BO GIAO DUC VA AO TAO AI HOC QUOC GIA THANH PHO HO CH MINH TRNG AI HOC S PHAM KY THUAT KHOA IEN

- IEN T BO MON IEN T --o0o--

LUAN VAN TOT NGHIEP

E TAI:

IEU KHIEN T XA QUAT BANG TIA HONG NGOAI

Sinh vien thc hien : HUYNH NGOC DUNG Lp : 95K Can bo hng dan : NGUYEN PHNG QUANG

THANG 02/2000
BO GIAO DUC VA AO TAO CONG HOA XA HOI CHU NGHA

AI HOC QUOC GIA TP.HCM TRNG AI HOC S PHAM KY THUAT TP.HCM

VIET NAM OC LAP - T DO - HANH PHUC

KHOA IEN - IEN T BO MON IEN T

NHIEM VU LUAN VAN TOT NGHIEP

Ho va ten sinh vien : HUYNH NGOC DUNG Lp : 95K Nganh : IEN - IEN T 1. Ten e tai:

IEU KHIEN T XA QUAT BANG TIA HONG NGOAI

2. Cac so lieu ban au ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... 3. Noi dung cac phan thuyet minh tnh toan ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... 4. Cac ban ve: ......................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................

......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... 5. Giao vien hng dan : NGUYEN PHNG QUANG 6. Ngay giao nhiem vu : 13/12/1999 7. Ngay hoan thanh : 28/02/2000 Giao vien hng dan Thong qua bo mon Ngay .......thang ........nam 2000 Chu nhiem bo mon

NGUYEN PHNG QUANG

BAN NHAN XET LUAN VAN TOT NGHIEP CUA CAN BO HNG DAN
Ho va ten sinh vien ..................: HUYNH NGOC DUNG Lp : 95K Can bo hng dan .............: NGUYEN PHNG QUANG TEN E TAI :

IEU KHIEN T XA QUAT BANG TIA HONG NGOAI

Noi dung luan van tot nghiep: ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... Nhan xet cua can bo hng dan : ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... Can bo hng dan

NGUYEN PHNG QUANG

BAN NHAN XET LUAN VAN TOT NGHIEP CUA CAN BO PHAN BIEN
Ho va ten sinh vien ..................: HUYNH NGOC DUNG Lp : 95K Can bo phan bien ...........................................................: TEN E TAI :

IEU KHIEN T XA QUAT BANG TIA HONG NGOAI

Noi dung luan van tot nghiep: ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... Nhan xet cua can bo phan bien: ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................

........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... Can bo phan bien

L NOI AU
Ngay nay, vi nhng ng dung cua khoa hoc ky thuat tien tien, the gii cua chung ta a va ang mot ngay thay oi, van minh va hien ai hn. S phat trien cua ky thuat ien t a tao ra hang loat nhng thiet b vi cac ac iem noi bat nh s chnh xac cao, toc o nhanh, gon nhe la nhng yeu to rat can thiet gop phan cho hoat ong cua con ngi at hieu qua cao. ien t ang tr thanh mot nganh khoa hoc a nhiem vu. ien t a ap ng c nhng oi hoi khong ngng t cac lnh vc congnong-lam-ng nghiep cho en cac nhu cau can thiet trong hoat ong i song hang ngay. Mot trong nhng ng dung rat quan trong cua cong nghe ien t la ky thuat ieu khien t xa. No a gop phan rat ln trong viec ieu khien cac thiet b t xa. Xuat phat t ng dung quan trong tren, em a thiet ke va thi cong mach ieu khien t xa quat ban bang tia hong ngoai. Noi dung phan luan an gom hai phan: Phan I: ly thuyet. Phan II: thiet ke va thi cong. Do thi gian, tai lieu va trnh o con han che nen cuon luan an chac chan khong the tranh nhng thieu sot. Knh mong s ch dan va gop y cua tat ca thay co va cac ban. Thu c ngay 24/2/2000 Sinh vien thc hien Huynh Ngoc Dung

CHNG I CHNG DAN NHAP ieu khien t xa la viec ieu khien mot mo hnh mot khoang cach nao o ma con ngi khong nhat thiet trc tiep en ni at he thong. Khoang cach o tuy thuoc vao tng he thong co mc phc tap khac nhau, chang han nh e ieu khien t xa mot phi thuyen ta can phai co he thong phat va thu manh, ngc la, e ieu khien mot tro chi ien t t xa ta ch can mot he thong phat va thu yeu hn Nhng o tng c ieu khien co the tren khong gian, di ay bien sau hay mot vung xa xoi heo lanh nao o tren mat ia cau . The gii cang phat trien th lnh vc ieu khien can phai c m rong hn. Viec ng dung ieu khien t xa vao thong tin lien lac a mang lai nhieu thuan li cho xa hoiloai ngi, thong tin c cap nhat hn nh s chnh xac va nhanh chong cua qua trnh ieu khien t xa trong o lng t xa. Ngoai ra ieu khien t xa con c ng dung trong ky thuat o lng. Trc ay, muon o o phong xa cua lo hat nhan th het sc kho khan va phc tap nhng gi ay con ngi co the mot ni het sc an toan nao o cung co the o c o phong xa cua lo hat nhan nh vao ky thuat ieu khien t xa. Nh vay, he thong ieu khien t xa a han che c mc o phc tap cua cong viec va am bao an toan cho con ngi. Trong sinh hoat hang ngay cua con ngi nh nhng tro chi giai tr (robot, xe ieu khien t xa ) cho en nhng ng dung gan gui vi con ngi cung c cai tien cho phu hp vi viec s dung va at mc tien li nhat. ieu khien t xa a tham nhap vao van e nay do o cho ra nhng loai tivi ieu khien t xa, au video, VCD, CD, en quat ban tat ca eu c ieu khien t xa. Xuat phat t nhng y tng tren nen em a chon e tai ieu khien t xa bang tia hong ngoai, nhng v thi gian qua han hep, trnh o ky thuat cung nh van e tai chnh con nhieu han che nen em ch thiet ke va thi cong mach ieu khien t xa quat bang tia hong ngoai.

CHNG II

LY THUYET IEU KHIEN T XA

I. GII THIEU HE THONG IEU KHIEN T XA: He thong ieu khien t xa la mot he thong cho phep ta ieu khien cac thiet b t mot khoang cach xa. V du he thong ieu khien bang vo tuyen, he thong ieu khien t xa bang tia hong ngoai, he thong ieu khien t xa bang cap quang day dan. 7 S o ket cau cua he thong ieu khien t xa bao gom: - Thiet b phat: bien oi lenh ieu khien thanh tin tc tn hieu va phat i. - ng truyen: a tn hieu ieu khien t thiet b phat en thiet b thu. - Thiet b thu: nhan tn hieu ieu khien t ng truyen, qua qua trnh bien oi, bien dch e tai hien lai lenh ieu khien roi a en cac thiet b thi hanh. thiet b phat ng truyen thiet b thu

7 Nhiem vu c ban cua he thong ieu khien t xa: - Phat tn hieu ieu khien. - San sinh ra xung hoac hnh thanh cac xung can thiet. - To hp xung thanh ma. - Phat cac to hp ma en iem chap hanh. - iem chap hanh (thiet b thu) sau khi nhan c ma phai bien oi cac ma nhan c thanh cac lenh ieu khien va a en cac thiet b, ong thi kiem tra s chnh xac cua ma mi nhan. 1. Mot so van e c ban trong he thong ieu khien t xa: Do he thong ieu khien t xa co nhng ng truyen dan xa nen ta can phai nghien cu ve ket cau he thong e am bao tn hieu c truyen i chnh xac va nhanh chong theo nhng yeu cau sau: 1.1 Ket cau tin tc: Trong he thong ieu khien t xa o tin cay truyen dan tin tc co quan he rat nhieu en ket cau tin tc. Noi dung ve ket cau tin tc co hai phan: ve lng va ve chat. Ve lng co cach bien lng ieu khien va lng ieu khien thanh tng loai xung g cho phu hp, va

nhng xung o can ap dung nhng phng phap nao e hp thanh tin tc, e co dung lng ln nhat va toc o truyen dan nhanh nhat . 1.2 Ve ket cau he thong: e am bao cac yeu cau ve ket cau tin tc, he thong ieu khien t xa co cac yeu cau sau: - Toc o lam viec nhanh. - Thiet b phai an toan tin cay. - Ket cau phai n gian. He thong ieu khien t xa co hieu qua cao la he thong at toc o ieu khien cc ai ong thi am bao o chnh xac trong pham vi cho phep. 2. Cac phng phap ma hoa trong ieu khien t xa: Trong he thong truyen thong tin ri rac hoac truyen thong tin lien tuc nhng a c ri rac hoa tin tc thng phai c bien oi thong qua mot phep bien oi thanh so (thng la so nh phan) roi ma hoa va c phat i t may phat. may thu, tn hieu phai thong qua cac phep bien oi ngc lai vi cac phep bien oi tren: giai ma, lien tuc hoa S ma hoa tn hieu ieu khien nham tang tnh hu hieu va o tin cay cua he thog ieu khien t xa, ngha la tang toc o truyen va kha nang chong nhieu. Trong ieu khien t xa ta thng dung ma nh phan tng ng vi he, gom co hai phan t [0] va [1]. Do yeu cau ve o chnh xac cao trong cac tn hieu ieu khien c truyen i e chong nhieu ta dung loai ma phat hien va sa sai. Ma phat hien va sa sai thuoc loai ma ong eu bao gom cac loai ma: ma phat hien sai, ma sa sai, ma phat hien va sa sai. Dang sai nham cua cac ma c truyen i tuy thuoc tnh chat cua kenh truyen, chung co the phan thanh 2 loai: - Sai oc lap: Trong qua trnh truyen, do nhieu tac ong, mot hoac nhieu ky hieu trong cac to hp ma co the b sai nham, nhng nhng sai nham o khong lien quan nhau. - Sai tng quan: c gay ra bi nhieu nhieu tng quan, chung hay xay ra trong tng chum, cum ky hieu ke can nhau . S la chon cua cau truc ma chong nhieu phai da tren tnh chat phan bo xac suat sai nham trong kenh truyen.

Hien nay ly thuyet ma hoa phat trien rat nhanh, nhieu loai ma phat hien va sa sai c nghien cu nh: ma Hamming, ma chu ky, ma nhieu cap. 3. S o khoi cua mot he thong ieu khien t xa: S o khoi may phat Tn hieu ieu khien Tn hieu song mang

ieu che

Khuech ai phat

S o khoi may thu Khuec h ai thu

Giai ieu che

Khuech ai

Chap hanh

II. CAC PHNG PHAP IEU CHE TN HIEU TRONG HE THONG IEU KHIEN T XA: Trong ky thuat ieu khien t xa, tn hieu goc khong the truyen i xa c. Do o, e thc hien viec truyen tn hieu ieu khien t may phat en may thu ta can phai ieu che (ma hoa) tn hieu. Co nhieu phng phap ieu che tn hieu. Tuy nhien ieu che tn hieu dang xung co nhieu u iem hn. V ay chung ta s dung linh kien ky thuat so nen ling kien gon nhe, cong suat tieu tan nho, va co tnh chong nhieu cao. 7 Cac phng phap ieu che tn hieu dang xung nh: - ieu che bien o xung (PAM). - ieu che o rong xung (PWM). - ieu che v tr xung (PPM). - ieu che ma xung (PCM). 1.ieu che bien o xung (PAM): S o khoi: Tn hieu ieu che Dao ong a hai mot trang thai ben Bo phat xung

He thong ieu che PAM ieu che bien o xung la dang ieu che n gian nhat trong cac dang ieu che xung. Bien o cua moi xung c tao ra t le vi bien o tc thi cua tn hieu ieu che. Xung ln nhat bieu th cho bien o dng cua tn hieu lay mau ln nhat.

Tn hieu ieu che

ieu che bien o xung (PAM) ieu che o rong xung (PWM) ieu che v tr xung (PPM) ieu che ma xung (PCM)

G Giai thch s o khoi : 7 Khoi tn hieu ieu che: Tao ra tn hieu ieu che a vao khoi dao ong a hai . 7 Dao ong a hai mot trang thai ben: Tron xung vi tn hieu ieu che. 7 Bo phat xung: Phat xung vi tan so khong oi e thc hien viec ieu che tn hieu a ieu che co bien o tang giam thay oi theo tn hieu ieu che. 2. ieu che o rong xung: Phng phap ieu che nay se tao ra cac xung co bien o khong oi, nhng be rong cua moi xung se thay oi tng ng vi bien o tc thi cua tn hieu ieu che, trong cach ieu che nay, xung co o rong ln nhat bieu th phan bien o dng ln nhat cua tn hieu ieu che. Xung co o rong hep nhat bieu th phan bien o am nhat cua tn hieu ieu che. Trong ieu che o rong xung ,tn hieu can c lay mau phai c chuyen oi thanh dang xung co o rong xung ty le vi bien o tn hieu lay mau. e thc hien ieu che o rong xung,ta co the thc hien theo s o khoi sau:

Tn hieu ieu che

So sanh Bo phat ham RAMP S o khoi he thong PWM Trong s o khoi, tn hieu ieu che c a en khoi so sanh ien ap cung vi tn hieu phat ra t bo phat ham RAMP. 3. ieu che v tr xung (PPM): Vi phng phap ieu che v tr xung th cac xung c ieu che co bien o va o rong xung khong thay oi theo bien o cua tn heu ieu che. Hnh thc n gian cua ieu che v tr xung la qua trnh ieu che o rong xung. ieu che v tr xung co u iem la s dung t nang lng hn ieu che o rong xung nhng co nhc iem la qua trnh giai ieu bien may thu phc tap hn cac dang ieu che khac. 4. ieu che ma xung:

Phng phap ieu che ma xung c xem la phng phap chnh xac va hieu qua nhat trong cac phng phap ieu che xung. Trong ieu che ma xung moi mau bien o cua tn hieu ieu che c bien oi bang so nh phan so nh phan nay c bieu th bang nhom xung, s hien dien cua mot xung bieu th bang [1] va s thieu i mot xung bieu th bang mc [0]. Ch co the bieu th tren 16 bien o khac nhau cua bien o tn hieu (ma 4 bit), v vay no khong c chnh xac. o chnh xac co the c cai thien bang cach tang so bit. Moi ma n bit co the bieu th c 2n mc rieng biet cua tn hieu . Trong phng phap ieu che ma xung, tan so th c quyet nh bi tn hieu cao nhat trong qua trnh x ly, ieu nay cho thay rang neu nhng mau th c lay mc ln hn 2 lan tan so tn hieu th tan so tn hieu mau c phuc ho. Tuy nhien, trong thc te thong thng mau th mc o nho nhat khoang 10 lan so vi tn hieu ln nhat. V vay, tan so cang cao th thi gian lay mau cang nho (mc lay mau cang nhieu) dan en linh kien chuyen mach co toc o x ly cao. Ngc lai, neu s dung tan so lay mau thap thi gian lay mau cang rong, nhng o chnh xac khong cao. Thong thng ngi ta ch s dung khoang 10 lan tn hieu nho nhat. Ket luan: iem thuan li cua phng phap ieu bien xung la mac du tn hieu AM rat yeu, chung hau nh mat han trong nhieu on xung quanh, neu phng phap ieu che PPM, PWM, PCM la tn hieu ieu che bang cach tach ra khoi tieng on. Vi phng phap nh vay, ieu che ma xung PCM se cho ket qua tot nhat, v no ch can quyet nh xung nao hien dien, xung nao khong hien dien. Cac phng phap ieu che xung nh PPM, PWM, PAM phan nao cung theo kieu tng t. V cac dang xung ra sau khi ieu che co s thay oi ve bien o, o rong xung, v tr xung theo tn hieu lay mau. oi vi phng phap bien oi ma xung PCM th dang xung ra la dang nh phan ch co 2 mc [0] va [1]. e ma hoa tn hieu tng t sang tn hieu so, ng ta chia truc thi gian ra nhng khoang bang nhau va truc bien o ra 2n khoang cho 1 bit, neu so mc cang nhieu th thi gian cang nho, o chnh xac cang cao. Ta moi thi iem lay mau bien o c o, roi lay mc tng

ng vi bien o va chuyen oi dang nh phan. Ket qua ngo ra ta thu c mot chuoi xung (dang nh phan). III. IEU KHIEN T XA DUNG TIA HONG NGOAI: 1. Khai niem ve tia hong ngoai: Anh sang hong ngoai (tia hong ngoai) la anh sang khong the nhn thay c bang mat thng, co bc song khoang 0,8m en 0.9m, tia hong ngoai co van toc truyen bang van toc anh sang. Tia hong ngoai co the truyen i c nhieu kenh tn hieu. No ng dung rong rai trong cong nghiep. Lng thong tin co the at c 3Mbit/s Trong ky thuat truyen tin bang si quang dan khong can cac tram khuech ai gia chng, ngi ta co the truyen mot luc 15000 ien thoai hay 12 kenh truyen hnh qua mot si t quang vi ng knh 0,13 mm vi khoang cach 10Km en 20 Km. Lng thong tin c truyen i vi anh sang hong ngoai ln gap nhieu lan so vi song ien t ma ngi ta van dung. Tia hong ngoai de b hap thu, kha nang xuyen thau kem. Trong ieu khien t xa chum tia hong ngoai phat i hep, co hng do o khi thu phai ung hng. 2. Nguon phat sang hong ngoai va pho cua no: Cac nguon sang nhan tao thng cha nhieu song hong ngoai. Hnh di cho ta quang pho cua cac nguon phat sang nay.

IRED :Diode hong ngoai. LA : Laser ban dan . LR : en huynh quang. Q : en thuy tinh.

wolfram.

:Bong en ien vi day tiem

PT : Phototransistor. Pho cua mat ngi va phototransistor(PT) cung c trnh bay e so sanh. en thuy ngan gan nh khong phat tia hong ngoai. Pho cua en huynh quang bao gom cac ac tnh cua cac loai khac. Pho cua transistor kha rong. No khong nhay trong vung anh sanh thay c, nhng no cc ai nh pho cua LED hong ngoai. Song hong ngoai co nhng ac tnh quang hoc giong nh anh sanh (s hoi tu qua thau knh, tieu cc). Anh sang va song hong ngoai khac nhau rat ro trong s xuyen suot qua vat chat. Co nhng vat mat ta thay phan chieu sang nhng oi vi tia hong ngoai no la nhng vat phan chieu toi. Co nhng vat ta thay no di mot mau xam uc nhng vi anh sang hong ngoai no tr nen trong suot. ieu nay giai thch tai sao LED hong ngoai co hieu suat cao hn so vi LED cho mau xanh la cay, mau o V rang, vat lieu ban dan trong suot oi vi anh sang hong ngoai, tia hong ngoai khong b yeu i khi no phai vt qua cac lp ban dan e i ra ngoai. i song cua LED hong ngoai dai en 100000 gi (hn 11 nam), LED hong ngoai khong phat sang cho li iem trong cac thiet b kiem soat v khong gay s chu y. 3. Linh kien thu song hong ngoai: Ngi ta co the dung quang ien tr, phototransistor, photodiode e thu song hong ngoai gan. e thu song hong ngoai trung bnh va xa phat ra t c the con ngi, vat nong Loai detector vi vat lieu Lithiumtitanat hay tam chat deo Polyviny-Lidendifluorid (PVDF). C the con ngi phat tia hong ngoai vi o dai song t 8ms en 10 ms.
3.1 QUANG IEN TR:

1. Cau tao: Ket cau cua mot trong cac loai quang ien tr c trnh bay trong hnh ben (1a).

Hnh 1a Trong vo chat deo co ca so e anh sang chieu qua, ngi ta at phm thuy tinh 2, tren o co rai cac ien cc hnh lc. Khoang cach gia cac ien cc cha lp ban dan. Cac ien cc dan ien va c noi en cac chan cam xuyen qua vo. e bao ve lp vo khoi b am t, ngi ta phu len tren be mat no mot lp sn trong suot. Tuy theo loai quang ien tr be mat lam viec cua lp bien thien trong pham vi t 0,01 en 0,04 cm2 . Ta la chon quang ien tr theo pho bc xa cua vat chat. Nhng loai quang ien tr trong cong nghiep c che tao bang Sulfit ch (CA) c s dung e ch th nhiet ong va tnh trang vat the nung nong nhiet o tng oi thap (2000C 400 0C ). Do at tuyen pho cua chung (ng 1 hnh 1b) con cc ai nam trong khu vc IF% gan bc xa hong ngoai (1,8m en 2,5m ). 1 2
50

nh 1b

(m )

ac tuyen pho cua quang ien tr Sulfit ch. ac tuyen pho cua loai Sulfit bil muyt ( C5) the hien ng 2 hnh 1b gan nh cung dai bc song vi loai Sulfit Catmi (CK) trong khu vc anh sang trong thay: 2. Nguyen ly lam viec:

S o nguyen ly E Qua trnh lam viec cua mach nh sau: Khi cha chieu sang mat quang ien tr, dong ien qua no va mach ngoai nho nhat goi la dong ien toi.

Khi chieu sang mat quang ien tr vi chieu dai bc song thch hp, ien tr tinh the ban dan giam ang ke. Hien tng nay phu thuoc vao chat ban dan c s dung, o tap chat, chieu dai bc song. Gia tr ien tr phu thuoc anh sang chieu vao, co the thay oi t M en 3. ac tuyen: a. ac tuyen Volt- Ampere: ac tuyen V-A tang tuyen tnh v dong ien toi cung nh dong ien sang. Dong ien toi kha ln (xem ac tuyen V-A). Dong ien sang la dong qua quang ien tr khi co anh sang chieu vao. Dong ien toi la dong qua quang ien tr khi cha co I(mA anh sang chieu vao. ) T ac tuyen V-A ta nhan thay o nhay cua quang 14 ien tr phu thuoc ien ap at vao no. V the, ngi 12 ta thng s dung suat o nhay k0 e anh gia quang 10 ien tr. 8 6 4 2 0.02

10 15 20 25 ien tren mot n v quang thong, k0 la dong quang oi vi mot Volt ien ap at vao. Suat o nhay cua loai quang ien tr Sulfit ch nam trong gii han t 400 en 500 A/ mV. Loai Sulfit bit muyt bang 1000 A/mV. Loai sulfit Catmi nam trong gii han 2500 -3000 A/ mV. Nh suat o nhay tch phan cao nh vay, cung nh co pho bc xa hong ngoai rong (pho cac bc xa nhiet) nen chung c s dung pho bien trong cac bo ch th va bo chuyen oi nhiet.

b. ac tuyen anh sang:

Quang ien tr co ac tuyen anh sang khong tuyen tnh. V the, che o ien cua mach s dung thng tnh IF(mA) theo o th iem 6 sang va ac tuyen V-A 5 4 3 2 1 c-k1 c k2 1000

0 200 500 1500 E(V)

c.Tieu chuan la chon ien ap nguon cung cap cho quang ien tr la phai am bao: ien ap tren quang ien tr Sulfit ch khi lam viec trong thi gian dai thng gii han 15V, con cong suat vai chuc W. o nhay tch phan u cao cung nh han che cong suat toa ra trong quang ien tr, vt qua no se dan ti phan ng khong thuan nghch. o nhay tch phan la cng o dong ien phat sinh khi mot n v quang thong chieu vao (A/lm). 4. ng dung: Da vao nguyen ly lam viec quang ien tr c ng dung vao nhieu lnh vc ky thuat sau: -Phan t phat hien. -o o sang trong quang pho. -Lam cam bien trong rat nhieu he thong t ong hoa. -Bao ve, bao ong 3.2 DIODE QUANG: 1. Cau tao: Diode quang thng c che tao bang gecmani va silic. Hnh 2a trnh bay cau tao cua diode quang che tao bang silic (,K-1) dung lam bo ch th tia lan can bc xa hong ngoai.

2. Nguyen ly:

Hnh 2a Hnh 2b

Hnh 2c Diode quang co the lam viec trong 2 che o: R -Che o bien oi quang R ien. P P quang ien. t -Che o nguon t N oi quang ien a. Nguyen N trong che o bien ly (hnh 2b) Lp p c mac vao cc am cua nguon ien, lp n mac vi cc dng, phan cc nghch nen khi cha chieu sang ch co dong ien nho be chay qua ng vi dong ien ngc (con goi la dong ien toi). Khi co quang thong dong ien qua moi noi p-n tang len goi la dong ien sang. Dong tong trong mach gom co dong toi va dong sang, cang chieu lp n gan tiep th dong sang cang ln. b. Nguyen ly lam viec cua diode trong che o nguon phat quang ien (pin mat tr) (H2c) Khi quang thong, cac ien tch tren mo noi p-n c giai phong tao ra sc ien ong tren 2 cc cua diode, do o, lam xuat hien dong ien chay trong mach. Tr so sc ien ong xuat hien trong nguon phat quang ien phu thuoc vao loai nguon phat va tr so cua quang thong. 3. Vai thong so cua diode quang va pin mat tri:

IF (%) 100 50 0

Hnh 2d - Diode quang co the lam viec 2 che o va neu, khi dung lam bo bien o quang ien ta a vao no mot ien ap 20V, cc a chon loc nam trong gii han 0.8m 0,85 m (Hnh 2d). - Gii han o nhay cua no tren bc song = 1,2m - o nhay tch phan k = 4A/lm - oi v diode quang che tao bang gecmani, o nhay nay cao hn 20 mA/lm. 4.ng dung cua diode quang: - o anh sang. - Cam bien quang o toc o. - Dung trong thien van theo doi cac ngoi sao o khoang cach bang quang. - ieu khien t ong trong may chup hnh. - Diode quang Silic co the lam viec -50 0C +80 0C. - Diode quang gecmani co the lam viec 50 0C +40 0 C. 3.3 TRANSISTOR QUANG: 1.Cau tao:
a s E B C N P N + E

0.5 0.7 ( m)

0.8

1.3

Hnh 3a Hnh 3a: trnh bay s o nguyen ly cua transistor quang. Ba lp n-p-n tao nen 2 tiep giap p-n . Mot trong nhng lp ngoai co kch thc nho e quang thong co the chieu vao gia lp nen. Lp nen nay u mong e a lp hap thu lng t quang en gan tiep giap p-n.

C B E Mach tng ng Ky hieu 2.Nguyen ly: Trong transistor quang ch co the lam viec che o bien oi quang ien (co ien ap ngoai at vao ). Tr so ien ap nay khoang 3V en 5V. Xet hnh 3a: Moi noi BC c phan cc ngc lam viec nh mot diode quang. Khi co quang thong chieu vao no tao ra dong ien dung e lam tac ong transistor, dan en dong Ic tang len nhieu lan so vi dong diode quang. Dong Ic c tnh nh sau: Ic = ( Ip + Ib )( hfe + 1) hfe : o li DC. Ip : dong quang ien khi co anh sang chieu vao moi noi BC. Ib : dong cc B khi co phan cc ngoai. Khi cc B c phan cc ben ngoai. o li b thay oi va tr khang vao cua transistor c tnh: Zin = Rin + hfe Dong ro : Iceo = hfe + Icbo Icbo : dong ro cc BC o li cang cao ap ng cang nhanh. 3. ac tuyen: Sau ay gii thieu mot o th nh tnh cua quang IF (%) transistor MRD 300.
100

50

0.5 0.6 0.7 1.2 ( m)

0.8

0.9

300.

ac tuyen pho cua transistor MRD I F :Dong khi co anh sang

chieu vao. 4.ng dung: Do transistor quang co o nhay ln hn diode quang, nen pham vi ng dung cua no rong rai hn. ng dung trong viec ong ngat mach, ieu khien t ong trong cong nghiep Trong nhng mach ien cam bien quang can o nhay cao. 3.4 LED THU: 1.Cau tao: 5V
1

ien ap qui nh
0.5M 10K

2.Nguyen ly: Gia s cac ieu kien phan cc cho IC a hoan 3 chnh, khi IC nhan tn hieu ieu khien t diode phat quang, mach khuech ai Op-Amp cua IC se bien oi dong ien thu c t diode ra ien ap (ien ap nay c khuech ai). Tn hieu ien ap c a en Smith trigger e tao xung vuong, xung nay co nhiem vu khch transistor ngo ra hoat ong, luc o ngo ra tai chan so 2 cua IC mc thap, tn hieu ngo ra tac ong mc 0, co the c dung e ieu khien gian tiep mot tai nao o. Khi ngan anh sang chieu vao th ngc lai transistor khong hoat ong dan en chan so 2 len mc cao . IV. S O KHOI HE THONG IEU KHIEN T XA DUNG TIA HONG NGOAI: 1. May phat: Phat Khuec lenh Ma ieu h ieu hoa che ai khien

Dao ong tao song mang

S o khoi may phat F Giai thch s so khoi may phat: May phat co nhiem vu tao ra lenh ieu khien, ma hoa va phat tn hieu en may thu, lenh truyen i a c ieu che. 7 Khoi phat lenh ieu khien: khoi nay co nhiem vu tao ra lenh ieu khien t nut nhan (phm ieu khien). Khi mot phm c an tc la mot lenh a c tao ra . Cac nut an nay co the la mot nut ( mach ieu khien n gian), hay mot ma tran nut ( mach ieu khien chc nang). Ma tran phm c bo tr theo cot va hang. Lenh ieu khien c a en bo ma hoa di dang cac bit nh phan tng ng vi tng phm ieu khien. 7 Khoi ma hoa: e truyen cac tn hieu khac nhau en may thu ma chung khong lan lon nhau, ta phai tien hanh ma hoa cac tn hieu (lenh ieu khien). Khoi ma hoa nay co nhiem vu bien oi cac lenh ieu khien thanh cac bit nh phan, hien tng bien oi nay goi la ma hoa. Co nhieu phng phap ma hoa khac nhau: ' ieu che bien o xung. ' ieu che v tr xung. ' ieu che o rong xung. ' ieu che ma xung. Trong ky thuat ieu khien t xa dung tia hong ngoai, phng phap ieu che ma xung thng c s dung nhieu hn ca, v phng phap nay tng oi n gian, de thc hien. 7 Khoi dao ong tao song mang: Khoi nay co nhiem vu tao ra song mang tan so on nh, song mang nay se mang tn hieu ieu khien khi truyen ra moi trng. 7 Khoi ieu che: Khoi nay co nhiem vu ket hp tn hieu ieu khien a ma hoa song mang e a en khoi khuech ai. 7 Khoi khuech ai: Khuech ai tn hieu u ln e LED phat hong ngoai phat tn hieu ra moi trng. 7 LED phat: bien oi tn hieu ien thanh tn hieu hong ngoai phat ra moi trng. Khuech Tach Giai 2.May thu: Chot ai song ma

Mach chap hanh

Khuech ai

S o khoi may thu F Giai thch s o khoi may thu: Chc nang cua may thu la thu c tn hieu ieu khien t may phat, loai bo song mang, giai ma tn hieu ieu khien thanh cac lenh rieng biet, t o moi lenh se a en khoi chap hanh cu the. 7 LED thu : Thu tn hieu hong ngoai do may phat truyen ti va bien oi thanh tn hieu ieu khien. 7 Khoi khuech ai: Co nhiem vu khuech ai tn hieu ieu khien ln len t t, LED thu hong ngoai e qua trnh x ly tn hieu c de dang. 7 Khoi tach song mang : Khoi nay co chc nang triet tieu song mang, ch gi lai tn hieu ieu khien nh tn hieu gi i t may phat. 7 Khoi giai ma: Nhiem vu cua khoi nay la giai ma tn hieu ieu khien thanh cac lenh ieu khien di dang cac bit nh phan hay cac dang khac e a en khoi chap hanh cu the. Do o nhiem vu cua khoi nay rat quan trong. 7 Khoi chot: Co nhiem vu gi nguyen trang thai tac ong khi tn hieu ieu khien khong con, ieu nay co ngha la khi phat lenh ieu khien ta ch tac ong vao phm an 1 lan, trang thai mach ch thay oi khi ta ch tac ong vao nut khac thc hien ieu khien lenh khac. 7 Khoi khuech ai: Khuech ai tn hieu ieu khien u ln e tac ong c vao mach chap hanh. 7 Khoi chap hanh: Co the la role hay mot linh kien ieu khien nao o, ay la khoi cuoi cung tac ong trc tiep vao thiet b thc hien nhiem vu ieu khien mong muon. V. IEU KHIEN T XA DUNG SONG VO TUYEN: F S lc ve he thong thu phat vo tuyen:

He thong vo tuyen la he thong truyen tn hieu t ni nay sang ni khac bang song ien t. Tn hieu thong tin c truyen i t ni phat c chuyen thanh tn hieu ien. Sau o c ma hoa e truyen i; tai ni thu, tn hieu ien se c giai ma, tai tao lai thong tin ban au. Viec ieu che tn hieu ien trong he thong vo tuyen, truyen tn hieu la qua trnh at tn hieu thong tin vao song mang co tan so cao hn e truyen i, tai may thu tn hieu se loai bo thanh phan song mang, ch nhan va x ly tai tao lai tn hieu thong tin, ay la qua trnh giai ma ieu che. F Khai niem ve he thong ieu khien t xa dung song vo tuyen: He thong ieu khien t xa dung song vo tuyen bao gom may phat va may thu. May phat co nhiem vu phat ra lenh ieu khien truyen ra moi trng di dang song ien t mang theo tin tc ieu khien. May thu thu tin tc t moi trng, x ly tin tc va a ra lenh ieu khien en mach chap hanh. ac iem cua he thong nay la phai dung Antena e bc xa tn hieu oi vi may phat, dung Antena e thu tn hieu oi vi may thu. Antenna 1.S o khoi may phat: Phat lenh ieu khien

hoa

Ma

Khuech ai cao tan

ieu
Dao ong cao tan che

S o khoi may phat F Giai thch s o khoi: 7 Khoi phat lenh ieu khien: Dung cac phm e phat lenh ieu khien theo phng thc ma tran phm hay tng phm an rieng le. 7 Khoi ma hoa: Bien oi song dao ong ien c tao ra t ban phm lenh thanh song ien co tan so ac trng cho lenh ieu khien tng ng.

7 Khoi dao ong cao tan: Tao dao ong ben trong may phat, co nhiem vu lam song mang e chuyen ch tn hieu ieu khien trong khong gian. 7 Khoi ieu che: Phoi hp 2 tn hieu dao ong lai vi nhau theo cac phng phap khac nhau, tuy theo ac iem cua he thong thu - phat nh ieu che bien o (AM), ieu che tan so (FM), ieu che pha (PM). 7 Khoi khuech ai cao tan: Khuech ai bien o tn hieu nham tang cng cong suat bc xa song ien t.

2. S o khoi may thu:

Khuech ai cao tan

Tron
tan

Tach song

Giai ma

b S o khoi may thu F Giai thch s o khoi may thu: 7 Khoi khuech ai cao tan: khuech ai bien o tn hieu cao tan thu c t Antena e bu lai nang lng cua song ien t tieu hao khi lan truyen trong moi trng. 7 Khoidao ong noi: la dao ong cao tan hnh sin bien oi nang lng dao ong mot chieu thanh xoay chieu co tan so yeu cau. Khoi dao ong noi la dao ong t kch co tan so on nh cao. 7 Khoi tron tan: bien oi tn hieu cao tan thanh tn hieu trung tan chung, vi tan so nay viec thiet ke mach cung nh o on nh tr nen de dang hn. Khoi tron tan con co nhiem vu khuech ai bien o tn hieu trung tan chung. 7 Khoi tach song: co nhiem vu triet tieu song mang cao tan, phuc hoi lai tn hieu ieu khien. 7 Khoi giai ma: nhan biet tn hieu va phat i e phat ra lenh tac ong ung thiet b can ieu khien. 7 Khoi lenh ieu khien: gom cac mach ong lc, ong ngat nguon cho thiet b, hay ieu khien chc nang thiet b a at trc. Qua thc nghiem cho thay, e song ien t co the bc xa va lan truyen trong moi trng th tan so dao ong ien thch hp la ln hn 100 kHz. Ngoai ra van e phoi hp tr khang gia cac tan trong may phat, gia antena va tan cong suat phat la rat quan trong trong viec nang cao khoang cach phat song. V Antena thu co ac tnh cong hng vi tan so phat nen kch thc antena co quan he chat che vi bc song phat. oi vi antena Sut (whip anten) chieu

Dao ong noi

Thiet

Lenh ieu khien

dai cua antena xap x vi , , , 3/2 , v la bc song may phat. Tam thu-phat cua he thong con phu thuoc vao a hnh, o cao cua antena va o nhay cua thiet b. 3.Phan kenh ieu khien t xa bang vo tuyen nhieu chc nang: FPhan kenh : e ieu khien nhieu chc nang cua mot thiet b ieu khien t xa, may thu phai s dung ma tran phm, moi phm c ieu che vi mot tn hieu rieng biet (c ma hoa) e khi may thu tai tao lai tn hieu va thc hien viec ieu khien thiet b ung vi chc nang cua phm va phat i. Qua trnh o goi la qua trnh phan kenh. Trong ieu khien t xa dung song vo tuyen co nhieu ky thuat phan kenh nh phan kenh theo bien o ,phan kenh theo tan so, phan kenh theo thi gian nhng thng dung nhat la phan kenh theo tan so. F ieu khien t xa bang vo tuyen nhieu chc nang: Dao Dao Bo ong ong chon tao xung ieu kenh ieu che cao khien tan Khuech ai cao tan S O MAY PHAT NHIEU KENH Bo tach kenh 1 Tac h son g Bo tach kenh 2 ieu khien 1

Antena

Thu va khuech ai cao tan

ieu khien 2

Bo tach kenh n

ieu khien n

S O KHOI MAY THU NHIEU KENH VI. SO SANH PHNH PHAP IEU KHIEN T XA DUNG TIA HONG NGOAI VA VO TUYEN: A. u va khuyet iem cua tng phng phap: 1. Phng phap ieu khien t xa dung song vo tuyen: a. u iem: - Truyen at tn hieu vi khoang cach xa. - Khong b anh hng nhieu oi vi vat can. -Tam phat rong nhieu hng khac nhau nen co the ieu khien cung mot luc oi vi thiet b nhan kenh ong thi. b. Khuyet iem: - Khi phat hay thu eu can co Anten. - Lam cho khong gian b bao hoa, gay nhieu vo tuyen - Hay b anh hng nhieu gay meo dang hoac sai tn hieu nen khong ieu khien c. - e tranh anh hng cac tan so phat song chuyen nghiep nen phai tuan theo qui nh cua bu ien (theo tieu chuan FCC phai phat song nam trong day tan nghiep d). Do o, van e don kenh theo phng phap phan ng th tan so b gii han v day tan nay rat hep, do vay khong the nao ieu khien c nhieu kenh. - Vo tuyen b nhieu nen he thong ma hoa phc tap hn. - Tnh kha thi thap v nhieu linh kien, tai lieu va thiet b o trong ieu kien ngi lam e tai. 2 . Phng phap ieu khien t xa dung tia hong ngoai: a. u iem: - Khong day dan. - Led phat va thu nho, gon de thiet ke lap at va co o tin cay cao. - Ap cung cap thap, cong suat tieu tan nho. - ieu khien c nhieu thiet b. - Tnh kha thi cao, linh kien de tm thay va thi cong de. b. Khuyet iem:

- Tam xa b han che. - Dong ien cao tc thi. - Nhieu hong ngai do cac nguon nhiet xung quanh ta phat ra, nen gay anh hng va han che tam phat. Do o ch dung trong phong, kho hoac ni co nhiet o moi trng anh hng thap. - Han che khi b vat can nen khong the phat xa c.

B. PHAN TCH U KHUYET IEM: 1Van e tan so song mang: Khi can phat i xa can phai co song mang e truyen tin tc can truyen. Vi phng phap vo tuyen s dung song mang tan so kha cao nen kho thi cong. Mac khac, phng phap dung song vo tuyen phai tuan theo qui nh cua bu ien, con phng phap dung tia hong ngoai s dung tan so thap de thi cong, khong can khung cong hng LC nh song vo tuyen. 2.Van e thu-phat: Vi phng phap dung song vo tuyen khong gon nhe, do phai dung antena phat va thu gay bat tien khi s dung va khoang cach ieu khien lai phu thuoc nhieu vao chieu dai cua antena, ieu kien moi trng va a hnh. Ngoai ra con phai lu y en van e phoi hp th khang gia cac antena thu va mach khuech ai cong suat phat. Vi phng phap ieu khien t xa dung tia hong ngoai th co nhieu u iem hn nh gon nhe, khong can en antena thu-phat, kch thc LED hong ngoai nho nen de bo tr, gia thanh linh kien khong cao lam. 3.Van e cong suat phat: e nang cao khoang cach ieu khien th phai nang cao cong suat phat, o nhay cua thiet b. Trong trng hp ieu khien dung song vo tuyen co nhc iem la khuech ai cong hng nam tan cong suat gay nen cong kenh cho phan phat va cong suat tieu tan tren mach ln. Vi phng phap ieu khien t xa dung tia hong ngoai th e tang cng khoang cach phat th ta co the tang so lng led phat hay phan cc cho cac led chay manh hn phan tang o nhay th khong at ra v no de anh hng t ben ngoai. 4. Pham vi ng dung: Hong ngoai c s dung nhieu e ieu khien thiet b sinh hoat trong gia nh, pham vi lam viec hep, khong s dung ngoai nang. Kha nang ieu khien cua song vo tuyen ln hn tia hong ngoai. 5. Kha nang thc thi: Nhng thiet b a co nh IC SZ9148, SZ9149 (2248, 2249 tng ng) LED phat, au thu hong ngoai. Nhng linh kien cua mach thi cong vo tuyen nh cac cuon day lam khung cong hng kho tm va khong co thiet b o lng. 6. Ket luan- chon phng an thi cong:

Sau khi so sanh phan tch nhng thuan li va kho khan c ban, em nhan thay phng an thi cong mach ieu khien t xa dung tia hong ngoai cung c ng dung nhieu trong cac thiet b ien chang han nh ieu khien ong ngat 1 tiep iem, 2 tiep iem, Trong pham vi e tai nay em quyet nh dung ky thuat ieu khien t xa bang tia hong ngoai vao viec ieu khien toc o quat ban, hen gi tat quat, cung nh ieu khien cho quat chay qua lai. CHNGIII

GII THIEU MOT SO MACH NG DUNG

1.TAI NGHE HONG NGOAI: Khi s dung tai nghe radio casset, tivi ta luon co cam giac vng vu day dan, khong c t do i lai, rat bat tien. Sau ay la mach ng dung thu, phat hong ngoai giup cho ta va i lai t do trong phong cua mnh va nghe nhac, tin tc ma khong anh hng ti ngi khac. F S o mach phat:
J 9 1 V D C 3 2 2 0 D 2 1

1 0

0 n

R 2 1

T 1 B S

1 7 0

P 1 0 0 R 1 1 0 0 K

8 2 K

T 2 B C

4 7 B

R 3 6 . 8 J 2 0 V

Trong o: D1, D2, D3 : LD271 T1 : BS170 T2 : BS 547B R1: 100k, R2: 80k, R3 = 6 8 P1: Bien tr 100k. C1 = 100n, C2 = 220 F, 16V. D Nguyen ly hoat ong cua mach:

Ba LED hong ngoai c cap ien vi MOSFET T1. Dong ien nay co the chnh c nh bien tr P1. Tn hieu am thanh en C1 phan mot chieu c gi lai, phan xoay chieu en cc on cua T1 va lam bien ieu dong ien qua cac led hong ngoai. Cng o anh sang hong ngoai phat i do o b bien ieu (AM). T2 va R3 han che dong ien qua mosfet T1 lam hong LED khi cong co ien the qua ln. Dong ien b hang che nho hn 100mA. Transistor BS170 co the lam viec vi dong ien qua cc mang en 500mA va co cong suat tieu tan 730mW, tu C2 la tu loc nguon: F S o mach thu:
K 1
R 3 5 6 0 C C 1 4 7 D P 1 H O T O D I O C D 2 E 2 2 0 P B T 1 9 V R 1 4 7 0 1 0 R K 11 0 0 2 n T 2 M O 0 K H O N E J A C K S T E R E O 3 J 1 k

8 2 K

G Nguyen ly hoat ong: Trong mach thu ta co the dung diode BPW41W hay BP140. Ca 2 diode eu c che chan bi mot mang loc anh sang. Vi ien tr 560 , ta co the dung ong nghe loai 600 , nh the T1 lam viec vi tai 300. P1 c chnh sao cho s meo am thanh be nhat. R1 la ien tr han che dong cho LED. Khi D1 nhan tn hieu t bo phat, sau o a en tac ong cc cong cua T2, tn hieu c khuech ai loai bo song mang tn hieu am tan lay ra chan D cua MOSFET T2 noi qua loa (K1) 2.. VOI NC IEU KHIEN T XA BANG TIA HONG NGOAI: Thiet b nay cho phep ta khi tho tay vao voi nc may nc se t ong chay ra, v khi cho tay vao ta se chan tia hong ngoai, khi rut tay ra sau mot thi gian ngan voi nc se t ong ngng. Thiet b t ong nay thch hp vi cac khach san, benh vien va nhng ni R 2 cong cong khac. GS o mach phat: 7 G . - 1 1 1 1 F 0 0 0 M 1 . H
G H P H 3 0 2 R k G B 6 V 1 k 1 V

C 1

1 0 0 0 p

R 1 0

1 T 9 0 1 3

GNguyen ly hoat ong: Sau khi ong chuyen mach S, linh kien HG-11F chuyen dung e phat hong ngoai c cap ien se lam viec. Linh kien nay se phoi hp vi mot so linh kien khac ben ngoai co the sinh ra mot tn hieu co tan so dao ong 38kHz, qua kch transistor VT9013 hoat ong lam cho led phat tia hong ngoai ra ngoai. G S o mach thu K 1
O U T R 1 R 1 0 2 K 2 T R D 1C 3 1 V T H 4 R Q 3 7 I S 6 D R C 4 7 1 1 7 + C 4 3 T 0 3 0 K G N D R E L A Y 7 8 0 5 I N

1 F 3 P

R 1 S 2 - 4 0 Q 9 V 1T5 2 K 9 C 0 0 2 1 . 0

1 5 5 F Nguyen ly hoat 5 ong : Khi nhan tia hong ngoai t mach phat LED hoat ong, ien ap ri tren led nho, khong u phan cc cho transistor VT1, VT1 trang thai ngat. Luc o, chan so 2 cua IC1 se mc cao, au ra chan so 3 mc ien thap, role k khong hut, van ien t DF ong. Khi dung tay che tia hong ngoai phat ra t GH, bong thu FTS4091 khong co tn hieu, dong vao Transistor ln lam cho transistor dan bao hoa, ien the chan so 2 cua IC1 giam xuong mc thap, dan en au ra chan so 3 len mc ien cao, role K hut, tiep iem thng h K1 noi thong nguon ien cho van ien t DF, voi nc c m. Sau khi ra tay xong, voi nc se t ong ngat. 3. MACH IEN IC IEU KHIEN T XA MI NHAT WG0623A:

I C M C

A C 2 2 0 V

Hien nay, thiet b ien trong gia nh ngay cang nhieu, bo phan ieu khien t xa (remote) cung ngay cang dung pho bien, con ngi can co mot bo ieu khien t xa van nang. e giai quyet ieu nay co the dung vi x ly tien tien cua nc ngoai IC-WG0623A

che tao thanh mot bo ieu khien xa co the thay the cho moi remote hien co va nh o ieu khien t xa tat ca cac thiet b ang dung trong gia nh. S o chan: 1 52 48 44 40 39 1mm 11 6 35 32 So chan 1,9,37,51, 52 2 3 4 5 6 8 13 14 20 Ky Chc27 nang 26 27 hieu NC Cha noi FR V0 V00 XIN XOUT RET au ra tn hieu ieu khien xa Nguon ien ben trong noi song song vi chan so 4 Nguon ien au vao mach dao ong noi au ra mach dao ong noi au vao hen thong phuc v Noi at WG0623

27

7,10,13,14 GND ,16,20,23, 33,45, 46,47,48 11 S+ 12 15 17 18

Chan noi ben trong, noi song song vi chan 12 S Chan noi ben trong, noi song song vi chan 11 AMPI au vao khuech ai thu au ra khuech a thu VREG ien ap tham khao a ra V00

Hien cac bo ieu khien t xa dung IC s dung trong thiet b ien gia nh eu co ma ieu khien tu xa co nh, va oi tng ieu khien t xa hnh thanh tng oi co quan he vi nhau. Nhng ac iem ln nhat cua IC WG0623A la co kha nang hoc, no co the mo phong tat ca ma phat cua LED ieu khien t xa bang tia hong ngoai, v the co the s dung thay cac bo ieu khien t xa thong dung. Ben trong cuaWG0623A chu yeu do 3 bo phan tao thanh:bo phan phat ma, bo phan thu, CPU va mach au noi ngoai vi. Bo phan phat ma thc hien viec phat ma ieu khien t xa; bo phan thu thc hien viec thu ma ieu khien t xa khi hoc; CPU la trong tam cua chip IC. Luc phat ma, no co nhiem vu cung cap cho au ra cua bo phan phat ma nhng so lieu va tham so t trong bo phan nh; luc thu, no tien hanh phan tch vi ma ieu khien t xa a thu c. Sau o no nh trong bo nh tham so song mang va so lieu cua ma ieu khien t xa a nhan c. Hien tai co the dung WG0623A che tao thanh bo ieu khien t xa tien tien nhat. Bo ieu khien t xa nay va thch hp s dung bnh thng trong gia nh cung co the ban kem vi cac san pham nh: VCD, thiet b am hng, tivi 4.Mach ieu khien t xa bang tia hong ngoai mot nut nhan: Chung ta co the s dung mot so linh kien r va IC 4047BE e tao ra mot bo ieu khien t xa mot nut nhan e ong cat cac thiet b trong gia nh. Tam hoat ong cua bo thu phat nay rat ln, co the en 10 m. S o chan cua IC 4047BE:
V
1 4

d 0 d
1 3

T
1 2

Q
1 1

N Q

1 0

M
9

R T

E E

1 2

a o a 1
3

0 Q

1 2 3

Q N e x t / C Re xe ts e t R

x e x R t e R x / t C Ee N tE a a oT 1

N V1

s s

Chan 1 Cext: ket noi tu ben ngoai. 2 Rext : ket noi ien tr ben ngoai. 3 R/C : chan ket noi chung giua tu va ien tr ben ngoai.

4 EAI : chan cho phep tn hieu vao (tac ong muc thap). 5 EAO: chan cho phep tn hieu vao (tac ong mc cao). 6 T : chan kch vao t cao xuong thap. 7 V ss : chan noi mass. 8 T0 : chan kch vao t thap len cao. 9 MR : Master Reset. 10 : ngo ra (chan dao ong ngo ra). 11 : ngo ra ao. 12 : Reset. 13 : chan dao ong . 14 Voc : chan cap nguon nuoi. GS o mach phat : Trong o C1= 100F tu loc nguon; C2 = 2,2nF R1= 10k ; Q1: 2SC1815; D1 :led R2= 56 Mach phat ra tia hong ngoai co tan so khoang 10kHz, xung ra dang vuong, co dong trung bnh khoang 50mA.
5 4 6 8 1 3 R 1 C 2 2 . 2 n 1 2 9 I C 1 Q Q O S A S T A S T - T 2 + T R E T R C R R 4 C X X S 0 4 C R 2 5 6 B T 1 9 V 1 1 1 C 0 1 3 Q 1 2 N 1 0 6 9 S O W N 1 / O F F

1 0 k

T 7

D 0 L E D

G S o mach thu :
C 1 R 1 2 1 k 1 R 6 2 2 0

K C 1 0 5 0 n R 4 C 9 . 7 6

R 3 4 . 7 C 3

K D 1 Q ? 2 N C 7 1 U R 1 0 6 L 9 Y 1

4 R C 2 D 1 01 n 1 2 . 2 M Q 2 S 1 C

. 7

n 1

5 . 5 R 4 M

Q 2 2 S A C 4 1 0 n 7 . 7 K

R 1

5 M

. 5

4 Q 2 S

. 7 3 C

U D 1 0 1 2 5

Trong o : R1 : 12K ;R2 : 1,2M ;R3: 4,7K ;R4 : 1K ;R5 : 1,5M R6 : 220 ;R7 : 4,7K ;R8 : 1,5M ;R9 : 4,7K ;C1 : 100 ;C3 : 4,7 F ;C4 : 14 F ;C5 : 100 F ;C6 : 4,7 F

C2 : 10 F ;C7 : 1 F

Q1,Q2,Q3,Q4 : 2SC1015

G Nguyen ly hoat ong: Sau khi nhan nut ON/OFF th mach phat hoat ong. Led hong ngoai phat ra tia hong ngoai. mach thu, led thu tiep nhan roi t giai ieu che e lay tn hieu xung 10kHz a en Q1, Q2, Q3 lam cho Q1 khong hoat ong c, Q4 hoat ong lam cho role Y1 hut. Ngc lai khong nhan nut ON/OFF th rle Y1 khong hut. T rle Y1 ta co the a en ieu khien mot thiet b ien nao o. GS o phat: 6 . . 9 V

1 0C K 1

R 2 1 0 K

R 3 1 0 K C

R 4 1 0

R 5 4 7 K

1 0 0 Q N 1 P N

0 0 n Q N 2 P N Q N 3 P N

GNguyen ly hoat ong: S o nguyen ly may phat tia hong ngoai tren co bc song khoang 850mm. LD1 la LED phat hong ngoai. Bo a hai Q1, Q2 phat xung vuong co tan so khoang 10kHz e kch Q3 hoat ong ieu che song hong ngoai. GS o mach thu: Tng t nh may thu phan 4, ta ch thay oi lai cach mac phan Q4 nh sau:

9 V

R 5 4 7 K S Q N 1 0 0 n D 1 C 2 4 7 0 n 3 P N C 3 2 2 0 C R

Khi co tn hieu hong ngoai Q4 dan bao hoa va SCR tat. F ng dung cua mach: 8 Bao ong khi co ke gian. Khi co ke gian i qua khu vc lam che khuat tia hong ngoai t mach phat chieu en mach thu lam cho mach thu mat tn hieu, Q4 mat ien ap nen tat, cong G cua SCR luc nay rat dng nen dan va cap nguon coi bao ong. 8 Rung chuong khi co khach en: Neu he thong dung bao chuong khi co khach en th co the bo coi hu mac SCR vao chuong. 8 em san pham trong mot day chuyen san xuat: Khi can em san pham th SCR c thay bang Transistor C2335 (khoa nguon) cho chuong 110V hay 220V hoac H106 (khoa nguon) cho chuong dung pin. C moi lan o vat chay ngang tam che khuat tia hong ngoai la mot lan bao chuong.

THIET KE MACH
A. IC LOGIC CMOS: 1.ai cng : CMOS c viet tat t Complementary-Metall-OxideSilicon. au tien CMOS c nghien cu e s dung trong ky thuat hang khong vu tru. Vi cac ac tnh nh khong b phu thuoc vao li ien, mien nhieu Ngay nay CMOS c s dung rong rai trong li ien cong nghiep, ien t, y khoa, ky thuat xe hi va ca trong ky thuat may tnh ien t. - CMOS co cac ac tnh quan trong: - Cong suat tieu tan be: 0,25 nW per gate (static) - ien ap lam viec t 3V en 15V, max 18V. - CMOS chong nhieu tot. - Khoang nhiet o lam viec: Thng mai: -40 0C en 85 0C Quan s : -55 0C en 125 0C - DC fan out > 50. 2.ien ap: CMOS co the hoat ong t 3V en 5V. Tuy nhien vi ien ap nho hn 4,5V thi gian tre se gia tang (van toc lam viec se cham lai), tong tr ra cung cao hn va ong thi tnh chong nhieu cung giam. Vi nhng ien ap ln hn 15V cung co nhng bat li. - Cong suat tieu tan luc CMOS hoat ong cung tang cao. - Vi nhng xung nhieu t nguon vt qua ien ap anh thung (20V), tao ra hieu ng SCR-latch-up va lam hong IC neu dong khong c han che t ben ngoai. 3.Thi gian tre: ien ap cang cao th CMOS hoat ong cang nhanh. Thi gian tre gia tang vi nhiet o va tai ien dung. 4.Tnh mien nhieu : CMOS chong nhieu rat tot, thng 4,5% ien ap cap t 2,25V vi ien ap 5V va 4,5V cho ien ap 10V. Thi gian tre bien mat sau mot chuoi cac cong CMOS, sau o mot chuoi cac cong TTL th c khuech ai. V tnh chat ac biet nay CMOS c dung e thiet ke trong cac mach ien cua cac thiet b cong nghiep phai hoat ong trong mot moi trng ay nhieu va ien t. Vi ien ap cap 5V CMOS van hoat ong bnh thng vi s mat on nh cua ien ap cap hay ien ap nhieu en 1V.

CHNG IV

5. Giao tiep vi TTL: Vi ien ap 5V CMOS giao tiep thang vi TTL. Tong tr ve cua CMOS rat ln, TTL co the tai vo so cong CMOS ma khong lam mat fan out trang thai thap. 6. ien dung nga ra-vao: ien dung ngo vao cua CMOS = 1,5pF en 5pF va ien dung nga ra bang 3pF en 7pF. 7.Nhng chu y can thiet khi thiet ke mach vi IC CMOS: - Tat ca cac chan ngo vao khong dung nen noi vi at hay ien ap cap. - Nhng tn hieu vao thay oi mc logic qua cham se lam cho IC CMOS dao ong va IC b trigger nhieu lan. ien ap cap cho IC on ap kem va khong sach de a en trng hp nay v ien ap ngng vao cua IC phu thuoc vao ien ap cap. Vi cac xung ong bo co thi gian len cham IC CMOS cung thng hieu sai. - C CMOS cung loai co ac trng ky thuat khac nhau. - Dong ra cua CMOS loai B cho toan dai nhiet o lam viec khoang 0,36mA u e thuc mot cong LS-TTL. B. CAU TAO VA CHC NANG CUA IC: I. IC HEF 4017B: Vi mach 4017B la vi mach loai CMOS nen mang cac ac iem cua ho CMOS. Ngoai ra, s hoat ong cua vi mach con phu thuoc vao cac tn hieu vao no. Neu tn hieu vao co ien ap khong on nh hay xung ong ho co thi gian len cham se gay nen s nay cua vi mach, lam tn hieu ngo ra khong on nh. IC 4017B la vi mach co mi au ra, cac au ra nay tuan t chuyen len mc cao [1] trong khi au ra khac mc thap [0] theo xung nhp CK, cau truc ben trong cua vi mach la bo em vong Johnson t khi ong c. 5 S o chan cua IC 4017B:
I C 1 1 4 1 3 C L K Q E N A Q Q 1 5 R S T Q Q Q Q Q Q Q C 4 0 1 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 O 3 2 4 7 1 0 1 5 6 9 1 1 1 2

5 S o ben trong: 14 CP0 13 CP1 M R 15

5 Stage Johnson counter Mach ra & giai ma

Q 5-9 12

3 2 4 7 10 1 5 6 9 11 Trong o: Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 CP0 : xung ong ho vao(kch t mc thap len mc cao). CP1 : xung ong ho vao (kch t mc cao xuong mc thap). MR:Master reset. Q0 Q9: cac ngo ra a giai ma. QN5-9 :ngo ra nh (ch tac ong mc thap ). Bang trang thai:

MR H L L L L L L

CP0 X H L X H

CPN1 X L X H L

Operatoin Q0 = Q5 9 = H ; Q1 Q9 = L Count Count No change No change No change No change

H : High stage (Mc cao). L: Low stage (Mc thap). X: Bat chap.

Gian o thi gian CPO 8 1 2 10 3 4 5 6 7

CP1 MR Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8

Q9 II. IC HEF 4013: QN5-9

Vi mach 4013 cha 2 Flip-Flop D, no la mot vi mach a nang, chung co cac chan at trc tiep (S0), xoa trc tiep (CD). D lieu c chap nhan Cp mc thap va c chuyen en ngo ra khi co canh dng cua xung ong ho. Khi 2 chan CD va S0 cung mc cao bat chap d lieu vao va xung ong ho nh the nao, ca 2 ngo ra Q va QN eu mc cao. IC HEF co 14 chan. 5S o ben trong: Q1 QN1 Q2 QN2
1 2 13 12

F-F D
6 5 3

F-F D
4 8 9 11 10

SD1 D1

Trong o: D : D lieu vao.

CP1 CD1 D2 CP2 CD2 SD2

Cp : Xung ong ho vao. SD : Chan at. CD : Chan xoa. 5 Bang trang thai: SD H L H SD L L Ngo vao CD CP D L X X H X X H X X Ngo vao CD CP L L D Ngo ra Q QN H L L H H H Qn+1 Ngo ra QNn+1 L H H L

L H

III. IC 4060: Vi mach 4060 la bo em, chia va dao ong, co 14 tang, ben trong mach ket noi ba bo dao ong ( R S , C TC , R TC ) , co 10 ngo ra ( Q 3 Q9, Q11 Q13). Mach dao ong co the thiet lap bang mach dao ong RC hoac thach anh. Mach dao ong nay thay the cho xung ong ho tai ngo vao RS. Bo em c reset khi chan 12(MR) mc cao. Co 16 chan. 5 S o chan: D Q 9 Q 7 Q 8 M R R S R c tC c t V D
1 6 1 3 9

I C
1 Q 1 1 Q 1 Q 2 4 1 Q3

4 0 6 0
8 5 Q 4 Q 6 Q 3 G N D

F Thiet lap mach dao ong: - Mach dao ong RC:

M R
1 2

R C 2

t C t

Cong thc tieu bieu e tnh tan so dao ong: fosc= 1/ (2,3x Rt x Ct )

Tan so dao ong c xac nh bi R t ,Ct , vi Rt < R2 va R2R2 << Rt Rt. Chc nang cua R2 la giam toi thieu anh hng cua ap xuyen qua diode bao ve tan so vao, C2 la tu loc gia tr cang cao cang tot. e tan so dao ong chnh xac nh mong muon gia tr Ct phai ln hn C2 , gia tr Rt phai ln hn gia tr ien tr m cua CMOS. Thong thng ngi ta s dung gia tr Rt va Ct la: Ct >>100pF 10k <= Rt <= 1M Ngoai ra chung ta co the s dung thach anh:
M
1 3 2

R 1 0

d 0 K R 2 2 . 2

X 1 C 1 3 7 C 2 1 0 0 p

Rl : ien tr han dong IV. IC 74192: Vi mach 74192 la bo em BCD lap trnh c, no co kha nang em len hoac em xuong. Khi au vao tai (Load-11) c at mc thap (L) th so 4 bit bat ky cac au vao D, C, B, A se c tai va bo em. Bo em c xoa ve mc thap khi au vao Clear (chan 11) c at mc cao. Cac au ra mn (Borrow-chan 13) va nh (Carry-chan 12) khi chuyen xuong mc thap se ch tran xuong di (under-flow) hoac tran len tren (Over-flow). Vi mach nay co kha nang em theo so at trc. Vi mach hoat ong em len khi chan Count down (chan 4) mc cao, xung ong ho a vao chan Count up (chan 5), mach em len la em t so at trc en so ln nhat 1001, chan tai load c tai vao chan carry va chan clear c noi vi mass. Vi mach hoat ong em xuong khi chan Count up (5) mc cao, xung ong ho a vao chan Count down (4); mach em xuong la em t so at trc en so thap nhat 0000, chan tai c tai vao chan borrow(13). IC co 16 chan.

5 S o chan:
V D 1 6

PD 0 C

B L

o r C o a w Lr r oy aP d 2 r
1 3

P
9

I C
1 P 1 Q ! Q 0C 4 d C

7 4 1 9 2
8 u Q 2 Q 3 G N D

5 S o khoi ben trong:

15 5

14

13

12

11

10

P0 CL Borrow Carry Load P2 P1 P3 Q1 Q0 Cd Cu

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Count up : em len. Count down : em xuong. Caarry :Chan nh. Borrow :Chan mn. Clear : Chan xoa. P0 P3: Chan at. QA,QB,QC,QD:Cac ngo ra. V. IC 4002B: Vi mach 4002B co cha 2 cong NOR, moi cong co 4 ngo vao va mot ngo ra. Co 14 chan, vo nha kieu cam thang hang. 5 S o chan va s o ben trong:
V 1 D 4 D
1 3 1 2
5 4 1 3 2 5 4 1 3 2

1 0

6 G

7 N D

Bang trang thai: Ngo vao Ngo ra B A Y

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

T bang trang thai ta thay ngo ra len mc cao [1] khi tat ca cac ngo vao eu mc thap [0]. o IC ieu khien t xa bang tia hong ngoai: ICSZ 9418, SZ9149, SZ9150 la nhng IC thu phat trong he thong ieu khien t xa bang tia hong ngoai. Trong o SZ9148 la mach ien IC phat xa ieu khien co ma hoa kieu ma tran. No va mach ien IC SZ9149 phoi hp vi nhau co the hoan thanh bo ieu khien xa co 10 chc nang; phoi hp v mach ien IC SZ 9150 co the hoan thanh bo ieu khien xa co 18 chc nang, co hn 75 lenh co the phat xa, trong o 63 lenh la lenh lien tuc, co the co nhieu to hp phm; 12 lenh khong lien tuc, ch co the s dung phm n. To hp nh vay co the dung cho nhieu loai ieu khien xa cho cac thiet b ien. VI. MACH IEN IC PHAT Z9148: Mach ien IC SZ9148 s dung cong nghe CMOS qui mo ln e che tao la mot loai linh kien phat xa ma hoa tia hong ngoai rat thong dung, pham vi ien ap nguon ien la 2,2V~5,5V. V s dung cong nghe CMOS e che tao nen cong suat tieu hao cc thap, dong ien trang thai tnh ch 10 A, no co the s dung nhieu to hp phm, linh kien ben ngoai rat t, ma so cua no thch hp vi nhieu qui mo khac, ch can noi ngoai linh kien LC hoac bo dao ong gom la co the gay ra dao ong. o S o chan:

V 1

DT 6

T Dx o u t Ce t s o t T d 3e T
1 3

2T

1 K
9

S
1

Z
4

9 1 4 8
8

1.Chc nangN cuaX cac chanK dan: 4 K 2 3K 5 G X D T 1K TK IC SZ9148 s dung 16 chan vo nha kieu cam thang hang. Chan 1: GND la au am cua dong ien noi vi at. Chan 2: XT la au vao cua bo phan dao ong ben trong. Chan 3: XTN la au ra cua bo phan dao ong ben trong, ben trong no khong co ien tr phan hoi. o S o khoi ben trong:
TX2 TNX 3

Dao ong

Phan Tan

Bo Giai Ma
Duy tr / Phat Sinh Tn Hieu Khong Lien Tuc
K1.4 K2.5 K3.6 K4.7 K5.8 K6.9

Mach ien 15 Txout ong Bo au ra

Phat Sinh ien Phat Sinh Tn Hieu Phm Tn Hieu Bit Chiong Vao Chan 4 en chan 9: (k1-k6) la oan au vao tn hieu cua ban phm kieu ma tran.
10 T1 11 T2 12 T3 13 CODE

Mac h

Chan 10 en chan 12: T1 T3 ket hp vi cac chan k1 en k6 co the tao thanh 18 phm. Chan 13: (code) la au vao cua ma so, dung ma so e truyen tai va tiep nhan. Chan 14: (TCST) la au o th, bnh thng khi s dung co the bo trong Chan 15:(Txout ) la au ra tn hieu truyen tai tn hieu 12 bit thanh mot chu ky, s dung song mang 38kHz e ieu che. Chan 16: (V00) la au dng cua nguon ien noi vi ien ap mot chieu 2,2-5,5 V, ien ap lam viec bnh thng 3V. Ben trong IC 9148 do bo phan dao ong, bo phan tan, bo giai ma, mach ien au vao cua ban phm, bo phan phat ma sotao thanh. S o khoi logic ben trong cua no c trnh bay nh hnh 2.

F Tham so chu yeu cua SZ9148: Bang 1 : Muc Luc K hie u

VDD

ieu Nh ie L kien o n n o nha hnh nha th t t

tat ca chc nang thao tac phm thong khon g phu tai phm m khon g dao ong _ _ VIH = 3V VIL = 0V VIH = 3V VIL = 0V VOH = 2V VOL = 3V VOH = 2V 2.2 _ 5.0

n v
V

ien ap nguon ien

Dong ien lam viec

IDD

1.0

mA

Dong ien trang thai bao hoa k1 4 k5 cod e k2 4 k6 ie n ap a u vao do ng ie n a u vao do ng ie n a u vao do ng ie n a u ra do ng ie mc ien cao mc ien thap mc ien cao mc ien thap mc ien cao mc ien thap mc ien cao mc ien thap mc ien cao

IDS

10

VIH VIL IIH IIL

2.0 0 20 -1.0

_ _ 30 _

3.0 0.5 60 1.0

V V A A

a u va o

Cod e Tes t a u ra

IIH IIL

-1.0 20

_ 30

1.0 60

A A

k1 4 k3 TXOU
T

IOH IOL IOH

_ -50 _

_ _ _

-500 _ -0.1

A A mA

n mc a ien u ra thap ien tr phan hoi bo dao ong Cong suat dao ong

IOL R fosc

VOL = 2V _ -

1.0 _ 400

_ 500 455

_ _ 600

mA K KHZ

FTham so cc han cua IC SZ9148: Bang 2: Tham so Ky Gia tr cc han hieu ien ap nguon V00 6.0 ien VIN VSS 3v ~ VDD+3V au vao/ra ien PD 200 ap TOPP -200~75 Cong suat ton TSfg -55 ~125 hao IOUT -5 Nhiet o lam viec Nhiet o cat gi Dong ien au ra (Iout)

n v V V MW 0 C 0 C mA

2. Nguyen ly hoat ong : Trong IC SZ9148 co cha bo ao pha CMOS la ien tr nh thien cung noi bo dao ong bang thach anh hoac mach ien dao ong cong hng. Khi tan so cua bo phan dao ong thiet ke xac nh la 455kHz, th tan so phat xa song mang la 38 kHz. Ch khi co thao tac nhan phm mi co the tao ra dao ong, v the am bao cong suat cua no tieu hao thap. No co the thong qua cac chan k1 en k6 va au ra th t thi gian chan T1 en T3 e tao ra ban phm 6x3 theo kieu ma tran. Tai t1 sau phm c sap xep co the tuy chon e tao thanh 63 trang thai tn hieu lien tuc a ra c trnh bay hnh 3:
T1 T3 T2

K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6

(H)

(S1)

(S2)

Hnh 3

Hai hang phm T2 va T3 ch co the s dung phm n, hn na, moi khi an vao phm mot lan ch co the phat xa mot nhom mach xung ieu khien xa. Neu nh cac phm cung hang ong thi c an xuong th th t u tien cua no la K1 > K2 > K3> K4 > K4> K5>K6 . Khong co nhieu phm chc nang tren cung mot ng K, neu nh ong thi nhan phm th th t u tien cua no la T1 >T2>T3. Lenh phat ra cua no do ma 12 bit tao thanh, trong o C1~C3 (code) la ma so ngi dung, co the dung e xac nh cac mo thc khac nhau, to hp C1, C2 phoi hp vi mach ien IC thu SZ9150; to hp C2, C3 phoi hp vi mach ien IC thu SZ9149. Moi loai to hp co 3 trang thai o la 01, 10, 11 ma khong dung trang thai 00. Lenh phat ra 12 bit nh bang 3 C1 C2 H S1 D1 D2 D3 D4 C3 S2 D5 D6 Ma ngi Ma lien Ma phm au dung tuc/khong lien vao tuc Cac bit ma C1, C2, C3 c thc hien bang viec noi hay khong noi cac chan T1,T2, T3 vi chan code bang cac diode. Neu noi qua diode th cac C tng ng tr thanh [1] va [0] khi khong c noi. H, S1, S2 la ai dien cho ma so phat xa lien tuc hoac ma so phat xa khong lien tuc. No oi ng vi So lieu T1, T2, T3.au D6 la ma cac phm D1 en Ph so cua so lieu phat ra. Phm cua no va s oi ng m ra ma quan he vi nhau nh bang 4 s So H S S D1 D D D4 D5 D6 Hnh 1 2 2 3 thc Bang 4 : Lien tuc 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Lien tuc 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Lien tuc 3 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Lien tuc 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Lien tuc 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Lien tuc 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Khong lien
tuc

8 9

0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 1 0 0

Khong lien tuc Khong lien tuc

10 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 11 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 14 0 0 1 0 1 0 0

Khong lien tuc Khong lien tuc Khong lien tuc Khong lien tuc Khong lien

9 Dang xung phat xa ra: Khi t le chiem trong cua mach xung dng hnh song do mach ien SZ9148 phat ra la ai dien la [0] khi t le chiem trong cua mach xung dng la 4/3, ai dien cho [1]}. Bat luan la [0] hay [1] khi chung c phat ra mach xung dng c ieu che tren song mang 38kHz, t le chiem trong cua song mang la 1/3, nh vay co li cho viec giam cong suat tieu hao. c minh hoa bi hnh 4: 1a 3a Bit 0
Bit 1

3a 1

Hnh 4 Viec phat ra cua moi mot chu ky theo th t noi tiep C1, C2, C3,H, S1, S2, D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6 co tong chieu dai c o 48a, trong o a= chu ky mot ma. Phng phap tnh cua a la: a = (1/fosc) 192s. Khi an phm khong lien tuc, au ra ma ch phat ra 2 chu ky, khi an phm lien tuc, au ra ma se phat ra lien tuc, gia 2 nhom dng lai 280s nh hnh 5a, 5b, 5c trnh bay.

Hnh 5 VII. MACH IC THU SZ9149 VA SZ9150: Hai IC nay cung c che tao bang cong nghe CMOS, chung i cap vi IC phat SZ9148 e tao thanh mot bo IC thu-phat trong ieu khien xa bang tia hong ngoai. F S o chan:
V 1 D O D S C C o dC e o 1 dS eP 2S1 P S2 P 6 1 3

3 S
9

S
1 G

Z
4

9 1 4 9
8 P H 2 P H3 P H4 P S5 P 5

N R D x Hi n P H 1

V 2

D O D S C C o Cd e o 1Sd Pe S 21 P S 2 P S3 P S 4 P S 5 P S 6 P S 7 P 4 2 1 1 7

1 3

S
1 G 4

9 1 5 0
8

1 2 1S 0P 9

N R D x H i nP H 1 PH 2 P H 3 P H 4 P H 5 P C 6 P C 2 P S 1 P

F S o khoi ben trong IC thu SZ9150: 24 1

Dao 23 ong Bo Nh Dch

Hang au Ghi Mach Xung au Vao

Bo em So Lng
Bo Nh Dch Hang Mach ien Khoa Kiem Tra So Lieu

22 21

Kiem Tra Ma

o Kiem Tra Sai So

Mach Ham Xung

au Vao FF FF
SP2

3 4
SP1

6 7

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

HP1 HP2 HP3 HP4 HP5 HP6 CP2 CP1 SP10 SPSP9 S8 SP7 SP6 SP5 SP4 SP3

1.Chc nang cac chan: IC SZ9149 co 16 chan, IC SZ9150 co 24 chan. Ca hai eu co vo nha kieu cam thang hai hang, hnh dang ben ngoai cua no va chan dan c sap xep nh hnh 6. - Chan 1: (GND) la au am cua dong ien noi at. - Chan 2: (Rxin) la oan au vao cua tn hieu thu; tn hieu sau khi c loc bo song mang. - Chan 3 en 8 :HP1 ~HP6 (HP1~HP5) la au ra tn hieu lien tuc. - Chan 9, 10: (CP1, CP2) la au ra tn hieu chu ky, tn hieu thu cua au vao tng ng mot lan, au ra cua no se lat mot lan. - Chan 11 en 20: SP10 ~SP1 (SP1~SP5) la au ra tn hieu khong lien tuc, tn hieu tiep nhan cua au vao tng ng mot lan, mc ien cao cua au ra duy tr khoang 107ms.

- Chan 21, 22: (code 2, code 1) la au so sanh ma truyen at tng oi chnh xac, ma so thu c va ma so nh trc cua mach ien nay phai hoan toan giong nhau mi co the thu c. - Chan 23: (OSC) la au vao dao ong. ien tr ghep song song en at va tu ien cua au nay gay ra dao ong. - Chan 24: (VDD) la au dng cua dong ien, thng mac ien ap khoang 4,5V~5,5V. Mach ien ben trong cua IC thu do bo phan dao ong, bo em so cong, bo nh dch hang au vao, bo phan kiem tra so lieu, bo phan kiem tra ma, mach em mach xung au vao, mach ien khoa co nh, mach ien kiem tra o sai sot, bo phan em au vao tao thanh. S o khoi logic cua mach ien ben trong nh hnh7. FTham so cc han cua IC thu: Bang 6 Tham so Ky Gia tr cc n v hieu han ien ap VDD 6 V nguon ien ien ap VIN/VOUT VSS 0.3 VDD + V vao/ra 0.3 Cong suat PD 200 mW ton hao Nhiet o TOPR -20 75 C lam viec Nhiet o TSTG -55 125 C cat gi F Tham so chu yeu cua IC thu: Bang 5: Tham so Ky ieu kien Nh ie L hie o th o n n n u nha hnh nha v t t ien ap VDD 4.5 5.5 V Ta = -20 nguon 75 C Dong ien IDD au ra 1.0 MA lam viec khong phu tai Tan so dao FOSC 27 57 KHz Ta = -20 ong 75 C,VDD4.5 5.5 Tan so s SOSC 38 KHZ

dung chuan Bien ap cua tan so theo ien ap Bien ap cua tan so theo nhiet o Don Mc g ien ie cao n Mc au ien ra thap Don Mc g ien ie cao n au vao ien tr keo tren ien ap ngng cua mach ien au vao o rong cua dai

Vf
osc

VDD4.5 5.5

-5

Tf
osc

Ta = -30 75 C

-5

IOH IOL IIH

o tat ca au ra,Voh=4v o tat ca au ra,Vol=4v au Code,VIH=5V

1.0 1.0

1.0 1.0

MA MA A

RUP VIN

au code au RXIN

10 2.0

20 2.5

40 3.0

K V

Vhys

RXIN

0.8

2. Nguyen ly hoat ong: au vao cua tn hieu tiep nhan cua mach IC nay do au vao linh kien quang ien am nhan, sau khi qua khuech ai, tach song e loai tr song mang 38kHz, sau o a vao au vao mach ien IC, au tien tien hanh chnh hnh oi vi tn hieu au vao, sau o lai lam cac x ly khac. S o khoi ve nguyen ly hoat ong mach ien au vao cua no nh hnh 8.

Hnh 8 Thi gian o kiem tra tn hieu tiep nhan cua mach ien nay va ong ho bao gi hoat ong ben trong eu do mach ien dao ong am nhan, luc dung ch can linh kien RC mac song song en at tai au dao

ong OSC cua mach ien SZ9149 va SZ9150 la c, nh hnh 9 trnh bay. Hnh 9

Hnh 10 T nguyen ly cua SZ9148 co the biet, moi nhom so lieu cua tn hieu phat ra la 12 bit, moi lan phat ra 2 nhom so, khi kiem tra tn hieu nhan c, au tien em

tn hieu thu cua nhom 1 gi vao trong bo nh dch hang 12 bit, sau o tien hanh so sanh tng so cua so lieu nhom 2 va nhom 1 nhan c, neu nh giong nhau th au ra oi ng pha se t mc ien thap se tang len mc ien cao; neu nh khac nhau th gay ra tn hieu sai sot lap tc lam cho he thong tr ve trang thai ban au. So lieu nhan c cua no so sanh nh trong hnh 10 tren. Do trong tn hieu phat ra cua IC phat co C 1, C2 va C3 cung cap tn hieu ma so viet cho ngi dung, v vay au tiep nhan can phai co tn hieu ma so tng ng, may khac nhau co ma khac nhau e cho co s khac biet IC SZ9148 phoi hp vi ma ngi dung cua SZ9149 va SZ9150 lan lt co 3 la chon nh bang 7 di ay. Bang 7:
SZ9148 phoi hp vi SZ9148 phoi hp vi SZ9149 SZ9150 C1 C2 C3 C1 C2 C3 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

au C(code) noi vi tu ien cho en at la [1]; trc tiep noi at la [0]. Trong C1 cua SZ9150 c at [1], 2 so khac khong the at ma la [00]. Khi ma ngi dung phat hay thu phu hp th ben trong mach ien se gay ra mach xung khoa, e khoa so lieu au vao va lam cho au ra tang t mc ien thap len mc ien cao. Neu ma ngi dung khong phu hp, th gay mach xung khong khoa, au vao dng lai mc ien thap. Khi m may au vao ma ngi dung th nhat thiet phai a ra mach xung dng, e lam cho he thong tr ve ban au. e tao ra tn hieu ban au nay, nhat nh au C at mc [0] noi vi tu ien (0,001 ~0,022 F), nh vay th co the bao am trong khoang khac bat may, au C ong thi la mc ien thap, lam cho ben trong mach ien tao ra mach xung tr ve ban au, sau o au C cua no dng lai mc ien khoa. Nh trc o a trnh bay, au C1, C2 ong thi at [0] la khong c t nhat hai au nay phai noi vi mot tu ien nh hnh 11 sau:

Hnh 11 Sau khi SZ9149, SZ9150 tien hanh kiem tra chnh xac mach xung thu 12 bit, th au ra tng ng tao thanh mot mach xung dng rong khoang 107ms, la mach xung n, nh hnh 12 sau:

Hnh 12 Sau khi thu tn hieu lien tuc, ong thi vi viec tao ra mach xung khoa th 1, au vao tng ng tao ra mc ien cao, cho en khi mach xung khoa sau cung ket thuc 160ms th lai tr lai mc ien thap. Khi thao tac nhieu phm cac au HP tng ng co the song song ong thi a ra cac xung lien tuc, o la au ra mach xung lien tuc, minh hoa nh hnh 13:

Phm an Tn hieu lien tuc Thong khoa au ra duy tr

12bit 12bit

12bit 12bit

160ms

Hnh 13 Neu nh moi khi nhan c tn hieu phat khong lien tuc, mc ien au CP tng ng chuyen oi mot lan, loai mach xung chu ky nay(hai trang thai on nh) thng dung trong nguon chuyen mach dung cho ieu khien thiet b ien, mach ien lam cam tap am Dang song hoat ong cua no nh hnh 14:

Hnh 14 Phm cua bo phan phat xa va ma so phm gia au ra cua SZ9150 quan he vi nhau nh bang 8 sau:
So phm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 H S1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 S2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 So lieu K1 K2 K3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 K4 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 K5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K6 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Chc nang Tn hieu lien tuc Tn hieu lien tuc Tn hieu lien tuc Tn hieu lien tuc Tn hieu lien tuc Tn hieu lien tuc Tn hieu khong lien tuc Tn hieu khong au ra HP1 HP2 HP3 HP4 HP5 HP6 SP1 SP2

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

lien tuc Tn hieu khong lien tuc Tn hieu khong lien tuc Tn hieu khong lien tuc Tn hieu khong lien tuc Tn hieu khong lien tuc Tn hieu khong lien tuc Tn hieu khong lien tuc Tn hieu khong lien tuc Tn hieu chu ky Tn hieu chu ky

SP3 SP4 SP5 SP6 SP7 SP8 SP9 SP10 CP1 CP2

C. THIET KE MACH:

I. S O KHOI MACH THU- PHAT DUNG TIA HONG NGOAI: F Nguyen ly chung: Mot Remote controller gom 2 khoi: khoi phat va khoi thu. Khoi thu da theo moi nut nhan chc nang se tao ra mot tn hieu ieu khien va phat i bi LED hong ngoai. Cac tn hieu nay c phan biet vi nhau bi so xung c phat i. A. S O KHOI MACH PHAT:

Ban Phm

Gii Han o Rong Xung

Khoi Dao ong Tao Song Mang Kho i Pha t AND3

Khoi Tao Xung n on

Khoi Dao Chuan AND2

AND1

F Giai thch s o: 7 Ban phm: c to chc di dang ma tran phm, moi phm thc hien mot chc nang rieng. Bat ky phm nao tren ban phm c nhan eu thc hien 2 nhiem vu: th nhat la tao xung kch, kch khoi tao xung n on hoat ong; th hai la tao ra ma tng ng la nhng bit nh phan da vao khoi gii han o rong xung. 7 Khoi tao xung n on: Khi nhan c xung kch thch mach n on tao ra mot xung dng co thi hang la T. o rong T tuy thuoc vao tr so cu the cua linh kien trong mach. Nhiem vu chnh cua khoi n on trong mach la tao ra mot o rong xung dng T duy nhat.
TIMER R Khoi dao ong chuan: Khoi nay luon dao ong tao ra mot chuoi xung co chu ky la hang so. Cong AND1 gom hai ngo vao, mot ngo nhan chuoi xung cua khoi dao ong chuan a en,

ngo con lai la o rong xung T. Nh vay ngo ra cua cong AND1 ch cho qua mot so chu ky xung nhat nh khi mach n on hoat ong. Dao ong Chuan 7 Khoi gii han o rong xung: Thc chat ay la mach em at trc, ch tieu la nhng bit nh phan tuy theo tng phm cu the c an vao, ma nhng d lieu tng ng se c nap vao mach em, e thc hien em t trang thai o, ta co the s dung mach em len hoac em xuong. ngo ra cua mach em la nhng o rong xung tng ng vi phm an c an vao. Tren ban phm co bao nhieu phm an th mach em cho ra bay nhieu o rong xung. Hai ngo vao cong AND2, mot ngo nhan o rong xung khac nhau do khoi gii han o rong xung a ti, ngo con lai la so chu ky on nh(hang so), tuy theo o rong xung ma cong AND2 cho phep xung i qua. Tnh chnh xac cua mach phu thuoc vao khoi gii han o rong xung, ch can sai lech o rong xung la sai lech oi tng. 7 Khoi dao ong tao song mang: V tn hieu ieu khien co tan so thap. Khong u manh e bc xa ra khoang khong gian can thiet en mach thu, do vay phai ieu che no vi song mang co tan so cao e u nang lng phat i. Khoi dao ong tao song mang thng c thiet ke dao ong vi tan so vai chuc kHz tr len. 7 au phat: Tn hieu cua ngo ra cua cong AND3 co dong nho nen khong u kha nang thuc LED hong ngoai. Do o, phai qua mot bo khuech ai dong va ap thch hp e thuc LED phat tn hieu hong ngoai. B. S O KHOI MACH THU: Nhan Dang Tn Hieu ieu Khien Mach Chot Giai Ma Chon Chc Nang

au Thu

n On

Nhan Thc Chc Nang Rafdio Bottom

Nhan Chc Nang ON/OFF

7 au thu: Dung photodiode e nhan dang hong ngoai, sau o oi tn hieu hong ngoai thanh tn hieu ien. ong thi vi viec oi tn hieu hong ngoai, tn hieu ieu khien cung c tach ra khoi tn hieu song mang, a no ve ung dang cua xung ieu khien . 7 Mach n on: Mach nay ch hoat ong khi co tn hieu thu t mach phat. Tn hieu thu co dang xung vuong, nen can co mach loc tao ra gai nhon kch cho no hoat ong. Ngo ra cua khoi nay co dang xung vuong, xung nay ieu khien mach em va mach chot. 7 Mach nhan dang tn hieu: Thc chat ay la mach em, thc hien em so xung do au thu a en. So xung ma mach em nhan c chnh la tn hieu ieu khien c phat i. 7 Mach chot: D lieu a vao mach chot la d lieu t ngo ra cua mach em. Sau khi chot d lieu se rat on nh khong chap chn do o giup giai ma c chnh xac. 7 Khoi giai ma chon chc nang : Nhiem vu chnh la nhan tn hieu on nh sau khi chot, t o giai ma chon chc nang. a ch cung thay oi khi mach phat co phm an, va do o tng chc nang cung thay oi theo. Cac ng chc nang cua khoi nay gom 16 ng ra cha c s ly phan chc nang. 7 Phan chc nang ON/OFF: Tuy theo yeu cau s dung ma ta phan thanh chc nang tren. Chc nang ON/OFF ieu khien cac oi tng oc lap. Chc nang radio bottom ieu khien cac trang thai phu thuoc cua cung mot oi tng hoac cac thiet b lam viec luan phien nhau. II. THIET KE MACH PHAT IEU KHIEN XA BANG TIA HONG NGOAI: IC s dung trong mach ieu khien co nhieu loai, nhng phan nay em chon cap IC chuyen dung SZ9148 va SZ9150 e thi cong mach bi nhng u iem cua chung.

ng dung cap IC SZ9148/SZ9150 thi cong mach thuphat hong ngoai ieu khien t xa 6 phm nhan v cac thong so sau: - ien ap nguon may phat 4V en 5V, ien ap nguon may thu la 5V en 12V. - Khoang cach phat trong pham vi t 10m en 12m . - Cac chc nang ieu khien ong m nguon ON/OFF.

1. Thiet ke mach phat: IC SZ9148 co kha nang tao ra to hp 18 phm t ma tran 6x3. Trong o co 6 phm lien tuc (phm 1 en phm 6) va 12 phm khong lien tuc (phm 7 en phm 18). c mo ta nh sau: Ma tran phm

Trong o H, S1, S2 (tng ng vi T1, T2,T3) la ai dien cho ma so phat xa lien tuc(H) hoac khong lien tuc (S 1, S2). Theo yeu cau cua e th ieu khien quat nay bao gom cac phm chc nang sau: x ieu khien ong ngat mach quat. y ieu khien toc o (co 3 cap). z ieu khien cho quat quay qua lai. { ieu khien hen gi. Bi vay ta ch s dung 6 phm nhan khong lien tuc t phm 7 en phm 12. Phm 7: dung e ieu khien ong ngat mach. Phm 8: dung e ieu khien toc o thap (1) cua quat . Phm 9: dung e ieu khien toc o trung bnh (2) cua quat. Phm 10: dung e ieu khien toc o cao (3) cua quat. Phm 11: dung e ieu khien quat quay qua lai. Phm 12: dung e hen gi. 7 Ma ngi dung C1, C2, C3: Trong tn hieu phat ra cua mach phat co C 1, C2, C3 cung cap tn hieu ma so viet cho ngi dung, v vay au tiep nhan can phai co tn hieu ma so tng ng, may khac nhau co ma so khac nhau e cho co s khac biet. Cac bit ma C1, C2, C3 c thc hien bang viec noi cac chan T1, T2, T3 tng ng qua chan code (13) bi cac diode hay khong noi. Neu noi qua diode th bit C tng ng len mc [1], khong noi th bit C tng ng mc [0].

Theo yeu cau e tai s dung 6 chc nang nen em chon IC phoi hp IC phat SZ9148 la IC thu SZ9150 va bit ma ngi dung la:

C3 1 1 1 Vay mach thu SZ9150 hai chan code C 1, C2 ta lan lt noi vi 2 tu xuong mass. Tng ng vi IC SZ9148 ket noi T1 vi code thong qua D1 e tao ra C1 mc [1]. T2 vi code thong qua D2 e tao C2 mc [1] va T3 vi code thong qua D3 e tao C3 mc [1]. Nhng trong mach thi cong e n gian bt va phu hp vi ieu kien cua ban than, em ch thi cong mach s dung 4 phm chc nang. Do o, em chon IC phoi hp vi IC SZ9148 la IC SZ9149, va chon ma ngi dung la: C1 C2 C3 1 1 0 Vay C2 (13) cua IC SZ9149 noi vi tu e tao ra mc [1], chan C3 (14) cua IC SZ9149 noi trc tiep xuong mass e tao ra mc [0]. Tng ng ben IC phat SZ9148: - T1 noi vi code qua diode D1 e tao ra C1=[1]. - T2 noi vi code qua diode D2 e tao ra C2=[1]. - T3 khong noi nen C3=[0]. 7 Bo dao ong tao tan so song mang: Do cau tao ben trong cua IC phat SZ 9148 a co san mot cong ao dung e phoi hp vi cac linh kien ben ngoai bang thach anh hoac mach LC e tao thanh mach dao ong. S o cua mach nh sau:
1 2 1 R Y C C 2 ? R Y S T A L C C 1 2 2 R 2 2

C1

C2

L 1 C 1

e n gian cho viec thiet ke va tang o chnh xac cua tan so, nen chon thach anh lam mach dao ong. 7 Chon tan so dao ong: Tan so song mang ma truyen la tan so thu c do vi mach phat ma hoa sau khi tien hanh chia tan 12 oi vi tan so dao ong cua bo cong hng bang thach anh c au ben ngoai, cho nen mc o on nh va o thap cua tan so nay phu thuoc vao chat lng va qui cach cua mach thach anh.

Tan so dao ong cua mach s dung trong bo phat xa ieu khien t xa thng lay t 400kHz en 500 kHz. Do o, tan so song mang tng ng thng co cac loai nh: 32kHz, 35kHz, 38kHz va 40kz. Ch lenh ma hoa thng dung phng thc phat i bang tan so song mang; mot mat la e nang cao cong suat tr so nh phat xa tn hieu, mat khac la ng dung mach chon tan so cua au thu hong ngoai lam cho song tap nhieu lot vao tan trc cua bo khuech ai theo con ng quang ien c chon bo tan so c che, tang them sc chong nhieu cua may thu. 7 Bo khuech ai: e cng o bc xa anh sang ra moi trng cang manh th dong qua led phat phai u ln. Do o, tn hieu sau khi c x ly se cho qua bo khuech ai, khuech ai tn hieu o ln nh ta mong muon. Bo khuech ai co the dung nhieu loai, loai dung IC Op-amp, loai dung transistor. Khi s dung transistor co the dung 1 transistor hay nhieu transistor. e n gian trong khi rap mach va giam chi ph nen chon mach khuech ai gia darlington. Co s o nh sau:
V C C

I b

1 Q 2

ILED = 1.2.IB Va em chon Transistor T1 la 2SC1815 ;T2 la 2SA 1015

S O NGUYEN LY MACH PHAT

D Nguyen ly hoat ong cua mach: T nguyen ly cua IC SZ9148 co the biet moi lan mach phat ra 2 nhom so lieu, moi nhom so lieu cua tn hieu phat ra la 12 bit, trong o co 3 bit ma ngi dung (C1, C2, C3), 6 bit ma phm vao (D1 en D6) va 3 bit ma lien tuc hay khong lien tuc (H, S1, S2). Khi ta nhan bat ky mot trong cac phm co th t t 7 en 12 th tai phm o len mc cao [1], cac phm con lai van mc thap. Chang han nh nhan phm so 9 th chan 6 (K3) len mc cao va luc nay mach ien ban phm nap vao la 001000 hay ma so cua so lieu phat ra D1 ~ D6 la 001000 tng ng nh ket noi s o nguyen ly cac phm ket noi vi T2 (ng vi S1) cung len mc cao, ay la cac phm khong lien tuc con T1 va T3 9ng vi H va S2) van mc thap, vay ma phat sinh tn hieu lien tuc va khong lien tuc bay gi la 010, hn na nh s o mach ket noi T1 noi qua chan code qua diode D1, T2 noi qua chan code qua diode D2, T3 noi qua chan code qua diode D3. Do o, tao ra ma ngi dung C1, C2, C3 tng ng la 110. Va 3 ma: ma ngi dung, ma lien tuc / ma khong lien tuc va ma so lieu c ket hp vi nhau qua cong OR a en mach ong bo tn hieu ra ket hp vi song mang a ra chan (15) Txout en bo khuech ai darlington dung 2 transistor NPN va PNP qua diode phat bc xa ra mo trng. Nh vay nhom lenh phat tng ng khi nhan phm 9 la: 110 010 001000 Dang song mo ta:

2. Thiet ke mach thu:

7 Bo LED thu: lam nhiem vu nhan tn hieu anh sang t bo phat va bien thanh tn hieu ien, a vao mach khuech ai tach song.

7 Bo khuech ai va tach song: e phuc hoi lai tn hieu goc u ln e ieu khien cac thanh phan ke tiep ta s dung bo khuech ai n gian dung transistor noi E chung, tn hieu vao t cc B, tn hieu ra lay tren cc C. Tn hieu sau khi khuech ai va loc triet tan so song mang ta a vao chan Rin (2) cua IC SZ9150.

VCC

IN C

OUT

Tng ng vi cac phm ben bo phat, ta s dung 6 phm khong lien tuc th t t 7 en 12, ben bo thu cung s dung 6 ngo ra khong lien tuc t SP1 en SP6, tn hieu ngo ra lan lt a ra cac mach chot, e chot d lieu lai ieu khien cho rle. 7 Mach chot: V C C
R U
Q 1

5 3

S L K R 4

D C

R
Q 2

I S

T O LR E

4 0

1 3

Ngo vao S R

Ngo ra Q

Bang trang thai Ngo vao S R LC K D

Ngo ra Qn+1 QNn+1

QN H L H L L L L L H L H L H L L H H L H H H H L L E Nguyen ly hoat ong: Bnh thng cha co xung clock th Q=[0] suy ra QN=[1]. Do o, d lieu ch san chan D (data) la [1] hn na theo bang trang thai th ta noi S=[0], R=[1] th d nhien Q=[0]. Khi ta nhan bat ky 1 phm ben phan phat se tao ra chuoi xung tac ong en phan thu sau khi giai ma, phuc hoi tn hieu tac ong en xung clock (chan 3), luc nay mach chot hoat ong, d lieu (data) c nap vao ngo ra Q thay oi trang thai len mc [1] th QN=[0] LED sang ch th mach chot a hoat ong, luc nay th d lieu ch san chan 5 khong con mc [1] na ma la mc [0] . Khi ta nhan tiep phm tren mot lan na th chan 3 nhan c xung tac ong , tng t d lieu

mc [0] c nap vao chot Q thay oi trang thai tr ve mc [0] tng ng QN len mc [1], luc nay, d lieu ch san lai len mc [1]. Neu ta tiep tuc nhan phm o th qua trnh lap lai tng t. 7 Bo ong ngat dung transistor: e ong ngat cac mach ien t, ngi ta dung cac khoa em ien t. Cac khoa nay co 2 trang thai phan biet, trang thai ong (con goi la trang thai dan) khi ien tr gia 2 cc cua khoa rat nho; va trang thai ngat (con goi la trang thai tat) khi ien tr cua khoa rat ln, coi nh h mach. Viec chuyen oi khoa t trang thai nay sang trang thai khac la do tac ong cua tn hieu ieu khien ngo vao, ong thi qua trnh chuyen trang thai c thc hien vi mot van toc nhat nh, goi la toc o ong m cua khoa. e lam khoa ien t ta co the dung transistor BJT hoac FET, tuy theo ien ap phan cc ma transitor co the lam viec trang thai tat hoac dan (s dung che o khuech ai hay bao hoa). Thong thng ngi ta s dung mach khoa dung transistor BJT mac EC (cc phat chung), bi v no oi hoi cong suat ieu khien thap. ES o mach tieu bieu: V C C
R

Hnh a IB VCC/ Rc Ics B

Vce s Hnh c

VC C

VC E

VBE Hnh b

VF: ien ap m. Ics: dong Ic bao hoa. VCES : ien ap bao hoa. Muon cho transistor T1 nam trang thai ngat th ien ap UBE cua chuyen tiep JE phai nho hn ien ap ngng VF. VBE< VF Do o phai thoa man ieu kien : VI +ICBO x R < VF (IBCO :Dong r ) . Transistor T1 lam viec trang thai dan khi VI tac ong xung dng, luc nay tuy theo dong ngo vao I B ma transistor dan co the lam viec vung khuech ai hoac vung bao hoa. Trong mach khuech ai: chuyen tiep JE phan cc thuan, chuyen tiep Jc phan cc nghch. Dong IB co gia tr dng va thoa man cac he thc sau. IC = IB + ICEO IE = IB + IC ien ap cc thu VO = VCE = VCC -ICRC. (G)

ien ap ngo ra phu thuoc vao tn hieu ieu khien ngo vao. Tuy nhien e tang kha nang chong nhieu cua khoa chon transistor lam viec vung bao hoa (v du nh iem B tren man hnh b). Trong vung nay VI ln nen dong IB va dong IC cung ln. T cong thc(G) do IC ln, suy ra: VO = VCE rat nho (ien ap bao hoa) V CES = 0,1V en 0,2V ieu nay tng ng vi tnh trang ca 2 chuyen tiep JE va JC eu phan cc thuan. Do VCES rat nho nen gia tr IC c xem nh VCC va RC quyet nh. IC ICS = (VCC VCES)/ RC IC = VCC /RC p Thiet ke mach thc te:
T V C C

L A

VCC =12v VI = 5v VI = IBRB +VBE suy ra: IB = (VI -VBE )/RB ieu kien e transistor dan bao hoa:

IB ICmax /sat IC sat /sat v sat =20 25 VCC/RB (VCC -VCesat )/(sat Rreley) sat Rreley RB Chon = 20 Rreley =400 RB =3,3 K g THIET KE MACH HEN GI: Muc ch yeu cau: mach hen gi thiet ke 4 cap hen gi. Cap th nhat mach hen 15 phut, cap th hai mach hen 30 phut, cap th ba hen 60 phut, cap th 4 hen 120 phut. 7 Mach tao xung co chu ky 15 phut: Xung co chu ky 15 phut dung e lam xung clock cung cap cho mach em co so at trc (IC 74192) hoat ong. Ta co: T=15 phut = 900 giay Suy ra f = 1/T =1/900 = 0,00111 Hz Do vay ta can phai co mot mach dao ong rieng, sau o cho qua bo chia e co c tan so theo yeu cau la : f=0,00111Hz. Mach dao ong co the dung thach anh. Bo chia th co nhieu loai, co the dung IC 4020 , IC 4040 hay IC 4060 . . . ay em chon IC 4060 bi ben trong cau truc cua no co san mot cong NAND va mot cong NOT e phoi hp vi linh kien ben ngoai tao thanh mach dao ong. F Tnh toan mach dao ong: Mach dung RC:
4 0 6 0 M R
1 3 2 1 2

t C t

Mach ket hp RC ben ngoai IC 4060 Va co fosc = 1/ (2,3 Rt Ct ) (1) IC 4060 co kha nang chia vi so chia nho nhat la 24=16, va so chia ln nhat 214= 16384. Tan so yeu cau: Fosc /213 = 0,00111 ( HZ ) fosc = 0.00111 213 = 9,1 (HZ ) T cong thc (1) ta co: 1 /(2,3 Rt Ct ) = 9,1 (HZ)

 Rt Ct = 1 /(9,1 2,3) = 0,0477 Chon Ct = 104PF = 100 10-9F Rt =0,0477/100 10-9=477 103. Vay gia tr tnh toan c xac nh la: Ct = 100 nF Rt = 470K. e ieu chnh cho mach co c chu ky T chnh xac, ta dung bien tr 500 k. Chon gia tr tu C2 va ien tr R2 : khi chon hai gia tr nay phai thoa man cac ieu kien sau: R2 >> Rt C2 < C t Rt Ct > R2C2 Do o ta chon C2 = 33pF ; R2 = 1000k Mach dung thach anh
4 0 6 0 M R
1 2 3 1 2

4 0 6 0 M R
1 2 3 1 2

R Y C 2 C ? R Y S T A C L

C C

Mach ket hp thach anh ben ngoai IC 4060. Nh tnh toan phan mach RC: Fosc1 = 9,1 HZ Neu dung thach anh dao ong 9,1 Hz th rat kho tm tren th trng, nen dung them mot IC 4060 na e co c tan so ln hn. fosc1 = fosc2 / 212 =9,1 (HZ) . fosc2 9,1= 9,1 212 = 37 (KHZ) Vay ta chon thach anh 37 KHZ va tu ieu chnh la 24 pF. 7 Mach tao ra so at trc: Trong mach hen gi ta co s dung IC em at trc so em 74192. e tao ra so at trc o (tng ng vi cac cap hen gi), s dung IC em 4017B, da vao tnh chat dch dan len cua cac ngo ra khi co xung clock tac ong vao.

CO Q9 Q8 Q7 Q6 Q5 Q4 Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0

12 11 9 6 5 1 10 7 4 2 3

15 13 14

RST ENA CLK

P3 P2 P1 P0
1 2

F Ngyen tac hoat ong cua mach: Khi ta an nut ieu khien hen gi t bo phat, th ngo ra tng ng(chan SP5) bo thu a ra mot xung, xung nay lam xung clock tac ong len chan CP 0 (14-clock) cua IC 4017B; luc nay IC 4017 hoat ong, ngo ra Q 1 cua no len mc cao (Q0 cua no t mc cao xuong mc thap). Nh vay so 0001 (Q4Q3Q2Q1) c a en lam so at trc cho IC em at trc 74192 (P 3P2P1P0), va tng ng cho cap hen gi 15 phut. Tiep tuc neu ta nhan nut ieu khien hen gi lan th hai th Q2 cua IC 4017B t mc thap len mc cao, ngha la ta co so at trc 0010 tng ng vi cap hen gi 30 phut. Tng t neu an nut ieu khien hen gi lan th ba va bon th ta co so at trc la 0100 va 1000 tng ng vi cac cap hen gi 60 phut va 120 phut. Khi ta nhan nut lan th 5 th Q5 cua IC 4017B t mc thap len mc cao, tac ong vao chan MR(5) lam mach em 4017B tr lai trang thai ban au, ngo Q1 len mc cao [1]. Ngo nay a qua cong ao, mot nhanh qua LED e hien th timer, mot nhanh a en cong AND e khong che phan sau Luc cha s dung timer ngo ra Q0 luon mc cao, qua cong ao lai xuong mc thap, led hien th timer tat. Khi s dung timer ngo ra Q0 mc thap, qua cong ao lai len mc cao, LED hien th timer sang len bao cho ngi s dung biet la quat hoat ong che o hen gi. Nhan nut ieu khien hen gi lan sau th qua trnh lap lai nh cu. 7 Mach em co so hen trc: K 1 S o mach:
1 2

4017

Den cong NAND

V
1 3 2

7
C Q Q Q Q Q Q S TQ Q N AQ L KQ O 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 1 1 9 6 5 1 1 0 7 4 2 3 1 4 1 1 4 5 9 1 0 1 1 5

1 Q R E L A Y S P D T

C L R L O A D D N B O U P C O D C B A Q Q Q Q D C B A

7
1 3 1 2 7 6 2 3 2 3

1 5 1 3 1 4

R E C

1 4 5

7 4 0 1 7

F Nguyen ly hoat ong: Tn hieu xung c tao ra t bo chia IC 4060 chu ky T = 15 phut a en lam xung clock tac ong cho IC em at trc so em 74192. Nh vay c sau 15 phut xung nay tac ong IC em 74192 mot lan. V ta thiet ke cho mach em xuong nen xung nay a vao chan CPD(4), con chan CPU(5) th treo len mc cao .Khi nhan nut hen gi bo phat, th ngo ra tng ng bo thu xuat hien mot xung tac ong len IC 4017B. IC 4017B tao ra mot so at trc a en lam so at trc (P3P2P1P0) cho IC em 74192. Khi co xung clock co chu ky T = 15 phut tac ong ti IC em 74192 th vi mach nay se em xuong cho em khi ve 0000 roi qua cong NOR bon ngo vao len mc cao va ket hp vi ngo Q0 cua vi mach 4017 luc nay mc thap qua cong ao len mc cao e i qua cong AND va lam cho transistor QH hoat ong lam rle hut dan en mach ien quat b ngat. Chang han luc ta muon hen 15 phut (an hen gi lan th nhat) th co so at trc la 0001. Sau 15 phut th vi mach 74192 se em ve 0000, tac ong lam cho role hut, mach ien quat b ngat. Hen 30 phut (an hen gi lan th hai) th so at trc tang len la 0010, sau 15 phut th vi mach 74192 em xuong so 0001, sau 15 phut na se em ve 0000, tac ong ti role, mach ien quat b ngat. Tng t cho 60 phut va 120 phut.

S O NGUYEN LY CUA MACH THU

V Nguyen tac hoat ong cua mach thu: Khi nhan bat ky phm nao bo phan phat tng ng LED phat co nhiem vu bien dong ien thanh quang phat xa ra moi trng, LED thu nhan tn hieu o bien oi t quang thanh ien, sau o, a qua bo khuech ai, tach song loai bo song mang, roi a ti au vao mach ien IC SZ 9150 (chan 2 RIN), au tien IC tien hanh chnh hnh oi vi tn hieu au vao, sau o x ly cac bo phan dao ong, bo em so cong, bo nh dch hang au vao, bo nh dch hang kiem tra so lieu ghi, mach xung au vao, kiem tra ma, o kiem tra sai sot cuoi cung la mach ham xung au vao e em cac ngo ra lien tuc va khong lien tuc. G oi vi mach ieu khien toc o ong c cua quat: khi ta nhan mot trong ba phm toc o phan phat (8,9,10) ,th tn hieu khong lien tuc tng ng mach thu cung a en cac ngo ra khong lien tuc SP2, SP4, SP4 (chan 19, 18, 17). Khi nhan c tn hieu sau khi x ly, ngo ra se len mc cao trong khoang 107ms, cac ngo ra nay c noi en cac mach chot (IC 4013) e gi nguyen mc cao kch cho trnsistor tang ke dan bao hoa, co dong qua rle va rle ong mach, quat se hoat ong toc o ta mong muon. G oi vi mach hen gi: Khi nhan phm hen gi phan phat, ngo ra phan thu tng ng (chan 15) len mc cao, sau o cho qua bo khuech ai e cho tn hieu u ln kch vao chan clock cua IC 4017B, ngo ra Q1 cua IC 4017B thay oi trang thai len mc [1], o cung la tn hieu at cho bo em at trc IC 74192 (P0= [1]), so at la 0001. Sau 15 phut cac ngo ra cua bo em se ve 0000 (s dung em xuong 0001 en 0000, mot xung co chu ky co cho ky 15 phut), cac ngo ra nay cho qua cong NOR, cac ngo vao cua cong NOR 0000 th ngo ra len mc [1] kch transistor T8 dan bao hoa, rle thong mach, ong tiep iem ngat he thong. Tng t nhan phm hen gi lan th hai th sau 30 phut he thong se ngat, nhan lan th ba th sau 60 phut he thong ngat ien, nhan lan th t th sau 120 phut he thong ien ngat, nhan lan th nam mach het che o hen gi, nhan tiep lan na chu ky se lap lai t au. G oi vi mach ien ieu khien motor lam cho quat quay qua lai: khi nhan phm ieu khien motro th ngo ra tng ng phan thu (chan 16) len mc cao cung trong khoang thi gian 107ms qua mach chot tn hieu c chot

 mc cao kch transistor T6 dan bao hoa, rle thomg mach, ong tiep iem cap nguon cho motor hoat ong, neu nhan phm mot lan na th tn hieu ngo ra (chan 16) cua IC 9150 kch xung clock mach chot, luc nay d lieu chot truyen en ngo ra se la mc thap, transitor T6 ngat, role ngng hoat ong. Neu nhan tiep qua trnh se lap lai. Tng t ng vi nut nhan power, transistor T1 (role A1) e ong, ngat ien.

G THIET KE CHON TAI THI CONG: Vi e tai thiet ke mach ieu khien t xa dung tia hong ngoai a chon co kha nang dung e ieu khien ong ngat mach oc lap, co the dung e ieu khien ong ngat mach cua ong c. Do o, e n gian trong viec thi cong em quyet nh dung mach e ieu chnh quat ban. Hien nay, tren th trng corat nhieu loai quat ban, loai dung vong ngan mach, loai dung tu thng trc Nhng pho bien nhat la loai dung tu thng trc, so cc cua ong c dang 2p = 4 hay 2p = 6 . Da tren ket cau ay u cua quat ban tren ly thuyet em thiet ke bo ieu khien quat ban cho ca ba bo phan: ieu chnh toc o, hen gi, va ieu chnh motor quay cua quat. Nhng do thi gian co han va giam chi ph thi cong em ch thi cong bo ieu chnh toc o cua quat. Cac phng phap ieu chnh toc o dung trong quat ban thuoc mot trong ba dang sau: - Dung mach ien t thay oi ien ap at vao ong c (thng gap cac quat ban noi a Nhat Ban). - Dung cuon cam (at di e chan quat) nh quat Hunter hay Stirling cua My hoac AC fan cua Nhat. - Dang con lai dung bo day thay oi toc o (con goi la bo so) at chung ranh vi day quan chnh hay day quan phu e ieu chnh thay oi toc o. Trong dang nay ta co the dung mot trong hai dang mach oi toc o: mach oi toc hnh L (day so at chung ranh day quan phu) va mach oi toc hnh T (day so at chung ranh day quan chnh). Ta co the khao sat phng phap au day cho quat ban chi tiet hn, khi dung s o oi toc hnh T hay hnh L bang cach ve cac s o vong tron lien ket cho cac nhom. Vi quat ban co 2p = 4, pha chnh hay phu c bo tr thanh 4 nhom, lien ket cac nhom theo dang cc that, va e cho hoat ong cua quat c tot (t trng phan bo eu trong stator khi oi toc) moi phan day so nen chia thanh 4 phan bo tr trong 4 nhom cua pha chnh hay pha phu (tuy theo dung mach oi toc hnh T hay hnh L).

S o nguyen ly mach oi toc hnh T

S o nguye n ly mach oi toc hnh L e de theo doi, au tien ta ve dang lien ket ra 5 au day cho quat ban (khi dung mach oi toc hnh T) theo s o vong tron sau:

S o vong tron mo ta cach au day cho mach oi toc o hnh T(2p=4). Bo oi toc o at chung ranh pha chnh ong c co 5 au ra day 3 cap toc o.

S o vong tron mo ta cach au day cho mach oi toc o hnh L(2p=4). Bo oi toc o at chung ranh pha phu. ong c co 5 au ra day, 3 cap toc o:

KET LUAN
e tai ieu khien quat t xa bang tia hong ngoai tuy khong la mot e tai mi me va cung khong phai la mot e tai ln, nhng qua o a phan anh c s van dung cac kien thc a hoc mot cach khoa hoc, tinh than lam viec nghiem tuc, s tm toi hoc hoi, nghien cu cac kien thc mi cua em, cung vi s giup va ch day tan tnh cua thay NGUYEN PHNG QUANG va cac thay co trong khoa ien-ien t. Do thi gian lam luan an co han nen e tai cua em con co mot so han che, neu co ieu kien th t ay co the phat trien them hng thiet ke e mach co nhieu tnh nang hn, hieu qua hn, toi u hn. Nhn chung mach c thiet ke co o chnh xac, tnh on nh cao, chong nhieu tot va co the c ng dung e ieu khien cac thiet b khac trong sinh hoat. Sau mot thi gian lam luan an. Em a rut ra c rat nhieu kinh nghiem cho ban than, o cung la nh vao s ch day nhiet tnh cua cac thay co va s gop y cua cac ban. Sau cung mot lan na em xin chan thanh bay to long biet n cua mnh oi vi thay NGUYEN PHNG QUANG va thay co trong khoa a giup em hoan thanh cuon luan an nay. Xin cam n s giup cua cac ban gan xa trong thi gian thc hien o an. TP.Ho Ch Minh Thang 02 nam 2000 HUYNH NGOC DUNG

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1. Tra cu vi mach so CMOS 2. Linh kien quang ien t. Dng Minh Tr 3. Ky Thuat so thc hanh . Huynh c Thang 4. Ky thuat ien t . Tran Thanh Mai 5. Mot so tap ch ien t Hoi vo tuyen ien t Viet Nam 6. ieu khien t xa Nguyen Cong Hien. 7. May phat vo tuyen Nguyen Van Ngo