Conversion between Y-source and -source The line-line voltages are times the line-neutral voltages and leading by .

Conversion between line current and load current For a Y-load supplied by a balanced source, the line currents equal the load currents. For a -load supplied by a balanced source, the line currents are times the line-neutral voltages and lagging by .

Conversion between Y-load and -load Starting with -load, suppose balanced voltage source is applied to the terminals, then the line current must remain the same if the -load is replaced with an equivalent Y-load.

Conclusion

With the above three formulas, any three phase balanced circuits can be transformed into an equivalent / connection, from which the line currents can be solved. Other quantities such as load current/voltages can be obtained readily. An equivalent one phase circuit is shown below.

Three Phase Instantaneous Power

( )

( (

) [ ( )

( ) ( ) (

) ( (

( ) ) ]

) ( )] ( ) ( )

) ( ) ( )

Total instantaneous power delivered (absorbed) by source (load) under balanced steady state conditions is a constant.

Three Phase Complex Power

What is SCADA and its components? Distributed Control System (DCS) is an integrated system formed by many subsystems that may be physically separated and operated independently. Modulator demodulator (Modem) ? Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) ? is a microcontroller ? MIMO, control functions, communications? Remote Telemetry Unit (RTU) transmit signals from field instruments and devices

Motivations for SCADA 1) Enhances water operation 2) Cost effectiveness. As electronics such as microprocessors become cheaper and more reliable and labor costs grow, initial installation and maintenance costs may be offset by direct labor savings, as well as improved efficiency.

Concerns 1) security and hackers 2) Reliability (Crisis handling)