Chapter 19, Solution 1.

To get z and , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

11 21
z
1 4
I
2
= 0
+
V
2

I
o
+
V
1

2 6 I
1

(a)

= + + = = 4 ) 2 4 ( || 6 1
1
1
11
I
V
z

1 o
2
1
I I = ,
1 o 2
2 I I V = =

= = 1
1
2
21
I
V
z

To get z and , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).
22 12
z
1 4
I
1
= 0
I
o
'
+
V
2

+
V
1

2 6 I
2

(b)

= + = = 667 . 1 ) 6 4 ( || 2
2
2
22
I
V
z

2 2
'
o
6
1
10 2
2
I I I =
+
= ,
2 o 1
' 6 I I V = =

= = 1
2
1
12
I
V
z

Hence,
= ] [z
(

667 . 1 1
1 4



Chapter 19, Solution 2.


Consider the circuit in Fig. (a) to get and .
11
z
21
z
+
V
2

I
2
= 0
1
1
+
V
1

1
I
o
1
1
I
o
'
1 1
I
1

1 1 1 1
(a)

] ) 1 2 ( || 1 2 [ || 1 2
1
1
11
+ + + = =
I
V
z

733 . 2
15
11
2
4 11 1
) 4 11 )( 1 (
2
4
3
2 || 1 2
11
= + =
+
+ = |
.
|

\
|
+ + = z

'
o
'
o o
4
1
3 1
1
I I I =
+
=

1 1
'
o
15
4
4 11 1
1
I I I =
+
=

1 1 o
15
1
15
4
4
1
I I I = =

1 o 2
15
1
I I V = =

06667 . 0
15
1
12
1
2
21
= = = = z
I
V
z



To get z , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).
22
1 1 1 1
I
1
= 0
+
V
2

+
V
1

1 1 1 I
2

1 1 1 1
(b)

733 . 2 ) 3 || 1 2 ( || 1 2
11
2
2
22
= = + + = = z
I
V
z
Thus,
= ] [z
(

733 . 2 06667 . 0
06667 . 0 733 . 2



Chapter 19, Solution 3.


(a) To find and , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).
11
z
21
z
I
o
+
V
2

+
V
1

1 j
I
2
= 0
-j
I
1

(a)

j 1
j 1 j
) j 1 ( j
) j 1 ( || j
1
1
11
+ =
+

= = =
I
V
z

By current division,
1 1 o
j
j 1 j
j
I I I =
+
=

1 o 2
jI I V = =

j
1
2
21
= =
I
V
z

To get z and , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).
22 12
z
I
1
= 0
+
V
2

+
V
1

1
-j
j I
2

(b)

0 ) j j ( || 1
2
2
22
= = =
I
V
z

2 1
jI V =

j
2
1
12
= =
I
V
z
Thus,
= ] [z
(

+
0 j
j j 1


(b) To find and , consider the circuit in Fig. (c).
11
z
21
z
+


V
1

-j 1
+


V
2

1
I
2
= 0
j -j
I
1

(c)

5 . 0 j 5 . 1
j 1
j -
j 1 -j) ( || 1 1 j
1
1
11
+ =

+ + = + + = =
I
V
z

1 2
) 5 . 0 j 5 . 1 ( I V =

5 . 0 j 5 . 1
1
2
21
= =
I
V
z

To get z and , consider the circuit in Fig. (d).
22 12
z
+


V
2

-j 1
+


V
1

1
I
1
= 0
j -j
I
2

(d)

j1.5 - 1.5 (-j) || 1 1 -j
2
2
22
= + + = =
I
V
z

2 1
) 5 . 0 j 5 . 1 ( I V =

5 . 0 j 5 . 1
2
1
12
= =
I
V
z
Thus,
= ] [z
(

+
5 . 1 j 5 . 1 5 . 0 j 5 . 1
5 . 0 j 5 . 1 5 . 0 j 5 . 1



Chapter 19, Solution 4.


Transform the network to a T network.
Z
1
Z
3

Z
2


5 j 12
120 j
5 j 10 j 12
) 10 j )( 12 (
1
+
=
+
= Z

j5 12
j60 -
2
+
= Z

5 j 12
50
3
+
= Z

The z parameters are
j4.26 - -1.775
25 144
j5) - -j60)(12 (
2 21 12
=
+
= = = Z z z

26 . 4 j 775 . 1
169
) 5 j 12 )( 120 j (
12 12 1 11
+ = +

= + = z z Z z

739 . 5 j 7758 . 1
169
) 5 j 12 )( 50 (
21 21 3 22
= +

= + = z z Z z
Thus,
= ] [z
(

+
739 . 5 j 775 . 1 26 . 4 j 775 . 1 -
26 . 4 j 775 . 1 - 26 . 4 j 775 . 1



Chapter 19, Solution 5.


Consider the circuit in Fig. (a).
s 1
I
2
= 0
I
o
1/s 1/s
+
V
2

+
V
1

1 I
1

(a)

s
1
s 1
1 s
1
s
1
s 1
1 s
1
s
1
s 1 ||
s
1
1
s
1
s
1
s 1 ||
s
1
|| 1
11
+ + + |
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+ + |
.
|

\
|
+
= |
.
|

\
|
+ +
+
= |
.
|

\
|
+ + = z

1 s 3 s 2 s
1 s s
2 3
2
11
+ + +
+ +
= z

1
2
1 1 o
1 s s
1 s
s
1 s
s
s
1
s 1
1 s
1
1 s
1
s
1
s 1
s
1
|| 1
s
1
|| 1
I I I I
+ + +
+
+
=
+ + +
+
+
=
+ + +
=

1
2 3
o
1 s 3 s 2 s
s
I I
+ + +
=

1 s 3 s 2 s s
1
2 3
1
o 2
+ + +
= =
I
I V

1 s 3 s 2 s
1
2 3
1
2
21
+ + +
= =
I
V
z

Consider the circuit in Fig. (b).
s 1
I
1
= 0
1/s 1/s 1
+
V
1

+
V
2

I
2

(b)

|
.
|

\
|
+
+ + = |
.
|

\
|
+ + = =
1 s
1
s 1 ||
s
1
s
1
|| 1 s 1 ||
s
1
2
2
22
I
V
z

1 s
s
s s 1
1 s
1
s 1
1 s
1
s 1
s
1
1 s
1
s 1
s
1
2
22
+
+ + +
+
+ +
=
+
+ + +
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ + |
.
|

\
|
= z

1 s 3 s 2 s
2 s 2 s
2 3
2
22
+ + +
+ +
= z

21 12
z z =
Hence,
= ] [z
(
(
(

+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+ + + + + +
+ +
1 s 3 s 2 s
2 s 2 s
1 s 3 s 2 s
1
1 s 3 s 2 s
1
1 s 3 s 2 s
1 s s
2 3
2
2 3
2 3 2 3
2



Chapter 19, Solution 6.


To find and , connect a voltage source to the input and leave the output
open as in Fig. (a).
11
z
21
z
1
V
V
o
+
V
2

20
I
1

30 0.5 V
2
+

10
V
1

(a)

50
5 . 0
10
o
2
o 1
V
V
V V
+ =

, where
o o 2
5
3
30 20
30
V V =
+
V =

o
o
o o 1
2 . 4
5 5
3
5 V
V
V V V = + |
.
|

\
|
+ =

o o
o 1
1
32 . 0
10
2 . 3
10
V V
V V
I = =

=

= = = 125 . 13
32 . 0
2 . 4
o
o
1
1
11
V
V
I
V
z

= = = 875 . 1
32 . 0
6 . 0
o
o
1
2
21
V
V
I
V
z

To obtain and , use the circuit in Fig. (b).
22
z
12
z

I
2
0.5 V
2

+

10
+
V
1

30
20



V
2

(b)
2
2
2 2
5333 . 0
30
5 . 0 V
V
V I = + =
= = = 875 . 1
5333 . 0
1
2
2
22
I
V
z

2 2 2 1
-9 ) 5 . 0 )( 20 ( V V V V = =

= = = -16.875
5333 . 0
9 -
2
2
2
1
12
V
V
I
V
z
Thus,
= ] [z
(

1.875 1.875
16.875 - 125 . 13



Chapter 19, Solution 7.


To get z
11
and z
21
, we consider the circuit below.
I
2
=0
I
1
20 100


+
+ +
v
x
50 60
V
1
- V
2

- -

12v
x
-


+

1 x
x x x x 1
V
121
40
V
160
V 12 V
50
V
20
V V
=
+
+ =

88 . 29
I
V
z )
20
V
(
121
81
20
V V
I
1
1
11
1 x 1
1
= = =

=

37 . 70
I
V
z I 37 . 70
I
81
121 x 20
)
121
40
(
8
57
V )
121
40
(
8
57
V
8
57
V 12 )
160
V 13
( 60 V
1
2
21 1
1 1 x x
x
2
= = =
= = = =


To get z
12
and z
22
, we consider the circuit below.
I
2

I
1
=0 20 100


+
+ +
v
x
50 60
V
1
- V
2

- -

12v
x
-


+

2
x 2 2
2 2 2 x
V 09 . 0
60
V 12 V
150
V
I , V
3
1
V
50 100
50
V =
+
+ = =
+
=

11 . 11 09 . 0 / 1
I
V
z
2
2
22
= = =

704 . 3
I
V
z I 704 . 3 I
3
11 . 11
V
3
1
V V
2
1
12 2 2 2 x 1
= = = = = =

Thus,

=
11 . 11 37 . 70
704 . 3 88 . 29
] z [


Chapter 19, Solution 8.


To get z
11
and z
21
, consider the circuit below.

j4
I
1
-j2 5 I
2
=0



+
j6 j8

+
V
2

V
1

10 -
-




4 j 10
I
V
z I ) 6 j 2 j 10 ( V
1
1
11 1 1
+ = = + =

) 4 j 10 (
I
V
z I 4 j I 10 V
1
2
21 1 1 2
+ = = =

To get z
22
and z
12
, consider the circuit below.

j4
I
1
=0 -j2 5 I
2




+
j6 j8

+
V
2

V
1

10 -
-



8 j 15
I
V
z I ) 8 j 10 5 ( V
2
2
22 2 2
+ = = + + =

) 4 j 10 (
I
V
z I ) 4 j 10 ( V
2
1
12 2 1
+ = = + =
Thus,

+ +
+ +
=
) 8 j 15 ( ) 4 j 10 (
) 4 j 10 ( ) 4 j 10 (
] z [


Chapter 19, Solution 9.


It is evident from Fig. 19.5 that a T network is appropriate for realizing the z
parameters.
R
2
R
1
2 6
R
3
4

= = = 4 10 R
12 11 1
z z 6
= = = 4 6 R
12 22 2
z z 2
= = =
21 12 3
R z z 4


Chapter 19, Solution 10.


(a) This is a non-reciprocal circuit so that the two-port looks like the one
shown in Figs. (a) and (b).
+

+
V
1

I
1
+

+
V
2

z
21
I
1
z
12
I
2
z
22

I
2
z
11

(a)

(b) This is a reciprocal network and the two-port look like the one shown in
Figs. (c) and (d).
+
V
1

I
2
I
1
+
V
2

z
12

z
22
z
12
z
11
z
12
(c)
+

+
V
1

I
2
I
1
+

+
V
2

5 I
1
20 I
2
10 25
(b)


s 5 . 0
1
1
s
2
1
12 11
+ = + = z z

s 2
12 22
= z z

s
1
12
= z
1 F
+
V
1

I
2
I
1
+
V
2

0.5 F 2 H 1
(d)



Chapter 19, Solution 11.


This is a reciprocal network, as shown below.
1+j5 3+j 1 j5 3




5-j2 5


-j2




Chapter 19, Solution 12.


This is a reciprocal two-port so that it can be represented by the circuit in Figs. (a)
and (b).

2
2 8
I
1
+
V
1

+
V
2

I
2
4
+
V
1

I
2 I
1
+
V
2

(a)
z
12

z
22
z
12
z
11
z
12
j1

I
o
2
(b)

From Fig. (b),
1 1 1
10 ) 4 || 4 8 ( I I V = + =

By current division,
1 o
2
1
I I = ,
1 o 2
2 I I V = =

= =
1
1
1
2
10I
I
V
V
1 . 0


Chapter 19, Solution 13.


This is a reciprocal two-port so that the circuit can be represented by the circuit below.
40 50 20
10 I
2
30 I
1

+

+

1200 V
rms
I
1
I
2

+

100

We apply mesh analysis.
For mesh 1,
2 1 2 1
9 12 0 10 90 120 - I I I I + = = + + (1)
For mesh 2,
2 1 2 1
-4 0 120 30 I I I I = = + (2)
Substituting (2) into (1),
35
12 -
-35 -36 12
2 2 2 2
= = + = I I I I

= |
.
|

\
|
= = ) 100 (
35
12
2
1
R
2
1
P
2
2
2
I W 877 . 5


Chapter 19, Solution 14.


To find , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).
Th
Z
I
2
I
1
+
V
1

+

Z
S
V
o
= 1
(a)

2 12 1 11 1
I z I z V + = (1)
2 22 1 21 2
I z I z V + = (2)
But
1
2
= V ,
1 s 1
- I Z V =

Hence,
2
s 11
12
1 2 12 1 s 11
-
) ( 0 I
Z z
z
I I z I Z z
+
= + + =

2 22
s 11
12 21
-
1 I z
Z z
z z
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=

= = =
2 2
2
Th
1
I I
V
Z
s 11
12 21
22
Z z
z z
z
+


To find , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).
Th
V
+

I
2
= 0
Z
S

+
V
2
= V
Th

I
1
+
V
1

V
S

(b)

0
2
= I , V
s 1 s 1
Z I V =

Substituting these into (1) and (2),
s 11
s
1 1 11 s 1 s
Z z
V
I I z Z I V
+
= =

s 11
s 21
1 21 2
Z z
V z
I z V
+
= =

= =
2 Th
V V
s 11
s 21
Z z
V z
+



Chapter 19, Solution 15.


(a) From Prob. 18.12,

24
10 40
60 x 80
120
Z z
z z
z Z
s 11
21 12
22 Th
=
+
=
+
=

= = 24 Z Z
Th L


(b) 192 ) 120 (
10 40
80
V
Z z
z
s
s 11
21
Th
=
+
=
+
= V

W 192
24 x 8
192
R 8
V
P
2
Th
Th
2
max
= = =


Chapter 19, Solution 16.


As a reciprocal two-port, the given circuit can be represented as shown in Fig. (a).
+

j6
b
a
(a)
150 V
5 4 j6 10 j6
j4

At terminals a-b,
) 6 j 10 5 ( || 6 j ) 6 j 4 (
Th
+ + = Z

6 j 4 . 2 6 j 4
15
) 6 j 15 ( 6 j
6 j 4
Th
+ + =

+ = Z

=
Th
Z 4 . 6

= =
+ +
= 6 j ) 0 15 (
6 j 10 5 6 j
6 j
Th
V V 90 6

The Thevenin equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. (b).
6.4
+
V
o

+

690 V j4
(b)
From this,
=
+
= 148 18 . 3 ) 6 j (
4 j 4 . 6
4 j
o
V

= ) t ( v
o
V ) 148 t 2 cos( 18 . 3 +


Chapter 19, Solution 17.


To obtain z and , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).
11 21
z
4
I
o
I
2
= 0
I
o
'
+
V
2

+
V
1

2
8
I
1

(a)
6
In this case, the 4- and 8- resistors are in series, since the same current, , passes
through them. Similarly, the 2- and 6- resistors are in series, since the same current,
, passes through them.
o
I
'
o
I

= = = + + = = 8 . 4
20
) 8 )( 12 (
8 || 12 ) 6 2 ( || ) 8 4 (
1
1
11
I
V
z

1 1 o
5
2
12 8
8
I I I =
+
=
1
'
o
5
3
I I =

But 0 2 4 -
'
o o 2
= + I I V

1 1 1
'
o o 2
5
2 -
5
6
5
8 -
2 -4 I I I I I V = + = + =

= = = -0.4
5
2 -
1
2
21
I
V
z

To get z and , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).
22 12
z
+
V
1

I
1
= 0
8
2
+
V
2

4
I
2

(b)
6

= = = + + = = 2 . 4
20
) 14 )( 6 (
14 || 6 ) 6 8 ( || ) 2 4 (
2
22
2
I
V
z

= = -0.4
21 12
z z
Thus,
= ] [z
(

4.2 0.4 -
0.4 - 8 . 4


We may take advantage of Table 18.1 to get [y] from [z].
20 ) 4 . 0 ( ) 2 . 4 )( 8 . 4 (
2
z
= =

21 . 0
20
2 . 4
z
22
11
= =

=
z
y 02 . 0
20
4 . 0 -
z
12
12
= =

=
z
y

02 . 0
20
4 . 0 -
z
21
21
= =

=
z
y 24 . 0
20
8 . 4
z
11
22
= =

=
z
y
Thus,
= ] [y S
24 . 0 02 . 0
02 . 0 21 . 0
(

Chapter 19, Solution 18.


To get y and , consider the circuit in Fig.(a).
11 21
y
I
2
I
1
+

+
V
2
= 0

(a)
6
3
3
6
V
1


1 1 1
8 ) 3 || 6 6 ( I I V = + =

8
1
1
1
11
= =
V
I
y

12
-
8 3
2 -
3 6
6 -
1 1
1 2
V V
I I = =
+
=

12
1 -
1
2
21
= =
V
I
y

To get y and , consider the circuit in Fig.(b).
22 12
y
6 3
I
o
I
1
I
2
+

+
V
1
= 0

3 6 V
2

(b)

2
1
6 || 3
1
) 6 || 6 3 ( || 3
1
2
2
22
= =
+
= =
V
I
y

2
-
o
1
I
I = ,
2 2 o
3
1
6 3
3
I I I =
+
=

12
-
2
1
6
1 -
6
-
2
2
2
1
V
V
I
I = |
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =

21
2
1
12
12
1 -
y
V
I
y = = =
Thus,
= ] [y S
2
1
12
1 -
12
1 -
8
1
(
(
(

Chapter 19, Solution 19.


Consider the circuit in Fig.(a) for calculating and y .
11
y
21
1/s
I
2
I
1
+

+
V
2
= 0

s
1
1
V
1

(a)

1 1 1 1
1 s 2
2
) s 1 ( 2
s 2
2 ||
s
1
I I I V
+
=
+
= |
.
|

\
|
=

5 . 0 s
2
1 s 2
1
1
11
+ =
+
= =
V
I
y

2
-
1 s 2
-
2 ) s 1 (
) s 1 - (
1 1
1 2
V I
I I =
+
=
+
=

-0.5
1
2
21
= =
V
I
y

To get y and , refer to the circuit in Fig.(b).
22 12
y
1
I
1
I
2
1/s s
1
+

+
V
1
= 0

V
2

(b)

2 2 2
2 s
s 2
) 2 || s ( I I V
+
= =

s
1
5 . 0
s 2
2 s
2
2
22
+ =
+
= =
V
I
y

2
-
s 2
2 s
2 s
s -
2 s
s -
2
2 2 1
V
V I I =
+

+
=
+
=

-0.5
2
1
12
= =
V
I
y
Thus,
= ] [y S
s 1 0.5 0.5 -
0.5 - 5 . 0 s
(

+
+




Chapter 19, Solution 20.



To get y
11
and y
21
, consider the circuit below.








3i
x




I
1
2 I
2



+ i
x
+

I
1
V
1
4 6 V
2
=0
- -




Since 6-ohm resistor is short-circuited, i
x
= 0

75 . 0
V
I
y I
6
8
) 2 // 4 ( I V
1
1
11 1 1 1
= = = =

5 . 0
V
I
y V
2
1
) V
8
6
(
3
2
I
2 4
4
I
1
2
21 1 1 1 2
= = = =
+
=

To get y
22
and y
12
, consider the circuit below.


3i
x




I
1
2


+ i
x
+

V
1
=0 4 6 V
2
I
2

-

-


1667 . 0
6
1
V
I
y
6
V
2
V
i 3 i I ,
6
V
i
2
2
22
2 2
x x 2
2
x
= = = = + = =

0
V
I
y 0
2
V
i 3 I
2
1
12
2
x 1
= = = =
Thus,
S
1667 . 0 5 . 0
0 75 . 0
] y [
(

=


Chapter 19, Solution 21.


To get and , refer to Fig. (a).
11
y
21
y
At node 1,
10
I
2
I
1
+

+
V
2
= 0

(a)
5
0.2 V
1
V
1
V
1

4 . 0 4 . 0 2 . 0
5
1
1
11 1 1
1
1
= = = + =
V
I
y V V
V
I

-0.2 -0.2
1
2
21 1 2
= = =
V
I
y V
and
12
y , refer to the circuit in Fig. (b).
I

o get

ince , the dependent current source can be replaced with an open circuit.

22
y
0.2 V
1
T
+
V
1
0
+
I
1
I
2
V
2
5
(b)
10
V
1


=

0
1
= V S

1 . 0
10
1
10
2
2
22 2 2
= = = =
V
I
y I V

0
2
1
12
= =
V
I
y
Thus,

onsequently, the y parameter equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. (c)
= ] [y S
1 . 0 2 . 0 -
0 4 . 0
(

C .

hapter 19, Solution 22.

and refer to the circuit in Fig. (a).
At node 1,
I I
1 2
0.1 S 0.2 V
1

+ +
(c)
0.4 S
V
1

V
2

C


(a) To get y
11 21
y
2
1
(a)
+
V
2
0
V
1

=

+
I
1
I
2
V
1
+
V
x

3
V
x
/2
V
o

o 1 1
o 1 1
1
5 . 0 5 . 1
2 1
V V I
V V V
=

+ (1)
At node 2,
o 1
o 1 o
2 . 1
3 2 2
V V
V V V
= = + (2)

ubstituting (2) into (1) gives,
I =
1
V
S
9 . 0 9 . 0 6 . 0 5 . 1
1
1
11 1 1 1 1
= = = =
V
I
y V V V I

-0.4 -0.4
3
-
1
2
21 1
o
2
= = = =
V
I
y V
V
I

o get and refer to the circuit in Fig. (b).

so that the dependent current source can be replaced by an
open circuit.

22
y
12
y
2 3
T
1
(b)
+
V
1
0
I
1
I
2
V
1
+
x
V
x
/2
+
V
2


V

0
1 x
= = V

V
2 . 0
5
1
5 ) 0 2 3 (
2
2
22 2 2 2
= = = = + + =
V
I
y I I V
-0.2 -0.2 -
2
1
12 2 2 1
= = = =
V
I
y V I I
Thus,
= ] [y S
0.2 0.4 -
0.2 - 9 . 0
(

(b) o get and refer to Fig. (c).
11
y
21
y
j
T
) 5 . 0 j 5 . 1 ( || j
j 1
1 || j -j) || 1 1 ( || j
in
=
. \
+ = + = Z
j -
|
|

|
-j
1 1
V
1

(c)
+
V
2
0
I
1
I
2
+
I
o
I
o
'
I
o
''
Z
in

=

8 . 0 j 6 . 0
5 . 0 j 5 . 1
) 5 . 0 j 5 . 1 ( j
+ =
+

=

8 . 0 j 6 . 0
8 . 0 j 6 . 0
1 1
in 1
1
11 1 in 1
=
+
= = = =
Z V
I
y I Z V

1 o
5 . 0 j 5 . 1
j
I I
+
= ,
1
'
o
5 . 0 j 5 . 1
5 . 0 j 5 . 1
I I
+

=
1
I
j 2 ) 5 . 0 j 5 . 1 )( j 1 ( j 1
j -
1
o
' '
o

=
+
=

=
I
I I

1 1 1
2
' '
o
'
o 2
) 4 . 0 j 2 . 1 (
5
j 2
5 . 2
) 5 . 0 j 5 . 1 (
- I I I I I I =
+
+

= + =

1 1 2
) 2 . 1 j 4 . 0 ( ) 8 . 0 j 6 . 0 )( 4 . 0 j 2 . 1 ( - V V I = =

12
1
2
21
j1.2 -0.4 y
V
I
y = + = =

To get refer to the circuit in Fig.(d).

22
y
8 . 0 j . 0 ) j - || 1 1 ( || j
out
= + = Z

-j
1 1
(d)
+
V
1
= 0
I
1
I
2
Z
out
+

V
2

j

6 +
8 . 0 j 6 . 0
1
out
22
= =
Z
y
Thus,
= ] [y S
8 . 0 j 6 . 0 j1.2 0.4 -
j1.2 0.4 - 8 . 0 j 6 . 0
(

+
+

Chapter 19, Solution 23.


(a)
1 s
1
y
1 s
1
s
1
// 1 y
12 12
+
=
+
= =

1 s
2 s
1 s
1
1 y 1 y 1 y y
12 11 12 11
+
+
=
+
+ = = = +


1 s
1 s s
1 s
1
s y s y s y y
2
12 22 12 22
+
+ +
=
+
+ = = = +

(
(
(
(

+
+ +
+

+
+
=
1 s
1 s s
1 s
1
1 s
1
1 s
2 s
] y [
2


(b) Consider the network below.


I
1
I
2

1

+ + +

V
s
V
1
V
2
2
- - -


[y]


1 1 s
V I V + = (1)

2 2
I 2 V = (2)

2 12 1 11 1
V y V y I + = (3)

2 22 1 21 2
V y V y I + = (4)


From (1) and (3)

2 12 1 11 s 2 12 1 11 1 s
V y V ) y 1 ( V V y V y V V + + = + = (5)

From (2) and (4),
2 22
21
1 2 22 1 21 2
V ) y 5 . 0 (
y
1
V V y V y V 5 . 0 + = + = (6)

Substituting (6) into (5),

(

+ +
= =
+
+ +
=
) y 5 . 0 )( y 1 (
y
1
y
s / 2
V
s
2
V y V
y
) y 5 . 0 )( y 1 (
V
22 11
21
12
2
2 12 2
21
22 11
s


) 5 . 3 s 5 . 7 s 6 s 2 ( s
) 1 s ( 2
1 s
1 s s
2
1
1 s
3 s 2
) 1 s (
1 s
1
s / 2
V
2 3
2
2
+ + +
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ +
+ |
.
|

\
|
+
+
+ +
+

=


Chapter 19, Solution 24.


Since this is a reciprocal network, a network is appropriate, as shown below.

Y
2

4
8 4
1/4 S
1/8 S 1/4 S
(a)
Y
3
Y
1

(b) (c)


S
4
1
4
1
2
1
12 11 1
= = + = y y Y , =
1
Z 4

S
4
1
-
12 2
= = y Y , =
2
Z 4

S
8
1
4
1
8
3
21 22 3
= = + = y y Y , =
3
Z 8


Chapter 19, Solution 25.


This is a reciprocal network and is shown below.

0.5 S




0.5S 1S





Chapter 19, Solution 26.


To get y and , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).
11 21
y
4
+
V
x

2
2 V
x

1
I
2
+

+
V
2
= 0

1
2
V
1

(a)




At node 1,
x 1
x x
x
x 1
- 2
4 1
2
2
V V
V V
V
V V
= + = +

(1)

But 5 . 1 5 . 1
2
2
2
1
1
11 1
1 1 x 1
1
= = =
+
=

=
V
I
y V
V V V V
I

Also,
1 x 2 x
x
2
-3.5 75 . 1 2
4
V V I V
V
I = = = +

-3.5
1
2
21
= =
V
I
y

To get y and , consider the circuit in Fig.(b).
22 12
y

4
+

+
V
x

2
2 V
x

1
I
2
1
2




I
1
V
2




(b)


At node 2,
4
2
x 2
x 2
V V
V I

+ = (2)
At node 1,
x 2 x
x x x 2
x
-
2
3
1 2 4
2 V V V
V V V V
V = = + =

+ (3)

Substituting (3) into (2) gives
2 x x x 2
-1.5 5 . 1
2
1
2 V V V V I = = =

-1.5
2
2
22
= =
V
I
y

5 . 0
2 2
-
2
1
12
2 x
1
= = = =
V
I
y
V V
I
Thus,
= ] [y S
5 . 1 - 5 . 3 -
5 . 0 5 . 1
(

Chapter 19, Solution 27.


Consider the circuit in Fig. (a).
+
V
2
= 0

(a)
20 I
1
10 0.1 V
2

+
I
1
+

4
I
2
V
1


25 . 0
4
4
1
1
1
1
11 1 1
= = = =
I
I
V
I
y I V

5 5 20
1
2
21 1 1 2
= = = =
V
I
y V I I

Consider the circuit in Fig. (b).
4
I
1
I
2
+
V
1
= 0

+
+

20 I
1
10 0.1 V
2
V
2

(b)

025 . 0
4
1 . 0
1 . 0 4
2
1
12 2 1
= = = =
V
I
y V I

6 . 0 6 . 0 1 . 0 5 . 0
10
20
2
2
22 2 2 2
2
1 2
= = = + = + =
V
I
y V V V
V
I I

Thus,
= ] [y S
6 . 0 5
025 . 0 25 . 0
(

Alternatively, from the given circuit,
2 1 1
1 . 0 4 V I V =
2 1 2
1 . 0 20 V I I + =

Comparing these with the equations for the h parameters show that
4
11
= h , -0.1
12
= h , 20
21
= h , 1 . 0
22
= h

Using Table 18.1,
25 . 0
4
1 1
11
11
= = =
h
y , 025 . 0
4
1 . 0 -
11
12
12
= = =
h
h
y

5
4
20
11
21
21
= = =
h
h
y , 6 . 0
4
2 4 . 0
11
h
22
=
+
=

=
h
y
as above.


Chapter 19, Solution 28.


We obtain and by considering the circuit in Fig.(a).
11
y
21
y
I
2
+
V
2
= 0

(a)
1
2
+
V
1

4
6 I
1


4 . 3 4 || 6 1
in
= + = Z

2941 . 0
1
in 1
1
11
= = =
Z V
I
y

1
1
1 2
34
6 -
4 . 3 10
6 -
10
6 -
V
V
I I = |
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =

-0.1765
34
6 -
1
2
21
= = =
V
I
y

To get y and , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).
22 12
y
1 4
I
1
I
o
+
V
2

+
V
1
= 0

2 6 I
2

(b)

2
2
22
I
V
24
34
) 7 34 ( 2
) 7 34 )( 2 (
7
6
4 || 2 ) 1 || 6 4 ( || 2
1
= =
+
= |
.
|

\
|
+ = + =
y


7059 . 0
34
24
22
= = y

o 1
7
6 -
I I =
2 2 2 o
34
7
48
14
) 7 34 ( 2
2
V I I I = =
+
=

-0.1765
34
6 -
34
6 -
2
1
12 2 1
= = = =
V
I
y V I
Thus,
= ] [y S
0.7059 0.1765 -
0.1765 - 2941 . 0
(

The equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. (c). After transforming the current source to a
voltage source, we have the circuit in Fig. (d).
6/34 S
18/34 S 4/34 S 1 A 2
(c)


8.5 5.667
1.889
+

(d)
+
V

8.5 V 2

5454 . 0
167 . 14 9714 . 0
) 5 . 8 )( 9714 . 0 (
667 . 5 5 . 8 889 . 1 || 2
) 5 . 8 )( 889 . 1 || 2 (
V =
+
=
+ +
=
= = =
2
) 5454 . 0 (
R
V
P
2 2
W 1487 . 0





Chapter 19, Solution 29.


(a) Transforming the subnetwork to Y gives the circuit in Fig. (a).
+
V
2

+
V
1

V
o
1 1
2 10 A -4 A
(a)

It is easy to get the z parameters
2
21 12
= = z z , 3 2 1
11
= + = z , 3
22
= z

5 4 9
21 12 22 11 z
= = = z z z z

22
z
22
11
5
3
y
z
y = =

= ,
5
2 - -
z
12
21 12
=

= =
z
y y

Thus, the equivalent circuit is as shown in Fig. (b).
2/5 S
I
2
I
1
1/5 S
+
V
2

+
V
1

1/5 S 10 A -4 A
(b)

2 1 2 1 1
2 3 50
5
2
5
3
10 V V V V I = = = (1)

2 1 2 1 2
3 -2 20 -
5
3
5
2 -
-4 V V V V I + = + = =

2 1 2 1
5 . 1 10 5 . 1 10 V V V V + = = (2)

Substituting (2) into (1),
= + =
2 2 2
2 5 . 4 30 50 V V V V 8

= + =
2 1
5 . 1 10 V V V 22

(b) For direct circuit analysis, consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

For the main non-reference node,
12
2
4 10
o
o
= = V
V


= + =

=
o 1
o 1
10
1
10 V V
V V
V 22

= =

= 4
1
4 -
o 2
o 2
V V
V V
V 8


Chapter 19, Solution 30.


(a) Convert to z parameters; then, convert to h parameters using Table 18.1.
= = = 60
21 12 11
z z z , = 100
22
z

2400 3600 6000
21 12 22 11 z
= = = z z z z

24
100
2400
22
z
11
= =

=
z
h , 6 . 0
100
60
22
12
12
= = =
z
z
h

-0.6
-
22
21
21
= =
z
z
h , 01 . 0
1
22
22
= =
z
h


Thus,
= ] [h
(

S 0.01 0.6 -
6 . 0 24


(b) Similarly,
= 30
11
z = = = 20
22 21 12
z z z

200 400 600
z
= =

10
20
200
11
= = h 1
20
20
12
= = h

-1
21
= h 05 . 0
20
1
22
= = h
Thus,
= ] [h
(

S 0.05 1 -
1 10



Chapter 19, Solution 31.


We get h and by considering the circuit in Fig. (a).
11 21
h
2 4 I
1

1 1
+
V
1

V
3
V
4
(a)
2
I
2
I
1


At node 1,
4 3 1
4 3 3
1
2 2
2 2
V V I
V V V
I =

+ = (1)
At node 2,
1
4
2
4
1
4 3
V
I
V V
= +

4 3 1 4 3 1
6 -2 16 3 - 8 V V I V V I + = + = (2)

Adding (1) and (2),
1 4 4 1
6 . 3 5 18 I V V I = =
1 1 4 3
8 . 2 8 3 I I V V = =
1 1 3 1
8 . 3 I I V V = + =

= = 8 . 3
1
1
11
I
V
h

-3.6 -3.6
1
-
1
2
21 1
4
2
= = = =
I
I
h I
V
I

To get h and h , refer to the circuit in Fig. (b). The dependent current source can be
replaced by an open circuit since
22 12
0 4
1
= I .
1 1 2
I
1
I
2
+

+
V
1

4 I
1
= 0 2 V
2

(b)

4 . 0
5
2
1 2 2
2
2
1
12 2 2 1
= = =
+ +
=
V
V
h V V V

S 2 . 0
5
1
5 1 2 2
2
2
22
2 2
2
= = = =
+ +
=
V
I
h
V V
I
Thus,
= ] [h
(

S 0.2 3.6 -
4 . 0 38



Chapter 19, Solution 32.

(a) We obtain and by referring to the circuit in Fig. (a).
11
h
21
h
1 s s
I
2
+
V
1

+
V
2
= 0

1/s I
1

(a)

1 2 1 1
1 s
s
s 1
s
1
|| s s 1 I I V |
.
|

\
|
+
+ + = |
.
|

\
|
+ + =

1 s
s
1 s
2
1
1
11
+
+ + = =
I
V
h

By current division,
1 s
1 -
1 s
-
s 1 s
s 1 -
2
1
2
21
1
1 2
+
= =
+
=
+
=
I
I
h
I
I I

To get h and h , refer to Fig. (b).
22 12
1 s s
I
1
= 0 I
2
+

+
V
1

1/s V
2

(b)

1 s
1
1 s s 1 s
s 1
2
2
1
12 2
2
2 1
+
= =
+
=
+
=
V
V
h
V
V V

1 s
s
s 1 s
1
s
1
s
2
2
2
22 2 2
+
=
+
= = |
.
|

\
|
+ =
V
I
h I V
Thus,
= ] [h
(
(
(

+ +
+ +
+ +
1 s
s
1 s
1 -
1 s
1
1 s
s
1 s
2 2
2 2


(b) To get g and g , refer to Fig. (c).
11 21
1 s s
I
1
I
2
= 0
+

+
V
2

1/s V
1

(c)

1 s s
s
s 1 s 1
1
s
1
s 1
2
1
1
11 1 1
+ +
=
+ +
= = |
.
|

\
|
+ + =
V
I
g I V

1 s s
1
1 s s s 1 s 1
s 1
2
1
2
21 2
1
1 2
+ +
= =
+ +
=
+ +
=
V
V
g
V
V V

To get g and g , refer to Fig. (d).
22 12









I
1
+
V
2

+
V
1
= 0

I
2
s 1
1/s
s
I
2

(d)

2 2 2
s 1 s 1
s ) 1 s (
s ) 1 s ( ||
s
1
s I I V
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+
+ = |
.
|

\
|
+ + =

1 s s
1 s
s
2
2
2
22
+ +
+
+ = =
I
V
g

1 s s
1 -
1 s s
-
s 1 s 1
s 1 -
2
2
1
12 2
2
2 1
+ +
= =
+ +
=
+ +
=
I
I
g
I
I I
Thus,
= ] [g
(
(
(

+ +
+
+
+ +
+ + + +
1 s s
1 s
s
1 s s
1
1 s s
1 -
1 s s
s
2 2
2 2




Chapter 19, Solution 33.



To get h
11
and h
21
, consider the circuit below.




4 j6 I
2



+
-j3 +
I
1
V
1
5 V
2
=0
- -



2821 . 1 j 0769 . 3
I
V
h
6 j 9
I ) 6 j 4 ( 5
I ) 6 j 4 //( 5 V
1
1
11
1
1 1
+ = =
+
+
= + =

Also, 2564 . 0 j 3846 . 0
I
I
h I
6 j 9
5
I
1
2
21 1 2
+ = =
+
=

To get h
22
and h
12
, consider the circuit below.


4 j6 I
2

I
1


+ +
-j3 +
V
1
5 V
2

- -



2564 . 0 j 3846 . 0
6 j 9
5
V
V
h V
6 j 9
5
V
2
1
12 2 1
=
+
= =
+
=

2821 . 0 j 0769 . 0
) 6 j 9 ( 3 j
3 j 9
) 6 j 9 //( 3 j
1
V
I
h
I ) 6 j 9 //( 3 j V
2
2
22
2 2
+ =
+
+
=
+
= =
+ =
Thus,
(
(

+ +
+
=
2821 . 0 j 0769 . 0 2564 . 0 j 3846 . 0
2564 . 0 j 3846 . 0 2821 . 1 j 0769 . 3
] h [



Chapter 19, Solution 34.


Refer to Fig. (a) to get h and .
11 21
h
300
100
10
1
+
V
x

+
V
1

(a)
10 V
x

50
2
+
V
2
= 0

+
I
2
I
1


At node 1,
x 1
x x
1
4 300
300
0
100
V I
V V
I =

+ = (1)

1 1 x
75
4
300
I I V = =

But = = = + = 85 85 10
1
1
11 1 x 1 1
I
V
h I V I V
At node 2,
1 1 1
x x x x
2
75 . 14
300
75
5
75
300 5 300 50
10 0
I I I
V V V V
I = = =
+
=

75 . 14
1
2
21
= =
I
I
h

To get h and h , refer to Fig. (b).
22 12
300
I
2
+

I
1
= 0
2
50
10 V
x


+
+
V
1

+
V
x

1
10
100 V
2

(b)

At node 2,
x 2 2
x 2 2
2
80 9 400
50
10
400
V V I
V V V
I + =
+
+ =

But
4 400
100
2
2 x
V
V V = =

Hence,
2 2 2 2
29 20 9 400 V V V I = + =

S 0725 . 0
400
29
2
2
22
= = =
V
I
h

25 . 0
4
1
4
2
1
12
2
x 1
= = = = =
V
V
h
V
V V

= ] [h
(

S 0725 . 0 75 . 14
25 . 0 85


To get g and g , refer to Fig. (c).
11 21
300
I
1
I
2
= 0
+

2
50
10 V
x


+
+
V
2

+
V
x

1
10
100 V
1

(c)

At node 1,
x 1
x x x
1
5 . 14 350
350
10
100
V I
V V V
I =
+
+ = (2)

But
x 1 1
x 1
1
10
10
V V I
V V
I =

=

or (3)
1 1 x
10I V V =


Substituting (3) into (2) gives
1 1 1 1 1
5 . 14 495 145 5 . 14 350 V I I V I = =

S 02929 . 0
495
5 . 14
1
1
11
= = =
V
I
g
At node 2,
x x x 2
-8.4286 10
350
11
) 50 ( V V V V = |
.
|

\
|
=


1 1 1 1
495
5 . 14
) 286 . 84 ( -8.4286 286 . 84 -8.4286 V V I V
|
.
|

\
|
+ = + =

-5.96 -5.96
1
2
21 1 2
= = =
V
V
g V V

To get g and g , refer to Fig. (d).
22 12
300
I
1
+
V
1
= 0

I
o
I
o
+
V
2

50
10 V
x


+
+
V
x

10
100 I
2

(d)

091 . 9 100 || 10 =

091 . 9 300 50
10
2 x 2
2
+
+
+
=
V V V
I

x 2 2
818 . 61 1818 . 7 091 . 309 V V I + = (4)

But
2 2 x
02941 . 0
091 . 309
091 . 9
V V V = = (5)

Substituting (5) into (4) gives
2 2
9 091 . 309 V I =
= = 34 . 34
2
2
22
I
V
g

091 . 309
34 . 34
091 . 309
2 2
o
I V
I = =

) 091 . 309 )( 1 . 1 (
34.34 -
110
100 -
2
o 1
I
I I = =

-0.101
2
1
12
= =
I
I
g
Thus,
= ] [g
(

34.34 5.96 -
0.101 - S 02929 . 0



Chapter 19, Solution 35.


To get h and h consider the circuit in Fig. (a).
11 21
I
2
+
V
2
= 0

4 1
(a)
+
V
1

1 : 2
I
1


1
4
4
n
4
Z
2 R
= = =

= = = + = 2 2 ) 1 1 (
1
1
11 1 1 1
I
V
h I I V

-0.5
2
1 -
2 -
N
N -
1
2
21
1
2
2
1
= = = = =
I
I
h
I
I


To get h and h , refer to Fig. (b).
22 12

+
1 : 2
+
V
1

I
2
1 4
I
1
= 0
V
2

(b)

Since , . 0
1
= I 0
2
= I
Hence, . 0
22
= h

At the terminals of the transformer, we have and which are related as
1
V
2
V

5 . 0
2
1
2 n
N
N
2
1
12
1
2
1
2
= = = = = =
V
V
h
V
V

Thus,
= ] [h
(

0 5 . 0 -
5 . 0 2



Chapter 19, Solution 36.


We replace the two-port by its equivalent circuit as shown below.
+
V
2

100
2 I
1
-2 I
1

+

+

+
V
1

I
1
4
3 V
2
16
I
2
10 V 25

= 20 25 || 100

1 1 2
40 ) 2 )( 20 ( I I V = = (1)

0 3 20 10 -
2 1
= + + V I
1 1 1
140 ) 40 )( 3 ( 20 10 I I I = + =

14
1
1
= I ,
14
40
2
= V

14
136
3 16
2 1 1
= + = V I V

70
8 -
) 2 (
125
100
1 2
= |
.
|

\
|
= I I

(a) = =
136
40
1
2
V
V
2941 . 0

(b) =
1
2
I
I
1.6 -

(c) = =
136
1
1
1
V
I
S 10 353 . 7
-3


(d) = =
1
40
1
2
I
V
40


Chapter 19, Solution 37.


(a) We first obtain the h parameters. To get h and h refer to Fig. (a).
11 21
6 3
I
2
+
V
2
= 0

+
V
1

3 6 I
1

(a)

2 6 || 3 =

= = = + = 8 8 ) 2 6 (
1
1
11 1 1 1
I
V
h I I V

3
2 -
3
2 -
6 3
6 -
1
2
21 1 1 2
= = =
+
=
I
I
h I I I

To get h and h , refer to the circuit in Fig. (b).
22 12
6 3
I
1
= 0 I
2
+

+
V
1

3 6 V
2

(b)

4
9
9 || 3 =

9
4
4
9
2
2
22 2 2
= = =
V
I
h I V

3
2
3
2
3 6
6
2
1
12 2 2 1
= = =
+
=
V
V
h V V V

= ] [h
(
(
(

S
9
4
3
2 -
3
2
8


The equivalent circuit of the given circuit is shown in Fig. (c).
8
I
1
I
2
-2/3 I
1

+
V
2

2/3 V
2 9/4
+

+

10 V 5
(c)

10
3
2
8
2 1
= + V I (1)

1 1 1 2
29
30
29
45
3
2
4
9
|| 5
3
2
I I I V = |
.
|

\
|
= |
.
|

\
|
=

2 1
30
29
V I = (2)

Substituting (2) into (1),

10
3
2
30
29
) 8 (
2 2
= + |
.
|

\
|
V V

= =
252
300
2
V V 19 . 1

(b) By direct analysis, refer to Fig.(d).
6 3
3
+
V
2

+

6 10 V 5
(d)

Transform the 10-V voltage source to a
6
10
-A current source. Since
, we combine the two 6- resistors in parallel and transform
the current source back to
= 3 6 || 6
V 5 3
6
10
= voltage source shown in Fig. (e).

3 3
+
V
2

+

5 V 3 || 5
(e)
8
15
8
) 5 )( 3 (
5 || 3 = =

= =
+
=
63
75
) 5 (
8 15 6
8 15
2
V V 19 . 1


Chapter 19, Solution 38.


We replace the two-port by its equivalent circuit as shown below.
50 I
1

+
V
2

200 k
+

+

800
10
-4
V
2
+
V
1

I
1
200
I
2
10 V 50 k

1
s
in
I
V
Z = , = k 40 50 || 200

1
6 3
1 2
) 10 -2 ( ) 10 40 ( -50 I I V = =

For the left loop,
1
2
-4
s
1000
10
I
V V
=

1 1
6 -4
s
1000 ) 10 -2 ( 10 I I V =
1 1 1 s
800 200 1000 I I I V = =

= =
1
s
in
I
V
Z 800
Alternatively,
L 22
L 21 12
11 s in
1 Z h
Z h h
h Z Z
+
+ =

=
+

+ =
) 10 50 )( 10 5 . 0 ( 1
) 10 50 )( 50 )( 10 (
800 200
3 5 -
3 -4
in
Z 800


Chapter 19, Solution 39.


To get g
11
and g
21
, consider the circuit below which is partly obtained by converting the
delta to wye subnetwork.

I
1
R
1
R
2
I
2




+
+ R
3


V
2

V
1

10
-

-



2 . 3
20
8 x 8
R , R 6 . 1
4 8 8
8 x 4
R
3 2 1
= = = =
+ +
=

8919 . 0
V
V
g V 8919 . 0 V
6 . 1 2 . 13
2 . 13
V
1
2
21 1 1 2
= = =
+
=

06757 . 0
8 . 14
1
V
I
g I 8 . 14 ) 10 2 . 3 6 . 1 ( I V
1
1
11 1 1 1
= = = = + + =

To get g
22
and g
12
, consider the circuit below.

1.6 1.6
I
1


+

V
2

V
1
=0 I
2

13.2
-


8919 . 0
I
I
g I 8919 . 0 I
6 . 1 2 . 13
2 . 13
I
2
1
12 2 2 1
= = =
+
=

027 . 3
I
V
g I 027 . 3 ) 6 . 1 // 2 . 13 6 . 1 ( I V
2
2
22 2 2 2
= = = + =

(

=
027 . 3 8919 . 0
8919 . 0 06757 . 0
] g [


Chapter 19, Solution 40.


To get g and g , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).
11 21
I
2
= 0
j10
12
-j6
I
1
+

+
V
2

(a)
V
1


S 0333 . 0 j 0667 . 0
6 j 12
1
) 6 j 12 (
1
1
11 1 1
+ =

= = =
V
I
g I V

4 . 0 j 8 . 0
j 2
2
) 6 j 12 (
12
1
1
1
2
21
+ =

= =
I
I
V
V
g

To get g and g , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).
12 22
I
1
-j6
12
j10
+
V
1
= 0

I
2
I
2

(b)

4 . 0 j 8 . 0 - -
j6 - 12
12 -
j6 - 12
12 -
21
2
1
12 2 1
= = = = = g
I
I
g I I

2 2
-j6) || 12 10 j ( I V + =

+ = + = = 2 . 5 j 4 . 2
j6 - 12
-j6) )( 12 (
10 j
2
2
22
I
V
g

= ] [g
(

+ +
+
2 . 5 j 4 . 2 4 . 0 j 8 . 0
4 . 0 j 8 . 0 - S 0333 . 0 j 0667 . 0



Chapter 19, Solution 41.


For the g parameters
2 12 1 11 1
I g V g I + = (1)
2 22 1 21 2
I g V g V + = (2)
But and
s 1 s 1
Z I V V =
2 22 1 21 L 2 2
- I g V g Z I V + = =
2 L 22 1 21
) ( 0 I Z g V g + + =

or
2
21
L 22
1
) ( -
I
g
Z g
V
+
=

Substituting this into (1),
2
21
12 21 11 L 11 22
1
-
) (
I
g
g g g Z g g
I
+
=

or
g L 11
21
1
2
Z g
g -
I
I
+
=

Also,
2 22 s 1 s 21 2
) ( I g Z I V g V + =

2 22 1 s 21 s 21
I g I Z g V g + =

2 22 2 g L 11 s s 21
) ( I g I Z g Z V g + + + =

But
L
2
2
-
Z
V
I =

(

+ + =
L
2
22 s g L s 11 s 21 2
] [
Z
V
g Z Z Z g V g V

s 21
L
22 s g L s 11 L 2
] [
V g
Z
g Z Z Z g Z V
=
+ + +


22 s g L s 11 L
L 21
s
2
g Z Z Z g Z
Z g
V
V
+ + +
=

22 s 12 21 s 22 11 L s 11 L
L 21
s
2
g Z g g Z g g Z Z g Z
Z g
V
V
+ + +
=

=
s
2
V
V
s 21 12 L 22 s 11
L 21
Z g g ) Z g )( Z g 1 (
Z g
+ +



Chapter 19, Solution 42.


(a) The network is shown in Fig. (a).
20
I
1
I
2
100 0.5 I
1

+
V
2

+
V
1

-0.5 I
2
+

(a)

(b) The network is shown in Fig. (b).
s 2
I
1
I
2
10 12 V
1

+
V
2

+
V
1

+

(b)


Chapter 19, Solution 43.


(a) To find and , consider the network in Fig. (a). A C
+
V
2

I
2
I
1
+

Z
V
1

(a)

1
2
1
2 1
= = =
V
V
A V V

0 0
2
1
1
= = =
V
I
C I

To get B and , consider the circuit in Fig. (b). D
+
V
2
= 0

I
2
I
1
+

Z
V
1

(b)

1 1
I Z V = ,
1 2
- I I =

Z
I
I Z
I
V
B = = =
1
1
2
1
-
- -


1
-
2
1
= =
I
I
D
Hence,
= ] [T
(

1 0
Z 1



(b) To find and , consider the circuit in Fig. (c). A C
I
1
I
2
Z
+
V
2

+

V
1

(c)

1
2
1
2 1
= = =
V
V
A V V

Y
Z V
I
C V I Z V = = = = =
1
2
1
2 1 1


To get B and , refer to the circuit in Fig.(d). D
I
2
+
V
1

Y
+
V
2
= 0

I
1

(d)

0
2 1
= = V V
1 2
- I I =

0
-
2
1
= =
I
V
B , 1
-
2
1
= =
I
I
D
Thus,
= ] [T
(

1 Y
0 1



Chapter 19, Solution 44.


To determine and , consider the circuit in Fig.(a). A C
j15
I
1
+
V
2

(a)
+

20
-j20
I
o
'
I
2
= 0
I
o
-j10
I
o
V
1


1 1
] ) 20 j 15 j ( || ) 10 j - ( 20 [ I V + =

1 1 1
3
10
j 20
j15 -
-j10)(-j5) (
20 I I V
(

=
(

+ =

1
'
o
I I =

1 1 o
3
2
5 j 10 j -
10 j -
I I I |
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=

' 20 -j20) (
o o 2
I I V + = =
1 1
I 20 I
3
40
j + =
1
I
3
40
j 20 |
.
|
\

|


=
|
.
|

\
|

= =
1
1
2
1
I
3
40
j 20
) 3 10 j 20 ( I
V
V
A 0.7692 + j0.3461

=

= =
3
40
j 20
1
2
1
V
I
C 0.03461 + j0.023







To find and , consider the circuit in Fig. (b). B D
j15
+
V
2
= 0

I
2
I
1
-j10
+

-j20
20
V
1

(b)

We may transform the subnetwork to a T as shown in Fig. (c).

10 j
20 j 10 j 15 j
-j10) )( 15 j (
1
=

= Z

3
40
-j
j15 -
) -j10)(-j20 (
2
= = Z

20 j
j15 -
-j20) )( 15 j (
3
= = Z

j10 j20
I
1
I
2
+
V
2
= 0

+

20 j40/3
V
1

(c)

1 1 2
j 3
2 j 3
20 j 3 40 j 20
3 40 j 20
- I I I
+

=
+

=

6923 . 0 j 5385 . 0
2 j 3
j 3 -
2
1
+ =

+
= =
I
I
D

1 1
20 j 3 40 j 20
) 3 40 j 20 )( 20 j (
10 j I V
(

+

+ =

) 18 j 24 ( j ] ) 7 j 9 ( 2 10 j [
1 1 1
= + + = I I V

j55) -15 (
13
6
j 3
j2) - (3 -
) 18 j 24 ( j - -
1
1
2
1
+ =
+

= =
I
I
I
V
B

+ = j25.385 -6.923 B

= ] [T
(

+ +
+ +
j0.6923 0.5385 S j0.023 0.03461
j25.385 6.923 - 3461 . 0 j 7692 . 0



Chapter 19, Solution 45.


To obtain A and C, consider the circuit below.

I
1
sL 1/sC I
2
=0


+
+
V
1
R
1
V
2


- -

R
2

1
2 1
2
1
1
2 1
1
2
R
sL R R
V
V
A V
sL R R
R
V
+ +
= =
+ +
=

1 2
1
1 1 2
R
1
V
I
C R I V = = =

To obtain B and D, consider the circuit below.






I
1
sL 1/sC I
2



+
+
V
1
R
1
V
2
=0



- -

R
2

C sR
C sR 1
I
I
D I
C sR 1
C sR
I
sC
1
R
R
I
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
+
= =
+
=
+
=

| |
2
C 1
1
1
1 2 1
1
1
1
2 1
I
sR
) C sR 1 (
C sR 1
R ) sL R )( C sR 1 (
I
sC
1
R
sC
R
sL R V
+
+
+ + +
=
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ + =

| | ) sL R )( C sR 1 ( R
C sR
1
I
V
B
2 1 1
1 2
1
+ + + = =


Chapter 19, Solution 46.


To get and C, refer to the circuit in Fig.(a). A
+
V
2

I
1
+

1
2 4 I
x

1
I
x
2
I
2
= 0
1
+
V
o

V
1

(a)
At node 1,
2 o 1
2 o o
1
2 3 2
1 2
V V I
V V V
I =

+ = (1)



At node 2,
2 o o
o
x
2 o
- 2
2
4
4
1
V V V
V
I
V V
= = = =

(2)

From (1) and (2),
S -2.5
2
5 -
-5 2
2
1
2 1
= = = =
V
I
C V I

But
2 1
o 1
1
1
V V
V V
I + =

=

2 1 2 1 2
-3.5 2.5 - V V V V V = + =

-3.5
2
1
= =
V
V
A

To get B and , consider the circuit in Fig. (b). D

+
V
2
= 0

+
V
o

I
x
+

1
1 2
I
2

4 I
x
2
1
I
1



V
1




(b)


At node 1,
o 1
o o
1
3 2
1 2
V I
V V
I = + = (3)
At node 2,
0 4
1
x
o
2
= + + I
V
I

I (4)
o 2 o o 2
-3 0 2 V I V V = = + =

Adding (3) and (4),
2 1 2 1
-0.5 0 2 I I I I = = + (5)

5 . 0
-
2
1
= =
I
I
D

But
o 1 1
o 1
1
1
V I V
V V
I + =

= (6)

Substituting (5) and (4) into (6),
2 2 2 1
6
5 -
3
1 -
2
1 -
I I I V = + =

= = = 8333 . 0
6
5 -
2
1
I
V
B
Thus,
= ] [T
(

0.5 - S 2.5 -
0.8333 3.5 -



Chapter 19, Solution 47.


To get A and C, consider the circuit below.

6


I
1
1 4 I
2
=0


+ + + +
V
x
2 5V
x
V
2

V
1
- - - -




x 1
x x x x 1
V 1 . 1 V
10
V 5 V
2
V
1
V V
=

+ =

3235 . 0 4 . 3 / 1 . 1
V
V
A V 4 . 3 V 5 ) V 4 . 0 ( 4 V
2
1
x x x 2
= = = = + =

02941 . 0 4 . 3 / 1 . 0
V
I
C V 1 . 0 V V 1 . 1
1
V V
I
2
1
x x x
x 1
1
= = = = =

=

Chapter 19, Solution 48.


(a) Refer to the circuit below.
I
2
I
1
+

[ T ]
+
V
2

V
1
Z
L


2 2 1
30 4 I V V = (1)
2 2 1
1 . 0 I V I = (2)

When the output terminals are shorted, 0
2
= V .
So, (1) and (2) become
2 1
-30I V = and
2 1
- I I =
Hence,
= =
1
1
in
I
V
Z 30

(b) When the output terminals are open-circuited, 0
2
= I .
So, (1) and (2) become
2 1
4V V =
2 1
1 . 0 V I = or
1 2
10I V =
1 1
40I V =

= =
1
1
in
I
V
Z 40

(c) When the output port is terminated by a 10- load, .
2 2
I -10 V =
So, (1) and (2) become
2 2 2 1
-70 30 -40 I I I V = =
2 2 2 1
-2 - I I I I = =
1 1
35I V =

= =
1
1
in
I
V
Z 35

Alternatively, we may use
D Z C
B Z A
+
Z
+
=
L
L
in



Chapter 19, Solution 49.


To get and C, refer to the circuit in Fig.(a). A
1/s
+

1 1/s
(a)
1 1/s
+
V
2

I
1
I
2
= 0
V
1


1 s
1
s 1 1
s 1
s
1
|| 1
+
=
+
=

1 2
s 1 || 1 s 1
s 1 || 1
V V
+
=

1 s 2
s
1 s
1
s
1
1 s
1
1
2
+
=
+
+
+
= =
V
V
A

|
.
|

\
|
+
+
|
.
|

\
|
+
= |
.
|

\
|
+
+ |
.
|

\
|
+
=
) 1 s ( s
1 s 2
||
1 s
1
1 s
1
s
1
||
1 s
1
1 1 1
I I V

) 1 s 3 )( 1 s (
1 s 2
) 1 s ( s
1 s 2
1 s
1
) 1 s ( s
1 s 2
1 s
1
1
1
+ +
+
=
+
+
+
+
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
I
V


But
s
1 s 2
2 1
+
= V V

Hence,
) 1 s 3 )( 1 s (
1 s 2
s
1 s 2
1
2
+ +
+
=
+

I
V


s
) 1 s 3 )( 1 s (
1
2
+ +
= =
I
V
C

To get B and , consider the circuit in Fig. (b). D
+
V
2
= 0

I
2
1 1/s
I
1
+

1/s
1/s 1 V
1

(b)

1 s 2 s 2
1
|| 1
s
1
||
s
1
|| 1
1
1 1 1
+
= |
.
|

\
|
= |
.
|

\
|
=
I
I I V

1
1
2
1 2s
s -
s
1
1 s
1
1 s
1 -
I
I
I
+
=
+
+
+
=

s
1
2
s
1 s 2 -
2
1
+ =
+
= =
I
I
D

s
1 -
s - s -
1 s 2
1 s 2
1
2
1 2
2 1
= = = |
.
|

\
| +
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
I
V
B
I
I V
Thus,
= ] [T
(
(
(

+
+ +
+
s
1
2
s
) 1 s 3 )( 1 s (
s
1
1 s 2
2



Chapter 19, Solution 50.


To get a and c, consider the circuit below.

I
1
=0 2 s I
2


+ +

V
1
4/s V
2
- -




2
1
2
2
2
2 1
s 25 . 0 1
V
V
a V
4 s
4
V
s / 4 s
s / 4
V + = =
+
=
+
=

4 s
s 25 . 0 s
V
I
c
s / 4 s
V ) s 25 . 0 1 (
s / 4 s
V
I
or I ) s / 4 s ( V
2
3
1
2 1
2
2
2
2 2
+
+
= =
+
+
=
+
=
+ =


To get b and d, consider the circuit below.

I
1
2 s I
2


+ +

V
1
=0 4/s V
2

- -



s 5 . 0 1
I
I
d
2 s
I 2
I
s / 4 2
s / 4
I
1
2 2
2 1
+ = =
+
=
+

=

2 s s 5 . 0
I
V
b I
2
) 2 s
2 s
)( 4 s 2 s (
I
2 s
) 4 s 2 s (
I )
s
4
// 2 s ( V
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2 2
+ + = =
+
+
+ +
=
+
+ +
= + =


(
(
(

+
+
+
+ + +
=
1 s 5 . 0
4 s
s s 25 . 0
2 s s 5 . 0 1 s 25 . 0
] t [
2
2
2 2

Chapter 19, Solution 51.


To get a and c , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).
j2 j
I
1
= 0 I
2
+
V
1

(a)
+

j
1 -j3
V
2


2 2 2
-j2 ) 3 j j ( I I V = =
2 1
-jI V =

2
j -
j2 -
2
2
1
2
= = =
I
I
V
V
a

j
j -
1
1
2
= = =
V
I
c

To get b and d, consider the circuit in Fig. (b).
+
V
1
= 0

I
1
j2 j
I
2
+

1 -j3
j
V
2

(b)

For mesh 1,
2 1
j ) 2 j 1 ( 0 I I + =

or j 2
j
2 j 1
1
2
=
+
=
I
I


j -2
-
1
2
+ = =
I
I
d
For mesh 2,
1 2 2
j ) 3 j j ( I I V =
1 1 1 2
) 5 j -2 ( j ) 2 j - )( j 2 ( I I I V = =

5 j 2
-
1
2
+ = =
I
V
b
Thus,
= ] [t
(

+
+
j 2 - j
5 j 2 2



Chapter 19, Solution 52.


It is easy to find the z parameters and then transform these to h parameters and T
parameters.

(

+
+
=
3 2 2
2 2 1
R R R
R R R
] [z

2
2 3 2 2 1 z
R ) R R )( R R ( + + =

1 3 3 2 2 1
R R R R R R + + =

(a)
(
(
(

+ +
+ +
+ +
=
(
(
(

=
3 2 3 2
2
3 2
2
3 2
1 3 3 2 2 1
22 22
21
22
12
22
z
R R
1
R R
R -
R R
R
R R
R R R R R R
1 -
] [
z z
z
z
z
z
h

Thus,
3 2
3 2
1 11
R R
R R
R h
+
+ = ,
21
3 2
2
12
h -
R R
R
=
+
= h ,
3 2
22
R R
1
+
= h
as required.

(b)
(
(
(

+
+ + +
=
(
(
(

=
2
3 2
2
2
1 3 3 2 2 1
2
2 1
21
22
21
21
z
21
11
R
R R
R
1
R
R R R R R R
R
R R
1
] [
z
z
z
z z
z
T

Hence,
2
1
R
R
1 A + = , ) R R (
R
R
R B
3 2
2
1
3
+ + = ,
2
R
1
C = ,
2
3
R
R
1 D + =
as required.


Chapter 19, Solution 53.


For the z parameters,
2 12 1 11 1
I z I z V + = (1)
2 22 1 12 2
I z I z V + = (2)

For ABCD parameters,
2 2 1
I B V A V = (3)
2 2 1
I D V C I = (4)
From (4),
2
1
2
I
C
D
C
I
V + = (5)

Comparing (2) and (5),
C
z
1
21
= ,
C
D
z =
22


Substituting (5) into (3),
2 1 1
I B
C
AD
I
C
A
V |
.
|

\
|
+ =


2 1
I
C
BC AD
I
C
A
+ = (6)

Comparing (6) and (1),
C
A
z =
11

C C
BC AD
z
T
12

=

=
Thus,
[Z] =
(
(
(

C
D
C
1
C C
A
T





Chapter 19, Solution 54.


For the y parameters
2 12 1 11 1
V y V y I + = (1)
2 22 1 21 2
V y V y I + = (2)
From (2),
2
21
22
21
2
1
V
y
y
y
I
V =

or
2
21
2
12
22
1
1 -
I
y
V
y
y
V + = (3)

Substituting (3) into (1) gives
2
21
11
2 12 2
21
22 11
1
-
I
y
y
V y V
y
y y
I + + =

or
2
21
11
2
21
y
1
-
I
y
y
V
y
I +

= (4)

Comparing (3) and (4) with the following equations
2 2 1
I B V A V =
2 2 1
I D V C I =

clearly shows that
21
22
y
y -
A = ,
21
y
1 -
B = ,
21
y
y
-
C

= ,
21
11
y
y -
D =
as required.


Chapter 19, Solution 55.


For the z parameters
2 12 1 11 1
I z I z V + = (1)
2 22 1 21 2
I z I z V + = (2)
From (1),
2
11
12
1
11
1
1
I
z
z
V
z
I = (3)

Substituting (3) into (2) gives
2
11
12 21
22 1
11
21
2
I
z
z z
z V
z
z
V
|
.
|

\
|
+ =

or
2
11
z
1
11
21
2
I
z
V
z
z
V

+ = (4)

Comparing (3) and (4) with the following equations
2 12 1 11 1
I g V g I + =
2 22 1 21 2
I g V g V + =
indicates that
11
11
z
1
g = ,
11
12
12
z
z -
= g ,
11
21
21
z
z
= g ,
11
z
22
z

= g
as required.


Chapter 19, Solution 56.


(a) 5 j 7 4 j ) j 3 )( j 2 (
y
+ = + + =

=
(

=
0405 . 0 j 2568 . 0 0676 . 0 j 0946 . 0
3784 . 0 j 2703 . 0 2973 . 0 j 2162 . 0
/ y / y
/ y / y
] z [
y 11 y 21
y 12 y 22


(b)
(

+ +

=
(

=
6 . 0 j 8 . 3 2 . 0 j 4 . 0
6 . 1 j 8 . 0 2 . 0 j 4 . 0
y / y / y
y / y y / 1
] h
11 y 11 21
11 12 11
[

(c )
(

+ +
+
=
(

=
75 . 0 j 25 . 0 75 . 1 j 25 . 1
25 . 0 j 5 . 0 j 25 . 0
y / y y /
y / 1 y / y
] t
12 22 12 y
12 12 11
[


Chapter 19, Solution 57.


1 ) 1 )( 20 ( ) 7 )( 3 (
T
= =

=
(
(
(

=
C
D
C
C C
A
z
1
] [
T

7 1
1 3


=
(
(
(

=
B
A
B
B B
D
y
1 -
-
] [
T
S
20
3
20
1 -
20
1 -
20
7
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
D
C
D
D D
B
h
1 -
] [
T
(
(
(

S
7
1
7
1 -
7
1
7
20


=
(
(
(

=
A
B
A
A A
C
g
1
-
] [
T
(
(
(

3
20
3
1
3
1 -
S
3
1


=
(
(
(

=
T T
T T
] [
A C
B D
t
(

3 S 1
20 7



Chapter 19, Solution 58.


The given set of equations is for the h parameters.
(

=
S 0.4 2 -
2 1
] [h 4 . 4 -2) )( 2 ( ) 4 . 0 )( 1 (
h
= =

(a) =
(
(
(

=
11
h
11
21
11
12
11
- 1
] [
h h
h
h
h
h
y S
4.4 2 -
2 - 1
(

(b) =
(
(
(

=
21 21
22
21
11
21
h
1 - -
- -
]
h h
h
h
h
h
T [
(

5 . 0 S 2 . 0
5 . 0 2 . 2





Chapter 19, Solution 59.


2 . 0 0.08 0.12 -0.4)(2) ( ) 2 )( 06 . 0 (
g
= + = =

(a) =
(
(
(
(

=
11
g
11
21
11
12
11
- 1
[
g g
g
g
g
g
z]
(

333 . 3 333 . 3
667 . 6 667 . 16


(b) =
(
(
(
(

=
22 22
21
22
12
22
g
1 -
] [
g g
g
g
g
g
y S
0.5 0.1 -
0.2 - 1 . 0
(

(c) =
(
(
(
(

=
g
11
g
21
g
12
g
22
-
-
] [
g g
g g
h
(

S 0.3 1 -
2 10


(d) =
(
(
(
(

=
21
g
21
11
21
22
21
1
] [
g g
g
g
g
g
T
(

1 S 3 . 0
10 5



Chapter 19, Solution 60.


28 . 0 02 . 0 3 . 0
21 12 22 11 y
= = = y y y y

(a) =
(
(
(
(

=
y
11
y
21
y
12
y
22
-
-
] [
y y
y y
z
(

143 . 2 3571 . 0
7143 . 0 786 . 1


(b) =
(
(
(
(

=
11
y
11
21
11
12
11
- 1
] [
y y
y
y
y
y
h
(

S 0.4667 0.1667 -
3333 . 0 667 . 1


(c) =
(
(
(
(

=
12
22
12
y
12 12
11
-
-
1 - -
] [
y
y
y
y y
y
t
(

5 . 2 S 4 . 1
5 3



Chapter 19, Solution 61.


(a) To obtain and , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).
11
z
21
z
1
I
o
+
V
1

1 1
I
2
= 0
+
V
2

1 I
1

(a)

1 1 1 1
3
5
3
2
1 ] ) 1 1 ( || 1 1 [ I I I V = |
.
|

\
|
+ = + + =

3
5
1
1
11
= =
I
V
z

1 1 o
3
1
2 1
1
I I I =
+
=

0 -
1 o 2
= + + I I V

1 1 1 2
3
4
3
1
I I I V = + =

3
4
1
2
21
= =
I
V
z

To obtain and , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).
22
z
12
z
1
+
V
2

I
1
+
V
1

1 1
1 I
2

(b)

Due to symmetry, this is similar to the circuit in Fig. (a).
3
5
11 22
= = z z ,
3
4
12 21
= = z z

= ] [z
(
(
(

3
5
3
4
3
4
3
5


(b) =
(
(
(

=
22 22
21
22
12
22
z
1 -
] [
z z
z
z
z
z
h
(
(
(

S
5
3
5
4 -
5
4
5
3


(c) =
(
(
(

=
21
22
21
21
z
21
11
1
] [
z
z
z
z z
z
T
(
(
(

4
5
S
4
3
4
3
4
5



Chapter 19, Solution 62.


Consider the circuit shown below.
20 k
a
40 k
10 k
I
b
b
I
1
50 k
30 k
+
V
1

+
V
2

I
2

Since no current enters the input terminals of the op amp,
1
3
1
10 ) 30 10 ( I V + = (1)

But
1 1 b a
4
3
40
30
V V V V = = =

1 3 3
b
b
10 80
3
10 20
V
V
I

=
which is the same current that flows through the 50-k resistor.

Thus,
b
3
2
3
2
10 ) 20 50 ( 10 40 I I V + + =

1 3
3
2
3
2
10 80
3
10 70 10 40 V I V

+ =

2
3
1 2
10 40
8
21
I V V + =

2
3
1
3
2
10 40 10 105 I I V + = (2)

From (1) and (2),
= ] [z
(

k
40 105
0 40


8
21 12 22 11 z
10 16 = = z z z z

=
(
(
(

=
(

=
21
22
21
21
z
21
11
1
] [
z
z
z
z z
z
D C
B A
T
(

381 . 0 S 52 . 9
k 24 . 15 381 . 0



Chapter 19, Solution 63.


To get z
11
and z
21
, consider the circuit below.

I
1
1:3 I
2
=0

+ +
+ +
V
1
V
2
9 V
2

V
1
4
- -
- -

3 n , 1
n
9
Z
2
R
= = =

8 . 0
I
V
z I
5
4
I ) Z // 4 ( V
1
1
11 1 1 R 1
= = = =

4 . 2
I
V
z I ) 5 / 4 ( 3 nV ' nV ' V V
1
2
21 1 1 1 2 2
= = = = = =

To get z
21
and z
22
, consider the circuit below.

I
1
=0 1:3 I
2


+ +
+ +
V
1
V
2
9 V
2

V
1
4
- -
- -

3 n , 36 ) 4 ( n ' Z
2
R
= = =

2 . 7
I
V
z I
45
36 x 9
I ) ' Z // 9 ( V
2
2
22 2 2 R 2
= = = =

4 . 2
I
V
z I 4 . 2
3
V
n
V
V
2
1
21 2
2 2
1
= = = = =
Thus,

=
2 . 7 4 . 2
4 . 2 8 . 0
] z [


Chapter 19, Solution 64.


= =

k j -
) 10 )( 10 (
j -
C j
1
F
6 - 3
1

Consider the op amp circuit below.
40 k
+
V
1

1
+
V
2

I
2
I
1
2
V
x
20 k 10 k
-j k

+

At node 1,
10
0
j - 20
x x x 1

+ =
V V V V


x 1
) 20 j 3 ( V V + = (1)
At node 2,
2 x
2 x
4
1 -
40
0
10
0
V V
V V
=

(2)

But
3
x 1
1
10 20

=
V V
I (3)

Substituting (2) into (3) gives
2
6 -
1
6 -
3
2 1
1
10 5 . 12 10 50
10 20
25 . 0
V V
V V
I + =

+
= (4)

Substituting (2) into (1) yields
2 1
) 20 j 3 (
4
1 -
V V + =

or (5)
2 1
) 5 j 75 . 0 ( 0 V V + + =

Comparing (4) and (5) with the following equations
2 12 1 11 1
V y V y I + =
2 22 1 21 2
V y V y I + =

indicates that and that 0
2
= I

= ] [y S
5 j 75 . 0 1
10 5 . 12 10 50
-6 -6
(

+



-6 -6
y
10 ) 250 j 65 ( 10 ) 5 . 12 . 25 j 5 . 77 ( + = + =

=
(
(
(
(

=
11
y
11
21
11
12
11
- 1
] [
y y
y
y
y
y
h
(

+

S 5 j 3 . 1 10 2
0.25 - 10 2
4
4



Chapter 19, Solution 65.


The network consists of two two-ports in series. It is better to work with z parameters
and then convert to y parameters.
For
a
N ,
(

=
2 2
2 4
] [
a
z

For
b
N ,
(

=
1 1
1 2
] [
b
z

(

= + =
3 3
3 6
] [ ] [ ] [
b a
z z z

9 9 18
z
= =

=
(
(
(

=
z
11
z
21
z
12
z
22
-
-
] [
z z
z z
y S
3
2
3
1 -
3
1 -
3
1
(
(
(

Chapter 19, Solution 66.


Since we have two two-ports in series, it is better to convert the given y parameters to z
parameters.
-6 -3 -3
21 12 22 11 y
10 20 0 ) 10 10 )( 10 2 ( = = = y y y y

(

=
(
(
(
(

=
100 0
0 500
-
-
] [
y
11
y
21
y
12
y
22
a
y y
y y
z

(

=
(

+
(

=
200 100
100 600
100 100
100 100
100 0
0 500
] [z

i.e.
2 12 1 11 1
I z I z V + =
2 22 1 21 2
I z I z V + =

or (1)
2 1 1
100 600 I I V + =
2 1 2
200 100 I I V + = (2)

But, at the input port,
1 1 s
60I V V + = (3)

and at the output port,
2 o 2
-300I V V = = (4)

From (2) and (4),
2 2 1
-300 200 100 I I I = +
2 1
-5I I = (5)

Substituting (1) and (5) into (3),
1 2 1 s
60 100 600 I I I V + + =

2 2
100 -5) )( 660 ( I I + =
= (6)
2
-3200I
From (4) and (6),
= =
2
2
2
o
3200 -
300 -
I
I
V
V
09375 . 0


Chapter 19, Solution 67.


The y parameters for the upper network is
(

=
2 1 -
1 - 2
] [y , 3 1 4
y
= =

(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

=
3
2
3
1
3
1
3
2
-
-
] [
y
11
y
21
y
12
y
22
a
y y
y y
z

(

=
1 1
1 1
] [
b
z

(

= + =
3 5 3 4
3 4 3 5
] [ ] [ ] [
b a
z z z

1
9
16
9
25
z
= =

=
(
(
(

=
21
22
21
21
z
21
11
1
] [
z
z
z
z z
z
T
(

25 . 1 S 75 . 0
75 . 0 25 . 1



Chapter 19, Solution 68.


For the upper network , [
a
N
(

=
4 2 -
2 - 4
]
a
y

and for the lower network , [
b
N
(

=
2 1
1 - 2
]
b
y

For the overall network,
(

= + =
6 3 -
3 - 6
] [ ] [ ] [
b a
y y y

27 9 36
y
= =

=
(
(
(
(

=
11
y
11
21
11
12
11
- 1
] [
y y
y
y
y
y
h
(
(
(

S
2
9
2
1 -
2
1 -
6
1



Chapter 19, Solution 69.


We first determine the y parameters for the upper network .
a
N
To get y and , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).
11 21
y

2
1
n = ,
s
4
n
s 1
2 R
= = Z

1 1 1 R 1
s
4 s 2
s
4
2 ) 2 ( I I I Z V |
.
|

\
| +
= |
.
|

\
|
+ = + =

) 2 s ( 2
s
1
1
11
+
= =
V
I
y

2 s
s -
-2
n
-
1
1
1
2
+
= = =
V
I
I
I

2 s
s -
1
2
21
+
= =
V
I
y

To get y and , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).
22 12
y




2 : 1
+
V
1
=0

+
V
2

I
1
2 1/s
I
2
I
2

(b)

2
1
) 2 (
4
1
) 2 )( n (
2 '
R
= |
.
|

\
|
= = Z

2 2 2
'
R 2
s 2
2 s
2
1
s
1
s
1
I I I Z V |
.
|

\
| +
= |
.
|

\
|
+ = |
.
|

\
|
+ =

2 s
s 2
2
2
22
+
= =
V
I
y

2 2 2 1
2 s
s -
2 s
s 2
2
1 -
n - V V I I |
.
|

\
|
+
= |
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
= =

2 s
s -
2
1
12
+
= =
V
I
y

(
(
(

+ +
+ +
=
2 s
s 2
2 s
s -
2 s
s -
) 2 s ( 2
s
] [
a
y

For the lower network , we obtain y and by referring to the network in Fig. (c).
b
N
11 21
y
2
I
1
I
2
+
V
2
= 0

+

s V
1

(c)

2
1
2
1
1
11 1 1
= = =
V
I
y I V

2
1 -
2
-
-
1
2
21
1
1 2
= = = =
V
I
y
V
I I

To get y and , refer to the circuit in Fig. (d).
22 12
y
2
I
1
I
2
+
V
2

+
V
1
= 0

s I
2

(d)

s 2
2 s
2 s
s 2
) 2 || s (
2
2
22 2 2 2
+
= =
+
= =
V
I
y I I V

2
-
s 2
2 s
2 s
s -
2 s
s -
-
2
2 2 1
V
V I I = |
.
|

\
| +
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
+
=

2
1 -
2
1
12
= =
V
I
y

(

+
=
s 2 ) 2 s ( 2 1 -
2 1 - 2 1
] [
b
y

= + = ] [ ] [ ] [
b a
y y y
(
(
(

+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
) 2 s ( s 2
4 s 4 s 5
2) (s 2
2) (3s -
2) (s 2
2) (3s -
2 s
1 s
2



Chapter 19, Solution 70.


We may obtain the g parameters from the given z parameters.
(

=
10 5
20 25
] [
a
z , 150 100 250
a
z
= =

(

=
30 25
25 50
] [
b
z , 875 625 1500
b
z
= =

(
(
(

=
11
z
11
21
11
12
11
z z
z
z
z -
z
1
] [g

(

=
6 0.2
0.8 - 04 . 0
] [
a
g ,
(

=
17.5 0.5
0.5 - 02 . 0
] [
b
g

= + = ] [ ] [ ] [
b a
g g g
(

23.5 0.7
1.3 - S 06 . 0



Chapter 19, Solution 71.


This is a parallel-series connection of two two-ports. We need to add their g parameters
together and obtain z parameters from there.

For the transformer,

2 1 2 1
I 2 I , V
2
1
V = =

Comparing this with

2 2 1 2 2 1
DI CV I , BI AV V = =

shows that

(

=
2 0
0 5 . 0
] T [
1 b


To get A and C for T
b2
, consider the circuit below.

I
1
4 I
2
=0


+ +
5
V
1
V
2

- 2 -


1 2 1 1
I 5 V , I 9 V = =

2 . 0 5 / 1
V
I
C , 8 . 1 5 / 9
V
V
A
2
1
2
1
= = = = = =


Chapter 19, Solution 72.


Consider the network shown below.
+



V
1

I
a1
I
a2
+



V
2

I
2
+
V
a2
+
V
b2
I
b2
+
V
a1

N
b
N
a
I
b1
+
V
b1

I
1

2 a 1 a 1 a
4 25 V I V + = (1)
2 a a1 2 a
4 - V I I + = (2)
2 b 1 b 1 b
16 V I V + = (3)
2 b b1 2 b
5 . 0 - V I I + = (4)
1 b 1 a 1
V V V + =
2 b 2 a 2
V V V = =
2 b 2 a 2
I I I + =
1 a 1
I I =

Now, rewrite (1) to (4) in terms of and
1
I
2
V
2 1 1 a
4 25 V I V + = (5)
2 1 2 a
4 - V I I + = (6)
2 1 b 1 b
16 V I V + = (7)
2 b1 2 b
5 . 0 - V I I + = (8)

Adding (5) and (7),
2 1 b 1 1
5 16 25 V I I V + + = (9)

Adding (6) and (8),
2 1 b 1 2
5 . 1 4 - V I I I + = (10)

1 1 a 1 b
I I I = = (11)

Because the two networks and are independent,
a
N
b
N
2 1 2
5 . 1 5 - V I I + =
or (12)
2 1 2
6667 . 0 333 . 3 I I V + =

Substituting (11) and (12) into (9),
2 1 1 1
5 . 1
5
5 . 1
25
41 I I I V + + =

2 1 1
333 . 3 67 . 57 I I V + = (13)

Comparing (12) and (13) with the following equations
2 12 1 11 1
I z I z V + =
2 22 1 21 2
I z I z V + =
indicates that
= ] [z
(

6667 . 0 333 . 3
333 . 3 67 . 57


Alternatively,
(

=
1 4 -
4 25
] [
a
h ,
(

=
0.5 1 -
1 16
] [
b
h

(

= + =
1.5 5 -
5 41
] [ ] [ ] [
b a
h h h 5 . 86 25 5 . 61
h
= + =

=
(
(
(

=
22 22
21
22
12
22
h
1 -
] [
h h
h
h
h
h
z
(

6667 . 0 333 . 3
333 . 3 67 . 57

as obtained previously.



Chapter 19, Solution 73.


From Example 18.14 and the cascade two-ports,

(

= =
2 1
3 2
] [ ] [
b a
T T

=
(

= =
2 1
3 2
2 1
3 2
] ][ [ ] [
b a
T T T
(

7 S 4
12 7


When the output is short-circuited, 0
2
= V and by definition
2 1
- I B V = ,
2 1
- I D I =
Hence,
= = =
D
B
I
V
Z
1
1
in

7
12



Chapter 19, Solution 74.

From Prob. 18.35, the transmission parameters for the circuit in Figs. (a) and (b) are

(

=
1 0
1
] [
a
Z
T ,
(

=
1 1
0 1
] [
b
Z
T

Z

We partition the given circuit into six subcircuits similar to those in Figs. (a) and (b) as
shown in Fig. (c) and obtain [ for each. ] T
(b)
Z
(a)
s
T
5
T
6
T
3
T
4
T
1
T
2

1 1/s 1 1/s
s

(

=
1 1
0 1
] [
1
T , ,
(

=
1 0
s 1
] [
2
T
(

=
1 s
0 1
] [
3
T

] [ ] [
2 4
T T = , ] [ ] [
1 5
T T = , ] [ ] [
3 6
T T =

(

= =
1 s
0 1
1 1
0 1
] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [
4 3 2 1 6 5 4 3 2 1
T T T T T T T T T T T

=
(

+
(

=
(

+ 1 1 s
0 1
1 0
s 1
] [ ] [ ] [
1 1 s
0 1
] [ ] [ ] [ ] [
3 2 1 4 3 2 1
T T T T T T T

=
(

+
+ +
(

1 1 s
s 1 s s
1 s
0 1
] [ ] [
2
2 1
T T

=
(

+ + + +
+ +
(

1 s 1 s 2 s s
s 1 s s
1 0
s 1
] [
2 2 3
2
1
T

=
(

+ + + +
+ + + + +
(

1 s 1 s 2 s s
s 2 s 1 s 2 s 3 s s
1 1
0 1
2 2 3
3 2 3 4

= ] [T
(

+ + + + + + +
+ + + + +
1 s 2 s s 2 s 4 s 4 s 2 s
s 2 s 1 s 2 s 3 s s
2 3 2 3 4
3 2 3 4


Note that as expected. 1 = CD AB


Chapter 19, Solution 75.


(a) We convert [z
a
] and [z
b
] to T-parameters. For N
a
, 16 24 40 = =
z
.

(

=
(

=
25 . 1 25 . 0
4 2
z / z z / 1
z / z / z
] T [
21 22 21
21 z 21 11
a


For N
b
, . 88 8 80
y
= + =

(

=
(

=
4 44
5 . 0 5
y / y y /
y / 1 y / y
] T [
21 11 21 y
21 21 22
b


(

= =
125 . 5 25 . 56
17 186
] T ][ T [ ] T [
b a


We convert this to y-parameters. . 3 BC AD
T
= =

(
(

=
(

=
94 . 10 0588 . 0
1765 . 0 3015 . 0
B / A B / 1
B / B / D
] y [
T


(b) The equivalent z-parameters are

(

=
(

=
0911 . 0 0178 . 0
0533 . 0 3067 . 3
C / D C / 1
C / C / A
] z [
T


Consider the equivalent circuit below.

I
1
z
11
z
22
I
2



+ + +
+ Z
L

V
i
z
12
I
2
z
21
I
1
V
o
- - -
-



2 12 1 11 i
I z I z V + = (1)

2 22 1 21 o
I z I z V + = (2)

But (3)
L o 2 L 2 o
Z / V I Z I V = =

From (2) and (3) ,
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = =
21 L
22
21
o 1
L
o
22 1 21 o
z Z
z
z
1
V I
Z
V
z I z V (4)

Substituting (3) and (4) into (1) gives

0051 . 0
V
V
3 . 194
Z
z
Z z
z z
z
z
V
V
i
. o
L
12
L 21
22 11
21
11
o
i
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
Chapter 19, Solution 76.


To get z
11
and z
21
, we open circuit the output port and let I
1
= 1A so that
2
1
2
21 1
1
1
11
V
I
V
z , V
I
V
z = = = =

The schematic is shown below. After it is saved and run, we obtain

122 . 1 V z , 849 . 3 V z
2 21 1 11
= = = =

Similarly, to get z
22
and z
12
, we open circuit the input port and let I
2
= 1A so that

2
2
2
22 1
2
1
12
V
I
V
z , V
I
V
z = = = =

The schematic is shown below. After it is saved and run, we obtain

849 . 3 V z , 122 . 1 V z
2 22 1 12
= = = =
Thus,

=
849 . 3 122 . 1
122 . 1 949 . 3
] z [






Chapter 19, Solution 77.


We follow Example 19.15 except that this is an AC circuit.

(a) We set V
2
= 0 and I
1
= 1 A. The schematic is shown below. In the AC Sweep
Box, set Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.1592, and End Freq = 0.1592. After simulation,
the output file includes

FREQ IM(V_PRINT2) IP(V_PRINT2)

1.592 E01 3.163 E.01 1.616 E+02


FREQ VM($N_0001) VP($N_0001)

1.592 E01 9.488 E01 1.616 E+02

From this we obtain
h
11
= V
1
/1 = 0.9488161.6

h
21
= I
2
/1 = 0.3163161.6.


(b) In this case, we set I
1
= 0 and V
2
= 1V. The schematic is shown below. In the
AC Sweep box, we set Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.1592, and End Freq = 0.1592.
After simulation, we obtain an output file which includes


FREQ VM($N_0001) VP($N_0001)

1.592 E01 3.163 E.01 1.842 E+01


FREQ IM(V_PRINT2) IP(V_PRINT2)

1.592 E01 9.488 E01 1.616 E+02

From this,
h
12
= V
1
/1 = 0.316318.42

h
21
= I
2
/1 = 0.9488161.6.

Thus, [h] =
(

6 . 161 9488 . 0 6 . 161 3163 . 0
42 . 18 3163 . 0 6 . 161 9488 . 0



Chapter 19, Solution 78


For h
11
and h
21
, short-circuit the output port and let I
1
= 1A. 6366 . 0 2 / = = f . The
schematic is shown below. When it is saved and run, the output file contains the
following:

FREQ IM(V_PRINT1)IP(V_PRINT1)

6.366E-01 1.202E+00 1.463E+02

FREQ VM($N_0003) VP($N_0003)

6.366E-01 3.771E+00 -1.350E+02

From the output file, we obtain

o
1
o
2
135 771 . 3 V , 3 . 146 202 . 1 I = =
so that
o 2
21
o 1
11
3 . 146 202 . 1
1
I
h , 135 771 . 3
1
V
h = = = =



For h
12
and h
22
, open-circuit the input port and let V
2
= 1V. The schematic is shown
below. When it is saved and run, the output file includes:

FREQ VM($N_0003) VP($N_0003)

6.366E-01 1.202E+00 -3.369E+01

FREQ IM(V_PRINT1)IP(V_PRINT1)

6.366E-01 3.727E-01 -1.534E+02


From the output file, we obtain

o
1
o
2
69 . 33 202 . 1 V , 4 . 153 3727 . 0 I = =
so that
o 2
22
o 1
12
4 . 153 3727 . 0
1
I
h , 69 . 33 202 . 1
1
V
h = = = =
Thus,
(
(

=
o
o o
4 . 153 3727 . 0 3 . 146 202 . 1
69 . 33 202 . 1 135 771 . 3
] h [




Chapter 19, Solution 79


We follow Example 19.16.
(a) We set I
1
= 1 A and open-circuit the output-port so that I
2
= 0. The schematic
is shown below with two VPRINT1s to measure V
1
and V
2
. In the AC Sweep box, we
enter Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.3183, and End Freq = 0.3183. After simulation, the
output file includes

FREQ VM(1) VP(1)

3.183 E01 4.669 E+00 1.367 E+02

FREQ VM(4) VP(4)

3.183 E01 2.530 E+00 1.084 E+02
From this,
z
11
= V
1
/I
1
= 4.669136.7/1 = 4.669136.7

z
21
= V
2
/I
1
= 2.53108.4/1 = 2.53108.4.

(b) In this case, we let I
2
= 1 A and open-circuit the input port. The schematic is
shown below. In the AC Sweep box, we type Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.3183, and
End Freq = 0.3183. After simulation, the output file includes

FREQ VM(1) VP(1)

3.183 E01 2.530 E+00 1.084 E+02



FREQ VM(2) VP(2)

3.183 E01 1.789 E+00 1.534 E+02
From this,
z
12
= V
1
/I
2
= 2.53108.4/1 = 2.53108..4

z
22
= V
2
/I
2
= 1.789153.4/1 = 1.789153.4.
Thus,
[z] =

2
(

4 . 153 789 . 1 4 . 108 53 .
4 . 108 53 . 2 7 . 136 669 . 4



Chapter 19, Solution 80


To get z
11
and z
21
, we open circuit the output port and let I
1
= 1A so that

2
1
2
21 1
1
1
11
V
I
V
z , V
I
V
z = = = =

The schematic is shown below. After it is saved and run, we obtain

37 . 70 V z , 88 . 29 V z
2 21 1 11
= = = =

Similarly, to get z
22
and z
12
, we open circuit the input port and let I
2
= 1A so that

2
2
2
22 1
2
1
12
V
I
V
z , V
I
V
z = = = =

The schematic is shown below. After it is saved and run, we obtain

11 . 11 V z , 704 . 3 V z
2 22 1 12
= = = =
Thus,

=
11 . 11 37 . 70
704 . 3 88 . 29
] z [







Chapter 19, Solution 81


(a) We set V
1
= 1 and short circuit the output port. The schematic is shown below.
After simulation we obtain
y
11
= I
1
= 1.5, y
21
= I
2
= 3.5

(b) We set V
2
= 1 and short-circuit the input port. The schematic is shown below.
Upon simulating the circuit, we obtain

y
12
= I
1
= 0.5, y
22
= I
2
= 1.5

[Y] =
(

5 . 1 5 . 3
5 . 0 5 . 1



Chapter 19, Solution 82


We follow Example 19.15.

(a) Set V
2
= 0 and I
1
= 1A. The schematic is shown below. After simulation, we
obtain
h
11
= V
1
/1 = 3.8, h
21
= I
2
/1 = 3.6


(b) Set V
1
= 1 V and I
1
= 0. The schematic is shown below. After simulation, we
obtain
h
12
= V
1
/1 = 0.4, h
22
= I
2
/1 = 0.25

Hence, [h] =
(

25 . 0 6 . 3
4 . 0 8 . 3


Chapter 19, Solution 83


To get A and C, we open-circuit the output and let I
1
= 1A. The schematic is shown
below. When the circuit is saved and simulated, we obtain V
1
= 11 and V
2
= 34.

02941 . 0
34
1
V
I
C , 3235 . 0
V
V
A
2
1
2
1
= = = = =

Similarly, to get B and D, we open-circuit the output and let I
1
= 1A. The schematic
is shown below. When the circuit is saved and simulated, we obtain V
1
= 2.5 and I
2

= -2.125.

4706 . 0
125 . 2
1
I
I
D , 1765 . 1
125 . 2
5 . 2
I
V
B
2
1
2
1
= = = = = =

Thus,
(

=
4706 . 0 02941 . 0
1765 . 1 3235 . 0
] T [













Chapter 19, Solution 84


(a) Since A =
0 I
2
1
2
V
V
=
and C =
0 I
2
1
2
V
I
=
, we open-circuit the output port and let V
1

= 1 V. The schematic is as shown below. After simulation, we obtain

A = 1/V
2
= 1/0.7143 = 1.4
C = I
2
/V
2
= 1.0/0.7143 = 1.4


(b) To get B and D, we short-circuit the output port and let V
1
= 1. The schematic is
shown below. After simulating the circuit, we obtain

B = V
1
/I
2
= 1/1.25 = 0.8
8
Thus =
D = I
1
/I
2
= 2.25/1.25 = 1.

(

D C
B A
(

8 . 1 4 . 1
8 . 0 4 . 1



lution 85
(a) Since A =


Chapter 19, So


0 I
2
1
2
V
V
=
and C =
0 I
2
1
2
V
I
=
, we let V
1
= 1 V and open-
circuit the output port. The schematic is shown below. In the AC Sweep box, we set
n
FREQ IM(V_PRINT1) IP(V_PRINT1)
01
REQ VM($N_0002) VP($N_0002)
From this, we obtain
A
Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.1592, and End Freq = 0.1592. After simulation, we obtai
an output file which includes

1.592 E 6.325 E01 1.843 E+01

F
1.592 E01 6.325 E01 7.159 E+01


= =

= 59 . 71 581 . 1
59 . 71 6325 . 0
1 1

V
2

C = =


= 90 1
59 . 71 6325 . 0
43 . 18 6325 . 0 I
1
V
2
= j

(b) Similarly, since B =

0 V
2
1
2
I
V
= 0 V
2
1
2
I
I
=
, we let V
1
= 1 V and short-
circuit the output port. The schematic is shown below. Again, we set Total Pts = 1, Start
FREQ IM(V_PRINT1) IP(V_PRINT1)
01
REQ IM(V_PRINT3) IP(V_PRINT3)
01
From this,
B
Freq = 0.1592, and End Freq = 0.1592 in the AC Sweep box. After simulation, we get
an output file which includes the following results:

and D =
1.592 E 5.661 E04 8.997 E+01

F
1.592 E 9.997 E01 9.003 E+01
= j 90 1
90 9997 . 0
1 1
2
= =

=
I


D =


=

90 9997 . 0
97 . 89 10 x 661 . 5 I
4
2
1
I
= 5.561x10
4


=
(

D C
B A
(

4
10 x 661 . 5 j
j 59 . 71 581 . 1




Chapter 19, Solution 86


(a) By definition, g
11
=
0 I
1
1
2
V
I
=
, g
21
=
0 I
2
1
2
V
V
=
.

We let V
1
= 1 V and open-circuit the output port. The schematic is shown below. After
simulation, we obtain
g
11
= I
1
= 2.7
g
21
= V
2
= 0.0

(b) Similarly,
g
12
=
I
, g
22
=
0 V
2
1
1
I
= 0 V
2
2
1
I
V
=
g
12
= I
1
= 0

We let I
2
= 1 A and short-circuit the input port. The schematic is shown below. After
simulation,
g
22
= V
2
= 0
Thus [g] =

(

0 0
0 S 727 . 2


hapter 19, Solution 87

a =


C

(a) Since
0 I
1
2
1
V
V
=
and c =
0 I
1
2
1
V
I
=
,
we open-circuit the input port and let V
2
= 1 V. The schematic is shown below. In the
C Sweep box, set Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.1592, and End Freq = 0.1592. After
IP(V_PRINT2)
1.592 E01 5.000 E01 1.800 E+02
1) )
.592 E01 5.664 E04 8.997 E+01
From this,

A
simulation, we obtain an output file which includes

FREQ IM(V_PRINT2)

FREQ VM($N_000 VP($N_0001
1
a = = 97 . 89
1

1765
97 . 89 10 x 664 . 5
4

c = =

97 . 89 28 . 882
97 . 89 10 x 664 . 5
180 5 . 0
4



(b) Similarly,
b =
0 V
1
2
1
I
=
V
and d =
0 V
1
2
1
I
I
=


We short-circuit the input port and let V
2
= 1 V. The schematic is shown below. After
simulation, we obtain an output file which includes

FREQ IM(V_PRINT2) IP(V_PRINT2)
1.592 E01 5.000 E01 1.800 E+02

FREQ IM(V_PRINT3) IP(V_PRINT3)
1.592 E01 5.664 E04 9.010 E+01

From this, we get
b =

= j1765

1 . 90 10 x 664 . 5
1
4

d =


= j888.28

1 . 90 10 x 664 . 5
180 5 . 0
4

Thus [t] =
(

2 . 888 j 2 . 888 j
1765 j 1765 j




Chapter 19, Solution 88


To get Z , consider the network in Fig. (a).
in
I
2
I
1
+

(a) Z
in
+
V
1

V
s
Two-Port
+
V
2

R
L

R
s


2 12 1 11 1
V y V y I + = (1)
2 22 1 21 2
V y V y I + = (2)

But
2 22 1 21
L
2
2
R
-
V y V y
V
I + = =

L 22
1 21
2
R 1
-
+
=
y
V y
V (3)

Substituting (3) into (1) yields
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ =
L 22
1 21
12 1 11 1
R 1
-
y
V y
y V y I ,
L
L
R
1
= Y

1
L 22
L 11 y
1
V
Y y
Y y
I
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
= ,
21 12 22 11 y
y y y y =

or = =
1
1
in
Z
I
V
L 11 y
L 22
Y y
Y y
+
+


|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
+
= =
L 22
1 21
1
22
in 21
1
2 22 1 21
1
2
i
-
Z A
Y y
V y
I
y
y
I
V y V y
I
I



|
|
.
|

\
|
+

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=
+

L 22
21 22
21
L 11 y
L 22
L 22
in 21 22
in 21
Z
Z
Y y
y y
y
Y y
Y y
Y y
y y
y =
=
i
A
L 11 y
L 21
Y y
Y y
+

From (3),
= =
1
2
v
A
V
V
L 22
21
Y y
y -
+


To get Z , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).
out
Z
out
I
2
I
1
(b)
+

+
V
1

R
s
Two-Port V
2


2 22 1 21
2
2
2
out
Z
V y V y
V
I
V
+
= = (4)

But
1 s 1
R - I V =

Substituting this into (1) yields
2 12 1 s 11 1
R - V y I y I + =
2 12 1 s 11
) R 1 ( V y I y = +

s
1
s 11
2 12
1
R
-
R 1
V
y
V y
I =
+
=

or
s 11
s 12
2
1
R 1
R -
y
y
V
V
+
=

Substituting this into (4) gives
s 11
s 21 12
22
out
R 1
R
1
Z
y
y y
y
+

=


s 22 21 s 22 11 22
s 11
R R
R 1
y y y y y
y
+
+
=

=
out
Z
s 22 y
s 11
Y y
Y y
+
+





Chapter 19, Solution 89


L fe re oe ie ie
L fe
v
R ) h h h h ( h
R h -
A
+
=

5 4 - 6 -
5
v
10 ) 72 10 6 . 2 10 16 2640 ( 2640
10 72 -
A
+

=

=
+

=
1824 2640
10 72 -
A
5
v
1613 -

= = = ) 1613 ( log 20 A log 20 gain dc
v
15 . 64


Chapter 19, Solution 90


(a)
L oe
L fe re
ie in
R h 1
R h h
h Z
+
=

L
6 -
L
-4
R 10 20 1
R 120 10
2000 1500
+

=

L
5 -
-3
R 10 2 1
10 12
500
+

=

L
-3
L
-2
R 10 12 R 10 500 = +
L
2
R 2 . 0 10 500 =
=
L
R k 250

(b)
L fe re oe ie ie
L fe
v
R ) h h h h ( h
R h -
A
+
=

3 4 - 6 -
3
v
10 250 ) 10 120 10 20 2000 ( 2000
10 250 120 -
A
+

=

=
+

=
3 3
6
v
10 7 10 2
10 30 -
A 3333 -

=
+
=
+
=
3 6 -
L oe
fe
i
10 250 10 20 1
120
R h 1
h
A 20

120 10 10 20 ) 2000 600 (
2000 600
h h h ) h R (
h R
Z
4 - 6 -
fe re oe ie s
ie s
out
+
+
=
+
+
=

= = k
40
2600
Z
out
k 65

(c) = = = = =
3 -
s v c
s
c
b
c
v
10 4 -3333 A A V V
V
V
V
V
V 13.33 -


Chapter 19, Solution 91


= k 2 . 1 R
s
, = k 4 R
L


(a)
L fe re oe ie ie
L fe
v
R ) h h h h ( h
R h -
A
+
=

3 4 - 6 -
3
v
10 4 ) 80 10 5 . 1 10 20 1200 ( 1200
10 4 80 -
A
+

=

= =
1248
32000 -
A
v
25.64 -

(b) =
+
=
+
=
3 6 -
L oe
fe
i
10 4 10 20 1
80
R h 1
h
A 074 . 74

(c)
i re ie in
A h h Z =
= 074 . 74 10 5 . 1 1200 Z
-4
in
k 2 . 1

(d)
fe re oe ie s
ie s
out
h h h ) h R (
h R
Z
+
+
=

= =

+
=
0468 . 0
2400
80 10 5 . 1 10 20 2400
1200 1200
Z
4 - 6 - out
k 282 . 51



Chapter 19, Solution 92


Due to the resistor , we cannot use the formulas in section 18.9.1. We will
need to derive our own. Consider the circuit in Fig. (a).
= 240 R
E
h
oe
h
fe
I
b

h
ie
+

h
re
V
c
Z
in
I
E
+

I
b
I
c
+
V
c

R
E

(a)
+
V
b

R
s

R
L
V
s


c b E
I I I + = (1)

E c b c re b ie b
R ) ( h h I I V I V + + + = (2)

oe
E
c
b fe c
h
1
R
h
+
+ =
V
I I (3)
But (4)
L c c
R - I V =

Substituting (4) into (3),
c
oe
E
L
b fe c
h
1
R
R
h I I I
+
=

or
L oe
oe E fe
b
c
i
R ( h 1
) h R 1 ( h
A
+
+
= =
I
I
(5)

) 240 000 , 4 ( 10 30 1
) 10 x 30 x 240 1 ( 100
A
6 -
6
i
+ +
+
=



=
i
A 79.18

From (3) and (5),
oe
E
c
b fe b
E L oe
oe E fe
c
h
1
R
h
) R R ( h 1
h ) R 1 ( h
+
+ =
+ +
+
=
V
I I I (6)

Substituting (4) and (6) into (2),
E c c re b E ie b
R h ) R h ( I V I V + + + =

E
L
c
c re
fe
E L oe
oe E fe
oe
E
E ie c
b
R
R
h
h
) R R ( h 1
) h R 1 ( h
h
1
R
) R h ( V
V
V
V +
(

+ +
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=

L
E
re
fe
E L oe
oe E fe
oe
E
E ie
c
b
v
R
R
h
h
) R R ( h 1
) h R 1 ( h
h
1
R
) R h (
A
1
+
(

+ +
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
= =
V
V
(7)

4000
240
10
100
4240 10 30 1
) 10 x 30 x 240 1 ( 100
10 x 30
1
240
) 240 4000 (
A
1
4 -
6 -
6
6
v
+
(

+
+
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=

-0.066 06 . 0 10 10 x 06 . 6
A
1
4 - 3
v
= + =



=
v
A 15.15
From (5),
b
L oe
fe
c
R h 1
h
I I
+
=

We substitute this with (4) into (2) to get
c L re E b E ie b
) R h R ( ) R h ( I I V + + =

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+
+ + =
b
E L oe
oe E fe
L re E b E ie b
) R R ( h 1
) h R 1 ( h
) R h R ( ) R h ( I I V

) R R ( h 1
) h R 1 )( R h R ( h
R h Z
E L oe
oe E L re E fe
E ie
b
b
in
+ +
+
+ + = =
I
V
(8)

4240 10 30 1
) 10 x 30 x 240 1 )( 10 4 10 240 )( 100 (
240 4000 Z
6 -
6 3 -4
in
+
+
+ + =



=
in
Z 12.818 k

To obtain , which is the same as the Thevenin impedance at the output, we introduce
a 1-V source as shown in Fig. (b).
out
Z
h
ie
R
s

I
c
I
b
(b)
+
V
b

R
E

+
V
c

+

I
E
Z
out

h
re
V
c

+

h
fe
I
b
h
oe

1 V
From the input loop,
0 ) ( R h ) h R (
c b E c re ie s b
= + + + + I I V I

But 1
c
= V
So,
0 R h ) R h R (
c E re E ie s b
= + + + + I I (9)

From the output loop,
b fe
oe E
oe
b fe
oe
E
c
c
h
1 h R
h
h
h
1
R
I I
V
I +
+
= +
+
=

or
oe E
fe
oe
fe
c
b
h R 1
h
h
h +
=
I
I (10)

Substituting (10) into (9) gives
0
h R 1
h
h
) h R R (
R h
h
) h R R (
oe E
fe
oe
ie E s
c E re
fe
c
ie E s
=
+
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + I
I


re
fe
oe
oe E
ie E s
c E c
fe
ie E s
h
h
h
h R 1
h R R
R
h
h R R

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ +
= +
+ +
I I

fe ie E s E
re
oe E
ie E s
fe oe
c
h ) h R R ( R
h
h R 1
h R R
) h h (
+ + +

+
+ +
= I

fe re oe
oe E
ie E s
ie E s fe E
c
out
h h h
h R 1
h R R
h R R h R 1
Z

+
+ +
+ + +
= =
I


100 10 10 30
10 x 30 x 240 1
4000 240 1200
) 4000 240 1200 ( 100 240
Z
4 - 6 -
6
out

(

+
+ +
+ + +
=

=
+
=
152 . 0
5440 24000
Z
out
193.7 k


Chapter 19, Solution 93


We apply the same formulas derived in the previous problem.

L
E
re
fe
E L oe
oe E fe
oe
E
E ie
v
R
R
h
h
) R R ( h 1
) h R 1 ( h
h
1
R
) R h (
A
1
+
(

+ +
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=

3800
200
10 5 . 2
150
04 . 0 1
) 002 . 0 1 ( 150
) 10 200 (
) 200 2000 (
A
1
4 -
5
v
+
(

+
+
+
+
=

-0.05638 05263 . 0 10 5 . 2 004 . 0
A
1
4 -
v
= + =

=
v
A 17.74

=
+ +
+
=
+ +
+
=

) 3800 200 ( 10 1
) 10 x 200 1 ( 150
) R R ( h 1
) h R 1 ( h
A
5 -
5
E L oe
oe E fe
i
5 . 144

) R R ( h 1
) h R 1 )( R h R ( h
R h Z
E L oe
oe E L re E fe
E ie in
+ +
+
+ + =

04 . 1
) 002 . 1 )( 10 8 . 3 10 5 . 2 200 )( 150 (
200 2000 Z
3 -4
in

+ + =

28966 2200 Z
in
+ =
=
in
Z 31.17 k

fe re oe
oe E
ie E s
ie E s fe E
out
h h h
h R 1
h R R
h R R h R
Z

+
+ +
+ + +
=

0.0055 -
33200
150 10 5 . 2
002 . 1
10 3200
2000 200 1000 150 200
Z
4 -
5 -
out
=

(

+ + +
=

=
out
Z 6.148 M


Chapter 19, Solution 94


We first obtain the ABCD parameters.
Given ,
(

=
6 -
10 100
0 200
] [h
-4
21 12 22 11 h
10 2 = = h h h h

(

=
(
(
(

=
2 - 8 -
6 -
21 21
22
21
11
21
h
10 - 10 -
2 - 10 2 -
1 - -
-
] [
h h
h
h
h
h
T

The overall ABCD parameters for the amplifier are
(

=
4 - 10 -
-2 -8
2 - 8 -
-6
2 - 8 -
-6
10 10
10 2 10 2
10 - 10 -
2 - 10 2 -
10 - 10 -
2 - 10 2 -
] [T

0 10 2 10 2
-12 -12
T
= =

(

=
(
(
(

=
6 - 4 -
T
10 10 -
0 200
1 -
] [
D
C
D
D D
B
h

Thus, , h 200 h
ie
= 0
re
= , h , h
-4
fe
-10 =
-6
oe
10 =

=
+

=
3 4 -
3 4
v
10 4 ) 0 10 2 ( 200
) 10 4 )( 10 (
A
5
10 2

= =
+
= 0 200
R h 1
R h h
h Z
L oe
L fe re
ie in
200


Chapter 19, Solution 95


Let
s 5 s
8 s 10 s 1
3
2 4
22
A
+
+ +
= =
y
Z

Using long division,
B 1 3
2
A
L s
s 5 s
8 s 5
s Z Z + =
+
+
+ =

i.e. and H 1 L
1
=
s 5 s
8 s 5
3
2
B
+
+
= Z
as shown in Fig (a).
y
22
= 1/Z
A
L
1

Z
B

(a)

8 s 5
s 5 s 1
2
3
B
B
+
+
= =
Z
Y

Using long division,
C 2 2 B
sC
8 s 5
s 4 . 3
s 2 . 0 Y Y + =
+
+ =

where and F 2 . 0 C
2
=
8 s 5
s 4 . 3
2 C
+
= Y
as shown in Fig. (b).

4
3
2
C
C
C s
1
L s
s 4 . 3
8
4 . 3
s 5
s 4 . 3
8 s 5 1
+ = + =
+
= =
Y
Z

i.e. an inductor in series with a capacitor
H 471 . 1
4 . 3
5
L
3
= = and F 425 . 0
8
4 . 3
C
4
= =

Thus, the LC network is shown in Fig. (c).


Chapter 19, Solution 96


This is a fourth order network which can be realized with the network shown in Fig. (a).
1.471 H 0.425 F
L
1

1
L
3

C
4
C
2
(c)
0.2 F
1 H
C
2

(b)
Y
c
= 1/Z
C
L
1

(a)
) s 613 . 2 s 613 . 2 ( ) 1 s 414 . 3 s ( ) s (
3 2 4
+ + + + =

s 613 . 2 s 613 . 2
1 s 414 . 3 s
1
s 613 . 2 s 613 . 2
1
) s ( H
3
2 4
3
+
+ +
+
+
=

which indicates that
s 613 . 2 2.613s
1 -
3 21
+
= y
s 613 . 2 s 613 . 2
1 s 414 . 3 s
3
4
22
+
+ +
= y

We seek to realize . By long division,
22
y
A 4 3
2
22
C s
s 613 . 2 s 613 . 2
1 s 414 . 2
s 383 . 0 Y y + =
+
+
+ =

i.e. and F 383 . 0 C
4
=
s 613 . 2 s 613 . 2
1 s 414 . 2
3
2
A
+
+
= Y
as shown in Fig. (b).
L
1

C
4
C
2
L
3

Y
A

y
22
(b)

1 s 414 . 2
s 613 . 2 s 613 . 2 1
2
3
A
A
+
+
= =
Y
Z

By long division,
B 3 2 A
L s
1 s 414 . 2
s 531 . 1
s 082 . 1 Z Z + =
+
+ =

i.e. and H 082 . 1 L
3
=
1 s 414 . 2
s 531 . 1
2 B
+
= Z
as shown in Fig.(c).
L
1

C
4
C
2
L
3

Z
B

(c)

1
2
B
B
L s
1
C s
s 531 . 1
1
s 577 . 1
1
+ = + = =
Z
Y

i.e. and F 577 . 1 C
2
= H 531 . 1 L
1
=

Thus, the network is shown in Fig. (d).
1.531 H 1.082 H
1.577 F

0.383 F 1
(d)


Chapter 19, Solution 97


s 12 s
24 s 6
1
s 12 s
s
) 24 s 6 ( ) s 12 s (
s
) s ( H
3
2
3
3
2 3
3
+
+
+
+
=
+ + +
=
Hence,
A
3
3
2
22
C s
1
s 12 s
24 s 6
Z y + =
+
+
= (1)

where is shown in the figure below.
A
Z





C
1
C
3


L
2







Z
A
y
22

We now obtain C and using partial fraction expansion.
3 A
Z

Let
12 s
C Bs
s
A
) 12 s ( s
24 s 6
2 2
2
+
+
+ =
+
+


Cs Bs ) 12 s ( A 24 s 6
2 2 2
+ + + = +

Equating coefficients :
2
0
s : A A 12 24 = =
:
1
s C 0 =

2
s : 4 B B A 6 = + =
Thus,
12 s
s 4
s
2
) 12 s ( s
24 s 6
2 2
2
+
+ =
+
+
(2)

Comparing (1) and (2),
F
2
1
A
1
C
3
= =

s
3
s
4
1
s 4
12 s 1
2
A
+ =
+
=
Z
(3)

But
2
1
A
L s
1
sC
1
+ =
Z
(4)

Comparing (3) and (4),
F
4
1
C
1
= and H
3
1
2
= L
Therefore,
=
1
C F 25 . 0 , =
2
L H 3333 . 0 , =
3
C F 5 . 0

Chapter 19, Solution 98


2 . 0 8 . 0 1
h
= =

(

=
(

= =

005 . 0 10 x 5 . 2
10 001 . 0
h / 1 h / h
h / h h /
] T [ ] T [
6
21 21 22
21 11 21 h
b a


(
(

= =

5 8
5
b a
10 x 5 10 x 5 . 1
06 . 0 10 x 6 . 2
] T ][ T [ ] T [


We now convert this to z-parameters

(
(

=
(

=
3 7
3
T
10 x 33 . 3 10 x 667 . 6
0267 . 0 10 x 733 . 1
C / D C / 1
C / C / A
] z [

1000 I
1
z
11
z
22
I
2



+ + +
+ Z
L

V
s
z
12
I
2
z
21
I
1
V
o
- - -
-


2 12 1 11 s
I z I ) z 1000 ( V + + = (1)

1 21 2 22 o
I z I z V + = (2)

But (3)
L o 2 L 2 o
Z / V I Z I V = =

Substituting (3) into (2) gives

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
L 21
22
21
o 1
Z z
z
z
1
V I (4)

We substitute (3) and (4) into (1)
V 744 10 x 136 . 2 10 x 653 . 7
V
Z
z
V
Z z
z
z
1
) z 1000 ( V
5 4
o
L
12
o
L 21
22
11
11 s
= =

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =




Chapter 19, Solution 99


) ( ||
a b c 3 1 ab
Z Z Z Z Z Z + = + =

c b a
b a c
3 1
) (
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z
+ +
+
= + (1)

) ( ||
c b a 3 2 cd
Z Z Z Z Z Z + = + =

c b a
c b a
3 2
) (
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z
+ +
+
= + (2)

) ( ||
c a b 2 1 ac
Z Z Z Z Z Z + = + =

c b a
c a b
2 1
) (
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z
+ +
+
= + (3)

Subtracting (2) from (1),
c b a
a c b
2 1
) (
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z
+ +

= (4)

Adding (3) and (4),
=
1
Z
c b a
c b
Z Z Z
Z Z
+ +
(5)

Subtracting (5) from (3),
=
2
Z
c b a
b a
Z Z Z
Z Z
+ +
(6)

Subtracting (5) from (1),
=
3
Z
c b a
a c
Z Z Z
Z Z
+ +
(7)


Using (5) to (7)
2
c b a
c b a c b a
1 3 3 2 2 1
) (
) (
Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z Z Z
+ +
+ +
= + +

c b a
c b a
1 3 3 2 2 1
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z Z Z
+ +
= + + (8)

Dividing (8) by each of (5), (6), and (7),
=
a
Z
1
1 3 3 2 2 1
Z
Z Z Z Z Z Z + +


=
b
Z
3
1 3 3 2 2 1
Z
Z Z Z Z Z Z + +


=
c
Z
2
1 3 3 2 2 1
Z
Z Z Z Z Z Z + +


as required. Note that the formulas above are not exactly the same as those in Chapter 9
because the locations of and are interchanged in Fig. 18.122.
b
Z
c
Z