&jdS cif;iSm/
ykeyKeH = tzefwvJvJ/ oroaw = ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tysufudk tmkHjyK vuPma&;wifum
0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyfav\/
OD;acgif; wnf&dSaom OD;&pfacgif;aygif; rD;pJGavmifaeaom a,mufsm;tzdkY OD;&pfacgif;aygif;
pJGavmifaeaom rD;udk Nidrf;owfzdkY&ef vkyfief;&yfonf ta&;BuD;qHk;aom vkyfief;&yfjzpf\/ odkYaomf xdk
vkyif ef;&yfxuf omvGe
f ta&;Bu;D aom vkyif ef;&yfum; oum,'d|d i&Jr;D Bu;D Nird ;f zd&Yk ef vkyif ef;&yfyif
308
jzpfonf/ ,if; oum,'d|d i&JrD;BuD;ukd Nidrf;atmif Nidrf;owfvdkaom a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmfonf

xdkb*FgEkyemPf b0'd|d = ow'd|dudk y,fjcif; tp&dSaom &Spfyg;aom jrwfaom tusKd;
tmedoifwdkYudk awGUjrif rao&m tNrdKufedAmefw&m;awmfjrwfBuD;odkY a&muf&dS&ef tvdkYiSm ----twdwf tem*wf ypKye [
f al om umvoH;k yg; tZsw A[d'[
al om oEmefEpS yf g;twGi;f wnf&-Sd
aom wtrnf&aom ocFg&w&m;wdkYudkvnf;aumif; ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk vuPma&;oHk;wef
wifum wGiw
f iG Bf u;D 0dyemIaeaom Ptrnf&aom 0dyemPfuv
kd nf;aumif; - ,if;w
Ptrnf&aom w&m;ESprf sK;d wd\
Yk tysuo
f ufoufukd 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunf
h vuPma&;oH;k wefukd wpfvn
S phf w
D if wGiw
f iG Bf u;D 0dyemIav&m\/ kyef mrfEpS yf g;enf; cEmig;yg;enf;paom
enf;trsKd;rsKd;wdkYjzifh ESpfNcdKufovdk IyGm;oHk;oyfygav/ ,if;ocFg&w&m;pkwdkYwGif tmemyge yxrpsmef
'kwd,psmef wwd,psmef pwkwpsmef emrfw&m;pkwdkYvnf; yg0ifMuonfudk owdjyKxm;ygav/
owdy|mefav;yg;odkY ouf0ifykH
,om yaew 'ar0 pwkuH tm'durdu ur|me0aoe 0kwH/ w&med ye wDPd
pwkumed {w ywZsme a0'em-pdw-"rmEkyem0aoe 0kwmed/ (0dok'd-1-269/)
edAm e*grdeyd #dy'g trnf&dSaom usrf; tmemygewd orm"dydkif;rS p b*FgEkyemPfoYkd wdik af tmifaom orx0dyem bm0emusiphf Ofwu
Ykd kd a&;om;wifjycJNh y;D avNy/D bk&m;&Sio
f nf
tmemygeusifhpOfudk pwkuav;rsKd;wdkYjzifh ydkif;jcm; a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJh\/
1/
2/
3/
4/
um,mEkyemowdy|mef\ tpGrf;jzifh yxrpwkuudk

a0'emEkyemowdy|mef\ tpGrf;jzifh 'kwd,pwkuudk
pdwmEkyemowdy|mef\ tpGrf;jzifh wwd,pwkuudk
"rmEkyem owdy|mef\ tpGrf;jzifh pwkwpwkuudk --toD;toD; ydkif;jcm;xm; a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/
(1) yxr pwku

uma,ok um,nw&m[H bdua0 {0H 0'grd ,'d'H tmoymom/ (r-3-126/)
orxtvdt
k m;jzifh y&durerd w
d f O*[edrw
d f y#dbm*edrw
d [
f al om tmoymo um,udk
0dyemtvdktm;jzifh lyum, emrum,udk tzefzef txyfxyf IyGm;oHk;oyfjcif; bm0emvkyfief;&yfonf um,mEkyemowdy|mef bm0em vkyfief;&yfyif jzpfonf/
(u) orxtvdt
k m;jzifh tmemygey&durerd w
d f O*[edrw
d f y#dbm*edrw
d [
f al om tmoymo
um,udk tmkHjyK orm"dbm0emvkyfief;&yfudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfjcif;onfvnf;aumif; tmemyge
y#dbm*edrdwf[laom tmoymo um,udk tmkHjyK yxrpsmef 'kwd,psmef wwd,psmef
pwkwpsmefwdkYudk jzpfapjcif; ,if;psmefwdkYudk tzefzef txyfxyf 0ifpm;jcif;onfvnf;aumif; um,mEkyemowdy|mefudk yGm;rsm;aeonf jynfhpHkaponf rnf\/
309
(c) 0dyemtvdktm;jzifh ,if;psmefav;yg;wdkY\ twGif; wnf&dSaom psmeft*FgESifhwuG psmeor,kww

f &m;[laom psmefemrfw&m;wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif; ,if;psmefemrfw&m;wd\
Yk rD&S m[', wnf&adS om
[',0wKEiS hf wuGaom (54)rsK;d aom kyw
f &m;wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif; <uif;useaf om umvoH;k yg; oEmef
ESpfyg; twGif; wnf&Sdaom yudPu-ocFg& trnf&aom kyfemrf"r ocFg&w&m;wdkYudkvnf;aumif;
kyfw&m;udk tOD;rl odrf;qnf;NyD;vQif ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tzefzef txyfxyf vuPm,mOfudk
wifum 0dyem IymG ;oH;k oyfjcif;onfvnf; um,mEkyemowdy|mefukd yGm;rsm;aeonf jynfph akH ponfyif rnfayonf/ ,if;odkY 0dyemIyGm;&m kyfw&m;udk tOD;rl kyfw&m;udk y"mexm; kyfw&m;udk OD;pm;ay; 0dyem INy;D ygrS emrfw&m;wdu
Yk kd 0dyemIojzifh um,mEkyemowdy|mefoYkd
ouf0ifjcif; jzpfonf/ b*FPfoYkd wdik af tmifaom yxrpwku Iuu
G u
f kd jynfjh ynfph pHk kH a&;om;wifjycJhNyD;avNyD/ ,cktcg 'kwd,pwku IuGufponfwdkYudk qufvuf a&;om;wifjyaytHh/ -----
(2) 'kwd, pwku

(u) yDwdy#doHa0'D todmrDwd oduwd/
yDwdy#doHa0'D yodmrDwd oduwd/
( c ) okcy#doHa0'D todmrDwd oduwd/
okcy#doHa0'D yodmrDwd oduwd/
( * ) pdwocFg&y#doHa0'D todmrDwd oduwd/
pdwocFg&y#doHa0'D yodmrDwd oduwd/
(C) yr,H pdwocFg&H todmrDwd oduwd/
yr,H pdwocFg&H yodmrDwd oduwd/ (r-3-125/ oH-3-279/ 0d-1-88/)
(u) yDwdy#doHa0'D = psmefyDwdudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odonfjzpf/ todmrd = 0ifoufavukd
jzpfapthH/ wd = odkY/ oduwd = usifh\/ yDwdy#doHa0'D = psmefyDwdudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm;
odonfjzpf/ yodmrd = xGufoufavudk jzpfaptHh/ wd = odkY/ oduwd = usifh\/
( c ) okcy#doHa0'D = psmefokcudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odonfjzpf/ y /
( * ) pdwocFg&y#doHa0'D = psme"rjzpfaom a0'emuEm onmuEm[laom pdwocFg&w&m;udk
xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odonfjzpf/ y /
(C) pdwocFg&H = a0'emuEm onmuEm[laom pdwocFg&udk/ yr,H = Nidrf;apvsuf/ y /
yxrpwku psmefodkY a&muf&SdNyD;aom psmefudk &&SdNyD;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftwGuf --- 'kwd,
pwkuudk a0'emEkyem\ tpGrf;jzifh wwd,pwkuudk pdwmEkyem\ tpGrf;jzifh pwkwpwkuudk
"rmEkyem\ tpGr;f jzifh pwkuo
;kH rsK;d wdu
Yk kd bk&m;&Sio
f nf a[mMum;xm;awmfrt
l yfuek \
f / (0do'k -d
1-269/) xdkaMumifh ,if; 'kwd,pwku ygVdawmf\ jrefrmjyefudk atmufygtwdkif; rSwfom;ygav/ --(u) yxrpsmef 'kw,
d psmefEiS hf ,SOaf om yDwu
d kd xifxif&mS ;&Sm; odonfjzpf 0ifoufavudk jzpfaptHh
[k usi\
hf / yxrpsmef 'kw,
d psmefEiS hf ,SOaf om yDwu
d kd xifxif&mS ;&Sm; odonfjzpf xGuo
f uf310
avudk jzpfapthH[k usifh\/

( c ) yxrpsmef 'kwd,psmef wwd,psmefESihf ,SOfaom okca0'emudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odonfjzpf
0ifoufavudk jzpfapth[
H k usi\
hf / yxrpsmef 'kw,
d psmef wwd,psmefEiS hf ,SOaf om okca0'emudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odonfjzpf xGufoufavudk jzpfapthH[k usifh\/
( * ) psmefav;yg;ESifh ,SOfaom a0'emuEm onmuEm[laom pdwocFg&w&m;udk xiffxif&Sm;&Sm;
odonfjzpf 0ifoufavudk jzpfaptH[
h k usi\
hf / psmefav;yg;ESihf ,SOaf om a0'emuEm onmuEm[laom pdwocFg&w&m;udk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odonfjzpf xGufoufavudk jzpfapthH[k
usifh\/
(C) psmefav;yg;ESihf ,SOaf om a0'emuEm onmuEm [laom ke&Yf if; ke&Yf if;aom pdwo
cFg&w&m;udk
Nird ;f apvsuf 0ifoufavudk jzpfaptH[
h k usi\
hf / psmefav;yg;ESihf ,SOaf om ke&Yf if; ke&Yf if;aom
pdwocFg&w&m;udk Nidrf;apvsuf xGufoufavudk jzpfapthH[k usifh\/
(u) yDwd y#doHa0'D

yDwdudk xif&Sm;aprI yDwdudk xif&Sm;atmifjyK tmoymoudk jzpfatmif usifhrIonf ---1/ tm&rPawm = tmkHtm;jzifh xif&Sm;atmif usifhrI
2/ toarm[awm = rawGra0 odaomtm;jzifh xif&Sm;atmif usifhrI[k ----odkYvQif ESpfrsKd; &Sd\/
1/ tmkHoabmtm;jzifh yDwdxif&Sm;rI [lonfum; ----- yDwd,SOfaom yxrpsmef 'kwd,psmefwdkYudk
0ifpm;\/ xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef0,f psmef0ifpm;qJ ormywftcdkuf psmefudk &&Sdjcif;jzifh yDwdudk vGev
f eG u
f u
J J jzpfapEdik af om yDwd vGev
f eG u
f u
J J jzpfvmEdik af tmif tm&rPyp,owjd zifh aus;Zl;jyK
ay;aeaom tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d t
f mk\
H xif&mS ;jcif;aMumifh = tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d t
f mku
H kd xifxif
&Sm;&Sm; odaejcif;aMumifh tmkHoabmtm;jzifh yDwdudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odjcif; jzpf\/
2/ wpfzef yDw,
d OS af om ,if;yxrpsmef 'kw,
d psmefwu
Ykd kd 0ifpm; ,if;psmefrS x psmefEiS ,
fh OS af om
yDwu
d kd ukew
f wf ysuw
f wfaom c,-0, oabmtm;jzifh vuPm,mOfukd wifum 0dyem IymG ;oH;k oyf\/ xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf yDwu
d kd 0dyemIaom cP jrifaom cP yDw\
d obm0vuPm
omrnvuPmudk xdk;xGif; odjrifjcif;jzifh rawGra0aom toarm[oabmtm;jzifh yDwdonf
xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odtyfonfh w&m; jzpf\/ (0dok'd-1-279/)
(c) okc y#doHa0'D

1/ okca0'emESihf ,SOaf om yxrpsmef 'kw,
d psmef wwd,psmefwu
Ykd kd 0ifpm;\/ xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd v-f
onf psmeformywfudk 0ifpm;qJ cP psmefudk &&Sdaejcif; psmefESifh jynfhpkHaejcif;jzifh okca0'emudk
vGev
f eG u
f u
J J jzpfapEdik af om okca0'em vGev
f eG u
f u
J J jzpfvmEdik af vmufatmif tm&rPyp,owjd zifh
aus;Zl;jyKay;aeaom tmemygey#dbm*edrdwf tmkH\ xifxif&Sm;&Sm; jzpfaejcif;aMumifh tmemyge
y#dbm*edrdwftmkHudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odaejcif;aMumifh xdktmemygey#dbm*edrdwftmkHudk tmkH,lEdkif311
jcif;udk taMumif;jyKojzifh xdk tmemygey#dbm*edrdwfvQif tmkH&Sdaom psmef tusKH;0ifaom okca0'emudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odjcif; jzpf\/
2/ wpfzef okca0'emESifh ,SOfaom yxrpsmef 'kwd,psmef wwd,psmefwdkYudk 0ifpm; ,if;psmefrS
x psmefEiS ,
hf OS af om okca0'emudk ukew
f wfysuw
f wfaom c,-0, oabmtm;jzifh vuPm,mOfukd
wifum 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyf\/ xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf ,if;okca0'emudk 0dyemIaom cP
0dyemPfjzifh jrifaom cP okca0'em\ obm0vuPm omrnvuPmudk xd;k xGi;f odjrifjcif;jzifh rawGra0 odaom toarm[oabmtm;jzifh okca0'emonf xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odtyfonhf
w&m; jzpfayonf/
okcy#doHa0'Dya' apw 0dyemblrd'ewH ]]okcEd a'G okcged um,du okcH apwodum}}wd y#dord'g,H 0kwH/ (0dok'd-1-280/)
0dyemblrd'ewEd yudPuocFg&oroe0aoe 0dyem, blrd'ewH ]]okcEd a'G
okcgeD}}wdtm'd 0kwH orax um,duokcgbm0awm/ (r[m#D-1-341/)
yudPuocFga&wd yg'uZsmeawm tnocFga&/ awe yg'uZsmeocFga&ok orodawok
0wAar0 ewDwd 'awd/ (rlv#D -1-116/)
okcy#doHa0'D -- yk'f okct& um,duokca0'em apwoduokca0'em[laom okca0'em
ESpfrsKd;vHk;udkyif aumuf,l&rnf jzpfaMumif;udk y#dord'gr*ygVdawmf (186) a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/
orxpsmefw&m; apwodu okca0'emom ,SOf\? um,du okca0'emum; r,SOfay/ um,du
okca0'emum; okco[*kwf um,0dnmPfpdwfom ,SOf\/ orxpsmefemrfw&m;pk okco[*kwf
um,0dnmPfpdwfvnf; ryg0if jzpfcJh\/ xdkodkY ryg0ifygbJvsuf tb,faMumifh y#dord'gr*ygVdawmf
um,duokca0'emudkyg xnfhoGif; aumuf,l&ef a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygoenf;[lrl -- 0dyem\
tajccH yg'upsmefrS wpfyg;aom tjcm;tjcm;aom yudPuocFg& trnf&aom ocFg&w&m;wdkYudkyg
vuPm,mOfudk wifum 0dyemI&rnf[k 0dyemI&rnfh 0dyemblrd trnf&aom 0dyemPf\ wnf&mbHu
k kd TeMf um;jyoawmfrv
l o
kd nft
h wGuf okct& um,du okca0'emudyk g xnfo
h iG ;f
a[mMum;awmfrljcif; jzpfonf[k ajzqkdav&m\/ (0dok'd-1-280/ r[m#D-1-341/ rlv#D-1-116/)
txufyg ygVdawmf t|uxm #DumwdkYESifh tnD tmemygeur|mef;udkvnf;aumif; tjcm;
tjcm;aom orxur|mef;udkvnf;aumif; psmef&onfhwdkifatmif yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfxm;aom orx,medu a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf 0dyemydik ;f 0dyem\ tajcyg'utjzpf xlaxmifxm;aom yg'u
psmefrS wpfyg;aom yudPu ocFg& = NydK;>yrf;aom ocFg& trnf&aom <uif;usefaom kyfemrf"r
ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk v
kd nf; 0dyem IymG ;oH;k oyf&rnf[k oE|d mefus rkcsyakH o rSwo
f m;em,lav&monf/
xdpk um;&yfjzifh yg'upsmefEiS hf ,SOaf om psmefocFg&w&m;wdYk vuPm,mOfukd wifum 0dyem IymG ;
oHk;oyfjcif;wdkY qdkzG,f&myif r&SdawmhNyD[k jy\/
usrf;um; tmemygepsmefrsm;udk txl;ojzifh tmemyge pwkwpsmefudk 0dyem\ tajccH
taMumif;&if;jzpfaom yg'upsmeftjzpf a&;om;wifjyxm;\/ xdyk g'upsmefrS <uif;useaf om kyw
f &m;
emrfw&m; taMumif;w&m; tusKd;w&m; rSeforQonf yudPuocFg&trnf&aom 0dyemPf\
312
tIcHtmkH ocFg&w&m;pkwdkYyif jzpfMuonf/ 0dyemblrd = 0dyemPf\ wnf&mbHkyif jzpfonf/

trSefw&m;udk vdkvm;awmifhwvsuf &dSaom toifolawmfaumif;onf ygVdawmf t|uxm #DumBuD;wdkYudk tvGefYtvGef dkaoav;pm;pGmjzifh MunfndKjrwfEdk;oifhvSayonf? aus;Zl;wifxdkufvSayonf/
(*) pdwocFg& y#doHa0'D

pdwocFga&mwd a0'em'a,m a'G cEm/ (0dok'd-1-280/)
yxrpsmef 'kw,
d psmef wwd,psmefwEYkd iS hf ,SOaf om okca0'emESihf onm pwkwp smefEiS hf ,SOaf om
Oayuma0'emESifh onm ----- a0'emuEm onmuEm wdu
Yk m; pdwo
cFg&w&m;wdw
Yk nf;/ a,m*g0p&
yk*Kd vo
f nf ,if;pdwo
cFg&w&m;pkukd xif&mS ;apvsuf xifxif&mS ;&Sm; odvsuf 0ifoufav xGuo
f ufav
udk jzpfaptHh[k usifh&\/ pdwocFg&w&m;pkudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odvsuf toufSL &ef bk&m;&Sifu TefMum;xm;awmfrl\/ tusKd;&dSaom toufSL enf;pepfrsm;yifwnf;/ vnf; orxydkif; 0dyemydkif;
ESpfydkif;cGJ atmufygtwdkif; rSwfom;yg/
1/ okca0'emESi,
hf OS af om tmemyge yxrpsmef 'kw,
d psmef wwd,psmef Oayuma0'emESi,
hf OS af om
pwkwpsmefwdkYudk 0ifpm;\/ xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf psmeformywfudk 0ifpm;qJ cP psmefudk &&dSae
jcif; psmefESifh jynfhpHkaejcif;jzifh a0'em onm[laom pdwocFg&w&m;pkudk vGefvGefuJuJ jzpfapEdkifaom
vGev
f eG u
f u
J J jzpfvmEdik af vmufatmif tm&rPyp,owjd zifh aus;Zl;jyKay;aeaom tmemygey#dbm*
edrdwftmkH\ xifxif&Sm;&Sm; jzpfaejcif;aMumifh tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftmkHudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odaejcif;aMumifh xdt
k memygey#dbm*edrw
d t
f mku
H kd tmk,
H El ikd jf cif;udk taMumif;jyKojzifh xdt
k memygey#dbm*
edrw
d v
f Qif tmk&H aSd om psmef tusK;H 0ifaom pdwo
cFg&w&m;pkukd xifxif&mS ;&Sm; odjcif; jzpf\/ um;
orxydkif; tmkH xif&Sm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh tmkHoabmtm;jzifh pdwocFg&w&m; xif&Sm;jcif; jzpf\/
um; orxydkif; pdwocFg&w&m;udk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odyHkwnf;/
2/ wpfzef a0'em onmESihf ,SOaf om tmemyge psmefav;yg;wdu
Yk 0kd ifpm; ,if;psmefrS x psmefEiS hf
,SOaf om a0'em onmudk ukew
f wf ysuw
f wfaom c,-0, oabmtm;jzifh vuPm,mOfukd wifum
0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyf\/ xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf ,if;a0'em onmudk 0dyemIaomcP 0dyem Pfjzifh odjrifaomcP a0'emonm\ obm0vuPm omrnvuPmudk xdk;xGif;
odjrifjcif;jzifh rawGra0odaom toarm[ oabmtm;jzifh pdwocFg&trnf&aom a0'em onm
w&m;ESpfyg;onf xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odtyfonfh w&m;rsm; jzpfvmayonf/ um; 0dyemydkif; pdw
ocFg&w&m;udk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odykHwnf;/
(C) yr,H pdwocFg&H

tmemygewdorm"dydkif;wGif ----- um,ocFg& trnf&aom tmoymo\ tqifhqifh
Nidrf;yHkudk a&;om;wifjycJh\/ tvm;wlyif pdwocFg&w&m;\ tqifhqifh Nidrf;yHkudkvnf; enf;rDS od&dSygav/ wpfzef 0dyemydik ;f um,ocFg& trnf&aom tmoymo\ tqifq
h ifh Nird ;f yHu
k v
dk nf;
a&;om;wifjycJh\/ tvm;wlyif pdwocFg&w&m;\vnf; tqifhqifh Nidrf;ykHudk enf;rDS od&dSygav/
313
a0'emEkyem
yDwdy#doHa0'D-yk'f yDwdudk tOD;rlojzifh a0'emudk a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/ okcy#doHa0'D-yk'f
okyx
f w
k v
f suf a0'emudk wdu
k f u
kd f a[mMum;xm;awmfr\
l / pdwo
cFg&y#doaH 0'DEiS hf yr,pH w
d o
cFg&H
[laom pdwocFg&ESpfyk'fwdkY ]]onmonfvnf;aumif; a0'emonfvnf;aumif; apwodufw&m;
ESpfrsKd;wdkYonf pdwfESifhpyfaom pdwy#dA'w&m; pdwocFg&w&m;wdkY rnfukef\}}[k (r-1-376/ y#doH187/) wdYk a[mMum;xm;awmfrjl cif;aMumifh onmESihf ,SOzf uf or,w
k jf zpfaom a0'emudk a[mMum;
xm;awmfr\
l / odv
Yk Qif 'kw,
d pwkuu
kd a0'emEkyemenf;jzifh a[mMum;xm;awmfrlonf[k
od&dSygav/ (0dok'd-1-280/)
a0'emok a0'emnw&m[H bdua0 {0H 0'grd ,'d'H tmoymomeH om"kuH reodum&H/
(r-3-126/)
&[ef;wdkY ...tmoymowdkYukd yDwd xif&Sm;atmif okc xif&Sm;atmif ponfh vkHYv
Om[xl;ESifh aumif;rGefdkaopGm ESvHk;oGif;jcif;oabmudk a0'emtrsKd;rsKd;wdkYwGif a0'emwpfrsKd;udk
ESvHk;oGif;jcif;[l igbk&m; a[mawmfrl\/ (r-3-126/ tmemygewdokwef/)
a0'em wpfckwnf;udkyif I&rnfavm

, a0'em ygu#m a[mwd/ aom ]]e au0vH a0'em0 OyZwd? wm, o'd Hwa'0g&rPH
zkormaem zamyd OyZwd? omeermem onmyd apw,rmem apwemyd 0dZmeermeH 0dnmPrd
OyZwD}}wd zyraua,0 y&d*PSmwd/ ('D-|-1-314/ r-|-1-280/ tbd-|-2-252/)
txufyg t|uxmBuD;rsm;ESifh ,if;wdkY\ tzGifh jzpfMuaom #DumBuD;rsm;ESifh tnD a0'em
wpfcw
k nf;udo
k m I&onf r[kw/f ,if;psmea0'emESihf ,SOzf uf or,w
k w
f &m;tm;vH;k udyk if 0dyem
I&rnf[k rSwfyg/ xdkaemif psmefemrfw&m;wdkYudk 0dyemINyD;aomtcg ,if;psmefemrfw&m;wdkY\ rSD&m
blwkyf Oyg'gkyfwdkYudkvnf; qufvuf odrf;qnf;um 0dyemI&ef 0dok'dr*t|uxm (0dok'd -2
-222) TefMum;xm;awmfrlayonf/ &Sif;vif;csuf tjynfhtpHkudk a&S;emrfur|mef;ydkif;wGif &Sif;vif;
wifjycJhayNyD/ tvdk&dSygu ,if;emrfur|mef;ydkif;wGif wpfzefjyef Munfhygav/
(3) wwd, pwku

(u) pdwy#doHa0'D todmrDwd oduwd/
pdwy#doHa0'D yodmrDwd oduwd/
( c ) tbdyarm',H pdwH todmrDwd oduwd/
tbdyarm',H pdwH yodmrDwd oduwd/
( * ) orm'[H pdwH todmrDwd oduwd/
orm'[H pdwH yodmrDwd oduwd/
314
(C) 0darmp,H pdwH todmrDwd oduwd/

0darmp,H pdwH yodmrDwd oduwd/ (r-3-125/)
(u) pdwy#doHa0'D = psmefpdwfudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odonfjzpf/ todmrd = 0ifoufavudk
jzpfaptHh/ wd = odkY/ oduwd = usifh\/ y /
( c ) pdwH = pdwfudk/ tbdyarm',H = vGefpGm &Tifvef; 0rf;ajrmufapvsuf/ y /
( * ) pdwH = pdwfudk/ orm'[H = tmkH aumif;pGm xm;vsuf/ y /
(C) pdwH = pdwfudk/ 0darmp,H = eD0&PponfwdkYrS vGwfajrmufapvsuf/ y /
(u) yxrpsmefpw
d f 'kw,
d psmefpw
d f wwd,psmefpw
d f pwkwp smefpw
d u
f kd xifxif&mS ;&Sm; odonfjzpf
0ifoufavudk jzpfaptHh[k usifh\/ yxrpsmefpdwf 'kwd,psmefpdwf wwd,psmefpdwf pwkw
psmefpdwfudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odonfjzpf xGufoufavudk jzpfaptHh[k usifh\/
( c ) pdwfudk vGefpGm &Tifvef; 0rf;ajrmufapvsuf 0ifoufavudk jzpfapthH[k usifh\/
pdwfudk vGefpGm &Tifvef; 0rf;ajrmufapvsuf xGufoufavudk jzpfaptHh[k usifh\/
( * ) pdwfudk tmkH aumif;pGm xm;vsuf 0ifoufavudk jzpfapthH[k usifh\/
pdwfudk tmHk aumif;pGm xm;vsuf xGufoufavudk jzpfaptHh[k usifh\/
(C) pdwfudk eD0&PponfwdkYrS vGwfajrmufapvsuf 0ifoufavudk jzpfapthH[k usifh\/
pdwfudk eD0&PponfwdkYrS vGwfajrmufapvsuf xGufoufavudk jzpfaptHh[k usifh\/
(r-3-125/ oH-3-279/ 0d-1-88/)
(u) pdw y#doHa0'D

psmefpdwfudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odatmif jyK tmoymoudk jzpfatmif usifhrIonf tmkH
oabmtm;jzifh xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odatmif usihfrI rawGra0 odaom toarm[ oabmtm;jzifh
xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odatmif usifhrI[k ESpfrsKd; &dS\/
1/ psmefpw
d f toD;toD;udk txl; xifxif&mS ;&Sm; odatmif OD;wnf yxrpsmef 'kw,
d psmef wwd,
psmef pwkwp smefwu
Ykd kd toD;toD; 0ifpm;\/ xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf psmeformywfukd 0ifpm;qJ cP
psmefukd &&daS ejcif; psmefEiS hf jynfph akH ejcif;jzifh psmefpw
d u
f kd vGev
f eG u
f u
J J jzpfapEdik af om psmefpw
d f vGev
f eG f
uJuJ jzpfvmEdkifavmufatmif tm&rPyp,owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;aeaom tmemygey#dbm*edrdwf
tmk\
H xifxif&mS ;&Sm; jzpfaejcif;aMumifh tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d t
f mHu
k kd xifxif&mS ;&Sm; odaejcif;aMumifh
xdt
k memygey#dbm*edrw
d t
f mHu
k kd tmk,
H El ikd jf cif;udk taMumif;jyKojzifh xdt
k memygey#dbm*edrw
d v
f Qif
tmk&H aSd om psmefpw
d u
f kd xifxif&mS ;&Sm; odjcif; jzpf\/ um; tmko
H abmtm;jzifh psmefpw
d u
f kd xifxif
&Sm;&Sm; odyHkwnf;/
2/ wpfzef tmemyge yxrpsmef 'kwd,psmef wwd,psmef pwkwpsmef toD;toD;udk 0ifpm; ,if;
psmeftoD;toD;rS x psmefESifh,SOfaom psmefpdwf toD;toD;udk ukefwwfysufwwfaom c,-0,
oabmtm;jzifh vuPm,mOf oHk;csufukd wpfvSnfhpDwifum 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyf\/ a,m*g0p&
315
yk*dKvfonf ,if;psmefpdwfudk 0dyemIaom cP 0dyemPfjzifh jrifaom cP psmefpdwf\

obm0vuPm omrnvuPmudk xdk;xGif; odjrifjcif;jzifh rawGra0 odaom toarm[ oabm
tm;jzifh ,if;psmefpdwfonf xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvfu xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odtyfonfh w&m; jzpfaeayonf/
um; psmefpdwfudk toarm[ oabmtm;jzifh xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odyHkwnf;/
odkYvQif ,if;psmefpdwf toD;toD;udk tmHkoabmtm;jzifhvnf;aumif; toarm[ oabm
tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odvsuf toufSL &ef bk&m;&Sifu toufSL yHkpepfudk TefMum;
xm;awmfrl\/ edAmefodkYwdkifatmif ydkYaqmifay;Edkifaom pGrf;tif tjynfht0 &dSaom toufSL yHk enf;
pepf aumif;rsm;yif jzpfMuonf/
(c) tbdyarm',H pdwH

pdwu
f kd vGepf mG &Tiv
f ef; 0rf;ajrmufapvsuf 0ifoufavudk jzpfatmif xGuo
f ufavudk jzpfatmif
usifh&m orm"d\ tpGrf;jzifhvnf;aumif; 0dyem\ tpGrf;jzifhvnf;aumif; pdwf\ vGefpGm &Tifvef;
0rf;ajrmufjcif;onf jzpf\/
1/ tb,fodkYvQif orm"d\ tpGrf;jzifh pdwf\ vGefpGm &Tifvef; 0rf;ajrmufjcif;onf jzpfavoenf;?
yDwdESifh ,SOfaom yxrpsmef 'kwd,psmef[laom psmefESpfyg;wdkYudk toD;toD; 0ifpm;\/ xdka,m*g0p&
yk*Kd vo
f nf psmeformywfukd 0ifpm;qJ cP psmefpw
d Ef iS hf ,SOaf om psmefyw
D jd zifh xdo
k r,w
k f psmefpw
d u
f kd
yifvQif vGefpGm 0rf;ajrmufap\? vGefpGm &Tifvef; wuf<uap\/ orm"d\ tpGrf;jzifh pdwf&Tifvef;
wuf<urIwnf;/ (0dok'd-1-280/)
psmefpw
d Ef iS hf ,SOaf om yDwu
d m; yDwo
d armZsiw
f &m; jzpf\/ ud,
k pf w
d w
f u
Ykd kd wuf<u&Tiv
f ef;apjcif;
obm0vuPm &dS\/ ,if;psmefyDwdu xdkrdrdESifh ,SOfzuf psmefpdwfudkyifvQif o[Zmwpaom yp,
oww
d jYkd zifv
h nf;aumif; psmeyp,owjd zifv
h nf;aumif; aus;Zl;jyKay;vsuf ud,
k pf w
d w
f u
Ykd kd xuf0ef;usirf S
ESpfoufjynfhNzdK; wdk;yGm;apvsuf &Tifvef;wuf<uaom tjcif;t&modkY a&mufapvsuf ESpfouf&Tifvef;
0rf;ajrmufap\/ xdkaMumifh ,if;psmefESpfyg;wdkYudk 0ifpm;vsuf toufS L &ef bk&m;&Sifu TefMum;awmf
rljcif; jzpfayonf/ (r[m#D-1-341/)
2/ tb,fov
Ykd Qif 0dyem\ tpGr;f jzifh pdw\
f vGepf mG &Tiv
f ef; 0rf;ajrmufjcif;onf jzpfavoenf;?
yDwdESifh ,SOfukefaom yxrpsmef 'kwd,psmef[laom psmefESpfyg;wdkYudk toD;toD; 0ifpm; ,if;psmef
toD;toD;rS xvsuf psmefESifh,SOfaom yDwdudk ukefwwf ysufwwfaom c,-0, oabmtm;jzifh
vuPm,mOfo;kH csuu
f kd wpfvn
S phf D wifum 0dyem IymG ;oH;k oyf\/ odv
Yk Qif 0dyemcP psmefEiS hf
,SOfaom yDwdudk tmHkjyK jzpfay:vmaom 0dyempdwfudk xdk0dyemPf\ tIcHtmHk jzpfaom
yDwjd zifyh ifvQif a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf &Tiv
f ef;wuf<uaom tjcif;t&modYk a&mufap\? ESpo
f uf&iT v
f ef;
wuf<uap\/ odYk usiahf om a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vu
f kd pdwu
f kd 0rf;ajrmufapvsuf 0ifoufavudk jzpfapthH
xGufoufavudk jzpfapthH[k usifhae\ [l ac:qdktyfayonf/ (0dok'd-1-280-281/)
toifolawmfaumif;onf pdwf"mwf &Tif&Tifvef;vef;jzifh tjrJwrf; toufS L aevdkygovm;?
tvdk&dSygvQif yDwdESifh,SOfaom psmefwdkYudk 0ifpm;yg/ yDwdESifhwuGaom ,if;psmefemrfw&m;wdkYudk Budrfzef
316
rsm;pGm xyfumxyfum 0dyemIyg/ xdkodkY psmef0ifpm;aeorQ umvywfvkH; xdkodkY 0dyem IaeorQ

umvywfv;kH toifoal wmfaumif;onf aysmaf ysm&f iT &f iT jf zifh tjrw
J rf; toufSL ae&rnfom jzpfayonf/
toifoal wmfaumif;\ b00,f aysmaf ysm&f iT &f iT f aeEdik af &;twGuf tjypf tuif;qk;H aom enf;vrf;rsm;yif jzpfMuayonf/ ormorK'bk&m;&Siftm; tvGeftMuL; txl; aus;Zl;wifxdkufaypG/
toifoal wmfaumif;onf jyKH ;&Tiaf eaom av;pm;jrwfE;kd zG,&f m rdwaf qGwpfO;D udk awGUjrif&aom
tcg toifolawmfaumif;\ pdwftpOfvnf; tjyHK;yef;rsm;onf yGifhvef;vmMuouJhodkY tvm;wlyif
yDwdESifh ,SOfaom psmefemrfw&m;wdkYudk 0dyemIaeaom pdwfvnf; yDwdrsm; ,SOfwGJvsufyif &dSaeayonf/ ,if;yDwdESifh,SOfaom psmefpdwf ,if;yDwd,SOfaom psmefemrfw&m;wdkYudk 0dyemIaeaom
0dyempdwf ----- pdwfwdkYaMumifh jzpfay:vmMuukefaom rGefjrwfaom pdwZkyfwdkYonfvnf; wpfudk,fvHk; ysHUESHUvsuf jzpfyGm;aeMu\/ xdkaMumifh yDwdonf udk,fpdwfwdkYudk ESpfouf&Tifvef; wuf<u
apjcif; oabmvuPm&dS\[k qdkonf/
(*) orm'[H pdwH

pdwfudk aumif;aumif; xm; wnfwnfMunfMunf xm; toufSL enf;/
1/ yxrpsmef 'kw,
d psmef wwd,psmef pwkwp smefwu
Ykd kd tpOftwdik ;f 0ifpm;\? psmeformywf toD;
toD;\ twGif;0,f psmefpdwfonf tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftmkH aumif;pGmwnfae\/ ,if;odkY
wnfaeaomf orxydkif;0,f orm"d\ tpGrf;jzifh tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftmkH pdwfudk aumif;pGm
xm;vsuf pdwf wnfwnfMunfMunfjzifh toufSL ae\[kyif qdktyfayonf/ (0dok'd-1-281/)
tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftmkH pdwfudk aumif;pGm xm;vsuf toufSL \ [lonf ----- tMuif
tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d t
f mHk pdwu
f kd xm;tyfonf &daS omf tenf;i,frQaomfvnf;
pdw"f mwf\ wGeq
Yf w
k jf cif;tzdo
Yk v
Ykd nf;aumif; ysUH vGijhf cif;tzdo
Yk v
Ykd nf;aumif; ruyfa&mufr
l rTwu
f sbJ
rwuf<ubJ pdwo
f nf wnfwahH e\/ tMuiftjcif;t&mtm;jzifh tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d t
f mkH pdwu
f kd
xm;tyfonf&dSaomf aÈwdkYudk nDrQatmif usifhEdkifojzifh pdwfonf tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftmkH
tnDtrQ wnfwahH e\/ wpfenf; --- tMuiftjcif;t&mtm;jzifh tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d t
f mkH pdwu
f kd
xm;tyfonf&aSd omf orm"d\ vGeu
f o
J nf\tjzpfoYkd a&mufjcif;aMumifh rwkerf vIyjf cif;odYk a&mufojzifh
pdwfonf tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftmHk aumif;pGmomvQif wnfwHhae\/ uJhodkYaom tjcif;t&m
tm;jzifh tyempsmef\ tpGrf;jzifh psmefpdwfudk tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftmkH aumif;pGm xm;vsuf
0ifoufavudk jzpfatmif xGufoufavudk jzpfatmif = toufS L Edkifatmif usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;
tm;xkwyf g[k qdv
k o
kd nf/ (r[m#D-1-341-342/) um; orxydik ;f pdwu
f kd aumif;aumif;xm;vsuf
toufS L yHkwnf;/ 0dyemydkif; tmkH pdwfudk aumif;pGmxm;vsuf toufSL yHkrSm odkYjzpf\/
wmed 0g ye psmemed ormyZdwGm 0k|m, psmeor,kwH pdwH c,awm 0,awm orawm
0dyemuaP vuPy#da0a"e OyZwd cPdupdawu*wm/ {0H OyEm, cPdupdawu*wm,
0aoeyd tm&raP pdwH orH tm'[aEm orH XayaEm ]]orm'[H pdwH todmrd yodmrDwd
oduwD}}wd 0kpwd/ (0dok'd-1-281/)
317
vuPy#da0a"emwd tedpm'du vuP y#d y#d 0dZsaee caP caP t0aAma"e/

cPdupdawu*wmwd cPrw|dwdaum orm"d/ aomyd [d tm&raP ed& E&H {umuma&e
y0wrmaem y#dyaue tebdblawm tydawm 0d, pdwH edpvH Xaywd/ awe 0kwH ]]{0H OyEm,m}}wdtm'd/ (r[m#D-1-342/)
2/ a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf tmemyge yxrpsmef 'kwd,psmef wwd,psmef pwkwpsmefwdkYudk tpOf
twdik ;f wpfcNk y;D wpfck 0ifpm;\/ psmefrS xwdik ;f xwdik ;f psmefEiS ,
hf OS af om psmeor,w
k pf w
d u
f kd ukew
f wf
ysuw
f wfaom c,-0, oabmtm;jzifh ,if;psmefpw
d \
f tysuu
f kd tmkjH yK vuPm,mOfo;kH wefukd
wpfvSnfhpD wifum 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyf\/ (= tmemyge yxrpsmefudk 0ifpm; ,if;yxrpsmefrS
xNy;D vQif ,if;yxrpsmefpw
d u
f kd tysuu
f kd tmH,
k
l tedp[
v
k nf;aumif; 'ku[
v
k nf;aumif; tew[k
vnf;aumif; vuPm,mOfukd wpfvn
S phf D wifum 0dyemI\/ 'kw,
d psmefponfwYkd vnf; enf;wlyif
oabmaygufyg/) xdo
k Ykd 0dyem IymG ;oH;k oyfaomtcg ,if;psmefpw
d \
f cPwdik ;f cPwdik ;f ysuyf suf
aeonfh oabmudk tmkH,l tedp[kIcJhaomf tedpvuPmudk xdk;xGif; odae\? 'ku[k IcJhaomf
'kuvuPmudk xdk;xGif; odae\? tew[k IcJhaomf tewvuPmudk xdk;xGif; odae\/ ,if;odkY
tqufrjywf xdk;xGif;odaecJhaomf 0dyempdwfonf ,if;psmefpdwf\ tedptjcif;t&maomfvnf;
aumif;pGm wnfae\? 'kut
jcif;t&maomfvnf; aumif;pGm wnfae\? tewtjcif;t&maomfvnf;
aumif;pGm wnfae\/ ,if;odYk psmefpw
d \
f tedpt
jcif;t&m odrYk [kwf tew
tjcif;t&m[laom wpfrsKd;rsKd;aom tjcif;t&m tqufrjywf tMum;tvyf r&Sdatmif aumif;pGm
wnfaeaom 0dyemorm"dudk cPdupdawu*wm = cPduorm"d[k ac:qdk\/ xdkcPdupdawu*wm = cPduorm"donfvnf; ,if;psmefpdwf\ tysuftmkH tedptjcif;t&m 'kutjcif;t&m
tewtjcif;t&m[laom tjcif;t&moHk;rsKd;wdkYwGif wpfrsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh tqufrjywf
tMum;tvyf r&daS tmif jzpfaevwfaomf qefu
Y sib
f ufw&m;onf rvTr;f rd;k tyf rvTr;f rd;k Edik o
f nfjzpf
psmefpdwf\ tysuftmkH 0dyempdwfudk pdkufxm;ouJhodkY jzpf = ajrBuD;ay: wdkifwpfwdkifudk
pdkufxlxm;ouJhodkY jzpf 0dyempdwfonf wkefvIyfrIr&SdbJ wnfwhHaeay\/ odkY jzpfay:vmaom
cPdupdawu*wm = cPduorm"d\ tpGrf;jzifhvnf; psmefpdwf\ tysuftmkH 0dyempdwfudk
tnDtGwf aumif;pGm a&S;Ixm;aom &[ef;udk ----- ]]pdwfudk tnDtGwf aumif;pGm a&S;Ixm;vsuf
0ifoufavudk jzpfapthH? xGufoufavudk jzpfapthH}} - [k usifhae\[l ac:qdktyfayonf/
(0dok'd-1-281/ r[m#D-1-342/)
um; orxydik ;f 0dyemydik ;f ESpyf ikd ;f vH;k tmkH pdwu
f kd tnDtGwf aumif;pGm a&S;Ixm;vsuf
toufS L yHkpepf wpfckudk TefMum;xm;awmfrlaom bk&m;&Sif\ tqkH;trMo0g'uxm a'oemawmf
wpfckyif jzpfonf/ toifolawmfaumif;onf pdwfudk aumif;aumif;xm;NyD; toufSL wwfNyDavm-
(C) 0darmp,H pdwH

vnf; orxydkif; 0dyemydkif;[k tydkif;ESpfydkif; &dSaeay\/ orxydkif; 0darmp,pdwf =
qefYusifbufw&m;wdkYrS vGwfajrmufaom pdwf jzpfatmif usifhyHkrSm odkY jzpf\/ ----318
1/ tmemyge yxrpsmef 'kwd,psmef wwd,psmef pwkwpsmefwdkYudk tpOftwdkif; wpfckNyD; wpfck

0ifpm;yg/ yxrpsmef ormywfudk 0ifpm;cdkuf psmeformywftwGif; psmefpdwfonf eD0&P tnpftaMu;wdkYrS vGwfajrmufae\/ 'kwd,psmef ormywfudk 0ifpm;cdkuf psmefpdwfonf 0dwuf0dpm&wdkYrS
vGwfajrmufae\/ wwd,psmef ormywfudk 0ifpm;ckduf psmefpdwfonf yDwdrS vGwfajrmufae\/
pwkwp smef ormywfukd 0ifpm;cdu
k f psmefpw
d o
f nf okc-'kuw
rYkd S vGwaf jrmufae\? 0dur e 0drw
k w
d nf;/
xdkaMumifh toifolawmfaumif;onf yxrpsmefudk 0ifpm;jcif;jzifh psmefpdwfudk eD0&P tnpftaMu;wdrYk S vGwaf jrmufapvsuf 0ifoufav xGuo
f ufavudk jzpfatmifusiyhf g/ 'kw,
d psmefudk 0ifpm;jcif;jzifh psmefpdwfudk 0dwuf 0dpm&wdkYrS vGwfajrmufapvsuf 0ifoufav xGufoufavudk jzpfatmif
usifhyg/ wwd,psmefudk 0ifpm;jcif;jzifh psmefpdwfudk yDwdrS vGwfajrmufapvsuf 0ifoufav xGufouf
avudk jzpfatmif usifhyg/ pwkwpsmefudk 0ifpm;jcif;jzifh psmefpdwfudk okc-'kuwdkYrS vGwfajrmufapvsuf
0ifoufav xGufoufavudk jzpfatmif usihfyg/ um; orxydkif; qefYusifbuf w&m;wdkYrS pdwfudk
vGwfajrmufapvsuf 0ifoufavudk jzpfaptHh? xGufoufavudk jzpfaptHh[k usifhyHkwnf;/
(0dok'd-1-281/)
2/ 0dyemydkif; pdwfudk qefYusifbufw&m;wdkYrS vGwfajrmufapvsuf usifhyHkrSm odkYwnf;/
tmemygeyxrpsmefukd 0ifpm;\/ ,if;yxrpsmefrS x psmefEiS ,
fh OS af om psmefpw
d u
f kd = psmefpw
d u
f kd
tOD;rlvsuf emrum, lyum, taygif;[laom tvH;k pkaH om ocFg&w&m;taygif;udk ukew
f wf ysu-f
wwfaom c,-0, oabmtm;jzifh c,-0, oabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh vuPm,mOf
oHk;csufudk wpfvSnfhpD wifum 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyf\/
pdwrkace oAocFg&*wH tedpawm ywd? aem edpawm/ (r[m#D-1-342/)
tmemyge 'kwd,psmefudk 0ifpm;\ / y /
tmemyge wwd,psmefudk 0ifpm;\/ y /
tmemyge pwkwpsmefudk 0ifpm;\/ ,if;psmefrSx psmefESifh,SOfaom psmefpdwfudk = psmefpdwfudk
tOD;rlvsuf emrum, lyum,taygif;[laom tvHk;pkHaom ocFg&w&m;taygif;udk ukefwwf ysufwwfaom c,-0, oabmtm;jzifh ukefwwfysufwwfaom c,-0, oabmudk 0dyemPfjzifh
jrifatmifMunf
h vuPma&;oH;k wefukd wpfvn
S phf w
D ifum 0dyem IymG ;oH;k oyf\/ ,if;odYk 0dyem
IyGm;oHk;oyfaeaom 0dyemPf tcdkuf txl;ojzifh b*FgEkyemPftcdkuf qefYusifbuf
w&m;wdkYrS pdwfonf vGwfajrmufoGm;\/ rSefayonf ----- ysufjcif; bifrnfonf tedpjzpfrI\ = tedp
vuPm\ vGeu
f aJ om tqH;k pGeaf om tzdt
Yk pGe;f wnf;/ xdak Mumifh xdb
k *FgEkyemPfjzifh psmefpw
d u
f kd
tOD;rlvsuf ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk ysujf cif; bifukd Iaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf psmefpw
d u
f kd y"mejyKojzifh
tOD;rlojzifh tvHk;pHkaom ocFg&w&m;taygif;udk tedp[k I\? edp[k rI/ tedpw&m;\ 'kupifppf
jzpfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; 'kuw&m;\ tewpifppfjzpfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; xdkocFg&w&m;
taygif;wdkYudk 'ku[k tzefwvJvJ I\? okc[k rI/ tew[k tzefwvJvJ I\? tw[k rI/ wpfzef
tMuifw&m;onf tedpj zpf\ 'kuj zpf\ tewjzpf\? xdw
k &m;ukd rESpo
f uftyf rESpo
f ufxu
kd /f tMuif
w&m;udkvnf; rESpfouftyf rESpfoufxdkuf? xdkw&m;udk &m*jzifh rwyfruf rpJGvrf;xdkuf/ xdkaMumifh
319
ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ ysufjcif; bifudk Iwwfaom b*FgEkyemPfodkY tpOfavQmufojzifh tedp[k

'ku[k tew[k ocFg&w&m;taygif;udk 0dyemPfjzifh jriftyfaomf xdk0dyemPfjzifh jriftyf
NyD;aom ocFg&w&m;taygif; NiD;aiGUawmh\? rESpfouf/ wyfrufjcif; uif;awmh\? rwyfruf/ odkY
Ni;D aiGUaom wyfrufjcif;uif;aom xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf aU&OS ;D pGm avmuD0yd emPfjzifyh ifvQif
&m*udk csKyfap\? rjzpfap/ xdk&m*\ jzpfjcif;udk rjyK? jzpfaMumif;w&m;udk rjyK/ um; qefYusifbuf
w&m;wdrYk S pdwu
f kd vGwaf jrmufapvsuf tmoymoudk jzpfap&m qdv
k &kd if; teufoabmwnf;/
(r[m#D-1-342/)
r[m#Dumq&mawmfu aemufwpfenf; xyfrH zGifhqkdxm;awmfrljyef\/ ,if;enf; 'd|w&m;
t'd|w&m;[k ESpfrsKd;cGJ zGifhqkdxm;awmfrl\/
'd| - t'd| w&m;

tx 0g aom {0H 0d&awm ,xm 'd|H ocFg&*wH? wxm t'd|H twaem aPe eda&ma"wd?
aem orka'wd/ eda&m"ar0 reod ua&mwd? aem ork',Ed tawm/ (r[m#D-1-342/)
wpfenf; ---- odYk wyfrufjcif;uif;aom xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf 0dyemPfjzifh rsuaf rSmuf
IjriftyfNyD;aom ocFg&w&m;taygif;udk cPrpJ woJoJ csKyfysufrIudk ESvHk;oGif;ouJhodkY xdkYtwl
0dyemPfjzifh rsufarSmuf rIjriftyfao;aom ocFg&w&m;taygif;udk rdrd\ 0dyemPfjzifh
csKyfrIudk ESvHk;oGif;\? jzpfrIudk ESvHk;roGif;/ xdk rsufarSmuf rjrif&ao;aom ocFg&w&m;taygif;\
csKyfjcif;udkomvQif ESvHk;oGif;\? jzpfjcif; BuD;yGm;jcif;udk ESvHk;roGif;[k qdkvdk\/ (r[m#D-1-342/)
odu
Yk siahf om xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf wpfzef pGe\
Yf ? rpG,
J /l tb,foaYkd om teuft"dyg ,fukd
qdv
k ykd goenf;[lrl tedpm Ekyempaom tEkyemPfonf cEmwdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif; b0opfukd
jyKprD w
H wfaom tbdocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif; pGev
Yf w
T jf cif;aMumifh y&dpm *y#de
d *vnf; rnf\/
ocFww&m; = ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ azmufjyefysufpD;jcif;[laom tjypfudk jrifojzifh xdkocFww&m;wdkYrS
ajymif;jyefjzpfaom tocFw edAmefw&m;awmfjrwf xdkedAmefodkY Gwfudkif;Idif;onf\ tjzpfjzifh
ajy;0ifjcif;aMumifh yuEey#ded*vnf;rnf\[k qdktyf\/ xdkaMumifh xdky#ded*gEkyemESifh
jynfhpHkaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf qdktyfcJhNyD;aom enf;jzifh udavomwdkYudkvnf; pGefY\ edAmefvnf;
ajy;0if\/ xdkaMumifh atmufyg pum;&yfrsm;udk t|uxmq&mawmfu qufvufzGifhqdkxm;awmfrl\/
(r[m#D-1-342/)
xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf psmefpw
d u
f kd tOD;rl ocFg&w&m;taygif;udk 0dyemIav&m 0dyem
tcdkuf tedpmEkyemPfjzifh edponmrS pdwfudk vGwfajrmufapvsuf 0ifoufavudk jzpfap\?
xGuo
f ufavudk jzpfap\/ 'kum EkyemPfjzifh okconmrS tewmEkyemPfjzifh twonmrS
edAd'gEkyemPfjzifh ESpfoufjcif; eEDw&m;rS ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ cPrpJ woJoJ ukefukef ysufysuf
aeonfh c, 0d&m*oabmudk Iaeaom c,0d&m*gEkyemPfjzifh wyfrufjcif; &m*rS ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk cPrpJ woJoJ csKyyf sujf cif; cPeda&m"oabmukd Iaeaom eda&m"mEkyemPfjzifh jzpfjcif;
ork',rS y#de
d *gEkyemPfjzifh ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd edpp onfjzifh jyif;pGmpJ,
G jl cif; tm'gerS pdwu
f kd
vGwfajrmufapvsuf 0ifoufavudk jzpfap\? xGufoufavudk jzpfap\/ xdkaMumifh --- ]]pdwfudk
320
qefYusifbufw&m;wdkYrS vGwfajrmufapvsuf 0ifoufavudk jzpfaptHh? xGufoufavudk jzpfaptHh[k

usi\
hf }}[l bk&m;&Sio
f nf a[mMum;awmfral yonf/ odv
Yk Qif pdwm Ekyem\ tpGr;f jzifh wwd,
pwkuudk a[mMum;awmfrl\[k od&dSygav/ (0dok'd-1-281/)
, 0dnmPH ygu#H a[mwd? aom ]]e au0vH 0dnmPar0 OyZwd? awe o'd H wa'0g&rPH zkormaem zamyd OyZwd? tEkb0rmem a0'emyd omeermem onmyd apw,rmem
apwemyd OyZwD}}wd zyraua,0 y&d*PSmwd/ ('D-|-1-314/ r-|-1-280-281/ tbd-|-2252/)
wom wm, b*FgEkyaum a,m*g0pa&m pdwrkace oAocFg&*wH tedpawm ywd?
aem edpawm/ (r[m#D-1-342/)
tvHk;pHkaom Oyg'geuEm ig;yg; ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk y&dnm ynm oHk;rsKd;wdkYjzifh ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm;
rod&ySd gu oHo&m0#fqif;&J'u
k rukeEf ikd [
f k ty&dZmeeokwe f (oH-2-249-250) ponfh xdx
k o
kd w
k e w
f Ykd
bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlonfESifh tnD txufyg t|uxm #DumBuD;wdkYuvnf; pdwfudk tOD;rl
ojzifh ocFg&w&m; tm;vH;k udyk if 0dyemI&ef zGiq
hf x
kd m;awmfrMl u\/ xdak Mumifh toifoal wmfaumif;onfvnf; psmefpdwfudk tOD;rlojzifh ocFg&w&m; tm;vHk;ukdyif 0dyemIyg/
(4) pwkw pwku

(u) tedpmEkyD todmrDwd oduwd/
tedpmEkyD yodmrDwd oduwd/
( c ) 0d&m*gEkyD todmrDwd oduwd/
0d&m*gEkyD yodmrDwd oduwd/
( * ) eda&m"mEkyD todmrDwd oduwd/
eda&m"mEkyD yodmrDwd oduwd/
(C) y#ded*gEkyD todmrDwd oduwd/
y#ded*gEkyD yodmrDwd oduwd/
(u) tedpmEkyD = ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tedp[k tzefzef txyfxyf Iavh&dSonf jzpf/ todmrd = 0ifoufavudk jzpfaptHh/ wd = odkY/ oduwd = usifh\/y/
( c ) 0d&m*gEkyD = c,0d&m* tpE 0d&m*oabmudk tzefzef txyfxyf Iavh&dSonf jzpf/
wpfenf; ----- ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ ysufjcif; bifESifh &m*\ uif;&m edAmefudk tzefzef txyfxyf
Iavh&dSonf jzpf/y/
( * ) eda&m"mEkyD = c,eda&m" tpEeda&m"oabmudk tzefzef txyfxyf Iavh&dSonf jzpf/
wpfenf; ---- ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk csKyjf cif; cPbifEiS hf &m*\ csKy&f m edAm efukd tzefzef txyfxyf
321
Iavh&dSonf jzpf/ y /
(C) y#ded*gEkyD = y&dpm*y#ded* yuEey#ded*oabmudk tzefzef txyfxyf Iavh
&dSonf jzpf/ wpfenf; ---- udavom-cEm-tbdocFg&w&m;wdkYudk pGefYvTwfaMumif; jzpfaom
ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ ysufjcif; cPbifESifh edAmefudk tzefzef txyfxyf Iavh&dSonf jzpf/ y /
(u) ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tedp[k tzefzef txyfxyf Ivsuf 0ifoufavudk jzpfapthH[k usifh\/
ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tedp[k tzefzef txyfxyf Ivsuf xGufoufavudk jzpfapthH[k usifh\/
( c ) ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ ysufjcif; cPbifESifh &m*uif;&m edAmefudk tzefzef txyfxyf Ivsuf
0ifoufavudk jzpfaptHh[k usifh\/ y / xGufoufavudk jzpfaptHh[k usifh\/
( * ) ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ csKyfjcif; cPbifESifh &m*\ csKyf&m edAmefudk tzefzef txyfxyf Ivsuf
0ifoufavudk jzpfapthH[k usifh\/ y / xGufoufavudk jzpfapthH[k usifh\/
(C) udavom-cEm-tbdocFg&w&m;wdkYudk w'*Ftm;jzifh pGefYvTwf&m ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ ysufjcif;
cPbifESifh orkap'tm;jzifh pGefYvTwf&m edAmefudk tzefzef txyfxyf Ivsuf 0ifoufavudk
jzpfaptHh[k usifh\/ y / xGufoufavudk jzpfaptHh[k usifh\/
(r-3-125/ oH-3-279/ 0d-1- 88/)
(u) tedpmEkyD
tedp tedpwm tedpmEkyem tedpmEkyD - (4)rsKd;udk odxm;oifhayonf/
1/ twdwf tem*wf ypKyef tZsw A[d' MoVm&du okckr [De yPDw 'l& oEdu[laom (11)
rsK;d aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom Oyg'geuEm ig;yg;onf tedp rnf\/ tb,faMumihef nf;
jzpfjcif; = Oyg'oabm ysufjcif; = 0,oabm jzpfjcif;oabmrS ysufjcif;oabmodkY ,dkifvJaeaom
tnxmbm0[laom XDoabm - oabmw&m; oHk;rsKd; xif&Sm;&dSaomaMumihf ,if; Oyg'geuEm
ig;yg;onf tedp rnf\/ (0dok'd-1-281/)
Oyg' 0, tnxww\
Ykd txl;um; tb,fenf;/ xdo
k ;kH rsK;d wdw
Yk iG f ocFww&m;wd\
Yk wdu
k f u
dk f
jzpfapwwfaom Zeu taMumif; tm;ay;axmufyhHwwfaom Oywru taMumif;w&m;wdkYaMumifh
jzpfay:vmjcif;onf a&S; rjzpfao;rl = a&S;u r&daS o;rl ,ckrS kwjf cnf;topf jzpfay:vmjcif;onf
y&rwtxnfu,
kd f okyo
f abmudk &jcif;onf Oyg' = jzpfjcif; Oyg'f rnf\/ jzpfNy;D ukeaf om xdo
k cFw
w&m;wdkY\ cPtm;jzifh csKyfjcif;onf y&rw okyftxnfudk,fj'yf\ ysufpD;jcif;onf 0, rnf\/
y&rw"rw\
Ykd jzpfprS wpfyg;aom ysujf cif;odYk a&S;Iaeaom tjcif;t&mxl;jzifh jzpfjcif;onf tnxw
rnf\/ ocFwy&rwfw&m;wdkY\ Z&moabmwnf;/ Z&m\ Oyg'f-bifwdkYrS wpfyg;aom ysufjcif;odkY
a&S;Iaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh = tjym;tm;jzifh jzpfjcif;onf tnxw rnf\/ (r[m#D-1-343/)
xif&mS ;aptHh ----- ocFwy&rwfw&m;wd\
Yk Oyg'ftcdu
k rf S uGjJ ym;aom biftcdu
k f y&rw"mwfom;
wnf;[laom 0wK\ uGjJ ym;jcif;onf r&dES ikd o
f uho
J Ykd tvm;wlyif ocFww&m;wd\
Yk Xdw[
d k qdt
k yfaom
ysujf cif; = bifoYkd a&S;Iaom tcdu
k f vnf; y&rw"mwfom;wnf;[laom w&m;ud,
k f txnf0wKj'yf\
322
uJjG ym;jcif;onf r&do

S nfomwnf;/ tMuifysujf cif; = bifoYkd a&S;Iaeaom tcdu
k f Z&m[laom trnf
a0g[m&onf jzpfay:vm\/ xdak Mumifh wpfcw
k nf;aom ocFwy&rwfw&m;\aomfvnf; tdjk cif; &ifjh cif;
Z&monf oifo
h nfomjzpf\/ ,if;wpfcw
k nf;aom ocFwy&rwfw&m;\ tdjk cif; &ifjh cif; Z&mudk cPdu
Z&m[l ac:qd\
k / rSeaf yonf --- pifppftm;jzifh Oyg'ftcdu
k f biftcdu
k w
f Ykd y&rw"mwfom; w&m;ud,
k f
txnf0wKj'yf\ ruGjJ ym;jcif;udo
k mvQif tvd&k t
Sd yfay\/ ruGjJ ym;[k r,lqbJ uJjG ym;\[k ,lqcJah omf
]]tjcm;wpfyg;aom ocFwy&rwfw&m; wpfco
k nf jzpfay:vm\? tjcm;wpfyg;aom ocFwy&rwfw&m;
wpfckonf ysuf\}} odkYaom tjypfa'goonf xdkodkY ,lqolrSm a&muf&dSav&m\/ xdkqdkcJhNyD;aom
cPduZ&mudkyif &nf&G,fawmfrl tnxwH [l bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;awmfrljcif; jzpf\/
(r[m#D-1-343-344/)
2/ xdck Emig;yg;wd\
Yk omvQif (u) jzpfjcif; (c) ysujf cif; (*) jzpfprS wpfyg;aom ysujf cif; = bifbufoYkd
a&S;Iaeaom tcdkuftwefYwnf;[laom tjcif;t&mxl;onf tedpwm rnf\/ wpfenf; -- a&S;ur&dS
,ckrSjzpfwnf csufwpfjzKwftm;jzifh jzKwfjcnf; ysufjcif;onf jzpfukefaom cEmwdkY\ xdkjzpfwdkif;aom
tjcif;t&mtm;jzifhomvQif = jzpfpaom "rwdkY\ tjcif;t&mtwdkif;omvQif rwnfrl cPbifjzifh
ysufjcif;onf tedpwmrnf\[k qdkvdk\/ (0dok'd-1-281/)
ww Oyg'ykAuwm tbm0 [kwGm *[PH/ awe yg*bm0ykAuwH 0demombm0
'awd/ (r[m#D-1-344/)
[kwGm tbma0g = jzpfNyD;aemuf r&dSjcif; tbm0onf tedpwmrnf\ ----- [laom pum;&yf
[kwGm = jzpfNyD;aemuf[laom pum;&yfjzifh ysufpD;jcif;[laom tbm0\ rjzpfao;rD a&S;tzdkYu r&dSao;jcif; a&S;&So
d nf\tjzpfukd Tejf y\/ qdv
k o
kd nfrmS odYk jzpf\/ r&djS cif; tbm0onf Oyg'fumvodYk
ra&mufao;rD rjzpfao;rDu kyef mrfw\
Ykd r&daS o;jcif;[laom yg*bm0u wpfrsK;d bifumvodYk a&muf
ysufpD;uG,faysmufoGm;ojzifh jzpfNyD;aom kyfemrfwdkY\ r&dSjcif;[laom 0d'Hombm0u wpfrsKd;[l
tbm0ESpfrsKd;&dS&m xdkESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif [kwGm tbma0g = jzpfNyD;aemuf r&dSjcif; = tbm0[laom ygXf
tbma0g[laom yk'jf zifh jzpfNy;D aom kyef mrfw\
Ykd jzpfNy;D aom bifumvodYk a&muf r&djS cif; = 0d'o
H mbm0[k ac:aom 0demotbm0udk jy\/ wpfzef [kwGm = jzpfNyD;[k qdkojzifh rjzpfrDu kyfemrftxnfu,
kd f r&daS o;jcif; = tbm0tzdrYk S jzpfay:vmonf[k od&aomaMumifh 4if;yk'jf zifh jzpfay:Ny;D aemuf
ysufjcif;[laom 0demotbm0onf rjzpfrD a&S;tzdkYu r&dSao;jcif;[laom yg*bm0 = ygtbm0vQif
a&S;&dSonf\tjzpfudk jyonf[k qdkvdk\/ yg*bm0ykAuwH[laom ygXfteufonf kyfemrfwdkYonf
r&Sdao;aom tbm0tzdkYrS jzpfay:vmNyD;vQif ysuf r&Sdjcif; tbm0odkYyif jyefa&muf oGm;Muonf
[laom teufudkjyaomaMumifh tedpvuPmudk tvGefyif xifay:apEdkifay\/
(0dok'dr*fed,-2-277-278 - Munfhyg/)
3/ Oyg'geuEmig;yg;wdkYudk ,if;wdkY\ jzpfrI ysufrIudk txl;ojzifh tysufoufoufukd tmkHjyK
tedp[k tzefzef txyfxyf IyGm;oHk;oyfaeaom 0dyemPfonf tedpmEkyem rnf\/
(0dok'd-1-281/)
4/ xdk tedpmEkyemPfESifh jynfhpHkaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf tedpmEkyDyk*dKvf rnf\/
323
xdkaMumifh odkY tedpmEkyemPfESifh jynfhpHkaom odkY ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tedp[k wvHkvJvJ

Ionfjzpf 0ifoufavudk jzpfapaom yk*dKvfudkvnf;aumif; xGufoufavudk jzpfapaom yk*dKvfukd
vnf;aumif; pwkwpwku tedp[k wvHkvJvJ Ionfjzpf 0ifoufavudk jzpfapthH xGufoufavudk jzpfapthH[k usifhaom yk*dKvf[l od&dSygav/ (0dok'd-1-281-282/)
(c) 0d&m*gEkyD
0d&m*gEkyD ----- [laom yk'f 0d&m*wdkYonf c,0d&m* tpE0d&m*[k 0d&m* ESpfrsKd; &dS\/
ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ cPrpJ woJoJ ysufaejcif; cPbifonf c,0d&m* rnf\/ edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfonf tpE0d&m* rnf\/ ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ ysufjcif; = bifudk Ijrifaeaom 0dyemPfonf
vnf;aumif; tocFw"mwf tNird ;f "mwfeAd m efw&m;awmfjrwfBu;D udk odjrifaeaom t&d,r*fPfonf
vnf;aumif; 0d&m*gEkyem rnf\/ xdkESpfrsKd;aom 0dyemPf r*fPfwdkYESifh jynfhpHkaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf 0d&m*gEkyDyk*dKvf rnf\/ xdkESpfrsKd;aom 0d&m*gEkyemPfESifh jynfhpHkonf jzpf
0ifoufav xGufoufavudk jzpfapcJhonf&dSaomf ]] 0d&m*oabmudk tzefzef txyfxyf Ionfjzpf
0ifoufavudk jzpfaptHh? xGufoufavudk jzpfaptHh[k usifh\}} [l od&dSygav/ (0dok'd-1-282/)
0dyemtcdkufum; ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ ysufjcif; = bifudk odjrifaom c,0d&m*gEkyemPf
om jzpfao;onf/ ,if;c,0d&m*udk cPdueda&m"[kyif r[m#Dum (r[m#D-1-344/) zGifhqdkxm;\/
,if;ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk cPrpJ woJoJ csKyrf I ysurf I ukerf I uif;rIoabmukd 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmif
Munf
h vuPm,mOfo;kH csuu
f kd wpfvn
S phf w
D ifum 0dyemIaevQif 0d&m*gEkyDy*k Kd vyf ifjzpfonf[k
rSwfyg/ xdk0dyemPfwdkYu &m*udk w'*Ftm;jzifh y,fpGefYEdkifaomaMumifh 0d&m*gEkyem[laom
trnfudk &&SdMuonf/ ,if;0dyemPfwdkY\ tqHk;wGifrS pifppf &m*\ csKyfNidrf;&m jzpfaomaMumifh
tpE0 &d m*trnf&aom edAm efukd tmHjk yK t&d,r*fPfonf jzpfay:vm\/ ,if;t&d,r*fPfEiS hf
jynfhpHkaom yk*dKvfudkvnf; 0d&m*gEkyDyk*dKvf[kyif ac:qdkonf/ &m*uif;&m edAmefudk IjrifaeaomaMumifh jzpf\/ wG,fwmwyfrufrI uif;atmif toufSL enf; wG,fwmwyfrufrI uif;aom toufS L enf;rsm;yif jzpfMuonf/
ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk ysujf cif; = bifukd tzefzef txyfxyf Iaeaom 0dyemPfukd c,0d&m*gEkyem[k ac:qd\
k / &m*\ tu,fpifppf uif;&m csKy&f m jzpfaom edAm efukd Ijrifaom t&d,r*fPfudk tpE0d&m*gEkyem[k ac:qdk\/ wpfenf;qdk&aomf ----- 0dyemPfonf ocFg&w&m;wdkY\
tysufudk tmkHjyKaomaMumifh tmkHoabmtm;jzifh c,0d&m*gEkyem\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfay:vm\/
&m*\ tu,fpifppf uif;&mjzpfaom edAm efoYkd Gwu
f ikd ;f Iid ;f vsuf jzpfay:vmaomaMumihf tpE0 &d m*gEkyem\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfay:vm\/ t&d,r*fPfonfum; ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ ukefjcif; ysufjcif;
c,0d&m*oabmudk rod rjrifatmif zHk;vTrf;xm;wwfaom arm[udk t<uif;rJh y,fowfwwfaom
toarm[ oabmtm;jzifh c,0d&m*gEkyem\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfay:vm\/ &m*\ tu,fpifppf
uif;&m jzpfaom tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfBuD;udk tmkHrsufarSmuf wdkufdkuf
xGif;azmuf odjrifaomaMumifh tmHkoabmtm;jzifh tp E0d&m*gEkyem\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfay:vm\/
odkY wpfenf;vnf; od&dSygav/ (r[m#D-1-344/)
324
(*) eda&m"mEkyD
eda&m"mEkyD[laom yk'f c,eda&m" tpEeda&m"[k eda&m"ESpfrsKd; &dS\/ ocFg&w&m;wdkY\
cPrpJ woJoJ csKyfysufaejcif; cPbifonf c,eda&m" rnf\/ edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfBuD;onfum;
&m*\ tu,fpifppf csKyNf ird ;f &m jzpfaomaMumifh tpEe ad &m" rnf\/ ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk cPrpJ woJoJ
csKyfysufjcif; cPbifudk Ijrifaom 0dyemPfonfvnf; eda&m"mEkyem rnf\/ ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk cPrpJ woJoJ csKyyf sujf cif; cPbifukd tmHjk yK tedp[
k 'ku[
k tew[k Iaeaom 0dyem
Pfrsm;yifwnf;/ tu,fpifppf &m*\ csKyf&mjzpfaom tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAmefw&m;awmf
jrwfBuD;udk odjrifaeaom t&d,r*fPfonfvnf; eda&m"mEkyemyif rnf\/ xdkESpfrsKd;aom
0dyemPf t&d,r*fPfwdkYESifh jynfhpHkaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf eda&m"mEkyDyk*dKvf rnf\/
xdkESpfrsKd;aom eda&m"mEkyemPfESifh jynfhpHkonfjzpf 0ifoufav xGufoufavudk jzpfaponf
&dSaomf ]]eda&m"oabmudk tzefzef txyfxyf Ionfjzpf 0ifoufavudk jzpfaptHh? xGufoufavudk
jzpfaptHh[k usifh\}} [l od&dSygav/ (0dok'd-1-282/ r[m#D-1-344/)
(C) y#ded*gEkyD
y#ded*gEkyD[laom yk'fvnf; y&dpm*y#ded* yuEey#ded*[k y#ded* ESpfrsKd;
&dS\/ y#ded*[lonf pdwfudk apvTwfjcif;yifwnf;/ ,if;apvTwfjcif; y#ded*onfyifvQif tEkyem rnf&um; y#ded*gEkyem[k ac:qdkonf/ wpfenf; ----- udavomwdkYudk pGefYvTwfwwfaom
tEkyemudk y#ded*gEkyem[k ac:qdkonf/ ,if;y#ded*gEkyem[laom trnfonf
0dyemPf t&d,r*fPfwdkY\ trnfwnf;/
rSeaf yonf ---- 0dyemPfonf cEmig;yg; b0opfukd jyKprD w
H wfaom tbdocFg&w&m;wdEYk iS hf
wuG udavomwdkYudk w'*F\ tpGrf;jzifh pGefYvTwfwwfaomaMumifh y&dpm*y#ded*vnf; rnf\[k
qdktyf\/ bHkoHk;yg;twGif; wnf&dSaom ocFg&w&m;taygif;\ azmufjyefysufpD;wwfaom tedp
0dy&dPmr paom ocFw tjypfuv
kd nf; jrifaeojzifh xdo
k cFww&m;ESihf ajymif;jyefjzpfaom edAm efw&m;awmfjrwf xdkedAmefodkY Gwfudkif;Idif;onf\tjzpfjzifh ajy;0ifwwfaomaMumifh yuEey#ded*vnf;
rnf\[k qdktyf\/ (0dok'd-1-282/)
tedpm EkyemPfonf aU&OS ;D pGm w'*Fy[mef\ tpGr;f jzifh edpo
nmudk y,fpeG \
Yf / 'kum EkyemPfonf okconmukd tewmEkyemPfonf twonmudk w'*F\ tpGrf;jzifh y,fpGefY\/
xdkodkY y,fpGefY&m0,f edp[k pGJ,lrI okc[k pJG,lrI tw[k pGJ,lrI toD;toD;udk taMumif;cH jzpfay:
vmonfh udavom ,if;udavomvQif taMumif;&if;cH&aSd om b0opfukd jyKprD w
H wfaom tbdocFg&
trnf&aom ur0#fw&m; ,if;tbdocFg& = ur0#fw&m;vQif taMumif;&if;cH&dSaom 0dygufcEmwdkYonf aemiftem*wf jzpfay:vmukef&m\? xdkudavom tbdocFg& 0dygufcEm tm;vHk;wdkYudk
rjzpfjcif;udk jyKonf\ tpGrf;jzifh pGefYvTwf\[k rSwfyg/ (r[m#D-1-345/)
t&d,r*fPfonf t<uif;rJh tjrpfjywfy,fowfjcif; orkap'\ tpGr;f jzifh cE tbdocFg&w&m;
wdkYESifhwuG udavomwdkYudk pGefYvnf; pGefYvTwfwwf\? xdkaMumifh t&d,r*fPfudk y&dpm*y#ded*
325
[lvnf; ac:qdt
k yf\/ t&d,r*fPfonf edAm efukd tmkjH yKjcif;jzifh edAm ef ajy;vnf;ajy;0ifwwf\?
xdkaMumifh t&d,r*fPfudk yuEey#ded*[lvnf; ac:qkdtyf\/ (0dok'd-1-282/)
0dyemPfonf a&S;a&S; 0dyemPfwdkY\ IoGm;aom ocFg&edrdwftmHkudk tpOfvdkuf
tzefwvJvJ aemufaemuf IwwfaomaMumifh a&S;a&S;0dyemPfwu
Ykd edAm efoYkd Gwu
f ikd ;f Iid ;f vsuf
ajy;0ifouJhodkY aemufaemuf0dyemPfwdkYonfvnf; aemufaemuf tzefwvJvJ edAmefodkY Gwfudkif;Idif;vsuf ajy;0ifouJhodkY jzpfwwfaomaMumifh tEkyem rnf\/ t&d,r*fPfonfvnf;
a*gMwbkPf\ tmHkjzpfaom edAmefudk aemufaemuf IjrifwwfaomaMumifh ,if;t&d,r*fPfudkvnf; tEkyem[l ac:qdktyf\/ xdkESpfrsKd;aom tEkyemESifh jynfhpHkaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf
onf y#ded*gEkyDyk*dKvf rnf\/ xdk y#ded*gEkyemPfESifh jynfhpHkonfjzpf 0ifoufav
xGufoufavudk jzpfapcJhonf &dSaomf ]]y#ded*oabmudk = ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ ysufjcif; = bifESifh
udavomwdkYudk pGefYvTwf&m edAmefudk tzefzef txyfxyf Iavh&dSonf jzpf 0ifoufavudk jzpfaptHh
xGufoufavudk jzpfaptHh[k usifh\}} [l od&dSygav/ (0dok'd-1-282/ r[m#D-1-345/)
pwkwp wkuu
kd ok'0 yd em = 0dyemoufouf\ tpGr;f jzifh bk&m;&Sio
f nf a[mMum;xm;awmfr\
l / yxrpwku 'kw,
d pwku wwd,pwkuw
u
Ykd u
kd m; orxydik ;f 0dyemydik ;f ESprf sK;d a&m,Su
f
orx0dyem\ tpGrf;jzifh a[mMum;awmfrl\/ (0dok'd-1-282/)
txufyg zGiq
hf ckd surf sm;ESit
hf nD pwkwp wkuu
siphf Ofukd usiv
hf akd om a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf1/
2/
3/
4/
tedpmEkyD yk*dKvf
0d&m*gEkyD yk*dKvf
eda&m"mEkyD yk*dKvf
y#ded*gEkyD yk*dKvf jzpfatmif usifhyg/
tedpmEkyD yk*dKvf jzpfa&;twGuf toifolawmfaumif;onf twdwf tem*wf ypKyefponfh

(11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeonfh Oyg'geuEmig;yg; ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ ysufjcif; cPbifudk tmHkjyK tedp[k Iyg/ ,if;odkY tedp[k Iaeaom 0dyemPf[k
ac:qdt
k yfaom r[mukov
kd f raem'Gg&duaZm0Dxd pdwt
f pOf emrfw&m;pkuv
kd nf; tedp[
k wpfzefjyef
Iyg/ odaYk omf tedpm EkyemPf xufjrufp;l &S &J&ifo
h ef&Y iS ;f a&;twGuf 'kum EkyemPf tewmEkyemPfwdkY\ tm;BuD;aomrDS&m Oyed,yp,owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;rI tm;ay;axmufyHhrIum;
vdktyfvsufyif &dS\/ xdkaMumifh ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkYudkvnf;aumif; Iaeonfh 0dyemPfudkvnf;aumif; a&S;wGif a&;om;wifjycJhNyD;onfhtwdkif; vuPma&;oHk;wef wifum 0dyemIyg/
wpfzef toifoal wmfaumif;onf b*FPfyikd ;f wGio
f m wnf&aSd eao;ojzifh t&d,r*fPfo-Ykd
vnf; rqdkufa&mufao;ojzifh tpE0d&m* tpEeda&m" y&dpm*y#ded* yuEey#ded* trnf
&aom tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAmefukdvnf; rIEdkifao; jzpf\/ xdkaMumifh tydkif;wGif toif
olawmfaumif;onf 0d&m*gEkyDyk*dKvf eda&m"mEkyDyk*dKvf y#ded*gEkyDyk*dKvf jzpfa&;twGuf
326
ocFg&w&m;wd\
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v
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wpfzefjyef 0dyemIyg/ twdwf tem*wf ypKye [
al om oEmef
ESpyf g;twGi;f wnf&aSd om ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd kyef mrfEpS yf g;cG
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Ienf; y#dporkyg'f t*Fg (12)&yfcGJ 0dyemIenf;paom enf;trsKd;rsKd;wdkYjzihf toifolawmfaumif;
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16) rsKd;aom wnf&m0wK &dSaom tmemygewd\ bm0emudk od&Sdygav/ odkYvQif (16)rsKd;aom
wnf&m0wKw\
Ykd tpGr;f jzifh tmemygewdonf Bu;D us,zf UHG NzKd ;rsm;jrwfaom tusK;d tmedoif &daS y\/
(0dok'd-1-282/)
0ifoufav (16)rsKd; xGufoufav (16)rsKd; - ESpf&yfaygif;aomf (32)rsKd;wnf;/ toufS L
wwfygu edAmefodkYwdkifatmif aygufa&mufapEdkifaom bk&m;&Sif\ toufSL yHk enf;vrf;rsm;yifwnf;/
tjypfuif;pifvSaom toufSL yHk pepfaumif;rsm;yifwnf;/ toifolawmfaumif;onf bk&m;&Sif\
tvdkawmfustwdkif; toufSL wwfNyDavm/ tu,f rSL wwfao;ygu toifolawmfaumif;ESifh
wuGaom ow0gtm;vHk;wdkY\ tay: tvGefYtvGef BuD;jrwfaom r[mukPmawmf &dSawmfrlaom
bk&m;&Sif\ toufSL ykH enf;vrf;aumif;rsm;udk vufawGUvdkufem usifhoHk;Munfhyg/ bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;awmfrsm;onfum; ]]vmprf;yg IMunfhprf;yg}}[k odkY zdwfac:xdkufaom zdwfac:aeaom {[dydu
*kPfawmfESifh jynfhpHkawmfrlonfh w&m;awmfwdkYom jzpfMu\/ orm'd|d Pfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrifxdkufaom oEd|du*kPfawmfESifh jynfhpkHawmfrlonfh w&m;awmfwdkYomjzpfMu\/
Bud K;pm;u bk&m;jzpfEdkif\/ aeYnrpJ vkHYvoJavmh/
owdy|mefusifhpOf pwkwqifhodkY qdkufNyD

odv
Yk Qif ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk tysuo
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kd nf;aumif; Iaeonfh 0dyemPf\ tysuf
oufoufuv
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f kd wpfvn
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f iG Bf u;D 0dyem
Iaeaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
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emrfy&rwfoufoufwdkY\ tysufoufoufudkom awGUjrifaeygu owdy|mefusifhpOf pwkwqifhodkY
qdkufa&mufayNyD/
]]twd uma,m}}wd 0g ye owd ypKy|dwm a[mwd ,m0a'0 Prwm, y#dwdrwm,/
(r-1-71/)
327
]]twd a0'em}}wd 0g ye owd ypKy|dwm a[mwd ,m0a'0 Prwm, y#dwdrwm,/

(r-1-75/)
]]twd pdw}}Ed 0g ye owd ypKy|dwm a[mwd ,m0a'0 Prwm, y#dwdrwm,/
(r-1-76/)
]]twd "rm}}wd 0g ye owd ypKy|dwm a[mwd ,m0a'0 Prwm, y#dwdrwm,/
(r-1-78/)
]]a,mufsm; rdef;r yk*dKvf ow0g vlewf jA[m r&dS? toufaumif vdyfjymaumif 0dnmPfaumif
twaumif r&dS? zefqif;wwfaom y&rtw r&dS? tzefqif;cH&aom ZD0tw r&dS/ um,-a0'empdw-"r trnf&aom kyfw&m;tpktyHk oufouf emrfw&m;tpktyHk oufoufom &dS\? taMumif;
w&m;tpktyHk oufouf tusKd;w&m;tpktyHk oufoufom &dS\? tedpw&m;tpktyHk oufouf 'ku
w&m;tpktyHk oufouf teww&m;tpktyHk oufoufom &dS\}}[k xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef
(0dyemPfESifh ,SOfwGJvsuf&dSaom) owdonf a&S;IwnfvSm\/ xdkowdonf 0dyemPf\
tqifhqifh wdk;yGm;&eftvdkYiSmomvQif 0dyemPfESifh ,SOfwGJvsuf&dSaom xdkowd\ tqifhqifh
wdk;yGm;&ef tvdkYiSmomvQif jzpfay\/ (r-1-71 .../ r-|-1-255 .../)
b*FPfrS p txuftxufaom 0dyemPfwdkYum; ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tysuf ouf
oufudkom tmkHjyKMuaom 0dyemPfwdkYcsnf;yifwnf;/ xdkaMumifh 0dyemPfrsm; tqifhqifh
wdk;yGm;&ef 0dyemPfESifh ,SOfwGJvsuf &dSaom owdrsm; tqifhqifh wdk;yGm;&eftwGuf toifol
awmfaumif;onf ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tysufoufoufudkyif tmkH,l vuPm,mOf wifum wGifwGif
BuD;om 0dyem Iaeyg/
&d,myx - orZn IuGuf

tykdif; tvGefxufjruf pl;&Saom 0dyemPfrsm;udk &&dSEdkifa&;twGuf a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf
onf &d,myx orZn IuGufwdkYudkvnf; qufvuf Ioifhayonf/
pBuoGm;cdkuf a&S;ydkif;wGif &Sif;vif;wifjycJhonfhtwdkif; orm"dudk tqifhqifh xlaxmifvsuf
o,faqmifwwfaom kyw
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f &m;wdu
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ocFg&w&m;wdu
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tysuu
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b*FPfrSp txufydkif; 0dyemPfwdkY a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf o0d*[ac:onhf
oPmefj'yfwdkYudk vHk;vHk;rawGUawmhbJ y&rwftom;wif oufoufudkom Pfjzifh awGU&dSaeawmhrnf
jzpf\/ qdkif&mqdkif&m tEkyemPfwdkYu qdkif&mqdkif&m udavomwdkYESifhwuG qefYusifbufw&m;
wdkYudk pGrf;tifBuD;rm;pGmjzifh y,fowfMurnf jzpfayonf/
328

q,fyg;ynwf? ukodkvf&yfudk? jyKtyfNyD;onf? vlwpfrnfum;? vlUjynf ewfyGJ? &rcJwnfh? ,lpJGrkcs?
,Gif;rcGbl;/ 'geoDv? ukov? vkHYvvTwfavQmh? av;zifhaygh? arhavsmhaomol? olao[l\/
tvSLoDwif;? ruif;bm0em? rcsm&ufaeY? rarhavsmhwwf? xdkoljrwfudk? vlewfcEm? ajymif;vJumvQif?
csrf;omokc? rysufMuanmif;? b0oabm? a&TUavsmjcif;[l? pkwdrlvnf;? aoolrrnf? [lwHkonfwnfh/
(rCa'0-pmykd'f-291/)
0dyvmo? azmufjyefuvnf;? arm[vTrf;NyD;? t,loD;? pyg;BuD;csufNid? [lwHkbdodkY? t0DpdoGm;?
tusifhrSm;udk? jrpfwm;r&? qHk;r rem? &dSwwfpGmcJh/ ynmtm;enf;? o'gonf;u? t&nf;rnfum?
,lrdpm? o'gav;jrwf? qnf;uyfwwf\/ y&rwft&m? rvdrmbJ? o'gEkHYeJ? ynmuJvnf;? tvJG
ajy;0if? tjrif,Gif;cG? wdrf;yg;Muvsuf? rD;jyorm;? wGif;uRHrSm;odkY? q,fyg;aumif;rI? vSL0wKudk? pGefYjyK
rvTwf? pdwKyg'frQ? 'getvSL? ajrmufaom[l? t,lazmufvTJ? rdpmpJG\/ vdyfcJyrm? jrJjrHpGmvsuf?
ow0gwpfa,muf? ,lrSm;arSmufudk? odef;avmufbk&m;? vSefaomtm;jzifh? a[mMum; acscRwf? ajz
rvGwfbl;/ tuRwfr&? ed,wjzifh? 0g'tvdk? ajrBuD;rsKdvnf;? ,ludkpGefYbJ? tusifhvGJ? i&J cHvdrfh
rnfaomaMumifh ----- (rCa'0-pmydk'f-319/)
b*FgEkyemPfcef; NyD;\/
22222
329
b,wky|mePfcef;
b,Pf[lonf
odYk qkt
d yfcNhJ y;D aomenf;jzifh twdwf tem*wf ypKye [
al om
oEmefESpfyg; twGif;wnf&dSaom tvHk;pHkukefaom ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ ukefjcif; = c,oabm ysufjcif;
= 0,oabm NyKd NyKd omG ;jcif; = ab'oabm[k qdt
k yfaom cPrpJ woJoJ csKyjf cif; = cPdueda&m"vQif
tmk&H aSd om b*FgEkyemPfukd kd akd oao av;av;pm;pm; rS0D aJ om jzpfapaom yGm;apaom Burd zf ef
rsm;pGm tavhtvmjyKaom xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef (31)bHktwGif; wnf&dSaom ocFg&w&m;
rSeforQwdkYonf BuD;pGmaom aMumufrufzG,f jzpf xifvmukef\/
w ]]twDwm ocFg&m edk'g? ypKyEm edkZsEd? tem*aw edAweuocFg&myd {0ar0 edkZsdED}}wd yawm {wod H Xmae b,wky|mePH emr OyZwd/ (0dok'd-2-282/)
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k w
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Pfonf jzpfay:vm\/ (0dok'd-2-282/)
b,wky|mePH ye bm,wd e bm,wDwd/ e bm,wd/ wOd twDwm ocFg&m edk'g?
ypKyEm edkZsEd ? tem*wm edkZsdEDwd wD&Prwar0 a[mwd/ (0dok'd-2-283/)
e bm,wd P b,emuma&e ty0weawm/ y#dCpdwKyg'0aoe [d bm,eH? PH
ye bm,dwA0wKH bm,dwAEd ,mxm0awm Zmemwd/ (r[m#D-2-446/)
b,wky|mePfonf aMumufoavm raMumufoavm[k ar;cJah omf raMumuf[k ajzqd&k m\?
taMumif;rl Pfonf aMumufaomtjcif;t&mtm;jzifh rjzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/ rSefayonf ----pdw"f mwfcufxef Murf;wrf;rI y#dCESi,
hf OS af om a'gorlpw
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csKyfukefqJ jzpfMu\/ tem*wfjzpfukefaom ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf csKyfukefvwHU/}}
odkY pl;prf;qifjcifjcif;rQom jzpf\/
330
y#dy'gP'e0dok'd eda'o -- b,wky|mePfcef;
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ypKyEmwd t'gypKyEm MoVm&dum 'DCw&yAEm? cPypKyEm okckrw&m w&umvm?
oEwdypKyEm rZsdrm " tm'dawm y&d*a[wAm/ (r[m#D-2- 445/)
y#doaEEiS hf pkwt
d wGi;f b0wpfcjk zifh ydik ;f jcm;xm;tyfuek af om t'gypKye f jzpfMuukeaf om ocFg&
w&m;wdkYonf txl;ojzifh &SnfMumaom tpOf &dSMuukefonfjzpf kefY&if; Murf;wrf;Muukef\/ cP
ypKyef jzpfMuukefaom ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf oufwrf;wdkaom umv &dSMuukefonfjzpf txl;ojzifh
odrfarGUukef\/ tv,ftvwfjzpfukefaom oEwdypKyef ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf b,wky|mePfydkif; aU&SOD;pGm pwifodrf;qnf;&rnfh IyGm;&rnfh w&m;wdkY jzpfMuonff/ (r[m#D-2-445/)
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t,ltq rrSm;apvdkyg/ oEwdypKyefw&m;u p INyD;vQif oEwdypKyefrSonf cPypKyefodkY qdkufatmif I&rnf[kom qdkvdkonf/ xdkodkY IEdkifygrS kyfCe emrfCe[laom kyfwHk;kyfcJ emrfwHk;emrfcJrsm;
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cJhaom pum;&yfwdkYESifhvnf; wpfom;wnf; nDGwfayrnf/ b*FPfu ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ cPbifudk
tmkHjyKEdkifygvsuf b*FPfxuf omvGef tqifhjrifhaeaom b,wky|mePfodkY a&muf&SdygrS
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wpfzef rsufpdtjrif&dSaom a,mufsm;onf &Sm;wHusif oHwHusif a&TwHusif[laom tpOftwdkif;
wnfxm;tyfaom wHusifoHk;ckwdkYudk Munfhvwfaomf jrifvwfaomf rdrdudk,fwdkifum; raMumuf/
rSefayonf ----- oufouf xdka,mufsm;\ oEmef0,f wHusifwdkY usukefool cyfodrf;olwdkYonf
rsm;pGmukeaf om qif;&J'u
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tlywnf;[laom bHo
k ;kH yg;wdYk twdwjf zpfuek af om ocFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nf csKyu
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ocFg&w&m;wdo
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331
twGif; wnfukefaom ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf txl;xl; tjym;jym;&dSaom BuD;us,faom ab;'kuodkY

a&mufukefonf ab;bsrf;&dSukefonfjzpf aMumufrufzG,f b,oabmtm;jzifh xifvSmaomaMumifh
xdkPfudk b,wky|mePf[l ac:qdktyfayonf/ (0dok'd-2-283/)
aMumufrufzG,f b,oabmtm;jzifh xifyHk

tedpawm reodua&mawm edrdwH b,awm Oy|mwd/ 'kuawm reodua&mawm y0wH
b,awm Oy|mwd/ tewawm reodua&mawm edrdw y0w b,awm Oy|mwd/
(y#doH-258/ 0dok'd-2-283/)
edrdw[lonf ocFg&edrdwfwnf;/ orl[Cepaom kyfwHk;kyfcJ emrfwHk;emrfcJ\ tpGrf;jzifh
vnf;aumif; rdru
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edrdwf rnf\/ (0dok'd-2-284/ r[m#D-2-447/) b,Pfydkif; a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf oEwd
ypKye rf o
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b0[lorQwdkY jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; 'Pfcsufjzifh txl;ojzifh ysufjcif;'Pfcsufjzifh tjrJrjywf nOf;yef;
EdyS pf ufc&H jcif;oabm\ tvGet
Yf vGef xifxif&mS ;&Sm; xifaeaomaMumifh Nird o
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0dok'dr*t|uxm y0wt& lyb0 tlyb0\ jzpfjcif; b0y0wd[k zGifhqdkjcif; jzpfayonf/
(r[m#D-2-447/)
umvoHk;yg; oEmefESpfyg;wnf;[laom (31)bHktwGif; wnf&dSaom ocFg&w&m;tm;vHk;wdkYudk1/ tedp[k ESvHk;oGif;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; edrdw = ocFg&edrdwf = ocFg&w&m;taygif;onf
aMumufrufzG,f ab;tm;jzifh xifvm\/
2/ 'ku[k ESvHk;oGif;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; tvHk;pHkaom bHkb0wdkY jzpf&jcif; b0y0wonf
aMumufrufzG,f ab;tm;jzifh xifvm\/
3/ tew[k ESvHk;oGif;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; edrdw = ocFg&edrdwf = ocFg&w&m;taygif;onf
vnf;aumif; tvH;k pHak om bHb
k 0 jzpf&jcif; = b0trnf&aom kycf Em emrfcEmwd\
Yk jzpf&jcif;
= b0y0wonfvnf;aumif; aMumufrufzG,f ab;tm;jzifhxifvm\/
ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tedp[k ESvHk;oGif;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ ysufjcif; =
bif[laom r&P = aorIudkom jrifae\/ xdkaMumifh xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; ocFg&edrdwfonf
332
y#dy'gP'e0dok'd eda'o -- b,wky|mePfcef;
aMumufrufz,
G af b;tm;jzifh xifvmjcif; jzpfonf/ ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd 'ku[
k ESv;kH oGi;f aom a,m*g0p&
yk*dKvfonf okc[k orkwftyfaom lyb0 tlyb0 jzpfjcif; = lyb0 tlyb0 trnf&aom
kycf Em-emrfcEm-kyef mrfcEmwd\
Yk jzpfjcif; b0y0w\
d aomfrv
S nf; jzpfjcif; ysujf cif; 'Pfcsujf zifh rjywf
rpJ tzefwvJvJ EdyS pf uftyfonf\ tjzpfuo
kd mvQif jrifae\/ xdo
k Ykd jrifaejcif;aMumifh xdak ,m*g0p&
yk*dKvftm; lyb0 tlyb0\ jzpfjcif;[laom y0waomfrSvnf; aMumufrufzG,f ab;tm;jzifh xifvm\/ umrb0\ jzpfjcif;[laom y0wum; qdkzG,f&myif r&dSjzpfawmh\/ wpfzef ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk
tew[k ESvHk;oGif;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf edrdw y0w ESpfyg;pHkudkvnf; vloluif;qdwfaom
&GmuJhodkYvnf;aumif; wHvQyfuJhodkYvnf;aumif; aumif;uif jrL;xl;jcif;iSm *EAewfwdkYonf zefqif;
tyfaom ewfNrdKUuJhodkYvnf;aumif; twrSuif;\[l tw[lonfh tESpfrrDS; tcsnf;EDS;[l twrS
qdwfokOf;\[l tw[laom t&Sifocif r&dS[l tw[laom tBuD;tuJr&dS[l jrifae\ Iae\/
xdkaMumifh xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; edrdw y0wESpfrsKd;pHkonf aMumufrufzG,f ab;tm;jzifh xifvmayonf/
b,Pf\ tIcHtmHkw&m;
edrdwEd ocFg&edrdwH/ twDwmem*wypKyEmeH ocFg&meara0wH t"d0peH/ y / y0wEd
lyglyb0y0wd/ (0dok'd-2-284/)
txufyg t|uxm\ zGiq
hf ckd suEf iS t
hf nD b,0dyemPf\ tIct
H mkH w&m;rsm;rSmvnf; twdwf tem*wf ypKyef[laom umvoHk;yg; tZsw A[d'[laom oEmefESpfyg; twGif;
wnf&dSaom ocFg&w&m;tm;vkH;yif jzpfonf[k rSwfyg/ a&S;ydkif; 0dyemPfwdkY\ tIcHtmHkESifh
twlwlyif jzpfonf/
xdak Mumifh toifoal wmfaumif;onf b,Pfyikd ;f vnf; umvoH;k yg; oEmefEpS yf g; twGi;f
wnf&dSaom ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tysufudkyif tmkH,l &Hcg tZsw &Hcg A[d' &Hcg kyfw&m;udk &Hcg
emrfw&m;udk &Hcg tedp[k &Hcg 'ku[k &Hcg tew[k wGifwGifBuD; 0dyemIyg/ &Hcg y#dporkyg'f
t*Fg&yfw\
Ykd tysuo
f ufoufuykd if tmk,
H
l &Hcg tedp[
k &Hcg 'ku[
k &Hcg tew[v
k nf; wGiw
f iG Bf u;D
0dyemIyg/ umvoHk;yg;vHk; Iyg/ &Hcg Ionfh 0dyemPfudkvnf; wpfzef jyef 0dyemIyg/
kyfI
----- kyf - ysuf - tedp

Ionfh Pf - ysuf - tedp
emrfI ----- emrf - ysuf - tedp
Ionfh Pf - ysuf - tedp ----- odkY ponfjzifhvnf;aumif;
t0dZmI ----- t0dZm - ysuf - tedp

Ionfh Pf - ysuf - tedp ----- odkY ponfjzifhvnf;aumif; Iygav/
b,wky|mePfcef; NyD;\/
22222
333
tm'De0gEkyemPfcef;
xdk b,wky|mePfudk dkdkaoao av;av;pm;pm; rDS0Jaom jzpfapaom yGm;rsm;aom Budrfzef
rsm;pGm tavhtvmjyKaom xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; tvHk;pHkaom (31)bHkwdkY twGif; ocFg&vQif
taMumif;&if;&dSaom Zmwd-Z&m-r&P = jzpf-wnf-ysuf paom tusKd;rJhrsm;rS apmifha&Smufwwfaom
w&m;onf Pf rxifawmhay/ tvHk;pHkaom jzpfrIb0 rSeforQ\ tedp 0dy&dPmrpaom azmufjyef
ysupf ;D jcif; tjypf&o
Sd nf\ tjzpfjzifh wlonf\ tjzpfaMumifw
h nf;/ ocFg&w&m;vQif taMumif;&if;&daS om
ZmwdZ&mr&Ppaom tusK;d rJu
h kd a&Smifvo
JT jzifh apmifah &Smufjcif;iSm yke;f atmif;&monf rxifawmhay/
ocFg&w&m;vQif taMumif;&if;&daS om ZmwdZ&mr&Ppaom tusK;d rJu
h kd a&SmifvjJT cif;iSm ajy;oGm;&monf
rxifawmhay/ ocFg&w&m;vQif taMumif;&if;&dSaom ZmwdZ&mr&Ppaom tusKd;rJhrS udk,f;uG,f
tm;xm;&monf rxifawmhay/ tvHk;pHkaom bHkb0wdkY jzpfukefaom ocFg&w&m;wdkYwGif wpfckaom
ocFg&w&m;aomfvnf; awmifhwjcif;onfaomfvnf;aumif; ]]{aom ar twm = ig\ tw}}[k
rSm;aomtm;jzifh oHk;oyfjcif;onfaomfvnf;aumif; rjzpfawmhay/
1/ umr ly tlywnf;[laom bHkoHk;yg;wdkYonf rD;awmuf rD;vQHuif;aom rD;usD;wdkYjzifh jynfhaom
rD;usD;wGif;wdkYuhJodkY xifvSmukef\/
2/ r[mbkwf "mwfBuD;av;yg;wdkYonf Murf;wrf;aom tqdyf&dSaom a>r vsifaom tqdyf&dSaom
a>rwdkYuhJodkY xifvSmukef\/
3/ cEmig;yg;wdkYonf oefvsuf ajrmufcsDrdk;vsuf aemufu xyfMuyfruGm vdkufygvmaom vlowf
a,mufsm; ig;OD;wdkYuJhodkY xifvSmukef\/
4/ twGi;f tZswu
d tm,we (6)yg;wdo
Yk nf vlow
l rYkd S qdwo
f Ok ;f aom &Gmysuu
f ek ;f &Gmqd;k uke;f uJo
h Ykd
xifvSmukef\/
5/ tjyifAm[d& tm,we (6)yg;wdkYonf &Gmudk vk,ufzsufqD;aom cdk;om;wdkYuJhodkY xifvmukef\/
6/ tvHk;pHkaom bHkb0wdkYonf &m*rD; a'gorD; arm[rD; ZmwdrD; Z&mrD; r&PrD; aomurD; y&da'0rD; 'kurD; a'grerD; Oyg,morD;wnf;[laom (11)oD;aom rD;wdkYjzifh awmufavmiftyfuek o
f uJo
h v
Ykd nf;aumif; xuf0ef;usirf S tvQaH jymifajymif awmufuek o
f uJo
h v
Ykd nf;aumif;
wpfNydKifeufaom rD;awmuf rD;vQHtaygif;ESifhwuG jzpfukefouJhodkYvnf;aumif; xifvSmukef\/
7/ tvH;k pHak om ocFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nf tdik ;f trmuJo
h Ykd jzpfuek
f vnf;aumif; rsm;pGmaom temuJo
h Ykd
jzpfukefvnf;aumif; jrm;ajimifhuJhodkY jzpfukefvnf;aumif; tpD;tyGm;rJhudk aqmifouJhodkY
jzpfuek
f vnf;aumif; tjrpJ aJG eaom ,mysa&m*g[laom rlv"mwfcaH &m*grS wpfyg;aom jyif;jy
onf;xefpGmaom tema&m*guJhodkY jzpfukefvnf;aumif; 'kuoabm&dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifh
om,mtyfaom oabmrS uif;ukefonfh ysufpD;jcif; tqHk;&dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifh jynfhpHkjcif;rS
uif;ukefonfh BuD;rm;aom tjypftpktykHBuD;jzpf xifvSmukef\/
a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk ysujf cif; = bifukd Iaom b*FgEkyem\ tpGr;f jzifh
tvH;k pHak om ocFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nf aMumufveft
Y yfonfh ab;tjzpfjzifh xifuek v
f wfaomf xuf0ef;usirf S
334
y#dy'gP'e0dok'd eda'o -- tm'De0gEkyemPfcef;
jynfph jkH cif; uif;aom om,mtyfonf\tjzpf uif;aom tjrrJ jywf ysujf cif;[laom ab;bsr;f ESiw
hf uG
jzpfjcif;[laom tjypftm'De0udkomvQif awGUjrifae\/ odkYaom enf;jzifh Iaom xdka,m*g0p&
yk*dKvftm; ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tjypftm'De0ukd Iwwfaom Ijrifaom tm'De0Pf = tm'De0gEkyemPf rnfonf jzpfay:vm\/ (0dok'd-2-284-285/)
Oyg' y0w? edrdwH 'kuEd ywd/
tm,l[eH y#doEd H? PH tm'Dea0 'H/
tEkyg'H ty0wH? tedrdwH okcEd p/
tem,l[em ty#doEd? PH oEdya' 'H/
'H tm'Dea0 PH? yXmaeok Zm,wd/
yXmae oEdya'? 'o aP yZmemwd/
'GdEH PmeH ukovwm? emem'd|Dok e urwd/
(y#doH-56-58/ 0dok'd-2-286/)
tm'De0gEkyemPf jzpfyHk tydkif;0,f y#dord'gr*ygVdawmf vm&dSaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk tusOf;csKyf azmfjytyfygonf/ Pfydkif; ---- Oyg' y0w edrdw tm,l[e y#doEd (5)rsKd; tEkyg' ty0w tedrdw tem,l[em ty#doEd - (5)rsKd; ESpf&yfaygif;aomf (10)rsKd;
aom w&m;wdkYudk txl;*kjyK rSwfom;yg/ ,if;wdkYudk tpOftwdkif; wifjyaytHh/ ----1/ Oyg' ----- a&S;twdwfuHaMumifh b0 0dygu0#fcEm[laom ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfjcif;onf
aMumufrufz,
G f ab;wnf;/ odv
Yk Qif ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk aMumufrufz,
G f ab;tjzpfjzifh xifjcif;
jzpfaom ynmonf ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tjypfukd Ijrifwwfaom tm'De0gEkyemPf rnf\/
2/ y0w --- y0wdtcg ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ pyfumpyfumjzpfjcif;onf aMumufrufzG,f ab;wnf;/y/
3/ edrdw ----- ocFg&edrdwfonf aMumufrufzG,f ab;wnf;/ y /
4/ tm,l[e --- aemiftcg y#doaE\taMumif;jzpfaom uHonf aMumufrufzG,f ab;wnf;/ y/
5/ y#doaE ----- aemiftcg y#doaEonf aMumufrufzG,f ab;wnf;/ y /
y#doaE\ jzpf&mjzpfaom ig;jzmaom *wdonf aMumufrufzG,f ab;wnf;/ y / tvHk;pHkaom
cEmwdkY\ jzpfjcif; = edAwdonf/y/ 0dygufw&m;\ jzpfjcif; = Oyywdonf/y/ Zmwdonf/ Z&monf/
Asm"donf/ r&Ponf/ aomuonf/ y&da'0onf/ Oyg,moonf aMumufrufzG,f ab;wnf;/
odv
Yk Qif ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk aMumufrufz,
G f ab;tjzpfjzifh xifjcif; jzpfaom ynmonf ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tjypfukd Iaom tm'De0gEkyemPfrnf\/ um; yxr0g&wnf;/ (y#doH-56/)
y#dord'gr*ygVdawmf vm&dSaom w&m;wdkYwGif Oyg' y0w edrdw tm,l[e y#doEd
ig;yg;wdkYudkomvQif tm'De0gEkyemPf\ tmkH[kqdktyfaom ,if;0dyemPf\ jzpf&mXme\
tpGr;f jzifh txufwiG f azmfjyxm;aom y#dor'd gr**gxmrsm; a[mMum;awmfrt
l yfuek \
f / <uif;ukeaf om
335
*wdponfwu
Ykd kd xdik g;rsK;d wd\
Yk y&d,m,f a00kp\
f tpGr;f jzifh a[mMum;xm;awmf rltyfuek \
f / rSeaf yonf
edAwdEiS hf Zmwd ESpfyk'ftaygif;onf Oyg'yk'\
f vnf;aumif; y#doEdyk'f\vnf;aumif; y&d,m,f
a00kpfpum;omwnf;/ *wd Oyywd - ESpfyk'ftaygif;onf y0w-o'g\ y&d,m,fa00kppf um;wnf;/
Z&m Asm"d r&P aomu y&da'0 Oyg,moyk'fwdkYonf edrdwyk'f\ y&d,m,fa00kpfpum;wdkYwnf;/
odkY toD;toD; rSwfyg/ (0dok'd-2-286/)
1/ tEkyg ' ----- jzpfjcif; r&dSaom edAmefonf wpfenf; ----- ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ aemiftcg jzpfjcif;
uif;aMumif; jzpfaom edAm efonf ab;r&dS ? odYk odaom Pfonf tvH;k pHak om ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk
uif;Nidrf;&m jzpfaom tNrdKufedAmef jzpfaom Pf rnf\/
2/ ty0w ----- y0w r&dSaom edAmefonf wpfenf; y0wuif;aMumif; jzpfaom edAmefonf/ y /
3/ tedrdw ----- edrdw r&dSaom edAmefonf wpfenf; ocFg&uif;aMumif; jzpfaom edAmefonf/ y /
4/ tem,l[em ----- tm,l[e r&dSaom edAmefonf wpfenf; tm,l[euif;aMumif; jzpfaom
edAmefonf/ y /
5/ ty#doEd ----- y#doaE r&daS om edAm efonf wpfenf; y#doaEuif;aMumif; jzpfaom edAm efonf/
y/
tEkyg,mo ----- Oyg,mo r&daS om edAm efonf wpfenf; Oyg,mouif;aMumif; jzpfaom edAm efonf ab;r&d?S ---- odkY odaom Pfonf tvHk;pHkaom ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ uif;Nidrf;&m jzpfaom
tNrdKufedAmef jzpfaom Pf rnf\/ (y#doH-57/) um; 'kwd,0g&wnf;/
'kwd,0g&udk tEG, = tavsmftm;jzifh jytyfaom tm'De0Pf\ qefYusifbuf jzpfaom
Pfudk ----- ]]tMuifw&m; jzpfjcif;onf r&dS? xdkw&m; tcsif;cyfodrf; aMumufrufzG,f ab;bsrf;onfvnf; r&dS}}[k Aswd&duf = ajymif;jyeftm;jzifh jyjcif;iSm a[mMum;awmfrltyfayonf/ wpfenf;
ocFg&w&m;wdkY aMumufrufzG,f ab;tjzpfjzifh xifjcif;jzifh ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tjypfudk jrif xdwfvefaY om oHa0* pdwEf v
S ;kH xm;&dMS uukeaf om a,m*Doal wmfaumif;wdt
Yk m; ab;r&d&S m ab;Oyg'fuek &f m
tjypfr&daS om w&m;onfvnf; &dyS gao;\[k oufomjcif;udk jzpfapjcif; tusK;d iSmvnf; 'kw,
d 0g&udk
a[mMum;awmfrt
l yfayonf/ wpfenf; ---- xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd vt
f m; Oyg'ponfwo
Ykd nf aMumufrufz,
G f
ab;tjzpfjzifh xifvSmukef\? xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; xdkaMumufrufzG,f ab;b,\ qefYusifbuf
jzpfaom ab;rJh&m tb,odkY Gwfaompdwfonf jzpfay:vSm\/ tb,faMumifhenf;[lrl ----- ylavmifjcif;jzifh tEdSyfpufcH&aomol\ tat;"mwf Gwfudkif;Idif;aom pdwf"mwf&dSrIonf xif&Sm; jzpfwwf
ouJo
h Ykd aumif;pGm jriftyfNy;D aom tjypf&aSd om ocFg&w&m;taygif;rS pifppftm;jzifh vGwaf jrmufjcif;iSm
tvdk&dSonf\ tjzpf[laom rkOdwkurswmPfonf jzpfay:vSmaomaMumifh jzpf\/ xdkaMumifh ocFg&
w&m;wdkY aMumufrufzG,f ab;tjzpfjzifh xifonf\ tpGrf;jzifh NyD;aom ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tjypfudk
jrifaom tm'De0gEkyemPf\ tusKd;tmedoifukd jyjcif;iSmvnf; 'kwd,0g&udk a[mMum;awmf
rltyfonf[k od&dSygav/ (0dok'd-2-287/)
Oyg' - tEkyg' ----- ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfjcif;onf aMumufrufzG,fab;wnf;? ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfjcif; r&dSaom edAmefonf wpfenf; ----- ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ aemiftcg jzpfjcif; uif;aMumif;
336
jzpfaom edAmefonf ab;r&dS? - odkYodaom Pfonf tvHk;pHkaom ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ uif;Nidrf;&m

jzpfaom tNrdKufedAmef jzpfaom Pf rnf\/ y /
Oyg,moonf aMumufrufz,
G f ab;wnf;? Oyg,mo r&daS om edAm efonf wpfenf; --- Oyg,mo
uif;aMumif; jzpfaom edAmefonf ab;r&dS? - odkY odaom Pfonf tvHk;pHkaom ocFg&w&m;wdkY\
uif;Nidrf;&mjzpfaom tNrdKufedAmef jzpfaom Pf rnf\/ um; wwd,0g&wnf;/
yxr0g&um; y0ww
d nf;/ y0wd tm'De0Pfjzpfyu
kH kd jy\/ 'kw,
d 0g&um; ed0ww
d nf;? ed0wd
tusKd;tmedoifukd jy\/ y0wd tjypftm'De0ukdjrif xdkjrifonf\ tjcm;rJhrSmvQif ed0wd tusKd;
tmedoifukd jrifojzifh vsifjrefpGm 0dyemudk vkHYvBudK;ukwf tm;xkwfolwdkY\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh ----Oyga'g b,H? tEkyga'g acrH = ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfjcif;onf aMumufrufzG,f ab;wnf;? ocFg&
w&m;wd\
Yk jzpfjcif;r&daS om edAm efonf wpfenf; ---- ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk aemiftcg jzpfjcif; uif;aMumif;
jzpfaom edAmefonf ab;r&dS? - odkYpaom wwd,0g&udk tm;xkwfownf;/ q|0g&ponfwdkY
vnf; enf;wl rSwfyg/ (r[m#D-2-449/)
*wd ----- *wd[lonfum; y&rww&m;udk,ftm;jzifh xdkxdkuHjzifh rSwftyfukefaom b0[laom
trnfudk &jcif;iSm xdkufukefaom 0dygufemruEm u#wmkyfyif [l odtyf\/ yk'fwdkYwGifvnf;
Oyg' y0w tm,l[e o'gjzifh ypKyeft"GefYumv twGif;0ifukefaom (= y#doaErSonf pkwdodkY
wdkifatmifaom b0wpffcktwGif; wnf&dSukefaom) ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk aumuf,ltyfukef\/ y#doEd
o'gjzifh tem*wft"GefY twGif;0ifukefaom uHaMumifh jzpfukefaom Oyg'dEuEmwdkYudk aumuf,ltyfukef\/ Oyg' o'gjzifhvnf; twdwft"GefYumv twGif;0ifukefaom ur-ocFg&wdkYudk xkwfjytyfukef\/ edrdwo
'gjzifhum; twdwf tem*wf ypKyef[laom oHk;yg;aom t"GefYumv wnfaom
kyfw&m; emrfw&m; tZsw A[d'ponf a0zefjcif;&dSaom ukefatmifpHkaom ocFg&w&m;wdkYukdvnf;
aumuf,ltyfukef\/ (r[m#D-2-449-450/)
'ku - omrdo - ocFg&

ygVdawmf Oyg'ponfonf aMumufrufzG,fab;wnf;/ xdkaMumufrufzG,f ab;jzpfonfh
Oyg'ponfonf tjrJtm;jzifh 'kuomwnf;/ (xdkOyg'ponf\ 'ku\ tjzpfjzifh aMumufrufzG,f
ab;qdk;BuD;jzpf&um; aMumufrufzG,f ab;qdk;BuD;onf 'ku\tjzpfukd vGefrjzpf[k pum;u
azmfjyonf/) xdkjrJaomtm;jzifh 'kujzpfaom aMumufrufzG,f oabm&dSaom Oyg'ponfonf ----(1) 0mrdo (2) avmumrdo (3) udavomrdowdkYrS rvGwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh tmrdoESifhwuG
jzpfonfomvQifwnf;/ (0dok'd-2-287/)
1/ 0mrdo ----- uHaMumifh jzpfaom Oyg'dEuEm ig;yg;wdkYudk 0mrdo rnf\[k q&mjrwfwdkY qdkMuuke\
f / udavo0#f ur0#f 0dygu0#f[al om 0#fo;kH yg;onfvnf;aumif; ,if;0#fudk rDaS om w&m;onf
vnf;aumif; 0mrdo rnf\/ (r[m#D-2-450/)
2/ avmumrdo ----- lygkH o'gkH *EmkH &omkH azm|AmkH [lukefaom tmkHig;yg; umr*kPf
w&m;wdkYonf &m* a'go arm[paom udavomwdkYonf ig-ighOpm ponfjzifh oHk;oyftyfonf\
337
tjzpfaMumifh avmumrdornf\/ udavomwdkY\ pm;zwf 0g;zwf eif;e,f Budwfacs&m w&m;pkwdkY

yifwnf;/ (r[m#D-2-450/)
3/ udavomrdo ----- &m* a'go arm[ paom udavomwdkYonf udavomrdo rnf\/
(r[m#D-2-450/)
tMuif Oyg'paom oabmw&m;onf omrdo = tmrdoESifhwuG jzpf\/ xdktmrdoESifhwuG
jzpfaom Oyg'paom w&m;onf ocFg&rwar0 = avmuDocFg&rQomwnf;/ (0dok'd-2-287/)
ocFg&rwar0- ]{0 = omvQif}[laom pum;jzifh (= avmuDocFg&rQom- ]om} [laom
pum;jzifh) 0docFg&[k qdktyfaom edAmefudk epfap\/ taMumif;rl ----- xdk0docFg&jzpfaom edAmef
omrdotjzpf\ t>rufrQaomfvnf; r&daS omaMumifh jzpf\/ ]rw = rQ} [laom pum;jzifh rjynfph akH om
ocFg&w&m;udk xif&Sm;jy\/ taMumif;rl tvHk;pHkaom jzpfjcif; ysufjcif;oabm&dSaom ocFg&w&m;
rSeo
f rQonf tmrdoESihf twlwuG jzpfonfcsn;f r[kw/f tmrdoESiw
hf uG rjzpfaom r*f-zdv
k w
f &m;vnf;
yg0ifae\/ r*f-zkv
d w
f &m;wdo
Yk nfvnf; jzpfjcif; ysujf cif;&daS om ocFg&w&m;pkww
Ykd iG f yg0ifMu\/ xdw
k iG f
avmuD ocFg&w&m;rQudkom aumuf,l&aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ (r[m#D -2-450/)
xdkodkY b,[k qdktyfaom Oyg'ponfonf 'kuponfyif jzpfaomaMumifh ]]Oyga'g 'kuEd
b,wky|mae ynm tm'Dea0 PH = jzpfjcif; Oyg'onf 'kuwnf;/ odkY ocFg&w&m;wdkY
aMumufrufzG,f tjzpfjzifh xifjcif; jzpfaom ynmonf tm'De0Pf rnf\/}} odkY ponfudk
y#dord'gr*ygVdawmf a[mMum;awmfrljcif; jzpfonf/ wpfyk'fyk'fjzifh 'kuoabm[laom teuf
onf NyD;aumif;ygaomfvnf; ----1/ b,mum& = aMumuftyfonf\ tjzpf[laom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh
2/ 'kumum& = 'ku[laom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh
3/ omrdomum& = tmrdoESifhwuG jzpfjcif;[laom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh ---odkY tjcif;t&m xl;aomtm;jzifh PfjzpfykH xl;onf\ tpGrf;jzifh yk'fwdkY Pfxl;onf\
tjzpfudk od&dSygav/ (0dok'd-2-287/)
xdk ocFg&w&m;wdYk yifvQif tedpt
m;jzifh 'kut
m;jzifh tewtm;jzifh jzpfjcif;xl;onf\ tpGr;f jzifh
tjcif;t&mxl;onf\ tjzpfaMumifh tedpmEkyemPf 'kumEkyemPf tewmEkyemPf
[k tEkyemPf\ xl;jcm;rI jzpfouJhodkY xdkYtwl b,mum& 'kumum& omrdomum& [laom
tjcif;t&m tmum& xl;jcm;onf\ tjzpfaMumifh jzpfay:vmyHk\ tpGrf;jzifh Pf\ xl;jcm;onf\
tjzpfudk odtyfayonf/ xdktjcif;t&m tmum&wdkYwGif b,mum&tm;jzifhjzpfaom Pfonf
b,wky|mePf rnf\/ 'kumum& omrdomum& tm;jzifh jzpfaom Pfonf tm'De0Pf
rnf\/ (r[m#D-2-450-451/)
338
Pf (10) yg;
tm'De0Pfudk odaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf Oyg' y0w edrdw tm,l[e y#doEd[laom
(5)rsKd;wdkYudk tmkHjyK jzpfay:vmaom ,if; (5)rsKd;vQif wnf&m jzpf&m &dSukefaom (5)yg;aom
tm'De0Pf tEkyg' ty0w tedrdw tem,l[e ty#doEd[laom (5)rsKd;aom Pf\ jzpf&m
wnf&m 0wKudk tmkHjyK jzpfay:vmukefaom (5)rsKd;aom oEdy'Pf -- ESpf&yfaygif; (10)rsKd;aom PfwdkYudk xdk;xGif; od\ rsufarSmufjyK\/ (0dok'd-2-287/)
Pfwpfcku Pfwpfckudkum; odEdkif\/ odkYaomf Pfonf rdrdudk,fudk rdrd rod/ tb,faMumifh 'o aP yZmemwd = (10) yg;aom PfwdkYudk od\ ----- [k odkY qdkoenf;[k ar;&ef&dS\/
tajzum; odkYwnf;/ ----t&m odjcif;[lonfrSmvnf; Oyg' y0w edrdw tm,l[e y#doEd[laom tmkH tEkyg'
ty0w tedrdw tem,l[e ty#doEd[laom tmkH wnfaom usa&mufaeaom Pfonf
,if;tmkHay: vGefvGefuJuJ awGa0jcif; uif;ae\? awGa0rI arm[ trdkufwdkufudk y,fazsmufNyD;
vGifhpifapNyD; jzpf\/ xdkodkY awGa0rI uif;ojzifh ,if;tmkH (10)rsKd; rawGa0onf jzpf awGa0jcif;
uif;onfjzpf Pf[al om rdrd vnf; awGa0jcif; uif;onfomvQif jzpfae\/ xdak Mumifh Pfonf
rdru
d ,
kd u
f v
kd nf; rdrd odouJo
h Ykd jzpfae\/ odaYk om taMumif;aMumifh (10)yg;aom Pfwu
Ykd kd od\[k
qdkjcif; jzpfonf/ (r[m#D-2-451/)
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf &Hcg Oyg' y0w edrdwponfwdkYudk 0dyem Iaeaom 0dyemPfudkvnf; wpfzefjyef 0dyemI&\/ xdkodkY a&S;0dyemPfudk aemuf0dyemPfjzifh wpfzef
jyef 0dyemIEikd af omf ----- ]'o aP yZmemwd = (10)yg;aom PfwdkYudk od\} - [k odkY
qdkEdkifonfom jzpfayonf/
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf azmfjyyg tm'De0Pf oEdy'Pf ESpfyg;wdkY vdrmonf\tjzpfaMumifh txl;xl;aom 'd|dwdkYaMumifh rwkefvIyfawmhay/ (y#doH-56-58/)
rjywfjzpfaom kyef mrftpOf[al om y0wd razmufrjyef [kwrf eS o
f nft
h wdik ;f 0dyemPfjzifh
jrifNyD;onf\ tjzpfaMumifh xdky0wdESifh qefYusifbuftm;jzifh ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ uif;Nidrf;&m edAmef
w&m;awmfjrwfonf aumif;pGm qHk;jzwftyfonf jzpfomvQif xifvm\/ xdkaMumifh xdka,m*g0p&
yk*dKvf\ pdwfonf rsufarSmufaom udk,f\tjzpf tvGefrGefjrwfaom ]]y&r'd|"r edAmef}} &d\
S -odkY paom rdpmt,l\ tpGrf;jzifh rwkefvIyfawmhay/ tb,faMumifhenf;[lrl ----- kyfemrft,Of
y0wd aumif;pGm xuf0ef;usif jriftyfaom tjypftm'De0 &dSaomaMumifh jzpf\/ xdkaMumifh txl;
xl;aom 'd|dwdkYaMumifh rwkefvIyfawmhay[k rdefYqdkjcif; jzpfonf/ (r[m#D-2-451/)
tm'De0gEkyemPfcef; NyD;\/
22222
339
edAd'gEkyemPfcef;
xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf odkYvQif umr ly tlywnf;[laom bkHoHk;yg;twGif; wnf&Sdaom
ocFg&w&m;tm;vH;k wdu
Yk kd tjypftm'De0tm;jzifh Ionfjzpf ysupf ;D jcif;oabmESiw
hf uG jzpfaom bko
H ;kH yg;
twGif; wnf&Sdaom ocFg&w&m; taygif; NiD;aiGU\ qefYusif\ rarGUavsmfawmhay/ EdIif;cdkif;zG,f&m
avmuOyrm rnfonfum; taemwwtdkif\ taemufrsufESm pdwul#awmif&if; arGUavsmfaom
a&T[oFmrif;onf rpifMu,faom 'Gef;p@m&GmwHcg;teD; tdkifi,f rarGUavsmfouJhodkY tdkifBuD; ckepf
tdik w
f Ykd omvQif arGUavsmo
f uJo
h Ykd ----- Oyrm twlomvQif a,m*g0p& [oFmrif;onfvnf;
aumif;pGm xuf0ef;usif jriftyfaom tjypf&adS om ysupf ;D jcif;oabmESihf wuG jzpfaom bHo
k ;kH yg;twGi;f
wnf&Sdaom awblru ocFg&w&m;taygif; rarGUavsmfawmhay/ pifppfaomfum; bm0em[laom
arGUavsmf&m &Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifh bm0em arGUavsmf aysmfydkuf ESpfNcdKufaom yDwdESifh jynfhpHkonf\
tjzpfaMumifh tedpmEkyem 'kumEkyem tewmEkyem edAd'gEkyem 0d&m*gEkyem
eda&m"mEkyem y#de
d *gEkyem[laom ckepfyg;aom tEkyemwdYk omvsif arGUavsmaf ysmyf u
kd f
ESpfNcdKuf\/ (0dok'd-2-287/)
wpfzef a&TcsKid ahf vSmiftrd f avSmifxm;tyfaom om;wd\
Yk rif;jzpfaom jcaoFo
h nf avSmiftrd f
rarGUavsmfouJhodkY pifppfaomfum; ,lZemoHk;axmif tajymus,faom [dr0EmomvQif arGUavsmf
ouJo
h Ykd Oyrmtwlyif a,m*g0p& jcaoFrh if;onfvnf; umrok*wd lyok*wd tlyok*wd[al om
oHk;rsKd;jym;aom ok*wdbkHaomfvnf; rarGUavsmf? pifppfaomfum; tedpmEkyem 'kumEkyem
tewmEkyem[laom oH;k rsK;d ukeaf om tEkyemwdYk omvQif arGUavsmaf ysmyf u
kd f ESpNf cKd u
f aeay\/
(0dok'd-2-288/)
wpfzef aiGawmiftwl udk,fvHk;jzLaom vufESpfzuf ajcESpfzuf tNrD; ESmarmif; odktdrf[laom
ajrwnfaom ckepfyg;aom t*Fg&Sad om wefc;kd Bu;D rm;aom aumif;uif yso
H mG ;Edik af om q'eq
f ifrif;onf NrdKUv,f rarGUavsmfbJ [dr0Em q'eftdkif&Sd&m awmomvQif arGUavsmfouJhodkY Oyrmtwl
yifvQif a,m*g0p& qifjrwfonfvnf; tvHk;pHkvnf;jzpfaom awblru ocFg&w&m; taygif;
rarGUavsm/f ]]tEkyg a'g acrH = ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk jzpfjcif;r&Sad om edAm efonf= ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk aemiftcg
jzpfjcif; uif;aMumif; jzpfaom edAmefonf ab;r&Sd}} --- odkYpaom enf;jzifh ESvHk;oGif;jcif; a&S;&Sdaom
tavsmf oabmPfjzifh jriftyfaom oEyd 'trnf&aom tvH;k pHak om ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk uif;Nird ;f &m
jzpfaom tNrdKufedAmefw&m;awmfjrwfBuD;omvQif arGUavsmf\/ xdkoEdy'odkY Gwfaom xdkoEdy'odkY
udkif;aom xdkoEdy'odkY Idif;aom pdwf"mwf &SdonfomvQif jzpfae\/ (0dok'd-2-288/)
edAd'gEkyemPfceff; NyD;\/
22222
340
w&m;udk,f teufoabmwlaom PfoHk;yg;

b,wky|mePf tm'De0gEkyemPf edA'd gEkyemPf ----- Pf oHk;yg;onf
w&m;ud,
k f teufoabmtm;jzifh wln\
D / xdaYk Mumifh a&S;a&S; t|uxmq&mawmfwo
Ykd nf odYk rdeq
Yf -kd
awmfrMl uuke\
f / ----]]b,wky|mePf wpfrsKd;wnf;onfyifvQif trnf oHk;rsKd;wdkYudk &&Sd\/
1/ tvHk;pHkaom ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk aMumufrufzG,f ab;tjzpfjzifh jrifNyD;aomaMumifh b,wky|mePf rnfjcif; jzpf\/
2/ xdk ocFg&w&m;wdkYyifvQif tjypfudk xif&Sm; jyKwwfaomaMumifh xif&Sm; jywwfaomaMumifh
tm'De0gEkyemPf rnfjcif; jzpf\/
3/ xdk ocFg&w&m;wdkYomvQif NiD;aiGUonf jzpf jzpfay:vmaomaMumifh edAd'gEkyemPf rnf
jcif; jzpf\/}} (0dok'd-2-288/)
y#dor'd gr*ygVdawmfvnf; ----- b,wky|mePf tm'De0gEkyemPf edA'd gEkyemPf
Pf oHk;rsKd;onf teufabmtm;jzifh wl\? o'grQom xl;\ - [k a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/
(y#doH-259/ 0dok'd-2-288/)
22222
341
rkdwkurswmPfcef;
= ocFg&w&m;wdkYrS vGwfajrmufvdkaomPf
edA'd gEkyemPfjzifh ocFg&w&m;wdYk Ni;D aiGUaom ocFg&w&m;wdYk qefu
Y siaf om ocFg&w&m;
[lorQ rarGUavsmfaom tmpm&ukvykw trnf&aom trsKd;aumif;om; trsKd;aumif;orD;tm;
tvHk;pHkaom bkHb0wdkY jzpfukefaom cPrpJ woJoJ ysufjcif;oabm &Sdukefaom ocFg&w&m;wdkYwGif
wpfcak om ocFg&w&m;aomfrQvnf; rNird uyf rrdrzJUG tyfawmhay/ tvH;k pHak om ocFg&w&m;taygif;rS
vGwfjcif;iSmom tvdk&Sdae\? xGufajrmufjcif;iSmom tvdk&Sdae\/
avmuOyrm ----- uGef&uf twGif;odkY a&mufaeaom ig; a>rcHwGif;odkY a&mufaeaom zm;
avSmifcsKdifh xnfhoGif;xm;tyfaom awmMuuf jrJjrHpGm zJGUcsnfxm;tyfaom ausmhuGif;\ EdkifiHodkY
vdu
k yf g&aom om;orif tvrm,fq&m\ vufwiG ;f odaYk &mufaeaom a>r Bu;D pGmaom Get
f ikd w
f iG ;f odYk
oufqif;rdaom qif *VKefrif;\ cHwGif;odkY a&mufaeaom e*g;rif; &m[ktok&def\ cHwGif;odkY
a&mufaeaom vrif; &efolwdkY t0dkif;cHae&aom a,mufsm; ----- odkYpaom ow0gwdkYonf xdkxdk
uGe&f ufpaom taESmiftzJUG rS vGwv
f u
kd ek o
f nfomvQif xGuaf jrmufvu
kd ek o
f nfomvQif jzpfuek o
f uJo
h Ykd
OyrmtwlyifvQif xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f pdwo
f nf tvH;k pHak om awblru ocFg&w&m; taygif;rS
vGwfajrmufjcif;iSmomvQif tvdk&dSae\/ xGufajrmufjcif;iSmomvQif tvdk&dSae\/ xdktcg qdktyfcJhNyD;onfh twdkif; tvHk;pHkaom awblru ocFg&w&m;wdkY uif;aom tmv,&dSaom tvHk;pHkaom
ocFg&w&m;taygif;wdkYrS vGwfjcif;iSm tvdk&Sdaom xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef rkdwkurswmPf
onf jzpfay:vm\/ (0dok'd-2-288-289/)
b*FPfro
S nf rkw
d u
k rswmPfoYkd wdik af tmifaom Pfwu
Ykd m; ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk tysuf
oufoufudkyif tmkH,l vuPma&;oHk;wefudk wpfvSnfhpDwifum wGifwGifBuD; 0dyem Iaeaom
Pfrsm; jzpfMu\/ umvoHk;yg; oEmefESpfyg; twGif; wnf&Sdaom ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk ,if;ocFg&
w&m;wdkY\ tysufudk tmkH,l vuPma&;oHk;wefudk wpfvSnfhpD wifum wGifwGifBuD; 0dyemIcJh
aomf ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkYtay: ----1/
2/
3/
4/
aMumufrufzG,f ab;tm;jzifh xifcJhaomf b,Pf

,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tjypfudk IjrifcJhaomf tm'De0Pf
,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkY NiD;aiGUcJhaomf edAd'gPf
,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkYrS vGwfajrmufvdkcJhaomf rkdwkurswmPf ---odkY toD;toD; ac:a0:oHk;pGJjcif; jzpfonf[k rSwfyg/
rkdwkurswmPfcef; NyD;\/
22222
342
y#dy'gP'e0dok'd eda'o -- y#docFgEkyemPfcef;
y#docFgEkyemPfcef;
y#docFgEkyemPf
aom {0H oAb0-a,med-*wd-|dwd-ed0go*aw[d oab'au[d ocFga&[d rkpdwkumarm
oAom ocFg&*wm rkpdwHk yke aw {0H ocFga& y#docFgEkyemaPe wdvuPH tma&maywGm
y&d*PSmwd/ (0dok'd-2-289/)
wdvuPH tma&maywGm ocFg&y&d*PSeH ykaAyd uwEd yke*[PH/ y/ ocFg&meH y&d*PSeH emr
y&dykPvuP0aoae0 a[mwDwd ]]wdvuPH tma&maywGm}}wd 0kwH/ (r[m#D-2-453/)
xdk a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf odkYvQif tvHk;pHkaom bkHb0 a,med *wd Xdwd owm0gowdkY
jzpfuek af om ysujf cif;oabm &Su
d ek af om ocFg&w&m;wdrYk S vGwaf jrmufvo
kd nfjzpf tvH;k pHak om ocFg&
w&m;taygif;rS vGwaf jrmufjcif;iSm wpfzef xdak wblru ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd qdv
k wUH aom tjcif;t&m
twdkif; y#docFgEkyemPfjzifh vuPma&; oHk;wefudk wif odrf;qnf;\ = 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyf\/ (0dok'd-2-289/)
ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd vuPma&;oH;k wefukd wif 0dyemIrrI mS aU&yS ikd ;f 0dyemPfrsm;vnf;
&Scd \
hJ / xdak Mumifh yke = wpfzef[
l t|uxmq&mawmfu rdeq
Yf akd wmfrjl cif; jzpf\/ ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd
Pfjzifh ydik ;f jcm;,ljcif; odr;f qnf;jcif; rnfonfum; jynfph akH om vuPm\ tpGr;f jzifo
h mvQif jzpfEikd \
f /
xdak Mumifh ----- wdvuPH tma&maywGm = vuPma&;oHk;wefudkwif 0dyemI&ef t|uxmu
zGifhqdkawmfrljcif; jzpfonf/ (r[m#D-2-453/)
hf nD toifoal wmfaumif;onf ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd wpfzef tusO;f tm;jzifh
vuPma&;oHk;wefudk wif 0dyemIyg/ ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tysufoufoufudkyif tmkH,l I&ef
jzpfonf/ tus,ftm;jzifh bm0em (40) ac: awm (40) IuGufjzifhvnf; tydkif;wGif wpfzef xyf
0dyem Iyg/ odkYaomf tydkif;wGif 0dok'dr*t|uxm ----1/
2/
3/
4/
tedptjcif;t&m
(14) rsKd;
'kutjcif;t&m
(28) rsKd;
tokbtjcif;t&m (9) rsKd;
tewtjcif;t&m
(9) rsKd;
tm;vHk;aygif;aomf bm0em (60) IuGufwdkYudk zGifhqdkxm;awmfrl\/ bm0em (60) rQru IEdkif&ef

tm'd = tp&Sdaom pum;wdkYjzifh zGifhqdkxm;ayonf/ wpfenf;qdk&aomf tedptjcif;t&mudk (14)rsKd;
'kutjcif;t&mudk (28)rsKd; tokbtjcif;t&mudk (9)rsKd; tewtjcif;t&mudk (9)rsKd; zGifhqdkxm;ojzifh
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf ,if;tjcif;t&m toD;toD;udk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh tedp[k
vnf;aumif; 'ku[kvnf;aumif; tokb[kvnf;aumif; tew[kvnf;aumif; toD;toD; I&rnf
jzpfygonf/ tjcif;t&m wpfckpD wpfckpD cGJ I&ef jzpfonf/
343
tedp[k IyHk
xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf tvHk;pHkaom ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk ----1/ tepEu
d awm = aemuftpGe;f bifukd vGeEf ikd af om = vGe
f wnfEikd af om ow r[kwo
f nf\
tjzpfaMumifh = aemuftpGef;bifudk rvGefEdkif vGef rwnfEdkifonf\ tjzpfaMumifh tedp[k
I\/
2/ wm0umvduawm = tcdkuftwefYrQ wnfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ...
3/ Oyg'0,y&d pdEawm = jzpfjcif; ysufjcif;jzifh ydkif;jcm;tyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ...
4/ yavmuawm = Asm"d-Z&m-r&PwdkYjzifh aygufuGJysufpD;wwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ...
5/ pvawm = Asm"d-Z&m-r&PESihf vmb-tvmbpaom avmu"HwaYkd Mumifh wkev
f yI w
f wfonf\
tjzpfaMumifh ...
6/ yb*Fkawm = ysufjcif;odkY a&mufjcif;aMumifh ...
7/ t'K0awm = jrJaomoabm r&Sdjcif;aMumifh ...
8/ 0dy&dPmr"rawm = Z&m-r&P[laom ESpfyg;aom tzdkYjzifh azmufjyefjcif;oabm &Sdjcif;aMumifh ...
9/ tom&uawm = tESpfr[kwf tumESifh wljcif;aMumifh ...
= tpD;tyGm; uif;jcif;aMumifh ...
10/ 0db0awm
= taMumif;w&m;wdkYonf aygif;pk jyKjyiftyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ...
11/ ocFwawm
= aojcif; ysufjcif;oabm &Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ...
12/ r&P"rawm
13/ tm'dtE0Eawm = Oyg'f-bif[laom tp-tqkH;&Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ...
14/ edpy#dauyawm = edpoabmudk y,fjcif;aMumifh ...
odkYtp&Sdukefaom taMumif;wdkYaMumifh tedp[k I\/ (0dok'd-2-289/)
toifa,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f jl rwfonf umvoH;k yg; oEmefEpS yf g;twGi;f wnf&adS om ocFg&w&m;
wdu
Yk kd ,if;tjcif;t&m wpfcpk D wpfcpk u
D kd Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunf
h tedp- tedp[
yk if wGiw
f iG f Iygav/
'ku[k IykH
1/ tbdPSy#dyDVeawm = ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk jzpfjcif;ysufjcif;wdkYonf rjywf tzefzef ESdyfpuf
tyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh 'ku[k I\/
2/ 'kurawm = onf;cHEdkifcJonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ...
3/ 'ku0wKawm = 'ku\ wnf&m0wK\ tjzpfaMumifh ...
4/ a&m*awm = ,mysem[laom rlva&m*gESifh wlonf\tjzpfaMumifh ...
= tdkif;trmESifh wlonf\tjzpfaMumifh ...
5/ *@awm
= jrm;ajimifhESifh wlonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ...
6/ ovawm
344
7/ tCawm = tpD;tyGm;rJhudk aqmifonf\ tjzpfaMumihf ...

8/ tmAm"awm = ,mysem[laom rlva&m*grSwpfyg;aom jyif;jyonf;xefpGmaom tem\
tjzpfaMumifh ...
9/ wdawm = (rsm;pGmaom ysupf ;D jcif; Asoeudk aqmifonfjzpf topftm*E Ku {nfo
h nf
ozG,fjzpfaom tukodkvf toif;tyif; ysufpD;aMumif; w&m;ESifh wl) ysufpD;aMumif;\
tjzpfaMumifh ...
10/ Oy'0awm = (txl;xl; tjym;jym; rsm;pGmaom tusK;d rJu
h kd aqmifwwfonf\ tjzpfaMumif)h
rif;ab;rif;'Pfpaom Oy'a0g\ wnf&m0wK\ tjzpfaMumifh ...
11/ b,awm = cyfodrf;aom ab;wdkY\ wnf&m\ tjzpfaMumifh ...
12/ Oyo*awm = tusKd;rJhwdkYonf tpOfvdkuftyfonfjzpf NidwG,fjcif;&dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifh
...? wpfenf; ----- &m*paom tjypfwdkYESifh uyfNidjcif; ruif;onf\ tjzpfaMumihf ...
13/ twmPawm = ab;udk rapmifha&SmufEdkifonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ...
14/ tavPawm = cdkrDS; ykef;atmif;&m r[kwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ...
15/ to&Pawm = udk;uG,f&m r[kwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ...
16/ tm'De0awm = tjypfa'go\ tjzpfaMumifh ...? wpfenf; ----- txD;usefaom olqif;&JESifh
wlonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ...
17/ tCrlvawm = raumif;rI\ taMumif;rlv\ tjzpfaMumifh ...
= taqGcifyeG ;f \ rsuEf mS uho
18/ 0"uawm
J Ykd csKo
d maom rsuEf mS &do
S nfjzpf tuRr;f 0ifaom
oludk owfwwfaom olowf&efolESifh wlonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ...
19/ omo0awm = tmoa0gw&m;wd\
Yk tmk\
H tjzpfaMumifh ...? wpfenf; ----- tmoa0g
w&m;wdkY\ teD;pyfqHk; taMumif; y'|mef\ tjzpfaMumifh ...
20/ rm&mrdoawm = aojcif;w&m;wnf;[laom rpKrm&f udavom (10)yg;wnf;[laom
udavorm&fwdkY\ tpmtmrdo\ tjzpfaMumifh ...
21/ Zmwd"rawm = jzpfjcif; = Zmwdoabm &dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ...
22/ Z&m"rawm = &ifhjcif; a[mif;jcif; oabm&dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ...
23/ Asm"d"rawm = emjcif;oabm &dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ...
24/ aomu"rawm = pdk;&drfjcif;oabm &dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ...
25/ y&da'0"rawm = idka<u;jcif;oabm &dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ...
26/ Oyg,mo"rawm = vGefpGm yifyef;jcif;oabm &dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ...
27/ oHudavodu"rawm = wPSmoHudavo 'd|doHudavo 'kp&dwoHudavowdkY\ tmkH
jzpfjcif;wnf;[laom oabm\ tjzpfaMumifh ...
28/ okcy#dauyawm = csrf;omokcudk y,fjcif;aMumifh ...
odkY tp&dSukefaom taMumif;wdkYaMumifh 'ku[k I\/ (0dok'd-2-289/)
345
tokb[k IyHk
1/ tZnawm = rESpo
f ufz,
G f &do
S nf\ tjzpfaMumifh ...? wpfenf; ----- rwifhw,fonf\
tjzpfaMumifh tokb[k I\/
2/ 'k*Eawm = raumif;aomteHY &dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ...
3/ aZ*k pawm = "D-"D - [k xDGzG,f&dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ...? wpfenf; ----- pufqkyftyfonf\
tjzpfaMumifh ...
4/ y#duLvawm = vdkvm;ESpfoufjcif;\ ajymif;jyef qefYusifbuftm;jzifh pufqkyf&GH&Smtyfonf\
tjzpfaMumifh ...
5/ tr@em&[awm = 0wfpm;wefqm rqifojzifh xdkocFg&w&m;wdkY\ okb\ tjzpfudk y,fazsmufjcif;iSm wwfaumif;onf\ tjzpfjzifh ...? wpfenf; ----- wefqm rqifojzifh okbtjzpf
aysmuf tokbtjzpf xifonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ...? wpfenf; ----- wefqm qifojzifh ry,fEikd f
raysmufEdkif raysmufysufEdkifaom oabm&dSaom tokb\ tjzpfaMumifh ...
6/ 0dlyawm = tokE&awm = raumif;onf\ tjzpfaMumifh ...
7/ ADbpawm = y#dC (= a'go) oHa,mZOf\ wnf&m0wK\ tjzpfaMumifh Iukefaom olwdkYudk
rdrd (= rdrd[laom cEmig;yg;) zJGUxm;wwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ...? wpfenf; ----- rESpfoufzG,f &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f\ tjzpfaMumifh rpifuJhodkY pGefYtyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ...
8/ tokpdawm = rpifMu,fonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ...
9/ tremyawm = pdwfESvHk;udk rwdk;yGm;apwwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ...
odkYtp&dSaom taMumif;wdkYaMumifh 'kuvuPm\ tjcHt&H y&d0g&jzpfaom tokbtm;jzifh
= tokb[k I\/ (0dok'd-2-289/)
tew[k IykH
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
y&awm = jyifyolpdrf;ESifh wlaom tjzpfaMumifh tew[k I\/

&dwawm = "k0 - okb - okc - twponftjzpfrS uif;qdwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ...
wkpawm = "k0 - okb - okc - twponfh tESpfrrDS; tcsnf;ESD;\ tjzpfaMumifh ...
oknawm = omrD - ed0goD - um&u - a0'u - t"d|m,u[laom wdww
d o
Ykd nf Muq
H tyfaom
twrS uif;qdwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ...
= tw - t&Sif r&dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ...
tomrduawm
= tpdk;r&onf\ tjzpfaMumifh ...
ted&awm
= tvdkodkY rvdkufwwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ...
t0o0wdawm
ty&dPm,uawm = aU&Saqmif (tw) uif;rJhonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ...
twy#dauyawm = twudky,fjcif;aMumifh ...
odkYtp&dSukefaom taMumif;wdkYaMumifh tewtm;jzifh = tew[k I\/ (0dok'd-2-289/)
346
tusKd;um; odkYwnf; ----- odkYIaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf vuPma&;oHk;yg;udk wif

ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd odr;f qnf;tyfonf rnfuek \
f / tb,faMumifh ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd odYk odr;f qnf;tyfoenf;[lrl ----- aemifwpfzef ocFg&w&m;wdkY rvdkufjcif; tusKd;iSm ocFg&w&m;wdkYrS aumif;pGm
vGwfjcif;[k qdktyfaom rkpe\ = tvGwfBuD; vGwfjcif;\ taMumif;Oyg,f\ jynfhpHkjcif; tusKd;iSm
taMumif;Oyg,fudk NyD;apjcif; tusKd;iSm odkY odrf;qnf;&ayonf [lay/ (0dok'd-2-290/)
avmuOyrm wpf&yf
q,fvHtacguf? a&xJatmufodkY? xkwfacsmufpkyfpkyf? pHk;pHk;ikyf? prf;ckyfoa&mf? olazmfpdrf;pm;?
wHighom;vQif? vnfusm;okH;&pf? rnf;cspf&ifajymuf? a&a>ra[mufudk? vefYaMumufr&dS? ig;[krd? vnfpd
vqkyf? 0rf;omkyfjzifh? olEkyfuRefavsmf? Munfhvsufay:aomf? ajrmfuwHk;wkH;? [vlqHk;[k? ESvHk;rqHh?
&ifw;D tHo
h ?Ykd odEUHS ynm? xdak &mfigvnf;? yrmwl? pnf;pdrx
f
l ? &dyyf rl xd? csr;f om&dv
S su?f owdjrifus,?f
olawmfEG,fodkY? ,dk;r,frJhvQif;? tcsif;ppfabG? MuHwHkacsu? arG;a&crif;? ESvHk;wGif;? om;nif;toGif?
rD;0,fuifaomf? ydwfyifrjyefY? IHUIHUwGefYvsuf? aMumufvefYxdwfpGm? abmfoHk;&GmwGif? 0g0gva&mif? vlwdkY
abmifum;? ajymifajymif ightm; nD;ownf;/ (t&Sifr[moDv0Ho - 0dok'dr*fed,-5-242/)
odkYaom tjcif;t&m trsKd;rsKd;wdkYjzifh ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedpponf\ tjzpfudk aumif;pGm
rSwfonf\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfay:vmaom qifjcifjcif;jzifh xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef y#docFgPf
onf jzpfay:vm\/
y#dord'gr*ygVdawmf\ a[mMum;awmfrlcsuf
tedpawm reodua&mawm edrdwH y#docFg PH OyZwd/ 'kuawm reodua&mawm y0wH
y#docFg PH OyZwd/ tewawm reodua&mawm edrdw y0w y#docFg PH OyZwd/
(y#doH-259/)
1/ ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tedp[k ESvHk;oGif;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; ocFg&edrdwfudk ---- ]]t'K0= rjrJ
rcdik cf /hH wm0umvdu = tcdu
k t
f wefY wpfoufvsmrQomwnf;}} - [k odYk tedpv
uPm\ tpGr;f jzifh
odNyD; Pfonf jzpfay:vm\/
2/ ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk 'ku[k ESvHk;oGif;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; y0ww&m;udk 'kuvuPm\
tpGrf;jzifh odNyD; Pfonf jzpfay:vm\/
3/ ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd tew[k ESv;kH oGi;f aom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vt
f m; edrw
d u
v
kd nf;aumif; y0wukd
vnf;aumif; tewvuPm\ tpGrf;jzifh odNyD; Pfonf jzpfay:vm\/ (y#doH-259/)
txufyg ygVdawmfpum;&yf ----- y#docFgyk'f\ edrdw-y0w trnf&aom ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk
tedpv
uPm 'kuv
uPm tewvuPm\ tpGr;f jzifh toD;toD; odNy;D - [laom teufoabmudk
qdkNyD;aemuf ----- PH OyZwd = Pfonf jzpfay:vm\ - [k odrI Bud,mESifh PfjzpfrI Bud,mukd
aU&Sumv aemufumv\ tpGrf;jzifh umvuJGjym;ouJhodkY qdkxm;\/ odkYaomf t&m aU&Sumv
347
aemufumv[k umvuGJjym;rIum; r&Sday/ ,if;odkY r&Sdaomfvnf; o'ga0g[m&\ tpGrf;jzifhom

umvuGJjym;ouJhodkY qdkxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ trSefrSm odrIESifh PfjzpfrIum; ormeumv = wlnDaom
tcsdefumv&Sd\/ re y#dp "ar p OyZwd raem0dnmPH = b0ifraem'Gg&udkvnf; tpGJjyK "rmkH
oabmw&m;wdkYudkvnf; tpGJjyK raem0dnmPfonf jzpfay:vm\ ---- ponfwdkY tpGJjyKjcif; Bud,mESihf raem0dnmPf\ jzpfrBI u,
d mwdo
Yk nf umv tuGt
J jym; r&S?d umvcsi;f wlno
D uJo
h Ykd ----- tvm;wlyif
t&mvnf; odrIBud,mESifh Pfjzpfay:rI Bud,monf umvtuGJtjym; r&Sd? umvcsif; wlnDonf
[kyif rSwfyg/ (0dok'd-2-291/ r[m#D-2-454/)
wpfenf; ----- tqifhqifh Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum rjywf 'vpyf jzpfaeaom PfwdkYwGif
a&S;jzpfaom Pf\ tpGrf;jzifh edrdw y0wudk vuPma&;oHk;wef\ tpGrf;jzifh toD;toD; odjcif;
y#docFgeBud,mudk &nftyf\/ xdkrSwpfyg; aemufjzpfaom Pf\ tpGrf;jzifh Pfjzpfjcif; Bud,mudk
&nftyf\/ xdkPf ESpfyg;wdkYudkum; PfwpfckpDom[k uGJjym;aom tm;jzifh rItyfukef/ taMumif;rl
wpfcak om emrfoEwt
d pOf usa&mufonf\ tjzpfaMumifh {uwenf;tm;jzifh wpfcw
k nf;[k ,ltyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifhwnf;/ (0dok'd-2-291/ r[m#D-2-455/)
Pfydkif;vnf; lyuEmrSonf Z&m-r&PodkY wdkifatmifaom cEm-tm,we-"mwfy#dporkyg'f t*Fg&yfwdkYudk Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,l ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tysufudkyif tmkH,l
vuPm,mOf oHk;csufudk wpfvSnfhpDwifum 0dyemIyg? ,if;0dyemPfudkvnf; wpfzefjyef
0dyemIyg/
y#docFgEkyemPfcef; NyD;\/
22222
348
y#dy'gP'e0dok'd eda'o -- ocFgkayumPfcef;
ocFgkayumPfcef;
xdk a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf qdktyfNyD;aom enf;jzifh y#docFgEkyemPfjzifh ----oaA ocFg&m oknm = tvHk;pHkaom ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf twrS uif;qdwfukef\/
odkY odrf;qnf;NyD; wpfzef ----oknrd'H tawe 0g twead ,e 0g = ocFg&w&m;taygif;onf twrv
S nf;aumif; twe,
d
= twESifh pyfaom OpmrSvnf;aumif; uif;qdwf\/
odkY 'dGaum#dumoknw = ESpfyg;aom tzdkY&dSaom oknwoabmudk ynmjzifh odrf;qnf;\/
(0dok'd-2-291/)
oaA ocFg&m oknm = ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedptjcif;t&m 'kutjcif;t&m tewtjcif;t&m
ponfwdkYudk Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,ljcif; = odrf;qnf;jcif;\ tpGrf;jzifh y#docFgEkyemPfonf jzpfjim;
aomfvnf; txl;tm;jzifh y#docFgEkyemPfonf ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk tewtjcif;t&mudk odr;f qnf;jcif;vQif aU&SoGm;jy"mef;jcif; &dS\/ xdkaMumifh t|uxmq&mawmfonf ----- oaA ocFg&m oknmwd
y&d *a[wGm = tvHk;pkHaom ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf twrS uif;qdwfukef\[k odkY odrf;qnf;NyD;
tpcsDaom txufyg pum;&yfudk zGifhqkdjcif; jzpfonf/
rSefayonf ----- ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ xdktewtjcif;t&mudk Pfjzifh ykdif;jcm;,ljcif; odrf;qnf;jcif;onf &daS omfomvQif opmav;yg;udk xd;k xGi;f odjrifjcif; = opy#da0"onf Ny;D jynfph EkH ikd \
f / r&daS omf
rNyD;pD; rjynfhpHkEdkif/ rSefayonf ----- ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ xdktewtjcif;t&mudk odrf;qnf;jcif;\ r&dSjcif;aMumifh o&b*Fq&m&aohpolwdkY\ tqkH;tr omoemonf tedpvuPm 'kuvuPm ESpfyg;udk
ynwfwif a[mEdik f om0uwdt
Yk m; odapEkid jf im;aomfvnf; tewvuPmudk ynwfwif ra[mEdkif om0uwdkYudk rodapEdkifonfhtwGuf om0uwdkYudk oHo&m0#fqif;&J'kurS xkwfaqmif u,fwifEdkifjcif; r&dSonfomvQif jzpfaom ted,smeduomoem jzpf&ayonf/ (r[m#D-2-455/)
wpfenf; ----- xdkocFg&w&m;wdkY\ edptESpf okctESpf twtESpfwdkYrSvnf; uif;qdwfonf\
tjzpfudk &nf&G,fawmfrl -- ]]tvHk;pHkaom ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf twrS uif;qdwfukef\[k ynmjzifh
odr;f qnf;}} [laom pum;udk t|uxmq&mawmf rdeq
Yf akd wmfrjl cif; jzpfonf/ rSeaf yonf ----- tMuif
ocFg&w&m;onf tMuif edpt
ESpf ponfrS uif;\? xdo
k cFg&w&m;onf xdek pd t
ESpf ponfrS qdwo
f Ok ;f onfom jzpf\[k odrSwfygav/
ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ twrS qdwfokOf;onf\ tjzpfudk odEdkifcJonf\ tjzpfaMumifh tBudrfrsm;pGm
odtyfNyD; jzpfaomfvnf; ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ twrS uif;qdwfrIudk Iaom oknwmEkyem\ jrJjrHcdkifcHh
wnfwHhonf\ tjzpfodkY a&mufapjcif; tusKd;iSm wpfzef ----- ]]oknrd'H tawe 0g tweda,e 0g =
ocFg&w&m;taygif;onf twrSvnf;aumif; twESifhpyfaom OpmrSvnf;aumif; uif;qdwf\}}
[k ponfjzifh 'dGaum#dumoknwmEkyemudk qufvuf t|uxmq&mawmfonf tm;xkwfawmf
349
rljcif; jzpfonf/ xdk pum;&yf tMuiftzdkYtm;jzifh ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf tw r&dSukef tw rjzpfukef?

xkdtzdkYtpktm;jzifh tw\Opm r[kwfukef/ rSefayonf ----- tw&aSd omfom tw\Opm &do
S ifah yonf/
(tw r&dSojzifh tw\Opmvnf; r&dSay/ ) xdkaMumifh ----- oknrd'H tawe 0g tweda,e 0g =
ocFg&w&m;taygif;onf twrSvnf;aumif; twESihfpyfaom OpmrSvnf;aumif; uif;qdwf\[k
t|uxmu zGifhqdkjcif; jzpfonf/
tb,faMumifh ocFg&w&m;wdkY xdkodkY tw twed, ESpfrsKd;rS uif;qdwf&ygoenf;[lrl --- ocFg&
w&m;wdkYudk a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf ypuPf tEkrmePf ESpfrsKd;wdkYjzifh pl;prf;&SmazG pdppfaomfvnf;
,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkY tw twed, ESpfrsKd;vHk;udk &SmazG r&EdkifaomaMumifhyif jzpfonf/ wpfyg;aom
ow0gudv
k nf;aumif; wpfyg;aom ocFg&w&m;ukv
d nf;aumif; tw\y&du& m toH;k taqmif jzpfrI
tw\ okc-'kuudk NyD;apwwfonf\ tjzpf wnfaeonfudk ypuPf tEkrmePf ESpfrsKd;wdkYjzifh
pl;prf;&SmazGaomfvnf; rawGUrjrifaomaMumifh jzpfonf[k qdkvdkayonf/ (r[m#D-2- 455/)
'dGaum#dum oknwmEkyem ----- txufwGif azmfjycJhaom ]] ocFg&w&m; taygif;onf
twrSvnf;aumif; twESifhpyfaom OpmrSvnf;aumif; uif;qdwf\}}[laom Ienf;rSm tw
twed,[laom tzdkYtpk ESpfck&dSaom 'dGaum#dum oknwmEkyem IyGm;enf;yif jzpfonf/
aom {0H ae0 twmeH? e y&H udd twaem y&dum&bma0 XdwH 'doGm yke ]]em[H uGped?
upd udewod?H e p rr uGped? udodd udewwD}}wd ,m {w pwkaum#dum oknwm uxdwm?
wH y&d*PSmwd/ (0dok'd-2-291/)
pwkaum#dum oknwmEkyem Ienf;rSm Oy&dyPmoygVdawmf pmrsufESm (50) tmaeoyg,okwf vm&dSayonf/ IuGuf\ qdkvdk&if;udk 0dok'dr*t|uxmu odkY&Sif;jyxm;\/
{0r,H ,om ae0 uwpd twmeH ywd? e wH y& udebma0 OyaewAH ywd? e
y& twmeH ywd? e y& twmeH twaem udebma0 OyaewAH ywd/ womaee
pwkaum#dum oknwm y&d*[dwm a[mwDwd/ (0dok'd-2-292/)
{0H tZswH A[d'g p cEmeH twwed,oknwm ok'ocFg&ykwm pwkaum#duoknwm
y&d*PSaee 'd|m a[mwd/ awe 0kwH ]]{0r,}}Edtm'd/ (r[m#D-2-456/)
txufyg t|uxm#DumwdkY\ zGifhqdk &Sif;vif;csufrsm;ESifhtnD toifolawmfaumif;onf-1/
2/
3/
4/
tZsw cEm (5)yg; tw r&dSrIoabm

tZsw cEm (5)yg; tewed, = twESifhpyfaom Opm r&dSrIoabm
A[d' cEm (5)yg; tw r&dSrIoabm
A[d' cEm (5)yg; tewed, = twESifhpyfaom Opm r&dSrIoabm ---
(4)rsKd;aom oabmw&m;wdkYudk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmif I&rnf jzpfonf/ odkY

(4)XmewdkY tw - twed, r&dSrIudk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmif IEdkif odrf;qnf;EdkifygvQif ----350
pwkaum#du oknwmEkyemudk IyGm;Edkifonf rnfayonf/
1/ em[H uGped
igonf ----- wpfpw
kH pfcak om Xmeaomfvnf;aumif; wpfpw
kH pfcak om umvaomfvnf;aumif;
wpfckwpfckaom "raomfvnf;aumif; tZsw cEm (5)yg;aomfvnf;aumif; A[d' cEm (5)yg;
aomfvnf;aumif; twudk rjrifay/ xdk azmfjyyg tZsw A[d' ESpfXme wnf&dSaom cEm (5)yg;wnf;
[laom "r toD;toD;wdYk Oyg'f-XD-bif[al om xdu
k mvtwGi;f 0,f wpfpw
kH pfcak om tw\ r&drS u
I kd
0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh tew-tew[k tewmEkyemudk Iyg [lvdkonf/ ,if;
tewmEkyem bm0emvkyfief;&yfudkyif twrS uif;qdwfrIudk IaeaomaMumifh oknwmEkyem
[kvnf; ac:qdkayonf/ um; aum#dtzdkYtpk wpfckwnf;? yxr aum#dwnf;/
2/ upd udewod H
rdr\
d twukd wpfpw
kH pfa,mufaom olwpfyg;\ aMumifMh utyfaom Opm\ tjzpf aqmiftyfonfudk rjrif = rdrd\ twudk wpfpHkwpfa,mufaom olwpfyg;\ aMumifhMutyfaom toHk;taqmif
tjct
H &H y&du& mtjzpf aqmifxm;tyfonfukd rjrif = rdr\
d twukd wpfpw
kH pfa,mufaom olwpfyg;\
tpfudkt&mrlvnf; tpfudk[k taqGcifyGef; tazmfo[m,f t&mrlvnf; taqGcifyGef; tazmf
o[m,f[k toHk;taqmif y&du&mt&mrlvnf; toHk;taqmif y&du&m[k atmufarh rSwfxif
aqmifxm;tyfonfudk rjrif/ xdkodkY rjrifatmif 0dyemI&rnf jzpfonf/ rdrd\ twESifh pyfaeaom
t&mrsm; r&dyS kH twe,
d oabmrS qdwo
f Ok ;f yHu
k kd jrifatmif&I aom twe,
d oknwmEkyemyifwnf;/
um; aum#dtzdkYtpk wpfckwnf;? 'kwd, aum#dwnf;/
yxraum#dum; umvoHk;yg; oEmefESpfyg;twGif; wnf&dSaom ocFg&w&m;wdkY rdrd\ tw
r&dSrIudk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh tew[k 0dyemI&ef TefMum;xm;aom a'oemawmf
wnf;/ 'kwd, aum#dum; ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkY rdrd\ twESifh pyfaom wpfpHkwpfckaom w&m;\
r&drS u
I kd 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunf
h tew[k 0dyemI&ef TeMf um;xm;aom a'oemawmfyif
jzpfonf/
rdrd\ twvnf; r&dS rdrd\ twESifh pyfaom Opmvnf; r&dSvQif tb,ft&mom &dSoenf;[lrl
ok'ocFg&ykwm = 'kuopm ork',opmtrnf&aom ocFg&w&m; tpktykH oufoufom &dSonf
[l\/ ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdYk rdr\
d twrv
S nf;aumif; twe,
d rSvnf;aumif; uif;qdwrf I ocFg&w&m;
tpktyHk oufoufom &dSrIudk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh tew-tew[k I&rnf jzpfonf/
tewPf tjrifoefvm twrS uif;qdwrf u
I kd ocFg&wdYk Pftjrif qdu
k af eaomf twrQ r&dv
S Qif
twEiS phf yfaeaom Opm r&drS u
I v
kd nf; oabmawGUrnfom jzpfonf/ ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk Oyg'fpeG ;f bifpeG ;f udk wpfenf; bifpGef;udk Pftjrifoefygu tcdkiftrm tESpfom&tm;jzifh wnfaeonfh twr&dSrIudk
oabmusrnfom jzpfonf/ twukd &SmrawGUvQif tb,frmS vQif twEiS phf yfaom Opmvnf; &dES ikd af wmhrnfenf;/ r&dSEdkifonfom jzpfonf/ wpfzef twESifhpyfaom zefqif;&Sif y&r-tw r&dSyHkukdvnf;
rSwfom;ygOD;/
351
tw twed, oknw
]]t&Sifonf jA[m jzpf\? r[mjA[m jzpf\? vTrf;rdk;Edkifol jzpf\? rnfolurQ rvTrf;rdk;Edkifol
jzpf\? pifppf tvH;k pHu
k kd jrifol jzpf\? pDro
H l jzpf\? psmef avhvmNy;D ol jzpf\? jzpfNy;D jzpfqJ ow0gwd\
Yk
tz jzpf\? igwdkYudk t&SifjA[m zefqif;xm;\/}} ('D-1-17/ jA[Zmvokwf/) --odkY ponfh omoemy t,ltq &dSMuukefaom orP jAm[PwdkY MuHqxm;tyfaom xdk
zefqif;&Sif tw\ aMumifhMuzG,fjzpfaom xdkzefqif;&Sif twESifh pyfqdkifaeaom rdrdtw r&dSrIudk
,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkY Pfjzifh jrifatmif MunfhI&rnf jzpfonf/ xdkaMumifh toifolawmfaumif;onf
,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkY rdrd\ twvnf; r&dS? rdrdtwESifh pyfqdkifaom rdrdtwudk zefqif;vdkufaom
rdrdrS wpfyg;aom yk*dKvfow0g[laom zefqif;&Siftwvnf; r&dSonfudk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmif
Munfh umvoHk;yg; oEmefESpfyg; twGif; wnf&dSaom ,if;ocFg&w&m; tpktykHudk tew tew[k
Iyg/
3/ e p (rr) uGped
olwpfyg;\ twuv
kd nf; wpfpw
kH pfcak om Xmeaomfvnf;aumif; wpfpw
kH pfcak om umvaomf
vnf;aumif; wpfpHkwpfckaom w&m;"raomfvnf;aumif; tZsw cEmig;yg;aomfvnf;aumif;
A[d' cEmig;yg;aomfvnf;aumif; r&dSonfudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh umvoHk;yg; oEmefESpfyg;
twGif; wnf&dSukefaom ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tew tew[k Iyg/ um; wwd, aum#dwnf;/
4/ rr udodd udewwd
xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf olwpfyg;\ twonf ig\ wpfpHkwpfckaom tZsw A[d'w&m;
aMumifhMutyfaom y&du&m toHk;taqmiftjzpf &dS\[l rjrif/ rdrd\ tpfudkt&m tpfudk[l
taqGcifyeG ;f tazmfo[m,f t&mrlvnf; taqGcifyeG ;f tazmfo[m,f[
l toH;k taqmif y&du& m
t&mrlvnf; toH;k taqmif y&du& m[l odYk wpfpw
kH pfcak om Xme rdrrd S wpfyg;aomol\ twukd
rdrd\ aMumifhMutyfaom Opm\tjzpfjzifh aqmiftyfonfudk rjrif [lvdkonf/ ,if;oabmudk
0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tew[kyif I&rnf jzpfonf/ um;
pwkw aum#dwnf;/
]]ig\ tusKd;iSm pD&ifwwfaom wnfaeaom ya&m yk&daom = wpfyg;aom a,mufsm; yk*dKvf
rnfonf &d\
S ? xdw
k pfyg;aom yk*Kd v\
f tpGr;f tm;jzifh ightm; tvH;k pHo
k nf Ny;D pD;\/}} odv
Yk Qif tcsKUd aom
rdpmt,l&dSolwdkYonf MuHqtyfonf\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh rdrdrS wpfyg;aom twudkvnf;aumif; xkdrdrdrS
wpfyg;aom twukd rdr\
d aMumifMh uzG,jf zpf jzpfonfuv
kd nf;aumif; tZsw A[d' ocFg&w&m;pkwYkd
Pfjzifh &SmazGMunfah omfvnf; rawGU rjrif[k eHygwf (3)ESihf (4)wdu
Yk qdv
k akd yonf/ xdak Mumifh Iuu
G f
(4)rsKd;wdkY\ qdkvdk&if;udk atmufygtwdkif; rSwfom;yg/ ----1/ em[H uGped ----- yxr IuGufrSm ocFg&w&m;wdkY rdrd\ tw r&dSrIudk jrifatmif I&ef
TefMum;aom IuGufjzpf\/
352
2/ upd udewod H ----- 'kwd,IuGufrSm rdrdtw\yifvQif wpfpHkwpfa,mufaom ol\

twe,
d r[kwo
f nfudk = twEiS q
hf ufpyfrI r&do
S nfukd jrifatmif&I ef TeMf um;aom Iuu
G jf zpf\/
3/ e p (rr) uGped ----- wwd,IuGufrSm ocFg&w&m;wdkY olwpfyg;\ twr&dSrIudk jrifatmif
I&ef TefMum;aom IuGuf jzpf\/
4/ (rr) udod d ude wwd ----- pwkwIuGufrSm olwpfyg;tw\ tewed,oabm = rdrd
twESifh qufpyfrIr&dSonfh oabmudk jrifatmifI&ef TefMum;\/
(0dok'd-2-291-292/ r[m#D-2-455-456/)
toifoal wmfaumif;onf umvoH;k yg; oEmefEpS yf g;twGi;f wnf&aSd om ocFg&w&m;tpktyHk
(4)rsKd;aom tw twed, oabmrsm; r&dSrIudk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh ,if;ocFg&
w&m;tpktykHudk tew tew[k Iyg/ odkYvQif tZswvnf;aumif; A[d'vnf;aumif; tw
twe,
d rS qdwo
f nf\ tjzpf[k qdt
k yfaom oufoufaom ocFg&w&m;tpk\ tjzpfukd pwkaum#du
oknwmudk odrf;qnf;ojzifh Ityfonf jzpf\/
puK oknH tawe 0g tweda,e 0g edape 0g "ka0e 0g oawe 0g t0dy&dPmr"are 0g/
y/ raem okanm/ lyg oknm/ y/ "rm oknm/ puK0dnmPH/ y/ raem0dnmPH/ puKoramwd {0H
,m0 Z&mr&Pm ea,m aewaAm/ (0dok'd-2-292/ plVeda'o-183/)
txufyg ygVdawmf t|uxmwdkYESifhtnD ocFgkayum 0dyemPf\ tIcH tmkH y&rw
w&m;rsm;rSm a&S;ydkif; 0dyemPfrsm;enf;wl cEm tm,we "mwf aÈ y#dporkyg'foabm
w&m;rsm;yif jzpfMuonf[k rSwfyg/ ,if; ocFwy&rwfw&m;wdkYudk kyfemrfESpfyg;enf; cEmig;yg;enf;
tm,we (12)yg;enf; "mwf (18)yg;enf; y#dporkyg'f t*Fg (12)yg;enf; ponfjzifh yHk ,if; tpk
tyHkvdkufaom y&rw"mwfom; toD;toD;udk ----1/ twrS vnf;aumif;
2/ twed, = twESifh pyfaom OpmrSvnf;aumif;
3/ edp[k MuHqxm;tyfaom twrSaomfvnf;aumif; tjcm; wpfpHkwpfck wpfpHkwpfa,mufrS
vnf;aumif;
4/ jrJjrH cdkifcHhonfh "k0 oabmrSvnf;aumif;
5/ tcgcyfodrf; xif&Sm;&dSonf\ tjzpf[laom ow oabmrSvnf;aumif;
6/ azmufjyefjcif; uif;onf\ tjzpf[laom t0dy&dPmr"r oabmrSvnf;aumif; ---qdwfokOf;rI uif;qdwfrI oknwoabmudk ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkY 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmif
Munf
h oknH oknH - [k Iyg/ wpfenf; ----- tew tew tedp tedp - [k Iyg/
(1) (2) wdkYum; tewmEkyemyif jzpf\/ (3 - 4 - 5 - 6) wdkYum; tedpmEkyemwdkY
jzpfMu\/ txufazmfjyyg ocFg&w&m; toD;toD; oabmw&m; (6)rsKd;rS uif;qdwfrI oknw
353
oabmudk tzefzef txyfxyf Iaom tEkyemjzpfojzifh tEkyemudk qaum#du oknwmEkyem = q[mum& oknwmEkyem[k ac:qdkayonf/
t| tmum& = t|aum#du oknwmEkyem

txufwiG f azmfjyxm;aom lyuEm rSonf Z&m-r&Podw
Yk ikd af tmifaom cEm tm,we "mwf
aÈ op y#dporkyg'fw&m;wdkYudk ig;ykH wpfq,fhESpfyHkponfjzifh tkyfpktvdkuf wpfykHpD wpfyHkpD cJG
(8)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mwdkYjzifh I&rnf jzpfonf/ yHkpHwpfckudk qdktHh/ ----1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
kyfw&m;onf ----edpom& = jrJonfh tESpfjzifhvnf;aumif;

"k0om& = cdkifcHhonfh tESpfjzifhvnf;aumif;
okcom& = csrf;omtppf okc tESpfjzifhvnf;aumif;
twom& = tw tESpfjzifhvnf;aumif;
jrJonhf edp tjzpfjzifhvnf;aumif;
cdkifcHhonfh "k0 tjzpfjzifhvnf;aumif;
tcgcyfodrf; wnf&dSonfh ow tjzpfjzifhvnf;aumif;
azmufjyefjcif; uif;onfh t0dy&dPmr"r tjzpfjzifhvnf;aumif; --tom&
= tESpf r[kwf?
edm&
= tESpf r&dS?
om&my*w = tESpfrS uif;\[k Iyg/
a0'emrSonf Z&m-r&PodkY wdkifatmif enf;wl Iyg/
usLyif Muufqyl if a&ozef;yif a&cwufjzLyif = aMumifr;D wlyif aygufyif a&jrK ypf ikd f a&>yuf
wHvQyf iSufaysmwkH; rsufvSnfhorm; jytyfaom t&m0wKonf tESpfr[kwfouJhodkY tESpfr&dSouJhodkY
tESpfrS uif;\odkY rSwfyg/ (0dok'd-2-292/)
'o[mum& = 'oaum#du oknwmEkyem

1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
kyfw&m;udk ----&dwawm = edpom& = jrJaom tESpfom&ponfwdkY\ r&dSjcif;aMumifh tESpfuif;aom w&m;[k

= &dw[k I\/
wkpawm = edptESpf ponf uif;ojzifh tcsnf;EDS;aom w&m;[k = wkp[k I\/
oknawm = twtESpfrS uif;qdwfaom w&m;[k = okn[k I\/
tewawm = rdrdudk,fwdkif twr[kwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh tew[k I\/
ted&d,awm = tpdk;&onf\tjzpf tpdk;&jcif;\ r&dSjcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif; wpfpHk
wpfa,mufaom olonf tpd;k &onf\ tjzpf tpd;k &jcif;udk jyKapjcif;iSm rpGr;f Edik o
f nf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; tpdk;r&[k = ted&d,[k I\/
354
6/ tumrum&d,awm = a&jrKyfpdkifjzifh tdk;cGufponfudk jyKvkyfvdkaom yk*dKvftm; xdkrdrd jyKvkyv

f akd om td;k cGupf onfh trIvyk if ef;udpo
nf rNy;D pD;Edik o
f uJo
h Ykd kyw
f &m;\ jro
J nfeh pd tjzpf
ponfukd jyKvyk v
f akd om yk*Kd vt
f m; xdk rdrjd yKvyk v
f akd om trIvyk if ef; udp& yfonf rNy;D pD;Edik af y/
wpfenf;qdkaomf rdrdtvdkqE\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh wpfpHkwpfckaom jyKvkyfjcif; ud&d,monf r&dS?
xdkaMumifh tumrum&d,[k I\/
7/ tvAe,
D awm = ]] kyo
f nf odYk jzpfapownf;? odYk rjzpfygapownf;?}} odYk awmifw
h
r&tyf r&Edkif[k = tvAeD,[k I\/
8/ t0o0wuawm = (u) rdrdonf olwpfyg;\ tvdkodkY rvdkufwwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh
tvdktwdkif; rjzpf[k (c) olwpfyg;udkvnf; rdrd\tvdk rjzpfapEdkifaomaMumifh tvdktwdkif;
rjzpfapEdkif[k = t0o0wu[k I\/
9/ y&awm = tMuifkyfemrfoEwd tpOf rdrdkyfw&m;udk,fwdkif jzpfae\? xdk kyfemrfoEwd
tpOfudk olwpfyg;uJhodkYyif rpDrHtyf rpDrHEdkifonf\ tjzpfaMumifh olpdrf;jyify[k = y&[k I\/
10/ 0d0w
d a wm = kyw
f &m;onf jyKvyk w
f wfol = zefqif;wwfol twponfwrYkd S uif;qdwo
f uJo
h Ykd
xdt
Yk wl kyw
f &m;onf taMumif;w&m;rSvnf;aumif; tusK;d w&m;rSvnf;aumif; uif;qdw\
f
[k = 0d0dw[k I\/ rSefayonf ----- taMumif;w&m;ESifh tusKd;w&m;onfvnf;aumif; tusKd;
w&m;ESihf taMumif;w&m;onfvnf;aumif; ud,
k 0f ef&v
Sd suf ud,
k 0f efEiS w
hf uG wnfaeonfum;
r[kwaf y/ taMumif;w&m; tusK;d w&m;onf rwnf? tusK;d w&m;vnf; taMumif;w&m;onf
rwnf/ udk,f0efwnfaeouJhodkY taMumif; tusKd; tusKd; taMumif; wnfaeMuonfum;
r[kwf/ taMumif;w&m;xif&Sm;wnf&dSaeygu tusKd;w&m;\ xif&Sm;jzpfjcif;rQom jzpfonf/
taMumif;um; owfowf tusKd;um;owfowf wjcm;pDom jzpfonf/ odkYvQif taMumif;
w&m;ESifh tusKd;w&m;wdkYonf tcsif;csif; uif;qdwfMuayonf/
a0'emuEmrSonf Z&mr&PodkY wdkifatmifaom w&m;wdkYudk enf;wlyif Iyg/ (0dok'd-2-293/)
kyfw&m;onf ----1/ e oawm = ow0g r[kwf = wdwdwdkYonf MuHqtyfaom tw[kqdktyfaom ow0g r[kwf/
2/ e ZDa0g = ZD0r[kwf = wdwdwdkYonf MuHqtyfaom ZD0aumif = toufaumif r[kwf/
3/ e ea&m = e& r[kwf = aqmifwwfaom ol r[kwf = aqmifwwfaom tw r[kwf/
4/ e rmPa0g = rmP0 r[kwf = rmejzpf&m r[kwf = rmejzpf&m tw r[kwf/
5/ e wD = wD r[kwf = wdwdwdkYonf MuHqtyfaom udk,f0efwnf&m wD = tw r[kwf/
6/ e yk&daom = yk&do r[kwf = wdwdwdkYonf MuHqtyfaom yk&do r[kwf = jy"mef;onf\
tjzpfjzifh a&S; wnfwwfaom tw r[kwf/
7/ e twm = twr[kwf = wdwdwdkYonf MuHqtyfaom ig-[laom rmeudkxm;&m tw r[kwf/
355
kyw
f &m;onf ig-[k jyKtyfaom 'd|\
d wnf&m0wK\ tjzpfaMumifh ,if;kyw
f &m;udk t[H[
l
vnf;aumif; tw[lvnf;aumif; tw'd|d0g' t,l&dSaom yk*dKvfwdkYu ac:qdktyfayonf/
8/ e twed,H = tw\ Opm r[kwf/
rSwcf suf ----- tu,fpifppfrSmrl kyfw&m;onf xdkodkY twZD0paom oabmw&m;&dSonfum;
r[kwaf y? xdak Mumifh oknwoabmudk odr;f qnf;jcif; tpDt&ifukd jyjcif;iSm lyH e oawm = kyw
f &m;onf ow0g r[kwfponfudk rdefYqdkawmfrljcif; jzpfonf/ xdkaMumifh azmfjycJhaom (1)rS (8)odkY wdkifatmifaom yk'w
f jYkd zifh kyw
f &m;\ twon
k w = twrS uif;qdwrf I oabmudk I&ef TeMf um;jyoae\/
aemufwiG f qufvufazmfjyrnfh (4)yk'w
f jYkd zifh aMumifMh uzG,f yvdaAm"tjzpf\ r&drS I kyw
f &m; twEiS hf
pyfqdkifaom wpfpHkwpf&m tjzpf\ r&dSjcif;udk I&ef Tefjyxm;tyfayonf/ (r[m#D-2-458/)
9/ em[H = ig r[kwf/
10/ e rr = ig\ tw\ Opm r[kwf/
11/ e tn = olwpfyg;\ tw\ Opm r[kwf/
12/ e upd = wpfpHkwpfa,mufaom ol\ tw\ Opmvnf; r[kwf/
rSwfcsuf ----- kyfw&m; rdrd\ tw olwpfyg;\ tw[laom wpfpHkwpfckaom tw\ r&dSjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ e twe,
d H - [laom yk'fjzifh jytyfNyD;onfomvQif jzpfaom teufudk y&d,m,f
wpfrsKd; jzpfukefaom - e rr e tn e upd[laom oHk;yk'fwdkYjzifh xyfrH azmfjytyfonf[k
a0'emuEmrSonf Z&mr&PodkYwdkifatmifaom w&m;wdkYvnf; enf;yifwnf;/
(0dok'd-2-293/ r[m#D-2-457-458/)
'GgpwmvDom tmum& - oknwmEkyem

a&S;uvmyoroePfydkif; uvmyoroePf jrJjrHcdkifchH&eftwGuf &nf&G,f yGm;rsm;tyfaom awm (40)ac: bm0em (40)onfvnf; tydkif; oknwmEkyem\ jrJjrHjcif; tusKd;iSm
jzpfukef\[k jyjcif;tusKd;iSm (42)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mwdkYjzifh oknwmEkyemudk azmfjyjcif; jzpfayonf/ awm (40)ac: bm0em (40)wdkY\ t"dyg,fudk a&S; a&;chJNyD/ a&S;wGif ra&;cJh&ao;aom
yk'fwdkYudk xyfrH azmfjytyfygonf/
to&PDblwawm = kyfw&m;onf ab;udk razsmufy,fwwfaomaMumifh udk;uG,f&m[k
,ljcif;iSm roifhonfjzpf udk;uG,f&mjzpfrI r[kwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh to&PDblw jzpfayonf/
,if;oabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh to&PDblw[k Iyg/
tem'awm = kyw
f &m;onf om,mtyfonf r[kwaf omaMumifh ,if;kyw
f &m;udk rom,m
tyf[k = tem'[k Iyg/ (yk'fum; eda'oygVdawmf r&dSyg? &dScJhaomf (43)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&m
jzpfayvdrfhrnf/ ----- r[m#D-2-458/)
356
tm'De0awm = kyfw&m;\ jzpfjcif;onf &dSvwfaomf tvHk;pHkaom tjypfpk tjypfyHkBuD; =

tm'De0udk &jcif;aMumifh kyw
f &m;udk tjypftpk tjypftyHk &Sad om w&m;[k = tm'De0[k Iyg/ (yk'v
f nf;
awm - 40 - wGif yg0ifayonf/)
ork',awm = jzpfjcif;oabmtm;jzifh ork',[k Iyg/
tw*Frawm = csKyfjcif;oabmtm;jzifh tw*Fr[k Iyg/
rSwcf suf ----- kyfemrf ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk jzpfapwwfaom taMumif;w&m;wdkYonfvnf; tedp
w&m;wdo
Yk m jzpfMu\/ tedpj zpfaom taMumif;w&m;wdaYk Mumifh jzpfay:vmMu&ukeaf om tusK;d kyef mrfwdo
Yk nfvnf; tedpw
&m;wdyYk if jzpfMu&uke\
f / kyef mrf ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk tedpj zpfro
I nf taMumif;w&m;
[laom olwpfyg;\tvdt
k wdik ;f jzpfMu&\/ tedpm Ekyemudk IymG ;aom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nfvnf;
ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedpjzpfrIonf taMumif;w&m;[laom olwpfyg;\ tedpjzpfrIESifh qufpyfaeyHkudk
jrifatmif I&rnf jzpfonf/ wpfzef ocFg&w&m;wdkY edp[laom tESpfom&rS uif;onfudkvnf;
jrifatmif I&rnf jzpfonf/ ,if;odkY IjrifEkdifchJaomf tedpmEkyemPfu --- ]]ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf
taMumif;w&m;[laom olwpfyg;\ tvdktwdkif; jzpfonf\ tjzpfjzifhvnf;aumif; edptESpfrS uif;onf\ tjzpfudk azmfjyojzifhvnf;aumif;}}----- ocFg&w&m;wdkY oknwoabmudk xif&Sm;apouJhodkY
tvm;wlyif ork',[k tw*rF [k ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd Ijcif;onfvnf; ocFg&w&m;wdYk tusw
d t
f cJ
tjrJwnfaeonfh cdkifrmonfh tESpfom& twrS qdwfokOf;rI oknwoabmudkyif xif&Sm;azmfjy
aeayonf[k ESv;kH ydu
k
f Iuu
G f ESprf sK;d udk rdeq
Yf akd wmfrjl cif; jzpfayonf/ (r[m#D-2-458/) Iuu
G rf mS
taMumif;w&m;jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusK;d w&m;jzpfykH yp,awm O','e taMumif;w&m;csKyjf cif;aMumifh
tusKd;w&m;csKyfykH yp,awm 0,'e IuGufyif jzpfonf/ cPawm O',A,'eonfvnf;
tusKH;0ifvsufyif &dSonf/
tm'awm = okc aomre[laom om,mzG,fudk jzpfapwwfaom oabmw&m;[k =
tm'[k Iyg/
kyw
f &m;paom ocFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nf tm'tm;jzifh Ioifah om w&m;wdv
Yk nf; jzpfMujyefuek \
f /
,H acg lyH y#dp OyZwd okcH aomreH? t,H ly tma'g/ (oH-2-23/)
= kyw
f &m;udk tpGjJ yK jzpfay:vmaom okca0'em aomrea0'emonf kyw
f &m;\ om,mzG,f
oabmw&m;wnf;/ (oH-2-23/)
odkY tm' = om,mzG,f oabmw&m;tm;jzifh kyfw&m;udk Ijcif;onf taMumif; ypnf;
w&m;ESifh tusKd; yp,kyefw&m;\ jzpfyHkudk xif&Sm;pGm azmfjyojzifh oknwoabmudk xif&Sm;ap\/
tm'De0awm = tjypftm;jzifh tm'De0 tm'De0[k Iyg/
,H lyH tedpH 'kuH 0dy&dPmr"rH? t,H ly tm'Dea0g/ (oH-2-21/)
= tMuif kyfw&m;onf tedp 'ku 0dy&dPmr"r jzpf\? tedp 'ku 0dy&dPmr"r oabm
w&m;onf kyfw&m;\ tjypftm'De0wnf;/ (oH-2-21/)
357
odkY kyfw&m;\ tedp 'ku 0dy&dPmr"r[laom tjypftm'De0udk Ijcif;onf kyfw&m;

edpo
abm okcoabm t0dy&dPmr"roabmw&m;wdrYk S qdwo
f Ok ;f rI oknwoabmudk xif&mS ;apjcif;
xif&Sm;azmfjyjcif;aMumifh kyfw&m; oknwoabmudkyif xif&Sm;ap\/ a&S; tm'De0IuGufudk
tBudrfBudrf qdkNyD;vsuf wpfzefxyf qdkjcif;onf tm'oabmudk y,faomtm;jzifh IuGufudk
&nf&G,f wpfzef qdkonf[k odygav/ (r[m#D-2-458/)
ed&Pawm = xGufajrmufaMumif;oabmtm;jzifh ed&P ed&P[k Iyg/
a,m lay qE&m*0dea,m qE&m*y[meH? 'H ly ed&PH/ (oH-2-23/)
kyw
f &m; wG,w
f mwyfrufaeaom qE&m*udk y,fazsmufjcif;onf kyw
f &m;\ xGuaf jrmuf&m
= kyfw&m;rS xGufajrmuf&m xGufajrmufaMumif; w&m;wnf;/ (oH-2-23/)
odkY a[mMum;awmfrlonfhtwdkif; kyfw&m;\ xGufajrmuf&m xGufajrmufaMumif; ed&P
oabmudk Ijcif;onfvnf; kyfw&m;\ oknwoabmudk xif&Sm;ap\/
odt
Yk wGuf ork',oabm tw*rF oabmpaom xdx
k kd eI nf; Iuu
G w
f o
Ykd nf oknwmEkyemudk
wdk;yGm;apaom bm0emvkyfief;&yfwdkYom jzpfMuonf[k rSwfyg/
(42) yg;aom tjcif;t&m

(1) tedpawm (2 ) 'kuawm (3) a&m*awm (4) *@awm (5) ovawm (6) tCawm
(7) tmAm"awm (8) y&awm (9) yavmuawm (10) wdawm (11) Oy'0awm (12) b,awm
(13) Oyo*awm (14) pvawm (15) yb*Fkawm (16) t'K0awm (17) twmPawm (18) tavPawm (19) to&Pawm (20) to&PDblwawm (21) &dwawm (22) wkpawm (23) oknawm
(24) tewawm (25) tem'awm (26) tm'De0awm (27) 0dy&dPmr"rawm (28) tm&uawm (29) tCrlvawm (30) 0"uawm (31) 0db0awm (32) omo0awm (33) ocFwawm
(34) rm&mrdoawm (35) Zmwd"rawm (36) Z&m"rawm (37) Asm"d"rawm (38) r&P"rawm
(39) aomu-y&da'0-'ku-a'gre-Oyg,mo"rawm (40) ork',awm (41) tw*Frawm
(42) tm'awm tm'De0awm (43) ed&Pawm/ (0dok'd-2-293/)
rSwcf suf ----- (25) tem'awmudk EIwfygu (42) jzpfonf/ (26)wGif tm'De0awm ygNyD;
jzpf\/ wpfzef (43) ae&mwGiv
f nf; tm'De0awm xyfyg aejyef\/ ,if;ESpcf u
k kd wpfct
k jzpf a&wGuyf gu
(42)yg;aom tjcif;t&myif jzpf\/ a&S;uvmyoroeydik ;f wGif oabmwl&m pkaygif; tedpv
uPm
(10)csuf 'kuvuPm (25)csuf tewvuPm (5)csufwdkYudka&;om;wifjycJh\/ ygVdawmfBuD;rsm;ESifh t|uxmwdkY zGifhqdkxm;onfhtwdkif; a&;om;wifjyxm;yg\/ pGrf;Edkifygu txufyg
tpOftwdkif;vnf; xyfrH Iyg/ a0'emuEmrSonf Z&mr&PodkY wdkifatmifaom w&m;wdkYvnf;
enf;wlyif Iyg/ rxif&Sm;aom teuft"dyg,frsm;udk a&S; awm (40)ykdif;wGif jyefMunfhyg/ a&S;ydkif;wGif
ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfrI ysufrI O',A, ESpfrsKd;vHk;udk tmkH,l 0dyem I\/ tydkif;wGifum;
ysufrI 0,oabmoufoufudkom tmkH,l 0dyemI&\/ rQom xl;onf/
358
oknawm avmuH ta0uk? armC&mZ o'g oawm/
twmEk'd|d H OD[p? {0H rpKwa&m od,m/
{0H avmuH ta0uEH? rpK&mZm e ywd/
(ck-1-448/ plVed-180/)
armC&mZ = 'g,umawmf armC&mZ&aoh/ o'g = aeYa&mnOfhyg tcgcyfodrf;/ oawm =
owdy|mef av;yg; rjywfyGm;vsuf xifaom owdESifh jynfhpHkonf jzpf/ twmEk'd|d H = tw[l
tpOfajy;oGm;aom ESpfq,faom wnf&m0wK &dSaom oum,'d|dudk/ OD[p = emrlyy&dap'Pf
yp,y&d*[PfwdkYjzifh EIwfypfy,fcGm/ oknawm = edp okc tw okbpaom tESpfom&rS
qdwfokOf;aomtm;jzifh/ avmuH = 'kuopm ork',opm[lonfh kyfemrf"r ocFg&avmuudk/ ta0uk = 0dyemPfynm puKjzifh aphaphikik MunfhIqifjcifvsuf tzefzef txyfxyf IyGm; oHk;oyf
ygavavm/ {0H = odYk IymG ; oH;k oyfEikd cf o
hJ nf&aSd omf/ rpKwa&m = (31)Edik if H ydik pf pH ;kd eif; &Siaf orif;udk
ausmfvTm;vGefajrmuf oGm;Edkifonf/ od,m = jzpfav&m\/ {0H = odkY a[mtyfNyD;aom edp okc
tw "k0 ow t0dy&dPmr"rpaom tESpfom&rS qdwfokOf;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh/ avmuH =
'kuopm ork',opm[lonfh kyfemrf"r ocFg&avmuudk/ ta0uEH = 0dyemPfynm puKjzifh
aphaphiik k ajrmfq
I ifjcifvsu&f aSd om olu/kd rpK&mZm = (31)Edik if H ydik pf pH ;kd eif; &Siaf orif;onf/ e ywd
= b,fawmhrS rjrifEdkifavNyD/ (ck-1-448/ plVed-180/ 0dok'd-2-293/)
b, ESifh eED
{0H oknawm 'doGm wdvuPH tma&maywGm ocFga& y&d*PSaEm b, eEd 0dy[m,
ocFga&ok O'goDaem ta[mod rZsawm? t[Ed 0g rrEd 0g e *PSmwd 0d|b&da,m 0d, yk&ad om/
y/ p ocFgkayumPH emr OyEH a[mwd/ (0dok'd-2-294/)
odkYvQif ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedpoabm 'kuoabm tewoabmwdkYudk pl;prf;qifjcif
qHk;jzwfjcif; wD&Py&dnm\ tpGrf;jzifh cEmwpfyg;pD wpfyg;pD toD;toD; cGJjcm; cEm (5)yg;wdkY
(42)yg;aom tjcif;t&mwdjYk zifh oknwoabmudk Pfjzifh ydik ;f jcm;,lEikd f odr;f qnf;Edik f jrifEikd af omfvnf;
tedpmEkyem 'kumEkyem tewmEkyem[laom oHk;rsKd;aom tEkyem\ tpGrf;jzifhomvQif
0dyembm0emudk vkv
YH BuKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwaf om a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f oEmefomvQif ocFgkayumPfonf jzpfay:vmEdik \
f / xdak Mumifh ocFg&w&m;wdYk oknwoabmudk jrifNy;D vuPma&;
oHk;wefudk wifNyD; ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk pl;prf;qifjcif okH;oyfaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf ----1/ ocFg&w&m;wdkY vspfvsL rIonfhtwGuf ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ ysufpD;jcif;udk rDS jzpfvwHUaom
aMumuf&GHUjcif; = b,udkvnf;aumif;
2/ xdkocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jynfhpHkjcif;udk rDS jzpfvwHUaom 0rf;ajrmufESpfoufjcif; = eED = yDwd yDwdESifh
wuGaom wPSmudkvnf;aumif; y,fpGefYEdkif\/ wpfenf; ----359
1/ ocFg&w&m;wdYk tysuo
f ufoufuo
kd m 0dyemPfjzifh jrifaeojzifh aMumufrufz,
G &f m ab;[k
xifjrifonf\tpGrf;jzifh jzpfay:vmaom Pf[laom aMumufjcif; Pb,udkvnf;aumif;
2/ ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd vuPm,mOfo;kH csuu
f kd wif IymG ;ok;H oyfjcif; oroe\ tpGr;f jzifh jzpfay:vmaom ESpfouf0rf;ajrmufjcif; yDwd[laom eEDudkvnf;aumif; y,fpGefYEkdif\/
y,fpGefYEdkifonfjzpf ocFg&w&m;wdkY av;wlcsdefodkY O'godefrlae\ = tv,ftvwf wnf
vspfvsL Iae\/ ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk ig[lvnf;aumif; ig\ Opm[lvnf;aumif; rpJG,lawmhay/
rSefayonf ----- tcsif;cyfodrf;tm;jzifh ocFg&w&m;wdkY aMumufjcif; b, ocFg&w&m;wdkY ESpfouf
aysmfarGUjcif; = eEDw&m;wdkY\ ouf0ifcGifh jzpfEdkifcGifhonf r&dSawmhNyD jzpfonf/ pifppftm;jzifhaomfum;
ocFg&w&m;wdkY tnDtrQ vspfvsL Ijcif; = OayumonfomvQif aumif;pGmwnfaeayonf/ pGefYvTwf
xm;tyfNyD;aom r,m;&dSaom a,mufsm;uJhodkY jzpfae\/
a,mufsm;wpfa,muf tvGefESpfoufjrwfEdk;tyfaom trsKd;orD;wpfOD; &dSae\/ xdktrsKd;orD;\
tjcm;a,mufsm;wdkYESifh azmufjym;rIudk awGUjrifojzifh xdka,mufsm;onf xdktrsKd;orD;udk r,m;tjzpfrS
pGev
Yf w
T v
f u
kd \
f / xdo
k Ykd pGev
Yf w
T Nf y;D onfh aemufyidk ;f wGif xdt
k rsK;d orD;udk a,mufsm;wpfyg;wdEYk iS hf azmufjym;aeonfukd xdak ,mufsm; awGUjrifaomfvnf; xdak ,mufsm;\ oEmef0,f xdt
k rsK;d orD;\ tay: trsuf
xGufjcif;vnf; rjzpf pdwfESvHk; rom,mjcif;vnf; rjzpfawmhbJ pifppftm;jzifh xdktrsKd;orD;tay:
O'godefrlvsuf OayumjyKonf vspfvsLIonf jzpf&mouJhodkY OyrmtwlyifvQif ----a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf tvHk;pHkaom ocFg&w&m;wdkYrS vGwfajrmufvdkonf jzpf y#docFgEkyemPfjzifh ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk vuPm,mOf oHk;csufudk wif pl;prf;vwf oHk;oyfvwfaomf
ocFg&w&m;wdYk ]]ig-ighOpm}}[k pG,
J t
l yfonfukd rjrifr
l b,-eED [laom tpGe;f ESpb
f ufukd y,fpeG
Yf
cyfodrf;aom ocFg&w&m;wdkY O'godefrlonf = OayumjyKonf = tv,ftvwf wnfvsufaeonf
= vspfvsL Ionf jzpfae\/
odkY odaom odkY Iaom odkY jrifaom xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ pdwfonf (31)bkHwdkY wGefY\
IHU\ epf\ rysHU arGUavsmfaomtm;jzifh rajy;0if? vspfvsLIjcif; Oayumonfvnf;aumif; pufqkyf
&GH&Smonf\ tjzpfonfvnf;aumif; aumif;pGm wnfae\/
y'krmMumzuf a&aygufwdkYonf wGefYukef IHUukef epfukef rysHUukefouJhodkY rD; ypfxnfhtyfaom
Muufawmifonfvnf;aumif; taMumwkH;onfvnf;aumif; wGefY\ IHU\ epf\ rysHU\odkY Oyrm
twlyifvQif xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; (31)bHkwdkY pdwfonf wGefYae\ IHUae\ epfae\ rysHUjzpfae\?
Oayumonfvnf;aumif; pufqkyf&GH&Smonf\ tjzpfonfvnf;aumif; aumif;pGm wnfae\/ odkY
wnfaeaom xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f oEmef0,f ocFgkayumrnfaom Pfonf jzpfay:vmayonf/
(0dok'd-2-294/)
360
NidrfaewwfyHk
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfoljrwfonf b*FPfydkif;rS tpjyK ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tysufoufoufudkyif
tmkHpdkuf 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyfvm&m ocFgkayumPfydkif;odkY qdkufa&mufvmaomtcgvnf;
,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tysufoufoufukdyif tmkH,l vuPm,mOf oHk;csufudk wpfvSnfhpDwifum
0dyemIjryJ if qufvuf Iae&\/ ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk tysuo
f ufoufukd tmk,
H
l vuPm,mOf
oHk;csufudk wpfvSnfhpD wifvsuf 0dyem Iaeaomtcg ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ b, tm'De0 edAdE
oabmrsm;onf tqifq
h ifh PfwiG f xifvm\/ xdrk w
S pfqifh ocFg&w&m;wdrYk S vGw&f mbufoYkd pdwu
f kd
apvTwf ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tysufoufoufudkyif tmkH,l vuPm,mOf oHk;csufudk wpfvSnfhpD
wifvsuf qufvuf 0dyemIvm&m rkw
d u
k rswmoabm y#docFgoabmrsm;onfvnf; ouf0ifvmayonf/
tcsKdUa,m*g0p&yk*dKvfrsm; b*FPfrS p y#docFgPfodkYwdkifatmifaom PfwdkY PfpOf
wpfqifh wpfqifhwGif rMumonfvnf; &Sd\/ tcsKdU tenf;i,f ydk Mumonfvnf; &Sd\/ xdkodkY ocFg&
w&m;wdkYudk vuPm,mOfwif 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyfae&mu ocFgkayumPfodkY qdkufcgeD;tcsdef
qdkufa&mufcsdefwdkY 0dyempdwfonf ydk Nidrfoufvm\/ twdwf tem*wf ypKyef umvoHk;yg;
twGif; wnf&Sdaom kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkYukd tZw wpfvSnfh A[d' wpfvSnfh kyf wpfvSnfh emrf
wpfvn
S hf vuPm,mOf oH;k csuu
f v
kd nf; wpfvn
S phf D wif tqufrjywf 0dyemIaeaomf pdwo
f nf
wjznf;jznf; ydk ydk Nidrfvmwwf\/
bm0empdwfonf ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tysufudk tmkHjyK tedptjcif;t&m odkYr[kwf 'kutjcif;
t&m odkYr[kwf tewtjcif;t&m xdkuJhodkY Nidrf0yfpGm uyf wnfaeaomf tZw ocFg&tmkH
Nird 0f yfpmG uyfwnfaevQif tZw om qufvufaI eyg/ A[d' ocFg&tmkH Nird 0f yfpmG uyfwnfaevQif
A[d'om qufvufIaeyg/ xdkuJhodkYaom tcsdeftcgrsKd; tZw wpfvSnfh A[d' wpfvSnfh vSnfh
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Icdkuf NidrfvmvQif kyfw&m;udkom qufIaeyg/ emrfw&m;udk Icdkuf NidrfvmvQifvnf; emrfw&m;udkom
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wpfzef xdrk aem'Gg&0Dxd emrfw&m;pkww
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vuPm,mOfwif OD;pm;ay;vsuf 0dyemIyg/ tu,f kyfudkvnf; I&aeao;ygu ----361
1/ kyf - I
2/ emrf - I
----- kyf - ysuf - tedp ('ku - tew)?

IonfhPfvnf; - ysuf - tedp ('ku - tew)?
----- emrf - ysuf - tedp ('ku - tew)?
IonfhPfvnf;ysuf - tedp ('ku - tew) ---
odYk ponfjzifh vuPm,mOf oH;k csuu

f kd wpfvn
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362
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rdrEd pS Nf cKd u&f m vuPmudk OD;pm;ay; Iyg/ tydik ;f wGif Mumaeaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vrf sm;tzdYk "rmkH
vdkif;0,f ukodkvfaZm apmonfh raem'Gg&duaZm0Dxd emrfw&m;pkwdkYudk ,if;emrfw&m;wdkY\ tysufudk
tmkH,l tewvuPmudk OD;pm;ay; Ijcif;onf a,m*Dtrsm;pk ydk aumif;onfudk awGU&\/
um; ok'0dyem,medu yk*dKvftwGuf ajymqdkcsufwnf;/
orx,meduyk*dKvfyif jzpfap ok'0dyem,meduyk*dKvfyif jzpfap tu,f tydkif;wGif
&ufEiS chf s
D vESichf s
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Ienf;wdkYjzifh 0dyembm0emudk t&Sdeftm;aumif;atmif wpfzef jyefvnf BudK;pm;yg/ 0dyem
PfpOftwdkif;vnf; tpOftwdkif; qufvuf BudK;pm;yg/ odkY tBudrfBudrf tzefzef BudK;pm;cJhaomf
ocFgkayumPfoYkd t&deS af umif;aumif;jzifh wpfzefjyefvnf qdu
k af &mufvmrnfom jzpfayonf/
o'g 0D&d, owd orm"d ynm[laom aÈrsm;vnf; &ifhusufvmcJhaomf nDrQvmcJhaomf oEdy'
trnf&onfh rjzpfrysufonfh tNidrf;"mwf e,fbufodkY ul;wufoGm;Edkifrnf jzpfayonf/
wGif tcGifhoifh ,k*e' enf;taMumif;udk a&;om;wifjytyfygonf/ -----
,k*e'okwef (tH-1-475/)
{0H ar okwH/ {uH or,H tm,om tmeaEm aumord,H 0d[&wd aCmodwm&mar/ wMw
acg tm,om tmeaEm bduL tmraEod ]]tm0kaom bdua0}}wd/ ]]tm0kaom}}wd acg aw bduL
tm,oawm tmeE ypamokH/ tm,om tmeaEm {w'a0gp ----a,m [d aumpd tm0kaom bduK 0g bduKeD 0g rr oEdau t&[wywd H Asmua&mwd? oaAm
aom pwl[d ra*[d {awoH 0g tnwa&e/ uwar[d pwl[d/
1/ " tm0kaom bduK orxykA*FrH 0dyeH bma0wd? w orxykA*FrH 0dyeH bm0,awm ra*g om,wd? aom wH r*H tmao0wd bma0wd A[kvDua&mwd/ w wH r*H
tmao0awm bm0,awm A[kvDua&mawm oHa,mZemed y[D,Ed? tEko,m AsED a[mEd/
2/ yke py&H tm0kaom bduK 0dyemykA*FrH orxH bma0wd? w 0dyemykA*FrH orxH
366
bm0,awm ra*g om,wd? aom wH r*H tmao0wd bma0wd A[kvDua&mwd? w wH

r*H tmao0awm bm0,awm A[kvDua&mawm oHa,mZemed y[D,Ed? tEko,m AsED
a[mEd/
3/ yke py&H tm0kaom bduK orx0dyeH ,k*e'H bma0wd? w orx0dyeH ,k*e'H
bm0,awm ra*g om,wd? aom wH r*H tmao0wd bma0wd A[kvDua&mwd/ w wH
r*H tmao0awm bm0,awm A[kvDua&mawm oHa,mZemed y[D,Ed? tEko,m AsED
a[mEd/
4/ yke py&H tm0kaom bduKaem "rK'p0d*[dwH rmeoH a[mwd? aom tm0kaom ora,m ,H wH
pdwH tZswar0 oEd|wd oEdoD'wd {aum'd a[mwd orm"d,wd? w ra*g om,wd?
aom wH r*H tmao0wd bma0wd A[kvDua&mwd/ w wH r*H tmao0awm bm0,awm
A[kvDua&mawm oHa,mZemed y[D,Ed? tEko,m AsED a[mEd/
a,m [d aumpd tm0kaom bduK 0g bduKeD 0g rr oEdau t&[wywd H Asmua&mwd? oaAm
aom ar[d pwl[d ra*[d {awoH 0g tnwa&emwd/ (tH-1-475-476/)

wynfhawmfonf odkY Mum;emcJh&ygonf/ tcgwpfyg; t&SiftmeEmonf aumorDjynf
aCmodwmkaH usmif; oDwif;ok;H aeawmfr\
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f /
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kd o
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f Ykd ...omoemawmf &[ef;awmfonf orxvQif aU&o
S mG ;&daS om 0dyemudk yGm;rsm;\?
orxvQif aU&SoGm;&dSaom 0dyemudk yGm;rsm;aom xdk&[ef;awmftm; aomwmywdr*fonf
xif&Sm;jzpfay:vm\? wpfenf; ----- ykAbm*owdy|mer*f[laom avmud, 0dyemr*fonf
xif&Sm;jzpfay:vm\/ xdk&[ef;awmfonf xdkr*fudk rDS0J\? yGm;rsm;\? Budrfzefrsm;pGm tavhtvm
jyK\? xdkr*fudk rSD0Jaom yGm;rsm;aom Budrfzefrsm;pGm tavhtvmjyKaom xdk&[ef;awmftm;
oHa,mZOfwdkYonf aysmufysufukef\ = y,fNyD;jzpfukef\/ tEko,wdkYonf uif;aysmuf kyfodrf;
csKyfNidrf;ukef\/ (tH-1-475/)
orxykA*FrEd orxH ykA*FrH yka&pm&duH uwGm/ ra*g om,wDwd yXarm avmukw&ra*g
edAwwd/ aom wH r* Ed {updwuPdur* tmao0em'Ded emr ewd? 'kwd,r*g'a,m ye Oyga'aEm war0 tmao0wd bma0wd A[kvDua&mwDwd 0kpwd/ (tH-|-2-346/)
367
orxykA*FrH 0dyeH bma0wDwd 'H orx,medu 0aoe 0kwH/ aom [d yXrH

Oypm&orm"d H0g tyemorm"d H0g Oyga'wd? t,H oraxm/ aom w wHor,kaw p "ar tedpm'D[d 0dywd? t,H 0dyem? wd yXrH oraxm? ypm 0dyem/ awe 0kpwd ]]orxykA*FrH
0dyeH bma0wD}}wd/ y/ yXarm avmukw&ra*g edAwwDwd aomwmywdr*H oEm, 0'wd?
avmud,r*0aoae0 0g rdm ygVd,m tawm a0'dwaAm/ uxH ra*g om,wd? ykAbm*da,m avmud,ra*g OyZwd/ tmao0wd edAd'gEkyem0aoe/ bma0wd rkpdwkurswm0aoe/
A[kvDua&mwd y#docFgEkyem0aoe/ tmao0wd 0g b,wky|mem'dP0aoe/ bma0wd
rkpdwkurswm'dP0aoe/ A[kvDua&mwd 0k|me*grded0dyem0aoe/
(tH-#D-2-344/ r-|-1-112/)
orxvQif aU&SoGm;&Sdaom 0dyemudk yGm;rsm;\ -- [laom pum;udk orx,meduyk*dKvf\
tpGrf;jzifh a[mMum;awmfrljcif; jzpf\/ rSefayonf ----- xdkorx,meduyk*dKvfonf aU&SOD;pGm Oypm&
orm"dudkvnf;aumif; tyempsmeform"dudkvnf;aumif; jzpfay:ap\/ orm"dum; orxwnf;/
xdo
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a[mMum;awmfrljcif; jzpfonf/ (tH-|-2-346/ tH-#D-2-344/) enf;um; a,bk,stm;jzifh orx
,meduyk*Kd vw
f o
Ykd nf emrfw&m;udk tOD;rlojzifh xdek mrfw&m;wdw
Yk iG v
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(r-#D-1-204/)
ra*g om,wd = r*fonf xif&Sm;jzpf\ [l&m yxravmukw&r*f = aomwmywdr*f\
xif&mS ;jzpfjcif;wnf;/ xdak omwmywrd *fum; pdwu
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wpfenf; ----- t&d,r*f\ aU&t
S zdYk jznfu
h sit
hf yfaom ykAb
m*owdy|mer*f[al om avmud,r*f
= 0dyemr*f\ tpGrf;jzifhomvQif ygVdawmf\ teuft"dyg,fudk od&Sdygav/ tb,fodkY od&Sd&rnfenf;[lrl ----- ra*g om,wd = r*fonf xif&mS ;jzpfay:vm\[lonf t&d,r*f\ aU&t
S zdYk jzpfaom
avmud,0dyemr*fonf jzpfay:vm\/ odkY qdkvdk\/ (tH-#D-2-344/)
tmao0wd = rSD0J\[lonf edAd'gEkyem\ tpGrf;jzifh rSD0J\/ bma0wd = yGm;rsm;\[lonf
rkdwkurswmPf\ tpGrf;jzifh yGm;rsm;\/ A[kvDua&mwd = Budrfzefrsm;pGm tavhtvmjyK\[lonf
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k af omf
avmud,0dyemr*fudk rDS0Jonf rnf\/ rkdwkurswmPfodkY qdkufaomf avmud,0dyemr*fudk
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tavhtvmjyKonf rnf\/) (tH-#D-2-344/)
368
wpfenf; ----- b,wky|mePf tm'De0Pf edAd'gEkyemPfwdkYodkY qdkufchJaomf avmud,

0dyemr*fudk rDS0Jonf rnf\/ rkdwkurswmPf y#docFgEkyemPf ocFgkayumPfwdkYodkY
qdkufcJhaomf ,if;avmud,r*fudk yGm;rsm;onf rnf\/ 0k|me*grded0dyemodkY qdkufa&mufcJhaomf
,if;avmud,r*fudk Budrfzefrsm;pGm tavhtvmjyKonf rnf\/ (tH-#D-2-344/) (0k|me*grded0dyem
taMumif;t&monf aemufwGif xif&Sm;vwHU/)
um; trSwf(1) yk*dKvf jzpfonf? trSwf(2) yk*dKvf\ taMumif;udk qufvuf zwfIMunfhyg/
2/ igh&SifwdkY ...aemufwpfrsKd;um; &[ef;awmfonf 0dyemvQif aU&SoGm;&Sdaom orxudk yGm;rsm;\? 0dyemvQif aU&o
S mG ;&Sad om orxudyk mG ;rsm;aom xk&d [ef;awmftm; aomwmywrd *fonf
odrYk [kwf avmud,r*fonf xif&mS ;jzpfay:vm\/ xd&k [ef;awmfonf xdrk *fukd rS0D \
J ? yGm;rsm;\?
Budrfzefrsm;pGm tavhtvmjyK\/ xdkr*fudk rDS0Jaom yGm;rsm;aom Budrfzefrsm;pGm tavhtvm
jyKaom xd&k [ef;tm; oHa,mZOfwo
Ykd nf aysmufysuu
f ek \
f = y,fNy;D jzpfuek \
f / tEko,wdo
Yk nf
uif;aysmuf kyfodrf; csKyfNidrf;ukef\/ (tH-1-475/)
0dyemykA* rF Ed 0dyeH ykA* rF H yka&pm&duH uwGm orxH bma0wd? yuwd,m 0dyemvmbD
0dyem, XwGm orm"d H Oyga'wDwd tawm/ (tH-|-2-346/)
0dyemykA*FrH orxH bma0wDwd 'H ye 0dyem,medu 0aoe 0kwH/ aom wH 0kwyum&H orxH torma'wGm yKyg'geuaE tedpm'D[d 0dywd/ (tH-#D-2-344/)
trSw(f 1) yk*Kd vu
f m; orx,medu yk*Kd vf jzpf\/ trSw(f 2) yk*Kd vu
f m; ok'0 yd em,medu
yk*dKvfjzpf\/ xdkok'0dyem,medu yk*dKvfonf xdkqdkcJhNyD;onfh Oypm&orm"d tyemorm"d[laom
ESpfrsKd;jym;aom orxudk rjzpfaprl rjynfhpHkaprl Oyg'geuEmig;yg;wdkYudk tedpponfwdkYjzifh vuPm,mOfudk wifum 0dyemI\/ odkYvQif 0dyemudk aU&SoGm;jyK xdkaemif orxudk yGm;rsm;\/
yuwdtm;jzifh 0dyemPfudk &avh&Sdaom yk*dKvfonf 0dyem &yfwnf orm"dudk jzpfap\[k
qdv
k \
kd / xdu
k o
hJ aYkd om &[ef;awmf\ oEmefvnf; t&d,r*fw&m;onf xif&mS ;jzpfay:vmEdik o
f nfom
jzpfayonf/ (tH-|-2-346/ tH-#D-2-344/)
txufyg t|uxm #DumtzGiw
hf u
Ykd kd Munf
h ok'0 yd em,meduyk*Kd vo
f nf orm"dukd vH;k 0
rxlaxmif[l t,ltq rrSm;apvdkyg/ psmef\ teD;tem; jzpfavh&Sdaom Oypm&orm"d tppfESifh
tyempsmeform"dudkom &&Sdatmif rxlaxmifjcif; jzpfonf/ ok'0dyem,meduyk*dKvfwdkY vdkufem
jyKusifhtyfaom "mwfur|mef;vrf;rS o'dolypm&tm;jzifh Oypm&orm"d rkcstm;jzifh cPduorm"d
trnf&aom orm"dudkum; ok'0dyem,medu yk*dKvfonf xlaxmif&onfom jzpf\/ atmufyg
t|uxm #DumtzGifhwdkYudk Munfhyg/
" yaeuapm 0kwyum&H orxH tEkyga'wGm0 yKyg'geuaE tedpm'D[d 0dywd? t,H
0dyem/ w 0dyemyg&dyl&d,m ww ZmwmeH "rmeH a0g*g&rPawm OyZwd pdw {u*wm? t,H oraxm/ wd yXrH 0dyem? ypm oraxm/ awe 0kpwd ]]0dyemykA*FrH orxH
bma0wD}}wd/ (r-|-1-113/)
369
orxH tEkyga'wGm0gwd t0"m&aPe Oypm&orm"d H ed0awwd? e cPduorm"d H/ e [d

cPduorm"d H0dem 0dyem or0wd/ 0dyemyg&dyl&d,mwd 0dyem, y&dykPwm, 0k|me*grdedbm0ywd,m/ (r-#D-1-204/)
omoemawmf tcsKdUaom ok'0dyem,medu yk*dKvfonf qdktyfchJNyD;aom Oypm&orm"d
tyemorm"d[k ESprf sK;d jym;aom orxudk rjzpfaprlomvQif Oyg'geuEm ig;yg;wdu
Yk kd tedpp onfwjYkd zifh
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oEmef0,f 0dyemPfrsm;\ jynfhpkHvmjcif;aMumifh ocFg&tmkHrS xajrmuf ocFg&wdkYrS vGwf&m
edAmefodkY wpf[kefwnf;ajy;oGm;aom 0k|me*grded0dyemonf jzpfay:vm\/ ,if; 0k|me*grded
0dyemwGif t&d,r*fw&m;vnf; yg0if\/ xdkt&d,r*fcP jzpfay:oGm;Muukefaom orm'd|d
tp&dSukefaom t&d,r*"rwdkYonf edAmefudk tmkHjyKvsuf &dSMu\/ xdkt&d,r*"rwdkYwGif ormorm"d
ac: pdawu*wmvnf; yg0if\/ ,if;pdawu*wm orm"donfvnf; edAmefudkyif tmkHjyK jzpfay:vm\/ pdawu*wm[lonf edAmef[lonfh tmkHwpfckwnf;ay:odkY pdwfusa&mufaejcif;oabm
wnf;/ r*orm"dum; orxwnf;/ xdkaMumifh0dyemvQif aU&SoGm;&dSaom orxudk yGm;rsm;\[k
rdefYqdkjcif; jzpfonf/ (r-|-1-113/)
txufyg t|uxmpum;&yf ]]ok'0dyem,meduyk*dKvfonf orxudk rjzpfaprlomvQif}}[k uefYuGufjcif; teufoabm&dSaom omvQif-[laom pum;jzifh t|uxm oHk;pGJxm;\/ xdk
omvQif-[laom pum;jzifh psmef\ teD;tyg; jzpfavh&dSaom Oypm&orm"d tppfudkom epfap\/
cPduorm"dudk repfapyg/ o'dolypm&tm;jzifh Oypm&orm"d trnf&aom rkcstm;jzifh cPdu
orm"dtrnf&aom cPduorm"dudkum; repfapyg/ taMumif;rl cPduorm"dESifh uif; 0dyemPf\ rjzpfEdkifaomaMumifhyifwnf;/ (r-#D-1-204/)
cPduorm"d[lonf rnfuJhodkYaom orm"drsKd;udk qdkvdkonf[laom taMumif;t&mrsm;ESifh
ywfoufonfh tcsut
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jzpf\/
0dok'dr*t|uxm (0dok'd-2-222) wGif TefMum;xm;aom a,bk,s pnf;urf; owfrSwfcsuf
t& ---- ok'0dyem,meduyk*dKvfonf kyfur|mef;rSp ESvHk;oGif;&rnfjzpf&m "mwfBuD;av;yg;udk
tmkH,l pwifum orm"dudk xlaxmif&rnf jzpf\/ kyfwHk;kyfcJwnf;[laom kyfCe toD;toD;udk
Pfjzifh NzKd czGJ suq
f ;D vsuf kyu
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ac:qdkaom cPduorm"dodkY qdkufa&mufNyD jzpf\/ xdkcPduorm"dudkum; rwm;jrpfyg? xdkuJhodkYaom
cPduorm"doYkd qdu
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370
3/ igh&SifwdkY ...aemufwpfrsKd;um; &[ef;awmfonf orx-0dyemudk tpHkzJGU yGm;rsm;\? orx

0dyemudk tpkHzJGU yGm;rsm;aom xdk&[ef;awmftm; r*fonf (= aomwmywdr*fonf odkYr[kwf
avmud,r*fonf ) xif&mS ;jzpfay:vm\/ xd&k [ef;onf xdrk *fukd rD0S \
J yGm;rsm;\ Burd zf efrsm;pGm
tavhtvmjyK\/ xdkr*fudk rDS0Jaom yGm;rsm;aom Budrfzefrsm;pGm tavhtvmjyKaom xdk&[ef;awmftm; oHa,mZOfwo
Ykd nf aysmufysuu
f ek \
f ? tEko,wdo
Yk nf uif;aysmuf
kyfodrf; csKyfNidrf;ukef\/ (tH-1-475/)
,k*e'H bma0wDwd ,k*e'H uwGm bma0wd/ ww awae0 pdawe ormywd H ormyZdwGm
awae0 ocFga& orodwHk e oum/ t,H ye ,m0wm ormywda,m ormyZwd? wm0wm ocFga&
orowd/ ,m0wm ocFga& orowd? wm0wm ormywad ,m ormyZw/d uxH yXrZsmeH ormyZw?d
wawm 0k|m, ocFga& orowd? ocFga& orodwGm 'kwd,ZsmeH ormyZwd/ wawm 0k|m, yke
ocFga& orowd/ ocFga& orow
d mG wwd,ZsmeH/ y/ ae0onmemonm,weormywd o
H rmyZw?d
wawm 0k|m, ocFga& orowd/ {0r,H orx0dyeH ,k*e'H bma0wd emr/ (tH-|-2-346/)
,k*e'enf;udk yGm;rsm;\ [lonf orx-0dyemudk tpHkzJGU = ,SOfpHkzJGU yGm;rsm;\/ xdkodkY
yGm;&m xdpk w
d jf zifyh ifvQif psmeformywfukd 0ifpm; xdpk w
d jf zifyh ifvQif ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd vuPm,mOfukd
wif 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyfjcif;iSm rwwfaumif;ay/ a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmfonfum; tMuifrQavmufaom psmeformywfwdkYudk 0ifpm;\? xdkrQavmufaom psmefocFg&w&m;wdkYudk vuPm,mOfudk
wifum 0dyem IymG ;oH;k oyf\/ tMuifrQavmufaom psmefocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd vuPm,mOfuw
kd ifum
0dyem IymG ;oH;k oyf\? xdrk Qavmufaom psmeformywfwu
Ykd kd 0ifpm;\/ tb,foYkd yGm;rsm; tm;xkw-f
oenf;[lrl ---- yxrpsmefukd 0ifpm;\? xdyk xrpsmefrS x ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd (= yxrpsmef emrfw&m;
= yxrpsmef ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk )kd vuPm,mOfukd wifum 0dyem IymG ;oH;k oyf\/ ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd
vuPm,mOfukd wifum 0dyem IymG ;oH;k oyfNy;D aemuf 'kw,
d psmefukd 0ifpm;\?xd'k w
k ,
d psmefrS x
'kwd,psmef ocFg&w&m; (= 'kwd,psmef emrfw&m; )wdkYudk wpfzef vuPm,mOfudk wifum 0dyem
IymG ;oH;k oyfjyef\/ ,if; 'kw,
d psmef ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd vuPm,mOfukd wifum 0dyem IymG ;oH;k oyfNy;D aemuf wwd,psmeformywfudk/y/ ae0onmemonm,wepsmeformywfudk 0ifpm;jyef\/ xdk ae0onmemonm,wepsmefrS x ae0onmemonm,we ocFg&w&m; = ae0onmemonm,we
psmefemrfw&m;pkwdkYudk vuPm,mOfudk wifum 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyf\/ odkY yGm;rsm;onf&dSaomf
a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmfonf orx0dyemudk tpkHzJGU yGm;rsm;onf rnf\ = ,k*e'enf;udk
yGm;rsm;onf rnf\/ (tH-|-2-346/)
,k*e'enf;rSm trsm;em;vnfaeaom ,k*e'enf;ESihf rwlonfuu
kd m; toifoal wmfaumif;onf owdjyKoifh\/ psmeformywfudk 0ifpm; 0dyemIEdkifaom olawmfaumif;wdkY\ t&mom
jzpfacsonf/ ocFgkayumPfydkif;odkY a&muf&dSvmaom toifolawmfaumif;onf tcsdefwGif
,k*e'enf;udk OD;pm;ay; IyGm;&ef txl; oifhavsmfvSayonf/ wpfzef trSwf (4) yk*dKvfudk
qufvuf zwfIMunfhyg/
4/ igh&SifwdkY ...aemufwpfrsKd;um; &[ef;awmftm; w&m;wdkY ysHUvGifhjcif; ]"rK'p}onf txl;ojzifh
,lxm;tyfaom pdwfonf jzpfay:ae\/ igh&SifwdkY ...tMuiftcg xdk0dyempdwfonf
371
(a*gp&Zsw) edAm efomvQif aumif;pGm wnfae\? aumif;pGm epfae\? aumif;pGm wnfMunfae\?

pdwfudk aumif;pGm xm;Edkif\/ xdktcg xdk&[ef;tm; r*fonf (= aomwmywdr*fonf odkYr[kwf
avmud,r*fonf) xif&mS ;jzpfay:vm\? xd&k [ef;onf xdrk *fukd rS0D \
J ? yGm;rsm;\? Burd zf efrsm;pGm
tavhtvmjyK\/ xdkr*fudk rDS0Jaom yGm;rsm;aom Budrfzefrsm;pGm tavhtvmjyKaom xdk&[ef;tm; oHa,mZOfwo
Ykd nf aysmufysuu
f ek \
f ? tEko,wdo
Yk nf uif;jywf kyo
f rd ;f
csKyfNidrf;ukef\/
igh&SifwdkY ...&[ef;a,mufsm;jzpfap &[ef;rdef;rjzpfap rnfolrqdk wynfhawmf\ txH t&[wzdkvfodkY a&mufjcif;udk ajymMum;\? xdk&[ef;a,mufsm; xdk&[ef;rdef;r tm;vHk;onf r*fav;yg;wdjYk zifv
h nf;aumif; wpfyg;yg;jzifv
h nf;aumif; t&[wzv
kd o
f Ykd a&mufjcif;udk ajymMum;\[k rdeq
Yf akd wmf
rl\/ (tH-1-475-476/)
"rK'p0d*[dwEd orx0dyem"arok 'o0dyEkyudavo ocFgawe O'ape 0d*[dwH?
ok*[dwEd tawm/ (tH-|-2-346/)
"rK'p0d*[dwrmeoEd Mobmom'Dok t&d,"armwd y0wH O'pH 0dauayg "rK'pH? awe
"rK'ape 0dyem0Dxdawm O*raee 0dlyH *[dwH y0wd,rmeH "rK'p0d*[dwrmeoH/
(tH-#D-2-344/)
orx 0dyem bm0emwdu
Yk kd yGm;rsm;tm;xkw&f m Mobmopaom Oyuad vow&m;wdYk xif&mS ;
jzpfay:vmaomtcg ,if;Mobmoponfudkyif t&d,"r[k pGJ,lvsuf jzpfay:vmaom pdwfum; rlv
ur|mef;tmkHrS ysHUvGifhoGm;aom "rK'pyifwnf;/ ,if;"rK'pjzifh aumif;pGm,lxm;tyfaom pdwfum;
"rK'p0d*[dwrmeotrnf&aom pdwfyifwnf;/ ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tedp[k ('ku[k tew[k) ESvHk;
oGif;\/ ,if;odkY ESvHk;oGif;ae&mu Mobmo ponfwdkY jzpfay:vmaomf ,if;Mobmo ponfudkyif
t&d,"r[k ESv;kH oGi;f rdojzifh 0dyemvrf;aMumif;rS wdr;f apmif;oGm;aom pdwf jzpf\/ xdpk w
d f jzpfay:aeaomtcg ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tedp[k ('ku[k tew[k) [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm rodawmhay/ odkYaomf
oyg, (7)yg; ponfwdkYudk &&dSaomtcgum; ,if; Oyudavow&m;wdkYudk ausmfvTm; vGefajrmuf
0dyemvrf;aMumif;ay:odYk wpfzefjyef a&muf&o
Sd mG ;jyef\/ qufvuf BuKd ;yrf;&m 0dyem vrf;aMumif;udk vTrf;rdk;vsuf a*gp&Zswtrnf&aom xdkedAmeftmkHomvQif aumif;pGm wnfaeayonf/
(tH-|-2-346-347/)
'domumu - usD;
wH yaewH oap oEdy'H edAmeH oEawm ywd? oAH ocFg&y0wH 0daZwGm edAmear0
yuEwd/ aem ap edAmeH oEawm ywd? ykeyKeH ocFg&m&rPar0 [kwGm y0wwd omrk'dumeH
'domumaum 0d,/ (0dok'd-2-294-295/)
xdo
k cFgkayumPfonf ylyefcyford ;f rS Nird ;f at;&m jzpfaom trw"mwf rao&m tNrKd uef Ad m ef
w&m;awmfjrwfudk Nidrfoufaomtm;jzifh tu,f jrifjim;thH? tvHk;pHkaom ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfjcif;
= ocFg&y0wudk pGefYvTwf edAmefodkYomvQif ajy;0ifoGm;\/ (0dok'd-2-294-295/)
372
ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk tysuu
f kd tmk,
H
l vuPm,mOfukd wifum Iaeaom ocFgkayumPfonf
xufjrufp;l &Sjcif; oef&Y iS ;f jcif; &J&ifjh cif;[laom t*Fg&yfrsm; pHn
k jD cif;odYk a&muf&v
Sd mojzifh ocFg&w&m;wdYk
vspfvsLIjcif;onf NyD;pD;vwfaomf xdkocFgkayumPfonf tBudrfrsm;pGm jzpf &ifhusufjcif;odkY
a&muf&dSvm\? ,if;odkY &ifhusufjcif;odkY a&muf&dSvmojzifh t&d,r*fPftm;avsmfaom tEkavmrPf\ taMumif;w&m;\ tjzpfodkY a&muf&dS edAmefudk Nidrfoufaomtm;jzifh jrifonf rnf\/ xdkodkY
jzpfaom Pfonfvnf; tvHk;pHkaom ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfjcif;[laom ocFg&y0wudk pGefYvTwf
edAm efoYkd ajy;oGm;ouf0ifonf rnfayonf/ tydik ;f wGif txufyg ocFgkayumPfukd tEkavmrPf a*gMwbkPfwEYkd iS w
hf uG wpfcw
k nf;tjzpfoYkd aqmif {uwenf;\tpGr;f jzifh ocFgkayumPf
[lyif qdkxm;onf rSwfyg/ (r[m#D-2-459-460/)
edAm efukd Nird o
f ufaomtm;jzifh tu,f rjrifao;jim;tHh = xdak &GUavmuf edAm efukd Nird o
f ufaom
tm;jzifh rjrifao;orQ umvywfvHk; ocFgkayumPfonfvnf; r&ifhusufao;ay/ xdkodkY r&ifhusuf
ao;ygu ocFgkayumPfonf edAmefudk Nidrfoufaomtm;jzifh rjrifEdkifao;ay/ xdkodkY rjrifEdkifao;jim;tHh ----- ,if;ocFgkayumPfonf tzefwvJvJ ocFg&w&m;vQif tmkH&dSonfomvQif jzpf
jzpfay:ae\/ ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk tysuu
f v
kd nf;aumif; Ionfh 0dyemPf\ tysuu
f v
kd nf;aumif;
0dyem Iae\/ orkj'mudk ul;oef;oGm;vmukefaom oabFmom;wdkY\ t&yfrsufESmudk odaom
'domumu usD;uJhodkY rSwfyg/ (0dok'd-2-294-295/)
a&S;,cif acwfa[mif;u orkj'mudk ul;ukeaf om oabFmom;wdo
Yk nf avSoabFmodYk wufp;D Muukeo
f nf &daS omf t&yfrsuEf mS udk Munfah om odaom 'domumu rnfonfh us;D udk ,laqmif oGm;wwfMuuke\
f / xdo
k abFmom;wdo
Yk nf avSoabFmonf avjyif;rkew
f ikd ;f 'PfaMumifh oGm;aeus vrf;aMumif;rS
wdrf;apmif; vrf;vGJodkY a&muf&dSoGm;aomtcg qdyfurf;rsm; rxifr&Sm; jzpfvmwwf\? xdktcg
'domumu usD;udk vTwfvdkufMuukef\/ xdkusD;onf vif;,Ofwdkifzsm;rS aumif;uifodkY ysHwuf taU&S
taemuf awmif ajrmuf [laom wllt&yf taxmifht&yf[laom tvHk;pkHaom t&yfrsufESmwdkYodkY
vSnfhvnf ysHoef;Munfhav\/ xdkxdkt&yfodkY wpfckNyD; wpfck tpOfojzifh ysHoef;Munfhav&m urf;udk
tu,f jrifjim;thH? xdkjrif&m urf;bufodkYomvQif ysHoef;oGm;av\? tu,f urf;udk rjrifjim;thH?
tzefwvJvJ avSoabFmodkYyif jyefvm vif;,OfwdkifxdyfomvQif em;ae\/
OyrmtwlyifvQif ocFgkayumPfonf ylyefcyfodrf;rS Nidrf;at;&mjzpfaom trw"mwf
rao&m tNrdKufedAmef w&m;awmfjrwfBuD;udk Nidrfoufaomtm;jzifh tu,f jrifjim;tHh? tvHk;pHkaom
ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfjcif;[laom ocFg&y0wudk pGefYvTwf edAmefodkYomvQif ajy;0ifoGm;\/ edAmefudk
Nidrfoufaomtm;jzifh tu,f rjrifao;jim;tHh? tzefwvJvJ ocFg&w&m;vQif tmkH&dSonfjzpf
jzpfay:ae\/ (0dok'd-2-295/)
xdo
k cFgkayumPfonf ref;zsm; = paumzsm; vdrS t
hf yf qift
h yfaom rken
Yf ufuo
hJ v
Ykd nf;aumif;
0gzefav;i,fjzifh cwftyfaom taphxkwfxm;NyD;aom 0g*Grf;uJhodkYvnf;aumif; txl;xl; tjym;jym;
tm;jzifh ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf; Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,l b,ESifh eED[laom tpGef;ESpfbufudk
y,f - ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tedp 'ku tew paom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh pdppfjcif;\ txGwftxdyfodkY
373
a&muf&dSaeonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ocFg&w&m;wdkY tv,ftvwf vspfvsL IouJhodkY ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk

tedp 'ku tewpaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh pdppfjcif;vnf; vspfvsL Ionfjzpf tedpmEkyem
'kumEkyem tewmEkyem[laom oHk;rsKd;aom tEkyem\ tpGrf;jzifh wnfaeay\/ odkY
wnfaeaom ocFgkayumPfonf ----1/ oHk;rsKd;aom 0darmurkc\ tjzpfodkY a&muf&dS
2/ (7)rsKd;aom t&d,yk*dKvfwdkYudk cGJjcrf;a0zefjcif;iSm taMumif;w&m; jzpf aeayonf/
0darmurkc (3) rsKd;

tedpawm reodua&maEm t"darmuA[kavm tedrdwH 0darmuH y#dvbwd/ 'kuawm
reodua&maEm y'd A[kavm tyPd[dwH 0darmuH y#dvbwd/ tewawm reodua&maEm
a0'A[kavm oknw0darmuH y#dvbwd/ (y#doH-254/ 0dok'd-2-296/)
ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd jzpfjcif; ysujf cif;\ tpGr;f jzifh ,if;ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk Oyg'fpeG ;f bifpeG ;f udk Pfjzifh
ydik ;f jcm;,lvsuf tedp[
k I\/ tedpm EkyemPfwnf;/ ,if;tedpm EkyemPfonf -- ]]O',awm
ykaA ocFg&m ewd = jzpfjcif; (= O',) rS a&S; ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf r&dSukef}} [l xdkocFg&w&m;wdkY\
oGm;&m*wdudk odkYr[kwf qufvufjzpfyHkudk aumif;pGmvdkuf &Smonf&dSaomf -- ]]0,awm y&H e *p Ed?
{aw0 tE&"m,Ed = ysufjcif; (= bif) rS aemufumv ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf quf roGm;ukef?
ysuf&m bifumvyifvQif uG,faysmufukef\}}[k ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ oGm;&m c&D;tm;jzifh aumif;pGm
oH;k oyf\/ ,if;odYk oH;k oyfaom tedp[
k ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd ESv;kH oGi;f aom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vt
f m; ukew
f wf
aysmufwwfaom c,oabmtm;jzifh ocFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nf xifvmuke\
f ? t"darmuA[kv = ,HMk unfcsuf o'da È tjzpfrsm;vm\/ ocFg&edrw
d rf S uif;qdwo
f nfh tedrw
d trnf&aom 0darmuukd &&dES ikd \
f /
(0dok'd-2-295-296 - Munfh/)
ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tedp[k wGifwGif Iae&m 'kumEkyemPf tewmEkyemPfwdkY\
tm;BuD;aom rDS&m Oyed,owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;rI t&dSeft0g owdxl;BuD;udk cH,l&aom tedpmEkyemPfonf aÈpHknD &ifhusufvmaomtcg ocFg&edrdwf uif;jcif;aMumifh tedrdwtrnf
&aom edAm e"mwfukd tedrw
d tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh tmkjH yK = 0dyemPf\ tqH;k tedrw
d t
rnf
&aom edAm efuykd if tedrw
d tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh tmkjH yK t&d,r*fw&m;onf jzpfay:vm\? xdt
k &d,r*fPfonf tedrdw trnf&aom edAme"mwf tmkHjyKaomtm;jzifh jzpfay:vmaomaMumifh
tedrdwvnf; trnf&\? udavomwdkYrS vGwfajrmufonf\ tjzpfaMumifh 0darmuvnf; trnf&\/
owavmu trnf&aom ow0gtaygif;\ avmuoHk;yg;rS xGufajrmufjcif;\ taMumif; jzpfaomaMumifh rkcvnf; trnf&\/
xdkaMumifh a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfoljrwfonf ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tedp[k Iaom tedpmEkyemPfjzifh edrdw\ tpGrf;jzifh ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf; 0dyemudk tm;xkwfvwfaomf ]]tMuif
edAmef ocFg&edrdwfonf tcsif;cyfodrf; r&dS? xdkedAmefonf tedrdw rnf\}}[k tedrdw tjcif;t&m
374
tm;jzifh ESvHk;oGif;onfjzpf 0k|me*grded0dyemudk t&d,r*fESifh pyfap\? xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\

xdt
k &d,r*fonf tedrdw0darmu odrYk [kwf tedrdw0darmurkc trnf&ayonf/ xdkt&d,r*fonf
tedrdwtjcif;t&mtm;jzifh edAmefudk rsufarSmufjyK\ [k qdktyfayonf/
(y#doH-244-254/ 0dok'd-2-295-296 - Munfhyg/)
edAm efw&m;awmfjrwf\ xdo
k aYkd om tedrw
d m um& = ocFg&edrw
d rf S qdwo
f Ok ;f aom tjcif;t&mudk
t&d,r*fonfvnf; rjyKtyf? 0dyemPfonfvnf; rjyKtyf/ pifppfaomfum; obm0tm;jzifhom
Ny;D \/ edAm efw&m;awmfjrwfBu;D onf wpfpw
kH pfcak om taMumif;w&m;wdu
Yk rjyKjyiftyfaom tocFw"mwf jzpfaomaMumifh jzpf\/ xdk tedrw
d edAm efvQif tmk&H o
Sd nf\ tjzpfaMumifh t&d,r*fukd tedrw
d [
k
qdktyfayonf/ (0dok'd-2-296 - Munfhyg/)
o'daÈ tjzpfrsm;yHk
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk vuPm,mOfoHk;csufudk wpfvSnfhpD wif 0dyem
IymG ;oH;k oyfvm&m txl;ojzifh tedpmEkyemPfonf xufjrufpl;&Svm\ &J&ifhvm\/ xdktcg
xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef0,f o'daÈonf vGefuJvm\/ rSefayonf ----- tm;xkwfcgp ]]ocFg&
w&m;wdkYonf tedpjzpfukef\}}[k ,HkMunfjcif; o'grQjzifh usifhvm 0dyemPfonf vGefuJjcif;
txGwt
f xdyo
f Ykd a&mufvmvwfaomf &GuEf pk onfh oufrhJ A[d'a vmu MoZ|rukyw
f \
Ykd tedpj zpfru
I kd
Pfjzifh jrifouhJodkY Pf xifaeouJhodkY tvm;wlyif ywjrm; a&T ponfwdkYvnf; MoZ|rukyf
[laom ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedpjzpfrIudk tvGeftuJESifh wuG ypuPfjzifh udk,fwdkif rsufarSmuf
xGif;azmuf odjrifae\/
rSwcf suf ----- lyowu Ienf;0,f "rwmkyf Ionfhtydkif;udk toifolawmfaumif;onf
jyefvnf tmk,
H x
l m;yg/ opf&u
G Ef pk onfwu
Ykd v
kd nf;aumif; ywjrm; a&T ponfwu
Ykd v
kd nf;aumif;
0dyemPfa&mifjzifh xdk;pdkuf ,if;wdkY wnf&dSaeaom "mwfBuD;av;yg;udk 0dyemPfjzifh
jrifatmif Ivu
kd af omtcg OwkZMoZ|rukyf = kyu
f vmyf wpfcw
k pfck twGi;f wnf&aSd om awaZm"mwf OwkaMumifh aU&aS emuf tpOfrjywf qufpyfvsuf txyfxyf jzpfaeaom MoZmvQif (8)ckajrmuf
&daS om kyw
f &m; tpktyH[
k al om ocFg&w&m; tpktyHu
k o
kd m a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf awGUjrifaernf
jzpf\/ a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd 0dyemPfjzifh Buw
d af csvu
kd af omtcg ,if;
ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedpoabmudkom vGefvGefuJuJ 0dyemPfjzifh awGUjrifae\[k qdkvdkonf/
ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedptjcif;t&mudk xdkodkY ypuPfjzifh xdk;xGif;odjrifaeaom a,m*g0p&
yk*dKvf\ oEmef ----]]ormorKa'g 0w aom b*0g = xdkbk&m;&Sifonf razmufrjyef udk,fydkifPfjzifh udk,fwdkif
rSefpGm ocFg& 0dum& vuP edAmef ynwfwnf;[laom odoifh odxdkufonfh an,s"rfw&m;
ig;yg;wdkYudk odawmfrlonfh ormorK' bk&m;&Sif pifppf jzpfawmfrlygaypGwum;}}[k ----q&mjzpfawmfral om bk&m;&Si\
f tay: tvGet
f m;Bu;D aom ,HMk unfrI o'gw&m;onf jzpfay:
vm\? xkdaMumifh xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf o'g"darmu tjzpfrsm;onfvnf;aumif; vGefuJaom
375
o'gw&m;ESifh jynfhpHkonfvnf;aumif; jzpf&ayonf/ xdkodkY o'gw&m;ESifh jynfhpHkaeaom o'daÈ

vGefuJaeaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ t"dpdwtrnf&aom 0dyembm0empdwfonf tEkavmrPf
ponfh PfpOf tqifq
h ifo
h Ykd wufa&muf tedrw
d trnf&aom tocFw"mwf ajy;0ifjcif;iSmvnf;
jzpf\/ xdkaMumifh ,if;tedpmEkyemPf\ tqHk; jzpfay:vmaom t&d,r*fPfonf tedrdw
0darmurkc trnf&ayonf/ (r[m#D-2-461-462/)
ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd vuPm,mOfo;kH csuu
f kd wpfvn
S phf D wif IymG ;vm&m 'kuv
uPm txifrsm;
ojzifh 'kuv
uPmudyk if OD;pm;ay; wGiw
f iG f Iae\/ xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f 'kum EkyemPfonf
ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ 'kuoabmrSefudk xif&Sm;jyae\/ xdkodkY 'kumEkyemPfu ocFg&w&m;wdkY\
'kuo
abmrSeu
f kd xif&mS ;jyaeojzifh xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f bm0empdwo
f nf xdwv
f efv
Y m\? aMumufaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh jzpfay:vm\ (Pb, [lvdk)/ xdkodkY ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ oabmrSefudk =
jzpf-ysuf 'Pfcsufjzifh tjrJrjywf tEdSyfpufcH&rI 'kuoabmrSef NydKNydK ysufysufaeojzifh aMumufvefYzG,af umif;onfh 'kuo
abmrSeu
f kd xif&mS ;jyjcif;jzifh xdwv
f efaY ptyfaom 'kum Ekyem bm0empdw-f
onf aumif;jrwfrSefuefaom ormy#dywfusifhpOf pdwfudk aumif;pGm xufjrufaponf rnfayonf/
xdak Mumifh 'kum Ekyem bm0empdwo
f nf pdwu
f kd xdwv
f efaY pjcif;iSmvnf; jzpf\? ormy#dywfusiphf Of
xufjrufapjcif;iSmvnf; jzpf\/
wpfzef ,if;'kum EkyemPfukd tzefwvJvJ BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwaf eaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf
]]ocFg&w&m;wdkYum; 'kuwdkYomwnf;? xdkocFg&w&m;wdkY\ qefYusifbuftm;jzifh ocFg&w&m;wdkY\
csKyfNidrf;&m edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfonfum; okcpifppfwnf;}}[k odkY ESvHk;oGif;onf\ tpGrf;jzifh
edAm efw&m;awmfjrwfBu;D \ Nird ;f at;rI rGejf rwfrI csr;f omrI = oE-yPDw-okc\tjzpfukd ESv;kH oGi;f vsuf
&dSae&um; xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ pdwfonf tjrJrjywf ESpfouf0rf;ajrmufjcif; yDwdygarmZw&m;ESifh
,SOfaejcif;aMumifh y'dA[kv = y'd tjzpfrsm; aeay\/
xdkodkY y'd tjzpfrsm;aomaMumifh vGefuJaom orm"daÈudk &&dSojzifh &m*yPd"d a'goyPd"d
arm[yPd"d = ocFg&w&m;wdkY &m* a'go arm[ [laom awmifhwjcif;onf a0;uGmoGm;\/ &m*yPd"d ponfrS a0;pGm jzpfjcif;aMumifh xdk'kumEkyemPfonf tyPd[dw0darmu trnf&aom
t&d,r*fPfudk &jcif;\ taMumif; jzpfoGm;ayonf/
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf; 0dyemudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfonf&dSaomf
'kumEkyemPfjzifh &m*yPd"d ponf\ a0;pGm jzpfjcif;udk jyKvkyfojzifh &m*[laom awmifhwjcif;
uif;&m edAm efoYkd pdw
f w
G u
f ikd ;f diI ;f vsuf 0k|me*grde0d yd emPfukd t&d,r*fPfEiS hf qufpyfrad p\/
xkad ,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f xdt
k &d,r*fPfonf tyP[
d w
d mum& = &m*paom awmifw
h jcif;uif;aom
tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh edAmefudk tmkHjyK jzpfay:vmaomaMumifh tyPd[dw trnf&ayonf/ qdkif&m
udavomwdkYrS aumif;pGm vGwfajrmufaomaMumifh 0darmuvnf; trnf&ayonf/ owavmu
trnf&aom ow0gtaygif;\ avmuoH;k yg;rS xGuaf jrmufjcif;\ taMumif;jzpfaomaMumifh rkcvnf;
376
trnf&\/ xdak Mumifh xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\

f xdt
k &d,r*fonf tyP[
d w
d 0darmuvnf; rnfayonf?
tyPd[dw0darmurkcvnf; rnfayonf/ (0dok'd-2-295-296/ r[m#D-2-462 - Munfhyg/)
a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd odr;f qnf; vuPm,mOfo;kH csuu
f kd wpfvn
S phf D wif
0dyemIvm&m tewmEkyemPftjrifoefojzifh tewmEkyemudk wGiw
f iG Bf u;D ESv;kH oGi;f ae\/
,if;tewmEkyem\ pGrf;tifaMumifh 0dyembm0empdwfonf tw&dS\[k pGJ,laom t,lrSm;rS
a0;uGmoGm;\? tewmEkyemPfu tw&dS\[k pGJ,lrI twpJGrS 0dyembm0empdwfudk a0;uGmoGm;atmif jyKvkyfay;\/ ocFg&w&m;wdkY twrS uif;qdwfrI tw-oknwoabmodkY Pftjrif
qdu
k af e\? ocFg&w&m;wdo
Yk nf oknwoabmtm;jzifh xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f Pf0 xifvmuke\
f /
,if;tw-oknwoabmw&m;\ odraf rGUaom Pf\ tmkjH zpfaomaMumifh tewmEkyemPfukd
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwaf eaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f oEmef yndaÈ tjzpfrsm;vm\/ ( yndaÈ[
o
l nf
ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedpoabm 'kuoabm txl;ojzifh tewoabmwdkYudk xdk;xdk;xGif;xGif; &Sif;&Sif;
vif;vif;Bu;D odru
I kd qdv
k akd yonf/ )xdo
k Ykd yndaÈ tjzpfrsm;aomaMumifh vGeu
f aJ om yndaÈu
kd &&do
S jzifh
arm[ = t0dZm vnf; a0;uGmoGm;\/ (ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk tedpt
csuf 'kut
csuf tewtcsuf oabmrSefwdkYudk rodrIum; arm[ = t0dZmyifwnf;/) ,if;odkY arm[ = t0dZm\ a0;uGmrIaMumifh tewmEkyemPfudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf tewmEkyemPf\ tqkH;
oknw0darmu trnf&aom t&d,r*fPfudk &&dSEdkifayonf/
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf tewmEkyemPf\ pGrf;tifaMumifh ocFg&w&m;wdkY tw[k pGJ,lrI
twprJG S a0;uGmoGm;ojzifh tewmEkyemPfu 0dyembm0empdwu
f kd twprGJ S a0;uGmoGm;atmif
jyKvyk af y;ojzifh 0dyembm0empdwo
f nf twrS uif;qdwo
f nf\ tjzpfaMumifh oknw[k &tyfaom
trnf&dSaom tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfudk ESvHk;oGif; Gwfudkif;Idif;vsuf
0k|me*grded trnf&aom 0dyemPfukd t&d,r*fPfEiS hf qufpyfrad p\/ onfuykd if tvH;k pHak om
ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd olprd ;f jyify y&tm;jzifh Ijcif;aMumifh oknw"mwfoYkd pdwo
f nf ajy;oGm;ouf0ifomG ;\
[k qdkayonf/
twrS qdwfokOf;aom oknwmum& = oknwtjcif;t&mtm;jzifh edAmefudk tmkHjyK t&d,r*fPfonf jzpfay:vmaomaMumifh ,if;t&d,r*fPfudk oknw[l odygav/ ,if;t&d,r*fPfonf qdkif&mudavomwdkYrS vGwfajrmufaomaMumifh 0darmuvnf; trnf&\? owavmu
trnf&aom ow0gtaygif;\ avmuoHk;yg;rS xGufajrmufjcif;\ taMumif;&if; jzpfaomaMumifh
rkcvnf; trnf&\/ xdak Mumifh xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f xdt
k &d,r*fonf oknw0darmu odkYr[kwf
oknw0darmurkc rnfayonf/ (0dok'd-2-295-296/ r[m#D-2-462/)
377
rkcs ESifh y&d,m,f

tbd"rm "ro*FPDygVdawmf (tbd-1-84-85) tyPd[dw0darmu oknw0darmu [k
0darmu ESprf sK;d udo
k m bk&m;&Sio
f nf a[mMum;xm;awmfrcl \
hJ / ,if;a[mMum;xm;awmfro
l nfh tbd"rm
a'oemawmfum; y&rwa'oemawmfjzpfojzifh rkcstm;jzifh a[mMum;xm;awmfro
l nfh a'oemawmfyif
jzpfonf/
y#dor'd gr*ygVdawmf (y#do-H 262-263/)ponfh okwe af 'oemawmfwYkd um; okwE u
d y&d,m,f
tm;jzihf oknw0darmu tedrdw0darmu tyPd[dw0darmu[k 0darmuoHk;rsKd;udk a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/
t&d,r*fPfonf ,if;0darmu trnfrsm;udk &&Sdjcif;rSm 0dyemPf\ t&d,r*fPfodkY
wdkifatmif qdkufa&mufvmykH tjcif;t&mtm;jzifhom &&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/
tedpmEkyemPfonf ocFg&w&m;wdkY edp[k pGJ,lrI edpedrdwfudk 'kumEkyemPfonf
ocFg&w&m;wdYk okc[k pG,
J rl I okcedrw
d u
f kd tewmEkyemPfonf ocFg&w&m;wdYk tw[k pG,
J rl I
twerd w
d u
f kd 0dyemtcdu
k 0f ,f w'*Ftm;jzifh t&d,r*fPftcdu
k 0f ,f orkap'tm;jzifh zsuq
f ;D vsuf
pGefYvTwf\/ xdkaMumifh oHk;rsKd;aom tEkyemonf edpedrdwf okcedrdwf twedrdwfudk pGefYvTwfaomaMumifh ,if;edrdwfwdkYrS vGwfaomaMumifh tedrdw0darmu trnf&onfum; rSef\/
odkYaomf t&d,r*fPf\ tmkHjzpfaom edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfBuD;onfum; ocFg&edrdwf vHk;vHk;
uif;qdwfaeaomaMumifh tedrdww&m;ppf tjzpfBuD; jzpfawmfrl\/ txufyg tedpmEkyem paom
oHk;rsKd;aom tEkyemwdkYum; ocFg&w&m;wdkYudkomvQif tmkH,l IyGm;oHk;oyfaeaom w&m;rsm;
jzpfMuojzifh pifppf ocFg&edrdwfrS rvGwfajrmufao;ay/
tedrdw bma0[d? rmemEko,rkZ[/ (ck-1-329/)
tedrdwmEkyemudk yGm;rsm;yg? rmemEko,udk y,fEIwfyg[k 0dZ,okwefpaom xdkxdkokwef
a'oemawmfwdkY tedrdwmEkyemudk bk&m;&Sifonf a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJh\/ xdk0dyemonf
edpedrdwf "k0edrdwf okcedrdwf twedrdwfwdkYudk cGmyifcGmjim;aomfvnf; rdrd0dyemPf udk,fwdkifu
ocFg&edrdwftmkHwdkYomvQif vSnfhvnfusufpm;ae&wkef; &Sdaeao;onfhtwGuf oedrdww&m;om =
ocFg&edrdwf&Sdaom w&m;omvQif jzpfaeao;\/ ocFg&edrdwfudk rpGefYEkdifao;aomaMumifh rkcstm;jzifh
tedrdw rrnfay/ edpedrdwf "k0edrdwf okcedrdwf twedrdwfwdkY uif;qdwfjcif;wnf;[laom taMumif;
y&d,m,ftm;jzifhom tedrdw trnf&jcif; jzpfonf/ rkcstm;jzifhum; oknwrnfonfvnf;aumif;
tyPd[dwrnfonfvnf;aumif; jzpfay\/ xdk0dyemPf\vnf; t&d,r*fodkY a&mufaMumif;
usifhpOf\ tpGrf;jzifhomvQif t&d,r*fcP 0darmuudk xkwfaqmif a[mMum;xm;awmfrltyf\/
xdo
k Ykd xkwaf qmifa[mMum;xm;awmfrt
l yfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh tyP[
d w
d 0darmuEiS hf oknw0darmu
ESpfrsKd;udkomvQif tbd"rm a'oemawmf a[mMum;xm;awmfrltyf\[k od&Sdygav/
(0dok'd-2-296-297/ r[m#D-2-462-463 - Munfhyg/)
wpfenf; ----- tbd"rma'oemawmfum; y&rwa'oem= razmufrjyef rSefuefaom teufudk
a[maom a'oemawmfjzpf\? tedrdwtrnf&aom t&d,r*fonfvnf; y&rwtm;jzifh taMumif;
378
csKdUwJhonfomvQif jzpfae\/
tedpm Ekyem\ tpGr;f tm;jzifh tedrw
d 0 ad rmuukd y#dor'd gr*ygVdawmf ponfwYkd a[mMum;xm;awmfr\
l / xdt
k edpm Ekyem bm0emvkyif ef;&yfjzifh jzpfay:vmaom tedrw
d 0 ad rmu trnf&aom
t&d,r*fw&m;vnf; o'ad Èo
nf vGeu
f v
J su&f \
Sd ? xdo
k 'ad Èo
nf t&d,r*if (8)yg; tusK;H 0ifaom
wpfckaom t*Fg&yfrQaomfvnf; rjzpfay/ o'daÈonf rdrdudk,fwdkifu r*ifw&m; r[kwfjcif;aMumifh
rdrd\ tusKd;jzpfaom t&d,r*ftm; trnfemrudk ay;jcif;iSm rpGrf;Edkifay/
tedrdw0darmurS wpfyg;aom tjcm;wpfyg;aom 0darmuwdkY 'kumEkyem\ tpGrf;jzifh
tyPd[dw0darmuudk tewmEkyem\ tpGrf;jzifh oknw0darmuudk a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/
xdEk pS yf g;aom 0darmuww
Ykd iG f tyP[
d w
d 0darmujzifh orm"daÈo
nf oknw0darmujzifh yndaÈo
nf
vGefuJvsuf&Sd\/ xdkorm"daÈ yndaÈwdkYum; t&d,r*f\ t*Fg&yfrsm; jzpfMu\? r*if (8)yg;wGif
yg0ifMu\/ xdkodkY t&d,r*fw&m;\ t*Fg&yfrsm; jzpfMuaomaMumifh rdrd\ tusKd;jzpfaom t&d,r*f
w&m;tm; trnfemrudk ay;jcif;iSm pGrf;EdkifMuukef\/
odkY cyfodrf;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifhvnf; tedrdw0dyemonf rdrdudk,fwdkifu rdrdvm&m
vrf;aMumif; &yfwnf rdrd\ t&d,r*ftm; trnfemrudk ay;jcif;iSm rpGrf;EdkifaomaMumifh tedrdwr*fudk tbd"rm "ro*FPDygVdawmf ra[mtyf r,ltyf[k rSwfyg/
(0dok'd-2-295-296-297/ tbd-|-1-267-268-269/ r[m#D-2-462-463 - Munfhyg/)
oknw trnf&ykH
t&m oknw[lonf avmukw&mr*fw&m;\ emrnf jzpf\/ xdkavmukw&mr*fonf ----1/ tm*re = t&d,r*f jzpfay:vmaMumif; 0dyem
2/ o*kP = rdrd[laom t&d,r*f\*kPf
3/ tm&rP = tmkH = edAmef ----oHk;rsKd;ukefaom taMumif;w&m;wdkYaMumifh oknw [laom trnfudk &&Sd\? &&dSyHkrSm odkY
jzpf\/ ----omoemawmf a,m*g0p&&[ef;awmfonf ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tewtm;jzifh = tew[k
pGpJ jJG rjJ rJ ESv;kH oGi;f ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd tewtm;jzif=h tew[k I\/ odaYk omf ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd tew[k
IkHoufoufrQjzifh tew[k 0dyemPfjzifh jrifkHoufoufrQjzifhum; ocFg&w&m;wdkYrSvnf;aumif;
0#f'kuwdkYrSvnf;aumif; xajrmufwwfaomaMumifh xajrmufvsuf edAmefbufodkY wpf[kefwnf;
ajy;oGm;wwfaomaMumifh 0k|metrnf&aom t&d,r*fw&m;onf rjzpfay:vmEdkif/ tedptm;jzifh
vnf;aumif; = tedp[
v
k nf;aumif; 'kut
m;jzifv
h nf;aumif; = 'ku[
v
k nf;aumif; 0dyemPfjzifh
jrifatmif Ijcif;iSm oifhjrwfonfom jzpfayonf/ xdkaMumifh tedp 'ku tew[k oHk;rsKd;aom tEkyemodYk pdwu
f kd wufa&mufap pdwu
f kd wif ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd tedp[
k 'ku[
k tew[k wpfvn
S phf D
oHk;oyfvsuf vSnfhvnfIyGm;ae\/ (0dyempdwfonf ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedptcsufodkY a&mufvdkuf
'kut
csuo
f Ykd a&mufvu
kd f tewtcsuo
f Ykd a&mufvu
kd f tm;jzifh ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd oH;k oyfvsuf vSnv
hf nf
379
IymG ;aeonf [lv/kd ) odaYk omf xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\

f 0k|me*grde0d yd emonf bko
H ;kH yg; jzpfonfvnf;
jzpfukefaom ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk twrS uif;qdwf\om [l okncsnf;om= oknwcsnf;om [l
Iae\/ 0dyemonf oknw0dyem= oknwmEkyem rnf\/ (rlvu tewmEkyemudk
tajcwnfvmaomaMumifh t&d,r*fodkY 0ifcgeD;jzpfaom 0k|me*grded0dyem tcdkuftwefY ocFg&
w&m;wdu
Yk kd oknw[k Iwwfaom tewmEkyemom jzpf&rnf [lvo
kd nf/) xd0k |k me*grde0d yd emonf t&d,mr*fPf\ jzpfay:vmaMumif; tusit
hf &m wnf rdr\
d t&d,r*ftm; oknw[laom
trnfukd ay;\/ odkYvQif t&d,r*fonf r*f\ jzpfay:vmaMumif; 0dyemaMumifh oknw[laom
trnfudk &&Sdayonf/
aemufwpfrsKd;um; xdkt&d,r*fonf &m* a'go arm[wdkYrS uif;qdwf\? xdkodkY &m*ponfwdkYrS
uif;qdwfonf\ tjzpfonf t&d,r*f\ *kPfyif jzpf\/ ,if;rdrd\ &m*ponfwdkYrS uif;qdwfrI
*kPfaMumifhvnf; t&d,r*fonf oknw[laom trnfudk &&Sdayonf/
wpfzef edAm efw&m;awmfjrwfBu;D udv
k nf; &m*ponfwrYkd S uif;qdwo
f nf\ tjzpfaMumifh oknw
[lyif ac:qdktyfayonf/ xdkoknw rnfaom edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfBuD;udk tmkHjyK jzpfay:vmonf\ tjzpfaMumifh t&d,r*fonf edAmef[laom tmkHaMumifhvnf; oknw[laom trnfudk
&&Sdayonf/
xdkoknw[laom trnfudk &&SdEdkifaMumif; taMumif;w&m; oHk;rsKd;wdkYwGif okwefa'oemawmf
enf;tm;jzifh rdrd*kPfaMumifhvnf;aumif; tmkHaMumifhvnf;aumif; t&d,r*fonf oknw[laom
trnfudk &&Sd\/ rSefayonf ----- okwef a'oemawmfonf y&d,m,f a'oemawmfwnf;/ tbd"r
uxm = tbd"rma'oemawmfonfum; y&d,m,fr[kwf rkcsa'oemawmfwnf;/ xdaYk Mumifh tbd"rm
t&m rdr*d P
k af Mumifah omfvnf;aumif; tmkaH Mumifah omfvnf;aumif; oknw[laom trnfukd r&Edik ?f
t&d,r*f\ jzpfay:vmaMumif; 0dyem*reaMumifo
h mvQif oknw[laom trnfukd &&SEd ikd af yonf/
rSefayonf ----- tm*reonfomvQif "k& = y"mejzpf\? jy"mef;\? xdktm*reonf ----1/ 0dyem*re
2/ r*g*re - [k
ESpfrsKd;&Sd\/ xdkESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif t&d,r*f\ jzpfay:vm&mXme t&d,r*f\ jzpfay:vmaMumif;
jzpfaom 0dyem[laom 0dyem*reonf "k& = y"mejzpf\ = jy"mef;\/ t&d,zdv
k \
f jzpfay:vm&m
Xme t&d,zdkvf\ jzpfay:vmaMumif; t&d,r*f[laom r*g*reonf "k& = y"mejzpf\ = jy"mef;\/
avmukw&mt&mum; t&d,r*f\ jzpfay:vmaMumif;ESifh oufqdkifonfh tydkif;jzpfaomaMumifh
t&d,r*f\ jzpfay:vmaMumif;jzpfaom 0dyem*reonfomvQif "k&= y"mejzpf\= jy"mef;vsu&f \
dS /
xkad Mumifh 0dyem*retm;jzifh &&St
d yfaom t&d,r*f\ oknw[laom trnfonfomvQif y&d,m,f
rzuf rkcsoufouf jzpfaom trnfjzpfayonf/ (rdrd*kPfaMumifh tmkHaMumifh &&Sdaom trnfwdkYum;
"k&r[kwfojzifh y&d,m,ftm;jzifh &&Sdaom trnfwdkYom jzpfMuonf [lvdk/) (tbd-|-1-266/)
rSwcf suf ----- taMumif;0dyem\ oknw[laom trnfudk tusKd;jzpfaom t&d,r*fay:
wifpm; tusKd;jzpfaom t&d,r*fudk oknw[l ac:qdkxm;&um; t&d,r*fonf um&Plypm&
380
tm;jzifh oknw rnf\/ tmkeH Ad m ef\ oknwtrnfukd tmk,

H w
l wfaom tm&rPu
d t&d,r*fay:
wifpm; t&d,r*fudk oknw[k ac:qdk&mvnf; um&Plypm&yifwnf;/ rdrdt&d,r*f &m* a'go
arm[wdkYrS uif;qdwfaomaMumifh o*kP = rdrd*kPftm;jzifh oknwtrnf&&mum; oknwtrnfu
aumif;uif tbm0ynwfwdkYESifhvnf; oufqdkifaomaMumifh {ua'osLypmwnf;/
tyPd[dw trnf&yHk
t&d,r*fonf tyP[
d w
d [laom trnfuv
kd nf; taMumif;oH;k rsK;d wdaYk Mumifyh if &&Sad yonf/
&&SdykHrSm odkY jzpf\/ ----omoemawmf a,m*g0p&&[ef;awmfonf a&S;OD;tpyifvQif ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd 'kut
m;jzifh
pGJpGJjrJjrJ ESvHk;oGif; ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk 'kutm;jzifh = ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; 'Pfcsufjzifh
tysu'f Pfcsujf zifh tjrrJ jywf tESyd pf ufc&H rIoabmudk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmifMunf
h ,if;ocFg&
w&m;wdkYudk 'ku[k I\/ ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk 'ku[k IaekHrQ Pfjzifh jrifaekHrQ oufoufaMumifhum;
ocFg&w&m;wdkYrSvnf;aumif; oHo&m0#f'kuwdkYrSvnf;aumif; xajrmufwwfaom = xajrmufvsuf
edAmefbufodkY wpf[kefwnf; ajy;oGm;wwfaom 0k|metrnf&aom t&d,r*fw&m;onf rjzpfEdkif?
ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tedptm;jzifhvnf;aumif;= tedp[kvnf;aumif; tewtm;jzifhvnf;aumif; =
tew[kvnf;aumif; 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmif Ijcif;iSm oifhjrwfonfomvQif jzpfayonf/
xdkaMumifh tedp 'ku tew[k oHk;rsKd;aom tEkyemodkY pdwfudk wufa&mufap = pdwfudk wif
ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd tedp[
v
k nf;aumif; 'ku[
v
k nf;aumif; tew[v
k nf;aumif; wpfvn
S phf D oH;k oyfvsuf vSnfhvnfae\ usifhae\/ odkYaomf xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ 0k|me*grded0dyemonf bHkoHk;yg;
twGif; jzpfukefaom awblru ocFg&w&m;wdkY awmifhwwwfaom wPSmudk ajcmufaoGUap
xuf0ef;usif ydik ;f jcm;um,l = ukecf ef;ap ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd pGev
Yf w
T \
f / 0dyemonf tyP[
d -d
w0dyem rnfayonf/ ('kumEkyemudk wpfzefjyef OD;pm;ay;vsuf IaeaomaMumifh jzpf\/)
xdk tyPd[dw0dyemonf tm*reD,Xme = t&d,r*f\ jzpfay:vmaMumif; tusifht&m wnf
rdr\
d t&d,r*ftm; tyP[
d w
d [laom trnfukd ay;\/ odv
Yk Qif avmukw& t&d,r*fonf jzpfay:
vmaMumif; 0dyemaMumifh = 0dyem*reaMumifh tyPd[dw[laom trnfudk &&Sdayonf/
aemufwpfrsKd;um; ----- xdt
k &d,r*f &m*yPd"d a'goyPd"d arm[yPd"[
d al om awmifw
h wwfaom &m* a'go arm[yPd"w
d &m;wdo
Yk nf r&Su
d ek ?f xdaYk Mumifh xdt
k &d,r*fonf rdrd xif&mS ;&Sad eaom
*kPfaMumifhyifvQif tyPd[dw[laom trnfudk &&Sdayonf/
xdt
k &d,r*f\ tmkjH zpfaom tocFw"mwf edAm efw&m;awmfjrwfBu;D udv
k nf; xdak wmifw
h wwfaom &m* a'go arm[yPd"w
d &m;wd\
Yk xif&mS ; r&Sjd cif;aMumifh tyP[
d w
d [lyif ac:qdt
k yfayonf/
t&d,r*fonf xdktyPd[dw trnf&aom tocFw"mwf edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfBuD;udk tmkHjyK
jzpfay:vmaomaMumifh ,if;t&d,r*fonf tmkHaMumifh tyPd[dw[laom trnfudk &&Sdayonf/
xdktyPd[dw[laom trnfudk &aMumif;jzpfonfh taMumif;w&m; oHk;rsKd;wdkYwGif okwefa'oemawmf enf;tm;jzifh rdr*d P
k af Mumifv
h nf;aumif; tmkaH Mumifv
h nf;aumif; t&d,r*fonf tyP[
d w
d
381
[laom trnfukd &&Sad yonf/ rSeaf yonf ----- okwe af 'oemawmfonf y&d,m,fa'oemawmfwnf;/
tbd"ruxm = tbd"rmw&m;awmfonfum; y&d,m,frzuf rkcsoufouf a'oemawmf jzpf\/
xdak Mumifh tbd"rmt&m rdr*d P
k af Mumifv
h nf;aumif; tmkaH Mumifv
h nf;aumif; tyP[
d w
d [laom
trnfudk r&&SdEdkif/ t&d,r*fjzpfay:vmaMumif; 0dyem*reaMumifhomvQif tyPd[dw[laom
trnfukd &&SEd idk af yonf/ rSeaf yonf ----- tm*reonfomvQif "k& = y"me jzpf\? jy"mef;\/ xdk
tm*reonf 0dyem*re r*g*re[k ESprf sK;d jym;\/ xdEk pS rf sK;d wdw
Yk iG f t&d,r*f\ jzpfay:vm&mXme
t&d,r*f\ jzpfay:vmaMumif; jzpfaom 0dyem[laom tm*reonf = 0dyem*reonf "k& =
y"mejzpf\ = jy"mef;\/ t&d,zdkvf\ jzpfay:vm&mXme t&d,zdkvf\ jzpfay:vmaMumif;jzpfonfh
t&d,r*f[al om r*g*reonf "k& = y"me jzpf\ = jy"mef;\/ avmukw& mt&mum; t&d,r*f\
jzpfay:vmaMumif;ESifh oufqdkifonfh tydkif;jzpfaomaMumifh t&d,r*f\ jzpfay:vmaMumif;jzpfaom
0dyem[laom tm*re = 0dyem*reonfomvQif "k& = y"me jzpf\ = jy"mef;vsuf &S\
d ? xdak Mumifh
0dyem*retm;jzifh &&St
d yfaom t&d,r*f\ tyP[
d w
d [laom trnfonfomvQif y&d,m,frzuf
rkcsoufoufjzpfaom trnf jzpfayonf/ (rdrd*kPfaMumifh tmkHaMumifh &&Sdaom trnfwdkYum; "k&
r[kwfojzifh y&d,m,f tm;jzifh &&Sdaom trnfwdkYom jzpfonf[lvdk/) (tbd-|-1-266-267/)
rSwfcsuf ----- txufyg oknwtrnf&yHk tyPd[dwtrnf&yHkESifh qufpyf azmfjyxm;aom
pum;&yfww
Ykd iG f ----- ]]tewvuPmudk pGJpGJjrJjrJ pwifESvHk;oGif; vuPma&;oHk;wefvHk;udk tuGuf
aphatmif qufvuf ESv;kH oGi;f vm&m wpfzef tewvuPmudyk if jyef ESv;kH oGi;f cdu
k f t&d,r*foYkd
qdu
k af omf xdt
k &d,r*fonf oknwtrnf&\/ 'kuv
uPmudk pJpG jJG rjJ rJ pwifEv
S ;kH oGi;f vuPma&;
oHk;wefvHk;udk tuGufaphatmif qufvuf ESvHk;oGif;vm&m wpfzef 'kuvuPmudkyif jyef ESvHk;
oGif;cdkuf t&d,r*fodkY qdkufaomf xdkt&d,r*fonf tyPd[dw trnf&\/}} [laom pum;&yfwdkYrSm
oknwtrnf&ykH tyP[
d w
d trnf&ykEH iS hf qufpyf vd&k if;udk y"metm;jzifh azmfjyaom pum;rsm;[k
rSwfom;yg/ tewvuPmudk pGJpGJjrJjrJ pwifESvHk;oGif; vuPma&;oHk;wefvHk;udk tuGufaphatmif
ESvHk;oGif;NyD;aemuf tewvuPmudkyif wpfzefjyef ESvHk;oGif;cdkuf0,f t&d,r*fodkY qdkufa&mufEdkif
ouJhodkY tvm;wlyif tedpvuPmudk ESvHk;oGif;cdkufvnf;aumif; 'kuvuPmudk ESvHk;oGif;cdkuf
vnf;aumif; t&d,r*fodkY qdkufa&mufEdkifonfom jzpfayonf/ wpfzef 'kuvuPmudk pGJpGJjrJjrJ pwif
ESv;kH oGi;f vuPma&;oH;k wefv;kH udk tuGuaf phatmif ESv;kH oGi;f Ny;D aemuf 'kuv
uPmudyk if wpfzef
jyef ESvHk;oGif;cdkuf0,f t&d,r*fodkY qdkufa&mufEdkifouJhodk tvm;wlyif tedpvuPmudk ESvHk;
oGif;cdkufvnf;aumif; tewvuPmudk ESvHk;oGif;cdkufvnf;aumif; t&d,r*fodkY qdkufa&mufEdkifonfvnf; &Sdayonf/ (0dok'd-2-301 - ESifh atmufyg t|omvdeDt|uxmudk Munfhyg/)
vuPma&; oHk;wef
tedpm'Dok [d ,w uwpd tbded0dodwGm w&rd vuP'G,H '|KH 0wd {0/ {uvuP'erawae0 [d r*0k|meH emr e a[mwd/ wom tedpawm tbded0da|m bduK e au0vH
tedpa wm0 0k|mwd? 'kua wmyd tewawmyd 0k|mwda,0/ 'kua wm tewawm tbde0d ad |yd {ao0
ea,m/ wd tm'dawm ,w uwpd tbdeda0aom a[mwk? 0k|me*grdeD ye 0dyem ,H ,H
382
orodwGm 0k|mwd? w wa0 0aoe tm*reD,|mae XwGm twaem r* emrH a'wd/ ww

tedpa wm 0k|[E ra*g tedrad wm emr a[mwd? 'kua wm 0k|[E tyP[
d ad wm? tewawm
0k|[E oknawmwd {0H okwEy&d,ma,e tm[&dwGm 'Dydawm/ (tbd-|-1-269/)
0dyembm0emur|mef;udk tm;opfp tcg vuPma&;oH;k wefww
Ykd iG f trSwrf xm; wpfyg;yg;aom vuPm pGJpGJjrJjrJ ESvkH;oGif;jcif;onf jzpfcsifjzpfygap? 0k|me*grded0dyemonfum; tMuif
tMuif vuPmudk oHk;oyfNyD; ocFg&wdkYrS x\? xdkxdk vuPm\ tpGrf;jzifhomvQif t&d,r*f\
jzpfay:vmaMumif;jzpfonfh 0dyem*ret&m wnf rdrd\ tusKd;jzpfaom t&d,r*ftm; trnf
emrudk ay;Edkif\/ ay;EdkifyHkrSm odkY jzpf\/ ----tedppaom vuPma&;oHk;wefwdkYwGif trSwfrxm; wpfyg;yg;aom vuPm pJGpGJjrJjrJ ESvHk;
oGi;f Ny;D xdak emif rdrd pGpJ jJG rjJ rJ ESv;kH oGi;f &m vuPmrSwpfyg;aom usev
f uPmESpyf g;udv
k nf; Ijcif;iSm
= Pfjzifh jrifjcif;iSm oifhonfomvQif jzpf\/ wpfckwnf;aom vuPmudk IkH jrifkH oufoufaMumifhum; 0k|metrnf&aom t&d,r*fonf rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ jzpfay:rvmEdkif/ xdkaMumifh ocFg&
w&m;wdkYudk tedptm;jzifh = tedp[k pGJpGJjrJjrJ ESvHk;oGif;aom a,m*g0p& &[ef;onf 'ku-tew rzuf
tedpo
ufouf ESv;kH oGi;f jcif;jzifo
h mvQif = tedp[
k Iaeko
H ufoufaMumifo
h mvQif 0k|metrnf&aom
t&d,r*fPfonf jzpfay:rvmEdik af o;? 'kut
m;jzifv
h nf;aumif; = 'ku[
v
k nf;aumif; tewtm;jzifh
vnf;aumif; = tew[kvnf;aumif; ESvHk;oGif;jcif;aMumifhvnf; 0k|metrnf&aom t&d,r*fPfonf jzpfay:vmonfomvQif jzpfayonf/ wpfenf; ----- tedpoufoufjzpfaom ocFg&rSom
xajrmufonf r[kwfao;? 'kujzpfaom ocFg&rSvnf;aumif; tewjzpfaom ocFg&rSvnf;aumif;
xajrmufonfomvQif jzpfayonf/ 'kutm;jzifhvnf;aumif; tewtm;jzifhvnf;aumif; pGJpGJjrJjrJ
ESvHk;oGif;&mvnf; enf;yifwnf;/
odv
Yk Qif 0dyem bm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;tm;xkwcf gp vuPma&;oH;k wefww
Ykd iG f trSwf
rxm; wpfyg;yg;aom vuPm pGpJ jJG rjJ rJ ESv;kH oGi;f rIonf jzpfcsijf zpfygap? 0k|me*grde0d yd emonfum;
tMuiftMuif vuPmudk oHk;oyfNyD; ocFg&w&m;wdkYrS x\? xdkxdk vuPm\ tpGrf;jzifhomvQif
t&d,r*f\ jzpfay:vmaMumif; 0dyem*ret&m wnf rdrd\ tusKd;jzpfaom t&d,r*ftm;
trnfemrudk ay;Edkif\/
xdkwGif ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tedp[k ESvHk;oGif;cdkuf ocFg&w&m;wdkYrS xaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\
t&d,r*fonf wpfenf; -- tedpj zpfaom ocFg&w&m;wdrYk S xaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f t&d,r*fonf
tedrw
d r *f rnf\/ ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd 'ku[
k ESv;kH oGi;f cdu
k f ocFg&w&m;wdrYk S xaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f
t&d,r*fonf wpfenf; -- 'kujzpfaom ocFg&w&m;wdkYrS xaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ t&d,r*fonf
tyPd[dw rnf\/ ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tew[k ESvHk;oGif;cdkuf ocFg&w&m;wdkYrS xaom a,m*g0p&
yk*dKvf\ t&d,r*fonf wpfenf; -- tewjzpfaom ocFg&w&m;wdkYrS xaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\
t&d,r*fonf oknw rnf\/ odkYvQif okwefenf;tm;jzifh aqmif tedrdwr*f &dSaMumif;udk
a&S;t|uxmq&mawmfwdkYonf aqmif,l jytyfavonf[k rSwfyg/ (tbd-|-1-269/)
383

(1) o'gEkom&D (2) o'g0drkw (3) um,ouD (4) Obawmbm*0drkw (5) "rmEkom&D
(6) 'd|dyw (7) ynm0drkw[k t&d,yk*dKvf (7)rsKd; &dS\/ xdkyk*dKvfwdkYudk a0zef ydkif;jcm;zdkY&ef ocFgkayumPfonf taMumif;w&m; jzpf\/
&Si;f vif;csuf ----- a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf wpfOD;onf ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tedptm;jzifh = tedp[k
ESvHk;oGif;onf jzpf o'daÈ tjzpf rsm;\/ o'gEkom&D jzpfjcif;\ taMumif;jzpfaom vGefuJaom
o'da Èu
kd &&d\
S / Iaeaom 0dyemPfwiG f a,bk,stm;jzifh emrfw&m; (34)vH;k cefY &d\
S ? ,if;wdw
Yk iG f
yg0ifaom o'g-apwodufrSm tvGef xufjrufpl;&S tm;aumif;ae\[k qdkvdkonf/ xdkyk*dKvfonf
aomwmywdr*fcP o'gEkom&Dyk*dKvf rnf\/ <uif;aom aomwmywdzdkvf ou'g*grdr*f ou'g*grdzdkvf tem*grdr*f tem*grdzdkvf t&[wr*f t&[wzdkvf [laom (7)XmewdkY o'g0drkwy k*dKvf
rnf\/ (0dok'd-2-297/)
ocFg&w&m;wdkY tedptjcif;t&mudk aumif;pGm Iaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; ,if;tedpmEkyemPfu o'gw&m; yGm;rsm;vmatmif Oyed,owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;\/ tedpmEkyemPfonf o'g wd;k yGm;jcif;\ tm;Bu;D aom rS&D m Oyed, jzpf&um; xdo
k 'gtm;avsmaf om t&d,r*f
wpfenf; ----- o'gvGefuJvsuf &dSaom 0dyemPftm;avsmfaom t&d,r*f o'gonf vGefuJvsuyf if &d\
S / xdo
k Ykd 0dyem*reaMumifh o'g vGeu
f v
J suf &daS om aomwmywdr *fPfEiS hf jynfph aHk om
t|rutrnf&aom aomwmywdr*|mefyk*dKvfonf o'gEkom&D = t&d,r*f jzpfay:aMumif;
0dyemt&m wnfaom o'godkY tpOfvdkufaom yk*dKvfrnf\ [lvdkonf/
(r[m#D-2-464-465 - Munfh/)
rSwfcsuf ----- t&[wzdkvf o'g0drkwyk*dKvf r&dS? okwefa'oem y&d,m,ftm;jzifh t&[wr*f
cP o'g0drkw jzpfcJhaomf taMumif; t&[wr*f o'g vGefuJojzifh odkYr[kwf o'g0drkw jzpfojzifh tusKd;w&m;jzpfaom t&[wzdkvfvnf; o'g0drkw[k qdkjcif; jzpfonf/ odkY rSwfom;yg/
(r[m#D-2-464-465 - Munfhyg/)
wpfzef a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vw
f pfO;D onf ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd 'kutm;jzifh = 'ku[
k pGpJ jJG rjJ rJ ESv;kH oGi;f \/
,if;odkY ESvHk;oGif;jcif;aMumifh y'd tjzpfrsm;vm\? y'd tjzpfrsm;vmjcif;aMumifh vGefuJaom
pdww
f nfMunfrI orm"daÈu
kd &&dES ikd \
f / xd'k u
k m Ekyemjzifh ocFg&wdrYk x
S aom yk*Kd vo
f nf aomwmywdr*frS p t&[wzdkvfodkYwdkifatmif tvHk;pHkaom (8)XmewdkY um,ouD yk*dKvf rnfayonf/
(0dok'd-2-297/)
ar;jref;zG,f tcsuf
t|uxm (tbd-|-1-266 - ) 0dyem*re"k& r*g*re"k&[k "k& ESpfrsKd;wdkYudk udef;ao
ed,rtm;jzifh owfrSwftyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh aomwmywdr*fcP o'gEkom&Daomfvnf;aumif;
"rmEkom&Daomfvnf;aumif; jzpfoifhonf r[kwfygavm [ljim;tHh/ tajzum; odkYwnf;/ ----384
t&m aomwmywdr*fcP o'gEkom&Dyif jzpfoihf\/ (um,ouD rjzpfoifh [lvdkonf/)

t&[wzdkvfcPvnf; um,ouD r&dSay/ tbd"rmygVdawmf (tbd-3-184/ ) odkY a[mMum;xm;awmfr\
l / ----]]tb,frnfaom yk*Kd vo
f nf um,ouD rnfoenf;? omoemawmf tcsKUd aom a,m*g0p&
yk*Kd vo
f nf &Spyf g;ukeaf om 0darmuw&m;wdu
Yk kd emrum,jzifh awGUxd ae\? ynmjzifv
h nf; odjrif
xdkyk*dKvftm; tcsKdUukefaom tmoa0gw&m;wdkYonf ukefoGm;ukef\? yk*dKvfudk um,ouD[l
ac:qdktyf\/}} (tbd-3-184/)
odkYvQif tcsKdUukefaom tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ ukefcef;rIukdom a[mMum;xm;awmfrljcif;aMumifh
um,ouDyk*dKvf\ aouyk*dKvfjzpfaMumif;udkomvQif odtyfonfr[kwfavm [k ar;&ef&dS\/ ----tar;onf y&d,m,frzuf rkcsoufouftm;jzifhum; rSef\? odkYaomf 0dok'dr*t|uxm
y&d,m,ftm;jzifh zGifhqdkjcif; jzpf\/ xdky&d,m,f[lonf tb,fenf;[lrl ----- um,ouD yk*dKvfESifh
wlonf\ tjzpfyifwnf;/
xif&mS ;aptHh ----- umrm0p&-Oypm&orm"d lyg0p&-psmeform"dwdkYxuf omvGefaom tly
psmeform"d tawGUudk &&dSonfjzpf um,ouDyk*dKvf[k ac:a0:rI NyD;pD;jcif; jzpf&um; tcsKdUaom
tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ ukefcef;rIudk tpGJjyK ]]um,ouD}}[k ac:qdktyfaom aomwmywdzdkvfyk*dKvfrSonf t&[wr*fyk*dKvfodkY wdkifatmifaom t&d,yk*dKvfESifh ----1/ Oypm&orm"d lyg0p&psmeform"dwx
Ykd uf omvGeaf om tvGet
f uJEiS hf wuGjzpfaom tlyg0p&
psmeform"d tawGUESifh
2/ xdkorm"dvQif wnf&m&dSaom tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ ukefcef;jcif; --ESpfrsKd;wdkY\ wlonf\tjzpfudk iJh um,ouDyk*dKvfuJhodkY &[Emyk*dKvfukdvnf; um,ouD
[k y#dor'd gr*ygVdawmf a[mMum;xm;awmfr\
l / xdak Mumifh 0do'k rd *t|uxmvnf; y#dor'd gr*
ygVdawmfenf;udkyifvQif ,l &[Emyk*dKvf\vnf; um,ouDyk*dKvf tjzpfudk zGifhqdktyfayonf/
rSefayonf ----- 0dok'dr*t|uxmtzGifhonf okwefa'oemawmf\ tzGifhjzpfonf[k od&dSygav/
(r[m#D-2-465-466/)
rkcstm;jzifh ,lyHk
y&d,m,frzuf rkcsoufouftm;jzifu
h m; aomwmywzd v
kd rf S p t&[wr*f wdik af tmif (6)yg;
ukeaf om t&mXmewdYk um,ouD rnf\/ xdk um,ouD trnf&aom t&d,yk*dKvfonfvnf;
ormywf (8)yg;vHk;udk &&Sdxm;aom t&d,yk*dKvfwnf;/ ok'0dyem,medujzpfaom psmeftap;
cef;ajcmufaom oku0dyuyk*dKvfonfvnf;aumif; Oypm&psmefrQudkom &aom yk*dKvfonfvnf;aumif; (psmef&Edkifaom ur|mef;wdkYwGif psmefudk &atmif tm;rxkwfbJ Oypm&orm"drS 0dyemodkY
ul;aom yk*dKvfrsm;udk &nf&G,fonf/) lyg0p&psmefrQudkom &aom yk*dKvfonfvnf;aumif; um,ouD yk*dKvf rjzpfEdkif/
385
y'Ad [kv = y'd tjzpfrsm;\ [lonfrmS vnf; y'u

d kd tOD;rl y"me jyKojzifh umrm0p&
orm"dxuf omvGeaf om tvGet
f uJEiS hf wuGjzpfaom orm"du&kd aom orx,meduyk*Kd vu
f o
kd mvQif
tvdk&dStyfayonf/ orx,meduyk*dKvf\omvQif um,ouD t&d,yk*dKvf jzpfEdkifyHkudk atmuf
zGifhqdkcJhavNyD/ (r[m#D-2-465-466/)
tlyg0p&psmef (4)yg;wdw
Yk iG f psmefwpfyg;yg;udv
k nf;aumif; av;yg;vH;k udv
k nf;aumif; a&muf&
dS
t&[wzdkvfodkY qdkufa&mufaom yk*dKvfonf Obawmbm*0drkw rnf\/ (0dok'd-2-297/)
tmumomem,weormywfodkY qdkufa&mufNyD; t&[wzdkvfodkY qdkufa&mufaom yk*dKvf -ponfjzifh tlypsmeformywf (4)rsKd;wdkY\ tpGrf;jzifhvnf;aumif; eda&m"ormywf\ tpGrf;jzifh
vnf;aumif; Obawmbm*0drkw yk*dKvf (5)rsKd; &Sd\/
tlypsmefjzifh lyum,rSvnf;aumif; emrum, wpfpdwfwpfa'orSvnf;aumif; 0dure =
cGmonf\ tpGrf;jzifh vGwfajrmuf\/ t&d,r*fjzifh emrum,rS orkap' = t<uif;rhJ jzwfonf\
tpGr;f jzifh vGwaf jrmuf\/ odv
k Qif ESpyf g;ukeaf om tzdw
Yk jYkd zifh ESpBf urd w
f ikd w
f ikd f vGwaf jrmufaomaMumifh
Obawmbm*0drkw rnfayonf/ (r[m#D-2-466-468/)
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfwpfOD;onf ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tewtm;jzifh = tew[k ESvHk;oGif;onf jzpf
ynm tjzpfrsm;&um; vGefuJaom yndaÈudk &&Sd\/ (ynmPfBuD;rm;aom yk*dKvftm; txl;ojzifh
odrfarGUonfvnf;jzpfukefaom eufeJonfvnf; jzpfukefaom y&rw teufoabmw&m;wdkYonf
xifxif&mS ;&Sm; jzpfuek
f Pf0 xifvmuke\
f ? xdaYk Mumifh ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd tewtm;jzifh = tew[k
ESvHk;oGif;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; Pfynm tjzpfrsm;onf\ tjzpfudkvnf;aumif; yndaÈudk
&jcif;udkvnf;aumif; t|uxmq&mawmfu zGifhqdkjcif; jzpfonf/) xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf yndaÈ
vGefuJonf\ tjzpfaMumifh aomwmywdr*fPf cP "rmEkom&D yk*dKvf rnf\/ aomwmywdzdkvfrSonf t&[wr*fodkY wdkifatmif (6)XmewdkY 'd|dywy k*dKvf rnf\/ t&[wzdkvf cP ynm0drkw
yk*dKvf rnf\/ (0dok'd-2-298/)
edy&d,m, = rkcstm;jzifh ,lyHk - yk*dKvf (7) rsKd;

yk*dKvf (7)rsKd;wdkYESifh ywfouf y&d,m,frzuf rkcsoufouftm;jzifh ,lqyHk tusOf;pum;rSm
odw
Yk nf; ----1/ tMuifa,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; tedptjcif;t&mtm;jzifh ocFg&wdkYrS xajrmufaom 0k|me trnf
&aom t&d,r*fPfonf jzpfay:vm\? xdkyk*dKvfonf o'g"darmu tjzpfrsm;onfjzpf o'daÈ\
xufjrufonf\ tjzpfaMumifh aomwmywdr*fcP o'gEkom&D rnf\? aomwmywdzdkvfrSonf
t&[wr*fodkY wdkifatmifaom tv,f (6)XmewdkY o'g0drkwr nf\? t&[wzdkvfcP ynm0drkw
rnf\/
2/ xdkYtwl tMuifa,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; 'kutjcif;t&mtm;jzifh ocFg&wdkYrS xajrmufaom 0k|me
trnf&aom t&d,r*fPfonf jzpfay:vm\? xdkyk*dKvftm; y'd tjzpfrsm;aomaMumifh orm"d386
aÈonf vGefvGefuJuJ jzpfae\? 'kuvQif rSD&m taMumif;&if; &Sdaom o'gw&m;\vnf; txl;ojzifh

xufjrufonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; 0dyem*re r*g*re[laom "k&ESpfyg;wdkY\ udef;ao
jrjJ cif;aMumifv
h nf;aumif; xdyk *k Kd vo
f nfvnf; yxrr*fPfcP o'gEkom&Dyif rnfayonf/ tv,f
(6)XmewdkY o'g0drkw rnf\? tqHk;t&[wzdkvf ynm0drkwyif rnfayonf/
3/ aemufwpfrsKd;um; ----- tMuifa,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; tewtjcif;t&mtm;jzifh ocFg&w&m;wdkYrS
xajrmufaom 0k|me trnf&aom t&d,r*fPfonf jzpfay:vm\/ xdyk *k Kd vo
f nf ynmPf tjzpfrsm;onf jzpf yndaÈ\ xufjrufpl;&Sonf\ tjzpfaMumifh aomwmywdr*fcP "rmEkom&D
rnfonfom jzpfayonf/ tv,f (6)XmewdkY 'd|dywrnf tqHk;t&[wzdkvf ynm0drkw
rnfonfom jzpfayonf/
4/ jyqdktyfcJhNyD;aom yk*dKvfwdkYonf (8)yg;ukefaom 0darmupsmefwdkYudk &&SdMuaom yk*dKvfwdkY r[kwfMuukef/ (8)yg;ukefaom 0darmupsmefwdkYudk &&Sdaom yk*dKvfonfum; aomwmywdr*fcP o'gEkom&D aomfvnf;aumif; "rmEkom&Daomfvnf;aumif; jzpfayonf/ tv,f (6)XmewdkY um,ouD
jzpf\/ tqHk;t&[wzdkvf Obawmbm*0drkw jzpfayonf/ (r[m#D-2-468/)
oHk;rnf& Pf
,m p rkpw
d u
k rswm ,m p y#docFgEkyem ,m p ocFgkayum? ar "rm {uwm? Ase ar0
emeH/ (y#doH-259? 0dok'd-2-299/)
rkdwkurswmPf y#docFgEkyemPf ocFgkayumPf --- PfoHk;rsKd;wdkYonf wlaom
teufoabm &SdMuukef\? o'gonfomvQif xl;\/ (y#doH-259/)
t&d,r*f\ a&S;tzdkY ocFg&w&m;wdkYtay: edAd'gPfjzifh NiD;aiGUaom yk*dKvf\ Oyg' y0w
Xdwd edrw
d [
k Te;f qdak c:a0:tyfaom ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd xdo
k cFg&w&m;wdYk wyfrufw,
G w
f mwwfaom
qE&m*udk y,fojzifh pGefYvTwfvdkonf\ tjzpfonf rkdwkurswm = rkpdwkurswm rnf\/
,if;ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd pGev
Yf w
T jf cif;\ taMumif;Oyg,udk jyKvyk jf cif;iSm tv,f ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd
vuPma&;oHk;wefudk tzefwvJvJ pHkprf;qifjcifjcif;onf y#docFg rnf\/
ocFg&w&m;wdkYtay: wG,fwmrI tmv, uif;onf\ tjzpfodkY a&mufjcif;jzifh ocFg&w&m;wdkY
tay: iJhuGufrIudk pGefYvTwfonf\ tpGrf;jzifh vTwf xdkodkY pGefYvTwfjcif;udk jyKjcif;\ tqHk; aemufumv ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk vspfvsL Ijcif;onf tnDtGwf wnfonf rnf\/ ocFgkayum rnf\/
(tMuifa&GUavmuf edAmefodkY ouf0if ajy;oGm;jcif;onf rjynfhpHkao;? xdka&GUavmuf ocFg&w&m;wdkY
vuPma&; oH;k wefukd pHpk rf;pdppfjcif;vnf; vspv
f sLaeonf\ tjzpfjzifh PftpOftm;jzifh jzpfjcif;udk
&nf -- tZsKayueH oEd|em = ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk vspfvsLIjcif;onf tnDtGwf wnfonf rnf\
[lvdkonf/)
,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk vspfvsLIvsuf tnDtGwfwnfaom Nidrfoufaeaom ocFgkayum
Pfudkyif &nf&G,f ----387
Oyga'g ocFg&m? aw ocFga& tZsKayuwDwd ocFgkayum/ (y#doH-59/)

Oyg' = jzpfaom oabmw&m;onf ocFg&w&m;wdkYwnf;/ xdkocFg&w&m;wdkYudk vspfvsL I\?
xdkYaMumifh ocFgkayum rnf\/ (y#doH-59/)
odkYpaom pum;awmfudk rdefYqdkjcif; jzpfayonf/ (0dok'd-2-299/)
0k|me*grdeD0dyem
odkY &tyfaom ocFgkayumPf &Sdaom trsKd;aumif;om; trsKd;aumif;orD;\ 0dyemPfonf txGwftjrwfodkY a&mufonfjzpf 0k|me[kqdktyfaom t&d,r*fodkY qdkufaomaMumifh
0k|me*grdeD rnfayonf/ odcgyw0dyem = txGwftxdyfodkY a&muf&Sdaeaom 0dyem[lvnf;aumif; 0k|me*grde[
D
l vnf;aumif; ac:qdt
k yfaom trnfonf ocFgkayumPf tEkavmrPf
a*gMwbkPf[k rSwftyfaom PfoHk;yg;taygif;\omvQif trnfjzpfayonf/ rSefayonf ----- xdk
oHk;rsKd;aom Pf[laom 0dyemonf 0dyemPfwdkY\ txGwftjrwf tjzpfodkY a&mufonf\
tjzpfaMumifh odcgywm 0dyemvnf; rnfay\/ 0k|me trnf&aom t&d,r*fodkY qdkufa&muf
wwfaomaMumihf 0k|me*grdeDvnf; rnfay\/
0k|me ----- 0dyemPf\ tIct
H mkjH zpfaom Oyg'geuEm ig;yg;taygif;udk rdro
d Emef tusK;H
0ifaomfvnf;aumif; r0ifaomfvnf;aumif; olprd ;f jyifytm;jzifh Ityfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh A[d'[
yk if
qdt
k yf\/ xdAk [d'j zpfaom 0dyemPf\ tmkeH rd w
d f jzpfjzpfaom 0dyemPfjzifh tmkjH yKjcif;
[k qdktyfaom oHk;oyfjcif;jzifh ESvHk;oGif; oHk;oyftyfaom Oyg'geuEmig;yg;[laom 0dyemPf\
wnf&m0wKrSvnf;aumif; (= ocFg&edrdwfrSvnf;aumif; [lvdkonf/) rdrd kyfemrfoEmef tpOf rjywf
jzpfaeaom udavomt,Of Oyg'dEuEmt,Of = 0dygufcEmt,Of[laom y0wrSvnf;aumif;
xonf\ tjzpfaMumifh t&d,r*fudk 0k|me[l ac:qdktyfayonf/ xdk0k|me rnfaom t&d,r*fodkY
qdkufa&mufwwfaomaMumifh 0k|me*grdeD rnf\/ t&d,r*fPfEiS hf twlwuG qufpyfr\
d [k qdv
k \
kd /
(0dok'd-2-299/)
tb,fov
Ykd Qif t&d,r*fonf 0dyemPf\ tIct
H mkjH zpfaom Oyg'geuEm ig;yg; taygif;wnf;[laom ocFg&edrdwfrS xoenf;? tb,fodkYum; rdrd kyfemrfoEmef tpOf rjywfjzpfaeaom
udavomt,OfESifh Oyg'dEuEmt,Of = 0dygufcEmt,Of [laom tZswy0wrS xoenf;[lrl---0k|[e aeoH tm&rPmu&PH tm,wd H tEkywd"rwmyg'e/ (r[m#D-2-469/)
0k|me*grdeD 0dyem trnf&aom ocFgkayumPf tEkavmrPf a*gMwbkPfwdkYonf
r*0x
D t
d wGi;f wpfcNk y;D wpfck qufwu
kd f jzpfay:oGm;Mu\/ ,if;0k|me*grdeD 0dyemPf\ tjcm;rJh
(a*gMwbkPf\ tjcm;rJh) t&d,r*fPfonf jzpfay:vm\/ xdkaMumifh 0dyemPfESifh t&d,
r*fPfonf qufpyfrdae\/ 0dyemPfonf Oyg'geuEmig;yg;wnf;[laom ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk
,if;ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk tysuu
f kd tmk,
H
l vuPm,mOf wifum 0dyem IymG ;oH;k oyfae\/ ,if;odYk
0dyemIvm&m 0k|me*grdeD 0dyemodYk qdu
k af &mufvmaomtcg tEkavmrPfow
Ykd ikd af tmifaom
0dyemPfwdkYonf ocFg&edrdwfudk tmkHjyKaomfvnf; t&d,r*fw&m;onf ocFg&edrdwfudk tmkH
388
rjyKawmhbJ tedrw
d t
rnf&aom ocFg&edrw
d u
f if;&m tocFw"mwf edAm efw&m;awmfjrwfuo
kd m tmkH
jyKoGm;\/ ,if;odkYvQif t&d,r*fPfonf ocFg&edrdwfuif;&m tocFw"mwf edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfudo
k m tmkjH yKaomaMumifh Oyg'geuEm ig;yg; taygif;wnf;[laom ocFg&edrw
d u
f kd tmkrH jyKay/ ,if;odYk
ocFg&edrdwfudk tmkHrjyKjcif;onf xdkocFg&edrdwfrS xonf rnf\/
t&d,r*fw&m; toD;toD;onf rdrd rdrd qdkif&mqdkif&m udavomwdkYudk orkap'y[mefjzifh
t<uif;rJh tjrpfjywf y,fowfvu
kd o
f jzifh udavomrsm;onf aemiftcg aemifwpfzef jzpfjcif;oabm
r&dSaom csKyfNidrf;jcif;odkY a&muf&dSoGm;\/ r*bm0em r&dSygu xdkudavomvQif taMumif;&if; &dSaom
jzpfvwHUaom Oyg'dEuEm = 0dygufcEmwdkYonfvnf; &dSMu\/ r*bm0emaMumifh udavomrsm;onf
tqifq
h ifh t<uif;rJh ukecf ef;oGm;Muojzifh udavom xif&mS ;&dyS grS wPSmtpd"k mwf tap;"mwf xif&mS ;
&dyS grS jzpfciG &hf aSd om 0dygufcEm tpOfonfvnf; rjzpfEikd af wmhNyD = rjzpfjcif;oabmodyYk if a&muf&o
Sd mG ;\/
xdkodkY t&d,r*fu udavomESifh cEmwdkY\ aemiftcg wpfzef rjzpfjcif;oabm &dSonf\ tjzpfodkY
a&mufapjcif;onf tZswy 0wrS xonf rnf\ [lvo
kd nf/ oabmw&m;rsm;udk &Si;f &Si;f em;vnfrdap&ef r*0Dxdrsm;udk wGif qufvuf azmfjytyfygonf/ -----
b ]] e - ' - r - y - O - Ek - a*g - r - z - z }} b - b ...
wduynyk*dKvf\ aomwmywdr*0Dxd
b ]] e - ' - r - O - Ek - a*g - r - z - z - z }} b - b ...
b = b0if/ e = b0*Fpve/ ' = b0*Fkyap'/ r = raem'Gg&m0Zef;/ y = y&duH/ O = Oypm/
Ek = tEkvHk/ a*g = a*gMwbk/ r = t&d,r*f/ z = t&d,zdkvf/
b0if b0*Fpve b0*Fkyap' raem'Gg&m0Zef; y&duH Oypm tEkvHk a*gMwbk r*f
zdkvf (2)Budrf xdkaemif b0ifjzpfxdkufo jzpf\/ um; ynmEkHYaom rEynyk*dKvf\ r*0Dxdwnf;/
wduynyk*dKvf y&duH rygbJ zdkvfaZm oHk;Budrf apm\/ ou'g*grdr*0Dxdponfh txufydkif;r*0Dxdrsm; a*gMwbkt&mwGif a0g'gef[k trnfajymif;oGm;onfom xl;\/
xdk0DxdpdwfwdkYwGif y&duH Oypm tEkvHk a*gMwbkwdkYrSm umrm0p& r[mukodkvf Por,kwf
aZmrsm; jzpfMu\/ aomreESifh Oayum xdkufovdk jzpfEdkif\/ ,if;aZmwdkYwGif y&duH Oypm
tEkvHkwdkYum; ocFg&edrdwfudk tmkHjyK a*gMwbk (a0g'gef) r*f zdkvfwdkYum; tocFw"mwf edAmef
w&m;awmfjrwfudk tmkHjyKMuonf/
t&d,r*fPfESifh qufpyfvsuf&dSaom y&duH Oypm tEkvHk a*gMwbk (a0g'gef) wdkYudkvnf;aumif; r*0Dxd\ a&S;wGif b0ifjcm;vsuf r*0DxdESifh qufpyfaeaom tvGefeD;uyfaeaom txGwf
txdyfodkY a&muf&dSvmonfh ocFgkayumPfygonfh 0dyemaZm0Dxdudkvnf;aumif; 0k|me*grdeD
0dyem[k ac:qdkayonf/ ocFgkayumPfudk oHk;ydkif; ydkif;vQif t&d,r*fPfESifh qufpyfaeonfh
tvGefeD;uyfaeonfh aemufqHk;ydkif; jzpfonf/
389

0k|me*grdeD ye 0dyem udrm&rPmwd? vuPm&rPmwd/ vuPH emr ynwd*wduH
e0wA"rblwH/ a,m ye ]]tedpH 'kurewm}}wd wDPd vuPmed ovauwd? w yuEm uaP
A'ukPyH 0d, a[mEd? ocFg&m&rPar0 PH ocFg&awm 0k|mwd/ ,xm [d {aum bduK ywH
udPdwkumarm yw0gPdaZe ywH tmbwH 'doGm [|y[a|m ]]*PSdmrD}}wd pdaEwGm 0DrHormaem
wDPd qd'ged ya,s/ aom e qda'ok ed&mva,m a[mwd? yaw ye ed&mva,m a[mwd?
{0ar0 wDPd vuPmed ovauwGm ocFga&ok ed&mva,m a[mwd? ocFg&m&raPae0 aPe
ocFg&awm 0k|mwDwd a0'dwAH/ 'kamyrm,yd {ao0 ea,m/ (tbd-|-1-269/)
tedpwm 'kuwm tewwmwd [d 0doHk *,SrmeH vuPH ynwd*wduH y&rwawm t0dZrmeH?
t0dZrmewm {0 y&dwm'd0aoe e0wA"rblwH/ wom 0doHk *a[wA vuP y&rwawm
tbm0g ]]tedpH 'kurewm}}wd ocFga& obm0awm ovuaEm0 vuPmed ovauwd emrmwd
tm[ ]]a,m ye tedpH 'kurewmwd wDPd vuPmed ovauwD}}wd/ (rlv#D-1-115/)
0k|me*grdeD 0dyemonf tb,ftmkH &Sdoenf;[lrl tedpwm 'kuwm tewwm[laom
vuPmvQif tmk&H o
dS nf[k ajzqd&k m\/ tedpt
jcif;t&m 'kut
jcif;t&m tewtjcif;t&m[laom
vuPmonf ynwf\ jzpfjcif;uJhodkYaom jzpfjcif;&Sd\? ynwfESifh tvm;wlae\/ (tbd-|-1-269/)
xdak Mumifh 0k|me*grdeD 0dyemonf tedpw
mpaom vuPmudk tmkjH yKaevQif xdv
k uPmonf
ynwfoabm jzpf\? xdkaMumifh t&d,r*f jzpfaomtcg xdkr*fonf 0k|me trnf&&m xdk0k|meonf
ocFg&tmkHwdkYrS rxajrmufEdkifbJ &Sd&m\? wpfzef ,if; 0k|me*grdeD 0dyemonf ocFg&w&m;udk tmkH
jyKjyefvQifvnf; ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedpwmpaom vuPmudk xdk;xGif; rodbJ &Sd&m\/ odkY tpGef;
ESpfbuf xGufaeaomaMumifh ar;cGef;udk xkwf t|uxmq&mawmfu ajzqdkaejcif; jzpf\/
(rlv#D-1-115/)
vuPm& rPm ----- ]]tedp}}[k qdk&m tedpjzpfaom rjrJaom cEm (5)yg; &\/ ]]tedpwm}}[k
qdk&mum; xdktedpjzpfaom cEm (5)yg;\ rjrJjcif;[laom trSwfvuPm &\/ 'kuESifh 'kuwm
tewESifh tewwmwdkYvnf; enf;wl rSwfyg/
avmuD Oyg'geuEm (5)yg;udk tedp 'ku tew [k I&m tmkjH yK&if;u ocFg&jzpfaom y&rw
cEmudk tmkHjyKaomfvnf; Pf xifvmaomtcg cEm (5)yg;\ tedpwmpaom tjcif;t&mom
xifvm\? odx
Yk ifvmyHu
k kd pJ
G vuPm&rPm = tedpw
m 'kuw
m tewwm[laom vuPmvQif
tmkH&Sdonf[k t|uxm qdkjcif; jzpfonf/ (rlv#D-1-115/)
vuPmrnfonf ynwf\jzpfjcif;uJhodkYaom jzpfjcif;&dS\/ ynwfESifh tvm;wl\? y&dw = umr
w&m; r[*Kww
f &m;ponfjzifh rqdx
k u
kd af om w&m;jzpf jzpf\/ xdo
k yYkd if jzpfaomfvnf; tMuifa,m*g0p& &[ef;onf ]]tedp 'ku tew}}[k vuPma&;oH;k wefwu
Ykd kd rSwo
f m;\? xd&k [ef;\ oEmef0,f
cEmig;yg;wdkYonf vnfyif; zJGUcsnf xm;tyfaom taumifykyfuJhodkY jzpfvmukef\? xifvmukef\?
ocFg&[laom tmkH&dSonfomvQif jzpfaom Pfonf ocFg&rS x\/ (tbd-|-1-269/)
390
vuPmonf = vuPma&;oHk;wefonf ynwfESifh tvm;wlyif wlygaomfvnf; 0k|me*grdeD

0dyemPfonf ocFg&w&m;udo
k mvQif tmkjH yKvsuf aeygonf/ ocFg&w&m;udk tmkjH yKaomaMumifh
0k|metrnf&aom t&d,r*fPf jzpfay:vmaomtcg ocFg&udk vTwf edAmefudk tmkHjyK&um;
t&d,r*fonf ocFg&rS xajrmuf&m a&muf\/ xdkaMumifh ----- ocFg&m&rPar0 PH ocFg&awm
0k|mwd = ocFg&w&m;[laom tmk&H o
Sd nfomvQif jzpfaom Pfonf ocFg&rS x\ - [k t|uxmu
zGifhqdkjcif; jzpfonf/ ocFg&[laom tmkH&dSaom Pfum; 0dyemPfwnf;? ocFg&rS xaom
Pfum; t&d,r*fPfwnf;/ Pfcsif;wlaomaMumifh {uwenf;tm;jzifh ]]PH}}[k Pfwpfckwnf;tjzpf t|uxmu rdefYqdkxm;awmfrlonf/
avmuOyrm ----- &[ef;awmfwpfyg;onf oydwfudk 0,f,lvdkonf jzpf oydwfaps;onfu
oydwfudk aqmif,lvmonfudk jrif 0rf;ajrmuf 0rf;om &Tifvef;wuf<upGm jzpfvsuf ]]0,f,l&awmhaytHh}}[k MuHpnfpOf;pm; oydwfudk pl;prf;Munfhvwfaomf oydwf taygufoHk;ckwdkYudk awGUjrifav&m\? xdk&[ef;onf taygufwdkY wG,fwmrI tmv, r&dSonfum; r[kwf? t[kwfrSmrl oydwfom
wG,w
f mrI tmv, r&dS jzpfomG ;\/ OyrmtwlyifvQif a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmfonf ocFg&w&m;wdYk
vuPma&;oHk;wefudk rSwfom; ocFg&w&m;wdkY wG,fwmrI tmv, r&dS jzpfoGm;\? ocFg&[laom
tmkH&dSonfomvQif jzpfaom Pfjzifh ocFg&rS xajrmuf\[k od&dSygav/ ykqdk;udk 0,f&m0,f ykqdk;
taygufoHk;ckudk awGUonfh Oyrmvnf; enf;wlyifwnf;/ (tbd-|-1-269/)

(0dok'd-2-300-301/ tbd-|-1-270-271/)
1/ omoemawmf tcsKUd aom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf tm;xkwcf gp a&S;OD;tpyifvQif rdro
d Emef
wnf&dSaom tZsw cEmig;yg; ocFg&w&m;wdkY pGJpGJjrJjrJ ESvHk;oGif;\? pGJpGJjrJjrJ ESvHk;oGif;NyD; xdktZsw
cEmig;yg; ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk vuPm,mOf oHk;csufudk wpfvSnfhpD wif tedp[k ('ku[k tew[k )
0dyemI\/ odkYaomf tZswocFg&w&m; oufoufudk 0dyemIkHrQjzifhum; 0k|metrnf&aom
t&d,r*fonf rjzpfay:vmEdkif/ A[d'ocFg&w&m;wdkYudkvnf; 0dyemI&rnfomvQif jzpfonf/ (rrH
um&0wKaemyd y&dan,swm = ig\ Opm[k ESvHk;oGif;tyfaom wPSm\ wnf&m pGJrDS jzpf&m ouf&dS
oufrJh A[d' kyf0wK emrf0wK\ ykdif;jcm; odtyfaom y&dan,sw&m;yif jzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/)
xdak Mumifh olwpfyg;\ oEmef wnf&aSd om cEmig;yg;wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif; tEkyg'dEo
cFg& trnf&aom
oufrahJ vmu wnf&aSd om OwkZkyw
f &m;wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif; tedp[
k 'ku[
k tew[k vuPm,mOf
oHk;csufudk wpfvSnfhpD wif 0dyemI\/ (A[d'csif; wlnD omrefaygif;pk jcHKiHk I&efjzpfonf/)
xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf &Hcg tZswj zpfaom rdro
d Emef tusK;H 0ifaom ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd vuPm,mOf
wifum 0dyem IymG ;oH;k oyf\? &Hcg A[d'j zpfaom ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd vuPm,mOf wifum 0dyem
IymG ;oH;k oyf\/ odaYk omenf;jzifh 0dyem IymG ;oH;k oyfaom xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd vt
f m; tZsw ocFg&
w&m;wdkYudk 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyfaom umv 0dyemPfonf t&d,r*fPfESifh twlwuG
qufpyfrd\/ (0dyemPf\ tjcm;rJhrSmyifvQif t&d,r*fPf jzpfay:vmaomaMumifh odkY
qdkonf/) a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf tZsw pGJpGJjrJjrJ ESvHk;oGif; tZswrS xonf rnf\/
391
2/ aemufwpfrsK;d um; - A[d'o

cFg&w&m; 0dyem IymG ;oH;k oyfaomtcg xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f
0dyemPfonf t&d,r*fPfESifh twlwuG tu,f qufpyfrdonf jzpftHh? a,m*g0p&
yk*dKvfonf tZsw pGJpGJjrJjrJ ESvHk;oGif; A[d'rS xonf rnf\/
rSwfcsuf ----- tZswrS x\ A[d'rS x\ - [laom pum;rsm;udk 0k|me*grdeD 0dyem\
tZswocFg&w&m;vQif tmHk&dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifh A[d'ocFg&w&m;vQif tmkH&dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifh y&d,m,ftm;jzifh qdkjcif; jzpfonf/ y&d,m,f rzuf rkcsoufouftm;jzifhum; tZsw ocFg&
A[d'ocFg& tvHk;pHkrS xonfomvQif jzpfonf/
3/ A[d'ocFg&w&m; pwif pGJpGJjrJjrJ ESvHk;oGif; A[d'ocFg&w&m;rSvnf;aumif;
4/ tZswocFg&w&m;rSvnf;aumif; xjcif;vnf; enf;udk od&Sdygav/
5/ tjcm;wpfOD;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf a&S;OD;tp tm;xkwfcgpyifvQif kyfw&m; pGJpGJjrJjrJ
ESv;kH oGi;f \? pGpJ jJG rjJ rJ ESv;kH oGi;f Ny;D blwkyu
f v
kd nf;aumif; Oyg'gkyu
f v
kd nf;aumif; wpfaygif;wpfpw
k nf;
jyK (uvmyoroeenf;tm;jzifh pwif) 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyf\? odkYaomf kyfw&m;oufoufudk
0dyem IkHrQjzifhum; 0k|metrnf&aom t&d,r*fPfonf rjzpfay:vmEdkif? emrfw&m;udkvnf;
0dyemI&rnfom jzpfayonf/ xdkYaMumifh xdkkyfw&m;udk tmkHjyK jzpfay:vmaom a0'emudk
vnf;aumif; onmudkvnf;aumif; ocFg&wdkYudkvnf;aumif; 0dnmPfudkvnf;aumif; ]] a0'em
onm ocFg& 0dnmPfonf emrfw&m;wnf;}}[k Pfjzifh ydik ;f jcm;,l ,if;emrfw&m;wdu
Yk kd tedpp aom
tm;jzifh vuPm,mOfo;kH csuu
f kd wpfvn
S phf D wif 0dyem IymG ;oH;k oyf\/ xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf
&Hcg kyw
f &m;udk vuPm,mOfo;kH csuu
f kd wpfvn
S phf D wif 0dyem IymG ;oH;k oyf\? &Hcg emrfw&m;udk
vuPm,mOfo;kH csuu
f kd wpfvn
S phf D wif 0dyem IymG ;oH;k oyf\/ odYk oH;k oyfaom xdak ,m*g0p&
yk*dKvftm; kyfw&m;udk 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyfpOf tcg 0dyemPfonf t&d,r*fPfESifh twl
wuG qufpyfrd\? yk*dKvfonf kyfw&m; pGJpGJjrJjrJ ESvHk;oGif; kyfw&m;rS xonf rnf\/
6/ aemufwpfrsKd;um; -- emrfw&m;udk 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyfpOftcgumv xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\
0dyemPfonf t&d,r*fPfESifh twlwuG tu,f qufpyfrdonf jzpftHh? yk*dKvfonf
kyfw&m; pGJpGJjrJjrJ ESvHk;oGif; emrfw&m;rS xonf rnf\/
7/ emrfw&m; pwif pGJpGJjrJjrJ ESvHk;oGif; emrfw&m;rSvnf;aumif;
8/ kyfw&m;rSvnf;aumif; x&mvnf; enf;udkyif odygav/
rSwfcsuf ----- kyfw&m; pwif 0dyemudk ESvHk;oGif;jcif;onf a,bk,stm;jzifh 0dyem,medu yk*dKvftm; jzpfouJhodkY twlyif emrfw&m; pwif 0dyemudk ESvHk;oGif;jcif;onf
a,bk,stm;jzifh orx,meduyk*Kd vt
f m; jzpf\/ tbdead 0o = pGpJ jJG rjJ rJ ESv;kH oGi;f \[lonfuv
kd nf;
0dyem\ a&S;tzdkY jyKoifh jyKxdkuf jyKtyfaom kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkYudk vuP &o ypKy|mef
y'|mef paomtm;jzifh Pfjzifh ydik ;f jcm;,ljcif;[l odtyfayonf/ xkad Mumifh vufO;D pGm kyw
f &m;udk
vuP &o ypKy|mef y'|mefenf;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; t0dZmpaom taMumif;w&m; xif&Sm;
jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusKd;kyfw&m; xif&Sm; jzpfyHk[laom y#dporkyg'fenf;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; odrf;qnf;jcif; Pfjzifh ydik ;f jcm;,ljcif;onf kyw
f &m; pGpJ jJG rjJ rJ ESv;kH oGi;f jcif; rnf\/ emrfw&m;udk vuP
392
&o ypKy|mef y'|mefenf;tm;jzifv

h nf;aumif; t0dZm paom taMumif;w&m; xif&mS ; jzpfjcif;aMumifh
tusK;d emrfw&m;\ xif&mS ; jzpfy[
kH al om y#dpo
rkyg 'fenf;tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif; odr;f qnf;jcif; Pfjzifh ydik ;f jcm; ,ljcif;onf emrfw&m; pGpJ jJG rjJ rJ ESv;kH oGi;f jcif; rnf\/ txufyg t|uxmpum;&yf
yp,y&d*[udk y&d*[csif; wlnD lyy&d*[ emry&d*[ vuPm[m&aewdenf;t& pkaygif;
zGifhqdkxm;onf[k rSwfyg/
9/ ]],H udd ork',"rH? oAH wH eda&m""r}}Ed {0H tbded0dodwGm {0ar0 0k|meumav ye {uy[ma&e y[d caE[d 0k|mwd emr/ (0dok'd-2-300/)
,H udd ork',"rH? oAH wH eda&m""rEd umrH O',A,y&d*PSeH tbdeda0aomwd 'dwH?
,xmOy|daw ye lygly"ar awo ypa, y&d*a[wGm oacFayae0 0dyemPH pma&aEm
Pkwa&m ,xmedodaEm0 Py#dyg#d,m cdyar0 opmed y#d0dZsaEm {uy[ma&e y[d caE[d
0k|mwd emr/ tnxm {auae0 avmud,pdawe yEH cEmeH y&d*[y&dZmeem'DeH tor0awm/ e
[d oed'eoy#dCm'd H {uZsH tm&rPH umwHk oum/ , ye {u0g&H aPe zdwH? yke wH
zdwAar0/ wm'do 0aoe 0kwEd 0'Ed/ (r[m#D-2-470/)
,H udd ork',"rH oAH wH eda&m""rH/ ('D-1-102 ...)
]]trSwfr&Sd tvHk;pHkaom bkHoHk;yg; twGif; wnf&Sdaom awblru ocFg&w&m; taygif;onf
jzpfjcif;oabm &Sd\? xdkjzpfjcif;oabm &Sdaom bHkoHk;yg; twGif; wnf&Sdaom awblru ocFg&w&m;
tvHk;pHkonf csKyfjcif;oabm ysufjcif;oabm &Sdonfcsnf; ESifESifwnf;}} odkY ESvHk;oGif; odkYaom
enf;tm;jzifhomvQif 0k|metrnf&aom t&d,r*fPf jzpfaomumv wpfNydKifeuf wpfcsufwnf;
tm;jzifh wpfaygif;wpfpkwnf; jzpf cEmig;yg;wdkYrS xonf rnf\/
,H udd ork',"rH? oAH wH eda&m""rH = jzpfjcif;oabm&Sdaom w&m;rSeforQonf csKyfjcif;
oabm&Sd\ - [laom pum;&yfjzifh O',A,y&d*PSe = ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tjzpf-tysufudk odrf;qnf;wwfaom Pf[laom 0dyembdeda0o = 0dyem ESvHk;oGif;rIudk t|uxmq&mawmfu
tu,fum; jytyfay\/ xdo
k yYkd if O',A,Pf[al om wpfcw
k nf;aom 0dyemESv;kH oGi;f rI tbdeda0oudk jytyfygaomfvnf; a&S;a&S;b0u avhvmcJzh ;l aom yg&rDPf[ek f 0oDabmf*P
k jf y vufxuf
OoQpo
f Ykd xpfxpfxifxif a&S;SL xifvmaom blwkyf Oyg'gkyt
f m;jzifh ESpyf g;tjym;&Sad om kyu
f kd yx0D
tmayg awaZm 0ga,m paom kyw
f pfrsK;d wpfrsK;d yx0Daygif;rsm;pGm tmaygaygif;rsm;pGm awaZmaygif;
rsm;pGm 0ga,maygif;rsm;pGm ponfjzifh twGi;f 0ifaom tjym;tm;jzifh wpfyg;ru rsm;aom tjym;&So
d nf
jzpfaomfvnf; ]]kyea|e lyH = azmufjyefwwfaomaMumifh ky}f }[k tusOf;tm;jzifhom vuPmudk
odrf;qnf; a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPf emrfw&m;udk wpfyg;ru rsm;aomtjym; &Sdaomfvnf;
]]erea|e emrH = tmkHodkY Gwfwwfaom teufoabmaMumifh emrf}}[k tusOf;tm;jzifh odrf;qnf; xdkkyfemrfwdkY\ taMumif;w&m;udkvnf; ]]t0dZm ocFg&m wPSm Oyg'geH ba0g a[wk =
t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& urb0 = uHonf taMumif;w&m;}}[k tusOf;tm;jzifhom odrf;qnf;
0dyemPfudk nDnmaom ajrjyiftwd odaEmjrif;udk ESif\odkY kyf+emrf+aMumif;+usKd; = ocFg&
tmkHay: vsifjrefpGm ajy;oGm;ap olrsm;xufvGefuJaom Pf&Sd&um; &d,mykxf rajymif;ra&TU
393
wpfaqGUrvSrf; bk&m;aU&SawmfarSmuf ponf a'oemawmfudk tpOfavQmufojzifh 0dyemPfudk

apvTwfvsuf xdkifaejrJaom &d,mykxfjzifhomvQif O',A,Pf b*FPfpaom Pfudk;yg;
tpOfjzifh vsifjrefpGm opmav;yg;udk xdk;xGif; odaom yk*dKvfonf wpfNydKifeuf wpfcsufwnf; tm;jzifh
tZsw A[d' paom a0zefjcif;udk rjyK wpfcw
k nf;jzifo
h mvQif ,if;a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f t&d,r*fonf
ig;yg;aom cEmwdkYrS xonf rnf\ [lvdkonf/
odkY qdktyfonfrS wpfyg;aom tjym;tm;jzifh teuft"dyg,fudk r,lqoifhay/ ,lqcJhaomf
wpfckwnf;aom r[mukodkvf 0dyemaZmpdwfonf cEmig;yg;wdkYudk vuP &o ypKy|mef y'|mef
tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; odrf;qnf;Edkif\ ydkif;jcm;,lEdkif\ od\ ----odkYponfh tvdkr&Sdtyfaom teuft"dyg,fonf oufa&mufvmEdkifzG,f&m &Sd\? xdkodkY vnf; rjzpfoifhay/ tqif; toH teHY t&ompaom w&m;wdkYudk wpfaygif;wnf; tmkHjyKjcif;iSm rwwfaumif;
aomaMumifh jzpf\/ jzpfoifh jzpfxu
kd af om oifah vsmaf om teuft"dyg ,fukd qd&k rl - tMuifa,m*g0p&
yk*dKvfonf tMuifkyfw&m; emrfw&m;udk Pfjzifh wpfBudrf awGUxdtyf\ awGUxdzl;\? ,if;0dyemPfonf oefrmonf jzpf xufjrufonf jzpf rd;k BuKd ;usoYkd awGUxdcsuf em&um; xdk yk ef mrfw&m;udk
aemufxyfwpfzef awGUxdzG,f r&Sd awGUxdNyD; rnfonfomwnf;/ rsufpdwpfrSdwf vQyfwpfjyuftwGif;
uka#wpfodef;rQru jzpfaom Por,kwf 0dyem r[mukodkvf aZmpdwftpOf aZmpdwftpkonf
kyef mrfukd odr;f qnf;jcif; taMumif;w&m;udk odr;f qnf;jcif; 0dyemIjcif;[laom trIawmfukd xrf;&vsuf tcsnf;pnf; r&Sdonfjzpf udpajyukefvG,fonf/ Pfxdkif; Pfav; EkHYaES;aom yk*dKvftm;
b0iftusrsm;vnf;aumif; tMum;tMum; tjcm;tjcm;aom tmkH ajy;0ifvnf;aumif; udp
rNy;D Edik b
f J aES;zsn;f ouJo
h Ykd r[kw?f xdo
k kd q
h t
kd yfcNhJ y;D aom oabm&Sad om 0&Zdev
f ufeuf rd;k BuKd ;pufuo
hJ Ykd
xufjruf vsifjref tm;aumif; oefrmaom Pf&Sdyk*dKvf wduyn0g\ 0dyemynm tpGrf;jzifh ---,H udd ork',"rH oAH wH eda&m""rH [laom cEmig;yg;rS xjcif;udk t|uxm zGifhqdkonf [lvdk/
(r[m#D-2-470 - Munfhyg/)
{uy[ma&emwd {uZsH? wH ye tZswm'd 0dbm*H tuwGm ]],H udd ork',"rH oAH wH
eda&m""r}}Ed t0dbma*e 0k|me*grded,m y0wd0aoe a0'dwAH? w,d'H owKorKcg a'oemEkoma&e PH ayaoE Pkw& or0wDwd 0'Ed/ (r[m#D-2-470/)
awblru ocFg&w&m; rSeo
f rQrS wpfNyKd ief uf xjcif;[lonf ----- uvmyoroePfydkif;
azmfjycJhaom tZsw A[d'paom cGJjcrf;a0zefrIudk rjyKawmhbJ ----- ]],H udd ork',"rH? oAH wH
eda&m""rH = jzpfjcif;oabm &Sdaom w&m;tm;vHk;onf csKyfjcif; = ysufjcif; oabm&Sd\}}[l tZsw
A[d' ponfjzifh rcGJrjcrf; ra0zefaomtm;jzifh 0k|me*grdeD 0dyem\ jzpfEdkifonf\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh
od&ydS gav/ xdo
k aYkd om xjcif;onf jrwfpmG bk&m;&Si\
f rsuaf rSmufawmf a'oemawmfukd tpOfavQmuf
ojzifh em,laeonfh a'oemawmf a[mMum;xm;awmfro
l nfh 0dyemIuu
G t
f wdik ;f Pfukd apvTw-f
Edkifaom 0dyemIedkifaom Pfynm vGefuJxufjrufaom yk*dKvftm;om jzpfoifhyg\[k usrf;*ef
odjrif q&mBuD; q&mausmf yk*dKvfxl; yk*dKvfarmfwdkYu rdefYqdkawmfrlMuonf/ (r[m#D-2-470/)
txufyg owfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifh tnD -- ,H udd ork',"rH? oAH wH eda&m""rH - [laom
Iuu
G rf mS bk&m;&Si\
f vufxufawmf w&m;em,l&if; uRww
f rf;0ifawmfrMl uonfh O*#w
d nL 0dyw
d nL
394
[laom orKcom0u trnf&awmfrMl uaom bk&m;&Si\

f rsuaf rSmuf om0uBurD sm;ESio
hf m oufqikd -f
onf[k rSwfyg/
toifa,m*Dolawmfaumif;onfvnf; rdrdudk,fudk rdrd w&m;em,lkHjzifh w&m;&Edkifonfh O*#dwnLyk*dKvfrsKd; 0dydwnLyk*dKvfrsKd; [kwf-r[kwfudk a0zef qef;ppfMunfhyg/ w&m;em,lkHjzifh odkYr[kwf
w&m;em&if; a[monfh w&m;twdkif; Pfudk apvTwf usifhojzifh w&m;qHk;aomtcg w&m;xl;
w&m;jrwf[lonfh avmukw&mw&m;udk &Edkifonfh yk*dKvftrsKd;tpm;wGif rdrd ryg0if[k rdrdudk,fudk rdrd
qHk;jzwfcsuf csEdkifygu od&Sdygu ----,H udd ork',"rH? oAH wH eda&m""rH/
= jzpfonfhw&m; rSeforSs tm;vHk; ysuf\ - [k
wpfenf; ----- jzpf-ysuf - [k
y&rwfkyfemrfudkrQ rodao;bJvsuf aMumif;-usKd; qufEG,frI y#dporkyg'f oabmw&m;udkrQ
rodao;bJvsuf ur|mef;ausmif; twGif;odkY 0ifvQif0ifcsif; --- odkYcsnf;ESifESif jzpf-ysufcsnf; xdkifIaeygu wdk;wufrI &Edkif r&Edkifudk pOf;pm;ygav/
wpfzef IuGufrSm 0dyeme,f tusOf;qHk; IuGuf jzpf\/ ,if; tusOf;qHk; IuGufrSmvnf;
w&m;awmfukd em,l&if; a'oemawmf\ aemufoYkd Pfukd apvTw
f a'oempOf0,f vm&do
S nft
h wdik ;f
usiEhf ikd f odEikd f 0dyemIEikd o
f jzifh a'oemawmftqH;k wGif r*fzv
kd ef Ad m efoYkd qdu
k af &mufEikd af om O*#w
d nL
0dydwnL yk*dKvfwdkYtwGufom owfrSwfcsuf&dSaom IuGufjzpfojzifh rdrdum; ae,syk*dKvftqifhwGif
wnf&dSaeygvQif xdkIuGuf twdkif; I &Edkif r&Edkifudkum; pOf;pm;&rnf jzpfayonf/ (pum;udk
r[m#Dum-2-470 - vm&dSaom 0'Ed0g' t& qdkonf[k rSwfyg/)
taMumif;rl ----- tusOf;qHk;enf;jzifhyif jzpfap tus,fenf;jzifhyif jzpfap rnfonfhenf;jzifhyif
jzpfap 0dyemI&m 0dyemPfjzifh xd;k xGi;f odjrif&rnfh 0dyemPf\ tIcH y&rw"mwfom;rsm;rSm awblruocFg& trnf&aom 'kuo
pmw&m;pkEiS hf taMumif; ork',opmw&m;pkyif jzpfonf/
usO;f onf jzpfap us,o
f nf jzpfap xd;k xGi;f odjrif&rnfh y&rw"mwfom;csi;f um; twlwyl if jzpfonf/
tusO;f qH;k jcKH IrEI iS hf tus,f cGjJ cm;pdwjf zm Ir[
I al om Iyt
kH jcif;t&mom uGmjcm;onf/ 0dyemPfjzifh od&&dS rnfh w&m;ESihf od&ySd kH tjcif;t&mum; twlwo
l m jzpfayonf/ om0uyg&rDPft&m
oroepm&acwf[k ac:qdak om 0dyemblrd = 0dyemPf\ jzpf&mbHrk mS wpfrsK;d wpfpm;wnf;om
&dSaomaMumifh jzpfonf/

pwkawm awblruur|medaum/ w ud& ory0wm "mwka,m ta[oHk? uvo&D&H
AvywH? ur|memedyd oAmae0 oyg,med? twDwm 0g ocFg&m a[mEK tem*wm 0g ypKyEm 0g
umrm0p&m 0g lyg0p&m 0g tlyg0p&m 0g? oaAyd oyg,m0/ toyg,ur|meH emr ew/d umavokyd
yka&bwH 0g a[mwk ypmbwH 0g yXr,mrm'a,m 0g? toyg,umavm emr ewd/ (oH-|-3-98/)
395
Iuu
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f kd 0dyem IymG ;oH;k oyfawmfral om &[Emrax&fjrwfBu;D wpfyg;\ taMumif;t&monf ud o
H kaumyrokwef (oH-2-396-397) wGif vm&dSay\/ awblru ur|medu yk*dKvf[k t|uxm (oH-|-3-98) u trnfwyfxm;ayonf/ xdkrax&fjrwfBuD;um; ur|mef;tm;vHk;ESifh oyg,
jzpfaom rax&fBuD;yif jzpf\/ twdwfocFg&w&m;udkyif jzpfap tem*wfocFg&w&m;udkyif jzpfap
ypKyefocFg&w&m;udkyif jzpfap umrm0p&w&m;udkyif jzpfap lyg0p&w&m;udkyif jzpfap tlyg0p&
w&m;udyk if jzpfap rnfonhw
f &m;udrk qdk vG,v
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l l ryifryef; 0dyem IEikd \
f ? ur|mef;tm;vH;k
ESihf oyg,jzpf\/ toyg,jzpfaom ur|mef; toyg,jzpfaom tcsed u
f mv[lonf xdrk ax&fjrwfBu;D
tzdkY r&dSay/ (oH-|-3-98/)
10/ wpfOD;aom a,m*gp0&yk*dKvfonf 0dyem yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfp a&S;OD;tp tedptm;jzifh =
tedp[
k ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd 0dyem IymG ;oH;k oyf\/ ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd tedpt
m;jzifh = tedp[
k 0dyem
IyGm;oHk;oyfumrQjzifhyifvQif 0k|metrnf&aom t&d,r*fPfonf rjzpfay:vmEdkif? 'kutm;jzifh
vnf;aumif; = 'ku[kvnf;aumif; tewtm;jzifhvnf;aumif; = tew[kvnf;aumif; 0dyem
IyGm;oHk;oyftyfonfomvQif jzpfayonf/ xdkaMumifh ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk 'kutm;jzifhvnf;aumif;
tewtm;jzifv
h nf;aumif; 0dyem IymG ;oH;k oyf\/ enf;twdik ;f usiahf om xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd vt
f m;
tedptm;jzifh = tedp[k oHk;oyfaom tcgumv 0k|metrnf&aom t&d,r*fPfonf tu,f
jzpfay:vmjim;tHh? a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tedptm;jzifh = tedp[k pGJpGJjrJjrJ
pwifESvHk;oGif; tedptm;jzifh ocFg&wdkYrS xonf rnf\/
11/ aemufwpfrsK;d um; -- xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd vt
f m; 'kut
m;jzifh = 'ku[
k ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd 0dyem
IymG ;oH;k oyfpOfumv 0k|me trnf&aom t&d,r*fPfonf tu,f jzpfjim;tHh -- ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd
tedptm;jzifh = tedp[k pGJpGJjrJjrJ pwifESvHk;oGif; 'kutm;jzifh ocFg&wdkYrS xonf rnf\/
12/ tu,f tewtm;jzifh = tew[k 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyfaeaom tcgumv 0k|me trnf
&aom t&d,r*fPfonf jzpfay:vmjim;tH?h tedptm;jzifh = tedp[k ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk pGJpGJjrJjrJ
pwif ESvHk;oGif; tewtm;jzifh ocFg&wdkYrS xonf rnf\/
13 - 18/ ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd tedp[
k pGpJ jJG rjJ rJ pwifEv
S ;kH oGi;f Ny;D aemuf ocFg&wdrYk S x&m yk*Kd vo
f ;kH rsK;d
&do
S uJo
h Ykd tvm;wlyif ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd 'ku[
k pGpJ jJG rjJ rJ pwifEv
S ;kH oGi;f Ny;D aemuf ocFg&wdrYk S x&mvnf;
yk*dKvfoHk;rsKd; ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tew[k pGJpGJjrJjrJ pwifESvHk;oGif;NyD;aemuf ocFg&wdkYrS x&mvnf;
yk*dKvfoHk;rsKd;yif &dSayonf/ (0dok'd-2-300-301/)
yk*dKvf trsKd;tpm;
ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tedp[k pGJpGJjrJjrJ pwifESvHk;oGif;aom yk*dKvf 'ku[k pGJpGJjrJjrJ pwifESvHk;oGif;aom yk*dKvf tew[k pGJpGJjrJjrJ pwifESvHk;oGif;aom yk*dKvf[k yk*dKvfoHk;rsKd; &dS\/ 0k|me trnf&aom
t&d,r*fPf jzpfay:vm&mumvum; tedp[
k ESv;kH oGi;f cdu
k f 0k|me trnf&aom t&d,r*fPfonf jzpfay:vmjim;tHh? xdkoHk;rsKd;vHk;aom yk*dKvfwdkYonf o'g"darmu tjzpfrsm;ukef\? o'daÈudk
&Edkifukef\? tedrdw0darmujzifh vGwfukef\/ aomwmywdr*fcP o'gEkom&D yk*dKvfwdkY jzpfukef\/
396
aomwmywdzdkvfrS t&[wzdkvfodkYwdkifatmif usef (7)XmewdkY o'g0drkwyk*dKvfwdkY jzpfukef\/

tu,f ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk 'ku[k ESvHk;oGif;cdkuf 0k|me trnf&aom t&d,r*fPfonf
jzpfay:vmjim;thH? yk*dKvf oHk;rsKd;vHk;wdkYonfyif y'd tjzpfrsm;ukef\? orm"daÈudk &Edkifukef\?
tyPd[dw0darmujzifh vGwfukef\? aomwmywdr*frSonf t&[wzdkvfodkYwdkifatmif tm;vHk;aom
(8)XmewdYk um,ouD yk*Kd vw
f Ykd jzpfMuuke\
f / txl;um; ----- yk*dKvfwdkYwGif tMuifyk*dKvftm;
tlypsmefonf 0dyem\ tajcyg'u jzpf\? xdk tlypsmefudk 0dyem\ tajcyg'u jyKaom
yk*dKvfonf t&[wzdkvf Obawmbm*0drkw yk*dKvf rnfayonf/
xdrk w
S pfyg; -- xdyk *k Kd vo
f ;kH rsK;d wdt
Yk m; ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd tew[k ESv;kH oGi;f cdu
k f 0k|me trnf&aom
t&d,r*fPfonf jzpfay:vmjim;thH? xdkyk*dKvfoHk;rsKd;vHk;wdkYonfyif ynm tjzpfrsm;ukef\? yndaÈudk
&Edkifukef\? oknw0darmujzifh vGwfukef\? aomwmywdr*fcP "rmEkom&D rnfukef\? aomwmywdzdkvfrS t&[wr*fodkY wdkifatmifaom tv,f (6)XmewdkY 'd|dywyk*dKvfwdkY jzpfukef\/ t&[wzdkvf ynm0drkwyk*dKvfwdkY jzpfukef\/ (0dok'd-2-301/)
Oyrm (12) &yf (0do'k -d 2-301-305/)

,cktcg b,wky|mePfro
S nf a*gMwbkPfow
Ykd ikd af tmifaom a&S;0dyemPf aemuf
0dyemPfwdkYESifh twlwuG 0k|me*grdeD0dyemudk xif&Sm;jyjcif;iSm (12)rsKd;aom OyrmwdkYudk
odoifhodxdkufukef\/ qkdvwHUonfum; xdkOyrmwdkY\ tusOf;Oa'ownf;/ ----0*KvD uPSoayg p? C&H a*g ,ud 'g&aum/
ck'H ydygoH oDwkPSH? tEum&H 0daoe p/
Oyrmwdu
Yk kd b,wky|mePfrS p aqmifjyjcif;iSm oifu
h ek &f m\? xdx
k
kd Pft&m wnfaom
Oyrm0wK\ &oifhaomaMumifhyifwnf;/ tusKd;um; ----- 0k|me*grdeD0dyemt&m aqmif,l
jytyfuek o
f nf &Sad omf b,wky|mePfro
S nf zdv
k
f PfoYkd wdik af tmif tvH;k pHak om Pf\ udpo
nf
xif&Sm;Edkif\? tv,f wnf xif&Sm;jyaomaMumifhyifwnf;/ xdkYaMumifh 0k|me*grdeD 0dyem
t&momvQif OyrmwdkYudk aqmif,ljyxdkufukef\[k 0dok'duxm qdktyfukef\/ (0dok'd-2-301/)
1/ 0*Kvd = vif;EdkY
vif;EdkY wpfaumifonf ----- ]] opfyif tyGifhudkaomfvnf;aumif; toD;udkaomfvnf;aumif;
&vwftHh}} odkY ESvHk;ydkuf cufr ig;jzm &dSaom opfrnfpnfyif 0ifem;\? em;NyD;aemuf opfcuf
wpfcufudk pHkprf;Munfh\? pHkprf;vwfaomf xdktcuf wpfpHkwpfckaom tyGifhudkaomfvnf;aumif;
toD;udkaomfvnf;aumif; udkuf,ltyfonf\ tjzpfodkY a&mufonfudk rjrifay? opfcuf wpfcufudk
pHpk rf;ouJo
h Ykd tvm;wlyif 'kw,
d tcufuv
kd nf;aumif; wwd, tcufuv
kd nf;aumif; pwkw tcufukd
vnf;aumif; yr tcufudkvnf;aumif; pHkprf;jyef\? pHkprf;vwfaomf udkuf,lxdkufaom wpfpHkwpfckaom tyGifhtoD;udk rjrifjyefay/ xdkvif;EdkYonf ----- ]]opfyifonf toD;rJhpGwum;? opfyif
397
udkuf,ltyfonf\ tjzpfodkYa&mufaom wpfpHkwpfckaom toD;tyGifhonf r&SdcJhavpGwum;}} odkY

ESvHk;ydkuf xdkvif;EdkYonf xkdopfyif wG,fwmwyfrufjcif; tmv,udk pGefY ajzmifhajzmifhwufaom
tcufoYkd wuf opfcMG um;rS OD;acgif;udk azmf txufoYkd ajrmf aumif;uif ysw
H uf toD;&Sad om
tjcm;opfwpfyif 0ifem;\/
xdOk yrm vif;Edu
Yk o
hJ Ykd a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vu
f kd rSwt
f yf\/ cufr ig;jzm &Sad om opfrnfpnfyifuo
hJ Ykd
Oyg'geuEm ig;yg;wdu
Yk kd rSwt
f yfuek \
f / xdo
k pfyif vif;Ed\
Yk 0ifa&mufem;jcif;uJo
h Ykd a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f
Oyg'geuEmig;yg; p ESvHk;oGif;jcif;udk rSwftyf\/ xdkvif;EdkY\ wpfckwpfckaom opfcufudk pHkprf;
udkuf,lxdkufaom wpfpHkwpfckaom tyGifh toD;udk rjrif& <uif;aom tcufwdkYudk pHkprf;jcif;uJhodkY
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ lyuEmudk vuPma&;oHk;wef wifum 0dyemIyGm;oHk;oyfNyD; xdklyuEm
pGJ,ljcif;iSm avsmufywfaom wpfpHkwpfckaom edp[laom tESpfom& okc[laom tESpfom& tw
[laom tESpfom& okb[laom tESpfom&paom tESpfom&udk rawGUjrif&onf jzpf <uif;aom
emrfcEmwdkYudk vuPma&;oHk;wef wifum 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyfjcif;udk rSwfom;tyf\/ xdkvif;EdkY\
]]opfyifonf toD;rJhpGwum;}} odkY ESvHk;ydkuf opfyifay: wG,fwmrufarmjcif; tmv,udk
pGefYjcif;uJhodkY a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ cEmig;yg;wdkYvnf; tedpvuPmponfudk jrifonf\ tpGrf;jzifh
vnf0,fqGJxm;tyfaom acG;aoaumifykyfuJhodkY pufqkyfNiD;aiGU&um; ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk pGefYvTwfaom
rkdwkurswmPf y#docFgEkyemPf ocFgkayumPf [laom 0dyemPfoHk;yg; taygif;\
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef jzpfay:vmjcif;udk rSwfom;tyf\/ xdkvif;EdkY\ tay:odkY ajzmifhajzmifh
wufoGm;aom opfcuf\ txufodkY ysHwufoGm;jcif;uJhodkY a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ edAmef[lonfh txuf
bufodkY ajzmifhajzmifhwufoGm;wwfaom tEkavmrPfudk rSwfom;tyf\/ ODacgif;udkazmf txuf
aumif;uifbufoYkd ajrmfMunfjh cif;uJo
h Ykd edAm efw&m;awmfjrwfBu;D udk vSr;f ajrmfMunfw
h wfaom a*gMwbkPfukd aumif;uif ysw
H ufjcif;uJo
h Ykd edAm efoYkd ajy;oGm;ouf0ifaom t&d,r*fPfukd rSwo
f m;tyf\/
(0dok'd-2-302/)
pdwf\ aumufuspfonf\ tjzpfudk jyKwwfukefaom rm,m-omaX,sponfh tauGUtaumuf
tvSnt
hf ywfwu
Ykd kd cGmEdik o
f jzifh tEkavmrPf\ txufoYkd ajzmifah jzmifw
h ufomG ;aom opfcufEiS hf
wlonf\ tjzpfukd edAm efuMkd unfah omtm;jzifh a*gMwbkPf\ txufoYkd ajrmfMunfjh cif;ESihf wlonf\
tjzpfudk wnf&mr&Sdaom edAmef wnfjcif;aMumifh r*fPf\ aumif;uif ysHwufjcif;ESifh wlonf\
tjzpfudk rSwfom;tyf\/ (r[m#D-2-471/)
2/ uPSoy = a>ra[muf
wHigonfwpfOD;onf ig;wdkYudk zrf;tHh[laom &nf&G,fcsufjzifh ig;axmifjrHK;udk ,l a&xJ jrHK;udk
axmifxm;\/ xdkaemif oifhavsmfavmufaom tcsdefwGif xdkwHigom;onf jrHK;0rS vufudk xdk;EIduf
jrHK;twGif; prf;oyfavaomf jrHK;twGif; a&xJ a&a>ra[mufudk vnfpd qkyfrd&ufom; jzpfoGm;\?
odaYk omf wHigom;onf ]]igonf ig;udk rdavNy}D }[k ESpv
f 0kd rf;ajrmufav\/ xdw
k iH gom;onf --- ]]igonf
ig;Bu;D {&mudk &tyfavaygh }}[k ajrm uf Munfah vaomf vnfusm; oH;k &pfukd jrifojzifh a&a>ra[muf[k
398
odvwf aMumuf&GHUonf jzpf a&mufvwH haom tjypfab;udk jrif rdxm;NyD;aom a>ra[mufudk

odrf;ydkufxm;zdkY&ef NiD;aiGUonfjzpf vGwfvdk&um; vGwfjcif;\ taMumif;Oyg,fudk jyKvsuf tNrD;zsm;rS
p a>rud,
k jf zifh &pfywfxm;tyfaom vufukd ajz vufarmif;udk ajrm uf OD;acgif;txuf ESpyf wf
oHk;ywf ywfywfvSnfhvsuf a>ra[mufudk tm;enf;atmif jyK ]][,f a>rqdk; ...oGm;avawmh}}[k
pGev
Yf w
T Nf y;D aemuf vsijf refpmG uefaygifoYkd wuf ----- ]]tcsif;wdkY ... igonf BuD;pGmaom a>r\
cHwGif;rS vGwfcJhavNyDaygh }}[k vmcJhaom vrf;c&D;udk Munfhvsuf wnfae\/ (0dok'd-2-290/)
a*gMwbkPfonf ocFg&w&m;tm;vHk;udk pGefYvTwf edAmefudk tmkHjyKjcif;aMumifh ,if;a*gMwbkPfonf a>ra[mufudk vTwfjcif;ESifh wl\/ a>ra[mufudk vTwfNyD; vm&mc&D;udk Munfhvsuf
&yfwnfaejcif;uJo
h Ykd t&d,r*fPfukd rSwo
f m;yg/ t&d,r*fPfonf tmkw
H u
kd f u
dk f rsuaf rSmufjyKjcif;
= tm&rPy#da0"oabmtm;jzifh edAm efukd tmkjH yK\/ rawGra0odjcif; toarm[y#da0"\ tpGr;f jzifh
rdr[
d al om t&d,r*fuv
kd nf; jrif\/ (t&d,r*fukd rod rjrifatmif zH;k vTr;f xm;tyfaom arm[t0dZm udk
t&d,r*fu y,fowfvdkufojzifh rodrIaysmuf odrI 0dZmPf jzpfay:vm\? udpod'dtm;jzifh odjciff;
udp Ny;D pD;oGm;\? onfuykd if toarm[y#da0"[k qd\
k /) xdak Mumifh t&d,r*f\ edAm efukd vSr;f ajrmf
Munfjh cif;onf a>ra[mufukd vTwNf y;D aemuf wHigonf\ vm&mvrf;udk &yfMunfjh cif;ESihf wl\[k qdo
k nf/
wHigonf\ vm&mvrf;udk &yfMunhfNyD;aemuf aU&SodkYoGm; ab;uif;&mt&yf &yfwnfaejcif;uJhodkY
zdkvfPfudk rSwfom;tyf\/ (pum;&yfjzifh ab;uif;&mt&yfodkY a&mufNyD;onfudk qdkonf?
xdkab;uif;&m t&yfodkY a&mufpdrfhaomiSm usifhjcif;udk rqdk/) (0dok'd-2-302/ r[m#D-2-471/)
3/ C&H = tdrf
tdr&f iS o
f nf ntcg pm;aomufNy;D tdy&f mxufoYkd wufvwfaomf tdyaf ysmo
f mG ;\? tdyaf ysmpf Of
tdru
f kd rD;avmif\? xdt
k rd &f iS o
f nf Ed;k vwf rD;udk jrif aMumuf&um; ]]ud,
k u
f kd rD;ravmifrD tu,f
xGufajy;&rl taumif;BuD; ppfppf jzpfav&m\}}[k ESvHk;ydkuf xGufajy;&ef t&yfudk Munfhvwfaomf
vrf;udk jrif vsifjrefpGm xGufajy;av&m ab;uif;&m t&yfodkY a&muf wnfaeav\/ xdkOyrm
tdrf&Sif\ tpmpm;NyD;aemuf tdyf&mxufodkY wuf tdyfaysmfjcif;odkY a&mufouJhodkY y&rwfPfynm
rsufpd r&Sdao;aom ykxkZef irdkufom;\ cEmig;yg;wdkYudk ]]ig - ig\ Opm}}[k pGJvrf;jcif;ESifh wl\/
Edk;vmNyD;aemuf rD;jrif aMumufaom umvuJhodkY ormy#dy'g trnf&aom aumif;rGef rSefuefaom
usi0hf wfy#dywfukd usi
hf vuPma&;oH;k wefukd jrif b,wky|mePf jzpfay:vmjcif;udk rSwo
f m;yg/
xGufaygufvrf;udk Munfhjcif;uJhodkY ocFg&wdkYrS vGwfajrmufjcif;iSm tvdk&Sdaom rkdwkurswmPf
y#docFgPf oEd |em trnf&aom aumif;pGm wnfNidrfaeaom ocFgkayumPfwdkY\ jzpfay:vmjcif;udk rSwfom;yg/ vrf;udk jrifjcif;uJhodkY tEkavmrPfudk rSwfom;yg/ rD;avmifaom tdrfrS
xGufjcif;uJhodkY a*gMwbkPfudk rSwfom;yg/ (a*gMwbkPfonf ocFg&edrdwfrS xGufajrmufonf\
tjzpfaMumifw
h nf;/) vsijf refaom t[kejf zifh ajy;jcif;uJo
h Ykd r*fPfukd rSwo
f m;yg/ (pGet
Yf yfaom t&yf
,ltyfaom t&yfwdkY NyD;apjcif; udptxl;ESifh ,SOfjcif;aMumifhwnf;/) ab;uif;&m t&yf &yfwnfaejcif;uJhodkY zdkvfPfudk rSwfom;yg/ (0dok'd-2-302-303/ r[m#D-2-471/)
399
4/ a*g = EGm;
v,form;wpfOD;\ nOfhtcg tdyfaysmfpOf EGm;jcHudk azmuf EGm;wdkYonf xGufajy;ukef\/ xdk
v,form;onf rd;k aomufxtcg xdEk mG ;jco
H Ykd oGm; Munfv
h wfaomf xdEk mG ;wd\
Yk xGuaf jy;aomtjzpfukd
od&Sd EGm;ajc&mudk cH tpOftwdkif; vdkufavaomf &Sifbk&if\ EGm;wdkYudk jrifav\/ xdk&Sifbk&if\
EGm;wdkYukd ighEGm;wdkY[k rSwfxif aqmif,loGm;avaomf rdk;aomufaom umv EGm;wdkYonf ighEGm;
r[kwu
f ek ?f &Sib
f &k if\ EGm;awmfww
Ykd nf;[k rSwrf
d ]]ighukd olum; olc;kd wnf;}}[k rif;csi;f a,mufsm;wdkYu zrf;qD; ysufpD;jcif;odkY a&mufatmif rjyKvkyf&ao;rD xGufajy;aythH[k aMumuf&GHUonf jzpf
EGm;wdkYudk pGefY vsifjrefpGm ajy; ab;uif;&m t&yf &yfwnf\/
xdkOyrmpum;&yf ---- ]]ighEGm;wdkY}}[l rif;\ EGm;awmfwdkYukd zrf;,ljcif;uJhodkY y&rwfPfynm
rsufpd r&Sdaom ykxkZef irdkufom;\ Oyg'geuEmig;yg;wdkYudk ]]ig - igh[m}} [l pGJvrf;jcif; pGJ,ljcif;udk
rSwfom;yg/ (olpdrf;jyifytm;jzihfvnf;aumif; jrwfEdk;zG,f r&dSonf\ tjzpfjzifhvnf;aumif; jyKtyfukeaf om 0dyemPfjzifh Ityfuek af om Oyg'geuEm wdu
Yk kd ]]igyJ - igh[myJ}}[k pGv
J rf;jcif;\ rif;EGm;awmfwu
Ykd kd rdrEd mG ;[l zrf;,ljcif;ESihf wlonf\ tjzpfukd qdt
k yf\/) rd;k vif;vwfaomf rif;\ EGm;awmfwYkd
[l odjcif;uJhodkY a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ vuPma&;oHk;wef\ tpGrf;jzifh Oyg'geuEmwdkYudk tedp 'ku
tew[l odjcif;udk rSwfom;tyf\/ rif;csif;a,mufsm;wdkY\ zrf;,lowfjzwfjcif;rS aMumufaom
umvuJhodkY b,wky|mePfudk rSwfom;tyf\/ EGm;wdkYudk vTwf ajy;vdkonf\ tjzpfuJhodkY rkdwkurswmPfudk rSwfom;tyf\/ EGm;wdkYudk vTwfjcif;uJhodkY a*gMwbkPfudk rSwfom;tyf\/ ajy;jcif;
uJhodkY t&d,r*fudk rSwfom;tyf\/ ajy;NyD;aemuf ab;uif;&m t&yf &yfwnfjcif;uJhodkY t&d,zdkvfudk
rSwfom;tyf\/ (0dok'd-2-303/ r[m#D-2-472/)
5/ ,uD = bDvl;r
a,mufsm; wpfa,mufonf (bDvl;rrSef; rodojzifh) bDvl;rESifh tdrfaxmifjcif;udk jyKav\?
xdkbDvl;ronf nOfhtcg ]]a,mufsm;onf tdyfaysmfavNyD}}[k rSwfxif olaoaumif pGefYypf&m
okomefoYkd oGm; vlom;udk pm;\/ xdak ,mufsm;onf rde;f ronf tb,foYkd oGm;oenf;[k tpOfojzifh
vdu
k
f &Smavaomf vlom;udk pm;aeonfukd awGUjrif xdb
k v
D ;l r\ vlom; r[kwo
f nf\ tjzpfuo
kd
d
]]ighukd rpm;ao;rD}}ajy;tH[
h k aMumuf&UHG onfjzpf vsijf refpmG ajy; ab;uif;&mt&yf &yfwnfav\/
xdOk yrm ----- bDvl;rESifh twlwuG aygif;azmfjcif;uJhodkY Oyg'geuEmwdkYudk ]]ig - ig\Opm}}[k
pGJvrf;jcif;udk rSwfom;tyf\/ okomef vlom;udk pm;aeonfudk awGUjrif& ]]rdef;rum; bDvl;r
wnf;}}[k odjcif;uJo
h Ykd cEmwd\
Yk vuPma&;oH;k wefukd jrif tedpp onf\ tjzpfukd odjcif;udk rSwo
f m;tyf\/ aMumuf&GHUaom tcsdefumvuJhodkY b,wky|mePfudk rSwfom;tyf\/ ajy;vdkonf\
tjzpfuo
hJ Ykd rkw
d u
k rswmPfukd okomefukd pGejYf cif;uJo
h Ykd a*gMwbkPfukd vsijf refpmG ajy;jcif;uJo
h Ykd
r*fPfudk ab;uif;&mt&yf &yfwnfjcif;uJhodkY zdkvfPfudk rSwfom;tyf\/ (0dok'd-2-303/)
ab;&d&S m ab;r&d[
S k Ijcif;\ taMumif; jzpfaomaMumifh cEmwdu
Yk kd ]]ig - igh[m}}[k pGv
J rf;jcif;\
bDvl;rESifh aygif;azmftdrfaxmifjcif;ESifh wlonf\ tjzpfudk rSwfom;tyf\/ okomefudk pGefYjcif;uhJodkY
400
ocFg&[laom okomefukd pGe

Yf edAm efvQif tmk&H o
Sd nf\ tpGr;f jzifh jzpfaom a*gMwbkPfukd rSwo
f m;
tyf\/ (r[m#D-2-472/)
6/ 'g&u = oli,f
wpfa,mufaom trsKd;orD;onf om;tay: tvGefjyif;jypGm cspfjrwfEdk;jcif; &dS\? erl;exl;
om;tay: cspfjrwfEdk;jcif; MuL;aom xdkrdef;ronf jymom'fxuf xdkifvsufyifvQif tdrfMum;vrf;
oli,fio
kd u
H kd Mum;vdu
k
f -- ]]ig\ om;udk wpfpw
kH pfa,mufaom olonf ykwcf wfnO ;f qJavoavm}}[k
vsifjrefpGm oGm; rdrdom;[laom trSwfonmjzifh olwpfyg;om;udk ydkuf,lvdkuf\/ xdktrsKd;orD;onf
]]oli,fonf olwpfyg;om;wnf;}}[l rSwrf
d aMumuf&UHG &G&H mS Ed;k onfjzpf xdrk S rSvnf; Munf
h
ighudk wpfpHkwpfa,mufaom olonf - ]]olonf uav;olcdk;wnf;}}[k rqdkygapvifh[k ESvHk;ydkuf
oli,fudk xdkvrf;yifvQif csxm;cJh wpfzef jymom'fxufodkY wuf xdkifae\/
xdkOyrm rdrdom;[laom trSwfonmjzifh olwpfyg;om;udk ydkuf,ljcif;uJhodkY ----- ]]igyJ - igh[myJ}}
[k Oyg'geuEmig;yg;wdkYudk pGJvrf;jcif;udk rSwfom;tyf\/ ]]oli,fum; olwpfyg;om;wnf;}}[k
odjcif;uJo
h Ykd vuPma&;oH;k wef\ tpGr;f jzifh -- ]]ig r[kwf - igh[m r[kw}f }[k odjcif;udk rSwo
f m;tyf\/
]]uav;olcdk;r}}[k tajymcH&rnfrS aMumuf&GHUjcif;uJhodkY b,wky|mePfudk rSwfom;tyf\/ xdkxdk
t&yfodkY Munfhjcif;uJhodkY rkdwkurswmPfudk rSwfom;tyf\/ xdk,l&mvrf;omvQif uav;
oli,fukd csxm;jcif;uJo
h Ykd tEkavmrPfukd rSwo
f m;tyf\/ (ke&Yf if; ke&Yf if;aom avmbxk tpdik t
f cJ
ponfudk cGmojzifh ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk cGmjcif;aMumifh tEkavmrPf\ xdkvrf;yifvQif oli,fudk
csxm;onfESifh wlonf\ tjzpfudk odtyf\/) oli,fudk csxm;NyD; tdrfMum;vrf; &yfwnfaeaom
umvuJhodkY a*gMwbkPfudk rSwfom;tyf\/ jymom'fxufodkY wufa&mufouJhodkY t&d,r*fudk
rSwfom;tyf\? jymom'fxufodkY wuf aejcif;uJhodkY t&d,zdkvfudk rSwfom;tyf\/
(0dok'd-2-303- 304/ r[m#D-2-472/ )
<uif;Oyrm (6) &yf

7/
8/
9/
10/
11/
12/
ck'
ydygo
oDw
OPS
tEum&
0do
= tpmiwfrGwfjcif;
= a&rGwfodyfjcif;
= tcsrf;
= tyl
= trdkufwdkuf
= tqdyf -----
(6)yg;ukefaom OyrmwdkYudk t&d,r*fodkY qdkufaom 0k|me*grdeD 0dyem wnfaom

a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ avmukw&mw&m;odkY a&S;IGwfonf\ tjzpf Idif;onf\ tjzpf udkif;onf\
tjzpfukd jyjcif;iSm rdeq
Yf akd wmfrt
l yfuek \
f / (a&S;Oyrmwdu
Yk o
hJ Ykd b,wky|meponfh PfwYkd wnfaom
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ aMumufaom tjcif;t&mponfh tjcif;t&m tmum&udk jyjcif;iSm rqdktyfukef
[lvdkonf/) xif&Sm;aptHh ----401
7/ ck' = tpmiwfrw
G jf cif; ----- tpmiwfrGwfjcif;onf tjyif;txef ESdyfpuftyfaom tvGef
iwfrGwfaom a,mufsm;onf aumif;aom t&om &Sdaom abmZOfudk awmifhwouJhodkY Oyrm
twlyifvQif oHo&m0#f jzpfaom iwfrw
G jf cif;onf ESyd pf uftyfaom a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmfonf
rao&m tNrdKuft&om &Sdaom um,*wmowd[laom abmZOfudk awmifhw\/ (0dok'd-2-304/)
tqifhqifh jzpfaomtm;jzifhvnf;aumif; &SnfjrifhpGmaom umvywfvHk; tpOfvdkufonf\
tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; onf;cHEdkifcJonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; oHo&m0#fqif;&J'kuonf
iwfrGwfaom qif;&J'kuESifh wl\[k ESvHk;ydkuf oHom&0ZdCpm, = oHo&m0#f jzpfaom iwfrGwf
jcif; -- [k t|uxmu rdefYqdkjcif; jzpfonf/
trw&oH um,*wmowdabmZeH
um,*wmowd {0 abmZeH um,*wmowdabmZeH/ om yaew r*or,kwm ormowd
um,mEkyem'd udpom"e0aoe trw&oy&dabm*wm, p ]]trw&oH um,*wmowdabmZe}}Ed 0kwm/ awem[ b*0g ]] trwH aw bdua0 y&dbkEd? a, um,*wmowd H y&dbkED}}wdtm'd/ (r[m#D-2-472/)
xdu
k m,*wmowdum; t&d,r*fEiS hf ,SOaf om ormowdwnf;/ xdo
k wdukd um,mEkyem
a0'emEkyem pdwmEkyem "rmEkyem[laom udpudk NyD;aponf\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfay:vmaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; rao&m tNrdKufedAmef w&m;awmfjrwfBuD;\ trw&o = tNrdKuft&omudk
oHk;aqmifaomtm;jzifh jzpfay:vmaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; ----- trw&oH um,*wmowdabmZeH
= rao&m tNrKd ut
f &om &Sad om um,*wmowd abmZOf - [l qdt
k yfownf;/ xdak Mumifh bk&m;&Si-f
onf t*FkwKd&fygVdawmf {uedygwf trw0*f ----]]trwH aw bdua0 y&dbkEd? a, um,*wmowd H y&dbk Ed/}} (tH-1-47/)
= ]]&[ef;wdkY ...tMuifolwdkYonf um,*wmowdudk oHk;aqmifMuukef\? xdkolwdkYonf rao&m
tNrdKuf edAmefudk oHk;aqmifMuonf rnfukef\}} --- odkY a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/
(r[m#D-2-472/)
tar; ----- edAmefum; avmukw&m w&m;wnf;? um,*wmowdum; avmud, w&m;wnf;/
(avmuD um,*wmowdudk qdkvdkonf/) tb,fodkYvQif xdkum,*wmowdudk oHk;aqmifukefaom
olwdkYonf rao&m tNrdKufedAmefudk oHk;aqmifMuukefoenf;?
tajz ----- um,*wmowdudk yGm;rsm;aomyk*dKvfonf rao&m tNrdKufedAmef w&m;awmfjrwfudk
&&SEd ikd \
f ? ryGm;rsm;aom yk*Kd vo
f nf r&&SEd ikd /f xdak Mumifh odYk bk&m;&Siu
f a[mMum;awmfrjl cif;jzpfonf/
(tH-|-1-416/)
um,mEkyemowdy|mefukd yGm;rsm;yguvnf; owdy|mef av;yg;vH;k pHn
k o
D mG ;aMumif;udk a&S;ydkif;wGif tBudrfrsm;pGm &Sif;vif;wifjycJhNyD; jzpfonf/ rnfonfh owdy|mefudk rqdk enf;rSef vrf;rSef
yGm;rsm;ygu owdy|mef av;yg;vHk;udk yGm;rsm;jcif; udpvnf; NyD;pD;onfom jzpfonf/ t&d,r*fodkY
qdkufa&mufaomtcg ,if;t&d,r*fu owd\ wnf&m tmkHav;rsKd; jzpfonfh um, a0'em pdw
402
"rwYkd tay: rodatmif zk;H vTr;f xm;aom arm[udk tNy;D wdik f y,fowfvu
kd \
f /rodrI t0dZm aysmuf
odrI 0dZmPfonf ay:aygufvm\? onfudkyif owdy|mefav;yg;vHk; = um,mEkyempaom
tEkyem av;yg;vH;k udpu
kd Ny;D aponf[k qdo
k nf/ t&d,r*fEiS hf ,SOaf om ormowdu ,if;udpu
kd
&Gufaqmifay;onf/ avmuD0dyemPfESifh ,SOfaom ormowdu w'*Ftm;jzifhom udavomudk
y,fEdkifojzihf rao&m tNrdKufedAmefw&m;awmfjrwfBuD;udkvnf; rjrifao;ojzifh ,if;udpudk jynfhjynfh
00 r&Guaf qmifEikd /f xdaYk Mumifh txufyg &Si;f vif;csurf sm;udk t|uxm #Dumwdu
Yk zGiq
hf akd wmfrMl ujcif;
jzpfonf/
8/ ydygo = a&rGwo
f yd jf cif; ----- a&rGwfodyfaom a,mufsm;onf ajcmufuyfaom vnfacsmif;
cHwGif; &Sdonfjzpf toD;&nf oQpfoQm; csif; -- tp&Sdaom rsm;pGmaom taMumif; taqmuftOD
&Sdaom tazsmfudk awmifhwouJhodkY OyrmtwlyifvQif oHo&m0#fwnf;[laom a&rGwfodyfjcif;onf
EdSyfpuftyfaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf t*Fg&Spfyg;&Sdaom t&d,r*f tazsmf&nfudk awmifhw\/
(0dok'd-2-304/)
9/ oDw = tat; ----- tat;'Pfjzifh tESdyfpufcH&aom a,mufsm;onf tyludk awmifhwouJhodk
OyrmtwlomvQif oHo&m0#f tvGef wyfESpfoufjcif;wnf;[laom tcsrf;jzifh tEdSyfpufcH&aom
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf udavomudk ylyefapwwf avmifuRrf;apwwfaom t&d,r*fwnf;[laom
rD;udk awmifhw\/ (0dok'd-2-304/)
10/ OPS = tyl ----- tyl'Pfjzifh tESdyfpufcH&aom a,mufsm;onf tat;udk awmifhwouJhodkY
OyrmtwlomvQif oHo&m0#f (11)yg;aom rD;yljzifh jyif;pGm ylyefae&aom tavmifNrdKufcHae&aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf &m*rD; a'gorD;ponfh rD; (11)oD;wdkY\ Nidrf;&mjzpfaom edAmef
w&m;awmfjrwfBuD;udk awmifhw\/ (0dok'd-2-304/)
11/ tEum& = trdkufwdkuf ----- oef;acgif,mrf jzpfjcif; vuG,faeYn jzpfjcif; awmtkyftv,f
jzpfjcif; &Spfe,fywfuHk; tjynfhzHk;onfh vQyfa&mifrQ r&Sdonfh rdk;vHk;wdrfwdkuf tjynfhzHk;tkyfum rdk;&GmoGe;f aejcif;wnf;[laom t*Fgav;yg; &Sad om trdu
k w
f u
kd f trdu
k af rSmifjzifh tESyd pf ufc&H aom= rdrt
d usK;d
olwpfyg;tusKd;udk jyKvkyfjcif;iSm rpGrf;Edkifonf\ tjzpfjzifh tEdSyfpufcH&aom a,mufsm;onf tvif;a&mifudk awmifhwouJhodkY OyrmtwlyifvQif opmav;yg;udk rodatmif zHk;vTrf;wwfaom t0dZm
wnf;[laom trdkufwdkufonf zHk;vTrf;tyf tzefwvJvJ ajr;,Suftyfaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf
Pfjzifh NyD;aom tvif;a&mif&Sdaom r*bm0emudk vkdvm;awmifhw\/ (0dok'd-2-304/)
Pra,m tmavmaum {wdmwd Pmavmaum?? r*bm0em/ (r[m#D-2-472/)
PmavmuH r*bm0eH yawwd/ (0dok'd-2-304/)
r*bm0em trnf&aom t&d,r*fPf Pfjzifh NyD;aom = PfaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom
tvif;a&mif&aSd om [l\/ (0do'k -d 2-304/ r[m#D-2-472/) ( Pfjy"mef;aom r*bm0empdwaf Mumifh
jzpfaom pdwZkyfwdkY yg0ifaom 0P"mwf lygkH ,if;pdwZkyfuvmyfwdkY wnf&dSaom awaZm"mwf
OwkaMumifh xyfqifjh zpfymG ;vmaom OwkZkyw
f Ykd yg0ifwnf&aSd om 0P"mwf lygkw
H \
Ykd awmufyrIwnf;/
tusKd;kyfw&m;wdkY\ tmavmu[laom trnfudk taMumif; Pf wifpm; taMumif;Pf
403
ta&miftvif;&dSonf[k qdkxm;aom zvlypm&pum;wnf;/ )

12/ 0do = tqdyf ----- a>rqdyfponfh tqdyfjzifh tEdSyfpufcH&aom a,mufsm;onf tqdyfudk
y,fazsmufwwfaom aq;udk awmifhwouJhodkY OyrmtwlyifvQif udavom[laom tqdyfjzifh
tEdSyfpufcH&aom a,m*g0p&&[ef;awmfonf udavom[laom tqdyfudk EdSyfeif;Edkifaom raoonf\ tjzpfudk NyD;apwwfaom aq;[k qdktyfaom tNrdKufedAmefw&m;awmfjrwfBuD;udk awmifhw\/
(0dok'd-2-304/)
rQtwdkif;t&Snf &dSaom 0dyemtpOfjzifhomvQif a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf b0 ponfwdkYrS
wGev
Yf yd af om pdw&f o
Sd nf\ tjzpfjzifh usiahf omyk*Kd vf rnfay\/ ,if;yk*Kd vrf sK;d udk &nf&,
G
f atmufyg
*gxmudk a[mMum;xm;awmfr\
l / ----ywdvDep& bduKaem? bZrme 0d0dwrmoeH/
omr*d,rm[k w wH? a,m twmeH b0ae e 'a,/
(ck-1-406/ r[med-100/)
bdua0 = &[ef;wdkY .../ a,m bduK = tMuif&[ef;onf/ b0ae = bHkoHk;yg;/ twmeH =
rdrdtwabmudk/ e 'a, = rjy&m? 0g? rjrif&m/ 0d0dwrmoeH = um,0da0u pdw0da0u ,SOfaom
ae&modkY/ bZrme = qnf;uyfaom/ y#dvDep& = ywdvDep& = b0oHk;yg;wdkYrS wGefYvdyfaom
pdwfxm;&dSonf\ tjzpfjzifh usifhEdkifayaom/ w bduKaem = xdka,m*D&[ef;\/ wH = t'eH =
xdkbHkoHk;yg; rdrdtwabmudk rjrif&jcif;udk/ omr*d,H = y#dlyH = oifhwifhvS\[l/ Ak'g'a,m =
bk&m;tp&dSukefaom t&d,m t&SifjrwfwdkYonf/ tm[k = uaxEd = csD;rGrf;pum; >rufMum;awmf
rlMuukef\/
aAmZsif - r*if - psmeif - y#dy'g - 0darmu xl;jcm;rI (0dok'd-2-305/ )

ocFg&w&m;wdkY b,-eED tpGef;ESpfbufrS vGwf vspfvsLIEdkifaom ocFgkayumPfESifh
jynfph akH om a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf bHo
k ;kH yg;twGi;f wnf&aSd om ocFg&w&m;wdYk tmv,uif;onf\
tjzpfjzifh wPSm\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh b0ponfwdkY rjyefYjyL;aom tZsmo,"mwf &dSonfjzpf xdkb0
ponfwdkYrS wGefYvdyfaom pdwf"mwf&dS&um; b0oHk;yg;wdkYrS wGefYvdyfaom pdwfxm;&dSonf\ tjzpfjzifh
usifhEdkifaom y#dvDep& = ywdvDep&yk*dKvf rnfayonf/
odv
Yk Qif ocFgkayumPfonf a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f wGev
Yf yd af om pdwx
f m;&do
S nf\ tjzpfjzifh
usifhEdkifaom yk*dKvf\ tjzpfudk tjrJ{uHodu wpfzufowf jzpfatmif jyK txuft&d,r*f\vnf;
t&d,r*fcP &paumif;aom ----1/ aAmZsif (6)yg; aAmZsif (7)yg;[laom txl;
2/ r*if (8)yg; r*if (7)yg;[laom txl;
3/ psmeif (5)yg; (4)yg; paom txl;
404
4/ y#dy'g txl;
5/ 0darmu txl; ---xl;jcm;rI trsKd;rsKd;udk jrJap\/ tus,frSm odkY jzpf\/ ----1/ tcsKdUaom wdyd#u plVem*rax&fwdkYonf t&d,r*fcP &paumif;aom aAmZsif r*if psmeif
wdkY\ ta&twGuf xl;jcm;rI uGJjym;rIudk t&d,r*f\ teD;jzpfaom 0k|me*grdeD0dyem\ tajcyg'u
jzpfaom yg'upsmefonf jrJap\[k qdkMuukef\/
rSwcf suf ----- Oyrm - usrf; tmemygepwkwpsmefudk 0dyem\ tajcyg'u jzpfaom
yg'upsmeftjzpf a&;om;wifjycJh\/ xdkpsmefrsKd;yifwnf;/ ormywf (8)yg;vHk;udk uRrf;usifaom
olawmfaumif;onf rnfonfhpsmeformywfudk rqdk 0dyem\ tajcyg'ujzpfaom yg'upsmef
tjzpf xlaxmifEdkifonfom jzpfayonf/
2/ tcsKUd aom arm&0gyD0goD r[m'wrax&fwo
Ykd nf t&d,r*fEiS hf eD;uyfaom 0k|me*grdeD 0dyem
\ tIct
H mkH jzpfjzpfuek af om cEmwdo
Yk nf aAmZsif r*if psmeifw\
Ykd ta&twGuf xl;jcm;rI uGjJ ym;rIukd
jrJapukef\[k qdkMuukef\/
3/ tcsKdUaom wdyd#u plVmb,rax&fwdkYonf yg'upsmefESifh (0k|me*grdeD 0dyemPf\ tIcH
tmkjH zpfaom vuPm,mOfwif oH;k oyftyfaom) orow
d psmef ESpyf g;wd\
Yk uGjJ ym;jcif;onf &daS omf
0dyemIaeaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f tvdt
k Zsmo,"mwf[k qdt
k yfaom yk*v
Zsmo,onf aAmZsif
r*if psmeifwdkY\ ta&twGuf xl;jcm;rI uGJjym;rIudk jrJapukef\[k qdkMuukef\/
xdo
k ;kH OD;aom q&mjrwfw\
Ykd t,l0g'wdYk t&d,r*f\ a&S;tzdYk jzpfaom ykAb
m* 0k|me*grded
0dyemonfomvQif aAmZsif r*if psmeifponfwdkY\ xl;jcm;rIudk jrJaponfom[k odygav/ xdk
aAmZsipf onfw\
Ykd xl;jcm;rIukd rSwo
f m;jcif; qdv
k wUH onfum; tpOftwdik ;f jzpfaom tEkyAk u
d xm
pum;wnf;/
1/ yxraw&0g' - yg'uZsme0g'
1/ 0dyemed,r = 0dyem[laom rSwfaMumif;jzifh psmef[laom tap;uif; ajcmufaoGUaom
0dyem&daS om oku0 yd u yk*Kd v\
f oEmef0,f jzpfay:vmaom t&d,r*fonfvnf;aumif;
2/ psmeformywfudk&&dSaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef rdrd&&dSxm;aom psmefudk 0dyem\
tajcyg'u rjyKrl jzpfay:vmaom t&d,r*fonfvnf;aumif;
3/ yxrpsmefudk 0dyem\ tajcyg'u jyK 0dyemodkY ul;vm&m 0dyem\ tajcyg'u
jyKxm;aom yxrpsmefrS wpfyg;aom yudPu
ocFg& trnf&aom NyKd ;>yrf;aom ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd
vuPm,mOfwif oHk;oyfojzifh jzpfaptyfaom t&d,r*fonfvnf;aumif; ---oHk;rsKd;aom t&d,r*fonf yxrpsmefESifh ,SOfukefonfomvQif jzpfukef\? xdkoHk;rsKd;vHk;aom
t&d,r*fwdkY aAmZsif(7)yg; r*if (8)yg; psmeif (5)yg;wdkY jzpfMuukef\? &dSMuukef\? yg0ifMuukef\/
(0dok'd-2-305/)
405
rSwcf suf ----- oku0dyuyk*dKvf[lonf psmefr&aom ok'0dyem,medujzpfaom

psmefwnf;[laom tpd"k mwf tap;"mwf r&do
S nft
h wGuf ajcmufaoGUaom 0dyem&daS om yk*Kd vw
f nf;/
yudPuocFg&[lonf rdrdtajccHxm;aom 0dyem\ tajcyg'utjzpf xlaxmifxm;aom ()
yxrpsmef twGif; wnf&dSaom ocFg&w&m;wdkYrS wpfyg;aom vuPm,mOf wif 0dyem IyGm;
oHk;oyfxdkufaom awblru ocFg&w&m;wdkYyifwnf;/ xdkyudPuocFg&w&m;wdkYudk 0dyemIcdkuf
t&d,r*fodkY qdkufcJhaomf xdkt&d,r*fonf yxrpsmefESifh ,SOfonfom jzpf\/ tu,f 0dyem\
tajcyg'ujzpfaom yxrpsmefudkyif vuPm,mOf wif 0dyemIcdkuf t&d,r*fodkY qdkufcJhygrl
xdkt&d,r*f\ yxrpsmefESifh ,SOfrIrSm qdkzG,f&myif r&dS jzpfawmhonf/ t&m oku0dyuyk*dKvf
ponfwdkY\ t&d,r*fonf yxrpsmefESifh ,SOf\ ponfjzifh qdkjcif;onf t&d,r*f\ aAmZsif r*if
ponfh xl;jcm;rI uGJjym;rIudk 0k|me*grdeD 0dyemuomvQif jrJap\ ----- [laom 0dyemed,r\
wpfcw
k nf;aom tzd&Yk o
Sd nf\ tjzpf[al om {uefjzpfru
I kd jyjcif;tusK;d iSm qdjk cif;jzpfonf/ rSeaf yonf
0k|me*grdeD0dyemudk MuOfz,f oufoufaom t&d,r*f\ aAmZsif r*if ponfh ta&twGuf
xl;jcm;rIukd jraJ paom taMumif;&if;jzpfuek af om yg'upsmefponfwu
Ykd kd rawGUrjriftyfuek af y/ txl;rSm
0k|me*grdeD0dyemonf yg'upsmefponfwdkY r&dSaomfvnf; oku0dyupaom yk*dKvfwdkYtm; jzpfay:vmaom t&d,r*f\ yxrpsmefEiS hf ,SOjf cif; jzpfEikd rf I taMumif;w&m;onf jzpfEikd o
f nfom jzpf\/
xdak Mumifh 0k|me*grdeD 0dyemonfomvQif t&d,r*f aAmZsif r*if ponfw\
Ykd ta&twGuf xl;jcm;rI
uGJjym;rIudk rSwfom;jcif; jrJapjcif; wpfckwnf;aom tzdkY&dSaom {ueftaMumif;w&m; jzpfayonf[k
xif&Sm;aptHh ----- xdktxufyg t&d,r*fwdkY\ aU&StzdkY jzpfaom ykAbm*0dyemonf aomrea0'emESifh ,SOfaomfvnf; ,SOf&m\? Oayuma0'emESifh ,SOfaomfvnf; ,SOf&m\? 0k|me trnf
&aom t&d,r*fPf jzpfay:vm&mtcg wpfenf; --- 0k|me*grdeD 0dyemtcg ocFgkayum
tjzpfodkY a&muf&Sdrl aomrea0'emESifh ,SOfonfomvQif jzpfayonf/ (0dok'd-2-305/)
4/ yuenf; 'kwd,psmefudk 0dyem\ tajcyg'ujyK jzpfaptyfaom t&d,r*f 0dpm& yDwd
okc {u*wm[laom psmeft*Fg (4)yg; ,SOf\/
5/ wwd,psmefudk 0dyem\ tajcyg'ujyK jzpfaptyfaom t&d,r*f yDwd okc {u*wm
[laom psmeft*Fg (3)yg; ,SOf\/
6/ pwkwpsmefudk 0dyem\ tajcyg'ujyK jzpfaptyfaom t&d,r*f okc {u*wm [laom
psmeft*Fg (2)yg; ,SOf\/
txl;rSm ,if;'kwd,psmef wwd,psmef pwkwpsmefwdkYudk 0dyem\ tajcyg'ujyK jzpfay:aptyfaom t&d,r*fwdkY (0dwuf psmeft*Fg r,SOfojzifh ormouFyr*if wpfyg; avsmh&um;) r*if
(7)yg;wdkYom jzpfukef\/ pwkwpsmefudk 0dyem\ tajcyg'ujyK jzpfaptyfaom t&d,r*f
(yDwdr,SOfojzifh yDwdavsmh&um;) aAmZsif (6)yg;wdkY jzpfukef\/ xl;jcm;rIonf yg'upsme ed,r =
yg'upsmef[laom jrJapaom taMumif;aMumifhvnf; jzpf\? 0dyemed,r = 0k|me*grdeD 0dyem
[laom jrJapaom taMumif;aMumifhvnf; jzpf\/ (a&S; oku0dyupaom yk*dKvfoHk;rsKd;wdkY\ t&d,
r*fuJhodkY 0dyemed,raMumifhom jzpfonfr[kwf [lvkdonf/) rSefayonf - xdkyuenf; 'kwd,406
psmef wwd,psmef pwkwpsmefwdkYudk 0dyem\ tajcyg'ujyK jzpfaptyfaom t&d,r*fwdkY\vnf;

a&S;tzdkY jzpfaom ykAbm*0dyemonf aomrea0'emESifh twlwuG jzpfonfvnf; jzpfEdkif\?
Oayuma0'emESifh twlwuG jzpfonfvnf; jzpfEdkif\/ odkYaomf 0k|me*grdeD0dyemonf aomre
a0'emESifh twlwuGom jzpfayonf/ (0dok'd-2-305)
7/ wpfzef ----- pwkuenf;t& pwkwpsmef yuenf;t& yrpsmefudk 0dyem\ tajcyg'ujyK
jzpfaptyfaom t&d,r*f Oayum {u*wm\ tpGr;f jzifh psmeft*Fg ESpyf g;wdYk jzpfuek \
f ? yDwo
d armZsif
rygojzifh aAmZsif (6)yg;wdkY jzpfukef\/ ormouFyr*if rygojzifh r*if (7)yg;wdkY jzpfukef\/
psmeif aAmZsif r*iw
f \
Ykd ta&twGuf xl;jcm;rIonfvnf; yg'upsmeed,r 0dyemed,r ESprf sK;d wd\
Yk
pGrf;tm;aMumifhyif jzpf&ayonf/ rSefayonf --- enf; t&d,r*f\ a&S;tzdkY jzpfaom ykAbm*
0dyemonf aomrea0'emESifh twlwuGaomfvnf; jzpfEdkif\? Oayuma0'emESifh twlwuG
aomfvnf; jzpfEdkif\? odkYaomf 0k|me*grdeD0dyemum; Oayuma0'emESifhom twlwuG jzpfayonf/
(0dok'd-2-306/)
8/ tlypsmefwu
Ykd dk 0dyem\ tajcyg'ujyK jzpfaptyfaom t&d,r*fvnf; enf;udo
k mvQif
odygav/
odkYvQif 0dyem\ tajcyg'ujzpfaom yg'upsmefrS x a, aupd ocFg& trnf&aom
bHkoHk;yg; twGif; wnf&Sdaom awblruocFg&w&m;wdkYudk vuPm,mOfwifvsuf oHk;oyfqifjcif
jzpfaptyfaom t&d,r*f\ tmoE-ya'o [laom eD;uyfaom t&yf xtyfaom ormywfonf
t&d,r*fudk rdrdESifh wlnDrI jzpfatmif jyKvkyfwwfayonf/ ajrBuD;\ ta&miftqif;onf zGwf\
ta&miftqif;udk rdrd ajrBuD;\ ta&miftqif;ESifh wlnDrI jzpfatmif jyKvkyfouJhodkYwnf;/
(0dok'd-2-306/) (tbd-|-1-271-272-vnf; Munfhyg/)
zGwf\ ae&mwGif;onf ajreD jzpftHh? xdkajreDonf zGwfESifh teD;qHk; ajrt&yf jzpfaomaMumifh
zGwfudk eDaom ta&miftqif; &Sdatmif jyK\/ teufa&mif ajrwGif; jzpftHh? xdkYtwl zGwfudk eufaom
ta&miftqif; &Sdatmif xdkajru jyK\/ Oyrmtwl rSwfom;yg [lvdkonf/
tmoEya'o = t&d,r*fEiS hf eD;uyfaom t&yf[o
l nf 0k|me*grde0D yd emudyk if &nfeT ;f
xm;ayonf/ odkYtwGuf tmoEya'o[laom pum;&yfjzifh 0dyembm0emudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf
aeaom 0dyuyk*dKvfonf tMum;tMum; umvwdkY rdrd0ifpm;aom ormywf\ pGrf;tifaMumifh
odkYaom t&d,r*f aAmZsif r*if psmeifwdkY\ xl;jcm;rIrsKd;onf r&SdEdkif[k azmfjytyfayonf/
(r[m#D-2-474/)
um; t&d,r*f aAmZsif r*if psmeifwdkY\ xl;jcm;rI ta&twGuf uGJjym;rIudk 0dyem\
tajcyg'u jzpfaom yg'upsmefu jrJap\[laom yxrax&0g'jzpfaom wdyd#u plVem*rax&f
0g'ESihf qufpyf yg'upsmefEiS hf 0k|me*grde0D yd emwdu
Yk t&d,r*f aAmZsif r*if psmeifw\
Ykd xl;jcm;rI
jzpfatmif jzpfapyHk pum;&yfrsm;yif jzpfonf/ 0g' qdkvdk&if;rSm odkYwnf;/ ----t&d,r*f\ teD;jzpfaom 0k|me*grde0D yd emonf aomrea0'emESihf twlwuG jzpfcahJ omf
t&d,r*fonfvnf; aomrea0'emESifh twlwuG jzpf\/ (yuenf;t& ,if;t&d,r*fonf
yxrpsmef odkYr[kwf 'kwd,psmef odkYr[kwf wwd,psmef odkYr[kwf pwkwpsmefESifh xdkufovdk ,SOfrnf
407
jzpf\/) t&d,r*f\ teD;jzpfaom 0k|me*grdeD0dyemonf Oayuma0'emESifh twlwuG jzpfcJhaomf

t&d,r*fonfvnf; Oayuma0'emESifhyif ,SOf\/ yuenf;0,f yrpsmedur*f = yrpsmefESifh ,SOfaom r*fwnf;/ xdkaMumifh t&d,r*f aAmZsif ponfwdkY\ xl;jcm;rIonf jzpfay:vm&\/ odkYtwGuf
0k|me*grdeD0dyemonf xdkaAmZsifponfwdkY\ ta&twGuf xl;jcm;rIudk jrJap&m ----1/ tmoEum&P = eD;uyfaom taMumif;w&m;vnf; jzpf
2/ y"meum&P = jy"mef;aom y"metaMumif;w&m;vnf; jzpfouJhodkY ---tvm;wlyif yg'upsmefponfwdkYonf eD;aom taMumif;w&m; jy"mef;aom taMumif;w&m;
rjzpfMuukef/ odkYaomf yg'upsmefESifh uif; 0k|me*grdeD0dyem oufoufjzifhyif qdktyfcJhNyD;aom
aAmZsif r*if psmeifwdkY\ xl;jcm;rI trsKd;rsKd;udkvnf; jrJapjcif;iSm rpGrf;Edkifay/ (psmefudk 0dyem\
tajcyg'ujyK psmefudk 0ifpm;NyD;rS ,if;psmefrS x ,if;psmefESifh psmeor,kwf ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk
vuPm,mOf wif oHk;oyfEdkifygrSomvQif ,if;xl;jcm;rI trsKd;rsKd; jzpfEdkifonf [lvdkonf/) pifppf
tm;jzifah omfum; qdt
k yfcNhJ y;D onft
h wdik ;f yg'upsmefonf jy"mef;aom y"metaMumif;w&m; jzpfonf
omvQif jzpfayonf/ xdaYk Mumifh t&d,r*f aAmZsif r*if psmeifw\
Ykd ta&twGuf xl;jcm;rI trsK;d rsK;d ukd
0k|me*grdeD0dyemuomvQif jrJap\[k rqdkbJ 0k|me*grdeD0dyemonf jrJaponfomvQifwnf;[k
t|uxmu zGifhqdkjcif; jzpfonf/ (r[m#D-2-473-474/)
2/ 'kwd,aw&0g' = orodwpsme0g'
aemufwpfrsKd;um; ----- 'kwd,aw&0g'jzpfaom arm&0gyD0goD r[m'wrax&f\ 0g' tMuif
tMuif ormywfrx
S tMuiftMuif ormywf\ twGi;f wnf&adS om psmefEiS hf psmeor,w
k w
f &m;pk
[laom ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd vuPm,mOfwifum 0dyemIymG ;oH;k oyf t&d,r*fonf (= t&d,r*fu)kd
jzpfaptyfonf jzpfjim;thH? xdkxdk vuPm,mOfwifvsuf 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyftyfaom ormywf =
orodwpsmefESifh wlonfomvQif jzpf\[k qdkvdk\/ tu,f umrm0p&w&m;wdkYudk vuPm,mOf
wifum 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyfonf jzpftHh? xdktcdkuf t&d,r*fodkY qdkuftHh? ,if;t&d,r*fonf yxrpsmefESifh ,SOfonfomvQif jzpfayonf/ xdk'kwd,aw&0g'vnf; 0dyemed,rudk yxr ax&0g'
qdkcJhNyD;onfh enf;twdkif;om od&Sdygav/ (0dok'd-2-306/ tbd-|-1-272/)
0dyem[lonf ocFgkayumPf\ aemufq;kH ydik ;f jzpfaom 0k|me*grde0D yd emyifwnf;/
'kwd,psmefudk 0dyem\ tajcyg'ujyK ocFg&wpfckckudk tedp ponfjzifh oHk;oyfIyGm;rI jyKaom
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ 0dyemonf 'kwd,psmefjzifh vGefajrmuftyfaom 0dwuftay: r0ifpm;
vdkaomtm;jzifh pufqkyfaom 0dwu0d&m*bm0em jzpf\/ xdkYaMumifh xdkbm0emrS wuf &tyfaom
t&d,r*fvnf; 0dwuf rygaom 'kwd,psmefESifh ,SOfaom t&d,r*fom jzpf&\/ wwd,psmefponfh
xdkxdkpsmefwdkYvnf; enf;rSD od&Sdygav/ enf;tm;jzifh yg'upsme0g'[laom yxrax&0g'vnf;
0k|me*grde0D yd emu aomrea0'em Oayuma0'em aAmZsif r*if psmeif uGjJ ym;atmif owfrw
S -f
vsuf &S\
d ? ,if;uGjJ ym;rI xl;jcm;rIukd jraJ p\? enf;udk rS
D aemuf0g'wdYk vnf; 0k|me*grde0D yd emu
jrJatmif jyKEdkifyHkudk ,SOfpyfygav/ (rlv#D-1-115 - Munfhyg/)
408
3/ wwd,aw&0g' = yk*vZsmo, psme0g'

wdyd#uplVmb,rax&f\ 0g'jzpfaom wwd,aw&0g' ----]]ta[m 0wm[H ow*uH r*H ygykaP,sH? t|*uH r*H ygykaP,sH}}
]]igonf (ormouFyr *if rygaom) t*Fg (7)yg; &Sad om 'kw,
d psmefEiS ,
f OS af om 'kw,
d psmedur*f
ponfoYkd a&muf&ygrlum; aMomf aumif;avpG/ t*Fg (8)yg;&Sad om yxrpsmefEiS hf ,SOaf om yxrpsmedu
r*fodkY a&muf&ygrlum; aMomf aumif;avpG/}} ---odkY rdrd\ tvdktZsmo,"mwftm;avsmfpGm tMuiftMuif psmefudk 0dyem\ tajcyg'u
jyKaomfvnf;aumif; tMuiftMuif psmefw&m;wdkYudk oHk;oyfaomfvnf;aumif; jzpfaptyfaom
t&d,r*fonf xdkxdkpsmefESifh wlonfomvQif jzpfayonf/ yg'upsmefudkaomfvnf;aumif; 0dyem
IyGm;oHk;oyfaom orodwpsmefudkaomfvnf;aumif; MuOfz,f tvdktZsmo,"mwf oufoufrQaMumifu
h m; xdx
k pkd smefEiS w
hf pl mG t&d,r*f\ jzpfjcif;onf rNy;D pD;Edik /f (tZsmo,"mwfaMumifh Ny;D pD;&m
yg'upsmef&SdvQif xdkyg'upsmefonf orodwpsmef&SdvQif xdkorodwpsmefonf tZsmo,"mwftm;
yuwlyed,owjd zifh aus;Zl;jyKvsu&f \
dS ? xdak Mumifh yg'upsmef orow
d psmef wpfrsK;d rsK;d u yuwlyed,owd = yifudk,fyuwdtm;jzifh tm;BuD;aom rSD&m Oyed,owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;ygrS tZsmo,"mwftwdkif; NyD;pD;&onf[k qdkvdkonf/)
ygu'psmef odkYr[kwf orodwpsmefudk MuOf xdkpsmefrygbJ tvdktZsmo,"mwf oufoufrQaMumifhum; xdkxdkpsmefESifh wlpGm t&d,r*f\ jzpfjcif;onf rNyD;pD;Edkif[laom teufoabmudk
eEaum0g'okwe f jzifh xif&Sm;jyxdkufay\? om"uum; odkY jzpf\/ rZsdredum,f Oy&dyPmo
ygVdawmf oVm,we0*f eEaum0g'okwef ----]]&[ef;wdkY ...jzpfoifhjzpf&m EdIif;cdkif;zG,f&m avmuOyrmonfum; (15)&ufajrmuf jzpfaom
xdkvjynfhOykofaeY vonf ,kwfavsmhavoavm = rjynfhavoavm jynfhavoavm[k vlrsm;
taygif;\ oEmef0,f tenf;i,f ,HkrSm;jcif;onfvnf;aumif; txl;xl; taxGaxG awG;awm
MuHpnfjcif;onfvnf;aumif; rjzpfbJ pifppftm;jzifh vonf jynfh\[lom pdwftMuHtpnf jzpf&m
ouJhodkY &[ef;wdkY ...OyrmtwlyifvQif xdkbduLeDrwdkYonf eEu\ w&m;a'oemawmfaMumifh
ESpv
f 0kd rf;ajrmufaom pdwf &dS Muukeo
f nfvnf;aumif; jynfph akH om tMut
H pnf &dS Muukeo
f nfvnf;aumif; jzpfMuukef\/ &[ef;wdkY ...xdk (500)aom bduLeDrwdkYwGif tMuifbduKeDronf aemufqHk;
jzpf\? xdb
k u
d K erD onf zdzk &J NyKd uyJG supf ;D vsuf usa&muf&jcif;oabm r&daS wmhaom orwe ,
d r
trnf&aom t&d,r*fPftm;jzifh ude;f aojraJ om txufr*fPf (3)yg;[laom vnf;avsmif;&m
&dSaom aomwmyefwnf;}} (r-3-324/) ---pum;awmfudk bk&m;&Sifonf a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJh\/ xif&Sm;aptHh ----- xdk (500)ukeaf om
bduL eDrwdw
Yk iG f tMuifbu
d K erD \ kyef rfoEmeftpOf aomwmywzd v
kd u
f kd &jcif;\ tm;Bu;D aom rD&S m
taMumif;w&m; aumif;rI Oyed,onf xif&Sm; &dSae\? xdkbduKeDronf aomwmywdzdkvfjzifhom
jynfhpHkaom pdwftMuHtpnf &dSonf jzpf&avNyD/ y/ tMuifbduKeDr\ kyfemrfoEmeftpOf t&[w409
zdkvf\ tm;BuD;aom rDS&m taMumif;w&m; aumif;rI Oyed,onf xif&Sm; &dSae\? xdkbduKeDronf

t&[wzdkvfjzifhom jynfhpHkaom pdwftMuHtpnf &dSonf jzpf&avNyD/ (tMuHtpnf ouFyESifh vdkvm;
awmifw
h rI tZsmo,"mwf &dS rHk Qoufoufjzifh r*fzv
kd u
f kd r&? Oyed, taMumif;aumif;vnf; &dyS grS
r*fzdkvfudk &Edkifonf [lvdkonf/)
OyrmtwlyifvQif a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf rdrd\ tZsmo,"mwfESifh avsmfpGm tMuiftMuif
psmefukd 0dyem\ tajcyg'ujyKaomfvnf;aumif; tMuiftMuif psme"r = psmefEiS hf psmeor,w
k f
w&m;wdkYudk vuPm,mOfwifum 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyfaomfvnf;aumif; jzpfaptyfaom t&d,
r*fonf xdkxdk psmefESifh wlonfomvQif jzpfayonf/ odkYaomf 0dyem\ tajcyg'ujzpfaom yg'upsmefudkaomfvnf;aumif; 0k|me*grdeD0dyemydkif; vuPm,mOfwifum 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyftyfaom orodwpsmefudkaomfvnf;aumif; MuOfz,fxm; = xdkyg'upsmef orodwpsmefudk r&bJ
rygbJ aomwmyefjzpfvdkjcif; ou'g*grfjzpfvdkjcif; tem*grfjzpfvdkjcif; &[Emjzpfvdkjcif;[laom tvdk
tZsmo,"mwf &dSkHoufoufrQjzifhum; xdkodkY xdkxdkpsmefESifh wlpGm t&d,r*f\ jzpfjcif;onf rNyD;pD;
rjynfhpHkEdkif[k rSwfyg/ yk*vZsmo,0g'vnf; 0dyemed,rudk qdkcJhNyD;onfh enf;twdkif;om
od&Sdygav/ (tbd-|-1-273/)
xdkeEaum0g'okwef bduLeDrwdkYrSm aomwmyefjzpfolwdkYonfvnf; xdkaomwmyefjzpf&jcif;
tm;jzifh twre = ESpfvdk0rf;ajrmufMu&\/ y&dykPouFy = t&SifeEu\ w&m;awmfudk em,l&
aomwmyefjzpf&ef MuHpnfxm;onfh tMuHtpnfrsm;onfvnf; MuHpnfonfh twdkif; jynfhpHkMu&\/
ou'g*grf tem*grf &[Emjzpfow
l o
Ykd nfvnf; ou'g*grf tem*grf &[Emjzpf& jcif;tm;jzifh enf;wlyif
twre = ESpfvdk0rf;ajrmufMu&\/ y&dykPouFy = t&SifeEu\ w&m;awmfudk em,l& ou'g*grf
jzpf&ef tem*grfjzpf&ef &[Emjzpf&ef MuHpnfxm;onfh tMuHtpnfrsm;onfvnf; MuHpnfonfhtwdkif;
jynfhpHkMu&\/ xdkodkY rdrdwdkY toD;toD; &&dStyfaom r*fPf zdkvfPf w&m;xl;jzifh twre y&dykPouFy = ESpfvdk0rf;ajrmuf&jcif; MuHpnfonfhtwdkif; jynfhpHkMu&jcif;rSm a&S;a&S;b0 qnf;yl; jznfhusifhcJah om aomwmyefjzpfaMumif; ou'g*grfjzpfaMumif; tem*grfjzpfaMumif; &[EmjzpfaMumif; aumif;rIu
yuwlyed,owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;aeaomaMumifhwnf;/ xdkYtwl avmukw&m r*fPft&mvnf; yg'upsmef odrYk [kwf orow
d psmefu yuwlyed,owdj zifh aus;Zl;jyKay;aomaMumifh yg'upsmef
odkYr[kwf orodwpsmefESifh tvm;wlaom psmeft*Fg&dSaom t&d,r*fudk vdkvm;aom tZsmo,"mwf
jzpf&onf/ xdktZsmo,"mwfrsKd;ESifh avsmfaom t&d,r*fjzpfrIudk &nfTef;rdefYqdkjcif;om jzpfonf
[lvdkonf/ (rlv#D-1-116/ r[m#D-2-475/)
wdyd#u plVem* rax&f\ 0g' pdppfcsuf

tar; ----- xdkrax&foHk;yg;wdkYwGif ]]yg'upsmefonfomvQif t&d,r*f aAmZsif r*if psmeif
ta&twGuf xl;jcm;rIudk rSwfom;\ = jrJap\/}} odkY ajymqdkavh&dSaom wdyd#u plVem*aw&fudk
taE0godu = teD;ae = twGif;ae wynfhwdkYonf odkY avQmufxm;ar;jref;Muukef\/ ----]]t&Sib
f &k m; ...a&S;OD;pGm yg'upsmef&&Sd mb0 xdyk g'upsmefu t&d,r*f aAmZsif r*if psmeif
ta&twGuf xl;jcm;rIukd rSwo
f m;ygapawmh = jryJ gapawmh/ odaYk omf yg'upsmef r&do
S nfh tlyb0
410
tb,fw&m;onf t&d,r*f aAmZsif r*if psmeif ta&twGuf xl;jcm;uGjJ ym;rIukd rSwo

f m;ygoenf;
= jrJapygoenf;}}[k ar;jref;avQmufxm;Muukef\/
pwkuenf;t& pwkwpsmefrS wpfyg;aom tjcm;aom yg'upsmefrsm;\ r&dSEdkifjcif;udk &nf&G,f
ar;jcif;jzpfonf[k rSwyf g/ tlybHk tlypsmefwo
Ykd nf pwkue nf;t& pwkwp smefwcYkd sn;f wnf;/ Oayum
{u*wm[laom psmeft*Fg ESpfyg;pD &dSaomaMumifh jzpf\/ ,if;pwkwpsmefESifh ,SOfaom t&d,r*ftm;
tlybHk qdik &f m tlypsmefonfomvQif 0dyem\ tajcyg'u jzpfEikd o
f nf/ pwkue nf;t& pwkw-
psmefwGif tusKH;0ifaom qdkif&m tlypsmefom 0dyem\ tajcyg'u jzpfEdkifrIrSm dk;&m jzpfojzifh xdk
tlybHk &&dSrnfh t&d,r*f aAmZsif (6)yg; r*if (7)yg; psmeif = Oayum + {u*wm ESpfyg;om
jrJonf/ yg'upsmefudk vdkuf xl;jcm;rI rjzpfEdkif/ (tlypsmefav;yg;vHk; psmeft*Fg wlaeaomaMumifh
jzpf\/) xdkaMumifh tlybHk &&dSrnfh t&d,r*f yg'upsmefodkY vdkuf aAmZsif r*if psmeif xl;jcm;
uGJjym;rI r&dSEdkif wpfrsKd;om &dSEdkifonf[k wynfhwdkYu &nfTef; ar;aejcif; jzpfonf/ ar;cGef;\
tajzudk em;vnf&ef BudKwifodxm;&rnfh tcsufrSm tlybHk wnf&dSaom wd[dwf ykxkZefyk*dKvfonf
tlybHkrSmyif aomwmywdr*fudk r&Edkif? y&awmaCmo[laom bk&m;tp&dSaom olawmfaumif;rsm;
xHrS w&m;em,l&rI taMumif; csKdUwJhaomaMumifh jzpf\/ umrbHk lybHkwnf;[laom cEmig;yg;&dSonfh
ya0gum&bHk wnfcu
kd f aomwmywrd *fukd & xdyk a0gum&bHrk S wpfqifh tlybHo
k Ykd a&muf&cSd ahJ omf
xdktlybHk qufvuf 0dyemw&m;rsm;udk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfygu txufr*fzdkvfudkum; &&dSEdkifayonf/ &Sif;vif;csufudk BudKwif rSwfom;xm;ygu atmufygtajzudk vG,fulpGm oabmayguf
Edkifygonf/
tajz ----- igh&SifwdkY ...xdktlyb0vnf; yg'upsmefonfomvQif t&d,r*f aAmZsif r*if
psmeifwdkY\ ta&twGuf xl;jcm;rI uGJjym;rIudk rSwfom;\ = jrJap\/ rSefayonf - a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmf wpfyg;onf ormywf (8)yg;udk &jcif;&dSonf jzpf yxrpsmefudk 0dyem\ tajcyg'u jyK
aomwmywdr*fzdkvfwdkYudk jzpfapNyD;aemuf r,kwfavsmhaom psmef = ravQmusaom psmef&dSonf jzpf
ysHvGefawmfrlvwfaomf tlyb0 uyfa&mufjzpfonf jzpftHh? xdktlybHk yxrpsmefESifh ,SOfaom =
(psmeft*Fg ig;yg;&dSaom) aomwmywdzvormywfudk wpfzef0ifpm; xdkaomwmywdzvormywfrS
xvsuf 0dyemudk jzpfap txufr*f txufzdkvf oHk;yg;wdkYudk jzpfaptHh? xdk&[ef;\ xdktxufr*f
txufzdkvfwdkYonf yxrpsmef = yxrpsmefESifh ,SOfukefonfomvQif jzpfukef\/ (psmeft*Fg ig;yg;&dS\
[k qdkvdkonf/) 'kwd,psmef ,SOfaom r*fzdkvfponfwdkYvnf; enf;yifwnf;/ (ya0gum&bHk0,f
'kwd,psmefudk 0dyem\ tajcyg'u jyK aomwmywdr*fzdkvfudk &&dSNyD;vQif tlybHkodkY a&mufrS
0dyemudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfojzifh txufr*fzdkvfwdkYudk &&dS&m 'kwd,psmefonfyifvQif yg'upsmef
jzpf ,if; txufr*fzdkvfwdkYrSmvnf; 'kwd,psmefESifhom ,SOfukef\? psmeft*Fg oHk;yg; &dSukef\/ odkY
ponfjzifh od&dSygav/)
tlybHk yuenf;t& yrpsmef pwkue nf;t& pwkwp smefom &do
S nf r[kwyf gavm? tb,fenf;jzifh 'kwd,psmef ponfonf &dSEdkifygoenf;[k ar;jref;zG,f &dS rax&fjrwfu odkY qufvuf
ajzqdk\/
tlybHk pwkuenf;t& yxrpsmef 'kwd,psmef wwd,psmef[laom wdupsmef yuenf;t&
yxrpsmef 'kw,
d psmef wwd,psmef pwkwp smef[al om pwkup smefonf jzpfEikd \
f / xdk wdupsmef pwku
411
psmefonfvnf; avmukw&mpsmefomwnf;? t&d,r*fESifh ,SOfaom t&d,r*ftcdkuf jzpfaom psmef

[lvdkonf/ t&d,r*fjzpfcdkuf ,if;t&d,r*fESifh ,SOfaom psmeft*Fg (5)yg; (4)yg; (3)yg; (2)yg;wdkYudk
&nfTef;xm;ayonf/ avmuDpsmef r[kwf/ odkYyifvQif igh&SifwdkY ...xdktlybHkvnf; yg'upsmefonfomvQif t&d,r*f aAmZsif r*if psmeif ta&twGuf xl;jcm; uGJjym;rIudk rSwfom;\ = jrJap\
[k rdefYawmfrlNyD/
]]t&Sifbk&m; ...jyemudk aumif;pGm ajzqdktyfygNyD}}[k wynfhwdkYu avQmufxm;MuukefNyD/
(tbd-|-1-273-274/)
arm&0gyD0goD r[m'wrax&f\ 0g' pdppfcsuf

]]0dyemPf\ tIcHtmkH jzpfukefaom cEmwdkYonf t&d,r*f aAmZsif r*if psmeif ta&
twGuf uGJjym;rI txl;udk rSwfom;ukef\ = jrJapukef\/ rSefayonf -- tMuifcEmudk vuPm,mOf
wifum 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyf 0k|metrnf&aom t&d,r*fonf = 0k|me*grdeD0dyemonf jzpfay:vm\/ ,if;t&d,r*fonf xdkxdk 0dyemIyGm;oHk;oyftyfaom cEmESifhwlonfomvQif jzpf\/}}
odkY ajymqdkawmfrlavh&dSaom arm&0gyD0goD r[m'wrax&fudkvnf; (= arm&0gyDt&yf
oDwif;oHk;awmfrlavh&dSaom r[m'wrax&fudkvnf;) taE0godu = twGif;ae = twlae wynfhwdkYonf odkY avQmufxm;Muukef\/ ----]]t&Sib
f &k m; ...t&Sib
f &k m;wd\
Yk xdx
k 0kd yd emPfjzifh IymG ;oH;k oyftyfaom 0dyemPf\
tIcHtmkHESifh wlaom aAmZsif r*if psmeif&dSaom t&d,r*fonf jzpfay:vm\[laom orodw0g'
tjypfa'go xif&Sm;aeyg\? rSefayonf -- kyfw&m;udk vuPm,mOfwifum 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyf
ocFg&ESifh y0wrS xaomaMumifh 0k|metrnf&aom t&d,r*fodkY qdkufaom a,m*g0p& &[ef;\
kyfw&m;ESifhwlaom tAsmuwjzpfaom t&d,r*fw&m;onf jzpfp&m &dSyg\/ ae0onmemonm,wepsmefudk uvmyoroe enf;tm;jzifh Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,l odrf;qnf; 0dyemudk jzpfap
ocFg&ESihf y0wrS xaomaMumifh 0k|metrnf&aom t&d,r*foYkd qdu
k af &mufaom a,m*g0p& &[ef;\
xdkae0onmemonm,wepsmefESifh wlonfomvQifjzpfaom ae0onmemonm\ tjzpfodkY a&mufaom t&d,r*fonf jzpfoifh&myg\}} - [k avQmufxm;Muukef\/
]]igh&SifwdkY ...odkY rjzpfyg/ taMumif;um; odkY jzpf\/ avmukw&m t&d,r*fonf tyemodkY
ra&mufaom t&d,r*frnfonf r&dSEdkif? xdkaMumifh kyfw&m;udk vuPm,mOfwifum 0dyem IyGm;
oHk;oyf 0k|metrnf&aom t&d,r*fodkY qdkufa&mufaom &[ef;\ t&d,r*fonf r*if (8)yg;wnf;
[laom t*Fg (8)yg;&daS om aomrea0'emESihf twlwuG jzpfaom t|*u aomreo[*wr*f
jzpfonf/ wpfzef ae0onmemonm,wepsmefukd uvmyoroe enf;tm;jzifh vuPm,mOfwifum
0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyfrI = uvmyoroe trIjyK ocFg&wdkYrS xajrmufaom t&d,r*fw&m;udk
&&dSaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ t&d,r*fonf ocFg&m0aoo = kefY&if;aom ocFg&wdkYrS <uif;aom
odrfarGUaom ocFg&\ tjzpfjzifh xdkpsmefESifh tm;vHk;rwlEdkif? pwkwpsmefcsif; Oayumo[*kwfcsif;om
wlEikd \
f ? xdak Mumifh ormouFyr *if rygbJ t*Fg (7)yg;&daS om ow*u
Oayumo[*kwf t&d,r*fom
jzpf&onf}} - [k rdefYawmfrl\/ (tbd-|-1-274/)
412
t&d,r*f\ kefY&if;Murf;wrf;aom 0dwufpaom psmeft*FgwdkYudk vGefajrmufjcif;\ tm;BuD;aom

rDS&m Oyed, taMumif;w&m;wdkYum; 0dyemPf\ wnf&m tIcHtmkH jzpfMuukefaom 'kwd,
psmef ponfww
Ykd nf;/ kyw
f &m;udk tedpp onfjzifh oH;k oyfaomtcg xd0k yd emPf lyg0p&psmefukd
tajcrcHcJh = 0dyem\ tajcyg'u rjyKcJhaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; lyg0p&psmefudk 0dyem rIaomaMumifh roHk;oyfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; xdkxdkpsmeft*Fgudk vGefajrmufjcif;[laom tm;BuD;aom
rSD&m Oyed, r&dSvQif xdkxdkpsmeft*Fgay: pufqkyfjcif;[laom 0d&m*owdvnf; r&dSojzifh psmeft*Fg
(5)yg;ESifh uif; rjzpfEdkif/ xdkaMumifh r*if (8)yg; pHknDaom t|*ur*fom jzpfcGifh&dS&um; - t|*aum
aomreo[*wra*g a[mwd = t|*u (= r*if &Spfyg; pHknDaom) aomre o[*wr*f
jzpfonf[k rdefYqdkjcif; jzpfonf/ wpfzef ae0onmemonm,wepsmefudk 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyf
t&d,r*foYkd qdu
k af omf xdt
k &d,r*fonf Oayum {u*wm[laom psmeft*Fg ESpyf g;&daS om pwkwp smedu
jzpfaomfvnf; tEko,"mwfukd y,fcmG jcif;iSm pGr;f Edik af om xdak ,m*g0p&&[ef;awmf\ t&d,r*fonf
ocFg&m0aoo = kefY&if;aom ocFg&wdkYrS <uif;aom odrfarGUaom ocFg&\ tjzpfjzifh xdkae0onmemonm,wepsmefEiS hf tm;vH;k rwlEikd ?f pwkwp smefcsi;f Oayumo[*kwrf *fjzpfjcif;om wlEikd \
f [laom
t"dyg,fudkvnf; Oayumo[*wra*g (tbd-|-1-274/) [laom pum;u Tefjyvsuf &dSayonf/
(rlv#D-1-116/ )
wdyd#u plVmb,rax&f\ 0g' pdppfcsuf

]]yk*vZsmo,psmefonf t&d,r*f aAmZsif r*if psmeif ta&twGuf xl;jcm; uGJjym;rIudk rSwfom;\ = jrJap\}}- [k odkY ajymqdkavh &dSawmfrlaom plVmb, = plVtb,rax&f\ 0g'udkvnf;
aqmif,l wdyd#u plVem*rax&ftm; avQmufxm;Muukef\/ xdk wdyd#u plVem*rax&fu odkY
rdefYqdk\/ ----tMuifa,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f oEmef a&S;OD;pGm 0dyem\ tajccHyg'ujzpfaom yg'upsmefonf
&Sad e\? xd&k [ef;\ oEmef yk*v
Zsmo,psmef = a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f tvdt
k Zsmo,twdik ;f 0dyem
IyGm;oHk;oyftyfaom psmefonf t&d,r*f aAmZif r*if psmeif uGJjym;rI txl;udk rSwfom;ygapawmh
= jryJ gapawmh/ (plVtb,rax&f\ 0g'twdik ;f rSwo
f m;ygapawmh [lvo
kd nf/) xdyk g'upsmef r&Sad om
a,m*g0p& &[ef;\ oEmef tb,frnfaom tZsmo,onf= yk*vZsmo,psmefonf t&d,r*f
aAmZsif r*if psmeifw\
Ykd ta&twGuf uGjJ ym;jcm;em;rI txl;udk rSwo
f m;Edik v
f wUH enf; = jraJ pEdik v
f wUH enf;?
&if;ESD;zdkY&m Opmr&Sdaom ol\ pD;yGm;Opm\ BuD;yGm;wdk;wufrI twdk;tyGm;udk &SmrSD;&m umvESifh wlovdk
jzpfae\}}[k rdefYqdkawmfrlavonf/
xkdtxufygpum;udk o,faqmif wdyd#u plVtb,rax&ftm; wpfzef wifjyavQmufxm;Muukef\? xdkwdyd#u plVtb,rax&fu odkY rdefYqdkawmfrl\/ ----]]igh&SifwdkY yg'upsmef &Sdaom yk*dKvftwGuf yk*vZsmo,u = yk*vZsmo,psmefu t&d,r*f
Ykd ta&twGuf uGjJ ym;jcm;em;rI txl;udk rSwo
f m;\ = jraJ p\ [laom pum;udk
ig rdefYqdktyf\}}[k rdefYqdkavonf/
413
wpfzef ----- yg'upsmef &Sad om yk*Kd vt

f wGuf yk*v
Zsmo,u = yk*v
Zsmo,psmefu t&d,r*f
Ykd ta&twGuf uGjJ ym;jcm;em;rI txl;udk qdt
k yfouJo
h Ykd xdt
Yk wlyifvQif orow
d
psmef&Sdaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftwGufvnf; od&Sdygav/ rSefayonf - yrpsmefudk 0dyem\ tajc
yg'u jyKNy;D yrpsmefrS x yxrpsmef ponfwu
Ykd kd vuPm,mOfwifum 0dyem IymG ;oH;k oyfaom
yk*dKvf\ oEmef jzpfay:vmaom t&d,r*fonf yxr rax&f\ 0g'tm;jzifh yrpsmefESifh ,SOfonf
jzpf&m\? 'kwd,rax&f\ 0g'tm;jzifh yxrpsmefpaom (0k|me*grdeD0dyem tcdkuf) 0dyem IyGm;
oHk;oyfvsuf&Sdaom psmefESifh ,SOfonf jzpf&m\/ xdkaMumifh yg'uZsme0g' orodwpsme0g' [laom
0g'ESpfyg;wdkYonfvnf; wpfckESifh wpfck qefYusifbuf jzpfaeMuukef\? wwd, rax&f\ 0g'um;
psmefww
Ykd iG f tMuiftMuif psmefukd tvd&k \
dS ? xdx
k kd tvd&k t
dS yfaom psmef ,SO\
f / xdak Mumifh xdyk g'uZsme
0g' orodwpsme0g'wdkYonfvnf; wwd, yk*vZsmo,0g'ESifh rqefYusifMuawmhukef? tZsmo,onfvnf; = yk*vZsmo,psmefonfvnf; tusKd;&Sdonfom jzpfayonf/ odkY odrSwfygav/
(tbd-|-1-274/)
yg'upsmefu yrpsmefjzpf orodwpsmefu yxrpsmef jzpfae&m0,f yg'upsme0g' twdkif;
qdk&rl yrpsmedur*f jzpfp&m&Sd orodwpsme0g'twdkif; qdkvQif yxrpsmedur*f jzpfp&m&dS\? odkY
0g'ESp&f yf qefu
Y siaf e&m0,f tZsmo,u yrpsmedur*f = yrpsmefEiS hf ,SOaf om r*fukd tvd&k adS evQif
yrpsmedu t&d,r*fom jzpf\? tZsmo,u yxrpsmedur*fudk tvdk&SdjyefvQifvnf; yxrpsmedu
t&d,r*fom jzpfp&m&Sd\/ taMumif;rl --- rdrd\ tZsmo,"mwfESifh avsmfaom psmefudkom 0k|me*grdeD
0dyemtcdkuf vuPm,mOfwifum 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyfaeaomaMumifh jzpf\/ odkY qefYusifbuf jzpfaeaom xdEk pS 0f g'onf tZsmo,u ulpu
G
f ay;vdu
k af omaMumifh qefu
Y sib
f uf rjzpfawmhyg
[lvdkonf/ odkYvQif tZsmo,rygbJ xdkESpf0g'csnf; oufoufom&SdvQif qefYusifbuf jzpfp&m&dS
tZsmo,0g'udk oGif;ay;rS tZsmo,ygonfhbufu tEdkif&aomaMumifh tZsmo,vnf; = yk*vZsmo,vnf; tcsnf;tESD; tusKd;rJh r[kwfbJ tusKd;xl;&Sdonfom[k t|uxm (tbd-|-1-274)u
zGifhqdkjcif; jzpfayonf/ (rlv#D-1-116 - Munfhyg/)
odv
Yk Qif azmfjyyg rax&fjrwfBu;D oH;k yg;wdo
Yk nfvnf; aMumif;usK;d jrifoo
d nfh obm0ynm&dBS u;D wdo
Yk nfomvQif jzpfMuuke\
f / xufjrufMuuke\
f ? PfynmESihf jynfph MkH uukeo
f nfomvQif jzpfMu
ukef\/ xdkaMumifh xdkoHk;yg;ukefaom rax&fjrwfBuD;wdkY\ 0g'udk t|uxm tpOfudk jyK a&S;a&S;
t|uxmq&mjrwfBu;D wdo
Yk nf t|uxm xnfo
h iG ;f xm;awmfrcl MhJ uukeNf y/D t|omvdet
D |uxm
usrf;um; xdk0g' toD;toD;\ qdkvdk&if; teuft"dyg,fudkomvQif xkwfaqmif oHk;0g'wdkYudk =
(oHk;0g' qdktyfaom psmefwdkYudk) 0k|me*grdeD0dyemonf rSwfom;\ = jrJap\ = owfrSwfay;\[k
azmfjytyfygownf;/ (tbd-|-1-274/)
rSefayonf ----- xdkxdk0g'wdkYonf 0dyemESihf twlwuG jzpfukefMuygrSomvQif xdkxdk0g' qdkchJaom teufoabmw&m;rsm;\ NyD;pD;jcif;onf jzpfEdkif\/ 0dyemrygbJ yg'upsmef&SdkHrQjzifh tZsmo,&Sd rHk Qjzifh t&d,r*f&jcif;udpo
nf rNy;D pD;Edik /f 0dyemygrSomvQif Ny;D pD;Edik af omaMumifh 0k|me*grdeD
0dyemonf t&d,r*f aAmZsif r*if psmeifta&twGuf uGJjym;jcm;em;rI txl;udk rSwfom;\ =
jrJap\[k jytyfygonf [lvdk/ (rlv#D-1-117/)
414
y#dy'g (4) rsKd;

t&d,r*ftcdkuf aAmZsif r*if psmeifwdkY\ xl;axG uGJjym;rI jcm;em;rIudk wifjyNyD; ,cktcg
y#dy'g\ xl;axGuGJjym;rI jcm;em;rIudk qufvufwifjyaytHh/ ----1/ ocFgkayumPfonf vufOD;tp udavomwdkYudk cGmonf&Sdaomf qif;&JNidKjiifojzifh pdw
ya,m* = pdwf\ vkHYvya,m*[k qdktyfaom bm0emyGm;rsm;tm;xkwfjcif;ESifh wuG wdkufwGef;jcif;ESifh
wuG cGmjcif;iSm tu,f wwfEdkifcJhonf jzpfthH? 'kuy#dy'g = qif;&JNidKjiifaom tusifh&Sdonf rnf\/
2/ xdkrS ajymif;jyefjzpfaom qif;&JNidKjiifrI r&Sdaom pdwya,m* = pdwf\ vkHYvya,m*[k qdktyfaom tm;xkwfjcif; r&Sdaom wdkufwGef;&jcif; r&Sdaom tusifhjzifh udavomwdkYudk cGmjcif;iSm tu,f
pGrf;EdkifcJhonf jzpftHh? okcy#dy'g = csrf;omvG,fulaom tusifh&Sdonf rnf\/
3/ udavomwdu
Yk kd cGmNy;D t&d,r*f[k qdt
k yfaom awmifw
h tyfaom t&modYk ruyfa&mufao;bJ
t&d,r*fESifh uif;uGmvsufae&m 0dyem&Sdaom 0dyem usifhoHk;jcif;udk usifhoHk;vwfaomf t&d,
r*f\ jzpfay:vmjcif;udk aES;aES;av;av; jyKaeaom ocFgkayumPfonf 'Embdnm = aES;aES;
av;av; = aES;aom av;aom todPf&Sdonf rnf\/ (ocFgkayumPf cyfMumMumaerI
xpfaerIudk qdkvdkonf/)
4/ xdrk S jyefaomtm;jzifh t&d,r*f\ jzpfay:vmjcif;udk vsiv
f sijf refjref jyKaeaom ocFgkayum
Pfonf cdygbdnm = vsifjrefaom todPf&Sdonf rnfayonf/
odkYvQif ocFgkayumPfonf t&d,r*f\ jzpfay:vmaMumif; jzpfaom t&m wnf
rdrd rdrd\ t&d,r*ftm; 'kuy#dy'gpaom trnfudk ay;\? xdktrnfjzifh t&d,r*fonf 'kuy#dy'g
paom av;rsKd;aom trnfwdkYudk &&Sd\/ (0dok'd-2-306/)
t|omvdeD t|uxm\ oHk;oyfcsuf

tbd"rt|uxm (tbd-|-1-260-261) vm&Sad om 'kuy #dy'g jzpfyHk taMumif;t&m ponfukd
wGif qufvuf wifjytyfygonf/ ----'kuy#dy'H 'EmbdnH -- paom pum;&yf tqHk;tjzwfudk odkY od&dSygav/ a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf
wpfO;D onf tprS pomvQif udavomwdu
Yk kd cGmvwfaomf NiKd NiKd jiifjiif yifyifyef;yef; cJc,
J Of;,Of;jzifh
wdkufwGef;jcif; ocFg&ESifhwuGaom udavomwdkYudk cGmzdkY&ef ur|mef;udk ESvHk;oGif;jcif;[laom pdw
ya,m*ESihf wuGjzpfaom taMumif;taygif;jzifh yifyef;vsuf udavomwdu
Yk kd cGm&\? xdyk *k Kd v\
f tusihf
y#dy'gonf 'kumy#dy'g = qif;&JNidKjiifaom t&d,r*fodkY a&mufaMumif; tusifh jzpf\/ wpfzef
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfwpfOD;onf cGmtyfNyD;aom udavom&dSonfjzpf 0dyemy&d0go = 0dyem
usifhoHk;jcif;udk usifhoHk;vwfaomf MumjrifhrS t&d,r*f\ xif&Sm;jzpfjcif;odkY a&muf\? xdkyk*dKvf\
tbdnmPfonf = todPfonf 'Embdnm = av;aES;aom tbdnmPf = todPf jzpf\/
odv
Yk Qif trSwrf xm; wpfyg;yg;aom 0g&udk 'kuy #dy' 'Embdn trnf&\
Sd [l a&S;q&mjrwfwo
Ykd nf
jyKawmfrltyfayNyD/ (tbd-|-1-260/)
415
a,maumpd 0ga&m = txufyg t|uxmpum;t& udavomwdkYudk bm0empGrf;tm;jzifh

wpfBudrfcGm&aom 0g& ESpfBudrfcGm&aom 0g& oHk;BudrfcGm&aom 0g& av;BudrfcGm&aom 0g& tBudrf
rsm;pGm cGm&aom 0g&wdkYwGif rnfonfh0g&udk rqdk 'kuy#dy' 'Embdn rnf\[k a&S;q&mwdkY emrnf
jyKtyf&m a&mufaeayonf [lvdk/ (rlv#D-1-111/)
t|uxmq&mawmfwdkY ESpfoufonfh 0g&

xdk0g&wdkYwGif rnfonfh0g&udk t|uxmq&mawmfwdkYonf ESpfoufawmfrlMuukefoenf;[lrl
tMuif0g& wpfBudrfcGmtyfNyD;ukefaom udavomwdkYonf txuftxuf jzpfay:vmNyD; = xyfrH
jzpfay:vmNy;D ESpBf urd af jrmufvnf; cGm&jyef\? ESpBf urd af jrmuf cGmtyfNy;D aom udavomwdo
Yk nfvnf;
wpfzef xyfrH jzpfay:vmMujyefukef\/ odkYaomf oHk;Budrfajrmuf cGmtyfNyD;aom udavomwdkYudkum;
cGmjrJwdkif; cGmxm;tyfNyD;onfwdkYudkom jyK t&d,r*fjzifh t<uif;rJh y,fowftyfukefonf\ tjzpfodkY
a&mufap\? 0g&udk t|uxmq&mawmfwdkYu ESpfoufawmfrlMuukefNyD? 0g&\ 'kuy#dy'g
'Embdnm[laom trnfudk jyKawmfrltyfavNyD/ (tbd-|-1-260/)
oHk;Budrfwdkifatmif udavomwdkYudk cGmae&aom 0g&udk ]]'kuy#dy'g}} [k a&S;t|uxm
q&mjrwfwdkYu ESpfoufjrwfEdk;awmfrlMuonf/ oHk;Budrfxufydk udavomwdkYudk cGm&aom 0g&wdkY\
'kuy#dy'g jzpfaMumif;rSm qdkzG,f&myif rvdkawmhay/ wpfBudrfcGmkHjzifh ESpfBudrfcGmkHjzifh udavomwdkYudk
t<uif;rJh y,fowfEdkifaom t&d,r*fjzpfay:vmEdkifaom 0g&udkum; okcy#dy'g[k qdkvdkonf/
ESpBf urd x
f uf ydv
k eG
f udavomwdu
Yk kd cGm&aom 0g&um; okcy#dy'g r[kwaf omaMumifh oH;k Burd w
f ikd w
f ikd f
udavomwdu
Yk kd cGm&aom 0g&udk 'kum y#dy'g[k t|uxmq&mawmfwu
Ykd ESpo
f ufjrwfE;kd awmfrMl uonf/
xdkoHk;Budrfwdkifwdkif udavomwdkYudk cGm,l&aom 0g&udk xdkodkY 'kumy#dy'g[k ESpfoufawmfrlcJhaomf
xdkoHk;Budrfxuf ydkvGef av;Budrfwkdifwdkif tBudrfrsm;pGm udavomwdkYudk cGm,l&aom 0g& ponfh
tjcm;aom 0g&wdkY 'kumy#dy'g[k qdkzG,f&myif r&dSawmhNyD[k rSwfyg/ (rlv#D-1-111-112/)
quf qdkOD;tHh/ rQ twdkif;t&Snf &dSaom pum;jzifhum; xif&Sm;rI rjzpfao;? xdkaMumifh
'kumy#dy'g 'Embdnmpaom pum;&yf qdkvwHUaomenf;jzifh tprS p xif&Sm;pGm jzpfapjcif;udk
od&dSygav/ -----
1/ yxr - lyglyy&d *[ 0g&

tMuifa,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf r[mbkw"f mwfBu;D (4)yg;wdu
Yk kd vuP &o ypKy|mef y'|mefw\
Ykd
tpGr;f jzifh odr;f qnf;Ny;D = Pfjzifh ykid ;f jcm;,lNy;D (24)rsK;d aom Oyg'gkyw
f u
Ykd kd vuP &o ypKy|mef
y'|mefwdkY\ tpGrf;jzifh odrf;qnf;\ = Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,l\/ emrfw&m;wdkYudk vuP &o ypKy|mef
y'|mefwdkY\ tpGrf;jzifh odrf;qnf;\ = Pfjzifh ykdif;jcm;,l\/ kyfESifh emrfudk yl;wGJ ]]kyfw&m; emrfw&m;}}[k odrf;qnf;vwfaomf = Pfjzifh ykdif;jcm;,lvwfaomf qif;qif;&J&J cJcJ,Of;,Of; NidKNidK
jiifjiif yifyifyef;yef; uoduatmufjzifh odrf;qnf;jcif;iSm = Pfjzifh ykdif;jcm;,ljcif;iSm pGrf;Edkif\/
xdyk *k Kd v\
f tusihf y#dy'gonf 'kum y#dy'g rnf\/ wpfzef odr;f qnf;xm;tyfNy;D aom Pfjzifh ykid ;f jcm;
,lxm;tyfNyD;aom kyfemrf&dSaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ 0dyemudk usifhoHk;&mtcg t&d,r*fPf
416
xif&Sm;jzpfay:vmjcif;\ av;aES;onf\ tjzpfaMumifh 'Embdnmrnf\/

(tbd-|-1-260/ rlv#D-1-112/)
vuP &o ypKy|mef y'|meftm;jzifh kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkYudk Pfjzifh ykdif;jcm;,lrIudkyif
(u) kyfudk odrf;qnf;rI (c) emrfudk odrf;qnf;rI (*) kyfemrfudk odrf;qnf;rI[k qdkvdkayonf/
xdkodkY Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,l&m cufcufcJcJ Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,l&vQif 'kuy#dy'g jzpf\/ kyfudk Pfjzifh
ydik ;f jcm;,lpOfu vG,u
f cl ahJ pumrl emrfukd Pfjzifh ydik ;f jcm;,l&m cJ,Of;aejyefvQiv
f nf; 'kuy #dy'gyif
jzpf\/ odkYvQif y#dy'ge,f rukefao;orQ wpfae&m&m cJ,Of;aevQif 'kumy#dy'g[k csnf;
ac:qdk&onf[k rSwfom;yg/
2/ 'kwd, - emrly00wmye 0g&

emrlyrwara0wH? e tanm aumpd owm'daumwd 00wmyeH emrly00wmyeH/
(rlv#D-1-112/)
emrfkyfrQom &dS\? emrfkyfrSwpfyg; yk*dKvf ow0g ZD0 tw vl ewf jA[mponf r&dS[k ydkif;jcm;
rSwfom;jcif;onf emrly00wmewnf;/ 'd|d0dok'dpcef;yif jzpfonf/ (rlv#D-1-112/)
tMuifa,m*g0p&yk*Kd vf wpfO;D onfvnf; (ryifryef; vG,v
f ,
G u
f u
l El iS yhf if jzpfap qif;qif;&J&J
cJcJ,Of;,Of; yifyifyef;yef;ESifhyif jzpfap) kyf-emrfudk Pfjzifh ykdif;jcm;um,l emrfkyfudk ydkif;jcm;
rSwfom;vwfaomf qif;qif;&J&J cJcJ,Of;,Of; yifyifyef;yef; NidKNidKjiifjiif uoduatmufjzifh ydkif;jcm;
rSwfom;,l&\/ (yk*dKvf ow0g ZD0 tw vl ewf jA[mponf r&dS? kyfemrfrQom &dS\[k ydkif;jcm;
rSwo
f m;jcif;wnf;/) ky-f emrfukd ykid ;f jcm;rSwo
f m;tyfNy;D jyefaomfvnf; 0dyemusio
hf ;kH jcif;udk usio
hf ;kH vwfaomf MumjrifhrS r*fPfudk jzpfapjcif;iSm pGrf;Edkif\? xkdyk*dKvf\ y#dy'gESifh tbdnmPfonfvnf;
'kumy#dy'g 'Embdnmyif rnfayonf/ (tbd-|-1-260/)
kyef mrfukd Pfjzifh ydik ;f jcm;,laom lyglyy&d*[
Pf\ cufcpJ mG jzpf& 'kuy #dy'g jzpfNy;D aemuf
kyf-emrfudk ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;jcif; emrly00wmepaom PfwdkYonf qefYusifbuf udavomwdkYu
enf;yg;vQif vG,u
f pl mG Ny;D pD;um okcy#dy'g jzpfEikd \
f / xdo
k Ykd okcy#dy'g jzpfaomfvnf; xdo
k Ykd vG,u
f pl mG
NyD;pD;aomyk*dKvfrSm o'g 0D&d, owd orm"d ynm[laom aÈwdkYu EkHYae nHhaevQif t&d,r*f\
xif&Sm;jzpfay:vmzdkY&efvnf; EkHYaES;aernfom jzpf\/ odkYvQif emrly00wmePf = emrfkyfudk
ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;aomPf = kyfemrfudk ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;aomPf paom PffwdkY\ cJ,Of;pGm NyD;pD;&jcif;onf t&d,r*fw&m; jzpfay:vm&m EkaYH ES;rI jzpfz&Ykd ef {ueftaMumif; r[kwaf y/ 0dyemPfEiS hf
twlwuG ,SOfwGJvsuf&dSaom o'gpaom aÈwdkY\ EkHYjcif; nHhjcif;uom t&d,r*fw&m; jzpfay:vm&m EkHYEkHYaES;aES; xif&Sm;jzpfay:vmzdkY&ef {ueftaMumif; jzpfaomaMumifh emrly00wmyepaom
PfwdkY\ cJ,Of;pGm NyD;pD;yHkudk yxr lyglyy&d*[0g& rxnfhbJ kyfemrfudk Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,ljcif;
lyglyy&d*[
Pf\ cJ,Of;pGm jzpfjcif;aMumifo
h m 'kuy #dy'g jzpfxu
kd yf u
kH kd qdx
k u
kd o
f jzifh t|uxmu
rdefYqdkxm;onf [l\/
1/ lyglyy&d*[ 0g&ESifh tvm;wlyif
2/ emrly00wmye = emrfkyfudk ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;jcif;
417
3/ yp,y&d*[
= taMumif;w&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;jcif;
4/ vuPy#da0" = vuPma&;oHk;wefudk xdk;xGif;odjcif;
5/ eduEdy&d,m'ge = Mobmoponf om,maom eduEdudk ukefcef;apjcif; --0g&wdkYvnf; 'kumy#dy'g jzpfyHkudk xkdufovdk rSwfyg/ yxr0g&jzpfaom lyglyy&d*[ 0g&ESifh
aygif;aomf 'kumy#dy'ge,f tm;vHk; (5)0g& vm&dS\/ xdk (5)0g&wdkYwGif rnfonfhae&mrSm rqdk
cufcJaeygu 'kumy#dy'g rnfonfcsnf;om[k rSwfyg/ (rlv#D-1-112 - Munfhyg/)
3/ wwd, - yp,y&d*[ 0g&

tjcm;wpfa,mufaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf emrfkyfudk ykdif;jcm;rSwfom;NyD;vnf; emrfkyf\
taMumif;w&m;wdkYudk Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,lvwfaomf odrf;qnf;vwfaomf qif;qif;&J&J cJcJ,Of;,Of;
yifyifyef;yef; NidKNidKjiifjiif uoduatmufjzifh Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm; ,l&\ odrf;qnf;&\/ (tykdif;jzifh
yp,y&d*[
Pfyikd ;f udk jy\? ucFg0dw&P0do'k d pcef;wnf;/) emrfyk \
f taMumif;w&m;wdu
Yk kd Pfjzifh
ykdif;jcm;um ,lNyD;vnf; 0dyem usifhoHk;jcif;udk usifhoHk;vwfaomf MumjrifhrS t&d,r*fPfudk jzpfapEdkif\? odkY jzpfjyefuvnf; 'kumy#dy'g 'Embdnmyif rnfayonf/ (tbd-|-1-260/)
4/ pwkw - vuPy#da0" 0g&

tjcm;wpfa,mufaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf emrfkyf\ taMumif;w&m;wdkYudk Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;um ,lNy;D vnf; tedp 'ku tewvuPmwdu
Yk kd xd;k xGi;f odvwfaomf qif;qif;&J&J cJc,
J Of;,Of;
yifyifyef;yef; NidKNidKjiifjiif uoduatmufjzifh xdk;xGif; od&\? odatmif usifh&\/ (tydkif;jzifh
vuPoroe[k ac:aom oroePfudk jy\/) vuPma&;oHk;wefudk xdk;xGif; odNyD;jyefyguvnf; 0dyemusifhoHk;jcif;udk usifhoHk;vwfaomf MumjrifhrS t&d,r*fPfudk jzpfapEdkif\/ odkY
jzpfuvnf; 'kumy#dy'g 'Embdnmyif rnfayonf/ (tbd-|-1-261/)
5/ yr - eduEdy&d,m'ge0g&
tjcm;wpfa,mufaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf vuPma&;oHk;wefwdkYudk xdk;xGif;um odNyD;vnf; 0dyemPfonf ----(u) wdu = xufjrufpl;&Sonfjzpf
( c ) ol& = &J&ifhonfjzpf
( * ) yoE = Munfvifonfjzpf --0dyem0efukd &Guaf qmifvwfonf&adS omf rdr\
d oEmefwiG f jzpfay:vmaom Mobmo ponf
ESpo
f ufaeaom 0dyemeduEu
d kd xuf0ef;usif odr;f usK;H ,liifvwfaomf = vuPma&;oH;k wefwifum
0dyemIjcif;jzifh ukefcef;apvwfaomf qif;qif;&J&J cJcJ,Of;,Of; yifyifyef;yef; NidKNidKjiifjiif uoduatmufjzifh xuf0ef;usif odrf;usKH;,l&\ = 0dyemIvsuf ukefcef;ap&\/ qufqdkOD;tHh ----0dyem\ npfnL;aMumif;jzpfaom Mobmo ponfwYkd ESpo
f ufaeaom 0dyemeduEu
d kd xuf0ef;418
usif odrf;usKH;,lNyD; = 0dyemIvsuf ukefcef;apNyD; 0dyem usifhoHk;jcif;udk usifhoHk;vwfaomf

MumjrifhrS t&d,r*fPfudk jzpfay:apEdkif\/ odkYvnf; 'kumy#dy'g 'Embdnm rnfonfom jzpfayonf/ 0g&udk t|uxmq&mawmfwdkYu 'kumy#dy'g 'Embdnm[k ESpfoufawmfrlMuukef\/
0g&udk 'kumy#dy'g 'Embdnm[laom trnfudk jyKawmfrltyf\/ odkY tprS p xif&Sm;jyjcif;udk
od&Sdygav/ enf;vrf;Oyg,ftwdkif; aemuf vmukefaom 'kumy#dy'g cdygbdnm okcgy#dy'g
'Embdnm okcgy#dy'g cdygbdnm[laom oHk;rsKd;ukefaom y#dy'gwdkYudkvnf; od&Sdygavukef/
(tbd-|-1-261/)
t|uxmq&mawmfwdkY ESpfoufawmfrlaom 0g&

ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ vuPma&;oHk;wefudk xdk;xGif; odaom uvmyoroePf = vuPy#da0" 0g&\ tqHk; ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfrI ysufrIudk cPypKyefodkY qdkufatmif odjrifaom
O',A,Pfonf jzpfay:vm\/ xdk O',A,Pfydkif; Mobmo paom 0dyem\ npfnL;aMumif; Oyuad vow&m;wdo
Yk nf xif&mS ; jzpfay:vmMu\/ xdOk yuad vow&m;wdu
Yk kd oH;k Burd w
f ikd w
f ikd f
0dyemPfjzifh cGm&jcif;tm;jzifh cJ,Of;rI&Sdaom 0g&udk 'kumy#dy'g[l t|uxmq&mawmfwdkYu
ESpfoufawmfrlMuukef\/ taMumif;rl ----- y#dy'ge,f\ 0dyEkyudavoudk y,fcGm&jcif; = eduEd
y&d,m'ge 0g&vQif tqHk;tydkif;tjcm; &SdaomaMumifh jzpf\/
0dyem\ npfnL;aMumif; Oyudavoudk y,fcGm&aom 0dyEkyudavo 0dure 0g& =
eduEdy&d,m'ge 0g&\ rNidKrjiif ryifryef; rcJr,Of;onf\ tjzpfonf &Sdygaomfvnf; a&S;jzpfukefaom lyglyy&d*[ 0g& ponfwdkY\ cJ,Of;ukefonf\ tjzpfonf &Sdvwfaomf 'kumy#dy'g jzpfrIonf
t|uxmqdt
k yfNy;D aom enf;&So
d nfom jzpfaomaMumifh rwm;jrpftyfonfom[k rSwo
f m;em,lygav/
(rlv#D-1-112/)
wpfenf; ----- rH 0g&H a&mapoHk = 0g&udk ESpfoufawmfrlMuukef\ - [l&m0,f 0g&[lonf
aemufqHk;jzpfaom eduEdy&d,m'ge 0g&udkom qdkvdkonf r[kwf? lyglyy&d*[ 0g&[laom yxr0g&rS
p oHk;Budrfwdkifatmif udavomwdkYudk cJcJ,Of;,Of; cGm,l&aom 0g&tm;vHk;udkyif ]]rH 0g&H = 0g&}}
[k qdkvdkayonf/ oHk;Budrfwdkifwdkif udavomwdkYudk cGm,l&aom 0g&tm;vHk;onfyif 'kumy#dy'gcsnf;
rnfonfom [lvdkonf/
tMuifa,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f oEmef0,f tm;vH;k aom (5)0g&wdYk udavomwdu
Yk kd wpfBurd cf mG kjH zifh
ESpfBudrfcGmkHjzifh 0dyemPfonf wdk;wuf t&d,r*fodkY qdkufa&mufoGm;vQifum; xdka,m*g0p&
yk*dKvftzdkY tvHk;pHkaom lyglyy&d*[paom PfwdkY cJ,Of;rI r&Sd jzpfae\? xdkyk*dKvf\ y#dy'gudk
okcgy#dy'g[k od&Sdygav/ (rlv#D-1-112/)
uvmyoroe 0g&\ tqHk; O',A,mEkyemPfonf jzpfay:vmvwfaomf xdkO',A,PfaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom 0dyEkyuad vo = 0dyem\ npfnL;aMumif;w&m;wdu
Yk kd oH;k Burd f
wdkifwdkif cGmojzifh qif;&Jyifyef;NidKjiifrI&Sdaom 0g&udk 'kumy#dy'g[l t|uxmq&mjrwfwdkYu ESpf419
oufawmfrlMuaMumif;udk rlv#Dumq&mjrwfwdkY zGifhqdkawmfrlMuonfum; rSefygayukef\? odkYaomf

t|omvdeDt|uxm (261) ----0dyemaP wdau ola& yoaE 0[aE OyEH 0dyemeduEd H y&d,m'd,rmaem 'kaue
uoda&e udvraEm y&d,m'd,wd/ (tbd-|-1-261/)
0dyemPfonf xufjrufp;l &Sonfjzpf &J&ifo
h nfjzpf Munfvifonfjzpf 0dyem0efukd
&GufaqmifEdkifvwfonf&Sdaomf rdrdoEmefwGif jzpfay:vmaom Mobmoponf ESpfoufaeaom
0dyemeduEdudk xuf0ef;usif odrf;usKH;,lvwfaomf = 0dyemIvsuf ukefcef;apvwfaomf qif;qif;&J&J cJcJ,Of;,Of; yifyifyef;yef; NidKNidKjiifjiif uoduatmufjzifh xuf0ef;usif odrf;usKH;,l&\ =
0dyemIvsuf ukefcef;ap&\/ (tbd-|-1-261/)
odkY rdefYqdkxm;awmfrlaomaMumifh 0k|me*grdeD0dyemodkY rwdkifrD aU&StzdkY rkdwkurswmPfponfwdkY\ tjzpfjzifh jzpfaom xdkocFgkayumPfonfvnf; rdrd\ qefYusifbufw&m;wdkYudk
qif;qif;&J&J NidKNidKjiifjiif yifyifyef;yef;jzifh cGm,l&onf&Sdaomf 'kuy#dy'g tzdkYomvQif wnfae\[k
rSwfom;yg/ aupdq&mwdkYum; 0dyem\ npfnL;aMumif; OyudavowdkYudk cGmaom r*gr*00wme
Pf = O',A,PfESifh ocFgkayumPfudk Pfcsif;wl wpfckwnf;tjzpf aygif;,laom
{uwenf;\ tpGr;f jzifh 0do'k rd *t|uxmu y#dy'gydik ;f wGif zGiq
hf x
dk m;onf[k t,l&\
dS / (txufwiG f
a&;om;wifjychJaom 0dok'dr*t|uxm vm&Sdaom y#dy'gav;rsKd;udk jyefMunfhyg/)
(r[m#D-2-476/)

xdyk #dy'gonf tcsKUd aom &[ef;tm; toD;toD; jzpf\? tcsKUd aom &[ef;tm; t&d,r*fav;yg;vH;k wdYk wpfrsK;d wnf;om jzpf\/ txl;rSm bk&m;&Siw
f t
Ykd m; t&d,r*fav;yg;vH;k wdo
Yk nfvnf; okcgy#dy'g
cdygbdnmcsnf;om = csrf;omaom tusifh &Sdukef vsifjrefaom todPf &dSukefonfcsnf;om
jzpfukef\/ xdkYtwl w&m;ppfolBuD; jzpfawmfrlaom t&Sifom&dykw udk,fawmfjrwfBuD;\ t&d,r*f
av;ygvH;k wdo
Yk nfvnf; okcgy#dy'g cdygbdnm csnf;om jzpfukef\? wpfzef t&Sifr[marm*vmef
udk,fawmfjrwfBuD;\ aomwmywdr*fonf okcgy#dy'g cdygbdnm jzpf\/ txufr*foHk;yg;wdkYonff
'kumy#dy'g 'EmbdnmwdkY jzpfukef\/ (0dok'd-2-307/)
tbd"rm t|omvdet
D |uxmum; odYk zGiq
hf x
kd m;\/ t&Sirf [marm*vm ef ud,
k af wmfjrwf
Bu;D \ txufr*f oH;k yg;wdo
Yk nf 'kumy#dy'g cdygbdnmwdkY jzpfukef\/ taMumif;rl idkufrsOf;jcif;onf
vTr;f rd;k ESyd pf uftyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifw
h nf;/ r[mukPmawmf&iS f jzpfawmfral om ormorK' bk&m;
&Sifonf (7)&ufywfvHk; i,f&G,faom owdk;om;udkuJhodkY t&Sifr[marm*vmef udk,fawmfjrwfBuD;\
r*fzv
kd t
f vdiYk mS &Guaf qmifay;awmfrcl \
hJ / t&Sirf [marm*vm ef rax&fjrwfBu;D onfvnf; r[mou&mZf
(103)ckESpf wydkYwGJvqef; (1)&ufaeYwGif t&Sifom&dykwrax&ftavmif; jzpfawmfrlonfh Oywd
y&dAdkZfxHrS t&SiftZdrax&f a[mMum;awmfrlvdkufonfh ----- a, "rm a[wkyb0g - tpcsDaom
w&m;*gxm a'oemawmfukd emMum;cGihf &&Sad wmfro
l nft
h wGuf aomwmywrd *fzv
kd o
f Ykd qdu
k af &mufawmf
rlc\
hJ / xdak eY naeydik ;f wGif {[d bduK &[ef; jzpfawmfrNl y;D aemuf r*"wdik ;f t0iftyg uv0gVykw& mG udk
420
qGrf;cH&Gmtjzpf trSDjyK awmtkyfwpfck twGif; &[ef;w&m;udk qufvuf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfawmf

rlpOf (7)&ufajrmufaom aeY idu
k rf sO;f vsuf xdik af eawmfrcl \
hJ ? xdt
k cg xdrk ax&fjrwfukd bk&m;&Siu
f
]]arm*vme ...oifonf idkufrsOf;aeoavm? arm*vme ...oifonf idkufrsOf;aeoavm}} [k
ar;awmfrl\/ ,if;odkY tdyfcsifidkufrsOf;rIonf vTrf;rdk; ESdyfpuftyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh t&Sifr[marm*vmef udk,fawmfjrwfBuD;\ txufr*f oHk;yg;wdkYonf 'kumy#dy'g cdygbdnmwdkY jzpfukef\/ bk&m;&Sif
TefMum;awmfrlonfhtwdkif; tdyfcsifidkufrsOf;rIudk tmavmu onmudk yGm;vsuf y,fazsmufawmfrlNyD;aemuf &[ef;w&m;udk qufvuf tm;xkwfawmfrl&m vsifjrefpGm txufr*fzdkvf oHk;yg;odkY qdkufa&muf
oGm;awmfrlaomaMumifh cdygbdnm yk*dKvf jzpfawmfrl&ayonf/
odYk oabm&Sad om r[mbdnyw = Bu;D rm;aom todPf&o
dS \
l tjzpfoYkd a&muf&
dS aeaom
om0u\aomfrSvnf; t&d,r*fav;yg;odkY a&mufaMumif; tusifhy#dy'gonf vIyf&Sm;ao;\? ajymif;vJrI uGJjym;rI &SdwHkao;\? <uif;aom yk*dKvfwdkY\ y#dy'gonfum; tb,faMumifh rvIyf&Sm;bJ &SdEdkifvwHUenf;? rajymif;vJbJ ruGJjym;bJ &dSEdkifvwH henf;? vIyf&Sm;rI&dSvwHUonfom &dSEdkifonfom jzpf\?
ajymif;vJrI uGJjym;rI&SdvwHUonfom &SdEdkifonfom jzpf\/
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
tcsKdUaom &[ef;\ t&d,r*fav;yg;vHk;wdkYonf 'kumy#dy'g 'EmbdnmwdkYcsnf;om jzpfukef\/

tcsKdUaom &[ef;\ t&d,r*fav;yg;vHk;wdkYonf 'kumy#dy'g cdygbdnmwdkYcsnf;om jzpfukef\/
tcsKdUaom &[ef;\ t&d,r*fav;yg;vHk;wdkYonf okcgy#dy'g 'EmbdnmwdkYcsnf;om jzpfukef\/
tcsKdUaom &[ef;\ t&d,r*fav;yg;vHk;wdkYonf okcgy#dy'g cdygbdnmwdkYcsnf;om jzpfukef\/
tcsKdUaom &[ef;\ yxrr*f = aomwmywdr*fonf 'kumy#dy'g cEmbdnm jzpf\/ 'kwd, r*f
= ou'g*grdr*fonf 'kumy#dy'g cdygbdnm jzpf\/ wwd,r*f = tem*grdr*fonf okcgy#dy'g
'Embdnm jzpf\/ pwkwr*f = t&[wr*fonf okcgy#dy'g cdygbdnm jzpf\/
odkYvQif ocFgkayumPfonf y#dy'g\ xl;jcm;rIudk owfrSwfay;\[k rSwfyg/

(tbd-|-1-280/)
y#dy'gonf vIyf&Sm;rI ajymif;vJrI&SdouJhodkY tvm;wlyif t"dywdonfvnf; vIyf&Sm;rI &Sd\?
ajymif;vJrI &S\
d ? xl;jcm;rI &S\
d / tcsKUd aom a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmf\ t&d,r*f av;yg;vH;k wdo
Yk nfvnf;
qEm"dyawa,s = qE[laom t"dywdaMumifh jzpfukef\/ tcsKdUaom a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmf\
t&d,r*f av;yg;vHk;wdkYonf 0D&d,m"dyaw,s = 0D&d,[laom t"dywdaMumifh jzpfukef\/ tcsKdUaom
a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmf\ t&d,r*f av;yg;wdkYonf pdwm"dyaw,s = pdwf[laom t"dywdaMumifh
jzpfukef\/ tcsKdUaom a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmf\ t&d,r*f av;yg;vHk;wdkYonf 0DrHom"dyaw,s =
0DrHo = ynm [laom t"dywdaMumifh jzpfukef\/ (tbd-|-1-280/)
wpfzef tcsKdUaom a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmf\ yxrr*fonf qE[laom t"dywdaMumifh jzpf\?
'kw,
d r*fonf 0D&,
d [laom t"dywdaMumifh jzpf\? wwd,r*fonf pdw[
f al om t"dywdaMumifh jzpf\/
pwkwr *fonf 0Dro
H [laom t"dywdaMumifh jzpf\/ odv
Yk Qif t"dywdwo
Ykd nfvnf; tcsKUd aom a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmf\ t&d,r*f av;yg;wdkY xl;jcm;rI uGJjym;rI &Sdukef\/ tcsKdUaom a,m*g0p&
&[ef;awmf\ t&d,r*fav;yg;wdYk wpfrsK;d wnf;om jzpfuek \
f [k rSwo
f m;yg/ odv
Yk Qif ocFgkayum421
Pfonf y#dy'g\ xl;axG uGjJ ym;rIukd rSwo

f m;\ jraJ p\/ 0darmu\ xl;axGujJG ym;rIukd jraJ paMumif;udkum; a&S; qdkcJhNyD/ (tbd-|-1-280/ 0dok'd-2-307/)
wpfenf; t&d,r*fPf\ trnfrsm; &&SdyHk

wpfenf;tm;jzifh us,fus,fjyefYjyefY jynfhjynfhpHkpHk qdk&aomf t&d,r*fonf ----1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
o&o
ypeDu
o*kP
tm&rP
tm*re
= rdrdoabmtm;jzifh (rdrd\ jzpfaMumif; 0daootm;jzifh) aomfvnf;aumif;

= qefYusifbuftm;jzifh aomfvnf;aumif;
= rdrd*kPftm;jzifh aomfvnf;aumif;
= tmkHtm;jzifh aomfvnf;aumif;
= t&d,r*fjzpfaMumif; 0dyemtm;jzifh aomfvnf;aumif; ---
(5)rsKd;aom taMumif;w&m;wdkYaMumifh trnfemrudk &&Sd\/ xif&Sm;apthH ----1/ o&o ----- tu,f ocFgkayumPfonf tedptm;jzifh = tedp[k awblru ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk oHk;oyfjcif;[laom taMumif;aMumifh edrdwrS xonf jzpfthH? tedrdw 0darmu = tedrdw[l
rSwftyfaom vGwfjcif;jzifh t&d,r*fonf vGwf\/ tu,f 'ku[k oHk;oyfaomaMumifh edrdwrS
xonf jzpfthH? tyPd[dw0darmu = tyPd[dw[l rSwftyfaom vGwfjcif;jzifh t&d,r*fonf
vGw\
f / tu,f tew[k oH;k oyfjcif;aMumifh edrw
d r S xonf jzpft?Hh oknw0darmu = oknw[l
rSwt
f yfaom vGwjf cif;jzifh t&d,r*fonf vGw\
f / tedrw
d tyP[
d w
d oknw[laom trnfonf
t&d,r*f\ o&o = rdrdoabmtm;jzihf NyD;aom trnfjzpf\/ (0dok'd-2-307/)
r*uwKum, 0k|meud&d,m, {uEdua[wkblwm ocFgkayum zvlypma&e ]]0k|mwD}}wd
0kwm / ,om 0g ocFgkayumwd 0k|me*grde,
d m {wH OyvuP?H w'aEm*" a*gMwbkPH edrw
d a wm
0k|mwd? wom 0kwH {uwea,e ]]orodwGm 0k|mwD}}wd/ (r[m#D-2-477/)
t&d,r*fonfomvQif 0k|mer[kwfavm[lrl ---- tajzrSm odkYjzpf\/ 0k|meud&d,m = edrdwESifh
y0wrS xjcif;Bud,m\ xwwfaom w&m; = uwm;rSm t&d,r*f jzpf\/ xkdt&d,r*f\ {uefpifppf
taMumif;&if;jzpfaom w&m;um; ocFgkayumPfwnf;/ (ocFgkayumPfudk uGuf qdkjcif;rSm
y"meenf;[k rSwfyg/) tusKd;jzpfaom t&d,r*f\ edrdw - y0wrS xjcif;[laom trnfudk taMumif;
jzpfaom ocFgkayumPftay: wifpm; taMumif;jzpfaom ocFgkayumPfudk zvlypm&
tm;jzifh edrdw = ocFgedrdwfrS x\[k t|uxmu zGifhqdkxm;onf rSwfyg/ wpfenf; --- ocFgkayumudk
txufyg t|uxm azmfjyjcif;onf OyvuPenf; ed'eenf;omwnf;/ xdo
k cFgkayumPfjzifh
0k|me*grdeD0dyem tm;vHk;udk aumuf,lyg/ xdk0k|me*grdeD0dyem twGif;0ifaom a*gMwbkPfonfvnf; ocFg&edrdwfrS xonfom jzpf\? xdkaMumifh ocFgkayumPfESifh a*gMwbkPfudk
0dyemPfcsif;wl wpfaygif;wnf; wpfpkwnf; ,lvsuf {uwenf;tm;jzifh ocFgkayumPfonf tedp[k 'ku[k tew[k oHk;oyf ocFg&edrdwfrS x\[k t|uxm zGifhqdkjcif; jzpfonf/
(r[m#D-2-477/)
422
rSwfcsuf ----- txufwGif bmomjyefqdkxm;onfhtwdkif; orodwGm wGm-ypnf;\ teufudk

[dwf-teuf MuH ocFgkayumPfonf ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tedp[k ('ku[k tew[k) 0dyem
IymG ;oH;k oyfjcif;[laom taMumif;aMumifh t&d,r*fonf edrw
d E iS hf y0wrS xonf jzpft[
Hh k tajzmifh
t"dyg,f,lchJvQifum; zvlypm&enf;ESifh {uwenf;wdkYudk xyfrHMuHzG,f rvdk[k rSwfyg/
2/ ypeDu ----- t&d,r*f\ a&S;tzdkY jzpfaom 0dyemPf[laom ykAbm*owdy|mer*fESifh
t&d,r*fudk r*fcsif;wl Pfcsif;wl wpfckwnf;tjzpf ,lvsuf {uwenf;tm;jzifh r*f[k ac:qdktyfaom xdkr*fonf (= xdkavmuD avmukw&mr*fonf) tedpmEkyemPfjzifh ocFg&w&m;wdkY\
oEwdCe orl[Ce udpCe tm&rPCe [laom Ce toD;toD; = kyfwHk;kyfcJ emrfwHk;emrfcJ
toD;toD;udk Pfjzifh NzKd czJG suq
f ;D jcif; cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmjcif;udk jyK edpe rd w
d f "k0edrw
d f owedrw
d w
f u
Ykd kd
y,fpGefYvsuf vm\? xdkaMumifh xdkr*fonf tedrdw rnf\/
wpfzef 'kumEkyemPfjzifh okconmudk y,fpGefY yPd"d[k qdktyfaom ocFg&w&m;wdkY
awmifhwjcif;udk ajcmufcef;ap vmonf\ tjzpfaMumifh xdkr*fonf tyPd[dw rnf\/
tewmEkyemPfjzifh tw-ow-yk*v[laom trSwfonmudk y,fpGefY ocFg&w&m;
tw-ow-yk*vrS uif;qdwfonf\ tjzpfudk jriftyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh xdkr*fonf tw-owyk*vrS uif;qdwfaom oknw rnf\/ xdkYaMumifh tedrdw tyPd[dw oknw[k qdktyfaom
trnfoHk;yg; taygif;onf ypeDu = qefYusifbuftm;jzifh NyD;aom trnf jzpf\/
(0dok'd-2-307/ r[m#D-2-477/)
3/ o*kP ----- wpfzef t&d,r*f &m*ponf r&Sdjcif;aMumifh xdkr*fonf &m*ponfwdkYrS uif;qdwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh oknw rnf\/ ]]ig-igh[m}}[l pGJvrf;tyfukefaom lyedrdwf a0'emedrdwf
ponfw\
Ykd r&Sjd cif;aMumifh wpfenf; ----- &m*edrdwf a'goedrdwf arm[edrdwf ponfwdkY\omvQif
r&Sjd cif;aMumif wpfenf; ----- txnfudk,f oEmefj'yf &SdukefouJhodkY xifwwfaom ocFg&edrdwfwdkY\
r&Sjd cif;aMumifh tedrw
d rnf\/ &m*yPd"d a'goyPd"d arm[yPd"dwdkY\ r&Sdjcif;aMumifh = &m*
[laom awmifhwjcif; a'go[laom awmifhwjcif; arm[[laom awmifhwjcif;wdkY\ r&Sdjcif;aMumifh
tyPd[dw rnf\/ xdkaMumifh oknw tedrdw tyPd[dw [laom trnfoHk;yg; taygif;onf
xdkt&d,r*f\ o*kP = rdrd*kPftm;jzifh NyD;aom trnf rnf\/ (0dok'd-2-307/ r[m#D-2-477/)
4/ tm&rP ---- edAm efw&m;awmfjrwfonf tvH;k pHak om ocFg&w&m;rS uif;qdwo
f nf\tjzpfaMumifh
vnf;aumif; twrS uif;qdwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; oknw rnf\/ xdkt&d,r*fonf
oknw trnf&aom edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfudk tmkHjyK&aomaMumifh oknw rnf\[l qdktyf\/
edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfonf tvHk;pHkaom ocFg&edrdwf r&dSaomaMumifh tedrw
d rnf\/ xdt
k &d,r*fonf
tedrdw trnf&aom edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfudk tmkHjyKaomaMumifh tedrw
d rnf\[l qdktyf\/
edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfonf wPSmyPd"d ponfwdkY\ r&dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifh tyPd[dw rnf\/ xdk
t&d,r*fonf tyPd[dw trnf&aom edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfudk tmkHjyKaomaMumifh tyPd[dw
rnf\[l qdt
k yf\/ oknw tedrw
d tyP[
d w
d [laom trnfo;kH yg; taygif;onf xdt
k &d,r*f\
tmkHtm;jzifh &tyfaom trnfwnf;/ (0dok'd-2-307/ r[m#D-2-477-478/)
423
5/ tm*re ----- a&S; a&;om;wifjycJhonfhtwdkif; tm*reonf 0dyem*re r*g*re[k ESpfrsKd;

&dS\/ xdkESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif t&d,r*f 0dyem*reudk &tyf\? t&d,zdkvf r*g*reudk &tyf\/ (t&d,
r*f\ jzpfay:vmaMumif; jzpfonfh 0dyemudk 0dyem*re[kvnf;aumif; t&d,zdkvf\ jzpfay:vmaMumif; jzpfonfh t&d,r*fw&m;udk r*g*re[kvnf;aumif; toD;toD; ac:qdk\/) rSefayonf
tewmEkyemonf ocFg&w&m;wdYk twrS uif;qdwo
f nf\ tjzpfudk Ijriftyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh
rdrd oabmtm;jzifh oknw rnf\/ oknw0dyem\ t&d,r*fonf = oknw0dyemaMumifh
jzpfay:vmaom t&d,r*fonf 0dyem*retm;jzifh oknw rnf\/ tedpmEkyemonf edpedrdwf
"k0edrdwf owedrdwfwdkYudk y,fcGmjcif;aMumifh tedrdw rnf\/ tedrdw0dyem\ t&d,r*fonf =
tedrdw0dyemaMumifh jzpfay:vm&aom t&d,r*fonf 0dyem*retm;jzifh tedrdw rnf\/
t&d,r*f\ tedrdw[laom trnfudk tbd"rma'oemawmfenf;tm;jzifh r&tyf r&Edkif? okwef
a'oemawmfenf;tm;jzifhom &Edkifonf/ rSefayonf ----- xdkokwef a*gMwbkPfonf tedrdw
trnf&aom edAm efukd tmkjH yK tedrw
d trnf&o
Sd nf jzpf rdro
d nf t&d,r*f\ jzpfay:vmaMumif;
jzpfonfh 0dyem*re y#dy'g t&mwnf t&d,r*ftm; tedrdw[laom trnfudk ay;\/ odkY
a&S;q&mjrwfwdkY qdkawmfrlMuukef\/ xdktaMumif;jzpfaom 0dyemonf ay;tyfaom trnfjzifh
t&d,r*fudk tedrdw[l qdktyf\/
wpfzef r*g*retm;jzifh t&d,zdv
k o
f nf tedrw
d rnf\[laom pum;onf oifjh rwfonfomvQif
jzpfayonf/ 'kumEkyemonf awblru ocFg&w&m;wdkY wPSm[laom awmifhwjcif;udk ajcmufaoGUap t&d,r*fow
Ykd ikd af tmif vmonf\ tjzpfaMumifh tyP[
d w
d rnf\/ tyP[
d w
d 0dyemjzifh
t&d,r*fonf = tyPd[dw0dyemaMumifh jzpfay:vm&aom t&d,r*fonf tyPd[dw rnf\/
tyPd[dwt&d,r*f\ t&d,zdkvfonf tyPd[dwt&d,zdkvf rnf\/ odkYaomenf;jzifh 0dyemonf rdrd\ tyPd[dw[laom trnfudk t&d,r*ftm; ay;\? t&d,r*fonf rdrd\ tyPd[dw
[laom trnfudk rdrd\ t&d,zdkvftm; ay;\? xdkaMumifh tyPd[dw[laom trnfonf tm*re
tm;jzifh NyD;aom trnfwnf;/ odkYvQif ocFgkayumPfonf 0darmu txl;tjym;udk jrJap\
owfrSwfay;\/ (0dok'd-2-307-308/)
y#doaEusKd;udk ay;Edkifonfh ocFgkayumrsKd;

uxH ykxkZe p aou p ocFgkayum, pdw tbdeD[ma&m {uwH a[mwd/
ykxkZe ocFgkayuH tbdeEawm pdwH udvdwd? bm0em, y&dyaEm a[mwd? y#da0"
tE&ma,m a[mwd? tm,wd H y#doEd,m ypa,m a[mwd/ aoumyd ocFgkayuH tbdeEawm
pdwH udvdwd? bm0em, y&dyaEm a[mwd? Ow&d y#da0" tE&ma,m a[mwd? tm,w
y#doEd,m ypa,m a[mwd/ {0H ykxkZe p aou p ocFgkayum, pdw tbdeD[ma&m
{uwH a[mwd tbdeEea|e/ (y#doH-60/)
ykxkZefyk*dKvftm;vnf;aumif; aouyk*dKvftm;vnf;aumif; ocFgkayum pdwfudk a&S;I
aqmifjcif;\ wlnDonf\ tjzpfonf tb,fodkY jzpfoenf;[lrl ----- ocFgkayumudk ESpfoufaom
ykxkZef\ pdwfonf npfEGrf;\? 0dyembm0em\ ab;&ef jzpf\? t&d,r*fjzifh opmav;yg;udk
424
xdk;xGif;odjcif; = y#da0"\ tE&m,f jzpf\/ aemiftcg y#doaE\ taMumif;w&m;jzpf\/

ocFgkayumudk ESpfoufaom aouyk*dKvf\vnf; pdwfonf npfEGrf;\? 0dyembm0em\
ab;&ef jzpf\? txuftxuf r*fPfjzifh opmav;yg;udk xdk;xGif; odjcif; = y#da0"\ tE&m,f
jzpf\? aemiftcg y#doaE\ taMumif;w&m; jzpf\/ odkYvQif ykxkZefyk*dKvf\vnf;aumif; aou
yk*dKvf\vnf;aumif; ocFgkayum pdwfudka&S;Iaqmifjcif;onf ESpfoufwwfaom oabmtm;jzifh
wlnDonf\ tjzpfonf jzpfayonf/ (y#doH-60/)
tm,wd Hy#doEd,m ypa,m a[mwDwd ocFgkayumor,kwur Av0wm awae0
ok*wdy#doEd,m 'D,rmem, tbdeEeocFgawm avmbudavaom tem*aw umrm0p&ok*wdy#doEd,m ypa,m a[mwd/ ,om udavoo[m,H urH 0dyguH Zaewd? wom urH Zeuypa,m
a[mwd? udavaom Oywruypa,m/ y /
tm,wd Hy#doEd,m ypa,m a[mwDwd aoauok aomwmyEou'g*grDeH te"d*wZsmemeH
ocFgkayumuare 'D,rmem, umrm0p&ok*wdy#doEd,m tbdeEeudavaom ypa,m a[mwd?
psmevmbDeH ye tem*grd p jA[avmaua,0 y#doEmeawm ypa,m e a[mwd/ tEkavmra*gMwbl[d p 'D,rmem, y#doEd,m t,ar0 udavaom ypa,m a[mwDwd a0'dwaAm/
(y#doH-|-1-250/)
ykxZk efy*k Kd v\
f ocFgkayumPfEiS ,
hf OS af om apwem[laom uH\ tm;aumif;onf\ tjzpfaMumifh xdkuHonfyifvQif umrok*wdy#doaEusKd;udk ay;vwfaomf ocFgkayumudk ESpfoufjcif;[k
qdktyfaom avmbudavomonf tem*wf umrok*wdy#doaE\ taMumif;w&m; jzpf\? avmb
wnf;[laom udavom taygif;tazmfukd &&daS om ocFgkayumPfEiS hf ,SOw
f v
JG suf &daS om apwemuHonf umrok*wdy#doaE paom tusKd;0dygufudk jzpfapEdkif\? xdkaMumifh ocFgkayumPfESifh
,SOfaom apwemuHonf tusKd;0dygufudk wdkufdkufjzpfapwwfaom Zeu taMumif;w&m; jzpf\/
ocFgkayumudk ESpfoufwwfaom avmbudavomonf tm;ay;axmufyHhwwfaom Oywru
taMumif;w&m; jzpf\/ y /
aouyk*dKvfwdkYwGif psmefudk r&&dSMuukefaom aomwmyef ou'g*grfyk*dKvfwdkY\ ocFgkayumPfESifh ,SOfaom apwem[laom ocFgkayumuHonf tusKd;ay;tyfaom umrok*wdy#doaE\
ocFgkayumudk ESpo
f ufaom avmbudavomonf tm;ay;axmufyw
hH wfaom Oywru
taMumif;
w&m;jzpf\? psmef&aom aomwmyef ou'g*grfwdkYESifh tem*grfyk*dKvf\ jA[mjynfomvQif y#doaE
,ljcif;oabm &dSaomaMumifh ocFgkayumudk ESpfoufaom avmbudavomonf ,if;jA[m y#doaEpaom tusKd;0dyguf\ tm;ay;axmufyHhwwfaom Oywru taMumif;w&m;onf rjzpfEdkifay/
tEkavmr a*gMwbkPfwdkYESifh ,SOfwGJvsuf&dSaom apwem[laom uHw&m;wdkYu tusKd;ay;tyfaom
y#doaE\vnf; ocFgkayumudk ESpo
f ufwwfaom avmbudavomonfyifvQif tm;ay; axmufyHhwwfaom Oywru taMumif;w&m; jzpfonf[k od&dSygav/ (y#doH-|-1-250/)
owdjyK&ef tcsuw
f pf&yf ----- tEkavmrPfESifh ,SOfwGJvsuf &dSaom ukodkvfapwemuvnf; umrok*wd wpfckaom y#doaEusKd;udk ay;Edkif\[laom tqdkudkvnf;aumif; a*gMwbk425
PfEiS hf ,SOw
f v
JG su&f aSd om ukov
kd af pwemuvnf; umrok*wd wpfcak om y#doaEusK;d udk ay;Edik \
f
[laom tqdkudkvnf;aumif; owdjyK rSwfom;xm;yg/ tEkavmr = tEkvHkonfvnf; wpfBudrfom
jzpfaom pdwf jzpf\? a*gMwbkonfvnf; wpfBudrfom jzpfaom pdwf jzpf\/ wpfckaom apwemu
wpfckaom b0udk jzpfapEdkifonfhxHk; oufao om"ursm;yifwnf;/ tvm;wlyif ocFgkayumuHuvnf; xdkuJhodkY tusKd;ay;EdkifyHkudk oabmaygufoifhayonf/
oHo&mc&D;wGif usifvnfae&aom ykxkZefvlom; wpfOD;twGuf wpfbufwGif tyg,f tusKd;
ay;jcif;jrJaom ymeE&d,uHESifh aoonfhwkdifatmif rpGefYvTwf&ao;aom ed,wrdpm'd|duHwdkYwGif
wpfckckvnf; r&dSonfjzpftHh? wpfbufwGifvnf; jA[mhjynf tusKd;ay;jcif;jrJaom aoonfhwkdifatmif
ravQmusaom psmefw&m;wnf;[laom r[*KwfuH wpfckckvnf; r&dSonfjzpftHh? wpfbufwGifvnf;
yp,y&d*[
Pfow
Ykd ikd af tmifaom 0dyemPfrsm;udk atmufxpfq;kH tm;jzifh r&&daS o;onfjzpft?hH
aocgeD; r&PmoE tcsdefumvum; ta&;tBuD;qHk;aom tcsdefumvyif jzpf\/ xdkykxkZefrsm;tzdkY
aocgeD; r&PmoEaZmonf tukodkvfaZm jzpftHh? tyg,fav;bHk wpfbHkbHkodkY usdef;aoa&muf\/
aocgeD; r&PmoEaZmonf ukov
kd af Zm jzpft?H xdu
k o
f nft
h m;avsmpf mG ok*wd wpfbb
kH o
kH Ykd a&muf\/
xdkukodkvfuHwdkYwGif ocFgkayumuHum; tvGef tqifhjrifhrm;aom uHwpfck jzpf\/ ormoarm"dPf yapuaAm"dPf t*om0uaAm"dPf r[mom0uaAm"dPf[laom aAm"dPfrsm;udk
&nf&G,fawmifhwxm;ol r[kwfvQif xdkocFgkayumPfodkYwdkifatmif 0dyembm0emur|mef;udk
pD;jzef;xm;ol olawmfaumif;rsm;onf a,bk,stm;jzifh aoNyD;aemuf 'kwd,b0wGif t&d,r*fzdkvf
edAmef[lonfh w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfudk &&dSEdkifaMumif;udk aomwmEk*wokwefwGif bk&m;&Sifudk,fawmfwdkif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJh\/ ,if;odkY cdkifvHkonfh tmrcHcsuf &dSonfh bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;awmfrsm;udk
tm*rokw[laom oifod t"d*rokw[laom usifhod --- tod ESpfrsKd;jzifh todBuD; odatmif
todPf&dSonfh vlUb0udk &cdkuf &[ef;b0udk &cdkuf txl; BudK;yrf;oifhvSayonf/ oHo&mc&D; rqHk;ao;olwdkYtwGuf txufwGif a&;om;cJhonfhtwdkif; aocgeD; r&PmoEtcgonf tyg,f'k*wdESifh
aumif;&mok*wdudk vrf;cGJay;onfh ta&;tBuD;qHk;aom tcsdefumv jzpf\/ xdktcg aumif;&m
ok*wdodkY usdef;ao{uef a&mufapEdkifaom uHrsm;udk xlaxmifxm;NyD; jzpfzdkY vdkayonf/ oHo&mc&D;udk
tqHk;owfEdkifatmif BudK;pm;xm;NyD; jzpfvQifum; wdkif;xuftvGef wHcGefESifh bk&m;yif jzpfacsonf/
wGif aomwmEk*wokwef jrefrmjyefudk qufvuf a&;om;wifjytyfygonf/
aomwmEk*wokwef
&[ef;wdYk ...yom'aomwodYk ouf0if Paomwjzifh ydik ;f jcm;rSwo
f m;tyfuek af om EIwjf zifh
tvGwf&atmif avhusuftyfNyD;ukefaom pdwfjzifh tzefzef txyfxyf aphaphikik MunfhI qifjcif
oHk;oyftyfNyD;ukefaomw&m;udk,fteufoabmtm;jzifhvnf;aumif; taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; orm'd|d Pfynmjzifh aumif;pGm ud,
k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmufojd riftyfNy;D ukeaf om w&m;awmfwdkY\ rcRwf{uef &vdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhtyfukefaom tusKd;qufwdkYonf av;rsKd;wdkYwnf;/
426
tb,fav;rsKd;wdkYenf;[lrl ----1/ &[ef;wdkY ...omoemawmf &[ef;onf ----1/ okw

= okwtrnf&aom w&m;awmf
2/ a*,s
= *gxmESifh pum;ajy ESpfaxGa&maeaom w&m;awmf
3/ a0,smu&P = *gxmrzuf oufoufaom pum;ajyw&m;awmf
4/ *gxm
= *gxmw&m;awmf
5/ O'ge
= O'gef; = 0rf;ajrmufpGm usL;&ifhawmfrltyfaom w&m;awmf
6/ wd0w
k u
= wd0w
k f = odYk bk&m;&Sio
f nf a[mMum;awmfrt
l yf\ ---- odYk tpcsv
D suf
ed'gef;ysKd;xm;aom w&m;awmf
7/ Zmwu
= Zmwfawmf
8/ tA Kw"r = rjzpfpzl; tOD;topf tHhMozG,f&mwdkYESifh qufpyfaeaom w&m;awmf
9/ a0'v
= todx;l Pfx;l udv
k nf; &&d
S ESpo
f uf0rf;ajrmufru
I v
kd nf; &&daS om tar;
tajz jzpfaom w&m;awmf --t*Fg (9)wefESifh jynfhpHkawmfrlaom w&m;awmfudk oifMum;\/ xdk&[ef;\ oEmef xdkw&m;awmfwo
Ykd nf yom'aomwodYk ouf0if Paomwjzifh ydik ;f jcm;rSwo
f m;tyfuek \
f ? EIwjf zifh tvGwf
&atmif avhusuftyfNyD; jzpfukef\? pdwfjzifh tzefzef txyfxyf aphaphikik MunhfIqifjcif oHk;oyftyfNy;D jzpfuek \
f ? w&m;ud,
k f teufoabmtm;jzifv
h nf;aumif; taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;
orm'd|d Pfynmjzifh aumif;pGm udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjriftyfNyD; jzpfukef\/
(tH-1-504-505/)
rSwcf suf ----- 'd|d,m oky#d0d'gwd twawm p um&Pawm p ynm, ok|K y#d0d'g ypuH
uwm/ (tH-|-2-364/) -- bk&m;&Si\
f t*Fg (9)wefEiS hf jynhpf akH wmfral om yd#uwfo;kH yHk w&m;awmf
a[mMum;xm;awmfrltyfaom w&m;udk,f teufoabmw&m;wdkYrSm pdwf apwoduf kyf edAmef
[laom y&rww&m; (4)yg;wdkYom jzpfMu\/ pwkwy&rwf jzpfaom edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfudk tvdk
&daS om olawmfaumif;onf a&S;OD;pGm avmuD pdw-f apwodu-f ky[
f al om w&m;ud,
k f teufoabm
w&m;wdkYudkvnf;aumif; ,if;pdwf-apwoduf-kyfw&m;wdkY\ taMumif;w&m;wdkYvnf;aumif; orm
'd|d Pfynmjzifh ud,
k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmufojd rifatmif BuKd ;pm;&\/ emrlyy&dap'PfEiS hf
yp,y&d*[Pfwnf;/ wy&dnmwnf;/ tm'd'Dyuenf;wnf;/ wy&dnm wD&Py&dnm
y[mey&dnm[k y&dnm oHk;rsKd;&dS&m tpjzpfaom wy&dnmudk ,lojzifh tv,fjzpfaom wD&P
y&dnm tqH;k jzpfaom y[mey&dnmwdu
Yk v
kd nf; odr;f usK;H ,l&aom enf;wnf;/ emrlyy&dap'PfrS
onf ocFgkayumPfodkY wdkifatmifaom 0dyemPfrsm;ESifh jynhfpHkatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&ef
&nfeT ;f xm;\/ ,if;odYk BuKd ;yrf;&m a&S;OD;pGm ,if; pdw-f apwodu-f kyw
f &m;wdu
Yk kd oifot
d aejzifh
odatmif BudK;pm;&\? tm*rokwwnf;/ xdkaemif orm'd|d Pfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf
xGif;azmufodjrifatmif ocFgkayumPfodkY qdkufonfwdkifatmif BudK;pm;&\? t"d*rokwwnf;/
,if;odkY tm*rokw t"d*rokw[laom okww&m;ESifh jynhfpHkaom olawmfaumif;udk txl; &nfTef;xm;onf[k rSwfyg/
427
xdk&[ef;onf owd vGwfuif;onfjzpf aovGef&aomf trSwfrxm; wpfyg;yg;aom ewfjynf

ewfavmu jzpf\/ (tH-1-505/)
rSwfcsuf ---- rk|wd umvH ukkrmaemwd e,d'H Ak'0peH tEk&Powd,m tbma0e
0kwH? ykxkZeumvud&d,H ye oEm, 0kwH/ ykxkZaem [d rk|wd umvH ua&mwd emr/ (tH-|2-364/) ----owdvw
G u
f if;onf jzpf aovGe&f aomf [laom pum;udk bk&m;pum;awmfudk tpOf
avQmuf atmufarhwwfaom owd\ r&djS cif;aMumifh a[mawmfro
l nfum; r[kw?f ykxZk eftjzpfEiS hf
uG,fvGefjcif;udkom &nf&G,fawmfrl a[mMum;awmfrljcif; jzpf\/ rSefayonf ----- ykxkZefonf
owdvGwfuif; aovGef&onf rnfayonf/ (tH-|-2-364/)
xdkewfjynf ewfavmu csrf;omjcif;&dSaom xdkewfom;\ oEmef0,f w&m;yk'ftpkwdkYonf
ay:vGifxif&Sm;vmMuukef\/ (vGefcJhaom b0 &Gwfzwfo&Zsm,fjcif;vQif taMumif;&if;cH &Sdaom
EIwfjzifh avhusufxm;tyfNyD;ukefaom orm'd|d Pfynmjzifh aumif;pGm udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjriftyfNyD;ukefaom w&m;tm;vHk;wdkYonf Munfvifaom aMu;rHkjyif t&dyfuJhodkY ay:vGif
xif&Sm; vmMuukef\/)
&[ef;wdYk ...w&m;awmfukd tpOfavQmuf IymG ;oH;k oyfwwfaom 0dyemPfEiS hf ,SOw
f v
JG suf
&dSaom owd\ jzpfay:jcif;onf EkHYaES;vSao;\? tu,fpifppfrlrSm xdkewfom;jzpfaom ow0gonf
vsifjrefpGmomvQif r*fzdkvfedAmef[lonfh w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfudk &&dSEdkif\/ &[ef;wdkY ...onfum;
yom'aomwodkY ouf0if Paomwjzifh ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;tyfukefaom EIwfjzifh tvGwf&atmif
avhusuftyfNyD;ukefaom pdwfjzifh tzefzef txyfxyf aphaphikik MunhfIqifjcif oHk;oyftyfNyD;ukefaom w&m;udk,f teufoabmtm;jzifhvnf;aumif; taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; orm'd|d
Pfynmjzifh aumif;pGm udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjriftyfNyD;ukefaom w&m;awmfwdkY\
rcRwf{uef &vdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhtyfaom a&S;OD;pGmaom yxr tusKd;qufwnf;/ (tH-1-505/)
2/ &[ef;wdkY ...aemufwpfrsKd;aomfum; &[ef;onf okw a*,s a0,smu&P *gxm O'ge
wd0kwu Zmwu tA Kw"r a0'v [laom t*Fg (9)wefESifh jynfhpHkawmfrlaom w&m;awmfudk
oifMum;\? xdk&[ef;\ oEmef xdkw&m;awmfwdkYonf yom'aomwodkY ouf0if Paomwjzifh
ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;tyfukef\? EIwfjzifh tvGwf&atmif avhusuftyfNyD; jzpfukef\? pdwfjzifh tzefzef
txyfxyf aphaphikik MunfhIqifjcif oHk;oyftyfNyD; jzpfukef\? w&m;udk,f teufoabmtm;jzifh
vnf;aumif; taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; orm'd|d Pfynmjzifh aumif;pGm udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjriftyfNyD; jzpfukef\/
xdk&[ef;onf owdvGwfuif;onfjzpf aovGef&aomf trSwfrxm; wpfyg;yg;aom ewfjynf
ewfavmu jzpf\/ xdkewfjynf ewfavmu csrf;omjcif;&dSaom xdkewfom;\ oEmef0,f w&m;yk'f
tpkwo
Ykd nf ay:vGix
f if&mS ;um; rvmMuukeaf o;? pifppfaomfum; wefc;kd 'dy g'fEiS hf jynfph
kH pdwu
f kd
Edik Ef ikd ef if;eif; avhvmEdik jf cif;odYk a&mufNy;D aom "ruxdu &[ef;awmfonf ewfy&dowf w&m;awmfukd
a[mMum;av\/ xdkewfom;\ oEmef0,f ]],ck "ruxdu &[ef;awmf a[mMum;aeaom w&m;428
awmfonfum; a&S;,cif ig vljzpfpOf &[ef;b0wkef;u ig usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfcJhzl;aom

oDv orm"d ynm odumoHk;&yf tusifhjrwfjzifh odrf;usKH; a&wGuftyfaom omoemhjA[p&d, trnf
&onfh xdk"r0de,yifwnf;}} [k pdwftMuH jzpfvm\/ &[ef;wdkY ...w&m;awmfudk tpOfavQmuf
IymG ;oH;k oyfwwfaom owd\ jzpfay:jcif;onf EkaYH ES;vSao;\? tu,fpifppfrmS rl xdek wfom;jzpfaom
ow0gonf vsifjrefpGmomvQif r*fPf zdkvfPf edAmef[lonfh w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfudk &&dSEdkif\/
&[ef;wdYk ...jzpfoifjh zpf&m EdiI ;f cdik ;f zG,&f m avmu Oyrmonfum; pnfBu;D oH vdrm uRr;f usi-f
aom a,mufsm;onf c&D;&SnfoGm;vwfaomf pnfBuD;oHudk Mum;av&m\? xdka,mufsm;\ oEmef0,f
xdkpnfBuD;oH ]]pnfBuD;oHavavm pnfBuD;oH r[kwfavavm}}[k ,HkrSm;jcif; awG;awmjcif;onf
rjzpfawmhbJ pnfBuD;oH[lomvQif trSeftwdkif; qHk;jzwfjcif;odkY a&muf&mouJhodkY -- &[ef;wdkY ...
OyrmtwlomvQif &[ef;onf okw a*,s a0,smu&P *gxm O'ge wd0kwu Zmwu tA Kw"r a0'v[al om t*Fg (9)wefEiS hf jynhpf akH wmfral om w&m;awmfukd oifMum;\/ xd&k [ef;\ oEmef
xdw
k &m;awmfwo
Ykd nf yom'aomwodYk ouf0if Paomwjzifh ykid ;f jcm;rSwo
f m;tyfuek \
f ? EIwjf zifh
tvGwf&atmif avhusuftyfNyD; jzpfukef\? pdwfjzifh tzefzef txyfxyf aphaphikik MunfhIqifjcif
oH;k oyftyfNy;D jzpfuek \
f ? w&m;ud,
k t
f eufoabmtm;jzifv
h nf;aumif; orm'd|d Pfynmjzifh aumif;pGm udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjriftyfNyD; jzpfukef\/
xdk &[ef;onf owdvGwfuif;onf jzpf aovGef&aomf trSwfrxm; wpfyg;yg;aom ewfjynf
ewfavmu jzpf\? xdkewfjynf ewfavmu csrf;omjcif;&dSaom xdkewfom;\ oEmef0,f w&m;yk'f
tpkwo
Ykd nf ay:vGix
f if&mS ;um; rvmMuukeaf o;? pifppfaomfum; wef;cd;k 'yd g'fEiS hf jynhpf
kH pdwu
f kd
Edik Ef ikd ef if;eif; avhvmEdik jf cif;odYk a&mufNy;D aom "ruxdu &[ef;awmfonf ewfy&dowf w&m;awmfukd
a[mMum;av\/ xdkewfom;\ oEmef0,f ]],ck "ruxdu &[ef;awmf a[mMum;aeaom w&m;awmfonfum; a&S;,cif ig vljzpfpOf &[ef;b0wkef;u ig usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfcJhzl;aom
oDv orm"d ynm odumoHk;&yf tusifhjrwfjzifh odrf;usKH; a&wGuftyfaom omoemhjA[p&d, trnf
&onfh xdk"r0de,yifwnf;}} [k pdwftMuH jzpfvm\/ &[ef;wdkY ...w&m;awmfudk tpOfavQmuf
&[ef;wdYk ...onfum; yom'aomwodYk ouf0if Paomwjzifh ykid ;f jcm;rSwo
f m;tyfuek af om
EIwfjzifh tvGwf&atmif avhusuftyfNyD;ukefaom pdwfjzifh tzefzef txyfxyf aphaphikik MunfhIqifjcif oHk;oyftyfNyD;ukefaom w&m;udk,f teufoabmtm;jzifhvnf;aumif; taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh
vnf;aumif; orm'd|d Pfynmjzifh aumif;pGm ud,
k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmufojd riftyfNy;D ukeaf om
w&m;awmfw\
Ykd rcRw{f uef &vdrrhf nf[k arQmv
f ift
h yfaom ESpcf ak jrmufaom 'kw,
d tusK;d qufwnf;/
(tH-1-505-506/)
3/ &[ef;wdYk ...aemufwpfrsK;d um; &[ef;onf okw a*,s a0,smu&P *gxm O'ge wd0w
k u
Zmwu tA Kw"r a0'v[laom t*Fg (9)wefESihf jynfhpHkawmfrlaom w&m;awmfudk oifMum;\/

xdk&[ef;\ oEmef xdkw&m;awmfwdkYonf yom'aomwodkY ouf0if Paomwjzifh ykdif;jcm;
rSwfom;tyfukef\? EIwfjzifh tvGwf&atmif avhusuftyfNyD; jzpfukef\? pdwfjzifh tzefzef txyfxyf
429
aphaphikik MunfhIqifjcif oHk;oyftyfNyD; jzpfukef\? w&m;udk,f teufoabmtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;

taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; orm'd|d Pfynmjzifh aumif;pGm udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odjriftyfNyD; jzpfukef\/
tpkwdkYonf ay:vGifxif&Sm;um; rvmMuukefao;? wefcdk;'dyg'fESifh jynfhpHk pdwfudk EdkifEdkifeif;eif;
avhvmEdik jf cif;odYk a&mufNy;D aom "ruxdu &[ef;awmfonfvnf; ewfy&dowf w&m;awmfukd a[mMum;awmf rrlao; jzpfae\? pifppfaomfum; "ruxdu ewfom;onf ewfy&dowf w&m;awmfudk
a[mMum;av\/ xdktcg xdkewfom;\ oEmef0,f ]],ck "ruxdu ewfom; a[mMum;aeaom
w&m;awmfonfum; a&S;,cif ig vljzpfpOf &[ef;b0wke;f u ig usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwcf zhJ ;l aom oDv orm"d ynm odumoHk;&yf tusifhjrwfjzifh odrf;usKH;a&wGuftyfaom omoemhjA[p&d,
trnf&onfh xd"k r0ed ,yifwnf;}}[k pdwt
f MuH jzpfvm\/ &[ef;wdYk ...w&m;awmfukd tpOfavQmuf
&[ef;wdYk ...jzpfoifjh zpf&m EdiI ;f cdik ;f zG,&f m avmu Oyrmonfum; ckoif;oH vdrm uRr;f usi-f
aom a,mufsm;onf c&D;&SnfoGm;vwfaomf ckoif;oHudk Mum;av&m\? xdka,mufsm;\ oEmef0,f
xdkckoif;oH ]]ckoif;oHavavm? ckoif;oH r[kwfavavm}}[k ,HkrSm;jcif; awG;awmjcif;onf
rjzpfawmhbJ ]]ckoif;oH}}[lomvQif trSeftwdkif; qHk;jzwfjcif;odkY a&muf&mouJhodkY - &[ef;wdkY ...
OyrmtwlomvQif &[ef;onf okw a*,s a0,smu&P *gxm O'ge wd0kwu Zmwu tA Kw"r a0'v[al om t*Fg (9)wefEiS hf jynfph akH wmfral om w&m;awmfukd oifMum;\/ xd&k [ef;\ oEmef
xdw
k &m;awmfwo
f m;tyfuek \
f ? EIwjf zifh
f ? w&m;ud,
avhvmEdkifjcif;odkY a&mufNyD;aom "ruxdu &[ef;awmfonfvnf; ewfy&dowf w&m;awmfudk
a[mMum;awmf rrlao; jzpfae\/ pifppfaomfum; "ruxdu ewfom;onf ewfy&dowf w&m;awmfukd
a[mMum;av\/ xdktcg xdkewfom;\ oEmef0,f ]],ck "ruxdu ewfom; a[mMum;aeaom
w&m;awmfonfum; a&S;,cif ig vljzpfpOf &[ef;b0wke;f u ig usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwcf zhJ ;l aom oDv orm"d ynm odumoHk;&yf tusifhjrwfjzifh odrf;usKH; a&wGuftyfaom omoemhjA[p&d,
trnf&onfh xd"k r0ed ,yifwnf;}}[k pdwt
f MuH jzpfvm\/ &[ef;wdYk ...w&m;awmfukd tpOfavQmuf
430
&[ef;wdYk ...onfum; yom'aomwodYk ouf0if Paomwjzifh ydik ;f jcm;rSwo

f m;tyfuek af om
EIwjf zifh tvGw&f atmif avhusut
f yfNy;D ukeaf om pdwjf zifh tzefzef txyfxyf aphaphiik k Munfh q
I ifjcif
oHk;oyftyfNyD;ukefaom w&m;udk,fteufoabmtm;jzifhvnf;aumif; taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; orm'd|d Pfynmjzifh aumif;pGm udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjriftyfNyD;ukefaom
w&m;awmfw\
f ift
h yfaom oH;k ckajrmufaom wwd, tusK;d qufwnf;/
(tH-1-506/)
4/ &[ef;wdYk ...aemufwpfrsK;d um; &[ef;onf okw a*,s a0,smu&P *gxm O'ge wd0w
k u
Zmwu tAKw"r a0'v[laom t*Fg (9)wefESifh jynfhpHkawmfrlaom w&m;awmfudk oifMum;\?

xdk&[ef;\ oEmef xdkw&m;awmfwdkYonf yom'aomwodkY ouf0if Paomwjzifh ykdif;jcm;
rSwfom;tyfukef\? EIwfjzifh tvGwf&atmif avhusuftyfNyD; jzpfukef\? pdwfjzifh tzefzef txyfxyf
aphaphikik MunhfIqifjcif oHk;oyftyfNyD; jzpfukef\? w&m;udk,f teufoabmtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;
taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; orm'd|d Pfynmjzifh aumif;pGm udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odjriftyfNyD; jzpfukef\/
ewfavmu jzpf\/ xdkewfjynf ewfavmu csrf;omjcif;&Sdaom xdkewfom;\ oEmef0,f w&m;yk'f
avhvmEdik jf cif;odYk a&mufNy;D aom "ruxdu &[ef;awmfonfvnf; ewfy&dowf w&m;awmfukd a[mMum;awmf rrlao; jzpfae\? "ruxdu ewfom;onfvnf; ewfy&dowf w&m;awmfudk a[mMum;rI
r&Sdao; jzpfae\/ pifppfaomfum; ewfjynf ewfavmu a&S;OD;pGm ewfom;jzpfESifhaom vlUb0u
oDwif;oH;k azmf jzpfczhJ ;l aom ewfom;onf aemufjzpfvmaom ewfom;udk ]]tcsi;f ewfom; ...a&S;,cif
vljzpfpOf &[ef;b0wkef;u igwdkYusifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfcJhzl;aom oDv orm"d ynm[laom
odumoHk;&yf tusifhjrwfjzifh odrf;usKH;a&wGuftyfaom omoemhjA[p&d, trnf&onfh jrwfaom
tusifh[laom xdk "r0de,udk oif atmufarhavmh? tcsif;ewfom; ...oif atmufarhavmh}}[k
atmufarhap\/ xdkewfom;onf ]]tcsif;ewfom; ...igonf atmufarh\? tcsif;ewfom; ...
igonf atmufarh\}}[k qdk\/ &[ef;wdkY ...w&m;awmfudk tpOfavQmuf IyGm;oHk;oyfwwfaom
owd\ jzpfay:jcif;onf EkHYaES;vSao;\? tu,fpifppfrSmrl xdkewfom;jzpfaom ow0gonf vsifjrefpGmomvQif r*fPf zdkvfPf edAmef[lonfh w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfudk &&SdEdkif\/
&[ef;wdYk ...jzpfoifjh zpf&m EdiI ;f cdik ;f zG,&f m avmuOyrmonfum; ajrrIeu
Yf pm;zuf jzpfuek af om
oli,fcsi;f ESpaf ,mufwo
Ykd nf wpfcgwpf&H wpfae&m tcsi;f csi;f awGUqHak ygif;rdMuuke&f m\? oli,fcsi;f
wpfa,mufu oli,fcsif; wpfa,mufudk ]]taqG ...oifonf trIudkvnf; atmufarhavmh?
oifonf trIudkvnf; atmufarhavmh?}} [k odkY qdk&m\/ xdkoli,fcsif;onf ]]taqG ...igonf
atmufarh\ = trSw&f yg\? taqG ...igonf atmufarh\ = trSw&f yg\}}[k qdak v&m\/ &[ef;wdYk
OyrmtwlomvQif &[ef;onf okw a*,s a0,smu&P *gxm O'ge wd0kwu Zmwu tA Kw"r a0'v[al om t*Fg (9)wefEiS hf jynfph akH wmfral om w&m;awmfukd oifMum;\? xd&k [ef;\ oEmef
xdw
k &m;awmfwo
f m;tyfuek \
f / EIwjf zifh
431

f ? w&m;ud,
xdk&[ef;onf owdvGwfuif;onf jzpf aovGef&aomf trSwfrxm; wpfyg;yg;aom ewfjynf
ewfavmu jzpf\? xdkewfjynf ewfavmu csrf;omjcif;&Sdaom xdkewfom;\ oEmef0,f w&m;yk'f
tpkwdkYonf ay:vGifxif&Sm;um; rvmMuukefao;? wefckd;'dyg'fESifh jynfhpHk pdwfudk EdkifEdkifeif;eif;
avhvmEdik jf cif;odYk a&mufNy;D aom "ruxdu &[ef;awmfonfvnf; ewfy&dowf w&m;awmfukd a[mMum;awmf rrlao; jzpfae\? "ruxdu ewfom;onfvnf; ewfy&dowf w&m;awmfudk a[mMum;rI
r&Sdao; jzpfae\? pifppfaomfum; ewfjynf ewfavmu aU&SOD;pGm ewfom;jzpfESifhaom vlUb0u
oDwif;oH;k azmf jzpfczhJ ;l aom ewfom;onf aemufjzpfvmaom ewfom;udk ]]tcsi;f ewfom; ...a&S;,cif
vljzpfpOf &[ef;b0wkef;u igwdkY usifhMuHBudK;ukwfyGm;rsm;tm;xkwfcJhzl;aom oDv orm"d ynm[laom
odum oH;k &yf tusijhf rwftm;jzifh odr;f usK;H a&wGut
f yfaom omoemhjA[p&d, trnf&onfh jrwfaom
tusifh[laom xdk"r0de,udk oif atmufarhavmh (= trSwf&avmh)? tcsif; ewfom; ...oif
atmufarhavmh (= trSwf&avmh/)}} [k atmufarhap\ = trSwf&ap\/ xdkewfom;onf ]]tcsif;
ewfom; ...igonf atmufarh\ (= trSwf&\?) tcsif; ewfom; ...igonf atmufarh\ =
(trSwf&\)}} [k qdk\/ &[ef;wdkY ...w&m;awmfudk tpOfavQmuf IyGm;oHk;oyfwwfaom owd\
jzpfay:jcif;onf EkaYH ES;vSao;\? tu,fpifppfrmS rl xdek wfom;jzpfaom ow0gonf vsijf refpmG omvQif
r*fPf zdkvfPf edAmef[lonfh w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfudk &&SdEdkif\/ &[ef;wdkY ...onfum;
yom'aomwodkY ouf0if Paomwjzifh ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;tyfukefaom EIwfjzifh tvGwf&atmif
avhusuftyfNyD;ukefaom pdwfjzifh tzefzef txyfxyf aphaphikik MunfhIqifjcif oHk;oyftyfNyD;ukefaom w&m;udk,f teufoabmtm;jzifhvnf;aumif; taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; orm'd|d
Pfynmjzifh aumif;pGm udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjriftyfNyD;ukefaom w&m;awmfwdkY\
rcRwf{uef &vdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhtyfaom av;ckajrmufaom pwkw tusKd;qufaywnf;/
&[ef;wdYk ...yom'aomwodYk ouf0if Paomwjzifh ydik ;f jcm;rSwo
f m;tyfuek af om EIwjf zifh
tvGwf&atmif avhusuftyfNyD;ukefaom pdwfjzifh tzefzef txyfxyf aphaphikik MunfhIqifjcif
oH;k oyftyfNy;D ukeaf om w&m;ud,
h nf;aumif; orm'd|d Pfynmjzifh aumif;pGm udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjriftyfNyD;ukefaom
w&m;awmfw\
f ift
h yfuek af om tusK;d qufwo
Ykd nf av;rsK;d wdw
Yk nf;
[k rdefYawmfrl\/ (tH-1-506-507/)
ocFgkayumPfcef; NyD;\/
22222
432
y#dy'gP'e0dok'd eda'o -- tEkavmrPfcef;
tEkavmrPfcef;
opmEkavmrduPf
bk&m;*kPf w&m;*kPf oHCmh*kPf oDv*kPf orm"d*kPf ynm*kPf ponfh MunfndKzG,f&m *kPf
t&yf&yf ponfwdkYum; pdwfMunfvifrI yom'w&m; xif&Sm;jzpfay:&ef taMumif;&if;jzpfaom pdwf
MunfvifrI yom'w&m;\ wnf&m0wKwdkY jzpfMu\/ ,if;pdwfMunfvifrI yom'w&m;\ xif&Sm;jzpfay:vmaMumif; jzpfaom yom'w&m;\ wnf&m0wKwdkY wnfaom bk&m;ppf bk&m;rSef {uef[kwf\?
w&m;ppf w&m;rSef {uef[kwf\? oHCmppf oHCmrSef {uef[kwf\? oDv orm"d ynm odumoHk;&yf
tusifhjrwfjzifh odrf;usKH;a&wGuftyfaom omoemhjA[p&d, trnf&onfh r*if&Spfyg; usifhpOf w&m;
awmfonf oHo&m0#fqif;&JrS xGuaf jrmufaMumif; ed,smedu w&m;aumif;pifppf {uefreS \
f ? taMumif;
w&m; xif&Sm;&Sdjcif;aMumifh tusKd;w&m;\ xif&Sm;&SdrI[laom aMumif;-usKd; qufEG,frI y#dporkyg'f
oabmw&m;onf {uefrSef\ ---- odkY ponfjzifh qHk;jzwfcsuf csvsuf ,HkMunfrIrsKd;udk o'g"darmu
= t"darmuo'g[k ac:qdk\/
1/ xdkocFgkayumPfudk tkdtao rSD0Jaom yGm;apaom rD;yGwfaomvm; raerem; Budrfzef
rsm;pGm tavhtvmjyKaom xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; t"darmuo'gw&m;onf ocFgkayumbm0em
0daooudptm;jzifh vGefuJaom twdkif;t&Snf &Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifh tvGeftm;oefonfjzpf
jzpfay:vm\/
2/ aumif;pGm csD;ajrmuftyfaom = ,SOfzufor,kwfw&m;wdkYudk 0dyembm0em vkyfief;udp&yf
avsmhavsmh&J&J r&Sd&atmif csD;yifh axmufyHhxm;Edkifaom rwGefYrqkwfaom tvGeftMuL; txl; xufjrufonf\ tjzpfjzifh qefu
Y sib
f uf y#dyuw&m;wdu
Yk kd vGiahf ysmufapjcif; y,fazsmufjcif;iSm pGr;f Edik af om
0D&d,onf jzpfay:vm\/
3/ tvGeftMuL; txl;xufjrufonf\ tjzpfaMumifh rdrdIyGm;aeaom ocFg&tmkHodkY a&S;SLonf\
tjzpfjzifh aumif;pGm xifaom owdonf jzpfay:vm\/
4/ y'dESifh okcwdkY\ vGefvGefuJuJ jzpfay:aejcif;aMumifh ocFg&tmkH tnDtGwf aumif;pGm
xm;tyfaom wnfMunfaom pdwfonf = orm"donf jzpfay:vm\/
5/ tEkavmrPf jzpfay:vmjcif;\ taMumif;w&m; jzpfjcif;iSm pGrf;Edkifonf\ tjzpfjzifh tvGef
tuJEiS hf wuG = vGev
f eG u
f u
J J xufjrufvpS mG aom ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd tedpt
jcif;t&m 'kut
jcif;t&m
tewtjcif;t&mtm;jzifh pl;prf; pdppfjcif; tv,ftvwf vspfvsL jzpf jzpfaom ocFgkayum
ynmonf jzpfay:vm\/
xdkodkY aÈig;yg;wdkY\ xufjrufrI &ifhusufrI pHknDojzifh ocFgkayum jzpfaeaom a,m*g0p&
yk*dKvf\ oEmef0,f ]],cktcg t&d,r*fw&m;onf jzpfay:vmawmhvwHU}} [k qdkxdkufaom tcg
ocFgkayumPfonf ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd tedp[

l aomfvnf;aumif; 'ku[

l aomfvnf;aumif; tew
[laomfvnf;aumif; ,if;oH;k rsK;d aom tjcif;t&mwdw
Yk iG f wpfrsK;d rsK;d aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh oH;k oyf433
onfjzpf xdo
k o
Ykd ;kH oyfaom ocFgkayum 0dyemaZmonf (7)Burd w
f ikd w
f ikd f jzpf csKyyf su\
f ? xdak emif
b0ifoYkd ouf\? b0if\ tjcm;rJh ocFgkayumynmonf jyKtyfaom tedpp aomtm;jzifh tmkHjyKaom
enf;jzifhomvQif (= ,cif csKyfavNyD;aom ocFgkayumynmu ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tedp[k oHk;oyfvQif
xdktedp[k tmkHjyKaom enf;jzifhomvQif 'ku[k oHk;oyfvQif xdk'ku[k tmkHjyKaom enf;jzifhomvQif
tew[k oHk;oyfvQif xdktew[k tmkHjyKaom enf;jzifhomvQif[k qdkvdkonf/ uwea,ae0 = tmkH
jyKaom enf;jzifhomvQif[k qdkojzifh oHk;oyfaomenf; r[kwf[k odyg/ a&S;u csKyfoGm;avaom
ocFgkayumu oHk;oyf\? ,ck ocFgkayumum; roHk;oyf? tmkHjyKkHom jyKonf [lvdkonf/) ocFg&
w&m;wdu
Yk kd tedp[

l vnf;aumif; 'ku[

l vnf;aumif; tew[
l vnf;aumif; tmkjH yKvsuf raem'Gg&m0Zef;onf jzpfay:vm\/ pdwftm; b0if\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfjcif;iSm tcGifhray;bJ b0ifudk vnfap
epfap jzpfay:vmaom xdkraem'Gg&m0Zef; Bud,mpdwf\ tjcm;rJh rwlnDaom pdwf\ jzpfjcif;[k
qdktyfaom tjcm;tqD; r&Sdaom pdwftpOfudk tpOfrjywf qufpyfvsuf ocFgkayum0dyem yxr
aZmpdwo
f nf ESpcf k oH;k ckaom a&S;0dyemaZm 0Dxpd w
d t
f pOfwYkd enf;wlyifvQif xdak Zm0Dxpd w
d t
f pOfwu
Ykd
ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tedp[k tmkHjyKvQif rdrdyxraZmuvnf; ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tedp[kyif tmkHjyK
'ku[k tmkHjyKvQif rdrduvnf; 'ku[kyif tmkHjyK tew[k tmkHjyKvsif rdrduvnf; tew[kyif
tmkHjyK jzpfay:vm\/ ,if; yxraZmpdwfudk t&d,r*fudk jzpfay:vmatmif jyKjyifay;wwfonf\
tjzpfaMumifh y&duH[l ac:qdktyf\/
xdky&duHaZm\ tjcm;rJh xdka&S;twlyifvQif ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tedppaom tjcif;t&mwdkYwGif
wpfrsKd;rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh tmkHjyK 'kwd, ocFgkayum 0dyemaZmpdwfonf jzpfay:vm\? ,if;'kwd,aZmpdwfudk t&d,r*f\ teD; usifvnfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh Oypm&[l ac:qdktyf\/
xdkOypm&trnf&aom aZmpdwf\ tjcm;rJhvnf; xdka&S;twlyifvQif ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tedp
paom tjcif;t&mwdkYwGif wpfrsKd;rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh tmkHjyK wwd, ocFgkayum 0dyemaZmpdwfonf jzpfay:vm\? ,if;wwd,aZmpdwfudk aU&Saemufjzpfaom "rwdkYtm; avsmfonf\
tjzpfaMumifh tEkavmr = tEkvHk[l ac:qdktyf\/ y&duH Oypm tEkvHk[laom trnfonf
xdkoHk;rsKd;aom aZmwdkY\ toD;tjcm; jzpfaom trnfwnf;/
odkYaomfvnf; cyfodrf;aom aZmwdkYtm; qufqHaom omrntm;jzifh qdk&rl oHk;rsKd;vHk;aom
xdkaZmpdwfudkvnf; ----1/
2/
3/
4/
kdaopGm rSD0Jwwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh tmao0e[lvnf;aumif;

t&d,r*fudk jzpfay:vmatmif jyKjyifwwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh y&duH[lvnf;aumif;
t&d,r*f\ teD; usifvnfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh Oypm&[lvnf;aumif;
aU&Saemufjzpfaom "rwdkYtm; avsmfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh tEkavmr = tEkvHk [lvnf;aumif;
ac:qdkjcif;iSmvnf; oifhonfom jzpfayonf/
434
tEkavmr = tEkvHk ----- tb,frnfaom "rtm; avsmfygoenf;[lrl -- a&S;tzdkY aemuftzdkYwdkY

jzpfukefaom "rtzdkYtpkwdkYtm; avsmf\[lay/ rSefayonf - xdkwwd,tEkvHkaZmonf a&S;tzdkY jzpfukefaom O',A,Pf tp&Sdukefaom &Spfyg;aom 0dyemPfwdkY\ razmufrjyef rSefaom ocFg&
w&m;wdkYudk vuPma&;oHk;wefudk wif 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyfjcif; vkyfief;udp &Sdonf\ tjzpftm;vnf; avsmf\? txufjzpfaom t&d,r*fcP jzpfay:vmrnfh (37)yg;aom aAm"dyud,w&m;wdkY\
razmufrjyef rSefaom udp&Sdonf\ tjzpftm;vnf; avsmf\/ (0dok'd-2-308/)
tEkavmrPfonf opmav;yg;udk zH;k vTr;f wwfaom arm[wH;k arm[cJ arm[tpkponfwu
Ykd kd
tvGeftuJESifhwuG = vGefvGefuJuJ y,fazsmufojzifh avmuD0dyemPfwdkY OuHoy&d,E*w =
vGefuJjcif;\ tqHk;odkY a&mufae\/ xdkaMumifhyifvQif atmufjzpfaptyfaom O',A,Pfponf
wdkY\vnf; udpudk qefYusifbuf y#dyurS a0;pGm jzpfjcif;jzifh teufoabmtm;jzifh NyD;aponfomvQif
jzpf jzpfay:vm\/ wpfzef xdo
k aYkd om tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh jzpfvwfaomf xdOk ',A,Pfponfw\
Ykd
udpudk avsmfapbdouJhodkY jzpfae\/ xdkaMumifh wwd,ajrmufaZm jzpfonfh tEkvHkaZmonf a&S;tzdkY
jzpfukefaom O',A,Pf tp&Sdukefaom (8)yg;aom 0dyemPfwdkY\ razmufrjyef rSefaom
ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd vuPma&;oH;k wefukd wif IymG ;oH;k oyfjcif; vkyif ef;udp &So
d nf\ tjzpftm;vnf;
avsmf\? txufjzpfaom t&d,r*fcP jzpfy:vmrnfh (37)yg;aom aAm"dyud,w&m;wdkY\ razmuf
rjyef rSefaom udp&Sdonf\ tjzpftm;jzifhvnf; avsmf\[k t|uxmu zGifhqdkjcif;jzpfonf/
(r[m#D-2-480/)
tus,frSm odkY jzpf\/ xdktEkavmrPfonf = xdktEkavmrPf\ tedppaom vuPm
wdw
Yk iG f wpfrsK;d rsK;d aom vuPm\ tpGr;f jzifo
h mvQif awblru ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd tmkjH yK jzpfonf\
tjzpfaMumifh ----1/ ]]jzpfjcif; ysufjcif;oabm &SdonfomvQif jzpfukefaom ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfjcif; ysufjcif;udk
odaom O',A,Pfonf jzpfjcif; ysufjcif;wdkYudk pifppf jrifNyD}}[lvnf;aumif;
2/ ]]b*FuP = ysufjcif; bifcP &SdonfomvQif jzpfukefaom ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tysufudk Iaom
b*FPfonf tysufudk pifppf jrifNyD}}[lvnf;aumif;
3/ ]]aMumuftyfaom oabm&Sdaom ocFg&w&m;onfomvQif ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk aMumufrufzG,f
ab;[k Ijrifwwfaom b,wky|mePftm; pifppf aMumufrufzG,f ab;tm;jzifh a&S;SL
xif\}}[lvnf;aumif;
4/ ]]tedp 'ku 0dy&dPmr"r[al om tjypf&adS om ocFg&w&m;omvQif ,if;tjypfukd Ijrifwwfaom
tm'De0gEkyemPfonf ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ ,if;tjypfudk pifppf jrifNyD}}[lvnf;aumif;
5/ ]]Ni;D aiGUtyfaom ocFg&w&m;omvQif ocFg&w&m;wdYk Ni;D aiGUaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh jzpfaom
edAd'gPfonf pifppf NiD;aiGU\}}[lvnf;aumif;
6/ ]]pGefYvTwftyfaom ocFg&w&m;omvQif ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk pGefYvTwfvdkaom rkdwkurswmPfonf vGwfvdkonf pifppf jzpfNyD}}[lvnf;aumif;
435
7/ ]]wpfzef vuPma&;oH;k wefukd wif oH;k oyfqifjciftyfaom ocFg&w&m;udo

k mvQif vuPma&;oHk;wef wif oHk;oyfqifjcifwwfaom y#docFgPfjzifh pifppf oHk;oyfqifjciftyfNyD}}[l
vnf;aumif;
8/ ]]vspfvsL Ityfaom ocFg&w&m;udkomvQif ocFg&w&m;wdkY vspfvsL Iwwfaom ocFgkayumPfonf pifppf vspfvsL ItyfNyD}}[lvnf;aumif; ---rqdak omfvnf; teufoabmusa&mufaom twmywed nf;tm;jzifh qdb
k o
d uJo
h Ykd &Sprf sK;d aom
Pfw\
Ykd razmufrjyef rSeaf om udp& o
dS nf\ tjzpftm;jzifv
h nf; avsm\
f ? txufjzpfaom t&d,r*f
cP (37)yg;aom aAm"dyud,w&m;wdkY\ razmufrjyef rSefaom udp&Sdonf\ tjzpftm;jzifhvnf;
avsmf\/ (xdkudpum; opmav;yg;udk arhavsmhjcif; = oarmo paom qefYusifbufw&m;udk y,fazsmufjcif; udpwnf;/) tb,faMumifhenf;[lrl ----- xdktEkavmrPf\ kefY&if; kefY&if;aom opm
av;yg;udk zHk;vTrf;xm;wwfaom oHudavo tnpftaMu;udk y,fcGmjcif; y#dywfjzifh a&muftyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifhwnf;/ rSefayonf ----- tEkavmrPfonf xdkuJhodkYaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh
rjzpfcJhaomf a*gMwbkPfonf edAmefudk tmkHjyKjcif;iSm rpGrf;Edkifay/ a*gMwbkPfonfrlvnf;
rjzpfvwfaomf t&d,r*fPfonf edAmefudk tmkHjyK rjzpfay:vmEdkif[k od&Sdygav/ xdkodkYvQif
atmufjzpfaom Pf (8)yg;wdkYtm; avsmfjcif;udk tOD;rlojzifh txufjzpfaom t&d,r*f jzpfay:vmrnfh aAm"dyud,w&m; (37)yg;wdkYtm; avsmfjcif;aMumifhyifvQif r*opmtm; avsmfpGm jzpfonf\
tjzpfaMumifh tEkavmrPfudk opmEkavmrduPf[l ac:qdktyfayonf/
(0dok'd-2-308-309/ r[m#D-2-479-480/)
22222
436

wOd 0daooawm 0k|meH t&d,r*H *pwd OaywDwd 0k|me*grdeDwd 0wAwH vbwd/
(r[m#D-2-481/)
oaAe oAH ye a*gMwbkPH 0k|me*grded,m 0dyem, y&da,momeH/ (0dok'd-2-309/)
tEkavmrPfonfomvQif ocFww&m; = ocFg&w&m;vQif tmkH&Sdaom t&d,r*fodkY
csOf;uyfaom 0k|me*grdeD 0dyem\ e,fqHk; jzpf\/ tu,fpifppfrSmrlum; tcsif;cyfodrf; a*gMwbkPfonf 0k|me*grdeD 0dyem\ tqHk; jzpf\/ (0dok'd-2-309/)
t&d,r*fonf edrdwESifh y0wrS xaomaMumihf 0k|me trnf&\/ xdka*gMwbkPfonf
txl;ojzifh 0k|metrnf&aom t&d,r*foYkd oGm;wwf csO;f uyfwwfaomaMumifh 0k|me*grde[
D
l qdo
k ifh
qdkxdkufonf\ tjzpfudk &&Sday\/ xdkYaMumifh ocFww&m; = ocFg&w&m;udk tmkHjyKaom 0k|me*grdeD
0dyem\ tqH;k um; tEkavmrPfwnf;/ edAm efukd tmkjH yKaom 0k|me*grde0D yd em\ tqH;k um;
a*gMwbkPfwnf;/ xdkYaMumifh 0dok'dr*t|uxmtvdktm;jzihf a*gMwbkPfonfvnf; 0k|me*grdeD
0dyemwGifyif tusKH;0ifonf[k rSwfyg/
xdk 0k|me*grdeD 0dyemudk xdkxdkokwefwdkY y&d,m,f trsKd;rsKd;jzifh a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJh\?
,cktcg xdkxdk 0k|me*grdeD 0dyemomvQif xdkxdkokwefwdkY y&d,m,f trsKd;rsKd;jzifh vm&Sd&m0,f
rawGra0pdrfhaomiSm todPf rIyfaxG;pdrfhaomiSm qdkvwHUaom xdkxdkokwefwdkYtm; avsmfpGm
aphpyfESD;aESmjcif;udk od&Sdygav/
1/ twr,wm
twr,wH bdua0 edm, twr,wH tm*r ,m,H Oayum {uwm {uwodwm? wH
yZ[x wH orwdurx/ (r-3-263/)
0k|me*grdeD 0dyemudk oVm,we0db*Fokwf ----]]&[ef;wdYk ...wPSm\ qefu
Y sib
f ufjzpfaom 0k|me*grde0D yd emudk trSjD yK tajcjyK yGm;ap
wPSm\ qefYusifbufjzpfaom 0k|me*grdeD0dyemudk tpGJjyK taMumif;jyK tMuif tlyg0p&
pdwKyg'f = tlyg0p& pdwfapwoduf twGif;0ifaom tlyg0p&pdwfESifh ,SOfaom Oayuma0'em
[laom a0'Ekayum xdktlyg0p& pdwfapwoduf = emrfw&m;pkudk tmkHjyK 0dyemIaeaom
0dyemPfynm[laom 0dyEkayumonf wpfcw
k nf;aom wlaom oabmvnf; &Sad omaMumifh
wpfckwnf;aom wlaom tmkHvnf; &SdaomaMumifh {uw rnf\? wpfckwnf;aom wlaomoabm
&dSaom tmkHudk rDSaomaMumifh tmkHjyKaomaMumifh {uwodwvnf; rnf\/ xdk{uw {uwodw
Oayumudk ,if;{uw {uwodwOayumudk tmkHjyK jzpfay:vmaom udavomudk y,faom
tm;jzifh y,fpGefYMuukefavm? xdkOayumudk vGefajrmufEdkifatmif BudK;pm; usifhMuukefavm}} [k
twr,wm = wPSm\ qefYusifbufjzpfaom 0dyem[k a[mawmfrl\/ (0dok'd-2-309-310/)
437
twr,wm = tMuif0dyem\ tIcHtmkH jzpfaom avmuD ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tmkHjyK

tEkavmrPftqHk;&Sdaom 0k|me*grdeD0dyemonf jzpfay:vm\? xdk0dyemPf\ tIcHtmkH
jzpfaom ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk rDS jzpfaom xdk0dyemPf\ tIcHtmkHjzpfaom ocFg&w&m;wdkYESifh
qufpyfvsuf &daS om xd0k yd emPf\ tIct
H mkH jzpfaom ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd wyfrufaom wPSmonf xd0k yd emPf\ tIct
H mkH jzpfaom ocFg&w&m;wdEYk iS hf uif; rjzpfjcif;aMumifh wr,m
rnf\? wr,monfyifvQif wr,wm rnf\/
wpfenf; ----- wPSmESihf ,SOzf ufor,w
k f jzpfuek af om avmbrl emruEm wdo
Yk nf wr,m
rnfukef\? xdkavmbrl emruEmwdkY\ jzpfaMumif;oabmw&m;onf wr,wm rnf\/ xdkavmbrl
emruEm wd\
Yk jzpfaMumif;oabmw&m;[lonfrmS vnf; xdw
k PSmyifwnf;/ xdw
k PSm\ qefu
Y sib
f uf
jzpfaom = ocFg&w&m;wdkYtay: wG,fwmaeonfh xdkwPSmudk y,fcGmEdkifaom 0k|me*grdeD0dyemonf twr,wm rnf\/ xdkaMumifh rZsdredum,f t|uxm atmufygtwdkif; zGifhqdkxm;awmfrl\/
wr,wm emr wPSm? wm y&d,m'd,eawm 0k|me*grdeD 0dyem twr,wmwd 0kpwd/
(r-|-4-189/)
wr,wmrnfonfum; wPSmwnf;? xdw
k PSmudk ukeaf pwwfaomaMumifh 0k|me*grdeD 0dyemudk
twr,wm[l ac:qdktyf\/ (r-|-4-189/) (r[m#D-2-481/)
{uw - {uwodwm ----- lygkH o'gkH *EmkH &omkH azm|AmkH [laom tmkH ig;yg;wdkYudk
tmkHjyK jzpfay:vmaom Oayuma0'emum; trsKd;rsKd;&Sd\/ (y'Gg&m0Zef; puK0dnmPf or#d pd Kif;
oED&P 0ka|m aZm w'gkH ponfwdkY Oayuma0'emrsm;onf xdkufovdk ,SOfEdkifojzifh Oayum
a0'em trsK;d rsK;d &S\
d [k qdjk cif;jzpfonf/) xdak Mumifh emew jzpf\/ tmku
H vnf; (5)rsK;d &So
d jzifh txl;xl;
aom tmkHudk rSDae\? tmkHjyKae\/ xdkaMumifh emewodw jzpf\/ xdkemew emewodw jzpfaom
Oayumudk odkYr[kwf ,if;OayumESifhwuGaom emrfw&m;pkudk 0dyemIaeaom 0dyemynmudk
txl;ojzifh ocFgkayumynmudk 0dyEkayum[l od&Sdygav/
tmumomem,wepsmefpdwf 0dnmPm,wepsmefpdwf tmudnm,wepsmefpdwf ae0onmemonm,wepsmefpdwf[laom tlyg0p& pdwfapwoduf tusKH;0ifaom Oayuma0'emonf
wlaomoabm &SdaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; wlaomtmHk &SdaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; {uw rnf\/
wlaomoabm &Sdaom tmkHudk rSDaomaMumifh tmkHjyKaomaMumifh {uwodwm rnf\/ xdk {uw
{uwodwjzpfaom Oayuma0'emESifh wuGaom tlyg0p&psmefwdkYudk 0dyemIaeaom 0dyem
ynm[laom 0dyEkayumonfvnf; {uw {uwow
d rnf\/ xd{k uw {uwow
d trnf&aom
ocFg&w&m;pkwu
Ykd kd tmkjH yK wG,w
f mwyfrufaeaom wPSmw&m;udk ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd 0dyem
Ivsuf y,fpeG yYf g[k qdv
k o
kd nf/ ,if; wPSmudk y,fpeG EYf ikd af om ukeaf pwwfaom 0k|me*grdeD 0dyemudk
twr,wm[l a[mMum;awmfrlonf/
438
2/ edAd'g
edAdEH 0d&Zwd? 0d&m*g 0drkpwd/ (r-1-192/)
NiD;aiGUonfjzpf wyfrufjcif; uif;\? wyfrufjcif; uif;jcif;aMumifh udavomrS vGwf\/
(r-1-192/)
tv*'okwef 0k|me*grdeD0dyemudk edAd'g[l a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/ xdkokwef1/ edAdEH - jzifh 0k|me*grdeD0dyemudk
2/ 0d&Zwd = wyfrufjcif;uif;\- [laom pum;&yfjzifh r*fudpudk
3/ 0drkpw
d = udavomrS vGwfajrmuf\[laom pum;&yfjzifh zdkvfudpudk toD;toD; a[mawmfrl\
[k rSwfyg/ (r[m#D-2-481/)
3/ "r|dwdPf
ykaA acg okodr "r|dwdPH? ypm edAmae PH/ (oH-1-344/)
okodr ...ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedptjcif;t&m 'kutjcif;t&m tewtjcif;t&m aumif;pGm
wnfaom "r|dwdtrnf&aom 0dyemPfonf a&S;rqGuyif jzpf\? edAmefw&m;awmfjrwf
tmkHjyKaom t&d,r*fPfonf aemufumv jzpf\/ (oH-1-344/)
odkYvQif okodrokwef 0k|me*grdeD 0dyemudk "r|dwdPf[l a[mMum;xm;awmf
rl\/ tb,faMumifeh nf;[lrl ----- 0k|me*grdeD 0dyemonf "r|dwd trnf&aom aMumif;-usKd;
qufEG,frI y#dporkyg'f oabmw&m; rawGa0onf\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh jzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/
(0dok'd-2-310/ r[m#D-2-482/)
"r|dwdPEd yp,muma& PH/ yp,muma&m [d "rmeH y0wd|dwdum&Pwm "r|dwDwd
0kpwd? {w PH "r|dwdPH? {wa0 qAd" PawH t"d0peH/
(oH-|-2-63/ 'kwd,P0wKokwf/)
tusKd;w&m;rSeforQonf taMumif;w&m;ESifhom qufpyfvsuf jzpfdk;"rwm &Sd\? tusKd;w&m;onf xdkodkY taMumif;w&m;ESifh qufpyf jzpfjcif;oabm &Sdjcif;aMumifh xdktaMumif;w&m; &yfwnf
ae&um; tusKd; (= kyfemrf)w&m;\ wnf&m taMumif;w&m;udk Xdw[
d k ac:qdk\/ cPw,or* =
Oyg'f-XD-bif-[laom cPoHk;yg;taygif;ESifh jynfhpHkaom tusKd; ocFwkyfemrf"r\ wnf&m taMumif;
w&m; Xdwdonf "r|dwd rnf\/ wpfenf;um; ----- "r[lonf taMumif;w&m;wnf;/ ,if;taMumif;
"r\ tMuifwnf&SdaerI oabmw&m;onf &dS\? xdkwnf&dSaerI oabmw&m;onfyifvQif "r =
taMumif;w&m;rS wpfyg; tjcm; wpfpHkwpf&m r&dSjcif;aMumifh "r|dwd rnf\/ wnf&adS eaom taMumif;
w&m;[k qdkvdkonf/ xdktusKd; kyfemrf"r\ wnf&m taMumif;w&m; odaom Pfonf wpfenf;
wnf&Sdaeaom taMumif;w&m;udk odaom Pfonf "r|w
d
d Pf rnf\/ xdaYk Mumifh "r|dwdPf
[lonf yp,mum& trnf&aom taMumif;w&m;ESifh tusKd;w&m;wdkY\ aMumif;-usKd; qufEG,frI
y#dporkyg'f oabmw&m; odaom Pfwnf;[k t|uxmu zGifhqdkjcif; jzpfonf/ rSefayonf --439
yp,mum& trnf&aom taMumif;w&m;ESifh tusKd;w&m;wdkY\ aMumif;-usKd; qufEG,frI y#dporkyg'f

oabmw&m;onf tusKd; yp,kyefw&m; jzpfMuukefaom kyfemrf"r ocFww&m;wdkY\ Oyg'f-XD-biftaetm;jzifh aU&Saemuf tpOfrjywf t,Ofrjywf jzpfaejcif; y0wd[k ac:qdktyfaom wnfae&rI
Xdwdw&m;\ taMumif;w&m; jzpfaomaMumifh "r|dwd[l ac:qdktyf\/ "r|dwd odaom Pfonf "r | d w d Pf rnf\? xdkYaMumifh ----yp,y&d*a[ ynm "r|dwdPH/ (y#doH-1/)
taMumif;w&m;wdkYudk Pfjzifh ykdif;jcm; ,ljcif; jzpfaom ynmonf "r|dwdPf rnf\/
(y#doH-1/)
odv
Yk Qif t&Sio
f m&dyw
k u
,
kd af wmfjrwfBu;D onf a[mMum;xm;awmfr\
l / "r|w
d
d Pf[al om
trnfonf ----1/ ypKyefvnf; t0dZm jzpfjcif;aMumif; ocFg& jzpf\[k odaomPf
2/ t0dZm xif&Sm;r&Sdjcif;aMumifh ocFg& xif&Sm;r&Sd[k =
t0dZm csKyfjcif;aMumifh ocFg& csKyf\[k odaomPf
3/ twdwfumvvnf; t0dZm jzpfjcif;aMumifh ocFg& jzpf\[k odaomPf
4/ t0dZm xif&Sm;r&Sdjcif;aMumifh ocFg& xif&Sm;r&dS[k =
t0dZm csKyfjcif;aMumifh ocFg& csKyf\[k odaomPf
5/ tem*wfumvvnf; t0dZm jzpfjcif;aMumifh ocFg& jzpf\[k odaomPf
6/ t0dZm xif&Sm;r&Sdjcif;aMumifh ocFg& xif&Sm;r&Sd[k =
t0dZm csKyfjcif;aMumifh ocFg& csKyf\[k odaom Pf ----odkYvQif t0dZmyp,m ocFg&m (6)rsKd;aom Pf ocFg&yp,m 0dnmPH ponfvnf;
tvm;wlyif (6)rsK;d pDaom Pf\trnf jzpfayonf/ twdwf ypKye f tem*wf[al om umvoH;k yg;jzifh
odrf;usKH;a&wGuftyfaom y#dporkyg'foabmw&m; tEG, - Aswda&u = jzpfykH-csKyfyHk\ tpGrf;jzifh
jzpfaom (6)rsKd;aom Pfwnf;/
0k|me*grdeD 0dyemum; ,if; (6)rsKd;aom Pfudkyif wpfzefjyef vuPma&;oHk;wefudk
wifum 0dyemIaom IEdkifaom Pfjzpfojzifh y#dporkyg'foabmw&m; rawGra0aomtm;jzifh
jzpf\? xdkYaMumifh 0k|me*grdeD 0dyemudk "r|dwdPf[l ac:qdkayonf/ (r[m#D-2-482/)
"r|dwdPEd 0dyemPH? wH yXrw&H OyZwd/ (oH-|-2-117/)
"rmeH Xdwwm wHobm0wm "r|dwd? tedp'kumewwm? ww PH "r|dwdPEd tm[
]]0dyemP}}Ed/ (oH-#D-2-124/)
tzGifhrsm; tvdkaomf kyfemrf y&rw"rwdkY\ tedptaetxm; 'kutaetxm; tewtae
txm;tm;jzifh wnfaejcif; odaom 0dyemPfonf "r|w
d
d Pf rnfayonf/ tedp 'ku
tewtjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom kyef mrf y&rw"r taMumif; kyef mrf tusK;d kyef mrf tm;vH;k
440
yg0ifonfom jzpfonf/ xdk taMumif; kyfemrf tusKd; kyfemrf y&rwfwdkY\ tedptcsuf 'kutcsuf
tewtcsufwdkYudk odaom 0dyemPfwdkYwGif 0k|me*grdeD 0dyemPfum; xdyfqHk; jzpfayonf/ xdak Mumifh "r|w
d d trnf&aom 0k|me*grdeD 0dyemPfu a&S;ujzpf ,if;0dyemPf\
aemuf 0dyemPf avhusufNyD;onf\ tqHk; edAmefudk tmkHjyK jzpfay:vmaom t&d,r*fPfonf jzpfay:vm\[k okodr &[ef;awmftm; bk&m;&Sifonf a[mMum;awmfrl\/ (qdkvdkonfrSm
edAmefudk tmkHjyK jzpfay:vmaom t&d,r*fPfonf 0dyemPf\ tusKd;qufom jzpfonf?
tbdnmPf\ tusKd;quf r[kwf = orm"d\ tusKd;quf r[kwf [lvdkonf/)
4/ on*
onm acg ayg|yg' yXrH OyZwd? ypm PH/ ('D-1-172/)
ayg|yg' ...pifppf onmonf a&S;OD;pGm jzpf\? aemuf t&d,r*fPfonf jzpf\/
('D-1-172/)
odkYvQif ayg|yg'okwef 0k|me*grdeD 0dyemudk on* [l a[mawmfrltyf\/
(0dok'd-2-310/)
rl&if; okwefygVdawmf txufwGif a&;om;wifjyxm;onfhtwdkif; ----- onm acg ayg|yg'
ponfjzifh onm[lomvQif a[mxm;awmfrl\? odkYaomfvnf; okwefaU&Sydkif; tpOfojzifh ]]on*H
zkowd = txGwftjrwfjzpfaom 0k|me*grdeD 0dyemESifh ,SOfaom onmodkY a&muf&Sd\}}[k a[mMum;
xm;awmfrltyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ]]on*}}[l t|uxmu zGifhqdkjcif;jzpfonf/ (r[m#D-2-482/)
5/ yg&dok'dy"med,*F
y#dy'gP'e0dok'd yg&dok'dy"med,* / ('D-3-252/)
= y#dy'gP'e 0dok'donf yg&dok'd\ jy"mef;aom taMumif;t*Fg rnf\/ ('D-2-252/)
odkYvQif 'okw&okwef 0k|me*grdeD 0dyemudk yg&dok'dy"med,*F = xuf0ef;usifrS
udavom tnpftaMu;wdkY\ uif;a0;pifMu,fjcif; (= yg&dok'd) \ jy"mef;aom taMumif;t*Fg[k
a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/ (0dok'd-2-310/)
0k|me*grdeD 0dyemonf y#dy'gP'e 0dok'd\ wpfpdwfwpfa'o jzpf\/ Oyudavo
tnpftaMu;wdrYk S vGwaf jrmufaom O',A,Pfyikd ;f rSonf 0k|me*grdeD 0dyemodYk wdik af tmifaom
0dyemPf tm;vHk;onf y#dy'gP'e 0dok'dcsnf;omwnf;/ taygif;\ trnfudk tpdwf
wifpm; wpfpdwfwpfa'o jzpfaom 0k|me*grdeD0dyemudk {ua'osLypm&tm;jzifh yg&dok'd\
jy"mef;aom taMumif; t*Fg[k zGifhqdkxm;onf/ (r[m#D-2-482/)
6/ rkdwkurswmPf + y#docFgEkyemPf + ocFgkayumPf

,m p rkdwkurswm ,m p y#docFgEkyem ,m p ocFgkayum? ar "rm {uwm Asear0
emeH/ (y#doH-259/)
441
= tMuif rkdwkurswmPfonfvnf;aumif; tMuif y#docFgEkyemPfonfvnf;aumif;

tMuif ocFgkayumPfonfvnf;aumif; &Sd\? oHk;rsKd;ukefaom "r = PfwdkYonf wlaom
teufoabm &Sdukef\? o'grQomvQif xl;\/ (y#doH-259/)
odkYvQif y#dord'gr*ygVdawmf 0k|me*grdeD 0dyemudk rkdwkurswmPf y#docFgEkyemPf ocFgkayumPf[laom trnf oHk;rsKd;wdkYjzifh a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/
(0dok'd-2-310/)
ygVdawmf t|uxmwdkYESifh tnD 0k|me*grdeD 0dyemt& ,if;Pf oHk;rsKd;vHk;udkyif t&
aumuf,l&rnf jzpfonf/ ,if;Pf oHk;rsKd;vHk;udkyif 0k|me*grdeD 0dyem[k ac:qdkEdkifonf rSwfyg/
7/ tEkvHk a*gMwbk a0g'gef

tEkavmrH a*gMwbk? tEkavmrH a0g'ge/
a*gMwbk r*? a0g'geH r* teE&ypa,e ypa,m/ (y|me-1-138/)
= tEkvHkonf a*gMwbktm; tEkvHkonf a0g'geftm; a*gMwbkonf aomwmywdr*ftm;
a0g'gefonf ou'g*grdr*f tem*grdr*f t&[wr*ftm; (a&S;a&S; ukodkvfcEmwdkYu aemufaemuf
ukodkvfcEmwdkYtm; jzpfay:vmatmif aus;Zl;jyKay;jcif;[laom) teE&yp,owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyK\/
(y|me-1-138/)
odv
Yk Qif y|mef;a'oemawmf 0k|me*grdeD 0dyemudk tEkvHk a*gMwbk a0g'gef[laom
trnf oHk;rsKd;wdkYjzifh a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/ (0dok'd-2-310/)
8/ y#dy'gP'e 0dok'd
ud H yem0kaom y#dy'gP'e0dok'wH b*0wd jA[p&d,H 0kwd/ (r-1-201/)
= igh&iS f ...todeYk nf;? y#dy'gP'e0do'k d tusKd;iSm bk&m;&Sif\ txHawmf jA[p&d,
trnf&aom jrwfaomtusifhudk usifhoHk;oavm/ (r-1-201/)
odv
Yk Qif &x0deDwokwef 0k|me*grdeD 0dyemudk y#dy'gP'e0do'k d [l a[m
Mum;xm;awmfrltyfayonf/ (0dok'd-2-310/)
oDv orm"d ynm odumoHk;&yf tusifhjrwfjzifh odrf;usKH;a&wGuftyfaom 0k|me*grdeD 0dyem
= y#dy'gP'e 0dok'dodkY wdkifatmifaom jrwfaom usifh0wf y#dywfum; omoemhjA[p&d,
wnf;/ t&d,r*fPfum; r*jA[p&d,wnf;/ omoemhjA[p&d,udk txl;&nfeT ;f xm;ayonf/
odkYaomf 0k|me*grdeD 0dyem trnf&aom y#dy'gP'e0dok'd pcef;odkY qdkufa&mufygu P'e0dok'd trnf&aom t&d,r*fPfonf udef;aojrJaom jzpfjcif;jzifh {uef jzpfawmhrnfom
wnf;? xdkaMumifh jA[p&d,t& txufyg &x0deDwokwf omoemhjA[p&d,udk txl; &nfTef;xm;aomfvnf; r*jA[p&d,udkvnf; ry,fjrpfyg[k rSwfyg/ odkYaomf r*jA[p&d,um; P'e
0dok'd[laom trnfjzifh vmayvwHU/
442

edrdwESifh y0wrS xyHkudk a&S;wGif tusOf;tm;jzifh a&;om;wifjycJh\/ wGif t|omvdeD
t|uxm\ zGifhqdkcsufudk xyfrH a&;om;wifjytyfygonf/ (tbd-|-1-275-279-rS/)
txuf a&;om;wifjycJhonfhtwdkif; aAmZsif r*if psmeifwdkY\ ta&twGuf ajymif;vGJjcif;
&Sad om t&d,r*f\ jzpf&mtcg a*gMwbkonf tb,frx
S oenf;? t&d,r*fonf tb,frS xoenf;?
um; tar;wnf;? tajzrSm odkYwnf;/ ----a&S;OD;pGm a*gMwbkonf ocFg&edrdwftmkH[laom edrdwrS x\/ odkYaomf tqufrjywf jzpfaeaom 0#fw&m;wnf;[laom y0wudk jzwfjcif;iSmum; rpGrf;Edkifay/ rSefayonf ----- a*gMwbkonf
{uawm 0k|me = wpfbufrSom xjcif;&Sdaom w&m;jzpf\/ t&d,r*fonfum; ocFg&edrdwftmkH
[laom edrdwrSvnf; x\? tqufrjywf jzpfaom 0#fw&m;wnf;[laom y0wudkvnf; jzwfEdkif\/
rSefayonf ----- t&d,r*fw&m;onf Obawm0k|me = edrdw y0w[laom ESpfyg;pHkrS xjcif;&Sdaom
w&m;jzpf\/
qdkvwHUonfum; xdka*gMwbkESifh t&d,r*fwdkY\ jzpfay:yHkudk odaMumif;jzpfaom enf;wnf;/
tus,frSm odkYwnf;/ tMuif 0dymem0g& tvSnfhtBudrf t&d,r*fwnf;[laom 0k|meonf
jzpfay:vm\? xdk 0dyemtvSnfhtBudrf tEkavmr = tEkvHkonf wpfBudrfwnf;om jzpfonf
r[kw?f ig;Burd af jrmufvnf; jzpfonf r[kw?f taMumif;rl - wpfBurd w
f nf;aom tEkvo
kH nf tmao0e
ypn;f taxmuftyHu
h kd r&? ig;Burd af jrmuf tEkvo
kH nf b0ifEiS fh eD;onf\ tjzpfaMumifh a*gMwbktm;
aus;Zl;jyKEdkifavmufatmif rcdkifjrJ&um; wkefvIyf\/ rSefayonf ----- ig;Budrfajrmufjzpf&m xdktcg
aZmrnfonf t&SdefavsmusoGm;NyD jzpf\? xdkaMumifh tEkvHkonf wpfBudrfwnf;vnf; rjzpf? ig;Budrf
ajrmufvnf; rjzpfay/ (tbd-|-1-275/)
ya0"wd = wkefvIyf\ -- [lonf a*gMwbk\ taMumif;w&m;jzpfjcif;iSm rpGrf;Edkif[k qdkvdkonf/
ig;Burd af jrmuf yrpdwu
P
aZmrnfonf tu,f t&Sed af vsmusonf jzpfjim;th?H odYk jzpfvwfaomf
tb,faMumifh yrpdwuPjzpf&m xdktcg a*gMwbkonfvnf;aumif; xdka*gMwbk\ tjcm;rJh
t&d,r*fonfvnf;aumif; aZm\ t&Sdefavsmus&mtcg jzpf&ygoenf;[k ar;&ef &Sd\? tajzum;
topfjzpfaom aZmwpfrsKd;\ t&SdefavsmusrI r&Sdjcif;aMumifh jzpf\[lay/ rSefayonf ----- xdkrlv
aZmonfyif tBurd rf sm;pGm jzpfvwfaomf t&Sed af vsmusonf jzpf&m\/ a*gMwbkonfum; ocFg&tmkrH S
wpfyg;aom edAm eftmkH jzpfay:vmaom topfjzpfaom aZmwnf;/ xdt
Yk wl t&d,r*fonf umrbHrk S
wpfyg;aom avmukw&mbHk[laom bHkwpfyg;tm;jzifhvnf; topfjzpfaom aZmyifwnf;/ (tEkvHk
a*gMwbkaZmwdkYum; umrm0p& r[mukodkvfaZmrsm; jzpfMuojzifh umrw&m; = umrbHk tusKH;
0ifaom w&m;pkwnf;? t&d,r*fum; avmukw&mbHk tusKH;0ifaom w&m;wnf;/ odkY bHktm;jzihf
wpfyg;pD wjcm;pD jzpf t&d,r*fonf avmukw&mZmwf avmukw&mbHk topfpufpuf jzpfp
aZmom jzpfonf/ tmkHwpfrsKd;wnf; bHkwpfrsKd;wnf; jzpfygrS aZmonf yrpdwuP t&Sdef avsm
usonf[k qdk&\/ a*gMwbkonf edAmef[laom tmkHopfudk ,l&aomaMumifh t&Sdef avsmusonf
rrnf/ t&d,r*fonfvnf; edAmef[laom topftmkH wpfrsKd; jzpfkHomru umrbHkw&m;rS wpfrsKd;
443
wjcm;aom avmukw&mbHkw&m; jzpf t&Sdefavsmusonf rrnf/ xdkYaMumifh yrpdwuP a*gMwbkonfvnf;aumif; q|pdwuP t&d,r*fonfvnf;aumif; jzpfEdkifygonf [lvdkonf/)
onfomruao; ----- owraZmapwem\ a&S;a&S;aZmwdkY\ tmao0eypnf; taxmuftyHhudk
&&So
d jzifh tm;aumif;onf\ tjzpfaMumifh OyyZa0'eD,uH = 'kw,
d b0 tusK;d ay;aomuH\ tjzpfonfvnf;aumif; tmeE&,
d uH\ tjzpfonfvnf;aumif; jzpfonfr[kwyf gavm[kvnf; ar;&ef&\
dS /
xdt
k ar; qdv
k akd om t"dyg ,frmS odw
Yk nf;/ owraZmonf rdr\
d aemuf qufvufjzpfay:vmaom
b0iftm; teE&owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyKum rdrd\ owdudk xdkb0if0dyguftm; tyfESHvdkuf\/ xdkowdonf
0dygufoEmeftpOf udef;0yfvsuf ygoGm;\/ xdkb0if[laom 0dygufoEwdtpOfonf 0Dxdpdwf rjzpfcsdef0,f tpOftwdkif; b0wpfavQmufvHk; jzpf-ysufae&m aemufqHk; pkwdudpwyfaom pdwfonfvnf;
0dygufpdwftpOfyifwnf;/ enf;tm;jzifh owraZm apwemonf 0dygufoEwdtpOftm; teE&
owdjzifh rdrd\ owd t&Sdeft0grsm; uyfygoGm;atmif aumif;pGm jyKpDrHEdkif&um; aemufb0twGuf
teD;uyfqHk;uH jzpfaomaMumifh OyyZa0'eD,uHvnf; jzpfEdkif\? tmeE&d,uHvnf; jzpfEdkif\/ t&Sdef
t0g avsmhuscsdef ra&mufao;aom a&S;a&S;aZm av;BudrfuJhodkY yifudk,foabmtwdkif; tm;aumif;aomaMumifh OyyZa0'eD,uH tmeE&d,uH jzpf&onf r[kwfyg [lvdkonf/ (rlv#D-1-117/)
tavsmt
f m;jzifh qd&k rl Bu;D rm;aom Pfynm&Sad om r[mynyk*Kd v\
f oEmef tEkvHk ESpBf urd w
f Ykd
jzpfuek \
f ? oH;k Burd af jrmuf a*gMwbk jzpf\? av;Burd af jrmuf t&d,r*fpw
d f jzpf\/ zdv
k af Zm oH;k Burd w
f Ykd
jzpfukef\/ xdkaemif b0ifodkY ouf\/ (tbd-|-1-275/)
1/ r[mynyk*dKvf\ r*0Dxd
b - b - e - ' - r - Ek - Ek - a*g - r*f - zdkvf - zdkvf - zdkvf - b ...
tv,ftvwf ynm&Sdaom rZsdrynyk*dKvf\ oEmef tEkvHk oHk;BudrfwdkY jzpfukef\? av;Budrf
ajrmuf a*gMwbk jzpf\? ig;Budrfajrmuf r*fpdwf jzpf\? zdkvfaZm ESpfBudrfwdkY jzpfukef\/ xdkaemif
b0ifodkY ouf\/ (tbd-|-1-275/)
2 / rZsdrynyk*dKvf\ r*0Dxd
b - b - e - ' - r - Ek - Ek - Ek - a*g - r*f - zdkvf - zdkvf - b - b ...
EkHYaom ynm&Sdaom yk*dKvf\ oEmef tEkvHk (4)BudrfwdkY jzpfukef\? ig;Budrfajrmuf a*gMwbkonf jzpf\/ ajcmufBudrfajrmuf r*fpdwf jzpf\/ ckepfBudrfajrmuf zdkvfaZm jzpf\/ xdkaemif b0ifodkY
ouf\/ (tbd-|-1-275/)
3/ rEynyk*dKvf\ r*0Dxd
b - b - e - ' - r - Ek - Ek - Ek - Ek - a*g - r*f - zdkvf - b - b ...
rSwfcsuf ----- ]]enf;onf a&S;t|uxm ygaomaMumifh qdktyfaom enf;}}[k a,mZem
qdk\/ t&SifAk'aCmorax&fjrwf tvdk&Sdtyfaom enf; r[kwfay/ xdkaMumifh 0dok'dr*t|uxm
tEkvHk (4)Budrf0g&udk wm;jrpfxm;onf/ tEkvHkrsm;ukdvnf; y&duH Oypm tEkvHk[k emrnfcsif; cGJ
444
oHk;Budrfom wpfenf; jyxm;onf/ txuf a&;om;wifjycJhNyD/

xdkyk*dKvfoHk;rsKd;wdkYwGif r[mynyk*dKvf rEynyk*dKvfwdkY\ tpGrf;jzifh rzGifhqdkbJ rZsdrynyk*dKvf\
tpGrf;jzifh zGifhqdkaytHh/ tus,fum; odkYwnf;/ ----tMuif0dyemtvSnfhtBudrf 0k|me trnf&aom t&d,r*fPfonf jzpfay:vm\? xkd
tvSnt
hf Burd f Oayumo[*kwf Bu,
d m t[dwf raem0dnmP"mwfonf raem'Gg&m0Ze;f \ tjzpfjzifh
jzpf 0dyemPf\ tIct
H mkH jzpfuek af om kyef mrfcEmwdu
Yk kd tmkjH yK (= kyu
f akd omfvnf;aumif;
emrfudkaomfvnf;aumif; kyfemrf ESpfrsKd;vHk;udkaomfvnf;aumif; cEmwpfyg;yg;udkaomfvnf;aumif;
odkYponfjzifh tmHkjyKrIudk qdkvdkonf/) b0ifudk jyefvnfap\ = b0ift,Ofudk jzwf\/ xdk raem'Gg&m0Zef;\ tjcm;rJh xdkraem'Gg&m0Zef;onfyif tmkH,ltyfNyD;aom kyfemrfcEmwdkYudk tmkH,l yxr
aZm jzpfaom tEkavmrPfonf jzpfay:vm\/ xdt
k EkavmrPfonf xdk yk ef mrfcEmwdYk tedpw
Ykd
[laomfvnf;aumif; 'kuwdkY[laomfvnf;aumif; tewwdkY[laomfvnf;aumif; jzpfNyD; =
(0dyemIymG ;rIukd jzpfapNy;D ) ke&Yf if;Murf;wrf;aom ke&Yf if;Murf;wrf;aom opmav;yg;udk rodatmif
zHk;vTrf;xm;wwfaom arm[wnf;[laom trdkufarSmifudk y,fazsmuf vuPma&; oHk;wefwdkYudk
tvGefYtvGef xif&Sm;onfwdkYudk jyK csKyfysufoGm;av\/ xdkyxrtEkavmrPf\ tjcm;rJh 'kwd,
tEkavmrPfonf jzpfay:vmjyef\/ xdkyxr 'kwd, tEkavmrPf ESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif a&S;jzpfaom
yxrtEkavmrPfonf (rdrd\ a&S; aZmr&Sdojzifh) tmao0eypnf; taMumif;taxmuftyHhudk
r&? 'kwd,tEkavmrPf\ tmao0eypnf; taMumif;w&m;um; jzpf\? xdk'kwd,tEkavmrPfonf yxrtEkavmrPf\ tmao0eypnf; taMumif;taxmuftyhHaumif;udk &tyfaomaMumifh
xufjrufp;l &S\ &J&if\
h Munfvif\? xdo
k x
Ykd ufjrufp;l &S &J&ifMh unfvifonfjzpf xdk yk ef mrfcEm[laom
tmkHyifvQif xdktedp 'ku tew[laom tjcif;t&m (oHk;rsKd;wdkYwGif wpfrsKd;rsKd;aom tjcif;t&m)
tm;jzifhyif jzpfNyD; tv,ftvwf yrmP&Sdaom opmav;yg;udk rodatmif zHk;vTrf;xm;wwfaom
arm[wnf;[laom trdu
k af rSmifukd y,fazsmuf vuPma&;oH;k wefwu
Ykd kd tvGet
Yf vGef xif&mS ;onfwdkYudk jyK csKyfysufoGm;av\/ xdk 'kwd,tEkavmrPf\ tjcm;rJh wwd,tEkavmrPfonf
jzpfay:vmjyef\? xdk'kwd,tEkavmrPfonf xdkwwd,tEkavmrPf\ tmao0eypnf; taMumif;w&m; jzpfjyef\/ xdkwwd,tEkavmrPfonfvnf; xdk'kwd,tEkavmrPf\ tm;ay;
axmufyHhrI[laom &tyfaom tmao0eypnf; taMumif;w&m; &Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifh xufjrufpl;&S
&J&ifMh unfvifonf jzpf xdk yk ef mrfcEm[laom tmkH yifvQif xdt
k edp 'ku tew[al om tjcif;t&m
(oHk;rsKd;wdkYwGif wpfrsKd;rsKd;aom tjcif;t&m) tm;jzifhyif jzpfNyD; xdk'kwd,tEkavmrPfonf y,ftyfaom opmav;yg;udk rodatmif zHk;vTrf;xm;wwfaom arm[wnf;[laom trdkufwdkufrS <uif;usefaom odrfarGUrIESifh twlwuG jzpfaom opmav;yg;udk zHk;vTrf;wwfaom arm[wnf;[laom
trdkufarSmifudk y,fazsmuf t<uif;tusef r&Sdonfudk jyK vuPma&;oHk;wefwdkYudk tvGefYtvGef
xif&Sm;onfwdkYudk jyK csKyfysufav\/ odkYvQif oHk;Budrfukefaom tEkavmrPfwdkYonf opm
av;yg;udk zHk;vTrf;wwfaom arm[wnf;[laom trdkufarSmifudk y,fazsmuftyfNyD;aomf xdkoHk;Budrfukefaom tEkavmrPfwdkY\ tjcm;rJh a*gMwbkPfonf edAmefudk tmkHjyKvsuf jzpfay:vm\/
445
xdkpum;&yf qdkvwHUonfum; Oyrmwnf; ----- wpfa,mufaom puKyom'&Sdaom rsufpd

tjrifaumif;aom a,mufsm;onf euwf\ pef;ESifh ,SOfyHkudk odatmif jyKvkyftHh[k MuHpnf pdwful;
nOfhtzdkY tdrfwGif;rS xGuf vudk jrif&ef txufaumif;uifodkY armfMunfh\/ wdrfwdkufwdkYonf zHk;vTrf;xm;tyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh xdka,mufsm;\ puK vonf rxif&Sm;ay/ xdktcg wpfrsKd;aom
avonf wufvm xlxJukef xlxJukefaom wdrfwdkufwdkYudk zsufqD;av\? yxravrS wpfyg;aom
'kwd,av wpfrsKd;onf tv,ftvwfjzpfukefaom wdrfwdkufwdkYudk zsufqD;av\/ 'kwd,avrS wpfyg;aom wwd,av wpfrsKd;onf odrfarGUukefaom wdrfwdkufwdkYudk zsufqD;av\/ xkdrS aemuf xdk
a,mufsm;onf wdrw
f u
kd u
f if;pifaom aumif;uif vudk jrif& euw\
f pef;ESihf ,SOyf u
kH kd od&&dS avNy/D
xdkOyrmpum;&yf oHk;rsKd;ukefaom wdrfwdkufwdkYuJhodkY opmav;yg;udk rodatmif rjrifatmif
zH;k vTr;f wwfuek af om xlxaJ om udavomarSmif tv,ftvwfjzpfaom udavomarSmif odraf rGUaom
udavomarSmifwdkYudk rSwfom;xdkufukef\/ yom'puK&Sdaom a,mufsm;uJhodkY a*gMwbkPfudk rSwfom;xdu
k \
f / vuJo
h Ykd edAm efukd rSwo
f m;xdu
k \
f / wpfrsK;d wpfrsK;d aom av\ tpOftwdik ;f wdrw
f u
kd o
f ;kH rsK;d
taygif;udk zsufqD;jcif;uJhodkY wpfckwpfckaom tEkvHkpdwf\ opmav;yg;udk zHk;vTrf;wwfaom arm[
wnf;[laom trdkufarSmifudk y,fazsmufjcif;udk rSwfom;xdkuf\/ wdrfwdkufuif;pifaom aumif;uif
xdak ,mufsm;\ txl;ojzifh pifMu,faom vudk jrif&jcif;uho
J Ykd opmav;yg;udk zH;k vTr;f wwfaom arm[
wnf;[laom trdkufarSmifonf uif;pifvwfaomf a*gMwbkPf\ tvGeftMuL; txl;ojzifh pifMu,faom edAmefudk tmkHjyK&jcif;udk rSwfom;xdkuf\/
xif&mS ;aptHh ----- oHk;rsKd;ukefaom avwdkYonf vudk zHk;vTrf;wwfaom wdrfwdkufwdkYudkomvQif
zsufqD;jcif;iSm pGrf;EdkifukefouJhodkY vudk jrifjcif;iSm rpGrf;EdkifukefouJhodkY enf;twl oHk;Budrfukefaom
tEkvHkwdkYonf opmav;yg;udk zHk;vTrf;wwfaom arm[wnf;[laom trdkufarSmifwdkYudkomvQif y,fazsmufjcif;iSm pGrf;Edkifukef\? edAmefudk tmkHjyKjcif;iSm rpGrf;EdkifMuukef/ puKyom'&Sdaom xdka,mufsm;onf vudkomvQif jrifjcif;iSm pGrf;EdkifouJhodkY wdrfwdkufwdkYudk zsufqD;jcif;iSm rpGrf;EdkifouJhodkY twl
a*gMwbkPfonf edAmefudkomvQif tmkHjyKjcif;iSm pGrf;Edkif\? udavomwnf;[laom trdkufwdkuf
trdkufarSmifudk y,fazsmufjcif;iSm rpGrf;Edkifay/ odkYvQif tEkavmrPfonf ocFg&w&m;vQif tmkH
&Sd\? a*gMwbkPfonf edAmefw&m;vQif tmkH&Sd\/
&&SdEdkifaom tjypfudk xif&Sm;jyOD;thH ----- a*gMwbkPfonf tEkavmrPfu ,ltyfNyD;aom
ocFg&tmkHudkyif tu,f qufvuf tmkH,laejim;thH? odkY a*gMwbkonf edAmefudk tmkHrjyKbJ
rdrad &U u
S tEkvo
kH nf ,ltyfNy;D aom ocFg&tmku
H o
kd mvQif qufvuf tmk,
H al evQif tmkjH yKaevQif
a*gMwbkonfvnf; a*gMwbk[al om trnfukd r&Edik af wmhbJ tEkavmr = tEkv[
kH al om trnfuo
kd m
qufvuf &&Sdaeav&m\? olonf tEkvHkodkY tpOfvdkufouJhodkY olUudkvnf; aemuftEkvHku tpOf
vdkufav&m\? odkY tEkvHkcsnf;om quf quf jzpfaeygrl t&d,r*fonf rdrdESifh tmkHwl
tm0Zef;t&m wnfvsuf teE&paom yp,owdwdkYjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;rnfh a*gMwbkudk r&&Sdjcif;aMumifh ocFg&tmkHrS xajrmufaom 0k|me trnf&aom w&m;tjzpfjzifh rjzpfawmhav&m = 0k|me
trnf&aom t&d,r*fonfyif rjzpfEdkifawmhav&m/
446
pifppfrSmrl a*gMwbkPfonf tEkavmrPf\ tmkHjzpfaom ocFg&tmkHudk r,lrl xdktEkvHkudk aemuf wpfzefjzpfjcif; r&Sdonfudk jyK rdrda*gMwbkudk,fwdkifu tm0Zef; r[kwfygaomfvnf;
tm0Ze;f t&m &yfwnf ]]twdik ;f edAm efuykd if tmkjH yK jzpf&pfayawmh}} [k t&d,r*ftm; trSwf
onmudk ay;ouJo
h Ykd jzpfNy;D aemuf csKyyf suo
f mG ;av\/ (ay;wwfaom owd r&Syd gbJvsuf ow&d o
dS uJo
h Ykd
wifpm; ajymqdk&um; ay;ouJhodkY[k w'rLypm Oy&dusm pum;jzifh qdkonf/)
t&d,r*fonfvnf; xdka*gMwbkonf ay;tyfaom trSwfonmudk rvTwfrlomvQif tMum;
r&Sdaom emrfoEwdtpOf\ tpGrf;jzifh xdka*gMwbkPfodkY tpOfvdkufvsuf tprxifaom terw*
oHo&mwpfcGif[k qdktyfaom a&S; wpfBudrfwpfcgrQ razmufxGif;tyfzl;ao;aom razmufcGJtyfzl;ao;aom avmbtwHk;tcJudk a'gotwHk;tcJudk arm[twHk;tcJudk azmufxGif;vsufomvQif
azmufcGJvsufomvQif jzpfay:vmay\/
xdo
k Ykd jzpf&m qdv
k wUH onfum; Oyrmpum;&yfwnf;/ wpfa,mufaom av;orm;onf av;
tjyef wpf&m\ txuf ysOcf syf wpf&mudk xm;ap t0wfjzifh rsuEf mS udk &pfywf jrm;udk aumif;pGm
zJUG puf,E,m;ay: &yfwnfavNy/D (bD;wyfxm;aom puf,E,m;vSn;f ay: &yfwnfavNyD [lv)kd
tjcm;wpfa,mufaom a,mufsm;onf puf,E,m;udk qGiJ if tMuiftcg av;orm;\ rsuEf mS onf
ysOcf syf wpf&mESihf a&S;I&ifqikd f wnfw
h nfh jzpfae\? xdt
k cg xdyk sOcf syf wkwjf zifh (ysOcf syu
f kd a'gufueJ
toHjrnfatmifacgufvdkuf) trSwfonmudk ay;vdkuf\/ av;orm;onf wkwfjzifh acguf toH
ay;vdkufaom trSwftom;udk rvTwfrlomvQif jrm;udk ypf ysOfcsyf wpf&mudk azmufxGif;vdkuf\/
xdkOyrm pum;&yf wkwfjzifh acguf toHjyKvdkufaom trSwfonmESifh a*gMwbkPfonf
wl\? av;orm;ESifh t&d,r*fPfonf wl\? av;orm;\ wkwfjzifh acguf toHjyKvdkufaom
trSwftom;udk rvTwfrlomvQif ysOfcsyf wpf&mudk jrm;jzifh ypfcGif; azmufxGif;vdkufjcif;ESifh t&d,
r*fPf\ a*gMwbkPfonf ay;tyfaom trSwftom;udk rvTwfrlomvQif edAmefudk tmkHjyK
terw* oHo&mwpfciG 0f ,f wpfBurd w
f pfcgrQ razmufxiG ;f tyfz;l ao;aom razmufct
JG yfz;l ao;aom
avmbtwHk;tcJ ponfudk azmufxGif;jcif; azmufcGJjcif;ESifh wl\/ avmbtwHk;tcJ ponfudk
azmufxGif;jcif; azmufcGJjcif;udkyif blrdv'0aowkork *gwu&P = &tyfaom wnf&mbHk&Sdaom
0#fw&m;udk aESmifzJGUwwfaom udavomwdkYudk t<uif;rJhjzwfrIudk jyKjcif;[lvnf; ac:qdktyfayonf/
rSwfcsuf ----- t&d,r*fw&m;onf ry,f&Sm;tyfukefao;onf\ tjzpfaMumifh Oyg'gef\ tmkH
jzpfuek af om Oyg'geuEm wdYk tzefzef ude;f 0yfwnfaeMuukeaf om tEko,udavomwdo
Yk nf Oyg'geuEm ig;yg;[laom &tyfaom wnf&mbH&k adS omaMumifh blrv
d 'wv
Ykd nf; rnfuek \
f / udavo0#f
ur0#f 0dygu0#fwnf;[laom 0#fw&m;udk vGwfroGm;atmif aESmifzJGUwwfukefaomaMumifh 0aowkwv
Ykd nf; rnfuek \
f / t&d,r*fonf ,if;blrv
d '0aowk trnf&aom tEko, udavomwdu
Yk kd t<uif;rJh ukepf ifatmif tqifq
h ifh y,fowfwwfayonf/ ,if;odYk y,fowfjcif;onf avmb
twHk;tcJ a'gotwHk;tcJ arm[twHk;tcJwdkYudk azmufxGif;jcif; azmufcGJjcif;yif jzpfayonf/
rSefayonf ----- t&d,r*f\ wpfckwnf;aom udpum; tEko, udavomudk y,fjcif;yifwnf;/
odkYvQif xdkt&d,r*fonf tEko, udavomwdkYudk t<uif;rJh y,fowfvsuf y,fpGefYvsuf edrdw
447
[laom ocFg&tmkeH rd w
d rf S xonf rnf\/ y0w[laom tqufrjywf jzpfwwfaom 0#fw&m;udk
jzwfonf rnf\/ (tbd-|-1-275-277/)
edrdwE d ly-a0'em-onm-ocFg&-0dnmPedrw
d /H y0wrd ly-a0'em-onm-ocFg&-0dnmPy0war0/ wH 'k0d"H a[mwd Oyg'dEuH tEkyg'dEuEd/ (tbd-|-1-277/)
edrdw ----- kyf a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPf[laom ocFg&edrdwfonf edrdw rnf\/
y0w ----- kyf a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPf[laom tqufrjywf jzpfwwfaom 0#fw&m;onfyif y0wvnf; rnf\/ xdky0wonf Oyg'dEuy0w[lvnf;aumif; tEkyg'dEuy0w[l
vnf;aumif; ESpfrsKd; &Sd\/
xdkESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif t&d,r*f\ tEkyg'dEuy0wrS xjcif;[laom t&dyfta,mifudk awGUjriftyf\
[k qdk tEkyg'dEuy0wrS x\[k qdkMuukef\/
tEkyg'dEu 0k|me = tEkyg'dEu cEmtpOfrS xyHk

tus,fod&efum; odkYwnf;/ aomwmywdr*fonf 'd|d*wor,kwfpdwf av;rsKd; 0dpdudpm
o[*kwfpdwf wpfrsKd; - aygif; ig;rsKd;aom pdwfwdkYudk y,fowftyfukef\? xdkpdwfwdkYonf pdwZkyfudk
jzpfapwwfMuukef\ = pdwZkyfudk jzpfapEdkifaom pGrf;tifowd&Sdonfh pdwfwdkYom jzpfMuukef\/ xdkpdwf
ig;rsKd;wdkYu jzpfaptyfaom pdwZkyfonf tEkyg'dEu lyuEmwnf;/ (pdwZkyf jzpfaomaMumifh urZ
kyf[laom Oyg'dEu r&Sd&um; tEkyg'dEu lyuEm[k qkdonf/ wPSm'd|dwdkYonf uyfa&muftyfaom
uHonf tusKd;\tjzpfjzifh ]]igh[m}}[k rpGJ,ltyfaom lyuEm[lvdkonf/) xdkpdwf ig;rsKd;wdkYonf 0dnmPuEmwnf;/ xdkpdwf ig;rsKd;wdkYESifh ,SOfukefaom a0'em onm ocFg& apwodufwdkYonf a0'emuEm
onmuEm ocFg&uEm[laom emrfcEmoHk;yg;wdkYwnf;/ tm;vHk;aygif;aomf cEmig;yg; jzpf\/
xdkig;rsKd;aom pdwfwdkYudk y,f&m tu,f aomwmyefyk*dKvfonf aomwmywdr*fudk rjzpfap
tyfonf jzpftHh? xdkig;rsKd;ukefaom pdwfwdkYonf ajcmufyg;ukefaom tmkHwdkY x<ujcif;odkY a&mufukef
&m\/ odkYaomf xdka,m*g0p&y*dKvfonf aomwmywdr*fudk jzpfapEdkifojzifh ,if;aomwmywdr*fonf
xdik g;rsK;d aom pdww
f \
Ykd x<urIjzpfjcif;udk wm;jrpfvsuf 0#fw&m;udk vGwrf oGm;atmif zJUG aESmifwwfaom
udavomwnf;[laom taMumif;w&m;udk t<uif;rJh jzwfjcif;udk aemufxyfwpfzef rjzpfxdkufonf\
tjzpfukd jyKvsuf txufazmfjyyg cEmig;yg;wnf;[laom tEkyg'dEu
jzpfaom y0wrS xonf rnfayonf/
ou'g*grdr*fonf 'd|*d w0dy,
w
k pf w
d f av;rsK;d a'gorlpw
d f ESprf sK;d [laom ke&Yf if;Murf;wrf;aom
umr&m* Asmyg'wdkY\ tpGrf;jzifh ajcmufyg;ukefaom pdwfwdkYudk y,fowftyfukef\/ tem*grdr*fonf
odrfarGUonf\ tjzpfESifh wuGjzpfaom umr&m* Asmyg'wdkY\ tpGrf;jzifh xdkajcmufyg;ukefaom pdwfwdkYudkyifvQif y,fowftyfukef\/ t&[wr*fonf ly&m* tly&m*wnf;[laom 'd|d*w0dy,kwf
pdwf av;rsK;d wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif; O'po
[*kwpf w
d u
f v
kd nf;aumif; ig;rsK;d ukeaf om tukov
kd pf w
d w
f u
Ykd kd
y,fowftyfukef\/
448
xdt
k ukov
kd pf w
d w
f u
Ykd kd y,fowf&m tu,f xdt
k &d,yk*Kd vw
f o
Ykd nf xdq
k ikd &f m t&d,r*fw&m;wdkYudk rjzpfaptyfukefonf jzpfukefjim;tHh? xdkodkY jzpfcJhaomf xdktukodkvfpdwfwdkYonf tmkH (6)yg;wdkY
x<ujcif;odkY a&mufukef&m\? odkYaomf xdkt&d,yk*dKvfwdkYonf xdkxdkqdkif&m t&d,r*fw&m;ukd jzpfap
EdkifMuukefojzihf xkdt&d,r*fw&m;wdkYonf xdktukodkvfpdwfwdkY\ x<urI jzpfjcif;udk wm;jrpfukefvsuf
0#fw&m;udk vGwfroGm;atmif zJGUaESmifwwfaom udavomwnf;[laom taMumif;w&m;udk t<uif;rJh
jzwfjcif;udk aemufxyfwpfzef rjzpfxdkufonf\ tjzpfudk jyKvsuf ,if;tukov pdwZkyfESifh ,if;
tukodkvf pdwfapwodufwnf;[laom tEkyg'dEu jzpfaom cEmig;yg; y0ww&m;rS xukefonf
rnfukef\/ um; tEkyg'dEu cEmtpOfrS xyHkwnf;/ (tbd-|-1-277-278/)
Oyg'dEu 0k|me = Oyg'dEu cEmtpOfrS xyHk

Oyg'dEuy0wrS xjcif;[laom t&dyfta,mifudk awGUjriftyf\[k qdkNyD; Oyg'dEuy0wrS
x\[kvnf; qdkMuukefNyD/ (Oyg'dEu[lonf t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gefwdkY jcH&Htyf uyfa&muftyfaom
uHonf ]]ig\ tusKd;}}[k tusKd;\ tjzpfjzifh pGJ,ltyfaom avmuD0dyguf emrfcEmESifh urZkyfwnf;/
Oyg'dEuy0w[lonf ,if;cEmwdkY\ tqufrjywf jzpfrI tpOfwnf;/) tus,frSm odkYwnf;/ ----tu,f aomwmyefyk*dKvfonf aomwmywdr*fudk rjzpfaponf jzpfjim;thH? odkY rjzpfapcJhaomf (7)yg;ukeaf om b0wdu
Yk kd xm; rodtyfaom tp&Sad om terw* oHo&m0#f Oyg'dEu
y0w
= tqufrjywfjzpfaom Oyg'dEu
cEmtpOfonf jzpfav&m\/ tb,faMumifeh nf;[lrl --- xdk Oyg'dEu
cEy0w\ jzpfjcif;\ taMumif;jzpfaom udavomwd\

Yk xif&mS ;&Su
d ek af o;onf\ tjzpfaMumifw
h nf;/
oum,'d|doHa,mZOf oDvAwy&mrmooHa,mZOf 0dpdudpmoHa,mZOf[laom oHa,mZOf oHk;yg;
'd|mEko, 0dpu
d pd m Eko,[laom tEko, ESpyf g; - aygif; ig;yg;ukeaf om udavomwdu
Yk kd aomwmywdr*fonf jzpfvQif jzpfcsif;yif rdrdjzpfqJ cPrSmyif t<uif;rJh y,fowfEdkif\/ odkY y,fowfNyD;&m
,ck aomwmyefjzpf&mtcg aomwmyefy*k Kd v\
f oEmef (7)b0wdu
Yk kd xm; terw* oHo&m0#f
Oyg'dEuy0w = tqufrjywf jzpfaom Oyg'dEu cEmtpOfonf tb,frSmvQif jzpfEdkifawmhtHhenf;/
(jzpfEdkifzdkY&ef taMumif;w&m; r&SdawmhNyD [lvkd/) odkYvQif aomwmywdr*fonf Oyg'dEuy0wudk
tqufrjywf rjzpfatmif jyKvkyfvsuf Oyg'dEuy0wrS xonf rnf\/ (tbd-|-1-278/)
(7) b0 t,ltq
{u0g&H umrm0p&a'a0ok {u0g&H rEkaolwd {0rd rddwlyywd0aoe awok {udm
{0 Oyywd,m em,H y&dapa'g (t,H y&dapa'g-rluGJ/)/ ,H ye ]]e aw b0H t|rrm'd,ED}}wd 0kwH?
wrd umr0p&b0Ha,0 oEm,m[? r[*wbm0geH y&dapa'g ewDwd 0'Ed/ (tEk#D-1-124/)
wpfBudrfwpfcg umrm0p& ewfjynf jzpfvdkuf wpfBudrfwpfcg vlUjynf jzpfvdkufjzifh - odkY
a&maESmtyfaom b0\ tpGrf;jzifh (7)b0[k qdkonf/ xdk ewf-vl Oyywdb0wdkYwGif ewfjzpfap vl
jzpfap wpfckaom Oyywdb0om (7)b0 jzpfonf[k tydkif;tjcm;jyjcif; r[kwf/ ]]e aw b0H
t|rrm'd,Ed = xdkaomwmyefyk*dKvfwdkYonf &SpfBudrfajrmuf b0udk ,lkd; r&SdMuukef}}[laom &we
449
okwf a[mMum;awmfrltyfaom pum;udkvnf; vl-ewf[laom umrb0udkom &nf&G,fawmfrl

bk&m;&Sio
f nf a[mMum;awmfrt
l yfaom pum;awmf jzpfonf? r[*Kwjf zpfaom lyb0 tlyb0wdYk um; (7)b0[k tydkif;tjcm; r&Sd[k q&mjrwfwdkY qdkawmfrlMuonf/ (tEk#D-1-124/)
aomwmyef oHk;rsKd;
&Spcf ak jrmufaom b0udrk ,l qdo
k nfrmS aomwmyefww
Ykd iG f tnHq
h ;kH owuw
K y&r aomwmyefudk &nf&G,f rdefYqdkjcif; jzpfonf/ aomwmyef jzpfNyD;aemuf txufr*fPfrsm;udk vsifvsifjrefjref
&EdkifrI r&EdkifrIrSm o'g 0D&d, owd orm"d ynm [laom aÈrsm;\ xufjrufrI rxufjrufrIudk
tpGJjyK jzpf\/
1/ xufjrufaom aÈ&Sdaom aomwmyefrSm wpfb0om y#doaE ae& &[Em jzpf\/ xkd
yk*dKvfrsKd;udk {uADZd = wpfckaom y#doaErsKd;aph &Sdaom aomwmyef[k qdk\/
2/ ESpfb0rS ajcmufb0 txd y#doaEaeaom aomwmyefum; tvwfpm; aÈ&Sdol jzpf\/
xdyk *k Kd vrf sK;d udk aumvHaumv = trsK;d aumif; wpfcrk S trsK;d aumif; wpfco
k Ykd a&mufwwfaom ,kwn
f -hH
aom tedrfhpm; trsKd;tEG,f rnfonfhtcgrQ jzpfcGifhr&Sdaom aomwmyef[k qdk\/
3/ ckepfb0 y#doaE&Sdaom y#doaEaeaom aomwmyefum; EkHYaom aÈ &Sdolwnf;/ xdkyk*dKvfrsKd;udk owuwKy&r = ckepfBudrf tvGef y#doaE&Sdol aomwmyef[k ac:onf/ (y#doH-|-2-67/)
ar wa,myd aomwmyEm umrb00aoe 0kwm? lyglyba0 ye A[kumyd y#doEda,m
*PSEd/ (y#doH-|-2-67/)
aomwmyef oHk;rsKd;wdkY\ b0ta&twGuf uefYowfcsufrSm umrbHktwGufom jzpf ly
tlybHkrsm;u aomyefrsm;rSmrl y#doaE tBudrfrsm;pGm ,lEdkifMuukef\/ (y#doH-|-2-67/)
owfrSwfay;aomw&m;
aomwmyef oHk;rsKd; uGJjym;&m xdkodkYuGJjym;&ef tb,fw&m;u twnfjyK owfrSwfay;onf[laom tcsufESifh ywfouf q&mjrwfwdkY t,ltq rwlrQbJ uGJjym;vsuf &SdMu\/ uGJjym;yHkudk yk*v
ynwf t|uxm (tbd-|-3-47) zGifhqdkxm;\/ qdkvdk&if;rSm odkY jzpf\/
xdkodkY owfrSwfay;aom w&m;rSm ----1/ tcsKdUu ykAa[wk = a&S;uH taMumif;[kvnf;aumif;
2/ tcsKdUu yxrr*f = aomwmywdr*f[kvnf;aumif;
3/ tcsKdUu txufr*f oHk;yg;[kvnf;aumif;
4/ tcsKdUurl txufr*f oHk;yg;\ a&S;jzpfaom 0dyem[kvnf;aumif; toD;toD; tqdk&SdMu\/
xdk0g' av;&yfwdkYwGif txufr*f oHk;yg;\ a&S;jzpfaom 0dyemuom owfrSwfay;onf
[laom aemufqHk; t,ltqom oifhjrwfaMumif;udk ]]wdPH r*geH 0dyem ed,arwD}}wd 0ga'g ye
,kZwd/ (tbd-|-3-47/) [k twnfjyK qHk;jzwfxm;ayonf/
450
odkYaomf y#dord'gr*t|uxmum; ----wH yaewH awoH rk'krZdrwduynwH ykAa[wk ed,arwd/ (y#doH-|-2-67/)

xdkaomwmyef oHk;rsKd;wdkY\ aÈxufrI nHhrIrSm ykAa[wk = a&S;taMumif;uHu owfrSwfay;\/
(y#doH-|-2-67/)
odkY zGifhqdkxm;ayonf/ txufyg yk*vynwft|uxm vm&Sdaom yxrq&m\ t,l
tqESifh wlrQvsuf &Sdayonf/
xyfrH &Sif;vif;csufrsm;
xdktxufazmfjyyg 0g' av;&yfwdkYwGif a&S;uHtaMumif;w&m;u aomwmyef oHk;rsKd;wdkY\ aÈ
xufrI nHrh u
I kd owfrw
S af y;\ ----- [laom yxr0g' ]]yxrr*f\ tm;BuD;aom rSD&m Oyed,
taMumif;w&m;udk a&S;uHtaMumif;w&m;onf jyKvkyftyfonf rnf\? txufr*f oHk;yg;wdkYonf tm;BuD;aom rSD&m Oyed, taMumif;w&m; r&SdukefbJ jzpfay:vmukef\}} [laom tjypfpum;onf
a&muf&Sdjzpfay:ae\/
wpfzef yxrr*f = aomwmywdr*fonf aomwmyef oHk;rsKd;wdkY\ aÈ xufrI nHhrIudk owfrSwf
ay;\[laom 'kwd,0g' txufr*f oHk;yg;wdkY\ tusKd;r&Sdukefonf\ tjzpfonf a&muf&Sdav&m\
jzpfav&m\/
txufr*f oHk;yg;wdkYu aomwmyef oHk;rsKd;wdkY\ aÈ xufrI nHhrIudk owfrSwfay;ukef\[laom
wwd,0g' yxrr*fonf rjzpfrDuyif txufr*foHk;yg;wdkYonf jzpfESifhukefNyD[laom tjypfonf
a&muf&Sdav&m\/
xdkYaMumifh tavsmftm;jzifhqdk&rl txufr*foHk;yg;wdkY\ a&S;tzdkY jzpfaom 0dyemuomvQif
aomwmyef oH;k rsK;d wd\
Yk aÈ xufrI nHrh u
I kd owfrw
S af y;\[laom 0g'onfomvQif oifjh rwfayonf/
taMumif;um; odkY jzpf\/ ----tu,f txufr*f oHk;yg;wdkY\ a&S;tzdkY jzpfaom 0dyemonf tm;&Sdonf jzpftHh? odkY
tm;&SdcJhaomf 0dyemu tm;aumif;aomaMumifh wpfb0wnf y#doaEae&kHjzifh txufr*fwdkYudk
&Edkif&um; {uADZd aomwmyef rnf\/ xdk{uADZd aomwmyef jzpfaMumif; 0dyematmuf om
tm;enf;aom 0dyemaMumifhum; aumvHaumv aomwmyef jzpfEdkif\/ xdk aumvHaumv
aomwmyef jzpfaMumif; 0dyematmuf om tm;enf;aom 0dyemaMumifhum; owuwKy&r
aomwmyef jzpfEdkif\/ xdkYaMumihf aemufqHk;jzpfaom ]]txufr*f oHk;yg;wdkY\ 0dyemuomvQif ,if;
aomwmyefwdkY\ aÈ xufrI nHhrIudk jrJap\}}[laom pwkw0g'onfomvQif oifhjrwfayonf/
(tbd-|-3-47/)
owdjyK&ef ----- jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifonf ,lawmfrltyfaom emrnf\ tpGrf;jzifhomvQif
owuwKy&r aumvHaumv {uADZd[laom trnfwdkY\ oHk;rsKd;ukefaom aomwmyefyk*dKvfwd\
Yk trnfwYkd jzpfMu&uke\
f ? rQ twdik ;f t&Snf &Sad om t&yfoYkd b0odYk uyfa&mufaom aomwmyef
yk*dKvfonf owuwKy&r rnf\? rQ twkdif;t&Snf &Sdaom t&yfodkY b0odkY uyfa&mufaom aom451
wmyefyk*dKvfonf aumvHaumv rnf\? rQ twdkif;t&Snf &Sdaom t&yfodkY b0odkY uyfa&mufaom

aomwmyef yk*dKvfonf {uADZd rnf\[k bk&m;&Sifonf aomwmyefyk*dKvfwdkY\ trnfudk ,lawmf
rltyfNyD? xdkodkY ,lawmfrltyfygaomfvnf; jrJaomtm;jzifh yk*dKvfonf owuwKy&r aomwmyef
wnf;? yk*dKvfonf aumvHaumv aomwmyefwnf;? yk*dKvfonf {uADZd aomwmyefwnf;[k
odkY qHk;jzwfjcif;onf r&Sday/ (tbd-|-3-46/)
oarm[0daem'eD t|uxm\ zGifhqdkcsuf

aumpd ye yk*avm owEH b0geH ed,awm emr ewd? t&d,om0aum ye a,e auepdyd
tmuma&e rEyanm ormaem t|rH b0H tywGm tE&m0 y&dedAmwd/ ouo'daomyd 0bd&awm
owrHa,0 b0H *pwd? owar ba0 oAmuma&e yrm'0d[m&daemyd 0dyemPH y&dyguH *pwd?
tyrwauyd tm&raP edAdEdwGm edAKwd HygykPmwd/ oapyd [d owar ba0 ed'H 0g MourE
y&rKcH 0g *p E ypawm XwGm wdcdaPe todem aumpda'0 oDoH ygaw,s? O'au 0g Mooma'wGm rma&,s? toed 0g ye oDao yaw,s? {0layyd umav oy#doEdum umvHud&d,m
emr e a[mwd? t&[wH ywGm0 y&dedAmwd/ awe 0kwH ]]t|rH b0H edAaw,s? aewH XmeH 0dZwD}}wd/
(tbd-|-2-411/)
ckepfb0wdkYywfvHk; oHo&m usifvnf&rnf[k owfrSwfxm;tyfaom udef;aojrJaom wpfpHk
wpfa,mufaom yk*Kd vrf nfonf r&Sad y/ t&d,om0uonfum; trSwrf &Sd wpfpw
kH pfcak om taMumif;aMumifhvnf; rEyn= EkHYaES;aomynm&Sdonf jzpfvwfaomf &Spfckajrmufaom b0odkY ra&mufrl &Spfck
ajrmuf b0\ tMum;omvQif y&dedAmefpH&\/ odMum;rif;ESifh wlaom oHo&m0#f tvGefarGUavsmfaom aomwmyefaomfrSvnf; ckepfckajrmufaom b0odkY wdkifkHom oGm;&\/ ckepfckajrmuf b0um;
tvHk;pHkaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh arharhavsmhavsmh aeavh&Sdaom aomwmyefyk*dKvf\aomfrSvnf;
0dyemPfonf &ifu
h sujf cif;odYk a&muf&o
dS mG ;\/ tenf;i,f twdik ;f t&Sn&f adS om tmkH aomfrv
S nf;
NiD;aiGU udavomwdkY\ Nidrf;at;jcif;odkY a&muf&\/ rSefayonf -- xdkaomwmyefyk*dKvfonf ckepfck
ajrmufaom b0 tdyfaysmfjcif;odkY oufa&mufaepOfaomfvnf;aumif; wpfbufodkY rsufESmrlum
oGm;aepOf aemufrS &yfaomfvnf;aumif; wpfpHkwpfa,mufaom oluyifvQif xufvSpGmaom oHvsufjzifh OD;acgif;udk ajrodkY usapjim;tHh? a&xJ ESpfaomfvnf; owfjim;thH? xdkaomwmyefyk*dKvf\
OD;xdyfxuf rdk;BudK;aomfvnf; usa&mufjim;tHh? odkY oabm&Sdaom tcsdeftcg umvrsKd;aomfvnf;
y#doaEEiS hf wuGjzpfaom aojcif;rnfonf r&Sad y/ t&[wzv
kd o
f Ykd a&mufNy;D rSomvQif y&deAd m efp&H \/
xdkYaMumifh ----t|rH b0H edAaw,s? aewH XmeH 0dZwd/ (tbd-2-349/)
= aomwmywrd *fPftjrifEiS hf jynfph akH om 'd|o
d rEy *k Kd vo
f nf &SpBf urd af jrmufb0udk jzpfapav&m\? oabmw&m;onf r&Sdonfomwnf;/ (tbd-2-349/)
odkY bk&m;&Sifonf a[mMum;xm;awmfrlayonf/ (tbd-|-2-411/)
txufyg pum;&yfuv
kd nf; t|uxmq&mawmfonf umrb0udo
k m &nf&,
G af wmfr
l zGiq
hf kd
xm;onf[k ,lvQif t|uxm #DumwdkY\ pum;rsm;onf a&S;ESifhaemuf rqefYusifonf jzpfav&m\/
452
aomwmyefyk*dKvf oHk;rsKd;wdkY\ taMumif;t&mudk wifjyNyD;aemuf ,ck wpfzef qufvuf

txufr*f oHk;yg;wdkY\ y0wrS xyHk taMumif;t&mudk a&;om;wifjytyfygonf/

tu,f ou'g*grfyk*dKvfonf ou'g*grdr*fudk rjzpfaponf jzpftHh? odkY rjzpfapcJhaomf
aomwmyefy*k Kd v\
f tvGeq
f ;kH jzpf&m (7)b0wdw
Yk iG f ESpb
f 0om jzpfp&m&Sad omaMumifh ,if;ESpb
f 0wdu
Yk kd
xm; usefig;b0wdkY Oyg'dEu cEy0wonf jzpf&m\/ tb,faMumifhenf;[lrl ----- xdk Oyg'dEu
cEy0w\ jzpfjcif;\ taMumif;jzpfukefaom udavomwdkY\ &Sdukefao;onf\ tjzpfaMumifhwnf;/
odkYaomf kefY&if;ukefaom umr&m*oHa,mZOf y#dCoHa,mZOf kefY&if;ukefaom umr&m*gEko,
y#dCmEko, [laom udavom av;rsKd;wdkYudk xdkou'g*grdr*fonf jzpfvQif jzpfcsif;yif rdrdjzpfqJ
cPrSmyif t<uif;rJh y,fowfvu
kd Ef ikd \
f / ,if;odYk y,fowfNy;D &m ou'g*grfjzpf&m tcgrsK;d ou'g*grfyk*dKvf\ oEmef0,f ESpfb0wdkYudk xm; ig;b0wdkY Oyg'dEu cEy0w = tqufrjywf jzpfaom
Oyg'dEu cEmtpOfonf tb,frSmvQif jzpfEdkifawmhtHhenf;/ odkYvQif ou'g*grdr*fonf Oyg'dEu
cEy0wudk tqufrjywf rjzpfatmif jyKvkyfvsuf Oyg'dEu cEy0wrS xonf rnf\/
(tbd-|-1-278/)
ESpb
f 0 ----- ou'g*grfyk*dKvfonf tem*grdr*fudk &atmif qufvuftm;rxkwfbJ ou'g*grf
tjzpfEiS hf aecJah omf ou'g*grftjzpfEiS hf Oyg'dEu
cEy0w ESpb
f 0 jzpfp&m &daS eao;\/ ,if;ESpb
f 0udk
xm; Oyg'dEu
cEy0w jzpfp&m r&Sad wmhay/ t&m ESpb
f 0[lonf umrm0p&ewfb0ESihf vlUb0
wnf;/ ly tlyb0wdkYum; ou'g*grfudk rqdkxm;bd tem*grfonfyif ok'g0gobHk ponf b0
rsm;pGm jzpfEdkifao;\/ ----- wxm ]]XaywGm a'G ba0}}wd {wmyd umrm0p&a'0rEkb0geH rdu0aoae0/ (tEk#D-1-124/)
tu,f tem*grfy*k Kd vo
f nf tem*grdr*fukd rjzpfaponf jzpft?hH odYk rjzpfapcJah omf wpfrsK;d aom lyb0 tlyb0udk xm; 'kwd,b0 Oyg'dEu cEy0wonf jzpfav&m\? taMumif;rl --xdOk yg'dEu
cEy0w\ jzpfjcif;\ taMumif;jzpfuek af om udavomwd\
Yk &Su
d ek af o;onf\ tjzpfaMumifh
wnf;/ odaYk omf odraf rGUonf\ tjzpfEiS hf twlwuGjzpfuek af om umr&m*oHa,mZOf y#dCoHa,mZOf
odraf rGUonf\ tjzpfEiS hf twlwuGjzpfuek af om umr&m*gEko, y#dCmEko,[laom av;rsK;d aom
udavomwdkYudk xdktem*grdr*fonf jzpfvQifjzpfcsif;yif rdrdjzpfqJ cPrSmyif t<uif;rJh y,fowfEdkif\?
,if;odkY y,fowfNyD;&m tem*grfjzpf&m tcgrsKd; tem*grfyk*dKvf\ oEmef0,f wpfrsKd;aom lyb0
tlyb0udkxm; 'kwd,b0 Oyg'dEu cEy0w = tqufrjywfjzpfaom Oyg'dEu cEmtpOfonf
tb,frSmvQif jzpfEdkifawmhtHhenf;/ odkYvQif tem*grdr*fonf Oyg'dEu cEy0wudk tqufrjywf
rjzpfatmif jyKvkyfvsuf Oyg'dEu cEy0wrS xonf rnf\/ (tbd-|-1-278/)
{uH b0Ed tem*grdaem taeuuwK waw0 OyyZE a[|m tem*re0aoe {aum
ba0gwd *a[wGm 0kwH/ (rlv#D-1-117/)
tem*grfyk*dKvfonf lyb0 tlyb0 tBudrfrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum jzpfaomfvnf; r[*Kwf
b0 wpfcw
k nf;om wpfrsK;d wnf;om jzpfaomaMumifh atmufumrbHo
k Ykd jyefvmjcif;oabm r&So
d nf\
453
tpGrf;jzifh ----- {aum ba0g = wpfrsKd;aom b0[k ,l t|uxmu rdefYqdkxm;ayonf/

(rlv#D-1-117/)
tu,f &[Emyk*Kd vo
f nf t&[wr*fukd rjzpfaptyfonf jzpfjim;tH?h odYk rjzpfaptyfcahJ omf
lyb0 tlyb0wdkY tqufrjywfjzpfaom Oyg'dEucEy0wonf jzpfav&m\? tb,faMumifhenf;
[lrl xdkOyg'dEucEy0w\ jzpfjcif;\ taMumif;jzpfaom udavomwdkY\ xif&Sm; &Sdukefao;onf\
tjzpfaMumifhwnf;/ odkYaomf ly&m* tly&m* rme O'p t0dZm[laom txufykdif; oHa,mZOfig;yg;
rmemEko, b0&m*gEko, t0dZmEko,[laom tEko,oHk;yg; - aygif; (8)yg;ukefaom udavomwdkYudk xkdt&[wr*fonf jzpfvQifjzpfcsif;yifvQif rdrdjzpfqJ cPrSmyif t<uif;rJh y,fowfEdkif\?
,if;odkY y,fowfNyD;&m &[EmjzpfNyD;&m tcgrsKd; &[Emyk*dKvf\oEmef0,f aemufxyf b0wpfck
Oyg'dEu
cEy0w = tqufrjywfjzpfaom Oyg'dEu
cEmtpOfonf tb,frmS vQif jzpfEikd af wmhtehH nf;/
odkYvQif t&[wr*fonf Oyg'dEuy0wudk tqufrjywf rjzpfatmif jyKvkyfvsuf Oyg'dEucEy0wrS xonf rnf\/ (tbd-|-1-278-279/)
quf qdkOD;tHh ----- Oyg'dEucEy0wudkyif b0trnfjzifh qdk&aomf t&d,r*fav;yg;wdkYwGif
aomwmywrd *fonf tyg,fb0rS x\? ou'g*grdr*fonf umrok*wdb0[laom b0wpfpw
d w
f pfa'orS x\/ tem*grdr*fonf umrb0 tm;vHk;rS x\/ t&[wr*fonf lyb0 tlyb0wdkYrS
x\/ tvHk;pHkaom b0wdkYrS xonfom[kvnf; q&mjrwfwdkY qdkawmfrlMuukef\/ (tbd-|-1-279/)
qdt
k yfcNhJ y;D aom Oyg'dEu
cEy0wrS t&d,r*fonf x\[laom teufukd xif&mS ;pGm jzpfapjcif;tusKd;iSm qdkvwHUonfum; plVeda'o yg&m,e0*f tZdwrmP0ykpmeda'oygVdawmfwnf;/
aomwmywdr*aPe tbdocFg&0dnmP eda&ma"e ow ba0 XaywGm terwa*
oHom&0a a, OyaZ,sKH emr ly? {awaw edkZs Ed 0lyorEd twH *p Ed y#dyr Ed/
ou'g*grdr*aPae tbdocFg&0dnmP eda&ma"e a'G ba0 XaywGm yok ba0ok
a, OyaZ,sKH emr ly? {awaw edkZs Ed 0lyorEd twH *p Ed y#dyr Ed/
tem*grdr*aPe tbdocFg&0dnmP eda&ma"e {uH b0H XaywGm umr"mwk,m 'GDok
ba0ok a, OyaZ,sKH emr ly? {awaw edkZs Ed 0lyorEd twH *p Ed y#dyr Ed/
t&[wr*aPe tbdocFg&0dnmP eda&ma"e ly"mwk,m 0g tly"mwk,m 0g a,
OyaZ,sKH emr ly? {awaw edkZs Ed 0lyorEd twH *p Ed y#dyr Ed/ t&[awm tEkyg'daoom, edAme"mwk,m y&dedAm,E p&dr0dnmP eda&ma"e ynm p owd p emr ly? {awaw edkZsEd 0lyorEd twH *p Ed y#dyr Ed/ (ck-8-33 - plVeda'o/)
aomwmywdr*fPfaMumifh b0opf tusKd;0dygufudk jzpfay:vmatmif jyKpDrHwwfaom tbdocFg&0dnmPf = ur0dnmPf\ csKyfqHk;oGm;jcif;aMumifh (7)yg;ukefaom b0wdkYudk xm; tprxif
terw* oHom&0#f'ku wpfcGif emrfonfvnf;aumif; kyfonfvnf;aumif; tMuifw&m;wdkYonf
jzpfukef&m\/ aomwmywdr*fPfaMumifh emrfkyfw&m;wdkYonf csKyfukef\ Nidrf;ukef\ csKyfaysmufjcif;odkY a&mufukef\ Nidrf;at;ukef\/
454
ou'g*grdr*fPfaMumifh b0opf tusKd;0dygufudk jzpfay:vmatmif jyKpDrHwwfaom tbdocFg&0dnmPf = ur0dnmPf\ csKyfqHk;oGm;jcif;aMumifh ESpfb0wdkYudk xm; ig;b0wdkY emrfonf
vnf;aumif; kyfonfvnf;aumif; tMuifw&m;wdkYonf jzpfukef&m\/ ou'g*grdr*fPfaMumifh
emrfkyfw&m;wdkYonf csKyfukef\ Nidrf;ukef\ csKyfysufjcif;odkY a&mufukef\ Nidrf;at;ukef\/
tem*grdr*fPfaMumifh b0opf tusKd;0dygufudk jzpfay:vmatmif jyKpDrHwwfaom tbdocFg&0dnmPf = ur0dnmPf\ csKyfqHk;oGm;jcif;aMumifh wpfb0udk xm; umr"mwf (tem*grdr*fudk
rjzpfapEdik o
f jzifh ou'g*grftjzpfEiS hf jzpfciG &hf aSd om) ESpb
f 0wdYk emrfonfvnf;aumif; kyo
f nfvnf;aumif; tMuifw&m;wdkYonf jzpfukef&m\/ tem*grdr*faMumifh emrfkyfw&m;wdkYonf csKyfukef\
Nidrf;ukef\ csKyfysufjcif;odkY a&mufukef\ Nidrf;at;ukef\/
t&[wr*fPfaMumifh b0opf tusKd;0dygufudk jzpfay:vmatmif jyKpDrHwwfaom tbdocFg&0dnmPf = ur0n
d mPf\ csKyq
f ;kH oGm;jcif;aMumifh t&[wr*furkd &u tem*grftjzpfEiS hf ly"mwf
aomfvnf;aumif; tly"mwfaomfvnf;aumif; emrfonfvnf;aumif; kyo
f nfvnf;aumif; tMuif
w&m;wdo
Yk nf jzpfuek &f m\/ t&[wr*faMumifh emrfyk w
f &m;wdo
Yk nf csKyu
f ek \
f Nird ;f uke\
f csKy-f
aysmufjcif;odkY a&mufukef\ Nidrf;at;ukef\/ &[Emyk*dKvfonf 0dygufemruEm u#wmkyf = 0dyguf
emrfw&m;ESifh urZkyf t<uif;tusef r&dSaom tEkyg'daoo edAme"mwfjzifh y&dedAmef 0ifpHkyfodrf;
csKyfNidrf;&avaomf aemufqHk;jzpfaom y&dedAmepkwd 0dnmPf\ aemifwpfzef jzpfjcif;oabmr&dSaom
tEkyg'eda&m"oabmjzifh csKyfjcif;aMumifh ynmonfvnf;aumif; owdonfvnf;aumif; emrfonf
vnf;aumif; kyo
f nfvnf;aumif; w&m;wdo
Yk nf csKyu
f ek \
f Nird ;f uke\
f csKyyf sujf cif;odYk a&mufuek \
f
Nidrf;at;ukef\/ (ck-8-33-plVeda'o/ tbd-|-1-279/)
tbdocFg&0dnmPf ----- yknmbdocFg&ponfuJhodkY tbdocFg&-o'gonf tusKd;w&m;udk jyKpDrw
H wfaom uH[al om teufukd a[m\/ xdak Mumifh tbdocFg&0dnmPf[o
l nf xdu
k r = apwemESihf
,SOaf om 0dnmPfwnf;? ur0n
d mPf[v
k nf; ac:qd\
k / aomwmywrd *fPfukd &&daS omtcg ckepfb0rS
aemuf tusKd;ay;rnfh tbdocFg&0dnmPfonf csKyfavawmh\/ xdkaMumifh ckepfb0rS aemuf 0dyguf
jzpfaom emrfESifh urZkyfrsm;onf rjzpfMuawmhay/ ou'g*grdr*fPf ponfwdkYaMumifh tbdocFg&
0dnmPf csKyyf u
kH v
kd nf; enf;wl odygav/ ( ckepfb0ponf ,lqyHu
k v
kd nf; txufu a&;cJNh y;D onfh
twdkif;om rSwfyg/)
eda&m" ---- tyga,ok owrb0awm O'H ok*wd, 0dygu'g,u tbdocFg&0dnmP
yp,Cmawm aomwmywdr*aPe tbdocFg&0dnmP eda&ma"m '|aAm/ (rlv#D-1-117/)
tbdocFg&0dnmPf\ csKyfNidrf;rI ---- ]]tbdocFg&0dnmPf}}[laom uHonf t&d,r*fPfwdkYu
y,fowftyfaom w&m;r[kw?f ]]tb,fenf;tm;jzifh tbdocFg&0dnmPf[al om uHonf csKyo
f enf;}}
[k ar;jref;zG,f &dS\/ tajzum; --- tbdocFg&0dnmPfonf t0dZm-wPSm[laom tazmfudk &&dSygrS
tusKd;0dygufw&m;rsm;udk jzpfay:vmatmif jyKpDrHEdkif\? xdkt0dZm-wPSmwdkYum; t&d,r*fw&m;wdkYu
t<uif;rhJ y,fowftyfaom w&m;wdkYwnf;/ t&d,r*fw&m;wdkYu tbdocFg&0dnmPf\ taMumif;
jzpfaom t0dZm-wPSmwdkYudk t<uif;rhJ tjrpfjywf ajz&Sif;y,fowfvdkufvQif tbdocFg&0dnmPfonf455
vnf; csKyf&ma&muf\/ xdkYaMumifh taMumif; t0dZm-wPSm\ csKyfjcif;udkyif um&Plypm&tm;jzifh

tbdocFg&0dnmPf\ csKyjf cif;[k qdak yonf/ xdak Mumifh tyg,f 'k*w
b
d b
kH 0wdYk vnf;aumif; ckepfb0rS
txufjzpfaom aemuf ok*wdbHkb0vnf;aumif; tusKd;ay;wwfaom tbdocFg&0dnmPf\
taMumif;jzpfaom udavomwdkYudk owfjcif;udk aomwmywdr*fPfaMumifh tbdocFg&0dnmPf\
csKyfjcif;[l rSwfyg/ usef t&d,r*fPfwdkYaMumifh qdkif&m qdkif&m tbdocFg&0dnmPf\ csKyfyHkudkvnf;
enf;wl rSwfyg/ (rlv#D-1-117 - Munfh/)
um; t|omvdet
D |uxm vm&daS om t&d,r*f\ edrw
d E iS hf y0wrS xyHk tqH;k tjzwfwnf;/
(tbd-|-1-277-279/)
222
456
tEky'"r 0dyem
orl[*[P0aoe y0wH uvmyoroeH/ zm'd{auu"r*[P0aoe y0wm tEky'"r0dyem/ (rlv#D-1-109/)
kyfemrf ESpfyg;enf; cEm ig;yg;enf; tm,we wpfq,fhESpfyg;enf; "mwf wpfq,fh&Spfyg;enf;
y#dporkyg'ft*Fg (12)&yfenf; ponfh 0dyemIyGm;enf;wdkYum; y&rwfw&m;wdkYudk aygif;pkjcHKikH 0dyem IyGm;aom uvmyoroe 0dyemIyGm;enf;wnf;/ kyfydkif;wGif puK'ouuvmyfpaom
xdx
k kd kyu
f vmyfwYkd wnf&aSd om yx0D"mwfpaom y&rwfw&m;wdu
Yk kd Pfjzifh ydik ;f jcm;,l ,if;y&rwf
w&m;wdkYwGif yx0D"mwfpaom y&rw"mwfom; wpfvHk;pD wpfvHk;pDukdvnf;aumif; emrfykdif;wGifvnf;
yxrpsmefemrfw&m;paom xdkxdkemrfw&m;pkwdkYwGif zpaom wpfckwpfckaom w&m;udk Pfjzifh
ydkif;jcm;,l odrf;qnf; ,if;emrfw&m; wpfvHk;pD wpfvHk;pDudkvnf;aumif; vuPma&;wifum 0dyem IymG ;oH;k oyfaom enf;um; yx0Dpaom zpaom wpfcw
k pfcak om w&m;udk Pfjzifh ykid ;f jcm;
,lonf\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfay:vmaom tEky'"r 0dyemI yGm;enf;wnf;/
(rlv#D-1-109/ tbd-|-1-253/)
odkYvQif uvmyoroe0dyem IyGm;enf; tEky'"r0dyemIyGm;enf;[k 0dyemIyGm;
enf; ESpef nf;&S&d m txufwiG f a&;om;wifjycJah om 0dyemIymG ;enf;rsm;rSm uvmyoroe 0dyem
IymG ;enf;wdo
Yk m jzpfMuonf/ uvmyoroe 0dyemIymG ;enf; trsK;d rsK;d wdjYk zifh BuKd ;yrf;ygaomfvnf;
toifoal wmfaumif;onf 0k|me*grde0D yd emodYk rqdu
k af &mufEikd b
f J &Sad ejim;tH?h xdt
k cgwGif tEky'"r
0dyemIyGm;enf;udk ajymif; tm;opfvdkygu tm;opfEdkifygonf/
tEky'"r 0dyemIyGm;enf;onf Oy&dyPmoygVdawmf tEky'0*f tEky'okwef (r-3-75)
wGif vm&Sad yonf/ yHpk x
H w
k
f qd&k aomf --- toifoal wmfaumif;onf tmemyge yxrpsmefukd 0ifpm;yg?
,if;yxrpsmef emrfw&m; (34)wdw
Yk iG f zudk Pfjzifh ydik ;f jcm;,l ,if;zudk vuPm,mOfwifum
0dyemIyg/ tvm;wlyif useef mrfw&m;wdu
Yk v
kd nf; wpfv;kH pD wpfv;kH pD vuPm,mOfwifum 0dyem
Iyg/ tu,f toifoal wmfaumif;onf uodP
k ;f (10)yg;vH;k ormywf (8)yg;pDukd &&Sx
d m;oljzpft?hH
ae0onmemonm,we psmeformywf emrfw&m;pkudk csefxm; <uif;usefaom psmeformywf emrf
w&m;pkwdkY yHkpHwlyif wpfvHk;pD wpfvHk;pDaom emrfy&rwfw&m;wdkYudk Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,l ,if;emrf
w&m; toD;toD;udk vuPm,mOfwifum 0dyemIyg/ om0ursm;onf ae0onmemonm,we
psmeformywf emrfw&m;pkwdkYudk tEky'"r 0dyemenf;jzifh wpfvHk;pD wpfvHk;pDudk 0dyem rIEdkif/
uvmyoroeenf;jzifo
h mvQif aygif;pkjcKH i
kH 0dyemIEikd o
f nf/ t&Sio
f m&dyw
k & m ud,
k af wmfjrwfBu;D
aomfrSvnf; ,if;ae0onmemonm,we psmeformywfw&m;wdkYudk tEky'"r 0dyemenf;jzifh
0dyem rIEikd /f uvmyoroe 0dyemIymG ;enf;jzifo
h m aygif;pkjcKH i
kH 0dyemIEikd o
f nf/ tEky'
"r 0dyemenf;jzifh ,if;ae0onmemonm,we psmeformywfw&m;wdkYudk 0dyemIjcif;onf
oAnKormorK' bk&m;&SifwdkY\ t&mom jzpfayonf/ (tbd-|-1-253 - Munfhyg/)
(6)'Gg& (42)aum|mo wnf&adS om kyw
f &m;wdu
Yk v
kd nf; kyu
f vmyfwu
Ykd kd "mwfcv
JG suf wpfv;kH pD
wpfv;kH pDaom yx0D"mwfpaom kyw
f &m;wdik ;f udk kyu
f r|mef;ydik ;f Z,m;rsm;wGif azmfjyxm;onft
h wdik ;f
457
Pfjzifh ykdif;jcm;,l ,if; kyfy&rwf toD;toD; wpfvHk;pD wpfvHk;pDudkvnf; tvm;wlyif vuPm,mOf wifum tEky'"r0dyemenf;jzifh 0dyem IyGm;Edkifayonf/ tvm;wlyif puK'Gg&0Dxdpaom
umrm0p& emrfw&m; = xdkxdkpdwuP\ twGif; wnf&dSaom emrfw&m; wpfvHk;pD wpfvHk;pDudkvnf;
0dyem IEdkifayonf/
odkYvQif uvmyoroeenf; tEky'"r0dyemenf;[laom 0dyemIenf; ESpfenf;wdkYwGif
wpfenf;enf;jzifyh if jzpfap ESpef nf;vH;k jzifyh if jzpfap 0dyem IymG ;oH;k oyfygu toifoal wmfaumif;onf yg&rDtm;avsmfpGm 0k|me*grdeD 0dyemodkY qdkufa&mufEdkifayonf/
emrfur|mef; tus,fI yGm;enf;

emrfur|mef;ydkif;wGif emrfw&m;rsm;udk tus,f odrf;qnf;yHkudk a&;om;wifjyxm;cJh\/ tus,f
enf;tm;jzifh odr;f qnf;xm;aom ,if;emrfw&m;wdu
Yk v
kd nf; oroePfyikd ;f O',A,Pfyikd ;f rS p
ocFgkayumPfodkY wdkifatmifaom 0dyemPfydkif;wGifvnf; vuPma&;oHk;wef wifum
0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyfEdkifayonf/
txufwiG f a&;om;wifjyxm;cJah om 0dyemIenf; trsK;d rsK;d wdjYk zifh 0dyem bm0emur|mef;
udk tywfwukwf BudK;yrf;ygaomfvnf; r*fPf zdkvfPf wdkifatmifaom atmifjrifrIudk r&jzpfaecJhvQifaomfvnf;aumif; odkYr[kwf toifolawmfaumif; udk,fwdkifuvnf; emrfur|mef; tus,f
IyGm;enf;jzifhvnf; 0dyem bm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;vdkcJhaomfvnf;aumif; emrfw&m;rsm;udk
tus,fenf;tm;jzifh odrf;qnf;vsuf ,if;emrfw&m;wdkYudk vuPma&;oHk;wef wifum 0dyem
IyGm;oHk;oyfygav/
IymG ;enf;pepfEiS hf ywfouf PfEo
k rl sm;twGuf tenf;i,f xyfr
H &Si;f vif;wifjytyfygonf/
Oyrm -- puK'Gg& = rsufpd (54)rsKd;aom kyfw&m;rsm;&Sd&m kyfwpfvHk;wpfvHk;pDudk tmkHjyK jzpfay:vmaom ukodkvfaZm apmonfh emrfw&m;tm;vHk; tukodkvfaZm apmonfh emrfw&m;tm;vHk;wdkYudk
odrf;qnf;vsuf ,if;emrfw&m;wdkYudk vuPma&;oHk;wef wifum 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyfyg/ tvm;wlyif aomw'Gg&paom <uif;'Gg& (5)rsKd;wdkY wnf&Sdaom kyfw&m; toD;toD;udk = kyfw&m; wpfrsKd;pD
wpfrsKd;pDudk tmkHjyK jzpfay:vmaom emrfw&m;wdkYudkvnf;aumif; (42)aum|mowdkYwGif aum|mo
toD;toD; wnf&dSaom (44)rsKd;paom kyfw&m;wdkYwGif kyfw&m; wpfrsKd;pD wpfrsKd;pDudk tmkHjyK
jzpfay:vmaom emrfw&m;wdkYudkvnf;aumif; odrf;qnf;vsuf vuPma&;oHk;wef wifum 0dyem
IyGm;oHk;oyfyg/
xdkodkY I&m puK'Gg& kyf (54)rsKd; &Sd&mwGif puK'ou uvmyf kyf (10)rsKd; &Sd&m ,if; puK
'ou uvmyf wnf&Sdaom yx0D"mwfudk tmkHjyK jzpfay:vmaom emrfw&m;wdkYudk 0dyem
IymG ;oH;k oyfNy;D ygrS ,if;puK'ou uvmyfyif wnf&adS om tmayg"mwfukd tmkjH yK jzpfay:vmaom
emrfw&m;wdkYudk 0dyemIyg/ enf;tm;jzifh puK'ou uvmyf (10)rsKd;aom kyfw&m;wdkYwGif
kyfwpfrsKd;pD wpfrsKd;pDudk tmHkjyK jzpfay:vmaom emrfw&m; toD;toD;udk 0dyem INyD;aom
tcgrS ,if;puK'Gg&yif wnf&Sdaom um,'ou uvmyf0,f (10)rsKd;aom kyfwdkYwGif kyfwpfrsKd;pD
458
wpfrsKd;pDudk tmkHjyK jzpfay:vmaom emrfw&m;wdkYudkvnf; tpOftwdkif; enf;wlyif 0dyemIyg/

puK'Gg& (54)rsKd;aom kyfwdkYwGif kyfwpfrsKd;pD wpfrsKd;pDudk tmkHjyK jzpfay:vmaom emrfw&m;wdkYudk
tZsw A[d' oEmefESpfrsKd;vHk; 0dyem INyD;aomtcgrS aomw'Gg& ponfodkY ajymif;Iyg/ (42)
aum|mowdkYvnf; enf;wlyif Iyg/
xdk (6)'Gg& (42)aum|mowdkY wnf&Sdaom kyfw&m;wdkYudk tmkHtvdkuf cGJwrf;csvdkufygu tmkH
(6)rsKd;om &Sdayonf/ kyfuvmyf toD;toD; wnf&Sdaom ----1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
0PrSm lygkH jzpf\/

*ErSm *EmkH jzpf\/
&orSm &omkH jzpf\/
yx0D awaZm 0ga,mwdkYrSm azm|AmkH jzpf\/
tmoymo o'e0u uvmyf ponfwdkY wnf&Sdaom toH-o'kyfrSm o'gkH jzpf\/
tmayg"mwf bm0kyf ZD0dw [',kyf yom'kyfponfh <uif;aom yom'kyf okckrkyfwdkYrSm
"rmkH jzpf\/
emrfur|mef;ydik ;f wGif lygkv

H ikd ;f o'gkv
H ikd ;f ponfwYkd emrfw&m;rsm;udk odr;f qnf;cJo
h nft
h wdik ;f
= emrfur|mef;Z,m;rsm;twdkif; ,if;emrfw&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf; 0dyem Iyg/ ukodkvfaZm0Dxd
tukodkvfaZm0Dxdrsm;udk ukefpifatmif Iyg/
xdkodkY I&m uvmyoroe 0dyemIenf; tEky'"r0yd emI enf;[laom 0dyem Ienf;
ESpef nf;vH;k jzifh rdrEd pS Nf cKd uo
f vdk 0dyem IymG ;oH;k oyfEikd yf gonf/ toifoal wmfaumif;\ yg&rDtay:
tajcwnf 0k|me*grdeD 0dyemodkY qdkufa&mufaumif; qdkufa&mufEdkifayvdrfhrnf/
222
459
t0dZmESifh 0dZm
wpfcsdef bk&m;&Sifonf om0wdjynfrGef oDwif;oHk;pHaeawmfrlcdkuf jzpf\/ xdktcg &[ef;awmf
wpfyg;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif\ xHawmfodkY csOf;uyfNyD;vQif bk&m;&Siftm; kdaopGm &Sdcdk;NyD;aemuf oifhwifhavsmufywfaom wpfckaom t&yf xdkifaeNyD;aomf jrwfpGmbk&m;&Siftm; odkY avQmufxm;\/
]]jrwfpGmbk&m; ...t0dZm t0dZm[k qdktyfyg\? jrwfpGmbk&m; ...tb,fw&m;onf t0dZm
ygenf;? tb,frQjzifh t0dZmodkY a&mufol jzpfygoenf;}}[k pum;udk avQmufxm;\/
]]cspfom;&[ef; ...avmu taMumif;w&m;ESifh wuGaom Oyg'geuEm ig;yg;wdkY tm*r
okw[laom oifod t"d*rokw[laom usifhod ----- oifod usifhod[laom todESpfrsKd;jzifh tMum;
tjrif A[kokw r&Sdaom y&rwfPfynmrsufpd umPf;aeaom ykxkZefonf ----1/ (u) kyfw&m;udk rod?
( c ) kyfw&m;\ jzpfay:aMumif; ork',udk rod?
( * ) kyfw&m;\ csKyf&m eda&m"udk rod?
(C) kyfw&m;\ csKyf&m eda&m"odkY a&mufaMumif; usifhpOfudk rod/
2/ (u) a0'emw&m;udk rod/ y /
3/ (u) onmw&m;udk rod/ y /
4/ (u) ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk rod/ y /
5/ (u) 0dnmPfw&m;udk rod?
( c ) 0dnmPfw&m;\ jzpfay:aMumif; ork',udk rod?
( * ) 0dnmPfw&m;\ csKyf&m eda&m"udk rod?
(C) 0dnmPfw&m;\ csKyf&m eda&m"odkY a&mufaMumif; usifhpOfudk rod/
]]cspfom;&[ef; ...odkY rodjcif;udk t0dZm[k qdktyf\? rQjzifh t0dZmodkY a&mufol jzpf\}}
[k rdefYawmfrl\/ (oH-2-132 - t0dZmokwf/)
wpfcsdef bk&m;&Sifonf om0wdjynfrGef oDwif;oHk;pHaeawmfrlcdkufjzpf\? xdktcg &[ef;awmf
wpfyg;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif\ xHawmfodkY csOf;uyfNyD;vQif bk&m;&Siftm; kdaopGm &Sdcdk;NyD;aemuf oifhwifh avsmufywfaom wpfckaom t&yf xdkifaeNyD;aomf jrwfpGmbk&m;&Siftm; odkY avQmufxm;\/
]]jrwfpGmbk&m; ...0dZm 0dZm[k qdktyfyg\? tb,fw&m;onf 0dZmygenf;/ jrwfpGmbk&m; ...
tb,frQjzifh 0dZmodkY a&mufol jzpffygoenf;}}[k pum;udk avQmufxm;\/
]]cspfom;&[ef; ...avmu taMumif;w&m;ESifhwuGaom Oyg'geuEm ig;yg;wdkY tm*r
okw t"d*rokw[laom oifod usifhod tod ESpfrsKd;jzifh tMum;tjrif A[kokw&Sdaom t&d,m
jzpfawmfrlaom igbk&m;&Sif\ wynfhom0uonf ----460
1/ (u) kyfw&m;udk od\?

( c ) kyfw&m;\ jzpfay:aMumif; ork',udk od\?
( * ) kyfw&m;\ csKyf&m eda&m"udk od\?
(C) kyfw&m;\ csKyf&m eda&m"odkY a&mufaMumif; usifhpOfudk od\/
2/ (u) a0'emw&m;udk / y /
3/ (u) onmw&m;udk / y /
4/ (u) ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk / y /
5/ (u) 0dnmPfw&m;udk od\?
( c ) 0dnmPfw&m;\ jzpfay:aMumif; ork',udk od\?
( * ) 0dnmPfw&m;\ csKyf&m eda&m"udk od\?
(C) 0dnmPfw&m;\ csKyf&m eda&m"odkY a&mufaMumif; usifhpOfudk od\/
cspo
f m;&[ef; ...onfukd 0dZm [k qdt
k yf\/ rQjzifh 0dZm odYk a&mufol jzpf\}}[k rdeaYf wmfr\
l /
(oH-2-132 - 0dZmokwef/)
wpfcsdef bk&m;&Sifonf om0wdjynfrGef oDwif;oHk;pHaeawmfrlcdkuf jzpf\? xdktcg &[ef;awmf
wpfyg;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif\ xHawmfodkY csOf;uyfNyD;vQif bk&m;&Siftm; kdaopGm &Sdcdk;NyD;aemuf oifhwifhavsmufywfaom wpfckaom t&yf xdkifaeNyD;aomf jrwfpGmbk&m;&Siftm; odkY avQmufxm;\/
]]jrwfpGmbk&m; ...tb,fodkY odol tb,fodkY jrifoltm; rodrI = t0dZm aysmufuif;Edkifygoenf;? odrI = 0dZmPf ay:aygufEdkifygoenf;}}[k avQmufxm;\/
]]cspfom; &[ef; ...
1/ (u) puKtMunf"mwfukd tedp[
k ('ku[
k tew[)k odol jrifot
l m; rodrI = t0dZm aysmufuif;Edkif\? odrI = 0dZmPf ay:aygufEdkif\/
( c ) lygkHwdkYudk
/y/
( * ) puK0dnmPfudk / y /
(C) puKorudk / y /
( i ) puKor[laom taMumif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmonfh cHpm;rI okca0'em 'kua 0'em Oayuma0'emudk tedp[
k ('ku[
k tew[)k odol jrifot
l m; rodrI = t0dZm aysmufuif;Ekid \
f ?
odrI = 0dZmPf ay:aygufEdkif\/
2/ (u) aomwtMunf"mwfudk / y /
( c ) o'gkHwdkYudk
/y/
( * ) aomw0dnmPfudk
/y/
(C) aomworudk
/y/
( i ) aomwor[laom taMumif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmonfh cHpm;rI okca0'em 'kua0'em
Oayuma0'emudk/ y /
461
3/ (u) CmetMunf"mwfudk / y /
( c ) *EmkHwdkYudk
/y/
( * ) Cme0dnmPfudk
/y/
(C) Cmeorudk
/y/
( i ) Cmeor[laom taMumif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmonfh cHpm;rI okca0'em 'kua0'em
Oayuma0'emudk/ y /
4/ (u) Zd0SgtMunf"mwfudk / y /
( c ) &omkHwdkYudk
/y/
( * ) Zd0Sg0dnmPfudk
/y/
(C) Zd0Sgorudk
/y/
( i ) Zd0gS or[laom taMumif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmonfh cHpm;rI okca0'em 'kua 0'em Oayuma0'emudk/ y /
5/ (u) um,tMunf"mwfudk / y /
( c ) azm|AmkHwdkYudk
/y/
( * ) um,0dnmPfudk
/y/
(C) um,orudk
/y/
( i ) um,or[laom taMumif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmonfh cHpm;rI okca0'em 'kua0'em
Oayuma0'emudk/ y /
6/ (u) raemtMunf"mwfudk tedp[k ('ku[k tew[k) odol jrifoltm; rodrI = t0dZm aysmufuif;Edkif\? odrI = 0dZmPf ay:aygufEdkif\/
( c ) "rmkHwdkYudk
/y/
( * ) raem0dnmPfudk / y /
(C) raemorudk / y /
( i ) raemor[laom taMumif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmonfh cHpm;rI okca0'em 'kua0'em
Oayuma0'emudk tedp[k ('ku[k tew[k) odol jrifoltm; rodrI = t0dZm aysmufuif;Edkif\? odrI = 0dZmPf ay:aygufEdkif\/
cspfom;&[ef; ...odkY odol odkY jrifoltm; rodrI = t0dZm aysmufuif;Edkif\? odrI =
0dZmPf ay:aygufEdkif\}}[k rdefYawmfrl\/ (oH-2-259-260 - t0dZmy[meokwef/)
toifolawmfaumif;onfvnf; a'oemawmfrsm;udk OD;xdyf&Gufyefqifvsuf t0dZm uif;aysmufum 0dZmPf tvif;aygufatmif BudK;yrf;av&monf/
y#dy'gP'e0dok'deda'o NyD;\/
22222
462
P'e0dok'd eda'o --
P'e0do'k ed ad 'o
yxrr*fPf = aomwmywdr*fPf
0k|me*grdeD0dyemwGif tusKH;0ifaom tEkavmrPfrS txuf a*gMwbkPfonf
jzpfay:vm\? xdka*gMwbkPfonf t&d,r*f\ tm0Zef;t&m wnfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh y#dy'g
P'e0dok'dodkYvnf; rouf0if? tedpponfwdkY\ tpGrf;jzifh ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk r,ljcif;aMumifh =
ocFg&tmkHudk tmkHr,ljcif; tmkHrjyKjcif;aMumifhwnf;/ edAmefudk tmkHjyKonf\ tjzpfonf &Sdygaomfvnf; udavomwdkYudk rukefapEdkifonf\ tjzpfaMumifh P'e0dok'dodkYvnf; rouf0ifay/ xdkodkY
udavomwdkYudk rukefapEdkifonf\ tjzpfaMumifhomvQif xdka*gMwbkPfudk --- puK0dnmPfpaom
y0dnmP"mwfwdkYtm; ymkHwdkYwGif lygkHponfh tmkHwpfrsKd;rsKd;udk Tefjywwfonfjzpf tmkHudk
Tefjyjcif;udpudk jyKvkyfwwfaom ud&d,mraem"mwf y'Gg&m0Zef;uJhodkY ----- t&d,r*ftm; edAmefudk
TefjywwfaomaMumifh t&d,r*f\ tm0Zef;t&m wnf\[l qdktyfayonf/ y#dy'gP'e
0dok'dESifh P'e0dok'dwdkY\ tv,f xdk0dok'dESpfyg;wdkY\ vuPmr&SdaomaMumifh taAm[m&du
= a0g[m&tm;jzifh tb,f0dok'd[k rac:a0:avmufonfom jzpf\/ odkYaomfvnf; - 0k|me*grdeD
0dyem\tqHk; tjzpfjzifh 0dyem\ toif;tyif; bufawmfom; jzpf&um; 0dyemaomw =
0dyemt,Of usa&mufaeonf\tjzpfaMumifh 0dyem[k = 0k|me*grde0D yd em[k ac:a0:jcif;odYk
a&muf\/ (pum;&yfjzifh a*gMwbkPf\ y#dy'gP'e0dok'dodkYyif ouf0ifjcif;udkyg jy\/)
(0dok'd-2-312/ r[m#D-2-483/)
aomwmywdr*f ou'g*grdr*f tem*grdr*f t&[wr*f[laom r*fav;yg;wdkY jzpfaom
Pfonf P'e0dok'd rnf\/ (0dok'd-2-312/)
xdkav;yg;aom t&d,r*fPfwdkYwGif a&S;OD;pGm yxrr*fPf = aomwmywdr*fPfudk jynfhpHk
apvdkaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf tjcm;wpfyg;aom wpfpHkwpfckaom jyKzG,fudp rnfonfum; r&SdNyD/
rSeaf yonf ----- xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf jyKvkyfoifhaom udpum; tEkavmrPf tqHk;&Sdaom
0dyemPfudk jzpfapjcif;onf jyKoifhjyKxdkufaom vkyfief;udp&yfudk jyKtyfNyD;omvQif jzpfayonf/
jyKvkyfNyD;omvQif jzpfayonf/ (0dok'd-2-312/)
owdjyK&ef ----- tydkif;um; ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tysufoufoufudk tmkH,l vuPm,mOf
oH;k csuu
f kd wpfvn
S phf w
D if txl;ojzifh tewvuPmudk OD;pm;ay; tom;ay; 0dyemIaeaom
tydkif;jzpfonf/ tydkif;wGif toifa,m*Dolawmfaumif;onf ok'0dyem,meduyk*dKvfjzpfygu
yudPu ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk IuGufpHkatmif 0dyem Ixm;NyD;jzpf "rmkHvdkif; taumif;tkyfpk emrf
w&m;oufoufuo
kd m OD;pm;ay; 0dyemIyg/ ,if;emrfw&m;ESihf &Hcg ,if;emrfw&m;wd\
Yk rS&D m0wKkyfwdkYudkom OD;pm;ay; kyfwpfvSnfh emrfwpfvSnfh tZswwpfvSnfh A[d'wpfvSnfh vSnfh vuPm,mOfoHk;csufwGifvnf; wpfvSnfhpD wif odkYr[kwf rdrdtESpfNcdKufqHk; vuPmwpfckudk OD;pm;ay;
0dyem Iaeyg/ &Hcg Iaeonfh 0dyemPfudkvnf; wpfzefjyef 0dyemIyg/
tu,f toifa,m*Dolawmfaumif;onf orx,meduyk*dKvf jzpfygu rdrd&&Sdxm;aom psmef
emrfw&m;pkwdkYudk wpfvSnfh ,if;psmefemrfw&m;wdkY\ rSD&m0wKkyfwdkYudk wpfvSnfh tZw wpfvSnfh
463
A[d' wpfvSnfh vuPm,mOfoHk;csufwGifvnf; wpfvSnfhpD wifjzpfap? rdrdESpfouf&m vuPmudk

OD;pm;ay;jzpfap 0dyemIaeyg/ rdrdtESpfNcdKufqHk; psmefwpfckwnf;udkyif OD;pm;ay; tESpfNcdKufqHk;
vuPm,mOf wpfckudk OD;pm;ay;vnf; 0dyemIEdkifonf/ IuGufrsm;udk pHkatmifIxm;NyD;jzpfojzifh
rdrdESpfNcdKuf&m ocFg&w&m; wpfckckudk OD;pm;ay; 0dyem IEdkifonfom jzpfonf/ xdkodkY I&m 0dyemIaeonfh Pfudkvnf; = raem'Gg&du 0dyemaZm0Dxd pdwftpOf emrfw&m;pkudkvnf; &Hcg
&Hcg wpfzefjyef 0dyemIyg/
uvmyoroe0dyem IyGm;enf; tEky'"r0dyem IyGm;enf;[laom 0dyem IyGm;enf;
ESpfenf;wdkYwGif rdrdBudKufESpfouf&m enf;vrf;jzifh 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyfEdkifonfom jzpfayonf/
xdkodkY 0dyemIae&m 0dyempdwfonf tZsww&m;wdkYudk 0dyemIcdkuf0,f tZswocFg&
tmkH Nidrf0yfpGm uyf wnfaevQif tZswocFg&w&m;wdkYudkyif qufvuf 0dyemIaeyg/ A[d'
ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd 0dyemIcu
kd 0f ,f A[d't
mkH ,if;0dyempdwo
f nf Nird 0f yfpmG uyf wnfaevQif
A[d'ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk qufvuf 0dyemIaeyg/ xdkuJhodkYaom tcsdeftcgrsKd; tZsw A[d'
wpfvn
S phf D 0dyemI&ef BuKd ;pm;ygu ocFg&tmkH pdwNf ird 0f yfpmG uyf wnfaerI orm"daÈr mS avsm-h
oGm;wwfaomaMumifh jzpf\/ ocFg&w&m;wdt
Yk ay: vspv
f sL IrI ocFgkayumoabmvnf; avsmo
h mG ;wwfaomaMumifh jzpf\/
wpfzef ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tedp[k 0dyemIcdkuf ,if;ocFg&tmkH 0dyembm0empdwfonf
Nidrf0yfpGm uyf wnfvmvQif ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tedp[kyif qufvuf 0dyemIaeyg/ ,if;
ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd 'ku[
k 0dyemIcu
kd f ,if;ocFg&tmkH 0dyembm0empdwo
f nf Nird 0f yfpmG uyf
wnfvmvQif ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk 'ku[kyif qufvuf 0dyemIaeyg/ ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk
tew[k 0dyemIcdkuf ,if;ocFg&tmkH 0dyembm0empdwfonf Nidrf0yfpGmuyf wnfvmvQif
,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tew[kyif qufvuf 0dyemIaeyg/ orm"daÈESifh ocFgkayum oabm
w&m;wdkY ravsmhusoGm;&ef twGufyif jzpfayonf/
xdo
k Ykd ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk tedpt
csuf odrYk [kwf 'kut
csuf odrYk [kwf tewtcsuaf y: Nird 0f yfpmG
uyfwnfaeaom 0dyempdwo
f nf txufwiG f azmfjycJah om o'g 0D&,
d owd orm"d ynm[laom
aÈrsm; pHknDvmNyDjzpfaom 0dyempdwfyif jzpfonf/ xdk0dyempdwfESifh ,SOfaeaom aÈrsm;udk
&ifu
h suo
f xuf &ifu
h suaf tmif qufvuf rdrd aI eaom kyo
f cFg& odrYk [kwf emrfocFg&\ tysuu
f ykd if
tmkH,l vuPma&;oHk;wefwGifvnf; IjrJwdkif;aom vuPm,mOf wpfckckudkom pl;pdkuf wifum
0dyemIaeyg/ xdkodkYIaeaom 0dyempdwfonf aÈig;yg; nDrQ &ifhusufvmygu xufjruf
vmygu &J&ifhvmygu oefY&Sif;vmygu tEkavmrPf tqHk;&Sdaom 0dyemPfudk jzpfapawmhrnfom jzpfayonf/ tEkavmrPf tqHk;&dSaom 0dyemPfudk jzpfay:vmatmif jyKvkyf&rnfh
vkyfief;udp&yfudk jyKvkyfNyD;om jzpfaeayonf/
xdo
k Ykd jyKoihjf yKxu
kd af om vkyif ef;udp& yfukd jyKvyk Nf y;D ojzifh xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f oEmef oH;k Burd f
odrYk [kwf ESpBf urd af om tEkavmrPfwo
Ykd nf jzpfay:vmuke\
f ? xd
k Pfww
Ykd iG f yxr tEkavmrPf
= y&duHonf tvHk;pHkatmuf kefY&if;aom opmav;yg;udk zHk;vTrf;wwfaom arm[ trdkufarSmifudk
464
P'e0dok'd eda'o -- yxrr*fPf
'kwd, tEkavmrPf = Oypmonf xdkxuf rkefY&if;vGef;aom opmav;yg;udk zHk;vTrf;wwfaom

arm[ trdu
k af rSmifukd wwd, tEkavmrPf = tEkvo
kH nf xdx
k uf rke&Yf if;vGe;f aom opmav;yg;udk
zHk;vTrf;wwfaom arm[ trdkufarSmifudk uG,fapEdkif\/ wpfenf;qdkaomf atmufocFgkayumPfonf xHx
k m;tyfaom tm;tpGr;f tm; avsmo
f jzifh ke&Yf if; ke&Yf if;ukeaf om opmav;yg;udk zH;k vTr;f wwfaom arm[ trdkufarSmifudk uG,fap\/ xdkodkY uG,faponf&Sdaomf xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ pdwfonf
tvHk;pHkaom ocFg&w&m;wdkY rajy;0ifawmhay? rwnfaeawmhay? ESvHk;roGif;awmhay? ruyfawmhay?
rNidawmhay? rpyfawmhay? pOf;i,fIdif;aom y'krmMum&GufrS a&uJhodkY wGefY\ IHU\ vnf\/ w P
trnf&aom 0dyemPf\ tIcHtmkHjzpfaom tvHk;pHkaom ocFg&edrdwf[laom tmkHonfvnf;aumif; rjywfrpJ jzpfaom Oyg'dEu cEy0w[laom tmkHonfvnf;aumif; aMumifhMurI yvdaAm"
tjzpfukd zH;k vTr;f wwfaom arm[trdu
k af rSmifukd uG,af ptyf azsmuftyfNy;D onf\ tjzpfaMumifh yvdaAm"tm;jzifh xifvm\/ xdak emif xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd vt
f m; tvH;k pHak om edrw
d y0w[al om tmko
H nf
yvdaAm"tm;jzifh xifNyD;vwfaomf tmao0eypnf;ukd &&Sdaom 'kwd, tEkavmrPf\ odkYr[kwf
wwd, tEkavmrPf\ tqHk; xdk'kwd, odkYr[kwf wwd, tEkavmrPf\ tmao0eowdjzifh
aus;Zl;jyKrIudkcH,l&&Sdaom ----1/
2/
3/
4/
tedrdw
ty0w
0docFg&
eda&m"
= ocFg&edrdwfuif;aom ocFg&edrdwf\ qefYusifbufjzpfaom

= y0wuif;aom y0w\ qefYusifbufjzpfaom
= ocFg& r[kwfaom
= ocFg&\ csKyf&mjzpfaom ----
edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfudk tmkHjyKvsuf ykxkZefwdkY\ tEG,fZmwfudk = ykxkZef[laom trnfudk

ykxkZef[laom a0g[m&udk ykxkZefwdkY\ bHkudk = ykxkZefwdkY\ t&mudk = ykxkZefwdkY\ tcdkuftwefYudk
vGefajrmuf t&d,mwdkY\ tEG,fZmwfodkY t&d,m[laom a0g[m&odkY t&d,mwdkY\ t0wmbHkodkY
ouf0ifvsuf edAmeftmkH a&S;OD;pGm vnfjcif; a&S;OD;pGm ESvHk;oGif;jcif; a&S;OD;pGm qifjcifjcif; jzpfjzpfaom yxrr*fPftm; teE& oreE& tmao0e Oyed, ewd 0d*wwdkY\ tpGrf;jzifh ajcmufrsKd;
ukefaom yp,owdwdkYjzifh aus;Zl;jyKtyfonf\ tjzpfudk NyD;apvsuf txGwftxdyf tNyD;tqHk;odkY
a&mufaom 0dyem\ OD;xdyfjzpf jzpfaom {uEdutjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; wpfBudrfomvQif
jzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; wpfzefjyef rvnfvmaom a*gMwbkPf onf jzpfay:
vm\/ (0dok'd-2-312/)
xdktEkavmrPf a*gMwbkPf ESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif tEkavmrPfonf opmav;yg;udk zHk;vTrf;wwfaom udavom[laom trdkufarSmifudk y,fazsmufjcif;iSmomvQif pGrf;Edkif\? edAmefudk tmHkjyKjcif;iSmrlum; rpGr;f Edik af y/ a*gMwbkonfum; edAm efuo
kd mvQif tmkjH yKjcif;iSm pGr;f Edik \
f ? opmav;yg;udk
zHk;vTrf;wwfaom udavom trdkufarSmifudk y,fazsmufjcif;iSm rpGrf;Edkifay/ xdkodkY rpGrf;Edkifjcif;aMumifh
omvQif xdka*gMwbkPfudk t&d,r*f\ tm0Zef;[l ac:qdktyfayonf/ rSefayonf -- xdka*gMwbkonf tm0Ze;f r[kwo
f nf jzpfjim;aomfvnf; tm0Ze;f t&m wnf --- ]]odYk jzpfavavmh =
tEkavmrPfwdkYonf ocFg&udk tmkHjyKouJhodkY xdkYtwl ocFg&udk tmHkrjyKrl iguJhodkY edAmefudk
tmkjH yK jzpfavavmh}}[k t&d,r*ftm; trSwo
f nmudak y;ouJo
h Ykd jzpf csKy\
f / t&d,r*fonfvnf;
465
xdka*gMwbkPfonf ay;tyfaom trSwfonmudk rvTwfrlomvQif tMum;r&dSaom emrfoEwd

tpOf\tpGr;f jzifh xdak *gMwbkPfoYkd tpOfvu
kd v
f suf xdak *gMwbkPfonf tmkjH yKtyfaom edAm efukd
yifvQif tmkjH yKvsuf razmufrxGi;f zl;ao;aom rcGrJ pdwzf ;l ao;aom avmbtwH;k tcJ a'gotwH;k tcJ
arm[twHk;tcJudk azmufxGif;vsufomvQif cGJpdwfvsufomvQif jzpfay:vm\/
(0dok'd-2-313-314/)
xdkt&d,r*fonf avmbtwHk;tcJponfwdkYudk azmufxGif;jcif;udkomvQif oufoufjyKonfum;
r[kwfao;? pifppfaomfum; vmrnfhtem*wf yxrb0rS p jzpfvwHUaom rodtyfaom tp&dSaom
oHo&m0#fqif;&J[laom ork'&ma&udk ajcmufcef;ap\? tvHk;pHkaom tyg,fwHcg;wdkYudk ydwf\? o'g
oDv [d&d Mowy okw pm* ynm[laom olawmfaumif;Opm (7)yg;wdkY\ rsufarSmuf NyD;pD;jynfhpHkonf\ tjzpfudk jyK\? rdpm'd|dpaom t*Fg (8)yg;&dSaom rdpmr*fudk y,fpGefY\? ygPmwdygw paom
ig;yg;aom ab;&ef (25)yg;aom ab;qdk;BuD;wdkYudk Nidrf;ap\? oAnKormorK'bk&m;&Sif\ a&T&ifawmfESpf om;awmfppf orD;awmfppf\ tjzpfodkY aqmifydkY\? xdkrSwpfyg;ukefaom t&mru rsm;jym;ukeaf om &wem oH;k yg; ouf0if,MkH unfjcif;paom tmedoifwu
Ykd v
kd nf; &jcif;iSm jzpfay\/ odv
Yk Qif
rsm;pGmaom tusKd;tmedoifudk ay;wwfaom aomwmywdr*fESifh ,SOfaom Pfonf aomwmywd
r*f jzpfaom Pf rnf\/ (0dok'd-2-314-315/)
aomwmyef yk*dKvf
aomwmywrd *fPf\ tjcm;rJh xdak omwmywrd *fpw
d \
f omvQif tusK;d jzpfuek af om ESpBf urd f
aom zdkvfpdwfwdkYonfvnf;aumif; oHk;Budrfaom zdkvfpdwfwdkYonfvnf;aumif; jzpfay:vmMuukef\/
rSefayonf ----- avmukw&m ukodkvfwdkY\ rdrdjzpfNyD;onf\ tjcm;rJh tusKd;ay;jcif; oabm&dSonf\
tjzpfaMumifhomvQif ----]]orm"drmeE&dunrm[k}} (ck-1-5/)
= ,if;t&d,r*fEiS hf wGzJ uf,OS b
f d orm"dw&m;awmfjrwfukd rdru
d ,
G yf tjcm;rJu
h mv rkcsqwfqwf
t&d,zdkvf[laom tusKd;w&m;udk ay;wwf\[l bk&m;&SifwdkYonf a[mMum;awmfrlukef\ - [k
vnf;aumif;
'EH tmeE&duH ygykPmwd tmo0geH c,m,/ (tH-1-467/)
= tmoa0gw&m;wd\
Yk ukejf cif;iSm jznf;jznf;aES;aES; rdr\
d tjcm;rJh omvQif jzpfaom t&d,zdv
k f
[laom tusKd;&dSaom t&d,r*fodkY a&muf&dS\ - [k vnf;aumif; ---odkYpaom pum;awmfudk bk&m;&Sifonf a[mMum;awmfrlayonf/ (0dok'd-2-315/)
tcsKdUaom aupdq&mwdkYonfum; wpfBudrf ESpfBudrf oHk;Budrf odkYr[kwf av;Budrfaom zdkvfpdwfwdkYonf jzpfEdkifukef\[k qdkMu\/ xdkaupdq&mwdkY\ pum;udk r,ltyfonfomwnf;/ taMumif;rl
tmao0eypn;f udk &&daS om tEkavmrPf\ tjcm;rJh a*gMwbkPfonf jzpfay:vm\? xdak Mumifh
tvHk;pHkwdkYatmuf ,kwfaom tzdkY jzpfaom tydkif;tjcm;tm;jzifh ESpfBudrfaom tEkvHkpdwfwdkYonf
jzpfoifu
h ek \
f / rSeaf yonf -- wpfBurd af om tEkvo
kH nf tmao0eypn;f udk r&&dES ikd /f wpfzef wpfcak om
466
P'e0dok'd eda'o -- aomwmyefyk*dKvf
tm0Zef;&dSaom 0Dxdonf ckepfcsufaom pdwf twdkif;t&Snf &dS\/ (tvGefqHk;tm;jzifh aZmwdkYonf

ajcmufBurd f ckepfBurd o
f m jzpfuek \
f [lv/kd ) xdak Mumifh tMuifa,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f oEmef tEkvkH ESpBf urd f
wdo
Yk nf jzpfuek t
f ?hH xdyk *k Kd v\
f oEmef oH;k Burd af jrmufaom a*gMwbkaZmonf jzpfay:vm\? av;Burd f
ajrmufaom t&d,r*fpdwfonf jzpfay:vm\? oHk;Budrfukefaom t&d,zdkvfpdwfwdkYonf jzpfukef\/
(0dok'd-2-315/)
tMuifa,m*g0p&yk*dKvf oEmef tEkvHk oHk;BudrfwdkYonf jzpfukeftHh? xdkyk*dKvf\ oEmef av;Budrfajrmufaom a*gMwbkonf ig;Budrfajrmufaom t&d,r*fpdwfonf ESpfBudrfukefaom t&d,zdkvf
pdwfwdkYonf jzpfay:vmukef\/ xdkaMumifh ESpfBudrf oHk;Budrfukefaom zdkvfpdwfwdkYonf jzpfukef\[l
qdktyfayonf/ (0dok'd-2-315/)
aupdq&mwdkYum; tMuifa,m*Dyk*dKvftm; tEkvHk av;BudrfwdkYonf jzpfukeftHh? xdkyk*dKvftm;
ig;Budrfajrmuf a*gMwbk ajcmufBudrfajrmuf t&d,r*fpdwf wpfBudrfaom t&d,zdkvfpdwf jzpf\[k
qdkMuukef\/ xdkaupdq&mwdkY\ pum;udkum; tESpfom&tm;jzifh r,HkMunftyfay/ taMumif;rl ----av;Burd af jrmufvnf;aumif; ig;Burd af jrmufvnf;aumif; tyem\ tpGr;f tm;jzifh jzpf\? xdik g;Burd x
f uf
tvGef tyem\tpGr;f tm;jzifh rjzpf? b0ifEiS hf eD;uyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifw
h nf;[k y,ftyf\/ xdak Mumifh
aupd0g'udk tESpfom&tm;jzifh r,HkMunftyfay/ (0dok'd-2-315/)
rQ twdkif;t&Snf&dSaom yxrr*f\ tjcm;rJh t&d,zdkvf\ jzpfjcif;rQjzifhomvQif a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf aomwmyefrnfaom ESpfa,mufajrmufaom t&d,yk*dKvf jzpfayonf/ odMum;rif;
tjzpf pMu0aw;rif;tjzpf tp&dSaom arhavsmhjcif;\ t&modkY a&muf jyif;pGm arhavsmhonf jzpfjim;
aomfvnf; ckepfBudrf ewfjynfwdkYvnf;aumif; vlUjynfwdkYvnf;aumif; tzefwvJvJ ajy;oGm;
qif;&J\ tqHk;udk jyKjcif;iSm pGrf;Edkifay\/ t&d,zdkvfpdwf\ tqHk; wpfzef xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\
pdwo
f nf b0ifoYkd ouf\/ xdb
k 0ifoYkd oufonfraS emuf b0ifjywfjcif;aMumifh t&d,r*fukd qifjcifjcif;iSm raem'Gg&m0Zef;onf jzpfay:vm\/ xdkraem'Gg&m0Zef;onf csKyfNyD;vwfaomf tpOftwdkif;
t&d,r*fudk qifjcifaom ckepfBudrfaom aZmwdkYonf jzpfay:vmMuukef\/ onfum; t&d,r*fudk
qifjcifaom ypa0uPm0Dxw
d nf;/ wpfzef b0ifoo
Ykd uf xdek nf;jzifo
h mvQif t&d,zdv
k pf onfwu
Ykd kd
qifjcifjcif;iSm tm0Zef; ponfwdkYonf jzpfay:vmMuukef\/ ,if;tm0Zef;ESifh aZmpdwfwdkY\ jzpfjcif;aMumifh aomwmyefyk*dKvfonf ----1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
r*fudk qifjcifonf rnf\?

zdkvfukd qifjcifonf rnf\?
y,fNyD;aom udavomwdkYudk qifjcifonf rnf\?
y,fNyD;udavomrS <uif;aom ry,f&ao;aom udavomwdkYudk qifjcifonf rnf\?
edAmefudk qifjcifonf rnf\/
xdkyk*dKvfonf ]]igonf r*fjzifh vmcJh\wum;}} [k odkY r*fudk qifjcif\/ xdkaemifrS ]]igonf

tusKd;tmedoifudk &tyf\}} [k zdkvfudk qifjcif\/ xdkaemifrS ]]igonf rnfaom udavomwdkYudk
y,ftyfukefNyD}}- [k y,ftyfNyD;aom udavomwdkYudk qifjcif\/ xdkaemifrS ]]igtm; rnfaom
udavomwdo
Yk nf <uif;ukeaf o;\}}- [k txuf t&d,r*f oH;k yg;taygif;onf y,fowfxu
kd u
f ek af om
467
udavomwdu
Yk kd qifjcif\/ tqH;k vnf; ]]igonf w&m;udk tmkjH yKaomtm;jzifh odtyfNy}D }[k aojcif;
uif;aom tNrdKufedAmefudk qifjcif\/ odkYvQif aomwmyefjzpfaom t&d,om0u\oEmef ig;Budrfaom ypa0uPmwdkYonf jzpfMuukef\/ aomwmyefyk*dKvftm; ig;Budrfaom ypa0uPmwdkYonf
jzpfuek o
f uJo
h Ykd xdt
Yk wl ou'g*grfy*k Kd vf tem*grfy*k Kd vw
f t
Ykd m;vnf; ig;Burd pf aD om ypa0uPmwdo
Yk nf
jzpfMuukef\/ txl;rSm &[Emyk*dKvftm; <uif;aom udavomudk qifjcifjcif;rnfonf r&dSNyD[k rSwfyg/
(&[Emyk*dKvf\ oEmef ypa0uPm av;rsKd;om jzpfEdkifonf [lvdk/) odkYvQif tm;vHk;aygif;aomf
(19)rsKd;aom ypa0uPmwdkYonf &dSMuukef\/ (0dok'd-2-315-316/)
odYk azmfjyjcif;um; Ou|y&dap' = tvGeq
f ;kH tydik ;f tjcm;tm;jzifh azmfjyjcif;wnf;/ rSeaf yonf
y,ftyfNyD;aom udavomwdkYudk qifjcifjcif; ry,f&ao;aom <uif;aom udavomwdkYudk qifjcifjcif;onf aouyk*dKvfwdkYtm;vnf; jzpfonfvnf; &dS\? rjzpfonfvnf; &dS\/ rSefayonf ----- xdkodkY
y,fNy;D aom udavom <uif;aom udavomwdu
Yk dk qifjcifjcif;iSm pGr;f Edik o
f nf\ tjzpfonf tcsKUd aom
aouy*k Kd vt
f m; jzpf\? tcsKUd aom aouy*k Kd vt
f m; rjzpf/ xdak Mumifh xdo
k Ykd qifjcifjcif;\ r&djS cif;aMumifh
yifvQif r[memrf omuD0ifrif;om;BuD;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;udk ]]bkef;awmfBuD;jrwfawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m; ...tMuifry,ftyfao;aom udavo"rjzifh wynfah wmf\ ukov
kd pf w
d u
f kd &Hcg avmbw&m;
wdkYonfvnf; ukefap wnfukef\? a'gow&m;wdkYonfvnf; ukefap wnfukef\? arm[w&m;wdkYonfvnf; ukefap wnfukef\? wynfhawmf\ tZswoEmef xdkry,ftyfao;aom udavo"r
onf tb,frnfaom udavo"rygenf;}}[k ar;avQmuf\/ (r-1-126/) tvHk;pHkaom okwfudk
tus,ftm;jzifh odygav/ (0dok'd-2-316/)
txufyg tqdktrdefYwdkYum; 0dok'dr*t|uxm\ zGifhqdkcsufwdkYwnf;/ rlvyPmot|uxm
plV'kuuEokwef (r-|-1-366/) tzGifhum; odkYvnf; zGifhqdkxm;\/ ----om ye e oaAoH y&dykPm a[mwd/ {aum [d y[Deudavoar0 ypa0uwd? {aum
t0od|udavoar0? {aum r*ar0? {aum zvar0? {aum edAmear0/ rmok ye yok
ypa0uPmok {uH 0g a'G 0g aem v'KH e 0Ed/ wd , ypa0uPm e y&dykPm? w
r*0ZsudavoyPwd,H taum0d'wm {0H a[mwd/ (r-|-1-366/)
xdyk pa0uPmonf tvH;k pHak om t&d,yk*Kd vw
f t
Ykd m; tjr{J uef tjynft
h pHk rjzpfay/ wpfO;D aom
t&d,yk*dKvfonf y,fNyD; udavomudkomvQif qifjcif\? wpfOD;aom t&d,yk*dKvfonf <uif;aom
ry,f&ao;aom udavomudkomvQif qifjcif\? wpfOD;aom t&d,yk*dKvfonf r*fudkomvQif qifjcif\? wpfO;D aom t&d,yk*Kd vo
f nf zdv
k u
f o
kd mvQif qifjcif\? wpfO;D aom t&d,yk*Kd vo
f nf edAm efukd
omvQif qifjcif\/ ig;rsK;d ukeaf om ypa0uPmwdw
Yk iG f wpfrsK;d aom ypa0uPmudak omfvnf;aumif;
ESpfrsKd;aom ypa0uPmudkaomfvnf;aumif; &&dSjcif;iSm oihfukef\/ odkYvQif tMuifyk*dKvftm;
ypa0uPm ig;rsKd;wdkYonf rjynfhpHkukef? xdkyk*dKvfonf t&d,r*fu y,fowftyfaom udavomwdkY\
trnfemr ynwf vdrmuRrf;usifrI r&dSaomaMumifh odkY rjynfhpHkjcif; jzpf&ayonf/ (r-|-1-366/)
txufyg t|uxmtvdktm;jzifh ypa0uPm ig;rsKd;wdkYwGif wpfrsKd;udkjzpfap ESpfrsKd;udkjzpfap
{uef&&dSrnf jzpfonf? odkYaomf rnfonfh ypa0uPm[k twdtusum; rqdkay/ y,fNyD;udavom
468
P'e0dok'd eda'o -- 'kwd,r*fPf
ry,f&ao;aom udavom r*f zdkvf edAmef ----- ig;rsKd;wdkYwGif wpfrsKd;udk jzpfap ESpfrsKd;udk jzpfap
{uef qifjcif&rnf jzpfonf/ odkYaomf t&d,r*fu y,fowftyfaom udavomwdkY\ trnfemr
ynwf vdrmuRrf;usifrI r&dSaomaMumifh odkY rjynfhpHkjcif; jzpf&onf[laom aemufpum;udk axmuf
Iygu a,bk,stm;jzifh y,fNy;D udavom ry,f&ao;aom udavomwdu
Yk o
kd m rqifjcifrjd cif;jzpfonf/
r*f zdkvf edAmefwdkYudkum; trsm;tm;jzifh qifjcifrdMuonfom[k txufyg 0dok'dr*t|uxmESifh ESD;aESm ,l&ef &dSayonf/
'kwd,r*fPfydkif;
wpfzef odkY ypa0uPmPfjzifh qifjcifNyD; aomwmyefjzpfNyD;aom xdkt&d,om0uonf
xdkae&myifvQifrlvnf; aevsuf wpfyg;aomtcgrlvnf; wpfae&m&mwGif aevsuf tm;aumif;
armif;oefaom umr&m* Asmyg'wdkYudk acgif;yg;apjcif;iSmvnf;aumif; ESpfckajrmufaom ou'g*grd
zdkvfodkY a&muf&dSjcif; &&dSjcif;iSmvnf;aumif; 0dyembm0em tm;xkwfjcif; vkHYvya,m*udk jyK\/
xdyk *k Kd vo
f nf aÈ Adv
k f aAmZsiw
f u
Ykd kd aygif; ,if;aÈ Adv
k f aAmZsiw
f u
Ykd kd xufjrufonf\ tjzpfoYkd
a&mufapvsuf kyf a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPf[laom cEmig;yg;enf;t& ig;rsKd;jym;aom xdkocFg&
w&m;taygif;udyk ifvQif tedp 'ku tew[
l 0dyemPfjzifh vuPma&;oH;k wefukd pl;prf;onf\
tpGrf;jzifh tjyefjyef tvSefvSef oHk;oyf\? qifhum qifhum tzefwvJvJ 0dyemPfudk jzpfap\?
0dyemtpOfodkY ouf0if\/ qdktyfcJhNyD;aomenf;jzifh usifhaom xdkaomwmyefyk*dKvftm; O',A,Pf ponfwdkYudk jzpfapjcif; qdktyfcJhNyD;aom enf;twdkif;omvQif ocFgkayumPf\ tqHk;
wpfcak om tm0Ze;f jzifh tEkavmrPf a*gMwbkPfwo
Ykd nf wpfenf; tEkavmrPf a0g'gePf
wdkYonf jzpfukefvwfaomf a*gMwbkESifhwlaom a0g'gef\ tjcm;rJh ou'g*grdr*fonf jzpfay:vm\?
xdkou'g*grdr*fESifh ,SOfaom Pfonf ou'g*grdr*f jzpfaom Pf rnf\/ ou'g*grdr*fPf\ tjcm;rJhvnf; qdktyfcJhNyD;aom enf;twdkif;omvQif zdkvfpdwfwdkYudk odtyfukef\/ rQjzifh
yk*Kd vo
f nf ou'g*grf rnf\? av;a,mufajrmufaom t&d,yk*dKvf jzpf\? wpfBudrfomvQif
avmuodkY y#doaEtm;jzifhvm 0#f'ku\ tqHk;udk jyKjcif;iSm pGrf;Edkifol jzpf\/ xdkodkY ou'g*grd
zdkvfodkY a&mufonfrS aemuf ypa0uPmum; qdktyfcJhNyD;aom enf;twdkif;yifwnf;/
(0dok'd-2-316 -317/)
udavom acgif;yg;rI
tm;aumif;armif;oefaom umr&m* Asmyg'wdkY\ acgif;yg;rIudk tb,fodkYaom taMumif;jzifh
odtyfygoenf;[lrl ----1/ &Hcg BudK;Mum;BudK;Mum;om jzpfojzifhvnf;aumif;
2/ pdwftpOfwGif Oyg'f-XD-biftaejzifh xifxif&Sm;&Sm; x<u jzpfay:vmrI y&d,k|meoabm
EkHYnHhonf\tjzpf tm;aysmhonf\ tjzpfjzifhvnf;aumif; ---ESpfrsKd;ukefaom taMumif;wdkYjzifh umr&m* Asmyg'wdkY\ acgif;yg;onf\ tjzpf usJyg;onf\
tjzpf ao;odrfEkHYnHhonf\tjzpfudk odtyfay\ [lay/ oHo&m0#fodkY tpOfvrf;avQmufaeaom vlrsm;pk\ oEmef udavomwdkYonf tjrJrjywf jzpfaeMuukefouhJodkY ou'g*grfyk*dKvftm; udavom469
wdkYonf tjrJrjywf rjzpfMuukef/ &Hcg&Hcg BudK;Mum;BudK;Mum;omvQif usJaom yg;aom tjcif;t&m

&du
S ek o
f nfjzpf jzpfay:vmuke\
f ? xdo
k Ykd &Hcg BuKd ;Mum; usyJ g;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh jzpfuek af omfvnf;
EdSyfeif;ukefvsuf zkH;vTrf;ukefvsuf trdkufarSmifudk jyKukefvsuf t&rf;rJh rjzpfay:vmMuukef/ pifppf
tm;jzifah omfum; aomwmywrd *f ou'g*grdr*f[al om ESpyf g;aom r*fwjYkd zifh y,ftyfNy;D onf\ tjzpfaMumifh tvGeEf u
YkH ek o
f nf usyJ g;aom tjcif;t&m &du
S ek o
f nfjzpf jzpfay:vmMuuke\
f / odYk jzpfru
I kd
Munfh acgif;yg;rIudk od&dSygav/ (r[m#D-2-487/)
a*gMwbk ----- aomwmywrd *fPf\ a&S; jzpfaom Pfukd ykxZk eftEG,u
f kd EdyS ef if;jcif;aMumifh
vnf;aumif; t&d,tEG,fudk yGm;apjcif;aMumif;vnf;aumif; rkcstm;jzifh a*gMwbk[l qdktyf\/
ou'g*grdr*f\ a&S; jzpfaom Pfudkum; xdka*gMwbktppfESifh wlaomaMumifh y&d,m,ftm;jzifh
o'doyl pm&tm;jzifh a*gMwbk[
l qdt
k yf\/ tb,faMumifh a0g'gef[
l qdt
k yfoenf;[lrl - tcsKUd aom
oHudavorS pifMu,faomaMumifhvnf;aumif; pifppf pifMu,fpGmaom edAmefudk tmkHjyKaomaMumifh
vnf;aumif; a0g'gef[l qdktyf\/ xdkaMumifh y|mef;a'oemawmf ----tEkavmrH a0g'ge teE&ypa,e ypa,m/ (tbd-1-138/)
tEkavmrPfonf a0g'geftm; teE&yp,owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyK\/ (tbd-1-138/)
odYk a[mMum;xm;awmfr\
l / ,if;odYk a0g'gefom rkcstrnfjzpfcahJ omf a0g'gemeE&H = a0g'gef\
tjcm;rJh[k rqdkrl a*gMwbkteE&H = a*gMwbk\ tjcm;rJh[k tb,faMumifh txufyg 0dok'dr*
t|uxm zGifhqdk&ygoenf;[lrl ----- y#dord'gr*ygVdawmf *wdodkYvdkuf zGifhqdkonf[lay/
y#dor'd gr*ygVdawmf (65) Oyg'ponfukd vTr;f rd;k jcif;teufukd pGrJ
SD ]]&Spyf g;ukeaf om a*gMwbk
w&m;wdkYonf orm"d\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfukef\? q,fyg;ukefaom a*gMwbkw&m;wdkYonf 0dyem\
tpGr;f tm;jzifh jzpfuek \
f }} ----- odkYponfh pum;&yfwdkY a*gMwbk[laom trnfjzifhomvQif
ou'g*grdr*fPfponfwdkY\ a&S;&dSaom Pf\ trnfonf vm&dSayonf/ xdkaMumifh 0dok'dr*
usrf;vnf; a*gMwbkteE&H = a*gMwbk\ tjcm;rJh [l zGifhqdkjcif; jzpfonf/
(r[m#D-2-487-488/)
wpfBudrfom jyefvmol = ou'g*grfyk*dKvf

txufyg 0dok'dr*t|uxm pum;&yfwGif wpfBudrfomvQif vlUavmuodkY y#doaEtm;jzifh
vm 0#f'ku\ tqHk;udk jyKjcif;iSm pGrf;Edkifoljzpf ou'g*grfrnfaMumif; azmfjycsufrSm ou'g*grf
yk*dKvf ig;rsKd;wdkYwGif av;rsKd;aom yk*dKvfwdkYudk MuOfz,f wpfrsKd;aom yk*dKvfukdomvQif ,lxm;jcif;
jzpf\/
1/ tcsKdUaom yk*dKvfonf vlUjynfavmu ou'g*grdzdkvfodkY a&mufNyD; vlUjynfavmu
omvQif y&dedAmefjyK\/
2/ tcsKdUaom yk*dKvfonf vlUjynfavmu ou'g*grdzdkvfodkY a&mufNyD; ewfjynfavmu
y&dedAmefjyK\/
470
P'e0dok'd eda'o -- wwd,r*fPf
3/ tcsKdUaom yk*dKvfonf ewfjynfavmu ou'g*grdzdkvfodkY a&mufNyD; xdkewfjynfavmu

yifvQif y&dedAmefjyK\/
4/ tcsKdUaom yk*dKvfonf ewfjynfavmu ou'g*grdzdkvfodkY a&mufNyD; vlUjynfavmu
wpfzef y#doaEtm;jzifh jzpfNyD; y&dedAmefjyK\/
av;rsKd;aom yk*dKvfwdkYudk r,lbJ ----5/ tMuify*k Kd vo
f nf vlUjynfavmu ou'g*grdzv
kd o
f Ykd a&muf&NSd y;D wpfzef ewfjynfavmu
y#doaEtm;jzifh jzpf ewfjynfavmu toufxufqHk;ae wpfzef vlUjynfavmu
y#doaEtm;jzifh jzpf vlUjynfrSmyif y&dedAmefjyK\/ ---yk*dKvfwpfrsKd;ukdomvQif 0dok'dr*t|uxm ,l zGifhqdkxm;onf[k od&dSygav/
(r[m#D-2-488/)
wwd,r*fPfydkif;
ou'g*grdzv
kd af emuf ypa0uPmaZm0Dxrd sm; usNy;D r*fzv
kd f edAm efponfwu
Ykd kd xdu
k o
f vdk
qifjcifNyD;vwfaomf ou'g*grfjzpfNyD;aom xdkt&d,om0uonf xdkae&mrlvnf;aevsuf wpfyg;aomtcgrlvnf; xdkae&m jzpfap tjcm;aomae&m jzpfap aevsuf ou'g*grdr*fjzifh acgif;yg;
aptyfNyD;aom umr&m*oHa,mZOf y#dCoHa,mZOfwdkYudk t<uif;rJhy,fowfjcif;iSm oHk;ckajrmufaom
wwd, tem*grdzdkvfodkY a&muf&dSjcif;iSm 0dyem tm;xkwfjcif; vkHYvudk jyK\/ xdkyk*dKvfonf aÈ
Adkvf aAmZsifwdkYudk aygif;pk xufjrufonf\ tjzpfodkY a&mufapvsuf xdkkyfemrf"r awblruocFg&
w&m; taygif;udyk ifvQif tedp 'ku tew[
l 0dyemPfjzifhf oH;k oyfe,facs\/ 0dyemPfukd
tzefzef jzpfap\? 0dyemPftpOfoYkd ouf0if\/ (O',A,PfrS p ocFgkayumPfq;kH onf
wdkifatmif tpOftwdkif; jzpfaprIudk qdkvdkonf/) odkYaomenf;jzifh usifhaeaom xdkou'g*grfyk*dKvftm; a&S; qdktyfcJhNyD;aom enf;twdkif;yifvQif ocFgkayumPf\ tqHk; wpfckaom tm0Zef;jzifh
tekavmrPf a*gMwbk (= a0g'gef) PfwdkYonf jzpfukefvwfaomf a*gMwbk (= a0g'gef) Pf\
tjcm;rJh tem*grdr*fonf jzpfay:vm\? xdt
k em*grdr*fEiS hf ,SOaf om Pfonf tem*grdr*fjzpfaom
Pf rnf\/ (0dok'd-2-317/)
tem*grdr*fPf\vnf; tjcm;rJh qdktyfcJhNyD;aom enf;twdkif;yifvQif zdkvfpdwfwdkYudk od&Sdygavukef/ rQ twdkif;t&Snf&Sdaom tem*grdr*f\ tjcm;rJh tem*grdzdkvf\ jzpfjcif;jzifhomvQif
yk*dKvfonf jA[mjynf udk,fxif&Sm;jzpfjcif; = Moyygwdu = Oyygwf y#doaEom&Sdaom xdkjA[mh
bHk odkYr[kwf ok'g0gobHk y&dedAmefjyKavh&Sdaom y#doaE\ tpGrf;jzifh umrb0odkY wpfzef rjyef
vmaom oabm&Sdaom yk*dKvfjzpf y#doaE\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh umravmu"mwfodkY wpfzef rvmjcif;aMumifh tem*grf rnfaom ajcmufa,mufajrmufaom t&d,yk*Kd vf jzpfay\/ xdo
k Ykd tem*grdzv
kd o
f Ykd
a&mufonfrS aemuf ypa0uPmjzpfyHkonf qdktyfcJhNyD;onfhtwdkif;omwnf;/ (0dok'd-2-317/)
y#doaE\ tpGrf;jzifhom xdkjA[mhjynfrS umrbHkodkY rvmjcif; oabm&Sd\? bk&m;tm; zl;ajrmf&ef w&m;awmfudk em,l&ef [laom tusKd;w&m;rsm;twGufum; vlUavmu tygt0ifjzpfaom
471
umravmuodkY vma&mufonfom jzpfayonf/ oeuFkrm&jA[mwdkYuJhodkY ok"rm"robifwGif w&m;

a[m&ef twGufvnf; umravmuodkY vma&mufonfom jzpfonf/ (r[m#D-2-488-489/)
odkYvQif ypa0uPmaZm0DxdwdkYjzifh r*f zdkvf edAmefponfwdkYudk xdkufovdk qifjcifNyD;aomf
tem*grfjzpfNyD;aom xdkt&d,om0uonf xdkae&mrlvnf; aevsuf wpfyg;aom tcgrlvnf;
xdkae&mjzpfap tjcm;aom ae&mjzpfap aevsuf lybHk wyfrufwwfaom ly&m* tlybHk
wyfrufwwfaom tly&m* rme O'p t0dZm[k qdktyfukefaom txufydkif; O'rm*d,oHa,mZOf
ig;yg;wdkYudk t<uif;rJh y,fjcif; tusKd;iSm av;ckajrmufaom t&[wzdkvfodkY a&muf&Sdjcif;iSm 0dyem
tm;xkwjf cif;vkv
YH udk jyK\? xdyk *k Kd vo
f nf aÈ Adv
k f aAmZsiw
f u
Ykd kd aygif;pk xufjrufonf\ tjzpfoYkd
a&mufapvsuf xdkkyfemrf"r awblru ocFg&w&m;taygif;udkyifvQif 0dyemPfjzifh oHk;oyf
e,facs\? 0dyemPfudk tzefzef jzpfap\/ 0dyemtpOfodkY ouf0if\/ (O',A,PfrSp
ocFgkayumPf qHk;onfwdkifatmif tpOftwdkif;usifh\ [lvdk/) odkYaomenf;jzifh usifhaeaom
xdktem*grfyk*dKvftm; a&S; qdktyfcJhNyD;aom enf;twdkif;yifvQif ocFgkayumPf\ tqHk; wpfckaom tm0Zef;jzifh tEkavmrPf a*gMwbk = a0g'gefPfwdkYonf jzpfukefvwfaomf a*gMwbk =
a0g'gefPf\ tjcm;rhJ yifvQif t&[wr*fonf jzpfay:vm\? xdt
k &[wr*fEiS hf ,SOaf om Pfonf
t&[wr*f jzpfaomPf rnf\/ (0dok'd-2-317-318/)
t&[wr*f\vnf; tjcm;rJh qdktyfcJhNyD;aom enf;twdkif;yifvQif t&[wzdkvfpdwfwdkYudk
odygavukef/ rQ twdkif;t&Snf &Sdaom t&[wr*f\ tjcm;rJh t&[wzdkvf\ jzpfjcif;jzifhomvQif
yk*dKvfonf &[Emrnfaom &Spfa,mufajrmufaom t&d,yk*dKvf jzpfayonf/
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
r[mcDPmo0
= ylaZmftyf BuD;jrwfaom tmEkabmf&Sdaom tmoa0g ukefNyD;aom
tEdr a'["m&D
= tqHk;pGefaom cEmudk,fudk aqmifwwfaom
Mo[dwbm&
= csxm;tyfNyD;aom cEm0ef udavom0ef tbdocFg&0ef&Sdaom
tEkyw
o
'w
= tpOftwdik ;f a&muftyfNy;D aom t&[wzv
kd [
f al om rdrt
d usK;d &Sad om
y&duDPb0oHa,mZe = ukefNyD;aom q,fyg;aom b0oHa,mZOf&Sdaom
orm'nm0drw
k
= cEm ponfw\
Ykd oabmudk toift
h m;jzifh odNy;D txl;ojzifh vGwNf y;D
aom
7/ t*'udaP,s
= ewfEiS hf wuGaom owavmu\ jrwfaom tvSL0wKukd cH,x
l u
kd af om
yk*dKvfxl; yk*dKvfjrwf jzpfayonf/
qdktyfcJhNyD;aom t&d,r*fav;yg;wdkYESifh ,SOfaom Pfonf P'e0dok'd rnfayonf/
22222
472
P'e0dok'd eda'o -- owdy|mef av;yg; jynfhpHkNyD

O',A,Pf tus,fIyGm;onfh tydkif; txd ----1/ ork',"rmEkyD - t& ork',oabmudk IyHkudkvnf;aumif;
2/ 0,"rmEkyD - t& 0,oabmudk IykHudkvnf;aumif;
3/ ork',0,"rmEkyD - t& ork',-0,oabmudk Iyu
kH v
kd nf;aumif; tao;pdwf azmfjycJ\
h /
xdkO',A, tus,fIyGm;yHk\ aemufykdif;0,f Oyudavo tnpftaMu;wdkYrS vGwfajrmufoGm;aom O',A,Pfyidk ;f rS p t&[wzv
kd w
f ikd af tmif azmfjytyfaom tqifq
h ifh IymG ;ykH pepfwu
Ykd m;
atmufyg owdy|mefa'oemawmfwdkY\ tao;pdwf IuGufwdkYom jzpfMuayonf/
1/ twd uma,mwd 0g ye owd ypKy|dwm a[mwd? ,m0a'0 Prwm, y#dwdrwm,/
teddawm p 0d[&wd? e p udd avmau Oyg'd,wd/ {0rd acg bdua0 bduK uma,
um,mEkyD 0d[&wd/ (r-1-71/)
2/ twd a0'emwd 0g ye owd ypKy|dwm a[mwd ,m0a'0 Prwm, y#dwdrwm,/
teddawm p 0d[&wd e p udd avmau Oyg'd,wd/ {0rd acg bdua0 bduK a0'emok
a0'emEkyD 0d[&wd/ (r-1-75-76/)
3/ twd pdwEd 0g ye owd ypKy|dwm a[mwd ,m0a'0 Prwm, y#dwdrwm,/
teddawm p 0d[&wd? e p udd avmau Oyg'd,wd/ {0rd acg bdua0 bduK pdaw
pdwmEkyD 0d[&wd/ (r-1-76/)
4/ twd "rmwd 0g ye owd ypKy|dwm a[mwd ,m0a'0 Prwm, y#dwdrwm,/
teddawm p 0d[&wd? e p udd avmau Oyg'd,wd/ {0rd acg bdua0 bduK "arok
"rmEkyD 0d[&wd/ (r-1-78/)
1/ xdkjyif ]]kyftaygif;onfomvQif &Sd\}}[k xdk&[ef;\ oEmef owdonf a&S;Iwnf\ = a&S;I
xifvSm\/ xdkowdonf kyftaygif;udk tzefzef Iwwfaom 0dyemPf\ wdk;yGm;jcif;iSm
omvQif jzpf\? kyt
f aygif;udk odr;f qnf;wwfaom 0dyemPfEiS hf ,SOaf om owd\ tqifq
h ifh
wpfzefwdk;yGm;jcif;iSmomvQif jzpf\? xdk&[ef;onf wPSm-'d|dwdkYjzifh rrSDwG,frlvnf; ae\/
Oyg'geuEm ig;yg;wnf;[laom avmu wpfpHkwpfckaom w&m;udkrQ wpfpHkwpfckaom pGJvrf;zG,fudkrQ ]]ig-igh[m}}[k pGJvnf; rpGJvrf;awmhay/ &[ef;wdkY ...odkYvnf; &[ef;onf
kyftaygif;udk tBudrfBudrf Iavh&Sdonf jzpf aeav\/ (r-1-71/)
2/ xdkYjyif ]]a0'emonfomvQif &Sd\}}[k xdk&[ef;\ oEmef owdonf a&S;Iwnf\ = a&S;I
xifvmS \/ xdo
k wdonf a0'emudk tzefzef Iwwfaom 0dyemPf\ wd;k yGm;jcif;iSmomvQif
jzpf\? a0'emudk odrf;qnf;wwfaom 0dyemPfESifh ,SOfaom owd\ tqifhqifh wpfzef
wdk;yGm;jcif;iSmomvQif jzpf\/ xdk&[ef;onf wPSm-'d|dwdkYjzifh rrSDwG,frlvnf; ae\? Oyg'geuEm ig;yg;wnf;[laom avmu wpfpHkwpfckaom w&m;udkrQ wpfpHkwpfckaom pGJvrf;zG,f
473
udrk Q ]]ig-igh[m}}[l pGv

J nf; rpGv
J rf;awmhay/ &[ef;wdYk ...odv
Yk nf; &[ef;onf a0'emwdYk
a0'emwdkYudk tBudrfBudrf Iavh&Sdonf jzpf aeav\/ (r-1-75-76/)
3/ xdjk yif ]]pdwo
f nfomvQif &S\
d }}[k xd&k [ef;\ oEmef owdonf a&S;Iwnf\ = a&S;IxifvmS \?
xdo
k wdonf pdwu
f kd tzefzef Iwwfaom 0dyemPf\ wd;k yGm;jcif;iSmomvQif jzpf\? pdwu
f kd
odr;f qnf;wwfaom 0dyemPfEiS ,
hf OS af om owd\ tqifq
h ifh wpfzef wd;k yGm;jcif;iSmomvQif
jzpf\/ xd&k [ef;onf wPSm-'d|w
d jYkd zifh rrSw
D ,
G rf
l vnf; ae\? Oyg'geuEm ig;yg;wnf;[laom
avmu wpfpHkwpfckaom w&m;udkrQ wpfpHkwpfckaom pGJvrf;zG,fudkrQ ]]ig-igh[m}}[l pGJvnf;
rpGJvrf;awmhay/ &[ef;wdkY ...odkYvnf; &[ef;onf pdwf pdwfudk tBudrfBudrf Iavh&Sdonf
jzpf aeav\/ (r-1-76/)
4/ xdjYk yif ]]"roabmw&m;wdo
Yk nfomvQif &Su
d ek \
f }}[k xd&k [ef;\ oEmef owdonf a&S;Iwnf\
= a&S;IxifvSm\/ xdkowdonf "roabmw&m;udk tzefzef Iwwfaom 0dyemPf\
wd;k yGm;jcif;iSmomvQif jzpf\? "roabmw&m;udk odr;f qnf;wwfaom 0dyemPfEiS hf ,SOaf om
owd\ tqifhqifh wpfzef wdk;yGm;jcif;iSmomvQif jzpf\/ xdk&[ef;onf wPSm-'d|dwdkYjzifh rrSDwG,frlvnf; ae\? Oyg'geuEm ig;yg;wnf;[laom avmu wpfpHkwpfckaom w&m;udkrQ
wpfpHkwpfckaom pGJvrf;zG,fudkrQ ]]ig-igh[m}}[l pGJvnf; rpGJvrf;awmhay/ &[ef;wdkY ...
odkYvnf; &[ef;onf "roabmw&m;wdkY "roabmw&m;wdkYudk tBudrfBudrf Iavh&Sdonf
jzpf aeav\/ (r-1-78/)

owdy|mef av;yg; ory"mef av;yg; 'dyg'f av;yg; aÈ ig;yg; Adkvf ig;yg; aAmZsif
ckepfyg; jzLpifjrihfjrwfaom t&d,r*if &Spfyg; tm;vHk;aygif;aomf (37)yg;ukefaom w&m;wdkYonf
opmav;yg;udk odwwfaomaMumifh aAm"[l &tyfaomtrnf&Sdaom t&d,r*f\ tultajrmif
vufaqmif toif;tyif; jzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh aus;Zl;jyKwwfaom toif;tyif; tjzpf
wnfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh aAm"dyud,w&m;wdkY rnfukef\/
owdy|mef av;yg; ----- xdkaAm"dyud,w&m;wdkYwGif um, a0'em pdw "r tmkHwdkY ajy;oGm;
ouf0if tokbtjcif;t&m 'kutjcif;t&m tedptjcif;t&m tewtjcif;t&mudk ,lonf\
tpGrf;jzifh uyf wnfwwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh (okbonm okconm edponm twonmudk
y,fjcif;udpudk NyD;aponf\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfjcif;aMumifh) owdonfyifvQif owdy|mef rnfayonf/
aAm"dyud,w&m;wdkYudk t&d,r*f\ a&S;tzdkY avmuD0dyemPf jzpfcdkuf txl;xl;aom
pdwfwdkY &tyfukef\? &&SdyHkrSm odkY jzpf\/ ----1/
2/
3/
4/
tmemygeyA
= tmemygeudk IyGm;onfh tydkif;
&d,myxyA
= &d,mykxfudk IyGm;onfh tydkif;
orZnyA
= owdorZOfykdif;qdkif&mudk IyGm;onfh tydkif;
y#dulvreodum&yA = &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulvoabmudk IyGm;onfh tydkif;
474
P'e0dok'd eda'o -- aAm"dyud,w&m;
5/ "mwkreodum&yA = "mwfudk ESvHk;oGif;IyGm;onfh tykdif;

6-14/ e0od0xdu yA = olaoaumif (9)rsKd;udk IyGm;onfh tydkif; -- (14)rsK;d aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh lyum,udk odr;f qnf;aom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vt
f m; um,mEkyem owdy|mefudk &\/
,if;tmemygeyAponfww
Ykd iG f a&S;ydik ;f wGif orm"dukd xlaxmif xdo
k rm"dukd 0dyem\ tajc
yg'ujyK kyfudk tOD;rl kyfemrfwdkYudk odrf;qnf;NyD;vQif ,if; kyfemrfwdkY\ taMumif;w&m;wdkYudk
&SmazGvsuf taMumif;w&m;ESihf wuGaom xdk yk ef mrf ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd vuPm,mOfukd wifum umv
oH;k yg; oEmef ESpyf g;vH;k 0dyemIcahJ omf kyu
f kd tOD;rl 0dyemIymG ;jcif; jzpfojzifh um,mEkyem
owdy|mef[l qdkonf/ (1)
(9)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh a0'emudk odrf;qnf;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; a0'emEkyem owdy|mefudk &&Sd\/ emrfw&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;&m a0'emudk tOD;rl ,SOfzuf or,kwf
w&m;wdkYESifhwuG odrf;qnf;jcif; jzpf\/ emrfudk odrf;qnf;NyD;ygu ,if;emrfw&m;pk\ tmkHkyfESifh rSD&m
0wKkyfwdkYudk wpfzefjyef odrf;qnf;&\/ odkY a0'emudk tOD;rl emrfkyfwdkYudk odrf;qnf;vsuf
,if;emrfyk \
f taMumif;w&m;udk &SmazGNy;D vQif taMumif;w&m;ESihf wuGaom ,if; emrfyk w
f u
Ykd kd vuPm,mOf wifum 0dyemIcJhaomf a0'emEkyem owdy|mefodkY ouf0if\/ (2)
(16)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh pdwfudk odrf;qnf;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; pdwmEkyem
owdy|mefudk &&Sd\/ emrfw&m;udk odrf;qnf;&m pdwfudk tOD;rl ,SOfzufor,kwfw&m;wdkYESifh wuG
emrfw&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;vsuf ,if;emrfw&m;wdkY\ tmkHkyfESifh rSD&m0wKkyfwdkYudk wpfzefjyef odrf;qnf;&\/ odkY pdwfudk tOD;rl emrfkyfwdkYudk odrf;qnf;vsuf ,if;emrfkyfwdkY\ taMumifw&m;udk
&SmazGNy;D vQif taMumif;w&m;ESihf wuGaom ,if;emrfyk w
f u
Ykd kd vuPm,mOfwifum 0dyemIcahJ omf
pdwmEkyem owdy|mefodkY ouf0if\/ (3)
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
eD0&Pig;yg;udk tOD;rl kyfemrfudk odrf;qnf;IyGm;jcif; = eD0&PyA

cEmig;yg;udk odrf;qnf;IyGm;jcif; = cEyA
tm,we (12)yg;udk odrf;qnf;IyGm;jcif; = tm,weyA
aAmZsif (7)yg;udk tOD;rl kyfemrfudk odrf;qnf;IyGm;jcif; = aAmZs*FyA
'kuopm ork',opmwdkYudk odrf;qnf;vsuf opmav;yg;udk odatmif IyGm;jcif; = opyA ----
ig;rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzihf kyfemrf"r ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;aom a,m*g0p&

yk*dKvftm; "rmEkyemowdy|mefukd &&Sd\/ emrfur|mef; oHk;rsKd;wdkYwGif zudk tOD;rl emrfw&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;vsuf xdkaemif ,if;emrfw&m;wdkY\ tmkHkyfESifh rSD&m0wKkyfwdkYudk odrf;qnf;um ,if;
emrfyk w
f \
Ykd taMumif;w&m;ud&k mS azGNy;D vQif taMumif;w&m;ESiw
hf uGaom ,if;emrfyk w
f u
Ykd kd vuPm,mOf wifum 0dyemIaeaom enf;onfvnf; "rmEkyemodkYyif ouf0if\/ 0dyemPf\
tIcHtmkHjzpfaom ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk cEmenf; tm,weenf; aAmZsifenf; opmenf;wdkYjzifh odrf;qnf;vsuf taMumif;w&m;wdkYudk &SmazGNyD;vQif taMumif;w&m;ESifhwuGaom ,if;kyfemrf"r ocFg&
w&m;wdkYudk vuPm,mOfwifum 0dyemIaeaomenf;onfvnf; "rmEkyemowdy|mefodkYyif
475
ouf0if\/ (4)
,if;tEkyem av;yg;wdYk tOD;rlxm;aom um, = kyf a0'em pdw "rwrYkd mS kyef mrf aMumif;
usKd; = ocFg&w&m;wdkYom jzpfMu\/ odkYtwGuf umvoHk;yg; oEmefESpfyg;twGif; wnf&Sdaom kyfemrf
aMumif;usK;d = ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd vuPm,mOfo;kH csuw
f if wGiw
f iG Bf u;D 0dyemIaeaomf owdy|mef
w&m; av;yg;vH;k udyk if yGm;rsm;aeonf rnfayonf/ odaYk omf avmuD0yd emtcdu
k f pdwu
P
wpfck
twGif; owdy|mefav;yg;vHk;onf pHkpHknDnD NydKifwl rjzpfEdkif avmuD0dyemtcdkuf owdy|mef
av;yg;udk pdwuP toD;toD;wdkY &tyfukef\[k qdkayonf/ odkYaomf t&d,r*ftcdkufum;
owdy|mef av;yg;vHk;onfyif pHkpHknDnD jzpfayonf/
ory"mef av;yg; ----- rsufjrif ypKyef twabm rdrd\ kyfemrfoEmef tpOfwGif rjzpfpzl;
ao;aom olwpfyg;\oEmef jzpfay:oGm;aom tukov
kd u
f v
kd nf;aumif; xdt
k ukov
kd v
f Qif taMumif;
&if;cH&Sdaom owfjcif; aESmifzJGUjcif;iSm xdkufaom tjypfponfwdkYudkvnf;aumif; awGUjrif& ]]tMuif
odkYaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh usifhooltm; tukodkvfvQif taMumif;&if;&Sdaom tjypfonf jzpfay:
vmEdkif\? xdkodkYaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh igonf rusifhaythH? odkY aumif;pGm usifhonf&Sdaomf ightm;
tukodkvfvQif taMumif;&if;cH&Sdaom tjypfonf rjzpfvwHU}} ----- odkY ESvHk;ydkuf xdkuJhodkYaom
tukodkvfvQif taMumif;&if;cH&Sdaom tjypfudk rjzpfapjcif;iSm tm;xkwfvkHYvjyKaom umv rjzpfay:zl;ao;aom tukodkvfw&m;wdkYudk rjzpfatmif vHkYvjyKjcif;[laom a&S;OD;pGmaom ory"mefudk
&tyf\/ (1)
rdr\
d oEmef0,f tBurd rf sm;pGm jzpfjcif;odYk a&muf&adS eaom tjzpfrsm;ojzifh avhusio
hf m;&jcif;odYk
a&muf&Sdaeaom tukodkvfw&m;udk jrif& xdkuJhodkYaom tukodkvfw&m;udk y,fowfEdkif&ef tvdkYiSm
tm;xkwfvkHYvjyKaomumv jzpfay:NyD;aom tukodkvfw&m;wdkYudk y,fEdkifatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;[laom ESpfckajrmufaom ory"mefudk &tyf\/ (2)
rsufjrif ypKyef twabm rdrdoEmef0,f rjzpfpzl;ao;aom psmefudkaomfvnf;aumif;
0dyemudak omfvnf;aumif; jzpfay:vmapjcif;iSm tm;xkwv
f v
YHk jyKaom yk*Kd vt
f m; rjzpfay:zl;ao;aom ukov
kd w
f &m;wdu
Yk kd jzpfay:vmatmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwjf cif;[laom oH;k ckajrmufaom ory" mefukd
&tyf\/ (3)
rsufjrif ypKyef twabm jzpfay:zl;aom psmefudkaomfvnf;aumif; 0dyemudkaomf
vnf;aumif; tMuiftjcif;t&mtm;jzifh jzpfaptyfonf &Sad omf rqkw,
f w
k af y? xdt
k jcif;t&mtm;jzifh
tzefwvJvJ jzpfapaom yk*dKvftm; jzpfay:NyD;aom ukodkvfw&m;wdkYudk wdk;yGm;atmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;[laom av;ckajrmufaom ory"mefudk &tyf\/ (4)
'dyg'f av;yg; ----- psmefw&m; 0dyemw&m; r*fw&m; zdkvfw&m; edAmefw&m;wdkYudk vdkvm;
awmifw
h aom qEukd tBu;D trSL; jyK orx0dyempaom ukov
kd w
f &m;wdu
Yk kd jzpfay:ap&mumv
qEd'dyg'fudk &tyf\/ (1)
pdwu
f kd tBu;D trSL; jyK orx0dyempaom ukov
kd u
f kd jzpfap&mumv pdw'd yd g'fukd &tyf\/
(2)
476
0D&d,udk tBuD;trSL; jyK orx0dyem paom ukodkvfudk jzpfap&m 0D&d,d'dyg'fudk &tyf\/

(3)
0DrHo = ynmudk tBuD;trSL; jyK orx0dyem paom ukodkvfudk jzpfap&m 0DrHod'dyg'fudk
&tyf\/ (4)
aÈ ig;yg; ----- o'gw&m;\ qefYusifbuf jzpfukefaom tukodkvfw&m;wdkYonfvnf;aumif;
ud;k uG,&f m 0wKreS f &wemoH;k yg;rS wpfyg; &wemoH;k yg;\ jyifbuf wnf&aSd om ouf&o
Sd ufrhJ t&m0wK
wdkY MunfndKaom yom'twkta,mifjzpfaom rdpm"darmuonfvnf;aumif; t'd, rnf\/
o'da Èo
nf ,if; t',
d w&m;udk EdyS ef if;Edik \
f ? vTr;f rd;k Edik \
f ? t',
d rS xGuaf jrmufaMumif; or,kwfw&m;wdkYudk tpdk;&\/ (1)
xderd'jy"mef;aom tukodkvfpdwKyg'f[k qdktyfaom ysif;&djcif; = aumoZw&m;udk 0D&d,daÈonf EdSyfeif;Edkif\? vTrf;rdk;Edkif\? aumoZrS xGufajrmufaMumif; or,kwfw&m;wdkYudk tpdk;&\/ (2)
owd\ arhavsmjh cif; uif;vGwjf cif; aysmufysujf cif; xdo
k wduif;aom tjcif;t&maMumifh jzpfaom
tukodkvfcEm[laom yrm'w&m;udk owdaÈonf EdSyfeif;Edkif\? vTrf;rdk;Edkif\? yrm'rS xGufajrmuf
aMumif; or,kwfw&m;wdkYudk tpdk;&\/ (3)
pdwyf sUH vGijhf cif;[laom 0dauyw&m;udk orm"daÈo
nf EdyS ef if;Edik \
f ? vTr;f rd;k Edik \
f ? 0dauyrS xGu-f
ajrmufaMumif; or,kwfw&m;wdkYudk tpdk;&\/ (4)
y&rwftmkH awGa0jcif; y&rwfodkYqdkufatmif trSeftwdkif; rodjcif;oabm&dSaom oarm[
w&m;udk yndaÈonf EdSyfeif;Edkif\ vTrf;rdk;Edkif\ oarm[rS xGufajrmufaMumif; or,kwfw&m;wdkYudk
tpdk;&\/ aÈ ig;yg;wdkYum; avmuD0dyem tcdkufvnf; pdwuPwpfck twGif;0,f NydKifwl
jzpfEdkifMu\/ (5)
Adkvf ig;yg; ----- ,if; t'd, aumoZ yrm' 0dauy oarm[w&m;wdkYonf rEdSyfpuftyf
onf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; rwkefvIyfonf\ tjzpfwnf;[laom oabmaMumifhvnf;aumif;
(ocFg&tmkH) jrJjrH cdkifcHhonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; o'g 0D&d, owd orm"d ynm [laom
w&m; ig;yg;wdo
Yk nf Adv
k f rnf\/ ,if;w&m;ig;yg;wdo
Yk nfvnf; avmuD0yd em tcdu
k f vnf; pdwu
P
wpfck twGif;0,f twl,SOfwGJ NydKifwl jzpfEdkifMuonf/

aAmZs*F = aAmZsif ckepfyg; ----- av;yg;aom t&d,opmwdkYukd odwwfaom ow0g\ taMumif;
w&m;\ tjzpfaMumifh owd "r0dp, 0D&d, yDwd y'd orm"d Oayum ----- w&m; (7)yg;wdo
Yk nf
aAmZsif rnfuek \
f / aAmZsif (7)yg;wdo
Yk nfvnf; avmuD0yd emtcdu
k f pdwu
P
wpfc\
k twGi;f 0,f twl,SOfwGJ jzpfEdkifMu\/
taMumif;w&m;ESihf wuGaom um, a0'em pdw "r trnf&aom ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd odr;f qnf;
wwfaom owdum; owdoarmZsif ,if;ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk tedpt
csuf 'kut
csuf tewtcsuw
f u
Ykd kd
pl;prf; qifjcif qH;k jzwfvsuf xd;k xGi;f odwwfaom 0dyemPfum; "r0pd ,oarmZsif ,if;0dyem
PfESifh ,SOfwGJvsuf&dSaom 0D&d,um; 0D&d,oarmZsif yDwdum; yDwdoarmZsif y'dum; y'd
477
oarmZsif orm"dum; orm"doarmZsif wMwrZsww

mapwoduu
f m; OayumoarmZsiw
f nf;/ um;
avmuD0dyemtcdkuf aAmZsifw&m; (7)yg;wdkY NydKifwljzpfyHkwnf;/
avmukw&m t&d,r*ftcdkufum; ---- edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfudk odrf;qnf;wwfaom owdum;
owdoarmZsif edAm efw&m;awmfjrwfukd xd;k xd;k xGi;f xGi;f odjrifwwfaom t&d,r*fPfum; "r0pd ,
oarmZsif ,if;t&d,r*fPfESifh ,SOfwGJvsuf&dSaom 0D&d, yDwd y'd orm"d Oayum (= wMwrZswwmapwoduf)wdkYum; 0D&d,oarmZsif yDwdoarmZsif y'doarmZsif orm"doarmZsif Oayum
oarmZsifwdkY jzpfMu\/
r*if &Spfyg; ----- oHo&m0#fqif;&J'kutaygif;rS xGufajrmufjcif;\ taMumif;w&m; jzpfaomaMumifh orm'd|d ormouFy orm0gpm ormurE ormtmZD0 orm0g,mr ormowd ormorm"d
(8)yg;wdkYonf r*if rnfukef\/
xdk (8)yg;wdkYwGif rdpm0gpmrS a&SmifMuOfaom umv orm0gpmudk rdpmurErS a&SmifMuOfaom
umv ormurEu
kd rdpm tmZD0rS a&SmifMuOfaomumv ormtmZD0udk toD;toD; &tyf\/ orm
'd|pd aom userf *iif g;yg;wdu
Yk m; avmuD0yd emPftcdu
k f pdwu
P
wpfck twGi;f 0,f twl,OS w
f JG
jzpfEdkifMu\/ 'kuopm ork',opmtrnf&aom ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedptcsuf 'kutcsuf tew
tcsufwdkYudk xdk;xdk;xGif;xGif; odjrifwwfaom 0dyemPfum; orm'd|d ,if;0dyemPfESifh
,SOfwGJvsuf&dSaom 0dwufum; ormouFy 0D&d,um; orm0g,mr owdum; ormowd orm"dum;
ormorm"d toD;toD; jzpf\/ avmuD0dyemtcdkuf r*ifig;yg;wdkYonf pdwuPwpfck\
twGi;f 0,f twl,OS w
f
JG jzpfEikd Mf u\/ avmukw& m t&d,r*fPftcdu
k f um; ,if;r*i&f pS yf g;wdo
Yk nf
t&d,r*fpdwuPwpfck\ twGif; xdkufovdk twl,SOfwGJ NydKifwl jzpfEdkifMu\/ tm;vHk;aom r*ifwdkYonf edAmefudkyif tmkHjyKMu\/
txl;ojzifh yndaÈapwodufudk w&m;udk,faumuf,l&aom 0DrHod'dyg'f yndaÈ ynmAdkvf
"r0dp,oarmZsif orm'd|dr*ifonf &Hcg P0dy,kwf = Pfr,SOfonfh avmuD0dyempdwfwdkY
r,SOfay/ odkYvQif aAm"dyud,w&m; (37)yg;wdkYonf avmuD0dyemtcdkuf toD;toD;aom
pdwuPwdkY &tyfukef\/
aemufwpfrsKd;um; av;yg;aom t&d,r*fPfwdkY\ jzpf&mumvum; (37)yg;aom
aAm"dyud,w&m;wdkYudk wpfckaom r*fpdwKyg'f &tyf&Edkifukef\/ zdkvfpdwuP ory"mefw&m;
av;yg;wdkYudk xm; ory"mefw&m; av;yg;rS <uif;ukefaom (33)yg;aom aAm"dyud,w&m;wdkYudk
&tyfukef\/ aAm"dyud,w&m;tm;vHk;wdkYonf avmukw&mtcdkuf edAmefudkyif tmkHjyKMuonf/
(0dok'd-2-320 - Munfhyg/)
tvH;k pHv
k nf;jzpfuek af om aAm"dyu,
d w&m;wdo
Yk nf tu,fum; t&d,r*fpw
d K yg 'f tusK;H 0if
uke\
f ? xdo
k Ykd tusK;H 0ifaomfvnf; t&d,r*fcP ory" mef\ udpo
nf tvGet
f uJEiS w
hf uG jzpf&um;
zdkvfcP ory"mefw&m; av;yg;wdkYudk MuOfz,fxm;[k t|uxmu zGifhqkdjcif;jzpfonf/ zdkvfcP
(33)yg;aom aAm"dyud,w&m;wdkYudk &tyfukef\[k qdkaomfvnf; rkcstm;jzifh &tyfonfum; r[kwf?
y&d,m,ftm;jzifhomvQif &tyf\[k rSwfyg/ (r[m#D-2-492/)
478
t&d,r*fcP aAm"dyud,w&m; (37) yg; jzpfyHk

{0H {updaw vArmaeok apawok {um0 edAmem&rPm owd um,m'Dok okbonm'dy[meudpom"e0aoe pwma&m owdy|memwd 0kpwd/ {uar0 p 0D&d,H tEkyEmeH tEkyg'g'dudpom"e0aoe pwma&m ory"memwd 0kpwd/ aoaook ye [mye0eH ewd/ (0dok'd-2-320/)
wpfcak om t&d,r*fpw
d cf P &oif&h xdu
k u
f ek af om xdak Am"dyu,
d w&m; (37)yg;wdo
Yk nf edAm ef
udyk if tm;vH;k tmkjH yKMu\/ r*fpw
d o
f nf tu,f yxrpsmedur*fpw
d jf zpfvQif pdwaf pwoduf (37)vH;k
&dSrnf jzpfonf/ pwkuenf;t& 'kwd,psmedur*fjzpfvQif 0dwuf 0dpm&EIwf usefpdwfapwoduf (35)
wwd,psmedur*fjzpfvQif yDwdxyfMuOfaomf pdwfapwoduf (34) pwkwpsmedur*fjzpfvQif okca0'em
t&m Oayuma0'emjzpf pdwfapwoduf (34)yif &dSrnf jzpfonf/ tm;vHk;aom xdkr*f pdwf-apwoduf[laom r*fpdwKyg'fonf edAmefudkyif tmkHjyK\/ xdkr*fpdwKyg'fwGif owdvnf; yg0if\/ xkdowdonfvnf; edAm efuykd if tmkH jyK\/ xdek Ad m efukd tmkjH yKaom wpfcw
k nf;aom owdonf b,fykH b,fyef;
b,fenf;vrf; jzifh um, a0'em pdw "rwnf;[laom owdy|mefw&m; av;yg;udk tmkHjyKygoenf;
[k ar;zG,f&m &dS\/ tajzum; odkYwnf;/ ----t&d,r*fpw
d u
P
wpfct
k wGi;f &oif&h xdu
k u
f ek af om xdak Am"dyu,
d w&m;wdw
Yk iG f edAm efuykd if
tmkHjyK jzpfay:vmaom wpfrsKd;wnf;aom owdonf ----1/
2/
3/
4/
um, = kyfw&m;taygif; okbonmudk

a0'em okconmudk
pdwf edponmudk
"roabmw&m;wdkY twonmudk ----
y,f&Sm;jcif;udpudk NyD;ap\/ odkYvQif um, a0'em pdw "r[laom owdy|mefwdkY tay:

pGJvsuf&dSaom okbonm okconm edponm twonmudk owdESifhwuGaom t&d,r*fw&m;u
y,f&Sm;zsufqD;NyD; jzpfojzifh um, a0'em pdw "rwdkYtay: okb okc edp tw[laom onmrsm;onf vHk;0 uif;&Sif;oGm;\/ rnfonfh tcsdeftcg rqdk um, a0'em pdw "rwdkYudk tmkH,lvdkufygu
okb okc edp tw[laom onmrsm;onf ay:ayguf rvmawmhay/ um, a0'em pdw "rwdkY
tokb 'ku tedp tew[laom onmomvQif jzpfay:ae\/ odkY odrIrsKd;udk udpod'dtm;jzifh
owdy|mefav;yg;udk odonf[k qdkayonf/ odkYvQif wpfckaom t&d,r*fpdwuPtwGif; &oifh
&xdkufukefaom aAm"dyud,w&m;wdkYwGif edAmefudk tmkHjyK jzpfay:vmaom owdwpfrsKd;wnf;udkyif
um, a0'em pdw "rwdkY okb okc edp twonmudk y,f&Sm;zsufqD;jcif;udp\ tpGrf;jzifh owdy|mef av;yg;[k ac:qdktyfayonf/
tvm;wlyif wpfcak om t&d,r*fpw
d u
P
twGi;f &oif&h xdu
k af om wpfrsK;d wnf;aom 0D&,
d udkyif rjzpfay:ao;aom tukodkvfw&m;wdkYudk rjzpfay:atmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;paom av;rsKd;aom udpudk NyD;aponf\ tpGrf;jzifh ory"mef av;yg;[l qdktyfayonf/ 'dyg'f aÈ Adkvf
aAmZsif r*ifwdkYum; w&m;udk,f ta&twGuf twdk;tavsmh r&dSay/ (0dok'd-2-320/)
479
rSwcf suf ----- yxrpsmedu t&d,r*fjzpfvQif aAm"dyud,w&m; (37)yg;wdkYudk xdkufovdk &&dSEdkifonf/ 'kwd,psmedu t&d,r*fjzpfvQif 0dwuf r,SOfojzifh ormouFyr*if avsmhrnf/ pwku
enf;t& wwd,psmedu t&d,r*fjzpfvQif yDwdoarmZsifESifh ormouFyr*if avsmhrnf/ pwku
enf;t& pwkwpsmedu t&d,r*f jzpfvQifvnf; tvm;wlyif yDwdoarmZsifESifh ormouFyr*if
avsmhrnf/
owdjyK&ef ----- txufyg pum;&yfrsm; t&d,r*fcP &oifhaom edAmefudk tmkHjyKaom
owdonf odrYk [kwf owdEiS hf wuGaom t&d,r*fw&m;onf um, a0'em pdw "rwYkd jzpfay:aeaom
okbonm okconm edponm twonmwdkYudk y,f&Sm;zsufqD;jcif;udpudk NyD;pD;aponf[laom
pum;udk txl;owdjyKyg/ 0dyeme,f ----1/ um,t& kyf (28)yg;wnf;[laom lyum,udk y"metm;jzifh aumuf,l&\/ ty"metm;jzifh
,if;kyfw&m;udk tmkHjyK ,if;kyfw&m;udk rDS jzpfay:vmaom emrfw&m;wnf;[laom emr
um,udkvnf; aumuf,l&\/
2/ a0'emt& a0'em (9)rsKd;udk y"metm;jzifh aumuf,l&\/ ty"metm;jzifh a0'emudk tOD;rl
,if;a0'emESifh wuGaom emrfw&m;wdkYudkvnf;aumif; ,if;emrfw&m;wdkY\ tmkHjzpfaom kyf
rDS&mkyfw&m;wdkYudkvnf;aumif; aumuf,l&\/
3/ pdwt& (16)rsKd;aompdwf odkYr[kwf a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef &oifh&xdkufaom pdwfrsm;udk
y"metm;jzifh aumuf,l&\/ ty"metm;jzifh pdwfudk tOD;rlvsuf pdwfESifh,SOfzuf emrfw&m;
tm;vHk;udkvnf;aumif; ,if;emrfw&m;wdkY\ tmkHjzpfaom kyf rSD&mjzpfaom kyfw&m;wdkYudk
vnf;aumif; aumuf,l&\/
4/ "r-t& um, a0'em pdww
w
Ykd iG f y"metm;jzifh aumuf,x
l m;aom kyf a0'em pdww
rYkd w
S pfyg;
<uif;useaf om z apwemOD;aqmifonfh apwoduw
f &m;pkwu
Ykd kd y"metm;jzifh aumuf,&l \/
ty"metm;jzifh ,if;apwodufw&m;pkESifh or,kwfjzpfaom a0'em pdwwdkYudkvnf;aumif;
,if;emrfw&m;pkwdkY\ tmkHjyKjzpf&m jzpfaom kyfw&m; rSDjzpf&m jzpfaom kyfw&m;wdkYudk
vnf;aumif; aumuf,&l \/ wpfenf; ----- "r-t& cEm ig;yg; tm,we wpfq,fhESpfyg;
aAmZsif ckepfyg; opm av;yg;wdkYudk aumuf,l&\/
t&d,r*fw&m;onf ,if;um, a0'em pdw "rw&m;wdkYtay: rodatmif zHk;vTrf;xm;onfh
arm[w&m;udk y,fowfjcif; udpudk edAmefjrifonfhtckduf wpfygwnf; aqmif&GufoGm;ojzifh ,if;
um, a0'em pdw "rwdkYudk a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf jyefvnf tmkH,lygu tvG,fwulyif od&dSaernf jzpfonf/
tu,f toifoal wmfaumif;onf rdru
d ,
kd u
f kd rdrd t&d,molawmfaumif; jzpfNy[
D k ,lqygvQif
txufyg tcsufrSm rdrdudk,fudk rdrd t&d,m [kwf-r[kwf prf;oyfEdkifonfh rSwfausmufwpfckyif
jzpfygonf/ rdrdudk,fudk rdrd t&d,mjzpfNyD;ygNyD[k ,HkMunfpdwfcs&aom tcsdeftcgrsKd;aomfyif kyf
(28)yg;udkrQ rodrf;qnf;wwfao; Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;r,lwwfao; rIwwfao; rodao;vQif
480
pdwfapwodufrsm;udk pdwed,mr oabmw&m;twdkif; rodrf;qnf;wwfao; Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;r,lwwfao; rIwwfao; rodao;vQif 'kuopmESifh ork',opmw&m;wdkY\ aMumif;-usKd;qufEG,frI
y#dporkyg'f oabmw&m;rsm;udk rodrf;qnf;wwfao; Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;r,lwwfao; rIwwfao;
rodao;vQif igonf t&d,m r[kwfao;[k oEd|mefus rkcsyHkao {uef qHk;jzwfcsuf csav&monf/
taMumif;rl ----- opmav;yg;udk odkYr[kwf um, a0'em pdw "rwdkYudk rodatmif zHk;vTrf;xm;wwfonfh arm[ = t0dZmudk t&d,r*fw&m;u t<uif;rJh y,fowfxm;NyD; jzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/
olrsm;tajymESifh vGrf; (t&d,mtppf r[kwfbJ) t&d,mjzpf&onfxuf bk&m;&Sif\ tvdkawmfustwdkif; t&d,mom0utppf jzpf&jcif;u toifolawmfaumif;twGuf tusKd;ydk BuD;rm;rnfom jzpfayonf/ olrsm;ajrmufay;wdkif; ajrmufcsifaevQifum; oHo&mwpfcGifwGif wGifwGifBuD;
qufvuf tarsmBuD; arsm&OD;rnfom[k rSwfom;av&monf/ t&d,molawmfaumif; jzpfNyD;rSom
um, a0'em pdw "rwdkYudk od&dSEdkifonf r[kwf? t&d,mrjzpfcifuvnf; t&d,molawmfaumif;
jzpfatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&m um, a0'em pdw "rwdkYum; od&dSatmif BudK;yrf;&rnfhw&m;rsm;om jzpfMuonf/ taMumif;rl 'kuo
pm ork',opmwGif tusK;H 0ifaom um, a0'em pdw" rwu
Ykd m;
0dyemPf\ tIcHtmkHrsm;yif jzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/
aAm"dyud,w&m;wdkY t*[dw*[P = r,l&ao;onfudk ,l&aomenf;tm;jzifh yk'fwpfyg;
wdkYESifh ra&m,SufbJ w&m;udk,foufouf oabmwl&m pkaygif; aumuf,l&aomf ----- owd 0D&d,
qE pdw ynm o'g orm"d yDwd y'd Oayum (= wMwrZswwm) ormouFy orm0gpm
ormurE ormtmZD0[k aygif;aomf (14)yg; &dSonf/
xdkw&m;wdkYwGif owdpaom tcsKdUaom w&m;onf obm0tm;jzifh wpfrsKd;wnf; jzpfrlvnf;
rdrd rdrd\ tmEkabmftm;avsmfpGm um,mEkyempaom xdkxdkudpudk NyD;apwwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh
(8)rsK;d ponfjzifh cGjJ cm; a[mMum;xm;awmfr\
l / pdw'd yd g'fponfh tcsKUd aomw&m;onf okyt
f m;jzifo
h m
jzpfjcif;aMumifh ,if;w&m;rsm;udk wpfrsKd;pDom a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/
aAm"dyud,w&m;wdkYudk (14)rsKd;[k w&m;udk,f aumuf,ljyjcif;rSm tvGefqHk; &Edkifaom
w&m;udk,fudkom aumuf,ljyjcif; jzpfonf/ yxrZsmedur*fom (14)rsKd;aomw&m;wdkYonf jzpfEdkifMuonf/ 'kw,
d Zsmedur*f ormouFyu
kd r&&do
S jzifh (13)yg; yuenf;t& wwd,psmef pwkwp smef
yrpsmefwdkY yDwdoarmZsifudk r&&dSEdkifojzifh (12)yg;wdkY jzpfMuonf/
(1) Xme? 9-rsK;d ----- okyftm;jzifh wpfrsKd;omjym;aom w&m;wdkYrSm qE pdw yDwd y'd
Oayum ormouFy orm0gpm ormurE ormtmZD0[k (9)rsKd; &dS\/ qEd'dyg'f pdwd'dyg'f yDwd
oarmZsif y'doarmZsif OayumoarmZsif ormouFyr*if orm0gpmr*if ormurEr*if
ormtmZD0r*if[k XmewpfckpDom toD;toD; jzpfMuonf/
o'g - (2) Xme ----- o'gonf o'daÈ o'gAdkvf[k ESpfrsKd;jym;\? ESpfXme jzpf\/
481
orm"d - (4) Xme ----- orm"donf orm"daÈ orm"dAdkvf orm"doarmZsif ormorm"dr*if

[k av;rsKd;jym;\? av;Xme jzpf\/
ynm - (5) Xme ----- ynmonf 0DrHod'dyg'f yndaÈ ynmAdkvf "r0dp,oarmZsif orm'd|d
r*if[k (5)rsKd;jym;\? (5)Xme jzpf\/
owd - (8) Xme ----- owdonf owdy|mef av;yg; owdaÈ owdAdkvf owdoarmZsif
ormowdr*iftm;jzifh (8)rsKd;jym;\? (8)Xme jzpf\/
0D&d, - (9) Xme ----- ory"mef av;yg; 0D&d,d'dyg'f 0D&d,daÈ 0D&d,Adkvf 0D&d,oarmZsif
orm0g,mrr*if\ tpGrf;jzifh 0D&d,onf (9)rsKd;jym;\? (9)Xme jzpf\/
aAm"trnf&aom t&d,r*f\ tultajrmif toif;tyif; bufawmfom; jzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh wpfenf; ----- t&d,r*ftm; aus;Zl;jyKwwfaom toif;tyif;\ tjzpf wnfonf\
tjzpfaMumifh azmfjyyg (37)yg;aom w&m;udk,ftm;jzifh (14)yg;aom w&m;wdkYonf aAm"dyud,
w&m; rnfukef\/ avmuD0dyemykdif;vnf; 0dyemtcdkuf0,f aAm"dyud,w&m;wdkYudk
xdkufovdk &&dSEdkifayonf/
tmemygewd bdua0 bm0dwm A[kvDuwm pwma&m owdy|mae y&dyla&Ed/ pwma&m
owdy|mem bm0dwm A[kvDuwm ow aAmZsa*F y&dyla&Ed/ ow aAmZs*Fg bm0dwm A[kvDuwm
0dZm0drkwd H y&dyla&Ed/ (r-3-124/)
&[ef;wdkY ...tmemygewdudk yGm;rsm;avhvmonf&dSaomf owdy|mef av;yg;wdkYudk jynfhapukef\? owdy|mefav;yg;wdkYudk yGm;rsm;avhvmukefonf&dSaomf aAmZsif ckepfyg;wdkYudk jynfhapukef\/
aAmZsif ckepfyg;wdkYudk yGm;rsm;avhvmukefonf&dSaomf t&[wr*f t&[wzdkvfudk jynfhapukef\/
(r-3-124/)
222
482
P'e0dok'd eda'o -- edrdw-y0wrS xyHk
edrdw-y0wrS xyHk 0k|meydkif;

0dyemonf avmuD0yd em avmukw& m0dyem[k ESprf sK;d &d\
S / xdw
k iG f t&d,r*fynmonf
1/
2/
3/
4/
y&dnmbdor,\ tpGrf;jzifh 'kuopmudk ydkif;jcm;odjcif;

y[membdor,\ tpGrf;jzifh ork',opmudk y,fpGefYjcif;
opdud&d,mbdor,\ tpGrf;jzifh eda&m"opmudk rsufarSmufjyKjcif;
bm0embdor,\ tpGrf;jzifh r*opmudk yGm;rsm;jcif; ----
tbdor,wd\
Yk tpGr;f jzifh opmav;yg;wdYk txl;ojzifh Iwwf jrifwwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh
,if;r*fynmudkvnf; 0dyem[l qdktyfayonf? avmukw&m0dyemwnf;/
xdkavmud,0dyem avmukw&m0dyem ESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif avmud,0dyemonf ocFg&
edrw
d [
f al om tmk&H o
Sd nf\tjzpfaMumifh ocFg&edrw
d rf v
S nf; rxEdik /f y0wd = 0dygufcEmwd\
Yk jzpfjcif;\
taMumif;&if;jzpfaom ork',opmudk t<uif;rJh ry,fjzwfEdkifjcif;aMumifh y0wrSvnf; rxEdkif/
a*gMwbkPfonf ork',opmudk t<uif;rJh ry,fowfEikd jf cif;aMumifh y0wrS rxEdik /f edAm efukd
tmkjH yKaomaMumifh ocFg&edrw
d rf S x\/ odt
Yk wGuf {uawm0k|me = wpfcak om tzdrYk o
S mvQif xaom
w&m; rnf\/
t&d,r*fPf av;yg;wdkYonfum; ocFg&edrdwfuif;aom tedrdw trnf&aom edAmefvQif
tmkH&dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ocFg&edrdwfrSvnf; xukef\/ ork',opmudk t<uif;rJh y,fjzwfEdkifjcif;aMumifh y0wrv
S nf; xuke\
f / xdak Mumifh Obawm0k|me = edrw
d y0w ESpyf g;pHrk S xajrmufaomw&m;wdYk
jzpfukef\/ (0dok'd-2-321/)
edrdw-y0w --- ww edrdwawm 0k|meH ocFg&edrdwH edZdwGm edAmem&rPu&PH/ y0wawm
0k|meH a[wkeda&ma"e tm,wd H 0dyguy0w tEkywd"rwmyg'eH/ awem[ ]]ork', torkpdEeawm y0wm e 0k|mwD}}wd/ (r[m#D-2-494/)
ocFg&edrw
d u
f kd pGe
Yf edAm efukd tmkjH yKjcif;onf edrw
d a wm 0k|me = ocFg&edrw
d rf S xonf rnf\/
t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH[laom taMumif; ork',opmw&m;wdkY\ t<uif;rJh csKyfjcif;aMumifh
(aomwmywdr*faMumifh tyg,fa&mufaMumif; t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHpaom taMumif;
ork',opmrsm;onf csKyfukef\/ odkY ponfjzifh tqifhqifh odygav/) aemiftcg tusKd;0dyguf
cEmwd\
Yk jzpfjcif;[laom Oyg'dEu
y0w\ wpfzef rjzpfjcif;oabm &do
S nf\tjzpfoYkd a&mufapjcif;onf
y0wawm 0k|me = y0wrSxonf rnf\/ xdkaMumifh ]]a*gMwbkonf ork',opmudk t<uif;rJh ry,fowfEdkifjcif;aMumifh y0wrS rxEdkif}}[k t|uxmq&mawmfu rdefYqdkawmfrljcif; jzpfonf/
(r[m#D-2-494/)
txufyg 0dok'dr*t|uxmESifh r[m#DumwdkY tvdktm;jzifh y0wt& Oyg'dEuy0wudkom
,lv&kd yd f &daS yonf/ odaYk omf a&S;wGif t|omvdet
D |uxm\ tqdu
k dk azmfjycJNh y;D jzpfonf/ xdt
k |uxm
tvdktm;jzifh y0wt& tEkyg'dEuy0w Oyg'dEuy0w ESpfrsKd;vHk;udkyif ,l&rnf jzpfayonf/
483
a*gMwbkPf
a*gMwbkPfum; A[d'jzpfaom ocFg&edrdwfrS xjcif; qkwfepfzJcGmjcif; jzpfaom ynmjzpf\/
A[d' ocFg&edrdwf\ t"dyg,fudk y#dord'gr*t|uxmwGif odkY &Sif;jyxm;\/
A[d'g ocFg&edrdw Ed ouoEmey0w-tukovuEawm A[d'gblwH ocFg&edrdwH/ avmud,ocFg&m [d udavomeH edrdwwm edrdwmuma&e Oy|meawm 0g edrdwEd 0kpEd/ (y#doH-|-1-253/)
A[d'jzpfaom ocFg&edrdw[
f lonfum; rdrdoEmef jzpfaom tukodkvfemruEmrS tjyifty
jzpfaom kyfemrfocFg&edrdwfwnf;/ rSefayonf ----- avmud,jzpfaom kyfemrfocFg&w&m; rSeforQ
wdkYonf udavomwdkY\ jzpfay:jcif;\ taMumif;edrdwfrsm; jzpfMuaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; y&rwf
Pfynmrsufpd r&dSao;olwdkYtzdkY a,mufsm; rdef;r yk*dKvf ow0g vl ewf jA[mpaom oPmef edrdwf
tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh xifjrifaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; edrdww&m;wdkY[l ac:qdktyfukefonf/
(y#doH-|-1-253/)
tzGit
hf & rdro
d Emef jzpfay:aom udavomum; tZsww
&m;wnf;? rdr\
d twGi;f vlwnf;/
,if;udavomrS wpfyg;aom kyfemrf"r ocFg&w&m;rSeforQ (31)bHktwGif; wnf&dSaom &dS&dSorQ
awblru "rrSeforQ rdrdoEmefrSmyif jzpfjzpf olwpfyg;\ oEmefrSmyif jzpfjzpf ouf&dS Oyg'dEu
ocFg&yif jzpfjzpf oufrhJ tEkyg'dEu
ocFg&yif jzpfjzpf tm;vH;k onf A[d'j zpfaom ocFg&w&m;csn;f [k
rSwyf g/ A[d'o
cFg&w&m;rS xyHk edAm efoYkd ajy;oGm;ouf0ifyEkH iS hf ywfouf y#dor'd gr*ygVdawmfwiG f
odkY a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/
a&S;twdwfuHaMumifh b0 tusKd;0dygu0#f cEmwdkY\ jzpfay:&jcif; Oyg'rS x = qkwfepf
zJcGm 0dygu0#f cEmwdkY\ rjzpfay:jcif; tEkyg'odkY ajy;0ifwwf\? xdkaMumifh a*gMwbk rnf\/ a&S;
twdwfuHaMumifhjzpfaom 0dygu0#f cEmt,Of\ tqufrjywf jzpfjcif; Oyg'dEuy0wrS x =
qkwef pfzcJ mG ty0w = 0dygu0#f cEmt,Of\ rjzpf&m edAm efoYkd ajy;0ifwwf\/ y/ aemiftem*wf
y#doaE\ taMumif;&if;jzpfaom uHukd tm;xkwjf cif; = tm,l[erS x = qkwef pfzcJ mG tem,l[e
= y#doaE\ taMumif;&if;jzpfaom uHudk tm;xkwfjcif;uif;&m edAmefodkY ajy;0ifwwf\/y/ aemif
tem*wf 0dygufcEmwd\
Yk jzpf&jcif; y#doaErS x = qkwef pfzcJ mG y#doaEuif;&m edAm efoYkd ajy;0if
wwf\/y/ y#doaE\pGrJ &SD m *wdrS x = qkwef pfzcJ mG y#doaE\ pGrJ &SD m *wdr&d&S mjzpfaom edAm efoYkd
ajy;0ifwwf\/y/ cEmig;yg;wd\
Yk xif&mS ;jzpfjcif; edAw
rd x
S = qkwef pfzcJ mG cEmwd\
Yk xif&mS ;jzpfjcif;
edAw
rd &d&S m edAm efoYkd ajy;0ifwwf\/ y/ 0dygufcEmt,Of\jzpfjcif; 0dyguy0wrd S x = qkwef pfzcJ mG
0dyguy0wd\ r&dS&m edAmefodkY ajy;0ifwwf\/ y/ b0wpfck cEmwdkY\ a&S;OD;tp xif&Sm;jzpfjcif;
ZmwdrS x = qkwfepfzJcGm Zmwd\ xif&Sm;r&dS&m edAmefodkY ajy;0ifwwf\/ y/ Z&mrSx = qkwfepf
zJcGm Z&mr&dS&m edAmefodkY ajy;0ifwwf\/ y/ Asm"drS x = qkwfepfzJcGm Asm"dr&dS&m edAmefodkY
ajy;0ifwwf\/ y/ aojcif;r&PrS x = qkwfepfzJcGm aojcif;r&Puif;&m edAmefodkY ajy;0if
wwf\/ y/ pd;k &dryf al qG;&jcif; aomurS x = qkwef pfzcJ mG aomuuif;&m edAm efoYkd ajy;0ifwwf\/
y/ idka<u;jcif; y&da'0rS x = qkwfepfzJcGm y&da'0uif;&m edAmefodkY ajy;0ifwwf\/ y/ jyif;pGm
ylyef&jcif; Oyg,morS x = qkwfepfzJcGm Oyg,mouif;&m edAmefodkY ajy;0ifwwf\/ y/ A[d'
484
jzpfaom ocFg&edrdwfrS x = qkwfepfzJcGm ocFg&wdkY\ csKyfNidrf;&m eda&m"edAmefodkY ajy;0ifwwf\?

xdkaMumifh a*gMwbk rnf\/ (y#doH-63-64/)
Obawm 0k|me - r*fPf

edrw
d y0w ESpyf g;pHrk x
S jcif; = qkwef pfzcJ mG jcif;jzpfaom ynmonf r*fPfrnfonf tb,foYkd
jzpfoenf;[lrl ----orm'd|d ----- aomwmywdr*fcP y&dnmbdor, y[membdor, opdud&d,mbdor,
bm0embdor, vuPm&dSaom opmteuf vGefcJcufudk jyufjyufxifxif odjrifwwfaom teuf
oabmtm;jzifh orm'd|donf (62)yg; tjym;&dSaom rdpm'd|drS x\/ tyg,fodkY a&mufapwwfaom
taMumif;w&m;\ tjzpfjzifh xdrk pd m 'd|o
d Ykd tpOfvu
kd af om 0dpu
d pd m paom udavomwdrYk v
S nf;aumif;
xdrk pd m 'd|o
d Ykd tpOfvu
kd af om cEmwdrYk v
S nf;aumif; x\/ rdro
d Emefjzpfaom udavomcEmrS wpfyg;
tjyifty A[d'jzpfaom tvHk;pHkaom ocFg&edrdwfwdkYrSvnf; x\/ xdkaMumifh edrdw y0w ESpfyg;pHkrS
xjcif; qkwfepfzJcGmjcif; jzpfaom ynmonf t&d,r*f jzpfaom Pfrnf\[l qdktyf\/
(y#doH-66/)
w'Ek0wu udavom --- aomwmywdr*fPfonf 'd|mEko, = 'd|dtEko,"mwfudk t<uif;
tusefr&dS ukefpifatmif orkap'tm;jzifh y,fowfvdkufjcif;jzifh (62)rsKd;aom rdpm'd|drS x\/ ,if;
rdpm 'd|Ed iS hf pdwu
P
wpfc\
k twGi;f twl,OS w
f
JG jzpfMuaom rdpm 'd|v
d Qif tm;Bu;D aomrD&S m Oyed,
&dv
S suf jzpfay:vmMuukeaf om rdpm 'd|ad emufoYkd tpOfvu
kd u
f ek af om udavomtrsK;d rsK;d wdrYk v
S nf; x\/
xdkpum;&yfjzifh wa'u|udavomudk y,fjcif;udk qdkvdkayonf/ {u|onf o[aZu| y[maeu|
[k ESpfrsKd;&dS\/
o[aZu| ----- xdk'd|dESifh wpfckaom pdwuPvnf;aumif; wpfOD;aom yk*dKvf\ oEmef
vnf;aumif; t&d,r*fw&m;jzifh y,f&Sm;onfhwdkifatmif wnf&dSaeaom udavomwdkYonf wa'u|
= xdk'd|dESifhwlaom wnf&m&dSaom udavomwdkY jzpfMu\/ t&d,r*fw&m;u 'd|dudk y,fowfvdkufaomf
avmbrl 'd|*d wor,w
k f tocFg&dupdwEf pS rf sK;d wdYk xd'k |d Ed iS hf twlwuG ,SOw
f jJG zpfaom avmb arm[
O'p t[d&u
d taemwy[
al om udavomwdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif; avmbrl 'd|*d wor,w
k f oocFg&du
pdwfESpfrsKd;wdkY xdk'd|dESifhtwlwuG ,SOfwGJjzpfukef wnfukefaom avmb arm[ xde O'p t[d&du
taemwy[laom udavomwdkYudkvnf;aumif; o[aZu|\ tpGrf;jzifh aomwmywdr*fu y,fowftyfukef\/
y[maeu| ----- aomwmywdr*fPfu 'd|dudavomudkyifvQif y,fowftyfonf&dSaomf
xdk'd|dudavomESifh twlwuG wpfOD;wnf;aom yk*dKvf\ oEmef wnfaeMuukefaom tyg,fa&mufaMumif; jzpfMuonfh avmb a'go arm[ rme 0dpdudpm xde O'p t[d&du taemwy[k qdktyf
ukefaom udavomwdkYudk y[maeu|\ tpGrf;jzifh y,fowftyfukef\/
caE[d ----- xdkrdpm'd|dodkY tpOfvdkufaom cEmwdkYrSvnf; x\[l&m0,f xdkcEmwdkYum; ----(u) xdk'd|dodkY tpOfvdkuf jzpfMuukefaom xdk'd|dESifh pdwuPwpfck\ twGif; twlwuG ,SOfwGJ
485
jzpfMuukefaom avmb'd|dtkyfpk = avmbrl'd|d*wor,kwf pdwfapwoduf emruEmav;yg;

(o[aZu| cEm)
( c ) xdk 'd|dudavomESifh y[maeu| jzpfMuukefaom avmb a'go arm[ paom tyg,f
a&mufaMumif; udavomwdEYk iS hf ,SOw
f jJG zpfMuukeaf om avmbrl 'd|*d w0dy,
w
k f pdwaf pwoduf
emruEm a'gorl pdwfapwoduf emruEm arm[rl pdwfapwoduf emruEm av;yg;
(y[maeu| cEm)
( * ) xdko[aZu| y[maeu|jzpfaom tukodkvf pdwfapwodufwdkYaMumifh jzpfukefaom pdwZ
kyf[laom lyuEm ----- tm;vHk;aygif;aomf cEm (5)yg; (tEkyg'dEuy0w cEmig;yg;wnf;/)
(C) xdk rdpm'd|dpaom udavomwdkYaMumifh aemiftem*wf jzpfxkdufukefaom 0dygufcEm ig;yg; =
(Oyg'dEuy0w cEmig;yg;wnf;/)
tEkyg'dEuy0w cEmig;yg; Oyg'dEuy0w cEmig;yg;wdkYrS aomwmywdr*fPfonf x\/
( i ) A[d'g p oAedrdaw[w
D d ,xm0kwudavouEawm A[dblaw[d oAocFg&edrdaw[d/
(y#doH-|-1-255-256/)
A[d'jzpfaom tvHk;pHkaom ocFg&edrdwf[lonf qkdcJhNyD;aom rdrdoEmef jzpfaom udavom
cEmwdkYrS tyjzpfukefaom tvHk;pHkaom avmuDjzpfaom (tZsw A[d') ocFg&w&m;tm;vHk;rSvnf;
aomwmywdr*fonf x\[k od&dSygav/ (y#doH-|-1-255-256/)
txufyg y#dor'd gr*t|uxmonfvnf; a&S;wGiaf zmfjycJah om t|omvdet
D |uxm tqdk
twdkif; t&d,r*fonf tEkyg'dEu cEy0w Oyg'dEu cEy0w ESpfrsKd;vHk;rSvnf;aumif; tvHk;pHkaom
ocFgedrdwfrSvnf;aumif; xonf[kyif t,l&Sdayonf/
ormouFy ----- edAmeftmkHay:odkY or,kwfw&m;wdkYudk a&S;Iwifay;wwfaom teufoabm
tm;jzifh t&d,r*fESihf ,SOfaom ormouFyonf rdpmouFyrS x\/ xdkrdpmouFyodkY tpOfvkduf
jzpfwwfukefaom udavomwdkYrSvnf;aumif; cEmwdkYrSvnf;aumif; x\/ A[d'jzpfukefaom tvHk;
pHak om ocFg&edrw
d w
f rYkd v
S nf; x\/ xdaYk Mumifh edrw
d y0wEpS yf g;pHrk S xjcif; qkwef pfzcJ mG jcif; jzpfaom
ynmonf t&d,r*fjzpfaom Pfrnf\[l qdktyf\/ (y#doH-66/)
aomwmywdr*fjzifh y,ftyfukefaom 'd|d*wor,kwfpdwf (4)rsKd; 0dpdudpmo[*kwfpdwf wpfrsKd;
aygif; ig;rsKd;aom pdwfwdkYvnf;aumif; tyg,*reD, = tyg,fodkY a&mufjcif;\ taMumif;&if; jzpfMu
ukefaom <uif;tukodkvfpdwfwdkYvnf;aumif; ,SOfaom rdpmouFy = 0dwufrS aomwmywdr*fPf
onf x\/ (y#doH-|-1-256/)
orm0gpm ----- odrf;qnf;wwfaom teufoabmtm;jzifh t&d,r*fESifh,SOfaom orm0gpm
onf rdpm0gpmrS x\/ xdk rdpm0gpmodkY tpOfvdkuf jzpfwwfukefaom udavomwdkYrSvnf;aumif;
cEmwdkYrSvnf;aumif; x\/ A[d'jzpfukefaom tvHk;pHkaom ocFg&edrdwfwdkYrSvnf; x\/ xdkaMumifh
edrdw y0w ESpfyg;pHkrS xjcif; qkwfepfzJcGmjcif; jzpfaom ynmonf t&d,r*fjzpfaom Pfrnf\
[l qdktyf\/ (y#doH-66/) (rkom0g'grSvnf;aumif; tyg,fvm;aMumif; ydokP0gpm zko0gpm
oryvmy0gpmwdkYrSvnf;aumif; x\ [lvdkonf/)
486
ormurE ----- udk,ftrlt&m rkdif;ys&atmif aumif;pGm jzpfapwwfaom teufoabm

tm;jzifh t&d,r*fESifh ,SOfaom ormurEonf rdpmurErS x\/ xdk rdpmurEodkY tpOfvdkuf
jzpfwwfukefaom udavomwdkYrSvnf;aumif; cEmwdkYrSvnf;aumif; x\/ A[d'jzpfukefaom tvHk;
pHak om ocFg&edrw
d w
f rYkd v
S nf; x\/ xdaYk Mumifh edrw
d y0w ESpyf g;pHrk S xjcif; qkwef pfzcJ mG jcif; jzpfaom
ynmonf t&d,r*fjzpfaom Pfrnf\[l qdktyf\/ (y#doH-66/) (ygPmwdygw t'dEm'ge
umarokrdpmpm&wdkYrS x\/)
ormtmZD0 ----- toufarG;rIudk jzLpifapaom teufoabmtm;jzifh t&d,r*fESifh,SOfaom
ormtmZD0onf rdpmtmZD0rS x\/ xdkrdpmtmZD0odkY tpOfvdkuf jzpfwwfukefaom udavomwdkYrS
vnf;aumif; cEmwdkYrSvnf;aumif; x\/ A[d'jzpfukefaom tvHk;pHkukefaom ocFg&edrdwfwdkYrSvnf;
x\/ xdkaMumifh edrdw y0w ESpfyg;pHkrS xjcif; qkwfepfzJcGmjcif; jzpfaom ynmonf t&d,r*f
jzpfaom Pfrnf\[l qdktyf\/ (y#doH-66/)
thHzG,fol&Jjzpfatmif jyKvkyfjyjcif; uk[e 0g<um;yvTm; ajrmufyifhajymqdkjcif; = vye ypnf;
av;yg; &&Sdatmif edrdwft&dyfta,mifjyjcif; = aerdwduwm pum;jzifh Budwfacsjcif; pum;emxdk;jcif;
= edayoduwm vmbfwpfckjzifh vmbfwpfckudk &SmrSD;jcif; tay;t,lvkyfjcif; = vmabe vmbH edZd*Doewm toufarG;rIvQif taMumif;&if; &SdMuukefaom toufarG;0rf;aMumif;ESifh oufqdkifukefaom
um,'kpkduf oHk;yg; 0pD'kpkduf av;yg; ----- odkYaom rdpmZD0wdkYrS x\/
orm0g,mr ----- t&d,r*fESifh ,SOfzuf or,kwfw&m;pkwdkYudk edAmeftmkHay:odkY a&mufatmif
cs;D ajrm ufxm;wwfaom teufoabmtm;jzifh orm0g,mronf rdpm 0g,mrrS x\/ xdrk pd m 0g,mrodYk
tpOfvdkuf jzpfwwfukefaom udavomwdkYrSvnf;aumif; cEmwdkYrSvnf;aumif; x\/ A[d'jzpfukeaf om tvH;k pHu
k ek af om ocFg&edrw
d w
f rYkd v
S nf; x\/ xdak Mumifh edrw
d y0wEpS yf g;pHrk S xjcif; qkwef pf
zJcGmjcif;jzpfaom ynmonf t&d,r*fjzpfaom Pfrnf\[l qdktyf\/ (y#doH-67/) ('d|d*w
or,kwfpdwf av;ck 0dpdudpm --- pdwfig;rsKd;wdkY ,SOfaom rdpm0g,mr = 0D&d, tyg,fodkYvm;aMumif; tyg,*reD,jzpfaom <uif;aom tukodkvfpdwfwdkY ,SOfaom rdpm0g,mr = 0D&d,rS x\/)
ormowd ----- edAm eftmko
H Ykd uyfwnfwwfaom teufoabmtm;jzifh t&d,r*fEiS hf ,SOaf om
ormowdonf rdpmowdrS x\/ xdkrdpmowdodkY tpOfvdkuf jzpfwwfukefaom udavomwdkYrSvnf;aumif; cEmwdkYrSvnf;aumif; x\? A[d'jzpfukefaom tvHk;pHkukefaom ocFg&edrdwfwdkYrSvnf; x\/
xdkaMumifh edrdw y0w ESpfyg;pHkrS xjcif; qkwfepfzJcGmjcif; jzpfaom ynmonf t&d,r*f jzpfaom
Pfrnf\[l qdktyf\/ (y#doH-67/)
rdpmowDwd p owd,m y#dyumuma&e OyZrmem tukovpdwKyg'rwar0/
(y#doH-|-1-256/)
rdpmowd wxmy0wm pwma&m cEm/ (r[m#D-2-494/)
owd\qefu
Y sib
f uf tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh raumif;rIukd trSw&f aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh jzpfaom
xdkxdk tukodkvfpdwKyg'f = pdwfapwoduf w&m;pkonfyif rdpmowd rnf\/ (y#doH-|-1-256/)
487
ormorm"d ----- edAmeftmkHrS tjcm;wpfyg;aom tmkH rysHUvGifhwwfaom teufoabmtm;jzifh t&d,r*fEiS ,

hf OS af om ormorm"donf rdpm orm"drS x\/ xkrd pd m orm"doYkd tpOfvu
kd
f jzpfwwf
ukeaf om udavomwdrYk v
S nf;aumif; cEmwdrYk v
S nf;aumif; x\/ A[d'j zpfuek af om tvH;k pHu
k ek af om
ocFg&edrdwfwdkYrSvnf; x\/ xdkYaMumifh edrdw y0w ESpfyg;pHkrS xjcif; qkwfepfzJcGmjcif; jzpfaom ynm
onf t&d,r*f jzpfaom Pfrnf\[l qdktyf\/ (y#doH-67/) ('d|d*wor,kwfpdwf av;rsKd;
0dpdudpmpdwf wpfrsKd; ----- ig;rsKd;aom pdwfwdkY ,SOfaom {u*wm tyg,fodkYvm;aMumif; = tyg,
*reD,jzpfaom <uif;tukodkvfpdwfwdkY ,SOfaom {u*wmapwoduf[laom rdpmorm"drS ormorm"donf x\/)
rSwcf suf ----- xdkxdkokwefygVdawmfrsm; rdpm0gpm rdpmurE rdpmtmZD0 rdpmowdr*ifrsm;udkvnf; a[mxm;awmfrl\/ xdkr*ifrsm; w&m;udk,f oD;jcm;r&Sd? owdrSefvQif ormowd trnf&aom
aombeapwoduo
f m &So
d nf/ xdo
k Ykd w&m;ud,
k f oD;jcm;r&aomaMumifh tbd"rmygVdawmf a[mjyawmf
rrl/ xdx
k kd raumif;pum; 0pD'pk ku
d f av;yg;udk ajymqdo
k nft
h cg jzpfay:aom tukov
kd pf w
d af pwoduf
w&m;pkudk rdpm0gpm[kvnf;aumif; xdkxdk raumif;rI um,'kpkduf oHk;yg;udk jyKvkyfonfhtcg jzpfay:
vmaom tukodkvfpdwfapwoduf w&m;pkudk rdpmurE[kvnf;aumif; xdkxdkraumif;rI rdpmtmZD0
vkyif ef;&yfwu
Ykd kd jyKvyk o
f nft
h cg jzpfay:onfh tukov
kd f pdwaf pwoduf w&m;pkukd rdpm tmZD0[kvnf;aumif; xdx
k kd raumif;rIukd trSw&f onft
h cg jzpfay:vmaom tukovonm jy"mef;aom tukov
kd f
pdwaf pwoduf w&m;pkukd rdpm owd[v
k nf;aumif; toD;toD; w&m;ud,
k f aumuf,&l onf[k rSwyf g/
xdktukodkvf pdwfapwodufw&m;pkwdkYwGif 'd|d*wor,kwfpdwf av;rsKd; 0dpdudpmo[*kwfpdwf wpfrsKd;
ig;rsKd;aom pdwfapwodufw&m;pkwdkYudkvnf;aumif; tyg,fodkYvm;a&mufaMumif; = tyg,*reD,
jzpfaom <uif;aom tukov
kd f pdwaf pwoduf w&m;pkuv
kd nf;aumif; aomwmywrd *fPfu y,fowf
ojzifh aomwmywdr*fonf ,if;'d|d0dpdudpmESifh wuGaom tukodkvfw&m;pkESifh <uif;aom tyg,fodkY
vm;a&mufaMumif; = tyg,*reD, tukodkvfw&m;pkrS xonf rnfayonf/
um; aomwmywdr*fPftcdkuf r*if(8)yg;wdkY\ rdpm'd|dpaom qefYusifbufw&m; toD;
toD;rSvnf;aumif; xdkrdpm'd|dpaom qefYusifbufw&m; toD;toD;odkY tpOfvdkufaom udavom
wdkYrSvnf;aumif; cEmwdkYrSvnf;aumif; A[d'jzpfaom tvHk;pHkukefaom ocFg&edrdwfwdkYrSvnf;aumif;
xajrmufyHkwnf;/ ,cktcg ou'g*grdr*fPftckdufponfwdkY udavomcEmponfwdkYrS xajrmuf
yHkudk tusOf;csKyf qufvufwifjytyfygonf/
ou'g*grdr*f ---- ou'g*grdr*fcP opmav;yg;udk odjrifwwfaom teufoabmtm;jzifh
orm'd|donf/ y/ edAmeftmkHrS wpfyg;aom tmkH rysHUvGifhwwfaom teufoabmtm;jzifh ormorm"donf kefY&if;aom umr&m*oHa,mZOfrSvnf;aumif; y#dCoHa,mZOfrSvnf;aumif; kefY&if;aom umr&m*gEko,rSvnf;aumif; y#dCmEko,rSvnf;aumif; x\/ y /
tem*grdr*f ----- tem*grdr*fcP opmav;yg;udk odjrifwwfaom teufoabmtm;jzifh orm
'd|donf/ y/ edAmeftmkHrS wpfyg;aomtmkH rysHUvGifhwwfaom teufoabmtm;jzifh ormorm"d
onf usyJ g;odraf rGUonf\ tjzpfoYkd a&mufaom usyJ g;odraf rGUonf jzpfjzpfaom umr&m*oHa,mZOfrS
488
vnf;aumif; y#dCoHa,mZOfrSvnf;aumif; usJyg;odrfarGUonf\ tjzpfodkY a&mufaom usJyg;odrfarGUonf jzpfjzpfaom umr&m*gEko,rSvnf;aumif; y#dCmEko,rSvnf;aumif; x\/ y /
t&[wr*f ----- t&[wr*fcP opmav;yg;udkodjrifwwfaom teufoabmtm;jzifh orm
'd|donf/ y/ edAmeftmkHrS wpfyg;aom tmkH rysHUvGifhwwfaom teufoabmtm;jzifh ormorm"d
onf ly&m* tly&m* rme O'p t0dZm oHa,mZOfrv
S nf;aumif; rmemEko, b0&m*gEko, t0dZm
Eko,rSvnf;aumif; x\/ xdkxdk ly&m*ponfodkY tpOfvdkufaom udavomwdkYrSvnf;aumif; xdk
udavomodYk tpOfvu
kd af om cEmwdrYk v
S nf;aumif; x\? A[d'j zpfaom tvH;k pHak om ocFg&edrw
d rf v
S nf;
x\/ xdak Mumifh edrw
d y0w ESpyf g;pHrk S xajrmufjcif; qkwef pfzcJ mG jcif; jzpfaom ynmonf t&d,r*f
jzpfaom Pfrnf\[l qdktyfayonf/ (y#doH-67/ 0dok'd-2-321-322/)
ou'g*grdr*f tem*grdr*f t&[wr*f[laom txufr*foHk;yg;taygif; orm'd|donf xdkxdk
odaYk om t&d,r*fonf y,fowftyfaom rmerS x\/ rSeaf yonf ----- xdkrmeonf ]]ig jzpf\}}-odkYaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh jzpfjcif;aMumifh 'd|dt&m wnf\? odkYaomfvnf; txufr*foHk;yg;
taygif; rdpmr*frS xjcif;udk ]]rdpm'd|drS x\}} --- odkYponfjzifh rxkwfaqmif ra[mMum;rl xdkxdk
odkYaom t&d,r*fonf y,fowftyfaom oHa,mZOftEko,wdkYrSomvQif xjcif;udk xkwfaqmif
a[mMum;awmfrltyf\[k rSwfom;ygav/ (r[m#D-2-495/)
orxAv 0dyemAv = orxpGrf;tm; 0dyempGrf;tm;

avmuDpsmeformywf (8)yg;wdkYudk yGm;rsm;&mtcg orm"dbm0emjzpfaomaMumifh orxAv =
orm"dprG ;f tm;onf vGeu
f \
J / tedpm EkyemponfwYkd yGm;rsm;tm;xkw&f mtcg 0dyembm0em\
PftvGet
f uJ &So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumifh 0dyemAv = 0dyemynm pGr;f tm;onf vGeu
f \
J / wpfzef
t&d,r*fcPum; orxESifh 0dyem = orm"dESifh ynmwdkYonf tcsif;csif; wpfckudk wpfcku rvGef
aomaMumifh orm"d\udp ynm\udptm;jzifh tcsif;csif; r,kwfrvGefonf\ tjzpfaMumifh xdkorx
0dyem trnf&aom orm"dESifh ynmw&m;wdkYonf xrf;ydk; ,SOfpHkzJGUtyfaom tm;wl EGm;uJhodkY
tm;wl tcsif;csif; r,kwfrvGefukefonf jzpf = ,k*e' jzpfukef jzpfay:vmMuukef\/ xdkaMumifh
av;yg;aom r*fPfwYkd vnf; ESpyf g;pHak om orxAv = orxpGr;f tm; 0dyemAv = 0dyem
pGrf;tm;wdkYESifh wlrQaom tydkif;tjcm;tm;jzifh ,SOfjcif;onf jzpfay:vmayonf/ (0dok'd-2-322/)
y#dord'gr*ygVdawmf a[mMum;xm;yHk
]]O'po[*wudavao[d p caE[d p 0k|[awm pdw {u*wm t0dauayg orm"d
eda&m"a*gpa&m? t0dZmo[*wudavao[d p caE[d p 0k|[awm tEkyea|e 0dyem
eda&m"a*gpa&m/ wd 0k|mea|e orx0dyem {u&om a[mEd? ,k*e'g a[mEd? tnrnH emwd0wEDwd/ awe 0kpwd 0k|mea|e orx0dyeH ,k*e'H bma0wD}}wd/ (y#doH-289/)
O'pE iS hf twlwuGjzpfaom O'pj y"mef;aom udavomwdrYk v
S nf;aumif; O'po
Ykd tpOfvu
kd af om
cEmwdrYk v
S nf;aumif; xaom pdw\
f wpfcak om tmk&H o
Sd nf\ tjzpf[al om pdwyf sUH vGijhf cif; 0dauy\
489
ajzmifhajzmifh qefYusifbufjzpfaom t&d,r*fPfESifh ,SOfaom orm"donf edAmef[laom tmkH&dS\/

t0dZmjy"mef;aom udavomwdkYrSvnf;aumif; xdkt0dZmodkY tpOfvdkufaom cEmwdkYrSvnf;aumif;
xaom pdwf\ tzefwvJvJ Iwwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh 0dyemonf edAmef[laom tmkH&dS\/
odkYvQif edrdw = ocFg&edrdwfrSvnf;aumif; y0w = Oyg'dEuy0w tEkyg'dEuy0wrS
vnf;aumif; xwwfonf\ tjzpfjzifh orx = orm"dESifh 0dyem = ynmwdkYonf wlaomudp &dSMu
ukef\/ xrf;ydk; ,SOfpHkzJGUtyfaom tm;wlEGm;uJhodkY tm;wltcsif;csif; r,kwfrvGefMuonf jzpfukef\?
tcsif;csif; rvGefMuukef/ xdkaMumifh edrdwESifh y0wrS xwwfonf\ tjzpfjzifh orxESifh 0dyemudk
= orm"dEiS hf ynmudk xrf;yd;k ,SOpf zkH UGJ tyfaom tm;wlEmG ;uJo
h Ykd tm;wljyK yGm;aponf[
l qdt
k yf\/
(y#doH-289/)
um; t&d,r*fPftcdkuf orm"dESifh ynmwdkY\ tm;csif;nDrQojzifh aÈnDrQjcif;aMumifh
,k*e'jzpfyHk t&d,r*fPfonf orxpGrf;tm; 0dyempGrf;tm; ESpfrsKd;vHk;ESifh ,SOfaeyHkwnf;/
0dyemtcdkuf ,k*e'jzpfykHudk a&S;0dyemydkif;wGif ,k*e'okwefudk udk;um; &Sif;vif;wifjycJhNyD;
jzpfonf/
t&d,r*fw&m;u y,f&Sm;onfh udavom

1/ tu,f t&d,r*fonf twdwu
f ad vomwdu
Yk kd y,fjcif;jzpfcahJ omf ,if;t&d,r*fonf ukeNf y;D aom udavomukd ukefaponf rnf\? csKyfNyD;aom udavomudk csKyfaponf rnf\? uif;NyD;aom
udavomudk uif;aponf rnf\/ csKyfjcif;odkYa&mufNyD;aom udavomudk wpfzefcsKyfjcif;odkY a&mufaponf rnf\/ twdwfjzpfaom ,if;udavomonf Oyg'f-XD-biftm;jzifh cPw,oufwrf;aphu
obm0tavsmuf csKyfaysmufNyD; jzpf\? ,if;odkY csKyfaysmufNyD; r&dSaom udavomudk t&d,r*fonf
y,fonfrnfav&monf/ xdkaMumifh t&d,r*fonf twdwfjzpfaom udavomwdkYudkvnf; y,fonf
r[kwf/
2/ tu,f t&d,r*fonf tem*wfjzpfaom udavomwdkYudk y,fjcif;jzpfcJhaomf ----- tem*wf
udavom[lonf kyfemrfoEwdtpOfwGif Oyg'f-XD-bif taetm;jzifh xifxif&Sm;&Sm; rjzpfao;aom
udavom jzpfojzifh t&d,r*fonf rjzpfao;aom udavomudk y,fonf rnf\? ra&mufao;aom
udavomudk y,fonff rnf\? cPw,odYk ra&mufao;aom udavomudk y,fonf rnf\? xif&mS ;pGm
rjzpfao;aom udavomudk y,fonf rnf\? tem*wfjzpfaom udavomonf kyef mrfoEwt
d pOfwiG f
Oyg'f-XD-bif taetm;jzifh xif&mS ;r&daS o;&um; xdx
k if&mS ;r&daS o;aom udavomudk y,fonf rnf\?
xdkYaMumihf t&d,r*fonf tem*wfjzpfaom udavomwdkYudkvnf; y,fonf r[kwf/
3/ tu,f t&d,r*fonf ypKye u
f ad vomwdu
Yk kd y,fjcif;jzpfcahJ omf &m*jzifh wyfrufvsuf &m*udk
y,fonf rnf\? a'gojzifh trsufxGufvsuf a'goudk y,fonf rnf\? arm[jzifh awGa0vsuf
arm[udk y,fonf rnf\? rmejzifh cufxefaompdwf&dSonf jzpfvsuf rmeudk y,fonf rnf\/ rdpm'd|djzifh rSm;aomtm;jzifh ESvHk;oGif;onfjzpfvsuf azmufjyefaom 'd|dt,ludk y,fonfrnf\/ O'pjzifh
pdwfysHUvGifhjcif;odkY a&mufvsuf O'pudk y,fonf rnf\? 0dpdudpmjzifh rqHk;jzwfEdkifjcif;odkY a&mufvsuf
0dpdudpmudk y,fonf rnf\/ jrJjrHpGm wnfonf\tjzpfodkY a&mufaom xmr*w udavom &dSonf
490
P'e0dok'd eda'o -- t&d,r*fw&m;u y,f&Sm;onfh udavom
jzpfvsuf jrjJ rpH mG wnfonf\tjzpfoYkd a&mufaom tEko,"mwf&o

Sd nf jzpfvsuf tEko,udavomudk
y,fonf rnf\/ pdwuPwpfck twGif; tukodkvfw&m;ESifh ukodkvfw&m;wdkYonf xrf;ydk; ,SOfpHk
utyfaom EGm;wdu
Yk o
hJ Ykd ,SOpf t
kH NyKd if jzpfonf rnfuek \
f / pdwn
f pfErG ;f aMumif; udavomtnpftaMu;
oHudavow&m;ESifh ,SOfwGJ jzpfaom t&d,r*fudk yGm;apjcif; jzpfonf rnf\/ xdkaMumifh t&d,
r*fonf ypKyefudavomwdkYudkvnf; y,fonf r[kwf/
xdo
k Ykd twdwf tem*wf ypKye f udavomwdu
Yk kd t&d,r*fw&m;u ry,f&mS ;onf&aSd omf udavom
wdkYum; umvoHk;yg;omjzpfaom w&m;wdkY jzpfMuojzifh t&d,r*fudk yGm;apjcif; r*bm0emonf r&dSawmhNyDavm = r*fudkyGm;apjcif; jzpfapjcif;jzifh NyD;pD;aptyfaom udavomudk y,f&Sm;jcif; vkyfief;
udp& yfonf r&daS wmhNyaD vm? zdv
k u
f kd rsuaf rSmufjyKjcif;onf r&daS wmhNyaD vm? udavomudk y,fjcif;onf
r&dSawmhNyDavm? opmav;yg;udk a&S;IrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odjrifjcif;onf r&dSawmhNyDavm[k
ar;&ef&dS\? tajzum; r&dSr[kwf? &dSonfom[k ajzqdk&m\/
avmuOyrm ----- toD; roD;ao;aom tMuifEek ,faom opfyifonf &d\
S ? xdt
k oD; roD;ao;aom Eke,faom opfyifudk a,mufsm;wpfa,mufonf tjrpfudk jzwfav&m\? xdkopfyif\ tMuif
roD;ao;aom toD;wdkYonf &dSukef&m\? xdkroD;ao;aom toD;wdkYonf xif&Sm;rjzpfukefao;onf
jzpfomvQif xif&Sm; rjzpfMuukef? ray:ukefao;onf jzpfomvQif ray:Muukef? rjzpfay:ukefao;onf jzpfomvQif rjzpfay:Muukef? xif&Sm;r&dSukefao;onf jzpfomvQif xif&Sm;r&dSukef/
OyrmtwlyifvQif a&S;twdwfuHaMumifh b0 jzpfjcif; Oyg'foabm &dSMuukefaom 0dygu
0#f cEmwdkYonf udavomwdkY\ pGJrDS jzpfjcif;\ a[wktaMumif;wnf;? taxmuftyHhjzpfaom yp,
taMumif;wnf;? ,if;jzpfjcif;oabm&dSaom Oyg'dEu cEmig;yg; tjypfudkjrif ,if;jzpfjcif; Oyg'f
oabm&dSaom Oyg'dEucEmwdkY\ uif;&m tEkyg'edAmef pdwfonf ajy;0if\? ,if;tEkyg'edAmef
pdwo
f nf ajy;0ifonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ,if;jzpfjcif; Oyg'foabm&daS om Oyg'dEu
cEm[laom taMumif;aMumifh tMuifuad vomwdo
Yk nf xif&mS ;jzpfay:vmuke&f m\? xdu
k ad vomwdo
Yk nf xif&mS ;rjzpfao;ukef
rlomvQif xif&Sm;rjzpfukef? ray:ukefao;onfjzpfomvQif ray:Muukef? rjzpfay:ukefao;onf
jzpfomvQif rjzpfay:Muukef? xif&Sm;r&dSukefao;onf jzpfomvQif xif&Sm;r&dSukef? odkYvQif
taMumif;jzpfaom udavomwd\
Yk csKyjf cif;aMumifh aemiftcg jzpfvwUH aom tusK;d 'ku\
csKyjf cif;onf
jzpf\/
udavomwd\
Yk jzpfjcif;iSm Oyg'dEu
cEmt,Of\ tqufrjywf jzpfymG ;jcif; y0wonf udavom
wdkY\ pGJrDS jzpfjcif;\ a[wktaMumif;wnf;/ y /
ocFg&edrdwfonf udavomwdkY\ pGJrDS jzpfjcif;\ a[wktaMumif;wnf;/ y /
aemifwpfzef b0opf y#doaE\ taMumif;jzpfaom uHukd tm;xkwjf cif; tm,l[eonf udavomwdkY\ pGJrDS jzpf&m a[wktaMumif;wnf;? ,if;tm,l[eonf tm;ay;axmufyhHwwfaom yp,
taMumif;wnf;/ odkY aemiftcg y#doaE\ taMumif;&if;uHudk tm;xkwfjcif; tm,l[e tjypfudk
jrif ,if;uHudk tm;rxkwfjcif; tem,l[e = tm,l[euif;aom edAmef pdwfonf ajy;0if\?
tm,l[euif;&m edAm ef pdw\
f ajy;0ifonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ,if;tm,l[e[laom taMumif;aMumifh
491
tMuifudavomwdkYonf jzpfay:vmukef&m\? xdkudavomwdkYonf xif&Sm;rjzpfao;ukefrlomvQif

xif&mS ;rjzpfvmuke?f ray:ukeaf o;onf jzpfomvQif ray:vmMuuke?f rjzpfay:ao;ukeo
f nf jzpf
omvQif rjzpfay:Muuke?f xif&mS ;r&du
S ek af o;onf jzpfomvQif xif&mS ;r&du
S ek /f odv
Yk Qif taMumif;
jzpfaom udavomwdkY\ csKyfjcif;aMumifh aemiftcg jzpfvwHUaom tusKd;'ku\ csKyfjcif;onf jzpf\/
odkYvQif t&d,r*fudk yGm;apjcif; jzpfapjcif; r*bm0emonf &dS\? t&d,zdkvfudk rsufarSmuf
jyKjcif;onf &d\
S ? udavomudk y,fjcif;onf &d\
S ? opmav;yg;udk a&S;Irsuaf rSmuf xGi;f azmuf odjrif
jcif;onf &dS\/ (y#doH-394-395/)
toD; roD;ao;aom Ekaom opfyifudk tjrpf jzwftyfonf&dSaomf tu,f xdkodkY jzwfjcif;
r&dSvwfaomf aemiftcg jzpfjcif;iSm xdkufukefaom jzwfvdkufjcif;wnf;[laom taMumif;aMumifh
rjzpfvwUH ukeaf om toD;wdo
Yk nf ysupf ;D onf rnfuek o
f nf jzpfuek o
f uJo
h Ykd OyrmtwlyifvQif t&d,
r*fudk yGm;apjcif; jzpfapjcif; r*bm0emonf r&dSvwfaomf jzpfjcif;iSm xdkufukefaom udavomwdkYudk
t&d,r*fukd yGm;apjcif; jzpfapjcif; r*bm0emaMumifh rjzpfuek o
f nf&aSd omf y,ftyfuek \
f [lomvQif
qdktyfukef\/ odkY Oyrm Oyar,s ESD;aESmpyf[yfyg/
blrdv'KyE udavom
{awe u 'DydwH a[mwd? blrdv'geH udavomeH y[meH 'DydwH a[mwd/ blrdv'g ye u
twDwmem*wm O'g[k ypKyEmwd/ blrdv'KyEm {0 emr aw/ (0dok'd-2-328/)
txufyg y#dord'gr*ygVdawmf pum;&yfjzifh tb,fteufoabmudk jytyfygoenf;/ blrdv' trnf&aom tEko,udavomwdkYudk y,fjcif;udk jytyfayonf/ xdkblrdv' trnf&aom
tEko,udavomwdkYonf twdwf tem*wfw&m;avm odkYr[kwf ypKyefw&m;avm[k ar;&ef&dS\/
tajzum; xdkudavomwdkYonf blrdv'KyEomvQif rnfukef\[lay/
wmok wmok blrDok torl[wH tukovH blrdv'KyEH emr/ {w p blrd,m blrdv' p
emewH a0'dwAH/ blrDwd [d 0dyem, tm&rPblwm awblrum yuEm/ blrdv'H emr awok
caEok Oywd&[H udavoZmwH/ awe [d om blrdv'g emr a[mwDwd wom blrdv'Ed 0kpwd? om
p acg e tm&rP0aoe/ tm&rP0aoe [d oaAyd twDwmem*aw y&dnmawyd p cDPmo0geH
caE tm&A udavom OyZE d r[mupme-Oyv0Pm'DeH caE tm&A aoma&,sao|d-eErmP0um'DeH 0d,/ ,'d p wH blrdv'H emr od,m? w tya[,sawm e aumpd b0rlvH yZa[,s/
0wK0aoe ye blrdv'H a0'dwAH/ ,w ,w [d 0dyem, ty&dnmwm cEm OyZEd? ww ww
Oyg'awm ybkwd awok 0rlvH udavoZmwH tEkaowd/ wH ty[Dea|e blrdv'Ed a0'dwAH/
(0dok'd-2-328-329/)
vlewf ponfwdkY\ twabm[k qdktyfaom xdkxdk Oyg'geuEmwdkY xdkxdkkyfemrf tpOfoEmef
aemifwpfzef rjzpfjcif; oabm&do
S nf\ tjzpfoYkd ra&mufaptyfao;onf\ tjzpfaMumifh t&d,r*fjzifh
ry,fEw
I t
f yfao;aom t&d,r*fjzifh t<uif;rJh ry,fEw
I t
f yfao;onf\ tjzpfaMumifyh ifvQif r&d[
S
l
rqdkxdkuf&um; jzpfjcif;oabm&dSaom OyE[k ac:a0:xdkufaom tukodkvfonf blrdv'KyE rnf\/
492
blrdEiS hf blrdv'\ txl;udk odoifah yonf/ blrd[lonf 0dyemPf\ tIcHtmkH jzpfMu

ukeaf om wy&dnm wD&Py&dnm y[mey&dnm[laom y&dnmoH;k rsK;d jzifh ydik ;f jcm;rod&ao;ukeaf om
bHkoHk;yg; jzpfukefaom awblru cEmig;yg;wdkYwnf;/ rSefayonf -- y&dnmPfwdkYjzifh ydkif;jcm; rod&ao;aom cEmwdkYum; udavomwdkY\ pGJrDS jzpf&mbHk = blrd rnfayonf/
ty&dnmwm [d cEm udavomeH blrDwd t"daywm/ (r[m#D-2-500/)
xdkawblru Oyg'geuEmwdkY jzpfjcif;iSm xdkufaom udavomw&m; taygif;onf blrdv'
rnf\/ taMumif;rlum; ----- xdky&dnmPfjzifh rydkif;jcm;tyfao;aom ykdif;ydkif;jcm;jcm; rod&ao;aom
awblru Oyg'geuEm[k qdktyfaom udavomwdkY\jzpf&m xdkbHkudk xdkudavomw&m;taygif;onf
&tyfonf rnfayonf/ xdkaMumifh xdkudavomw&m;taygif;udk blrdv'[l qdktyfayonf/
xdkblrdudkvnf; xdkudavomw&m;taygif;onf tmHkjyKonf\ tpGrf;jzifh r&tyf? tu,f
tmkHjyKonf\ tpGrf;jzifh &tyf\[k ,lcJhaomf tjypfum; odkYwnf;/ udavom rukefao;aom
ow0g wpfO;D OD;u tmk,
H Ml unfv
h u
kd v
f Qif ta,medaomreodum& aU&o
S mG ;jy"mef;rI&v
Sd Qif xdo
k w0g\
oEmef0,f tmkHjyKonf\ tpGrf;jzifh ypKyefcEmwdkYudk rqdkxm;bd twdwftem*wf cEmwdkYudkaomfyif
tmHkjyK udavomwdkYonf jzpfEdkifMuukef\/ t&SifjrwfBuD;wdkYonf y&dnmPf oHk;yg;wdkYjzifh ydkif;ydkif;
jcm;jcm; odxm;Ny;D jzpfojzifh y&dnmwjzpfNy;D ukeaf om bk&m; &[Em t&Sijf rwfBu;D wd\
Yk cEmwdu
Yk akd omfvnf;
tmkHjyK udavomwdkYonf jzpfEdkifMuukef\/ t&Sifr[mupnf;\ cEmwdkYudk tmkHjyK aoma&,s
olaX;om;tm; udavomwdo
Yk nf jzpfuek o
f uJo
h Ykd Oyv0Pfax&Dr\ cEmwdu
Yk kd tmkjH yK eEvv
k if\
oEmef0,f udavomwdkYonf jzpfukefouJhodkY rSwfyg/ t&Sifr[mupnf;\ cEmwdkYum; t&Sifr[m
upn;f ud,
k w
f ikd f y&dnmPfwjYkd zifh ydik ;f jcm;odxm;Ny;D jzpfonfh y&dnmwcEmwdw
Yk nf;? Oyv0Pfax&Dr\
cEmwdo
Yk nfvnf; &Sirf ud,
k w
f ikd f y&dnmPfwjYkd zifh ydik ;f jcm;odxm;Ny;D jzpfonfh y&dnmwcEmwdyYk ifwnf;/
,if;y&d nmwcEmwdu
Yk kd tmk,
H
l eEvv
k ifuo
hJ Ykd tjcm;aomow0gwd\
Yk oEmef udavomrsm;vnf;
jzpfEdkifMuojzifh tmkHjyKonf\ tpGrf;jzifh udavomjzpfrIudk blrdv'[k ,lcJhaomf aoma&,solaX;om;ESifh eEvkvifwdkYuJhodkYaom xdkolwpfyg;\ oEmef usa&mufaom udavomw&m;taygif;\ olwpfyg;\ oEmef usa&mufaeonf\ tjzpfaMumifh t&Sifr[mupnf; Oyv0Pfax&DwdkYuJhodkYaom
&[Emt&SifjrwfwdkYu rdrdwdkY\ t&d,r*fjzifh xdkolwpfyg;\ oEmef wnf&dSaom udavomudk ry,fowfEdkif&um; wpfpHkwpfa,mufaomolrQ b0\ t&if;tjrpfjzpfaom udavomudk ry,frEIwfEdkifav&m[laom tjypfonf a&muf&aSd v&m\/ blrv
d 'trnf&aom udavomonf ude;f 0yfaeonfyif
rnfav&monf/
xdkaMumifh bk&m; &[Em t&d,molawmfaumif;wdkY\ rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkif y&dnmPfwdkYjzifh ykdif;jcm;
odtyfNy;D ukeaf om y&dnmwcEmwdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif; y&dnmPfjzifh rykid ;f jcm;&ao;aom ykid ;f jcm;Ny;D vnf;
r[kwaf o;aom useyf *k Kd vw
f \
Ykd ty&dnmwcEmwdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif; tmkjH yKonf\ tpGr;f jzifh jzpfay:vmaom udavomudk blrv
d '[k r,l&/ tavsmt
f m;jzifu
h m; ----- udavomwdkY\ wnf&m 0wK =
pGJrDSjzpf&m Xmetm;jzifh blrdv'ukd od&dSygav/ rSefayonf ----- tMuiftMuifb0 odkYr[kwf tMuif
tMuif kyfemrfoEmeftpOf 0dyemPfjzifh rydkif;jcm;tyfukefao;aom ty&dnmwcEmwdkYonf
jzpfay:aeMuukef\? xdkxdkb0 odkYr[kwf xdkxdkkyfemrf oEmeftpOf xdkcEmwdkY\ a&S;OD;tp Oyg'f493
onfrS p udavomwd\
Yk t&d,r*fjzifh ry,fEw
I t
f yfao;onf\ tjzpfukd xm; tjcm;wpfyg;aom
taMumif;w&m;\ r&dSjcif;aMumifh xdkcEmwdkY oHo&m0#f\ tjrpfjzpfaom udavomtaygif;onf
udef;0yfvsufom &dS\/ xdkaMumifh xdkcEmwdkY udef;0yfaeaom udavomw&m;taygif;udkyif t&d,
r*fjzifh ry,fowftyfao;onf\ tjzpfaMumifh blrdv' = &tyfaom jzpf&mXmebHk&dSaom udavom
[l od&dSygav/ (0dok'd-2-328-329/)
pum;rsm;t& EIwfy,ftyfNyD;aom udavom&dSaom cEmonf y&dnmwcEm rnf\/ xdky&dnmwcEmonf udavom\ jzpf&mXme = Oyw|d me r[kw/f rEIwyf ,ftyfao;aom udavom&daS om
cEmonf ty&dnmwcEm rnf\? xdt
k y&dnmwcEmonf udavom\ jzpf&m|me = Oyw|d me rnf\/
y&dnmwcEmum; taouyk*dKvf = &[Emyk*dKvfwdkY\ cEmwnf;/ ty&dnmwcEmum; taou =
&[EmrS wpfyg;aom useft&d,myk*dKvfwdkYESifh ykxkZefyk*dKvfwdkY\ cEmwnf;/ ,if;ty&dnmwcEmum;
udavomwd\
Yk jzpf&mXme blrw
d nf;/ ,if;blrd ude;f 0yfwnfaeaom tEko,udavomum; blrv
d '
wnf;[k rSwfyg/
udef;0yfyHk ----- xdu
k ad vomwd\
Yk jzpf&m Oyw|d mebHjk zpfuek af om cEmwdw
Yk iG v
f nf; tMuify*k Kd v\
f
cEmwdkY t&d,r*fjzifh ry,fEIwftyfao;onf\ tjzpfaMumifh tEko,udavomwdkYonf udef;0yf
ukef\? xdkyk*dKvf\ xdktEko, udavomwdkY\ udef;0yf&mjzpfaom cEmwdkYonfomvQif xdktEko,
udavomwd\
Yk wnf&m0wK jzpf&mXme 0wK,mcif; rnfuek \
f / wpfyg;aom yk*Kd v\
f Opmjzpfuek af om
cEmwdkYonfum; xdktEko,udavomwdkY\ wnf&m0wK jzpf&mXme 0wK,mcif; rrnfukef/
twdwfcEmwdkY t&d,r*fjzifh ry,fEIwftyfao;ojzifh udef;0yfwnfaecJhMuukefaom tEko,
udavomwdt
Yk zdYk twdwcf Emwdo
Yk nfomvQif wnf&m0wK jzpf&mXme 0wK,mcif; rnfuek \
f / ypKye cf Em
tem*wfcEmwdkYonf wnf&m0wK jzpf&mXme 0wK,mcif; rrnfukef/ tem*wfcEmwdkY t&d,r*fjzifh
ry,fEIwftyfao;ojzifh udef;0yfwnfaevwHU jzpfMuukefaom tem*wf tEko,udavomwdkYtzdkY
tem*wfcEmwdkYonfomvQif wnf&m0wK jzpf&mXme 0wK,mcif; rnfukef\/ ypKyefcEm twdwfcEm
wdkYonf ,if;tem*wf tEko,udavomwdkY\ wnf&m0wK jzpf&mXme 0wK,mcif; rrnfukef/ ypKyef
cEmwdYk t&d,r*fjzifh ry,fEw
I t
f yfao;ojzifh ude;f 0yfwnfaeqJ jzpfMuukeaf om tEko,udavomwdYk
tzdkY ypKyefcEmwdkYonfomvQif wnf&m0wK jzpf&mXme 0wK,mcif; rnfukef\? twdwfcEm tem*wf
cEmwdkYonf wnf&m0wK jzpf&mXme 0wK,mcif; rrnfukef/ (0dok'd-2-329/)
pum;&yfrsm;jzifh wnf&m0wK\ tpGrf;jzifh blrdv'onf jzpf\? tmkH\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh rjzpf?
xdkaMumifh 0wK\ ysufpD;jcif;jzifh xdktEko,\ ysufpD;jcif;onf jzpf\[k jy\/ (r[m#D-2-501/)
wpfzef umrm0p&uEmwdkY t&d,r*fjzifh ry,fEIwftyfao;ojzifh udef;0yfwnfaeMuukefaom
tEko,udavomwdt
Yk zdYk umrm0p&cEmwdo
f ?
lyg0p&cEm tlyg0p&cEmwdo
Yk nf ,if;tEko,wd\
Yk wnf&m0wK jzpf&mXme 0wK,mcif; rrnfuek /f
lyg0p&cEmwdkY t&d,r*fjzifh ry,fEIwftyfao;ojzifh udef;0yfwnfaeMuukefaom tEko,udavomwdt
Yk zdYk ,if;lyg0p&cEmwdo
f ? umrm0p&
cEm tlyg0p&cEmwdkYonf wnf&m0wK jzpf&mXme 0wK,mcif; rrnfukef/ tlyg0p&cEmwdkY t&d,
494
r*fjzifh ry,fEIwftyfao;ojzifh udef;0yfwnfaeMuukefaom udavomwdkYtzdkY tlyg0p&cEmwdkYonf

omvQif wnf&m0wK jzpf&mXme 0wK,mcif; rnfukef\? umrm0p&cEm lyg0p&cEmwdkYonf wnf&m
0wK jzpf&mXme 0wK,mcif; rrnfukef/ (qdkvdkonfrSm oHo&mwpfcGif usifvnf&cdkuf xdkxdkbHkb0
wnf&dSqJ cEmwdkYonfomvQif xdkxdk tEko,"mwfwdkY\ wnf&m0wK jzpf&mXme jzpfMuonf/ twdwf
tem*wf ponfjzifh umvjcm;aeaom cEm bHkb0jcm;aeaom cEmwdkYum; ,if;odkY umvjcm;aeonfh
b0jcm;aeonfh tEko,"mwfwdkY\ wnf&mr[kwfukef[lvdkonf/) (0dok'd-2-329/)

txl;rSm --- aomwmyefyk*dKvfponfwdkYwGif tMuiftMuif t&d,yk*dKvf\ cEmwdkY oHo&m0#f\
t&if;tjrpf jzpfaom xdkxdk tEko,udavomtaygif;udk xdkxdk t&d,r*fjzifh y,f&Sm;tyfNyD; jzpf\/
xdt
k &d,yk*Kd v\
f xdck Emwdo
Yk nf y,f&mS ;tyfuek Nf y;D aom xdx
k kd 0#f\ t&if;tjrpf jzpfuek af om 0rlv
tEko,udavomwdkY\ wnf&m0wK jzpf&mXme 0wK,mcif; r[kwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh blrd[laom
ac:a0:jcif;udk r&Edkifukef/ pdwftpOfoEwdwGif Oyg'f-XD-bif taetm;jzifh xif&Sm;pGm jzpfyGm;vmaom
x<uvmaom xd;k usiv
hf maom y&d,|k me udavom\ vTr;f rd;k EdyS pf uftyfonf\ tpGr;f jzifh udavomwdkY\ tEko,"mwfoabmtm;jzifh cEmtpOf udef;0yfwnfaejcif;oabmudk rSef;q odtyf odEdkif
ayonf/ taMumif;rl tEko,"mwfonf xif&Sm;r&dSvwfaomf ,if;y&d,k|me udavom\ vTrf;rdk;
EdSyfpufjcif;oabmonf rjzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/ tMuifyk*dKvf\ oEmef tEko,"mwfwdkYudk t&d,
r*fjzifh y,fEw
I t
f yfNy;D jzpfuek \
f ? xdyk *k Kd vo
f nf tEko,"mwfw\
Ykd wnf&m0wKjzpfaom cEmig;yg;wdu
Yk kd
y&dnmw jyKtyfNyD;onf jzpf = y&dnmynmwdkYjzifh ykdif;jcm;odtyfNyD;onf jzpf tEko,"mwfwdkYudk
aumif;pGm vGefajrmuftyfNyD;onf rnf\/ xdkaMumifh xdk0wKonf = xdkcEmig;yg;onf xdktEko,"mwfwdkY\ wnf&m blrd[laom trnfornm rjzpfEdkifawmhNyD [lvdkonf/
(0dok'd-2-329/ r[m#D-2-501-502/)

wpfpHkwpfckaom tEko,"mwfudkrQ ry,fEIwf&ao;ojzifh rsm;pGmaom udavomudk jzpfapwwfaom ykxZk eftm; tcsi;f cyford ;f omvQif oHo&m0#f\ t&if;tjrpfjzpfuek af om 0rlv tEko,
udavomwdkY\ ry,fowftyfao;onf\ tjzpfaMumifh trSwfr&dS wpfpHkwpfckaom um,uH 0pDuH
raemuHonf ukodkvfonfrlvnf; jzpfEdkif\ tukodkvfonfrlvnf; jzpfEdkif\/ ry,ftyfao;aom
tEko,"mwf &dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifh xdkykxkZeftm; uH-udavom[laom taMumif;aMumifh 0dygu
0#fonf vnf\/ xdkykxkZeftm; xdk0rlvtEko,"mwfonf lyuEmomvQif udef;\? a0'emuEm
ponfwdkY rudef;? odkYr[kwf 0dnmPuEmomvQif udef;\ lyuEmponfwdkY rudef;[k odkYum;
rqdkoifh rqdkxdkufay/ taMumif;rl omrntm;jzifh tEko,"mwfwdkYonf cEmig;yg;vHk;wdkYyif udef;0yfonf\ tjzpfaMumifhwnf;/ (0dok'd-2-329/)
avmuOyrm ----- opfyifBuD; wpfyif udef;0yfwnfaeaom oorm&yx0D\ &o oorm&
tmayg\ &owdkYuJhodkY rSwfyg/ xif&Sm;aptHh ----- opfyifBuD;wpfyifonf ajrtjyif wnf oorm&
495
yx0D\ &oudkvnf;aumif; oorm&tmayg\ &oudkvnf;aumif; trDSjyK xdkyx0D&o tmayg

&o[laom taMumif;aMumifh (= xdkaomufoHk;xm;aom ajrqD a&qD MoZm[laom taMumif;aMumifh
[lvdk) tjrpf yifpnf cufr cufi,f tGefY t&Guf tyGifh toD;wdkYjzifh BuD;yGm; aumif;uifjyifudk
jynfhap urmBuD;qHk;onfwdkifatmif rsKd;aph tqufqufjzifh opfyif tqufqufudk = om;ajr;jrpf
ponfjzifh opfyif tqufqufukd jzpfapvsuf wnfonf&aSd omf xdyk x0D&o tmayg&o"mwf&nfonf
tjrpfomvQif tpOfavQmuf ESHU\? yifpnf cufr cufi,f ponfwdkY tpOfavQmuf ESHUonf
r[kwf/ y/ toD;omvQif tpOfavQmuf ESHU\? tjrpfponfwdkY tpOfavQmuf ESHUonfr[kwf[k
odkYponfjzifh rqdkoifh rqdkxdkufay/ taMumif;rl omrntm;jzifh tvHk;pkHaom tjrpf yifpnf cufr
cufi,f tGefY tyGifh toD;wdkY tpOfavQmuf EHSUonf\tjzpfaMumifh xdkodkY rqdkoifh rqdkxdkufay/
OyrmtwlyifvQif tEko,"mwfwdkYonfvnf; omrntm;jzifh cEmig;yg;vHk;wdkY tpOfavQmuf
udef;0yfaeaomaMumifh rnfonfh cEmom udef;0yfonf rnfonfh cEm rudef;0yf[k rqdkoifh rqdk
xdkufay/ (0dok'd-2-329/)
ajymif;jyeft"dyg ,foabm ----- xdkopfyif\omvQif tyGifh toD;ponfwdkY NiD;aiGU pufqkyf
Edk;aom wpfpHkwpfa,mufaom a,mufsm;onf opfyif\ av;rsufESmwdkY vdyfausmufql;[lvnf;aumif; ig;rmef;pG,f[lvnf;aumif; q&mjrwfwdkY tqdk&dSMuaom r@Lu uPurnfaom tqdyf
&dSaom ql;udk kdufESufav&m\/ xdkodkY dkufESufaomtcg xdkopfyifonf xdktqdyf\ tawGUjzifh
awGUxdtyf ESdyfpuftyfonfjzpf yx0D&o tmayg&owdkY\ ukefcef;onf\ tjzpfaMumifh rBuD;yGm;
Edkifaom oabm&dSonf\ tjzpfodkY a&mufvwf wpfzef opfyif\ om;pOf ajr;quf[laom oEmef
tpOfukd jzpfapjcif;iSm rwwfEikd &f mouJo
h Ykd OyrmtwlyifvQif cEmwd\
Yk qufum qufum jzpfjcif;
Ni;D aiGUpufqyk Ef ;kd vSaom trsK;d aumif;om; trsK;d aumif;orD;onf -- xdak ,mufsm;\ opfyif av;buf
av;wefwYkd tqdyu
f kd = tqdy&f aSd om ql;udk ,SOaf pouJo
h Ykd ku
d Ef u
S o
f iG ;f ouJo
h Ykd --- rdr\
d kyef mrfcEm
oEwdtpOf av;yg;aom t&d,r*fwdkYudk yGm;apjcif; pwkr*bm0emudk tm;xkwf\/ xdkodkY tm;xkwf
vwfaomf xdt
k rsK;d aumif;om; trsK;d aumif;orD;\ kyef mrfcEm oEwt
d pOfonf xdak v;yg;aom t&d,
r*fwnf;[laom tqdy\
f tawGUaMumifh cyford ;f ukeaf om oHo&m0#f\ taMumif;&if; 0rlvtEko,
udavomwdkYudk ukefcef;aponf\tjzpfaMumifh xdktrsKd;aumif;om; trsKd;aumif;orD;\ jyKjyKorQ
um,uHrI rSeforQ 0pDuHrI rSeforQ raemuHrI rSeforQonf jyKumrw Bud,mtjzpfom wnfaeawmh\/ (ukov
kd f tukov
kd f rjzpfawmh [lv/kd ) xdo
k jYkd yKumrw Bu,
d m\ tjzpfrQoYkd uyfa&mufomG ;aom
um,uH tp&dSaom tvHk;pHkaom uHtjym;&dSonfjzpf xdktrsKd;aumif;om; xdktrsKd;aumif;orD;onf
aemiftcg0,f b0opf wpfzefrjzpfjcif; oabm&do
S nf\ tjzpfoYkd uyfa&mufomG ;\? xdo
k Ykd uyfa&mufonfjzpf b0wpfyg;wnf;[laom kyef mrfoEwd cEmtpOfukd jzpfapjcif;iSm rpGr;f Edik af wmhay/ tu,f
pifppftm;jzifhum; tqHk;pGefaom pkwd[laom 0dnmPf\ csKyfNidrf;jcif;aMumifh avmifp&m rD;pmr&dSaom
awmrD;uJhodkY rD;avmifpmozG,fjzpfaom Oyg'geuEm ig;yg;wdkYwGif wpfpHkwpfckaom cEmudkrQ ]]igigh[m}}[k rpGJvrf;onf jzpf y&dedAmefjyK&\ csKyfNidrf;&\/ odkYvQif blrd\vnf;aumif; blrdv'\
vnf;aumif; xl;jcm;onf\ tjzpfudk od&Sdygav/ (0dok'd-2-329-330/)
222
496
P'e0dok'd eda'o -- opmav;yg;udk wpfNydKifeuf odyHk

qDrD;onf ra&S;raESmif; wpfNydKifeufaom wpfckaom cP av;rsKd;aom udpwdkYudk jyKvkyf\/
1/ qDrD;pmudk avmif\ = ukefap\/
2/ trdkufarSmifudk zsufqD;\/
3/ tvif;a&mifudk xif&Sm;jy\/
4/ qD[laom tap;udk ukefap\/
OyrmtwlyifvQif t&d,r*fPfonf ra&S;raESmif; wpfNydKifeufaom wpfckaom cP
t&d,opm av;yg;wdkYudk xdk;xGif; od\/
1/ 'kuopmudk t<uif;rJh ydkif;jcm; odjcif;[kqdktyfaom xdk;xGif; odjcif; = y&dnmbdor,jzifh
xdk'kuopmudk rodatmif zHk;vTrf;xm;wwfonhf oarm[w&m;udk y,faomtm;jzifh xdk;xGif;
od\/
2/ ork',opmudk qdkif&mudavomudk t<uif;rJh y,fowfjcif; = y[membdor,jzifh xdkork',
opmudk rodatmif zHk;vTrf;xm;wwfonfh oarm[w&m;udk y,faomtm;jzifh xdk;xGif; od\/
3/ t&d,r*fPfonf ormouFypaom <uif;aom (7)yg;aom ow*Fr*fudk jzpfay:vmatmif
o[Zmwpaom yp,owdwdkYjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;\? ,if;odkY o[Zmwpaom taMumif;yp,
owdwdkYjzifh twljzpfaomr*ifw&m;wdkYudk jzpfapjcif; yGm;apjcif; = bm0embdor,jzifh 0dyemPf[kqdktyfaom t&d,r*f\ a&S;tzdkY jzpfaom bm0emaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom t&d,
r*bm0em[kqdktyfaom xdk;xGif;odjcif;jzifh r*opmudk rodatmif zHk;vTrf;xm;wwfaom
oarm[w&m;udk zsufqD;aomtm;jzifh xdk;xGif; od\/ (0dok'd-2-331/)
r*POd or,kw"arok oarm[H 0d'HaoEH twedyd oarm[H 0d'Haowda,0/
(r[m#D-2-503/)
t&d,r*fPfonf ,SOfzuf or,kwfw&m;wdkYudk rodatmif zHk;vTrf;uG,fumxm;wwfaom
oarm[w&m;udk zsufqD;vsuf rdrdr*fPfudk rodatmif zHk;vTrf;xm;wwfaom oarm[w&m;udkvnf; zsufqD;onfom jzpfonf/ (r[m#D-2-503/)
4/ eda&m"opm[k qdt
k yfaom tocFw"mwf tNird ;f "mwf edAm efukd rsuaf rSmufjyKjcif;[k qdt
k yfaom
xdk;xGif; odjcif; = opdud&d,mbdor,jzifh xdkeda&m"opm edAmefudk rodatmif zHk;vTrf;xm;wwfaom oarm[udk zsufqD;vsuf xdk;xGif; od\/
pum;&yfrsm;jzifh rnfodkYaom teufoabmudk qdkvdkygoenf;[lrl -- eda&m"opmjzpfonfh
tocFw"mwf edAmefudk tmkHjyK opmav;yg;vHk;wdkYudkvnf; &&dS\ od\ jrif\ xdk;xGif; od\[k
qdkvdkayonf/
qDrD;onf qDrD;pmudk avmif\ ukefap\odkY twl t&d,r*fPfonf 'kuopmudk ydkif;jcm;
od\/ qDrD;onf trdkufarSmifudk zsufqD;\odkY twl t&d,r*fPfonf ork',opmudk y,fpGefY\/
qDrD;onf tvif;a&mifudk xif&Sm;jy\odkY twl t&d,r*fPfonf o[Zmwpaom yp,owd497
wdkYjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;jcif;jzifh ormouFypaom"r[k ac:qdktyfaom r*ifudk xif&Sm;jy\ jzpfap\/

qDr;D onf qD[al om tap;udk ukeaf p\odYk twl udavom[laom tap;\ uke&f mjzpfaom eda&m"
opm edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfudk rsufarSmufjyK\/ (0dok'd-2-331/)
rD&S med,&djS cif;\ taMumif;\tjzpfaMumifh 'kuo
pmudyk ikd ;f jcm;odjcif;\ rD;pmudak vmifonf
ESihf wlonf\tjzpfukd rSwt
f yf\/ qefu
Y sib
f uf udavomudk zsuq
f ;D wwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ork',
opmudk y,fjcif;\ trdkufarSmifudk vTifhazsmufonfESifh wlonf\ tjzpfudk rSwftyf\/ Pf[laom
tvif;udk xuf0ef;usif yGm;apwwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh r*opmudk yGm;apjcif;\ ta&miftvif;udk
xif&mS ;jyonfEiS hf wlonf\tjzpfukd rSwt
f yf\/ xdx
k kd t&d,r*fjzifh tMuiftMuifoaYkd om tjcif;t&m
tm;jzifh udavom[laom tap;udk cef;apjcif;onf jzpf&um; eda&m"opmudk rsufarSmufjyKjcif;\
qDtap;udk cef;apjcif;ESifh wlonf\ tjzpfudk um&Plypm&tm;jzifh qdktyf\/ (r[m#D-2-504/)
t&d,r*fPfu opmav;yg;udk odjrif&m tm&rPy#da0"tm;jzifh odjrifjcif; toarm[
y#da0"tm;jzifh odjrifjcif;[k xdk;xGif; odjrifyHk ESpfrsKd;&dS\/ tmkHjyKvsuf rsufarSmufjyKvsuf xdk;xGif;
odjcif;udk tm&rPy#da0"tm;jzifh xdk;xGif;odjrifjcif;[k ac:qdk\/ opmav;yg;udk rodatmif zHk;vTrf;
xm;onfh arm[w&m;udk zsufqD;vsuf udpod'd = odrIudp NyD;pD;jcif;tm;jzifh xdk;xGif;odjrifjcif;udk
toarm[y#da0"[k ac:qdk\/ t&d,r*fPfu opmav;yg;udk odjrif&m eda&m"opmjzpfonfh
edAmefudk tm&rPy#da0"tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; toarm[y#da0"tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; ESpfrsKd;aom
y#da0"tm;jzifh od\? 'kuopm ork',opm r*opmwdkYudk toarm[y#da0"tm;jzifh od\/
t&d,r*fcP0,f opmav;yg;vH;k udk od\[k qd&k m t&d,r*fPf jzpfay:vmaomtcg eda&m"
opm edAm efw&m;awmf jrwfBu;D udo
k m tmkjH yKaomtm;jzifh od\ tmkjH yK od\? tm&rPy#da0"wnf;/
useaf om opmoH;k yg;udk odyrkH mS odjYk zpf\/ t&d,r*fPfonf jzpfay:vmaomtcg opmav;yg;udk
rodatmif zH;k vTr;f ydwu
f ,
G v
f suf xm;wwfaom arm[trdu
k af rSmifukd t<uif;rxm; tjrpfjywf y,fowf
vdu
k \
f ? xdo
k Ykd y,fowfvu
kd o
f jzifh xdt
k &d,yk*Kd v\
f oEmef0,f Oyg'geuEm ig;yg;wnf;[laom 'kuo
pm
w&m;udk 'kuo
pmrSe;f rodatmif zH;k vTr;f xm;wwfaom arm[ t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH[al om
ork',opmudk ork',opmrSef; rodatmif zHk;vTrf;xm;wwfaom arm[ eda&m"opm edAmefudk
eda&m"opmrSef; rodatmif zHk;vTrf;xm;wwfaom arm[ r*if&Spfyg; r*opmw&m;udk r*opmrSef;
rodatmif zH;k vTr;f xm;wwfaom arm[wnf;[laom opmav;yg;vH;k udk rodatmif zH;k vTr;f ydwu
f ,
G f
xm;wwfaom t0dZm arm[w&m;\ tjrpfjywfuif;&Si;f oGm;aomaMumifh xdt
k &d,yk*Kd vo
f nf useaf om
opmoH;k yg;wdu
Yk kd tmHrk jyKbJ eda&m"opm edAm efuo
kd m tmkjH yKaomfvnf; xdu
k seaf om opmoH;k yg;wdu
Yk kd
odjcif;udp NyD;NyD;ol jzpfavawmhonf/ ,if;odkY odjcif;udp NyD;NyD;om; jzpfonfudkyif udpod'dtm;jzifh
usefaom opmoHk;yg;wdkYudkvnf; od\[k ac:qdk&ayonf/
owdjyK&ef ----- tu,f toifolawmfaumif;onfvnf; rdrdudk,fudk rdrd t&d,myk*dKvf[k
odrYk [kwf aomwmyef[k xifjrif,q
l ygvQif txufyg &Si;f vif;csuu
f kd xyfzwfyI g/ 'kuo
pm trnf
&aom umvoHk;yg; oEmefESpfyg; twGif; wnf&dSaom Oyg'geuEmig;yg;udkvnf; Ce toD;toD;udk
NzdKcGJvsuf y&rwfodkY qdkufatmif ukefpifatmif rodao;onf jzpfthH? t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH
[laom ork',opmaMumifh 'kuo
pmtrnf&onfh Oyg'geuEm ig;yg;wd\
Yk xif&mS ;jzpfay:aeyHu
k v
kd nf;
498
P'e0dok'd eda'o -- opmav;yg;udk wpfNydKifeuf odyHk
yHkpHrSef rodao;onfjzpfthH? toifolawmfaumif;onf bk&m;&Sif owfrSwfxm;aom t&d,myk*dKvf

tqifEh iS u
hf m; rd;k ESiahf jrBu;D yrm tvGet
Yf vGef tvSr;f a0;uGmvsuyf if &daS eao;onf[k oabmaygufyg/
taMumif;rl t&d,yk*dKvfwdkif;\ r*fPfu ,if;'kuopmw&m; ork',opmw&m;wdkYudk rodatmif
zH;k vTr;f xm;onfh arm[ t0dZm udk t<uif;rJh ukepf ifatmif y,fowfxm;Ny;D jzpfojzifh t&d,yk*Kd vw
f ikd ;f
t&d,yk*dKvfwdkif;onf 'kuopm ork',opmtrnf&onhf taMumif;-tusKd;ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tmkH
,lvdkufwkdif; odaeaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ t&d,molawmfaumif;rSefygu 'kuopmESifh ork',opmudk
omru eda&m"opmESihf r*opmwdu
Yk v
kd nf; tmH,
k v
l u
kd w
f ikd ;f odEikd o
f nfom jzpfonf/ odYk odru
I ykd if
toarm[y#da0"tm;jzifh odjcif;[k ac:qdk&ayonf/
,kwdom"u ygVdawmf
t&d,r*fPfonf eda&m"opm edAmefwpfckudk tm&rPy#da0"tm;jzifh usefopm oHk;yg;wdkYudk
wpfenf; opmav;yg;vH;k udk toarm[y#da0"tm;jzifh xd;k xGi;f odjrif\[laom tcsuEf iS hf ywfouf
,kwdom"u ygVdawmfum; atmufygtwkdif; jzpf\/ ----a,m bdua 0 'kuH ywd? 'kuo
rk',rd aom ywd? 'kue ad &m"rd ywd? 'kue ad &m"*grde
y#dy'rd ywd/ (oH-3-382/)
&[ef;wdYk ...tMuify*k Kd vo
f nf 'kuo
pmudk odjrif\/ xdyk *k Kd vo
f nf 'ku\
jzpfaMumif; ork',
opmudv
k nf; odjrif\? 'ku\
csKy&f mcsKyaf Mumif; eda&m"opmudv
k nf; odjrif\? 'ku\
csKy&f m edAm efoYkd
a&mufaMumif; usifhpOfjzpfaom r*opmudkvnf; odjrif\/ (oH-3-382/)
txufyg ygVdawmf opmav;yg;udo
k jd rifrrI mS opmwpfyg;Ny;D rS opmwpfyg;udk umvjcm;vsuf
odjrifrIrsKd;udk &nf&G,fawmfrl bk&m;&Sifonf a[mMum;awmfrlonfum; r[kwfay? pifppfaomfum;
{u y#da0" = wpfckaom pdwuP opmav;yg;vHk;udk wpfNydKifeuf xdk;xGif; odjrifrIrsKd;udkomvQif
&nf&G,fawmfrl bk&m;&Sifonf a[mMum;awmfrlayonf/ om"urSm odkY jzpf\/ ----r*or* PH? 'kauaywH PH? 'kuork'a,aywH PH? 'kueda&ma"aywH PH?
'kueda&m"*grded,m y#dy'g,aywH PH/ (0db*F-341/ y#doH-114/)
t&d,r*fESifh jynfhpHkaom yk*dKvf\ tMuift&d,r*fPfonf &dS\? xdkt&d,r*fPfonf 'ku
opmvnf; jzpf\? xdkt&d,r*fPfonf 'ku\jzpfaMumif; ork',opmvnf; jzpf\? xdkt&d,
r*fPfonf 'ku\
csKy&f mcsKyaf Mumif; eda&m"opmvnf; jzpf\? xdt
k &d,r*fPfonf 'ku\
csKy&f m
edAmefodkY a&mufaMumif; usifhpOfjzpfaom r*opmvnf; jzpf\/ (0db*F-341/ y#doH-114/)
um; t&d,r*fPfonf opmav;yg;vHk;udk wpfNydKifeufodyHk tm&rPy#da0"tm;jzifh eda&m"opmudk toarm[y#da0"tm;jzifh useo
f pmoH;k yg;udk wpfenf; opmav;yg;vH;k udk odykH y&dnmbdor,jzifh 'kuo
pmudk y[membdor,jzifh ork',opmudk opu
d &d ,
d mbdor,jzifh eda&m"opmudk
bm0embdor,jzifh r*opmudk odyHk obm0,kwd tm*r,kwdwdkYwnf;/
499

1/ 'kuopm trnf&aom cEmig;yg;wdkYudkvnf;aumif; xdkcEmig;yg;wdkY\ 'kuopmjzpfyHkudkvnf;aumif; ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm; odcJhvQif xdkydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm; odtyfNyD;ukefaom y&dnmwcEmwdkY wPSm-'d|d
wdo
Yk nf rDw
S ,
G cf iG u
hf kd r&&dES ikd af y/ xdak Mumifh 'kuo
pmtrnf&aom cEmig;yg;wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif; ,if;cEm
ig;yg;wdkY\ 'kuopmjzpfyHkudkvnf;aumif; ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm; odjcif;onf wPSm-'d|dwnf;[laom ]]igigh[m}}[k pG,
J jl cif;\ rD&S med, r&djS cif;\ taMumif;&if;ppf jzpf\/ 'kuo
pmudk ykid ;f jcm;odjcif;onf
,if;odYk wPSm-'d|w
d \
Ykd rD&S med, r&djS cif;\ taMumif;&if;ppfjzpfaomaMumifh 'kuo
pmudk ykid ;f jcm;
odjcif;onf qDrD;u qDrD;pmudk avmifonfESifhwl\ ukefaponfESifh wl\/
2/ t&d,r*fonf qdik &f mqdik &f m qefu
Y sib
f uf udavomudk t<uif;rJh y,fwwf zsuq
f ;D wwfonf\
tjzpfaMumifh ,if;odkY y,fowfjcif; zsufqD;jcif;rSm ork',opmudk y,fpGefYjcif;yifjzpf\/ t&d,r*fPfu qdkif&mqdkif&m qefYusifbuf udavom ork',opmudk y,fpGefYjcif; zsufqD;jcif; vTifhazsmufjcif;onf qDrD;u qefYusifbuf trdkufarSmifudk vTifhazsmufonfESifh wl\/
3/ t&d,r*fPf = orm'd|donf <uif;aom ormouFypaom r*if (7)yg;udk jzpfay:vmatmif
o[Zmwpaom yp,oww
d jYkd zifh aus;Zl;jyK\? ,if;odYk aus;Zl;jyKay;jcif;jzifh twljzpfaom r*if (7)yg;
wdkYudk jzpfap\ yGm;ap\? r*bm0emwnf;/ ,if;odkY r*opm = avmukw&mr*opm trnf&aom
r*bm0emudk yGm;apjcif; jzpfapjcif;onf t&d,r*fPf ta&miftvif;udk xuf0ef;usif yGm;aponf
rnf\/ odt
Yk wGuf r*opmudk yGm;apjcif;onf Pfta&miftvif;udk xuf0ef;usif yGm;apwwfonf\
tjzpfaMumifh qDrD;u tvif;a&mifudk xif&Sm;jyonfESifh wl\/
Pmavmuy&d jAL[ewm, r*bm0em, tmavmu0d'o
H eo'dowm = y&d0'd o
H eo'dowm/
(r[m#D-2-504/)
r*fpdwfapwoduf (zdkvfpdwfapwoduf ) wdkYaMumifh MoZmvQif &Spfckajrmuf&dSaom pdwZMoZ|ru
kyw
f o
Ykd nf jzpfay:vmMu\? ,if;kyw
f w
Ykd iG f 0Pac:aom lygkv
H nf; yg0if\? ,if; lygko
H nf bmok&
= tvGefawmufy\/ wpfzef ,if;pdwZMoZ|rukyfwdkYwGif Owkac:aom awaZm"mwfonfvnf;
kyfuvmyfwdkif;0,f yg0ifvsufyif &dS\/ ,if;awaZm"mwf = OwkaMumifhvnf; MoZmvQif &Spfckajrmuf
&daS om MoZ|rukyrf sm;onf tZsww
iG o
f mru A[d'o
w
Ykd ikd af tmifyif ysUH ESUH xGuo
f mG ;jyef\/ ,if;OwkZ
kyrf sm;wGiv
f nf; 0Pac:aom lygkH yg0if\? ,if;lygko
H nfvnf; bmok& = tvGeaf wmufyonfom
jzpfonf/ tusK;d jzpfaom kyw
f &m;wd\
Yk ta&miftvif;[laom trnfukd taMumif;Pfay: wifpm;
taMumif;Pf ta&mif&dSouJhodkY w'rLypm& zvlypm&tm;jzifh ac:a0:oHk;pGJxm;onf[k rSwfyg/
4/ udavom[laom tpdk"mwf tap;"mwf\ ukef&mukefaMumif;jzpfaom eda&m"opm edAmefudk
rsuaf rSmufjyKjcif;onf qDr;D u qDtap;udk ukeaf ponfEiS hf wl\/ xdt
k &d,r*fjzifh tMuiftMuifoaYkd om
tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh eda&m"opmudk rsufarSmufjyKjcif;onf jzpf\? xdkxdkodkYaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh
udavom[laom tpdk"mwf tap;"mwfudk xdkt&d,r*fPfu ukefapjcif; cef;apjcif;onf jzpf&um;
eda&m"opmudk rsuaf rSmufjyKjcif;onf qDr;D u qDtap;udk ukeaf pjcif; cef;apjcif;ESiw
hf o
l nf[k qdt
k yf\/
500
P'e0dok'd eda'o -- opmteuf (16) csuf
zvlypm&pum; ----- tocFw"mwf edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfum; eda&m"opmwnf;? t&d,r*fPf\ tmHt

k aMumif;w&m;wnf;? t&d,r*fPfum; tm&rPu
d tusK;d w&m;wnf;/ udavomudk
ukefcef;apjcif;rSm tusKd;jzpfaom t&d,r*fPfuom ukefcef;apjcif; jzpf\/ tusKd;jzpfaom t&d,
r*fPf\ udavom tpdk"mwf tap;"mwfudk ukefcef;apjcif;[laom trnfudk taMumif;jzpfaom
eda&m"opm edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfBuD;tay: wifpm; taMumif;jzpfaom eda&m"opmedAmefu udavom tpdk"mwf tap;"mwfudk ukefcef;aponf[k tusKd;\trnfudk taMumif; wifpm; ac:a0:
oHk;pGJxm;aom zvlypm&pum;[k rSwfyg/
- opmav;yg;udk wpfNydKifeuf odyHk tydkif;udk 0dok'dr*t|uxm 'kwd,wGJ - 331-332/
r[m#Dum 'kwd,wGJ - 503-504wdkYrS vdk&if;udk xkwfEkwf azmfjytyfygonf/
opmteuf (16) csuf

uxH wxa|e pwm&d opmed {uy#da0"med/ aomVo[d tmuma&[d wxa|e pwm&d
opmed {uy#da0"med/
1/
2/
3/
4/
'ku yDVea|m ocFwa|m oEmya|m 0dy&dPmra|m wxa|m/

ork', tm,l[ea|m ed'gea|m oHa,m*a|m yvdaAm"a|m wxa|m/
eda&m" ed&Pa|m 0da0ua|m tocFwa|m trwa|m wxa|m/
r* ed,smea|m a[wka|m 'ea|m t"dyaw,sa|m wxa|m/
ar[d aomVo[d tmuma&[d wxa|e pwm&d opmed {uo*F[dwmed/ ,H {uo*F[dwH?

wH {uwH/ ,H {uwH? wH {aue aPe y#d0dZswDwd pwm&d opmed {uy#da0"meDwd/
(y#doH-296/ 0dok'd-2-332/)
tb,fodkYvQif razmufrjyef rSefaom oabmtm;jzifh opmav;yg;wdkYonf wpfckwnf;aom
Pfjzifh wpfNydKifeuf wpfcsufwnf; xdk;xGif; odtyfaom tjcif;t&m &dSukefonf jzpfukefoenf;/
(16)yg;ukefaom tjcif;t&mwdkYjzifh razmufrjyef rSefaom oabmtm;jzifh opmav;yg;wdkYonf wpfck
wnf;aomPfjzifh wpfNyKd ief uf wpfcsuw
f nf; xd;k xGi;f odtyfaom tjcif;t&m&du
S ek o
f nf jzpfuek \
f /
'kuopmteuf (4) csuf

yDVe| ----- 'ku'kuwm wHedrdwwm[d ted|wm yDVea|m/ (rlv#D-2-50/)
1/ yDVe| ----- a'gorla'G; ,SOaf om apwodua'grea0'em[laom pdwq
f if;&J&onfh cHpm;csuf
'kuo[*kwf um,0dnmPf ,SOfaom um,du'kua0'em[laom udk,fqif;&J&onfh cHpm;csuf ---cHpm;csuf = a0'em ESpfrsKd;wdkYum; obm0tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; 'Pfcsufjzifh tjrJ
rjywf tnOf;yef; tEdSyfpufcH&aom w&m;rSeforQonf 'kucsnf; trnf&EdkifaomaMumifh trnfemr
tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; tppftrSef 'kujzpfaomaMumifh trSefqif;&JaomaMumifh 'ku'kuwm rnf\/
xdk'kujzpfjcif;\ taMumif;w&m;[lorQonf wHedrdwwm rnf\/ w&m;udk,frSm okca0'em Oayum
501
a0'emESifh <uif;aom awblruocFg&w&m;pkwdkYwnf;/ okca0'emonf wnfcdkuf okcjzpfaomfvnf;

azmufjyefysufpD;oGm;ygu 'kuyif jzpf&\? qif;&J&\/ odkYtwGuf t&SnfrwnfbJ azmufjyefysufpD;
oGm;jcif;onf odkYr[kwf azmufjyefysufpD;oGm;wwfaom okca0'emonf xdk'kua0'emjzpf&jcif;\
taMumif;&if;jzpf\? wHedrdwwmwnf;/ (okcg a0'em Xdwd okcg 0dy&dPmr'kum -- r-1-377/)
Oayuma0'emESifh <uif;aom awblruocFg&w&m; rSeforQonf jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; 'Pfcsufjzifh tjrJ
rjywf tnO;f yef; tEdyS pf ufc&H aomaMumifh ocFg&'ku rnf\/ ,if;ocFg&'ku trnf&aom awblru
ocFg&w&m;pkonfvnf; um,du'ku apwodu'ku[
al om 'kut
rsK;d rsK;d jzpf&jcif;\ taMumif;&if;yif
jzpf\? wHedrdwwmwnf;/ 0dyvmoruif;ao;olwdkYtzdkY jzpfay:aeMu&aom um,du'ku apwodu
'ku rSeforQonf ,if;awblruocFg&w&m;wdkYudk taMumif;jyKyif jzpfMu&\? xdkaMumifh ,if;awblru ocFg&w&m;pkonf = bHkoHk;yg;twGif; wnf&dSaom ocFg&w&m;rSeforQonf 'kujzpf&jcif;\
taMumif;&if; wHedrdwwmwnf;/ xkdaMumifh 'ku'ku trnf&aom 'kua0'em 0dy&dPmr'ku trnf
&aom okca0'em ocFg&'ku trnf&aom Oayuma0'emESifh <uif;aom awblruocFg&w&m;
rSeforQonf t&d,molawmfaumif;wdkY\ Pftjrif tvdkr&dStyfaom ted| w&m;pkom jzpfonf?
'ku'ku 0dy&dPmr'ku ocFg&'ku[laom 'kuoHk;rsKd;wdkYjzifh tEdSyfpufcH&jcif; oabm&dSaom = yDVe|
oabm&dSaom w&m;pkom jzpfonf/
wxm yDVeH ye r*zvmerd tw/d wom {aw "rm 'kuo
py&d,myEawe ocFg&'kuH emrmwd
a0'dwAm/ (tbd-|-2-88/)
bHkoHk;yg;twGif; wnf&dSaom awblruocFg&w&m; rSeforQonf jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; O',A,
'Pfcsufjzifh tjrJrjywf tnOf;yef; tESdyfpufcH&onfhtwGuf ocFg&'ku trnf&ouJhodkY xdkYtwl r*f
pdwKyg'f = r*fpdwfapwoduf zdkvfpdwKyg'f = zdkvfpdwfapwodufw&m;wdkYonfvnf; xdkjzpfjcif; ysufjcif;
'Pfcsufjzifh tjrJrjywf tnOf;yef; tEdSyfpufcH&aom O',A,y#dyDVeoabm &dSaomaMumifh rkcs
r[kwf y&d,m,ftm;jzihf 'kuopm yg0if&um; ocFg&'kurnf\[k od&Sdygav/ (tbd-|-2-88/)
yk*v[oeH 0g yDVeH/ (rlv#D-2-50/)
yDVea|m wHor*aem ow [oeH t0dyg&duwmu&PH/ (r[m#D-1-257/)
wpfenf; ----- 'kujzpfaomtcg cEmtpOf\ rpnfyifjcif; ndK;EGrf;jcif;onf 'kuu xdk'kuopm
trnf&aom cEmig;yg;ESifh jynfhpHkaom yk*dKvfudk nOf;qJjcif;wnf;/ xdkodkY 'kuu nOf;qJxm;aomaMumifyh if qif;&Jow
l o
Ykd nf toufyifi,fjim;aomfvnf; r&Tiv
f ef;bJ nKd ;nKd ;EGr;f EGr;f jzpfMu&avonf/
vdk&if;tcsKyfum; 'ku'ku 0dy&dPmr'ku ocFg&'ku[laom 'kuoHk;rsKd;\ vdkcsifp&m raumif;avmufatmif tEdSyfpufcH& rIoabmum; 'kuopm trnf&aom cEmig;yg;\ yDVe|oabmwnf;[k rSwfyg/
xdk yDVe|'ku\ tjrifhrm;qHk;aom e,fajrum; tyg,f av;bHkwnf;? xdkwGifvnf; i&JbHkum;
xdyfqHk;u wnfaeay\/ ok*wdbHkwdkYvnf; xdkyDVe|'ku\ 'PfcsufrSm jyif;xefonfomjzpfayonf/
t,kwq
f ;kH tm;jzifu
h m; ocFg&w&m; rSeo
f rQwo
Ykd nf jzpfjcif; ysujf cif; 'Pfcsujf zifh tjrrJ jywf tnO;f yef;
tESdyfpufcH&aeonfom jzpfMuonf/
502
2/ ocFw| ----- ,if;'kuopm trnf&aom cEmig;yg; kyfemrfw&m;wdkYonf yp,y&d*[Pfydkif;

= y#dpo
rkyg 'fyidk ;f a&;om;wifjycJo
h nft
h wdik ;f t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH tm[m& zpaom
qdkif&mqdkif&m taMumif;w&m;wdkYu jyKpDrHay;ygrS jzpfay:vmEdkifaom jzpfay:vm&aom oabmw&m;
wdkYwnf;/ ,if;odkY 'kuopm trnf&aom ocFw kyfemrfw&m;pk\ taMumif;w&m;wdkYu tnDtGwf
aygif;pk twlwuGjzpf jzpfay:vmatmif jyKpDrHtyfonf\ tjzpf[laom oabmonf ocFw|
oabmwnf;/
,if;odkY jyKpDrH&jcif;onfvnf; 'kuomwnf;/ tyg,fa&mufaMumif; tukodkvf'kpdkufwdkYudk jyKpk
ysKd;axmif&myifvQif udk,fqif;&J&rI pdwfqif;&J&rI ponfh 'ku'ku 0dy&dPmr'ku ocFg&'ku'Pfcsuf
wdkYu 0dkif;&Hum nOf;yef;EdSyfpufvsufyif &dS\/ kd;dk;omrefom0ursm;udk rqdkxm;bd tavmif;awmfBuD;
rsm;yifaomfrSvnf; oAnKwPfawmfBuD;udk &&dSa&;twGuf wmplvsuf yg&rDwdkYudk jznfhusifhqnf;yl;
&m toufudk pGefY&\? t*Fgajcvufudk pGefY&\? om;udk pGefY&\? orD;udk pGefY&\? ZeD;r,m;udk pGefY&\?
pnf;pdrfOpmwdkYudk pGefY&\? xD;eef;udk pGefY&\? ocFw'ku'Pfcsuf\ BuD;rm;yHkwnf;/ 'geonf olaX;
wpfOD;udk wpfaeYwm twGif;yif olqif;&J jzpfapEdkif\/ oDv[lonfrSmvnf; qif;&JNidKjiifpGm jznfhusifh
&aomoabm &dS\? orx 0dyemwdkYudk tm;xkwf&mvnf; tjyif;txef BudK;yrf;&ojzifh ocFw
'Pfcsuu
f m; Bu;D rm;vSonfom jzpfayonf/ b0wpfck jzpfay:vmatmif xdx
k kd bHb
k 0odYk a&mufaMumif;
ukodkvf tukodkvfwdkYudk jyKpkysKd;axmif&jcif;[lorQonf ocFw'kuoabmcsnf;omwnf;/
3/ oEmy| ----- 'kuopm trnf&aom ocFww&m;pk\ txufwGif azmfjycJhaom 'ku'kuwm
wHerd w
d w
m = wu,fu,
kd q
f if;&J pdwq
f if;&J&jcif; xdu
k ,
kd q
f if;&J pdwq
f if;&J&jcif;\ taMumif;&if;jzpfjcif;
[laom ESpfrsKd;aom tjcif;t&mwdkYjzifh jyif;pGmylavmifjcif; teufoabmonf oEmy|oabmwnf;/
wpfenf; -- udavomwnf;[laom ylavmifapwwf EdSyfpufwwfaom tyl"mwfESifh 'kuopm trnf
&aom w&m;pk\ kyfemrfoEwdtpOf wpfcktwGif; twl,SOfwGJ ae&jcif;oabmonf oEmy|
oabmwnf;/ wpfenf; -- 'kuopmjzpfaom ocFww&m;pkonf rdrd\ yifudkoabmtm;jzifh qif;&J
emusifjcif;oabmudk aqmifxm;Edkifaom xufjrufaom oabm&dS\? odkY rdrdoabmtm;jzifhyif
xufjrufonf\ tjzpfonf oEmy| = jyif;pGmylavmifjcif; oabmyifjzpfonf/
ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk tedpt
csuf 'kut
csuf tewtcsuw
f u
Ykd kd 0dyemPfynmpuKjzifh aphaph
ikik MunfhIqifjcifum vif;vif;jrifodNyD;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfwpfOD;tzdkY 'kuopmw&m;pkwdkY\ ,if;
oEmy|oabmudk &Sif;&Sif;BuD; xif;xif;BuD; awGUjrifaernfom jzpfayonf/
4/ 0dy&dPmr| ----- y#doaEwnfae&jcif;Zmwd trnf&aom 'kuopmw&m;\ tdkjcif;Z&mw&m;
wpfb0wpfcg aoausysufpD;&jcif; r&Pw&m;[laom ESpfrsKd;aomtjym;tm;jzifh azmufjyefysufpD;
&jcif; oabmw&m;onf 0dy&dPmr|oabmwnf;/ um; orkwdopmwnf;/ y&rwopmtm;jzifhum; Oyg'ftaetm;jzifh xif&Sm;jzpfyGm;vmaom cEmig;yg;um; 'kuopmw&m;pkwnf;/ ,if; 'kuopm
w&m;\ jzpfjcif;Oyg'ftaejzifhom tjrJwrf; wnfraebJ wnfjcif;XD[laom Z&m ysufjcif;bif[laom
r&P --- ESpfrsKd;aom tjym;tm;jzifh azmufjyefysufpD;&jcif; oabmw&m;onf 0dy&dPmr|oabm
wnf;/
503
'kuopmtwGuf oabmteuf (4)csuf&dS&m0,f yDVe|teufonf tjcm;opmwdkYudk raxmuf
&bJ rdrd'kuopm\ oabm&if;twdkif; xif&Sm;aom teufoabmwnf;/ ocFw|onf 'kuopmudk
jyKprD w
H wfaom ork',opmudk axmuf ]]'kuo
pm[lorQonf wPSmork',opmu jyKprD t
H yfaom
ocFw w&m;csnf;ygwum;}}[k xif&Sm;vm&aom teufoabm jzpf\/ oEmy|onf trw"mwf
tNrKd uaf &pif\ oEo
d ck tNird ;f "mwf t&omudk aomufo;kH ae&aom at;jraom r*opmudk axmuf
]]jzpf-ysuaf eaom odrYk [kwf ysuaf eaom ocFw'kuo
pmw&m; rSeo
f rQonf r*fuo
Jh Ykd rat;jrbJ trSef
ylaom 'kuy gwum;}}[k xif&mS ;vm&aom teufoabm jzpf\/ (a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf tocFwe,f
\ at;jryHkudk axmufq ocFwe,f\ ylavmifykHudk odvmEdkifonf [lvdkonf/) 0dy&dPmr| teuf
oabmonf razmufjyefaom eda&m"edAmefudk axmuf (= rjzpf rysufaom eda&m"opm edAmefudk
axmuf) ]]'kuopm ocFww&m;pkonf edAmefuJhodkY razmufrjyef r[kwfbJ = rjzpf rysufonfh
"mwfobm0r[kwb
f J Z&mtm;jzifv
h nf;aumif; r&Ptm;jzifv
h nf;aumif; azmufjyefysupf ;D wwfaom
= jzpf-ysufaeaom 'kuawGygwum;}}[k xif&Sm;vm&aom teufjzpfonf/ (rlv#D-2-50/)
'kuopm\ av;rsKd;ukefaom teufoabmw&m;wdkYonf rSefukef\? rrSefuef r[kwfukef?
rcRw,
f iG ;f uke?f 'kuo
pmw&m;wdo
Yk nf yDVepaom av;rsK;d aom tjcif;t&mrS wpfyg;aom tjcif;t&m
tm;jzifh rjzpfukef? xdkaMumifh opmrnfayonf/

1/ tm,l[e| ----- xdkxdkb0 xdkxdktmkHwdkY tvGefESpfoufjcif;\ tpGrf;jzifh 'kutpkudk jyKjcif;
onf 'kuudk jzpfapjcif;onf = 'kutpkudk jzpfay:vmatmif jyKpkysKd;axmifjcif;onf tm,l[e rnf\/
wpfenf; -- 'kuo
pmw&m;pkonf ork',opmaMumifh jzpfay:vmwwfaomaMumifh tm, rnf\/
xdk tm,rnfaom 'kuopmudk jzpfapjcif; oabmw&m;onf tm,l[e rnf\/ tm,l[e teuf
oabmw&m;onf ork',opm\ rdrdoabmtm;jzifh rdrdoabmtwdkif; xif&Sm;pGm jzpfay:vmaom
tjcif;t&m teufoabmwnf;/ (tjcm;tjcm;aom opmwdkYudk axmuf &&Sdaom teufoabm
r[kwf [lvdkonf/)
2/ ed'ge| ----- 'kuopmw&m;pkudk tyfESif;wwf tyfESif;ouJhodkY jzpfwwfaomaMumifh ed'ge rnf\/
]]xdk'ku[lonf [mwnf;}}[k vufcHapouJhodkY tyfESif;ouJhodkY 'kuudk jzpfay:apwwf\[k qdkvdkonf/ 'kuopmudk odjrifygrS 'kuopmudk odjrif&jcif;aMumifh ork',opm\ ed'ge| teufoabm
w&m;onf xif&Sm; jzpfay:vmayonf/ twdwfb0u jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhaom t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef
ocFg& uH[laom ork',opmaMumifh b0wGif y#doaE cEmig;yg; 'kuopmw&m;\ xif&Sm;jzpfyHk
ponfudk udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf orm'd|dPfynmjzifh xGif;azmufodjrifaomtcg ed'ge| teuf
oabmonf xif&Sm;aernf jzpfayonf/ umvokH;yg;vHk; enf;wl oabmaygufyg/
3/ oHa,m*| ----- ork',opm\ oHo&m0#fqif;&J'kuESifh ,SOfwG,fapjcif; ruGmEdkifatmif uyfxm;jcif; oabmonf oHa,m*| rnf\/ oHo&m0#f'kurS rvGwf&atmif zJGUaESmifxm;jcif; teuf
504
oabmwnf;/ ork',opm\ oHa,m*| teufoabmw&m;onf oHo&m r,SOfaom eda&m"

opmudk odjrif&jcif;aMumifh xif&Sm;vm\/ cEm-tm,we-"mwfwdkY\ tqufrjywfjzpfrIudk oHo&m[k
ac:\? jzpf-ysuaf eaom ysuyf suaf eaom kyef mrfocFww&m;pkwnf;/ a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf oHo&m[k
ac:qdt
k yfaom ocFww&m;wd\
Yk tysuu
f kd Iae&mrS rjzpf-rysuo
f nfh ysujf cif;oabmw&m; r&So
d nfh
tocFw"mwf eda&m"opmudk rsufarSmufjyKrdoGm;\/ xdktocFw"mwf eda&m"opmum; jzpfrI-ysufrI
r&So
d jzifh jzpf-ysuf ocFwoHo&mESihf r,SOaf om w&m;jzpf\/ ,if;oHo&mESihf r,SOaf om tocFw"mwf
eda&m"opmudk jrif&jcif;aMumifh oHo&m ,SOfapjcif;[laom tjcif;t&m&Sdaom ork',opm\ oHa,m*|teufoabmw&m;onf xif&Sm;vmonf [lvdkonf/ taMumif; ork',opmw&m; xif&Sm;
&Sdjcif;aMumifh jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusKd; 'kuopmw&m;\ xif&Sm;&SdyHk xif&Sm; jzpfaeyHkudkvnf;aumif;
taMumif; ork',opmw&m;wdkY\ csKyfNidrf;oGm;jcif;aMumifh tusKd;'kuopmw&m;wdkY\ csKyfNidrf;yHkudk
vnf;aumif; ypuPfjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf odatmif Ijrifxm;NyD;jzpfaom xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf
tzdkY eda&m"opmudk t&d,r*fPfjzifh rsufarSmufjyKrdaomtcg xdkork',opm\ 'kuopmw&m;
awGukd xyfumxyfum tqufrjywf ,SOaf pjcif; jzpfapjcif; oHa,m*| teufoabmrSm xif&mS ;ay:vGifNyD;om jzpfaeayonf[k qdkvdkayonf/
4/ yvda Am"| ----- oHo&mrS xGufajrmufoGm;aMumif;jzpfaom t&d,r*fw&m;udk aESmifh,Sufwm;jrpfjcif; jrpfwm;[efYqD;jcif; teufoabmonf ork',opm\ yvda Am"| teufoabmwnf;/
kyfemrfocFww&m;wdkY\ csKyfqHk;&m jzpfysufocFww&m;wdkY\ r&Sd&mjzpfonfh rjzpfrysufonfh tocFw
"mwf eda&m"opmudk tm&rPy#da0" = tmkHrsufarSmuf wdkufkdufxGif;azmuf odjrifjcif;jzifh t&d,
r*fPfu rsufarSmufjyKrdaomtcg oHo&mrS xGufajrmufaMumif; ed,smedu w&m;aumif;jzpfonfh
jzpfysufocFww&m;wdkYrS vGwfajrmufaMumif; usifhpOfjzpfonfh r*if (8)yg; r*opmw&m;udkvnf;
toarm[y#da0" = rodatmif zHk;vTrf;xm;onfh arm[udk y,fowfaom oabmtm;jzifh xdk;xGif;
odjcif;udp Ny;D pD;oGm;\/ xdo
k Ykd jzpfysuo
f o
H &mrS xGuaf jrmufaMumif; usiphf Ofjzpfonfh r*opmudk odjrif
&jcif;aMumifh ork',opm\ oHo&mrS xGufajrmufaMumif; t&d,r*fudk wm;jrpfjciff; tjcif;t&mudkvnf; Pfouf0ifNyD; jzpfoGm;onf/ r*opmum; oHo&mrS xGufajrmufaMumif; w&m;wnf;/
ork',opmum; oHo&m vnfywfaMumif; w&m;wnf;/ oHo&mrS rxGuaf jrmufaMumif; w&m;wnf;/
oHo&mrS xGufajrmufaMumif; w&m;udk odjrifaomtcg ork',opmonf oHo&mrS rxGufajrmufatmif oHo&mrS xGufajrmufaMumif; w&m;udk wm;jrpfaESmifh,Sufaeaom w&m;[k odjrifvm&onf
[lvdk/
ork',opm\ av;rsK;d ukeaf om teufoabmw&m;wdo
Yk nf rSeu
f ek \
f rrSerf [kwu
f ek f rcRwf
,Gif;ukef? tm,l[epaom av;rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mrS wpfyg;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh rjzpfukef?
xdkaMumifh opm rnfayonf/

1/ ed&P| ----- edAmef[laom tmkHonf t&d,mwdkY\ oEmef &&Sdvwfaomf = t&d,mwdkY\
kyfemrfoEmeftpOf jzpfyGm;oGm;aom r*fPf zdkvfPfwdkYu edAmefudk rsufarSmufjyKvsuf odjrif
vwfaomf edAmef[laom tmkHaMumifh edAmefudk r*fPf zdkvfPfjzifh odjrif&aom t&d,mwdkYonf
505
oHo&mrS xGufajrmufMu&ukef\? xdkodkY oHo&mrS xGufajrmufaMumif;\ tjzpfaMumifh xdkedAmefonf

ed&P rnf\/ wpfenf; ----1/ umrly"d[laom tmkHig;yg; umr*kPfw&m;
2/ cELy"d[laom cEm ig;yg;
3/ udavoly"d[laom udavom q,fyg;
4/ tbdocFgly"d[laom b0opfcEmudk jyKpDrHwwfaom tbdocFg&uHw&m; ---tvH;k pHak om Oy"dw&m;wd\
Yk pGev
Yf w
T &f m\ tjzpfaMumifh tvH;k pHak om Oy"dw&m;wdu
Yk kd pGev
Yf w
T &f m
jzpfaomaMumifh Oy"dtm;vHk;wdkY\ uif;qdwf&m r&Sd&m jzpfaomaMumifh edAmef[laom rdrdonfyif tvHk;
pHak om ocFww&m;wdrYk S xGuaf jrmuf\? ocFww&m;wdEYk iS hf r,SO?f xdak Mumifh xdek Ad m efonf tvH;k pHak om
ocFww&m;wdkYrS xGufajrmufwwfonf\ tjzpf[laom teufoabmaMumifh ed&P rnf\/
wpfenf; ----- tocFwedAmefu tm&rPyp,owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;aomaMumifh xdkedAmefudk
tmkHjyK jzpfay:vm&aom tm&rPdu = tmkHjyKwwfaom t&d,r*fPfonf udavomwdkYudk
tqifhqifh y,fowfvdkuf\? udavomwdkYudk t<uif;rJh y,fowfvdkufojzifh udavom tazmf&&SdygrS
tusKd;ay;Edkifaom uHw&m;wdkYonfvnf; tusKd;ay;cGifhudk r&Muawmhay/ uH-udavomwdkYonf
csKyfNidrf;oGm;Muojzifh uH-udavomwdkYaMumifh jzpfay:vm&rnfh 0dygu0#f cEmig;yg; ocFww&m;wdkYonfvnf; jzpfcGifhudk r&MuawmhNyD jzpf\/ Oy"dtm;vHk;wdkYonf csKyfNidrf;oGm;Mu\/ xdkaMumifh tocFw
"mwf edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfonf Oy"dtm;vHk;wdkYrS uRwfvGwfjcif;\ taMumif;&if;w&m; jzpf&ayonf/
,if;odYk Oy"dtm;vH;k wdrYk S uRwv
f w
G jf cif;\ taMumif;&if;w&m; jzpfjcif;[laom teufoabmw&m;onf
eda&m"opm\ ed&P| teufoabmw&m;yif jzpfonf/
ed&Ed {w owm o,ar0 0g ed#H 0do,
H w
k H oAocFaw[d oALy"dy#de
d *bm0awmwd
ed&PH/ (rlv#D-2-50/)
eda&m" ed&Pa|m oALy"DeH y#ded*obm0wm wawm 0ded#wm? wEd&Pedrdwwm 0g/ (r[m#D-1-257/)
xdek ad &m"opm\ ed&P| = ed&P teufoabmonf rdr\
d xif&mS ;&Sjd cif; teufoabm
tm;jzifh xif&mS ;pGm jzpfay:vm&aom tjcif;t&m teufoabmwnf;/ (tjcm;aom opmwdu
Yk kd axmufq od&Sd&aom teufoabmw&m; r[kwf [lvdkonf/)
2/ 0da0u| wPSm ork',rS uif;qdwfonf\ tjzpf[laom teufoabmonf eda&m"opm
\ 0da0u| teufoabm rnf\/ wPSm uif;qdwfjcif;aMumifh wPSm[laom tzmfo[m,fudk &&Sd
ygrS tusKd;ay;EdkifpGrf;&dSaom uHonfvnf; uif;qdwfoGm;\/ uH-udavom uif;qdwfjcif;aMumifh uH
udavomaMumifh jzpf&rnfh 0dygu0#f ocFww&m;wdrYk v
S nf; uif;qdwaf wmhonfom jzpf\/ tvH;k pHak om
ocFg&w&m;wdEYk iS hf r,SOrf aESm ocFg&w&m;wdrYk S uif;qdwjf cif; oabmonfvnf; eda&m"opm\ 0da0u|
teufoabmyif rnf\/
eda&m"opmonf wPSm\ ukefaMumif; ocFww&m;\ ukefaMumif; jzpf&um; ork',wPSmrS
uif;qdw\
f ? jzpf-ysuo
f cFww&m;rS uif;qdw\
f / xdak Mumifh eda&m"opm\ 0da0u| teufoabmonf
506
0da0u r[kwfaom ork',udk 0da0u r[kwfaom ocFwudk toarm[y#da0"tm;jzifh t&d,r*fu

odjrif&jcif;aMumifh xif&Sm;vm&aom eda&m"opm\ teufwpfyg; jzpfonf/
3/ tocFw| ----- t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH paom wpfpHkwpfckaom rnfonfh taMumif;
w&m;aomfrS rjyKjyiftyfonf\ tjzpf[laom teufoabmonf eda&m"opm\ tocFw| teuf
oabm rnf\/ eda&m"opmjzpfonfh edAm efw&m;awmfjrwfBu;D udk od&aMumif;jzpfaom t&d,r*fw&m;
aomfrS tqifhqifhaom 0dyemPfwdkYu tm;BuD;aomrSD&m Oyed,owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;ygrS
jzpfay:vm&aom taMumif;w&m; xif&mS ;&Sad om oyp,
w&m;om jzpf\? taMumif;w&m;wdu
Yk jyKjyif
ay;ygrS jzpfay:vm&aom ocFww&m;om jzpf\/ t&d,r*fw&m;aomfrv
S nf; oyp,
oabm ocFw
oabmrS ruif;Edkifao;ay/ xdkodkY t&d,r*fw&m;\ ocFwjzpfyHkudk jrif&jcif;aMumifh eda&m"opm\
tocFwteufonf xif&Sm;vm&aom teufwpfyg; jzpf\/ r*opm\ ocFwjzpfykHudk axmufq
eda&m"opm\ tocFwjzpfyHkonf xif&Sm;vm&onf [lvdk/
4/ trw| ----- eda&m"opm edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfonf jrJaom edpoabm&SdaomaMumifh wpfenf;
ow0gwdkY\ aojcif; r&Sdjcif;\ taMumif;w&m;jzpfaomaMumifh rtdk rao traw\ tjzpf[laom
oabmonf rysufaomoabmonf ysufjcif;r&Sdaom oabmonf eda&m"opm\ trw| teuf
oabm rnf\/
r&Poabm&So
d nft
h wGuf ysu
f ysu
f ae&aom ocFw'kuo
pmw&m;udk odjrif&jcif;aMumifh
r&Poabm r&Sdaom eda&m"opm edAmefw&m;awmf\ trw| teufoabmonfvnf; xif&Sm;
vm&jyefayonf/ 0dyemydik ;f Iaeaom ocFww&m;wdu
Yk m; tysuef ,f jzpfMu\? r&Pe,f jzpfMu\/
xdt
k ysuef ,f\ tqH;k wGif (= ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk tysuu
f kd tmk,
H al eaom 0dyemPf\ tqH;k wGi)f
t&d,r*fPf xif&mS ;ay:vmaom tocFw"mwfum; rysuef ,f jzpf\? rao&m trwe,f jzpf\/
ocFw\ r&Poabmudk axmufq tocFw\ trwoabmonf xif&Sm;vm&jyefonf [lvdk/
eda&m"opm\ av;rsK;d ukeaf om teufoabmw&m;wdo
Yk nf rSeu
f ek \
f rrSef r[kwu
f ek f rcRwf
,Gif;ukef? ed&Ppaom av;rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mrS wpfyg;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh rjzpfukef?
xkdaMumifh opm rnfayonf/
wpfenf; -- edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfonf ork',wPSm\ ukef&mjzpfaomaMumifh ork',wPSmrS
uif;qdwfjcif;oabm 0da0u|vnf; rnf\? t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHpaom taMumif; r&Sdaom typ,
oabm tocFw|vnf; rnf\? rysufpD;aom ysufpD;jcif;oabm r&Sdaom trw|vnf; rnf\/ (rlv#D-2-50/)
r*opmteuf (4) csuf

1/ ed,sme| ----- r*opm\ oHo&m0#f'kurS xGufajrmufaMumif;\ tjzpf[laom teufoabm
onf ed,sme| rnf\/ ed,sme|oabmonf xdkr*opm\ rdrdudptm;jzifh xif&Sm;aom tjcif;
t&mwnf;/ 0dyemPfwdkYjzifh ocFww&m;wdkY\ tysufudk tmkHjyK vuPm,mOfwifum 0dyem Iae&mrS 0dyemPf\ tqHk;wGif jzpfay:vmaom t&d,r*fPfu rysufonfh tocFw
507
"mwf tNird ;f "mwf edAm efw&m;awmfjrwfBu;D udk vSr;f tmH,

k v
l u
kd Ef ikd \
f / xdak Mumifh t&d,r*fPfonf
ocFwtysufe,frS xGufajrmufjcif;\ taMumif;&if; jzpfayonf/ ed,sme|oabmwnf;/ t&d,
r*fPfu ysujf cif;uif;onfh tocFw"mwfukd tmkv
H rS ;f ,lvu
kd af omtcg tocFw"mwf\ tat;&Sed f
oEo
d ck "mwfaMumifh t&d,r*fPf\ ude;f 0yf&m jzpfay:&m ow0g\ kyef mrftpOf ude;f 0yfaeaom
tEko,"mwfrD;wdkYonf tqifhqifh Nidrf;at;oGm;Muukef\/ udavom ukefojzifh uHrsm;onfvnf;
tqifhqifh ukefoGm;Mu&m uH-udavomaMumifh xif&Sm;jzpf&rnfh 0dygufcEmtpOfwdkYonfvnf; tqifh
qifh csKyNf ird ;f oGm;Mu&\/ 0dygufcEmwd\
Yk tqifq
h ifh csKyNf ird ;f oGm;jcif;onf oHo&m0#f'u
k r S tqifq
h ifh
vGwfajrmufoGm;jcif;yif jzpf\/ ,if;odkY oHo&mrS vGwfajrmufjcif;onf t&d,r*fPfaMumifhom &&dS
vmaom tusK;d w&m;jzpf&um; t&d,r*fw&m;onf oHo&m0#f'u
k r S xGuaf jrmuf&jcif;\ taMumif;&if;
ed,smew&m; jzpf&ayonf/
ed,sme| oabmw&m;onf xdkr*opm\ qdkif&mqdkif&m udavomudk y,fowfjcif;[laom
rdrdudptm;jzifh xif&Sm;vmaom tjcif;t&m jzpfayonf/
2/ a[wk| = a[wG| ----- edAmefodkY a&mufjcif;\ taMumif;\tjzpf[laom teufoabmonf
r*opm\ a[wk| teufoabm rnf\/
ww yvdaAm"kyap'0aoe edAmem"d*arm0 edAmeedrdwwm a[wGa|m/ (rlv#D-2-50-51/)
yvdaAm"kyap'0aoemwd ork',y[me0aoe/ (tEk#D-2-61/)
a[wktawm edAme ormyubma0g/ (r[m#D-1-257/)
tocFw"mwf tNird ;f "mwf edAm efukd tmkjH yK t&d,r*fw&m;onf xif&mS ;jzpfay:vmygrS ,if;
t&d,r*fw&m;u rdrt
d &d,r*fukd uefu
Y u
G af ESmif,
h u
S w
f wfaom ork',opm trnf&aom tEko,
udavomrsm;udk tqifhqifh t<uif;rJh y,fowfEdkif\/ tEko,udavomrsm;\ tqifhqifh t<uif;rJh
ukefoGm;jcif;um; udavoy&dedAmef0ifpH&jcif;yifwnf;/ oOyg'daooedAmefudk &&dSjcif;wnf;/ udavomrsm;onf tqifq
h ifu
h ek o
f mG ;Muojzifh udavom tpd"k mwf tap;"mwf&ySd grS tusK;d ay;Edik pf rG ;f &daS om
uHwo
Ykd nfvnf; udavomtazmfo[m,fukd r&&do
S jzifh tusK;d ay;Edik o
f nfh pGr;f tifrsm; ukeq
f ;kH oGm;Mu
&jyef\/ uH-udavomwd\
Yk pGr;f tifrsm; ukeq
f ;kH oGm;Muojzifh uH-udavomaMumifh jzpfMu&rnfh 0dyguf
cEmwdkYonfvnf; tqifhqifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;Mu&\/ aemufqHk; t&[wr*fodkY qdkufa&mufaomtcg
udavomrsm;onf t<uif;rJh ukeo
f mG ;Mu\/ udavomwd\
Yk t<uif;rJh ukejf cif;aMumifh xd&k [Em t&Si-f
jrwf\ y&dedAmepkwd\tjcm;rJh cEmig;yg;wdkYonfvnf; aemifwpfzef jyefvnf jzpfjcif;oabm r&dSaom tEkyg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;Mu&\? cEy&dedAmef 0ifpH&jcif;wnf;? tEkyg'daoo
edAme"mwfodkY qdkufa&mufjcif;wnf;/ xdkodkY tocFw"mwf edAmefudk rsufarSmufjyKjcif; oOyg'daoo
edAm e"mwf tEkyg'daooedAm e"mwfwu
Ykd kd &&djS cif;onf t&d,r*fw&m;aMumifo
h m jzpfay:vmEdik &f um;
r*opmtrnf&aom t&d,r*fw&m;onf edAmefodkY a&mufjcif;\ taMumif;&if; a[wk jzpf&ayonf/
odv
Yk Qif r*opm\ a[wk|oabm xif&mS ;&jcif;rSm ork',opmudk axmufq xif&mS ;vm&jcif; jzpfonf/ ork',opm wPSmudk jrif&jcif;aMumifh wPSmonf 'kuo
pm\om taMumif;&if;
jzpfojzifh edAmefudk &&dSzdkY&ef taMumif;&if; r[kwf? r*opm trnf&aom r*if (8)yg;onfomvQif
508
edAm efukd &&dzS &Ykd ef taMumif;&if;jzpf\[k odv

Yk Qif ork',opmudk jrif&jcif;aMumifh r*opm\ edAm efoYkd
a&mufaMumif; a[wk| = a[wG| teufoabmw&m;onf xif&Sm;vm&ayonf/
3/ 'e| ----- r*if&Spfyg;wnf;[laom r*opm\ orm'd|d[laom ynmvQif y"me = jy"mef;jcif;
&do
S nf\ tjzpfaMumifh tocFw"mwf edAm efukd jrifwwfonf\tjzpf[al om teufoabmw&m;onf
wpfenf; -- opmav;yg;udk odjrifwwfonf\ tjzpfwnf;[laom teufoabmw&m;onf wpfenf;
pifppf odrfarGUaom tocFwedAmefw&m;awmfjrwfudk rsufarSmufjyKjcif; teufoabmw&m;onf r*
opm\ 'e|oabm rnf\/ tvGefodrfarGU eufeJaom eda&m"opmjzpfonfh tocFw"mwf edAmef
w&m;awmfjrwfudk wu,f jrifpGrf;Edkifjcif;aMumifh xdkeda&m"opmudk jrif&jcif;jzifh r*opm\ 'e|
oabmonf xif&Sm;vm&ayonf/ ( jriftyfaomw&m;udk jrifjcif;aMumifh jrifwwfaom w&m;onf
jriftyfaom w&m;aMumifh xif&Sm;vm&onf[lay/)
4/ t"dyaw,s| ----- opmav;yg;udk odjrifjcif; udavom 'kutyludk Nidrf;apjcif; tBuD;tuJ\
tjzpf[laom teufoabmonf r*opm\ t"dyaw,s|oabm rnf\/
pwkuenf;t& r*fpdwKyg'fonf yxrpsmedur*fpdwKyg'fjzpfvQif pdwfapwoduf (37) 'kwd,
psmedur*fpw
d K yg 'fjzpfvQif pdwaf pwoduf (35) wwd,psmedur*fpw
d K yg 'fjzpfvQif pdwaf pwoduf (34)
pwkwpsmedur*fpdwKyg'fjzpfvQif pdwfapwoduf (34) ----- toD;toD; &dSrnfjzpfonf/ xdkr*fpdwKyg'f =
r*fpdwfapwodufwdkYwGif yg0ifaom r*ifw&m;udk,frsm;onf r*opm[laom trnfudk &&dSMuonf/
,if; r*opmtrnf&aom r*iw
f &m;ud,
k rf sm;onf opmav;yg;udk odjrif&mvnf;aumif; udavom
'kuwdkY\ vGefpGmylavmifjcif;udk Nidrf;ap&mvnf;aumif; or,kwfw&m;wdkY tBuD;tuJ\ tjzpfudk
jyKEikd Mf uuke\
f / xdak Mumifh xdt
k Bu;D tuJ\tjzpfonf r*opm\ t"dyaw,s| teufoabm rnf\/
wpfenf; ----- r*g"dywdaem "rm-[l a[mMum;xm;awmfrjl cif;aMumifh r*iw
f &m;wdo
Yk nf tjcm;
,SOfzuf or,kwfw&m;wdkYrS xl;aomtm;jzifh tm&rPm"dywdypnf;w&m;wdkY jzpfMuukef\/ xdkaMumifh
xdkr*ifw&m;wdkY\ xdktm&rPm"dywdypnf; jzpfjcif;[laom tjcif;t&monf t"dyaw,s| teuf
oabm rnf\/
rsm;pGmaoma&m*gwd\
Yk tEdyS pf ufukd cHae&aom vlqif;&Jukd jrif&jcif;aMumifh a&m*guif;pifaom
&mxl;&Sif\ jrifhjrwfyHkonf xif&Sm;ouJhodkY 'kuopmw&m;pkudk jrif&jcif;aMumifh r*opm\ tpdk;w&
tBuD;tuJ\ tjzpfonf xif&Sm;vm&ayonf/
r*opm\ av;rsKd;ukefaom teufoabmw&m;wdkYonf rSefukef\ rrSef r[kwfukef rcRwf
,Gi;f uke?f ed,sme|paom av;rsK;d aom tjcif;t&mrS wpfyg;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh rjzpfuek ?f xdak Mumifh
opm rnfayonf/
(16)rsKd;ukefaom tjcif;t&mwdkYjzifh razmufrjyef [kwfrSefaomoabmtm;jzifh opmav;yg;
wdkYonf wpfckwnf;aom oabmtm;jzifhomvQif aygif; ,ltyfukef\/ tMuif (16)rsKd;aom teuf
oabmudk wpfckwnf;aom razmufrjyef rSefonf\ tjzpf[laom oabmtm;jzifh aygif; ,ltyf\?
xkdaygif; ,ltyfaom (16)yg;aom oabmonf opmav;yg;wdkY\ wlonf\ tjzpf[laom {uw
509
oabm rnf\/ tMuif{uwoabmonf &dS\/ xdk{uwoabmudk wpfckwnf;aom r*fPfjzifh

xdk;xGif; od\? xdkaMumifh opmav;yg;wdkYonf (16)yg;ukefaom tjcif;t&mwdkYjzifh razmufrjyef
rSefaom oabmtm;jzifh wpfckwnf;aom r*fPfjzifh wpfNydKifeuf wpfcsufwnf; xdk;xGif; odtyfaom tjcif;t&m &dSukefonf jzpfukef\/
opmteuf (16)csufwdkYudk y#doH-296/ tbd-|-2-78/ 0dok'd-2-332/ rlv#D-2-50-51/
r[m#D-1-257 - wdkYrS xkwfEkwf azmfjytyfygonf/
{uy#da0"'e ----- t&d,r*fPfonf eda&m"opm edAmefwpfckudkom tmkHjyKaomfvnf;
'kuo
pmponfwYkd rSeo
f nf\tjzpf razmufjyefonf\tjzpf [kwo
f nf\tjzpf[q
k t
kd yfaom tMuif
rSefaom op| = opmteufoabmonf jzpf\/ xdk[kwfrSefaom op|oabmudk xdkop|oabmudk
zH;k vTr;f xm;wwfaom arm[udk zsuq
f ;D ojzifh toarm[y#da0"tm;jzifh razmufrjyef [kww
f ikd ;f rSepf mG
xdk;xGif; odonfjzpf rsufarSmufjyKonfjzpfomvQif od\/ (opmteufudk rodatmif zHk;vTrf;
xm;onfh arm[udk zsufqD;NyD;jzpfojzifh xdkopmteufwdkYudk ypuPfjzifh xkd;xGif;odNyD;omjzpfonf
[lv/kd ) xko
d Ykd rsuaf rSmufjyK xd;k xGi;f odrI jzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh t&d,r*fPf jzpfay:Ny;D aemufyikd ;f
umvwdYk vnf; opmteuf (16)csuw
f o
Ykd nf t&d,yk*Kd v\
f Pf0 vuf0g;ay: wifxm;tyfaom
tnpftaMu;uif;aom ywjrm;uJhodkY wpfenf; vufxufOoQpf qkwfypf&Spf&Sm;uJhodkY [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm
xifvmonfom jzpfukefonf/ (r[m#D-2-505/)
'ku ork',ponfw\
Ykd yDVe ocFwponfh teufoabmwdrYk S wpfyg;vnf;jzpfuek af om a&m*gESihf
wlonf\tjzpf tdkif;trmESifh wlonf\tjzpf tp&dSukefaom tjcif;t&m teufoabmwdkYonf &dSygukefvsuf tb,faMumifh av;rsKd;ukefaom teufoabmwdkYudkomvQif a[mMum;awmf rltyfygukef
oenf;[k ar;&ef&dS\? tajzum; odkYwnf;/ ----tjcm;opmwpfyg;udk jrifonf\ tpGr;f jzifh xif&mS ;vmonf\ tjzpfaMumifh av;rsK;d wdu
Yk o
kd mvQif
a[mMum;awmfrltyfukefonf/ rSefayonf ----ww uwrH 'kau PH? 'kuH tm&A ,m OyZwd ynm yZmeem/ (0db*F-341/ y#doH-114/)
xdkwGif 'kuopmjzpfaom Pfonf tb,fenf;? 'kuopmudk tmkHjyK jzpfay:vmaom
tMuifynmonf tMuif uGJuGJjym;jym; odjcif;onf &dS\/ (0db*F-341/ y#doH-114/)
odkYpaomenf;jzifh wpfyg; wpfyg;aom opmudk tmkHjyKonf\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh opPfudk
a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/
a,m bdua0 'kuH ywd? ork',rd aom ywd/ (oH-3-382/)
&[ef;wdkY ...tMuif&[ef;onf 'kuopmudk odjrif\? xdk&[ef;onf ork',opmudkvnf;
odjrif\/ (oH-3-382/)
odkYpaom enf;jzifh wpfckaom opmudk tmkHjyK <uif;aom opmoHk;yg;wdkYvnf; odrIudp
NyD;pD;jcif;\ tpGrf;tm;jzifhvnf; opPfudk a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/ (0dok'd-2-333/)
510
xdkESpfrsKd;aom a'oemawmfwdkYwGif odrIudp NyD;pD;onf\ tpGrf;jzifh opmav;yg;udk toarm[

y#da0"jzifh xdk;xGif;odjrifjcif;onf xif&Sm;pGm jzpfjcif;aMumifh jrifjcif;ESifh wl\/ xdkodrIudp NyD;pD;aom
tm;jzifh jrifjcif;udk roH;k oyfr
l opmwpfyg;wpfyg;pDukd jrifjcif;udo
k mvQif oH;k oyfvsuf t|uxmwGif
odkY qufvufzGifhqdkxm;ayonf/ (r[m#D-2-505/)
xdkESpfrsKd;aom a'oemawmfwdkYwGif tMuiftcg wpfckwpfckaom opmudk tmHkjyK\? xdktcg
ork',opmudk odjrifjcif;aMumifh aU&SOD;pGm obm0tm;jzifh yDVevuPm &dSonfvnf;jzpfaom 'ku
opm\ ocFwteufoabmonf xif&Sm; jzpfay:vm&\/ tb,faMumifh xif&Sm;vm&oenf;
xdk'kuopmudk tvGefESpfoufonf\ tpGrf;jzifh 'kutpkudk jyKjcif; 'kuudk jzpfapjcif; 'kuopm
jzpfay:vmatmif tm;xkwjf cif; = tm,l[evuPm&daS om ork',opmonf xd'k u
k o
pmudk aygif;pkaomtm;jzifh taygif;tpktvdu
k f = kyu
f vmyf emrfuvmyf[k ac:qdt
k yfaom tkypf t
k vdu
k f tpkvu
kd f
tNyKv
H u
kd f jzpfaptyf\/ rSeaf yonf ----- trSwrf &dS wpfpw
kH pfcak om yp,yk e rf nfaom tusK;d w&m;onf
&d\
S / xdt
k usK;d w&m;tm;vH;k onf taygif;tpkjzpfomvQif jzpfay:vmd;k jzpfay:vmEdik f ;kd "rwm&d\
S /
ork',oufouf r[kwfbJ *wd Oy"d umv ya,m*paom taMumif;wpfyg;wdkYESifh tnDtGwf
aygif;pk wpfaygif;wnf;jzpf jyKjyiftyf\/ kyu
f vmyf emrfuvmyf[al om taygif;tpk tkypf u
k av;rsm; tpktyHkuav;rsm; jzpfatmif jyKvkyftyf\/ rSefayonf --- wpfyg;ru rsm;pGmomvQifjzpfaom
yp,kyef tusKd;w&m;onf wpfaygif;wnf; twlwuG kyfuvmyfwpfcktwGif; emrfuvmyf[laom
pdwu
P
wpfct
k wGi;f jzpfvwfaomf rdrw
d \
Ykd qdik &f mtaMumif;w&m;wdu
Yk taygif;tpk jyKay;ouJo
h Ykd
jzpf\/ xdo
k Ykd ork',opmonf 'kuo
pm tusK;d w&m;udk taygif;tpktm;jzifh jzpfaponf\tjzpfaMumifh
xdk'kuopm\ xdkocFwoabmonf xif&Sm;vm\/ (0dok'd-2-333/)
wpfzef r*opmonf udavom[laom ylyefjcif;udk y,f&mS ;wwfonfjzpf rdrd r*opm ud,
k w
f ikd -f
uvnf; udavom[laom ylavmifjcif; uif;onf\ tjzpfaMumifh tvGefat;csrf;\/ xdkaMumifh r*
opmudk jrifojzifh xdk'kuopm\ oEmyoabmonf xif&Sm;jzpfay:vm\/ tb,fuJhodkYenf;[lrlum;
nDawmf t&SifeEtm; ewforD;udk jrifojzifh okE&Drnfaom Zey'uvsmPD rif;orD;\ tqif;rvS
arsmufrtdkodkY tkyfqdk;onf\ tjzpfonf xif&Sm;jzpfouJhodkYwnf;/ (0dok'd-2-333/)
wpfzef jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; r&dSojzifh razmufrjyef rysufrpD; jrJaomoabm&dSaom Z&moabm
bifoabmodkY ajymif;vJazmufjyefjcif; 0dy&dPmroabm r&dSaom eda&m"opm tocFwedAmefudk jrif
ojzifh xdk'kuopm\ Oyg'fNyD;aemuf Z&moabm bifoabmodkY ajymif;vJoGm;jcif; azmufjyefoGm;jcif;
0dy&dPmr teufoabmonf xif&mS ;jzpfay:vm\/ odv
Yk Qif eda&m"opmudk jrif&ojzifh 'kuo
pm\
0dy&dPmr| teufoabm xif&mS ;vm&jcif;onf qefu
Y sib
f uf y#dyuoabmtm;jzifh xif&mS ;jzpfay:
vmaom tjcif;t&m\ vG,fulpGm NyD;pD;jcif;aMumifh qdkzG,f&myif r&dSjzpfawmh\/ (0dok'd-2-333/)
wpfzef yifudkoabmtm;jzifh tm,l[evuPm&dSonfvnf;jzpfaom ork',opm\ ed'ge|
teufoabmonf 'kuopmudk odjrifojzifh ]]ork',opmonf xdk'kuopmudk tyfESif;wwf\}}
[k odkY xif&Sm;jzpfvm&\/ ravsmufywfaom abmZOfudk oHk;aqmifjcif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmaom
tema&m*gudk awGUjrif&ojzifh abmZOf\ tema&m*g\ taMumif;w&m;jzpfrIonf xif&Sm;jzpfouJhodkY
511
rSwfyg/ (0dok'd-2-333/)
0#fqif;&J ,SOfjcif;uif;onfjzpfjzpfaom eda&m"opmudk jrifjcif;jzifh ork',opm\ udavom'kuw
EYkd iS hf ,SOw
f jJG cif;oabmonf xif&mS ;jzpfvm&\/ oHo&m0#frS xGuaf jrmufwwf xGuaf jrmufaMumif;jzpfaom r*opmudk jrifojzifhum; ork',opm\ oHo&maESmiftdrf oGwfoGif; EdSyfpuf
wm;jrpfjcif; oabmonf xif&Sm;jzpfvm\/ (0dok'd-2-333/)
wpfzef udavom[laom taygif;tazmfEiS hf aygif;azmf,OS w
f jJG cif; ponfw\
Ykd tpGr;f jzifh rqdw-f
nHonf ruif;qdwfonf jzpfjzpfaom ork',opmudk jrifjcif;jzifh ed&PvuPm &dSonfvnf;
jzpfaom eda&m"opm\ Oy"dav;yg;rS uif;qdwfonf\ tjzpf[laom 0da0u|oabmonf xif&Sm;
jzpfay:vm\/ r*opmudk jrifjcif;jzifh eda&m"opm\ tocFw| oabmonf xif&Sm;jzpfay:vm\/
rSeaf yonf -- a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf terw* tprxif oHo&mwpfciG f t&d,r*fukd = r*opmudk
a&S; rjrifpzl;cJah y/ xdt
k prxif oHo&mwpfciG f rjrifpzl;aom t&d,r*fonfvnf; tprxif oHo&m
wpfcGif rjrifpzl;onf\ tjzpfjzifh tHHhzG,fo&J rjzpfzl;jrJaomoabm jzpfaomfvnf; tqifhqifhaom
0dyemPfwu
Ykd tm;Bu;D aomrD&S m Oyed,owjd zifh aus;Zl;jyKay;ygrS jzpfay:vm&ojzifh 0dyemPf[al om taMumif;w&m; xif&mS ;&daS om oyp,
"rom jzpfaomaMumifh taMumif;w&m;wdo
Yk nf
rjyKjyiftyfaom typ,"romjzpfaom eda&m"opm\ tocFwtjzpfonf tvGefvQif xif&Sm;vm
ayonf/ wpfzef 'kuo
pmudk odjrifojzifh xdek ad &m"opm\ trw|oabm raoaomoabm rysu-f
pD;aom oabm ysufjcif;r&dSaom oabmonf xif&Sm;vmayonf/ rSefayonf ----- 'kuopmonf
ysupf ;D jcif; aojcif; oabm&do
S nf\ tjzpfaMumifh tqdyEf iS hf wl\/ xdt
k qdyo
f zG,jf zpfaom 'kuo
pm\
aq;ozG,fjzpfjzpfaom edAmefw&m;awmfonf aojcif; ysufpD;jcif; uif;vGwfNidrf;aMumif; raoaq;
tNrdKufaq;ozG,f jzpf\[k odkY xif&Sm;vmayonf/ (0dok'd-2-333/)
wpfzef ork',opmudk odjrifojzifh O',A,Pfydkif; t&d,r*f[lyif csD;rGrf;tyfonf\
tjzpfoaYkd &mufaom odraf rGUNird o
f ufonf\tjzpfjzifh xifvmaom eduEyd ifjzpfaomfvnf; ]]ork',
opmonf edAmefodkY a&mufjcif;\ taMumif; r[kwf? t&d,r*fonfomvQif edAmefodkY a&mufjcif;\
taMumif;wnf;}}[k r*gr*P'e0dok'dydkif; qdktyfcJhNyD;onfh enf;twdkif; oHo&m0#fqif;&J'kurS
xGufajrmufjcif; ed,smevuPm &dSonfvnf;jzpfaom r*opm\ a[wk|oabmonf = edAmefodkY
a&mufjcif;\ taMumif;\tjzpf[laom teufoabmonf xif&Sm;vm\/ tvGefvQif odrfarGU eufeJ
vSpGmaom eda&m"opmudk odjrifojzifh r*opm\ 'e| = tocFw"mwf edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfudk
jrifwwfonf\ tjzpf[laom oabmw&m;onf xif&Sm;vm\/ tvGefodrfarGUukefaom lygkHwdkYudk
jrifaomoltm; ig\ puKyom'onf tvGeMf unfvifpw
G um;[k odv
Yk Qif puKyom' tMunf"mwf\
tvGefMunfvifonf\tjzpfonf xif&Sm;jzpfvmouJhodkYwnf;/ tvGefvQif qif;&JNidKjiifjcif;odkY a&muf
ojzifh jyefYajymaygrsm;xlxyfaom tjypftm'De0&dSaom 'kuopmudk odjrifojzifh xdk'kuopm\ qefYusib
f uftm;jzifh r*opm\ opmav;yg;udo
k jd rifjcif; udavom'kut
ylr;D udk Nird ;f apjcif; tBu;D trSL;
\tjzpfwnf;[laom t"dyaw,s|oabmonf xif&mS ;vm\/ tb,fuo
hJ eYkd nf;[lrl rsm;pGmaom tem
a&m*gwdkYjzifh usifemcHcufaeaom txD;usef olqif;&Judk jrif&ojzifh pnf;pdrfa>c&H pHpHy,fy,f vl0,f
tpdk;&aom rif;\ jrifhjrwfonf\tjzpfonf xif&Sm;jzpfvmouJhodkYwnf;/ (0dok'd-2-333-334/)
512
P'e0dok'd eda'o -- y&d nmbdor,
odkYvQif opmav;yg;wdkY rdrd rdrd\ oabmvuPm\tpGrf;jzifh yDVe| tm,l[e| ed&P| ed,sme|[laom wpfcw
k pfcak om oabm\vnf;aumif; tjcm;aom opmwpfyg;udk jrifonf\
tpGrf;jzifh yDVe| tm,l[e| ed&P| ed,sme|[laom av;rsKd;rS wpfyg;ukefaom oHk;rsKd; oHk;rsKd;
ukeaf om teufoabmwd\
Yk vnf;aumif; xif&mS ;onf\tjzpfaMumifh wpfcw
k pfcak om opm\ av;rsK;d
av;rsKd;ukefaom teufoabm tjcif;t&m tmum&wdkYudk a[mMum;awmfrltyfukef\/ t&d,r*f
cPum; tvHk;pHkomvQif jzpfukefaom xdk (16)csufaom oabmvuPm tmum&wdkYonf opm
av;yg;wdkY av;udpxifaom wpfckwnf;aom t&d,r*fPfjzifhomvQif xdk;xGif; odtyfonf\
tjzpfodkY a&mufukef\[k rSwfyg/ (0dok'd-2-334/)
y&d nmbdor,
1/ wy&dnm
2/ wD&Py&dnm
3/ y[mey&dnm[k y&dnm oHk;rsKd; &dS\/
1/ wy&d nm ----- wm oyp,emrlygbdZmeem tma0Pdum blrd/ (0dok'd-2-334/)
taMumif;w&m;ESifh wuGaom emrfkyfudk a&S;IrsufarSmuf ypuPfjzifh y&rwfodkYqdkufatmif
xGif;azmufodjrifwwfaom emrlyy&dap'PfESifh yp,y&d*[Pfonf xdkwy&dnm\ wpfyg;aom y&dnmwd\
Yk t&m r[kwaf omaMumifh toD;tjcm;jzpfaom blrw
d nf;/ ,if;wy&dnm\ wnf&m
jzpf&m bHkwnf;/ (0dok'd-2-334/)
2/ wD&Py&d nm ----- wm uvmyoroeawm y|m, tedpH 'kurewmwd wD&P0aoe
y0wrmem, ,m0 tEkavmrm tma0Pdum blrd/ (0dok'd-2-334/)
uvmyoroe trnf&aom e,0dyemrS p kyfemrf aMumif;usKd; ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tedp
[lvnf;aumif; 'ku[lvnf;aumif; tew[lvnf;aumif; pl;prf;onf\tpGrf;jzifh qifjcifqHk;jzwfonf\tpGrf;jzifh jzpfaom xdkwD&Py&d nm\ tEkavmrPfjzpfonfwdkifatmifaom 0dyem
onf toD;tjcm;jzpfaom blrdwnf;? ,if;wD&Py&d nm\ wnf&mjzpf&m bHkwnf;/ (0dok'd-2-334/)
tEkavmrPfonfaomfvnf; tedppaomtm;jzifhom ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tmkHjyK jzpfwHkao;\? y#docFgEkyempaom aU&yS ikd ;f 0dyemPfwu
Ykd m; qdzk ,
G &f myif r&daS wmhNyjD zpfonf/ xdak Mumifh
tEkavmrPfodkYwdkifatmif wD&Py&dnm\blrd[k owfrSwfjcif; jzpfonf/ wD&Py&dnm\ bHk
wy&dnm y[mey&dnmwdkYonfvnf; &tyfaom t&m&dSonf r[kwfavm[lrl kyfemrf aMumif;usKd;
ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tmkH,l 0dyem IaeaomaMumifh wy&dnmudkvnf;aumif; y,foifhy,fxdu
k af om udavomwdu
Yk kd w'*Ftm;jzifh y,fpeG v
Yf suf ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk tedpt
csuf 'kut
csuf tew
tcsufwdkYudk ykdif;ydkif;jcm;jcm; odaomaMumifh y[mey&dnmudkvnf;aumif; &oifhaomfvnf; wD&P
y&dnmonf tvGeftuJESifh wuG ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedptcsuf 'kutcsuf tewtcsufwdkYudk pl;prf;
qifjcif qHk;jzwfjcif;udpudk jyKouJhodkY xdkYtwl wy&dnm y[mey&dnmwdkYonf rjyKukef&um; wD&P
y&dnm\ tma0Pdu = toD;tjcm;bHk[k qdkownf;/ (r[m#D-2-507/)
513
3/ y[mey&d nm ----- wm b*FgEkyeawm y|m, ,m0 r*Pm blr?d t,H " t"daywm/
(0dok'd-2-335/)
b*FgEkyemPfrS p t&d,r*fPfodkY wdkifatmifaom bkHonf xdky[mey&dnm\ jzpf&m
wnf&m bHk rnf\/ rkcstm;jzifh t&d,r*fPfonfomvQif udavomwdkYudk t<uif;rJh y,fowfvsuf
ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedptcsuf 'kutcsuf tewtcsufwdkYudk toarm[y#da0"tm;jzifh tocFw
edAm efukd tm&rPy#da0"tm;jzifh xd;k xd;k xGi;f xGi;f ydik ;f ydik ;f jcm;jcm; odjcif;aMumifh y[mey&dnm rnfayonf/ t&d,myk*dKvfwdkYonf odkYr[kwf t&d,mwdkY\ r*fPfonf 'kuopmudk y&dnmbdor,udp
tm;jzifh xd;k xGi;f odru
I kd pdppf&m0,f y[mey&dnmudo
k m tvd&k t
dS yfayonf/ y[mey&dnmbdor,
jzifh 'kuo
pmudk odonf[v
l o
kd nf? toarm[y#da0"yifwnf;/ wy&dnm wD&Py&dnmwd\
Yk y[me
y&dnm[laom tusKd;&Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifhwnf;/ y[mey&dnm &&Sda&;twGufomvQif wy&dnm
wD&Py&dnmwdkYudk jyKvkyf&onf [lvdkonf/ (0dok'd-2-335/ r[m#D-2-507-508/)
wpfenf; ----- wy&dnm wD&Py&dnmwdkYonfvnf; xdky[mey&dnm[laom tusKd;&Sdukefonf
omvQif = xdkudavomudk y,fjcif;[laom tusKd;&SdukefonfomvQif = t&d,r*fudk &jcif;[laom
tusKd;&SdukefonfomvQif jzpfukef\/ rSefayonf ----- wy&dnm wD&Py&dnmwdkYonf t&d,r*fudk
&jcif;tusKd;iSmomvQif jzpfay:vmMuukef\/ wpfzef tMuifw&m;wdkYudk y,fpGefY\? xdkw&m;wdkYonf
odtyfNy;D ukeo
f nfh ww&m;wdo
Yk nfvnf;aumif; vuPm,mOfo;kH csuu
f kd wifum pl;prf;tyf qifjcif
qHk;jzwftyfNyD;ukefonfh wD&dw w&m;wdkYonfvnf;aumif; udef;aojrJaom ed,roabmtm;jzifh
jzpfMuukef\/ xdkYaMumifh y&dnm oHk;yg;vHk;onfvnf; enf;y&d,m,ftm;jzifh t&d,r*fPf\ udp
omvQif jzpf\[k od&Sdygav/ taMumif;um; odkYwnf;/
kyfemrf aMumif;usKd; = ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm; odrI wy&dnm kyfemrf aMumif;usKd; =
ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedptcsuf 'kutcsuf tewtcsufwdkYudk pl;prf;qifjcifqHk;jzwfrI wD&Py&dnm
oabmw&m;wdkYESifh uif; y[mey&dnm\ rjzpfjcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif; y[mey&dnmudp NyD;pD;ygu
vnf; wy&dnm wD&Py&dnmjzpfrI NyD;pD;NyD;jzpfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; ]]tMuifw&m;wdkYudk y,fpGefY\? xdkw&m;wdkYonf udef;aojrJaom ed,roabmtm;jzifh odtyfNyD;ukefonfh ww&m;wdkYonf
vnf;aumif; vuPm,mOfo;kH csuu
f kd wifum pl;prf;qifjcif qH;k jzwftyfNy;D onfh wD&w
d w&m;wdo
Yk nf
vnf;aumif; jzpfMuukef\}}[k rdefYqdkjcif;jzpfonf/ rSefayonf -- t&d,r*fPfonf 'kuopmw&m;
y&dnmbdor,\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfonf&Sdaomf xdk'kuopm trnf&aom Oyg'geuEm ig;yg; y&rw
"mwfom; toD;toD;\ udk,fykdifobm0vuPmudk xdk;xGif; odouJhodkY ,if;'kuopmw&m; Oyg'geuEmig;yg; y&rw"mwfom;wdkY\ tedpvuPm 'kuvuPm tewvuPm[laom omrn
vuPmudkvnf; xdk;xGif;od\[k qdktyfayonf/ taMumif;rl xkdy&rw"mwfom; Oyg'geuEmig;yg;
wd\
Yk obm0vuPm omrnvuPmudk rodatmif zH;k vTr;f xm;wwfaom arm[udk t&d,r*fPfu
orkap'y[meftm;jzifh t<uif;rJh zsuq
f ;D wwfaomaMumifh zsuq
f ;D Ny;D jzpfaomaMumifh jzpf\/ xdak Mumifh
y&dnm oHk;yg;vHk;onfvnf; enf;y&d,m,ftm;jzifh t&d,r*fPf\ udpom jzpf\[k od&Sdygav/
(0dok'd-2-334-335/ r[m#D-2-507-508/)
514
P'e0dok'd eda'o -- y[membdor,
y[membdor,
t&d,r*fPfonf ork',opmudk y[membdor,jzifh od\[l&m0,f y[me = udavomudk
y,fEIwfrIESifh ywfouf y[me = y[mef oHk;rsKd; &Sdayonf/
1/ 0durey[mef
2/ w'*Fy[mef
3/ orkap'y[mef[k oHk;rsKd; &Sd\/
1/ 0dur e y[mef ----- xdkoHk;rsKd;wdkYwGif arSmf&Sdaom a& ypfcstyfaom tdk;aMumifh arSmf\ uGmjcif;
&SjJ cif;uJo
h Ykd xdx
k kd avmuDpsmef orm"djzifh eD0&P 0dwuf 0dpm& tp&Su
d ek af om psmeform"d\ qefu
Y si-f
buf jzpfuek af om w&m;wdu
Yk dk cGmjcif;onf 0dur e y[mef rnf\/ umrpEe 0D &Pponfwo
Ykd nf tMuif
odaYk om tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh pdwt
f pOf0,f Oyg'f-XD-bif taetm;jzifh x<ujzpfay:vmaom y&d,|k mef
oabmtm;jzifh pdwu
f kd xd;k usiEhf ydS pf uf rwnfuek ?f xdo
k aYkd om tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh xd;k usiEhf ydS pf ufjcif;
udk wm;jrpfjcif; rjzpfjcif;udk jyKjcif;onf 0dure = cGmonf rnf\/ xdkcGmrIonfyif y,fjcif;wpfrsKd;
rnf&um; 0durey[mef [lvdkonf/ ygVdawmfum; odkY vm&Sd\/
0durey[me eD0&PmeH yXrH psmeH bm0,awm/ (y#doH-26/)
yxrpsmefudk yGm;apaom yk*dKvftm; eD0&PwdkYudk cGmjcif;[laom y[mefonfvnf;aumif; ...
(y#doH-26/)
odpYk onfjzifh eD0&Pw&m;wdu
Yk o
kd mvQif cGmjcif;udk a[mMum;xm;awmfr\
l / xdak [mMum;csuu
f kd
]]olonf a'gorESdyfpuftyfaom pdwf&Sd\? uif;NyD;aom xderd'&Sd\}}- odkYponfjzifh olwpfyg;
wdkYtm;vnf; xif&Sm;onf\ tjzpfaMumifh a[mMum;awmfrltyf\[k od&Sdygav/ rSefayonf -- eD0&P
wdkYonf psmef\ a&S;tzdkYvnf;aumif; aemuftzdkYvnf;aumif; taqmwvsif pdwfudk = orx
bm0empdwfudk rvTrf;rdk; rESdyfpufEkdifukef/ 0dwuf 0dpm& yDwd okc lyonm ponfwdkYonf 'kwd,psmef
wwd,psmef pwkwpsmefponfudk 0ifpm;aomcPomvQif uif;uGmoGm;ukef\/ xdkodkY uif;uGm
aomfvnf; xdkxdk 'kwd,psmefponfrS xumrQjzpfaom yk*dKvf\oEmef eD0&PwdkYonf jzpfay:vmEdkifMuukef\? taMumif;rl psmefrSxjcif;[lonf umrm0p&pdwf\ tpGrf;jzifhomvQif = umrm0p&pdwf
jzpfrSomvQif psmefrS xEdkifjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ (0dok'd-2-335/ r[m#D-2-508/)
eD0&PwdkYonf psmef\ aU&StzdkYvnf;aumif; aemuftzdkYvnf;aumif; taqmwvsif pdwfudk
rvTr;f rd;k rESyd pf ufEikd u
f ek [
f al om pum;udk &tyfNy;D cgrQomjzpfaom psmef\tpGr;f jzifh rdeq
Yf jkd cif;jzpfonf/
Burd zf efrsm;pGm aumif;pGm yGm;rsm;xm;tyfNy;D aom t0g;0pGm avhvmEdik ef if;xm;Ny;D jzpfaom y*kPpsmef
rlum; aemufqHk; pkwdpdwfodkY wdkifatmifaomfvnf; eD0&Pw&m;wdkYonf rvTrf;rdk;EdkifonfomvQif
jzpfukef\/ wpfenf;qdk&aomf --- psmefudk &&Sdatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfaeonfh psmef\ aU&StzdkYjzpfaom
ykAbm*y#dy'gusifhpOfvnf;aumif; psmefudk &&SdNyD;aemuf tjcm;tjcm;aom udpwdkY tvkyfrsm;vsuf
&Sdaom yk*dKvf\ oEmefvnf;aumif; eD0&PwdkYonf taqmwvsif pdwfudk rvTrf;rdk;Edkifukef[k od&Sd
ygav/ (r[m#D-2-508/)
515
2/ w'*Fy[mef ----- nOfhtcg xGef;ndtyfaom qDrD;jzifh trdkufarSmif\ aysmufjcif;uJhodkY 0dyem\ tpdwfjzpfjzpfaom xdkxdkPf[laom taMumif;w&m;jzifh qefYusifbuf y#dyu\ tpGrf;jzifh
omvQif xdkxdky,foifhy,fxdkufaom w&m;udk y,fjcif;onf w'*Fy[mef rnf\/ (pum;udkvnf;
0dyeme,foYkd a&muf&v
dS maom w'*Fy[
mefudk jyjcif;iSmomvQif qdt
k yfonf? oDvudk pifMu,fatmif
aq;aMum okwfoifjcif; = oDv0daom"e ponfh vkyfief;&yfjzifhvnf; xdkxdk y,foifh y,fxdkufaom
w&m;udk w'*Ftm;jzifh y,fEdkifonf[k rSwfyg/) (0dok'd-2-335/ r[m#D-2-508-509/)
a&S;OD;pGm emrlyy&dap'Pfjzifh oum,'d|d (20) udk y,f\/ yp,y&d*[Pfjzifh taMumif;
r&Sd[k ,laom ta[wku'd|d jA[m AdEdk; xm0&bk&m;paom zefqif;&Sif[laom taMumif;&Sd\[k
,laom 0dora[wk'|d d (16)yg;aom wnf&m0wK&adS om ,Hrk mS ;jcif; ucFg 0dpu
d pd m &Spyf g;aom wnf&m
0wK&Sdaom &SpfXmewdkY ,HkrSm;jcif; ucFg 0dpdudpm[laom tnpftaMu;udk y,f\/ uvmyoroe
Pfjzifh ]]ig-igh[m}}[k ocFg&w&m;taygif;udk taygif;tpktvdu
k f pGv
J rf;jcif;udk y,f\/ r*gr*00wme
= r*f [kwo
f nf r[kwo
f nfukd ydik ;f jcm;rSwo
f m;aom O',A,Pfjzifh t&d,r*f r[kwo
f nf t&d,
r*f[jk zpfaom onmrSm;udk y,f\/ cEmig;yg;wd\
Yk jzpfjcif; O',udk Ijrifjcif;jzifh Oap''d|d = twonf
aovQijf ywf\[k pG,
J al om t,lrmS ;udk y,f\/ cEmig;yg;wd\
Yk ysujf cif; 0,udk Ijrifjcif;jzifh ow'd|d
= twonf jr\
J ? aovQif ysupf ;D rI r&S[
d k pG,
J al om t,lrmS ;udk y,f\/ b,wky|mePfjzifh aMumuftyfaom oabm&Sad om ysujf cif;[laom ab;qd;k Bu;D ESihf wuGjzpfaom awblruocFg&w&m;taygif;
aMumuftyfaomoabm r&Sd[k jzpfaom tb,onm = onmtrSm;udk y,f\/ ocFg&w&m;wdkY\
tysufudk Ijrifwwfaom tm'De0gEkyemPfjzifh cEmig;yg; om,mzG,f tm'\ tpGrf;jzifh
jzpfaom rdpmonm = onmrSm;udk y,f\/ ocFg&w&m;wdkY NiD;aiGU&GHrkef;rI edAd'gEkyemPfjzifh
oHo&m0#f tvGeaf rGUavsmo
f nf\ tpGr;f jzifh jzpfaom tbd&wdonmudk y,f\/ rkw
d u
k rswmPfjzifh
ocFg&w&m;wdrYk S rvGwv
f o
kd nf\ tjzpfukd y,f\/ y#docFgEkyemPfjzifh y#docFgEkyemPf\
qefu
Y sib
f ufjzpfaom arm[udk y,f\/ ocFgkayumPfjzifh ocFg&w&m;wdYk vspv
f sL rI riJu
h u
G jf cif;
tEkayueoabmudk y,f\/ tEkavmrPfjzifh r*opmudk &&Sdjcif; odjcif;\ qefYusifbufjzpfaom
ocFg&w&m;wdkY edp paomtm;jzifh pGJvrf;jcif;udk y,f\/ odkY y,fjcif;um; w'*Fy[
mef = w'*F
tm;jzifh y,fjcif;wnf;/ (0dok'd-2-335/)
r[m0dyem (18) rsKd;

wpfenf;tm;jzifu
h m; (18)yg;ukeaf om r[m0dyemwdw
Yk iG f tedpm EkyemPfjzifh edp onmudk
y,f\/ 'kumEkyemPfjzifh okconmudk y,f\/ tewmEkyemPfjzifh twonmudk y,f\/
edAd'gEkyemPfjzifh eED ac: oyDwu
d -wPSm = yDwEd iS w
hf uGaom wPSmudk y,f\/ &m*\ uif;&m
edAmefudk tzefwvJvJ Iaom 0d&m*gEkyemPfjzifh &m*udk y,f\/ &m*\ csKyf&m edAmefudk tzef
wvJvJ Iaom eda&m"mEkyemPfjzifh &m*\ jzpfjcif; ork',udk y,f\/ &m*\ pGefYvTwf&m
edAm efukd tzefwvJvJ Iaom y#de
d *gEkyemPfjzifh jyif;pGm pGv
J rf;jcif; tm'geudk y,f\/ ocFg&
w&m;wdkY\ ukefjcif; ysufjcif; c,oabmudk tzefwvJvJ Iaom c,mEkyemPfjzifh oEwdCe
orl[Ce udpCe tm&rPCewdkY\ tpGrf;jzifh kyfwHk;kyfcJ emrfwHk;emrfcJ[k wpfaygif;wpfcJwnf;
516
P'e0dok'd eda'o -- y[membdor,
jzpfaom Ceonmudk y,f\/ ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tysufbifcPudk Iaom 0,mEkyemPfjzifh

b0opf y#doaEudk jzpfay:vmatmif jyKjyifaMumif; jzpfaom apwemudk tm;xkwfjcif; tm,l[eudk
y,f\/ ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ wnfjcif; XD[laom Z&m ysufjcif; bif[laom r&P Z&mr&P[laom
ESpfyg;aom taMumif;wdkYjzifh ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ azmufjyefjcif;udk Iaom 0dy&dPmrmEkyemPfjzifh
ocFg&w&m;wdkY jrJjrHcdkifcHh\[k trSwfrSm;aom "k0onmudk y,f\/
tedrw
d m EkyemPf = tedpmEkyemPfjzifh ocFg&w&m;wdkY edp[k pGJ,lrI edpedrdwfudk
y,f\/ tyPd[dwmEkyemPf = 'kumEkyemPfjzifh ocFg&w&m;wdkY okcudk awmifhwjcif;
okcyPd"dudk y,f\/ ocFg&w&m;wdkY twrS qdwfokOf;rI oknwoabmudk Ijrifwwfaom oknwm
EkyemPf = tewmEkyemPfjzifh ]]twonf y&rwtm;jzifh xif&mS ;&S\
d }}[k rSm;aomtm;jzifh
ESv;kH oGi;f jcif; twmbdead 0oudk y,f\/ wtrnf&aom 0dyemPf\ tIco
H cFg&w&m; P
trnf&aom Iaeaom0dyemPf y&rww&m;[laom ESprf sK;d aom y&rww&m;wd\
Yk tysub
f ifukd
Ivsuf twrS qdwfokOf;aom oknwoabmudk qdkufatmif Iaom t"dynm"r0dyemPfjzifh
tESpfr&Sdaom cEmig;yg;wdkY edp[laom tESpf tw[laom tESpf &Sd\[l pGJ,lwwfaom rSm;aom
tm;jzifh ESvHk;oGif;jcif; om&m'gembdeda0oudk y,f\/
ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tMuiftMuif razmufrjyef [kwfrSefwdkif;aom oabmjzifh odwwf jrifwwfaom ,xmblwP'ePf = oyp,emrlyy&d*[Pfjzifh ]]igonf twdwfumvu jzpfcJhavoavm}} odkY ponfjzifhvnf;aumif; ]]jA[m AdEdk; wefcdk;BuD;rm;aom xm0&bk&m;ponfh
zefqif;&Sif &aMumifh avmuonf jzpfay:vm\}} odkYponfwdkY\ tpGrf;jzifhvnf;aumif;
jzpfay:vmaom oHo,rdpmPfwdkY\ tpGrf;jzifh awGa0jcif;omvQif jzpfaom ESvHk;oGif;jcif; oarm[mbdeda0oudk y,f\/ bHkoHk;yg;twGif; wnf&Sdaom ocFg&w&m;wdkY aMumufrufzG,f ab;bsrf;[k
a&S;Ixifvmaom b,wky|me\tpGr;f jzifh jzpfay:vmaom tvH;k pHak om bHb
k 0wdYk tjypftm'De0udk
Iaom tm'De0gEkyemPfjzifh ocFw w&m;wdYk yke;f atmif;&m[k ,ljcif;wnf;[laom ESv;kH oGi;f jcif;
bHkokH;yg;wdkY uyfNidjcif;wnf;[laom ESvHk;oGif;jcif; tmv,mbdeda0oudk y,f\/ (31)bHk twGif;
wpfpHkwpfckaom ykef;atmif;&m apmifha&Smuf&m[k uyfNid wG,fwmtyfaom w&m;udk rawGU rjrif
rxifaomaMumifh jzpf\/ bHkoHk;yg;wdkYrS vGwfjcif;\ = ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk pGefYvTwfjcif;\ taMumif;
Oyg,fudk jyKwwfaom ynm[laom y#docFgEkyemPfjzifh y#docFg\ qefu
Y sib
f ufjzpfaom arm[
udk y,f\/
0#fuif;&m edAmefodkY ajy;0ifaom ocFgkayumPf tEkavmrPf[laom 0d0mEkyem
Pfjzifh umrwdEYk iS hf ,SOw
f jJG cif; umroHa,m* paom udavom[laom ESv;kH oGi;f jcif; tbdead 0oudk
= umroHa,m* paom udavom\ jzpfjcif;udk y,f\/ odkY y,fjcif;onf w'*Fy[mef rnf\/
(0dok'd-2-335-337/)
3/ orkap'y[mef ----- rdk;BudK;puf0ef;onf ESdyfpuftyfaom rdk;BudK;ypfcH&aom opfyif\ wpfzef
touf&iS v
f mjcif;onf rjzpfjyefouJo
h Ykd t&d,r*fPfjzifh oHa,mZOf tp&Su
d ek af om tukov
kd w
f &m;
wdkYudk aemifwpfzef rjzpfaomtm;jzifh t<uif;rJh tjrpfjywf y,fowfjcif;onf orkap'y[mef rnf\/
,if; orkap'y[mefudk &nf&G,fawmfrl y#dord'gr*ygVdawmf (27) ]]avmukw&mjzpfaom uH
517
udavomwdkY\ukef&m tvHk;pHkaom ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ukef&m edAmefodkY a&mufaom t&d,r*fudk jzpfapaom yGm;rsm;aom yk*dKvf\ oEmef orkap'y[mefonfvnf; jzpfay:vm\}}[k a[mMum;awmf
rltyfayonf/ (0dok'd-2-337/)
oH;k rsK;d ukeaf om y[mefww
Ykd iG f orkap'y[mefuo
kd mvQif y[membdor,jzifh ork',opmudk
od\[k tbdor,ukd qdk&m tvdk&Sdtyfayonf/ um; edy&d,m, = y&d,m,frzuf rkcsoufouf
tm;jzifh qdak om pum;wnf;/ odaYk omf xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd vt
f zdYk orkap'y[mef\ aU&t
S zdYk jzpfuek af om
0dur e y[mef w'*Fy[
mefwo
Ykd nfvnf; xdo
k rkap'y[mef[al om tusK;d &Su
d ek o
f nfomvQif jzpfuek \
f /
0durey[mef w'*Fy[mefwdkYonf orkap'y[mef pGrf;tif&Sdaom t&d,r*f\ taMumif; taqmuf
tODwdkY jzpfMuonf[k qkdvdkonf/ taMumif;rl xdk0durey[mef w'*Fy[mefwdkYESifh uif; orkap'y[mef\ rNyD;pD;jcif;aMumifh jzpf\/ wpfenf; --- xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef0,f t&d,r*f\ a&S;
tzdkY jzpfukefaom 0durey[mef w'*Fy[mefwdkYonfvnf; t&d,r*f[laom tusKd;&SdukefonfomvQif jzpfuek \
f / xdt
k &d,r*f[al om tusK;d &So
d nf\tjzpfaMumifh xd0k u
d r e y[mef w'*Fy[
mefwo
Ykd nf
xdkt&d,r*f\ udp &SdMuukefonfom jzpfukef\/ xdkaMumifh y[mef oHk;rsKd;vHk;onfvnf; enf;
y&d,m,ftm;jzifh t&d,r*fPf\ udpwnf;[k od&Sdygav/
avmuOyrm ----- &efolrif;udk owf rif;tjzpfodkY a&muf&Sdvmaom bk&ifrif;onf xdk&Sifbk&if
jzpfonfrS a&S; tMuif trIudpudkvnf; jyKtyf\? tvHk;pHkaom xdktrIudk ]]rnfaom trI rnf
aom trIudkvnf; rif;onf jyKtyf\}}[lomvQif qdktyf\/ OyrmtwlyifvQif 0durey[mef
w'*Fy[mefwdkYudk avmuDPfwdkYjzifh NyD;pD;tyfukefaomfvnf; orkap'y[mef\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfaom
t&d,r*f\ udp\
tjzpfjzifh qdt
k yfuek \
f ? tb,faMumifeh nf;[lrl xd0k u
d r e y[mef w'*Fy[
mefw\
Ykd
t&d,r*f[laom tusKd;&Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; t&d,r*f\ xdk0dure w'*F[laom
orxbm0empdwf 0dyembm0empdwftpOf usa&mufonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; jzpfonf/
(0dok'd-2-337-338/ r[m#D-2-510/)
opdud&d,mbdor,
t&d,r*fPfonf eda&m"opm edAmefudk opdud&d,mbdor,jzifh rsufarSmufjyKvsuf xdk;xGif;
od\ [l&m opdud&d,m taMumif;udk odkY odtyf\/ opdud&d,monfvnf; avmuDjzpfaom
opu
d &d ,
d m avmukw& mjzpfaom opu
d &d ,
d m[k ESprf sK;d yif jym;aomfvnf; avmukw& m opu
d &d ,
d m
'eopu
d &d ,
d m bm0emopu
d &d ,
d m\ tpGr;f jzifh ESprf sK;d jym;jcif;aMumifh tm;vH;k oH;k rsK;d jym;avonf/
1/ avmud, opdud&d,m
2/ avmukw&m 'eopdud&d,m
3/ avmukw&m bm0emopdud&d,m [k oHk;rsKd;jym;onf [lvdk/
1/ avmud,opdud&d,m ---- xdkoHk;rsKd;aom opdud&d,mwdkYwGif ]]igonf yxrpsmefudk &jcif;&Sdonf
jzpfNyD? yxrpsmefudk igonf rsufarSmuf jyKtyfNyD}} (0d-1-121-122/) odkYponfjzifh vm&Sdaom yxr
psmefponfwdkYudk awGUxdjcif; = zemonf avmud, opdud&d,m rnf\/ awGUxdjcif; = zem
518
P'e0dok'd eda'o -- opdud&d,mbdor,
[lonf yxrpsmefponfudk &&dSNyD; ]]psmefudk igonf &&dStyfNyD}}[k rsufarSmuf yputm;jzifh tmHk

jyKjcif;[k qdktyfaom Pfjzifh awGUxdjcif;jzifh awGUxdjcif; = zkoemwnf;/ rSefayonf -- teuf
oabmudkyif &nf&G,fawmfrl ]]awGUxdjcif;[laom teufoabmtm;jzifh rsufarSmufjyKwwfaom
ynmonf Pf rnf\}} (y#doH-2/) [k odkY a[mTefNyD;]]tMuiftMuifw&m;wdkYudk rsufarSmuf
jyKtyfonf jzpfukef\? xdkxkdw&m;wdkYonf Pfjzifh awGUxdtyfukefonf jzpfukef\}} (y#doH-85/) [k
odkYvQif opdud&d,meda'oudk a[mMum;awmfrltyfayonf/ (0dok'd-2-338/)
ypuawm = rsufarSmuf yputm;jzifh[laom pum;&yfjzifh rsuf&rf;rSef;qaom tEkrme
tm;jzihf tmkjH yKjcif;udk epfap\/ rSeaf yonf ----- ]]w&m;onf odkYoabm&Sd\}} odkY psmefudk
qifjcifjcif; ypa0uPm\ tpGrf;jzifh rsufarSmuf yputm;jzifh psmefudk odjcif;udk Pz =
PftawGU[l tvdk&Sdtyfayonf/ (r[m#D-2-510/)
wpfenf; ----- rdrd\ oEmef psmefr*fzdkvfwdkYuJhodkY rjzpfaprlvnf; tMuifw&m;wdkYudk oufouf
olwpfyg;udk ,HkMunf&jcif;uif;aom ty&yp,Pfjzifh odtyfukef\? xdkw&m;wdkYonf opduw =
rsufarSmufjyKtyfNyD;aom w&m;wdkY jzpfukef\/ rSefayonf ----- xdkaMumifhyifvQif ]]&[ef;wdkY ...tvHk;pHkaom w&m;udk rsufarSmufjyKtyf\? &[ef;wdkY ...tb,ftvHk;pHkaom w&m;udk rsufarSmufjyKtyf
oenf;? &[ef;wdkY ...puKudk rsufarSmufjyKtyf\}} (y#doH-34/) odkY paom a'oemawmfudk
a[mawmfrl\/ xdkjyif wpfyg;aom a'oemawmfudkvnf; a[mMum;xm;awmfrljyef\/ ]]kyfw&m;udk
yputm;jzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf odjrifonfjzpf rsufarSmufjyK\/ a0'emudk/ y/ onmudk/ y/
ocFg&wdu
Yk /kd y/ 0dnmPfukd yput
m;jzifh ud,
k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf odjrifonfjzpf rsuaf rSmufjyK\/ puKu/kd
y/ Z&mr&Pudk/ y/ rao&m tNrdKufedAmefudk yputm;jzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf odjrifonfjzpf
rsufarSmufjyK\/ tMuiftMuif w&m;wdkYonf rsufarSmufjyKtyfonf jzpfukef\? xdkxdkw&m;wdkYonf
Pfjzifh awGUxdtyfukefonf jzpfukef\/}} (y#doH-34/)[k a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/ (0dok'd-2-338/)
xdkrsufarSmufjyKtyfaom opdumwA"rwdkYudk zHk;vTrf;xm;wwfaom oarm[udk y,fonf\
tpGrf;tm;jzifh xdkodkY zHk;vTrf;xm;wwfaom arm[udk zsufqD;wwfaom r*fPf zdkvfPfudk &NyD;
tqHk; jzpfaom Pfonf olwpfyg;udkom ,HkMunf&jcif; uif;&um; ty&yp,Pf rnfownf;/
olwpfyg;udk ,HkMunfom rrSwf&? udk,fwdkif odjrifwwfaom Pf[lvdk/
(jynf-0dok'dr*fed,-5-405/)
owfrSwfcsufrsm;t& psmefr*fzdkvfw&m;wdkYuJhodkYyif avmuD Oyg'geuEmig;yg; tm,we
wpfq,fhESpfyg; "mwfwpfq,fh&Spfyg; y#dporkyg'f oabmw&m;wdkYudk udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf
odaomPf ,if;psmefudk qifjcifaom Pf r*fzdkvfedAmef avmukw&mw&m;wdkYudk wpfzefjyef
tmkHjyKaomPf qifjcifaomPfwdkYum; avmud,opdud&d,mwnf;[k rSwfyg/
2/ 'eopdud&d,m ----- aomwmywdr*fcP edAmefudk jrifjcif;onf 'ernfaom aomwmywdr*fjzifh rsufarSmufjyKjcif; 'eopdud&d,m rnf\/
3/ bm0emopdud&d,m ----- ou'g*grdr*fcP tem*grdr*fcP t&[wr*fcPwdkY edAmefudk
jrifjcif;onf bm0emrnfaom txufr*fjzifh rsufarSmufjyKjcif; bm0emopdud&d,m rnf\/
519
xdkESpfrsKd;aom 'eopdud&d,m bm0emopdud&d,mudk t&d,yk*dKvfwdkYonf opdud&d,mbdor,jzifh eda&m"opmudk jrifyu

kH kd jyqd&k m tbdor,uxm tvd&k t
dS yfayonf/ xdak Mumifh 'er*f
bm0emr*f\tpGrf;tm;jzifh eda&m"opmedAmefudk rsufarSmufjyKjcif;onf avmukw&m r*fPf\
udprnf\[k od&Sdygav/ (0dok'd-2-338/)
a*gMwbkPfonf xdrk *fPfxuf edAm efukd a&S;OD;pGm awGUjrifaomfvnf; edAm efukd tmkjH yKaom
tm;jzifh odjrifNy;D aemuf jyKoifjh yKxu
kd af om udavomudk y,fjcif; vkyif ef;udpu
kd rjyKvyk Ef ikd jf cif;aMumifh
'e[l rac:qdEk ikd /f wpfzef txufyg pum;&yfww
Ykd iG f 'er*f bm0emr*f\ tpGr;f jzifh edAm efukd
rsufarSmufjyKjcif;udk zGifhqdkaom pum;jzifh t&d,r*f r[kwfonf\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfaom ypa0uPm
Pfjzifh edAmefudk rsufarSmufjyKjcif;udk epfap\/ edAmefudk rsufarSmufjyKjcif;udkom tvdk&Sdtyf\
[k qdkojzifh r*fzdkvfwdkY ypa0uPmPfjzifh rsufarSmufjyKjcif;udk epfap\/ (r[m#D-2-511/)
bm0embdor,
t&d,r*fPfonf r*opmudk bm0embdor,jzifh xdk;xGif; od\[l&m0,f bm0emum;
avmud,bm0em avmukw&bm0em[k ESpfrsKd; jym;\/
1/ avmud,bm0em ----- xdkESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif avmuDjzpfukefaom oDv orm"d ynmwdkYudk jzpfapjcif;onfvnf;aumif; xdkoDv orm"d ynmwdkYjzifh rdrd\ kyfemrfoEmeftpOfudk xHkjcif;onfvnf;aumif;
avmud,bm0em rnf\/ (xH\
k [lonf kyef mrfoEwt
d pOf Burd zf efrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum jzpfaprIukd
qdkvdkonf/)
2/ avmukw& bm0em ----- avmukw&mjzpfukefaom oDv orm"d ynmwdkYudk jzpfapjcif;onf
vnf;aumif; xdak vmukw& m oDv orm"d ynmwdjYk zifh kyef mrfoEmeftpOfukd xHjk cif;onfvnf;aumif;
avmukw&bm0em rnf\/ xdkavmud,bm0em avmukw&bm0em ESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif P'e
0dok'duxm t&d,r*fu r*opmudk bm0embdor,jzifh xdk;xGif;odjrifrIudk jyqdk&m avmukw&
bm0emudkom tvdk&Sdtyfayonf? avmud,bm0emudk tvdkr&Sdtyfay/ avmud,bm0em[lonf
xdkavmukw&bm0em\ taqmuftODom jzpfaomaMumifh jzpfonf/
rSefayonf ----- t&d,r*fPf av;rsK;d vH;k onfvnf; avmukw& m jzpfuek af om oDvr*if oH;k yg;
orm"dr*if oHk;yg;wdkYudk odkYr[kwf oDvr*if orm"dr*if ynmr*ifwdkYudk jzpfap\/ tb,fodkY jzpfap
oenf;[lrl --- xdkoDvr*ifponfwdkYtm; o[Zmwypnf;paom yp,owdwdkYjzifh jzpfap\/ wpfenf;
o[Zmwpaom yp,owd teE&paom yp,owdwdkYjzifh jzpfap\/
t&d,r*fPfonf rdpm0gpm rdpmurE rdpmtmZD0wdkYudk vGefusL;aMumif; udavomwdkYudk t<uif;rhJ y,fowf\/ orm'd|d ormouFy[laom ynmr*if orm0g,mr ormowd ormorm"d
[laom orm"dr*ifwdkYudk rodatmif zHk;vTrf;xm;wwfaom arm[udkvnf; t<uif;rJh y,fowf\/
zdv
k
f Pfonf xdt
k &d,r*fu y,fowftyfaom udavomwdu
Yk kd wpfzef xyf Nird ;f oxuf Nird ;f atmif
y#dyre\ tpGrf;jzif h Nidrf;owf\/ xdkodkY r*fPf zdkvfPfwdkYu orkpdEe y#dyre\ tpGrf;jzifh
520
P'e0dok'd eda'o -- bm0embdor,
jzpfaptyfuek af om avmuw&m jzpfuek af om oDvr*if orm"dr*if ynmr*iw

f jYkd zifh t&d,yk*Kd vo
f nf
rdrd\ kyfemrfoEmeftpOfudk xHkap\? xdkaMumifh avmukw&bm0emonfomvQif xdkt&d,r*fPf\
udp rnfayonf/ (0dok'd-2-338-339/)
orm'd|d trnf&aom t&d,r*fPfonf rdrdESifh ,SOfzuf r*if (7)yg;wdkYtm; o[Zmwpaom
yp,owdwdkYjzifh aus;Zl;jyK\? zdkvfpdwKyg'f ponfwdkYESifh ,SOfaom orm'd|d/ y / ormorm"dwdkYtm;
teE&paom yp,owdwdkYjzifhvnf;aumif Oyed,paom yp,owdwdkYjzifhvnf;aumif; aus;Zl;
jyKay;\/ xdkaMumifh t&d,r*fPfonf r*ifw&m;udk,frsm;jzpfaom oDv orm"d ynmwdkYudkvnf;
jzpfap\? kyfemrf oEmef tpOfvnf; xHk\ xHkap\? xdkaMumifh bm0em rnf\/ ,if; bm0emudk
bm0embdor, tvdk&Sdtyf\ [lvdkonf/
P'e0dok'deda'o NyD;\/
22222
521

ynmbm0em rnfonfum; yuwdom0uaAm"d r[mom0uaAm"d t*om0uaAm"d
yapuaAm"d ormoarm"dpaom Bu;D us,jf rihjf rwf jyefaY jym jzLpifaom tusK;d *kPt
f if tmedoif txl;
udk aqmifay;wwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh t&mru rsm;jym;aom tusKd;*kPftif tmedoif &Sd\/ xdk
ynmbm0em\ tusK;d *kPt
f if tmedoifukd &Snjf rifph mG aom umvywfv;kH vnf; tus,t
f m;jzifh xif&mS ;
jyjcif;iSm tusKd;w&m;wdkY\ tvGef rsm;jym;onf\ tjzpfaMumifh rvG,fulvSay/ odkYaomf xdkynm
bm0em\ tusKd;tmedoifrSm tusOf;csKyftm;jzifh av;rsKd; &Sd\/
1/
2/
3/
4/
ememudavo0d'Hoe
= udavomtrsKd;rsKd;wdkYudk zsufqD;jcif;
t&d,zv&omEkb0e
= t&d,zdkvfcsrf;om\ t&omudk oHk;aqmifcHpm;jcif;
eda&m"ormywdormyZeorwwm = eda&m"ormywfudk 0ifpm;jcif;iSm pGrf;Edkifjcif;
tm[kae,sbm0g'dod'd
= oHCmh*kPfawmfwdkYteuf tusKd;*kPfawmfwdkYwGif yg0ifaom tm[kae,s*kPf ponf\ NyD;pD;jcif; --odkY av;rsKd; &Sd\/ xdkav;rsKd;wdkYwGif usrf; t&d,zdkvfcsrf;om\ t&omudk oHk;aqmif
cHpm;jcif;tydkif;udkom qufvuf a&;om;wifjytyfygonf/ (0dok'd-2-340/)
zvormywduxm
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
zvormywf[lonf tb,fenf;?
tb,folwdkYonf xdkzvormywfudk 0ifpm;EdkifMuukefoenf;?
tb,folwdkYonf r0ifpm;EdkifMuukefoenf;?
tb,faMumifh 0ifpm;Muukefoenf;?
tb,fodkYvQif xdkzvormywfudk 0ifpm;jcif;onf jzpfoenf;?
tb,fodkYvQif wnfwHhjcif;onf jzpfoenf;?
tb,fodkYvQif zvormywfrS xjcif;onf jzpfoenf;?
t&d,zdkvf\ tjcm;rhJ tb,fw&m;onf jzpfay:vmoenf;?
t&d,zdkvfonfvnf; tb,fw&m;\ tjcm;rJh jzpfoenf;? ----ar;cGef;rsm;um; zvormywfESifh qufpyf odoifhaom tcsufrsm;yif jzpfMuonf/
1/ xdak r;cGe;f wdw

Yk iG f zvormywf[o
l nf tb,fenf; [laom ar;cGe;f \ tajzum; ----- t&d,
zdkvfESifh ,SOfaom psmef\ eda&m"opmjzpfaom edAmeftmkH tMuif tyemtjcif;t&mtm;jzifh jzpfjcif;onf &Sd\? xdktyemonf = xdktyemtjcif;t&mtm;jzifh jzpfjcif;onf zvormywfrnf\ [lay/
(0dok'd-2-341/)
tyem ----- tyem[laom trnfonf ]]waum 0dwaum ouFayg tyem Asyem apwaom
tbdeda&myem ormouFayg}}[laom "ro*FPDygVdawmf (tbd-1-18/) ESifhtnD 0dwuf\ emrnf
&if;wnf;/ pdwH tm&raP taywd tbdeda&maywDwd tyem = ,SOfzufor,kwfpdwfudk tmkH
tyfESHwwf a&S;Iwifay;wwfaomaMumifh 0dwufonf tyem rnf\/
522
t|uxm a0g[m& ---- 0dwu udp0daoaoe xd&bm0yaw yxrZsmeorm"drSd ypeDu'l&Dbm0uawe xd&bma0e wHo'daook 0dwu&[dawok 'kwd,Zsmem'dorm"Dok p tyemwd
t|uxma0g[ma&m/ (rlv#D-1-101/)
txufwGif wifjyxm;aom "ro*FPDygVdawmf 0dwufudkom tyem[k emrnfwyfxm;\/
odaYk omf t|uxm toH;k tEIe;f tm;jzifh 0dwuf\ pdwu
f kd = or,w
k w
f &m;wdu
Yk kd tmko
H Ykd a&S;Iwifay;jcif;
udptxl;aMumifh qdkif&m orxtmkH odkYr[kwf edAmeftmkH cdkifjrJonf\ tjzpfodkY a&muf&Sdaeaom
avmuD avmukw& m yxrpsmeform"dukd tyemrnfaom 0dwufapwoduEf iS hf pdwu
P
wpfct
k wGi;f
twl,SOfwGJ jzpfaomaMumifh wuG jzpfzuf = o[p&Penf;t& tyem[k ac:qdk\/ yxrpsmef
orm"du qefYusifbuf eD0&PwdkYrS a0;uGmrI jzpfatmif jyKvkyfxm;tyfojzifh qdkif&m orxtmkH
odkYr[kwf edAmeftmkH cdkifjrJonf\ tjzpfaMumifh xdk yxrpsmeform"dESifh orm"dcsif; wlukefaom
avmuD avmukw&mjzpfaom 'kwd,psmeform"dwdkYvnf; o'dolypm&tm;jzifh tyem[lyif
ac:a0:avonf/ xdkaMumifh avmuD avmukw&m psmeftm;vHk;udk tyem[k ac:a0:oHk;pGJjcif;onf
t|uxma0g[m& = t|uxm\ toHk;tEIef; jzpfonf [lay/ (rlv#D-1-101/)
2/ tb,folwdkYonf 0ifpm;EdkifMuukefoenf;/
3/ tb,folwdkYonf r0ifpm;EdkifMuukefoenf;/
odkYar;rl --- avmuDpsmefudk &&Sdaom ykxkZef avmuDpsmefudk r&&Sdaom ykxkZef[laom ykxkZef
tm;vHk;wdkYonf xdkr*fzdkvfudk r&tyfao;onf\ tjzpfaMumifh r0ifpm;Edkifukef/ t&d,myk*dKvftm;vHk;
wdu
Yk m; xdx
k rkd *fzv
kd u
f kd &xm;Ny;D jzpfaomaMumifh 0ifpm;Edik Mf uuke\
f / xdo
k Ykd 0ifpm;&m avmuDpsmefrsm;
txuftxuf psmefukd &&Sdxm;aom olwdkYonf atmufatmuf psmefudkvnf; 0ifpm;ukefouJhodkYum;
r[kwfMuukef/ txufjzpfaom ou'g*grfpaom t&d,yk*dKvfwdkYonf atmufjzpfaom aomwmywd
zdkvfponfudk r0ifpm;Muukef/ taMumif;rl --- ou'g*grfpaom yk*dKvfwpfrsKd; tjzpfodkY a&muf&SdoGm;jcif;jzifh atmufatmufaom zvormywfwdkY\ Nidrf;NyD;onf\ tjzpfaMumifh wpfzef rjzpfjcif;oabm
&So
d nf\ tjzpfoYkd a&muf&o
dS mG ;jcif;aMumifw
h nf;/ atmufjzpfaom aomwmyefy*k Kd vpf onfwo
Ykd nfvnf;
txufjzpfaom ou'g*grdzdkvf ponfudk r0ifpm;EdkifMuukef? r&&Sdao;aomaMumifh jzpf\/ tavsmf
tm;jzifh qdk&rl ----1/
2/
3/
4/
aomwmyefyk*dKvfonf aomwmywdzvormywfudk
ou'g*grfyk*dKvfonf ou'g*grdzvormywfudk
tem*grfyk*dKvfonf tem*grdzvormywfudk
&[Emyk*dKvfonf t&[wzvormywfudk -----
toD;toD; 0ifpm;Edkif\? rdrd rdrd\ &&Sdxm;&m qdkif&m qdkif&m t&d,zdkvfudkomvQif = zvormywfudkomvQif 0ifpm;EdkifMuukef\/ (0dok'd-2-341-342/)
523
4/ tb,faMumifh 0ifpm;Muukefoenf;/
'd|"rokc0d[m&wH = rsufarSmufaom udk,f\tjzpf csrf;ompGmaejcif; tusKd;iSm 0ifpm;Muukef
\/ rsufjrifjzpfaom cEmudk,f twabmyifvQif = rsufarSmufb0yifvQif ylyefapwwf xuf0ef;usifrS avmifwwfaom udavom[laomrD; Nidrf;ojzifh Nidrfoufcsrf;ajrUaom aexdkifjcif;jzifh aexdkifjcif; tusKd;iSm 0ifpm;Muukef\[lay/ avmuOyrmtm;jzifh pMu0aw;rif;onf rif;\ csrf;omudk cHpm;
ouJo
h Ykd Oyrmtwl t&d,mocif t&Sijf rwfwo
Ykd nf &m*paom udavomtnpftaMu;wdrYk S uif;a0;
jzLpif jrihfjrwfaom avmukw&mzdkvfcsrf;omudk = edAmef\ oEdokc tNidrf;"mwfcsrf;omudk cHpm;ukefthH
[k tcsdefumvudk ykdif;jcm;jcif;udk jyK tvdk&Sdwdkif;aom cP zvormywfudk 0ifpm;Muukef\/
(0dok'd-2-342/)
5/ 0ifpm;yHk 6/ wnfwHhyHk 7/ xyHk

ESpfrsKd;ukefaom taMumif;wdkYjzifh xdkzvormywfudk 0ifpm;jcif;onf jzpf\/
1/ edAmefrS tjcm;wpfyg;aom tmkHudk ESvHk;roGif;jcif;
2/ edAmefudkom ESvHk;oGif;jcif; ----taMumif; ESpfrsKd;wdkYjzifh 0ifpm;jcif;onf jzpf\/
a'G acg tm0kaom yp,m tedrdwm, apawm0drkwd,m ormywd,m oAedrdwme treoduma&m tedrdwm, p "mwk,m reoduma&m/ (r-1-370-371/)
igh&Sif aum|du ...ocFg&edrdwfuif;aom edAmefvQif tmkH&Sdaom apawm0drkwd[k qdktyfaom
zvormywfudk wpfenf; -- tedpmEkyemudk tOD;jyKojzifh 0ifpm;tyfaom apawm0drkwd[k qdktyfaom zvormywfudk 0ifpm;zdkY&ef taMumif;w&m;wdkYum;ESpfrsKd;wdkYwnf;/ tvHk;pHkaom ocFg&edrdwf
wdkYudk tjypfudk jrifNyD; pGefYvTwftyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh rqifjcifjcif; ESvHk;roGif;jcif;vnf;aumif;
tvHk;pHkaom ocFg&edrdwfrS uif;qdwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh tedrdwtrnf&aom tocFw"mwf edAmef
w&m;awmfjrwfukd zvormywf\ zdv
k pf w
d Ef iS hf twlwuGjzpfaom reodum&apwodujf zifh ESv;kH oGi;f jcif;
zvormywfjzpfaom zdkvfpdwf xm;jcif;vnf;aumif; - ESpfrsKd;wdkYwnf;/
(r-1-370-371 - r[ma0'vokwef/ 0dok'd-2-342/)
edAmefudk ESvHk;oGif;jcif;[k taMumif;wpfckudkyifqdkvQif vdk&if;udp NyD;aumif;NyD jzpfygvsuf
edAmefrS tjcm;wpfyg;aom tmkHudk ESvHk;roGif;jcif;[laom taMumif;wpfrsKd;udk tus,fyGm; qdk&jcif;\ taMumif;&if;rSm odkY jzpf\/
0dwu0pd m&meH 0lyorm tZswH orom'eH apwaom {aum'dbm0H t0dwuH t0dpm&H orm"dZH
yDwdokcH 'kwd,H psmeH OyorZ 0d[&wd/ (r-1-89/)
0dwuf0pd m&wd\
Yk Nird ;f jcif;aMumifh rdr\
d ud,
k w
f iG ;f tZswo
Emef pdwu
f kd Munfvifapwwfaom
pdwf\ jrifhjrwfaom wnfMunfrI orm"dudk jzpfapwwfaom 0dwufvnf; r&Sdaom 0dpm&vnf; r&Sdaom yxrpsmeform"daMumifh jzpfaom odkYr[kwf or,kwform"daMumifh jzpfaom ESpfoufjcif; yDwd
csrf;omjcif; okc&Sdaom 'kwd,psmefodkY a&muf ae\/ (r-1-89/)
524
bk&m;&Sifonf avmuDpsmefwdkYudk a[mMum;awmfrl&m txufyg ygVdawmfuJhodkY yDwd okc {u*wm[laom psmeft*Fg oH;k yg;ESihf jynfph v
kH Qif 'kw,
d psmefukd &&Srd o
I nf Ny;D pD;aumif;ygvsuf 0dwuf 0dpm&
wdkY\ Nidrf;jcif;aMumifh = 0dwuf 0dpm&wdkYudk ausmfvTm; vGefajrmufjcif;aMumifh[k y,ftyfaom psmeft*Fg
wdkYudkyg xnfhoGif; a[mMum;awmfrlcJh\/
avmuDpsmefwu
Ykd kd &&Sjd cif;udk xdx
k kd qdik &f mpsmefEiS hf ora,m*t*Fg = ,SOaf om psmeft*FgESihf jynfph -kH
onf\ tjzpfjzifh NyD;aumif;ygvsuf y,foifhy,fxdkufaom psmeft*Fgudk ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufEdkifygrS
xdx
k pkd smefukd &tyfonf\tjzpfaMumifh y,ftyfaom psmeft*Fgudk tOD;jyKojzifh a[mMum;awmfro
l uJo
h Ykd
xdt
Yk wl zvormywfuv
kd nf; edAm efukd ESv;kH oGi;f rIjzifh Ny;D onfjzpfvsuf edAm efrw
S pfyg;aom tjcm;aom
tmkw
H u
Ykd kd ESv;kH roGi;f rIuv
kd nf; qdt
k yfayonf? taMumif;um; --- tvH;k pHak om ocFg&wdrYk S qkwef pfaom
pdwf&Sdonf\ tjzpfjzifh NyD;jcif;aMumifhwnf;/ xdkaMumifh edAmefrSwpfyg; tjcm;aomtmkHwdkYudk ESvHk;
roGif;jcif; taMumif;udkvnf; qdktyfayonf/ O',A,Pfpaom Pftqufquf tqifhqifh\
tpGrf;jzifh tvHk;pHkaom ocFg&rS tcsif;cyfodrf; NiD;aiGU ocFg&wdkY wyfrufjcif;uif;aom pdwf&Sdaom
t&d,mociftm; xdktvHk;pHkaom ocFg&rS xGufajrmuf&m edAmefvQif tmkH&Sdaom zkdvfpdwfonf jzpfay:vmayonf/ xdkodkYaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh jzpfaom zdkvfpdwfudkvnf; edAmefrS tjcm;wpfyg;aom
tmkHudk ESvHk;roGif;jcif;aMumifh edAmefudkomvQif ESvHk;oGif;jcif;aMumifh jzpfay:vm\[k qdkoifhvSay
ownf; [lvdkonf/ (r[m#D-2-517/)
0ifpm;yHk tpDtpOf ----- zvormywf 0ifpm;yHk tpDt&ifum; odkYwnf;/ zvormywfudk
0ifpm;vdkaom t&d,om0uonf qdwfNidrf&mt&yfodkY csOf;uyfvsuf txl;xl;aom tmkHrS zJcGm
wpfa,mufwnf;om ude;f atmif;vsuf O',A,PfrpS tEkavmrPfow
Ykd ikd af tmif ud;k yg;aom
0dyemPfwdkY\tpGrf;jzifh ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk vuPm,mOfwifvsuf 0dyem Ityfukef\/ xdkodkY
Iojzifh jzpfay:vmaom O',A,Pf b*FPf b,Pfpaom tpOftwdik ;f aom 0dyemPf
&dSaom xdkt&d,om0u\ oEmef ocFg&w&m;vQif tmkH&dSaom a0g'gef[k &tyfaom trnf&dSaom
a*gMwbkPf\ tjcm;rJh zvormywf\ tpGrf;jzifh eda&m"opmjzpfaom edAmeftmkH pdwfonf
tyempsmef\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpf\/ odkY tpOftwdkif; Ityfaom tEkykA0dyem\ tpGrf;jzifh zvormywfudk 0ifpm;&m zvormywfodkY pdwfGwfudkif;Idif;onf\ tjzpfaMumifh aouyk*dKvftm;vnf;
t&d,zdkvfonfomvQif jzpf\? t&d,r*fonf rjzpfay/ (0dok'd-2-342/)
ocFg&w&m;vQif tmk&H adS om a*gMwbk ----- tb,faMumifh zvormywfudk 0ifpm;&m
a*gMwbkPfonf t&d,r*fPf\ aU&o
S mG ;jzpfaom a*gMwbkPfuo
hJ Ykd edAm efvQif tmk&H o
Sd nf rjzpf
oenf;[lrl -- t&d,zdkvfw&m;wdkY\ t&d,r*fw&m;wdkYuJhodkY oHo&m0#frS xGufajrmufapwwfaom
oHo&m0#frS xGufajrmufaMumif; ed,smedu w&m;aumif; r[kwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ,if;a*gMwbk
onf ocFg&w&m;vQif tmkH&dSonf jzpf edAmefvQif tmkH&dSonf rjzpf[lay/ rSefayonf ----- t&d,
r*fw&m;wdkYonfomvQif oHo&m0#frS xGufajrmufapwwfaom oHo&m0#frS xGufajrmufaMumif;
ed,smedu w&m;aumif; pifppf {uef jzpfMuukef\/ om"urSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpf\/
uwar "rm ed,smedum? pwma&m r*g ty&d,myEm/ (tbd-1-254-298/)
525
tb,fw&m;wdkYonf oHo&m0#frS xGufajrmufapwwfaom oHo&m0#frS xGufajrmufaMumif;

ed,smedu w&m;aumif;wdkY pifppf rnfMuukefoenf;/ oHo&m0#fqif;&J tusKH;r0ifukefaom av;yg;
ukefaom t&d,r*fPfwdkYwnf;/ (tbd-1-254-298/)
pum;awmfukd bk&m;&Sio
l ? xdo
k Ykd t&d,zdv
k w
f &m;\ t&d,r*fw&m;
uJhodkY oHo&m0#frS xGufajrmufaMumif; ed,smeduw&m;aumif; r[kwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh pifppf
{ueftm;jzifh ed,smeduoabm&dSaom edrdw y0w ESpfyg;aom tzdkYrS xonf\ tjzpfjzifh jzpfaom
t&d,r*fPf\ teE&ypn;f taMumif;w&m;jzpfjzpfaom a*gMwbkPfonf ocFg&edrw
d rf S xonf
omvQif jzpfoifh\/ xdkaMumifh xdkt&d,r*f\ aU&SoGm;jzpfaom a*gMwbkPf\ edAmefvQif tmkH
&dSonf\tjzpfonf oifhonfomjzpf\/ ajymif;jyeftm;jzifhqdk&rl t&d,r*f\ yGm;aptyfNyD;onf\
tjzpfaMumifh xdt
k &d,r*f\ tusK;d 0dyguf\ tjzpfjzifh jzpfay:vmMuukeaf om udavomwdu
Yk kd orkap'y[mefjzifh t<uif;rJh ry,fowfEdkifjcif; rjzwfEdkifjcif;aMumifh ed,smedur[kwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh
0k|meoabm r&dSMuukefaom zdkvfPfwdkY\ aU&SoGm;jzpfaom a0g'gef[k &tyfaom trnf&dSaom
a*gMwbkPf\ wpf&HwpfqpfrQaomfvnf; edAmefvQif tmkH&dSonf\ tjzpfonf rjzpfoifhay/ taMumif;um; --- ESpfrsKd;aom r*0Dxd zvormywd0DxdwdkY tEkavmrPfwdkY\ rwlaom tjcif;t&m
&dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifhwnf;/
xif&mS ;aptHh ----- t&d,r*0Dxd tEkavmrPfwdkYonf razmufrcGJtyfzl;ukefaom kefY&if;
Murf;wrf;aom kefY&if;Murf;wrf;aom avmbtwHk;tcJ a'gotwHk;tcJ arm[twHk;tcJ ponfwdkYudk
tvGeftuJESifh wuG azmufcGJjcif;aMumifh avmuD0dyemPfwdkYwGif tvGeftuJ txGwftxdyfodkY
a&mufuek v
f suf t&d,r*fPftm; avsmu
f ek o
f nf jzpf jzpfay:vmMuuke\
f / odaYk omf zvormywd
0Dxdum; xdktEkavmrPfwdkYonf xkdxdkt&d,r*fjzifh xdkxdk qdkif&mudavomwdkY\ t<uif;rJh y,fowftyf jzwftyfNyD;onf\ tjzpfaMumifh xdkzvormywd0Dxd udavomudk cGmjcif; aMumifhMuAsmyg& uif;ukefonfjzpf oufouf t&d,yk*dKvfwdkY\ zvormywfcsrf;omESifh jynfhpHkonf\ tjzpf\
y&durfrQwo
Ykd nfom jzpfuek
f jzpfay:vmMuuke\
f / xdak Mumifh xdt
k &d,zdv
k \
f aU&o
S mG ;jzpfMuukeaf om
tEkavmrPfwdkY\ wpfpHkwpfckaom taMumif;aMumifh 0k|me\ jzpfoihfjcif;onf r&dSEdkifNyD/ ]]tMuif
odaYk om taMumif;aMumifh xdt
k &d,zdv
k \
f aU&o
S mG ;jzpfMuukeaf om tEkavmrPfww
Ykd iG f tqH;k jzpfaom
tEkavmrPfonf ocFg&edrdwfrS xjcif;aMumifh edAmefvQif tmkH&dSonf jzpfav&m\? xdkodkY oabm
&dSaom 0k|me\ jzpfoifhjcif;onf r&dSEdkifNyD}} [lvdkonf/ odkYaom taMumif;aMumifh ]]rdrd\ zv
ormywf csr;f omudk oH;k aqmifjcif;iSm O',A,Pfponfw\
Ykd tpGr;f jzifh ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd vuPm,mOf wifvsuf oHk;oyfaom aouyk*dKvftm; 0dyemPftpOfjzifh t&d,zdkvfonfomvQif jzpfay:vm\? t&d,r*fonf rjzpf}} [laom t|uxmpum;onfvnf; NyD;pD;jynfhpHkonf jzpfayonf/
xdkaMumifh aouyk*dKvftm; ]]t&d,zdkvfonfomvQif jzpf\? t&d,r*fonf rjzpf}}[k t|uxmu
rdefYqdkjcif; jzpfonf/ (r[m#D-2-518-519/)
zvormywf ----- eda&m"opm edAmeftmkH tyempsmef\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh tMuiftMuif
ydik ;f jcm;tyfaom ydik ;f jcm;xm;aom tcsed u
f mvywfv;kH tjcm;tjywfr&dS tMum;tjywfr&dS wpfpyfwnf;
zdkvfpdwf\omvQif qufwdkufjzpfjcif;onf 0ifpm;jcif;onf zvormywf rnf\/ (r[m#D-2-519/)
526
zvormywf Gwfudkif;Idif;rI ----- ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk vuPm,mOf wifvsuf tpOftwdkif;

O',A,PfrS p tEkavmrPfodkY wdkifatmif Iaeaom tEkyA0dyemwdkY\ tpGrf;jzifh zv
ormywfukd 0ifpm; jcif;onf tu,f jzpfjim;tH?h xdo
k Ykd tpOftwdik ;f jzpfaom tEkyAk 0 yd emenf;jzifh
aouyk*dKvftm; txufr*fonfvnf; jzpfoifh&m\[laom ar;pdppfjcif;\ jzpfoifhrIudk &nf&G,f
]]zvormywed Ed w
m, = zvormywfoYkd pdw
f w
G u
f idk ;f diI ;f onf\tjzpfaMumifh aouy*k Kd vt
f m;vnf;
t&d,zdv
k o
f nfomvQif jzpf\? t&d,r*fonf rjzpf}}[k t|uxmu rdeq
Yf jkd cif;jzpfonf/ xdpk um;&yfjzifh
t&d,r*fudk aqmifwwf jzpfapwwfaom 0dyempm& = 0dyemPf\ jzpfjcif;um; wpfrsKd;wjcm;
wpfyg;omwnf;? zvormywfudk aqmifwwf jzpfapwwfaom 0dyempm& = 0dyemPf\
jzpfjcif;um; wpfrsKd;wjcm; wpfyg;omwnf;[k Tefjyayonf/ (r[m#D-2-518-519/)
aupd0g'udk acsycsuf ----- tcsKdUaom tb,*d&d*dkPf;q&mwdkYum; ]]aomwmyefyk*dKvfonf
aomwmywdzvormywfudk 0ifpm;thH[k 0dyemudk jzpfapcJhaomf ou'g*grf jzpf\? ou'g*grf
yk*dKvfonfvnf; ou'g*grdzvormywfudk 0ifpm;tHh[k 0dyemudk jzpfapcJhaomf tem*grf jzpf\}}
[k odkY qdkMuukef\/ xdkq&mwdkYudk odkY qdkxdkufvS\ --- ]]odkY zvormywfudk 0ifpm;tHh[k 0dyemPfudk jzpfapvsuf aomwmyefonf ou'g*grf ou'g*grfonf tem*grfjzpfonf&dSaomf tem*grfonf &[Em jzpfvwUH ? &[Emonf yapuAk'g jzpfvwUH ? yapuAk'g onfvnf; oAnKA'k jzpfvwUH }}
[k qdkoifh qdkxdkufvSayonf/ xdkaMumifh zvormywfudk 0ifpm;vdkaom OD;wnfcsufjzifh 0dyemudk
jzpfaponf&dSaomf t&d,zdkvfrS wpfyg;aom wpfpHkwpfckaom tusKd;onf r&dSay/ xdkt,lrnD tb,
*d&d0goDq&mwdkY\ pum;udk ----'o a*gMwbk"rm 0dyem0aoe OyZ Ed/ (y#doH-65/)
= q,fyg;ukefaom a*gMwbk"rwdkYonf 0dyem\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfukef\/ (y#doH-65/)
odkY t&d,r*f tusKd;&dSaom 0dyem t&d,zdkvf tusKd;&dSaom 0dyemudk toD;tjcm;jyK
a[mMum;xm;awmfrt
l yfaom y#dor'd gr*ygVd\ tpGr;f jzifyh ifvQif y,f&mS ;tyf\/ odaYk om taMumif;
aMumifv
h nf; xdq
k &mwd\
Yk pum;udk r,ltyf/ toift
h avsmu
f kd qd&k rl -- zvormywfukd 0ifpm;vdo
k nfh
aouy*k Kd vt
f m;vnf; zvormywfyif Gwu
f idk ;f Iid ;f aom pdw"f mwf &daS eaomaMumifh t&d,zdv
k o
f nf
omvQif jzpf t&d,r*fonf rjzpf[laom qdktyfNyD;aom oabmw&m;udkomvQif rSwf,lygav/
(0dok'd-2-342/)
wpfzef tu,f t&d,om0uonf yxrpsmefESifh ,SOfaom t&d,r*fudk &&dSxm;cJhonf
jzpftHh? xdkt&d,om0u\ xdkzvormywftwGif; jzpfay:vmaom t&d,zdkvfonfvnf; yxrpsmef
ESihf ,SOaf om t&d,zdv
k o
f mvQif jzpfayonf/ tu,f 'kw,
d psmefponfww
Ykd iG f wpfyg;yg;ESihf ,SOaf om
t&d,r*fudk &&dScJhonf jzpftHh? xdkzvormywf\ twGif; jzpfay:vmaom t&d,zdkvfonfvnf;
'kw,
d psmef ponfww
Ykd iG f wpfrsK;d rsK;d aom psmefEiS hf ,SOaf om t&d,zdv
k o
f nfomvQif jzpfayonf/ od-Yk
vQif a&S;OD;pGm xdkzvormywfudk 0ifpm;jcif;onf jzpfayonf/ (0dok'd-2-342/)
zvmwdtm'd r[*w0dygumeH 0d, avmukw&0dygume ukovo&duwm'eH/
psmeawm o&duw
m'aeae0apw aAmZs*-F r**0F aoemyd o&duw
m 'dwma,0gwd a0'dwA/H
(r[m#D-2-519/)
527
txufyg t|uxmpum;&yfonfum; r[*Kwf0dygufwdkYuJhodkY avmukw&m0dygufwdkY\vnf;

ukov
kd Ef iS hf wlonf\ tjzpfukd jyaom pum;wnf;/ zvormywft&m t&d,r*fEiS hf t&d,zdv
k w
f \
Ykd
psmeftm;jzifh wlonf\tjzpfudk jyjcif;jzifhyifvQif aAmZsif r*ifwdkY\ tpGrf;tm;jzifhvnf; wlonf\
tjzpfudk jytyfNyD;onfomvQif jzpfonf[k od&dSygav/ (r[m#D-2-519/)
todpdwf rcsKyfyg
zvormywfonf todpdwf csKyfaom ormywf jzpfavoavm[k ar;&ef &dS\? todpdwf
csKyaf om ormywf r[kwaf Mumif;udk bk&m;&Siu
f ,
kd af wmfwikd u
f a[mMum;xm;awmfrcl \
hJ / t&Sit
f meEm
udk,fawmfjrwfu bk&m;&Siftm; odkY avQmufxm;awmfrlcJh\/
t&Sifbk&m; ...&[ef;tm; ajr ajr[k trSwf&dSol rjzpf&m? a& a&[k trSwf&dSol rjzpf&m?
rD; rD;[k trSwf&dSol rjzpf&m? av av[k trSwf&dSol rjzpf&m? tqHk;r&dSaom aumif;uifwnf&m
tqH;k r&daS om aumif;uifwnf&m[k trSw&f o
Sd l rjzpf&m? tqH;k r&daS om 0dnmPfwnf&m tqH;k r&daS om
0dnmPfwnf&m[k trSwf&dSol rjzpf&m? wpfpHkwpfckrQ r&dS[laom wnf&m wpfpHkwpfckrQ r&dS[laom
wnf&m[k trSw&f o
Sd l rjzpf&m? onm&do
S nfvnf; r[kwf onmr&do
S nfvnf; r[kw[
f al om wnf&m
onm&dSonfvnf; r[kwf onmr&dSonfvnf; r[kwf[laom wnf&m[k trSwf&Sdol rjzpf&m?
avmu avmu[k trSwf&dSol rjzpf&m? wpfyg;aom avmu wpfyg;aom avmu[k trSwf&Sdol
rjzpf&m? xdo
k yYkd if jzpfaomfvnf; onm&do
S u
l m; jzpf&m\[laom oabm&do
S nfh wnfMunfrI ]orm"d}udk
&jcif;onf tb,fodkYvQif jzpfEdkif&mygoenf;[k avQmufxm;\/ (tH-3-262-263/)
xdktcgbk&m;&Sifu atmufygtwdkif; ajzMum;awmfrl\/ ----"meE bduK {0H onD a[mwd ]]{wH oEH {wH yPDwH? ,'d'H oAocFg&oraxm oALy"dy#deda*g wPSmua,m 0d&ma*g eda&ma"m edAme}}Ed/ {0H acg tmeE od,m bduKaem wxmlayg
orm"dy#dvmabm? ,xm ae0 yx0d,H yx0DonD t? e tmyod HtmaygonD t? e awZo
awaZmonD t? e 0g,od H0ga,monD t? e tmumomem,wae tmumomem,weonD t? e 0dnmPm,wae 0dnmPm,weonD t? e tmudnm,wae tmudnm,weonD t? e ae0onmemonm,wae ae0onmemonm,weonD t? e
"avmau "avmuonD t? e y&avmau y&avmuonD t/ onD p ye tmwd/
(tH-3-263/)
tmeEm ...omoemawmf &[ef;onf ]]ocFg&tm;vHk; Nidrf;&m Oy"dtm;vHk;udk pGefY&m
wPSmukef&m wyfrufjcif; uif;&m wyfrufjcif; csKyf&mjzpfaom edAmefonf Nidrfouf\? xdkedAmefonf
rGefjrwf\}}[k trSwf&Sdol jzpf\/ tmeEm ...odkYvQif &[ef;tm; ajr ajr[k trSwf&Sdol rjzpf&m?
a& a&[k trSwf&Sdol rjzpf&m/ rD; rD;[k trSwf&Sdol rjzpf&m/ av av[k trSwf&Sdol rjzpf&m?
tqHk;r&Sdaom aumif;uifwnf&m tqHk;r&Sdaom aumif;uifwnf&m[k trSwf&Sdol rjzpf&m? tqHk;
r&Sdaom 0dnmPfwnf&m tqHk;r&Sdaom 0dnmPfwnf&m[k trSwf&Sdol rjzpf&m/ wpfpHkwpfckrQ r&Sd
[laom wnf&m wpfpHkwpfckrQ r&Sd[laom wnf&m[k trSwf&Sdol rjzpf&m? onm&Sdonfvnf; r[kwf
528
onmr&Sdonfvnf; r[kwf[laom wnf&m onm&Sdonfvnf; r[kwf onmr&Sdonfvnf; r[kwf

[laom wnf&m[k trSwf&Sdol rjzpf&m? avmu avmu[k trSwf&Sdol rjzpf&m? wpfyg;aom
avmu wpfyg;aom avmu[k trSwf&Sdol rjzpf&m? xdkodkYyif jzpfaomfvnf; onm&Sdolum; jzpf&m\
[laom oabm&Sdonfh wnfMunfrI ]orm"d}udk &jcif;onf jzpf&m\[k rdefYawmfrl\/ (tH-3-263/)
toifolawmfaumif; em;vnfEdkif&ef tenf;i,f xyfrH &Sif;vif; wifjyyg&ap/ a,m*g0p&
yk*dKvf wpfOD;onf yx0DuodkPf;0ef;udk teEpMu0VmodkYwdkifatmif jzefYMuufvsuf yx0DuodkPf;vQif
tmkH&Sdaom yxrpsmefudk 0ifpm;\/ ,if;yxrpsmefemrfw&m;wdkYum; yx0DuodkPf;vQif tmkH&Sdaom
yx0DuodkPf;vQif trSwfonm &Sdaom yx0D = ajr yx0D = ajr[k trSwfonm &Sdaom emrfw&m;pkwdw
Yk nf;/ a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf ,if;yx0DuodP
k ;f vQif tmk&H adS om psmefemrfw&m;wdu
Yk kd vuPma&;
oHk;wef wifum 0dyemIvsuf zvormywfudk 0ifpm;\/ ,if;zdkvfpdwfum; yx0DuodkPf;udk tmkH
rjyK? edAmefudkom tmkHjyK\? ajr ajr[k trSwfr&Sd? edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfom trSwfonmESifh ,SOfaom wnfMunfaom orm"donf jzpfae\/ 'kwd,psmef wwd,psmef pwkwpsmefwdkYudk 0ifpm; ,if;
psmefemrfw&m;wdkYudk 0dyemI zvormywfudk 0ifpm;&mvnf; enf;wlrSwfyg/ wpfzef ,if;yx0D
uodkPf; tmumoudk wpfzufowf ESvHk;oGif; tmumoudk jrifcJhaomf tmumoudkom ESvHk;
oGif;vsuf ,if;tmumoudk teEpMu0VmodkY wdkifatmif jzefYMuufvsuf tmumomem,wepsmef
ormywfukd 0ifpm;\/ tqH;k r&Sad om aumif;uifwnf&m tqH;k r&Sad om aumif;uifwnf&m[k trSwf
&Sdol jzpf\/ wpfzef ,if;tmumomem,wepsmefemrfw&m;pkudk vuPm,mOfwifum 0dyemIvsuf zvormywfukd 0ifpm;\? ,if;zvormywfemrfw&m;pkonf edAm efuo
kd m tmkjH yK\? aumif;uif
ynwfudk tmkH rjyK? tqHk;r&Sdaom aumif;uifwnf&m tqHk;r&Sdaom aumif;uifwnf&m[k trSwf
&Sdol rjzpfav&m/
wpfzef ,if;tqHk;r&Sdaom aumif;uiftmkHvQif wnf&m&Sdaom tmumomem,wepsmefpdwf
0dnmPfudk tmkHjyK 0dnmPm,wepsmeformywfudk 0ifpm;\? tmumomem,we0dnmPfvQif
wnf&mtmk&H adS om psmeformywfwnf;? tqH;k r&Sad om 0dnmPfwnf&m tqH;k r&Sad om 0dnmPfwnf&m[k trSwf&Sdolwnf;/ wpfzef ,if;0dnmPm,we psmefemrfw&m;wdkYudk vuPm,mOf wifum
0dyemIvsuf zvormywfudk 0ifpm;\/ ,if;zvormywf emrfw&m;pkwdkYonf edAmefudkom tmkH
jyKMu\? tmumomem,we0dnmPf = tqHk;r&Sdaom aumif;uifynwfvQif wnf&mtmkH &Sdaom
0dnmPfudk tmkH rjyKMuay/ tqHk;r&Sdaom 0dnmPfwnf&m tqHk;r&Sdaom 0dnmPfwnf&m[k trSwf
r&Sdol jzpf\/
wpfzef a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf 0dnmPm,wepsmef jzpfaecdkuf0,f tmumomem,we
0dnmPf\ Oyg'f-XD-bif taetm;jzifh xif&Sm;r&SdrIudk tmkHjyK ]]ewd udd = bmrQ r&Sd}}[k Ivsuf
tmudn
m,wepsmeformywfukd 0ifpm;\? ,if;ormywfum; tmumomem,we0dnmPf\ r&Sjd cif;
ewdabmynwfudk tmkHjyK\/ a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf wpfpHkwpfckrQ r&Sd[laom wnf&m wpfpHkwpfckrQ
r&Sd[laom wnf&m[k trSwf&Sdol jzpf\/ wpfzef ,if;tmudnm,wepsmefemrfw&m;wdkYudk vuPm
,mOf wifum 0dyemIvsuf zvormywfukd 0ifpm;\? ,if; zvormywfemrfw&m;pkonf edAm efu-kd
om tmkHjyK\? wpfpHkwpfckrQ r&Sdaom wnf&m wpfpHkwpfckrQ r&Sdaom wnf&m[k trSwfr&Sdol jzpf\/
529
wpfzef a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf tmumomem,we0dnmPf\ r&Sdjcif; ewdabmynwf Nidrf0yfpGm uyf wnfaeaom ,if;tmudnm,wepsmefpdwfudkyif tIcHtmkHxm; ]]0dnmPfonf
Nird o
f uf\? 0dnmPfonf rGejf rwf\}}[k Ivsuf ae0onmemonm,wepseo
f rmywfukd 0ifpm;\/
ae0onmemonm,weormywf[o
l nf ke&Yf if;Murf;wrf;aom onmum; r&S?d tvGet
Yf vGef odraf rGU
El;nHah om onmom&So
d jzifh onm&So
d nfvnf; r[kwf onmr&So
d nfvnf; r[kwaf om ormywfwnf;/
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf onm&Sdonfvnf; r[kwf onmr&Sdonfvnf; r[kwf[laom wnf&m
onm&So
d nfvnf; r[kwf onmr&So
d nfvnf; r[kw[
f al om wnf&m[k trSw&f o
dS w
l nf;/ a,m*g0p&
yk*Kd vo
f nf ,if; ae0onmemonm,wepsmeformywf emrfw&m;pkukd vuPm,mOf wifum 0dyemIvsuf zvormywfudk 0ifpm;\/ ,if; zvormywfemrfw&m;pkum; edAmefudk tmkHjyK\/ a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf onm&Sdonfvnf; r[kwf onmr&Sdonfvnf; r[kwf[laom wnf&m (= ae0onm
emonm,we emrfw&m;pk) onm&Sdonfvnf; r[kwf onmr&Sdonfvnf; r[kwfaom wnf&m[k
trSwfr&Sdol jzpfav\/ odkYaomf onm&Sdolum; jzpf&m\/ tmayguodkPf; awaZmuodkPf; 0ga,m
uodP
k ;f ponfwYkd vnf; enf;wl oabmaygufygav/ um; txufyg ygVdawmf\ tusO;f csKyw
f nf;/
,cktcg txufyg ygVdawmf\ qdkvdk&if;udk zGihfqdkaom t|uxmtzGifhudk qufvuf wifjy
tyfygonf/
onD p ye tmwd tx p ye ormywd o0dwuormywda,0 tmwd 0kpwd/
{wH oEH {wH yPDwEd oEH oE Ed taywGm edodE 'd0ord pdwKyga'g ]]oEH oE}}aE0 y0wwd?
yPDwH yPDwEd taywGm edodE 'd0ord pdwKyga'g ]]yPDwH yPDw}}aE0 y0wwd/ ,'d'H
oAocFg&oraxmwd edAmeH edAmeEd taywGm edodE 'd0ord pdwKyga'g ]]edAmeH edAme}}aE0 y0wwDwd oAarwH zvormywdorm"d H oEm, 0kwH/ y/ opdwum ar om ormywd ta[mod/
(tH-|-3-288/)
zvormywfum; onm&Sdaom ormywf jzpf\? pdwf&Sdaom opdwu ormywf jzpf\/
]]{wH oEH {wH oEH = edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfonf Nidrf;at;\? edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfonf Nidrf;at;\/}}[k ESvHk;oGif;um tyemzdkvfodkY qdkufa&mufap zvormywfudk 0ifpm;vsuf xdkifaeaom
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef wpfaeYywfvHk;aomfvnf; ]]oE oE}}[lyifvQif zdkvfpdwfapwoduf
tpOfonf jzpfay: ae\/ ]]yPDw yPDw = rGefjrwf\ rGefjrwf\}}[k ESvHk;oGif;um tyemzdkvfodkY
qdu
k af &mufap zvormywfukd 0ifpm;vsuf xdik af eaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f oEmef wpfaeYywfv;kH
aomfvnf; zdv
k pf w
d af pwodut
f pOfonf ]]yPDw yPDw}}[lomvQif jzpfay:ae\/ ]]edAm ef edAm ef}}[l
ESvHk;oGif;um tyemzdkvfodkY qdkufa&mufap zvormywfudk 0ifpm;vsuf xdkifaeaom a,m*g0p&
yk*dKvf\ oEmef wpfaeYywfvHk;aomfvnf; zdkvfpdwfapwoduf tpOfonf ]]edAmef edAmef}}[lomvQif
jzpfay:ae\/ pum;&yftm;vH;k udk zvormywdo
rm"dukd &nf&,
G af wmfr
l bk&m;&Sio
f nf a[mMum;
awmfrl\/ zvormywfum; pdwf&Sdaom pdwfrcsKyfaom opdwu ormywf jzpfavNyD/
(tH-|-3-288/)
ygVdawmf t|uxmwdkYESifhtnD zvormywf[lonf todpdwfcsKyfNidrf;aom ormywfrsKd;um;
r[kwfay/ todpdwfcsKyfNidrf;aom ormywfum; eda&m"ormywfom jzpfonf/ atmufyg t|uxm
tzGifhudk zwfIMunfhyg/
530
uom ormyZ Ew
D d ocFg&meH y0wdaba' OuPdwGm 'da|0 "ar tpdwum [kwGm ]]eda&m"H
edAmeH ywGm okcH 0d[&dmrm}}wd ormyZ Ed/ (0dok'd-2-347/)
edAmeH ywGmwd tEkyg'daooedAmeH ywGm 0d,/ (r[m#D-2-526/)
ormywf&pS yf g;udk &&Sad wmfrMl uonfh tem*grf &[Emt&Sijf rwfwo
Ykd nf eda&m"ormywfukd 0ifpm;awmfrlEdkifMu\/ tb,faMumifh eda&m"ormywfudk 0ifpm;awmfrlMuukefoenf;[lrl ocFg&w&m;wdkY\
jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; tjrJvdkvdk jrifawGUae&ojzifh NiD;aiGUawmfrlMu rsufjrifavmu ypu twabm
yifvQif pdwfapwoduf r&Sdukefonfjzpf onm-a0'emwdkYESifh wuGaom pdwfapwodufwdkY\ csKyf&m
jzpfaom tEkyg'daoo edAm e"mwfoYkd a&mufuek o
f uJo
h Ykd qif;&Juif;onfjzpf csr;f csr;f omom aeuke-f
tHh[k odkY ESvHk;oGif;aomaMumifh eda&m"ormywfudk 0ifpm;awmfrlMuukef\/ (0dok'd-2-347/)
t| ormywdvmbdaem ye tem*grdaem cDPmo0g p ormyZ Ed/ (0dok'd-2-344/)
pdwfapwodufwdkY\ csKyfNidrf;rI (pdwZkyfwdkY\ csKyfNidrf;rI) eda&m"ormywfum; avmuDpsmef
ormywf (8)yg;wdkYudk &&SdawmfrlMuonfh tem*grfESifh &[Emt&SifjrwfBuD;wdkYom 0ifpm; &Edkifaom
ormywfwpfrsKd; jzpf\/
tu,f toifoal wmfaumif;onf avmuDpsmeformywf (8)yg;udv
k nf; r&&Sad o;onf jzpft?hH
tem*grf &[Emvnf; rjzpfao;onf jzpft?hH toifoal wmfaumif;\oEmef todpw
d f csKyNf ird ;f aeaom
ormywf wpfrsKd;onf jzpfEdkif\ rjzpfEdkif\[laom tcsufudk pOf;pm;oifhvSayonf/ taMumif;rl ----0dok'dr*t|uxm (0dok'd-2-344/) ----1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
ykxkZeftm;vHk;wdkYonfvnf;aumif;
aomwmyeftm;vHk;wdkYonfvnf;aumif;
ou'g*grftm;vHk;wdkYonfvnf;aumif;
psmeftap; cef;ajcmufaeonfh tem*grftm;vHk;wdkYonfvnf;aumif;
psmeftap; cef;ajcmufaeonfh &[Emtm;vHk;wdkYonfvnf;aumif; -----
eda&m"ormywfukd r0ifpm;Edik af Mumif;udk zGiq

hf x
kd m;ayonf/ ,ckwpfzef qufvuf zvormywf
taMumif;udk qufvuf wifjytyfygonf/
t&S nfwnfwHh&ef taMumif; oHk;rsKd;

wa,m acg tm0kaom yp,m tedrdwm, apawm0drkwd,m Xdwd,m oAedrdwme treoduma&m? tedrdwm, p "mwk,m reoduma&m? ykaA p tbdocFga&m/ (r-1-371/)
igh&Sif aum|du ...ocFg&edrdwfuif;aom edAmefvQif tmkH&Sdaom apawm0drkwd[k qdktyfaom
zvormywf\ wpfenf; tedpm Ekyemudk tOD;jyKojzifh 0ifpm;tyfaom apawm0drw
k [
d q
k t
kd yfaom
zvormywf\ zdv
k pf w
d t
f pOf yAEtm;jzifh Mumjrifph mG wnfwjhH cif;iSm taMumif;w&m;wdo
Yk nf oH;k rsK;d wdYk
wnf;/
531
1/ tvHk;pHkaom ocFg&edrdwfwdkYudk = ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk ESvHk;roGif;jcif;

2/ ocFg&edrdwf uif;qdwfjcif;aMumifh tedrdw trnf&aom tocFw"mwf edAmefudk ESvHk;oGif;jcif;
ESvHk;rljcif;
3/ zvormywf0ifpm;onfrS a&S;tzdkY = zvormywf r0ifpm;rD vonfvnf;aumif; aeonf
vnf;aumif; (em&Donfvnf;aumif;) rQavmufaom t&yfoYkd a&mufvwfaomf zvormywfrS
xtHh[k umv tydkif;tjcm;udk ,lonf\ tpGrf;jzifh pdwfudk jyKjyifjcif; ----oH;k rsK;d ukeaf om taMumif;wdjYk zifh zdv
k pf w
d t
f pOf yAEtm;jzifh MumjrifpmG wnfwjhH cif;onf jzpf\/
(r-1-371/)
ykaA p tbdocFg& ----- xdkoHk;rsKd;wdkYwGif ykaA p tbdocFg&[lonf zvormywfudk 0ifpm;onfrS
a&S; zvormywfudk r0ifpm;rD ]]vonfvnf;aumif; aeonfvnf;aumif; rQaom t&yfXmeodkY
a&mufvwfaomf zvormywfrS xtHh}}[k tcsdefumvudk ykdif;jcm;jcif;onf tbdocFg& rnf\/ rSefayonf ----- rnfaom umv zvormywfrS xtHh[k odkY ydkif;jcm;tyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh xdk
zvormywf\ tMuifrQavmufaom umvywfvHk; xdkydkif;jcm;tyfaom tcsdefumvonf ra&muf&Sd
vmao;? xdrk Qavmufaom umvywfv;kH xdzk vormywf\ tpOfrjywf yAEtm;jzifh wnfwjhH cif;onf
jzpf\/ odkYvQif xdkzvormywf\ Mum&SnfpGm wnfwHhjcif;onf jzpf\[k rSwfom;ygav/
(0dok'd-2-343/)
zvormywfrS xEdkifjcif;\ taMumif; ESpfrsKd;

a'G acg tm0kaom yp,m tedrw
d m , apawm0drw
k ,
d m 0k|mem, oAerd w
d m e reoduma&m
tedrdwm, p "mwk,m treoduma&m/ (r-1-371/)
igh&Sif aum|du ...tedrdwrnfaom apawm0drkwd = zvormywfrS xjcif;\ taMumif;
w&m;wdkYonf ESpfrsKd;wdkYwnf;/
1/ tvHk;pHkaom ocFg&edrdwfwdkYudk ESvHk;oGif;jcif;vnf;aumif;
2/ ocFg&edrdwfwdkYrS uif;qdwfjcif;aMumifh tedrdw trnf&aom tocFw"mwfudk ESvHk;roGif;jcif;aMumifv
h nf;aumif; --ESpfrsKd;wdkYwnf;[k a[mMum;awmfrljcif;aMumifh xdkzvormywfrS ESpfrsKd;ukefaom tjcif;t&mwdkYjzifh xjcif;onf jzpf\/ (r-1-371/)
xdyk gVdawmf oAedrdwmeHt& tvHk;pHkaom edrdwf[lonf tvHk;pHkaom kyfedrdwf a0'emedrdwf
onmedrw
d f ocFg&edrw
d f 0dnmPedrw
d w
f w
Ykd nf;/ a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf xdek rd w
d t
f m;vH;k wdu
Yk kd wpfaygif;wnf; wpfNydKifeufwnf; tu,fum; ESvHk;roGif;Edkifay/ odkYaomf oAo*Fg[du = tvHk;pHkudk t<uif;
tusef r&Sd ukepf ifatmif odr;f usK;H ,lonf\ tpGr;f jzifh oAerd w
d m eH[al om pum;udk a[mMum;awmf
rljcif; jzpfonf/ xdo
k Ykd tvH;k pHak om ocFg&edrw
d w
f u
Ykd kd wpfaygif;wnf; wpfNyKd ief ufwnf; ESv;kH oGi;f jcif;\
rjzpfoifhaomaMumifh a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ b0if\ tmkHjzpfaom uH-uredrdwf-*wdedrdwf[laom oHk;
rsKd;aom tmkHwdkYwGif wpfrsKd;rsKd;aom tmkHudk b0ifpdwfESifh ,SOfaom reodum&apwodufjzifh ESvHk;
532
oGi;f aom t&d,om0utm; zvormywfrS xjcif;onf jzpf\/ odv

Yk Qif xdzk vormywfrS xjcif;udk
od&Sdygav/ (0dok'd-2-343/)
8/ zdkvf\ tjcm;rJh tb,fw&m;onf jzpfay:vmoenf;

9/ zdkvfonfvnf; tb,fw&m;\ tjcm;rJh jzpfoenf;
1/ a&S;a&S;aom zdkvfpdwf\ tjcm;rJh aemufaemufaom zdkvfpdwfonfomvQifrlvnf; jzpf\/
2/ tvHk;pHkaom zdkvfpdwfwdkY\ aemufqHk;jzpfaom zdkvfpdwf\ tjcm;rJh b0ifonfrlvnf; jzpf\/
wpfzef t&d,zdkvfonfvnf; ----1/
2/
3/
4/
t&d,r*f\ tjcm;rJhjzpfaom t&d,zdkvfvnf; &Sd\?

t&d,zdkvf\ tjcm;rJhjzpfaom t&d,zdkvfvnf; &Sd\/
tEkvHkrnfaom a*gMwbk\ tjcm;rJhjzpfaom t&d,zdkvfvnf; &Sd\/
ae0onmemonm,we ukodkvf Bud,m\ tjcm;rJhjzpfaom t&d,zdkvfvnf; &Sd\/
1/ xdkwGif r*0Dxd t&d,r*f\ tjcm;rJhjzpfaom tOD;qHk;jzpfaom t&d,zdkvfonf jzpf\/

2/ r*0Dxdaomfvnf;aumif; zvormywd0Dxdaomfvnf;aumif; a&S;a&S;aom t&d,zdkvf\
tjcm;rJh jzpfaom aemufaemufaom t&d,zdv
k o
f nf t&d,zdv
k \
f tjcm;rJh jzpfaom t&d,zdv
k f
jzpf\/
3/ zvormyw0d x
D w
d Ykd a&S;OD;acgifq;kH jzpfaom tpqH;k t&d,zdv
k o
f nf tEkvrkH nfaom a*gMwbk\
tjcm;rJh jzpf\/
zvormywd 0DxdwdkY tEkvHkudk a*gMwbk[l od&Sdygav/ y|mef;a'oemawmf odkY
a[mMum;xm;awmfr\
l / ----t&[awm tEkavmrH zvormywd,m teE&ypa,e ypa,m/ aoumeH tEkavmrH zvormywd,m teE&ypa,e ypa,m/ (y|me-1-138/)
&[Emyk*dKvf\ tEkvHkonf t&[wzdkvf zvormywftm; teE&yp,owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyK\/
aouyk*dKvf\ tEkvHkonf zvormywftm; teE&yp,owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyK\/ (y|me-1-138/)
4/ tMuif tem*grdzv
kd f odrYk [kwf t&[wzv
kd jf zifh tem*grfy*k Kd vf odrYk [kwf &[Emyk*Kd v\
f eda&m"
ormywfrS xjcif;onf jzpf\? xdk eda&m"ormywfrS xjcif; 0k|metjzpfjzifh qdktyfaom tem*grdzdkvf
odrYk [kwf t&[wzv
kd o
f nf ae0onmemonm,weukov
kd f odrYk [kwf Bu,
d maZm\ tjcm;rJh jzpf\/
(0dok'd-2-343/)
ormywf &Spfyg;udk &&Sdawmfrlaom tem*grfyk*dKvfonf eda&m"ormywfudk 0ifpm;vdkcJhaomf
,k*e'enf;jzifh yxrpsmefrSonf 0dnmPm,wepsmefodkY wdkifatmif orx0dyemudk yGm;rsm;&\?
tmudn
m,wepsmefukd 0ifpm;Ny;D ,if;psmefrx
S ykAu
pd av;yg;wdu
Yk kd jyK&\? xdak emif ae0onmemonm,wepsmeformywfukd 0ifpm;&\/ xdak emif wpfBurd f odrYk [kwf ESpBf urd af om ae0onmemonm,wepsmefwdkY jzpfNyD;aemuf pdwfr&Sd jzpfoGm;\ = eda&m"ormywfodkY qdkufa&mufoGm;\/ tcsdef
533
umvaph eda&m"ormywfrS xaomtcg tem*grdzdkvfaZm wpfBudrf us\/ ae0onmemonm,we ukodkvfaZm\ aemifjzpfaom tem*grdzdkvfaZmwnf;/ tu,f &[Emyk*dKvfonf eda&m"
ormywfudk 0ifpm;onf jzpfthH tvm;wlyif jyKusifh&\/ xl;jcm;onfrSm &[Emt&Sifjrwf\ oEmef
Bu,
d maZmrsm;om jzpfEikd Mf u\/ xdak Mumifh &[Emt&Sijf rwf\ oEmef ae0onmemonm,weBu,
d m
aZm\ tjcm;rJh t&[wzdkvfaZm us\[k rSwfyg/
tcsed u
f mv uGmjcm;rI ----- tem*grf odkYr[kwf &[Emt&SifjrwfwdkYonf ckepf&uf ydkif;jcm;
eda&m"ormywfukd 0ifpm;onf jzpft?hH eda&m"ormywfoYkd rqdu
k rf D jzpfay:oGm;aom ae0onmemonm
,weaZmESifh eda&m"ormywfrS xaomtcg tpOD;pGm jzpfaom tem*grdzdkvfaZm odkYr[kwf t&[w
zdv
k af Zmwdo
Yk nf ckepf&ufywfv;kH tcsed u
f mv a0;uGmrI&adS e\/ eda&m"ormywftwGi;f pdwaf pwoduf
pdwZkyfwdkYonf vHk;0 csKyfNidrf;aeMu\/ urZkyf OwkZkyf tm[m&ZkyfwdkYom qufvufjzpfaeMu\/
xdo
k Ykd ae0onmemonm,weaZmESihf t&d,zdv
k af Zmwd\
Yk ckepf&ufveG jf cif; &Sad omfvnf; Zmwf
rwlaom kyfw&m;jzifh (= urZkyf OwkZkyf tm[m&Zkyfjzifh) tjcm;tqD;&Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifh xdk
Zmwfrwlaom kyw
f &m;jzifh jcm;qD;xm;aomfvnf; jcm;qD;onf rrnf&um; ae0onmemonm,we
psmefudk 0ifpm;NyD;aemuf eda&m"ormywfodkY qdkufa&muf wpfzef eda&m"ormywfrS xaomtcg
ckepf&ufavmufyif Mumaomfvnf; tem*grfyk*dKvftm; tem*grdzdkvfaZm t&[Eyk*dKvftm; t&[w
zdv
k af Zm us\/ ,if;zdv
k af Zmonf ae0onmemonm,weaZm\ tjcm;rJh jzpfaom zdv
k af Zm rnf\/
xdt
k xufyg zdv
k af ZmtrsK;d rsK;d wdw
Yk iG f r*0x
D d jzpfaom zdv
k af Zmudk xm; <uif;aom tvH;k pHak om
t&d,zdkvfonf zvormywf\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfaom t&d,zdkvf rnf\/ r*0Dxdaomfvnf;aumif;
zvormywd0Dxdaomfvnf;aumif; jzpfonf\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfay:vmaom udavom tyl"mwf\
tcsif;cyfodrf; Nidrf;at;avNyD;aom rao&m tNrdKufedAmefvQif tmkH&Sdaom rwifhw,fp&m udavom
tnpftaMu; r&Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifh wifhw,fvSaom wPSm[laom avmumrdoudk axG;tefNyD;aom tNidrf;BuD;Nidrf; tat;BuD;at;onfh oEdokctppf tjzpfBuD;jzpfaom rGefjrwfaom t&d,r*f\
tusKd;jzpfaom t&d,zdkvfonf rao&m tNrdKufaq;jzifh a&mpyfxm;tyfaom ysm;uJhodkY rSefuefaom
oabmwnf;[laom tqDMoZm"mwfEiS hf jynfph akH om pifMu,fvaS om om,mtyfaom r[*Kwu
f o
k v
kd f
avmukw& mukov
kd w
f x
Ykd uf tvGev
f Qif om,mtyf csKNd red af umif;jrwfaom t&om&Sad om r*fcsr;f om
xufvnf; zdkvfcsrf;omonf omvGef Nidrfoufat;jronf\ tjzpfaMumifh trGefjrwfqHk; jzpfaom
tMuif tomqH;k tjrwfq;kH aom tEkw& okcjzifh tcsi;f cyford ;f ajcmufaoGUonf\ tjzpfrS uif;ojzifh
pGwfpdkvsuf &Sd\/
t&d,mocif t&Siaf umif; t&Sijf rwfwo
Ykd nfom oH;k aqmifcpH m;xdu
k o
f jzifh t&d,mocif t&Si-f
jrwfwdkY\om Opmjzpfaom xdkomrnzdkvf\ &o"mwf&nf tqDtESpfjzpf jzpfaom rdrdxuf tvGef
tuJr&Sd taumif;qH;k tomqH;k tjrwfq;kH t&omjzpfaom xdo
k aYkd om zdv
k cf sr;f omudk ynm&Sd a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf 0dyembm0emudk yGm; BuKd ;yrf;cJah omf &&SEd ikd af y\/ xdaYk Mumifh t&d,zdv
k \
f twk
r&Sd taumif;qH;k tomqH;k tjrwfq;kH t&omudk oH;k aqmifcpH m;&jcif;onf omoemawmf 0dyem
bm0em\ tusKd;tmedoif[l ac:qdktyfygayownf;/ (0dok'd-2-343-344/)
534
0dyem oHk;rsKd;
0dyem yaeom wd0d"m a[mwd ocFg&y&d*PSeu0dyem zvormywd0dyem eda&m"ormywd 0dyemwd/ ww ocFg&y&d*PSeu0dyem rEm 0g a[mwk wdum 0g? r* y'|meH
a[mwda,0/ zvormywd0dyem wdum0 0wd r*bm0emo'dom/ eda&m"ormywd 0dyem
ye emwdrEemwdwdum 0wd/ (0dok'd-2-347-348/)
0dyemonf ----1/ ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;wwfaom 0dyem
2/ zvormywfudk aqmifwwfaom 0dyem
3/ eda&m"ormywfudk aqmifwwfaom 0dyem[k ----odkYvQif oHk;rsKd; &Sdayonf/
1/ xdkoHk;rsKd;wdkYwGif ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;wwfaom ocFg&y&d*PSeu0dyemonf EkHYonf
rlvnf; jzpfcsijf zpfygap xufonfrv
l nf; jzpfcsijf zpfygap t&d,r*f\ eD;pGmaom taMumif;w&m;onf
jzpfonfomvQifwnf;/ (0dok'd-2-347/)
tu,f 0dyemonf EkHYonfjzpfrl aES;aom tbdnmOf&Sdaom 'Embdnr*fudk NyD;pD;apEdkif\/
tu,f 0dyemonf xufonfjzpfrl vsifjrefaom tbdnmOf&Sdaom cdygbdnr*fudk NyD;pD;apEkdif\/
um; 0dyem\ Eko
YH nf\tjzpf xufonf\tjzpf xl;jcm;rIwnf;/ pifppfrmS rl 0dyemvuPmodYk
a&muf&Sdaeaom 0dyemrSefu t&d,r*f\ taMumif;w&m;onf jzpfonfomvQifwnf;[k rSwfyg/
(r[m#D-2-526/)
2/ zvormywfukd aqmifwwfaom zvormyw0d yd emum; xufjrufaom wdu0 yd emonf
omvQif jzpfoifhayonf/ xdk0dyemonf ocFg&w&m;vQif tmkH&Sdonf rSefaomfvnf; tvHk;pHkaom
ocFg&w&m;wdrYk S qkwef pfjyefvnfaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifo
h mvQif jzpfjcif;aMumifv
h nf;aumif; t&d,
r*fuJhodkY ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ uif;qdwf&m 0docFg& edAmeftmkH jzpfaom t&d,zdkvf\ taMumif;w&m;
jzpfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; jzpfayonf/ t&d,r*fudk yGm;apjcif; r*bm0emESifh wlnDayonf/
(0dok'd-2-348/ r[m#D-2-526-527/)
3/ eda&m"ormywd0dyemum; rEkHYvGef; rxufvGef;rlum; oifhonfom jzpfayonf/
(0dok'd-2-348/)
tvGefEkHYaom 0dyemonf orx vGefuJonfjzpf ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk csKyfapjcif; rpGrf;Edkifonfjzpf&um; orxvQif tNy;D tqH;k &So
d nf jzpfwwf\/ tvGex
f ufjrufaom 0dyemonfum; Pf
vGefuJonfjzpf tvGeftuJESifhwuG ocFg&w&m;wdkY tjypfudk jrifjcif;aMumifh zvormywfvQif
tNyD;tqHk; &Sdonf jzpfwwf\/ xdkYaMumifh ]]eda&m"ormywd0dyemum; rEkHYvGef; rxufvGef;rlum;
oifhonfom jzpfayonf}}[k t|uxmu zGifhqdkjcif; jzpfonf/ (r[m#D-2-527/)
txufyg t|uxm\ owfrSwfcsuft& zvormywfudk 0ifpm;vdkaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf
onf 0dyemPfudk xufjrufpl;&Sonfh wdu0dyemPfjzpfatmif txl;yif BudK;yrf;&rnf jzpfayonf/
535
tu,f zvormywftvdiYk mS &nf&,

G cf surf &Sb
d J txufr*f txufzv
kd t
f vdiYk mS rukeaf o;aom
udavomrsm;udk uke&f ef tvdiYk mS [laom &nf&,
G rf eS ;f xm;csuf OD;wnfcsujf zifh 0dyemudk jzpfapcJrh u
l m;
a&S;wGif a&;om;wifjycJo
h nft
h wdik ;f xd0k yd emonf txufr*f txufzv
dk u
f kd &jcif;\ tm;Bu;D aom
rSD&m Oyed, taMumif;w&m;om jzpfrnf jzpfayownf;/ wGifa&GUum; ----oAH bdua0 tebdZmeH ty&dZmeH t0d&mZ,H tyZ[H tbaAm 'kuu,m,/ y / oAH p acg
bdua0 tbdZmeH y&dZmeH 0d&mZ,H yZ[H baAm 'kuu,m,/ (oH-2-249-250/)
&[ef;wdkY ...tvHk;pHkaom Oyg'geuEmig;yg; kyfw&m; emrfw&m;udk wy&dnm ynmjzifh xdk;xGi;f rodygbJ wD&Py&dnm ynmjzifh ydik ;f jcm; rodygbJ xdt
k vH;k pHak om Oyg'geuEm ig;yg; kyw
f &m;
emrfw&m;wdkY\ tay: wG,fwm rufarmvsuf&Sdaom wPSmudk y[mey&dnm ynmjzifh uif;jywf
kyfodrf; csKyfNidrf;atmif rusifhEdkifygbJ ry,fpGefYEdkifygbJ 'kuukefjcif;iSm rxdkuf/ y /
&[ef;wdkY ...pifppfrSmrl tvHk;pHkaom Oyg'geuEmig;yg; kyfw&m; emrfw&m;udk wy&dnm
ynmjzifh xdk;xGif; odonf&Sdaomf wD&Py&dnm ynmjzifh ydkif;jcm; odonf&Sdaomf xdktvHk;pHkaom
Oyg'geuEmig;yg; kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkYtay: wG,fwm rufarmvsuf&Sdaom wPSmudk y[mey&dnm ynmjzifh uif;jywfyk o
f rd ;f csKyNf ird ;f atmif usiEhf ikd cf ahJ omf y,fpeG EYf ikd cf ahJ omf 'kuu
ek jf cif;iSm xdu
k \
f /
odkY paom bk&m;&Sif\ rkcygXfawmfrsm;udk OD;xdyf&Guf yefqifvsuf oHo&m0#fqif;&J 'ku
t00wdkY\ ukefqHk;&m jzpfaom edAmefudk rsufarSmufjyKEdkif&ef tvdkYiSm edAme*grdedy#dy'g = edAmef
a&mufaMumif; usifhpOf trnf&aom tvHk;pHkaom Oyg'geuEmig;yg; kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkYudk y&dnm
ynm oHk;yg;wdkYjzifh ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm; odatmif usifhyHk usifhpOf tvHk;pHkonf NyD;qHk;NyD jzpfayonf/

&[ef;wdkY ...rnfonfhyk*dKvfrqdk owdy|mefav;yg;wdkYudk ckepfESpfwdkYywfvHk; igbk&m;&Sif
a[mjyxm;aom enf;twdik ;f yGm;rsm;tm;xkwjf im;tH?h xdo
k Ykd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwaf om yk*Kd vt
f m; rsuaf rSmuf
b0yif t&[wzdkvfudk jzpfap Oyg'gef t<uif;&Sdao;vQif tem*grdzdkvfudk jzpfap - zdkvfESpfyg;
wdkYwGif wpfyg;yg;aom zdkvfudk trSef&ayrnf[k tvdk&dStyfay\/
&[ef;wdYk ...ckepfEpS u
f kd xm;bdO;D ? &[ef;wdYk ...rnfonfyh *k Kd vrf qdk owdy|mefav;yg;wdu
Yk kd
ajcmufESpfwdkYywfvHk; igbk&m;&Sif a[mjyxm;aom enf;twdkif; yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfjim;tHh/ y / ig;ESpfwdkY
ywfvHk;/ av;ESpfwdkYywfvHk;/ oHk;ESpfwdkYywfvHk;/ ESpfESpfwdkYywfvHk;/ wpfESpfywfvHk;/
&[ef;wdYk ...wpfEpS u
f kd xm;bdO;D ? &[ef;wdYk ...rnfonfyh *k Kd vrf qdk owdy|mefav;yg;wdu
Yk kd
ckepfvwdkYywfvHk; igbk&m;&Sif a[mjyxm;aom enf;twdkif; yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfjim;tHh? xdkodkY yGm;rsm;
tm;xkwfaom yk*dKvftm; rsufarSmufb0yifvQif t&[wzdkvfudk jzpfap Oyg'gef t<uif;&dSao;vQif
tem*grdzdkvfudk jzpfap - zdkvfESpfyg;wdkYwGif wpfyg;yg;aom zdkvfudk trSef&ayrnf[k tvdk&dStyfay\/
&[ef;wdYk ...ckepfvudk xm;bdO;D ? &[ef;wdYk ...rnfonfh yk*Kd vrf qdk owdy|mefav;yg;wdu
Yk kd
ajcmufvwdkYywfvHk; igbk&m;&Sif a[mjyxm;aom enf;twdkif; yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfjim;tHh/ y / ig;vwdkY
536
ywfvHk;/ av;vwdkYywfvHk;/ oHk;vwdkYywfvHk;/ ESpfvwdkYywffvHk;/ wpfvywfvHk;/ vcGJywfvHk;/

&[ef;wdkY ...vcGJudk xm;bdOD;? &[ef;wdkY ...rnfonfhyk*dKvfrqdk owdy|mefav;yg;wdkYudk
ckepf&ufywfvHk; igbk&m;&Sif a[mjyxm;aom enf;twdkif; yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfjim;tHh/ xdkodkY yGm;rsm;
tm;xkwaf om yk*Kd vt
f m; rsuaf rSmufb0yif t&[wzv
kd u
f kd jzpfap Oyg'gef t<uif;&daS o;vQif tem*grdzdkvfudk jzpfap - zdkvfESpfyg;wdkYwGif wpfyg;yg;aom zdkvfudk trSef&ayrnf[k tvdk&dStyf\/
(r-1-90/)
oArd apwH rZsdra0 ae,syk*v 0aoe 0kwH/ wduynH ye oEm, ]]ygawm tEkoda|m
om,H 0daooH t"d*rdwd? om,H tEkoda|m ygawm 0daooH t"d*rdwD}}wd 0kwH/
(r-|-1-305/)
ckepfEpS u
f kd tvGeq
f ;kH xm; ckepf&ufukd tapmqH;k xm; owfrw
S af zmfjyxm;tyfaom txufyg
bk&m;&Sif\ pum;awmftm;vHk;onf Pftv,ftvwfpm; &dSaom uRwfxdkufaom ae,syk*dKvf\
tpGrf;jzifhomvQif rdefYqdkawmfrljcif; jzpfonf/ Pfynm xufjrufaom wduyn0g yk*dKvfudkum; --]]eHeuf qHk;raomf ncsrf;tcg r*fzdkvfw&m;xl;udk &&dS a&muf&dSvwHU? ncsrf;tcg qHk;rcJhaomf
eHeuftcg r*fzdkvfw&m;xl;udk &&dS a&muf&dSvwHU?}}[k (r-2-300/) aAm"d&mZukrm&okwef bk&m;&Sif
udk,fawmfwdkif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJh\/ (r-|-1-305/)
]] &[ef;wdYk ...c&D;vrf;onf ow0gwd\
Yk pdw"f mwf pifMu,f&ef pd;k &dryf yl efjcif; idak <u;jcif;wdu
Yk kd
ausmfvTm;vGefajrmuf&ef t&d,r*fudk &&dS&ef edAmefudk rsufarSmufjyK&ef wpfaMumif;wnf;aom c&D;vrf;
jzpf\/ ,if;onfh c&D;vrf;um; owdy|mefav;yg;wdyYk ifwnf;}}[k odaYk om tMuifowdy|mefw&m;
aMunmcsuu
f kd igbk&m;onf rdeq
Yf akd wmfrcl \
hJ ? aMunmcsuu
f kd tem*grdzv
kd f t&[wzv
kd [
f al om
tusK;d ESpyf g;wdw
Yk iG f wpfyg;yg;udk trSe&f &dES ikd jf cif;udk &nf&,
G af wmfr
l igbk&m; rdeq
Yf akd wmfrjl cif;yif jzpf\/
(r-1-90-91/)
tmemygewd\ tusKd;*kPftiftmedoif
&[ef;wdkY ...tmemygewdudk yGm;rsm;avhvmonf&dSaomf owdy|mef av;yg;wdkYudk jynfhap
ukef\? owdy|mef av;yg;wdkYudk yGm;rsm;avhvmukefonf&dSaomf aAmZsif ckepfyg;wdkYudk jynfhapukef\?
aAmZsif ckepfyg;wdkYudk yGm;rsm;avhvmukefonf&dSaomf t&[wr*f t&[wzdkvfudk jynfhapukef\/
(r-3-124/)
&m[kvm ...odYk (16)rsK;d aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh a[mawmfrcl ahJ omenf;jzifh yGm;aptyfaom
odkY (16)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh a[mawmfrltyfchJaomenf;jzifh Budrfzefrsm;pGm tavhtvm
jyKtyfaom tmemygewdjzifh tqHk; jzpfukefaom tMuif tmoymowdkYonf &dSukef\? xdk
tmoymowdo
Yk nfvnf; xifxif&mS ;&Sm; odtyfuek o
f nfjzpfomvQif csKyu
f ek \
f ? xifxif&mS ;&Sm;
rodtyfukefonfjzpffum; rcsKyfMuavukef/ (r-2-89/)
xdkp&dru = tqHk;pGef jzpfukefaom tmo ymo[l&m tmo ymocsKyfonf\
tpGrf;jzifh p&dru oHk;rsKd; &dS\/
1/ b0p&dru = b0\tpGrf;jzifh tqHk;pGef jzpfukefaom tmoymo
537
2/ psmep&dru = psmef\tpGrf;jzifh tqHk;pGef jzpfukefaom tmoymo

3/ pkwdp&dru = pkwdcP\ tpGrf;jzifh tqHk;pGef jzpfukefaom tmoymo --odkYvQif p&dru oHk;rsKd; &dS\/ b0wdkYwGif umrb0om tmoymowdkYonf jzpfukef\?
lyb0 tlyb0wdkY rjzpfukef? xdkaMumifh xdktmoymowdkYonf b0p&dru rnfukef\/ psmef
wdkYwGif yxrpsmef 'kwd,psmef wwd,psmef[laom a&S;psmefoHk;yg;taygif;om tmoymowdkYonf jzpfuek \
f ? pwkwp smef rjzpfuek ?f xdak Mumifh xdt
k moymowdo
Yk nf psmep&dru rnfuek \
f ?
pkwdpdwfrS jyef a&wGufaomf (16)csufajrmufaom wpfenf; (17)csufajrmufaom pdwfESifh twlwuG
tMuif tmoymowdkYonf jzpfMuukef\ pkwdpdwfESifh twlwuG csKyfukef\? pkwdpdwfESifh twl
wuG csKyu
f ek af om tmoymowdo
Yk nf pkwpd &dru rnfuek \
f / pkwpd &dru tmoymo
wdkYudk tmemygewdbm0em\ tusKd;tmedoifudk jyqdk&m p&dru[l tvdk&dStyfukef\/
tmemygewdur|mef;ukd tzefwvJvJ vkv
YH oJvsuf BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwv
f su&f aSd om a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmf\ oEmef tmemygetmkHudk aumif;pGm Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,lEdkifonf\ tjzpfaMumifh
pkwdpdwf\ a&S; (16)csufajrmufaom odkYr[kwf (17)csufajrmufaom pdwf\ jzpfqJ Oyg'fcP ,if;
tmoymowdkY\ jzpfjcif; Oyg'fudk qifjcifvdkufonf&dSaomf ,if;tmoymowdkY\ jzpfjcif;
Oyg'fonfvnf; xif&Sm;ae\? wnfrI XDumvudk qifjcifvdkufonf&dSaomf ,if;tmoymowdkY\
wnfrI XDumvonfvnf; xif&Sm;vsufyif &dS\? ysufrI bifudk qifjcifvdkufonf&dSaomf ,if;tmo
ymowdkY\ ysufrI bifonfvnf; xif&Sm;vsufyif &dS\/
rSefayonf -- tmemygeur|mef;rS tjcm;wpfyg;aom ur|mef;udk yGm;rsm; t&[wzdkvfodkY
a&muf&dSaom &[ef;awmfonf touf&Sifaom cP\ tydkif;tjcm; oufwrf; tcsdefumvudk ydkif;jcm;
Edik o
f nfvnf; &S\
d ? rydik ;f jcm;Edik o
f nfvnf; &d\
S / (16)rsK;d aom wnf&m0wK&aSd om tmemygewdukd
(16)rsK;d aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh pHv
k ifatmif yGm;rsm;tm;xkwNf y;D t&[wzv
kd o
f Ykd qdu
k af &mufNy;D aom
&[Emt&SifjrwftzdkYum; touf&Sifaom cP\ tydkif;tjcm; oufwrf; tcsdefumvudk ykdif;jcm;EdkifonfomvQijf zpf\/ xd&k [ef;awmfonf ]],cktcg rQavmufaom umvywfv;kH ig\ tm,kocFg&
wdkYonf jzpfukefvwHU? rQavmufaom umvxuf tvGef rjzpfukefvwHU}}[k odkY od&dS rdrd\
"rwmoabmtwdik ;f omvQif rdr\
d tvdq
k Etwdik ;f omvQif ud,
k v
f ufow
k o
f ifjcif; oif;ydik 0f wfjcif;
ud,
k 0f wfjHk cif; tp&du
S ek af om udpt
m;vH;k wdu
Yk kd jyKvyk Nf y;D aemuf rsuv
f ;kH awmfwu
Ykd kd rdw
S af v\/ aum#yAwawmifausmif;wdkuf oDwif;oHk;awmfrlaom wdrax&f oif;0ifyifBuD;&dSaom r[mu&d,
ausmif;wdkuf oDwif;oHk;awmfrlaom r[mwdrax&f a'0ykwwdkif; oDwif;okH;awmfrlaom yd@ygwduwdrax&f pdwvawmifausmif;wdkuf oDwif;oHk;awmfrlaom nDawmf aemifawmf rax&f
ESpfyg; --- rax&fjrwfBuD;wdkYum; pHxm;xdkufukefaom tmemygeur|medu rax&fjrwfBuD;wdkYwnf;/
0wKwpfck ----- ESpfOD;aom nDaemif rax&fwdkYwGif wpfOD;aom rax&fonf wpfckaom vjynfh
OykofaeY ygwdarmufudk jyqdkNyD;qHk;apNyD; &[ef;awmftaygif;jcH&Hvsuf rdrdae&mt&yfodkY <uawmfrl
pBu &yfwnfawmfrlvsuf ----- vqef;yu nOfhOD;,mrf tcsdef 0ef;usifywfcsm t&yfq,frsufESmrS
oGef;avmif;tyfaom EdkY&nft,Of&dSouJhodkYaom aumif;uiftjyifudkvnf;aumif; aiGjym;ESifhwlaom
oJjzifh jzefcY if;xm;tyfaom ajrt&yfuv
kd nf;aumif; awGUjrif& ]]tcsed t
f cgumvonfvnf;aumif;
538
t&yfa'oonfvnf;aumif; arGUavsmfzG,f &dSpGwum;? ig\ pifMu,faom tvdktZsmo,"mwfESifh

wlnDaeay\? cE'ku 0efxkyf0efydk;BuD;udk tb,frQMumatmif xrf;aqmifxm;&OD;rnfenf;}}[k
odkYvQif va&mifudk wpdef;pdef;Munfhvsuf rdrd\ tm,kocFg&wdkYudk pl;prf;ajrmfwif; MunfhIvwfavaomf tm,kocFg&wdkYum; ukefavNyD[k pl;prf;qifjcif odjrifNyD; &[ef;oHCmudk odkY rdefYqdkawmfrl\/
]]igh&iS w
f Ykd ...oifwo
Ykd nf tb,foaYkd om &d,mykxjf zifh y&deAd m efjyKuek af om &[ef;wdu
Yk dk jrifz;l
ygukefoenf;}} -- odkY ar;awmfrlvdkuf\/
xdk&[ef;taygif;wdkYwGif tcsKdUaom &[ef;wdkYu ]]t&Sifbk&m; ...wynfhawmfwdkYonf ae&m
xdkifukefvsufyifvQif y&dedAmefjyKukefaom rax&fwdkYudk zl;ajrmfzl;ygukef\}}[k avQmufxm;Mu\/
tcsKdUaom &[ef;wdkYu ]]aumif;uif xuf0,fzJGUacGum xdkifukefvsuf y&dedAmefjyKukefaom
rax&fjrwfBuD;wdkYudk zl;jrifvdkufzl;ygukef\}}[k avQmufxm;Muukef\/ xdktcg rax&fjrwfBuD;u odkY
trdefY&dSawmfrl\/
]]igh&SifwdkY ...igonf ,cktcg oifwdkYudk pBucwfvsufomvQif = pBuavQmufaewkef;rSmyif
y&dedAmefjyKonfudk jyaytHh}} ----odYk rdeMYf um;awmfrv
l u
kd \
f / xdak emif rax&fjrwfBu;D onf pBuw
pfae&m zDvmuefv
Y efY ta&;
taMumif;wpfckudk om;awmfrlvdkuf\ = rsOf;om;vdkuf\/ xdkodkY rsOf;om;NyD;aemuf ----]]igh&SifwdkY ...igonf rSmbuf pBupGef;rS xdkrSmbuf pBupGef;odkYoGm; wpfzef jyefvSnfhvmcJhaomf rsOf;om;xm;aom ta&;taMumif;odkY a&muf&dSaomtcgyifvQif y&dedAmef jyKawmfrlaytHh}} odaYk jymqd
k pBuo
Ykd ouf xdrk mS buf pBuo
Ykd avQmufomG ; wpfzefjyefvn
S v
hf mcJo
h nf&aSd omf
wpfbufaom ajcjzifh rsOf;om;xm;aom ta&;taMumif;udk eif;rdaom cPomvQif y&dedAmef
pHawmfrlav\/
xdkodkY (16)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh jynfhjynfhpHkpHk yGm;rsm;xm;tyfaom tmemygewd\
y&dedAmefpHonfhwdkifatmif BuD;us,fzGHUNzdK; rsm;jrwfaom tusKd;&dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ynm&dS olawmfaumif;onf pifppf{uef trSeftm;jzifh (edAme*grdedy#dy'g trnf&aom usrf; ygVdawmf t|uxm #Dum t&yf&yfwdkYudk tpOfrDS;vsuf a&;om;zGifhqdktyfcJhonfhtwdkif;) wpfyg;ru rsm;jym;aom
tusKd;tmedoif &dSaom tmemygewdudk aeYa&mnOfhyg b,fcgrvyf tcgcyfodrf; orx0dyem
bm0emtrI rarhravsmhjcif; tyrm'w&m; vufudkifxm;vsuf tzefzef txyfxyf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfav&mownf;/ (0dok'd-1-283-284/ r[m#D-1-346/)
0dyemydkif; NyD;\/
omoemawmfou&mZf -2538 - ck?
aumZmou&mZf - 1356 - ck - ewfawmfvjynfhaeY?
c&pfou&mZf - 1994 - ck - 'DZifbm - 17 - &ufaeY?
eHeuf (10)em&D rdepf (40)wGif NyD;onf/
539
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
pdwvawmifausmif;
zm;atmufawm&
orxur|mef;ydkif;
& nfTef;csuf tmoDo
edAm e*grdeyd #dy'g trnf&aom usrf; tmemygewdorm"dudk 0dyem\ tajcyg'u
jyK 0dyemIymG ;yHu
k kd t&[wzv
kd af yguf a&;om;wifjycJ\
h / odt
Yk wGuf orm"dukd xlaxmifykH orx
ur|mef;ydik ;f wGif tmemygeur|mef; wpfrsK;d udo
k mvQif a&;om;wifjy&ao;\/ <uif;useaf om ur|mef;
wdu
Yk kd ra&;om; rwifjy&ao;ay/ xdaYk Mumifh orxur|mef;ydik ;f wGif orxur|mef;tcsKUd udk a&;om;
wifjyxm;aytHh/ xdkodkY a&;om;wifjy&m ,ckuJhodkY tmemygewdorm"dudk tajccH 0dyemodkY
ul;NyD;aemuf 0dyemydkif;wGif tawmftoifh auseyfrIudk &&Sdaomtcg tjcm;tjcm;aom orxur|mef;rsm;udyk g qufvuf tm;xkwv
f akd o;ol a,m*Doal wmfaumif;rsm;twGuf txl;ojzifh &nf&,
G
f
orxur|mef;ydkif;udk a&;om;wifjyjcif; jzpfayonf/ odkYaomf tmemygeur|mef;jzifh pwkwpsmef
orm"doYkd qdu
k af tmifjzpfap "mwfur|mef;tusO;f enf;jzifh Oypm&orm"doYkd qdu
k af tmifjzpfap yGm;rsm;
tm;xkwfNyD;aom olawmfaumif;wdkYonfvnf; 0dyemodkY rul;ao;rD orxur|mef;rsm;udk
tm;xkwfvdku tm;xkwfEdkifonfom jzpfayonf/ uJhodkYaom yk*dKvfrsm;twGufom &nf&G,f
tydkif;udk a&;om;wifjyxm;ayonf/ orm"d wpfckckudk atmifatmifjrifjrif tm;rxkwf&ao;aom
yk*Kd vjf zpfrl odrYk [kwf 0dyemydik ;f wGiv
f nf; tm;&auseyfrI r&ao;aom yk*Kd vjf zpfrl xdx
k u
kd r|mef;udk
pwiftm;opfvdkygu 0dok'dr*t|uxmwGif TefMum;xm;onfhtwdkif;om tm;xkwfav&monf/
ur|mef; trsKd;tpm;
ur|mef;onf orxur|mef; 0dyemur|mef;tm;jzifh ESpfrsKd; &Sd\/
(r[med-|-357/ 0dok'd-1-235/ r[m#D-1-327/ oH-#D-2-97/)
ur|mef; (40)
orxur|mef;udk usr;f *efrsm; trsK;d tpm; (40) azmfjyxm;ayonf/ ygVdawmf wdu
k f u
dk v
f maom
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
uodkPf; (8)yg;
tokb (10)yg;
tEkwd (10)yg;
jA[0d[m& (4)yg;
tly (4)yg;
{umonm = tm[ma& y#dulvonm (1)yg;
{um00wme = pwk"mwk00wmef (1)yg;
tm;vHk;aygif;aomf orxur|mef; (38)yg; ------
ygVdawmf wdkufkdufvmaom (38)yg;wdkY t|uxm vmaom tmavmu uodkPf;ESifh

tmumo uodkPf;udk oGif; ur|mef; (40) jzpfonf/ ('D-#D-1-17/ oH-#D-1-18/ tH-#D-1-21/)
540
orxur|mef;ydkif; -- tusKd;*kPftif tmedoif
uodkPf; (10)yg;&Sd&m tmavmu uodkPf;udk Mo'gw uodkPf; oGif; tmumo uodkPf;udk

teEmumo uodP
k ;f oGi;f "ro*FPyD gVdawmf (tbd-1-55/) uodP
k ;f (8)yg; a[mawmfro
l nf/
rZsdryPmoygVdawmf r[moukvk'g,Dokwef (r-2-207/) uodkPf; (10)yg; wpfenf; a[mawmf
rlonf/
oAwu - yg&d[m&d,
xdk orxur|mef; (40)udk oAwu ur|mef; = oAwdu ur|mef; yg&d[m&d, ur|mef;[l
ESpfrsKd; cJGjcm;vsuf ac:a0:oHk;pGJonf/
oAwuur|mef;
ww oAwuur|meH emr bduKoHCm'Dok arwm r&Pwd p/ tokbonmwdyd {au/
(0dok'd-1-94/)
oAwuur|meEd (oAwduur|meEd ) Ak'gEkwd arwm r&Pwd tokbbm0em p/
('D-#D-2-296/ r-#D-1-345/ rlv#D-2-149/)
txufyg 0do'k rd *t|uxmt& oAwuur|mef;onf arwmur|mef; r&PmEkwd
ur|mef;[l ESprf sK;d &S\
d / {au[laom tcsKUd aom q&mjrwfw\
Ykd tvdt
k m;jzifh arwmur|mef; r&PmEkwdur|mef; tokbonm = tokbbm0em = tokbur|mef;[l oHk;rsKd;&Sd\/ txufwGif
wifjyxm;aom #DumwdkYt& oAwu
ur|mef;onf Ak'g Ekwdur|mef; arwmur|mef; r&Pwd
= r&PmEkwdur|mef; tokbbm0em = tokbur|mef;[l av;rsKd; &Sd\/
1/ Ak'g Ekwdur|mef; ------- Ak'gEkwdur|mef;udk tzefzef txyfxyf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfaom
a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f jl rwfonf bk&m;&Sit
f ay: kad ojcif; wky0f yfusK;d EGjH cif; &S\
d / o'ga0ykv = t&d,m
olawmfaumif;wdkY\ bk&m;&Siftay: rwkefrvIyf ouf0if,HkMunfjcif; ta0pyom'ESifh wlpGm o'g
w&m; jyefYajymaygrsm;onf\ tjzpfudkvnf;aumif; ynma0ykv = ynmw&m; jyefYajymaygrsm;onf\
tjzpfuv
kd nf;aumif; ykna0ykv = ukov
kd w
f &m; jyefaY jymaygrsm;onf\tjzpfuv
kd nf;aumif; &&SEd ikd \
f /
ESpfouf0rf;ajrmufjcif; yDwdygarmZw&m; rsm;jym;jyefYajymEdkif\/ ab;i,f ab;BuD; toG,foG,fudk
ESyd ef if;Edik \
f / bk&m;&Si\
f *kPaf wmfukd tzefzef atmufarhymG ;rsm;jcif;jzifh um,du'ku\
yde;f Mumzuf
usaom a&uJhodkY avQmajz um,du'kuudk onf;cHjcif;iSm pGrf;Edkif\/ bk&m;&SifESifh twlwuG aexdkif
&onfh trSwfonmudk &Edkif\/ bk&m;&Sif\ *kPfawmf aus;Zl;awmfudk tzefzef tvDvD atmufarh
qifjcifaom owd\ pGaJ eude;f atmif;&mvnf; jzpfaom xdAk 'k g Ekwdur|medu a,m*Dojl rwf\ cEm
tdro
f nfvnf; apwd,C& = apwDtrd u
f o
hJ Ykd ylaZmfxu
kd \
f ? tylaZmfcx
H u
kd \
f / Ak'b
rl o
d Ykd pdw"f mwfonf
Gwfudkif;Idif;\/ oDvudk ysufpD;apEdkifaom vGefusL;tyfaom 0wKESifh awGUMuHKvwfaomf xdka,m*D
olawmfaumif;\ rsuaf rSmuf bk&m;&Siu
f kd zl;jrif&ouJo
h Ykd raumif;rI tukov
kd w
f &m; 'kpku
d w
f &m;wdrYk S
&Sufjcif; [d&dw&m; raumif;rI tukodkvfw&m; 'kpkdufw&m;wdkYrS aMumufjcif; Mowyw&m;onfvnf;
a&S;Iwnfvm\/ txufjzpfaom r*fzdkvfudk xGif;azmuf rodrjrifEdkifcJhaomf ok*wdbHkb0vQif vnf;541
avsmif;&m &Sd\/ (0dok'd-1-206/)

2/ arwmur|mef; ------- arwmur|mef;w&m;udk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfvdkaom yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfaeaom
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfoljrwfonf a&S;OD;pGm ykdif;jcm; Oypm&odrf = ausmif;wdkuftwGif; wnf&Sdaom
bduK oC
H m ]]ausmif;wdu
k f cyford ;f ukeaf om &[ef;awmfwo
Ykd nf csr;f omMuygap pdwq
f if;&J uif;Muygap}} odkYponfjzifh arwmbm0emudk yGm;rsm;tyf\/ xdkaemif Oypm&odrf ausmif;wdkuftwGif;
wnf&adS eMuukeaf om ewfwYkd xdak emif qGr;f cH&mG tpd;k &aom tkycf sKyo
f l rif; xdak emif qGr;f cH&mG ae
vlom;tm;vHk;wdkYudk tpjyK cyfodrf;ukefaom ow0gwdkY arwmudk yGm;rsm;tyf\/
xdkur|medu a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf ausmif;wdkuftwGif; wnf&Sdaom bduKoHCm yGm;aptyfaom arwmjzifh oDwif;oHk;azmf oHCmawmfwdkY\ rdrdtay: El;nHhaom pdwf&Sdonf\ tjzpfudk
jzpfapEdik \
f ? xdo
k Ykd jzpfaponf&adS omf xdu
k r|medua,m*g0p&yk*Kd vt
f m; xdo
k w
D if;oH;k azmf &[ef;awmf
wdo
Yk nf tcsi;f csi;f pdwEf v
S ;kH csr;f ajrUaom qufqjH cif; &Sv
d mEdik u
f ek \
f / wpfzef Oypm&odrf ausmif;wdu
k f
twGif; wnf&Sdaeukefaom ewfwdkY yGm;aptyfaom arwmjzifh rdrdtay: El;nHhatmif jyKtyfaom
pdw&f u
dS ek af om ewfwo
Ykd nf w&m;ESiahf vsmaf om apmifah &Smufjcif;jzifh aumif;pGm pD&iftyfaom tapmifh
ta&Smuf &SdvmEdkif\/ qGrf;cH&Gm tpdk;&aom tkyfcsKyfol rif;tay: yGm;aptyfaom arwmjzifh rdrd
tay: El;nHhatmifjyKtyfaom pdwfaepdwfxm;&SdMuukefaom tpdk;&ol tkyfcsKyfolrif;wdkYonf w&m;ESifhavsmfaom apmifha&SmufrIjzifh aumif;pGm apmifha&Smuftyfaom y&du&m &SdvmEdkif\/ xkdqGrf;cH&Gm
vlom;wdkYtay: yGm;aptyfaom arwmjzifh rdrdtay: Munfvifaptyf MunfndKaptyfaom pdwf
&Sdukefaom xdk&GmaevlwdkYonf rESdyfpuftyfonfjzpf usifvnfusufpm; oGm;vmaexdkif&\/ tvHk;
pHkaom ow0gwdkYtay: yGm;aptyfaom arwmjzifh cyfodrf;aom t&yfav;rsufESm t&yf&SpfrsufESm
wdkY txdtckduf taESmifht,Suf r&Sdaom usifvnfusufpm; oGm;vmaexdkif&jcif; &SdEdkif\/
(0dok'd-1-94/)
3/ r&Pwd = r&PmEkwd ------- ao&tHh ao&tHh[k tzefwvJvJ atmufarhaom r&Pwdjzifh ]]igonf rcRwf{uef ao&tHh}}[k MuHpnfatmufarhaom olonf ravsmufywfaom ypnf;
&SmrSD;jcif;udk y,fpGefY tqifhqifh r*fPf zdkvfPfodkY wdkifatmif wdk;yGm;aom xdwfvefYjcif; oHa0*
&Sdonfjzpf edAmefodkY a&mufaMumif; vrf;rSefusifhpOf[laom ormy#dywfrS rwGefYqkwfaom pdwf"mwf
&SdEdkif\/ (0dok'd-1-94/)
4/ tokbonm = tokbbm0em ------- tokbonm t0g;0pGm avhvmtyfaom pdwfxm;&Sdaom
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ pdwfudk vljzpfaom tmkHwdkYudk xm;bdOD;? ewfjzpfukefaom tmkHwdkYaomfrSvnf;
avmb\ tpGrf;jzifh xuf0ef;usifrS rqGJaqmifEdkifukef/ (0dok'd-1-94/)
{0H A[lyum&wm oAw tw,dwAH pdwAEd p t"dayw a,m*gEka,m*ur Xmemwd oAwuur|meEd 0kpwd/ (0dok'd-1-94/)
oAw oAod H orPu&PDa,? oAod H0g ur|memEka,ma*/ ykAmao0e0aoe tw,dwAH/ a,m* bm0em, tEk,keH a,m*gEka,ma*g? wa'0 u&PD,a|e urH? w a,m*gEka,m*ur XmeH edywda[wk/ (r[m#D-1-119/)
542
orxur|mef;ydkif; -- tusKd;*kPftif tmedoif
qdkcJhNyD;onfhtwdkif; rsm;jym;aom aus;Zl;*kPf&Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifh tvHk;pHkaom &[ef;udp

[lorQ wpfenf; ------- tvHk;pHkaom orx0dyem bm0emur|mef;udk tm;xkwfjcif; a&S;OD;rqG
tzefzef txyfxyf rSD0JyGm;rsm;onf\ tpGrf;jzifh tvdk&SdtyfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; rdrdwdkY vdkvm;
awmifhwtyfaom orx0dyem bm0emvkyfief;&yfudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfjcif;[laom vkyfief;udp
trI\ NyD;pD;jcif; NyD;ajrmufjcif;\ taMumif;w&m; jzpfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; oAwuur|mef;[l
ac:qdktyfayonf/ (0dok'd-1-94/ r[m#D-1-119/)
pwk&m&u ur|mef; = tapmifhav;yg; ur|mef;

'd0ao 'd0ao oDvmed tm0aZEm pwk&m&uH t[mayEm reodum&A[kvm 0d[&x/
(0d-|-4-73/ 0d-o*F[-222/ om&w-2-116/)
pwk&m&uH t[mayEmwd Ak'gEkwd arwm tokbH r&PwDwd rH pwk&m&uH ty&d[mayEm/ (om&w-3-402/)
aeYwkdif; aeYwdkif; rdrd\ oDvwdkYudk qifjcifvsuf jzLpifatmif aq;aMumokwfoifvsuf Ak'gEkwd arwm tokb r&Pwd[laom pwk&m&u = tapmifhav;yg;ur|mef;udk r,kwfavsmh
apbJ orx 0dyem bm0emtrI ESvHk;oGif;jcif; reodum&rsm;onf jzpf aexdkifav&m\/
(0d-|-4-73/ 0d-o*F[-222/ om&w-2-116/)
txufyg t|uxm #DumwdkY Ak'gEkwd arwm tokb r&Pwd[laom ur|mef;
av;rsKd;udk a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; apmifha&SmufwwfaomaMumifh pwk&m&u = tapmifhav;yg; ur|mef;[l ac:a0:oHk;pGJxm;ayonf/
pwmvDom, ye ur|maeok ,H , p&d,mEkulvH? wH w edpH y&d[&dwAwm Oy&dr
p Oy&dr bm0emur y'|mewm yg&d[m&d,ur|meEd 0kpwd/ (0dok'd-1-94/)
edpH y&d[&dwAwmwd oAwuur|meH 0d, {u'g0 teEk,kdwGm oAumvH y&d[&PD,wm
tEk,kdwAwm/ (r[m#D-1-119/)
ur|mef; (40)wdkYwGif a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfoljrwf\ pkdufESifh avsmfpGm a&G;cs,fpdppf yGm;rsm;
tm;xkwftyfaom ur|mef;wpfckckudk xdkur|medu a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfoljrwfonf oAwu ur|mef;
av;rsK;d uJo
h Ykd wpf&w
H pfcgom tm;xkwo
f nf r[kwb
f J tcgcyford ;f tjrrJ jywf aqmifxm;tyf yGm;rsm;
tm;xkwt
f yfonf\ tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif; txuftxuff jzpfaom bm0emvkyif ef;&yf rSeo
f rQ\
teD;pyfqHk; taMumif;y'|mef\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; yg&d[m&d,ur|mef;[l ac:qdktyf\/
(0dok'd-1-94/ r[m#D-1-119/)
,H ye o'g y&d[&dwAH p&dwmEkulave *[dwwm 'omokbuodPmEkwDok tnw&H
pwk"mwk00wmear0 0g? wH o'g y&d[&dwAawm &udwAawm bma0wAawm p yg&d[m&d,Ed
0kpwd/ rlvur|meEdyd wa'0/ (okwed-|-1-48-49/)
543
pkduftm;avsmfpGm pkdufESifhavsmfpGm q&morm;xHrS oif,lxm;tyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh tcg

cyford ;f aqmifxm;tyfaom tokb (10)yg; uodP
k ;f (10)yg; tEkwd (10)yg;wdw
Yk iG f wpfyg;yg;aom
ur|mef;udv
k nf;aumif; odrYk [kwf pwk"mwk00wmef ur|mef;udv
k nf;aumif; tcgcyford ;f tjrrJ jywf
aqmifxm;tyfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; apmifha&SmuftyfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf
tyfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; yg&d[m&d,ur|mef;[l ac:qdktyfayonf/ xdkyg&d[m&d,ur|mef;udk
yif rlvur|mef;[lvnf; ac:qdktyfayonf/ (okwed-|-1-48-49/)
ww ,H yXrH oAwuur|meH reod u&dwGm ypm yg&d[m&d,ur|meH reod ua&mwd? wH
pwk"mwk00wmerkace 'amr/ (okwed-|-1-49/)
txufyg t|uxm oAwu
ur|mef;udk yxrOD;pGm ESv;kH oGi;f Ny;D vQif "mwfur|mef;[laom
pwk"mwk00wmefur|mef;udk yg&d[m&d,ur|mef; = rlvur|mef;tjzpf tm;xkwfyHkrsm;udk azmfjy
xm;ayonf/
txufyg t|uxm #Dum tqdktrdefYrsm;udk enf;rSD; edAme*grdedy#dy'g trnf&aom
usr;f vnf; tmemygeur|mef; udk yg&d[m&d,ur|mef; = rlvur|mef; tjzpfjzifhvnf;aumif;
"mwfur|mef;[laom pwk"mwk00wmefur|mef;udkvnf; yg&d[m&d,ur|mef; = rlvur|mef; tjzpf
jzifv
h nf;aumif; a&;om;wifjycJ\
h / xdw
k iG f tmemygeur|mef;udk y"metm;jzifh "mwfur|mef; tusO;f
enf;udk ty"metm;jzifh yg&d[m&d,ur|mef;tjzpfjzifh tm;xkwfyHkpepfrsm;udk a&;om;wifjycJh\/
Oypm&ur|mef; - tyemur|mef;
Oypm& yem0[awmwd XaywGm um,*wmowd tmemygewd t0aoom t| tEkwda,m tm[ma& y#duv
l onm pwk"mwk00wmeEd rmae0 a[w 'our|memed Oypm&0[med/
aoomed tyem0[med/ (0dok'd-1-107/)
Ak'gEkwd "rmEkwd oHCmEkwd oDvmEkwd pm*gEkwd a'0wmEkwd r&PmEkwd OyormEkwd[laom tEkwd (8)yg; tm[ma& y#dulvonm pwk"mwk00wmef --
(10)rsKd;aom ur|mef;wdkYonf Oypm&orm"dudkom aqmifEdkifaomaMumifh Oypm&ur|mef;rnfukef\/
uodkPf; (10)yg; tokb (10)yg; um,*wmowd tmemygewd jA[0d[m& (4)yg; tmky
(4)yg; ------ (30)aom ur|mef;wdkYonf tyemac:aom psmeform"dudk aqmifEdkifaomaMumifh tyem
ur|mef; rnfukef\/ (0dok'd-1-107/)
xdktyempsmeform"dudk aqmifEdkifaom ur|mef;wdkYwGif tmemygewdur|mef;ESifh uodkPf;
(10)yg;wdkYonf yxrpsmef 'kwd,psmef wwd,psmef pwkwpsmef[laom psmefav;yg;odkY tpOftwdkif;
qdu
k af &mufEikd o
f nft
h wGuf pwkuZ s meduur|mef;wdw
Yk nf;/ um,*wmowdEiS hf tokb (10)yg;wdo
Yk nf
yxrpsmefudk &&SdEdkifaom yxrZmeduur|mef;wdkYwnf;/ arwm ukPm rk'dwm jA[0d[m& ur|mef;
wdkYonf wwd,psmeftxd aygufa&mufEdkifaom wduZsmeduur|mef;wdkYwnf;/ OayumjA[0d[m&
ur|mef;ESifh tmky (4)yg;wdkYonf pwkwpsmefudkom aygufa&mufapEkdifaom pwkwZsmeduur|mef;
wdkYwnf;/ (0dok'd-1-107/)
544
orxur|mef;ydkif; -- (32) aum|mo
(32) aum|mo
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf wpfOD;onf tmemygeur|mef;ukd pwkwpsmeform"dodkY qdkufatmif yGm;rsm;
tm;xkwfNyD;ygu xdkpwkwpsmeform"daMumifh jzpfay:vmaom vif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tif\ tultnDudk
&,lvsuf (32)aum|morsm;udk jrifatmif qufvuf BudK;pm;tm;xkwfygu tmemyge pwkwpsmef
orm"d\ tm;BuD;aomrDS&m Oyed,owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;rI t&dSeft0gowdxl;BuD;udk qufcH&onfh
twGuf (32)aum|mowdkYudk Pfynmrsufpdjzifh vG,fvG,fululyif awGUjrif&wwfayonf/
tu,f a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfwpfOD;onf "mwfur|mef;tusOf;enf;jzifh orm"dxlaxmifxm;ol
jzpfyguvnf; tMunf"mwfodkY qdkufatmif Oypm&orm"de,fajrodkY qdkufatmif wpfzef orm"dudk
xlaxmifNyD;vQif ,if;"mwkreodum& = pwk"mwk00wmeorm"daMumifh jzpfay:vmaom vif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tif\ tultnDudk &,lvsuf (32)aum|morsm;udk jrifatmif qufvufBudK;pm;tm;xkwf
ygu ,if;pwk"mwk00wmeorm"d\ tm;BuD;aomrDS&m Oyed,owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;rI t&dSeft0g
owdxl;BuD;udk qufcH&onfhtwGuf (32)aum|mowdkYudk Pfynmrsufpdjzifh vG,fvG,fululyif
awGUjrif&wwfayonf/
tu,f a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfwpfOD;onf tmemygeusifhpOfvrf;rSjzpfap "mwkreodum& usifhpOf
vrf;rSjzpfap 0dyemodkY ul;NyD;aemuf 0dyemykdif;wGif txdkuftavsmuf tm;&auseyfrIudk &&dS
tjcm;tjcm;aom ur|mef;rsm;udk qufvuftm;xkwfvdkao;ygu xdktcgrsKd;wGifvnf; rdrd &&dSxm;NyD;aom orm"dudkyif wpfzef jyefvnfxlaxmif xdkorm"daMumifh jzpfay:vmaom vif;a&mifjcnf
pGrf;tif\ tultnDudk &,lvsuf (32)aum|morsm;udk jrifatmif qufvuf BudK;pm;tm;xkwfygu
,if;orm"d\ tm;BuD;aomrDS&m Oyed,owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;rI t&dSeft0g owdxl;BuD;udk qufcH
&onfhtwGuf (32)aum|mowdkYudk Pfynmrsufpdjzifh vG,fvG,fululyif awGUjrif&wwfayonf/
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vmaomtcg (32)aum|mowdkYudk ,if;vif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tif\ tultnDjzifh IMunfhyg/
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545
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ayg&mPuaw&m ud& ]]aum|moreoduma&m0 yrmP}}Ed tm[Hok/ (tbd-|-2-243/)
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546
t|uxm\ TefMum;csufESifh tnD toifolawmfaumif;onf (32)vHk;aom jcHpnf;dk;wdkif

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547
jzpfae\? xdak Mumifh tMuiftMuif aum|moonf om vGeu

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vnf; yifyef;rIr&dSbJ tyempsmefodkY a&mufapEdkif\/ (tbd-|-2-246-247/)
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vG,fulaejcif; jzpf\/
548

oap ye A[d'gyd reodum&H OyoH[&wd? tx {0H oAaum|maook ygu#Dblawok
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p taZsm[&d,rmeH ygeabmZem'd aum|mo&modrSd yudyd,rmerd0 Oy|mwd/ (tbd-|-2-236/)
wpfzef A[d'a vmuodv
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tm[m&onf aum|motpktyHk xnfhoGif;tyfouJhodkY xifvm\/ (tbd-|-2-236/)
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549
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awGUxdrd&m vl wd& pmefponfh ow0gwdkif;ukd IMunfhyg/ tvif;a&mif arS;rSdefoGm;ygu txufwGif
wifjycJhonfhtwdkif; orm"dudk wpfzefjyef xlaxmifyg/ vif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tif tm;aumif;vmygu
wpfzefjyef (32)aum|mowdkYudk qufvufIyg/ 0ef;usifywfcsmt&yf (10)rsufESm I &EkdiforQ
a&mufz;l aomt&yf ra&mufz;l aomt&yfwYkd wnf&adS om vif;a&mifjcnfjzifh awGUxdr&d m ow0gwdik ;f
wnf&adS om aum|mowdu
Yk kd csUJ xGif Iygav/ tZsw A[d' ESpXf mevH;k t0g;0pGm Edik Ef ikd ef if;eif; avhvmNyD;ygu y*kP jzpfayNyD/
toifolawmfaumif;onf odkY aum|motaejzifh avhvmyGm;rsm;cdkuf ------1/ y#dulv = &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f taetm;jzifhvnf;aumif;
2/ 0P = ta&miftqif;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;
3/ oknw = twrS qdwfokOf;onhf "mwfoabmtm;jzifhvnf;aumif; -----ESvHk;roGif;ygESifhOD;? aum|motaejzifhom ESvHk;oGif;ygOD;/ aum|morsm;udk t0g;0pGm avhvmNyD;rS BudKuf&mvrf;udk a&G;cs,fyg/
vrf;oHk;oG,f
aum|momeH y*kPumvawm y|m, wDok rkacok {aue rkace 0drpk
d wd? ur|meH 0Pawm
0g y#dulvawm 0g oknawm 0g Oy|mwd/ ,xm emr yla0 ypdwkumrm wD r'dwGm Xydwyd|awm
,H ,H pwd? wH wH ypwd/ ,xm 0g ye oar blrdya'ao XydwH O'uyl&H ukrH ,awm ,awm
tm0dO Ed? wawm wawm0 O'uH edurwd? {0ar0 aum|momeH y*kPumvawm y|m, wDok
rkacok {aue rkace 0drkpdwd/ tmucFrme 0Pawm tmucFrme y#dulvawm tmucFrme oknawm ur|meH Oy|[dwda,0/ t,H {waum O*[oEd emr/ rod H O*[oEdo XwGm t&[wH ywm bduL *PeyxH 0Dwd0wm/ (tbd-|-2-242-243/)
(32)aum|mowdkYudk t0g;0pGm avhvmNyD;&m tcgrSp ------1/ 0P = 0PuodkPf;vrf; = ta&mifuodkPf;vrf;
2/ y#dulv = &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulvreodum&vrf;
3/ oknw = twrS qdwfokOf;onfh oknw"mwfur|mef;vrf; -----oHk;rsKd;ukefaom edAmefodkY 0if&m t0ifaygufrkcfOD;wdkYwGif wpfckaom t0ifaygufrkcfOD;BuD;jzifh
edAm efoYkd 0ifEikd af tmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwcf ahJ omf udavomwdrYk S vGwaf jrmufEikd af yvdrrhf nf/ (32)aum|mo
wdkYudk t0g;0pGm avhvmNyD;aomtcg ur|mef;onf ------1/ 0P = ta&miftqif;tm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;
2/ y#dulv = &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulvoabmtm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;
3/ oknw = twrS qdwo
f kOf;onfh oknw"mwfoabmtm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif; -----550
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ todPf xif&Sm;vmrnf jzpf\/ Oyrm -- rkefYudk aMumfcsufjcif;iSm tvdk

&dSaom trsKd;orD;onf e,fxm;tyfaomrkefYnufpdkifrS rkefYnufpdkif\ aysmhaysmif;El;nhHaeonfhtwGuf
tMuiftMuif rkefYnufudk aMumfcsufjcif;iSm tvdk&Sdonf jzpftHh? xdkxdk tvdk&Sd&m rkefYnufudk aMumfcsuf
ouJhodkYvnf;aumif; Oyrmwpfenf;um; -- nDGwfaom ajrt&yf wnfxm;tyfaom a&jynfhtdk;udk
tMuiftMuifbufoYkd apmif;iJo
h eG u
f ek t
f ?hH xdx
k b
kd ufrS a&onf xGuo
f uJo
h v
Ykd nf;aumif; Oyrmrsm;
twlomvQif (32)aum|mowdkYudk t0g;0pGm avhvmNyD;&m tcgrSp 0P y#dulv oknw[laom
oHk;rsKd;ukefaom edAmefodkY 0if&m t0ifaygufrkcfOD;BuD;wdkYwGif wpfckaom t0ifaygufjzifh edAmefodkY 0ifEdkifatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfcJhaomf udavomwdkYrS vGwfajrmufEdkifrnfom jzpfayonf/
1/ tvkd&SdcJhaomf 0PuodkPf; = ta&mifuodkPf;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;
2/ tvdk&SdcJhaomf &HG&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulvtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;
3/ tvdk&dcS Jhaomf oknw"mwfoabmtm;jzifhvnf;aumif; -----aum|mour|mef;onf a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ todPf xif&Sm;vmrnfom jzpfayonf/
onfhwdkifatmifaom pwkyg&dok'doDvudk ok"foifjcif; (= okwfoifjcif;) yvdaAm" = aMumifhMu
BuD;i,f toG,foG,f t&yf&yfudk jzwfjcif; uvsmPrdwtrnf&aom q&maumif; orm;aumif;xH
ur|mef;udk oif,ljcif; oif,lxm;onfhtwdkif; ur|mef;udk ESvHk;oGif;jcif; ESvHk;oGif;onfhtwdkif; 0P
uodP
k ;f taetm;jzifah omfvnf;aumif; y#duv
l taetm;jzifah omfvnf;aumif; oknw"mwfoabm
taetm;jzifah omfvnf;aumif; ur|mef;\xifvmjcif;paom tpDtpOf tquftpyf t&yf&yfonf
O*[oEd rnf\/ O*[oEd &yfwnf t&[wzdkvfodkY a&muf&SdawmfrlMuukefaom &[ef;awmfwdkY
onfum; a&wGufEdkifjcif; *Pef;ocFsmvrf;udk ausmfvGef oGm;MuavukefNyD/ (tbd-|-2-242-243/)
'Od r[mowdy|mae y#dulv0aoae0 uxdwH? r[m[wdya'gyr-r[m&m[kavm0g'"mwk0b
d a*Fok "mwk0aoe uxdw/H um,*wmowdoak w ye , 0Pawm Oy|mwd? wH oEm,
pwm&d psmemed 0dbwmed/ ww "mwk0aoe uxdwH 0dyemur|meH a[mwd? y#dulv0aoe
uxdwH orxur|meH/ wa'wH " orxur|meH t0daooawm oAom"m&P0aoe uxdwEd
0'Eda,0gwd/ (tbd-|-2-216/)
um,mEkyem aum|mo ur|mef;udk r[mowdy|meokwef ('D-2-231/ r-1-70/)
a'oemawmf &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,foabmtm;jzifh ESvHk;oGif;IyGm;&aom y#dulvreodum&ur|mef;\
tpGr;f jzifh bk&m;&Sio
l / r[m[wyd a'gyrokwe f (r-1-242/) r[m&m[kavm
0g'okwef (r-2-83/) "mwk0db*Fokwef (r-3-281/) wdkY "mwf\tpGrf;jzifh ESvHk;oGif; IyGm;&aom
"mwfur|mef;\ tpGrf;jzifh a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/ wpfzef Oy&dyPmoygVdawmf tEky'0*f um,*wmowdokwef (r-3-130/) a'oemawmfjrwfum; aum|mowdkYudk ESvHk;oGif;&m ta&miftqif;
tm;jzifh xifvmaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; &nf&G,fawmfrl 0PuodkPf;vrf;\ tpGrf;jzifh psmef
av;yg;wdkYudk a0zefcGJjcm;vsuf a[mMum;xm;awmfrlavonf/ xdkwGif "mwfur|mef;tpGrf;jzifh a[mMum;xm;awmfrt
l yfaom aum|mo um,mEkyemur|mef;onf 0dyemur|mef; jzpf\/ y#duv
l
reodum&\ tpGr;f jzifh a[mMum;xm;awmfrt
l yfaom aum|mo um,mEkyemur|mef;onf orx
ur|mef; jzpf\/ xdak um|mo um,mEkyemur|mef;udk tbd"r0b
d if;ygVdawmf owdy|me0dbif;
551
orxur|mef;jzpf&um; omrntm;jzifh 0PuodkPf;vnf; &Edkifatmif y#dulvreodum&vnf;

&Edik af tmif tvH;k pHak om orxur|mef;wdEYk iS hf qufqo
H nf\tpGr;f jzifh bk&m;&Sio
f nf a[mMum;xm;awmfrltyf\[k q&mjrwfwdkY rdefYqdkawmfrlMuukefao;\/ odkY rSwfom;ygav/ (tbd-|-2-216/)
vrf;oHk;oG,fwdkYwGif y#dulvreodum&vrf;rSp ESvHk;oGif;yHk tpDt&ifudk pwif a&;om;
wifjyaytHh/
y#dulvreodum&
tx tEkykArkem'd0aoe y#duLvm y#duLvmwd ykeyKeH reodua&mawm tEkuare
tyem OyZwd/ ww auom'DeH 0PoPme'daomumoy&dap'0aoe Oy|meH O*[edrdwH/
oAmum&awm y#duLv0aoe Oy|meH y#dbm*edrdwH/ wH tmao0awm bm0,awm 0kwea,e
tokbur|maeok 0d, yXrZsme0aoae0 tyem OyZwd/ (0dok'd-1-257/)
auom avmrmwd yPw 0daZwGm y#dulvH y#dulvEd owd XaywAm/ yXrHa,0 ye
y#dulvawm e Oy|mwd/ ,m0 e Oy|mwd? wm0 yPwd e 0daZwAm/ ,'g Oy|mwd? w'g
yPwd H 0daZwGm y#dulvEd reodumwAH/ (tbd-|-2-245/)
{w ye twaem ZD0rmeuo&Da& y#dulvEd y&durH ua&mE tyemyd Oypm&rd Zm,wd/
y& ZD0rmeuo&Da& y#dulvEd reodua&mE ae0 tyem Zm,wd? e Oypm&H/ eEk p 'ook
tokabok Ob,arwH Zm,wDwd/ tmr Zm,wd/ wmed [d tEkyg'dEuyau Xdwmed? wom ww
tyemyd Oypm&rd Zm,wd/ 'H ye Oyg'dEuyau XdwH? awaea0w Ob,arwH e Zm,wd/
tokbmEkyemocFgwm ye 0dyembm0em a[mwDwd a0'dwAm/ (tbd-|-2-248/)
tEkyg'dEuyau XdwmeDwd {awe apwd,yAw0goD r[mwdawa&m 0d, oHC&udwawyk |muomraPa&m 0d, p tEkyg'dEu
yau XaywGm *a[wHk oaumE 'o0d"mokb0aoe
ZD0rmeuo&Da&yd Oy|daw Oypm&ywd 'dwm a[mwDwd a0'dwAm/ ]]twd uma,}}wd ye
ow0aoe auom'Dok *,Srmaeok ,xm ]]rod uma,}}wd
H
ow*[P&[daw t[Hum&0wKrSd
0d'om[Huma& o'g oEd[daw ygua# p twaem uma, Oy|meH a[mwd? e wxm wwmwd
tyeH tywm tm'De0gEkyem0 ww a[mwDwd t"dyga,em[ ]]tokbmEkyemocFgwm ye
0dyembm0em a[mwDwd a0'dwAm}}wd/ (rlv#D-2-156/)
ow*[P&[dawwd owynwdrd temrodwGm a'odwwm 0kwH/ ooEmewm, t[Hum&0wKrSd ty[Derme y[Demum&H oEm,m[ ]]0d'om[Huma&}}wd/ (tEk#D-2-157/)
rdr\
d tZswu
m, olwpfyg;\ A[d'u
m,wdw
Yk iG f rdr\
d touf&iS af eqJjzpfaom ud,
k f wnf&Sdaom aum|moudk tmkHjyK y#dulv = &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f[l bm0emy&durfudkjyKaom a,m*g0p&
yk*dKvf\ oEmef tyempsmefonfvnf;aumif; Oypm&psmefonfvnf;aumif; ESpfrsKd;pvHk; jzpfEdkif\/
touf&SifaeqJjzpfaom ouf&Sdow0g[laom olwpfyg;\ A[d'um, wnf&Sdaom aum|moudk
tmkHjyK y#dulv = &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f[l bm0emy&durfudkjyKaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef =
ESvHk;oGif;rI reodum&udkjyKaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef tyempsmefonfvnf; rjzpfEdkif? Oypm&
552
psmefonfvnf; rjzpfEdkif/ (tbd-|-2-248/)

tar; ------- tokbur|mef; (10)rsKd;wdkY ESpfrsKd;vHk;aom tyempsmef Oypm&psmefonfvnf;
jzpfEdkifonf r[kwfavm[k ar;&ef &Sd\/
tajz ------- tdrf; ...jzpfEdkifay\/ rSefayonf -- xdktokb (10)yg;wdkYonf tEkyg'dEu =
wPSm-'d|dwdkYonf uyfa&muftyfaom uHonf ]]ig\tusKd;}}[k tusKd;\ tjzpfjzifh rpGJ,ltyfaom
oufrJhtzdkYtpk wnfukef\/ xdkaMumifh xdkA[d' tokb (10)rsKd;wdkY tyempsmefonfvnf;aumif;
Oypm&psmefonfvnf;aumif; ESpfrsKd;vHk; jzpfEdkif\/ wpfzef olwpfyg;\oEmef wnf&Sdaom (32)
aum|moonfum; wPSm-'d|w
d o
Ykd nf uyfa&muftyfaom uHonf ]]ig\tusK;d }}[k tusK;d \tjzpfjzifh
pG,
J t
l yfaom = Oyg'dEu
jzpfaom ouf&t
dS zdt
Yk pk wnfae\/ xdak Mumifyh ifvQif olwpfyg;\ud,
k f
wnf&Sdaom (32)aum|mo tyempsmef Oypm&psmef ESpfrsKd;vHk;onfvnf; rjzpfEdkif/ odkYaomf
tokbmEkyem[k qdktyfaom 0dyem bm0emonfum; jzpfEdkifyg\/ odkY od&Sdygav/
(tbd-|-2-248/)
apwd,awmif oDwif;oH;k awmfral vh&adS om r[mwdrax&fjrwfBu;D uJo
h v
Ykd nf;aumif; oHC&uw
d rax&fjrwfBu;D \ tvkyt
f auR;jzpfaom &Sio
f mraPuJo
h v
Ykd nf;aumif; A[d' ouf&o
dS w0g\
aum|moudk tEkyg'dEu oufrJhtzdkYtpk xm; tmkH,ljcif;iSm pGrf;Edkifaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\
oEmef (10)yg; tjym;&Sdaom tokb\ tjzpfjzifh touf&SifqJjzpfaom olwpfyg;\ udk,fvnf;
&G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G f y#duv
l tjcif;t&monf xifvmvwfaomf Oypm&psmefoYkd a&mufjcif;udk jytyfonf[k
odxdkuf\/ (rlv#D-2-156/)
ow0g\ tjzpfjzifh qHyiftp&Sdaom aum|mowdkYudk ,ltyfukefvwfaomf -- rod H uma, =
udk,f[k ,lonf? rnfol\ udk,f[k r,l/ xdkodkY ow0g[k ,ljcif;rSuif;aom ig[k jyKtyfaom udk,f
]]ig\ udk,f}}[k rqdkaomaMumifh zsufqD;tyfNyD;aom ig[k ESvHk;oGif;jcif;&Sdaom tcgcyfodrf; teD;
wnfaeaom xif&Sm;onfvnf;jzpfaom rdrd\ um, y#dulvtjcif;t&mtm;jzifh xifvmjcif;onf
jzpfouJo
h Ykd xdt
Yk wl xdo
k w
l pfyg;\ ud,
k f xifvmjcif;onf rjzpfay/ xdak Mumifh tyempsmefoYkd ra&mufaom tjypfudk tzefzef txyfxyf Iwwfaom tm'De0gEkyem trnf&aom 0dyemPfonf
omvQif xdkolwpfyg;\ um, wnf&Sdaom aum|mo jzpf\/ odkYaom t"dyg,fjzifh ]]tokbmEkyem[k qdktyfaom 0dyembm0emonfum; jzpfEdkifyg\? odkYod&Sdygav}}[k t|uxmu
zGifhqdkawmfrljcif; jzpfonf/ (rlv#D-2-156/)
r[mwdrax&f jrwfBuD;
r[mwdrax&fjrwfBuD;onf apwd,awmifausmif;wdkufrS tEk&m"NrdKUodk qGrf;cH<uvmawmf
rl\/ rax&fjrwfBu;D um; t|du-ur|mef;vrf;pOfrS yxrpsmeform"doq
Ykd u
kd af tmif orm"dukd xlaxmif
xdkorm"dudk 0dyem\ tajcyg'ujyK 0dyemodkYul;vsuf ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk vuPm,mOf
wifum 0dyemIaeus jzpf\/ xdkaeYwGifvnf; ur|mef;udk ESvHk;oGif;vsuf qGrf;cH<uaecdkuf jzpf\/
tdk;pkur|mef; = t|duur|mef;udk ESvHk;oGif;vsuf <uvm&m yxrpsmefodkY rqdkufrD tdk;pkudk y#dulv
= &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,ftaejzifh ESvHk;oGif;cdkufjzpfonfh ykAbm*reodum& tcdkuf0,f toHonf ,if;
553
reodum&\ ql;ajimifch vkwjf zpfaomaMumifh toHwpfcu

k kd Mum; vSr;f Munfv
h u
kd &f m toHxu
G af tmif
jyHK;&,fvdkufaom trsKd;orD;wpfOD;udk awGUjrifvdkuf\/ xdktrsKd;orD;um; tdrf&Sifa,mufsm;ESifh tjiif;
yGm;ojzifh ewforD;wrQ tvSq;kH jyifqifum eHeufapmapmyif tEk&m"NrKd UrS xGucf mG rdbtdro
f t
Ykd oGm;
vrf;ckvwfwpfae&mwGif r[mwdrax&fjrwfBuD;udk jrifavaomf &m*jzifh azmufjyefaom pdwf&dSum
toHxu
G af tmif jyKH ;&,fvu
kd o
f l jzpf\/ rax&fjrwfBu;D onf ]]toHonf tb,ftoHenf;}}[k Munf-h
Iavaomf xdktrsKd;orD;\ oGm;dk;udk jrifvQifjrifjcif;yif a&S;tzdkYuyif BudKwif t|dutokbbm0em
udk yGm;rsm;xm;NyD;jzpfaomaMumifh t|duonm = tdk;pk\ &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f trSwfonmudk &&dSawmf
rl\/ oGm;dk;udk tpjyK wpfudk,fvHk; tdk;pkudkom jrifawGUae\/ &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f tokbonmonfvnf; tvGefxif&Sm;vmonfhtwGuf ,if;tdk;pk y#dbm*edrdwfodkY qdkufa&mufoGm;\/ tvGef
tuJESifh wuG Oypm&psmefudk &&dSoGm;awmfrl\/ &yfawmfrlvsufyifvQif xdktdk;pk yxrpsmeform"dudk
&atmif qufvufBudK;yrf;awmfrl\/ ( Oypm&psmefodkYqdkufaom tdk;pktmHkrSm xdktrsKd;orD;\
tdk;pktmHk jzpf\/ yxrpsmefodkY qdkufaom tdk;pktmHkrSm xdktrsKd;orD;ESifh rawGUrD IyGm;aeaom
tdk;pk jzpf\/) xdkyxrpsmeform"dudk 0dyem\ tajcyg'ujyK ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;vsuf
vuPma&;wifum 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyfawmfrlavaomf 0dyemudk wdk;yGm;atmif BudK;yrf;awmf
rlav&m r*ftpOf zdkvftpOftm;jzifh t&[wzdkvfodkY qdkufa&mufawmfrl\/
(0dok'd-1-20-21/ r[m#D-1-48-49/)
oHC&udwrax&f jrwfBuD;\ tvkyftauR; omraP

&[ef;i,f wpfyg;onf ,if;&SifomraPudk ac:aqmif wHyltvdkYiSm awmodkY oGm;awmfrl\/
&SifomraPonf vrf;rrS ab;bufodkY oufqif; a&S;odkY avQmufoGm;avaomf tokbtavmif;aumifudk jrif ,if;tokbaumifudk &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulvoabmtm;jzifh ESvHk;oGif;vsuf yxr
psmefudk jzpfapawmfrl\/ xdkyxrpsmefudkyifvQif 0dyem\ tajcyg'ujyK ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk vuPm,mOfwifum 0dyem IymG ;oH;k oyfawmfro
l nf&aSd omf tem*grdzv
kd o
f w
Ykd ikd af tmif rsuaf rSmufjyKawmf
rlEdkif\/ ('D-|-1-166/)
t|uxm #Dumwd\
Yk TeMf um;csurf sm;ESit
hf nD (32)aum|mowdu
Yk kd tZsw A[d' ESprf sK;d vH;k
t0g;0pGm EdkifEdkifeif;eif; avhvmNyD;aom toifolawmfaumif;onf y#dulvreodum& ur|mef;udk
pD;jzef;EdkifNyD jzpfonf/ y#dulv = y#duLv = &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,ftaejzifh ,if; (32)aum|mowdkYudk ESvHk;
oGif;&m tZsw aum|morsm;udk pwif ESvHk;oGif;ygu yxrpsmeform"dodkY qdkufEdkifrnfjzpfojzifh
tZswu
p ESv;kH oGi;f yHu
k kd a&;om;wifjytyfygonf/ odaYk omf A[d' aum|mou p tm;xkwv
f u
kd
vnf; tm;xkwfEkdifygonf/
a&S;OD;pGm tmemygeur|mef;jzifh pwkwp smeform"doYkd qdu
k af tmif orm"dukd xlaxmifyg/ (tu,f
toifolawmfaumif;onf ok'0dyem,meduyk*dKvfjzpfvQif "mwfBuD;av;yg;udk tmkH,l Oy
pm&orm"dodkY qdkufatmif orm"dudk xlaxmifyg/) vif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tifrsm; tm;aumif;vmaom
tcg rdrd\ tZswoEmef (32)aum|mowdkYudk wpfzefjyef Iyg/
554
tm;xkwfp tm'durduyk*dKvftzdkY qHyif[k ESvHk;oGif;vdkufaomf ESvHk;oGif;rIonf usifi,fodkY

wdik af tmif qdu
k
f wnfomG ;wwf\/ usiif ,f[k ESv;kH oGi;f vdu
k af omf ESv;kH oGi;f rIonf qHyifow
Ykd ikd af tmif
qdu
k
f wnfaewwf\/ odYk ESv;kH oGi;f &m tcsKUd tcsKUd aom aum|morsm;onf xif&mS ; tcsKUd tcsKUd aom aum|morsm;onf rxifr&Sm;vnf; jzpfvmwwfukef\/ xdkodkY jzpfvmaomtcg rxif&Sm;aom
aum|morsm;udk vTw
f xif&mS ;&m aum|moomvQif pl;pdu
k
f bm0emtrIukd jyKvyk &f rnf jzpfonf/
(tbd-|-2-217/)
txl;xl;aom tmkH ysHUvGifhaom pdwfudk wm;jrpfvsuf (32)aum|mo tmHkomvQif bm0em
pdwfudk aumif;pGmxm; ESvHk;oGif;IyGm;&rnf jzpfonf/ qHyif arG;nif;paom trnfemr ynwfudk
pGev
Yf w
T
f y#duv
l y#duv
l = &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G f &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G [
f k ESv;kH oGi;f aum|mowdYk owdukd
uyfxm;yg/ odkYaomf a&S;OD;tpum; &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulvoabmtm;jzifh rxifjrifEdkifao;ay/
xdkodkY &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulvoabmtm;jzifh a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ Pf rxifjrifao;orQ umv
ywfvHk; qHyif arG;nif;paom trnfemr ynwfudk rpGefYvTwfygESifh? qHyif arG;nif; ponfjzifhom &GH&Sm
pufqkyfzG,f y#dulvoabmudk tmHk,l Iaeyg/ tMuiftcgum; a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ todPf
&G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G f y#duv
l oabmw&m;onf xifvm\? xdt
k cgum; qHyif arG;nif;paom trnfemr
ynwfudk pGefYvTwfvdkuf y#dulv y#dulv = &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f[kom ESvHk;oGif;aeyg/
(tbd-|-2-245/)
tu,f toifoal wmfaumif;\ todPf (32)aum|movH;k xif&mS ;aeygu (32)aum|movHk;udk jcHKiHk y#dulv y#dulv = &GHp&m &GHp&m[k IEdkif\/ yxrpsmeform"dodkY qdkufEdkif\/ tZsw
um,udk qdkvdkygonf/
rdr\
d tZswu
m, qHyifpaom aum|mowdw
Yk iG f tcsKUd tcsKUd om xif&mS ; tcsKUd tcsKUd u rxif&Sm;cJhaomf aemufqHk; txif&Sm;qHk; aum|mowpfck pl;pdkuf y#dulv y#dulv = &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f
&GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f[k tzefzef txyfxyf ESvHk;oGif;aeyg/ xdkodkY ESvHk;oGif;&m o'gESifh ynm 0D&d,ESifh
orm"dudk nDrQatmif usifhEdkifcJhaomf tyempsmef orm"dodkY wjznf;jznf; tpOftwdkif; qdkufa&mufEdkif
ayonf/ (r[m#D-1-310/)
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
xdkaum|motaygif; qHyifponfwdkY\ ------0P

= ta&miftqif;
oPme = yHkoPmef
'do
= cEmudk,f\ txufydkif;t&yf atmifydkif;t&yf[laom t&yfa'o
Moumo = wnf&mXme
(u) obm*y&dap' = oabmwlaom rdrdtzdkY tydkif;tjcm;
( c ) 0dobm*y&dap' = oabmrwlaom tjcm;aum|motzdjYk zifh ykid ;f jcm;tyfaom tykid ;f tjcm;
0P oPme 'do Moumo obm*y&dap' 0dobm*y&dap'wdkY\ tpGrf;jzifh a&S;I xifvmaom tmkHonf O*[edrdwf rnf\/ O*[edrdwftykdif; aum|mowdkY\ rlv&dS&if; ta&mif
tqif; yHkoPmefponf twdkif;om xifaeao;onf/ txufyg 0Ppaom ig;yg;aom tjcif;t&m
555
[laom cyfodrf;aom tjcif;t&m tjym;tm;jzifh &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulv\ tpGrf;jzifh a&S;I xifvmaom tmkHonf y#dbm*edrdwf rnf\/ (0dok'd-1-257/)
xdky#dbm*edrdwfudk rDS0Jaom yGm;apaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; tMuiftcg o'g 0D&d, owd
orm"d ynm[laom aÈi g;yg;wdo
Yk nf &tyfaom nDrQr&I MSd uuke\
f ? txl;oef&Y iS ;f Muuke\
f ? xdt
k cg
r,HMk unfrI t',
d paom tnpftaMu;wd\
Yk a0;uGmonf\ tjzpfaf Mumifh vGev
f eG u
f u
J J tm;tpGr;f
&dSMuukefaom aAmZsifw&m; (7)yg;wdkYjzifh tm;ay;axmufyHh cdkifcHhaptyfukefaom 0dwuf 0dpm& yDwd
okc {u*wm[laom psmeft*FgwdkYonf txl;ojzifh xufjrufukefonfjzpf xif&Sm;pGm jzpfay:vmMu
ayukef\/ xdkpsmeft*FgwdkY\ ajzmifhajzmifhqefYusifbuf jzpfMuukefaom eD0&Pw&m;wdkYonf rdrdwdkYESifh
wlaom wnf&m&dSMuukefaom tukodkvfw&m;wdkYESifhtwlwuG uGmonfomvQif jzpfukef\/ Oypm&
orm"djzifh pdwfonf wnfMunfaeay\/ xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf xdkOypm&orm"djzpfaMumif; xdk
y#dbm*edrdwfudkyifvQif rDS0JcJhaomf yGm;rsm;cJhaomf Budrfzefrsm;pGm tavhtvmjyKcJhaomf tyemac:
psmeform"dodkY qdkufa&mufEdkifayonf/ (0dok'd-1-257/ r[m#D-1-310/)
xdkyxrpsmeform"d[laom tyempsmefonf aum|mowpfckomvQif xif&Sm;aom a,m*g0p&
yk*dKvf\ oEmef yxrpsmef tyemwpfckomvQif jzpf\/ xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf tu,f tjcm;
tjcm;aom aum|moodkY ajymif;a&TU tm;xkwfjcif; r&dSrl yxrpsmefwpfrsKd;omvQif xdka,m*g0p&
yk*dKvf\ oEmef jzpfEdkifayonf/ tu,f a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf wpfOD;\ oEmef rsm;pGmukefaom
aum|mowdo
Yk nf xif&mS ;ukerf u
l m; aum|mowpfck yxrpsmefoYkd a&mufapNy;D wpfzef tjcm;aom
aum|movnf; tm;xkwfjcif;udk jyKjim;thH? xdkyk*dKvf\ oEmef rvurax&fjrwf\ oEmefuJhodkY
aum|mo ta&twGuftm;jzifh yxrpsmefwdkYonf jzpfEdkifukef\/ (0dok'd-1-257/)
rvurax&f jrwf
xdrk vurax&fjrwfBu;D onf 'DCbmPujzpfawmfral om tb,rax&fukd vufudik
f ]]igh&iS f
tb, ...a&S;OD;pGm jyemudk oif,lxm;yg}}[k ajymqdk ]] (32) aum|mowdkY (32)rsKd;aom
yxrpsmefwdkYudk&aom rvurax&fonf nOfh wpfckaompsmefudk aeY wpfckaompsmefudk tu,f
0ifpm;tHh? vcGJudk vGefojzifh wpfzef pyfrd\/ xdkodkYr[kwfbJ aeYwdkif; aeYwdkif; aum|mowpfckudkom
tmkH,l yxrpsmefwpfckudkom tu,f 0ifpm;thH? wpfvudk vGefojzifh wpfzef pyfrd\}}[k odkY
rdefYqdkzl;owwf/ (0dok'd-1-257/)
txufyg &Sif;vif;csufrsm;ESifh tnD (32)aum|movHk;udk xif&Sm;pGm IEdkifaom a,m*g0p&
yk*dKvfoljrwfonf aum|mo wpfckck &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulvoabmtm;jzifh ESvHk;oGif; yxr
psmefodkY qdkufatmif IyGm;Edkifonfom jzpfayonf/ tdk;aum|mo\ &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulv
oabmudk tmkH,l yxrpsmefodkY qdkufatmif IyGm;yHkpepfudk erlemyHkpHtjzpf a&;om;wifjyaytHh?
tjcm;tjcm;aom aum|mowdkYvnf; enf;rDS; yHkpHwlyif IEdkifayonf/
556
orxur|mef;ydkif; -- tdk;pkur|mef;
tdk;pkur|mef;
tmemygewdorm"dudk pwkwpsmefodkY qdkufatmif xlaxmifyg/ odkYr[kwf rdrd&&dSxm;NyD;onfh
orm"dwpfcck u
k kd wpfzefjyef xlaxmifyg/ vif;a&mifjcnfprG ;f tifrsm; tm;aumif;vmaomtcg tZsw
(32)aum|mowdu
Yk kd wpfzef jyefyI g/ A[d' (32)aum|mowdu
Yk v
kd nf; tenf;i,f jyefyI g/ tZswE iS hf
A[d' wpfvn
S phf D yI g/ aum|morsm;onf Pf tvGex
f if&mS ;vmaomtcg tZsw td;k pkaum|mo
udk jcHKiHk Iyg/ xdkodkY I&m tdk;pk tm;vHk;udk jcHKiHk IEdkifygu ydkaumif;onfom jzpfayonf/ xdkodkY
r[kwfbJ tdk;pk\tcsKdUt0ufrSm rxifr&Sm;jzpf tcsKdUt0ufom xifxif&Sm;&Sm; jzpfaeygrl xif&Sm;&m tkd;pktcsKdUom bm0empdwfudk Nidrf0yfpGm uyfxm;yg/
xdkaemif todPf xifxif&Sm;&Sm; wnfaeaom xdktkd;pktm;vHk;udk odkYr[kwf tcsKdUt0ufudk
tmkHjyK ,if;tdk;pk\ &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulvoabmudk ESvHk;oGif; ]]y#dulv y#dulv = &GHp&m
&GHp&m}}[k Iaeyg/ tmemyge pwkwpsmeform"duJhodkYaom a&S;a&S;bm0emorm"d\ tm;BuD;aom rDS&m
Oyed,owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;rI t&Sdeft0g owdxl;BuD;udk qufcHxm;&aom tdk;pkaum|moudk
IyGm;aeaom aemufaemufaom orm"drSmvnf; t&Sdeft0g tm;aumif;aeojzifh tdk;pk O*[edrdwf
tmkH bm0empdwfonf Nidrf0yfpGm uyfwnfaernfom jzpfonf/ wpfzef xyfqifh ,if;tdk;pk\
&GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulvoabmudk ESvHk;oGif;vdkufaomtcgvnf; ,if;tdk;pkaum|mo\ &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulvoabmonf cyfodrf;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh xif&Sm;vmrnfom jzpfonf/ xdktcg
y#dbm*edrdwfbufodkY ul;oGm;NyD jzpf\/ tdk;pkaum|mo tmkHvnf; bm0empdwfonf Nidrfoufo
avmuf Nidrfoufaernfom jzpfonf/ tdk;pkaum|mo\ &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulvoabmudk Iae
aom bm0empdwu
f Nird o
f ufavav &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G f y#duv
l tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh xifaeaom td;k pk
aum|morSmvnf; Nidrfoufavavyif jzpf\/ bm0empdwfonf ydk ydk Nidrfoufvmygu tdk;pk
aum|mo\ &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulvoabmonfvnf; ydk ydk xif&Sm;vmrnf jzpfayonf/ tcsKdU
a,m*Drsm; ,if;tkd;pk\ta&miftqif;rSmvnf; jzLazG;Munfvifvmwwf\/ xdktcgrsKd; jzLazG;aom
ta&mifudk ESvHk;roGif;ao;bJ tdk;pkaum|mo\ &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulvoabmudkom tmkH,l
tdk;pkaum|moedrdwf bm0empdwfudk NidrfoufpGm uyfwnfaeatmifom BudK;pm;yg/ y#dulv y#d
ulv = &GpH &m &GpH &m[kom ESv;kH oGi;f aeyg/ rMumrD bm0empdwo
f nf &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G f tk;d pkaum|mo
tmkHedrdwfay: Nidrf0yfpGm uyfwnfaeayvdrfhrnf/ vIyfr&atmif Nidrf0yfpGm uyfwnfaecJhaomf
xdkorm"dukd cdkifcHhatmif wpfem&D ESpfem&D ponfjzifh wnfwHhatmif qufvufBudK;pm;yg/
tu,f toifolawmfaumif;onf 0dyemydkif;wGif t0g;0pGm avhvmxm;NyD;ol jzpfojzifh
tdk;pkudk pdkuf I&m tpdkufrcHbJ NydKNydKusoGm;ygu kyfuvmyftrIefrsm;om jzpfaeygu pdwfudk
tenf;i,f avQmhcsvdkufyg/ (32)aum|moudk wpfzefjyef cyfoGufoGuf IMunfhyg/ tZsw A[d'
wpfvSnfhpD IMunfhyg/ kyfuvmyftrIefrsm;udk rawGUawmhbJ aum|motpktyHktwdkif; xifxif&Sm;&Sm;
awGUaeygu wpfzef tZswtkd;pkudk jyefIMunfhyg/ atmifjrifrI &wwfygonf/ tu,f enf;pepf
udk toHk;jyKMunfhaomfvnf; atmifjrifrIr& jzpfaeao;ygu A[d'tdk;pkudk ajymif;IMunfhyg/ rdrd\
aU&SwnfhwnfhwGif xdkifaeaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf wpfOD;OD;\ tdk;pkudk pdkufIEdkifvQif ydkaumif;wwfyg
557
onf/ a&S;OD;pGm (32)aum|moudk tZsww

pfvn
S hf A[d'w
pfvn
S hf IMunfyh g/ tZsw A[d' ESprf sK;d vH;k
(32)aum|mowdkYudk t0g;0pGm avhvmNyD;aomtcg rdrd\ aU&Swnfhwnfh rvSrf;rurf;wGif wnf&dSaom
(32)aum|mowdw
Yk iG f td;k pkaum|moudk tmk,
H
l ,if;td;k pkaum|mo\ &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G f y#duv
l
oabmudk ESvHk;oGif;vsuf ]]y#dulv y#dulv = &GHp&m &GHp&m}}[k Iaeyg/ &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f xdktdk;pk
tmkH bm0empdwfudk Nidrf0yfatmif uyfxm;yg/ xdkA[d' tdk;pktmkH wpfem&D ESpfem&D ponfjzifh
bm0empdwfonf Nidrf0yfpGm uyf wnfaeaomtcg tZsw tkd;pkaum|moudk wpfzef jyef IMunfh
yg? &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulvoabmtm;jzifhom ESvHk;oGif;yg? atmifjrifrIudk &&dSwwfygonf/
&HG&SmpufqkyfzG,foabm xif&Sm;vmaomtcg tdk;pk[laom trnfemr ynwfudk pGefYvTwf
]]y#duv
l y#duv
l = &GpH &m &GpH &m}}[kom ESv;kH oGi;f aeyg/ wpfem&D ESpef m&Dponfjzifh td;k pkaum|mo\
&GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulv tjcif;t&m bm0empdwfonf Nidrf0yfpGm uyf wnfaeaomtcg o'gESifh
ynm 0D&,
d ESihf orm"dwu
Ykd kd nDrQatmif usiyhf g/ (nDrQatmif usiyhf u
kH kd a&S;tmemygewdorm"dyidk ;f wGif
a&;om;cJNh y/D ) o'g 0D&,
d owd orm"d ynm [laom aÈi g;yg;wdo
Yk nf nDrQvmaomtcg &ifu
h sujf cif;odkY a&muf&dSvmaomtcg xdktdk;pkedrdwf\ &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulvoabmudkyif tmkHjyK xyfum
xyfum rDS0JyGm;rsm;cJhaomf cyfodrf;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh y#dulvoabm xifvmaomtcg Oypm&
orm"de,fajrodYk wjznf;jznf; qdu
k af &mufomG ;ayvdrrhf nf/ odaYk omf Oypm&orm"dtcdu
k f psmeft*Fgwd\
Yk
pGrf;tifum; tvGefBuD; odyftm;raumif;vSao;ay/ xdktcgwGif tdk;pktmkHrSm tcsKdUa,m*Drsm; jzLazG; Munfvifoef&Y iS ;f vmwwf\? bm0empdwaf Mumifv
h nf; NyKd ;NyKd ;jyufjyuf wvufvufawmufyaom
vif;a&mifjcnfrsm;onf wzsyfzsyf xGufay:vmwwf\/ &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f tdk;pktmkHay: bm0em
pdwfonf vIyfr&atmif Nidrf0yfpGm uyf wnfaecJhaomf bm0emt&dSefonf tm;aumif;vmNyD jzpf\/
bm0empdwfonf wpfem&D ESpfem&Dponfjzifh &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f tkd;pktmkHay: vIyfr&atmif Nidrf0yf
pGm uyfwnfaecJhaomf psmeft*Fgrsm;onfvnf; pGrf;tifjynhf0um tvGeftm;aumif; txl;xif&Sm;
vmrnf jzpfayonf/
psmeft*Fg ig;yg;
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
0dwuf = &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f tdk;pktmHkay:odkY pdwfudk a&S;Iwifay;jcif;oabm?

0dpm& = &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f tdk;pktmHkudk xyfumxyfum oHk;oyfqifjcifjcif;oabm?
yDwd
= &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f tdk;pktmHkudk ESpfoufjcif;oabm?
okc
= &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f tdk;pktmHk\ t&omudk csrf;csrf;omom cHpm;aejcif;oabm?
{u*wm = &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f tdk;pktmHk wpfckwnf;ay:odkY pdwfusa&mufaejcif;oabm =
wnfNidrfaejcif;oabm?
&GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f tdk;pktmkH Nidrf0yfpGm uyf wnfaeaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ xdkbm0em

pdwo
f nfum; xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f [',0wKyk u
f ykd if rSw
D ,
G
f jzpfae\/ xd[
k ',0wK &d&S mbufoYkd
vSr;f tmk,
H Ml unhv
f u
kd af omtcg b0ifraemtMunf"mwf = raem'Gg&udv
k nf;aumif; psmeft*Fgrsm;udk
vnf;aumif; xif&Sm;pGm awGU&dSEdkifayonf/ tmemygewdorm"dudk pwkwpsmefodkY qdkufatmif IyGm;
wwfNy;D jzpfaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vt
f zdYk tqifh vnf; rcufcaJ wmhNyD jzpf\/ ,if; yxrpsmeform"dukd
0oDabmf ig;wef Edkifeif;atmif avhusifhyg/ <uif; aum|mowdkYvnf; yHkpHwl IMunfhyg/
558
A[d'odkY
tZsw A[d'E SpfrsKd;wdkYwGif ESpfouf&mup tdk;pkaum|moudk IEdkifonfom jzpfonf/ t
u,f toifolawmfaumif;onf txufwGif a&;om;wifjycJhonfhtwdkif; tZsw tdk;pkaum|morS
p yxrpsmefodkY qdkufonfwdkifatmif IyGm;cJhonfjzpfvQif A[d' tdk;pkaum|moodkYvnf; ajymif;
yHkpHwl IMunfhyg/ txufwGif a&;om;wifjycJhaom rlv#Dum\ zGifhqdkcsufESifh tnD apwd,awmif
ausmif; oDwif;oHk;awmfrlaom r[mwd rax&fjrwfBuD;uJhodkY A[d' ouf&dSow0gwdkY\ tdk;pk
aum|mo oufrJh tdk;pkaum|mouJhodkY &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulvonm = tokbonmudk yGm;rsm;
EdkifygvQif Oypm&orm"dodkY qdkufa&mufEdkif\/ odkYaomf A[d' oufrJh tdk;pkaum|moum; yxrpsmef
orm"dodkY qdkufatmif IyGm;Edkifonfom jzpfayonf/ tykdif;um; ouf&dSow0gwdkY\ tdk;pk aum|mo y#dulvreodum&tm;jzifh ESvHk;oGif;IyGm;ykHudkom qufvuf wifjyaytHh/
tZsw tdk;pkaum|mo &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulvoabmtm;jzifh ESvHk;oGif;jcif;aMumifh &&dS
xm;aom yxrpsmeform"dukd 0oDabmfig;wef Edkifeif;atmif avhusifhNyD;aomtcg ,if;yxrpsmef
orm"dudkyif wpfzef jyef 0ifpm;yg/ vif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tifrsm; tm;aumif;vmaomtcg A[d'odkY
wdik af tmif ysUH ESUH xGuaf eaom ,if;vif;a&mifjcnfjzifyh if jrifawGUae&aom rdr\
d aU&w
S iG f wnf&aSd eaom
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf wpfOD;\ tdk;pkaum|moudk vSrf; tmHk,lMunfhyg/ odkYr[kwf vG,ful&m yk*dKvf
wpfOD;\ tdk;pkaum|moudk vSrf; tmHk,lMunfhyg/ xifxif&Sm;&Sm; awGUjrifcJhaomf ,if;tdk;pk
aum|moudk y#dulv y#dulv = &GHp&m &GHp&m[kyif ESvHk;oGif;yg/
tu,f A[d' tdk;pkaum|moudk vG,fvG,fululjzifh tmHk,lr& jzpfaecJhaomf tmemygewdorm"dukd pwkwp smefoYkd qdu
k af tmif wpfzef jyef orm"dukd xlaxmifyg/ vif;a&mifjcnf pGr;f tifrsm; tm;aumif;vmaomtcg (32)aum|mowdkYudk tZsw A[d' ESpfrsKd;vHk; jyefIyg/ A[d'udk I&m
rdrdIvdkaom aU&Swnfhwnfh yk*dKvfwpfOD;udkom odkYr[kwf vG,ful&m yk*dKvfwpfOD;udkom OD;pm;ay;Iyg/
pepfudk w&m;xdkifwkdif; toHk;jyKygu ydkaumif;ayonf/ xdkodkYI&m tZsw A[d' ESpfrsKd;vHk;
(32)aum|mowdkYudk Pfjzifh xifxif&Sm;&Sm; awGUjrifygu A[d' tdk;pkaum|mowpfckudk xyfrH
a&G;cs,fum xdktdk;pkkaum|mo\ &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulvoabmudk tmHk,l ]]y#dulv y#dulv =
&GHp&m &GHp&m}}[k Iyg/ bm0empdwfonf ,if;&GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f tdk;pkaum|motmkH Nidrf0yfpGm uyf
wnfvmygu psmeft*Fg ig;yg;wdkYonfvnf; xif&Sm;vmayrnf/ odkYaomf Oypm&psmefrQom jzpfonf/
A[d' tdk;pkaum|mo wpfck\ &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulvoabmudk tmHk,l Oypm&orm"dodkY
qdkufatmif IEdkifygu aemufxyf A[d' ow0gwpfOD;\ tdk;pkaum|moudk tmHk,l yHkpHwlyif Iyg/
enf;jzifh A[d' ouf&dSavmuwpfckvHk;odkY jzefYMuuf pGrf;EdkiforQ wpfa,mufNyD;wpfa,muf tdk;pk
aum|mo wpfckNyD;wpfck IMunfhyg/ psmeft*Fgrsm; xif&Sm;vmonfhwdkifatmif tdk;pkaum|mowdkif;
Iyg/ Pfxufvmygu cyfou
G o
f u
G f IEikd yf gonf/ t&yfq,frsuEf mS rnfonft
h &yfurkd qdk rnfonfh
ow0gudkrqdk Munfhvdkufwdkif; tdk;pkcsnf; awGUjrifaeatmif avhusifhyg/ Mo'gwuodkPf;odkY vG,fvG,f
ulul ul;Edkif&ef BudKwifjyifqifjcif;yif jzpfayonf/
559
t&m tcsKdUtcsKdUaom olawmfaumif;rsm;u odkY ar;Mu\/ tZswyif jzpfap A[d'yif
jzpfap rQ &H&G mS pufqyk zf ,
G af umif;aom td;k pkaum|motmHk ]]y#duv
l y#duv
l = &GpH &m &GpH &m}}[k
ESvHk;oGif;aeaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\oEmef tb,fodkYvQif xdktdk;pkaum|motmkH ESpfoufjcif;
yDwdw&m;onf xif&Sm; jzpfvmEdkifygoenf;[k ar;Mu\/
tajz ------- y#dulvreodum&vrf;rS IyGm;oHk;oyfaeaom tkd;pk aum|moonf &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f {uefjzpfaomfvnf; xdktkd;pk aum|moy#dbm*edrdwftmkH ]]t'g rm, y#dy'g,
Z&mr&PrSm y&drkpdmrd}} = rcGsw{f uef trSet
f m;jzifh usi0hf wf y#dywfjzifh tdak b;qd;k Bu;D aoab;
qd;k Bu;D rS igvGwaf jrmuf&ayawmhthH -- [k rdrd &&Srd nfh tusK;d tmedoo
H udk Ijrifavh&o
dS nf\ tjzpfaMumifh
vnf;aumif; eD0&PtnpftaMu;wnf;[laom pdwftpOfudk ylyefapwwfaom w&m;qdk;udk y,fEdkif
jcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif; yDwdaomreonf jzpfay:vmEdkif\/ avmulyrmtm;jzifhum; ]],cktcg
rsm;pGmaom tzd;k tcudk ig&ayawmht}hH }[k tusK;d tmedoo
H udk Ijrifavh&adS om ykyq
u = yef;rIu
d o
f eG f
rpifbifusKH;orm;tm; rpifyHkBuD;udk tmkHjyK rpifyHkBuD; yDwdaomre jzpfouJhodkYvnf;aumif;
tjyif;txef zsm;emjcif; Asm"d'u
k o
Ykd a&muf&adS eaom a&m*gonftm; ysKUd tefjcif; 0rf;avQmjcif; jzpf&m
yDwdaomreonf jzpfay:vmouJhodkYvnf;aumif; rSwfyg/ (0dok'd-1-188/)
avmulyrmwpfrsKd; ------- vltrsm; ESpfNcdKufaom ig;ydonf &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f tmHkwpfckyif jzpf\/
odaYk omf uRr;f usiv
f rd m ol pm;zdo
k nfwpfO;D u pm;csipf zG,jf zpfatmif jyKjyifrrG ;f rHvu
kd af omtcg xdik g;ydrmS
ESpo
f ufjrwfE;kd zG,&f m tmHw
k pfck jzpfvm&ayonf/ Oyrmtwlyif &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G f td;k pkaum|mo
tmkHyif jzpfonfrSefaomfvnf; xdktmkHudk y#dulvtaejzifh ESvHk;oGif;zefrsm; bm0emorm"donf
&ifu
h suv
f maomtcg ,if;bm0emorm"d\ pGr;f tifaMumifh ,if;bm0emorm"du ESpo
f ufjrwfE;kd zG,&f m
tmHkwpfckjzpfatmif jyKjyifzefwD;ay;vdkufojzifh a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef0,f ,if;&GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f
tdk;pkaum|mo tmkHudk ESpfoufjcif; yDwdoabmw&m;onf xif&Sm; jzpfay:vmayonf/ Oyrm
wpfenf; ------- &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f (32)aum|mowdkYjzifh jynfhaeaom cEmtdrfwpfckudk 0wfpm;wefqm
yef; eHo
Y m eHo
Y maysmif;wdjYk zifh tpGr;f ukef rGr;f rHjc,fovsuf jyifqifxm;vdu
k af omtcg ynmrsupf rd &do
S l
vlt vlewdkYtzdkY jrwfEdk;zG,f&m tmkHwpfcktjzpfjzifh xifvm&ay\/ tvm;wlyif &ifhusufvmaom
bm0emorm"du jyKjyifrGrf;rHay;vdkufojzifh &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f&m tdk;pktmHkonf ESpfoufzG,f&m tmkH
wpfck jzpfvm&ayonf/

(32)aum|mowGif yg0ifaom t|daum|mo = td;k pkaum|moudk &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G t
f aejzifh
ESvHk;oGif;IyGm;&aom y#dulvreodum&ur|mef;tjzpfjzifh r[mowdy|meokwef y#dulvreodum&
yAwGif bk&m;&Sifonf a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJh\/ t*Fkw&edum,f 'ouedygwf *d&drmeEokwef (tH3-343/) um; tokbonm trnfjzifh a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJh\/ 0dZ,okwef (ck-1-308/) um;
o0dnmPu tokb = &Siftokb trnfjzifh a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJh\/ tokb[lonfrSmvnf; rpif
560
rMu,f &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulvoabmudkyif tmkH,l IyGm;&aom ur|mef;yif jzpfonf/ xdkaMumifh

y#dulvESifh o0dnmPu tokbrSm oabmt"dyg,fcsif; wlnDvsufyif &dSonf/
wpfzef t0dnmPutokb = aotokb ur|mef; (10)rsKd;wdkYwGif aemufqHk; tokbur|mef;
um; t|duur|mef; = tdk;pkur|mef;yif jzpfonf/ xdktdk;pk\ &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulvoabmudkyif
tmk,
H
l ]]y#duv
l y#duv
l = &GpH &m &GpH &m}}[k IymG ;oH;k oyf&aom ur|mef;wnf;/ yxrpsmeform"doYkd
wdkifatmif aygufa&mufEdkif\/ xdkaMumifh tdk;pkur|mef;onf &Siftokb aotokb ESpfrsKd;vHk;
IyGm;&aom ur|mef;wpfrsKd;jzpfonf[k rSwfom;ygav/
odkYaomf &Siftokb trnf&aom y#dulvreodum&rSm tmHk\ kefY&if;Murf;wrf;rIaMumifh
tZsw (32)aum|mo yxrpsmeform"dwikd f rkH Qom aygufa&mufEikd \
f ? A[d' ouf&Sd (32)aum|mo
Oypm&orm"dwdkifHkrQom aygufa&mufEdkif\? A[d' oufrJh tdk;pkaum|movnf; yxrpsmeform"d
wdkifkHrQom aygufa&mufEdkif\/ txuftxufaom psmeform"drsm;odkYum; raygufa&mufEdkifay/
tu,f toifolawmfaumif;onf txuftxufaom psmeform"drsm;odkY wdkifatmif aygufa&muf
vdkygu ,if; (32)aum|mowdkY\ 0P = ta&miftqif;udk tmHk,l IyGm;&aom 0PuodkPf;rsm;odkY
OD;vSnfh IyGm;yg/ pwkwpsmefodkY wdkifatmif aygufa&mufEdkif\/ xdkrS wpfqifhwuf IyGm;cJhaomf
ae0onmemonm,weormywfodkY wdkifatmif aygufa&mufEdkif\/
222
561
tbdbm,wepsmef
(32)aum|morS 0PuodkPf;odkY ajymif; pwkwpsmeform"dodkY qdkufatmif xdkrSwpfqifh tly
psmefrsm;odkY ul;vdkaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfoljrwfwdkYtaejzifh IyGm;yHkenf;pepfrsm;udk oabmayguf vuf
cHEdkif&ef bk&m;&Sifudk,fawmfwdkif a[mMum;xm;awmfrltyfaom tbdbm,wepsmefrsm; taMumif;udk
BudKwif odxm;oihfayonf/
tbdbm,wepsmefrsm; taMumif;udk bk&m;&Sifonf r[my&dedAmeokwef ('D-2-92-96/)
vnf;aumif; t*FkwdK&fygVdawmf t|uedygwf (tH-3-125-127/) vnf;aumif; "ro*FPDygVdawmf
(tbd-1-55-56/)vnf;aumif; odkYpaom a'oemawmft&yf&yfwdkY tbdbm,wepsmef 0darmu
psmef[laom trnfrsm;jzifh a[mMum;awmfrlcJhayonf/ wGif r[my&dedAmeokwef vm&dSaom t|
tbdbm,weuxmudk xkwfEkwf a&;om;wifjytyfygonf/
1/ t| acg rmed tmeE tbdbm,wemed? uwrmed t|/ tZswHH lyonD {aum A[d'g lyged
ywd y&dwmed ok0P'kAPmed? ]]wmed tbdbk,s Zmemrd ymrD}}wd {0H onD a[mwd/ 'H yXrH
tbdbm,weH/ ('D-2-92/)
tmeEm ...qefYusifbuf eD0&P udavomw&m;ESifh uodkPf;ynwftmkHwdkYudk vTrf;rdk;Edkif
aMumif; = tbdbm,we psmefw&m;wdkYonf (8)rsKd;wdkY &dSukef\/ tb,f (8)rsKd;wdkYenf;[lrl ------1/ wpfOD;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf rdrd\ udk,fwGif;tZswoEmef wnf&dSaom (32)aum|mo
wdkY\ tndK ta&T = t0g teD tjzL[laom ta&miftqif;kyf uodkPf;y&durbm0em&dS tjyif
ty A[d' wnf&dSaom aumif;aomtqif; &dSMuonfh raumif;aomtqif; &dSMuonfh i,faom
uodP
k ;f kyw
f u
Ykd kd tyembm0emjzifh I\? xdik ,faom uodP
k ;f kyw
f u
Ykd kd vTr;f rd;k tyempsmefukd 0ifpm;\?
xdkpsmefrS xaomtcg xdkuodkPf;kyfwdkYudk ]]igodonf igjrifonf}}[k odkYvnf; trSwfonm &dS\/
um; yxrtbdbm,wepsmefwnf;/ ('D-2-92/)
tZswH lyonD ------- tZsw eDvuodkPf; = tndKuodkPf; y&durfudk jyKvdkaom a,m*g0p&
yk*dKvfonf qHyifvnf;aumif; onf;ajcvnf;aumif; rsufeuf0ef;vnf;aumif; - uJhodkYaom
ndKaomaum|moudk tmk,
H
l tndK tndK[v
k nf;aumif; yDwuodP
k ;f = t0ga&mifuodP
k ;f y&durf
udk jyKvakd om a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf tqDcJ vnf;aumif; 0g0if;aom ta&aum|movnf;aumif;
vufz0g; ajcz0g;wdkYvnf;aumif; rsufvHk;wdkY\ 0ga&T&mt&yfvnf;aumif; - uJhodkYaom 0gaom
aum|moukd tmHk,l t0g t0g[kvnf;aumif; avm[dwuodkPf; = teDuodkPf; y&durfudk jyKvdkaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf tom;aomfvnf;aumif; aoG;aomfvnf;aumif; vQmaomfvnf;aumif; rsuv
f ;kH wd\
Yk eDjref;&m t&yfaomfvnf;aumif; - uJo
h aYkd om eDaom aum|moudk tmH,
k
l
teD teD[kvnf;aumif; Mo'gwuodkPf; = tjzLuokdPf; y&durfudk jyKvdkaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf
tdk;aum|movnf;aumif; oGm;aum|movnf;aumif; vufonf; ajconf; aum|movnf;aumif; rsufvHk;wdkY\ jzL&mt&yfaomfvnf;aumif; - uJhodkYaom jzLaom aum|moudk tmHk,l
tjzL tjzL[kvnf;aumif; uodkPf;y&durfudk jyKvkyf&\/ odkYaomf tcsKdUaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfwdkYtzdkY
562
orxur|mef;ydkif; -- tbdbm,wepsmef
xdktZswuodkPf;0ef;rSm tvGefndKaom tvGef0gaom tvGefeDaom tvGefjzLaom uodkPf;0ef;um;

rjzpfEdkif? rpifMu,faom uodkPf;0ef;omvQif jzpfae\/ tZswaum|moudk y&durfjyKonf\ tpGrf;
jzifh &&Sdtyfaom uodkPf;edrdwfonf rpifMu,fonfomvQif jzpfae\/ A[d'aum|mo y&durf
jyKonf\ tpGrf;jzifh &&dStyfaom uodkPf;edrdwfuJhodkYum; rpifMu,fay/ xdkaMumifh tZswaum|mo
y&durfjyKonf\ tpGrf;jzifh &&dStyfaom uodkPf;edrdwf trSwfonm&dSaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf
A[d' aum|mo odkYr[kwf A[d' uodkPf;kyf ajymif; tyempsmef qdkufonfwdkifatmif I\/
odkYvQif tMuifa,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef y&durfum; tZsw jzpf\? edrdwf = y#dbm*edrdwfum;
A[d' jzpf\/ xdkyk*dKvfudk odkYvQif tZsw y&durf\ tpGrf;jzifh A[d' tyempsmef\ tpGrf;jzifh
]]rdrd\ udk,fwGif;tZswoEmef wnf&dSaom (32)aum|mowdkY\ tndK ta&T = t0g teD tjzL
[laom ta&miftqif;kyf uodkPf;y&dur bm0em&dS tjyifty A[d' wnf&dSaom aumif;aom
tqif; &dSMuonfh raumif;aomtqif; &dSMuonfh i,faom uodkPf;kyfwdkYudk tyembm0emjzifh I\}}
[k qdktyf\/ ('D-|-2-151/)
2/ tZswH lyonD {aum A[d'g lyged ywd tyrmPmed ok0P'kAPmed? ]]wmed tbdbk,s
Zmemrd ymrD}}wd {0H onD a[mwd/ 'H 'kwd,H tbdbm,weH/ ('D-2-92/)
2/ wpfO;D aom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf rdr\
d twGi;f tZswo
Emef wnf&aSd om (32)aum|mowd\
Yk
tndK t0g tjzL teD [laom tqif;kyf uodP
k ;f y&durbm0emonm&d
S ,if;odYk onm&dNS y;D aemuf
tjyifty A[d' wnf&dSaom aumif;aomtqif; raumif;aomtqif; &dSMuonfh BuD;rm;us,fjyefY
aom uodkPf;kyfwdkYudk tyembm0emjzihf I\/ xdkBuD;rm;us,fjyefYaom uodkPf;kyfwdkYudk vTrf;rdk;
tyempsmefudk 0ifpm;\? xdkpsmefrS xaomtcg xdkuodkPf;kyfwdkYudk ]]igodonf igjrifonf}}[k odkY
vnf; trSwfonm &dS\/ um; 'kwd, tbdbm,wepsmefaywnf;/ ('D-2-92/)
3/ tZswH tlyonD {aum A[d'g lyged ywd y&dwmed ok0P'kAPmed? ]]wmed tbdbk,s
Zmemrd ymrD}}wd {0H onD a[mwd/ 'H wwd,H tbdbm,weH/ ('D-2-92/)
f nf rdr\
d twGi;f tZswo
Yk
tndK t0g teD tjzL [laom tqif;kyf uodkPf;y&durbm0emonm r&dSbJ (= r&&dSjcif;aMumifh
vnf;aumif; odrYk [kwf tvdkr &dSjcif;aMumifv
h nf;aumif; tZswa um|mowd\
Yk ta&mifuodP
k ;f bm0em
vkyfief;&yfudk pwifjynfwnf tndK tndK ponfjzifh y&durbm0emukd jyKpkysKd;axmifrI vHk;0 rjyKawmhb)J tjyifty A[d' wnf&aSd om aumif;aomtqif; raumif;aomtqif; &dMS uonfh i,faom
uodkPf;kyfwdkYudk y&durbm0emonm tyembm0emonmwdkYjzifh tpOftwdkif; I\? xdki,faom uokP
d ;f kyw
f u
Ykd kd vTr;f rd;k (y&durerd w
d rf S O*[edrw
d o
f Ykd O*[edrw
d rf S y#dbm*edrw
d o
f Ykd qdu
k af &mufatmif
EdkifEdkifeif;eif; yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfEdkifrIudk qdkvdkonf/) tyempsmefudk 0ifpm;\/ xdkpsmefrS xaomtcg
xdkuodkPf;kyfwdkYudk ]]igodonf igjrifonf}}[k odkYvnf; trSwfonm &dS\/ um; wwd, tbdbm,wepsmefaywnf;/ ('D-2-92/)
4/ tZswH tlyonD {aum A[d'g lyged ywd tyrmPmed ok0P'kAPmed? ]]wmed tbdbk,s
Zmemrd ymrD}}wd {0H onD a[mwd/ 'H pwkwH tbdbm,weH/ ('D-2-93/)
563

f nf rdr\
d twGi;f tZswo
Yk
tndK t0g teD tjzL [laom tqif;kyf uodkPf;y&durbm0emonm r&dSbJ tjyifty A[d'
wnf&dSaom aumif;aomtqif; raumif;aomtqif; &dSMuonfh BuD;rm;us,fjyefYaom uodkPf;kyfwdkY
udk y&durbm0emonm tyembm0emonmwdkYjzifh tpOftwdkif; I\/ xdkBuD;rm;us,fjyefYaom uodkPf;kyfwdkYudk vTrf;rdk; tyempsmefudk 0ifpm;\/ xdkpsmefrS xaomtcg xdkuodkPf;kyfwdkYudk ]]igodonf
igjrifonf}}[k odkYvnf; trSwfonm &dS\/ um; pwkw tbdbm,wepsmefwnf;/ ('D-2-93/)
5/ tZswH tlyonD {aum A[d'g lyged ywd eDvmed eDv0Pmed eDved'emed eDvedbmomed/
ao,sxmyd emr OrmykyH eDvH eDv0PH eDved'eH eDvedbmoH/ ao,sxmyd 0g ye wH 0wH
Am&mPao,suH Obawmbm*0dr|H eDvH eDv0PH eDved'eH eDvedbmoH/ {0ar0 tZswH tlyonD {aum A[d'g lyged ywd eDvmed eDv0Pmed eDved'emed eDvedbmomed? ]]wmed tbdb,
k s
Zmemrd ymrD}}wd {0H onD a[mwd/ 'H yrH tbdbm,weH/ ('D-2-93/)
5/ wpfOD;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf rdrd\ udk,fwGif;tZswoEmef wnf&dSaom (32)aum|mo
wdkY\ tndK t0g teD tjzL [laom tqif;kyf uodkPf;y&durbm0emonm r&dSbJ tjyifty
A[d' wnf&dSaom ndKaomtqif; ndKaomtaoG; ndKaomta&mif&dSonfh uodkPf;kyfwdkYudk y&dur
bm0emonm tyembm0emonm ESpfyg;wdkYjzifh tpOftwdkif; I\/ Oyrmtm;jzifh ------- ndKaomtqif;
ndKaomtaoG; ndKaomta&mif &dSonfh ndKaom atmufrJndKyef;uJhodkYvnf;aumif; (= ndKaom
atmufrJndKyef;xuf omndKaom ESrf;Muwfyef;uJhodkYvnf;aumif;) ndKaomtqif; ndKaomtaoG;
ndKaomta&mif&aSd om Am&mPoDjynfjzpf ESpb
f ufacsm t0wfuo
hJ v
Ykd nf;aumif; -- twl wpfO;D aom
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf rdrd\ udk,fwGif;tZswoEmef wnf&dSaom (32)aum|mowdkY\ tndK t0g
teD tjzL [laom tqif;kyf uodkPf;y&durbm0emonm r&dSbJ tjyifty A[d' wnf&dSaom
ndKaomtqif; ndKaomtaoG; ndKaomta&mif&dSonfh uodkPf;kyfwdkYudk y&durbm0emonm tyem
bm0emonm ESpfyg;wdkYjzifh tpOftwdkif; I\? xdk uodkPf;kyfwdkYudk vTrf;rdk; tyempsmefudk 0ifpm;\/
xdkpsmefrS xaomtcg xdkuokdPf;kyfwdkYudk ]]igodonf igjrifonf}}[k odkYvnf; trSwfonm &dS\/
um; yr tbdbm,wepsmefwnf;/ ('D-2-93/)
6/ tZswH tlyonD {aum A[d'g lyged ywd yDwmed yDw0Pmed yDwed'emed yDwedbmomed/
ao,sxmyd emr uPdum&ykyH yDwH yDw0PH yDwed'eH yDwedbmoH/ ao,sxmyd 0g ye wH 0wH
Am&mPao,suH Obawmbm*0dr|H yDwH yDw0PH yDwed'eH yDwedbmoH/ {0ar0 tZswH tlyonD {aum A[d'g lyged ywd yDwmed yDw0Pmed yDwed'emed yDwedbmomed? ]]wmed tbdb,
k s
Zmemrd ymrD}}wd {0H onD a[mwd/ 'H q|H tbdbm,weH/ ('D-2-93/)
wdkY\ tndK t0g tjzL teD [laom tqif;kyf uodkPf; y&durbm0emonm r&dSbJ tjyifty
A[d' wnf&dSaom 0ga&Taomtqif; 0ga&TaomtaoG; 0ga&Taomta&mif&dSonfh uodkPf;kyfwdkYudk
y&durbm0emonm tyembm0emonm ESpfyg;wdkYjzifh tpOftwdkif; I\/ Oyrmtm;jzifh 0ga&Taom
tqif; 0ga&TaomtaoG; 0ga&Taomta&mif&dSonfh r[mavSum;yef;uJhodkYvnf;aumif; 0ga&Taom
564
tqif; 0ga&TaomtaoG; 0ga&Taomta&mif&o

Sd nfh Am&mPoDjynfjzpf ESpb
f ufacsm t0wfuo
hJ v
Ykd nf;aumif; ------ twl wpfOD;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf rdrd\ udk,fwGif;tZswoEmef wnf&dSaom
(32)aum|mowdkY\ tndK t0g teD tjzL [laom tqif;kyf uodkPf;y&durbm0emonm r&dSbJ
tjyifty A[d' wnf&aSd om 0ga&Taomtqif; 0ga&TaomtaoG; 0ga&Taomta&mif &do
S nfh uokP
d ;f
kyw
f u
Ykd kd y&durbm0emonm tyembm0emonm ESpyf g;wdjYk zifh tpOftwdik ;f I\? xdu
k odP
k ;f kyw
f u
Ykd kd
vTrf;rdk; tyempsmefudk 0ifpm;\/ xdkpsmefrS xaomtcg xdkuodkPf;kyfwdkYudk ]] igodonf igjrifonf}}
[k odkYvnf; trSwfonm&dS\/ um; q| tbdbm,wepsmefaywnf;/ ('D-2-93/)
7/ tZswH tlyonD {aum A[d'g lyged ywd avm[dwumed avm[dwu0Pmed avm[dwued'emed avm[dwuedbmomed/ ao,sxmyd emr AEKZD0uykyH avm[dwuH avm[dwu0PH
avm[dwued'eH avm[dwuedbmoH/ ao,sxmyd 0g ye wH 0wH Am&mPao,suH Obawmbm*0dr|H avm[dwuH avm[dwu0PH avm[dwued'eH avm[dwuedbmoH/ {0ar0 tZswH
tlyonD {aum A[d'g lyged ywd avm[dwumed avm[dwu0Pmed avm[dwued'emed
avm[dwuedbmomed? ]]wmed tbdbk,s Zmemrd ymrD}}wd {0H onD a[mwd/ 'H owrH
tbdbm,weH/ ('D-2-93/)
7/ wpfOD;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf rdrd\ twGif;tZswoEmef wnf&dSaom (32)aum|mo
A[d' wnf&aSd om eDaomtqif; eDaomtaoG; eDaomta&mif&dSonfh uodkPf;kyfwdkYudk y&dur
bm0emonm tyembm0emonm ESpyf g;wdjYk zifh tpOftwdik ;f I\/ Oyrmtm;jzifh eDaomtqif; eDaom
taoG; eDaomta&mif&dSonfh rdk;aqGyef;uJhodkYvnf;aumif; eDaomtqif; eDaomtaoG; eDaom
ta&mif&dSonhf Am&mPoDjynfjzpf ESpfbufacsm t0wfuJhodkYvnf;aumif; ------- twl wpfOD;aom
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf rdrd\ udk,fwGif;tZswoEmef wnf&dSaom (32)aum|mowdkY\ tndK t0g
teD tjzL [laom tqif;kyf uodkPf;y&durbm0emonm r&dSbJ tjyifty A[d' wnf&dSaom
eDaomtqif; eDaomtaoG; eDaomta&mif&dSonfh uodkPf;kyfwdkYudk y&durbm0emonm tyem
bm0emonm ESpfyg;wdkYjzifh tpOftwdkif; I\? xdkuodkPf;kyfwdkYudk vTrf;rdk; tyempsmefudk 0ifpm;\/
xdkpsmefrS xaomtcg xdkuodkPf;kyfwdkYudk ]]igodonf igjrifonf}}[k odkYvnf; trSwfonm &dS\/
um; owr tbdbm,wepsmefwnf;/ ('D-2-93/)
8/ tZswH tlyonD {aum A[d'g lyged ywd Mo'gwmed Mo'gw0Pmed Mo'gwed'emed
Mo'gwedbmomed/ ao,sxmyd emr Moo"dwm&um Mo'gwm Mo'gw0Pm Mo'gwed'em Mo'gwedbmom/ ao,sxmyd 0g ye wH 0wH Am&mPao,suH Obawmbm*0dr|H Mo'gwH Mo'gw0PH
Mo'gwed'eH Mo'gwedbmoH/ {0ar0 tZswH tlyonD {aum A[d'g lyged ywd Mo'gwmed
Mo'gw0Pmed Mo'gwed'emed Mo'gwedbmomed? ]]wmed tbdbk,s Zmemrd ymrD}}wd {0H onD
a[mwd/ 'H t|rH tbdbm,weH/ rmed acg tmeE t| tbdbm,wemed/ ('D-2-93-94/)
A[d' wnf&dSaom jzLaomtqif; jzLaomtaoG; jzLaomta&mif&dSonfh uodkPf;kyfwdkYudk y&dur
565
bm0emonm tyembm0emonm ESpfyg;wdkYjzifh tpOftwdkif; I\/ Oyrmtm;jzifh jzLaomtqif;

jzLaomtaoG; jzLaomta&mif&dSonfh aomufSL ;Mu,fuJhodkYvnf;aumif; jzLaomtqif; jzLaomtaoG; jzLaomta&mif&Sdonfh Am&mPoDjynfjzpf ESpfbufacsm t0wfuJhodkYvnf;aumif; ------- twl
wpfOD;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf rdrd\ ukd,fwGif;tZswoEmef wnf&dSaom (32)aum|mowdkY\
tndK t0g teD tjzL [laom tqif;kyf uodkPf;y&durbm0emonm r&dSbJ tjyifty A[d'
wnf&dSaom jzLaomtqif; jzLaomtaoG; jzLaomta&mif&dSonfh uodkPf;kyfwdkYudk y&durbm0em
onm tyembm0emonm ESpyf g;wdjYk zifh tpOftwdik ;f I\/ xdu
k odP
k ;f kyw
f u
Ykd kd vTr;f rd;k tyempsmefukd
0ifpm;\/ xdkpsmefrS xaomtcg xdkuodkPf;kyfwdkYudk ]]igodonf igjrifonf}}[k odkYvnf; trSwf
onm&dS\/ um; t|r tbdbm,wepsmefwnf;/ tmeEm ...qefYusifbuf eD0&Pw&m;ESifh
uodkPf;tmkHwdkYudk vTrf;rdk;EdkifaMumif; tbdbm,wepsmefwdkYonf &Spfyg;wdkYyifwnf;/ ('D-2-93-94/)
tbdbm,wepsmef ------- psmefrsm;onf psmef\qefYusifbuf eD0&Pw&m;wdkYudkvnf; vTrf;rdk;
Edik \
f ? uodP
k ;f ynwftmku
H v
kd nf; tvd&k o
Sd vdk Edik Ef ikd ef if;eif; y&durerd w
d rf S O*[edrw
d o
f Ykd O*[edrw
d f
rS y#dbm*edrdwfodkY qdkufatmif vTrf;rdk;Edkif\/ eD0&Pw&m;wdkYonf psmefESifh xdyfwdkuf qefYusifbuf
jzpfaomaMumifh ,if;eD0&Pw&m;wdkYudk psmefw&m;wdkYu vTrf;rdk;Edkifjcif; jzpf\/ a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfu
PftvGex
f ufjrufaomaMumifh uodP
k ;f ynwftmku
H kd Edik Ef ikd ef if;eif; vTr;f rd;k Edik jf cif; jzpf\/ xdak Mumifh
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfu tvGefPfBuD;jrwfol jzpfonfhtwGuf tvG,fwulESifhyif qefYusifbuf eD0&P
w&m;wdkYudkvnf; y,f&Sm;Edkif vTrf;rdk;Edkifonfhjyif psmef\ tmkHjzpfaom ta&mifuodkPf;wdkYudk i,faom
BuD;aom r[l tvG,fwulESifhyif Edkifeif;pGm IrSwfyGm;rsm; &&dStyfaom psmefudk tbdbm,wepsmef
[l ac:qdkonf[k rSwfyg/ ('D-|-2-151/ 'D-#D-2-159/)
trSwf (1) yk*dKvf

xdk tbdbm,wepsmefukd &&daS tmifBuKd ;pm;tm;xkw&f m tpysK;d yGm;rsm;tm;xkwaf om y&dur
bm0emtvkyrf mS ------1/ rdrd\ udk,fwGif;tZswoEmef wnf&dSaom (32)aum|mowdkY\ ta&mifuodkPf;kyf[laom
tZswkyfudk tmkHjyK y&durbm0emudk tpysKd; yGm;rsm;onfvnf; &dS\/
2/ tjyifty A[d' wnf&aSd om ta&mifuodP
k ;f ky[
f al om A[d' yk u
f kd tmkjH yK y&durbm0em
udk tpysKd; yGm;rsm;onfvnf; &dS\/
1/ xdkESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif tZswkyf eDvuodkPf;y&durfudk jyKvkyfyGm;rsm;vdkaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf
(u) qHyif jzpfap (c) onf;ajc jzpfap (*) rsufeuf0ef; jzpfap eDvH eDvH eDvH = tnKd tndK
tndK[k tzefzef txyfxyf y&durbm0emtvkyfudk tm;xkwf&\/
2/ xdktZswkyf yDwuodP
k ;f y&durfukd jyKvyk yf mG ;rsm;vdak om a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf (u) tqDcJ
jzpfap (c) ta& jzpfap (*) vufzrdk; ajczrdk; jzpfap (C) rsufpdtwGif; 0ga&Taomt&yf jzpfap
(i) 0ga&Taom usifi,f jzpfap yDwH yDwH yDwH = t0g t0g t0g[k odkYr[kwf ta&T ta&T ta&T [k
tzefzef txyfxyf y&durbm0emtvkyfudk tm;xkwf&\/
566
3/ xdktZswkyf avm[dwuodkPf; y&duHudk jyKvkyfyGm;rsm;vdkaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf ------(u) tom; jzpfap (c) taoG; jzpfap (*) vQm jzpfap (C) rsufpdtwGif; eDjref;&mt&yf
jzpfap avm[dwH avm[dwH avm[dwH = teD teD teD[k tzefzef txyfxyf y&durbm0emtvkyf
udk tm;xkwf&\/
4/ xdktZswkyf Mo'gwuokdPf;y&duHudk jyKvkyfyGm;rsm;vdkaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf (u) tdk;
jzpfap (c) oGm; jzpfap (*) vufonf; ajconf; jzpfap (C) rsufjzL jzpfap Mo'gwH Mo'gwH
Mo'gwH = tjzL tjzL tjzL[k tzefzef txyfxyf y&durbm0emtvkyfudk tm;xkwf&\/
tcsKdUaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfwdkYtm; xdktZswkyf y&durbm0emom jynfhpHkEdkifonf? tyem
bm0emum; rjynfhpHkEdkif/ xdktZswkyf y&durbm0emudk jyKvkyfyGm;rsm; &&Sdtyfaom uodkPf;edrdwf
tmkHonf y#dbm*edrdwftmkH jzpfEdkifavmufatmif rpifMu,fEdkif? xdkaMumifh xdktZswkyf y&dur
bm0emtvkyfudk tm;xkwfaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf y&durorm"d tm;&Sdvmaomtcg y#dbm*
edrdwftmkHudk &&Sd&ef tjyifty A[d' wnf&Sdaom ta&mifuokdPf;kyfwdkYudk ajymif; wpfzef y&dur
bm0emtvkyu
f kd tm;xkw&f jyefonf/ xdo
k Ykd tm;xkwaf omtcg tpOftwdik ;f y&durerd w
d f O*[edrw
d f
y#dbm*edrdwftmkHudk &&Sd y&durorm"d Oypm&orm"d tyemorm"d[laom orm"doHk;rsKd;odkY tpOf
twdkif; qdkufa&mufum tyempsmefw&m;udk &&SdEdkifavonf/ um; tZsw uodkPf;y&duHudk pwif
jynfwnf A[d'ta&mifuodkPf;kyfwdkYudkvnf; tyempsmefudk &&Sd&ef ajymif; Iaom trSwf (1)
yk*dKvfrsKd;wnf;/ yk*dKvfrsKd;um; tZsw ta&mifuodkPf;kyfwdkY rxif&Sm;aomaMumifh tyempsmef
udk r&&SdEdkifaom yk*dKvfrsKd;wnf;/ tZswaum|morsm;u xif&Sm;ojzifh tZswuodkPf;kyfwdkY xif&Sm;
aom yk*dKvfwdkYtwGuf 0darmupsmefrsm;udkvnf; qufvuf a[mMum;xm;awmfrlayonf/ pmrsufESm
- 571-ponf Munfhyg/
y&durorm"d Oypm&orm"d tyemorm"d[laom orm"doHk;rsKd;udk jzpfapwwfaom
y&durbm0em Oypm&bm0em tyembm0em[laom bm0emoHk;rsKd;wdkY\ uodkPf;tmkHedrdwfonf
onf;ajcuJhodkY i,fonfvnf; &Sd\? OD;acgif;kd; OD;acgif;cGHuJhodkY BuD;onfvnf; &Sd\/ i,fonfjzpfap
BuD;onfjzpfap PftvGefxufjrufaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfoljrwfonf xdkuodkPf;edrdwfudk wdk;yGm;atmif rjyKvkyfawmhbJ (onf;ajcuJhodkY) i,faom uodkPf;tmkHedrdwfjzpfvQif -- ygpuawaZm"mwf
0rf;rD; xufjrufaumif;rGeaf om olonf wpfa,mufcsKrd Qaom tpmxrif;udk &&Sv
d wfaomf ]]xrif;
pm;zG,&f m tb,favmufrsm;&S
d enf;}}[k ESv;kH ydu
k
f &So
d rQtpmxrif;udk pk;Hk Ny;D vQif wpfvw
k pf mrQom
jyK tvsiftjref pm;aomufavouJhodkY - twlyif Pftjrifoef&Y iS ;f ol jzpf&um; ]]tenf;i,f
rQaom uodkPf;tmkH cJcJ,Of;,Of; ESvHk;oGif;0ifpm;zG,f&m tb,frSmvQif &SdEdkiftHhenf;? tmkH
tyempsmefudk &&SdzdkY&eftvkyfonf ightzdkY&m 0efav;aom tvkyfr[kwf}}[k ESvHk;ykduf xdktqif;kyf =
ao;i,faom uodkPf;tmkHedrdwfwdkYudk vTrf;rdk; uodkPf;y#dbm*edrdwftmkHudk tvG,fwulESifhyif
&&Sdum Oypm&orm"d = Oypm&psmefudk &&SdNyD;vQif xkdOypm&psmef\ tjcm;rJhrSmyifvQif tyempsmefudk
jzpfapEdik af vonf? tyempsmefukd 0ifpm;Edik af vonf/ xdo
k Ykd &&Sad om psmefukd qefu
Y sib
f uf eD0&Pw&m;
ESihf ta&mifuodP
k ;f tmkw
H u
Ykd kd tvG,w
f ulEiS hf vTr;f rd;k Edik ef if;vsuf jzpfymG ;vmaomaMumifh tbdbm,wepsmef[l ac:qdktyfavonf/ ('D-|-2-151-152/)
567

wpfzef xdkPftvGefxufjrufaom (2) trSwfjy a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfoljrwfonf BuD;rm;us,fjyefYaom uodkPf;tmkHedrdwfjzpfvQif -- ygpuawaZm"mwf 0rf;rD; tvGex
f ufjruf aumif;rGe
f tpm;
BuD;aom a,mufsm;onf cl;NyD;jyifNyD;aom xrif;yGJBuD; wpfyGJudk &&Sdvwfaomf ]]tjcm;xrif; wpfyGJyif
&SdvifhOD;awmh? ightzdkY&m xdkxrif;yGJonf tb,frlptHhenf; = ta&;vkyfzG,f&mrvdk ukefatmif pm;Edkif
onfom}}[k ESvHk;ykdufum xdkxrif;udk BuD;us,frsm;jym;aom taejzifh ra&wGufbJ tvG,fwulESifhyif
ukefpifatmif pm;oHk;ypfvdkufouJhodkY -- twlyif rdrdu PftjrifoefY&Sif;ol jzpf&um; ]]BuD;rm;
us,fjyefYaom uodkPf;tmkH cJcJ,Of;,Of; ESvHk;oGif;0ifpm;zG,f&m tb,frSm &SdtHhenf;? uodkPf;
tmko
H nf ightzd&k m ESv;kH roGi;f Edik af vmufatmuf r0ifpm;Edik af vmufatmif Bu;D us,af om tmkrH [kw?f
uodkPf;tmkH orm"d&atmif jyKvkyfzdkY&ef 0efav;zG,f&m tenf;i,frQ r&Sd}}[k ESvHk;ykdufum xdk
BuD;rm;us,fjyefYaom uodkPf;tmkHedrdwfwdkYudk vTrf;rkd; uodkPf;y#dbm*edrdwftmkHudk tvG,fwul
ESifhyif &&dSum Oypm&orm"d = Oypm&psmefudk &&dSavonf? Oypm&psmefudk &&dSNyD;onf\ tjcm;rJhrSm
yifvQif tyemorm"d = tyempsmefukd jzpfapEdik af vonf/ xdo
k Ykd &&daS om psmefukd qefu
Y sib
f uf eD0&P
w&m;ESifh uodkPf;tmkHwdkYudk vTrf;rdk;Edkifeif;vsuf jzpfyGm;vmaomaMumifh tbdbm,wepsmef[l
ac:qdktyfavonf/ ('D-|-2-152/)
tbdbm,wepsmef (8)yg;wdt
Yk euf (1)trSwjf y tbdbm,wepsmefrmS a&S;OD;pGm rdr\
d ud,
k -f
wGif;tZswoEmef wnf&dSaom (32)aum|mowdkY\ tndK t0g teD tjzL [laom ta&mifuodkPf;
kyf tndK tndK ponfjzifh y&durbm0emvkyfief;&yfudk jyKpkysKd;axmifNyD;aemufrS tjyifty A[d'
wnf&dSonfh aumif;aomtqif; &dSaom ao;i,faom uodkPf;kyf odkYr[kwf raumif;aomtqif;
&dSaom ao;i,faom uodkPf;kyf y#dbm*edrdwftmkHudk &&dSum tvG,fwul vsifjrefpGm Oypm&
orm"dpsmef tyemorm"dpsmefodkY wdkifatmif aygufa&muf&&dSaom psmefjzpfonf/ psmef uodkPf;
edrdwftmkHudk wdk;yGm;atmif jzefYMuufrI r&dSay/ xdkaMumifh uodkPf;0ef;rSm ao;i,faejcif; jzpf\/
(2)trSwfjy tbdbm,wepsmefrSm xdkYtwl tZsw ta&mifuodkPf;kyf y&durbm0em vkyfief;&yfudk jyKpkysKd;axmifNyD;aemuf tjyifty A[d' wnf&dSonfh aumif;aomtqif; &dSaom BuD;rm;
us,jf yefaY om uodP
k ;f kyf odrYk [kwf raumif;aomtqif; &daS om Bu;D rm;us,jf yefaY om uodP
k ;f kyf
y#dbm*edrdwftmkHudk &&dSojzifh Oypm&orm"d tyemorm"dodkY wdkifatmif aygufa&muf &&dSaom psmef
jzpfonf/ uodkPf;0ef;tmkHudk t&yfq,frsufESm tvdk&dSoavmuf wdk;yGm;atmif jyKvkyfxm;
ojzifh uokP
d ;f 0ef;rSm Bu;D rm;us,jf yefo
Y mG ;jcif; jzpf\/ pGr;f Edik yf gu teEpMu0Vmodw
Yk ikd af tmif uodP
k ;f
0ef;udk jzefYMuufEdkif\/
(3)trSwfjy tbdbm,wepsmefrSm rdrd\ udk,fwGif;tZswoEmef wnf&dSaom (32)aum|mo
wdkY\ ta&mifuodkPf;kyf y&durbm0emudk rxlaxmifawmhbJ tjyifty A[d' wnf&dSonfh
aumif;aomtqif; &daS om ao;i,faom ta&mifuodP
k ;f kyf odrYk [kwf raumif;aomtqif; &daS om
ao;i,faom ta&mifuodkPf;kyf y&duredrdwftmkH O*[edrdwftmkH y#dbm*edrdwftmkH[laom
tmko
H ;kH rsK;d udk tpOftwdik ;f &&du
S m y&durbm0em Oypm&bm0em tyembm0em[laom bm0em
568
oHk;rsKd;wdkYudk tpOftwkdif; tvG,fwul yGm;rsm;aygufa&mufum &&dStyfaom psmefjzpfonf/ psmef

uodP
k ;f 0ef;udk jzefMY uufrI r&do
S jzifh wd;k yGm;atmif rjyKvyk o
f jzifh uodP
k ;f 0ef;rSm ao;i,faejcif; jzpf\/
(4)trSwfjy tbdbm,wepsmefrSm (3)trSwfjy tbdbm,wepsmefESifh tvm;wlyif BuD;rm;
us,fjyefYaom A[d' ta&mifuodkPf;kyf aygufa&muf&&dStyfaom psmefjzpfonf/ uodkPf;0ef;
udk tvdk&dSoavmuf 0ef;usifywfcsm cyfodrf;aom t&yfq,frsufESmodkYwdkifatmif jzefYMuufxm;ojzifh
uodkPf;0ef;rSm BuD;rm;us,fjyefYaejcif; jzpf\/
(5-6-7-8)trSwfjy tbdbm,wepsmef av;yg;wdkYrSm tvGef oefY&Sif;pifMu,faom ta&mif
tqif;&dSonfh tjyifty A[d' wnf&dSaom ------1/ eDv
= tndK
2/ yDw
= t0g = ta&T
3/ avm[dw = teD
4/ Mo'gw = tjzL -----uodkPf;kyf tmkHav;rsKd;wdkY tvG,fwul &&dStyfaom ------1/
2/
3/
4/
eDvuodkPf;vQif tmkH&dSaompsmef
yDwuodkPf;vQif tmkH&dSaompsmef
avm[dwuodkPf;vQif tmkH&dSaompsmef
Mo'gwuodkPf;vQif tmHk&dSaompsmef -----psmefav;rsKd;wdkY jzpfavonf/ odkY tpOftwdkif; rSwf,lav/

1/
2/
3/
4/
xdktbdbm,wepsmef (8)rsKd;wdkYwGif a&S;psmef (4)yg;wdkY ------0dwufpdu

k f xlajymrsm;jym;aom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vt
f wGuf i,faom uodP
k ;f kypf smefonf vm&dS\/
arm[pdkuf xlajymrsm;jym;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftwGuf BuD;rm;us,fjyefYaom uodkPf;kyf
psmefonf vm&dS\/
a'gopdkuf xlajymrsm;jym;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftwGuf aumif;aom tqif;&dSonfh uodkPf;
kyfpsmefonf vm&dS\/
&m*pkduf xlajymrsm;jym;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftwGuf raumif;aom tqif;&dSonfh uodkPf;
kyfpsmefonf vm&dS\/
rSefayonf xdkyk*dKvfav;rsKd;wdkYtm; xdkuodkPf;kyf av;rsKd;wdkYonf tpOftwdkif; oyg, jzpfMu

ukef\/
rSwfcsuf ------- (32)aum|moESifh qufoG,faeaom tbdbm,wepsmef taMumif;t&m
rsm;udk okwfr[m0gt|uxm tbdbm,we0Pem ('D-|-2-151-152-153/) r[m0*#Dum ('D#D-2-159-162/) t*Fkw&t|uxm (tH-|-3-243-244-245/) tbd"rm t|omvdeDt|uxm
569
(tbd-|-1-233-234/) wdyd#u "rb@m*g&du jzpfawmfrlaom rif;uGef;"rem' q&mawmfbk&m;

BuD;\ r[mAk'0if yrwGJ pmrsufESm (346-354/) ------- t&yf&yfaom usrf;*ef tqdktrdefYwdkYudk
rDSjirf;jyK vdk&if;udk xkwfEkwfazmfjytyfygonf/
tZswH lyonD - [k a[mawmfrljcif;

rdrd\ udk,fwGif;tZswoEmef wnf&dSaom (32)aum|mowdkY\ tndK t0g teD tjzL[laom
ta&mifuodP
k ;f kyw
f Ykd y&durbm0emonmom &&dES ikd
f tb,faMumifh Oypm&bm0emonm tyem
bm0emonmrsm;udk r&&dSEdkifygoenf;[lrl -- tajzudk t|omvdeDt|uxmESifh rlv#DumwdkY odkY
zGifhqdkxm;\/
tZswlygeH tebdb0eD,awm/ (tbd-|-1-234/)
tZswlygeH tebdb0eD,wm p A[d'glygeH 0d, t0dblwwm/ (rlv#D-1-106/)
tcsKdUaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; tZswoEmef wnf&dSaom (32)aum|mowdkY\ tndK t0g
teD tjzL [laom ta&mifuodkPf;kyfwdkYum; A[d' wnf&dSaom ta&mifuodkPf;kyfwdkYuJhodkY rxif
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xdt
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f u
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f Edik Ef ikd ef if;eif; rvTr;f rd;k Edik af omaMumifh y#dbm*edrw
d f
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ta&mifuodkPf;kyfwdkYudk y#dbm*edrdwfodkY qdkufatmif bm0empdwfu rvTrf;rdk;Edkifjcif; qefYusifbuf
eD0&Pw&m;wdu
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k ;f kyw
f u
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Oypm&orm"d tyemorm"dudk r&&dSjcif; jzpfonf/
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r&&dSEdkifaomf tb,faMumifh bk&m;&Sifonf -- tZswH lyonD {aum A[d'g lyged ywd - ponfjzifh
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a[mMum;awmfrl&oenf;[lrl ------- t|omvdeDt|uxmESifh tEk#DumwdkY odkY taMumif;jyxm;\?
]]tZswH tlyonD}}wd 'H ye owK a'oem0dvmorwar0/ (tbd-|-1-234/)
a'oem0dvmaom [d emr 0dae,sZsmo,mEklyH 0dZrmea0 y&d,m, 0dbm0eH e ,
upDwd/ (tEk#D-1-114/)
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wdkYudk tyempsmefudk r&&SdEdkifaom yk*dKvfwdkYtwGuf ra[mbJ A[d' ta&mifuodkPf;kyf IuGufudkom
vQif bk&m;&Sifonf a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/ xdkodkY tZsw ta&mifuodkPf;kyf IuGufudk ra[mygbJ
vsuf tZswH tlyonD - [k xnf
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570
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k ;f kyw
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kH kd
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1/ lyD lyged ywd? t,H yXarm 0darmaum/
2/ tZwH tlyonD A[d'g lyged ywd? t,H 'kwda,m 0darmaum/ (tH-3-126/)
lyD lyged ywDwd {w tZwH auom'Dok eDvuodPm'd0aoe Oyg'dwH lyZmeH lyH?
w'wDwd lyD/ A[d'gyd eDvuodPm'Ded lyged psmepuKem ywd/ rdem tZwA[d'0wKauok
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A[d'g0 Oyg'dwZme lyg0p&Zmemed 'dwmed/ (tH-|-3-245/)
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txufyg ygVdawmf t|uxm #DumwdkY\ qdkvdk&if;rSm odkY jzpf\/
1/ rdrd tZwo
Emef uodP
k ;f kypf smef &So
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wGif t|uxmu tZw (32)aum|mowdkYwGif qHyifpaom aum|mowdkY eDvuodkPf;
ponfw\
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571
'kwd,yk*dKvfum; tZw aum|mowdkY uodkPf;kyfpsmefwdkYudk &&Sdatmif rBudK;pm;awmhbJ A[d'

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Mo'gwuodkPf;
(32)aum|moudk tajccH tbdbm,wepsmef rsm;udk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfvdkygu pwkwpsmef
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roGm;bJ wm&SnfpGm tIcHaernf tpdkufcHaernf jzpfonf/
tu,f y#dulvreodum&vrf;rS tZsw tdk;pkaum|mo yxrpsmeform"dodkY qdkufonf
wdik af tmif A[d' td;k pkaum|movnf; Oypm&orm"doYkd qdu
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awmhbJ xdktdk;pkaum|moudk tmkH,l Mo'gwuodkPf;odkY wdkufdkufajymif;Iygu Pfxufjrufol
jzpfvQif vG,fulpGmyif &&dSrnf jzpfygonf/ odkYaomf tcsKdUtcsKdUaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfrsm; txufyg
twdkif; tdk;pkaum|mo y#dulvreodum&vrf;rS orm"dudk rxlaxmifawmhbJ tjzLa&mif uodkPf;
bufodkY ajymif;Iygu MumMumtpdkufrcHbJ tdk;pktmHkrSm aysmufaysmufoGm;wwfonfvnf; &dSay
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orm"dodkY qdkufonfwdkifatmif A[d'udk I&m t&yfq,frsufESmvkH; Munfhvdkufwdkif; tdk;pkcsnf;
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rul;rD pyfMum;umv y#dulvreodum&ur|mef;udkvnf; pD;jzef;wwf&ef pD;jzef;NyD;vnf;jzpf&ef &nf
&G,f tkd;pkaum|mo y#dulvreodum&vrf;rS tZsw yxrpsmeform"dodkY qdkufonfwdkifatmif
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aum|mo\ tjzLqHk;wpfae&mudk txl;ojzifh rdrdudk aemufcdkif;vsuf wnfaeaom OD;acgif;cGHudk
a&G;cs,f xkdae&m bm0empdwfudk pdkufxm;NyD;vQif ------Mo'gwH Mo'gwH Mo'gwH = tjzL tjzL tjzL [k Iaeyg/
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573
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bm0emonm y&durbm0emorm"d y&duredrdw[
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574
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oufouf tjzpfjzifhom awGUjrifvm&aomf O*[edrdwo
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575
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576
xdkaMumifh tjzLa&mif y#dbm*edrdwfudk 0ef;usifywfcsm cyfodrf;aom t&yf (10)rsufESmodkY wdkifatmif

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577
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k ;f y#dbm*edrw
d t
f mkH bm0empdw\
f Nird 0f yfpmG uyf wnfaerI = psmef0ifpm;rI vkyif ef;&yfuo
kd m OD;pm;ay; tvkyv
f yk &f rnfjzpfonf/ xdak Mumifh psmeform"dukd wpfem&D ESpef m&DcefY ponfjzifh
wnfwHhatmif t"d|mefjyKum BudK;pm;tm;xkwfyg/
tjypf ------- tu,f psmeformywfudk 0ifpm;rI tm;enf; psmeft*Fgrsm;udk qifjcifrI rsm;jym;
ygu xdkyk*dKvf\oEmef psmeft*FgwdkYonf kefY&if;ukefonfjzpf xifvmwwfukef\/ xdkodkYxifvm
vwfaomf xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ xdkpsmeft*FgwdkYonf odkY kefY&if;ukefonf tm;enf;ukefonfjzpf
xifvmonf\ tjzpfaMumifh bm0emjzifh txuftxufaom psmefodkY wufjcif;iSm taMumif;w&m;\
tjzpfoYkd ra&muf&MdS uavuke/f xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf psmeform"dukd ryGm;aptyf ravhvmtyfonf
&Sad omf txuftxufaompsmefukd &&Spd rd ahf omiSm tm;xkwyf gaomfvnf; rdr&d &Sx
d m;Ny;D aom yxrpsmef
rSvnf; qkw,
f w
k w
f wf\? 'kw,
d psmefoYkd a&muf&zdS &Ykd efvnf; rpGr;f Edik &f w
dS wfonf/ um; tjypfwnf;/
(0dok'd-1-148/)
xdaYk Mumifh rdr&d &Sx
d m;Ny;D aom yxrpsmefukd cdik cf ahH tmif &Snjf rifph mG wnfwahH tmif BuKd ;pm;zdYk vdt
k yf
ayonf/ xdkpsmefudk &&SdpOftcgu (1) pm;oHk;cJhaom abmZOf (2) rSD0JcJhaom yk*dKvf (3) rSD0JcJhaom
ausmif; (4) rSD0JcJhaom &d,mykxf (5) yGm;rsm;cJhaom tcsdefwdkYudk aumif;pGm rSwfom;xm;yg/
tu,f &NyD;psmefonf aysmufysufcJhaomf xdktjcif;t&mwdkYudk jynfhpHkap wpfzef psmefudk jzpfapjcif;iSmvnf; pGrf;Edkifayvdrfhrnf/ ausyGefpGm ravhvmtyfao;aom psmeform"dudkvnf; ausyGefpGm
avhvmrIudk jyKvsuf tzefzef txyfxyf tyempsmefudk 0ifpm;jcif;iSmvnf; pGrf;Edkifayvdrfhrnf/
(0dok'd-1-146/)
578
xdktjcif;t&medrdwfudk rSwfom;jcif;jzifh xdktjcif;t&mwdkYudk jynfhpHkapaom xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf

tm; tyempsmefrQonfomvQif jynfhpHkEdkif\? jrifh&SnfpGm wnfwHhjcif;onfrlum; rjynfhpHkao;ay/ psmef
orm"d\ ab;&efjzpfMuukefaom umrpEeD0&Ppaom udavom tnpftaMu;wdkYudk aumif;pGm
ok"o
f ifoef&Y iS ;f atmif jyKvyk jf cif;[laom taMumif;w&m;aMumifh psmeform"d\ jrif&h n
S pf mG aom umv
ywfvHk; wnfwHhjcif;onf jzpfEdkif\/ rSefayonf tMuifa,m*g0p&yk*dKvfoljrwfonf (1) ouf&SdoufrJh
umr0wK tpkpk tjypfukd qifjcifjcif; rpifrMu,f &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f tokboabmudk ESvHk;oGif;jcif;
(tokbur|mef;udk ESvHk;oGif;jcif;) umr*kPfwdkYrS xGufajrmufjcif; tusKd;tmedoifudk qifjcifjcif;
ponfwdkYjzifh umr*kPfwdkY vdkvm;awmifhwrI = umrpEeD0&P tnpftaMu;udk aumif;pGm rcGmrl
(2) udk,fpdwfwdkY ylyefjcif;udk aumif;pGm Nidrf;at;onfudk rjyKrl = udk,fpdwfwdkY\ ylyefjcif;\taMumif;
jzpfaom a'go[laom Asmyg'eD0&Pudk aumif;pGm ok"foif&Sif;vif;jcif;udk rjyKrl (3) a&S;OD;tp
BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif; = tm&r"mwfpaom 0D&d,oarmZsif jzpfaMumif;w&m;wdkYudk ESvHk;oGif;jcif;
tmavmuonm = ta&miftvif; trSwfonmudk ESvHk;oGif;jcif; pGrf;Edkifygu tmavmuuodkPf;udk
ESv;kH oGi;f jcif; ponfw\
Ykd tpGr;f jzifh pdwaf pwoduw
f \
Ykd xdik ;f rdiI ;f rI xderd'e 0D &Pudk aumif;pGm ry,fazsmufrl (4) pdwfwnfNidrfrI orm"djzpfaMumif; orxedrdwfudk ESvHk;oGif;jcif; orm"doarmZsif
jzpfaMumif;w&m;wdkYudk ESvHk;oGif;jcif; ponfwdkY\ tpGrf;jzifh pdwfysHUvGifhrI = O'p aemifwwpfzef ylyefrI
= ukuKp[laom eD0&P tnpftaMu;wdkYudk aumif;pGm y,fEIwftyfonfudk rjyKrl (5) &wemoHk;wef
uH-uH\tusKd;w&m;ponfh (8)XmewdkY odkYavm odkYavm awG;awm,HkrSm;jcif; 0dpdudpmeD0&P tnpf
taMu; rmef,pfjcif; rmefaxmifvmT ;jcif;paom orm"d\ ab;&efjzpfuek af om udavom tnpftaMu;
wdkYukd aumif;pGm ok"foif&Sif;vif;jcif;udk rjyKrl psmefudk 0ifpm;\/
xdkuJhodkYaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfrsKd;onf rok"foiftyfaom rdrdwdkYudef;atmif;&m 0g;acgif;paom
ae&modkY 0ifa&mufaom ysm;ydwkef;uJhodkYvnf;aumif; ab;&efudk rok"foiftyfao;aom O,smOfodkY
0ifa&mufrdaom &Sifbk&ifuJhodkYvnf;aumif; vsifjrefpGmomvQif psmefrSxGuf vm&wwf\? psmefrS
x&wwf\? tcsdefMumjrifhpGm psmef0ifpm; r&Edkif/ tavsmftm;jzifhum; tMuifa,m*g0p&yk*dKvf
oljrwfonf orm"d\ ab;&efjzpfuek af om orm"d\ qefu
Y sib
f uf eD0&Pw&m;wdu
Yk kd aumif;pGm ok"o
f if
&Si;f vif; pifMu,fap psmefukd 0ifpm;onf jzpft?hH xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f jl rwfonf aumif;pGm ok"o
f if
tyfaom rdrdwdkYudef;atmif;&m 0g;acgif;paom ae&modkY 0ifa&mufaom ysm;ydwkef;uJhodkYvnf;aumif;
&GH&Smtyfaom ab;&efr&Sdojzifh aumif;pGm pifMu,faom O,smOfodkY 0ifa&mufvmaom &Sifbk&ifuJhodkY
vnf;aumif; wpfaeYywfvHk;aomfvnf; psmeformywf\ twGif;omvQif aeEdkifayonf/ xdkaMumifh
psmeform"d\ &SnfjrifhpGm wnfwHhjcif;udk tvdk&Sdaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfoljrwfonf orm"d\ ab;&ef
jzpfaom eD0&P tnpftaMu;wdkYudk ok"foif&Sif;vif; pifMu,fap psmeformywfudk 0ifpm;ygav/
(0dok'd-1-145-147/ r[m#D-1-176-177/)
rSwcf suf ------- umrpEeD0&Pudk ESdrfeif;Edkifa&;twGuf tokbur|mef;udk yGm;rsm;rIudkvnf;aumif; Asmyg'eD0&Pudk wdkufzsufa&;twGuf arwmbm0emur|mef;udk yGm;rsm;rIudkvnf;aumif;
xderd'e 0D &Pudk ESrd ef if;Edik af &;twGuf tmavmuuodP
k ;f udk yGm;rsm;rIuv
kd nf;aumif; txl;vdt
k yf
onfudk owdjyKrSwfom;yg/ arCd,okwefESifh tnDyifwnf;/
579
txufwiG f a&;om;wifjycJo
h nft
h wdik ;f psmefjzpfay:cJ&h m tcsed u
f mv tjcif;t&mrsm;udk trSwf
rxm;rdjcif;aMumifh xdt
k jcif;t&mwdu
Yk kd rjynfph akH pEdik jf cif; psmef0ifpm;rI enf;yg;jcif; umr*kPEf iS hf ywfouf MupH nfpw
d u
f ;l rI umr0dwuf wpfO;D OD;tay: rauseyfrEI iS hf qufpyfaeaom Asmyg'0dwufpaom
eD0&P tnpftaMu;wdkY\ ESdyfpufrIudk cH&jcif;paom taMumif;w&m;wdkYaMumifh psmefrS avQmusjcif;
orxedrw
d jf zpfaom tjzLa&mifuodP
k ;f edrw
d f aysmufu,
G o
f mG ;jcif;ponfh jyemrsm;onf ay:ayguf
vmcJah omf txufwiG f a&;om;wifjycJo
h nfh tpDtpOftwdik ;f tmemygeur|mef;rSp wpfzef orm"dukd
xlaxmifzdkY vdktyfayonf/
1/
2/
3/
4/
tmemyge pwkwpsmeform"d odkYr[kwf "mwkreodum& Oypm&orm"d

(32)aum|mo (tZsw - A[d')
A[d' tkd;pkaum|mo - y#dulvreodum&
A[d' tkd;aum|mo\ tjzLa&mifuodkPf; ---
tpDtpOfudk xdkifwdkif; xdkifwdkif; jyKvkyfoifh\/ avhusifhcef; uRrf;usifvmygu tcsdeftenf;i,f twGi;f rSmyif tjzLa&mifuodP
k ;f kyu
f kd tmk,
H
l yxrpsmefponfh psmeform"drsm; jzpfay:vmonfh
wdkifatmif BudK;yrf;Edkifrnf jzpfonf/
txl;owdjyK&ef tcsufwpf&yf
orxedrdwfjzpfaom (1) tmemygeedrdwfvnf;aumif; (2) oHk;q,fhESpfaum|movnf;aumif; (3) y#dulvreodum&vrf;rS yGm;rsm;tyfaom tkd;pkaum|movnf;aumif; (4) A[d'
tk;d aum|mo\ tjzLa&mifukd jynfwnf jyKpyk sK;d axmifxm;tyfaom tjzLa&mifuodP
k ;f kyf vnf;aumif; -- e vuPH reodumwAH/ (0dok'd-1-121/)[laom 0dok'dr*t|uxm\ TefMum;csufESifh
tnD ,ckuJhodkY orm"dudk xlaxmifcdkuf obm0vuPmESifh omrnvuPmrsm;udk ESvHk;roGif;zdkY
txl;owdjyKyg/ tu,f ESvHk;oGif;cJhvQif ur|mef; vrf;ajymif;oGm; orm"djzpfjcif;\ taMumif;
jzpfaom orxedrdwfudk &&Sdvdrfhrnf r[kwfay/
1/
2/
3/
4/
tmemygey#dbm*edrdwf[laom ynwftpktyHk
(32)aum|mo[laom yHkoPmefynwf tpktyHk
tkd;pkaum|mo[laom ynwftpktyHk
tjzLa&mifuodkPf;0ef;[laom ynwftpktyHk ---
toD;toD;aom ynwftpktykHom bm0empdwfudk Nidrf0yfpGm uyfxm;yg/ uJhodkYaom

ynwfedrdwf toD;toD;udk tmkH,l ESvHk;oGif; IyGm;ygrSomvQif y&duredrdwf O*[edrdwf y#dbm*
edrw
d [
f al om edrw
d o
f ;kH rsK;d xifvmEdik
f y&durbm0em Oypm&bm0em tyembm0em[laom bm0em
orm"drsm;onfvnf; tpOftwdkif; jzpfvmEdkifaomaMumifh jzpfonf/
tu,f (32)aum|mowdkYvnf;aumif; tjzLa&mifuodkPf;0ef;\ wnf&m tdk;pktmkH
vnf;aumif; "mwfBu;D av;yg;wd\
Yk obm0vuPmudk pdu
k
f Ivu
kd rf yd gu "mwfur|mef;vrf;odYk ajymif;
oGm;NyDjzpf a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ orm"donf xufvQifxufovdk xdkxdkaum|morsm; tjzLa&mif
580
uokdPf;0ef;\wnf&m xkdxdktkd;pkrsm;onf NydKNydKususoGm;onfudkvnf;aumif; ,if;wdkY wnf&Sdaom

kyfuvmyftrIefrsm;udkvnf;aumif; awGU&SdEdkifayonf/ xdkodkY jzpfaeygu psmeform"dudk &&SdzdkY&efrSm
tvGefcJ,Of;oGm;NyD jzpfayonf/ wpfzef kyfuvmyftrIefrsm;udk awGUvnf;aumif; (32)aum|mo
wdkY\ NydKNydKusaeonfudk awGUjrifvnf;aumif; vuPm,mOfoHk;csufwif 0dyemIrdyguvnf;
odkYr[kwf jzpf-ysuf Irdyguvnf; ydkyif vrf;vGJoGm;NyD jzpfayonf/
0dyemPf\ tIct
H mkrH sm;rSm kyt
f ppf emrftppf y&rwftppfrsm;om jzpfMu\/ kyu
f vmyf
wpfckwpfck\ twGif; wnf&Sdaom (8)rsKd; (9)rsKd; (10)rsKd; paom kyfy&rwfw&m; emrfuvmyf
wpfckwpfck\ twGif; wnf&Sdaom (8)rsKd; (11)rsKd; (12)rsKd; (34)rsKd; paom emrfy&rwfw&m;wdkYudk
0dyemPfynmrsupf jd zifh cGjJ cm;pdwjf zm "mwfcEJG ikd f IEikd yf grS kyt
f ppf emrftppf y&rwftppf "mwf
tESpfudk awGUrnf jzpf\/ kyftppf emrftppf y&rwftppf "mwftESpfudkrQ rodrjrifao;bJ jzpf-ysuf
jzpf-ysuf[k 0dyemIaevQifum; ydk;omukef armifyHkapmif;rwwf jzpfacsrnf? bk&m;omoemESifh
tvGJBuD; vGJavNyD? owd&Sdap/
edrdwfoHk;rsKd; ESifh bm0emoHk;rsKd;

Aef;i,f qefaumi,f pavmif;zHk;i,f yrmPcefY&Sdaom ao;i,faom tjzLa&mifuodkPf; y#dbm*edrdwfudk tyempsmefodkY rqdkufcifrSmyif jzpfap tyempsmefodkY qdkufNyD;aemufrSyif jzpfap uodkPf;
0ef;udk wdk;yGm;atmif jyKvkyfcJhaomf pMu0VmwpfckvHk;rSonf pMu0VmteEodkYwdkifatmif jzefYMuufEdkif\/
xdo
k Ykd jzefMY uufNy;D aemuf Bu;D rm;us,jf yefo
Y mG ;aom xdu
k odP
k ;f 0ef;udk odrYk [kwf xdu
k odP
k ;f 0ef;\ tpdwf
tydkif; wpfckudk tmkHjyK tjzL tjzL[kyif xyfumxyfum IyGm;oHk;oyfaeygu bm0empdwfonf xdk
tjzLa&mifuodkPf;0ef;tmkH wjznf;jznf; Nidrf0yfpGm uyf wnfvmayvdrfhrnf/ xdkuodkPf;0ef;edrdwf
onfvnf; wjznf;jznf; y&durerd w
d rf o
S nf O*[edrw
d o
f Ykd O*[edrw
d rf o
S nf y#dbm*edrw
d o
f w
Ykd idk af tmif
ajymif;vJoGm;rnf jzpf\/ xdky#dbm*edrdwfum; tvGefpifMu,foefY&Sif;\/ O*[edrdwf tjypfa'go
tenf;i,f&Sdaomfvnf; y#dbm*edrdwfum; tjypfa'go vHk;0uif;pif pMu0VmteEodkYwdkifatmif
ysHUoGm;aomfvnf; uodkPf;0ef; rnDnmrIrsm; vHk;0r&SdbJ tvGefnDnmacsmarGUaom tvGefoefY&Sif;
pifMu,f Munfvifaom edrdwf jzpfaeayrnf/ xdkedrdwfum; yHkoPmefvnf; r&Sdawmhay/ wGif
edrdwfoHk;rsKd;ESifh bm0emoHk;rsKd;udk xyfrH &Sif;vif;wifjytyfygonf/
1/ tkd;pktmkH tjzL tjzL [k tjzLa&mifMo'gwuodkPf;edrdwfudk ,laecdkuf xdkedrdwfrSm y&dur
edrdwf jzpf\/ xdktjzLa&mif y&duredrdwfudk tmkH,l tjzL tjzL[k bm0emvkyfief;&yfudk pwif jyKpk
ysK;d axmifro
I nf y&durbm0em rnf\/ xdktcdkuf jzpfay:aeaom orm"dudk y&durbm0emorm"d
[kvnf; ac:qdEk ikd af yonf/ tZsw tk;d aum|movnf;aumif; A[d' tk;d aum|movnf;aumif;
tZsw A[d' ESpfrsKd;vHk; y&durbm0emonmudk &&SdEdkifayonf/
2/ tMuiftcgum; xdktjzLa&mif y&duredrdwfudk pdwfjzifh aumif;pGm ,lEdkif\? yuwdaom yom'
puKjzifh jrif&ouJhodkY raem'Gg& xifvm\/ tkd;pkaum|mo aysmuf tjzLa&mifuodkPf;0ef; jzpfvm\/ xdt
k cg a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf tZsw tk;d pkaum|morSp tjzLa&mifuodP
k ;f 0ef; y&dur
581
bm0emonmudk &&Sdatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfaeoljzpfvQif A[d' tdk;pkaum|mo\ tjzLa&mifudk

tmkH,l y&durbm0emonmudk &&Sdatmif ajymif; Ivdku IEdkifNyD/ (tu,f A[d'odkY ajymif;
rIvdkbJ tZsw tkd;pkaum|moom tyempsmefodkY wdkifatmif BudK;pm;vdkuvnf; BudK;pm;Edkifay
onf/) tu,f A[d' tkd;pkaum|mo\ tjzLa&mifudk tmkH,l tjzLa&mifuodkPf; y&durf vkyf
ief;udk pwifjyKpkysKd;axmifol y&durbm0emonmudk &&Sdatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfoljzpfvQif tjcm;
A[d'tkd;pkaum|moodkY xyfajymif;aezG,f rvdkawmhay/ rlvtdk;pkaum|morS tjzLa&mifuodkPf;
0ef;tjzpf xifvmjrifvmaom xdkedrdwfum; O*[edrdwfwnf;/ bm0emrSm tjzLa&mifuodkPf; y&durf
vkyif ef;udk jyKpyk sK;d axmifaeonfh y&durbm0emom &Sdao;\/ odkYaomf xdkbm0emum; tjzLa&mif
uodkPf;tmkH Nidrf0yfpGm uyf wnfaeNyD jzpf\? y&durbm0emorm"d[kyif ac:qdkEdkif\/ 0dok'dr*
t|uxm (0do'k -d 1-140/) t|omvdet
D |uxm (tbd-|-1-160/) r[meda'ot|uxm (r[med|-111/)wdkY okconf udk,f0efwnf &ifhusufjcif;odkY a&mufvwfaomf cPduorm"d Oypm&orm"d
tyemorm"d[laom oHk;rsKd;ukefaom orm"dudk jynfhapEdkif\[k zGifhqdkxm;\/ y#dord'gr*t|uxm
(y#doH-|-1-117/)um; cPduorm"d 0dyemorm"d Oypm&orm"d yXrZsmeorm"d[k av;rsKd;
zGifhqdkxm;\/ y&durbm0emorm"dudkyif cPduorm"d[lvnf; ,if;t|uxmwdkY ac:a0:
oHk;pGJxm;ayonf/
3/ xdkodkY y&durbm0emorm"djzifh tjzLa&mifuodkPf;tmkH Nidrf0yfpGmuyf wnfMunfaeaom
orm"d&adS om a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f jl rwf\ oEmef xdak emif xdOk *[edrw
d f yif y&durbm0emorm"djzifh
tjzL tjzL[k tzefwvJvJ yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfjcif; bm0emvkyfief;&yfudk qufvuf BudK;yrf;cJhaomf
tkd;pkaum|motmkHay: xifaeaom tjzLa&mif Mo'gwuodkPf;0ef;ESifh yHkpHwl tjzLa&mif Mo'gw
uodkPf;0ef;onf rlvwnf&m tkd;pktmkHedrdwfrS vGwf wnfaeonf jzpftHh? wpfenf; -- rlv tjzLa&mif Mo'gwuodP
k ;f 0ef;\ wnf&mjzpfaom td;k pkaum|motmko
H nf aysmufu,
G o
f mG ; qGwq
f w
G f
jzLaeaom tjzLa&mif Mo'gwuodP
k ;f 0ef;om wnfaeonf jzpft?hH xdu
k odP
k ;f 0ef;um; bm0emonm
aMumifh jzpfay:vmaom ynwftjzLa&mif Mo'gwuodkPf;0ef;tmkHwnf;/ xdktmkHonf a,m*g0p&
yk*Kd v\
f pdwf Nird o
f ufpmG wnfae\? vIy&f mS ;rI r&S?d bm0empdwf aumif;pGm oGi;f xm;tyfouJo
h jYkd zpf\/
raysmufrysuf uGufuGufuGif;uGif; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; MunfMunfvifvif xifxif&Sm;&Sm; xifvm\/
xdkedrdwfum; O*[edrdwfxuf tqt&mtaxmifru omvGef Munfvif\/ qGwfqGwfjzLaom AsKdif;
i,fonf ndKarSmifaom rdk;wdrfwdkuftwGif; ysH0JaeouJhodkY wdrfwdkufMum;rS xGufay:vmaom v0ef;
uJhodkY O*[edrdwfudk azmufcGJ xGufvmouJhodkY xdkO*[edrdwfxuf tqaygif; t&mtaxmifru
pifMu,fonfjzpf a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ Pf0 xifvm\/
xdkedrdwfum; y&rw"rrS vGwfaeaom ynwfoufoufomwnf;/ rlvy&duredrdwf O*[edrdwf
wdkY\wnf&m tkd;pkaum|moum; ouf&Sdow0gwdkY\tkd;pkaum|mo jzpfjcif;aMumifh kyfur|mef;
ydkif;wGif; a&;om;wifjycJhonfhtwdkif; (44)rsKd;aom kyfy&rwfw&m;wdkY\ tpktyHkomwnf;/ xdkaMumifh
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tvGef Munfvifawmufyaeaom edrdwfum; rlvy&duredrdwf O*[edrdwfrsm;ESihf tvm;wlaomaMumifh y#dbm*edrdwfwnf;/ xdkedrdwfudk tmkH,l yGm;rsm;aeaom umrm0p&orm"dum; eD0&P
582
ab;&efrsm;udk y,fcGmEdkif\/ xdkbm0emudk Oypm&bm0em[k ac:qdk xdkorm"dudk Oypm&orm"d[k

ac:qdkavonf/ tydkif;wGif edrdwfudk wdk;yGm;atmif jyKvkyfvkdygu jyKvkyfEdkifonf/
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2/
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4/
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585
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k ;f udk tmkjH yK pwkwp smeform"doYkd qdu
k af tmif yGm;rsm;tm;xkwrf I bm0em
vkyif ef;cGirf mS tvGeBf u;D rcufcaJ wmhNyD jzpf\/ tu,f 0dyemydik ;f txd auseyfrI txdu
k t
f avsmuf
&&Sdxm;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf jzpfrlum; qdkzG,f&myif r&Sd jzpfawmhonf/
tcsKdUaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfrsm; jzpfwwfyHk

1/ tmucFrme 0Pawm
2/ tmucFrme y#dulvawm
3/ tmucFrme oknawm ur|meH Oy|[dwda,0/ (tbd-|-2-243/)
1/ tvdk&Sdooltm; 0PuodkPf;tm;jzifh
2/ tvdk&Sdooltm; y#dulvreodum&tm;jzifh
3/ tvdk&Sdooltm; oknwtm;jzifh ur|mef;onf xif&Sm;vmvdrfhrnfomwnf;/(tbd-|-2-243/)
txufwGif a&;om;wifjycJhaom IuGufrsm;rSm t|uxmtzGifhESifh tnD ------1/ tkd;pkaum|mo\ &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulvoabmudk tmkH,l yxrpsmeform"dodkY qdkufatmif IyGm;yHk
2/ xdktdk;pkaum|mo\ Mo'gw = tjzLa&mifudk tmkH,l 0PuodkPf;vrf;rS pwkwpsmeform"d
odkY wdkifatmif IyGm;yHk jzpfonf/
3/ oknwIymG ;yHu
k kd kyu
f r|mef;ydik ;f emrfur|mef;ykid ;f y#dpo
rkyg 'fyikd ;f 0dyemydik ;f wdw
Yk iG f a&;om;
wifjycJhNyD;avNyD/
odkYaomf tcsKdUtcsKdUaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfrsm; tkd;pkaum|mo\ y#dulvoabmudk tmkH
,l yxrpsmeform"dodkY qdkufonfwdkifatmif Ixm;NyD;aomfvnf; tjzLa&mif Mo'gwuodkPf;odkY
ajymif; Ivdkufaomtcg xdktjzLa&mifuodkPf; bm0emvkyfief;&yfu tvGefjrJjrHcdkifcHhvmvQif tkd;pk
\ y#dulvoabmudk wpfzef jyeftmHk,l Ir&awmhbJ tkd;pkudkjrifatmif pdkufvdkufkHrQjzifh wpfcP
twGif;rSmyif tjzLa&mifuodkPf;bufodkY vG,fvifhwul ul; oGm;wwf\/ xdktcgrsKd; tkd;pk\
y#dulvoabmudk tmkHpdkufzdkY&ef tcsdefray;Edkif jzpfaewwf\/ xdkuJhodkY tkd;pkudk pdkufIvdkufumrQ
tcsed t
f enf;i,ftwGi;f rSmyif tvGev
f siv
f sijf refjref tjzLa&mif Mo'gwuodP
k ;f bufoYkd ajymif;ajymif;
oGm;wwfygu tkd;pk\ y#dulvtmkHodkY bm0empdwfudk jyefvnfa&muf&Sdatmif txl;BudK;yrf;aeygvQif
587
toifoal wmfaumif;twGuf pdwyf ifyef;zG,&f m jzpfwwfayonf/ tcsed v

f nf; MuefMY umoGm;wwfayonf/
odkYtwGuf tkd;pkudk pdkuf IvdkufumrQjzifh vG,fvifhwul vsifvsifjrefjref tjzLa&mif Mo'gwuodkPf;
bufodkY ajymif;vJoGm;ygu tjzLa&mif Mo'gwuodkPf;vrf;rS pwkwpsmeform"dodkY aygufonfwdkifatmif qufvufom Iyg/ tu,f toifolawmfaumif;onf 0dyemodkY rul;&ao;ol jzpfvQif
,if;pwkwpsmeform"dudkyif 0dyem\ tajcyg'ujyK 0dyemodkY ul;vdku ul;EdkifNyD jzpfayonf/
odaYk omf usr;f um; tk;d pkaum|mo\ y#duv
l oabmudk tmk,
H
l yxrpsmeform"doq
Ykd u
kd af tmif
vnf;aumif; tZsw odkYr[kwf A[d' tkd;pkaum|mo\ tjzLa&mifudk tmkH,l Mo'gwuodkPf;
vrf;rS pwkwpsmeform"dodkY qdkufonfwdkifatmifvnf;aumif; ESpfrsKd;vHk;udk IyGm;Edkifol I&olwdkYtae
jzifh tvkyfpcef;udk qufvufazmfjyxm;ygonf/ xdkodkYyif azmfjyxm;aomfvnf; tkd;pkaum|mo\ y#d
ulvoabmudk jyefI&ef tcsdefr&awmhbJ tjzLa&mif Mo'gwuodkPf;bufodkY tvG,fwul vsifvsif
jrefjref ajymif;oGm;wwfolwdkYum; tkd;pk\ y#dulvoabmudk tmkH,l yxrpsmeform"dodkY qdkuf
atmif IyGm;onfhtydkif;udk csefvSyfxm;Edkifonf[k rSwfyg/
txufwGif a&;om;wifjycJhonfhtwdkif; tmemygeur|mef;rSp Mo'gwuodkPf; pwkwpsmef
orm"dodkY qdkufonfwdkifatmif orm"dudk xlaxmifyg/ toifolawmfaumif;onf "mwfur|mef;udk
pwiftm;xkwfxm;ol jzpfvQifvnf; "mwfBuD;av;yg;rSp Mo'gwuodkPf; pwkwpsmeform"dodkY
qdkufonfwdkifatmif orm"dudk xlaxmifyg/ vif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tifrsm; tm;aumif;vmaomtcg ------1/ ndKaom yef;yGifhrsm;aomfvnf;aumif;
2/ ndKaom t0wfaomfvnf;aumif;
3/ ndKaom tqif;&Sdaom rsufpOf;ndKausmuf tp&Sdaom ausmuf"mwfaomfvnf;aumif; -----eDvuodkPf;edrdwfudk &,lEdkifayonf/ (0dok'd-1-167/)
xdkYjyif txufwGif &Sif;jycJhonftwdkif; (32)aum|mowdkYwGif qHyif onf;ajc ponfwdkYuJhodkY
ndKaom aum|mowdkY\ ndKaom ta&mifudk tmkH,l eDvuodkPf;edrdwfudkvnf; ,lEdkifonfom
jzpfonf/
xdkaMumifh toifa,m*Dolawmfaumif;onf Mo'gwuodkPf;vrf;rS pwkwpsmeform"dodkY qdkufatmif orm"dxal xmifNy;D aomtcg xdpk wkwp smeform"daMumifh jzpfay:vmaom Pfta&miftvif;
jzifh rdrd\aU&SwGif odkYr[kwf IvG,ful&m t&yfwGif wnf&Sdaom A[d' (32)aum|mowdkYwGif qHyif
aum|mo\ ndKaom ta&miftqif;udk vSr;f tmk,
H yl g/ odrYk [kwf tvd&k ydS gu Ivnf;&ygu tZsw
qHyifaum|mo\ ndKaom ta&miftqif;udk vSrf;tmkH,lyg/ xdktndKa&mifudk tmkH,l ------eDvH eDvH eDvH = tndK tndK tndK [k Iaeyg? ESvHk;oGif;aeyg/
y&duredrdwf O*[edrdwf y#dbm*edrdwf[laom edrdwfoHk;yg; y&durbm0em Oypm&bm0em
tyembm0em[laom bm0emoH;k yg; y&durorm"d Oypm&orm"d tyemorm"d[al om orm"do;kH yg;
wdkYudk tpOftwdkif; &onfwdkifatmif a&S;Mo'gwuodkPf; qdktyfcJhNyD;onfhtwdkif; qufvuf ESvHk;
oGif;yg/
588
orxur|mef;ydkif; -- yDwuodkPf;
O*[edrw
d f um; uodP
k ;f tjypfa'gorsm; xifaeao;\? y#dbm*edrw
d u
f m; uodP
k ;f 0ef;rSvw
G
f
aumif;uifwnfaeaom EeDvmywjrm;jzifh NyD;aom ,yf0ef;twl xifvm\/ y#dbm*edrdwfudk
wdk;yGm;atmif jyKvdkujyK qufvufum orm"dudk xlaxmifcJhaomf tpOftwdkif; pwkwpsmeform"dodkY
wdkifatmif qdkufa&mufEdkifayonf/ <uif;aom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk a&S;Mo'gwuodkPf; qdktyfcJhNyD;onfh enf;twdkif; od&Sdygav/
toifolawmfaumif;onf qHyifedrdwfudk tmkHjyK eDvuodkPf;udk pwkwpsmeform"dodkY qdkufonfwkdifatmif orm"dudk xlaxmifNyD;aomtcg atmufrJndKyGifhuJhodkY odkYr[kwf jrcGmndKyGifhuJhodkYaom
yef;wpfyiG u
hf kd tmk,
H
l tndKa&mifuodP
k ;f udk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwMf unfyh g/ ,if;tndKa&mif yef;yGihf wpfyGiu
hf toifoal wmfaumif;\ bm0empdwu
f kd pwkwp smeform"doYkd qdu
k o
f nfwikd af tmif tm;Bu;D aom
rS&D m tmkt
H aMumif;w&m;tjzpf &yfwnfum tm&rPyl ed,yp,owjd zifh aus;Zl;jyKay;vdrrhf nfom
jzpfayonf/ yef;wpfyiG rhf S pwkwp smeform"d[al om bm0emtESpu
f kd xkw,
f v
l u
kd jf cif;yif jzpf\/ enf;rSef
vrf;rSef ESv;kH oGi;f wwfonfh a,medaomreodum&&So
d u
l kd ukov
kd w
f &m;wdu
Yk tjrw
J rf; apmifBh uKd vsuyf if
&Sdayonf/ bk&m;&Sif\ aus;Zl;awmfum; tvGefBuD;rm;awmfrlygaypG/
yDwuodkPf; = t0ga&mifuodkPf;
rdr&d &Sx
d m;Ny;D jzpfaom pwkwp smeform"doYkd wdik af tmifaom orm"dukd wpfzef xlaxmifyg/ vif;a&mifjcnf pGrf;tifrsm; tm;aumif;vmaomtcg ------1/ a&Taom tqif; = 0gaom tqif;&Sdaom yef;aomfvnf;aumif;
2/ a&Taom tqif; = 0gaom tqif;&Sdaom t0wfvnf;aumif;
3/ a&Taom tqif; = 0gaom tqif;&Sdaom aq;'ef; jrif;oDvm tp&Sdaom ausmuf"mwfaomf
vnf;aumif; -----yDwuodkPf;edrdwfudk &,lEdkif\/ (0dok'd-1-168/)
4/ (32)aum|mowdkYwGif tqDcJponfuJhodkY 0ga&Taom ta&miftqif;&Sdaom aum|movnf;
yDwuodkPf;edrdwfudk &,lEdkif\/
pwkwpsmeform"dodkY wdkifatmif orm"dudk xlaxmifNyD;aomtcg xdkpwkwpsmeform"daMumifh
vif;a&mifjcnfrsm; NydK;NydK;jyufjyuf wvufvuf awmufyvmaomtcg ,if;vif;a&mifjcnf tultnD
jzifh tZsw odrYk [kwf A[d' (32)aum|mowdw
Yk iG f tqDc\
J odrYk [kwf usiif ,f\ t0ga&mifukd tmk,
H
l
yDwuH yDwuH yDwuH = t0g t0g t0g [k ESvHk;oGif;yg/
<uif;aom tcsuftvufrsm;udk Mo'gwuodkPf; qdkcJhonfh tcsufrsm;udk enf;rSD od&Sdygav/
pwkwpsmeform"dodkY qdkufatmif yGm;rsm;yg/
usifBuD; usifi,fwdkYonf obm0tm;jzifh tvGef&GH&SmpufqkyfzG,faumif;aom aum|morsm;yif
jzpfMu\/ rnfrQyif &G&H mS zG,af umif;aom aum|moyif jzpfcsijf zpfygap? toifoal wmfaumif;\oEmef
enf;rSefvrf;rSef ESvHk;oGif;wwfonfh a,medaomreodum&w&m;onf xif&Sm; wnf&Sdaeonf jzpftHh?
589
xdkusifBuD;onf odkYr[kwf xdkusifi,fonf t0ga&mifjzpfygu 0ga&Taom ta&mif&Sdaom xdkusifBuD;u

odkYr[kwf xdkusifi,fu toifolawmfaumif;\ oEmef0,f pwkwpsmeform"d jzpfay:vmonfwdkifatmif tm&rPyp,owdjzifh tmkHtjzpf &yfwnfum aus;Zl;jyKay;aernfom jzpfayonf/ ,if;
pwkwpsmefudk 0dyem\ tajcyg'ujyK 0dyemodkY ul;cJhaomf yg&rDtm;avsmfpGm t&[wzdkvfodkY
wkid af tmifyif qdu
k af &mufEikd af yonf/ xdak Mumifh edAm efukd vdv
k m;awmifw
h vsu&f adS om toifoal wmfaumif;onfvnf; a,medaomreodum&udk tjrJwrf; arG;jrLyg/ tESpfom& bmrQ&Smr&aom cEmtdrf
twGi;f rS bm0em[laom tESpu
f kd xkw,
f pl rf;yg/ wefz;kd &Sad om b0wpfcjk zpfatmif tpGr;f ukef BuKd ;yrf;
ygavmh/
ydawmufawG a&T&nfvl;onfh twmul;onfh vwefcl;ywf0ef;usifwGif yifvHk;uRwf zl;yGifha0qm
vsuf&Sdaom yef;ydawmufESifh ika&T0gwdkYu ,ckuJhodkY t0ga&mif yDwuodkPf;udk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfvsuf
&Sad om olawmfaumif;udk ]]vmprf;yg IMunfph rf;yg}}[k zdwaf c:aeouJo
h Ykd &SMd u\/ yDwuodP
k ;f pwkw
psmeform"doYkd qdu
k o
f nfwikd af tmif t0g;0pGm avhvmxm;NyaD om tcsKUd aom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vw
f o
Ykd nf
yifvHk;uRwf yGifhaeaom ydawmufyef;wdkYudk awGUjrif&aomtcg yifvHk;uRwf yGifhaeaom ika&T0gwdkYudk
awGUjrif&aomtcg a&S;a&S;bm0emorm"dwdkY\ tultnDudk ,ljzpfap r,lbJESifhyifjzpfap ,if;
yif;vHk;uRwf yGifhaeaom yef;wdkY\ t0ga&mifudk yDwuodkPf;edrdwftjzpf vSrf; tmkH,lvdkufygu
tcsdeftenf;i,ftwGif;rSmyif wpfavmuvHk;udk t0ga&mifjzifh vTrf;jcHKxm;onfudk awGUjrif&um
pwkwpsmeform"dudk vG,fulpGmyif xlaxmif&&SdMuaom [l\/ um;pD;oGm;vsufyif avhusifh &wwf
Mu\/ w&m;awmf\ *kPfaus;Zl;awmfum; BuD;rm;awmfrlvSayonf/ enf;rSefvrf;rSef ESvHk;oGif;wwfonfh a,medaomreodum&&Sdol a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfwpfOD;tzdkY t0ga&mif 0wfpHkwpfckonfvnf; yDw
uodkPf;\ wnf&m tmkHedrdwf jzpfEdkif\/ ,if; t0ga&mif0wfpHku yDwuokdPf;udk yGm;rsm;vsuf&Sdaom
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef pwkwpsmeform"d jzpfay:vmonfhwdkifatmif tm&rPyp,owdjzifh
tmkHtaMumif;w&m;tjzpf &yfwnfum aus;Zl;jyKvsufyif &Sd\/
avm[dwuodkPf; = teDa&mifuodkPf;
1/ eDaom tqif;&Sdaom yef;aomfvnf;aumif;
2/ eDaom tqif;&Sdaom t0wfaomfvnf;aumif;
3/ eDaom tqif;&Sdaom ywjrm;eD paom ausmuf"mwfaomfvnf;aumif; -----avm[dwuodkPf; edrdwfudk &,lEdkifonf/ (0dok'd-1-168/)
4/ aoG;aum|mo ponfwu
Ykd o
hJ Ykd eDaom aum|movnf; avm[dwuodP
k ;f edrw
d u
f kd &,lEikd o
f nf/
tmemygewdorm"dujkd zpfap Mo'gwuodP
k ;f vQif tmk&H adS om orm"duykd ifjzpfap pwkwp smef
orm"dodkY qdkufonfwdkifatmif orm"dudk xlaxmifyg/ vif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tifrsm; txl; tm;aumif;
vmaomtcg ,if;vif;a&mifjcnf\ tultnDjzifh tZsw odkYr[kwf A[d' wnf&Sdaom eD;pyf&m
vG,ful&m tonf; ESvHk;ponfwdkY\ 0ef;usif wnf&Sdaom tdkifaeaom aoG;aum|mo\ odkYr[kwf
590
orxur|mef;ydkif; -- yx0DuodkPf;
ESv;kH tdr\
f twGi;f wnf&adS om aoG;aum|mo\ teDa&mifukd tmk,
H
l - avm[dwuH avm[dwuH
avm[dwuH = teD teD teD [k ESvHk;oGif;aeyg/ edrdwfoHk;rsKd; bm0emoHk;rsKd; orm"doHk;rsKd;wdkYudk
tpOftwdkif; jzpfay:vmatmif pwkwpsmeform"dodkY qkdufonfwdkifatmif Iyg/
avm[dwuodkPf;udk pwkwpsmeform"dodkY qdkufatmif t0g;0pGm avhvmxm;NyD;aom olawmfaumif; wpfOD;udk y'krmMumyef; wpfyGihfuvnf; ]]vmprf;yg IMunfhprf;yg}}[k zdwfac:ouJodkY wnf&Sd
aernfom jzpf\/ eDjref;aom v,facgif&ef;yef; wpfyGifhuvnf; ]]vmprf;yg IMunfhprf;yg}}[k
zdwaf c:ouJo
h Ykd wnf&adS ernfom jzpf\/ ywjrm;vufpyG f wpfuiG ;f uvnf; ]]vmprf;yg IMunhpf rf;yg}}[k
zdwfac:ouJhodkY wnf&Sdaernfom jzpf\/ teDa&mif0wfpHk wpfpHkuvnf; ]]vmprf;yg IMunfhprf;yg}}[k
zdwfac:ouJhodkY wnf&Sdaernfom jzpf\/ rufarmzG,f&m jrwfEdk;zG,f&m ESpfoufzG,f&m wPSmavmb
jzpfp&m ig;jzmtmkH umr*kPftwGif;rS bm0em[laom tESpfudk xkwf,ljcif;yif jzpf\/ uJhodkYaom
usifhpOfrsm;udk bk&m;&Sif\ vufxufawmfrSonf ,aeYodkwdkifatmif raysmufrysufatmif xdef;odrf;
apmifha&Smufawmfrlvmaom q&mpOfquf rysufruGuf o,faqmifawmfrlvmaom oHCmawmf\
*kPfawmf aus;Zl;awmfum; BuD;rm;awmfrlygaypG/
tvGe&f &HG mS pufqyk zf ,
G af umif;aom oGm;wpfacsmif;onfvnf; tjzLa&mif Mo'gwuodP
k ;f tjzpf
&yfwnfum pwkwpsmeform"dodkY qdkufatmif aus;Zl;jyKay;Edkifaom pGrf;tm;&Sdae\/ tvGefjrwfEdk;
zG,&f maom ywjrm;&wemwpfv;kH uvnf; teDa&mif avm[dwuodP
k ;f tjzpf &yfwnfum pwkwp smef
orm"dodkY qdkufatmif aus;Zl;jyKay;Edkifaom pGrf;tm;&Sdae\/ a,medaomreodum& &Sdol a,m*g0p&
yk*dKvfwpfOD;taejzifh ig;jzmtmkH umr*kPfGefAGufrS pwkwpsmeform"dodkY wdkifatmifaom bm0em
[laom tESpfom&udk tcsdefra&G; xkwf,l &Edkif\/ ,if;pwkwpsmeform"dudk 0dyem\ tajc
yg'ujyK 0dyemodYk ul;cJah omf yg&rDtm;avsmpf mG t&[wzv
kd o
f Ykd wdik af tmifaom tusK;d aus;Zl;rsm;
udkvnf; &&SdEdkifonfom jzpf\/ tu,f yg&rDEkHY t&[wzdkvfodkY raygufa&mufao;cJhvQifvnf;
ravQmusaom psmef&Sdaom xdkolawmfaumif;udk oHo&mc&D;wGif tvGeftqifhtwef; jrifhrm;vSaom
jA[mcsrf;omBuD;u ]]vmprf;yg vmprf;yg}}[k qD;BudKzdwfac:vsuf &Sdaernfom jzpfayonf/ rQ
BuD;rm;vSaom *kPfaus;Zl;&Sdonfh uJhodkYaom w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfrsm;udk omoemawmf ouf0if
,HkMunfrI o'gw&m;udk vufudkifxm;vsuf&Sdaom oifuJhodkYaom olawmfaumif;wpfOD;onf tb,faMumifh ryGm;rsm; tm;rxkwfbJ aexdkufygtHhenf;/ tcsdef&Sdcdkuf vkHYvpdkufygavmh/
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
uodkPf;0ef;tjzpf jyKjyiftyfNyD;aom ajr

uodkPf;0ef;tjzpf rjyKjyiftyfao;aom jyuawhaom aumufpyg;e,f&m wvif;paom ajr
tydkif;tjcm;&Sdonfom jzpfaom ajr
tydkif;tjcm; r&Sdonfum; r[kwfaom ajr
ref;i,f = Aef;i,f qefaumi,f yrmP&Sdaom ajr
tdk;p&nf;zHk; pavmif;zHk; yrmP&dSaom ajr -----ajrwdkY yx0DuodkPf;edrdwfudk &,lEdkifayonf/ (0dok'd-1-120/)
591
ww a,e twDwba0yd omoae 0g odyAZm, 0g yAZdwGm yx0DuodaP pwkuyuZmemed edAwdwykAmed? {0ly ykn0awm Oyed,orE tuwm, yx0d,m uodw|mae 0g cvr@av 0g edrdwH OyZwd/ (0dok'd-1-120/)
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfwpfOD;onf a&S;a&S;twdwfb0vnf; omoemawmfwGif;aomfvnf;aumif;
&aoh&[ef;tjzpfaomfvnf;aumif; &Sif&[ef;jyKzl; yx0DuodkPf; pwkupsmef yupsmefwdkYudk
jzpfaptyfzl;ukef\? odkY oabm&Sdaom bm0emaMumifhjzpfaom aumif;rIukodkvf yg&rD yknorm&
taqmuftOD&dSaom tm;BuD;aom bm0emukodkvfwnf;[laom rSD&m Oyed,ESifh jynfhpHkaom xdk
a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vjf rwftzdrYk u
l m; tavmif;awmf [wyd gvowdo
Yk m;onf uodP
k ;f 0ef;tjzpf rjyKjyiftyf
ao;aom **Fgjrpfa&t,Ofukd Munf
h tmayguodP
k ;f edrw
d u
f kd vG,u
f pl mG &,lEikd o
f uJo
h Ykd -- tvm;wlyif
uodkPf;0ef;tjzpf rjyKjyiftyfao;aom yuwdaom ajr0,f v,fxGef&m t&yfaomfvnf;aumif;
aumufe,fwvif; t0ef;aomfvnf;aumif; y&duredrdwfudk ,lcJhaomf yx0D yx0D [k pD;jzef;cJhaomf
xdky&duredrdwfrS O*[edrdwfodkY wpfcPcsif; ajymif;vJoGm; O*[edrdwfudk &&SdEdkifayonf/
(0dok'd-1-120/)
txufyg TeMf um;csurf sm;ESit
hf nD toifoal wmfaumif;onfvnf; yx0DuodP
k ;f edrw
d u
f kd
&,lvckd ahJ omf nDnm jruf opf&u
G f cJpaom tjypfuif;aom yuwdaom ajrBu;D wpfae&mwGif wkwjf zifh
jzpfap t&m0wKwpfcjk zifh jzpfap 0ef;0dik ;f aom ta&;tom;wpfcu
k kd jyKyg/ ref;i,f = Aef;i,f qefaumi,f yrmPrSp toifolawmfaumif;\ qE&Sdoavmuf yrmPudk jyKyg/ tkP0Pm, rwdum,
uodPH umwA/H (0do'k -d 1-120/)[laom 0do'k rd *t|uxm\ TeMf um;csuEf iS t
hf nD uodP
k ;f jyKvyk rf nfh
ajrBuD;\ ta&mifrSm rrnf;vGef; rjzLvGef;aom teDa&mif = tkPfa&mif toifhtwifh oef;aeaom
ajrBuD;a&mif jzpfygap/ xdk ajrt0ef;t0dkif;udk pdkufMunfh ------yx0D yx0D yx0D = ajr ajr ajr [k ESvHk;oGif;yg/
rsupf u
d kd zGiv
hf u
kd f ydwv
f u
dk f jyKvyk
f edrw
d u
f kd ,lMunfyh g/ tu,f edrw
d rf mS rxifr&Sm; jzpfaevQif
tmemygewdorm"dudk pwkwpsmefodkY qdkufonfwdkifatmif wpfzefjyef orm"dudk xlaxmifyg?
odkYr[kwf Mo'gwuodkPf; pwkwpsmeform"dodkY qdkufonfwdkifatmif orm"dudk xlaxmifyg/ xdk
pwkwp smeform"daMumifh jzpfay:vmaom ta&miftvif;\ tultnDjzifh xdk rdrjd yKjyifxm;aom yx0D
uodkPf;0ef;edrdwfudk vSrf;Munfh yx0D yx0D yx0D = ajr ajr ajr [k ESvHk;oGif;yg/ yuwdaom
rsufpdjzifh jrif&ouJhodkY edrdwfudk ,l&cJhaomf rdrdESpfouf&m ae&modkYoGm; xdkifEdkifNyD/ xdkodkY xdkifaom
tcgvnf; rdrd&&Sdxm;NyD;aom pwkwpsmeform"dudk wpfzefjyefxlaxmif vif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tifrsm;
NyKd ;NyKd ;jyufjyuf wvufvuf awmufyvmaomtcg xdv
k if;a&mifjcnf\ tultnDjzifh xdyk x0DuodP
k ;f
edrdwfudkyif wpfzefjyefvnf vSrf;um tmkH,lyg/ uodkPf;0ef;edrdwfudk wpfzef tmkH,l &cJhaomf
xdkyx0DuodkPf;edrdwfudk tzefzef txyfxyf rSD0Jyg/
e 0aPm ypa0udwaAm? e vuPH reodumwAH/ tydp 0PH trkdwGm ed,o0PH uwGm
O'0aoe yPwd"ar pdwH y|aywGm reodumwAH/ (0dok'd-1-122/)
xdo
k Ykd yx0DuodP
k ;f edrw
d u
f kd ESv;kH oGi;f &m xdyk x0DuodP
k ;f 0ef; wnfaom tkPaf &mif tqif;592
orxur|mef;ydkif; -- yx0DuodkPf;
ESifhwlaom ta&miftqif;udkvnf; raem0dnmPfjzihf rqifjciftyf ESvHk;roGif;tyf/ xdkyx0DuodkPf;

0ef;\ wnf&m ajrBuD;\ x'vuPm = cufrmjcif; yx0D"mwf vuPmudkvnf; ESvHk;roGif;tyf/
pifppfru
l m; ta&miftqif;udk rvTwrf
l xdt
k a&miftqif;udk rdrt
d a&miftqif;\ rS&D m yx0DuodP
k ;f
0ef;ESifhwlaom tjcif;t&m wlaomtvm;&Sdonfudk jyK yx0D"mwfxlajymonf\tjzpf owdtm;jzifh
vGefonf\ tjzpfjzifh yx0D = ajr[laom avmua0g[m&ynwf pdwfudk a&S;SL wnfap yx0D
yx0D = ajr ajr [k ESvHk;oGif;yg/
tu,f toifolawmfaumif;onf yx0DuodkPf;0ef; wnf&Sdaom tkPfa&mif [laom
ta&miftqif;udk ESv;kH oGi;f ygu yx0DuodP
k ;f rjzpfawmhbJ 0PuodP
k ;f = ta&mifuodP
k ;f jzpfomG ;
ayvdrrhf nf/ tu,f toifoal wmfaumif;onf yx0DuodP
k ;f 0ef; xlajymvsu&f adS om yx0D"mwf\
cufrmrIoabmudk ESvHk;oGif;rdygu yx0DuodkPf;udk ESvHk;oGif;onf rrnfawmhbJ "mwfur|mef;udk
ESvHk;oGif;onf rnfayvdrfhrnf/ yx0DuodkPf;vrf;rS "mwfur|mef;vrf;bufodkY ajymif;oGm;NyD jzpf\/
ydkIyfaxG;aom jyemwpf&yfum; ,if;yx0DuodkPf;0ef; wnf&Sdaom rmrIoabmudk ESvHk;oGif;rd
ygu ,if;yx0DuodkPf;0ef;uvnf; t&yfq,frsufESmodkY jyefYum;oGm;aomtcg ,if;rmrIoabmu
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ lyum,wpfckvHk;udk vTrf;jcHKxm;ouJhodkYjzpfum orm"d\ pGrf;tif xufjrufvmonfESifhtrQ rmrIoabmrSmvnf; vGefuJvmum xdka,m*Dolawmfaumif;taejzifh xdkrmrIoabmudk
onf;rcHEdkif jzpfwwfayonf/ owd&Sdap/ pnf;urf;csufudk yuwdaom ajr0ef; edrdwf,lpOfaomf
vnf;aumif; wpfae&mwGif w&m;xdik pf Of ,if;edrw
d u
f kd wpfzefjyeftmk,
H pl Ofvnf;aumif; vdu
k ef myg/
ajrBu;D wnf&adS om rlvyx0DuodP
k ;f 0ef;udk rsupf zd iG w
hf rkH w
dS w
f jkH yK edrw
d u
f ,
kd &l m yuwdaom
zGifhxm;aom rsufpdjzifh uodkPf;0ef;edrdwfudk jrif&ouJhodkY rSdwfxm;aomtcgvnf; xdkuodkPf;0ef;
edrdwfonf xifaeygu xdktcg O*[edrdwf jzpfay:vmNyD jzpf\/ wpfzef wpfae&mwGif oGm;a&mufum
w&m;xdkifaomtcgvnf; rdrd&&Sdxm;NyD;aom pwkwpsmeform"dudk xlaxmifNyD;aemuf xdkpwkwpsmef
orm"daMumifh jzpfay:vmaom vif;a&mifjcnf\ tultnDjzifh xdkrlvedrdwf,lcJhzl;aom yx0DuodkPf;
0ef;edrdwfudkyif wpfzefjyef tmkH,lvdkufaomtcg zGifhxm;aom rsufpdjzifh jrif&ouJhodkY xifvmygrl
xdktcgwGifvnf; O*[edrdwfonf jzpfay:vmonf rnf\/ xdkO*[edrdwfudkyif qufvuf ESvHk;oGif;
cJhaomf rSD0JcJhaomf yGm;rsm;cJhaomf tpOftwdkif; eD0&PwdkYonf cGmtyfNyD; jzpfukef\ = uGmoGm;Muukef\?
udavomwdkYonf tenfxdkifoGm;Muukef\? Oypm&orm"djzifh pdwfonf wnfMunfvm\/ y#dbm*
edrw
d o
f nf jzpfay:vm\/ xdyk #dbm*edrw
d u
f kd wd;k yGm;atmif jyKaomfvnf;aumif; rwd;k yGm;apbJaomf
vnf;aumif; qufvuf ESvHk;oGif;cJhaomf pwkwpsmeform"dodkY wdkifatmif qdkufa&mufEdkifayonf/
odkYaomf edrdwfudk jzefYMuufcJhaomf bm0emorm"drSm &SnfjrifhpGm wnfEdkifojzifh edrdwfudk pGrf;tm; &Sdoavmuf jzefYMuufNyD;vQif pwkwpsmefodkY qdkufatmif Iyg/
O*[edrw
d f vufacsmif;&m wkw&f m ponfh uodP
k ;f tjypfa'gorsm; xif&mS ;aewwf\/ y#dbm*
edrdwfum; tdwftwGif;rS xkwf,ltyfaom aMu;rHk0ef;uJhodkYvnf;aumif; aumif;pGm yGwftyfNyD;aom
ckoif;cGufuJhodkYvnf;aumif; wdrfwdkuftMum;rS xGufay:vmaom vjynfh0ef;uJhodkYvnf;aumif;
rdk;wdrfndK0 ysHoef;aeaom OAsKdif;wdkYuJhodkY vnf;aumif; O*[edrdwfudk xGif;azmuf xGufay:vm
ouJhodkY xdkO*[edrdwfxuf tqaygif; t&mtaxmifru tvGefpifMu,foefY&Sif;onfjzpf xifvm
593
wwfay\/ (0dok'd-1-122/)
txufwiG f a&;om;wifjyxm;onft
h wdik ;f Mo'gwuodP
k ;f rSp tjcm;tjcm;aom uodP
k ;f wdYk
bm0emorm"dt&Sdeft0g tm;aumif;vmaom tcsKdUaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftzdkYrlum; yx0DuodkPf;
edrdwf0ef;udkyif txl;rjyKvkyf&awmhbJ Mo'gwuodkPf;ponfwdkYjzifh pwkwpsmeform"dodkY qdkufatmif
orm"dukd xlaxmif xdpk wkwp smeform"dbm0empdwaf Mumifh Pfta&miftvif;onf NyKd ;NyKd ;jyufjyuf
wvufvuf awmufyvmaomtcg rdrdxdkif w&m;ESvHk;oGif;&m atmufjzpfap ywf0ef;usifjzpfap
wnf&Sdaeaom tkPfa&miftqif;&Sdaom yuwdajrBuD;udkyif ,if;pwkwpsmef bm0emorm"daMumifh
xGufay:vmaom Pfta&miftvif;"mwfjzifh xdk;pdkuf yx0DuodkPf;edrdwfudk ,lcJhaomfvnf; &&Sd
Edkifonfom jzpfayonf/ ,if;edrdwfudkyif tzefzef txyfxyf rSD0JyGm;rsm;cJhaomf tpOftwdkif; edrdwf
oHk;rsKd; bm0emoHk;rsKd; orm"doHk;rsKd;wdkY jzpfay:vmEdkif\/ y#dbm*edrdwfodkY qdkufaomtcg edrdwfudk pGrf;tm; &Sdoavmuf jzefYMuuf pwkwpsmeform"dodkY qdkufonfwkdifatmif qufvufyGm;rsm;yg/
1/ oydwf cGuf yHk;ponf tem;a&;ESifhtrQ jynfhatmifxnfhxm;tyfaom uodkPf;0ef;tjzpf jyKvkyfxm;tyfaom tndK t0g tjzL teD ta&mifwdkYjzifh a&m,SufrI r&Sd yuwd MunfvifoefY&Sif;aom
aumif;uifrS usvmaom rdk;a& odkYr[kwf xdka&ESifh tvm;wl oefY&Sif;aom a&aomfvnf;aumif;
2/ a&wGif; a&uef wpfbufqnfuef ork'&mrS wufvmaom qm;iHa&jzifh jynfhaom qm;usif;
'Dacsmif; ork'&mpaom uodkPf;0ef;tjzpf rjyKjyiftyfaom a&aomfvnf;aumif; tmayguodkPf;
edrdwfudk ,lEdkifayonf/ (0dok'd-1-165/)
TefMum;csufrsm;ESifhtnD toifolawmfaumif;twGuf taumif;qHk;aom a&rSm Munfvif
oefY&Sif;aom a&wGif;a&yif jzpfonf/ a&wGif;a& r&cJhaomf oydwfjzpfap tdk;cGufwpfckjzpfap a&
jynfhatmifxnfh tmayguodkPf;edrdwfudk ,lyg/ a&wGif;a&jzpfap oydwf tdk;cGufponf wnf&Sdaom a&jzpfap tmayguodkPf;edrdwfudk ,l&m a&[laom ynwfoufoufudkom tmkH,lyg/ a&
wGif; eH&HESifh a&wGif;atmufajcudkvnf;aumif; oydwf tdk;cGufwdkY\ eH&HESifh atmufajcudkvnf;aumif;
rMunfhrd&ef owdjyKyg/ a&oufoufudkom Munfh edrdwf,lyg/ wpfzef xdkodkYedrdwf,l&m rdrd&&Sdxm;NyD;aom tmemygepwkwpsmefudkvnf;aumif; odkYr[kwf Mo'gwuodkPf; pwkwpsmefudkvnf;aumif;
0ifpm;NyD;rS vif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tifrsm; tm;aumif;vmaomtcgrS tmayguodkPf;edrdwfudk ,lcJhaomf
ydk t&jrefwwfonf/ a&S;a&S; bm0emorm"drsm;u tm;BuD;aomrSD&m Oyed,owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyK
ay;aeaomaMumifh jzpfonf/
e 0aPm ypa0udwaAm? e vuPH reodumwAH/ (0dok'd-1-165/)
xdo
k Ykd tmayguodP
k ;f edrw
d u
f kd ,l&m a&\ta&mifukd ESv;kH roGi;f ygESi?hf ta&mifukd ESv;kH oGi;f cJah omf
0PuodkPf;bufodkY ul;oGm;rnf/ tmayg"mwf\ ,dkpD;jcif; y*&PvuPmudkvnf; ESvHk;roGif;ygESifh?
a&\ at;rI oDwvuPmudkvnf; ESvHk;roGif;ygESifh? "mwfudk ESvHk;oGif;cJhaomf "mwfur|mef;bufodkY
ul;oGm;rnf jzpf\/ txl;ojzifh a&\ at;rIoabmudk ESvHk;oGif;ygu orm"dtm;aumif;vmaomtcg
594
orxur|mef;ydkif; -- awaZmuodkPf;
xdo
k Ykd ESv;kH oGi;f aeaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f cEmud,
k f csr;f wufvmwwf\/ xdak Mumifh tqif;\rS&D m
tmayguodkPf;udk tqif;ESifhwuG wlaom tjcif;t&m&Sdonfudk jyK tmayg"mwf xlajymonf\
tpGrf;jzifh tmayg = a&[laom avmua0g[m& pdwfudk xm; ------- tmayg tmayg tmayg = a&
a& a& [k ESvHk;oGif;yGm;rsm;yg/ edrdwfoHk;rsKd; bm0emoHk;rsKd; orm"doHk;rsKd; tpOftwdkif; ay:vm
pwkwpsmeform"dodkY wdkifatmif tpOftwdkif; qdkufa&mufEdkifayonf/
tmayguodkPf; O*[edrdwfonf vIyfouJhodkY xifvmwwf\/ tmayguodkPf;edrdwfudk
,lcJhpOfu a&onf a&jrKyf a&>yufESifh a&maom a&jzpfcJhrl xdkyHkpHtwdkif;om xifvmwwf\/ vdIif;wHydk;
xjcif; a&jrKyf a&>yufESifh a&maESmaejcif;paom uodkPf;tjypfa'goonf xifvmwwf\/ xdkaMumifh
Nidrfouf eufIdif;aom a& edrdwf,ljcif;u tjypfa'go enf;yg;ojzifh ydkaumif;vSayonf/ y#dbm*
edrdwfum; wkefvIyfjcif;uif;onf jzpf aumif;uif xm;tyfaom jr,yf0ef;uJhodkYvnf;aumif; jraMu;rHk0ef;uJhodkYvnf;aumif; jzpf a&S;Ixifvm\/ xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf xdky#dbm*edrdwf xifonfESifh twlwuGomvQif qdkcJhNyD;onfhtwdkif; Oypm&psmef tyempsmefwdkYodkY a&muf&SdEdkifayonf/
(0dok'd-1-165-166/)
awaZmuodkPf; = rD;uodkPf;
a&S;a&S; b0xdkxdku jyKtyfqnf;yl;tyfcJhzl;aom awaZmuodkPf; bm0emvkyfief; bm0emukodkvf yknorm& &dScJhzl;aom yk*dKvftm; uodkPf;0ef;tjzpf rjyKjyiftyfao;aom rD; awaZmuodkPf;
edrdwfudk ,lcJhaomf &&dSEdkifonfom jzpf\/
1/
2/
3/
4/
qDrD;awmuf qDrD;vQHvnf;aumif;
csufjyKwf&m rD;zdkvnf;aumif;
oydwfzkwf&m Xmewnf&dSaom rD;yHkvnf;aumif;
awmrD;avmif&m rD;awmuf rD;vQHvnf;aumif; ------
trSwfr&dS rD;awmufavmif&m t&yf rD;vQHHudk MunfhIpOf O*[edrdwf y#dbm*edrdwf jzpfay:

vmEdkif\/
twdwfb0xdkxdku awaZmuodkPf;udk pD;jzef;rI yg&rD yknorm& r&dSaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf
onfum; awaZmuodkPf;0ef;udk jyKvkyfxdkuf\/ jyKvkyfyHk tpDt&ifum; -- tESpftqD&dS ajcmufaoGUaom xif;cGJjcrf;wdkYudk oifhawmf&m wpfae&m oydwfzkwfonfh yHkpHtaetxm;tm;jzifh tpktyHkvdkuf
rD;awmuf rD;vQH xGufay:vmonfwdkifatmif rD;IdUyg/
oifjzL;zsm om;a&ydkif; ykqdk;Murf; opfom;ysOfcsyf ponfh wpfckckwGif wpfxGmavmuf twdkif;
t&Snf&dSaom 0ef;0dkif;aom taygufudk azmuf xdktaygufazmufxm;aom t&m0wKudk a&S;xm;
odkYr[kwf wpfxGmcefY 0ef;0dkif;aom tayguf&dSaom ZvHkaygufwpfckudk a&S;xm; xdkifNyD;vQif ------1/ rD;yHkatmuf avmifaeaom jrufxif;udkvnf;aumif;
2/ txufodkY wufaom tcdk;tGefYudkvnf;aumif; -----595
ESvHk;roGif;rl tv,f rusJrl wpfcJeuf wpfvHk;wnf;tm;jzifh awmufavmifaeaom rD;

awmuf rD;vQH O*[edrdwf y#dbm*edrdwfudk ,lygav/ (0dok'd-1-166/)
0aPm e ypa0udwaAm? OPSw0aoe vuPH e reodumwAH/ (0dok'd-1-166/)
xdkodkY awaZmuodkPf;edrdwfudk ,l&m xdkrD;awmufrD;vQH\ tndK t0g teDponftm;jzifh jym;aom ta&mifukd ESv;kH roGi;f ygESi/hf ta&mifukd ESv;kH oGi;f cJah omf 0PuodP
k ;f bufoYkd ul;oGm;rnfjzpf\/
xdkrD;awmuf rD;vQH\ ylaom vuPmudkvnf; ESvHk;roGif;ygESifh/ ylaom vuPmudk ESvHk;oGif;ygu
"mwfur|mef;vrf;bufodkY ajymif;oGm;rnf jzpf\/ a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfwpfOD;onf awaZmuodkPf;udk
yGm;&m rD;awmufrD;vQH\ ylaom oabmudk tmkH,lrdojzifh orm"dt&Sdeft0g tm;aumif; uodkPf;
0ef;onfvnf; t&yfq,frsufESmodkY jyefYoGm;aomtcg rlv ESvHk;oGif;rdaom ylaomoabmrSm tvGef
xif&Sm;vm xdktyl&dSef\ 'Pfcsufudk rcHEdkifojzifh xGufajy;&zl;\/ rD;awmufrD;vQHawGu xdka,m*D\
cEmudk 0dkif; avmifaeMuaom [l\/ xdkaMumifh rD;awmufrD;vQH&dSaom ta&miftqif;\ wnf&m
rD;udk tqif;ESifhwuGomvQif jyK awaZm"mwf rsm;jym;xlajymonf\tpGrf;jzifh awaZm = rD;[laom
avmua0g[m&ynwf pdwfudkxm; awaZm awaZm awaZm = rD; rD; rD; [k ESvHk;oGif;yGm;rsm;yg/
odkY yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfaom xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; O*[edrdwf y#dbm*edrdwfrsm; jzpfay:vmrnf
jzpf\/ (0dok'd-1-166 - Munfhyg/)
hf nD awaZmuodP
k ;f udk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwv
f akd om toifa,m*D olawmfaumif;onf rdrd&&dSxm;NyD;aom pwkwpsmeform"dudk wpfzefjyef xlaxmifyg? a&S;OD;pGm xrif; [if;
csu&f m rD;zdk wnf&aSd om rD;awmufr;D vQH atmufyikd ;f xif;p tay:ydik ;f rD;Gew
Yf u
Ykd kd rMunfb
h J tv,f
rD;awmufuo
kd m Munf
h awaZmuodP
k ;f edrw
d u
f kd ,lMunfyh g/ ratmifjrifcahJ omf q,fvufrcefY tayguf
&dSaom ZvHkaygufwpfckudk a&S;ucHxm; xdkZvHkayguf\ a&S; wnf&dSaom rD;awmufrD;vQH awaZm
uodkPf;edrdwfudk ,lMunfhyg? atmifjrifwwfygonf/ edrdwfoHk;rsKd; bm0emoHk;rsKd; orm"doHk;rsKd;wdkYudk
tpOftwdik ;f &&daS tmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwyf g/ a&S;,cifu tdru
f rkd ;D avmifjcif; awmrD;avmifjcif; ponf
wdkYudk jrifcJhzl;vQifvnf; rdrd&&dSxm;NyD;onfh pwkwpsmeform"d wpfckckudk xlaxmifNyD;aemuf ,if;rD;awmufrD;vQH\ tv,fom;udk tmkH,lvnf; awaZmuodkPf;udk yGm;Edkifygonf/
xdkodkY tm;xkwfaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef jzpfay:vmaom O*[edrdwf y#dbm*edrdwf
ESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif O*[edrdwfum; rD;awmufrD;vQHonf jywfjywf usonfESifh wlonfjzpf xifvm\/
uodP
k ;f 0ef;tjzpf rjyKjyiftyfaom rD;yHk awaZmuodP
k ;f edrw
d u
f kd ,laom yk*Kd vt
f m;um; uodP
k ;f \
tjypfa'goonf xif&Sm;\? rD;tydkif;tp = rD;xif;ponfvnf;aumif; rD;usD;pk rD;usD;cJyHkonfvnf;aumif; jymonfvnf;aumif; rD;cdk;onfvnf;aumif; xifaewwf\/ y#dbm*edrdwfonfum; rwkef
vIyfonfjzpf aumif;uif jzefYcif;xm;tyfaom urvmydkif;uJhodkYvnf;aumif; a&T,yf0ef;uJhodkY
vnf;aumif; a&TonfwdkifuJhodkYvnf;aumif; xifvm\/ xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf xdky#dbm*edrdwf\
xifonfESifh twlwuGomvQif Oypm&psmefodkYvnf;aumif; tyempsmefodkYvnf;aumif; a&muf&dSEdkifayonf/ (0dok'd-1-166/)
596
orxur|mef;ydkif; -- tmavmuuodkPf;
0ga,muodPH bma0wkumaremyd 0g,kod H edrdwH *PSdwAH/ w acg 'd|0aoe 0g zk|0aoe
0g/ (0dok'd-1-167/)
0ga,muodkPf;udk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfvdkaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonfvnf; av edrdwfudk ,ltyf
\/ xdk 0ga,muodkPf;edrdwfudkvnf; ------1/ tjrif\ tpGrf;jzifhvnf;aumif;
2/ tawGU\ tpGrf;jzifhvnf;aumif; -----,ltyfayonf/ xdak Mumifh ------1/ opfyifzsm; opf&u
G zf sm;ponfwYkd wdu
k cf wfaeaom avudk Munf
h jrifvnf; 0ga,muodP
k ;f
edrdwfudk ,lEdkif\/
2/ rdr\
d ud,
k t
f *Fg tpdwt
f ydik ;f wpfae&m vma&mufawGUxdaeaom avudv
k nf; 0ga,muokP
d ;f
edrdwftjzpf ,lEdkif\/
rdr\
d ud,
k t
f *Fg awGUxdvmaom avudk 0ga,muodP
k ;f edrw
d t
f jzpf ,lvakd omf a&S;OD;pGm rdr&d &dS
xm;NyD;aom pwkwpsmeform"dudk wpfzefjyef xlaxmifyg/ vif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tifrsm; tm;aumif;
vmaomtcg avomjyLwif;aygufponfrS 0ifvm udk,ft*Fg tpdwftydkif; wpfae&m vma&muf
xdcu
kd af om avtpk owdukd jzpfap 0gawm 0gawm 0gawm = av av av [k ESvHk;oGif;
yGm;rsm;yg/
tu,f opfyifzsm; opf&Gufzsm;ponfwdkY wdkufcwfaeaom avudkMunfh edrdwfudk ,lvdkcJh
aomf a&S;OD;pGm rdrd&&Sdxm;NyD;aom pwkwpsmeform"dudk xlaxmifNyD;aemuf vif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tifrsm;
tm;aumif;vmaomtcg xdv
k if;a&mifjcnf\ tultnDjzifh xdak vudk jrifatmifMunf
h xdak v owdukd
jzpfap 0gawm 0gawm 0gawm = av av av [k ESvHk;oGif;yGm;rsm;yg/ edrdwfoHk;yg; bm0em
oHk;yg; orm"doHk;rsKd;vHk;&atmif tpOftwdkif; yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfyg/
O*[edrdwfum; cHkavmuf = zdkcaemufrS cstyfumrQjzpfaom EdkYCemqGrf;\ tcdk;taiGUtvHk;ESifh
wlpGm wkefvIyfonf jzpf xifvm\/ y#dbm*edrdwfonfum; Nidrfoufaom taetxdkif&dSonf rwkef
vIyfonfjzpf xifvm\/ <uif;enf;wl rSwfav/ (0dok'd-1-167/)
tmavmuuodkPf; = tvif;a&mifuodkPf;
tmavmu uodkPf;udk edrdwf,lvdkaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf ------1/ eH&Haygufjzifh 0if xifvmaom va&mif aea&mift0ef;
2/ oHaumufaygufjzifh 0if xifvmaom va&mif aea&mift0ef;
3/ avaomufwHcg;aygufjzifh 0if xifvmaom va&mif aea&mift0ef; -----t0ef; wpfckck edrdwfudk ,lEdkif\/ (0dok'd-1-169/)
597
tmavmuuodkPf;bm0emvkyfief; jyKtyfcJhzl;aom t"dum&aumif;rIukodkvf yg&rD&dSaom

yk*dKvftm; eH&HaygufponfwdkYwGif wpfckckaom taygufjzifh aea&mifonfvnf;aumif; va&mifonf
vnf;aumif; 0if eH&Hvnf;aumif; ajr (= Murf;jyif) vnf;aumif; xifvmaom tvif;a&mif
t0ef;udk jrifomvQif O*[edrdwf y#dbm*edrdwfonf jzpfay:vmEdkif\/ wpfcJeufxlaom t&Guf&dSaom opfyif\ tcufMum;jzifv
h nf;aumif; wpfceJ ufxal om opfcufr@yfMum;jzifah omfvnf;aumif;
xGu
f ajromvQif xifvmaom ta&mift0ef;udk jrifomvQiv
f nf; O*[edrw
d f y#dbm*edrw
d o
f nf
jzpfay:vmEdkif\/ (0dok'd-1-169/)
tmavmuuodP
k ;f bm0emvkyif ef; jznfq
h nf;yl;cJah om yg&rDt&deS t
f 0g tm;aysmah om a,m*g
0p&yk*dKvfonfum; txufwGif azmfjycJhaom tvif;a&mifoHk;rsKd;wdkYwGif wpfrsKd;rsKd; tmavmaum
tmavmaum tmavmaum = tvif;a&mif tvif;a&mif tvif;a&mif [k ESvHk;oGif;yGm;rsm;yg/
ratmifjrifcahJ omf td;k wpfv;kH \twGi;f qDr;D udk nx
d eG ;f td;k 0udyk w
d
f td;k taygufwpfck jyKvyk
f
eH&o
H Ykd a&S;Iwnfxm;yg/ xdak zmufxm;aomtaygufrS qDr;D a&mifonf xGu
f eH&H t0ef;t0dik ;f xifae
ayrnf/ xdkeH&H xifaeaom qDrD;a&mif t0ef;t0dkif;udk tmavmaum tmavmaum tmavmaum
= tvif;a&mif tvif;a&mif tvif;a&mif [k ESvHk;oGif;yGm;rsm;ygav/ odkY jyKjyifpDrHxm;aom
tvif;a&mifuodkPf;0ef;um; va&mif aea&mifwdkYaMumifh xifaeaom uodkPf;0ef;xuf ydk wm&Snf
cHayonf/ (0dok'd-1-169/)
tmemygewdorm"dukd pwkwp smeform"doYkd wdik af tmifvnf;aumif; tjcm;tjcm;aom uodP
k ;f
wdkY pwkwpsmeform"dodkY wdkifatmifvnf;aumif; orm"dudk xlaxmifxm;NyD;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf
onf naecsr;f tcg odrYk [kwf eHeufcif;tcg0,f xlxaJ om opfcufopf&u
G &f aSd om opfyif\ tMum;rS
jrifawGU&aom aea&mifjcnf\ tvif;a&mifudk tmkH,l tmavmuuodkPf;edrdwfudk &,lcJhaomf
vG,v
f ,
G u
f u
l yl if edrw
d u
f ,
kd
l &wwfay\? tvif;a&mifprG ;f tifrmS vnf; yd
k tm;aumif;wwfayonf/
arSmifrdkufaeaom nOfhtcg0,f ,if;uJhodkYaom uodkPf;0ef;edrdwfudk jzefYMuufcJhaomf uokdPf;0ef;udk
jzefMY uufxm;Ny;D &m t&yftwGi;f wnf&aSd eaom tvif;a&mifrmS aeYtcguJo
h yYkd if vif;aeaom [l\/
t*Fw
k & edum,f owuedygwf ypvm,rmeokwe f (tH-2-463/) vm&daS om bk&m;&Si\
f TeMf um;awmf
rlcsufESifh nDGwfvsufyif &dSayonf/
tmavmuuodkPf; O*[edrdwfonf eH&Hvnf;aumif; ajr = Murf;jyifvnf;aumif; opf
cuf opf&GufMum; ponfvnf;aumif; xifaeaom yuwdtvif;a&mif t0ef;t0dkif;ESifh wl\/ y#dbm*edrdwfonfum; bk&m;&Sif\ wpfvHrQavmufaom a&mifjcnfawmf0ef;uJhodkY wpfcJeuf twHk;vdkuf
tcJvdkuf jzpf txl;MunfvifvSaom tvif;a&miftpkESifh wl\/ <uif;enf;wl rSwfyg/
(0dok'd-1-169/)
tmavmuonm ac: tmavmuuodkPf;rSm xderd' y,fazsmufa&;wGif taumif;qHk;aom
vufeufwpfrsKd; jzpf\/ t*FkwdK&fygVdawmf owuedygwf ypvm,rmeokwef bk&m;&Sifonf xderd'
aysmufuif;aMumif; w&m; (7)rsKd;udk cJGjcm;a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/ ,if; (7)rsKd;wdkYwGif tmavmu
onmonfvnf; wpfct
k ygt0if jzpfonf/ edAm efukd vdv
k m;awmifw
h vsu&f aSd om a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vw
f ikd ;f
598
orxur|mef;ydkif; -- tmumouodkPf;
vufudkifxm;oifhaom ur|mef;wpfckyif jzpfonf/ 'dApuKtbdnmPf\ tajccHuodkPf;wdkYwGif

tmavmuuodkPf;rSm taumif;qHk; tjrwfqHk;aom uodkPf;wpfckyif jzpfonf/
tmumouodkPf; = aumif;uifuodkPf;
1/ eH&Haygufaomfvnf;aumif;
2/ oHaumufaygufaomfvnf;aumif;
3/ avaomufjyLwif;aygufMum;aomfvnf;aumif; --tmumo uodkPf; = tMum;tayguf uodkPf; = aumif;uif uokdPf;edrdwfudk &,lEdkifayonf/
a&S;a&S;b0u tmumouodkPf; bm0emvkyfief; jyKtyfcJhzl;aom t"dum&aumif;rI ukodkvf
&dSooltm; eH&Haygufpaom tMum;taygufwpfckckudk awGUjrifcJhaomf O*[edrdwf y#dbm*edrdwfonf
vG,fulpGmyif jzpfay:vmEdkif\/ t"dum& aumif;rIukodkvf tm;enf;olum; aeajymufrxkd;&atmif
aumif;pGmrdk;xm;tyfaom r@yfaomfvnf;aumif; om;a& zsmponfwdkYwGif wpfckckaomfvnf;aumif; wpfxGm vufav;opf ponfyrmP&dSaom 0ef;0dkif;aom taygufudk jyKvkyf xdkuodkPf;0ef;
tjzpf jyKvyk x
f m;tyfaom taygufuakd omfvnf;aumif; eH&aH ygufpaom wpfcck ak om taygufuakd omf
vnf;aumif; tmumouodP
k ;f edrw
d t
f jzpf tmk,
H
l tmumaom tmumaom tmumaom =
aumif;uif aumif;uif aumif;uif [l ESvHk;oGif;yGm;rsm;tyf\/
tu,f atmifjrifrI r&cJv
h Qif wpfxmG cefY wpfaycefY tayguft0dik ;f wpfcu
k kd opfom;ysOcf syw
f iG f
puf0ikd ;f usus azmufyg/ xdt
k mumouodP
k ;f 0ef;ygaom ysOcf syu
f kd opfyif rd;k om; wdr&f yd pf aom tjypf
uif;pifonfh aumif;uifbufodkY ajrmuf udkifxm;yg/ xdkt0ef;t0dkif; tmumoedrdwfudk ysOfjym;csyf
0ef;usiftwGif; pdwfpdkuf tmkH,lMunfhyg/ uodkPf;0ef;taygufudk ausmfvGef aumif;uifbufodkY
vdkufrMunfhygESifh/ ysOfjym;csyfwGif azmufxGif;xm;aom uodkPf;0ef;om tmumouodkPf;edrdwfudk
,lyg/ tu,f vG,u
f pl mG jzifh edrw
d u
f ,
kd
l r&jzpfaeao;vQif rdr&d &dx
S m;Ny;D aom pwkwp smeform"dukd
wpfzefjyef xlaxmifyg/ xdkaemif yHkpHwlyif tmumouodkPf;0ef;edrdwfudk rsufpdzGifh jyef,lMunfhyg/
rsupf rd w
Sd v
f u
kd af omtcg O*[edrw
d o
f nf xifvmygu atmifjrifru
I kd &&daS yNy/D atmifjrifr&I &daS omtcg
edrdwfudkcdkifatmif tenf;i,f qufvufavhusifh rdrdtvdk&dS&m t&yfodkYoGm; xdkifvsuf yGm;rsm;Edkif
ayonf/
rdrdBudKufESpfouf&m ae&m xdkifaomtcg rdrd&&dSxm;NyD;onfh orm"drsm;udk wpfzefjyef
xlaxmifyg/ xdak emif rdr&d &dx
S m;Ny;D jzpfonfh tmumouodP
k ;f 0ef;edrw
d u
f ykd if wpfzefjyef tmk,
H yl g/
a&S;a&S; bm0emorm"dw\
Ykd tm;Bu;D aomrD&S m Oyed,owjd zifh aus;Zl;jyKay;rI t&deS t
f 0gowx
d ;l udk
qufcH&aom aemufaemufaom bm0emorm"drSmvnf; vG,fulacsmarmvsufyif &dSaewwfygonf/
tmumouodkPf; O*[edrdwfonf eH&HaygufponfwdkYESifh twlwuG xdkrlveH&Haygufponf
wdkYESifh wlonfomvQif jzpfayonf/ O*[edrdwftcdkuf bm0empGrf;tm; enf;yg;onfhtwGufaMumifh
uodkPf;0ef;udk wdk;yGm;atmif jyKvkyfaomfvnf; rwdk;yGm;Edkifao;ay/ y#dbm*edrdwfum; eH&HpGef;ponf
rxifawmhbJ aumif;uift0ef;oufoufom jzpf xifvmawmhonf/ xdktcg tmumouodkPf;
599
bm0emvkyfief; tmumouodkPf; bm0emorm"donf jrJjrHoGm;NyD jzpfaomaMumifh uodkPf;0ef;udk

wdk;yGm;apaomfvnf; uodkPf;0ef;onf wdk;yGm;vmEdkifayonf/ <uif;enf;wlNyD/ (0dok'd-1-169/)
uodkPf; (10)yg; wGif NyD;qHk;oGm;NyD jzpfygonf/ uodkPf;q,fyg;wdkY uodkPf;wdkif; uodkPf;
wdkif;0,f pwkwpsmeform"dodkY qdkufatmif tBudrfBudrf tzefzef txyfxyf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfygav/
xdkodkY BudK;pm;tm;xkwfEdkifygu rnfonfht&m0wKESifh awGUMuHK&onfjzpfap uodkPf;0ef;edrdwftjzpf
tmkH,l &Edkifonfh t&m0wKrSefygu uodkPf;edrdwftjzpf vSrf; tmkH,lvdkufonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf
uokdPf;edrdwfudk vG,fvG,fululyif &,lEdkifayonf/ ouf&dS oufrJh umr0wKtpkpkrS bm0em[laom
tESpfudk xkwf,lwwfygu ,ckuJhodkYaom a,medaomreodum& xif&Sm;&dSaeaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf
wpfO;D tzdYk pwkwp smeform"duo
hJ aYkd om bm0emtESpo
f m&rsm;um; vG,v
f ,
G u
f u
l yl if xGuaf y:vmrnf
jzpfayonf/ ,if;pwkwpsmeform"dukd tajccH 0dyemodkY ul;wufoGm;ygu ,if;orm"dw&m;wdkYu
t&[wzdkvf&onfwdkifatmif aus;Zl;jyKaernfom jzpfayonf/ ,cktcgum; uodkPf;ynwfudk
tmkH,l &&dSaom pwkwpsmeform"dudk tajccH tlypsmefrsm;udk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfyHk tydkif;udk
qufvuf a&;om;wifjytyfygonf/
222
600
orxur|mef;ydkif; --
tlyg0p&psmefydkif;
tmumomem,wepsmef
tlyg0p&psmefonf ------1/
2/
3/
4/
tmumomem,wepsmef
0dnmPm,wepsmef
tmudnm,wepsmef
ae0onmemonm,wepsmef ------
[l odkYvQif av;rsKd;jym;\/ xdkwGif tmumomem,wepsmefudk &&Sdatmif yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf

vdkaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf a&S;OD;pGm kyfw&m;wdkY\ tjypfudk jrifatmif Iqifjciftyf\/
rdbwdkY\ okufaoG;aMumifh xif&Sm;jzpfay:vm&aom cEmudk,fudk u&Zum,[k ac:qdk\/
u&Zum, xif&mS ;&Sd jcif;aMumifh wkw"f m;paom vufeufukd pGu
J ikd v
f suf owfyw
k Mf u\? ku
d Ef u
S Mf u\?
nOf;yef;EdSyfpufMu\? cdkuf&efjzpfMu\? jiif;cHkMu\? rsufpda&m*g em;a&m*gponfjzifh a&m*gtrsKd;rsKd;udk
cHpm;&\/ u&Zum, trnf&aom kyfw&m;om r&Sdygu xdkuJhodkYaom 'kursKd;pHkrS vGwfayvdrfhrnf
[k ynmjzifh qifjcif kyfw&m;udkomvQif NiD;aiGUjcif;iSm pufqkyfjcif;iSm csKyfapjcif;iSm tmumomem,wepsmefudk &&Sdatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&\/ tmumomem,wepsmef[lonf tmumo
aumif;uifynwfvQif wnf&mtmkH&Sdaom psmefwnf;/ u&Zum,trnf&aom kyfw&m; tjypfudk
jrifatmifI xdkkyfw&m;udk ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufzdkY&ef tmumouodkPf;rSwpfyg; <uif;usefaom
yx0DuodkPf;paom uodkPf; (9)yg;wdkYwGif wpfyg;yg;aom uodkPf; pwkwpsmefudk jzpfaptyf\/
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ rlvedrdwf,l&m jzpfaom yx0DuodkPf;0ef;\ wnf&m ajrBuD;um; OwkZ
MoZ|rukyfwdkY\ taygif;tpk jzpfojzifh kyftppfyifwnf;/ odkYaomf yx0DuodkPf;vQif tmkH&Sdaom
pwkwpsmefodkY wdkifatmif psmefw&m;wdkY\ tmkHrSm yx0DuodkPf; y#dbm*edrdwfwnf;/ ,if; y#dbm*
edrdwfum; rlvedrdwf,l&m ajrBuD;[k ac:a0:tyfaom OwkZMoZ|rukyf[laom y&rw"rrS tvGwf
jzpfaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ bm0emonmaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom ynwfomwnf;/ kyftppfum;
r[kwaf y/ lyg0p& pwkwp smefwikd af tmifaom psmefw&m;wdo
Yk nf ,if;ynwfy#dbm*edrw
d u
f o
kd m tmkH
jyKMu\/ rlvuodP
k ;f 0ef;\ wnf&m OwkZMoZ|ruky[
f al om kyt
f ppfukd tmHk rjyKMuay/ xdak Mumifh
lyg0p&psmefwdkYonfvnf; u&Zlyac:onfh kyftppfudk ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufNyD;om jzpfonf/
xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; lyg0p&pwkwpsmef\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh u&Zkyfudk ausmfvTm;vGefajrmuf
jcif;onf tu,fum; jzpfygay\? (u&Zkyu
f kd tmkrH jyKjcif; y#dbm*edrw
d u
f o
kd m tmkjH yKjcif;aMumifh
ausmv
f mT ;vGeaf jrmufjcif; jzpf\/) xdo
k yYkd if jzpfygaomfvnf; uodP
k ;f kyo
f nfvnf; psmef\ tmkt
H jzpfjzifh
tmkH,l &Edkifjcif;aMumifh xdku&ZkyfESifh wlonfomvQif jzpf\/ xdkYaMumifh xdkuodkPf;kyfudkvnf;
ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufzdkY&ef tvdk&Sdtyfay\/ Oyrm -- a>raMumufwwfaom a,mufsm;onf awmwGif;
a>ru aemufrSvdkufojzifh tyef;wBuD; vsifvsifjrefjref ajy;avaomf ajy;&mt&yf a>rESifhwlatmif
aq;a&mif trsKd;rsKd;jzifh jc,foxm;tyfaom qef;Mu,faom xef;&Gufudkvnf;aumif; EG,fudkvnf;601
aumif; BudK;udkvnf;aumif; ajrBuD; uGJtufaeaom tufaMumif;udkvnf;aumif; ta0;u vSrf;jrif

vdkufvQif aMumuf&GHUxdwfvefYoGm;\? xdk0wKudk rMunfhvdk jzpfoGm;\/ aemufOyrm wpfrsKd;um; ------rdrd\ tusKd;pD;yGm;rJhudk jyKvkyfwwfaom &efola,mufsm; wpfOD;ESifhtwl wpf&Gmwnf; aexdkif&aom
a,mufsm;onf xd&k efoal ,mufsm;u ykwcf wfjcif; aESmifzUGJ jcif; tdru
f kd rD;wdu
k jf cif; ponfwjYkd zifh ESyd pf uf
tyfonfjzpf tjcm;wpf&GmodkY ajymif;a&TUaexdkifvdkuf\/ xdk&Gmvnf; xdk&efola,mufsm;ESihf tqif;
oPmef toH tjyKtrl ya,m*wlaom a,mufsm;udk awGUjrifjyefaomf aMumuf&GHUxdwfvefYonfom
jzpfjyef\/ xdkolUudkvnf; rMunfhvdk jzpfaewwf\/
Oyrmrsm;twl a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf u&Zkyfudkomru xdku&Zkyfudk tajccH jzpfay:
vmaom uodkPf;kyfudkvnf; uodkPf;kyfonf xdku&ZkyfESifh wlonfomvQifwnf;[k pGJjrJpGm
rSwfom; xdkuodkPf;kyfudkvnf; aMumufjcif;vefYjcif; rjrifvdkjcif; oabmw&m;rsm; xif&Sm; jzpfay:
vm ,if;uodkPf;kyfudkvnf; ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufjcif;iSm tvdk&SdrIudk rSwfom;yg/
tmumomem,wepsmefudk tvdk&Sdaom toifolawmfaumif;onf a&S;OD;pGm yx0DuodkPf;vQif tmkH&Sdaom yxrpsmef 'kwd,psmef wwd,psmef pwkwpsmefwdkYudk tpOftwdkif; 0ifpm;xm;yg/
xdkaemif atmufygtwdkif; qufvufusifhyg/
qdktyfcJhNyD;onfhenf;twdkif; xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf pwkwpsmef\ tmkHjzpfaom xdkyx0D
uodkPf;kyfrS NiD;aiGU ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufvdkonfjzpf 0oDabmfig;wefudk Edkifeif;atmif avhusuf
tyfNyD;onf jzpf t0g;0pGm avhvmtyfNyD;aom yx0DuodkPf;vQif tmkH&Sdaom pwkwpsmefrS x
xdkpwkwpsmef odkY tjypfudk jrifatmifIyg/
1/ lyg0p&pwkwpsmefonf igNiD;aiGUtyfaom uodkPf;kyfudk tmkHjyKbd\/
2/ aomrea0'em[laom eD;uyfaom &efol&Sd\/
3/ Nidrfoufaom 0darmujzpfaom tlypsmefatmuf kefY&if;\/ -----odkY tjypfudk jrifatmifI\/ lyg0p&pwkwpsmefonf Oayum {u*wm[laom psmeft*Fg
ESpfyg;om &SdouJhodkY tvm;wlyif tlyg0p&psmefwdkYonfvnf; Oayum {u*wm[laom psmeft*Fg
ESpfyg;wdkYom &SdMuaomaMumifh lyg0p&pwkwpsmef psmeft*Fg\ kefY&if;Murf;wrf;rI oabmw&m;um; r&Sday/ xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf xdklyg0p&pwkwpsmef qdktyfNyD;aomenf;jzifh tjypfudk
jrifatmif
I ------4/ xdkpwkwpsmef wG,fwmiJhuGuf woufouf&Sdjcif;udk ukefap
5/ tmumomem,wepsmefudk Nidrfoufaomtm;jzifh tqHk;r&Sdaomtm;jzifh ESvHk;oGif;
6/ pMu0Vm qH;k onfwikd af tmifvnf;aumif; tvd&k o
dS rQt&yfoYkd wdik af tmifvnf;aumif; rdryd mG ;xm;
NyD;aom yx0DuodkPf;kyfudk jzefYMuuf
7/ xdkuodkPf;kyfjzifh awGUxd&mt&yfudk tmumo tmumo [lvnf;aumif; teEtmumo
teEtmumo [lvnf;aumif; ESvHk;oGif; ------602
orxur|mef;ydkif; -- tmumomem,wepsmef
lyg0p&pwkwp smef\ tmkjH zpfaom yx0DuodP

k ;f kyu
f kd cGm\/ xif&mS ;aptHh -- xdyk x0DuodP
k ;f
kyfudk cGmaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf zsmwpfcsyfudk acgufvdyfouJhodkY yx0DuodkPf;udk acgufvdyfonfvnf; r[kwf/ rkefYtdk;uif;rS rkefYudk cGmouJhodkY yx0DuokdPf;0ef;udk cGmxkwfonfvnf; r[kwf/
t[kwfaomfum; yx0DuokdPf;ukd oufouf rqifjcifjcif;wnf;? ESvHk;roGif;jcif;wnf;? roHk;oyfjcif;
wnf;/ yx0DuodkPf;udk rqifjcifbJ ESvHk;roGif;bJ roHk;oyfbJ pifppfrSmrl xdkyx0DuodkPf;kyfjzifh
awGUxd&m tmumoudkyif tmumo tmumo [l wpfzufowf ESvHk;oGif;aom a,m*g0p&
yk*dKvfonf uodkPf;udk cGmonf rnf\/ ,if;odkY cGmtyfaom yx0DuodkPf;onfvnf; rxr<u repf
rqkwf/ a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ yx0DuodkPf;udk oufouf ESvHk;roGif;jcif;udkvnf;aumif; tmumo
tmumo[k wpfzufowf ESv;kH oGi;f jcif;ukv
d nf;aumif; tpGjJ yK yx0DuodP
k ;f udk cGmonf rnfay\/
uodkPf;udk cGm&m cGmaMumif; tmumoaumif;uifynwfrQonfomvQif xifvm\/
1/ uodPk*g#drmumo = uodkPf;udk cGm &&Sdtyfaom tmumo
2/ uodPzka|mumo = uodkPf;jzifh awGUxdrd&m tmumo
3/ uodP0d0dwmumo = uodkPf;rS uif;qdwfoGm;aom tmumo -----oHk;yk'fvHk;onf y&d,m,fESifESif jzpfaomaMumifh teuftm;jzifh wlonfomwnf;/
(0dok'd-1-320-321/)
txufyg TefMum;csuftwdkif; toifolawmfaumif;onf ESvHk;oGif;Munfhyg/ atmifjrifrIudk
&&SEd ikd yf gonf/ tu,f atmifjrifrrI &&Su
d odv
Yk nf; ESv;kH oGi;f Munfyh g/ yx0DuodP
k ;f 0ef;udk pMu0Vm
wpfckvHk; jynfhatmif jzefYMuufyg/ tvdk&SdcJhvQif teEpMu0VmodkY wdkifatmifvnf; yx0DuodkPf;0ef;udk
jzefMY uufyg/ jzefMY uufNy;D aemuf xdyk x0DuodP
k ;f vQif tmk&H adS om pwkwp smefukd 0ifpm;yg/ xdpk wkwp smef
rSx txufwGif a&;om;wifjycJhonfhtwdkif; trSwf (1)rS (6)odkYwdkifatmif qifjcifyg/ xdkaemif xdk
yx0DuodkPf;\ wpfae&mwGif pdwfpdkuf yx0Dudk ESvHk;roGif;bJ tmumoudk wpfzufowf ESvHk;
oGi;f yg/ rMumrD tcsed u
f mvtwGi;f rSmyif tmumotMum;taygufukd jrifvmwwfygonf/ xdt
k cgwGif
tmumo rjzpfao;aom yx0DuodkPf;udk vHk;0ESvHk;roGif;awmhbJ xifvmaom tmumoudkomvQif
wpfzufowf ESvHk;oGif;vsuf tmumo tmumo [k Iaeyg/ tmumoonf xif&Sm;oxuf xif&Sm;
vm Nidrfoufvmaomtcg ,if;tmumoudkyif jzefYMuuf tmumo tmumo [k Iyg/ tmumo
us,jf yefv
Y monfEiS t
hf rQ yx0DuodP
k ;f 0ef;rSm wjznf;jznf; aemufoYkd qkwo
f mG ;um tmumou ae&m
,lvmayvdrrhf nf/ tmumoudk t&yf (10)rsuEf mS odYk wjznf;jznf; jzefyY g/ aemufq;kH wGif yx0DuodP
k ;f
aysmuf tmumocsnf;oufouf usef&dSayvdrfhrnf/ ,if;odkY usef&Sdaeaom tmumoum; yx0D
uodkPf;udk cGm &&Sdvmaom tmumoedrdwfyifwnf;/ xdktcgwGif atmufyg 0dok'dr*t|uxm\
TefMum;csuftwdkif; qufvufavhusifhyg/
xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf xdkyx0DuodkPf;udk cGm &&Sdvmaom tmumoedrdwfudk tmumo
tmumo [l tzefzef txyfxyf qifjcif\? 0dwufjzifh tmumo tmumo[k a&S;Iacgufonfudk
xuf0ef;usif vSnfhvnfacgufonfudk jyK\/ odkY tzefzef txyfxyf qifjcifaom 0dwufjzifh tmumo tmumo[k a&S;Iacgufonfudk xuf0ef;usif acgufonfudk jyKaom xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\
603
oEmef eD0&PwdkYonf uGmukef\? tmumoedrdwfvQif tmkH&Sdaom owdonf tvGefxifonfjzpf

aumif;pGm wnf\? Oypm&psmeform"djzifh pdwfonf tmumoedrdwf aumif;pGm wnfMunfae\/ xdk
a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf xdt
k mumoedrw
d u
f kd tzefzef txyfxyf rD0S \
J yGm;rsm;\ Burd zf efrsm;pGm tavh
tvmjyK\/ odYk tzefzef txyfxyf qifjcifaom ESv;kH oGi;f aom xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd vt
f m; tmumo
edrw
d t
f mkH tmumomem,wepdwo
f nf tyempsmef\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfay:vm\/ yx0DuokdPf;
paom uodkPf;ynwftmkHwdkY lyg0p&psmefpdwfonf tyempsmef\tpGrf;jzifh jzpfouJhodkYwnf;/
rSefayonf ------- tmumomem,wepsmefpdwfvnf; psmef\ a&S;tzdkY oHk;Budrfaom Oypm&aZm
odrYk [kwf av;Burd af om Oypm&aZmwdu
Yk m; umrm0p&aZmwdw
Yk nf;/ ,if;umrm0p& Oypm&aZmwdo
Yk nf
Oayuma0'emESihf ,SOu
f ek o
f nfomvQif jzpfuek \
f / av;Burd af jrmufaZmonf odrYk [kwf ig;Burd af jrmuf
aZmonf tmumomem,we trnf&aom tlyg0p&aZm jzpf\/ t<uif;um; yx0DuodkPf;
zGifhqdkcJhonfhtwkdif;omwnf;/ (0dok'd-1-321/)
txl;um; --------- odkYvQif tlyg0p&psmefpdwfonf jzpfay:vmvwfaomf xdka,m*g0p& &[ef;onf tdk;0wGif zHk;vTrf;xm;tyfaom t0wfudk zGifhvSpfvdkufonfhtcg t0wfuG,faysmuf rsufESm0
[if;vif;ayguf tmumoonf ay:aygufvmouJhodkY --- OyrmtwlyifvQif a&S; uodkPf;0ef;udk
lyg0p&psmefpuKjzifh Munfh v
I suf aeNy;D aemuf ,if;yx0DuodP
k ;f 0ef;udk ESv;kH roGi;f awmhbJ tmumo
tmumo [l y&durfjzpfaom Oypm&psmef reodum&jzifh taqmwvsif xdkyx0DuodkPf;edrdwf
tmkHudk cGmtyfNyD;vwfaomf xifvmaom tmumoedrdwftmkHudkomvQif tlyg0p& psmepuKjzifh
Ivsuf ae\/ rQtwdkif;t&Snf&Sdaom pum;tpOfjzifh a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfudk odkY qdktyfay\/
oAaom lyonmeH orwdur m y#dConmeH tw*rF m emewonmeH treodum&m ]teaEm
tmumaom}wd tmumomem,weH OyorZ 0d[&wd/ (tbd-2-254/ 'D-2-60/)
ukefatmifpHkaom lyonm trnf&aom yx0DuodkPf;kyfponfwdkYudk tmkHjyKaom lyg0p&
psmefwu
Ykd v
kd nf;aumif; xdk yl g0p&psmefw\
Ykd tmkjH zpfaom yx0DuodP
k ;f paom tmkw
H u
Ykd v
kd nf;aumif;
ausmfvTm;vGefajrmuf oGm;jcif;aMumifh lyonm o'onm *Eonm &oonm azm|Aonm [laom 0wKtmkH xdcu
kd jf cif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmukeaf om y#dConmwd\
Yk csKyNf ird ;f oGm;jcif;aMumifh a'Gy
0dnmPf (10)ESifh,SOfaom onm (10)rsKd;rS wpfyg;aom umrm0p& ukodkvf tukodkvf 0dyguf Bud,m
[laom (44)rsKd;aompdwfESifh ,SOfaom (44)rsKd;aom onm[laom txl;xl;aom emewonmwdkYudk
ESv;kH roGi;f jcif;aMumifh teEtmumo[k ESv;kH oGi;f wwfaom tmumomem,wepsmefukd jynfph akH p
aexdkif\[l qdktyfay\/ (0dok'd-1-322/)
rSwcf suf ------- txufyg ygVdawmfjzifh cyfodrf;ukefaom (54)rsKd;ukefaom umrm0p& pdwf
apwodufwdkYudk y,fjcif;udkvnf;aumif; ESvHk;roGif;jcif;udkvnf;aumif; a[mawmfrltyf\[k od&Sd
ygav/
604
orxur|mef;ydkif; -- 0dnmPm,wepsmef
0dnmPm,wepsmef
0dnmPm,wepsmef[o
l nf tmumomem,we0dnmPfvQif wnf&mtmk&H adS om psmefwnf;/
tmumomem,we0dnmPfudk tIcHtmkHxm; IyGm; oHk;oyfojzifh &&Sdvmaom psmefwnf;/ xdk
0dnmPm,wepsmefudk &&Sdatmif yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfvdkaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf tmumomem,we psmeformywfudk 0oDabmfig;wef Edkifeif;atmif avhusifhtyf\/ tmumomem,we
psmeformywf 0oDabmfig;wefudk Edkifeif;atmif avhusifhNyD;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf ---1/ ig&&Sdxm;aom tmumomem,wepsmeformywfonf lyg0p&psmef[laom eD;uyfaom
&efol &Sd\/
2/ 0dnmPm,wepsmeformywfuJhodkY Nidrfoufonfvnf; r[kwfcJh/ odkYvQif tmumomem,wepsmeformywf tjypfudk jrifatmif I
3/ xdktmumomem,wepsmef cHkrifwyfrufjcif; wPSmudk ukefap
4/ 0dnmPm,wepsmefudk Nidrfouf\[l ESvHk;oGif;NyD;vQif ----xdkyx0DuodkPf;udk cGm &tyfaom tmumoedrdwfudk ysHUESHU jzpfay:vmaom xdktmumomem,we0dnmPfukd 0dnmPH 0dnmPH [l tzefzef txyfxyf qifjciftyf\ ESvHk;oGif;tyf\
Pfjzifh ouf0if qifjciftyf\/ 0dwufjzifh 0dnmPH 0dnmPH [k a&S;Iacgufonfudk xuf0ef;usif
vSnv
hf nf acgufonfukd jyKtyf\/ teEH teEH [l oufoufEv
S ;kH roGi;f aumif;? 0dnmPH 0dnmPH
[kvnf;aumif; teEH 0dnmPH teEH 0dnmPH [kvnf;aumif; ESvHk;oGif;aumif;\/
odkYaomenf;tm;jzifh xdktmumomem,we0dnmPf[laom 0dnmPedrdwf tzefwvJvJ
bm0empdwfudk jzpfapaom xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; eD0&Pw&m;wdkYonf uGmusoGm;Muukef\/ tmumomem,we0dnmPfvQif wnf&mtmkH&Sdaom owdonf aumif;pGmwnfvm\? Oypm&psmef
orm"djzifh bm0empdwo
f nf aumif;pGm wnfMunfvm\/ xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf xdt
k mumomem,we0dnmPf[k qdktyfaom xdk0dnmPedrdwfudk tzefzef txyfxyf rSD0J\ yGm;rsm;\ Budrfzefrsm;pGm
tavhtvmjyK\/ odkYaomenf;jzifh tBudrfrsm;pGm jyKaom xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef ------uodP
k ;f udck mG &tyfaom tmumoedrw
d f tmumomem,wepsmefpw
d o
f nf tyempsmef\ tpGr;f jzifh jzpfouJo
h Ykd -- yx0DuodkPf;udk cGm &&Sdvmaom tmumoedrdwfudk ysHUESHU tmkHjyK jzpfay:
vmaom tmumomem,we0dnmPftmkH 0dnmPm,wepsmefpw
d o
f nf tyempsmef\ tpGr;f jzifh
jzpfay:vm\/ (0dok'd-1-325/)
tIcHtmkHrSm tmumomem,wepsmef0dnmPfjzpf\/ xdktmumomem,wepsmef
0dnmPfudk 0dnmPH 0dnmPH [k IcJhaomf xdktmumomem,we0dnmPftmkH Nidrf0yfpGm uyf
wnfaeaom bm0empdwfwdkYwGif Oypm&psmefaZmwdkY\ aemuf tyempsmef\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfay:vmaom psmefpdwfonf 0dnmPm,wepsmefpdwfwnf;/ tmumomem,we0dnmPfvQif wnf&mtmkH
&Sad om psmefpw
d f [lvo
kd nf/ tIct
H mkjH zpfaom psmefpw
d rf mS tmumomem,wepsmefpw
d f Iwwfaom
psmefpdwfrSm 0dnmPm,wepsmefpdwfwnf;/ ESpfrsKd;vHk;onf psmefpdwfcsnf;omwnf;/
605
rQtwdkif;t&Snf&Sdaom bm0emtpOfjzifh yk*dKvfudk odkY ac:qdktyfay\/

oAaom tmumomem,weH orwdur teEH 0dnmPEd 0dnmPm,weH OyorZ 0d[&wd/
(tbd-2-254/ 'D-2-60/)
t<uif;r&Sd tvHk;pHkaom tmumomem,wepsmefESifh tmumoedrdwftmHkudk ausmfvTm;vGefajrmuf ]]teEH 0dnmPH teEH 0dnmPH}}[k odkY ESvHk;oGif;onfjzpf 0dnmPm,wepsmefudk
jynfhpHkap aeol[l qdktyf\/ (tbd-2-254/ 'D-2-60/ 0dok'd-1-325/)
tmumomem,wepsmefuv
kd nf;aumif; ,if;tmumomem,wepsmef\ wnf&mtmkH
jzpfonfh tmumoedrdwfudkvnf;aumif; - ESpfrsKd;vHk;udkyif tmumomem,we[k qdkvdk\/ xdk
ESpfrsKd;vHk;udkyif rjzpfjcif;udk jyKojzifhvnf;aumif; ESvHk;roGif;ojzifhvnf;aumif; tcsif;cyfodrf; ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufoGm;rSomvQif 0dnmPm,we psmefudk jynfhpHkap aeEdkifaomaMumifh psmefESifh
tmkH ESpfyg;pHkudkvnf; wpfaygif;wnf; jyK tmumomem,weH orwdur = tmumomem,we
psmefESifh tmumomem,wepsmef\ tmkHudk ausmfvTm;vGefajrmuf[k bk&m;&Sif a[mawmfrlonf/
(0dok'd-1-325-326/)
teEH 0dnmPH ----- tmumomem,we0dnmPfonf tqHk;tydkif;tjcm; r&Sdonfh teE jzpfaom aumif;uifynwf = tmumoedrdwfudk tmkHjyK\/ xdktaMumif;tmkH\ teE[laom trnfudk
tusKd;jzpfaom tmkH,lwwfonfh tm&rPdu 0dnmPftay: wifpm; um&Plypm&tm;jzifh tmumomem,we0dnmPfudkyif teEH 0dnmPH [k qdkonf/ 0dnmPm,wepsmefudk tvdk&dSaom
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf xdktmumomem,we0dnmPfudkyif ]]teEH 0dnmPH}}[k ESvHk;oGif;&\[k
qdkvdk\/ enf;tvdk ----- teEH 0dnmPH = teErnfaom Oyg'f-biftm;jzifh tydkif;tjcm; r&Sdaom
aumif;uifynwfudk = tmumoedrdwfudk tmkHjyKaom 0dnmPf = tmumomem,we0dnmPf[k
qdkvdkonf/
wpfenf; ----- 0dnmPm,wepsmefudk &&Sdatmif tm;xkwfaom bm0empdwfonf tmumomem,we0dnmPfudk tmkHjyKonfhtcg Oyg'fudk ydkif;jcm;jzpfap XDudk ydkif;jcm;jzpfap bifudk ydkif;jcm;
jzpfap tmkHjyKonfum; r[kwf? tydkif;tjcm;rxm;bJ tmumomem,we0dnmPf wpfckvHk;udkyif
tmkjH yKonf/ odYk tmk,
H w
l wfaom tm&rPu
d bm0empdwu
f txl;ojzifh 0dnmPm,webm0em
pdwfu teE jzpfatmif = tydkif;tjcm; r&Sdatmif tmkHjyKtyfaomaMumifh tpGef;tp bifrQrusef
tcsif;cyfodrf; tvHk;pHkaom tmumomem,we0dnmPfudk ESvHk;oGif;onf\ tpGrf;jzifh ,if;tmumomem,we0dnmPfudk teEH 0dnmPH[k qdkonf/ enf;tvdk ----- teEH 0dnmPH = tydkif;
tjcm; r&SdbJ tmkHjyKtyfaom tmumomem,we0dnmPf[k qdkvdkonf/
(0dok'd-1-326 - Munfh/)
606
orxur|mef;ydkif; -- tmudnm,wepsmef
tmudnm,wepsmef
tmudn
m,wepsmef[o
l nf tmumomem,wepsmef\ r&Sd jcif; = ewad bmynwfvQif wnf&m
tmkH&Sdaom psmef[k qdkvdkonf/ tmudnm,wepsmefudk &&Sdatmif yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfvdkaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf 0dnmPm,wepsmeformywf 0oDabmfig;wef Edkifeif;atmif avhusifhtyf\/
0oDabmfig;wefudk Edkifeif;atmifavhusifhNyD;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf odkY qifjciftyf\/
1/ ig&&Sdxm;aom 0dnmPm,wepsmeformywfonf tmumomem,wepsmef[laom
eD;uyfaom &efol &Sd\/ (tcsdefra&G; tmumomem,wepsmefodkY jyef avQmusEdkif\ [lvdk/)
2/ tmudmnm,wepsmefuJhodkY Nidrfoufonfvnf; r[kwfcJh/ odkYvQif 0dnmPm,wepsmef
tjypfudk jrifatmifI
3/ xdk0dnmPm,wepsmef wG,fwmiJhuGuf woufouf&Sdjcif;udk ukefap
4/ tmudnm,wepsmefudk Nidrfoufaomtm;jzifh ESvHk;oGif;
5/ tMuif tmumomem,wepsmef0dnmPfudk tmkHjyK 0dnmPm,wepsmefonf jzpfay:
vm&\? xd0k n
d mPm,wepsmef\yifvQif tmkjH zpfjzpfaom tmumomem,we0dnmPf\
r&Sdjcif;[laom ewad bmynwfukd qdwo
f nf\tjzpfukd uif;aomtjcif;t&mudk ESv;kH oGi;f tyf\/
tb,fodkY ESvHk;oGif;tyfoenf;/ xdktmumomem,we0dnmPfudk tcsif;cyfodrf; ESvHk;roGif;
rl xdktmumomem,we0dnmPf\ r&Sdjcif;oabm ewdabmynwfudkom tmkHjyK ----1/ ewd ewd = r&Sd r&Sd [lvnf;aumif;
= ewd udd - ewd udd = bmrQr&dS bmrQr&Sd [lvnf;aumif;
2/ oknH oknH = qdwf\ qdwf\ [lvnf;aumif;
3/ 0d0dwH 0d0dwH = uif;\ uif;\ [lvnf;aumif; --tzefzef txyfxyf qifjciftyf\? ESvHk;oGif;tyf\? Pfjzifh ouf0if Ityf\? 0dwufjzifh
ewd udd - ewd udd [k a&S;Iacgufonfudk xuf0ef;usif vSnfhvnf acgufonfudk jyKtyf\/
(0dok'd-1-326-327/)
qdktyfcJhNyD;onfhenf;twdkif; xdktmumomem,we0dnmPf\ r&Sdjcif; ewdabmynwf[k
qdt
k yfaom psmefjzpfaMumif;edrw
d f bm0empdwu
f kd jzpfapaom xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f oEmef0,f eD0&Pw&m;wdkYonf uGmusoGm;Muukef\? tmumomem,we0dnmPf\ r&Sdjcif; ewdabmynwfvQif
wnf&mtmk&H adS om owdonf aumif;pGmwnfvm\/ Oypm&psmeform"djzifh bm0empdwo
f nf aumif;pGm
wnfMunfvm\/ xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf xdktmumomem,we0dnmPf\ r&Sdjcif; ewdabm
ynwf[k qdktyfaom psmefjzpfaMumif;edrdwfudk tzefwvJvJ rSD0J\ yGm;rsm;\ Budrfzefrsm;pGm tavhtvmjyK\/ odkYaomenf;jzifh jyKusifhaom xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef yx0DuodkPf;udk cGm
&tyfaom tmumoedrdwfudk ysHUESHU jzpfay:vmaom xdkr[*Kwf tmumomem,we0dnmPf\
omvQif qdwfonf\tjzpf uif;onf\tjzpf r&Sdonf\tjzpf[laom ewdabmynwf tmudnm,wepsmefpdwfonf tyempsmef\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfay:vm\/ tmumoedrdwf ysHUESHUjzpfaom
607
tmumomem,we 0dnmPedrdwfudk tmkHjyK 0dnmPm,wepsmef0dnmPfonf jzpfay:vm

ouJhodkYyifwnf;/ (0dok'd-1-327/)
qdkvwHUonfum; txl;wnf;/ xdk tmumomem,we0dnmPf\ r&Sdjcif;[laom ewdabm
ynwftmkH tmudnm,we tyempsmefpdwfonf jzpfay:vmonf&Sdaomf xdka,m*g0p& &[ef;awmfonf tmumomem,we0dnmPf\ r&Sdjcif;[laom ewdabmynwfudkomvQif Ivsuf ae\/
Oyrm ----- a,mufsm;wpfa,mufonf pnf;a0;nDrl&m wefaqmif;0ef; ponfwdkY wpfpHkwpfckaom
jyKzG,fudpaMumifh pnf;a0;aeaom &[ef;oHCmawmfudk zl;ajrmfNyD;aemuf wpfckaom t&yfodkY xGufcGm
oGm;\? wpfzef &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm; pnf;a0;nDrl&m wefaqmif;0ef;odkY jyefvmjyef\/ pnf;a0;jcif;
udp\
Ny;D qH;k aomtcg &[ef;awmfwo
Ykd nf rdrw
d pYkd nf;a0;nDr&l mt&yfrS xuke
f zJcmG oGm;Muukeo
f nf
&Sdaomf xdka,mufsm;onf xdkpnf;a0;nDrl&mt&yfodkY qdkufa&mufvm wHcg;0 &yfvsuf wpfzef xdk
pnf;a0;nDrl&mt&yfudk Munfhvdkufonf&Sdaomf &[ef;wdkYrS qdwfonfudkomvQif jrifouJhodkY &[ef;wdkYrS
uif;onfudkomvQif jrifouJhodkY xdka,mufsm;\ oEmef --- rQavmufaom &[ef;awmfwdkYonf
aorlvnf; aoavukefoavm t&yfwpfyg;odkYrlvnf; oGm;avukefoavm[k odkYaom MuHa,mif
MurH mS ; tjcm;pdwo
f nf rjzpfouJo
h Ykd wu,fpifppfaomfum; pnf;a0;&mt&yfonf &[ef;wdrYk S qdw\
f ?
&[ef;wdrYk S uif;\[k r&So
d nf\tjzpfuo
kd mvQif IouJo
h Ykd OyrmtwlyifvQif a&S; yx0DuodP
k ;f udk
cGm &&Sdvmaom tmumoedrdwf jzpfaptyfNyD;aom tmumomem,we0dnmPfudk 0dnmPm,wepsmefpuKjzifh 0dnmPH 0dnmPH[k Ivsuf aeNy;D aemufumva&mufrS xdt
k mumomem,we
0dnmPf\ r&Sdjcif;oabm ewdabmynwfudk tmkH,l - ewd ewd oknH oknH 0d0dwH 0d0dwH [laom
y&durfjzpfaom ESvHk;oGif;jcif; reodum&jzifh xdktmumomem,we0dnmPfonf uG,faysmufonf
&Sad omf xdt
k mumomem,we0dnmPf\ uif;jcif; aysmufjcif;[k qdt
k yfaom r&Sjd cif; ewad bmynwf
udkomvQif bm0empdwfjzifh tzefzef Ivsufae\/ (0dok'd-1-327/)
]]ewd ewd oknH oknH 0d0dwH 0d0dwH [laom y&durfjzpfaom ESvHk;oGif;jcif; reodum&jzifh
xdt
k mumomem,we0dnmPfonf uG,af ysmufonf &Sad omf}}[laom pum;&yfjzifh xdt
k mumomem,we0dnmPfudk tmkHjyKjcif;\ r&Sdjcif;aMumifh xdktmumomem,we0dnmPf\ uG,faysmuf
jcif;onf jzpfay:vm\?ysupf ;D oGm;onf\ tjzpfaMumifh uG,af ysmufomG ;onfum; r[kwaf y/ odaYk om
t"dyg ,fukd Tejf yvsu&f \
dS / xdOk yrmpum;&yf qdv
k wUH onfum; Oyrm Oyar,s ES;D aESmjcif;wnf;/
xdka,mufsm;onf xdkwefaqmif;0ef; tp&Sdaom t&yf pnf;a0;aeaom &[ef;oHCmudk zl;jrifNyD;
oGm;av\? xdak emifrS &[ef;tm;vH;k wdo
Yk nf wpfpw
kH pfco
k mvQijf zpfaom jyKz,
G u
f pd j zifh zJomG ;ukeo
f nf
&Sdaomf xdka,mufsm;onf wpfzefjyefvm Munfhavu xdkpnf;a0;&mt&yfudk &[ef;awmfwdkYrS qdwfokO;f onfuo
kd mvQif jrif\? &[ef;awmfw\
Ykd xdpk nf;a0;nDr&l m t&yfrv
S nf; zJcmG jcif;\ taMumif;&if;udk
rIouJhodkY twl a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf a&S; 0dnmPm,wepsmefrsufpdjzifh tmumomem,wepsmef0dnmPfudk I aemufumv ,if; tmumomem,we0dnmPfudkyif ewd = r&Sd[l
y&durf[laom bm0emreodum&jzifh Iavaomf xdktmumomem,we0dnmPfonf uif;oGm;\?
uif;onf&Sdaomf tmudnm,wepsmefrsufpdjzifh xdktmumomem,we0dnmPf\ r&Sdjcif;[laom
edwad bmynwfuo
kd mvQif Ivsuaf e\/ xdt
k mumomem,we0dnmPf\ uif;jcif; csKyjf cif; r&Sjd cif;\
608
orxur|mef;ydkif; -- tmudnm,wepsmef
taMumif;udk rpl;prf; rqifjcif/ tb,faMumifhenf;[lrl ---- tmudnm,we psmef\ xdkodkYoabm

&Sdaom ESvHk;oGif;jcif;\ r&Sdjcif;aMumifhwnf;/ (r[m#D-2-402/)
tcuftcJ&cdS ahJ omf ----- txufyg TefMum;csufrsm;twdkif; vdkufemjyKusifhaomfvnf; tmumomem,we0dnmPf\ r&Sdjcif; ewdabmynwfudk tmkHjyK rvG,fulao; jzpfaeygu qifjcif
zd&Yk ef tcsuw
f pf&yfukd wifjyyg&ap? pdww
f rYkd nfonf pdwu
P
wpfc\
k twGi;f ESpcf Nk yKd iw
f l jzpf;dk "rwm
r&SMd uay/ pdwu
P
wpfck jzpfNy;D csKyNf y;D rSomvQif aemufpw
d u
P
wpfck jzpf;dk "rwm&S\
d / tmumomem,we0dnmPfonf Oyg'f-XD-bif taetm;jzifh xif&Sm;jzpfaeaom tcsdef 0dnmPm,we
0dnmPfonf Oyg'f-XD-bif taetm;jzifh xif&Sm;rjzpfao;ay/ 0dnmPm,we0dnmPfonf Oyg'fXD-bif taetm;jzifh xif&Sm;jzpfaeaom tcsdefvnf; tmumomem,we0dnmPfonf Oyg'f-XDbif taetm;jzifh xif&mS ;r&Sad wmhay/ 0dnmPm,wepsmef0n
d mPfrsm;onf tqufrjywf qufwu
kd f
jzpfaecsdef0,f ,if;tmumomem,we0dnmPf\ r&SdrI oabmudk tmkH,l ewd udd = bmrQr&Sd[k
ESvHk;oGif;yg/ atmifjrifrIudk &&SdEdkifygonf/ ,if;0dnmPfwdkY\ Oyg'f-XD-bifwdkYudk ESvHk;oGif;
cdkif;aeonfum; r[kwfyg/ ewdabmynwfudk oabmaygufEdkif&eftwGuf IjrifEdkif&eftwGuf wifjyjcif;om jzpfonf/
oAaom 0dnmPm,weH orwdur ewd udDwd tmudnm,weH OyorZ 0d[&wd/
(tbd-2-254/ 'D-2-60/)
rQtwdkif;t&Snf&Sdaom pum;tpOfjzifh xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvfudk tvHk;pHkaom 0dnmPm,we
psmefuv
kd nf;aumif; xd0k n
d mPm,wepsmef\ wnf&mtmkjH zpfaom tmumomem,we0dnmPfukd
vnf;aumif; aumif;pGm ausmfvTm;vGefajrmuf tmumomem,we0dnmPf\ r&Sdjcif; ewdabm
ynwfudk tmkH,l ewd ewd oknH oknH 0d0dwH 0d0dwH [l tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh ESvHk;oGif;onf
jzpf tmudnm,wepsmefudk jynfhpHkap ae\[l qdktyfay\/
(tbd-2-254/ 'D-2-60/ 0dok'd-1-327/)
0dnmPm,weH orwdur ----- qdktyfcJhNyD;aom enf;jzifh 0dnmPm,wepsmefukdvnf;aumif; xdk0dnmPm,wepsmef\wnf&m tmkHjzpfaom tmumomem,wepsmefudkvnf;aumif;
odv
Yk Qif psmef tmkH ESpyf g;pHu
k v
kd nf; rjzpfjcif;udk jyKojzifv
h nf;aumif; ESv;kH roGi;f jcif;udk jyKjcif;jzifh
vnf;aumif; aumif;pGm ausmv
f mT ;vGeaf jrmufoGm;rSomvQif tmudn
m,wepsmefukd jynfph akH p
aeoifh\? xdkaMumifh psmefESifh tmkH ESpfyg;pHkudkvnf; wpfaygif;wnf;jyK ---- 0dnmPm,weH
orwdur [laom pum;udk a[mMum;awmfrltyf\[k od&Sdygav/ (0dok'd-1-328/)
ewd udd ----- ewd ewd oknH oknH 0d0dwH 0d0dwH [l odkY ESvHk;oGif;vsuf[k qdkvdk\/ 0dbif;
ygVdawmfum; -- ]]xdka&S; teEH 0dnmPH [k ESvHk;oGif;tyfNyD;aom tmumomem,we0dnmPfudk
yifvQif rxifonfudkjyK\ xifjcif;udk uif;aysmufap\ = aysmufysufap\ uG,faysmufap\ tmumomem,we0dnmPf\ pdk;pOf;bifrQ tusefonf r&Sd}} odkY I\? xdkaMumifh ewd udd [l qdktyf\/
odkYvQif a[mawmfrltyfaom xdkpum;udk c,awm oroe[laom tysufudk Iwwfaom b*FgEkyemuJo
h Ykd tu,fum; a[mawmfrt
l yfygay\/ xdo
k yYkd if a[mawmfral omfvnf; xd0k b
d if;ygVdawmf
609
\ teufudk qdkcJhNyD;onfhtwdkif;omvQif rSwfom;yg/ xdktmumomem,we0dnmPfudk rqifjcif

rl ESvHk;roGif;rl Pfjzifh ouf0if rIrl oufouf xdk0dnmPf\ ewdabmynwfudkomvQif =
r&Sdonf\tjzpfudkomvQif ESvHk;oGif;onfjzpf rxifonfudkjyK\ xifjcif;udk uif;aysmufap\ uG,faysmufap\? odkY qdkvdk\/ qdktyfcJhNyD;aom teuft"dyg,frS tjcm;wpfyg;aom teuft"dyg,f
tm;jzifh ygVdawmf\ teuft"dyg,fudk rrSwfom;xdkufay/ (0dok'd-1-328/)
tmudnm,we --- a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf tmumomem,we0dnmPf\ r&dSjcif; ewdabm
ynwfudk tmkHjyK tmudnm,wepsmefudk &&dSatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&\? xdkodkY tm;xkwf&m
tIcHtmkHjzpfaom tmumomem,we0dnmPftm; atmufxpfydkif;jcm; t,kwfqHk;tm;jzifh pdk;pOf;
tenf;i,f bifrQaomfvnf; t<uif;tusef r&dSaomaMumifh ,if;tmumomem,we0dnmPfonf
tude rnf\/ pdk;pOf;tenf;i,f bifrQaomfvnf; t<uif;tusef r&dSaom tmumomem,we
0dnmPf\ Iaeaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ Pftm;rxif uif;uGmaysmufuG,fjcif;oabmonf tmudn rnf\/ ,if;r&dSjcif;oabmudk ewdbm0[kqdk\/ xdkr&dSjcif;onf y&rwftxnfudk,f r[kwf
ynwfrQom jzpfaomaMumifh ewdbm0ynwf = ewdabmynwf[k qdktyf\/ ewfwdkY\ ae&monf
a'0g,wernfouJo
h Ykd xdpk ;kd pOf;tenf;i,f bifrQaomfvnf; t<uif;tusef r&daS om tmumomem,we0dnmPf\ r&So
d nf\tjzpfwnf;[laom ewad bmynwfonf xdw
k wd, tlypsmef\ = tmud-
nm,we psmef\ wnf&mjzpfaomaMumifh tm,we rnf\/ xdkaMumifh ,if;ewdabmynwfudk tmkH
jyK jzpfay:vmaom wwd, tlyg0p&psmefonf tmudnm,wepsmef rnf\/ (0dok'd-1-328/)
ae0onmemonm,wepsmef
kefY&if;Murf;wrf;aom onmum; r&dS? tvGefYtvGef odrfarGUEl;nHhaom onmom &dSaomaMumifh
onm&dSonfvnf; r[kwf r&dSonfvnf; r[kwfaompsmefonf ae0onmemonm,wepsmef rnf\/
onmudk tOD;rlojzifh a'oemawmfudk a[mMum;xm;awmfrljcif; jzpf\/ kefY&if;Murf;wrf;aom emrf
w&m;um;r&dS? tvGefYtvGef odrfarGUEl;nHhaom emrfw&m;pkom ,if;ormywf wnf&dSonf/ xdkaMumifh
,if;ormywfukd ocFg&m0aooormywf = tydkif;tjcm;udkvGef odrfarGUonf\tjzpfodkY a&mufvsuf rajympavmuf ocFg&rQomjzpfaom = todrfarGUqHk; tjzpfodkYa&mufaom ocFg&rQomjzpfaom =
todrfarGUqHk;tjzpfodkYa&mufaom ocFg&rQom<uif;usefaom pwkw tlyg0p&ormywf[k ac:qdk\/
ae0onmemonm,wepsmefudk &&dSatmif yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfvdkaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf
tmudnm,wepsmeformywf 0oDabmfig;wefudk Edkifeif;atmif avhusifh&\? avhusifhNyD;aomf ----1/ ig&&dSxm;aom tmudnm,wepsmeformywfonf 0dnmPm,wepsmeformywf[laom
eD;uyfaom &efol &dS\/
2/ ae0onmemonm,wepsmeformywfuo
hJ Ykd Nird o
f ufonfvnf; r[kwcf [
hJ v
k nf;aumif; onm
onf a&m*gwnf;? onmonf tdkif;trmESifh wl\? onmonf jrm;ajimihfESifh wl\? tMuif
ae0onmemonmonf &dS\? ae0onmemonm,wepsmefonf Nidrfouf\? ae0onm
emonm,wepsmefonf rGefjrwf\[kvnf;aumif; ----- odkYvQif tmudnm,wepsmef
610
orxur|mef;ydkif; -- ae0onmemonm,wepsmef
tjypfa'goudv
k nf;aumif; txufjzpfaom ae0onmemonm,wepsmef tusK;d tmedoifukd
vnf;aumif; jrifatmifI ----3/ tmudnm,wepsmef wG,fwmiJhuGuf woufouf&dSjcif; eduEdw&m;udk ukefcef;ap
4/ ae0onmemonm,wepsmefudk Nidrfoufaomtm;jzifh ESvHk;oGif;
5/ tmumomem,we0dnmPf\ r&dSjcif; ewdabmynwfudk tmkHjyK jzpfay:vmaom xdk tmudnm,wepsmeformywfudkyif tmkHjyK ----oEm oEm = Nird o
f ufaypG Nird o
f ufaypG [k tzefzef txyfxyf qifjciftyf\? ESv;kH oGi;f tyf\?
Pfjzifh ouf0if Ityf\? 0dwufjzifh oEm oEm = NidrfoufaypG NidrfoufaypG[k a&S;Iacgufonfudk xuf0ef;usif vSnfhvnf acgufonfudk jyKtyf\/ (0dok'd-1-328-329/)
qdt
k yfcNhJ y;D onfh enf;twdik ;f xdt
k mudn
m,wepsmeformywf tmkeH rd w
d f tzefzef txyfxyf bm0emreodum&udk jzpfapaom xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef eD0&Pw&m;wdkYonf uGmus
oGm;Muukef\? tmudnm,we0dnmPfvQif wnf&mtmkH&dSaom owdonf aumif;pGmwnfvm\?
Oypm&psmeform"djzifh bm0empdwfonf aumif;pGm wnfMunfvm\/ xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf ae0onmemonm,wepsmefjzpfaMumif; jzpfonfh xdt
k mudn
m,wepsmeformywferd w
d u
f kd tzefwvJvJ
rDS0J\ yGm;rsm;\ Budrfzefrsm;pGm tavhtvmjyK\/ odkYaomenf;jzifh jyKusifhaom xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf
\ oEmef --- tmumomem,we0dnmPf\ uif;jcif;[laom ewdabmynwf tmudnm,we
psmefonf tyem\tpGrf;jzifh jzpfay:vmouJhodkY tmudnm,wepsmeformywf[k ac:qdktyfukefaom emrfcEmav;yg;wdYk tmkjH yK ae0onmemonm,wepsmefpw
d o
f nf tyem\tpGr;f jzifh jzpfay:
vm\/ (0dok'd-1-329/)
{wm0wm apo ]]oAaom tmudnm,weH orwdur ae0onmemonm,weH OyorZ
0d[&wD}}wd 0kpwd/ (tbd-2-254/ 'D-2-60/ 0dok'd-1-329/)
rQtwdkif;t&Snf &dSaom pum;tpOf w&m;t,Ofjzifh xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvfudk tvHk;pHkaom
tmudn
m,wepsmefuv
kd nf;aumif; xdt
k mudn
m,wepsmef\ wnf&mtmkjH zpfaom tmumomem,we0dnmPf\ r&dSjcif; ewdabmynwftmkHudkvnf;aumif; aumif;pGm ausmfvTm;vGefajrmuf
tmudn
m,we0dnmPfuykd if oEm oEm [k ESv;kH oGi;f onf jzpf ae0onmemonm,wepsmefukd
jynfhpHkap ae\[l qdktyfay\/ (tbd-2-254/ 'D-2-60/ 0dok'd-1-329/)
tmudnm,weH orwdur ----- tmudnm,wepsmefonfvnf;aumif; tmudnm,wepsmef\ tmkHjzpfaom ewdabmynwfonfvnf;aumif; ESpfrsKd;vHk;onfyif tmudnm,we
rnf\/ tmudnm,wepsmef\ tmkHjzpfaom ewdabmynwfonf txufwGif qdkcJhonfhtwdkif;
tmudnvnf; rnf\/ xdktmudntrnf&aom ewdabmynwftmkHonf wwd,tlyg0p&psmef
= tmudnm,wepsmef\ wnf&mtmkHjzpfaomaMumifh ewfwdkY\wnf&m bHkAdrmefonf a'0g,we
rnfouJhodkY - wnf&m[laom teufoabmaMumifh tm,wevnf; rnf\/ xdkaMumifh ewdabm
ynwftmkHonf tmudnm,we rnf\/ uarmZwdkif;onf jrif;wdkY\ jzpfxGef;&ma'o tm,we
611
jzpfouJo
h Ykd tvm;wlyif ewad bmynwfonf tmudn
vnf;[kw\
f ? xdt
k mudn
[lonf xdw
k wd,
tlyg0p&psmef = tmudnm,wepsmef\ jzpfay:vmjcif;\ taMumif;&if;ppf jzpfaomaMumifh
tm,wevnf;[kwf\/ xdkaMumifhvnf; tmudnm,we rnf\/ odkYvQif psmefonfvnf;aumif;
ewdabmynwftmkHonfvnf;aumif; - ESpfrsKd;vHk;udkvnf; rjzpfjcif;udk jyKojzifhvnf;aumif; ESvHk;
roGif;jcif;udk jyKjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif; aumif;pGm ausmfvTm;vGefajrmuf oGm;rSomvQif ae0onmemonm,wepsmefudk jynfhpHkap aeoifh\? xdkaMumifh psmefESifh tmkH ESpfyg;pHkudkvnf; wpfaygif;
wnf;jyK - tmudnm,weH orwdur [laom pum;udk a[mMum;awmfrltyf\[k od&dSygav/
(0dok'd-1-329/)
oEawm reod ua&mwDwd ]]oEm 0wm,H ormywd? ,Mw [d emr ewdbm0rd tm&rPH
u&dwGm XwD}}wd {0H oEm&rPwm, wH oEmwd reod ua&mwd/ (0dok'd-1-329/)
ae0onmemonm,wepsmefudk &&dSatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&m tIcHtmkHjzpfaom tmudnm,wepsmefukd ----1/ {wH oEH {wH yPDwH = 0dnmPfonf Nidrfouf\ 0dnmPfonf rGefjrwf\[kvnf;aumif;
2/ oEH oEH = oEm oEm = Nidrfouf\ Nidrfouf\[kvnf;aumif;
3/ yPDwH yPDwH = rGefjrwf\ rGefjrwf\[kvnf;aumif; --odYk ESv;kH oGi;f &\/ rsm;pGmaom pdww
f o
Ykd nf wpfpw
kH pfcak om j'yfukd wpfpw
kH pfcak om odp&mudk
tmkHjyKae&rS Mum&SnfpGm arGUavsmfEdkifMu\/ wwd,tlyg0p&psmef = tmudnm,wepsmeformywfum; bmrQr&dSjcif; ewdabmynwfudkyif tmkHjyKEdkifojzifh -- ]]ormywfonf NidrfoufaypG?
,if;ormywfonf tmumomem,we0dnmPf\ qdwo
f nf\tjzpf[al om bmrQr&djS cif; ewad bm
ynwf[laom odkYpifrQavmuf tvGefodrfarGUpGmudkaomfvnf; tmkHjyK wnfEdkifwHkayonfwum;}}[k
odkYvQif ewdabmynwfudkyif tmkHjyKEdkifojzifh Nidrfoufaom tmkH&dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifh xdk tmudnm,wepsmefudk NidrfoufaypG[k ESvHk;oGif;\/ (0dok'd-1-329/)
wwd,tlyg0p&psmef = tmudnm,wepsmefonf bmrQr&Sdjcif; ewdabmynwfudkyif
tmkHjyKEdkifojzifh tifrwef NidrfoufrGefjrwfayonf[k a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfu ,if;psmefudk csD;rGrf;onf/
pwkwtlyg0p&psmef = ae0onmemonm,wepsmef pdwfapwodufrsm;avmuf rNidrfoufojzifh
]]rNidrfoufbl;}}[k a&S;y&durfjyKcgeD;wkef;u tjypfIcJhonf/ oEarwH yPDwarwH = {wH oEH {wH
yPDwH [k csD;rGrf;jcif;um; r&Sdjcif;udk tmkHjyKEdkifonfhtwGuf csD;rGrf;jcif;wnf;/ xdkaMumifh tjypftm;
avsmfpGm tjypfI *kPftm;avsmfpGm csD;rGrf;onfhtwGuf qefYusifbuf rjzpf[k rSwfyg/ tkyfqdk;
vdrmaom rdef;uav; kyftqif;twGuf uJh&Jhxdkuf tvdrmtwGuf csD;rGrf;xdkufouJhodkYwnf;/
tar; ----- tmudn
m,wepsmefukd Nird o
f ufaomtm;jzifh tu,f ESv;kH oGi;f tH?h tb,faMumifh
,if;psmefESifh psmef\tmkHudk ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufjcif;onf jzpfEdkiftHhenf;? odkYar;&ef &Sd\/
tajz ----- tmudnm,weormywfudk 0ifpm;jcif;iSm tvdkr&Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ausmfvTm;
vGefajrmufjcif;onf jzpfEdkif\/ xif&Sm;aptHh -- xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf xdktmudnm,wepsmefudk
612
Nidrfoufaomtm;jzifh tu,f ESvHk;oGif;onfum; rSef\/ xdkodkYyif ESvHk;oGif;onf rSefaomfvnf; xdk

a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef ]]igonf tmudnm,wepsmefudk qifjciftHh 0ifpm;tHh aqmufwnfthH xtHh ypa0uPmaZmjzifh psmeft*Fgudk qifjcift}hH } -- odaYk om ESv;kH oGi;f jcif; tmabm*onf
odkY aumif;pGm tzefzef ESvHk;odkYaqmifjcif;onf odkYaom ESvHk;oGif;rI reodum&onf rjzpf/
tb,faMumifhenf;[lrl ----- tmudnm,wepsmefxuf ae0onmemonm,wepsmef\ omvGef
Nidrfouf omvGef rGefjrwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifhwnf;/ (0dok'd-1-330/)
Oyrm ----- &Sifbk&ifwpfyg;onf vufrIynmjyyGJudk vSnfhvnfIpm;awmfrlpOf ykqdk;wpfxnfudk
acgif;aygif;um ykqdk;wpfxnfudk cg;awmif;usKduf wpfudk,fvHk; azG;azG;jzLaom qifpG,frIefYrsm;jzifh
vl;vnf;ayusHvsuf BudK;BudK;pm;pm;jzifh om;em;oyf,yfaom qifpG,fkyf qifpG,fMuKwf trsKd;rsKd;udk
jyKvyk af eaom qifp,
G yf w
G o
f rm;wdu
Yk kd jrifawmfral v&m ]]awmfygayonf pGr;f ygayonf}}[k tm;&ESpo
f uf
Nrdef&SufpGm csD;rGrf;aomfvnf; udk,fwdkifum; xD;eef;udk pGefYvTwf qifpG,fyGwform; rjzpfvdk? xdkuJhodkY
csD;rGrf;vsufyif qifpG,fyGwform;wdkYudk ausmfvGef eef;awmfa&mufatmif <ujref;avouJhodkYwnf;/
(0dok'd-1-330/)
ae0onmemonm ----- ae0onmemonm,wepsmeformywf wnf&Sdaom onm
onfvnf; xif&Sm;aom onmudpudk jyKjcif;iSm rpGrf;Edkifonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ae0onm rnf\/
ke&Yf if;aom ocFg&rS <uif;aom tvGeo
f rd af rGUaom ocFg&\ tjzpfjzifh xif&mS ;&Sad omaMumifh emonm-vnf; rnf\/
tar; ----- xif&Sm;aom onm\ udp[lonf tb,fenf;/
tajz ----- tmudnm,wepsmeftmkHudk trSwfjyKodjcif;onfvnf;aumif; 0dyemPf\ tmk\
H tjzpfoYkd uyfa&muf Ni;D aiGUrI edA'd gPfukd jzpfapjcif;onfvnf;aumif; onmudp rnf\/
xif&Sm;aptHh ----- a&at; awaZm"mwfonf avmifNrdKufjcif;udpudk jyKjcif;iSm rpGrf;EdkifouJhodkY tvm;
wlyif onmonf tmudnm,wepsmeftmkHudk trSwfjyK odjcif;udpudkvnf; xifxif&Sm;&Sm;
jyKjcif;iSm rpGrf;Edkif/ <uif;aom tlyg0p&ormywfoHk;rsKd;wdkY wnf&Sdaom onmuJhodkY 0dyemPf\ tIcHtmkH tjzpfodkY uyfa&muf NiD;aiGUrI edAd'gPfudk jzpfapjcif;udkvnf; jyKjcif;iSm rpGrf;Edkif/
rSeaf yonf ----- ae0onmemonm,wepsmefrS wpfyg;ukefaom cEmwdkY 0dyemPf\ tIcH
tmkHtjzpf odrf;qnf;zl;jcif; 0dyem ESvHk;oGif;zl;jcif;udk rjyKzl;aom rjzpfpzl;aom a,m*g0p&
&[ef;onf ae0onmemonm,wecEmwdkYudk vuPma&;oHk;wefwifum 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyf
ocFg&w&m;wdkY NiD;aiGUjcif; edAd'gPfodkY a&muf&Sdjcif;iSm pGrf;Edkifaomol rnfonf r&Sdpzl;ay/ t&Sif
om&dykw&m udk,fawmfjrwfBuD;yif jzpfapumrl tjcm;tjcm;aom cEmwdkY 0dyem ESvHk;oGif;jcif;udk
rjyKzl;bJ ae0onmemonm,wecEmwdkYudk vuPma&;oHk;wef wifum 0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyf
ocFg&w&m;wdkY NiD;aiGUjcif; edAd'gPfodkY a&mufjcif;iSm pGrf;Edkifonf rnfonf r&Sday/ cEmig;yg;enf;
ponfukd tOD;rlojzifh 0dyembm0emudk pwifEv
S ;kH oGi;f cJNh y;D aemuf 'Gg& tmkw
H EYkd iS w
hf uG 'Gg& (6)yg;
rjywfjzpfaeaom kyfemrf"r ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk jyuawhtm;jzifh 0dyemIwwfaom 0dyemIzl;aom ynmPfBu;D rm;aom t&Sio
f m&dyw
k & m ud,
k af wmfjrwfBu;D ESihf 0dyemt&m Pf&nfwal om
olonfomvQif ae0onmemonm,wecEmwdkY O',A,Pfudk jzpfapjcif;iSm wwfEdkifav&m\/
613
xdk om&dyw
k & m ax&fausmf wlavsmq
f zkd ,
G f ynmus,af om yuwd0yd uyk*Kd vo
f nfvnf; ]]odv
Yk Qif
ae0onmemonm,wew&m;wdo
Yk nf a&S;u r&Su
d ek rf
l ,ckrS kwjf cnf;jzpfay:vmMuukeo
f wwf?
,ckrS kwfjcnf;jzpfukef csKyfysufukefowwf}} ---- odkYvQif ae0onmemonm,we emrfw&m;
tm;vH;k wdu
kH 0dyemIymG ;oH;k oyfjcif; uvmyoroeenf;\ tpGr;f jzifo
h mvQif 0dyemIyGm; oHk;oyfjcif;iSm pGrf;Edkifav&m\/ ,if;ae0onmemonm,weormywftwGif; wnf&Sdaom
zpaom w&m; wpfv;kH pD wpfv;kH pDukd vuPm,mOfwifum 0dyem IymG ;oH;k oyfjcif;wnf;[laom
tEky'"r0dyemenf;\ tpGrf;jzifhum; rwwfEdkifay&m/ odkYvQif ae0onmemonm,we
ormywfonf w&m;ppfrSL; jzpfawmfrlaom t&Sifom&dykw&m udk,fawmfjrwfBuD;aomfrSvnf; tEky'
"r0yd emenf;tm;jzifh 0dyemIymG ;oH;k oyfjcif;iSm rpGr;f Edik af v&um; tvGeo
f rd af rGUonf\ tjzpfoYkd
a&muf&Sdaom ormywf jzpfavonf/ (0dok'd-1-331/)
tqifhqifh omvGefjrifhjrwfyHk
tlyg0p&ormywfwdkY Oayum {u*wmtm;jzifh psmeft*FgESpfyg;pD nDrQaomaMumifh wpfyg;
ESifh wpfyg; rxl;jcm;ouJhodkY xif&aomfvnf; atmufatmufaom ormywfxuf txuftxufaom
ormywfu wd;k wufymG ;rsm;tyfaom bm0empGr;f tm;aMumifh omvGerf eG jf rwfayonf/ Oyrm -- av;xyf
wdkufwpfvHk;0,f atmufqHk;txyf pm;aomufzG,fESifhwuG ,k,azsmfajzrnfh uacsonfwdkYjzifh vSy
arT;BudKif wpfxyfvHk; vIdifaeatmif jyifqifxm;&m\? 'kwd, wwd, pwkw txyfwdkYvnf; xdkenf;
twdik ;f yif jyifqifxm;&m\/ odaYk omf atmufatmuf txyfxuf txuftxuf txyfu ydrk o
kd m;em;
ouJhodkYvnf;aumif; &ufuef;onf wpfa,mufonf Murf;aomcsnf Ekaomcsnf xdkxufEkaomcsnf
xdkxufyif tvGefEkaomcsnf[k csnf (4)rsKd;jzifh ykqdk; (4)xnfudk &uf&m tvsm;teH wlrQaomfvnf;
wpfxnfxuf wpfxnfrSm omvGefEke,fouJhodkYvnf;aumif; Oyrmtwl rSwfom;yg/
(0dok'd-1-332-333/)
rvTJom tmkH jyK&onf

0dnmPm,wepsmefudk &&Sdatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfolonf tmumomem,we0dnmPf
tjypfjrifaomfvnf; 0dnmPm,wepsmefodkY a&muf&SdzdkY ta&;0,f tmumomem,we0dnmPfrS
wpfyg; tjcm;jyKzG,ftmkH r&SdaomaMumifh rvTJomojzifh tmumomem,we0dnmPfudkom bm0em
tpOfEiS w
hf uG 0dnmPm,we0dnmPfu tmkjH yK&awmhonf/ tvm;wlyif ae0onmemonm,we
psmefudk &&Sdatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfolonf tmudnm,we0dnmPf tjypfjrifaomfvnf; ae0onmemonm,wepsmefodkY a&muf&SdzdkY ta&;0,f tmudnm,we0dnmPfrS wpfyg; tjcm;jyKzG,f
tmkH r&Sad omaMumifh rvTo
J mojzifh tmudn
m,we0dnmPfuo
kd m bm0emtpOfEiS w
hf uG ae0onmemonm,we0dnmPfu tmkHjyK&awmhonf/ Oyrm ----- &Sifbk&iftay: tjypfjrifaeaom rSL;rwf
wpfOD;onf toufarG;0rf;aMumif;zdkY ta&;0,f &Sifbk&ifudk cpm;rIrS wpfyg; tjcm;vkyfief;aumif;
r&Sdawmhojzifh tjypfjriftyfaom bk&ifudkyif rvTJom cpm;ae&ouJhodkY rSwfyg/ (0dok'd-1-334/)
614
odkY tmkHjyKaomfvnf; wpfpHkwpfa,mufaom a,mufsm;onf &SnfpGmaom avSum;odkY wufonf&Sdaomf tjcm;wpfyg;aom udkifwG,fp&m\ r&Sdjcif;aMumifh avSum;aygifudk axmuf&ouJhodkY
vnf;aumif; awmifxdyftzsm;odkY wufonf&Sdaomf xdkawmif\ xdyfzsm;udkyif axmuf&ouJhodkYvnf;aumif; ausmufawmifoYkd wufonf&adS omf wkev
f yI v
f suv
f m&m tjcm;udik w
f ,
G pf &m\ r&Sjd cif;aMumifh
rdrd\ ykqpf'l;udkyifvQif axmuf&ouJhodkYvnf;aumif; - xdktwlyifvQif 0dnmPm,wepsmefonf
tmumomem,wepsmef0n
d mPfukd tmkjH yK ae0onmemonm,wepsmefonf tmudn
m,we
psmefudk tmkHjyK jzpfay:vm&\/ (0dok'd-1-334-335/)
yx0DuodkPf;udk tajccH ormywf (8)yg;wdkYudk &&Sdatmif yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfyHk tpDt&ifudk
a&;om;wifjycJhNyD;avNyD/ tmayguodkPf;paom tjcm;tjcm;aom uodkPf;wdkYvnf; ormywf (8)yg;
pDudk &&Sdatmif enf;rSD BudK;pm;tm;xkwfygav/ yHkpHwpfck tenf;i,fqdk&aomf ----- tmayguodkPf;
pwkwp smeform"doYkd qku
d af tmif yGm;rsm;yg/ xdak emif ,if;tmayguodP
k ;f tmumoedrw
d u
f kd jrifatmif
I tmumomem,wepsmefudkvnf;aumif; ,if;tmumomem,wepsmefudk tmkHjyK 0dnmPm,wepsmefudkvnf;aumif; ,if;tmumomem,we0dnmPf\ r&Sdjcif; ewdabmynwfudk tmkH
jyK tmudnm,wepsmefukdvnf;aumif; ,if;tmudnm,wepsmefudk tmkHjyK ae0onmemonm,wepsmefudkvnf;aumif; &&Sdatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfyg/ rQqdkvQif oabmaygufEdkifavmufayNyD/
,cktcgwGif pwk&m&uur|mef;rsm;udk qufvuf a&;om;wifjyrnf jzpfygonf/ pwk&m&u
= tapmifhav;yg; ur|mef;[lonf arwmur|mef; Ak'gEkwdur|mef; tokbur|mef; r&PmEkwdur|mef;wdYk jzpfMu\/ xdw
k iG f arwmur|mef;udk aU&OS ;D pGm a&;om;wifjyrnf jzpfygonf/ odaYk omf
arwmur|mef;udk a&;om;ygu arwmur|mef;ESifh jA[0d[m&ur|mef;csif; wlnDaeaom ukPm
ur|mef; rk'dwmur|mef; Oayumur|mef;wdkYudkyg wpfygwnf; a&;om;wifjyaytHh/ xdkodkY a&;om;
&m 0dok'dr*t|uxm jA[0d[m&eda'o vm&Sdaom tm;xkwfyHktpOfudk tusOf;csKyf a&;om;
wifjyrnf jzpfayonf/
222
615
jA[0d[m&eda'oydkif;
arwmbm0em
arwmur|mef;udk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfvdkaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf --- ]]yk*dKvfwdkY aU&SOD;pGm
arwmbm0emudk ryGm;tyf/ yk*dKvfwdkY tcsif;cyfodrf; arwmbm0emudk ryGm;tyf}} --- [k arwm
bm0emudk zsufqD;wwfaom yk*dKvfwdkYudk odxm;oifh\/
1/ tyd,yk*v = rcspfrESpfouftyfaom yk*dKvf (= rdrd\vnf;aumif; rdrdcspfol\vnf;aumif;
tusKd;pD;yGm;udk &Gufaqmifray;aom yk*dKvf rdrdrkef;ol\ tusKd;pD;yGm;udk &Gufaqmifay;aom
yk*dKvf &efNidK;zGJUjcif; 9-rsKd;\wnf&m yk*dKvf)
2/ twdyd,o[m,u = tvGefcspfciftyfaom tazmfoli,fcsif;
3/ rZsw = rcspfrrkef; tv,ftvwfyk*dKvf
4/ a0&Dyk*v = &efolyk*dKvf (= rdrd\vnf;aumif; rdrdcspfol\vnf;aumif; tusKd;pD;yGm;rJhudk &Gufaqmifay;aom yk*dKvf) --yk*dKvf av;rsKd;wdkYum; a&S;OD;pGm arwmryGm;oifhaom yk*dKvfwdkYwnf;/
5/ vd*F0dobm* = vdifrwlaomyk*dKvf (yk*dKvfum; oD;oefYwpfOD;csif; tmkHjyK arwm ryGm;aumif;aom yk*dKvfwnf;/)
6/ umvuw = uG,fvGefoGm;aomyk*dKvf (yk*dKvfum; vHk;0 arwmryGm;oifhaom yk*dKvfwnf;/)
taMumif;um; odkYwnf;/ rcspfrESpfouftyfaom tyd,yk*dKvfudk cspfcifESpfouftyfaom
yd,yk*Kd vt
f &m xm; arwmbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;&aom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf yifyef;wwf\/
tvGefcspfcifjrwfEdk;tyfaom taygif;tazmfoli,fcsif; jzpfonfh twdyd,yk*dKvfudk tv,ftvwf
rcspfrrkef; rZswyk*dKvft&m xm;vsuf arwmbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;aom a,m*g0p& &[ef;\
pdwfonfvnf; yifyef;wwf\/ rajymypavmuf tenf;i,frQomjzpfaom qif;&J'kuonf jzpfay:
vmvwfaomf arwmur|mef;udk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwaf om a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf idt
k ahH omtjcif;t&modYk
a&muftHhouJhodkY jzpfwwf\/ rcspfrrkef; vspfvsL Ixdkufonfh rZswyk*dKvfudk tav;*kjyKxdkufaom
yk*dKvft&mvnf;aumif; cspfjrwfEdk;tyfaom yd,yk*dKvft&mvnf;aumif; xm;vsuf arwmbm0em
ur|mef;udk pD;jzef;aom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f pdwo
f nfvnf; yifyef;wwf\/ &efoyl *k Kd vu
f kd tzefwvJvJ
atmufarhaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; trsufa'goonf jzpfay:vmwwf\/ xdkaMumifh yk*dKvf
av;rsKd;wdkY a&S;OD;pGm arwmryGm;tyf/ (arwmpsmef&NyD;&m tcgum; yGm;Edkifonf/)
vdifrwlaom yk*dKvfudk oD;oefYwpfOD;csif; tmkHjyK arwmyGm;cJhaomf xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\
oEmef &m*jzpfvmwwf\/ aovGefoGm;aom yk*dKvfukd tmkHjyK arwmbm0em ur|mef;udk pD;jzef;cJhaomf arwmpsmefudk r&&SdEdkif/ xdkaMumifh vdifrwloludk oD;oefYwpfOD;csif; tmkHjyK arwmryGm;tyf/
aooludkum; tcsif;cyfodrf; ryGm;tyf/ odkYaomf arwmpsmefudk &&SdNyD;&m yk*dKvftydkif;tjcm; oDrudk NzdK
zsufNyD;&mtcgum; oAm wda,m = trsKd;orD;tm;vHk;wdkYonf? oaA yk&dom = trsKd;om;tm;vHk;
wdkYonf ab;&efuif;Muygap - odkYponfjzifh arwmbm0emudk yGm;Edkifonf/ arwmyGm;oifhaom
yk*dKvftpOfrSm odkY jzpf\/
616
orxur|mef;ydkif; -- arwmbm0em
1/
2/
3/
4/
t[H ta0a&m a[mrd

t[H tAsmyaZm a[mrd
t[H teDaCm a[mrd
t[H okcD twmeH y&d[&mrd
&GufaqmifEdkifygap/
= igonf ab;&efuif;ygap?
= igonf pdwfqif;&Juif;ygap?
= igonf udk,fqif;&Juif;ygap?
= igonf usef;usef;rmrm csrf;csrf;omomjzifh rdrd\ cEm0efudk
odkY rdrdudk,fudk tmkH,l aU&SOD;pGm tcsdeftenf;i,f arwmyGm;jcif;rSm arwmpsmeftwGuf

r[kwfyg/ rdrdukd,fudk arwmyGm;&m oufaotjzpf xm;onf\tpGrf;jzifh arwmyGm;&ef zGifhqdkjcif;
jzpfonf/ arwmpsmefukd tvd&k
dS arwmpsmefukd &&Sad tmifymG ;rsm; tm;xkw&f rnfh arwmpsmef\ wnf&m
yk*dKvftpOfrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpf\/
1/
2/
3/
4/
yd,*kbm0eD,
twdyd,o[m,u
rZsw
a0&D
=
=
=
=
cspfciftyf av;pm;tyfaomyk*dKvf
tvGefcspfciftyfaom oli,fcsif;taygif;tazmf
rcspfrrkef; tv,ftvwf vspfvsL Ixdkufaomyk*dKvf
&efolyk*dKvf ---
yk*dKvf av;rsKd;wdkYonf vdifwlyk*dKvfwdkYom jzpfap&rnf/ {0lay p yk*av umrH tyem

orZwd/ (0dok'd-1-289/) ESifhtnD trSwf(1) jzpfonfh cspfcifav;pm;tyfaom vdifwlyk*dKvfudk arwm
yGm;&m tyempsmeform"dudk qdkufonfwdkifatmif yGm;rsm;&rnf jzpfonf/ pdwf"mwf El;nHhaysmhaysmif;
vmygrS tjcm;yk*dKvfaum|mo wpfckodkY tpOftwdkif; ajymif;a&TU arwmpsmef&onfh wdkifatmif
yGm;rsm;&\/
yGm;rsm;yHk
1/
2/
3/
4/
t,H oyK&daom ---ta0a&m a[mwk?

tAsmyaZm a[mwk?
teDaCm a[mwk?
okcD twmeH y&d[&wk/
1/
2/
3/
4/
olawmfaumif;onf ---ab;&efuif;ygap?
pdwfqif;&Juif;ygap?
udk,fqif;&Juif;ygap?
usef;usef;rmrm csrf;csrf;omomjzifh rdrd\cEm0efudk &GufaqmifEdkifygap/
toifoal wmfaumif;onf a&S;OD;pGm txufwiG f a&;om;wifjyxm;onft

h wdik ;f rdru
d ,
kd u
f kd tcsed f
tenf;i,f arwmyGm;yg/ rdru
d ,
kd u
f kd arwmyGm;rIrmS arwmpsmefukd r&rD acwcPyGm;jcif;om jzpfonf/
arwmpsmef &Ny;D aemufyikd ;f um; yGm;&efrvdyk g/ (oDrmoar'[laom yk*Kd vt
f ydik ;f tjcm;NyKd atmif yk*Kd vf
tydik ;f tjcm;udk NzKd zsu&f eftwGuu
f m; rdru
d ,
kd u
f v
kd nf; xdt
k cgusrS xyfryH mG ;&rnfom jzpfonf/) xdo
k Ykd
yGm;NyD;aemuf onf;cHjcif; cEDw&m;\ tusKd; a'go\ tjypfwdkYudk PfrSDorQ qifjcifyg/ xdkaemif
617
atmufygtwdkif; jyKusifhyg/
a&S;OD;pGm rdr&d &Sx
d m;Ny;D onfh pwkwp smeform"dukd xlaxmifyg/ Mo'gwuodP
k ;f odrYk [kwf tmavm
uuodkPf;udk tmkH,l pwkwpsmeform"dudk xlaxmifygu ydkaumif;ygonf/ xdkaemif vif;a&mifjcnf
pGrf;tifrsm; NydK;NydK;jyufjyuf wvufvuf awmufyvmaomtcg ,if;vif;a&mifjcnf\ tultnDjzifh
rdrdcspfcifav;pm;tyfaom vdifwl q&morm;wpfOD;udkjzpfap q&morm;ESifh tvm;wl yk*dKvfwpfOD;udkjzpfap vSrf;tmkH,lyg/ xdkyk*dKvf\yHkrSm rdrdjrifzl;cJhpOfu pdwftMunfEl;qHk;yHk jzpfygap/ xdkyk*dKvfudk
odkYr[kwf xdkyk*dKvf\ykHudk vufESdyf"mwfrD;jzifh xdk;Munfhonfhtcg xifxif&Sm;&Sm; jrif&ovdk jrifatmif
Munfhyg/ jyHK;aeonfhyHk w&m;xdkifaeonfhyHk rwfwwf&yf w&m;ESvHk;oGif;aeonfhyHk ponfwdkYwGif rdrd
BudKufESpfoufqHk;yHkudk jyef tmHk,lyg/ toufxif&Sm; jrifae&ouJhodkY xdkyk*dKvfudk jrifawGUatmif
Munfhyg/ jrifaomtcg ----1/
2/
3/
4/
olawmfaumif;onf ----ab;&efuif;ygap?
pdwfqif;&Juif;ygap?
udk,fqif;&Juif;ygap?
usef;usef;rmrm csrf;csrf;omomjzifh rdrd\cEm0efudk &GufaqmifEdkifygap/
odkYvQif tcsdeftenf;i,f arwmbm0emudk yGm;rsm;Munfhyg/ odkY tcsdeftenf;i,f odkYr[kwf

tBudrftenf;i,f yGm;rsm;NyD;aomtcg xdkarwmyGm;enf; (4)rsKd;rS rdrdBudKufESpfouf&m arwmyGm;
pdwfwGif ESpfESpfumumjzpf&m arwmyGm;enf; wpfckudk a&G;cs,fyg/ Oyrm --- olawmfaumif;onf
pdwfqif;&Juif;ygap[laom arwmyGm;enf;udk a&G;cs,fonf qdkygpdkY/ xdkolawmfaumif;\ pdwfMunfEl;
jyHK;&TifMunfvifaeaomyHkudk vif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tif tultnDjzifh jrifatmif pdkufMunfhyg/ xdkolawmfaumif;udk rdrdjrifcJhzl;pOfu pdwftcsrf;omqHk;yHk jzpfygap? touf&SifaeqJyHk jzpfygap/ xdkyk*dKvf ow0g
ynwfudk tmkHjyK ----]]olawmfaumif;onf pdwfqif;&Juif;ygap pdwfqif;&Juif;ygap}} ----odkYvQif Budrfzefrsm;pGm yGm;rsm;yg/ xdkjyHK;&Tifvsuf pdwfMunfEl;aeaom ow0gynwftmkH
arwmbm0empdwfudk Nidrf0yfpGm uyfxm;yg/ Mo'gwuodkPf; tmavmuuodkPf;ponfwdkYjzifh pwkw
psmeform"dow
Ykd ikd af tmif xlaxmifxm;aom a&S;a&S;bm0emorm"dw\
Ykd pGr;f tm;aMumifh = tm;Bu;D aom
rSD&m Oyed, owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;rIaMumifh ,if;arwmbm0empdwfonf xdkow0gynwftmkH
tcsed t
f enf;i,f twGi;f rSmyif Nird 0f yfpmG uyf wnfaewwfayonf/ tu,f xdo
k w0gynwftmkrH mS
aysmufaysmufoGm;cJhaomf Mo'gwuodkPf; odkYr[kwf tmavmuuodkPf; pwkwpsmeform"dudk wpfzef
jyef 0ifpm;yg/ vif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tifrsm; tm;aumif;vmaomtcg xdkow0gynwfudk wpfzefjyef
tmkH,lyg/ xdkow0gynwftmkHonf wpfzefjyef xif&Sm;vmaomtcg arwmbm0em ur|mef;udk
qufvufp;D jzef;yg/ xdo
k w0gynwftmkH arwmbm0empdwu
f kd wpfem&D ESpef m&Dponfh tcsed rf Qavmuf
Nird 0f yfpmG uyfwnfaeatmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwyf g/ wpfem&D ESpef m&Dponfjzifh arwmbm0empdwo
f nf
xdkow0gynwftmkH Nidrf0yfpGm uyf wnfvmaomtcg xdkorm"donfvnf; xdkifwdkif;& cdkifjrJ
vmaomtcg psmeft*Fgrsm;udk qifjcifMunfhyg/ psmeft*Fgig;yg;wdkY xif&Sm;aeygu yxrpsmeform"dodkY
618
qdkufNyD jzpf\/ ,if; yxrpsmeform"dudk 0oDabmfig;wef Edkifeif;atmif avhusifh 'kwd,psmefodkY

'kwd,psmeform"dudkvnf; 0oDabmf ig;wef Edkifeif;atmif avhusifh wwd,psmefodkY qdkufatmif
qufvufyGm;rsm;yg/
psmeft*Fgig;yg;
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
0dwuf
0dpm&
yDwd
okc
{u*wm
= ow0gynwf tmkH arwmbm0empdwfudk a&S;SL wifay;jcif;oabm/

= ow0gynwf tmkHudk xyfumxyfum oHk;oyfqifjcifjcif;oabm/
= ow0gynwf tmkHudk ESpfoufjcif;oabm/
= ow0gynwf tmkH\ t&omudk csrf;csrf;omom cHpm;jcif;oabm/
= ow0gynwf tmkHwpfckwnf;ay: pdwfusa&muf wnfNidrfaejcif;oabm/
]]olawmfaumif;onf pdwfqif;&Juif;ygap}}[laom arwmbm0em wwd,psmefodkY qdkufonf

wdkifatmif arwmbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;NyD;aomtcg xdkolawmfaumif;udkyif xyfrHtmkH,l
olawmfaumif;onf ----1/
2/
3/
4/
ab;&efuif;ygap (wwd,psmefodkY qdkufatmif)

pdwfqif;&Juif;ygap (wwd,psmefodkY qdkufatmif)
udk,fqif;&Juif;ygap (wwd,psmefodkY qdkufatmif)
usef;usef;rmrm csrf;csrf;omomjzifh rdrd\cEm0efudk &GufaqmifEdkifygap (wwd,psmefodkY qdkufatmif) ---
arwmbm0emur|mef;udk qufvufpD;jzef;yg/ Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum avhusifhyg/

arwmpsmefudk Budrfzefrsm;pGm 0ifpm;yg/
oap ye a0&drdS pdwr yk oH[&awm awe uwmy&m"mEk&aPe y#dCrkyZ w
?d txmaee
yk&dryk*avok ,w uwpd ykeyKeH arwH ormyZdwGm 0k|[dwGm ykeyKeH wH yk*vH arwm,aEe y#dCH
0daema'wAH/ (0dok'd-1-290/)
yk&dryk*avolwd yd,m'Dok psme tm&rPblawok yk&darok yk*avok/ arwH ormyZdwGmwd y#dCH 0duarwGm Oyg'dwH arwmpsmeH ormyZdwGm/ (r[m#D-1-355)
txufyg t|uxm #DumwdkYu a0&D = &efolyk*dKvf arwmbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;&m
arwmpsmefudk &onfwdkifatmif atmifjrifrIudk r&jzpfaecJhaomf yd,*kbm0eD,yk*dKvf twdyd,
o[m,uyk*dKvf rZswyk*dKvfwdkY arwmpsmefudk tzefzef 0ifpm; a0&Dyk*dKvf wpfzefjyef arwm
bm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;yg[k TefMum;xm;\/ TefMum;csufrsm;ESifhtnD yk*dKvfwpfOD;wpfOD;udk
tmkjH yK arwmbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;&m wwd,psmefoYkd qdu
k o
f nfwikd af tmif yGm;rsm;tm;xkwzf Ykd
vdktyfayonf/ arwmpsmefudk Budrfzefrsm;pGm 0ifpm;EdkifzdkY vdktyfayonf/
xdkaMumifh toifolawmfaumif;onf txufygtwdkif; yd,*kbm0eD, = cspfcifav;pm;tyfaom q&morm;udkjzpfap q&morm;ESifhtvm;wl MunfndKav;pm;xdkufoludk jzpfap wwd,psmefodkY
619
wdkifatmifaom arwmpsmefudk atmifjrifpGm &&SdNyD;aomtcg tvm;wlyif aemufxyf MunfndKav;pm;

xdkufaom yk*dKvfwpfOD;udk ajymif; arwmbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;yg? wwd,psmefodkY qdkufonhf
wdkifatmif yGm;rsm;yg/ arwmyGm;enf; (4)rsKd;vHk; arwmpsmefudk &&Sdatmif yGm;rsm;yg/
bma0aEe p {auuo aum|mao rk'Hk ured,H pdwH uwGm w'eEa& w'eEa& OyoH[&dwAH/ (0dok'd-1-289/)
psmepdwH OyaewAH Oyga'wAEd tawm/ (r[m#D-1-354/)
arwmbm0emur|mef;udk arwmpsmef&onfhwdkifatmif yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf&rnfh yk*vaum|mo
= yk*dKvftkyfpkonf yd,*kbm0eD, twdyd,o[m,u rZsw a0&D[k av;tkyfpk &Sd\/ arwm
bm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonff yk*dKvftkyfpk wpfckwpfck pdwf"mwfudk El;nHhatmif arwmbm0emtrI cHhnm;atmif jyKjyifNyD;rS arwmpsmefudk Budrfzefrsm;pGm 0ifpm; El;nHhatmif
jyKNyD;rS aemufyk*dKvftkyfpk wpfck wpfck arwmpsmefpdwfudk a&S;Iaqmiftyf jzpfaptyf\[k TefMum;
xm;aomaMumifh yk*dKvftkyfpk wpfrsKd;wpfrsKd; tenf;qHk; q,fa,muf ta,mufESpfq,fcefYavmuf
arwmpsmefudk &&Sdatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfyg/
1/
2/
3/
4/
yd,*kbm0eD,yk*dKvf ta,muf (20)cefY

twdyd,o[m,uyk*dKvf ta,muf (20)cefY
rZswyk*dKvf ta,muf (20)cefY
a0&Dyk*dKvf &SdcJhvQif &SdorQyk*dKvf ---
odkY tpOftwdkif; yGm;yg/ yd,*kbm0eD,yk*dKvf arwmpsmefudk 0ifpm; pdwf"mwf El;nHh

aysmhaysmif;vmaomtcg twdyd,o[m,uyk*dKvf ajymif; arwmpsmefudk &&Sdatmif BudK;pm;yg/
tenf;qHk; q,fa,muf ta,mufESpfq,fcefY arwmpsmefudk &&SdatmifyGm;rsm;yg/ xdktcg yd,*kbm0eD,yk*dKvfESifh twdyd,o[m,uyk*dKvfonf nDwloGm; xdkyk*dKvfESpfrsKd;onf yd,yk*dKvftkyfpk
wnf nDrQoGm;ayrnf/ xdktcg arwmyGm;&rnfh yk*dKvftpOfrSm tw yd, rZsw a0&D [k av;rsKd;
&SdoGm;ayrnf/
yd,*kbm0eD,yk*dKvftkyfpkESifh twdyd,o[m,uyk*dKvftkyfpkonf wpfajy;wpfnDwnf;jzpf
arwmcsif;nDrQoGm;aomf arwmpsmefudk Budrfzefrsm;pGm 0ifpm;ojzifh pdwf"mwfonf El;nHhaysmhaysmif;
rZswyk*dKvftkyfpk ajymif; arwmbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;&ef cHhnm;vwfaomf rZsw = rcspf
rrkef; vspfvsL Ixdkufol tv,ftvwf yk*dKvfwpfOD;udk tmkH,l arwmbm0emur|mef;udk wwd,
psmefoYkd qdu
k o
f nhw
f ikd af tmif pD;jzef;yg/ atmifjrifru
I kd &&Scd ahJ omf aemufwpfa,muf tvm;wl arwm
yGm;yg/ tenf;qHk; ta,muf (20)cefY arwmyGm;yg/ arwmpsmefudk Budrfzefrsm;pGm 0ifpm;yg/ pdwf"mwf
El;nhHaysmhaysmif;vm a0&D = &efolyk*dKvf rkef;onfhyk*dKvf tkyfpk arwmbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;&ef
cHhnm;vwfaomf &efolyk*dKvf wpfa,muf = rkef;onfhyk*dKvf wpfa,muf arwmbm0emur|mef;udk
pwif pD;jzef;yg/ tenf;i,frQ rausreyfjzpfz;l olukd aU&OS ;D pGm arwmyGm;yg/ trke;f qH;k yk*Kd vu
f kd aemufq;kH
xm;yg/ &efolyk*dKvf rkef;onfhyk*dKvf rausreyfjzpfzl;onfhyk*dKvf r&Sdu oD;oefY&SmMuH yGm;&ef rvdkyg/
&efolyk*dKvf&SdrSomvQif &efolyk*dKvftkyfpkudk yGm;&efjzpfonf/ &efolyk*dKvf&Sdygu ukefatmifyGm;yg/ ,ck
620
a&;om;cJhaom yd, rZsw a0&Dyk*dKvf tkyfpktm;vHk;onf vdifwlonfh touf&SifqJyk*dKvfom jzpfap

&rnf/ atmifjrifrI &&Sdygu oDrmoar' = yk*dKvftydkif;tjcm; NydK&ef qufvuf tm;xkwf&\/
oludk tmkHjyK arwmpsmefudk yGm;rsm;&\? oludk tmkHjyK arwmpsmefudk yGm;rsm; r&
[kqdkvQif tydkif;tjcm; &Sdaeao;\? tydkif;tjcm; rNydKao;ay/ oludk tmkHjyK arwmpsmefudk 0ifpm;
&onfrmS yd
k aumif;\? vG,u
f \
l ? olukd tmkjH yK arwmpsmefukd 0ifpm;&onfrmS odyrf aumif;vS?
rvG,fulvS[k qdkvQifvnf; tydkif;tjcm; &Sdaeao;\? tydkif;tjcm; rNydKao;ay/ arwmcsif; rnDrQorQ
tydkif;tjcm;um; &Sdaeao;onfom jzpf\/ tw yd, rZsw a0&D[laom yk*dKvfav;rsKd;vHk; arwm
pdwf"mwf nDrQatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&\/ yk*dKvftkyfpk tydkif;tjcm;NydKatmif yk*dKvftkyfpk wpfckESifh
wpfck arwmpdwf"mwf nDrQoGm;atmif BudK;pm;&m atmufygtpOftwdkif; BudK;pm;tm;xkwfyg/
1/
2/
3/
4/
tw
yd,
rZsw
a0&D
= rdrd
= yd,*kbm0eD, + twdyd,o[m,u
= rcspfrrkef; tv,ftvwfyk*dKvf
= &efolyk*dKvf rkef;onfhyk*dKvf ---
xdkwGif rdrdukd,fudk tmkHjyK arwmbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;&mum; arwmpsmefudk r&&SdEdkif/

odkYaomf tydkif; oDrmoar' = yk*dKvftkyfpk tydkif;tjcm;NydK&ef twGufom yGm;rsm;jcif; jzpfonf/
xdkaMumihf rdrdudk,fudk tmkHjyK tcsdeftenf;i,f arwmbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;yg/ xdkaemif yd,
yk*Kd vw
f pfO;D wwd,psmefoYkd qdu
k o
f nfwikd af tmif arwmbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;yg/ xdak emif rZsw
yk*dKvfwpfOD;vnf; wwd,psmefodkY qdkufonfwdkifatmif arwmbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;yg/ xdkaemif
a0&Dy*k Kd vw
f pfO;D vnf; wwd,psmefoYkd qdu
k o
f nfwikd af tmif arwmbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;yg/ yd,
rZsw a0&D yk*dKvfoHk;OD;vHk; (4)csufpD (4)csufpD yGm;yg/ wpfcsufwpfcsuf wwd,psmefodkY qdkufygap/
atmifjrifrIudk &&SdcJhaomf ----1/
2/
3/
4/
tw
yd,
rZsw
a0&D
= rdrdudk,fudk wpfzef jyefyGm;yg/

= aemufcspfonfh yk*dKvfwpfa,muf
= aemuftv,ftvwf rcspfrrkef;yk*dKvfwpfa,muf
= aemuf &efolyk*dKvfwpfa,muf ---
tvm;wlyif xyf arwmyGm;yg/ tw arwmpsmefudk r&Edkifaomfvnf; yd, rZsw a0&D

yk*dKvfwdkYudk arwmyGm;wdkif; arwmyGm;wdkif; (4)csufvHk; wwd,psmefodkY qdkufygap/ odkYvQif yd,
rZsw a0&Dyk*dKvfwdkY wpfa,mufNyD; wpfa,muf wpfa,mufNyD; wpfa,muf ajymif; tw yd,
rZsw a0&D[al om tpOftwdik ;f tBurd rf sm;pGm tacgufaygif;rsm;pGm arwmbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;yg/
xdkodkY arwmyGm;&m arwmbm0em\ tIcHtmkHjzpfonfh ow0gynwfrsm;onf wpfa,mufNyD; wpfa,muf ajymif;aeygaomfvnf; arwmbm0empdwf arwmpsmefpdwfrSm nDrQrI &Sdaeatmif tBudrfrsm;pGm
yGm;rsm;yg/ arwmbm0em\ tIcHtmkHjzpfonfh ow0gynwfawGonf rnfodkYyif ajymif;oGm;apumrl
621
wlnDaom arwmbm0empdwf wpfrsKd;wpfpm;wnf;om wlrQaom arwmpsmef wpfrsKd;wpfpm;wnf;om

wnf&Sdaeygu oDrmoar'[laom yk*dKvftydkif;tjcm;um; NydKoGm;NyD jzpf\/ tw yd, rZsw a0&D
[laom yk*dKvf av;rsKd;wdkYwGif rnfolUudk owfzdkY&ef ac:oGm;yg[k ajymqdkEdkifao;vQif oDrmoar'
rjzpfao;? yk*dKvftydkif;tjcm; &Sdaeao;\/ rnfolUudk owfzdkY&ef ac:oGm;yg[k rajym&ufvQif yk*dKvf
av;rsKd;vHk; nDrQaom arwmpdwf"mwf&SdvQif oDrmoar' jzpfNyD? yk*dKvftydkif;tjcm; NydKavNyD/
{0H oDrmoar'orumvar0 p rdem bduKem edrdw Oypm& v'H a[mwd/ oDrmoara'
ye uaw war0 edrdwH tmao0aEm bma0aEm A[kvDua&maEm tyuoda&ae0 yx0DuodaP
0kwea,ae0 tyeH ygykPmwd/ (0dok'd-1-301/)
qdktyfcJhNyD;aomenf;jzifh yk*dKvftydkif;tjcm;udk y,fzsufonfESifhrQaom umvomvQif
arwmur|medu &[ef;awmfonf yk*dKvftydkif;tjcm; uif;aom ow0gynwfedrdwfudkvnf;aumif;
Oypm&psmefudkvnf;aumif; &&Sdonf jzpf\/ yk*dKvftydkif;tjcm;udk y,fzsufjcif; = oDrmoar'udk jyKNyD;
vwfaomfum; xdkoDrmoar'\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfay:vmaom yk*dKvftydkif;tjcm; uif;aeaom ow0g
ynwf[laom xdkorxedrdwfudkyifvQif kdaopGm rSD0JcJhaomf yGm;rsm;cJhaomf Budrfzefrsm;pGm tavhtvm
jyKcahJ omf rNiKd rjiifojzifv
h Qif yx0DuodP
k ;f qdt
k yfcNhJ y;D onft
h wdik ;f yxrpsmef 'kw,
d psmef wwd,psmef
[laom tyempsmefodkY a&muf&SdEdkif\/ (0dok'd-1-301/)
edrw
d f ----- uodkPf;ur|mef;ponfwdkY xdkxdkuokdPf;0ef;ponfudk odrf;qnf;jcif;udk t&if;cH
jyKojzifh bm0em\pGrf;tm;aMumifh &&Sdvmaom O*[edrdwfudk trSDjyK psmef\usufpm;&m tmkHtjzpf
jzifh y#dbm*edrdwfonf a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ Pf0 xifvmouJhodkY arwmur|mef; tvm;wl
xifvmaom y#dbm*edrdwfrnfonf r&Sday/ pifppftm;jzifhaomfum; qdktyfcJhNyD;aom tMuifodkYaom
yk*dKvftydkif;tjcm;udk NzdKcGJzsufqD;jcif; oDrmoar'udk a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf &&Sd\? xdkoDrmoar'
jzpfaom yk*dKvftydkif;tjcm; uif;aom ow0gynwftmkHonfomvQif y#dbm*edrdwfuJhodkY jzpfjcif;aMumifh edrdwf rnf\/ rSefayonf ---- a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf tw yd, rZsw a0&D[laom yk*dKvf
av;rsK;d wdYk tay: arwmbm0em\ pGr;f tm;aMumifh nDrQaom arwmESi,
hf OS af om pdwx
f m;udk &&So
d jzifh
yk*dKvftydkif;tjcm;udk NzdKcGJzsufqD;Edkifjcif;[laom xdkoDrmoar'udk &&Sdvwfaomf arwmbm0em\
vGefuJaom pGrf;tm; &SdvmMuonfh twGufaMumifh eD0&PwdkYonf uGmusoGm;MuukefonfomvQif
jzpfukef\? udavomwdkYonf Nidrf0yfoGm;MuukefonfomvQif jzpfukef\? Oypm&orm"djzifh arwmbm0empdwfonf aumif;pGm wnfMunfvmonfomvQif jzpf\/ xdkaMumifh --- yk*dKvftydkif;tjcm; uif;aom
ow0gynwfedrdwfudkvnf;aumif; Oypm&psmefudkvnf;aumif; &&Sdonfjzpf\ -- odkYpaom txuf
yg pum;&yfudk t|uxmq&mawmfu zGifhqdkoGm;awmfrljcif; jzpf\/ (r[m#D-1-363/)
yk*Kd vt
f ydik ;f tjcm;uif;aom oDrmoar'udk r&&Scd ifwek ;f uvnf; yd, rZsw a0&D[al om yk*Kd vf
wdkYudk tmkH,l Oypm&arwmpsmef tyemarwmpsmefwdkYudk &&SdcJhonfom jzpf\/ ,ckwpfzef &&Sdaom
Oypm&psmef tyempsmefwdkYum; yk*dKvftydkif;tjcm;udk NzdKcGJzsufqD;Edkifjcif; oDrmoar'udk &&SdNyD;aemufrS
yk*Kd vt
f ydik ;f tjcm;uif;aom ow0gynwfukd tmkjH yKjzpfay:vmaom Oypm&psmef tyempsmef[al om
arwmpsmefwdkYudkom &nfTef;xm;onf[k rSwfom;yg/
622
xdkodkY oDrmoar'udk &&SdNyD;aemuf a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf ----1/ taem"daomz&Pm arwm apawm0drkwd (5)rsKd;

2/ Mo"daomz&Pm arwm apawm0drkwd (7)rsKd;
3/ 'domz&Pm arwm apawm0drkwd (10)rsKd; --wdkYudk qufvuf tm;xkwfEdkifayonf/
yXrZsmem'd0aoe tyemywpdwa0 [d t,H 0dukAem orZwd/ (0dok'd-1-301/)
wrd tyemywpdwa0 orZwDwd a0'dwAH/ (0dok'd-1-302/)
tyemywpdwa0 e Oypm&rwvmbdaem/ y*kPAv0bm0gyg'aee a0ykvm'd0daooyw Mo"daom taem"daom p 'domz&Pm'd0aoe psme y0dZrem 0dukAem 0d0d"m ud&d,mwd
uwGm/ (r[m#D-1-363/)
txufyg t|uxm #DumwdkY\ TefMum;awmfrlcsufESifhtnD taem"daomz&Pm arwm
Mo"daomz&Pm arwm 'domz&Pm arwmwdkYudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfvdkaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf
oDrmoar'udk &&SdNyD;aemuf yd, rZsw a0&D[laom ow0gynwf tmkH yxrpsmef 'kwd,psmef
wwd,psmef[laom tyempsmefwdkYudk &&Sdxm;NyD; jzpf&ayrnf/ Oypm&psmefudk &&SdkHrQjzifhum; rvHkavmufao; [lvdkonf/ (pwkuenf;t& arwmwwd,psmef yuenf;t& arwmpwkwpsmefudk
t0g;0pGm avhvmxm;NyD; yGm;rsm;xm;NyD; jzpf&rnf [lvdk/)
taem"daomz&Pm arwm apawm0drkwd (5) rsKd;

1/ oaA owm (u) ta0&m a[mE K?
( c ) tAsmyZm a[mE K?
( * ) teDCm a[mE K?
(C) okcD twmeH y&d[&E K/
2/ oaA ygPm / y /
3/ oaA blwm / y /
4/ oaA yk*vm / y /
5/ oaA twbm0y&d,myEm (u) ta0&m a[mE K?
( c ) tAsmyZma[mE K?
( * ) teDCm a[mE K?
1/ cyfodrf;ukefaom cEmig;yg; NiduyfwG,fwmjcif; &SdMuukefaom ow0gwdkYonf ----(u) ab;&ef uif;Muygap?
( c ) pdwfqif;&J uif;Muygap?
( * ) udk,fqif;&J uif;Muygap?
623
2/
3/
4/
5/
(C) usef;usef;rmrm csrf;csrf;omomjzifh rdrdwdkY\ cEm0efudk &GufaqmifEdkifMuygap/

cyfodrf;ukefaom xGufouf 0ifouf &SdMuukefaom ow0gwdkYonf/ y /
cyfodrf;ukefaom uHudavomaMumifh xif&Sm;jzpfMuukefaom ow0gwdkYonf/ y /
cyfodrf;ukefaom i&JodkY usa&mufjcif;oabm &SdMuukefaom ow0gwdkYonf/ y /
cyfodrf;ukefaom cEmudk,ftwabm tusKH;0ifMuukefaom ow0gwdkYonf/ y /
Mo"daomz&Pm arwm apawm0drkwd (7) rsKd;

1/ oAm wda,m (u) ta0&m a[mE K?
( * ) teDCm a[mE K?
2/ oaA yk&dom
/y/
3/ oaA t&d,m / y /
4/ oaA te&d,m / y /
5/ oaA a'0g
/y/
6/ oaA rEkm / y /
7/ oaA 0dedygwdum (u) ta0&m a[mE K?
( * ) teDCm a[mE K?
1/ cyfodrf;ukefaom trsKd;orD;wdkYonf ----(u) ab;&efuif;Muygap?
( c ) pdwfqif;&Juif;Muygap?
( * ) udk,fqif;&Juif;Muygap?
(C) usef;usef;rmrm csrf;csrf;omomjzifh rdrdwdkY\ cEm0efudk &GufaqmifEdkifMuygap/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
cyfodrf;ukefaom trsKd;om;wdkYonf/ y /
cyfodrf;ukefaom t&d,molawmfaumif;wdkYonf/ y /
cyfodrf;ukefaom t&d,mr[kwfaom ykxkZefwdkYonf/ y /
cyfodrf;ukefaom ewf (jA[m) wdkYonf/ y /
cyfodrf;ukefaom vlom;wdkYonf/ y /
cyfodrf;ukefaom tyg,fom; ow0gwdkYonf/ y /
taem"daomz&Pm arwm apawm0drkwd (5)rsKd; Mo"daomz&Pm arwm apawm0drkwd (7)rsKd;

ESpf&yfaygif;aomf (12)rsKd;wnf;/ wpfrsKd;wpfrsKd; ab;&efuif;Muygap - ponfjzifh (4)csuf (4)csufpD
arwmyGm;&ojzifh (4 _ 12 = 48) rsKd; jzpfonf/
624
1/ rdrd&&Sdxm;NyD;aom Mo'gwuodkPf; odkYr[kwf tmavmuuodkPf;udk tmkHjyK pwkwpsmef
orm"dodkY qdkufatmif orm"dudk xlaxmifyg/
2/ tw yd, rZsw a0&D yk*dKvfav;rsKd;wdkY yk*dKvftydkif;tjcm; uif;atmif oDrmoar'udk &&Sd
NyD;aemuf yd, rZsw a0&D[laom ow0gynwftmkH arwmpsmefudk Budrfzefrsm;pGm 0ifpm;yg/
3/ arwmnDrQaomtcg ausmif;0if;wpfcktwGif; odkYr[kwf jcH0if;wpfcktwGif; wnf&Sdaom
txufyg yk*dKvf (12)rsKd;udk vif;a&mifjcnf pGrf;tiftultnDjzifh jrifatmifMunfhyg/ trsKd;om;
trsKd;orD; t&d,m ykxkZef vl ewf wd& pmef tyg,fom;ow0gtm;vHk;udk jcHKiHk jrifatmif
Munfhyg/ jrifaomtcg xdkow0g tm;vHk;udk tmkHjyK ----cEmig;yg; NiduyfwG,fwmjcif;&SdMuukefaom ow0gtm;vHk;wdkYonf -- ab;&efuif;Muygap
ab;&efuif;Muygap [k arwmbm0emur|mef;udk Budrfzefrsm;pGm pD;jzef;yg/ wwd,psmefodkY qdkufonf
wdkifatmif pD;jzef;yg/ atmifjrifrIudk &&Sdygu pdwfqif;&Juif;Muygapvnf; wwd,psmefodkY qdkufa&mufatmif udk,fqif;&Juif;Muygapvnf; wwd,psmefodkY qdkufatmif usef;usef;rmrm csrf;csrf;
omomjzifh rdrdwdkY\ cEm0efudk &GufaqmifEdkifMuygapvnf; wwd,psmefodkY qdkufatmif qufvuf
arwmbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;yg/ oaAowm (4)csuf arwmyGm;&ouJhodkY - oaAygPm ponf
wdkYvnf; tvm;wlyif (4)csufpD arwmyGm;yg/ tm;vHk;aygif;aomf (12 _ 4 = 48) rsKd;aom arwmpsmef
rsm;udk &&Sdatmif arwmbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;yg/
ausmif;0if;wpfcktwGif; (48)rsKd;aom arwmbm0emur|mef;wdkYudk pD;jzef; atmifjrifrI &&Sdaomtcg ausmif;wdkuf ESpfwdkufoHk;wdkuf twGif; odkYr[kwf jcH0if; ESpfckoHk;ckwdkY\ twGif; (48)rsKd;
&yfuu
G w
f pfct
k wGi;f odrYk [kwf aus;&Gmwpfct
k wGi;f (48)rsK;d NrKd Ue,fwpfct
k wGi;f (48)rsK;d jynfe,f
wpfcktwGif; (48)rsKd; odkYr[kwf wdkif;wpfcktwGif; (48)rsKd; wdkif;jynfwpfjynftwGif; (48)rsKd;
wpfurmvHk; (48)rsKd; (31)bHk[laom pMu0VmwpfckvHk; (48)rsKd; teEpMu0VmwdkY (48)rsKd; ----odkY wjznf;jznf; jzefYMuuf arwmbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;yg/
'domz&Pm arwm apawm0drkwd (10) rsKd;

txufygtwdik ;f teEpMu0VmodYk wdik af tmif jzefMY uuf arwmbm0emur|mef;udk yGm;rsm;vsuf
arwmpsmefudk &&Sdaomtcg ----1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
taU&Swnfhwnfh teEpMu0Vm (48)rsKd;

taemufwnfhwnfh teEpMu0Vm (48)rsKd;
ajrmufwnfhwnfh teEpMu0Vm (48)rsKd;
awmifwnfhwnfh teEpMu0Vm (48)rsKd;
taU&Sawmifaxmifht&yf teEpMu0Vm (48)rsKd;
taemufajrmufaxmifht&yf teEpMu0Vm (48)rsKd;
625
7/
8/
9/
10/
taU&Sajrmufaxmifht&yf teEpMu0Vm (48)rsKd;

taemufawmifaxmifht&yf teEpMu0Vm (48)rsKd;
atmuft&yf teEpMu0Vm (48)rsKd;
txuft&yf teEpMu0Vm (48)rsKd; ---
odkYvQif t&yfq,frsufESmwdkY (10 48 = 480) aom arwmpsmefwdkYudk &&Sdatmif BudK;pm;

tm;xkwfyg/ teEpMu0VmodkYwdkifatmif jzefYMuufvsuf yGm;rsm;xm;tyfaom arwmpsmef (48)rsKd;udkyg
xyf aygif;aomf (48 + 480 = 528) oG,faom arwmur|mef; arwmpsmefrsm;udk &&SdEdkifayonf/
(528) oG,faom arwmpsmefwdkYudk t0g;0pGm EdkifEdkifeif;eif; 0ifpm;Edkifaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf
arwokwefpaom xdkxdkokwefwdkYvm&Sdaom arwmyGm;enf;rsm;udk ajymif; yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfygu
arwmpsmefrsm;udk vG,fulpGmyif &&SdEdkifayonf/

&[ef;wdkY ...pifppftm;jzifh t&yfq,frsufESm teEpMu0VmwdkY ow0gtm;vHk;wdkYtay:0,f
jzefYMuuf kdaoojzifh rSD0Jtyfaom arwmpsmefqdkufonfwdkifatmif yGm;rsm; xm;tyfaom arwm
psmef0ifpm;jcif;udk Burd zf efrsm;pGm tavhtvmjyKtyfaom uNy;D aom ,mOfuo
hJ Ykd jyKtyfNy;D aom wnf&m
0wKuJhodkY jyKtyfNyD;aom pGJpGJjrJjrJ ckdifcdkifcHhchH wnfwhHatmif aqmufwnfxm;tyfaom 0oDabmf ig;wef
Edkifeif;atmif avhusifhtyfNyD;aom pdwf\ a'gopaom qefYusifbuf w&m;wdkYrS vGwfajrmufaMumif;
jzpfaom arwm apawm0drw
k \
d (11)yg;ukeaf om tusK;d w&m;wdu
Yk kd rcRw{f uef &vdrrhf nf[k arQmv
f ifh
tyfukef\/ tb,f (11)yg;wdkYenf;[lrl ----1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
10/
11/
csrf;ompGm tdyfpuf&\/
csrf;ompGm tdyf&mrS Edk;&\/
,kwfrmaom raumif;aom tdyfrufqdk;udk rjrifruf&/
vlom;wdkY\ cspfcifjrwfEdk;rIudk cH,l&\/
ewfwdkY\ cspfcifjrwfEdk;rIudk cH,l&\/
ewfwdkYonf &if0,fom;uJhodkY oem;apmifha&Smufukef\/
xdkarwmpsmefudk jzefYMuufavh &Sdooltm; rD;onfvnf;aumif; tqdyfonfvnf;aumif;
vufeufonfvnf;aumif; ra&mufruyf/
arwmpsmefjzifh aeavh&Sdaomyk*dKvf\ pdwfonf vsifjrefpGm wnfMunf\? orm"d tjzpfjref\/
rsufESmtqif;onf Munfvif\/
rawGra0onfjzpf pkaw&\/
arwmpsmeformywfxuf tvGefjzpfaom t&[wzdkvf wkdifatmifaom txuf r*fzdkvfudk
xdk;xGif; rodcJhaomf jA[mjynfodkY vm;&\/ (tH-3-542/)
222
626
orxur|mef;ydkif; -- ukPmbm0em
ukPmbm0em
toifolawmfaumif;onf a&S;OD;pGm rdrdESifh eD;pyf&m vdifwl touf&SifqJ 'kudwow0gwpfOD;udk
a&G;cs,fyg/ xdkow0g\ qif;&J'kursm;udk qifjcifyg/ ukPmudk jzpfapyg/
xdkaemif Mo'gwuodkPf; odkYr[kwf tmavmuuodkPf; pwkwpsmefudk jyef0ifpm;yg/ vif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tifrsm; tm;aumif;vmaomtcg txufyg 'kudwow0gudk vif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tif tul
tnDjzifh jrifatmifMunfyh g/ jrifaomtcg xd'k u
k w
d ow0gudk tmkjH yK arwmpsmefukd 0ifpm;yg/ xdak emif
arwmpsmefrS x xdk'kudwow0gudkyif tmkHjyK ----t,H oyK&daom 'kum rkpwk/
= olawmfaumif;onf qif;&J'kurS vGwfygap/ --odkYBudrfzefrsm;pGm ukPmbm0emudk yGm;yg/ wwd,psmefodkY qdkufonfwdkifatmif 0oDabmf
ig;wef Edkifeif;atmif yGm;rsm;yg/ xdkaemif arwmur|mef; a&;om;wifjycJhonfhtwdkif; yd,yk*dKvf
xdak emif rZswy *k Kd vf xdak emif a0&Dy*k Kd vf tpOftwdik ;f ukPmbm0emudk wwd,psmefoYkd qdu
k o
f nf
wdkifatmif yGm;yg/
ykxkZefrSeforQ tyg,fab;qdk;BuD;rS rvGwfao;ojzifh oem;p&m ow0gcsnf;omwnf;/ oHo&m
tqufqufro
S nf ,aeYwikd af tmif rSm;cJrh ad om 'kpdu
k w
f aYkd Mumifh tyg,f0#fqif;&J'u
k u
kd tyg,fab;rS
rvGwo
f rQ cHpm;Mu&OD;rnfom jzpfMuojzifh oem;p&mcsn;f omwnf;/ ow0gwdik ;f onf tdak b;qd;k Bu;D
emab;qdk;BuD; aoab;qdk;BuD;rS rvGwfajrmufMuao;ojzifh oem;p&mcsnf;omwnf;/ ,if;uJhodkYaom
oem;p&moabmudk tmkH,l okcdwow0gwdkYvnf; ukPmbm0emudk yGm;Edkifonf/
atmifjrifru
I kd &&dyS gu arwmpsmef a&;om;wifjycJo
h nft
h wdik ;f tw yd, rZsw a0&D[al om
yk*dKvf av;rsKd;wdkY yk*dKvftydkif;tjcm;uif;atmif oDrmoar'udkjyK oDrmoar'jyKNyD;aom xdkow0g
ynwfedrdwfudk rDS0Jjcif; yGm;rsm;jcif; tBudrfrsm;pGm jyKjcif;jzifh yxrpsmef 'kwd,psmef wwd,psmefodkY
qdkufatmif ukPm tyempsmefudk wdk;yGm;atmif jyKvkyfyg/ xdkaemif taem"daomz&Pm ukPm
Mo"daomz&Pm ukPm 'domz&Pm ukPmbm0emwdkYudk qufvufyGm;rsm;yg/
teEpMu0Vm ow0gtm;vHk;wdkYtay: jzefYMuuf yGm;rsm;xm;tyfaom ----1/ taem"daomz&Pm ukPmbm0em
(5) rsKd;
2/ Mo"daomz&Pm ukPmbm0em
(7) rsKd;
3/ 'domz&Pm ukPmbm0em (10 _ 12 = 120) rsKd;
tm;vHk;aygif;aomf ukPmbm0em
(132) rsKd;wnf;/
222
627
rk'dwmbm0em
rk'dwmbm0emudk yGm;rsm;vdkaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf okcdwow0gjzpfonfh tvGefcspfcif
jrwfEdk;tyfaom taygif;tazmf oli,fcsif;jzpfonfh vdifwl touf&SifqJ twdyd,o[m,uyk*dKvfudk
a&G;cs,fyg/ jrifvdkufu 0rf;omrI &Tifvef;rIudk trsm;qHk; jzpfapEdkifonfh yk*dKvfudk a&G;cs,fyg/
Mo'gwuodkPf; odkYr[kwf tmavmuuodkPf; pwkwpsmeform"dudk wpfzefjyef 0ifpm;yg/
vif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tifrsm; tm;aumif;vmaomtcg txufyg okcdwow0gjzpfonfh twdyd,o[m,u yk*dKvfudk vSrf;tmkH ,lyg/ vufEdSyfrD;jzifh xdk;pdkufMunfhaeouJhodkY xdkyk*dKvfudk jrifaomtcg
xdkyk*dKvfudk tmkHjyK arwmpsmefudk wpfzef 0ifpm;yg? xdkaemif ukPmpsmefudk wpfzef 0ifpm;yg/
xdkaemif ukPmpsmefrS x xdkyk*dKvfudkyif tmkHjyK ----t,H oyK&daom ,xmv'orwdawm rm0d*pwk/
olawmfaumif;onf &&dSNyD;aom pnf;pdrfcsrf;omrS ra&GUavsmygapownf; - [k ----odkY rk'dwmbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;yg/ wwd,psmefodkY qdkufatmif Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfum
xyfum yGm;rsm;yg/ a&S;a&S;aom bm0emorm"dwdkY\ tm;BuD;aom rDS&m Oyed,owdjzifh aus;Zl;
jyKay;rI t&Sed t
f 0g owx
d ;l Bu;D udk qufc&H aom ukPm rk'w
d mbm0emonf vG,u
f al csmarmaernfom
jzpfayonf/ twdwfu csrf;omcJhonfhyHk ypKyefcsrf;omaeqJyHk tem*wf csrf;omvwHUyHkwdkYudk tmkH
,l IEdkifonfom jzpfonf/
xdkaemif yd,yk*dKvf xdkaemif rZwyk*dKvf xdkaemif a0&Dyk*dKvf tpOftwdkif; rk'dwmbm0emudk
jzpfapyg? rk'dwmpsmefudk &&dSatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfyg/ rk'dwmtyempsmefudk wdk;yGm;atmif jyKvkyfyg/
tw yd, rZsw a0&D yk*dKvfav;rsKd;wdkY nDrQaom rk'dwmbm0empdwf&dSatmif yk*dKvf tykdif;tjcm;
uif;atmif oDrmoar'udk jyK oDrmoar'udk jyKNyD;aom xdkow0gynwfedrdwfudkyifvQif rDS0Jjcif;
yGm;rsm;jcif; Burd zf efrsm;pGm tavhtvmjyKjcif;jzifh rk'w
d mbm0em tyempsmefukd wd;k yGm;atmif jyKvyk yf g/
xdkaemif teEpMu0Vm wnf&dSMuaom teEow0gwdkYudk tmkHjyK ----1/ taem"daomz&Pm rk'dwmbm0em
(5) rsKd;
2/ Mo"daomz&Pm rk'dwmbm0em
(7) rsKd;
3/ 'domz&Pm rk'dwmbm0em (10 _ 12 = 120) rsKd;
tm;vHk;aygif;aomf rk'dwmbm0em
(132) rsKd;
rk'dwmbm0emwdkYudk qufvuf yGm;rsm;yg/ arwmpsmef qdkcJhonfh tcsuftvufwdkYudk

enf;rDSom yGm;rsm;yg/
222
628
orxur|mef;ydkif; -- Oayumbm0em
Oayumbm0em
OayumjA[0d[m&bm0emudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfvdkaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf a&S;OD;pGm ----1/ Mo'gwuodP
k ;f odrYk [kwf tmavmuuodP
k ;f pwkwp smefukd wpfzefjyef 0ifpm;yg/ vif;a&mifjcnf pGrf;tifrsm; tm;aumif;vmaomtcg ----2/ rcspfrrkef; tv,ftvwf rZsw vdifwl touf&SifqJ yk*dKvfwpfOD;udk tmkHjyK wwd,psmefodkY
qdkufatmif arwmbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;yg/
3/ xdkyk*dKvfudkyif tmkHjyK wwd,psmefodkY qdkufatmif ukPmbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;yg/
4/ xdkyk*dKvfudkyif tmkHjyK wwd,psmefodkY qdkufatmif rk'dwmbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;yg/
xdkodkY &tyfNyD;aom wwd,psmef&dSaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf t0g;0pGm avhvmtyfNyD;aom
,if; jA[0d[m& wwd,psmefrS x ----1/ okcdwm a[mE K = ow0gwdkYonf csrf;omjcif;odkY a&mufMuygapukefownf;[k odkY ponfjzifh
arwmjA[0d[m& wwd,psmefodkY qdkufatmif arwmbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;jcif;onf ,if;
wwd,psmef\ ow0gwdkY tay: jrwfEdk;wem jyKaomtm;jzifh ESvHk;oGif;jcif;ESifh ,SOfonf\
tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif;
2/ 'kum rkp E K = ow0gwdkYonf qif;&J'kurS vGwfMuygapukefownf; -- odkY ukPmjA[0d[m& bm0emudk wwd,psmefodkY qdkufonhfwdkifatmif pD;jzef;jcif;onf ,if; wwd,psmef\
rkef;jcif; cspfjcif;\ teD; usifvnfonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif;
3/ ,xmv' orwad wm rm0d*p E K = ow0gwdkYonf &&dSNyD;aom pnf;pdrfcsrf;omrS ra&GUavsm
Muygapukefownf; -- odkY rk'dwmjA[0d[m& bm0emudk wwd,psmefodkY qdkufonfhwdkifatmif
pD;jzef;jcif;onf ,if; wwd,psmef\ 0rf;ajrmufjcif; aomreESifh ,SOfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh
kefY&if;onf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif; --odkYvQif arwmjA[0d[m& wwd,psmef ukPmjA[0d[m& wwd,psmef rk'dwmjA[0d[m&
wwd,psmefwdkY tjypfudk jrifatmifI OayumjA[0d[m& pwkwpsmef\ Nidrfoufaomoabm &dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifh tusKd;tmedoHoudkvnf; jrifatmifI xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ jyuawhtm;jzifh
omvQif vspfvsLIavh&dSaom Oayumt&m xm;Edkifaom (txuf wifjyxm;onfhtwkdif; arwm
jA[0d[m& wwd,psmef ukPmjA[0d[m& wwd,psmef rk'dwmjA[0d[m& wwd,psmefwdkYudk yGm;xm;
NyD;aom) tMuif tv,ftvwf rcspfrrkef; rZswyk*dKvfonf &dS\? xdkjyuawh rZswyk*dKvfudk vspfvsL
I OayumjA[0d[m&bm0emudk jzpfaptyf\/ yGm;rsm;yHkrSm ----- xdkrZswyk*dKvf wpfOD;wnf;udkyif
tmkHjyK arwmjA[0d[m& wwd,psmef ukPmjA[0d[m& wwd,psmef rk'dwmjA[0d[m& wwd,
psmefwdkYudk 0ifpm;NyD;aemuf txufygtwdkif; qifjcif odkYr[kwf olawmfaumif;onf igu ----1/ ab;&efuif;ygap[k arwmbm0emudk yGm;rsm;aomfvnf; ab;&efuif;csifrS uif;rnf? pdwfqif;&J
uif;ygap[k arwmbm0emudk yGm;rsm;aomfvnf; pdwfqif;&J uif;csifrS uif;rnf? udk,fqif;&J
629
uif;ygap[k arwmbm0emudk yGm;rsm;aomfvnf; ud,

k q
f if;&J uif;csirf S uif;rnf? use;f use;f rmrm
csrf;csrf;omomjzifh rdrd\ cEm0efudk &GufaqmifEdkifygap[k arwmbm0emudk yGm;rsm;aomfvnf;
usef;usef;rmrm csrf;csrf;omomjzifh rdrd\ cEm0efudk &GufaqmifEdkifcsifrS &GufaqmifEdkifrnf/
2/ qif;&J'u
k r S vGwyf gap[k ukPmbm0emudk yGm;rsm;aomfvnf; qif;&J'u
k r S vGwcf sirf S vGwrf nf/
3/ &&dSNyD; pnf;pdrfcsrf;omrS ra&GUavsmygapownf;[k rk'dwmbm0emudk yGm;rsm;aomfvnf; &&dSNyD;
pnf;pdrfcsrf;omrS a&GUavsmcsifvnf; a&GUavsmrnf/
4/ tb,faMumifhenf;[lrl ow0gtm;vHk;wdkYonf uHomvQif udk,fydkifOpm &dSMuukef\[k odkY
qifjcif ----t,H oyK&daom uraum/
olawmfaumif;onf uHomvQif udk,fykdifOpm &dS\/ --odv
Yk Qif Burd zf efrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum yGm;rsm;yg/ arwm ukPm rk'w
d m jA[0[
d m&w&m;wdYk
wwd,psmefudk tajccHNyD;rS wufvmojzifh OayumjA[0d[m& pwkwpsmefodkY rMumrD tcsdefumv
twGif;rSmyif qdkufa&mufoGm;ayvdrfhrnf/ atmifjrifrI&&dSygu tvm;wlyif rZswyk*dKvf cyfrsm;rsm;
vnf;aumif; xdkaemif yd,yk*dKvf cyfrsm;rsm;vnf;aumif; xdkaemif twdyd,o[m,uyk*dKvf cyf
rsm;rsm;vnf;aumif; xdkaemif a0&Dyk*dKvf cyfrsm;rsm;vnf;aumif; wpfOD;csif;udk tmkHjyK yHkpHwlyif
Oayumbm0emudk yGm;rsm;yg/ xdkaemif tw yd, rZsw a0&D[laom yk*dKvfav;rsKd;wdkY yk*dKvftydkif;
tjcm; uif;atmif oDrmoar'udkjyK oDrmoar'jyKNyD;aemuf &&dSvmaom xdkow0gynwfedrdwf
udkyif tmkHjyK OayumjA[0d[m&bm0emudk rDS0Jyg yGm;rsm;yg Budrfzefrsm;pGm tavhtvmjyKyg/ odkY
jyKusifhaom xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmef yx0DuodkPf; zGifhqdka&;om;cJhonfhtwdkif;yifvQif
OayumjA[0d[m& pwkwpsmefonf jzpfay:vmay\/ xkdaemif ----1/ taem"daomz&Pm OayumjA[0d[m&bm0em
(5) rsKd;
2/ Mo"daomz&Pm OayumjA[0d[m&bm0em
(7) rsKd;
3/ 'domz&Pm OayumjA[0d[m&bm0em (10 _ 12 = 120) rsKd;
tm;vHk;aygif;aomf
(132) rsKd;
(132) rsKd;aom OayumjA[0d[m& bm0emwdkYudk qufvuf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfyg/
tar; ----- OayumjA[0[
d m& pwkwp smefonf yx0DuodP
k ;f ponfwYkd jzpfNy;D aom wwd,
psmef&dSaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ oEmefvnf; jzpfavoavm[k ar;&ef&dS\/
tajz ----- rjzpf[lay/ tb,faMumifhenf;[lrl ----- yx0DuodkPf;ponfwdkY wwd,psmefum;
yx0DuodkPf;ponfvQif tmkH&dS\/ OayumjA[0d[m& pwkwpsmefum; ow0gynwfvQif tmkH&dS\/
xdkodkY tmkH\ oabmrwlonf\ tjzpfaMumifhwnf;/ tavsmftm;jzifhqdk&rl arwmur|mef; ukPm
ur|mef; rk'dwmur|mef;wdkY jzpfNyD;aom wwd,psmef&dSaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\oEmefomvQif
OayumjA[0[
d m& pwkwp smefonf jzpfay:vmEdik \
f / tb,faMumifeh nf;[lrl ow0gynwftmkcH si;f
630
orxur|mef;ydkif; -- jA[0d[m& vuP-&o-ypKy|mef-y'|mef
oabmwlnDrI &dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifhwnf;/ yd,yk*dKvf arwmpsmef ukPmpsmef rk'dwmpsmefwdkYudk

jzpfapvQif ,if;yd,yk*dKvfyif OayumjA[0d[m&psmefudk jzpfapEdkif\/ odkYponfjzifh yd,yk*dKvfcsif;
rZswyk*dKvfcsif; a0&Dyk*dKvfcsif; wlnDMu\/ wpfzef ow0gtm;vHk;wdkY arwm wwd,psmef ukPm
wwd,psmef rk'dwm wwd,psmefudk jzpfapvQif ,if;ow0gtm;vHk;wdkYyif OayumjA[0d[m& pwkw
psmefudk jzpfapEdkif\/ odkYvQif ow0gynwftmkHcsif; wlnDrI &dS\/ (0dok'd-1-287-319 - Munfh/)

1/
2/
3/
4/
[dwmum&y0wdvuPm arwm?
[dwlyoH[m&&om?
tmCmw0de,ypKy|mem?
owmeH remybm0'ey'|mem/
Asmyg'lyoarm {wdm orwd? odae[ora0g 0dywd/ (0dok'd-1-311/)
1/ arwmonf ---- ow0gwdkY\ tusKd;pD;yGm;udk usifhaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh jzpfjcif; vuPm

&dS\/ 0g/ tusKd;pD;yGm;[laom tzdkYtpkudk jzpfapjcif; vuPm &dS\/
2/ ow0gwdkY\ tusKd;pD;yGm;udk uyf aqmifjcif; udp (&o) &dS\/ 0g/ ow0gwdkY\ tusKd;pD;yGm;udk
uyf aqmifjcif;[laom jynfhpHkaom*kPf (orwd&o) &dS\/
3/ &efNidK;udk y,fazsmufwwfaom oabmw&m;[k Iaeaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ Pftm; a&S;I
xifwwf\/ (Oy|memum&ypKy|mef)/ 0g/ &efNidK;aysmufjcif;[laom tusKd;udk jzpfapwwf\/
(zvypKy|mef)/
4/ ow0gwd\
Yk jrwfE;kd zG,&f mudo
k m Ijrifwwfaom a,medaomreodum&vQif eD;pGmaom taMumif;
&dS\/ ow0gwdkYtm; zsufqD;vdkaom ysufpD;apvdkaom Asmyg' = a'go\ 0durey[meftm;jzifh
Nidrf;jcif;onf xdkarwm\ jynfhpHkjcif; rnf\? aumif;pGm udpNyD;jcif; rnf\/ wG,fwmwyfrufjcif;
wPSmodae[\ jzpfjcif;onf xdkarwm\ ysufpD;jcif; rnf\/ (0dok'd-1-311/)
1/
2/
3/
4/
'kumye,emum&y0wdvuPm ukPm?
y&'kumo[e&om?
t0d[d HomypKy|mem?
'kumbdblwmeH temxbm0'ey'|mem/
0d[d Holyoarm wm orwd? aomuora0g 0dywd/ (0dok'd-1-311/)
1/ ukPmonf ---- ow0gwdkY\ qif;&J'kuudk y,f&Sm;vdkaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh jzpfjcif;oabm

vuPm &Sd\/
2/ olwpfyg;wdkY\ qif;&J'kuudk y,f&Sm;vdkonf\ tjzpfjzifh onf;rcHEdkifjcif; udp &dS\/ (udp&o)/
3/ ow0gwdkYudk rnOf;qJjcif;udk jzpfapwwf\/ (zvypKy|mef)/ ow0gwdkYudk nOf;yef;EdSyfpufjcif;
631
0d[d Hom\ qefu

Y sib
f uftjzpfjzifh Iaeaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f Pftm; a&S;Ixifvmwwf\/
(Oy|memum&ypKy|mef)/
4/ qif;&J'u
k j zifh tnO;f yef; tEdyS pf ufcaH eMu&ukeaf om ow0gwd\
Yk ud;k uG,t
f m;xm;&m r&do
S nf\
tjzpfukd Iwwfaom a,medaomreodum&vQif eD;pGmaom taMumif;&d\
S / ow0gwdu
Yk kd nO;f qJaMumif;jzpfaom nOf;qJaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh jzpfaom ukPm\ xdyfwdkuf qefYusifbuf
a'gorl pdwfapwodufw&m;pk\ Nidrf;at;jcif;onf xdkukPm\ jynfhpHkjcif; rnf\? aumif;pGm
udpN y;D jcif; rnf\/ 'kuw
d ow0gwdt
Yk ay: aomujzpfjcif;onf xdu
k kPm\ ysupf ;D jcif; rnf\/
(0dok'd-1-311/)
1/
2/
3/
4/
yarm'evuPm rk'dwm?
tedm,e&om?
t&wd0dCmwypKy|mem?
owmeH orwd'ey'|mem/
t&wd0lyoarm wm orwd? y[moora0g 0dywd/ (0dok'd-1-311/)
1/ rk'dwmonf ---- olwpfyg;wdkY\ pnf;pdrfOpm uHkvHkjynfhpHkonfudk Munf &Tif0rf;ajrmufjcif; oabm

vuPm &dS\/
2/ olwpfyg;wdkY\ pnf;pdrfOpm uHkvHkjynfhpHkonfudk rjiLpljcif; udp&dS\/ 0g/ jiLpljcif;\ qefYusifbuf
jzpf xdkmudk y,fzsufjcif;udp &dS\/
3/ olwpfyg;wdkY\ pnf;pdrfOpmwdkYvnf;aumif; vGefuJjrifhjrwfaom orx 0dyem tpjzmonfh
t"dukov"rwdkYvnf;aumif; rarGUavsmf rESpfoufjcif;udk y,fazsmufwwfaom tjcif;t&m
tm;jzifh Iaeaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f Pftm; a&S;Ixifvmwwf\/ (Oy|memum&ypKy|mef)
wpfenf; ---- olwpfyg;wdkY\ pnf;pdrfOpmwdkYvnf;aumif; vGefuJjrifhjrwfaom orx 0dyem
tpjzmonfh t"dukov"rwdkYvnf;aumif; rarGUavsmf rESpfoufjcif; t&wd\ aysmufNidrf;jcif;udk jzpfapwwf\/ (zvypKy|mefwnf;/)
4/ ow0gwdkY\ pnf;pdrfuHkvHk jynfhpHkonfudk toifhIEdkifaom a,medaomreodum&vQif eD;pGmaom
taMumif;&d\
S / olwpfyg;wd\
Yk pnf;pdrOf pmwdYk vnf;aumif; vGeu
f jJ rifjh rwfonfh orx 0dyem
tpjzmonfh t"dukov"rwdkYvnfaumif; rarGUavsmf rESpfoufEdkifjcif; t&wd\ aysmufNidrf;jcif;onf xdkrk'dwm\ jynfhpHkjcif; rnf\/ 0g/ aumif;pGm udpNyD;jcif; rnf\/ olwpfyg;wdkY\
pnf;pdrfOpmESifh t"dukov"rwdkY umr*kPftdrf rDSjzpfay:vmaom a*[odwyDwdtm;jzifh
Munf &Tif0rf;ajrmufjcif;onf xdkrk'dwm\ ysufpD;jcif; 0dywd rnf\/ (0dok'd-1-311/)
1/ oawok rZswmum&y0wdvuPm Oayum?
2/ oawok orbm0'e&om?
3/ y#dCmEke,0lyorypKy|mem?
4/ ]]urum owm? aw u kp,
d m okcw
d m 0g b0dE?d 'kua wm 0g rkp
d E?d yworwad wm
632
orxur|mef;ydkif; -- jA[0d[m& vuP-&o-ypKy|mef-y'|mef
0g e y&d[m,dED}}wd {0H y0wuruwm'ey'|mem/

y#dCmEke,0lyoarm wm orwd? a*[odwm, tnmPkayum, ora0g 0dywd/
(0dok'd-1-311-312/)
1/ Oayumonf ---- ow0gwdYk tv,ftvwfoabm&daS om tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh jzpfjcif; vuPm
&dS\/
2/ ow0gwdkY O'godeftm;jzifh jzpfjcif;aMumifh nDrQonf\ tjzpfudkom Ijcif;udp &dS\/
3/ ow0gwdkY rkef;jcif; cspfjcif;wdkYudk Nidrf;apjcif;udk jzpfapwwf\/ (zvypKy|mefwnf;/)
4/ ow0gwdkYonf rdrdwdkY jyKxm;tyfaom uHomvQif udk,fydkifOpm &dSMuukef\/ xdkow0gwdkYonf
tb,fo\
l tvdt
k m;jzifh csr;f omygap[k arwmydo
Yk onft
h wdik ;f csr;f omjcif;odYk a&mufuek o
f nf
rlvnf; jzpfukefvwHUenf;/ qif;&J'kurS vGwfygap[k ukPmbm0emudk yGm;onfhtwdkif; qif;&J
'kurSrlvnf; vGwfukefvwHUenf;/ &NyD;pnf;pdrfrS ra&GUavsmygapownf;[k rk'dwmbm0emudk
yGm;onft
h wdik ;f a&muf&t
Sd yfNy;D &&dt
S yfNy;D onfh pnf;pdrrf rS v
l nf; rqkw,
f w
k b
f J &du
S ek v
f wUH enf;/
odaYk om tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh jzpfay:vmaom uHomvQif rdr\
d ud,
k yf ikd Of pm &do
S nf\tjzpfukd
Iwwfaom PfvQif eD;pGmaom taMumif; &dS\/ rkef;jcif; cspfjcif;wdkYudk Nidrf;apjcif;onf =
rke;f jcif; cspjf cif;wd\
Yk Nird ;f jcif;onf xdOk ayumjA[0[
d m&\ jynfph jkH cif; aumif;pGmNy;D pD;jcif; orwd
rnf\/ umr*kPfudk rDSaom Pfuif;aom arm[ESifh,SOfaom Oayum\ jzpfjcif;onf xdk
OayumjA[0d[m&\ ysufpD;jcif; 0dywd rnf\/ (0dok'd-1-311/)
,if;jA[0[
d m&w&m; av;yg;wdYk wnf&aSd om psmefemrfw&m;wdu
Yk kd odr;f qnf;yHu
k kd emrfur|mef;
ydkif; Z,m;rsm;wGif a&;om;wifjycJh\/ arwm[lonf ta'goapwodufyifwnf;/ arwmyxrpsmef
emrfw&m; (34)wnf;/ ukPm ukPmwpfvHk; xyfwdk; ukPmyxrpsmef emrfw&m; (35)wnf;/
rk'dwm rk'dwmwpfvHk; xyfwdk; rk'dwmyxrpsmef emrfw&m; (35)wnf;/ OayumjA[0d[m&\
w&m;udk,frSm wMwrZswwm apwodufyifwnf;/ OayumjA[0d[m&psmef emrfw&m; (31)wnf;/
222
633
Ak'gEkwdur|mef;
aom b*0g wdyd t&[H/
1/ 0goemtaiGU"mwfESifh wuG cyfodrf;OHk ukefatmifpHkaom (1500)udavomwdkYrS ta0;BuD;
a0;uGmawmfrljcif;wnf;[laom taMumif;aMumifh t&[H rnfawmfrlygayaom jrwfpGmbk&m;/
2/ wpfaxmifhig;&m udavom&efolwdkYudk t&[wr*f Pfoefvsufjzifh t<uif;rJh y,fowfjcif;
wnf;[laom taMumif;aMumifh t&[H rnfawmfrlygayaom jrwfpGmbk&m;/
3/ t0dZm-wPSm OD;pD;onfh y#dporkyg'f oHo&mpuf&[wf\ axmuftuefYwdkYudk t&[wr*f
Pfoefvsufjzifh csKd;zJhzsufqD;awmfrljcif;wnf;[laom taMumif;aMumifh t&[H rnfawmfrlygay
aom jrwfpGmbk&m;/
4/ olrwlaom oDv orm"d ynm *kPfouwfaMumifh vlewfjA[m ow0gwdkY\ jrwfaomtvSL
ylaZmftxl;udk cH,lawmfrlxdkufjcif;wnf;[laom taMumif;aMumifh t&[H rnfawmfrlygayaom
jrwfpGmbk&m;/
5/ qdwfuG,f&mt&yf raumif;rI[lorQwdkYudk jyKawmfrrl ajymawmfrrl MuHpnfawmf rrlojzifh
qdwfuG,f&m r&dSjcif;wnf;[laom taMumif;aMumifh t&[H rnfawmfrlygayaom jrwfpGmbk&m;/
t&[H*kPfawmf\ teufig;csufwdkYudk ausyGefpGm &atmif usufyg/ ormorK'paom tjcm;
tjcm;aom *kPfawmfwdkY\ teuft"dyg,fudkvnf; ausyGefpGm &atmif usufyg/ xdk*kPfawmfrsm;xJu
rdrdBudKufESpfouf&m *kPfawmfwpfckudk a&G;cs,f Ak'gEkwdur|mef;udk pwifpD;jzef;&rnf jzpfonf/
yGm;rsm;yHkrSm odkY jzpf\/
a&S;OD;pGm Mo'gwuodkPf; odkYr[kwf tavmuuodkPf; pwkwpsmefudk 0ifpm;yg/ vif;a&mifjcnf
pGrf;tifrsm; tm;aumif;vmaomtcg rdrdzl;jrifaeus kyfyGm;awmf wpfqludk vif;a&mifjcnf\ tul
tnDjzifh vSr;f tmk,
H yl g/ xdk yk yf mG ;awmfukd rsupf jd zifh zl;awGU&ouJo
h Ykd xifxif&mS ;&Sm; jrifawGU&atmif
BudK;pm;yg/ oufawmfxif&Sm; bk&m;udk rzl;awGUvdkuf&ojzifh kyfyGm;awmfrS wpfqifh oufawmfxif&Sm;
bk&m;tmko
H Ykd a&mufatmif Pfukd a&S;Iuyfaqmifv
kd ,ckuo
hJ Ykd tmk,
H cl idk ;f jzpfonf/ kyyf mG ;awmfukd
yuwdrsufpdjzifh zl;awGU&ouJhodkY xifxif&Sm;&Sm; jrifawGU&aomtcg ,if;kyfyGm;awmfudkyif oufawmf
xif&Sm;bk&m;[k trSwfxm;um tmkH,lMunfhyg/ twdwf eD;uyfaom b0wpfcku oufawmfxif&Sm;
bk&m;udk zl;awGUcJh&zl;ygu xdktcgwGif xdkoufawmfxif&Sm;bk&m;\ rdrdzl;awGUcJh&pOfu yHkawmftwdkif;
ay:vmwwfayonf/ ay:vmcJah omf xdyk akH wmfuykd if tmk,
H yl g/ tu,f oufawmfxif&mS ; bk&m;&Si\
f
yHkray:chJaomf rdrdzl;awGUae&aom kyfyGm;awmfudkyif oufawmfxif&Sm;bk&m;[k trSwfxm;yg/ wpfzef
xdkyHkawmfrS *kPfawmfodkY ajymif; tmkH,lyg/ b*0g*kPfawmfwdkYwGif tusKH;0ifaom od&Dbkef;awmfrSm
bk&m;&Sif\ lyum,awmf\ wifhw,fpr,fyHkudk tmkH,l yGm;rsm;&aom Ak'gEkwdur|mef;wnf;/
um; *kPaf wmfuo
kd m yGm;vdo
k jzifh yHak wmfrS wpfqihf *kPaf wmfoYkd ajymif; tmk,
H cl ikd ;f jcif;jzpfonf/
*kPaf wmfrsm;pGmxJu t&[H*P
k af wmf trSwf (4)udk yHpk t
H jzpfxm; Ak'g Ekwdur|mef;udk yGm;rsm;yHu
k kd
wifjyaytHh/
634
orxur|mef;ydkif; -- tokbur|mef;
bk&m;&Sif\ oEmef wnf&dSaom olrwlaom oDv*kPf orm"d*kPf ynm*kPfwdkYaMumifh vlewf

jA[m ow0gwdkY\ jrwfaomtvSL ylaZmftxl;udk cH,lawmfrlxdkufjcif;wnf;[laom *kPfawmfudk tmkH
jyK ---aom b*0g wdyd t&[H [k jzpfap
t&[H t&[H [k jzpfap --yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfyg/ ,if;*kPfawmftay: bm0empdwfudk Nidrf0yfpGm uyfwnfaeatmif BudK;pm;yg/ wpfem&D ESpfem&DcefY *kPfawmftmkH bm0empdwfonf Nidrf0yfpGm uyfwnfaeaomf psmef
t*Fg ig;yg;wdkY xif&Sm;vmrnf jzpfonf/ odkYaomf psmeft*FgwdkYrSm Oypm&psmefrQom jzpfonf/
*kPfawmfwdkY\ eufeJonfhtwGuf tyempsmefodkYum; rqdkufEdkif/ tjcm;*kPfawmfrsm;udkvnf; enf;rDS;
yGm;ygav/
t0dnmPu tokb ur|mef; (10) rsKd;

tokbo'gonf rwifw
h ,f[al om teufukd a[m\? ae&m0,f cEmud,
k Ef iS hf pyf aoonfh
tcg trsKd;rsKd; jzpfay:vmwwfaom tavmif;aumif yHkoPmefj'yfudk tokb[k ac:qdktyf\/ xdk
tokbonf (10)rsKd; &dS\/
1/ O'Krmwu = aoonfrS txuf ESpf&ufoHk;&uf tul; zl;zl;a&mifykyf pufqkyfzG,f&m rom
tavmif;aumif
2/ 0deDvu = tom;rsm;&m eD jynfpk&m jzLojzifh jzLeDoabm a&maESmpyfwGJ ndKrnf;rnf;ykwf pufqkyfzG,f&m romtavmif;aumif
3/ 0dykAu = jynfwpdkpdk aygufuGJ,kdvsuf pufqkyfzG,f&m romtavmif;aumif
4/ 0dpd'u = xufatmuf ESpf&yf rqufpyfatmif ydkif;jzwfxm;aom pufqkyfzG,f&m rom tavmif;aumif
5/ 0dum,dwu = vif;w acG; usD; toD;oD;wdkY enf;rsKd;pHkjym; zHkzHktm;jzifh cJpm;xm;tyfaom
pufqkyfzG,f&m romtavmif;aumif
6/ 0dudwu = vuf ajc acgif;udk zdkz&J xdkxdkMuJatmif ypfvTifhxm;tyfaom pufqkyfzG,f&m
romtavmif;aumif
7/ [w0dudwu = usD;ajcoPmefjzpfatmif "m;jzifh rTef; vufajcpaom udk,ft*FgwdkYudk xdkxdk
t&yfodkY zdkz&JMuJatmif ypfvTifhxm;tyfaom pufqkyfzG,f&m romtavmif;aumif
8/ avm[dwu = aoG;rsm;xGuf,dkvsuf wpfudk,fvHk;ayatmif aoG;jzifh vdrf;usHaeaom pufqkyf
zG,f&m romtavmif;aumif
9/ ykVK0u = ydk;avmufwdkYjzifh jynfhESufaeaom pufqkyfzG,f&m romtavmif;aumif
10/ t|du = tkd;pktqifh wnf&Sdaeaom pufqkyfzG,f&m romtavmif;aumif
635
t0dnmPu tokb = aotokbur|mef;udk yGm;rsm;vdkaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf a&S;OD;pGm

rdrd&&Sdxm;NyD;onfh pwkwpsmeform"dudk wpfzefjyef xlaxmifyg/ vif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tifrsm; tm;aumif;vmaomtcg rdrdjrifzl;xm;onfh &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f taumif;qHk;aom vdifwl tavmif;aumif
wpfcu
k kd vif;a&mifjcnf\ tultnDjzifh vSr;f tmk,
H yl g/ xdt
k avmif;aumiftmku
H kd yuwdziG x
hf m;aom
rsupf jd zifh jrif&ouJo
h Ykd jrifawGU&aomf ,if;tavmif;aumifukd tmkjH yK ykyyf aG eaom tavmif;aumif
yHk bm0empdwfudk uyfxm;vsuf ---]]O'Krmwu y#duLvH O'Krmwu y#duLvH}}
]]zl;zl;a&mif<u ykyfyGvsuf&Sdaom &GHp&mtavmif;aumif}}
]]zl;zl;a&mif<u ykyfyGvsuf&Sdaom &GHp&mtavmif;aumif}}[k Iaeyg/
yuwdaom rsufpdjzifh zGifhMunfhaomtcg tavmif;aumifudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; jrifawGU&ouJhodkY
,ckuJhodkY rsufpdudk rSdwf wpfzef xdktavmif;udk tmkH,l I&m rsufpdjzifh zGifhMunhfouJhodkY yHkpHwl
jrifawGUae&ygu O*[edrdwfodkY qdkufNyD/ xdkO*[edrdwf bm0empdwfudk qifhumqifhum jzpfapaom
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; y#dbm*edrdwfonf jzpfay:vm\/ xdky#dbm*edrdwf bm0empdwfudk qihfum
qifhum jzpfapaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf tyempsmefodkY qdkufa&mufEdkif\/ tyempsmef &yfwnf
0dyemPfudk wdk;yGm;apcJhaomf t&[wzdkvfudk rsufarSmufjyKEdkif\/
O*[edrdwfonf azmufjyefonf tkyfqdk;onf aMumufrufzG,faom tjrif&Sdonfjzpf a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ Pf xifvm\/ y#dbm*edrdwfonfum; tvdk&Sdwdkif;pm; avsmif;puf tdyfaysmf
aeaom qlNzdK;aom t*FgBuD;i,f&Sdaom a,mufsm;uJhodkY a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ Pf xifvm\/
(0dok'd-1-183-184/)
,if;y#dbm*edrdwf tavmif;aumif bm0empdwfudk qifhumqifhum jzpfapaom a,m*g0p&
yk*dKvfonf rMumrDtcsdefumvtwGif;rSmyif tyempsmefodkY qdkufa&mufEdkif\/ yxrpsmefrQomwnf;/
tokbtavmif;aumiftmk\
H ke&Yf if;Murf;wrf;aomaMumifh 0dwuf\ tultnD rygbJ ,if;y#dbm*
edrw
d t
f mkH bm0empdwo
f nf Nird 0f yfpmG uyfrwnfEikd &f um; 'kw,
d psmefpaom txuftxufaom
psmefodkY rwufEdkifNyD/
O'Krmwu tavmif;aumif yxrpsmefoYkd qdu
k af tmif yGm;ouJo
h Ykd <uif;aom tokbtavmif;aumifwdkYvnf; yHkpHwlyif yGm;Edkifonf/ ,ckuJhodkY tokbbm0em\ tIcHtmkHtjzpf ,lvdkufaom
tavmif;aumifrSm tu,f vGefcJhaom wpfESpfcefYavmufu jrifzl;xm;aom tavmif;aumifjzpfrI
xdt
k avmif;aumif\ &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G f taumif;qH;k taetxm; bm0empdwu
f kd Nird 0f yfpmG uyfxm;
tokbbm0emudk yGm;rsm;Edkifonf/ tu,f a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfu xdktavmif;aumif\ rdrdjrifzl;xm;aomtcsdefrS ,cktcsdefodkY wdkifatmifaom tem*wfbufodkY Pfudk apvTwf vGefcJhaom wpfESpfcefYrS ,cktcsdefodkYwdkifatmif wjznf;jznf; Munfhvmygu wpfxdkiftwGif;rSmyif tkd;pkodkYwdkifatmif
tavmif;aumiftmkH\ tqifhqifh ajymif;vJrIudk awGUjrifEdkifayonf/ xdktcg rnfonfhtqifhrSmrqdk
xdktavmif;aumiftmkH bm0empdwfudk Nidrf0yfpGm uyfxm; yxrpsmefodkY qdkufatmif tokb
bm0emudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfEdkifonfom jzpfayonf/
636
orxur|mef;ydkif; -- tokbur|mef;
tm'De0gEkyem
aom rar0 um,H OyoH[&wd ]]t,rd acg uma,m {0H "arm {0H bm0D {0H tewDawm}}wd/ (r-1-73/)
= xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf rdrd\ cEmudk,fudkyifvQif ---- ]] ig\ cEmudk,fonfvnf; odkY
zl;zl;a&mif<u ykyfyGjcif;oabm &Sd\? odkY zl;zl;a&mif<u ykyfyGonfh tavmif;aumif jzpfvdrfhrnf? odkY
zl;zl;a&mif<u ykyfyGonfh tavmif;aumif jzpfjcif;oabmudk rvGefajrmufEdkif}}[k Pfjzifh a&S;I
uyfaqmif\/ (r-1-73/ r[mowdy|meokwef/)
xdkodkY A[d'tavmif;aumif yxrpsmefodkY qdkufatmif odkYr[kwf y#dbm*edrdwfodkY qdkufatmif
yGm;rsm;xm;Ny;D aom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf rdrcd Emtdrf olwpfyg;cEmtdrw
f \
Ykd tjypfukd jrifatmifjI cif;
tm'De0gEkyemodkY ul;vdku ul;Edkifygonf/
xdAk [d't
avmif;aumif\ tokbtjcif;t&mudk tmk,
H
l yxrpsmefoYkd qdu
k af tmif odrYk [kwf
y#dbm*edrw
d o
f Ykd qdu
k af tmif yGm;rsm;Ny;D aomtcg rdr\
d lyum,cEmud,
k o
f Ykd Pfjzifh a&S;Iuyfaqmif
zl;zl;a&mif<u ykyfyGvsuf aoaeaom rdrd\ tavmif;aumifudk jrifatmif Munfhyg/ jrifaomtcg
zl;zl;a&mif<u ykyfyGvsuf&Sdaom rdrd\ tavmif;aumif bm0empdwfudk Nidrf0yfpGmuyfvsuf --- O'Krmwu y#duLv = zl;zl;a&mif<u ykyfyGvsuf&Sdaom &GHp&mtavmif;aumif[k tzefzefIyg/ y#dbm*
edrdwfodkY qdkufEdkif\? Oypm&orm"dodkY qdkufEdkif\/ 0deDvupaom <uif;aom tokbtavmif;aumif
wdkYvnf; enf;wlyif Iyg/
,xm 'H wxm {wH? ,xm {wH wxm 'H/ tZsw A[d'g p? uma, qEH 0d&mZa,/
(0dZ,okwef/)
ouf&Sd o0dnmPu tokbaumifonf kyfZD0dw urZawaZm pdwf0dnmPfwnf;[laom
oH;k yg;aom w&m;wd\
Yk ruif;ao;jcif;aMumifh oGm;-&yf-xdik -f avsmif;ouJo
h Ykd xdt
k wl okomef wnf&-dS
aom A[d' tokbtavmif;aumifonfvnf; raorD a&S;tcgu xdkw&m;oHk;rsKd;wdkY\ ruif;ao;
jcif;aMumihf oGm;-&yf-xdkif-avsmif;jcif; oabm&Sdonf jzpfcJhavNyD/
,ckaoaeaom oufrJhjzpfonfh xdkt0dnmPu oufrJhtavmif;aumifonf xdkw&m;oHk;rsKd;
wd\
Yk csKypf u
J if;jywfjcif;aMumifh oGm;&yfxikd af vsmif;jcif; oabm r&So
d uJo
h Ykd xdt
Yk wl ouf&dS o0dnmPu tokbaumifonfvnf; xdkw&m;oHk;rsKd;wdkY\ csKyfpJuif;jywfjcif;aMumifh oGm;&yfxdkifavsmif;jcif;
oabm r&Sdonf jzpfaywHU/ odkY usifhvsuf a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmfonf tZsw udk,fum,vnf;aumif; A[d' udk,fum,vnf;aumif; wG,fwmNiduyf wyfrufjcif; qE&m*udk uif;jywf kyfodrf;
csKyfNidrf;ap&m\/ (0dZ,okwef/ ck-1-307-308/)
TefMum;csufrsm;ESifhtnD tZsw A[d' ESpfrsKd;vHk; txufygtwdkif; tokbbm0emudk yGm;rsm;Edkifaom olawmfaumif;onf rdrd olwpfyg; ESpfOD;om;wdkY\ cEmtdrf tjypfudk Ijrifwwfaom
tm'De0gEkyemtaejzifh tokbbm0emudk qufvufyGm;rsm;Edkifonf/
637
A[d' oufrhJ tokbtavmif;aumif y#dbm*edrw

d o
f Ykd qdu
k o
f nfwikd af tmif tokbbm0emudk
yGm;rsm;xm;Ny;D aom a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmfonf tjcm;tjcm;aom rdrd &m*jzpfaeus vdiw
f l vdirf wlaom ouf&Sdow0gwdkYudk tmkH,l xdkyk*dKvfwdkY\ wpfaeYwGif zl;zl;a&mif<u ykyfyGaeonfh tokb
tavmif;aumif jzpfrnfhoabmudk Pfjzifh a&S;Iuyfaqmif Munfhyg/ a&S;a&S;bm0emwdkY\ tm;BuD;aomrSD&m Oyed,owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;rI t&Sdeft0gaMumifh rMumrD tcsdefumvtwGif;rSmyif
,if;O'Krmwu tokbtjcif;t&monf a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f Pf0 xifvmrnf jzpfygonf/ xdt
k cg
]]O'Krmwu y#duLv = zl;zl;a&mif<u ykyfyGaeonfh &GHp&mtavmif;aumif}}[k Budrfzefrsm;pGm Iyg/
Oypm&orm"dodkY qdkufEdkif\/ <uif;tokb tavmif;aumifwdkYvnf; enf;wl Iyg/ tZsw A[d'
wpfvn
S phf D Iyg/ A[d' vnf; wpfa,mufNy;D wpfa,muf ajymif;Iyg/ Iuu
G rf sK;d udyk if &nf&,
G af wmfr
l
bk&m;&Sifonf r[mowdy|meokwef atmufygtwdkif; a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/
wd tZswH 0g uma, um,mEkyD 0d[&wd? A[d'g 0g uma, um,mEkyD 0d[&wd?
tZswA[d'g 0g uma, um,mEkyD 0d[&wd/ (r-1-73/)
'DCbmPur[moD0awa&m ye ]]e0od0xdum tm'De0gEkyem0aoe 0kwm}}wd tm[/
(r-|-1-305/)
tZswum,vnf; O'Krmwu tokbtjcif;t&mudk Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum Ivsuf
aeyg/ A[d'um,vnf; O'Krmwu tokbtjcif;t&mudk Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum Ivsuf
aeyg/ tZsw A[d' um,ESpfrsKd;vHk;vnf; O'Krmwu tokbtjcif;t&mukd Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfum
xyfum Ivsuf aeyg/ (r-1-73/)
TeMf um;csurf mS rdrd olwpfyg; ESpOf ;D om;wd\
Yk cEmtdrf tjypfukd jrifatmifw
I wfaom tm'De0gEkyem taejzifh a[mMum;awmfrljcif; jzpfaMumif;udk r[moD0rax&fjrwfBuD;u rdefYqdkxm;awmf
rl\/ (r-|-1-305/)
tokbbm0emum; &m*udk wdkufzsuf&m taumif;qHk;aom vufeufwpfckyif jzpf\/
bm0emaMumifh rpifbifusKH;orm;b0rS vGwfajrmufEdkif\? tdkab;qdk;BuD;rS vGwfajrmufEdkif\? emab;
qdk;BuD;rS vGwfajrmufEdkif\? aoab;qdk;BuD;rS vGwfajrmufEdkif\/ toifolawmfaumif;\ pdwf ,if;
'kuwdkYrS xkwfaqmifu,fwifEdkifaom pGrf;tifrsm;&SdMu\/ xdkpGrf;tifrsm;udk t&m toHk;jyKygavmh/
wpfckaom b0 tusKH;0ifaom ZD0dwdaÈ = touf\ jywfpJjcif;onf r&P rnf\/ ,if;
ZD0w
d ad Èt
ouf\ jywfpjJ cif;[k qdt
k yfaom aojcif;r&Pudk tzefzeftrSw&f jcif; tzefzefjI cif;onf
r&Pwd = r&PmEkwdur|mef; rnf\/
ww ww [wrwoaw MoavmauwGm 'd|ykAorwDeH owmeH rwmeH r&PH tm0aZwGm
owd oHa0* P a,maZwGm ]]r&PH b0dwD}}wdtm'dem ea,e reoduma&m y0awwaAm/
(0dok'd-1-223/)
638
orxur|mef;ydkif; -- r&PmEkwdur|mef;
xdkxdkt&yf towfcH&aom ow0g "rwmtavsmuf aoaom ow0gwdkYudk Munfh jrifvdkufzl;aom pnf;pdrf&Sdukefaom aoukefaom ow0gwdkY\ aojcif;udk qifjcif owdudkvnf;aumif;
oHa0*udkvnf;aumif; Pfudkvnf;aumif; ,SOfap jzpfap aojcif;r&Ponf ightm; jzpfvwHU[k
odpYk aomenf;jzifh ESv;kH oGi;f jcif; reodum&udk jzpfaptyf\/ odYk jzpfapaomolonf a,medaom
reodum&tm;jzifh jzpfaponf rnf\? vrf;kd;vrf;rSef oifhaom taMumif;tm;jzifh r&PmEkwdudk
jzpfaponf rnf\/ (0dok'd-1-223/)
txufyg t|uxm\ TeMf um;csuEf iS t
hf nD r&Pwd = r&PmEkwdur|mef;udk pD;jzef;
vdkaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf a&S;OD;pGm rdrd&&Sdxm;NyD;aom pwkwpsmeform"dudk wpfzefjyef xlaxmifyg/ vif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tifrsm;onf txl;tm;aumif;vmaomtcg NydK;NydK;jyufjyuf wvufvuf
awmufyvmaomtcg xdv
k if;a&mifjcnf\ tultnDjzifh rdrjd rifz;l aom vdiw
f l tokbtavmif;aumif
udk jyefvnf tmkH,lyg/ xdktokbtavmif;aumif\ &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulvoabmudk tmkH
,l yxrpsmeform"dodkY qdkufatmif tokbbm0emudk yGm;vdku qufvufyGm;yg/ xdkaemif rdrd\
ZD0dwdaÈjywfpJum aoaeaomyHkudk Pfjzifh uyfaqmif Munfhyg/ rdrdaoaeaomyHkudk awGUjrifygu
ZD0dwdaÈ\ jywfpJrIoabmudk wpfzefjyef tmkH,lyg/ xdkZD0dwdaÈ\ jywfpJrI oabmudk jrifaom
tcg ---1/ r&PH b0dwd = aojcif;w&m;onf rcRwfjzpfvwHU[kvnf;aumif;
2/ ZD0dwdÈd,H OypdZdwd = ZD0dwdaÈonf jywfpJvwHU[kvnf;aumif;
3/ r&PH r&PH = aojcif;oabm aojcif;oabm[kvnf;aumif; --vrf;dk;vrf;rSef enf;rSefvrf;rSef oifhaom taMumif;tm;jzifh ESvHk;oGif;jcif; a,medaomreodum&udk jzpfapyg/ r&PH r&PH[k Budrfzefrsm;pGm ESvHk;oGif;yg/ odkYaom a,medaomreodum&udk
jzpfaponfomvQif jzpfaom aÈxufjrufol Pfxufjrufol tcsKdUaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm;
rMumrD tcsdefumvtwGif;rSmyif eD0&Pw&m;wdkYonf uGmusoGm;Muukef\/ aojcif; = r&PvQif
wnf&mtmkH&Sdaom owdonf aumif;pGmwnfvm\/ Oypm&orm"dodkY qdkufa&mufonfomvQif jzpfaom r&PmEkwdur|mef;onf jzpfay:vm\/ xdZk 0D w
d ad Èt
ouf\ jywfprJ I r&Poabmudk tmkH
,l r&PH r&PH [k Budrfzefrsm;pGm ESvHk;oGif;aeaom xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ r&Pwdbm0em
pdwfonf wpfem&D ESpfem&Dponfjzifh xdkr&PtmkH uyf wnfaeaomf psmeft*Fgrsm;udk qifjcif
Munfhvdkufu psmeft*Fg ig;yg;wdkYonf xif&Sm;aernf jzpf\/ odkYaomf Oypm&psmefrQom jzpf\/ ZD0dwdaÈum; y&rw"robm0 jzpf\/ ,if; y&rw"robm0\ jywfpJrIudk Pfjzifh uyfaqmif MunfhI
&ojzifh ,if;y&rwfw&m;\ eufe&J um; Oypm&orm"drQoo
Ykd m qdu
k af &mufEikd \
f ? tyempsmeform"doYkd
rqdkufa&mufEdkif/
1/ r&PH ar "k0H = ig\ aojcif;w&m;onf jrJ\ [kvnf;aumif;
2/ ZD0dwH ar t"k0H = ig\ touf&Sifjcif;onf rjrJ [kvnf;aumif;
3/ r&Py&da,momeH ar ZD0dwH = ig\ touf&Sifjcif;onf aojcif;vQif tqHk;tydkif;tjcm; &dS\
[kvnf;aumif; --639
odkYvnf; ESvHk;oGif;Edkifonfom jzpfonf/ rdrdBudKufESpfouf&m ESvHk;oGif;enf; wpfckckudk a&G;cs,f ESvHk;oGif;yg/ tu,f txufygtwdkif; ESvHk;oGif;aomtcg atmifjrifrIr& jzpfaeygu rdrd
&&dSxm;NyD;onfh pwkwpsmeform"dudkyif wpfzefjyef xlaxmifyg/ xdkpwkwpsmeform"dESifh ,SOfaom
PfaMumifh vif;a&mifjcnfrsm; NydK;NydK;jyufjyuf wvufvuf awmufyvmaomtcg A[d' tokb
tavmif;aumifudk wpfzefjyef tmkH,lyg/ xdkaemif rdrd\ b0aornfh tem*wfbufodkY Pfudk
apvTw
f Pfjzifu
h yfaqmif wjznf;jznf; vSr;f Munfyh g/ xdt
k cg rdrad oonfh yHu
k kd awGU&dES ikd yf gonf/
awGU&dSaomf ZD0dwdaÈ\ jywfpJrIoabmudk tmkH,l txufygtwdkif; qufvufyGm;rsm;yg/ Oypm&
orm"dodkY wdkifatmifaom atmifjrifrIudk &&dSEdkifayonf/
atmifjrifrI & &dSaeaom usifhpOf

tmemyge pwkwpsmeform"dudkjzpfap Mo'gwuodkPf; pwkwpsmeform"dudkjzpfap tmavmu
uodP
k ;f pwkwp smeform"dujkd zpfap tajccH ,if;pwkwp smeform"dEiS hf ,SOaf om PfaMumifh jzpfay:
vmaom NydK;NydK;jyufjyuf wvufvuf awmufyaeaom vif;a&mifjcnf\ tultnDudk,l txufwGif a&;om;wifjycJo
h nft
h wdik ;f arwmur|mef; Ak'g Ekwdur|mef; tokbur|mef; r&PmEkwd
ur|mef;wnf;[laom pwk&m&uur|mef;rsm;udk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfygu a,m*Dtrsm;pk atmifjrifrI
rsm;pGm &&dSonfudk awGU&dS&ay\/ pwk&m&uur|mef;wdkYudk 0dyemodkY rul;rD kyfur|mef; emrf
ur|mef;wdkYudk rBudK;pm;&ao;rD BudKwif tm;xkwfxm;oifhay\/
tu,f toifolawmfaumif;onf 0dyemodkY rul;rD uodkPf;q,fyg; ormywf&Spfyg;
jA[0d[m& ac: jA[pdk&fw&m;av;yg; Ak'gEkwdur|mef; tokbur|mef; r&PmEkwdur|mef;
wdu
Yk kd t0g;0pGm avhvmxm;Ny;D jzpfygu yd
k yd
k aumif;onfom jzpf\? wdik ;f xuftvGef wHceG Ef iS b
hf &k m;
jzpfacsonf/ ,if;ur|mef;toD;toD; wnf&dSaom emrfw&m;wdkYudk emrfur|mef;ydkif;wGif Z,m;rsm;jzifh a&;om;wifjyxm;cJ\
h / enf;rD
S odr;f qnf;yg/ ,if;emrfw&m;wdu
Yk kd vuP &o ypKy|mef y'|mef
enf;tm;jzifh odrf;qnf;yg/ ae0onmemonm,wepsmefrSwpfyg; orxur|mef;ydkif; a&;om;
wifjyxm;aom ur|mef;tm;vH;k wdYk psme"rwu
Ykd kd vuP &o paomtm;jzifh odr;f qnf;yg/ odr;f qnf;
NyD;vwfaomf psme"rtrnf&aom ,if;psmefemrfw&m;wdkYudk e,0dyem[k ac:qdktyfaom uvmy
oroe enf;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; tEky'"r0dyemtm;jzifhvnf;aumif; vuPm,mOf wifum
0dyem IyGm;oHk;oyfyg/
uvmyoroe ---- yx0DuodkPf; yxrpsmefudk 0ifpm;yg/ ,if; yxrpsmeformywf twGif;
wnf&dSaom raem'Gg&m0Zef; emrfw&m; (12)vHk; aZmtoD;toD; emrfw&m; (34)vHk;pD --
emrfw&m;wdkYudk aygif;pkjcHKiHk vuPm,mOfoHk;csufudk wpfvSnfhpD wif wGifwGifBuD; 0dyemIyg/
A[d' vnf; enf;wlyI g/ 'kw,
d psmefponfwYkd vnf;aumif; <uif;useaf om uokP
d ;f wdYk vnf;aumif;
<uif;usefaom ur|mef;wdkYvnf;aumif; Oypm& psme"r tyempsme"rwdkYudk enf;wl Iyg/
tEky'"r 0dyem ---- yx0DuodkPf; yxrpsmefudk 0ifpm;yg/ ,if;yxrpsmef ormywf
twGif; wnf&dSaom raem'Gg&m0Zef; (12)rsKd;aom emrfw&m; aZm toD;toD; (34)rsKd;aom
640
orxur|mef;ydkif; -- atmifjrifrI &&dSaeaom usifhpOf
emrfw&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf; ,if;emrfw&m;wdkYrS todpdwfudk a&G;xkwf vuPm,mOf oHk;wef wpfvSnphf D wif 0dyem Iyg/ zudk a&G;xkw
f vuPm,mOfo;kH wef wpfvn
S phf D wif 0dyemIyg/
odkYponftm;jzifh psmeformywftwGif; wnf&dSaom emrfw&m;wdkYudk wpfvHk;pD wpfvHk;pD a&G;xkwf
vuPm,mOfoHk;csuf wif 0dyemIyg/ orxur|mef;ydkif;wGif a&;om;wifjyxm;aom <uif;usefaom ur|mef;wdkYvnf; Oypm&psme"r tyempsme"r emrfw&m;wdkYudk yHkpHwlyif Iyg/
ae0onmemonm,wepsmefemrfw&m;wdkYudkum; e,0dyemac:aom uvmyoroeenf;
tm;jzifhom aygif;pkjcHKikH 0dyemIyg/ om0uwdkYonf ,if;ae0onmemonm,wepsme"rwdkYudk
wpfv;kH pD wpfv;kH pD tEky'"r 0dyemenf;tm;jzifh 0dyem rIEikd /f orxur|mef;ydik ;f razmfjy
xm;aom <uif;usefaom orxur|mef;wdkYudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfvdkygu 0dok'dr*t|uxm TefMum;
xm;onfhtwdkif; enf;rDS tm;xkwfygav/
a&S;0dyemydkif; a&;om;wifjycJhonfhtwdkif; twdwf tem*wf ypKyef[laom umvoHk;yg;
tZsw A[d'[
al om oEmefEpS yf g;twGi;f wnf&aSd om wpfenf; (31)bHt
k wGi;f wnf&aSd om taMumif;
w&m;ESifh wuGaom kyfemrf"r ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk vuPma&;oHk;wef wifum wGifwGifBuD; 0dyem
Ixm;NyD;jzpfaom toifolawmfaumif;onf tydkif;wGif azmfjyxm;aom psme"rtrnf&aom
emrfw&m;wdkYudkvnf; uvmyoroeenf; tEky'"r0dyemenf;[laom 0dyemIenf;wdkYjzifh 0dyem IymG ;oH;k oyfcahJ omf yg&rDtm;avsmpf mG t&d,r*fPf zdv
k
f Pf edAm efoYkd qdu
k af &mufEikd rf nfom
jzpfayonf/ tNidrf;BuD;Nidrf; tat;BuD;at;awmfrlonfh r[mtocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAmef
w&m;awmfjrwfBuD;udk t&d,r*fPf zdkvfPfjzifh {uef rsufarSmufjyKEdkifrnfom jzpfayownf;/ xdk
tcgwGif zvormywfudk tBudrfBudrf 0ifpm;vsuf atmufyg OyormEkwdur|mef;jrwfudk pD;jzef;
Munfyh g/ rsuaf rSmufb0yif csr;f ompGm aexdik &f onfh 'd|"rock 0d[m& csr;f omxl; csr;f omjrwfBu;D udk
toifolawmfaumif;udk,fwdkif cHpm;& cHpm;Edkifayvdrfhrnf/
22222222
641
OyormEkwdur|mef;
q tEkwda,m 0d, p t,rd t&d,om0ua0 Zswd? {0H oaEyd Oyor*kaue
ykxkZaeemyd reod umwAm/ okw0aoemyd [d Oyoar pdwH yoD'wd/ (0dok'd-1-286/)
Ak'gEkwd "rmEkwd oHCmEkwd oDvmEkwd pm*gEkwd a'0wmEkwd[laom
tEkwd (6)yg;wdkYonf t&d,om0uwdkYtm;omvQif jynfhpHkEdkifMuukefouJhodkY - tvm;wlyif
OyormEkwdonfvnf; t&d,om0utm;omvQif jynfhpHkEdkif\/ odkY t&d,yk*dKvftm;omvQif
jynfhpHkEdkifonf rSefaomfvnf; edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfBuD;udk tav;tjrwfjyKavh&dSaom edAmefodkY Gwfudkif;Idif;aom pdwf"mwf&dSaom ykxkZefonfvnf; tNidrf;"mwf edAmef\ Oyor*kPfwdkYudk ESvHk;oGif;
Edkifyg\/ rSefayonf ---- Mum;emzl;onf\ tpGrf;jzifhvnf; Oyor edAmefw&m;awmfjrwf pdwfonf
MunfvifonfomvQif jzpfay\/ (0dok'd-1-286/)
,m0wm bdua0 "rm ocFwm 0g tocFwm 0g 0d&ma*g awoH "rmeH t*rum,wd? ,'d'H
r'edr'aem ydygo0dea,m tmv,ork*gawm 0Kyapa'g wPSmua,m 0d&ma*g eda&ma"m edAmeH/
(tH-1-343/ ck-1-254/)
&[ef;wdYk ...tMuifa&GUavmufuek af om taMumif;w&m;wdo
Yk nf aygif;pkjyKjyiftyfonfvnf;
jzpfuek af om ocFww&m;wdo
Yk nfvnf;aumif; taMumif;w&m;wdo
Yk nf aygif;pk rjyKjyiftyfonfvnf;
jzpfuek af om tocFww&m;wdo
Yk nfvnf;aumif; &dMS uuke\
f / xdo
k cFw tocFw w&m;wdw
Yk iG f &m*ESihf
wuGaom oHudavo"rwdkY\ ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ uif;jywf&m ysufjy,f&mjzpfaom tocFw"mwf
edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfudk tjrwfqHk;[l qdktyf\/
1/ r'edr' e = rmetp&daS om ,pfapwwfaom w&m;wd\
Yk ,pfapwwfonfh owu
d if;&m jzpfaom
edAmef
2/ ydygo0de, = umrwdkYudk rGwfodyfqmavmifaom wPSm\ uif;aysmuf&mjzpfaom edAmef
3/ tmv,ork*gw = NidwG,fp&m umr*kPfig;yg;wdkYudk t<uif;rJh jzwf&mjzpfaom edAmef
4/ 0Kyap' = 0#foHk;yg;\ jywf&mjzpfaom edAmef
5/ wPSmu, = wPSm\ ukef&mjzpfaom edAmef
6/ wPSm0d&m* = wPSm\ ysufjy,f&m uif;&mjzpfaom edAmef
7/ wPSmeda&m" = wPSm\ csKyf&mjzpfaom edAmef
8/ edAme = 0ge[k qdktyfaom wPSmrS xGufajrmuf&mjzpfaom edAmef -- edAm efw&m;awmfjrwfonf tocFw w&m;wnf;? ocFw tocFw w&m;wdw
Yk iG f ,if;tocFw
w&m;onf tomqHk; tjrwfqHk; w&m;wnf;/ (tH-1-343/ ck-1-254/)
edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfonf rnfonfh taMumif;wpfpHkwpf&maMumifhrQ rjzpf/ wpfpHkwpfckaom
taMumif;w&m;u jyKjyifay; jzpfay:vm&aom w&m;vnf; r[kw?f rnfonfh taMumif;wpfpw
kH pf&mrQ
rjyKjyif&bJ edpxm0& tjrJwnf&dSaeaom w&m;jzpf\/ xdkaMumifh tocFw trnf&\/ xdktocFw\
642
orxur|mef;ydkif; -- OyormEkwdur|mef;
*kPfyk'fwdkYudk txufwGif &SpfrsKd;wifjyxm;\/ edAmefw&m;awmfjrwf\ tjcm;tjcm;aom *kPfyk'fawGvnf; rsm;pGmyif&\

Sd / ,if;*kPyf 'k w
f rYkd S rdrBd uKd uEf pS o
f uf&m *kPyf 'k w
f pfcck u
k kd tmk,
H
l OyormEkwd
ur|mef;udk pD;jzef;yg/ pD;jzef;yHk tpDtpOfrSm odkY jzpf\/
a&S;OD;pGm orm"dukd tqifhqifhxlaxmif zvormywfodkY Gwfudkif;dIif;aom pdwf"mwfjzifh rdrd
BudKufESpfouf&m ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk vuPm,mOf wifum 0dyemIyg/ a&S;,cifu edAmefudk t&d,
r*fPf zdkvfPfwdkYjzifh rsufarSmufjyKxm;NyD;ol olawmfaumif;wpfOD;tzdkY rMumrD tcsdefumv
twGif;rSmyif xdkolawmfaumif;\ t&d,zdkvfPfu edAmefudk tmkHjyKaernfjzpf\/ zvormywfudk
tBudrfrsm;pGm 0ifpm;xm;NyD;aom edAmefudk tmkHjyK wpfem&D ESpfem&Dponfh tcsdefMumatmif zv
ormywfudk EdkifEdkifeif;eif; 0ifpm;avh&dSaom olawmfaumif; jzpfygrl tcsdefwGif vG,fvG,fululyif
edAmefudk tmkHjyKvsuf zvormywfudk 0ifpm;aernf jzpfonf/ xdk zvormywfrSx xdkedAmefudk
wpfzefjyef tmkHjyK ---- xdkedAmef wPSmr&dSrIudk tmkHjyK ---edAmeH edAmeH [k Iaeyg/
xdkedAmeftmkH bm0empdwfonf wpfem&D ESpfem&Dponfjzifh Nidrf0yfpGm uyf wnfaeatmif
BudK;pm;yg/ wpfem&D ESpfem&DcefY Nidrf0yfpGm uyfwnfaeygu eD0&Prsm; uGmvsuf Oypm&orm"dodkY
qdkufavNyD/ psmeft*Fg ig;yg;wdkYvnf; xif&Sm;vmayvwHU/
Oyor trnf&aom edAmefw&m;awmfjrwf\ *kPfawmfwdkY\ tvGefeufeJonf\ tjzpfaMumifh
vnf;aumif; txl;txl; tjym;jym; rsm;vSpmG aom edAm efw&m;awmfjrwf\ *kPaf wmfwu
Ykd kd atmufarh
jcif;jzifh edAm eftmkH pkypf yk ef pfepf ouf0ifq;kH jzwf av;jrwf,MkH unfonf\ tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif;
tyempsmefodkY ra&mufrl Oypm&odkYomvQif a&mufaom Oypm&psmefonf jzpfay:vm\/ xdkOypm&
psmefonf tNidrf;"mwf edAmefw&m;awmfjrwf\ wPSmpaom udavom tylrD;wdkYrS Nidrf;at;rI Oyor
*kPfudk tzefzef atmufarhonf\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfay:vmaomaMumifh OyormEkwd [lomvQif
ac:a0:jcif;odkY a&muf&dSay\/ (0dok'd-1-285-286/)
tjcm;tjcm;aom edAmef\ *kPfyk'fwdkYudk tmkH,lvnf; yHkpHwlyif IEdkifayonf/
OyormEkwdudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf csrf;ompGm tdyfpuf&\/
csrf;ompGm tdyf&mrS Edk;&\? Nidrfoufaom aÈ&dS\? Nidrfoufaom pdwfxm;&dS\? &SufrIaMumufrI
[d&dMowyw&m;ESifh jynfhpHk\? MunfndKzG,f&dS\? edAmeftmkH pkyfpkyfepfepf pGJpGJjrJjrJ ouf0ifqHk;jzwf
av;jrwf,HkMunfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh rGefjrwfaom ESvHk;oGif;"mwfcH&dS\? oDwif;oHk;azmfwdkYu tav;
*kjyKtyf\? oDwif;oHk;azmfwdkY\ pdwfESvHk; ukodkvfw&m;udkvnf; wdk;yGm;apwwf\? txuftxuf
jzpfaom t&d,r*fzdkvf w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfudk xdk;xGif;rodEdkifaomf rxdk;xGif;Edkifaomf ok*wdbHkb0
vQif vnf;avsmif;&m &dS\/ (0dok'd-1-286/)
xdkodkY rsm;pGmaom tusKd;&dSonf\ tjzpfaMumifh ypKyef oHo&m ESpfjzmaom tusKd;pD;yGm;
axmufawG;qifjcif ajrmfjrifwwfaom ynm&dSolawmfaumif;onf odkY BuD;rm;rsm;jym;aom tusKd;
tmedoif&dSaom jzLpifjrifhjrwfonfh t&d,molawmfaumif;wdkY\ jzLpifjrifhjrwfaom Oyortrnf&aom
643
ylyefcyfodrf; Nidrf;at;&m edAmefw&m;awmfjrwf tzefzef atmufarhjcif; OyormEkwdudk pifppf

rarhravsmh rayghrqonfh tyrm'w&m; vufudkifxm;vsuf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfav&m\/
(0dok'd-1-286/)
t&d,molawmfaumif;wdkYonf zvormywfudk 0ifpm;awmfrlMuukefvsuf ylyefcyfodrf;rS tNidrf;
BuD;Nidrf;&m tat;BuD;at;&m jzpfaom edAmefw&m;awmfjrwf\ oEdokc tNidrf;"mwf t&omxl;BuD;udk
oHk;aqmifcHpm;awmfrlMuukef\/ wpfzef xdkylyefcyfodrf;rS tNidrf;BuD;Nidrf;&m tat;BuD;at;&m jzpfaom
edAm efw&m;awmfjrwfBu;D \ ylyefcyford ;f rS tNird ;f Bu;D Nird ;f tat;Bu;D at;onf Oyor*kPu
f kd tmkjH yK
tNidrf;BuD;Nidrf; tat;BuD;at;onfh csrf;omokcxl;BuD;udk OyormEkwdur|mef;bm0emjzifh xyfrH
cHpm;awmfrlMujyefukef\/ Nidrf;&m Nidrf;oxuf Nidrf;onfh at;&m at;oxuf at;onfh csrf;om
okcxl;BuD;udk tESpfom& bmrQ&Smr&aom cEmudk,ftwGif;rS orx 0dyem bm0em[laom tESpf
udk xkwf,lvsuf oEdokc Oyorokc t&omxl;BuD;udk oHk;aqmifcHpm;oGm;awmfrlMujcif; jzpf\/
toifolawmfaumif;onfvnf; bk&m;tp&dSaom t&d,molawmfaumif;BuD;wdkY\xHk;udk ESvHk;
rl tESpfom& bmrQ&Smr&aom toifolawmfaumif;\ cEmudk,ftwGif;rS orx0dyem[laom
bm0emtESpfwdkYudk xkwf,lvsuf ylyefcyfodrf;rS tNidrf;BuD;Nidrf; tat;BuD;at;onfh edAmefw&m;awmf
jrwfBuD;\ oEdokctNidrf;"mwf t&omBuD;udk zvormywfudk 0ifpm;vsuf oHk;aqmifcHpm;Edkifygap
ownf;/ xdkoEdokcedAmefw&m;awmfjrwfBuD;\ ylyefcyfodrf;rS Nidrf;at;onfh Oyor*kPfudk tmkH,l
OyormEkwd bm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;vsuf Nidrf;oxufNidrf; at;oxufat;onfh Oyorokc
xl;BuD;udkvnf; oHk;aqmifcHpm;Edkifygapownf;/
orxur|mef;ydkif; NyD;\/
edAme*grdedy#dy'g - yrwGJ NyD;\/
omoemawmfou&mZf -2538 - ck?

aumZmou&mZf - 1356 - ck?
jymodkvqef; (7) &uf?
paeaeY - nae (4) em&D - NyD;qHk;onf/
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
pdwvawmifausmif;
zm;atmufawm&
22222
644
tu&mpOf
pmrsufESm
tu&mpOf
pmrsufESm
90
twmPawm
twdyd,o[m,u
618
twd[&P
137
twdwf tem*wf ypKyef
58
twdwf tem*wf ypKyef umvoHk;yg;
0dyemIyHk
22
txl;owdjyK&eftcsuf
22, 580
453
t'gypKyef
101
t'K0awm
78
t"d|m,utw
16
t"dynm"r0dyem
165, 517
t"dyaw,s|
509
t"dyg,f,lqykH
175
t"darmu = o'g"darmu
259
tew tjcif;t&m
134
tewawm
97
112
tewvuPokwefa'oemawmf
jrefrmjyef
114
tewvuPm
15
tewvuPm (5) csuf
96
tew[k IykH
346
tewm tom&ua|e
49
tewmEkyemPf
516
377
tEum&
401
teEtmumo
602
temo0a0'em
39
tedptjcif;t&m
131
tedpawm
77
tusKd;tmedoif (8)yg;jzifh jcH&Htyfaom

308
b*FgEkyemPf
295, 266, 541
tusKH;0ifEdkifykH
44
7
tcuftcJwpf&yf
68
tcsif;csif; axmufq axmufq
MoVm&du okckr ,lykH
40
tcsKdUaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfrsm;
jzpfwwfyHk
587
tcsKyfrSwfom;&ef
285
tCawm
85
tCrlvawm
92
tapmifhav;yg; ur|mef;
543
tqifhqifh omvGefjrifhjrwfyHk
614
tZw'kuokwef
10
tZwmewokwef
10
tZwmedpokwef
10
tZswH lyonD - [k a[mawmfrljcif; 570
t| tmum& = t|aum#du354
oknwmEkyem
73
234
t|uxmq&mawmfwdkY
ESpfoufawmfrlaom 0g&
416, 419
t|omvdeD t|uxm\ oHk;oyfcsuf 415
t|du
635
tw
49
tw twed, oknw
352
twr,wm
437
645
tedpvuPmu p IyHk
13
tedpvuPm (10)csuf
76
tedpokwef
129
tedp[k IyHk
344
374
tedpmEkyemPf
516
tedpmEkyem y&d,m,f
51
tedpmEkyD
322, 326
tedpH
51
tedÈd,A'
143
tedrdwmEkyem
161, 517
tEky'"r0yd em
110, 457
tEkyg'dEu yu
59
tEkyg'dEu 0k|me = tEkyg'dEu
cEmtpOfrS xyHk
448
tEkyg'eda&m"
196
tEkavmry#dporkyg'f
239
tEkavmrdumcEd
129, 130
tEkvHk
434
tEkvHk a*gMwbk a0g'gef
442
taem"daomz&Pm arwm
623
297
tESpfwpf&m[lonf
135
tyPd[dw trnf&yHk
381
tyPd[dwmEkyem
161, 164, 517
tyemur|mef;
544
tyrnmw&m; (4) yg;
3
tyd pyk*dKvf
D, K
tyd,yk*v
616
ty&dZmeeokwef
106
tjzpfoufouf Ienf;
197
tA Kw"r
427
391
tbdyarm',H pdwH
316
tbdbm,wepsmef
562
trw|
507
trw&oH um,*wmowd abmZeH

402
trSwf (1) yk*dKvf
566
568
61
193
384
t&d,r*fcP aAm"dyud,w&m;
(37) yg; jzpfyHk
479
t&d,r*fPf\trnfrsm; &&SdyHk
422
t&d,r*fw&m;u y,f&Sm;onfhudavom 490
t&d,r*f [kwfonf r[kwfonfukd
ykdif;jcm;rSwfom;jcif;
263
tlyedAwdyemum&
106
tlyowu 0dyem Ienf;
144
tly edAwd
108
362, 426
tdk;pkur|mef;
557
560
t&SiftZdrax&f
120
121
t&SifykP
121
t&Sifr[marm*vmefrax&fjrwfBuD;
119
120
t&SnfwnfwHh&ef taMumif; oHk;rsKd;
531
tavPawm
91
tvif;a&mifuodkPf;
597
tvkyftauR; omraP
554
t0o0wea|e tewm
153
t0o0wdawm
134
t0o0wdbm0
242
t0ga&mifuodkPf;
589
193
t0dZmESifh 0dZm
460
t0dnmPutokb
62
t0dnmPu tokbur|mef; (10)rsKd; 635
tocFw|
507
646
to&Pawm
tmrduawm
tom&uawm
todpdwf rcsKyfyg
tokpd
tokb
tokb bm0em
tokb[k IyHk
wdbm0
30
'dyg'f av;yg;
476
aÈ ig;yg;
477
aÈxufjrufaMumif;w&m; (9) yg;
101
&d,myx - IuGuf
276, 328, 363
91
134
79
528
127
71
62
58
346

wdawm
qdkvdkaom oabmw&m;
tm
tmumouodkPf;
tmumomem,wepsmef
tmudnm,wepsmef
tm*re
tm'geedauyetm;jzifh Ienf;
tm'De0awm
tm'De0gEkyem
tm'De0gEkyemPf
tmeEokwef a'oemawmf
tmemygewd\ tusKd;*kPftif
tmedoif
tmAm"awm
tm,we (12) yg;enf;
tm,l[e|
tm&rP
tmavmuuodkPf;
tm0ZeAv
tm0ZEkayum
tm0Zef;\ xufjrufrI
tma0Pdu
tm[m&r,kyf - Ienf;
599
O*[edrdwf
OPS
OwkZMoZ|rukyf
Owkr,kyf - Ienf;
O',w*grded,m
O',A, tus,f IyGm;enf;
O',A,'e (2) rsKd;
O'&P
O'Krmwu
O'ge
Oyudavo
OyudavorS vGwfajrmufoGm;aom
O',A,Pf
Oypm&
Oypm&ur|mef;
Oy|me = 0dyemowd
OywrutaMumif;
Oywdy&dAZkd f
Oy'0awm
Oyrm (12) &yf
Oyo*awm
Oyor*kPf
Oyorokc
601
607
422
131
92
71, 637
334, 517
121
121
537
594
87
52
504
422
597
302
260
261
513
139

wd0kwu
88
173
427
647
555
401
601
140
I
187
167
137
635
427
1
262
267
434
544
259
80
120
87
397
500
89
644
644
OyormEkwdur|mef;
Oyg'g,kyg'g,
Oyg'dEu 0k|me = Oyg'dEu cEmtpOfrS
xyHk
Oyg,mo"rawm
Oyg' - Xdwd - y0w
Oyg'eda&m"
Oayum
Oayumbm0em
Oyg'f-XD-bif
Obawmbm*0drkw
Obawm0k|me - r*fPf
642
32
uPSoy = a>ra[muf
398
ur|mef; (40)
540
ur|mef; trsKd;tpm;
540
urZkyf - Ienf;
140
u&Zum,
601
ukPmbm0em
627
uvmytm;jzifh Ienf;
144
uvmyoroe
101, 110, 120
1
upd udewod H
351
uodPzka|mumo
603
uodP0d0dwmumo
603
uodPk*g#drmumo
603
um,tMunf
29
um,*wmowdokwef
72
um,0da0u
E
um,ouD
387
um,mEkyem
21, 55
um,du'kua0'em
133
um,duokca0'em
133
um&utw
15
umvuw
618
udavom acgif;yg;rI
469
ukuKp
B
uka#wpfodef;
105, 132
aupd0g'udk acsycsuf
527
aum|mo
545
aumvHaumv
450
aumif;uifuodkPf;
599
ud o
H kaumyrokwef
396
100
aMumufrufzG,f b,oabmtm;jzifh
xifyHk
332
<u - aqmif - vTJ - vTwf - cs - zd
137
<uif;Oyrm (6) &yf
401
449
95
279
196
155
260
629
25
387
485
{
{u*wm
{uw
{uwenf;
{ua'o
{uy#da0"'e
{uADZd
{umonm
{um00wme
{0H"rwmenf;
558
509
146, 240
24
510
450
540
540
242
Mo atmif
Moumo
Mo'gwuodkPf;
Mo'gwH
Mo"daomz&Pm arwm
Mobmo = ta&miftvif;
MoVm&du
MoVm&du okckr cJGyHk
atmifjrifrI &&dSaeaom usifhpOf
555
572
567
624
1, 251
29
29
34
41
640
648
c
cPawm O','e
cPawm O',A,'e
cPawm 0,'e
cPypKyef
cPb*Feda&m"
cPdutm;jzifh Ienf;
cEm (5) yg; Ienf;
cEmtpOfrS xyHk
c,'e
c,"rH
c,0,'e
c,mEkyem
c,mEkyemPf
cdygbdnm
ck'
ckepfb0 t,ltq
csKyfrI[lonf
>cif;csuf tenf;i,f
i
NidrfaewwfyHk
237
F
237
101
197
149
25
448
102
51
104
159
516
415
401
449
283
300
67
p
puKtMunf
29
puK'Gg&0Dxd - r[mukokdvf 'kwd,aZm 209
214
puK0dnmPf - 0dnmPuEm O',IyHk 206
puK0dnmPf - 0dnmPuEm 0,IyHk 216
puK0dnmPf - a0'emuEm O',IyHk 205
214
puK0dnmPf - ocFg&uEm O',IyHk 206
215
puK0dnmPf - onmuEm O',IyHk 205
215
350
pwkw pwku
321
pwkwpsmefodkY
585
472
pwkw - vuPy#da0" 0g&
418
pwk&m&u ur|mef;
543
pwkoEwdkyf
139
569
pvawm
78
pvH
77
pdw y#doHa0'D
314, 315
pdw0da0u
E
pdw0dok'd
E
pdwocFg& y#doHa0'D
313, 314
pdwork|mefkyf
139
pdwork|mefkyf - Ienf;
140
pdwmEkyem
21, 55
pdwmEkyem owdy|mef
57
pD0&oaEmo
C
plV&m[kavm0g'okwef
53
60
*
*@awm
*wypm*wdu 0wf
*EmkH
*gxm
*g[w&m;
*d&drmeEokwef
a*,s
a*gMwbkPf
a*g = EGm;
85
125
20
427
262
62
427
484
400
C
C&H = tdrf
CmetMunf
361
399
29
649
apawm0drkwd
623, 624, 625
510
172
pdwf"mwf\ xufjrufaom pGrf;tifowd 549
321
q
wwd, pwku
314
wwd,psmefodkY
585
wwd,aw&0g'
409
wwd, - yp,y&d*[ 0g&
418
wwd,r*fPfydkif;
471
wxm*w trnf&awmfrljcif;
J
w'gkH
147, 148
w'*Feda&m"
196
w'*Fy[mef
325, 516
wa,m Oy|mae
306
w&m;udk,f teufoabmwlaom
341
PfoHk;yg;
481
wkP0dyem
148
wkP 0dyemPf
245
wduynyk*dKvf\ aomwmywdr*0Dxd 389
wdyd#u plVem*rax&f
405
wdyd#uplVem*rax&f\0g' pdppfcsuf 410
wdyd#u plVmb,rax&f
405
wdyd#uplVmb,rax&f\0g' pdppfcsuf 413
wD&P y&dnm
513
wkpawm
98
185
awaZm
596
awaZmuodkPf;
595
awy&d0"r
124
395
awm (40) IuGuf
76
wpfBudrfomjyefvmol
470
wZmynwf
273
404
353
Z
ZeutaMumif;
Z&m
Z&m"rawm
Zmwu
Zmwd = Zmwf\ tpGrf;jzifh MoVm&du
okckr jzpfykH
Zmwd"rawm
Zd0SgtMunf
ZD0dwe0uuvmyf
ZD0dwdaÈ
80
71
94
427
34
94
29
21
638
ps
psmevmbD
psme0dbif;tzGifh
psmeft*Fg ig;yg;
6
235
558, 583, 619

P
P'e0dok'deda'o
P = 0dyemPf
w
wy&dnm
Pf (10) yg;
286
463
256
286
513
339
108
x
xyfrH &Sif;vif;csuf
650
6
231, 451
'
'kwd,r*fPfydkif;
'kAvbmZElyrm
'l&
'l&kyf - oEdukyf
'GgpwmvDom tmum&-oknwmEkyem
'Gg& (6) yg;
'Embdnm
415
'o[mum& = 'oaum#du
oknwmEkyem
354
'e|
509
'eopdud&d,m
519
'okw&okwef
441
'g&u = oli,f
401
'd| - t'd| w&m;
320
'd|Od *g#e
152
'd|dO *g#e = 'd|dudk cGmaomtm;jzifhIenf; 151
'd|dyw
387
'dApuKtbdnmPf
A,B
'do
555
'domumu - usD;
372
'domz&Pm arwm
625
'DCbmPu
65
'kutjcif;t&m
133
'kuawm
82
'ku'ku
15, 50, 133
'kuy #dy'g
415
'kuvuPm
15
'kuvuPm (25) csuf
81
'kuopm
237
'kuopmteuf (4) csuf
501
'ku - omrdo - ocFg&
337
'ku[k IykH
344
'kumEkyemPf
23, 516
376
'kum rkp E K
629
'kuH b,a|e
49
'k*E
71
'kwd, pwku
310
'kwd,psmefodkY
584
'kwd,aw&0g' = orodwpsme0g'
408
'kwd, - emrly00wmye 0g&
417
469
310
29
31
43
356
355
2
349
"
"r|dwdPf
"rwmkyf - Ienf;
"rmEkyem
"rmEkyem owdy|mef
"rmEkom&D
"rmkH
"mwk0db*Fokwef
"k0onm
"mwf (18) yg;enf;
"mwfvGef - "mwf,kwf
439, 440
143
55
22, 57
387
20
72, 551
160
52
138
e
e p (rr) uGped
ewd
eEaum0g'okwef
earaom twm
e,0dyem
e0od0xduyA
emewenf;
emem'd|Dok
emrly00wmePf
em[H uGped
eduEdy&d,m'ge = wPSm (= eduEd )
ukefatmif rjzpfatmif Ienf;
eduEd = 0dyemeduEd
651
352
607
409
124
110
70
240
308
126
351
152
261
ed'ge|
504
edy&d,m, = rkcstm;jzifh ,lyHk yk*dKvf (7) rsKd;
386
edAwdvuPm
104, 192
edAm e*grdeyd #dy'g
H
edAmefodkY <uoGm;awmfrl&m vrf;dk;
vrf;a[mif;BuD;
126
edA'd g
439
edAd'gEkyemPf
340, 516
340
edaA"dum,
I
edbmo ly
123
edrdw
281, 282
443
edrdw y0wrS xyHk 0k|meydkif;
483
edrdw0ee, = edrdwfudk wdk;yGm;atmif
jyKvkyfenf;
576
edrdwfoHk;rsKd;ESifh bm0emoHk;rsKd;
581
ed&mrdo
22
eda&m"
282
eda&m" (5) rsKd;
196
eda&m""rH
51
eda&m"opm
237
505
eda&m"mEkyemPf
516
eda&m"mEkyD
325, 326
ed,wrdpm'd|d
41
ed,sme|
507
ed0goD
49
ed&P|
505
588
eDvH
566
ae0onmemonm,wepsmef
610
aeaom[rod
124
emrfcEm av;yg;
45
72
17
y
yuEey#ded*
325
y*[ = 0dyem0D&d,
259
y*kP jzpfavNyD
158
ypvm,rmeokwefw&m;awmfjrwfudk 120
ypeDu
422
yp,taMumif;
80
yp,awm O','e
237
yp,awm O',A,'e
F
yp,awm 0,'e
237
ypKyef[lonf
168, 331
203
y'Gg&m0Zef; - 0dnmPuEm O',IyHk 205
y'Gg&m0Zef; - ocFg&uEm O',IyHk 204
y'Gg&m0Zef; - onmuEm O',IyHk 204
yr - eduEdy&d,m'ge0g&
418
ynmbm0em\ tusKd;*kPftif tmedoif 522
110
ynm0drkw
387
ynm, 0d0em
302
ynm, orEm*awm
I
y#dulv
59, 550
y#dulvreodum&
552
y#dporkyEH
51
y#de
d *gEkyem
159
y#de
d *gEkyemPf
516
y#de
d *gEkyD
325, 326
y#dy'gP'e0do'k d
267
y#dyh 'ed ad &m"
197
y#dbm*edrdwf
556
y#davmry#dporkyg'f
239
y#docFgEkyemPf
343, 517
y#doaEusKd;udk ay;Edkifonfh
ocFgkayumrsKd;
424
652
y#doaE - lyuEm
197
222
211
200
y#doaE - 0dnmPuEm O',-0,IyHk 225
213
198
y#doaE - a0'emuEm O',-0, IyHk 223
212
y#doaE - ocFg&uEm O',IyHk
199
y#doaE - ocFg&uEm O',-0,IyHk 224
212, 213
199
212
y#dord'gyw
125
228
y#dord'gr*ygVdawmf\
a[mMum;awmfrlcsuf
347, 489
y#dord'gr*ygVdawmf
a[mMum;xm;awmfrlyHk 167, 250, 335
y#dporkyg'ft*Fg&yfrsm;
75
y#dporkyg'f oabmw&m; xif&Sm;vmyHk 239
420
y#dy'gP'e 0dok'd
442
y#dy'g (4) rsKd;
415
y#dyg#d = tpOftm;jzifh Ienf;
150
yPDw
29
yxr pwku
309
yxraw&0g' - yg'uZsme0g'
405
yxrr*fPf = aomwmywdr*fPf 463
yxr - lyglyy&d*[ 0g&
416
591
yyw&m;
F
yb*kFawm
78
y&awm
97
y&edrdw0o0wd
42
y&rwolyab'eDusrf; (aumufEkwfcsuf) 76
y&rwffw&m;rsm;
284
y&duredrdwf
574
y&durbm0em
573
y&durbm0emonm
573
y&duH
434
y&dpm *y#de
d *
325
y&dnmbdor,
513
y&da'0"rawm
95
yvdaAm"|
505
yavmuawm
77
y'd = 0dyemy'd
256
yr,H pdwocFg&H
313
y[mey&dnm
513, 514
y[membdor,
515
yg&do'k yd "med,*F
441
543
yd@ygwoaEmo
C
ydygo
401
yDwuodkPf;
589
yDwd
558
yDwd y#doHa0'D
311
yDwd = 0dyemyDwd
256
yDwH
566
yDVe|
501
yk*vZmo,
364
yk*vZsmo, psme0g'
409
yk*dKvf trsKd;tpm;
396
yk*dKvf\ tpGrf;jzifh MoVm&du okckr jzpfykH 38
ykaA p tbdocFg&
532
yk&dobm0
30
ykVK0u
635
590
625
yGm;rsm;yHk
617
653
z
zvormywduxm
zvormywfrS xEdkifjcif;\
taMumif; ESpfrsKd;
azPyd@Lyrokwef
azm|AmkH
b0udk tqkH;xm; a[mMum;awmf

rl&jcif;
b0if lyuEm ponfh lyuEm O',0,IyHk
b0if - ocFg&uEm O',IyHk
bm0empdwfonf Nidrf0yfpGm ocFg&tmkH
uyf wnfaecJhaomf
bm0embdor,
bm0emopdud&d,m
bdZd,rmewdvlyrm
blrdv'KyE udavom
aboZoaEmo
522
532
105
20
A
Av00dyem
A[d'odkY
Am[d&'kuokwef
Am[d&mewokwef
Am[d&medpokwef
Ak'gEkwdur|mef;
aAmZsif ckepfyg;
aAmZsif - r*if - psmeif - y#dy'g 0darmu - xl;jcm;rI
aAm"d&mZukrm&okwef
Adkvf ig;yg;
Asm"d
Asm"d"rawm
jA[0d[m&
b
b*FgEkyemPf[lonf
b*FgEkyemPf\ tIcH
y&rwffw&m;rsm;
b' Er[memr rax&f
b,Pf\ tIcHtmHkw&m;
b,Pf[lonf
b,awm
b,ESifh eED
148
549
559
10
10
10
634
477
404
474
537
477
71
94
540
r
rr udodd udewwd
r*opm
r*opmteuf (4) csuf
rZsw
rZdsrynyk*dKvf\ r*0Dxd
raZ'Dyu
rEmPDykaP;r\ om;
rEynyk*dKvf\ r*0Dxd
r&P
r&P"rawm = rpK
r&PH
rvurax&fjrwf
rvTJom tmkHjyK&onf
288
278
284
230
333
330
330
88
359
654
177
200
226
203
201
202
202
364
520
519
367
310
536
495
492
C
352
238
507
618
444
E
121
444
389
71
80
638
639
556
614
229
r[m#Dumq&mawmf
230
419
r[mwdrax&f
60, 553
r[mem*rax&f
254
r[med'geokwf
196
r[mynyk*dKvf\ r*0Dxd
444
r[my'geokwf
196
r[myk&do0dwu
B, C, K
r[m&m[kavm0g'okwef
72
r[m0dyem (18) rsKd;
158, 516
r[mowdy|meokwef
72
r[moD0rax&f
65
r[m[wdya'gyrokwef
72
r[dpyk*dKvf
D, K
rmeO*g#e
151, 152
rm&mrdoawm
93
rdpwed,w
41
rD;uodkPf;
595
rkcstm;jzifh ,lyHk
385
rkcsESifh y&d,m,f
378
rkdwkurswmPf + y#docFgEkyemPf + ocFgkayumPf 441
rk'dwmbm0em
628
rlvur|mef;
543
rlv#Dum tzGifh
58
626
arwmbm0em
616
560
ar;jref;zG,f tcsuf
384
arm&0gyD0goD r[m'wrax&f
405
arm&0gyD0goD r[m'wrax&f\ 0g'
pdppfcsuf
412
495
rsufpdzGifh IMunfhyg
363
186
504
,
,uD = bDvl;r
,xmurLy*Pf
,xmblwP'e
,xmv' orwdawm
,ru = tpkHtm;jzifh Ienf;
,k*e'enf;
,k*e'okwef
,kwdom"u ygVdawmf
a,bk,s tMuHay;csuf
a,mufsm;jrwfwdkY\ tMuH
400
259
165, 517
629
149
371
366
499
216
C, K
&
&omkH
20
&m*udkwdkufzsufa&;
68
&dwawm
98
lyuEm
28
lygkH
20
lykyg'geuEm
111
lyuEm O',IyHk - ygVdawmf
187
lyuEm cJG IykH
45
187
lyowuIenf;
131
lygHkvdkif; - y'Gg&m0Zef; a0'emuEm O',IyHk
203
lygHkvkdif; - raem'Gg&0Dxd r[mukokdvf 'kwd,aZm a0'emuEm 209
a&m*awm
84
&Hcg tZw &Hcg A[d'
18, 19
&Hcg kyfw&m; &Hcg emrfw&m;
19
&nfTef;csuf tmoDo
540
kyf-emrf wJGvnf; Iyg
74
9
kyfy&rwfw&m;wdkYudkvnf; tokbIykH
70
655
IuGufykHpHrsm;
Ipdwf[lonf
IykHpepf
IvdkY&Ekdifygovm;
359
287
287
52, 179
105
145
110
39
0*Kvd = vif;EdkY
397
0P
550, 555
0wKkyf
55
0wK + tmHk + z
293
0wK + tmkH + 0dnmPf
293
0wK + tmkH + a0'em
293
0"uawm
91
0,"rmEkyD[lonf
210
0,"rH
51
0,mEkyemPf
517
0a,m0kw*Frtm;jzifh Ienf;
135
597
0du reeda&m"
196
0dum,dwu
635
0dudwu
635
0dpd'u
635
0dpm&
558
189
189
0dnmPm,wepsmef
605
0dnmPkyg'geuEm
111
0dnmPH
605
0dwuf
558
0deDvu
635
297
0dyemydkif; t0dnmPutokb =
aotokb IuGuf
64
0dyem r[kwfao;onfudk owdjyKyg 83
0dyemIonfh Pf
294
0dyem oHk;rsKd;
535
249
0dyEkayum
260
0dy&dPmr|
503
0dy&dPmr'ku
50, 133
0dy&dPmr"rawm
79
v
631
vuP00wme 0g& = tedporoe
47
'kuoroe teworoe
242
vuPm,mOf wifyg
67, 180, 275
vuPma&; oHk;wef
9, 286, 382
269
vd*F0dobm*
618
av;q,fESpfyg;aom tjcif;t&m
358
avmuOyrm wpf&yf
347
avmuOyrmrsm;
331
avmud,opdud&d,m
518
avmuD avmukw&m\ tpGrf;jzifh
39
avmuDa0'em
39
avmukw&ma0'em
39
avm[dwu
635
avm[dwuodkPf; = teDa&mifuodkPf; 590
avm[dwH
567
vdk&if;tusOf;csKyfrSwfom;&ef
156
vrf;oHk;oG,f
550
vHk;0 arwmryGm;oifhaom yk*dKvf
618
vkyfief;cGifpwifyHk
549
vG,fulaom pepfwpfck
56
38
656
0dy&dPmrmEkyemPf
517
0dyud&d,rmeokckr&Zlyrm
310
0dykAu
635
0db0awm
79
0darmurkc (3) rsKd;
374
0darmp,H pdwH
318
0d&m*"rH
51
0d&m*gEkyemPf
516
0d&m*gEkyD
324, 326
0d0mEkyemPf
517
0d0dwH
607
0da0u|
507
0do
401
0dobm*y&dap'
555
0do,D 0do,
29
0Dwd[&P
137
0k|me*grde0D yd em
388
437
390
a0'u
49
a0'emuEm
28
a0'emuEm O',IyHk
203
187
187
a0'em wpfckwnf;udkyif I&rnfavm 314
a0'emEkyem
55, 314
a0'emEkyem owdy|mef
55
a0'Ekyg'geuEm
111
a0'v
427
a0,smu&P
427
a0&Dyk*v
618
a0g'gef
442
a0gZe
137
ocFw|
503
ocFwawm
80
ocFwH
51
ocFg&uEm
28, 43
188
188
ocFg&w&m;wdkYrS vGwfajrmufvdkaomPf 342
ocFg&'ku
50, 133
50
ocFg&m0aooormywf
610
ocFgkyg'geuEm
111
ocFgkayumrsKd;
424
o*kP
422
245
op - y#dporkyg'f - e, vuPmwdkY xif&Sm;NyD
236
opdud&d,mbdor,
518
opmteuf (16) csuf
501
opmEkavmrduPf
433
497
opmav;yg; xif&Sm;yHk
236
on*
441
onmuEm
28
188
188
onKyg'geuEm
111
oPme
555
owuwKy&r
450
owdy|mefusifhpOf pwkwqifhodkY qdkufNyD 327
248
54
owdy|mef av;yg; = tEkyem av;yg; 291
473
21, 309
14
owdjyK rSwfom;yg
7
o
ouFrem
302
657
oarm[0daem'eDt|uxm\ zGifhqdkcsuf 452

oarm[0daem'eD t|uxmESifh
rlv#Dum tzGifh
58
o,emoeoaEmo
C
o,H0oD
49
o,H0oDtw
16
o&o
422
ovawm
86
o0Elypm&
32
o0dnmPutokb
62
o0dnmPutokb = &SiftokbIuGuf 69
oa[wktewokwef
10
oa[wktedpokwef
10
oa[wk'ku okwef
10
oVm,we0*oH,kwfygVdawmfIuGufrsm; 53
omrdtw
16
omrdo
22
omo0awm
93
omo0a0'em
39
oDw
401
621
oDa[myrokwef
47
okc
558
okcy#dy'g
415
okc y#doHa0'D
311
okc = 0dyemokc
258
okcdwm a[mE K
629
okckr
29
oknw
550
oknw trnf&ykH
379
oknwmEkyem
161, 165
oknwmEkyemPf
517
oknawm
99, 134
oknH
607
okw
427
326
o'e0uuvmyf
21
o'gkH
20
o'gkHvdkif;
18
o'gEkom&D
387
o'g0drkw
387
o'daÈ tjzpfrsm;yHk
375
oEwdypKyef
101
oEmy|
503
oEm oEm
611
oEdu
29
oEdokcedAmefw&m;awmfjrwf
644
oEdauye
137
oEdk re
137
oAwu - yg&d[m&d,
541
obm*y&dap'
555
obm* - 0dobm*
62
obm0\tpGrf;jzifh MoVm&du okckr jzpfyHk 37
orxpGrf;tm; 0dyempGrf;tm;
489
orxESifh 0dyem
62, 71
orxAv 0dyemAv
489
208
207
or#d pd Kif; ocFg&uEm O',IyHk
208
or#d pd Kif; ocFg&uEm O',IyHk
207
207
orwed,mr
129
ory"mef av;yg;
476
oroetjym;
50
orm'[H pdwH
317
orkap'eda&m"
196
orkap'y[mef
517
ork',"rmEkyDydkif;
197
ork',0,"rmEkyD[lonf
221
ork',opm
237
504
orka'g r,m 'da|m
237
658
oHa,m*|
oHom&'ku
oHk;rnf& Pf
owfrSwfay;aomw&m;
olaoaumif (9) rsKd;

66
aotokb IuGuf
64
329
aomu"rawm
95
aomwtMunf
29
aomw0dnmPf - 0dnmPuEm O',IyHk 218
aomw0dnmPf - 0dnmPuEm 0,IyHk 219
aomw0dnmPf - lyuEm O',IyHk 217
217
aomw0dnmPf - a0'emuEm O',IyHk 218
aomw0dnmPf - a0'emuEm 0,IyHk 218
aomwmEk*wokwef
426
aomwmyef yk*dKvf
466
aomwmyef oHk;rsKd;
450
oHudavodu"rawm
95
oHC&udwrax&fjrwfBuD;\
tvkyftauR; omraP
554
504
133
387
450
[
[w0dudwu
[aw*[dwyO0wK = vufudkudkif
ajymjyaom 0wK
[De
[Dekyf - yPDwkyf
[kwGm tbm0a|e tedpm
a[wktaMumif;
a[wk|
a[wG|
rSwfom;zG,f&m tu&mpOf tTef; NyD;\/
222
659
635
62
29
43
30
154
80
508
508

ဖားေအာက္ေတာရဆရာေတာ္ဘုရားၾကီး၏ ဝိပႆနာပုိင္း ႏွင့္ သမထကမၼ႒ာန္းပုိင္း (ပဥၥမတြဲ)

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ဖားေအာက္ေတာရဆရာေတာ္ဘုရားၾကီး၏ ဝိပႆနာပုိင္း ႏွင့္ သမထကမၼ႒ာန္းပုိင္း (ပဥၥမတြဲ)

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earm w b*0awm t&[awm ormorK'/

MoVm&du a0'em - okckr a0'em

awm (40) IuGuf

'kuvuPm (25) csuf

tlyowu 0dyem Ienf;

or#d pd Kif; - 0dnmPuEm O',IyHk

y#doaE - 0dnmPuEm O',-0,IyHk

(1) yxr pwku

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(42) yg;aom tjcif;t&m

Oyrm Oyar,s ESD;aESmcsuf

trSwf (2) yk*dKvfrS trSwf (8) yk*dKvf

rSwfom;zG,f&m tu&mpOf tTef;

earm w b*0awm t&[awm ormorK'/

&&orQaom yhHoulouFef;jzifh a&mifh&JvG,fjcif; pD0&oaEmo

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r*gr*P'e0dok'd eda'o -- oroePfcef;

earm w b*0awm t&[awm ormorK'/

aewH rr? aeaom[rod? e araom twm --- [k

r*gr*P'e0dok'd eda'o -- oroePfcef;

tmkH (6) yg;

odkY a&wGufjyxm;awmfrl\/ (0dok'd-2-242-243-244/)

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r*gr*P'e0dok'd eda'o -- oroePfcef;

xif&Sm;&m vG,ful&mu pyg

r*gr*P'e0dok'd eda'o -- oroePfcef;

aumif; vuPma&;oHk;wefodkY wifum IyGm;oHk;oyfjcif;iSm xdkufukef\? xdkkyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkYwGif

0dyemI&ef (r[m#D-2-391/) xyfqif

r*gr*P'e0dok'd eda'o -- oroePfcef;

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r*gr*P'e0dok'd eda'o -- oroePfcef;

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r*gr*P'e0dok'd eda'o -- oroePfcef;

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r*gr*P'e0dok'd eda'o -- oroePfcef;

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emrfw&m;rsm;udk 0dyem IyHk

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r*gr*P'e0dok'd eda'o -- oroePfcef;

rdrdoEmef &Sdaom kyfw&m; emrfw&m;tm;vHk;wdkYudkvnf;aumif; olwpfyg;oEmef &Sdaom

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rgrP'e0dok'd eda'o -- oroePfcef;

rgrP'e0dok'd eda'o -- oroePfcef;

rgrP'e0dok'd eda'o -- oroePfcef;

rgrP'e0dok'd eda'o -- oroePfcef;

rgrP'e0dok'd eda'o -- oroePfcef;

rgrP'e0dok'd eda'o -- oroePfcef;

rgrP'e0dok'd eda'o -- oroePfcef;

rgrP'e0dok'd eda'o -- oroePfcef;

rgrP'e0dok'd eda'o -- oroePfcef;

rgrP'e0dok'd eda'o -- oroePfcef;

rgrP'e0dok'd eda'o -- oroePfcef;

rgrP'e0dok'd eda'o -- oroePfcef;

rgrP'e0dok'd eda'o -- oroePfcef;

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rgrP'e0dok'd eda'o -- oroePfcef;

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rgrP'e0dok'd eda'o -- oroePfcef;

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