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Lecture 1 Meteorology
Lecture 1 Meteorology
Lecture 1 Meteorology
Re-entrainment Ficks law of diffusion J= - D * D C/Dx Where, J= Mass Flux; D = Diffusivity coefficient,; D C/Dx = Concentration gradient Diffusion of pollutants occur due to turbulence, which further depends upon many factors: a. Ambient temperature b. Temperature of emissions c. Roughness factors d. Wind velocity e. Wind direction f. Humidity g. Stability
Dispersion
General mean air motion Turbulent velocity fluctuations Diffusion due to concentration gradients from plumes Aerodynamic characteristics of pollution Particles
Size Shape Weight
Turbulence
Not always completely understood Two types: Atmospheric heating
Causes natural convection currents --- discussed Thermal eddies
Mechanical turbulence
Results from shear wind effects Result from air movement over the earths surface, influenced by location of buildings and relative roughness of terrain.
Lapse Rate
Important characteristic of atmosphere is ability to resist vertical motion: stability Affects ability to disperse pollutants When small volume of air is displaced upward
Encounters lower pressure Expands to lower temperature Assume no heat transfers to surrounding atmosphere Called adiabatic expansion
Adiabatic Expansion
To determine the change in temp. w/ elevation due to adiabatic expansion
Atmosphere considered a stationary column of air in a gravitational field Gas is a dry ideal gas Ignoring friction and inertial effects ( dT/dz)adiabatic perfect gas = - (g M/ Cp)
T = temperature z = vertical distance g = acceleration due to gravity M = molecular weight of air Cp = heat capacity of the gas at constant pressure
Adiabatic Expansion
( dT/dz)adiabatic perfect gas = -0.0098C/m
or ( dT/dz)adiabatic perfect gas = -5.4F/ft
Lapse rate
Lapse rate is the negative of temperature gradient Dry adiabatic lapse rate = Metric: = - 1C/100m or SI: = - 5.4F/1000ft
Conti.
Important is ability to resist vertical motion: stability Comparison of to actual environment lapse rate indicates stability of atmosphere Degree of stability is a measure of the ability of the atmosphere to disperse pollutants
Atmospheric Stability
Affects dispersion of pollutants Temperature/elevation relationship principal determinant of atmospheric stability Stable
Little vertical mixing Pollutants emitted near surface tend to stay there Environmental lapse rate is same as the dry adiabatic lapse rate
4 common scenarios
Stability Classes
Developed for use in dispersion models Stability classified into 6 classes (A F) A: strongly unstable B: moderately unstable C: slightly unstable D: neutral E: slightly stable F: moderately stable
Plume Types
Plume types are important because they help us understand under what conditions there will be higher concentrations of contaminants at ground level.
Looping Plume
High degree of convective turbulence Superadiabatic lapse rate -- strong instabilities Associated with clear daytime conditions accompanied by strong solar heating & light winds High probability of high concentrations sporadically at ground level close to stack. Occurs in unstable atmospheric conditions.
Coning Plume
Stable with small-scale turbulence Associated with overcast moderate to strong winds Roughly 10 cone Pollutants travel fairly long distances before reaching ground level in significant amounts Occurs in neutral atmospheric conditions
Fanning Plume
Occurs under large negative lapse rate Strong inversion at a considerable distance above the stack Extremely stable atmosphere Little turbulence If plume density is similar to air, travels downwind at approximately same elevation
Lofting Plume
Favorable in the sense that fewer impacts at ground level. Pollutants go up into environment. They are created when atmospheric conditions are unstable above the plume and stable below.
Fumigation
Most dangerous plume: contaminants are all coming down to ground level. They are created when atmospheric conditions are stable above the plume and unstable below. This happens most often after the daylight sun has warmed the atmosphere, which turns a night time fanning plume into fumigation for about a half an hour.
References
USEPA, 2007. Online literature from www.epa.gov Meteorology and Air Quality Modeling Support for Measurement Projects http://files.harc.edu/Sites/TERC/About/Events/ Other200503/MeteorologyAndAirQuality.pdf Rao, M.N. and Rao, H. V. N., 1993. Air Pollution, Tata Mc-Graw Hill, New Delhi. Murty, B. P., 2004. Environmental Meteorology, I.K. International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Nevers, N.D. 2000. Air Pollution Control Engineering, Second Edition, Pub., McGraw Hill, New York. Cheremisinoff, N.P., 2002. Handbook of Air Pollution Prevention and Control, Pub., Butterworth-Heinemann, Elsevier Science, USA.