He phng trnh hai an

I. HE PHNG TRNH BAC NHAT HAI AN

a1x + b1y = c1 1. Bai toan: Giai va bien luan he phng trnh: a2x + b2y = c2 Cach giai:
b1. Tnh cac nh thc: b2. Ta co: i/. D 0: He co nghiem duy nhat (x; y) vi x = D Dx , y= y D D

D=

a1 b1 a2 b2

Dx =

c1 b1 c2 b2

Dy =

a1 c1 a2 c2

D = 0 ii/. : c Dx 0( hoa Dy 0)

He phng trnh vo nghiem

iii/. D = Dx = Dy = 0 : He phng trnh co the vo nghiem, co the vo so nghiem ( nen thay gia tr cu the vao he phng trnh roi ket luan ) 2. Cac v du: VD1: Cho he phng trnh: x + my = 3m (I) mx + y = 2m + 1 1. Giai va bien luan he (I) 2. Trong trng hp he co nghiem duy nhat (x0; y0), tm cac gia tr nguyen cua m sao cho x0 va y0 la nhng so nguyen. VD2: Cho he phng trnh:
2 mx + 4y = m + 4 x + (m + 3)y = 2m + 3

1. Vi cac gia tr nao cua m th he co nghiem duy nhat (x; y) thoa man ieu kien x y ? 2. Vi cac gia tr cua m a tm c, hay tm gia tr nho nhat cua tong x + y. ( H An Ninh 98 ) VD3: Giai va bien luan he phng trnh (1 sina)x + cosa.y = cosa cosa.x + (1 sina)y = sina VD4: Tm cac gia tr cua b sao cho vi moi a R th he phng trnh co nghiem x + 2ay = b ( H Cong oan 98 ) 2 ax + (1 a)y = b
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3. Bai tap lam them:

(a2 1 + (a 1 = a3 1 )x )y B1. Giai va bien luan he phng trnh 2 3 )x )y (a + 1 + (a + 1 = a + 1

mx + 2y = m + 1 B2. Cho he phng trnh 2x + my = 2m + 5 a). Giai va bien luan he phng trnh b). Khi he co nghiem (x; y), hay tm he thc lien he gia x va y oc lap oi vi m.

ax + y = b B3. Cho he phng trnh 2 x + ay = c + c a). Giai va bien luan he phng trnh b). Tm b sao cho vi moi a, luon tm c c e he phng trnh co nghiem

II. HE PHNG TRNH OI XNG LOAI 1

f(x;y) = 0 1. Dang: (1), trong o: f(x;y) va g(x;y) la cac bieu thc oi xng (x;y) = 0 g theo x; y 2. Nhan dang: Khi thay x bi y va thay y bi f(x;y) = 0 thay x by i va thay y bx i (x;y) = 0 g x th he khong oi. Tc la: f(y;x) = 0 (y;x) = 0 g

x + y + xy = 11 Chang han: he phng trnh 2 2 x + y + 3(x + y) = 28 3. Cach giai: F(S;P) = 0 b1. Dung an so phu: at S = x + y , P = xy. Ta c: (2) (S;P) = 0 G
b2. Giai he phng trnh (2) + Neu S0 , P0 la mot nghiem cua he (2) th nghiem x, y cua he (1) la nghiem cua he x + y = S0 xy = P0 + Khi o x, y la nghiem cua phng trnh: t2 S0.t + P0 = 0 (3) b3. Ket luan 4. Chu y: a). He (1) co nghiem (x; y) He (2) co nghiem (S0; P0) S2 4P 0
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b). Neu S2 4P0 > 0 th phng trnh (3) co 2 nghiem phan biet 0
t1 =
2 S0 S0 4P0

va t2 =

2 S0 S0 + 4P0

x = t1 x = t2 Khi o he (1) co hai nghiem tng ng va y = t2 y = t1

c). Neu S2 4P0 = 0 th phng trnh (3) co nghiem kep t1 = t2 = 0 Khi o he (1) co 1 nghiem tng ng x = y =

S0 2

S0 2

d). Do tnh oi xng, neu (x0; y0) la mot nghiem cua he (1) th (y0; x0) cung la mot nghiem cua he (1) . Do o: Neu he co nghiem duy nhat th nghiem nay co dang (x0; x0) e). Cac bieu thc oi xng thong dung:
x2 + y2 = ( x + y) 2xy = S2 2P
2

x3 + y3 = ( x + y) 3xy ( x + y ) = S 3 3SP
3

2 x4 + y4 = ( x + y) 4xy x2 + y2 6x2 y = S4 4P(S2 2P) 6P2 = S4 4S2P + 2P2 4

f). oi khi can at ieu kien e he phng trnh co ngha ( an mau ) 5. Cac v du:
x2y + xy2 = 30 VD1: Giai he phng trnh 3 3 x + y = 35

( H Mo a chat 98 )

x + xy + y = 2m + 1 VD2: Ch he phng trnh 2 (I) ( HQG Ha Noi 99 ) 2 (m ) x y + xy = m + 1 1. Chng minh rang vi moi m, he phng trnh (I) luon luon co nghiem 2. Tm m e he (I) co nghiem duy nhat.
VD3: Tm cac gia tr cua a e he phng trnh sau co ung hai nghiem
x2 + y2 = 2(1+ a) 2 (x + y) = 4

( H Y Dc TpHCM 98 )

6. Bai tap lam them

1 1 x + y + x + y = 5 B1. Giai he phng trnh x2 + y2 + 1 + 1 = 9 x2 y2

( H Ngoai thng 97, khoi D )

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x + y = m B2. Cho he phng trnh 2 ( Bao ch, Tuyen truyen 98, khoi D ) 2 2 x + y = 6 m 1. Giai he phng trnh khi m = 1 2. Tm m e he phng trnh a cho co nghiem x + y = m + 1 B3. Cho he phng trnh 2 ( H Su pham Quy Nhn 99 ) 2 2 x y + xy = 2m m 3 1. Giai he phng trnh vi m = 3 2. Chng minh rang vi moi m, he phng trnh tren luon co nghiem x2 + y2 = 5 B4. Giai he phng trnh 4 ( H Ngoai thng 98 ) 2 2 4 x x y + y = 13
1 (x + y)(1+ xy) = 5 B5. Giai he phng trnh (x2 + y2)(1+ 1 ) = 49 x2y2

( H Ngoai thng 99, khoi A )

x + y + x2 + y2 = 8 B6. Cho he phng trnh ( H Ngoai thng 97, khoi A ) )(y ) xy(x + 1 + 1 = m 1. Giai he phng trnh khi m = 12 2. Xac nh m e he phng trnh a cho co nghiem x + y + xy = 11 B7. Giai he phng trnh 2 2 x + y + 3(x + y) = 28
x2 + y2 + xy = 7 B8. Giai he phng trnh 4 4 2 2 x + y + x y = 21 ) 2x2 + 2y2 + 3x + 3y 6 = 0 B9. Giai he phng trnh 2 2 x y + xy 19 = 0

( HQGHCM 2000, khoi D )

( H Spham HaNoi 2000, khoi B

x + y = 5 B10. Giai he phng trnh 4 4 x + y = 97

III. HE PHNG TRNH OI XNG LOAI 2

1. Dang:

f(x;y) = 0 f(y;x) = 0

( 1) ( 2)
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2. Nhan dang: Khi thay x bi y va thay y bi x th phng trnh (1) tr thanh phng trnh (2) va ngc lai. Ta co: f(x;y) = 0

( 1)

thay x by i f(y;x) = 0 va thay y bx i

( 2)

x2 2x 3y = 0 Chang han: he phng trnh 2 y 2y 3x = 0

3. Cach giai: b1. Bien oi f(x;y) = 0 f(y;x) = 0

( 1) ( 2)

f(x;y) = 0 f(x;y) f(y;x) = 0

f(x;y) = 0 (x;y) = 0 (x y).g

x = y f(x;y) = 0 g (x;y) = 0 f(x;y) = 0

( A) ( B)

b2. Giai he phng trnh (A) va (B) Chu y: Co the bien oi he (B) ve he phng trnh oi xng loai 1 e giai nh sau: (x;y) = 0 (x;y) = 0 g g ( B) ( C) ( He (C) la he oi xng loai 1 ) f(x;y) = 0 f(x;y) + f(y;x) = 0 b3. Ket luan 4. Cac v du:
2x + VD1: Giai he phng trnh 2y + 1 = y 1 = x 3 x 3 y

( HQG Ha Noi 99, khoi B )

x3 = y2 + 7x2 m x VD2: Cho he phng trnh 3 ( HSpham Vinh 99 ) 2 2 y = x + 7y my Tm m e he phng trnh co nghiem duy nhat

VD3: Tm m e he phng trnh co nghiem duy nhat

xy + x2 = m 1 (y ) 2 (x ) xy + y = m 1
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( H Hang hai 97 )
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 y2 + 2 3y = x2 VD4: Giai he phng trnh 2 3x = x + 2 y2

( H khoi B 2003 )

5. Bai tap lam them:

x3 = 3x + 8y B1. Giai he phng trnh 3 y = 3y + 8x

( HQG Ha Noi 98 )

x 3y = B2. Giai he phng trnh y 3x =

4y x 4x y

( HQG Ha Noi 97 )

y2 = x3 4x2 + ax B3. Cho he phng trnh 2 3 2 x = y 4y + ay

( HQG TpHCM 96 )

Xac nh a e he phng trnh co nghiem duy nhat

x3 = 7x + 3y B4. Giai he phng trnh 3 y = 7y + 3x y2 (x + y) = 2m B5. Cho he phng trnh 2 x (y + x) = 2m

1. Giai he phng trnh khi m = 0 2. Tm m e he phng trnh co nghiem duy nhat

2x2 3x = y2 2 B6. Giai he phng trnh 2 2 2y 3y = x 2

( HQG Ha Noi 2000)

2 2x = y + B7. Giai he phng trnh 2y2 = x +

1 y 1 x

( HV Chnh tr 2001 )

B8. Tm a e he phng trnh co nghiem duy nhat ( x + 1 2 = y + a ) 2 ( y + 1 = x + a ) ( H Spham HCM 2001 )

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 xy + x2 = m 1 (y ) B9. Cho he phng trnh ( H Hang hai 97 ) 2 (x ) xy + y = m 1 1. Giai he phng trnh khi m = 1 2. Tm m e he phng trnh co nghiem duy nhat y2 = x3 4x2 + ax B10. Tm a e he phng trnh co nghiem duy nhat. 2 3 2 x = y 4y + ay

IV. HE PHNG TRNH ANG CAP

f(x;y),f2(x;y) : hai a th ag ca cu g ba c n p n c f(x;y) = g(x;y) 1 1 1 1. Dang: (I), vi: c n p n c f2(x;y) = g2(x;y) g(x;y),g2(x;y) : hai a th ag ca cu g ba 1 + a thc hai bien x va y co dang: P(x;y) = anxn + an1xn1y + an2xn2y2 + L + a1xyn 1+ a0yn + Trong o: n la so nguyen dng ( n N*) va cac he so a0,a1,...,an khong ong thi bang 0 c goi la a thc dang cap bac n 2. Cach giai: b1. Giai he (I) khi x = 0 b2. Giai he (I) khi x 0 F(x;t) = 0 KH x + at y = t.x , ta c: (II) h = 0 i trnh t = t0 (t) Giaphng G (x;t) = 0 F(x;t0) = 0 Giahe i (III) The0 , t + Thay t = t0 vao (II), ta co: (III) x= x0 x0 tm y0 y0 = t0.x0 (x;t G 0) = 0 b3. Ket luan 3. Chu y: 3.1. Theo cach giai neu tren, ta co the giai he (I) nh sau: b1. Giai he (I) khi y = 0 b2. Giai he (I) khi y 0 . at x = t.y ( lam tng t nh tren ) b3. Ket luan 3.2. oi vi he ang cap bac hai, ta co them phng phap giai nh sau: b1. S dung phep bien oi tng ng, kh y2 ( hoac kh x2 ). T o tnh y theo x ( hoac tnh x theo y ) b2. S dung phep the, ta c phng trnh bac 4 trung phng. b3. Giai phng trnh bac 4 trung phng noi tren va ket luan 4. Cac v du: x3 - y3 = 7 VD1: Giai he phng trnh (QGHN 97) xy(x - y) = 2
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 2y(x2 - y2) = 3x VD2: Giai he phng trnh 2 x(x + y2) = 10

( Mo a chat 97 )

x2 2xy + 3y2 = 9 VD3: Giai he phng trnh 2 2 2x 13xy + 15y = 0

( H Ngan hang 2001 )

3x2 + 2xy + y2 = 11 VD4: Cho he phng trnh 2 (QGHCM 98 ) x + 2xy + 3y2 = m+ 17 1. Giai he phng trnh khi m = 0 2. Xac nh m e he phng trnh co nghiem

5. Bai tap lam them:

3x2 5xy 4y2 = 3 B1. Giai he phng trnh 2 2 xy 9y + 11 8x = 6 x2 + 3y2 + 2xy = 9 B2. Giai he phng trnh 2 2 2x + 2xy + y = 2 3x2 2xy = 16 B3. Giai he phng trnh 2 2 x 3xy 2y = 8 y3 x3 = 7 B4. Giai he phng trnh 2 2 2x y + 3xy = 16 6x2 xy 2y2 = 56 B5. Giai he phng trnh 2 2 5x xy y = 49

( H Kien truc HCM 95 )

( H SphamHCM 2000 )

( H Hang hai 2000 )

( H Kien truc HaNoi 98 )

V. HE PHNG TRNH KHAC

1. Cach giai: Dung cac phep bien oi, a ve he phng trnh a biet cach giai. Thng gap cac trng hp nh sau: + Trng hp 1: Neu bieu th c mot an theo cac an con lai th ta dung phep the + Trng hp 2: Neu bien oi c mot phng trnh cua he thanh phng trnh tch so th ta phan tch he a cho thanh nhieu he n gian + Trng hp 3: Neu phat hien trong he co nhng bieu thc ong dang th ta dung an so phu
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2. Cac v du:

x+ y = m VD1: Cho he phng trnh (x + 1 2 + xy = m + 2) )y (y 1. Giai he phng trnh khi m = 4 2. Tm m e he co nhieu hn hai nghiem

( HQGHCM 97 )

x2 - y2 + a + y) = x - y + a (x VD2: Cho he phng trnh 2 (HV Ky thuat QS 98 ) 2 x + y + bxy = 3 1. Giai he khi a = b = 1 2. Xac nh a, b e he co nhieu hn 4 nghiem phan biet

xy - 3x - 2y = 16 VD3: Giai he phng trnh 2 x + y2 - 2x - 4y = 33

1 1 x = y x y VD4: Giai he phng trnh 2y = x3 + 1 3. Bai tap lam them:
x2 + 3x2y + y2 = 5 B1. Giai he phng trnh 2 2x + y = 3 (x + y)(2 B2. Giai he phng trnh (x y)(2 + 1 )= xy 1 )= xy 9 2 5 2

( HGTVT 99 )

( H 2003, khoi A )

( H Hong c 99 )

x2 + y2 3x + 4y = 1 B3. Giai he phng trnh 2 2 3x 2y 9x 8y = 3

( H Spham HaNoi 99 )

( 2x + y) 2 5(4x2 y2) + 6( 2x y) 2 = 0 B4. Giai he phng trnh 1 =3 2x + y + 2x y x + y + z = 6 xy + yz + zx = 12 2 2 2 + + =3 x y z

( H Xaydng 97 )

B5. Giai he phng trnh

( H Thuy san 98 )

B6. Giai he phng trnh 2x + y = 5 x + y = 1 2x y = 6 a). 2 b). 3 c). 2 2 3 2 x + y = 10 x y = 3(x y) x 3xy + y = 10

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x y = 2 d). 2 2 x + y = 34
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 x2 + y2 + 2xy = 8 2 x y + y x = 30 x2 + 4y2 = 17 3(x y) = x2 y2 e). 2 f). g). h). 2 x xy + 4y = 0 xy = 2 x+ y = 4 x x + y y = 35

B7. Giai he phng trnh x2 + y2 = 40 a). xy z = 0 x + y = 8 x + y + z = 9 b). xy + yz + zx = 27 1 1 1 + + =1 x y z x + y + z = 13 2 2 2 c). x + y + z = 61 xy + zx = 3yz

B8. Giai va bien luan he phng trnh x + y = m 2x y = m a). 2 b). 2 2 x y + 2x = 2 xy + 2y = 3y B9. Giai he phng trnh
x2 2x + y = 1 a). 2 x + y = 1

3 x + 5y + 9 = 0 x2 + 2xy 3y2 = 0 x2 + 2xy 3y2 = 0 b). c). d). x x + y y = 2 x x + y y = 2 2x y 7 = 0

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