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ABSTRACT
The technology used for wireless energy transmission is known as witricity. Wireless power transmission is not a new idea, Nikola Tesla proposed theories of wireless power transmission in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Tesla's work was impressive, but it did not immediately lead to wide spread practical methods for wireless power transmission. Since then many researchers have developed several techniques for moving electricity over long distances without wires. Some exist only as theories or prototypes, but others are already in use. In 2006 researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology led by Marine Soijacic discovered an efficient way to transfer power between coils separated by a few meters. They have dubbed this technology as witricity. Witricity is based upon coupled resonant objects. Two resonant objects of the same resonant frequency tend to exchange energy efficiently, while not interchanging the surroundings. The researchers demonstrate the ability to transfer 60W with approximately 90% efficiency over distance in excess of 2 meters. Currently the project is looking for power transmission in the range of 100watts. As witricity is in the development stage, lots of work is to be done in improving the range of power transmission.

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Table of contents
Abstract Table of contents List of figures 1. Introduction 2. Techniques of Energy Transfer 2.1 Near Field Energy Transfer 2.1.1 Induction Coupling 2.1.2 Resonant induction 2.1.3 Capacitive Coupling 2.2 Far field Techniques 2.2.1 Radio and Microwave technique 2.2.2 Laser 3. Advantages 4. Drawbacks 5. Witricity 5.1 Future of Witricity 6. Conclusion 1 2 3 4 5 5 5 6 8 8 9 11 12 13 13 14 14

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LIST OF FIGURES

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Wardenclyffe Tower Electric Transformer Capacitance Plate Wireless Power Works Resonant Induction Charging Wireless Bulb YAGIs Antenna Optical Form Of Wireless Antenna LASER

4 5 6 7 8 8 9 10 12

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1. INTRODUCTION
If we are particularly organized and good with tie wrap then also a few dusty power cord angles around our home. We have even had to follow one particular cord through the seemingly impossible snarl to the outlet hoping that the plug pull will be the right one. This is one of the downfalls of electricity. While it can make people's lives easier, it can add a lot of clutter in the process. For these reasons, scientists have tried to develop methods of wireless power transmission that could cut the clutter or lead to clean sources of electricity. Beginning in this side was made most notably by Nikola Tesla by working towards the development of schemes to transport energy over long distances without any carrier medium (i.e. wirelessly). These efforts appear to have met with little success. Wardenclyffe Tower (19011917) also known as the Tesla Tower, was an early wireless transmission tower designed by Tesla and intended for commercial trans-Atlantic wireless telephony, broadcasting, and to demonstrate the transmission of power without interconnecting wires. It was never completed. But, radiative modes of omni-directional antennas (which work very well for information transfer) are not suitable for such energy transfer, because a vast majority of energy is wasted into free space. Directed radiation modes, using lasers or highly-directional antennas, can be efficiently used for energy transfer, even for long distances (transfer distance LTRANS >> LDEV, where LDEV is the characteristic size of the device), but require existence of an uninterruptible line-of-sight and a complicated tracking system in the case of mobile objects. The use of such schemes in layman applications is very complex and thus limited. However, unlike the time of Tesla, now we are faced with an entirely different challenge. Since the existing electrical-wire grid carries energy almost everywhere, transmission of Figure 1 The 187-foot Wardenclyffe power over long distances for power wheeling, is not at all in Tower (Tesla Tower) in 1903.Tesla the question. Even a medium-range (LTRANS few LDEV) wanted to transmit electricity from this Tower to the whole globe without wireless energy transfer would be quite useful for many wires using the Ionosphere. The applications. Rapid development of autonomous electronics source of the transmitted electricity of recent years (e.g. laptops, cell-phones, house-hold robots, was to be the Niagara Falls power that all typically rely on chemical energy storage) which has plant led to invention of various gadgets, justifies revisiting investigation of this issue. Wireless energy transfer involves the second major difficulty as the radiation of the energy into space. This is due to two primary problems: one, which is the efficiency. For radiation of energy, a significant amount of energy could get radiated into free space and thus wasted. This would drastically decrease the efficiency. The second is the concern on the safety of the scheme, and its effects with respect to life and health. Because of the above reasons, normally non-radiative schemes are preferred. There are several currently used schemes, which rely on non-radiative modes (magnetic induction), but they are restricted to very close-range (LTRANS << LDEV). In contrast to all the above schemes, an experiment conducted at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology investigated the feasibility of using oscillatory resonant electromagnetic modes, with

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localized evanescent field patterns, for efficient wireless non-radiative mid-range energy transfer. It could therefore have a variety of possible applications including for example, placing a source (connected to the wired electricity network) on the ceiling of a factory room, while devices (robots, vehicles, computers, or similar) are roaming freely within the room. Other possible applications include electric engine buses, RFIDs, and perhaps even nanorobots.

2. TECHNIQUES OF ENERGY TRANSFER:

2.1 NEAR FIELD TECHNIQUES:
Near field are wireless transmission techniques over distances comparable to, or a few times the diameter of the device(s), and up to around a quarter of the wavelengths used. Near field energy itself is non radiative, but some radiative losses will occur. In addition there are usually resistive losses. Near field transfer is usually magnetic (inductive), but electric (capacitive) energy transfer can also occur.

2.1.1 INDUCTION (INDUCTIVE COUPLING):

This is the first method used for wireless power transfer. The simplest example for wireless energy transfer using this method is the electrical transformer. In this the primary and secondary circuits are electrically isolated from each other. The transfer of energy takes place by electromagnetic coupling through mutual induction. The main draw back of this method is the short range. For efficient working of a system which uses this method, the receiver must be in very close proximity to the-transmitter. A larger, stronger field can be used for energy transfer over long distance, but this process is extremely inefficient. Since magnetic field spreads in all direction, making a large wastage of energy.

Figure 2 Electric Transformer- a finest example that illustrates wireless transmission system

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2.1.2 RESONANT INDUCTION (EVANESCENT WAVE COUPLING)

In 2006 MIT researchers discovered an efficient method to transfer power between coils separated by few meters. They extend the distance between coils in inductive coupling system by adding resonant. They demonstrated by sending electromagnetic waves around in a highly angular waveguide, evanescent waves are produced, which carry no energy. An evanescent wave is a near field standing wave exhibiting exponential decay with distance. Evanescent waves are a general property of wave-equations, and can in principle occur in any context to which a wave-equation applies. They are formed at the boundary between two media with different wave motion properties, and are most intense within one third of a wavelength from the surface of formation. In particular, evanescent waves can occur in the contexts of optics and other forms of electromagnetic radiation, acoustics, quantum mechanics, and "waves on strings. In optics and acoustics, evanescent waves are formed when waves traveling in a medium undergo total internal reflection at its boundary because they strike it at an angle greater than the so-called critical angle. The physical explanation for the existence of the evanescent wave is that the electric and magnetic fields (or pressure gradients, in the case of acoustical waves) cannot be discontinuous at a boundary, as would be the case if there was no evanescent wave field. In quantum mechanics, the physical explanation is exactly analogousthe Schrdinger wave-function representing particle motion normal to the boundary cannot be discontinuous at the boundary. Electromagnetic evanescent waves have been used to exert optical radiation pressure on small particles to trap them for experimentation, or to cool them to very low temperatures, and to illuminate very small objects such as biological cells for microscopy (as in the total internal reflection fluorescence microscope). The evanescent wave from an optical fiber can be used in a gas sensor, and evanescent waves figure in the infrared spectroscopy technique known as attenuated total reflectance. In electrical engineering, evanescent waves are found in the near-field region within one third of a wavelength of any radio antenna. During normal operation, an antenna emits electromagnetic fields into the surrounding nearfield region, and a portion of the field energy is reabsorbed, while the remainder is radiated as EM waves.

Figure 3 Capacitance Plate

Evanescent means tends to vanish, the intensity of evanescent waves decays exponentially with the distance from the interface at which they are formed. If a proper resonant waveguide is brought near the transmitter, the evanescent waves can allow the energy to tunnel to the power drawing wave guide. Since the electromagnetic waves would tunnel, they would not propagate through the air to be absorbed or dissipated and would not disrupt .electronic devices or cause physical injury like microwave or radio waves transmission. In resonant induction method induction can take place a little differently if the electromagnetic fields around the coils resonate at the same frequency. In this a curved

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coils of wire uses as an inductor. A capacitance plate which can hold a charge attaches to each end of the coil. As electricity travels through this coil the coil begins to resonate. Its resonant frequency is a product of the inductance of the coil and the capacitance of the plate. Unlike multiple layer secondary of non-resonant transformer single layer solenoids with closely spaced capacitor plates on each end as shown in figure is used as transmitter and receiver. The MIT wireless power project uses a curved coil and capacitive plates. Electricity traveling along an electromagnetic wave can tunnel from one coil to the other as long as the both have the same resonant frequency. As long as both the coils are out of range of one another nothing will happen, since the field around the coil are not strong enough to affect much around them. Similarly if two coils resonate at different frequencies nothing will happen. By using resonant induction one coil can send electricity to several receiving coils as long as they all resonate at same frequency. The MIT team's preliminary work suggests that kind of setup could power or recharge all the devices in one room. Some modifications would be necessary to send power over long distances, like the length of a building or a city. The concept of witricity was made possible using resonance, where an object vibrates with the application of a certain frequency of energy. So two objects having similar resonance tend to exchange energy without causing any effect on the surrounding objects. To understand the energy transfer using resonant method consider an example that acoustic resonances. Imagine a room with 100 identical wine glasses, each filled with wine up to a different level, so they all have different resonant frequencies. This is because objects physical structure determines the resonant frequency. The frequency at which an object naturally vibrates Figure 4 is called resonant frequency. If a singer sings loudly inside the room, a glass of corresponding 1 . Power from mains to antenna, which is made cf copper frequency might accumulate 2 . Antenna resonates at a frequency cf about 10 MHz, sufficient energy to even explode, producing electromagnetic waves 3. 'Tails' of energy from antenna 'tunnel' up to 2m (6.5ft) * while not influencing the other. In 4 . Electricity picked up by laptop's antenna, which must also all the system of coupled be resonating at 10 MHz. Energy used to re-charge device 5. Energy not transferred to laptop re-absorbed by source resonators there exists a strongly antenna. People/other objects not affected as not resonating coupled regime of operation. at 10MHz These considerations are universal, applying to all kinds of resonances. MIT researchers focused on magnetically coupled resonators and thus wireless power transmission over few meters are possible. This method is one million times as efficient as electromagnetic induction systems. This method is also called nonradiative energy transfer, since it involves stationary fields around the coils rather than fields that spread in all direction.

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Figure 5 Resonant Induction Recharging

2.1.3 ELECTROSTATIC INDUCTION (CAPACITIVE COUPLING)

Tesla illuminating two exhausted tubes by means of a powerful, rapidly alternating electrostatic field created between two vertical metal sheets suspended from the ceiling on insulating cords.
The "electrostatic induction effect" or "capacitive coupling" is a type of high field gradient or differential capacitance between two elevated electrodes over a conducting ground plane for wireless energy transmission involving high frequency alternating current potential differences transmitted between two plates. The electrostatic forces through natural media across a conductor situated in the changing magnetic flux can transfer energy to a receiving device (such as Tesla's wireless bulbs).Sometimes called "the Tesla effect" it is the application of a type of electrical displacement, i.e., the passage of electrical energy through space and matter, other than and in addition to the development of a potential across a conductor

Figure 7 wireless bulb Figure 6 Wireless Bulb

Instead of depending on [electrodynamic] induction at a distance to light the tube [the] ideal way of lighting a hall or room would be to produce such a condition in it that an illuminating device could be moved and put anywhere, and that it is lighted, no matter where it is put and without being electrically connected to anything. Tesla have been able to produce such a condition by creating in the room a powerful, rapidly alternating electrostatic field. For this purpose he suspend a sheet of metal a distance from the ceiling on insulating cords and connect it to one terminal of the induction coil, the other terminal being preferably connected to the ground. Or else he suspend two sheet each sheet being connected with one of the terminals of the coil, and their size being carefully determined. An exhausted tube may then be carried in the hand anywhere between the sheets or placed anywhere, even a certain distance beyond them; it remains always luminous.

2.2 Far field techniques:

Means for long conductors of electricity forming part of an electric circuit and electrically connecting said ionized beam to an electric circuit. Far field methods achieve longer ranges, often multiple kilometer ranges, where the distance is much greater than the diameter of the device(s). With

9|Page radio wave and optical devices the main reason for longer ranges is the fact that electromagnetic radiation in the far-field can be made to match the shape of the receiving area (using high directivity antennas or well-collimated Laser Beam) thereby delivering almost all emitted power at long ranges. The maximum directivity for antennas is physically limited by diffraction.

2.2.1 Radio and microwave (Microwave power transmission)technique

If resonance is incorporated or not, induction generally sends wireless power over relatively short distance. For very long distance power transmission radio and microwaves are used. Japanese researcher YAGI developed a directional array antenna known as YAGI antenna for wireless energy transmission. It is a directional antenna consisting of a driven element (typically a dipole or folded dipole) and additional parasitic elements (usually a so-called reflector and one or more directors). The name stems from its inventors, as the Yagi-Uda array was invented in 1926 by Shintaro Uda of Tohoku Imperial University, Japan, with a lesser role played by his colleague Hidetsugu Yagi. However the "Yagi" name has become more familiar with the name of Uda often omitted. The reflector element is slightly longer (typically 5% longer) than the driven dipole, whereas the so-called directors are a little shorter. This design achieves a very substantial increase in the antenna's directionality and gain compared to a simple dipole. It is widely used for broadcasting and wireless telecommunications industries. While it did not prove to be particularly useful for power transmission. Power transmission via radio waves can be made more directional, allowing longer distance power beaming, with shorter wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, typically in the microwave range. A rectenna is a rectifying antenna, an antenna used to convert Figure 7 Yagis Antenna microwaves into DC power. Being that an antenna refers to any type of device that converts electromagnetic waves into electricity or vice versa. A rectenna is simply a microwave antenna. Inverse rectennas convert electricity into microwave beams, rectennas suitable for receiving energy beamed from solar panels in geocentric orbit would need to be several miles across. Although power densities of such an arrangement would be low enough to avoid any damage to people or the environment. Rectifying antennae are usually made an array of dipole antennae, which have positive and negative poles. These antennae connect to semiconductor diodes. Rectenna conversion has an efficiency of about 95%. In the 1980s, Canada's Communications Research Centre created a small airplane that could run off on power beamed from the Earth. The unmanned plane, called the Stationary High Altitude Relay Platform (SHARP), was designed as a communications relay. Rather flying from point to point, the SHARP could fly in circles two kilometers in diameter at an altitude of about 13 miles (21 kilometers). Most importantly, the aircraft could fly for months at a time. The secret to the SHARP'S long flight time was a large, ground-based microwave transmitter. The SHARP'S circular flight path kept it in range of this transmitter. A large, disc-shaped rectifying antenna, or rectenna, just behind the plane's wings changed the microwave energy from the transmitter into direct-current

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(DC) electricity. Because of the microwaves interaction with the rectenna, the SHARP had a constant power supply as long as it was in range of a functioning microwave array. This arrangement functions according to the following procedure. 1. Microwaves, which are part of the electromagnetic spectrum, reach the dipole antennae. 2. The antennae collect the microwave energy and transmit it to the diodes. 3. The diodes act like switches that are open or closed as well as turnstiles that let electrons flow in only one direction. They direct the electrons to the rectenna's circuitry. 4. The circuitry routes the electrons to the parts and systems that need them. The modern ideas are dominated by microwave power transmission called Solar power satellite to be built in high earth orbit to collect sunlight and convert that energy into microwaves, then beamed to a very large antenna on earth, the microwaves would be converted into conventional electrical power. A rectenna may be used to convert the microwave energy back into electricity. Rectenna conversion efficiencies exceeding 95% have been realized. A block diagram of the demonstration components is shown.The primary components include a microwave source, a transmitting antenna, and a receiving rectenna. The output microwave power ranges from 50 W to 200 W at 2.45GHz. A coaxial cable connects the output of the microwave source to a coax-to-waveguide adapter. Figure :8 Two optical forms of wireless This adapter is connected to a waveguide ferrite antennae formed of search light beam- ionised circulator which protects the microwave source from atmospheric streams reflected power. The circulator is connected to a tuning waveguide section to match the waveguide impedance to the antenna input impedance. The slotted waveguide antenna consists of 8 waveguide sections with 8 slots on each section. These slots radiate the power uniformly through free space to the rectenna. The slotted waveguide antenna is ideal for power transmission because of its high aperture efficiency (> 95%) and high power handling capability.A rectifying antenna called a rectenna receives the transmitted power and converts the microwave power to direct current (DC) power. This demonstration rectenna consists of 6 rows of dipoles antennas where 8 dipoles belong to each row. Each row is connected to a rectifying circuit which consists of low pass filters and a rectifier. The rectifier is a Ga As Schottky barrier diode that is impedance matched to the dipoles by a low pass filter. The 6 rectifying diodes are connected to light bulbs for indicating that the power is received. The light bulbs also dissipated the received power. This rectenna has a 25% collection and conversion efficiency, but rectennas have been tested with greater than 90% efficiency at 2.45 GHz. Power beaming by microwaves has the difficulty that for most space applications the required aperture sizes are very large due to diffraction limiting antenna directionality.These sizes can

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be somewhat decreased by using shorter wavelengths, although short wavelengths may have difficulties with atmospheric absorption and beam blockage by rain or water droplets. For earthbound applications a large area 10 km diameter receiving array allows large total power levels to be used while operating at the low power density suggested for human electromagnetic exposure safety. A human safe power density of 1 mW/cm2 distributed across a 10 km diameter area corresponds to 750 megawatts total power level. This is the power level found in many modern electric power plants.

Micro wave power transmission has some drawbacks: The solar power stations on the moon would require supervision and maintenance. In other words, the project would require sustainable, manned moon bases. Only part of the earth has a direct line of sight to the moon at any given time. To make sure the whole planet had a steady power supply, a network of satellites would have to re-direct the microwave energy. Many people would resist the idea of being constantly bathed in microwaves from space, even if the risk were relatively low.

2.2.2 LASER
In the case of electromagnetic radiation closer to visible region of spectrum (10s of microns (um) to 10s of nm), power can be transmitted by converting electricity into a laser beam that is then pointed at a solar cell receiver. This mechanism is generally known as "powerbeaming" because the power is beamed at a receiver that can convert it to usable electrical energy. Advantages of laser based energy transfer compared with other wireless methods are collimated monochromatic wavefront propagation allows narrow beam cross-section area for energy transmission over large ranges, compact size of solid state lasers-photovoltaics semiconductor diodes fit into small products, no radio-frequency interference to existing radio communication such as Wi-fi and cell phones and control of access only by receivers

Its drawbacks are conversion to light, such as with a laser, is inefficient, Conversion back into electricity is inefficient, with photovoltaic cells achieving 40%50% efficiency. Note that conversion efficiency is rather higher with monochromatic light than with insolation of solar panels. also, atmospheric absorption causes losses and as with microwave beaming, this method requires a direct line of sight with the target. The laser "powerbeaming" technology has been mostly explored in military weapon and aerospace applications and is now being developed for commercial and consumer electronics

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Low-Power applications. Wireless energy transfer system using laser for consumer space has to satisfy Laser safety requirements standardized under IEC 60825.

Geoffrey Landis is one of the pioneers of solar power satellite and laser-based transfer of energy especially for space and lunar missions. The continuously increasing demand for safe and frequent space missions has resulted in serious thoughts on a futuristic space elevator that would be powered by lasers. NASA's space elevator would need wireless power to be beamed to it for it to climb a tether. NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center has demonstrated flight of a lightweight unmanned model plane powered by a laser beam. This proof-of-concept demonstrates the feasibility of periodic recharging using the laser beam system and the lack of need to return to ground. With a laser beam centred on its panel of photovoltaic cells, a lightweight model plane makes the first flight of an aircraft powered by a laser beam inside a building at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. In the case of electromagnetic radiation closer to visible region of spectrum (10s of microns (um) to 10s of nm), power can be transmitted by converting electricity into a laser beam that is then pointed at a solar cell receiver. This mechanism is generally known as "powerbeaming" because the power is beamed at a receiver that can convert it to usable electrical energy.
Figure 9

3. ADVANTAGES
An electrical distribution system, based on this method would eliminate the need for an inefficient, costly, and capital intensive grid of cables, towers, and substations. The system would reduce the cost of electrical energy used by the consumer and rid the landscape of wires, cables, and transmission towers. There are areas of the world where the need for electrical power exists, yet there is no method for delivering power. Africa is in need of power to run pumps to tap into the vast resources of water under the Sahara Desert. Rural areas, such as those in China, require the electrical power necessary to bring them into the 20th century and to equal standing with western nations. The wireless transmission will solve many of these problems The electrical energy can be economically transmitted without wires

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to any terrestrial distance, so there will be no transmission and distribution loss. More efficient energy distribution systems and sources are needed by both developed and under developed nations. In regards to the new systems, the market for wireless power transmission is enormous. It has the potential to become a multi-billion dollar per year market. The increasing demand for electrical energy in industrial nations is well documented. If we include the demand of third world nations, pushed by their increasing rate of growth, we could expect an even Faster rise in the demand for electrical power in the near future. These systems can only meet these requirements with 9094 %efficient transmission. High Transmission Integrity and Low Loss: - To transmit wireless power to any distance without limit. It makes no difference what the distance is. The efficiency of the transmission can be as high as 96 or 97 per cent, and there are practically no losses.

4. DRAWBACKS
1. Biological Impact: - One common criticism of the Tesla wireless power system is regarding its possible biological effects. Calculating the circulating reactive power, it was found that the frequency is very small and such a frequency is very biologically compatible. 2. Economic Impact:- The concept looks to be costly initially. The investment cost of Tesla Tower was $150,000 (1905). In terms of economic theory, many countries will benefit from this service. Only private, dispersed receiving stations will be needed. Just like television and radio, a single resonant energy receiver is required, which may eventually be built into appliances, so no power cord will be necessary! Monthly electric utility bills from old fashioned, fossil-fuelled, lossprone electrified wire-grid delivery services will be optional, much like cable TV of today. In the 21st century, Direct TV is the rage, which is an exact parallel of Teslas Direct Electricity. 3. Conversion to light (laser), such as with a laser, is moderately inefficient (although quantum cascade lasers improve this) Conversion back into electricity is moderately inefficient, with photovoltaic cells achieving 40%-50% efficiency.(Note that conversion efficiency is rather higher with monochromatic light than with isolation of solar panels). 4. Atmospheric absorption causes losses:- As with microwave beaming, this method requires a direct line of sight with the target.The laser "powerbeaming" technology has been mostly explored in military weapons and aerospace applications and is now being developed for commercial and consumer electronics Low-Power applications. Wireless energy transfer system using laser for consumer space has to satisfy Laser safety requirements standardized under IEC 60825.

5. WITRICITY
Human beings or other objects placed between the transmitter and receiver do not hinder the transmission of power. However, does magnetic coupling or resonance coupling have any harmful effects on humans? MIT's researchers are quite confident that WiTricity coupling resonance' is safe for humans. They say that the magnetic fields tend to interact

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very weakly with the biological tissues of the body, and so are not prone to cause any damage to any living beings.

5.1 FUTURE OF WITRICITY

WiTricity, if successful will definitely change the way we live. Imagine electric cars, laptops, digital camera's getting self charged. Wow! Let's hope the researchers will be able to come up with the commercial system soon. The next aim is to get a robot, vacuum or a laptop working, charging devices placed anywhere in the room and even robots on factory floors. The researchers are also currently working on the health issues related to this concept and have said that in another three to five years time, they will come up with a WiTricity system for commercial use. Instead of exporting oil in giant tankers from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Venezuela, and other oil producing nations could use their own oil and gas that is currently flared away to produce electricity locally and then beam it by satellite to other countries' receivers attached to local power grids. If research in carbon sequestration and wireless transmission of energy becomes serious, then one day oil producers could become electricity suppliers to the world without adding greenhouse gases, and a global energy grid could be in space orbit

6. CONCLUSION
The transmission of power without wires is not a theory or a mere possibility, it is now a reality. The electrical energy will in near future be economically transmitted without wires to any terrestrial distance. Many researchers have established in numerous observations, experiments and measurements, qualitative and quantitative.Wireless transmission of electricity have tremendous merits like high transmission integrity and Low Loss (90 97% efficient) and can be transmitted to any where in the globe and eliminate the need for an inefficient, costly, and capital intensive grid of cables, towers, and substations. The system would reduce the cost of electrical energy used by the consumer and get rid of the landscape of wires, cables, and transmission towers. It has negligible demerits like reactive power which was found insignificant and biologically compatible. It has a tremendous economic impact to human society. Many countries will benefit from this service.