Xtraedge-Nov 2009

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 1 NOVEMBER 2009
Dear Students,
It's the question you dreamed about when you were ten years old. It's the
question our parents nagged you about during high school. It's the question
that stresses most of us out more and more the older we get. "What do you
want to be when you grow up?"
There are people who are studying political science but hate politics, nursing
majors who hate biology, and accounting majors who hate math. Obviously, a
lot of people are confused about what exactly it is that they want to spend
their life doing. Think about it. if you work for 10 hours each day, you're going
to end up spending over 50% of your awake life at work. Personally, I think it's
important that we spend that 50% of your awake life at work. Personally, I
think it's important that we spend that 50% wisely. But how can you make sure
that you do? Here are some cool tips for how to decide that you really want
to be when you grow up.
Relax and Keep an Open Mind: Contrary to popular belief, you don't have
to "choose a career" and stick with it for the rest of your life. You never
have to sign a contract that says, "I agree to force myself to do this for the
rest of my life" You're free to do whatever you want and the possibilities
are endless. So relax, dream big, and keep an open mind.
Notice Your Passions: Every one of us is born with an innate desire to do
something purposeful with our lives. We long to do something that we're
passionate about; something that will make a meaningful impact on the
world.
Figure Out How to Use Your Passions for a Larger Purpose: You notice
that this is one of your passions, so you decide to become a personal
trainer. Making a positive impact on the world will not only ensure that
you are successful financially, it will also make you feel wonderful. It's
proven principle: The more you give to the world, the more the world will
give you in return.
Figure Our How You Can Benefit: Once you've figured out what your
passions are and how you can use those passions to add value to the world
& to yourself, it's time to take the last step: figure out how you can make
great success doing it. my most important piece of advice about this last
step is to remember just that: It's the last part of the decision process. I
feel sorry for people who choose an occupation based on the average
income for that field. No amount of money can compensate for a life
wasted at a job that makes you miserable. However, that's not to say that
the money isn't important. Money is important, and I'm a firm believer in
the concept that no matter what it is that you love doing, there's at least
one way to make extraordinary money doing it. So be creative!
No matter how successful you become, how great your life is, or how beautiful
you happen to be... there will still be times when you simply feel like you're an
ugly mess. But when those times come, remember that all you need to get
yourself back on track is a positive outlook, a dash of self confidence, and the
willingness to make yourself feel better as soon as you know how.
Simply discover your passions, figure out how to use your passions to make an
impact on the world & to yourself.
Presenting forever positive ideas to your success.
Yours truly

Pramod Maheshwari,
B.Tech., IIT Delhi

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Volume-5 Issue-5
November, 2009 (Monthly Magazine)

NEXT MONTHS ATTRACTIONS

Key Concepts & Problem Solving strategy for IIT-JEE.
Know IIT-JEE With 15 Best Questions of IIT-JEE
Challenging Problems in Physics, Chemistry & Maths
Much more IIT-JEE News.
Xtra Edge Test Series for JEE-2010 & 2011

S

Success Tips for the Months

If you can't make a mistake, you can't make
anything.
Sometimes a big step is safer; you can't
cross a ditch in small jumps
Self-confidence grows not from what you
can do, but what you know you can do.
Children focus on what they cant do.
Adults focus on what they can do.
The secret of confidence is to know your
resources.
You never need to feel fear if you don't
want to do anything.
You got to know when to hold em and
know when to fold em
An ounce of success is worth a pound of
positive thinking.
To understand motivation, know the
power of the Hunter.
Defeat is advance payment for victory.

CONTENTS

INDEX PAGE

NEWS ARTICLE 4
IIT-K signs MoU with US university
White House names IIT-ian Arun Majumdar as
America's Green Czar
IITian ON THE PATH OF SUCCESS 8
Mr. S. Janakiraman

KNOW IIT-JEE 10
Previous IIT-JEE Question

XTRAEDGE TEST SERIES 53
Class XII IIT-JEE 2010 Paper
Class XII IIT-JEE 2011 Paper

Regulars ..........

DYNAMIC PHYSICS 18

8-Challenging Problems [Set# 7]
Students Forum
Physics Fundamentals
Electromagnetic Induction & A.C.
Simple Harmonic Motion

CATALYSE CHEMISTRY 32

Key Concept
Nitrogen Compounds
Nitrogen Family
Understanding : Physical Chemistry

DICEY MATHS 44

Mathematical Challenges
Students Forum
Key Concept
Differentiation
Straight Line & Circle

Study Time........
Test Time ..........

IIT reviews expel rule

The IITs are considering scrapping
a weeding process they practice to
expel weak students mid-course,
stung by a string of legal challenges
and allegations of caste
discrimination.
Officials across the IITs have held
two rounds of discussions on a
proposal to replace expulsion of
weak students with performance
checks, administrators, including
two directors
Around 10 students are dismissed
from each IIT on an average every
year for failing to earn a minimum
number of credits required at mid-
course stages, the administrators
said.
An end to the system would mean
that students, once admitted,
would not be dismissed.
The move follows caste allegations
against the IITs a majority of
students expelled during their
courses for poor performance
belong to Scheduled Castes or
Scheduled Tribes. It also comes at
a time when the Supreme Court
has held that the IITs cannot
throw out SC/ST students on
the basis of poor performance.
In cases when students are asked
to leave, they are given the option
to quit the BTech course, and
instead opt for a less reputed
diploma. Hardly any student opts
for it, officials said.
The students argue that as they
have cleared the IIT entrance test,
their ability to pursue the BTech
course cannot be challenged.
IIT-K signs MoU with US
university
KANPUR: Indian Institute of
Technology-Kanpur signed an
MoU with the University of Texas,
San Antonio, US, here on
Saturday.
Director, IIT-K, SG Dhande
represented the institute and CM
Agarwal (an alumnus of IIT-K of
the 1982 batch), dean, College of
Engineering, represented the
University of Texas. They hoped
that the two educational institutes
will be benefited from the
agreement.
"The areas identified for
collaborative research include
fields like bio-material, where the
focus will be on the research
collaboration, faculty and student
exchange programme. The co-
operative research programme in
other areas of mutual interest will
be conceived later," Dhande said
while talking to TOI.
Agarwal said that Indo-US center
for bio-material has been
established which will concentrate
on the development of material
which will be useful in treating
patients suffering from knee
problems like arthritis.
"The long-term goal is that the
implants done in a human body
should end as knee replacement in
India is a costly affair and costs
between Rs 30,000 and Rs 2 lakh.
The best part would be that the
human body itself reaches a stage
where it can regenerate bone.
This is called tissue engineering
and doctors, scientists and
biologists are working together
for this cause," Agarwal said. Next
month, a delegation will visit IIT-K
to hold talks with Dhande,
Agarwal added.
White House names IIT-ian
Arun Majumdar as
America's Green Czar
WASHINGTON: There was more
than a hint of irony in the Obama
White House on Friday naming
Arun Majumdar, a product of the
best engineering schools
in India and US, as the first
Director of the US Department of
Energy's Advanced Research
Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E),
an agency tasked with reducing
America's reliance on foreign
energy supplies, cutting
greenhouse gas emissions, and
improving energy efficiency.
That an (Indian) immigrant
engineer-scientist should head the
premier agency at a time
Washington is hectoring the
world, principally India and China,
to cut emissions, amid a growing
trade and job protectionism, says
something about the United States
and Majumdar was quick to
articulate it.
"It is a rare privilege and an honor
when the President asks you to
serve the nation in such a
capacity," said Majumdar of his
nomination, which, while needing
to be confirmed by the Senate,
sent ripples across the country's
scientific-academic community.
"I came to this country as an
immigrant and am deeply
appreciative and indebted to this
nation for opening the doors and
welcoming me with open arms.
I have received so much. This is
my way of stepping up and paying
back."
Not that the IIT-Mumbai graduate
has forsaken his roots in fact, his
roots may well have been
responsible for his nomination.
Ever since he joined the University
of California (UC), Berkeley
faculty in 1997, where he holds
the Almy and Agnes Maynard
Chair Professorship in the College
of Engineering and heads the
Environmental Energy
Technologies Division, Majumdar
has cemented the Lab's role as a
world-renowned leader in energy
efficiency research in close
collaboration with India and China
a feat the White House has been
quick to recognize and reward.
Among the lab's partnerships is
the Berkeley-India Joint Leadership
on Energy and the Environment
announced last year, which brings
together researchers from
Berkeley Lab and UC Berkeley,
and other US and Indian
universities and institutions, with a
goal to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions while maintaining
sustained economic growth in
both nations.
Another partnership between the
Lab and China's Tsinghua
University is to promote the
shared development and
implementation of building energy
efficiency, a move intended to
reduce energy consumption and
greenhouse gas emissions in the
US and China.
In fact, Majumdar's mentor in
academia was Professor Chang-Lin
Tien, a legendary Chinese Don
who went to become the
Chancellor of UC Berkeley in
1990, the first Asian to head a
major university in the United
States.
Majumdar's India-China
connections is what appears to
have driven the Obama White
House to choose him for the new
job, considering the two countries
are thought to be pivotal in the
upcoming energy debate. "He has
had a highly distinguished research
career in the science and
engineering of energy conversion,
transport, and storage ranging
from molecular and nanoscale
level to large energy systems," the
White House said in its
announcement. "At Berkeley Labs
and UC Berkeley, he helped shape
several strategic initiatives in the
areas of energy efficiency,
renewable energy as well as
energy storage." For more than a
decade, Majumdar, who is also the
founding chair of the American
Society
of Mechanical Engineers'
Nanotechnology Institute, has
been the country's leading
materials scientist, making
spectacular advances in energy
conservation. He was recently
credited with developing a way to
use silicon nanowires to capture
and use the energy lost as heat
during the production of
electricity. The futuristic
technology could someday be
used to convert the large amounts
of waste heat into useful
electricity. A graduate (mechanical
engineering) of IIT-Mumbai,
Majumdar came to the US in 1985
and received a Ph.D. in mechanical
engineering from the University of
California, Berkeley in 1989. His
nomination continues the steady
march of Indian geeks and
academics in the higher echelons
of administration. The Obama
administration picked Indian-
Americans for the post of White
House Chief Information Officer
(Vivek Kundra) and Chief
Technology Officer (Aneesh
Chopra). Majumdar will effectively
be the Chief Energy Officer.

IIT-B looks to solar power

To help facilitate cost-effective
solar thermal power generation,
IIT Bombay plans to develop a
megawatt-scale solar thermal
power facility, which is being
sponsored by the ministry of new
and renewable energy.
"The idea is to help create cost-
effective solar power. There is a
huge gap between the demand and
supply of electricity and one
option worth developing is solar
power," said a faculty member of
IIT Bombay. The plan to build the
plant was proposed by IIT-B last
year and it will come up at the
Solar Energy Centre in Gurgaon. It
will be connected to a grid and
supply around a megawatt to the
national grid. The test and
simulation facility will be set up by
a consortium involving different
Indian industries and IIT-B.
"While the US and Europe have
already built such consortia, it will
be a first in India. This facility is
expected to help in developing
inexpensive solar power plants in
the future," he said.
Even as the test facility will enable
assessment of new technologies,
components, and systems for solar
thermal power, the simulation can
be used to scale up designs and
optimise use of solar power.
"Besides developing indigenous
capability, it is expected to
provide the experience in
concentrated solar power, which
has the potential to provide a
sustainable energy solution for
India's power system," said the
faculty member. The project,
which will last for five years, is
expected to start in another two
years.

Signature drive launched
for IIT status to ISM

RANCHI: A signature campaign
seeking IIT status for the Indian
School of Mines (ISM), Dhanbad,
was launched , On the first day of
the three-day campaign, students
managed to collect 12,500
signatures in favour of their
demand.
According to the campaign
activists, a total of 1,25,000
signatures have been obtained so
far in favour of the demand from
across the state. Out of this,
about 75,000 signatures were
obtained from Dhanbad alone.
The campaign was simultaneously
launched at Dhanbad, Jamshedpur
and Bokaro on Monday last to
garner the support of the people
of Jharkhand towards the cause.
"A delegation of ISM students met
Congress MP Sachin Pilot on
Friday and he too extended
support to the cause," said a
campaign activist.
Earlier, a delegation had called on
Union minister of state for human
resources development D
Purandeshwari in this regard. The
minister had promised to look
into the matter.

Cong tussle holds up
home for IIT

New Delhi: A tussle between
Congress leaders is depriving IIT
Rajasthan of a permanent home
two years after its conception,
replacing an earlier battle the
party waged over the institute
with the BJP when it ruled the
state.
Coaching hub Kota, proposed by
the former BJP state government
as the venue for the IIT but
dismissed by the UPA at the
Centre, has now found powerful
supporters within the Congress.
The reason behind their demand:
they had promised Kota an IIT in
the Lok Sabha elections.
The problem: others in the
Congress had campaigned on
bringing the same IIT to Jodhpur,
home of current chief minister
Ashok Gehlot. The Congress won
in both Kota and Jodhpur seats in
the Lok Sabha polls and is well
ensconced in Rajasthan, where it is
also in power.
IIT Rajasthan, launched last year,
however, continues to reside as a
tenant on the IIT Kanpur campus.
It is a strange situation where we
dont know how to proceed. So
we are likely to just sit on any
decision for the time being, a top
government official said.
Senior Congress leader Digvijay
Singh has, in his capacity as party
general secretary, written to
human resource development
minister Kapil Sibal, requesting
that the new IIT be set up in Kota.
Digvijay was a Congress observer
for Rajasthan during the Lok Sabha
polls and his letter represents
concerns of several party MPs and
MLAs from the southern parts of
the state, sources said.
Kota MP Ijyaraj Singh, too, has
met junior HRD minister D.
Purandeswari, requesting that the
IIT be set up in his constituency.
But accepting Kota as the venue
for the new IIT will not prove easy
for the HRD ministry, sources
said, because of a clear position it
had earlier taken against the
towns eligibility.
The Rajasthan IIT is one of eight
promised by the UPA under the
Eleventh Five Year Plan and was
announced in 2007. Vasundhara
Raje Scindia, who was then chief
minister, proposed Kota, the
nearest big town to her family fief
in Jhalawar, as the venue.
But a central team sent to
examine prospective sites advised
against Kota, arguing that it was
poorly connected and would not
attract top teachers, students and
industry. Scindia accused then
HRD minister Arjun Singh of
playing politics over the IITs
location. Last December, after the
Congress wrested Rajasthan from
the BJP in the Assembly polls, new
chief minister Gehlot appointed a
team to propose afresh a venue
for the new institute.
The Gehlot-appointed panel
recommended Jodhpur, the chief
ministers hometown.
In the Lok Sabha polls that
followed a few months later, the
Congress campaign for party
candidate Chandresh Kumari in
Jodhpur promised the IIT to the
city.

IIT-K students learn
the benefits of MEMS
technology

KANPUR: "The MEMS (Micro-
Electro Mechanical System)
technology is widely used in the
cellphones, which are being used
by a large percentage of
population nowadays. The major
use of the MEMS technology is in
the field of IT followed by the
consumer electronics sector," said
Dr V K Aatre, former scientific
adviser to the defence minister,
who was on his visit to the IIT-K,
here on Thursday.
Dr Aatre further informed that All
India Institute of Medical Sciences
(AIIMS) and IIT-Bombay are
together working on a device
called cardiac monitor (it's a
temperature measuring device)
which will provide the
temperature of the arteries. This
cardiac monitor would based on
the MEMS technology.
"AIIMS and IIT-Bombay will now
be going for the animal trials of
the cardiac monitor before going
for a human trial which is a
genuine procedure," added
Dr Aatre.
He also added that MEMS based
technology is seeing its use in the
fields of automobile, electronics,
bio-medical, defence etc.
Dr Vikram Kumar, former
director of NPL (it is one of the
labs of CSIR) and professor,
department of Physics at IIT-Delhi
said, "We carry MEMS-based
gadgets with us on a daily basis but
we are hardly aware of it. The
mobile phones and I-Pods are the
best examples of the same. The
MEMS technology is also used in
Plasma TVs and other household
consumer electronics."
Dr Kumar further said that the
pressure sensors based on MEMS
technology is widely used in the
automobile industry. "At present
the pressure sensors are being
imported from the other
companies of the world. The
pressure sensors have varied
applications, especially in the fields
like automobile, aerospace,
acceleration etc", he added. "The
pressure sensors are of various
kinds and even used in a rocket,"
he said.
Dr N S Vyas, professor and HOD
of the department of Mechanical
Engineering, IIT-Kanpur
emphasised on the fact that MEMS
technology has several potential
applications in the railways and
automotive sector.

IITs strategise for more
PhD scholars

Efforts include joint MTech and
PhD degrees and streamlining
policies so that thesis papers are
cleared within two months
With research becoming a clear
focus area at all Indian Institutes of
Technology (IITs) and with the
20-30 per cent growth in
sponsored research, the premier
technology institutes are now
targeting a 10-30 per cent increase
in PhD scholars.
Globally, China produces the
maximum number of research
scholars per year. It is widely
recognised that there will be
substantially more PhD engineers
and scientists in China in 2010
than in the United States, as China
produces three times the number
of engineers per year. Smalley, a
nobel prize-winning scientist from
Rice University, recently
concluded that by 2010, 90 per
cent of all PhD physical scientists
and engineers in the world will be
Asians living in Asia, and among
Asian PhD engineers and
scientists, most will be produced
by China.
India, therefore, is in a hurry to
catch up. IIT-Kharagpur (IIT-KGP),
for instance, awarded 212 PhDs
this year, of which nearly 70 per
cent had studied engineering. Last
year, the institute had awarded
167 PhDs.
We want at least 30 per cent of
our students to be research
scholars, double of what it is right
now. We are making several
enticements for that, like joint
MTech and PhD degrees and
streamlining policies so that thesis
papers are cleared within two
months instead of one year which
is usually the norm, said
Damodar Acharya, director of IIT-
KGP.
The institute has also introduced
joint degree programmes with
other reputed universities in India
and abroad. A student admitted to
such joint degree programmes has
to spend upto two years in the
partnering university and would
have a joint guide. Through this
programme, the institute aims at
producing high quality faculty who
will have exposure to at least two
different environments.
The institute from its own fund
supports written airfare up to two
visits of the students to the
partnering university. The local
expenses of the student are taken
care of by the partnering university.
At IIT-Bombay, 140 PhDs
graduated in 2007, 200 in 2008
and around 175 in 2009. "We are
incubating our PhD students using
their intellectual properties. This
should encourage students and
make them feel more secure
about their research findings," said
Rangan Banerjee, dean of research
and development at IIT Bombay.
At IIT Madras, from 2006 to 2009
there has been a 50 per cent
increase in PhD intake. Currently
the institute has around 1100 PhD
scholars, informed Job Kurian,
dean of sponsored research at IIT
Madras. IIT Madras aims to have a
1:1 ratio between research
scholars and undergraduates, from
1:5 ratio currently, said Kurian.
IIT-Delhi has seen a 23 per cent
increase in the number of PhD
degrees given out this year. A
total number of 181 PhD degrees
was awarded as compared to 147
last year. "This is a phenomenal
achievement and is contrary to
belief that we are very poor on
research output," said M
Balakrishnan, dean of post-
graduate studies at IIT-Delhi.
IIT Bhubaneswar, one of the
newest IITs in India, is encouraging
faculty to join the institute with
their own research scholars. M
Chakraborty, director of IIT
Bhubaneswar, said that the
institute is also making provision
for upto Rs 5 lakh research grant
to a faculty. This would help them
to invest in necessary
infrastructure they require to
carry out their research, like
softwares, hardwares, books and
journals, etc.
Student researchers get a grant of
Rs 15,000 per month.
International exposure for faculty
and student researchers and
presenting their research papers
at international conferences is
another priority area for IIT
Bhubaneswar.
IIT Gandhinagar (IIT-G), another
new IIT, has also started focusing
on establishing the institute as a
preferred destination for research
students by initiating quality
research activities on the campus.
The institute, which was
established in 2008, has just
received its second batch of
undergraduate students, but is
already working on lines of
creating a centre for research.
Human Resource Development
Minister Kapil Sibal had recently
said the country's premier Indian
Institutes of Technology (IITs)
must focus on quality research and
act as a catalyst to boost technical
education in India.
"This is not only necessary for the
economic growth of the country
but also for the IITs to make the
transition as creator of
knowledge. Without a large base
of well educated undergraduates
in the country it is difficult to
imagine any significant growth in
research output from these
institutions," Sibal said.

Janakiraman (Jani) heads Product Engineering Services
(PES) of MindTree as the President and Group CEO of
the business unit. PES comprises of R&D Services (RDS)
and Outsourced Product Development Services (OPD).
PES under Jani covers whole spectrum of product and
technology development services covering
Semiconductor, Embedded System, Middleware and
Application level Products for the Hi-Tech Product and
Independent Software Vendor (ISV) organizations. In
addition the Research Units under PES build ready to use
Intellectual Properties (IPs) and re-usable Technology
Building Blocks (TBBs) covering segments like short range
wireless like Bluetooth and UWB, Video surveillance
platforms including management and analytics,
virtualization and cloud computing.

Starting from scratch, Jani has built the Product
Engineering Services organization of MindTree through
organic and inorganic means to over 3000 technology
professionals executing projects in leading technology

areas for customers like Alcatel-Lucent, AOL, Apple,
Cisco, Microsoft, Real Networks, Symantec, Texas
Instruments, Toshiba, UTC, Vendavo and Volvo.
Jani has rich 28 years of experience in building R&D and
Product Engineering Services organizations through
setting up multiple dedicated development centers for the
Engineering units for semiconductor, system and
application product vendors. The services include IP
licensing, Architecture-Design-Development, Independent
Testing, Packaging, and Technical Support.

Jani holds Bachelor's degree in Electronics and
Communications from the National Institute of
Technology (NIT), Trichy, India, and Master's degree in
Electronics from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT),
Chennai, India. He is the President of Indo Japan Chamber
of Commerce & Industries (IJCCI), Karnataka and a
member of India Semiconductor Association (ISA)
Executive Council.

Mr. S. Janakiraman
B.E., M.E.(IIT Chennai)
President & Group CEO Product Engineering Services,
Mindtree Ltd.

"Time is a circus, always packing up and moving away."

Success Story
This article contains story of a person who get succeed after graduation from different IIT's

PHYSICS

1. One gram mole of oxygen at 27 and one
atmospheric pressure is enclosed in a vessel.
[IIT-1983]
(i) Assuming the molecules to be moving with v
rms
,
Find the number of collisions per second which
the molecules make with one square metre area of
the vessel wall.
(ii) The vessel is next thermally insulated and moved
with a constant speed v
0
. It is then suddenly stopped.
The process results in a rise of the temperature of
the gas by 1C. Calculate the speed v
0
.
Sol. (i) We know that P =
A
F

F = P A = 10
5
1 = 10
5
N ... (i)
But F =
t
p

mv
mv

p = F t = F 1 = 10
5
[From (i)] ...(ii)
Let m be the mass of one molecule and v be the
r.m.s. velocity.
Now Momentum change per second
m
2
(p) = n 2mv ... (iii)
Where n is the number of collisions per second
per square metre area
From (ii) and (iii)
n 2mv = 10
5

n =
mv 2
10
5

Root mean square velocity
v =
M
RT 3
=
1000 / 32
300 314 . 8 3
= 483.4 m/s
According to mole concept 6.023 10
23

molecules will have mass 32 g
1 molecule will have mass
23
10 023 . 6
32
g
n =
4 . 483 32 2
10 023 . 6 10
23 5

= 1.97 10
27

(ii) The kinetic energy of motion of molecules will be
converted into heat energy.
K.E. of 1 gm mole of oxygen =
2
1
2
0
Mv ... (i)
Where v
0
is the velocity with which the vessel
was moving.
The heat gained by 1 gm mole of molecules at
constant volume
= nC
V
T= 1 C
v
1 = C
v
...(ii)
From (i) and (ii)

2
1
2
0
Mv = C
V
... (iii)
Now, C
p
C
V
= R

V
p
C
C

V
V
C
C
=
V
C
R
1 =
V
C
R

C
V
=
1
R

... (iv)
From (iii) and (iv)

2
1
2
0
Mv =
1
R

v
0
=
) 1 ( M
R 2

=
) 1 41 . 1 (
100
32
314 . 8 2

= 1.41 for O
2
(diatomic gas)
v
0
= 35.6 m/s

2. Hot oil is circulated through an insulated
container with a wooden lid at the top whose
conductivity K = 0.149 J/(m-C-sec), thickness
t = 5 mm, emissivity = 0.6. Temperature of the
top of the lid is maintained at T
l
= 127C. If the
ambient temperature T
a
= 27C. [IIT-2003]
KNOW IIT-JEE
By Previous Exam Questions

T
l
= 127
T0
Hot Oil
T
a
= 27C

Calculate :
(a) rate of heat loss per unit area due to radiation
from the lid.
(b) temperature of the oil. (Given =
3
17
10
8
)
Sol. (a) The rate of heat loss per unit area per second due
to radiation is given by Stefan's-Boltzmann law
E = (T
4

4
0
T )
= 0.6
3
17
10
8
[(400)
4
(300)
4
]
= 595 Watt/m
2

(b) Let T
oil
be the temperature of the oil. Then rate of
heat flow through conduction = Rate of heat flow
through radiation.

l
) T T ( KA
oil

= 595 A where A is the area of
the top of lid
T
oil
=
k
595 l
+ T =
149 . 0
10 5 595
3

+ 400
= 419.83 K

3. A sphere of radius R is half submerged in liquid
of density . if the sphere is slightly pushed down
and released, find the frequency of oscillation.
[IIT-2004]
Sol. At equilibrium net force is zero
F
mg
= F
buouncy
or
m

3
4
r
3
g =
3
2
r
3
g

m
=
2

Let the sphere is slightly displaced downward by
x.
F
res
= R
2
xg
[Q Volume of submerged portion of sphere
increases by R
2
x, hence buouncy increases by
R
2
xg]
a =
s
3
2
R
3
4
g R

=
R 2
g 3
x
[Q acceleration a =
m
F
and m =
3
4
R
3

s
]
=
R 2
g 3

[Comparing with a =
2
x]
or v =
2
1
R 2
g 3

4. Two identical prisms of refractive index 3 are
kept as shown in the figure. A light ray strikes the
first prism at face AB. Find, [IIT-2005]

A
60
60
B
C
60
60
D
E

(a) the angle of incidence, so that the emergent ray
from the first prism has minimum deviation.
(b) through what angle the prism DCE should be
rotated about C so that the final emergent ray also
has minimum deviation.
Sol. (a) For minimum deviation of emergent ray from the
first prism MN is parallel to AC
BMN = 90
r = 30
Applying Snell's law at M
=
r sin
i sin

sin i = sin r
sin i = 3 sin 30 =
2
3

i = 60

A
60
60
B
C
i N
Q
M
P
r

(b) When the prism DCE is rotated about C in
anticlockwise direction, as shown in the figure,
then the final emergent ray SR becomes parallel
to the incident ray TM. Thus, the angle of
deviation becomes zero.

5. A neutron of kinetic energy 65eV collides
inelastically with a singly ionized helium atom at
rest. It is scattered at an angle of 90 with respect
of its original direction. [IIT-1993]
(i) Find the allowed values of the energy of the
neutron and that of the atom after the collision.
(ii) If the atom get de-excited subsequently by
emitting radiation, find the frequencies of the
emitted radiation.
[Given: mass of He atom 4(mass of neutron),
Ionization energy of H atom = 13.6eV]
Sol.

m 4m
m
K
2
4m
K
1
y
x

Applying conservation of linear momentum in
horizontal direction
(Initial Momentum)
x
= (Final Momentum)
x

p
ix
= p
fx

Km 2 = cos K ) m 4 ( 2
1
...(i)
Now applying conservation of linear momentum
in Y-direction
p
iy
= p
fy

0 = m K 2
2
sin K ) m 4 ( 2
1

m K 2
2
= sin K ) m 4 ( 2
1
...(ii)
Squaring and adding (i) and (ii)
2Km + 2K
2
m = 2(4m)K
1
+ 2(4m)K
1

K
1
+ K
2
= 4K
1
K = 4K
1
K
2

4K
1
K
2
= 65 ...(iii)
When collision takes place, the electron gains
energy and jumps to higher orbit.
Applying energy conservation
K = K
1
+ K
2
+ E
65 = K
1
+ K
2
+ E ...(iv)
Possible value of E For He
+

Case (1)
E
1
= 13.6 (54.4eV) = 40.8 eV
K
1
+ K
2
= 24.2 eV from (4)
Solving with (3), we get
K
2
= 6.36 eV; K
1
= 17.84 eV
Case (2)
E
2
= 6.04 (54.4 eV) = 48.36 eV
K
1
+ K
2
= 16.64 eV from (4)
K
2
= 0.312 eV; K
1
= 16.328 eV
Case (3)
E
3
= 3.4 (54.4eV) = 51.1 eV
K
1
+ K
2
= 14 eV
K
2
= 15.8 eV; K
1
= 1.8 eV
But K.E. can never be negative therefore case (3)
is not possible.
Therefore the allowed values of kinetic energies
are only that of case (1) and case (2) and electron
can jump upto n = 3 only.

54.4eV
For He
+
n=4
n=3
n=2
n=1
13.6eV
3.4eV
6.04eV

(ii) Thus when electron jumps back there are three
possibilities
n
3
n
1
or n
3
n
2
and n
2
n
1

The frequencies will be

1
=
h
E E
2 3

2
=
h
E E
1 3

3
=
h
E E
1 2

= 1.8210
15
H
z
= 11.6710
15
H
z
= 9.8410
15
H
z

CHEMISTRY

6. Estimate the difference in energy between 1
st
and 2
nd

Bohr orbit for a H atom. At what minimum atomic
no., a transition from n=2 to n = 1 energy level would
result in the emission of X-rays with = 3.010
8
m.
Which hydrogen atom like species does this atomic
no. corresponds to ? [IIT-1993]
Sol. (a) For H atom,
Z = 1
n
i
= 2
n
f
= 1
E
n
=
2
19
n
10 76 . 21

J
Hence, difference in energy between first and second
Bohr orbit for a H-atom is given by,
E =
i
n
E
f
n
E = E
2
E
1

=
2
19
2
10 76 . 21

+
2
19
1
10 76 . 21

= 21.76 10
19
(

2 2
1
1
2
1
= 16.32 10
19
J
(b) For = 3.0 10
8
m
E =
hc
=
8
8 34
10 0 . 3
10 3 10 626 . 6

= 6.626 10
18
J ....(i)
We know that, for H-like atoms,
E
n
for H-like atom = E
n
for H-atom Z
2

E for H-like atom = Z
2
E for H-atom
= Z
2
21.76 10
19
(

2 2
1
1
2
1

= 16.32 10
19
Z
2
...(ii)
From eq. (i) and (ii),
16.32 10
19
Z
2
= 6.626 10
18

or Z = 2
Thus, hydrogen atom like species for Z = 2 is He
+
.

7. At room temperature, the following reactions proceed
nearly to completion :
2NO + O
2
2NO
2
N
2
O
4

The dimer, N
2
O
4
, solidified at 262 K. A 250 ml flask
and a 100 ml flask are separated by a stopcock. At
300 K, the nitric oxide in the larger flask exerts a
pressure of 1.053 atm and the smaller one contains
oxygen at 0.789 atm. The gases are mixed by opening
the stopcock and after the end of the reaction the
flasks are cooled to 200 K. Neglecting the vapour
pressure of the dimer, find out the pressure and
composition of the gas remaining at 220 K. (Assume
the gases to behave ideally) [IIT-1992]
Sol. According to the gas equation,
PV = nRT or n =
RT
PV

At room temperature,
For NO, P = 1.053 atm, V = 250 ml = 0.250 L
Number of moles of NO =
300 0821 . 0
250 . 0 053 . 1

= 0.01069 mol
For O
2
, P = 0.789 atm, V = 100 ml = 0.1L
Number of moles of O
2
=
300 0821 . 0
1 . 0 789 . 0

= 0.00320 mol
According to the given reaction,
2NO + O
2
2NO
2
N
2
O
4

Composition of gas after completion of reaction,
Number of moles of O
2
= 0
1 mol of O
2
react with = 2 mol of NO
0.00320 mol of O
2
react with = 2 0.00320
= 0.0064 mol of NO
Number of moles of NO left = 0.01069 0.0064
= 0.00429 mol
Also, 1 mol of O
2
yields = 1 mol of N
2
O
4

Number of moles of N
2
O
4
formed = 0.00320 mol
N
2
O
4
condenses on cooling,
0.350 L (0.1 + 0.250) contains only 0.00429 mol
of NO
At T = 220 K,
Pressure of the gas,
P =
V
nRT
=
350 . 0
220 0821 . 0 00429 . 0
= 0.221 atm

8. An organic compound C
x
H
2y
O
y
was burnt with twice
the amount of oxygen needed for complete
combustion to CO
2
and H
2
O. The hot gases when
cooled to 0 C and 1 atm pressure, measure 2.24 L.
The water collected during cooling weighed 0.9 g.
The vapour pressure of pure water at 20C is 17.5
mm of Hg and is lowered by 0.104 mm when 50 g of
the organic compound are dissolved in 1000 g of
water. Give the molecular formula of the organic
compound. [IIT-1983]
Sol. According to the question, an organic compound
C
x
H
2y
O
y
was burnt with twice the amount of oxygen.
Hence,
C
x
H
2y
O
y
+ 2x O
2
xCO
2
+ yH
2
O + xO
2

Volume of gases after combustion = 2.24 L (given)
Volume of gases left after combustion = xCO
2
+ xO
2

x + x = 2.24
or x = 1.12 L
22.4 L CO
2
= 1 mol CO
2

1.12 L CO
2
=
4 . 22
12 . 1
= 0.05 mol CO
2

and 18 g H
2
O = 1 mol H
2
O
0.9 g H
2
O =
18
9 . 0
= 0.05 mol H
2
O
Thus, the empirical formula of the organic compound
is CH
2
O.
Empirical formula mass = 12 + 2 + 16 = 30
Vapour pressure of the pure liquid,

0
A
P = 17.5 mm of Hg
Lowering in vapour pressure
0
A
P P
A
=0.104mm of Hg
Mass of organic compound = 50 g
Mass of water = 1000 g
Mole fraction of organic compound =
18
1000
M
50
M / 50
+

where M is the molecular mass of the organic
compound, the molecular mass of water being 18.
We know,

0
A
A
0
A
P
P P
= Mole fraction of organic compound

5 . 17
104 . 0
=
18
1000
M
50
M / 50
+

or
104 . 0
5 . 17
= 1 +
50 18
M 1000

Solving, M = 150.5 150
n =
mass formula Empirical
mass Molecular
=
30
150
= 5
Molecular formula or organic compound
= 5(CH
2
O) = C
5
H
10
O
5

9. Compound (A) (C
6
H
12
O
2
) on reduction with LiAlH
4

yielded two compounds (B) and (C). The compound
(B) on oxidation gave (D) which on treatment with
alkali (aqueous) and subsequent heating furnished
(E). The later on catalytic hydrogenation gave (C).
The compound (D) was oxidised further to give (F)
which was found to be monobasic acid (m. wt. 60.0).
Deduce structures of (A) to (E). [IIT 1990]
Sol. Clue 1. Compound (F) is a monobasic acid molecular
mass 60.
C
n
H
2n+1
COOH = 60
or n C + (2n + 1) H + C + 2 O + H = 60
or 12n + 2n + 1 + 12 + 2 16 + 1 = 60
or n =
14
46 60
= 1
(F) is CH
3
COOH.
Clue 2. (D) on oxidation gives (F), therefore (D) is
CH
3
CHO.
Clue 3. (B) on oxidation gives (D), therefore (B) is
CH
3
CH
2
OH.
Clue 4. (D) undergoes aldol condensation and on
heating gives (E), therefore (E) is CH
3
CH = CHCHO.
Clue 5. (E) on reduction gives (C), therefore (C) is
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
OH.
Clue 6. (A) having formula C
6
H
12
O
2
on reduction
yields (B) and (C).
(A) is CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
COOCH
2
CH
3
.

The reactions are :

CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
COOCH
2
CH
3

LiAlH4
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
OH + CH
3
CH
2
OH
Ethyl butanoate
(A)
Reduction
Butanol
(C)
CH
3
CH = CHCHO
Crotonaldehyde
CH
3
CH(OH)CH
2
CHO
Aldol
[O]
CH
3
CHO
Ethanal
(D)
Ethanol
(B)
[O]
CH
3
COOH
Ethanoic acid
(F)
aq.NaOH

10. A white substance (A) reacts with dil. H
2
SO
4
to
produce a colourless gas (B) and a colourless solution
(C). The reaction between (B) and acidified K
2
Cr
2
O
7

solution produces a green solution and a slightly
coloured precipitate (D). The substance (D) burns in
air to produce a gas (E) which reacts with (B) to yield
(D) and a colourless liquid. Anhydrous copper
sulphate is turned blue on addition of this colourless
liquid. Addition of aqueous NH
3
or NaOH to (C)
produces first a precipitate, which dissolves in the
excess of the respective reagent to produce a clear
solution in each case. Identify (A), (B), (C), (D) and
(E). Write the equations of the reactions involved.
[IIT-2001]
Sol. (A) is ZnS,

) A (
ZnS+ H
2
SO
4

) C (
4
ZnSO +
) B (
2
S H

) B (
2
S H 3 + K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 4H
2
SO
4
K
2
SO
4
+ Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3

+ 7H
2
O +
) D (
grey White
S 3

) D (
S +
Air
2
O
) E (
2
SO

) E (
2
SO +
) B (
2
S H 2
) C ( liquid Colourless
2
O H 2 +
) (D
S 3
5H
2
O +
White
4
CuSO
Blue
2 4
O H 5 . CuSO
ZnSO
4
+ 2NaOH Zn(OH)
2
+ Na
2
SO
4

Zn(OH)
2
+ 2NaOH Na
2
ZnO
2
(soluble) + 2H
2
O
Also in excess of NH
4
OH it forms soluble complex
[Zn(NH
3
)
4
](OH)
2
.


MATHEMATICS

11. Find the centre and radius of the circle formed by all
the points represented by z = x + iy satisfying the
relation

z
z
=k(k 1), where and are constant
complex numbers given by =
1
+ i
2
, =
1
+ i
2
.
[IIT-2004]
Sol. As we know; |z|
2
= z. z

2
2
| z |
| z |

= k
2

(z )( z ) = k
2
(z )( z )
|z|
2
z z + ||
2
= k
2
(|z|
2
z z+ ||
2
)
or |z|
2
(1 k
2
) ( k
2
) z ( k
2
) z
+ (||
2
k
2
||
2
) = 0
|z|
2

) k 1 (
) k (
2
2

z
) k 1 (
) k (
2
2

z
+
) k 1 (
| | k | |
2
2 2 2

= 0 ...(i)
On comparing with equation of circle,
|z|
2
+ a z + z + b = 0
whose centre is (a) and radius = b | a |
2

centre for (i)
=
2
2
k 1
k

and radius
=
2
2
2
2
2
2
k 1
k
k 1
k
k 1
k
|
|
.
|
\
|

|
|
.
|
\
|

radius =
2
k 1
) ( k

12. A is targeting to B, B and C are targeting to A.
Probability of hitting the target by A, B and C are
3
2
,
2
1
and
3
1
respectively. If A is hit, then find the
probability that B hits the target and C does not.
[IIT-2003]
Sol. Here,
P(A) = probability that A will hit B =
3
2

P(B) = probability that B will hit A =
2
1

P(C) = probability that C will hit A =
3
1

P(E) = probability that A will be hit
P(E) = 1 P( B ). P( C )
= 1
2
1
.
3
2
=
3
2

Probability if A is hit by B and not by C.
P(B C / E)

) E ( P
) C ( P ). B ( P
=
3
2
3
2
.
2
1
=
2
1

13. Find the equation of the normal to the curve
y = (1 + x)
y
+ sin
1
(sin
2
x) at x = 0 [IIT-1993]
Sol. y = (1 + x)
y
+ sin
1
(sin
2
x) (given)
Let y = u + v, where u = (1 + x)
y
, v = sin
1
(sin
2
x).
Differentiating

dx
dy
=
dx
du
+
dx
dv
.....(1)
Now, u = (1 + x)
take logarithm of both sides
log
e
u = log
e
(1 + x)
y

log
e
u = y log
e
(1 + x)

u
1
dx
du
=
x 1
y
+
+
dx
dy
. {log
e
(1 + x)}

dx
du
=(1+x)
y
(
+ +
+
) x 1 ( log
dx
dy
x 1
y
e
.....(2)
Again, v = sin
1
sin
2
x
sin v = sin
2
x
cos v
dx
dv
= 2. sin x cos x

dx
dv
=
v cos
1
[2 sin x cos x]
=
v sin 1
x cos x sin 2
2
=
x sin 1
x cos x sin 2
4
.....(3)
Put these values in equation (1)

dx
dy
= (1 + x)
y
(
+ +
+
) x 1 ( log
dx
dy
x 1
y
e
+
x sin 1
x cos x sin 2
4

dx
dy
=
) x 1 ln( ) x 1 ( 1
x sin 1 / x cos x sin 2 ) x 1 ( y
y
4 1 y
+ +
+ +

At x = 0
y = (1 + 0)
y
+ sin
1
sin (0) = 1

dx
dy
=
) 0 1 ln( ) 0 1 ( 1
) 0 sin 1 ( / 0 cos . 0 sin 2 ) 0 1 ( 1
1
4 1 1
+ +
+ +

dx
dy
= 1
Again the slope of the normal is
m =
dx / dy
1
= 1
Thus, the required equation of the normal is
y 1 = ( 1) (x 0)
i.e., y + x 1 = 0.

14. Determine the equation of the curve passing through
the origin in the from y = f(x), which satisfies the
differential equation
dx
dy
= sin (10x + 6y) [IIT-1996]
Sol.
dx
dy
= sin (10x + 6y)
Let 10x + 6y = t (given) .....(1)
10 + 6
dx
dy
= |
.
|
\
|
dx
dt

dx
dy
=
6
1
|
.
|
\
|
10
dx
dt

Now the given differential equation becomes
sin t =
6
1
|
.
|
\
|
10
dx
dt

6sin t =
dx
dt
10

dx
dt
= 6 sin t + 10

10 t sin 6
dt
+
= dx apply variable separable
Integrating both the sides, we get

=
+
dx
10 t sin 6
dt

2
1
+5 t sin 3
dt
= x + c .....(2)
Let I
1
=
+5 t sin 3
dt

Put tan t/2 = u

2
1
sec
2
t/2 dt = du
dt =
2 / t sec
du 2
2

dt =
2 / t tan 1
du 2
2
+

dt =
2
u 1
du 2
+

Also, I
1
=
+5 t sin 3
dt
=
+ |
.
|
\
|
+
5
2 / t tan 1
2 / t tan 2
3
dt
2

=
+ +
+
)
2
t
tan 5 5
2
t
tan 6 (
dt ) 2 / t tan 1 (
2
2

=
+ + +
+
) 5 u 6 u 5 )( u 1 (
du ) u 1 ( 2
2 2
2

=
5
2
+ + 1 u ) 5 / 6 ( u
du
2

=
5
2
+ + + 1
25
9
25
9
u
5
6
u
du
2

=
5
2
+ |
.
|
\
|
+
25
16
5
3
u
du
2

=
5
2
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
+
2 2
5
4
5
3
u
du

=
5
2
.
4
5
tan
1
|
.
|
\
| +
5 / 4
5 / 3 u

=
2
1
tan
1
(
+
4
3 u 5

=
2
1
tan
1
(
+
4
3 2 / t tan 5

Putting this in (2)
Now
2
1
I
1
= x + c

4
1
tan
1
(
(
(
(
+
4
3
2
t
tan 5
= x + c
tan
1
(
(
(
(
+
4
3
2
t
tan 5
= 4x + 4c

4
1
[5 tan (5x + 3y) + 3] = tan (4x + 4c)
5tan (5x + 3y) + 3 = 4 tan (4x + 4c)
When x = 0, y = 0 we get
5 tan 0 + 3 = 4 tan (4c)

4
3
= tan 4c
4c = tan
1
4
3

Then, 5 tan (5x + 3y) + 3 = 4 tan (4x + tan
1
3/4)
tan (5x + 3y) =
5
4
tan (4x + tan
1
3/4)
5
3

5x + 3y = tan
1
(
+

5
3
} 4 / 3 tan x 4 {tan(
5
4
1

3y = tan
1
(
+

5
3
} 4 / 3 tan x 4 {tan(
5
4
1
5x
y =
3
1
tan
1
(
+

5
3
} 4 / 3 tan x 4 {tan(
5
4
1
3
x 5

15. A tangent to the ellipse x
2
+ 4y
2
= 4 meets the ellipse
x
2
+ 2y
2
= 6 at P and Q. Prove that the tangents at
P and Q of the ellipse x
2
+ 2y
2
= 6 arc at right angles.
[IIT-1997]
Sol. x
2
+ 4y
2
= 4 (given)

4
x
2
+
1
y
2
= 1 .....(1)
Equation of any tangent to the ellipse on (1) can be
written as

2
x
cos + ysin = 1 .....(2)
Equation of second ellipse

1
O 2 2
1
3
3
6
6
x
Q
A
P
90
y

x
2
+ 2y
2
= 6 (given)

6
x
2
+
3
y
2
= 1 .....(3)
Suppose the tangents at P and Q meet in A(h, k).

6
x h
+
3
ky
= 1 .....(4)
But (4) and (2) represent the same straight line, so
comparing (4) and (2)

2 / cos
6 / h
=
sin
3 / k
=
1
1

h = 3cos and k = 3sin
Equation of the chord of contact of the tangents
through A(h, k) is

Therefore, coordinates of A are (3cos.3sin)
Now, the joint equation of the tangents at A is given by
T
2
= SS
1

i.e.,
2
1
3
ky
6
hx
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ 1
3
y
6
x
2 2

|
|
.
|
\
|
+ 1
3
k
6
h
2 2
.....(5)
In equation (5)
coefficient of x
2
=
36
h
2
6
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ 1
3
k
6
h
2 2

=
36
h
2
36
h
2
18
k
2
+
6
1

=
6
1
18
k
2

coefficient of y
2
=
9
k
2
3
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ 1
3
k
6
h
2 2

=
9
k
2
18
h
2
9
k
2
+
3
1
=
18
h
2
+
3
1

Again coefficient of x
2
+ coefficient of y
2
=
18
1
(h
2
+ k
2
) +
6
1
+
3
1

=
18
1
(9cos
2
+ 9sin
2
) +
2
1

=
18
9
+
2
1

=
2
1
+
2
1
= 0
which shows that two lines represent by (5) are at
right angles to each other.

SCIENCE TIPS

An electron is moving along X-axis in a magnetic
field acting along Y-axis. What is the direction of
magnetic force acting on it. Along Z-axis
What is the equation of a plane progressive simple
harmonic wave traverlling in + x direction?
y = a sin
2
(vt x) = a sin 2 |
.
|
\
|

x
T
t

What type of magnetic material is used in making
permanent magnets? Ferromagnetic
A wire kept along north-south is allowed to fall
freely. Will an induced emf be set up? No
Which of A.C. or D.C. is blocked by a capacitor?
D.C.

Passage # 1 (Ques. 1 to 3)

a
Upper Branch
...............up to infinite.
V1 V1 V1
b
V
Lower Branch

Resistance of volt meters V
1
, V
2
, V
3
...... are
R,
2
e ln
R
,
4
R
,
3
) 2 (
e ln
R
,
16
R
,
5
) 2 (
e ln
R
...... respectively
then
1. Find the resistance of voltmeter V such that the
current in upper branch is same as in lower branch.
2. If the reading of voltmeter is V
1
is X and the sum of
reading of all the voltmeters in upper branch except
voltmeter X is Y then. Is X = Y or not. Write the
reason to support your answer.
3. If the resistance of the voltmeter V is R then write the
relation between the reading of voltmeter V
1
and V.
4. A rod is rotating about axis YY as shown below the
linear charge density at distance x is (x) = 3x and it
is rotating with angular speed about axis YY then

Y
x.
A B
a.
b.
Y'

(A) Equivalent current i =
4
3
(b
2
a
2
)
(B) If length of the rod varies keeping (a + b) as
constant and angular speed =
3
4
then
equivalent current i is directly proportional to
length of rod
(C) Charge on rod is 3(b
2
a
2
)
(D) Charge on rod is 3/2(b
2
a
2
)

5. Part-A and Part-B, a pair of closed and open cone is
shown. In Part - A the charge on both the cones is
same and in part - B surface charge density on both
the cones is same
All the cones are rotating with angular speed as
shown in figure then

C-1
Q
C-2
Q
Part-A
C-3
C-4
Part-B

(A) Equivalent current of C-1 and C-3 is same
irrespective to value of
(B) Equivalent current of C-1 and C-2 is same
(C) Equivalent current of C-3 and C-4 is different
(D) Equivalent current of Part - A and Part-B
can be same dependent on value of

Passage # 2 (Ques. 6 to 8)

A multirange voltmeter is shown below. The
galvanometer is having the resistance of it's coil as
10 and the maximum potential difference that can
be applied across the galvanometer is 50mv then

CT
R1
G
a
5V
R
2
b
R
3
c

CT is the common terminal

6. If the range between CT and a is 5volt then the value
of resistance R
1
.
7. If the range between CT and b is just double as the
range between CT and a then the value of resistance
R
2
.
8. If the value of R
3
is 3000 then what will be the
range between CT and c.

This section is designed to give IIT JEE aspirants a thorough grinding & exposure to variety
of possible twists and turns of problems in physics that would be very helpful in facing IIT
JEE. Each and every problem is well thought of in order to strengthen the concepts and we
hope that this section would prove a rich resource for practicing challenging problems and
enhancing the preparation level of IIT JEE aspirants.
By : Dev Sharma
Director Academics, Jodhpur Branch
Physics Challenging Problems

Sol ut i ons wil l be publ i shed i n next issue
Set # 7


1. As shown in graph, the relation of U v/s PV is
linear So,

PV

U
(0, a)

U = (tan ).PV + a as (tan ) = b
So, U = b. PV + a
Using ideal gas equation PV = nRT
U = b (nRT) + a
Differentiate it,
dU = nbRd
T

As dU = n C
V
d
T

So C
V
= bR =
2
f
R
2
f
= b
Degrees of freedom of the gas,

f = 2b as b = 3
So f = 6
Degrees of freedom are 6 so it is tri-atomic
non- linear gas.

2. = 1 +
f
2
= 1 +
b 2
2
as f = 2b
So, = 1 + b
1

3. As C
V
= bR it is not dependent on 'a' so if a varies
there is no change in the value of C
V
.

C
V
a

4. As C
V
= b R and
2
f
= b = C
0
+ C
1
t
2
,
f = 2C
0
+ 2C
1
t
2
and
dt
df
= 4C
1
t
df / dt v/s t graph is a straight line with slope 4C
1
.

5. As
v and are
B mutually perpendicular so path

will be circular but due to presence of resistive
medium speed decreases and radius of circular
path decreases.
So, path is spiral of decreasing radius
Option (D) is correct
[For Ans. 6, 7, 8]
The equivalent circuit diagram is
As 'a' is grounded

a
As 'a'
grounded
e
1
= 2v(B)1
= 2v BI = 60V
b
x Y
e
2
= vB(2e)=2vBI = 60 volt
c
d As 'd' is grounded
R=10

6. Current through 'R' is from Y to x
i =
10
120
= 12 Amp.

7. Potential difference across a and c is 60 volt.

8. Charge on deutron is e so energy of deutron is
120eV.

Solution
Physics Challenging Problems
Set # 6
8
Quest i ons were Publ ished i n Oct ober Issue

1. A stone is projected with velocity v
0
at an angle
0

from the horizontal. Find the angular velocity of the
stone relative to the point of projection, while it is at
its maximum height.
Sol. Method 1 :
The position vector of the particle at any arbitrary
instant when it is at point P is given by :
r(P) = xi + yj, r = y tani + yi
Differentiating w.r.t. time we get,

dt
dr
=
dt
dy
tan i + y sec
2

&
i +
dt
dy
j
At the highest point of trajectory.

dt
dy
= 0 and y = H =
g 2
sin v
0
2 2
0

So, at the sought point,

x
O
x
R
y
H
u
v
u
r
P
y

v
0
cos
0
i = H sec
2
.
&
i
So,
&
=
H
cos v
0 0

cos
2

or,
&
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
0
2
0
0
sin v
cos g 2
cos
2

Method 2 :
At an arbitrary instant, when the particle is at point P
tan = x/y
Differentiating Eqn. (1) w.r.t. time we get
sec
2
&
=
2
y
dt
dx
y
dt
dy
x

&
=
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

2
y
dt
dx
y
dt
dy
x
cos
2

At position P,
dt
dx
= v
0
cos
0
,
dt
dy
= 0,
x = R/2 and y = H
where R =
g
2 sin v
0
2
0

and H =
g 2
sin v
0
2 2
0

Substituting the above values in Eqn.(2)

&
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
0
2
0
0
sin v
cos g 2
cos
2

2. A bead of mass m is fitted onto a rough rod of length
of 2l and can move along it only. At the initial
moment the bead is in the middle of the rod. The rod
moves translationally in space with the constant
acceleration a in a direction forming an angle with
the rod (fig.)

m a
l

(a) Find the time when the bead will leave the rod if
the co-efficient of friction between bead and the rod
is
k
. (Neglect the weight of the bead)
(b) Do the part (a) of this problem without neglecting
the weight of the bead.
Sol. Let us work in the frame of the rod.
(a) In this case in the absence of friction, under the
action of the inertial force ma the bead will move
up along the rod, hence the kinetic friction will act
along the rod down (fig.)
From F
x
= ma
x

ma cos N = ma
rel
(1)
From, F
y
= ma
y

N = ma sin (2)
Using (2) in (1), we get
a
rel
= a(cos sin )

m
a
N
y
x
fr

From kinematic equation in the frame of the rod.
x = v
0x
t +
2
1
a
x
t
2
or, l = 0 +
2
1
a
rel
t
2

t =
rel
a
2l
=
) sin (cos a
2

l

Experts Solution for Question asked by IIT-JEE Aspirants
Students' Forum
PHYSICS

(b) In the frame of rod, the bead is under the action of
three forces N, ma and mg, except kinetic friction.
Case (i): If a cos > g sin , then the kinetic friction
having the value of
k
N will act to resist the upward
motion of the bead along the rod. (Fig.)
From, F
y
= ma
y
(for the bead)
N mg cos ma sin = 0
N = m a (sin + g cos ) (1)
and from
F
x
= cos N mg sin = ma
rel
(2)

a
N
y
x
f
r
ma
mg

a
rel
= a cos (a sin + g cos) g sin
or, a
rel
= a(cos + sin) g( cos + sin) (3)
From kinematic equation, (in the frame of rod)
x = v
0x
t +
2
1
a
x
t
2

or, l = 0 +
2
1
a
rel
t
2

t =
rel
a
2l
=
) sin cos ( g ) sin (cos a
2
+
l

Case (ii): When g sin > a cos , the bead will move
down along the rod, so the kinetic friction will act
upward along the rod. (Fig.)
From,
F
y'
= ma
y'

N = m (g cos + a sin) (4)
and from F
x'
= ma
x'

mg sin N mg cos = m a
rel
(5)
a'
rel
= g sin (g cos + a sin) a cos

x'
N
f
r

ma
mg

or, a'
rel
=g(sin (g cos) a(cos + sin)) (6)
From the kinematic equation,
x' = v
0x'
t +
2
1
a
x'
t
2

or, l = 0 +
2
1
a'
rel
t
2

So, t' =
rel
' a
2l

=
) sin cos ( a ) cos (sin g
2
+
l

[In this part of problem a cos = g sin is not relevant]

3. Determine the period of oscillations of mercury of
mass m poured into a bent tube whose arms form the
angles
1
and
2
with the vertical respectively (Fig.
a). The cross-sectional area of the tube is s. neglect
the viscosity of the mercury.

1
2
1
2
x
x

Sol. Method 1: (
x = dx/dt,

x = d
2
x/dt
2
)
If at an arbitrary moment during the oscillations, the
mercury rises in the left arm by x it must fall by the
same length in the other arm. As the viscosity of the
mercury is negligible, the mechanical energy of
oscillations of the given system is conserved, i.e.
U(x) + T(x, x) = Constant.
Taking the P.E. of oscillations zero at the equilibrium
position and using the mathematical trick of negative
mass, the conservation of M.E. of oscillations gives:
(s x ) g
2
cos x
1
)
`

2
cos x
g ) ( sx
2

+
2
1
m(
x )
2
= Constant
or,
2
g s
x
2
(cos
2
+cos
2
) +
2
1
m(
x )
2
= Constant
Differentiating w.r.t. time, we get

2
) cos (cos g s
2 1
+
2x
x +
2
1
m 2

x x = 0
or

x =
m
) cos (cos g s
2 1
+
x
Thus, the sought time period,
T = 2
) cos (cos g s
m
2 1
+

Method 2:
If the mercury rises in the left arm by x, obviously it
must fall by the same length in the right arm. At this
position the total pressure difference in the two arms
will be
g x cos
1
+ g x cos
2
= g x (cos
1
+ cos
2
)
This will give rise to a restoring force
g x (cos
1
+ cos
2
) s
This must equal mass times acceleration which can
be obtained from work-energy principle.

The K.E. of the mercury
in the tube is clearly :
2
1
m(x)
2

So mass times acceleration must be : m

x
Hence,
m

x + g x(cos
1
+ cos
2
) s = 0
which is the Eq. of S.H.M. with time period
T = 2
) cos (cos s g
m
2 1
+

4. A sphere and a cube of the same material and same
total surface area are placed in the same space turn by
turn, after heating them to the same temperature.
Compare their initial rate of cooling in the enclosure.
Sol. Rate of emission of energy
T
4
S = m
sphere
c
sphere
dt
dT
|
.
|
\
|

Also T
4
S = m
cube
c
cube
dt
dT
|
.
|
\
|

So,
cube
sphere
) dt / dT (
) dt / dT (
=
cube
sphere
m
m
=
cube
sphere
V
V

But V
sphere
=
3
r 4
3
=
3
4
2 / 3
4
S
|
.
|
\
|
, because, S=4r
2

and V
cube
= a
3
=
2 / 3
2 / 3
6
S
, because, S = 6a
2

Hence the required ratio =
3
) 6 4 (
2 / 3 2 / 1

= 1.38

5. A positive point charge q of mass m, kept at a
distance x
0
(in the same plane) from a fixed very long
straight current i is projected normally away from it
with speed v. Find the maximum separation between
the wire and the particle.
Sol. We know that a moving charge in magnetic field
experiences a side way force given by the formula
F = q (v B) at a certain instant of time. As the
magnetic field is not uniform, the particle does not
follow the circular path but the speed (v) of the
particle is constant. Here the magnetic field set up by
the straight current is directed normally into the page
(i.e., along the negative z-axis) and the initial velocity
of the particle is along x-axis and further the force F
is always in the x-y plane, so the motion of the
particle is confined in the xy plane. The force at time
t (Fig.) after starting from point P is.

x
i
O
x.
y
x
0
.

F = q (v B)
or, F = q { }
(
)
`
+ ) k (
x
i
2
j v i v
0
y x

or, =
2
0
x
i q
(v
y
i + v
x
j) (A)
so, F
x
=
2
0
mx
v i q
y
so, a
x
=
mx
v i q
2
y
0

or,
dx
dv v
x x
=
2
0
mx
v i q
y
(1)
But
2
x
v +
2
y
v = v
2

so, 2v
x
dv
x
= 2v
y
dv
y
= 0 or, v
x
dv
x
= v
y
dv
y
(2)
From Eqns. (1) and (2)

qi
m 2
dv
0
y
=
x
dx

or,
v
0
0
qi
m 2
dv
y
=
x
x
0
x
dx

or,
qi
m 2
0
v = ln
0
x
x

Hence, x = x
0
e
2 mv/
0
qi

Note : Instead of F
x
we may write F
y
from Eqn. (A)
and then proceed in similar fashion.

MEMORABLE POINTS

The vector relation between linear velocity and
angular velocity is
v =

r
In the case of uniform circular motion the angle between
and

r is always 90(hence |
v | = r
The relation between Faraday constant F, Avogadro
number N and the electronic charge e is F = Ne
Depolariser used in Lechlanche cell is
Manganese dioxide
The absorption or evolution of heat at a junction of
two dissimilar metals when a current is passed is
known as Peltier effect
The part of the human ear where sound is transduced
is the Cochlea
Similar trait resulting from similar selection pressure
acting on similar gene pool is termed
Parallel evolution
Group of related species with the potential, directly
or indirectly, of forming fertile hybrids with one
another is called Coenospecies

Electromagnetic Induction (E.M.I.)
Faraday's law states that the induced emf in a closed
loop equals the negative of time rate of change of
magnetic flux through the loop. This relation is valid
whether the flux change is caused by a changing
magnetic field, motion of the loop, or both.
=
dt
d
B

A
B

Lenz's law states that an induced current or emf
always tends to oppose or cancel out the change that
caused it. Lenz's law can be derived from Faraday's
law, and is often easier to use.

B
(increasing)
Change in B
B
induced
I

If a conductor moves in a magnetic field, a motional
emf is induced.
= vBL
(conductor with length L moves in uniform B
r
field,
L
r
and v
r
both perpendicular to B
r
and to each other)
=
l
r r
r
d ). B v (
(all or part of a closed loop moves in a B
r
field)

a
a
F=qvB
v
F = qE
q
L
B
+

When an emf is induced by a changing magnetic flux
through a stationary conductor, there is an induced
electric field E
r
of non-electrostatic origin. This field
is non conservative and cannot be associated with a
potential.

l
r r
d . E =
dt
d
B

G
E
B
E
E
I
r

When a bulk piece of conducting material, such as a
metal, is in a changing magnetic field or moves
through a field, currents called eddy currents are
induced in the volume of the material.

I
I
0
B
0
B

A time-varying electric field generates a
displacement current i
D
, which acts as a source of
magnetic field in exactly the same way as conduction
current.
i
D
=
dt
d
E
(displacement current)
Alternating Current (A.C.)

An alternator or ac source produces an emf varies
sinusoidally with time. A sinusoidal voltage or
current can be represented of the by a phasor, a
vector that rotates counterclockwise with constant
angular velocity equals to the angular frequency of
the sinusoidal quantity. Its projection on the
horizontal axis at any instant represents the
instantaneous value of the quantity.
Electromagnetic Induction & A.C.
PHYSICS FUNDAMENTAL FOR IIT-JEE
KEY CONCEPTS & PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY

i=I cos t O
I
t

For a sinusoidal current, the rectified average and rms
(root-mean-square) currents are proportional to the
current amplitude I. Similarly, the rms value of a
sinusoidal voltage is proportional to the voltage
amplitude V.
I
rav
=
2
I = 0.637 I
I
rms
=
2
I
; V
rms
=
2
V

In general, the instantaneous voltage between two
points in an ac circuit is not in phase with the
instantaneous current passing through points. The
quantity is called the phase angle of the voltage
relative to the current.
i = I cos t
v = V cos(t + )

V cos

O
t

I
V

The voltage across a resistor R is in phase with the
current. The voltage across an inductor L leads the
current by 90 ( = + 90), while the voltage across a
capacitor C lags the current by 90( = 90). The
voltage amplitude across each type of device is
proportional to the current amplitude I. An inductor
has inductive reactance X
L
= L and a capacitor has
capacitive reactance X
C
= 1/C.
V
R
= IR; V
L
= IX
L
; V
C
= IX
C

Resistor connected to
ac source
Inductor connected to
ac source
a
R
b a
L
b
i
i
a
C
b
Capacitor connected to
ac source
i
q q
i

In a general ac circuit, the voltage and current
amplitude are related by the circuit impedance Z. In
an L-R-C series circuit, the values of L, R, C, and the
angular frequency determine the impedance and
the phase angle of the voltage relative to the current.
V = IZ
Z =
2
C L
2
) X X ( R + =
2 2
)] C / 1 ( L [ R +
tan =
R
C / 1 L

V = IZ
V
L
= IX
L
V
L
V
C
V
R
= IR
V
C
= IX
C
O
I
t

The average power input P
av
to an ac circuit depend
on the voltage and current amplitudes (or,
equivalently, their rms values) and the phase angle
of the voltage relative to the current. The quantity
cos is called the power factor.
P
av
=
2
1
VI cos = V
rms
I
rms
cos
v, i, p
P
av
= VIcos
p
p
i
t

?

In an L-R-C series circuit, the current becomes
maximum and the impedance becomes minimum at
an angular frequency
0
= 1/ LC called the
resonance angular frequency. This phenomenon is
called resonance. At resonance the voltage and
current are in phase, and the impedance Z is equal to
the resistance R.

I(A)
200
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1000 2000
(rad/s)
500
2000

A transformer is used to transform the voltage and
current levels in an ac circuit. In an ideal transformer
with no energy losses, if the primary winding has N
1

turns and the secondary winding has N
2
turns, the
amplitudes (or rms values) of the two voltages are
related by Eq. The amplitudes (or rms values) of the
primary and secondary voltages and currents are
related by Eq.

1
2
V
V
=
1
2
N
N
; V
1
I
1
= V
2
I
2

Problem Solving Strategy (P.S.S.) :
Faraday' Law
Step 1: Identify the relevant concepts: Faraday's law
applies when there is a changing magnetic flux. To
use the law, make sure you can identify an area
through which there is a flux of magnetic field. This
will usually be the area enclosed by a loop, usually
made of a conducting material. As always, identify
the target variable(s).
Step 2: Set up the problems using the following steps
Faraday's law relates the induced emf to the rate
of change of magnetic flux. To calculate this rate
of change, you first have to understand what is
making the flux change. Is the conductor moving?
Is it changing orientation? Is the magnetic field
changing? Remember that it's not the flux itself
that counts, but its rate of change.
Choose a direction for the area vector A
r
or A d
r
.
The direction must always be perpendicular to the
plane of the area. Note that you always have two
choice of direction. For instance, if the plane of
the area is horizontal, A
r
could point straight up
or straight down. It's like choosing which
direction is the positive one in a problem
involving motion in a straight line; it doesn't
matter which direction you choose, just so you
use it consistently throughout the problem.
Step 3: Execute the solution as follows :
Calculate the magnetic flux using Eq.

B
= A . B
r r
= BA cos if B
r
is uniform over the
area of the loop or eq.
B
=
A d . B
r r
=
BdA cos
if it is not uniform, being mindful of the direction
you chose for the area vector.
Calculate the induced emf using Eq. =
dt
d
B

(Faraday's law of induction) or = N
dt
d
B
.
If your conductor has N turns in a coil, do not
forget multiply by N. Remember the sign rule for
the positive direction of emf and use it
consistently.
If the circuit resistance is known, you can
calculate the magnitude of the induced current I
using = IR.
Step 4: Evaluate your answer : Check your results for
the proper units, and double-check that you have
properly implemented the sign rules for calculating
magnetic flux and induced emf.
P.S.S. :: Inductors in Circuits :
Step 1: Identify the relevant concepts : An inductor is
just another circuit element, like a source of emf, a
resistor, or a capacitor. One key difference is that
when an inductor is included in a circuit, all the
voltages, currents, and capacitor charges are in
general functions of time, not constants as they have
been in most of our previous circuit analysis. But
Kirchhoff's rules, which we studied in section, are
still valid. When the voltages and currents vary with
time, Kirchhoff's rules hold at each instant of time.
Step 2: Set up the problem using the following steps
Draw a large circuit diagram and label all
quantities known and unknown. Apply the
junction rule immediately at any junction.
Determine which quantities are the target
variables.
Apply Kirchhoff's loop rule to each loop in the
circuit.
As in all circuit analysis, getting the correct sign
for each potential difference is essential. To get
the correct sign for the potential difference
between the terminals of an inductor, remember
Lenz's law and the sign rule described in section
in conjunction with eq. = L
dt
di
(self-induced
emf) and fig. In Kirchhoff's loop rule, when we
go through an inductor in the same direction as
the assumed current, we encounter a voltage drop
equal to L di/dt, so the corresponding term in the
loop equation is L di/dt. When we go through an
inductor in the opposite direction from the
assumed current, the potential difference is
reversed and the term to use in the loop equation
is + L di/dt.
a
L
b
i

V
ab
= L
dt
di

Inductor with current i following from a to b:
If di/dt > 0 : potential drops from a to b
If di/dt < 0: potential increases from a to b
If i is constant (di/dt = 0): no potential difference
As always, solve for the target variables.
Step 4: Evaluate your answer : Check whether your
answer is consistent with the way that inductors
behave. If the current through an inductor is
changing, your result should indicate that the
potential difference across the inductor opposes the
change. If not, you probably used an incorrect sign
somewhere in your calculation.

P.S.S. :: Alternating Current Circuits :
Step 1: Identify the relevant concepts: All of the
concepts that we used to analyze direct-current
circuits also apply to alternating current circuits.
However, we must be careful to distinguish between
the amplitudes of alternating currents and voltages
and their instantaneous values. We must also keep in
mind the distinctions between resistance (for
resistors), reactance (for inductors or capacitors), and
impedance (for composite circuits).
Draw a diagram of the circuit and label all known
and unknown quantities.
Determine the target variables.
In ac circuit problem it is nearly always easiest to
work with angular frequency . If you are given
the ordinary frequency f, expressed in Hz, convert
it using the relation = 2f.
Keep in mind a few basic facts about phase
relationships. For a resistor, voltage and current
are always in phase, and the two corresponding
phasor in a diagram always have the same
direction. For an inductor, the voltage always
leads the current by 90 (i.e., = + 90), and the
voltage phasor is always turned 90
counterclockwise from the current phasor. For a
capacitor, the voltage always lags the current by
90 (i.e., = 90), and the voltage phasor is
always turned 90 clockwise from the current
phasor.
Remember that with ac circuits, all voltages and
currents are sinusoidal functions of time instead
of being constant, but Kirchhoff's rules hold
nonetheless at each instant. Thus, in a series
circuit, the instantaneous current is the same in all
circuit elements; in a parallel circuit, the
instantaneous potential difference is the same
across all circuit elements.
Inductive reactance, capacitive reactance, and
impedance are analogous to resistance; each
represents the ratio of voltage amplitude V to
current amplitude I in a circuit element or
combination of elements. Keep in mind, however,
that phase relations play an essential role. The
effect of resistance and reactance have to be
combined by vector addition of the corresponding
voltage phasors, as in fig(i) & (ii). When you
have several circuit elements in series, for
example, you can't just add all the numerical
values of resistance and reactance to get the
impedance; that would ignore the phase relations.
V = IZ
V
L = IXL
V
L
V
C
VR = IR
V
C
= IX
C
O
I
t
Phasor diagram for the
case X
L
> X
C

V = IZ
V
L
= IX
L
VR = IR
V
L
V
C
O
I
t
Phasor diagram for the
case XL< XC
V
C
=IX
C

Fig. (i) Fig. (ii)
Evaluate your answer : When working with a series
L-R-C circuit, you can check your results by
comparing the values of the inductive reactance X
L

and the capacitive reactance X
C
. If X
L
> X
C
, then the
voltage amplitude across the inductor is greater than
that across the capacitor and the phase angle is
positive (between 0 and 90). If X
L
< X
C
, then the
voltage amplitude across the inductor is less than that
across the capacitor and the phase angle is negative
between (0 and 90).

1. A coil of 160 turns of cross-sectional area 250 cm
2

rotates at an angular velocity of 300 rad/sec. about an
axis parallel to the plane of the coil in a uniform
magnetic field of 0.6 weber/metre
2
. What is the
maximum e.m.f. induced in the coil. If the coil is
connected to a resistance of 2 ohm, what is the
maximum torque that has to be delivered to maintain
its motion ?
Sol. We know that, e
max
= NAB
= 160 0.6 (250 10
4
) 300
= 720 volt.
Now i
max
=
R
e
max
=
2
720
= 360 amp
(torque) = NiBA sin

max
= NiBA
= 160 360 0.6 (250 10
4
)
= 864 newton metre
This torque opposes the rotation of the coil (Lenz's
Law). Hence to maintain the rotation of the coil, an
equal torque must be applied in opposite direction. So
the torque required is = 864 newton metre.

2. A closed coil having 50 turns, area 300 cm
2
, is
rotated from a position where it plane makes an angle
of 45 with a magnetic field of flux density 2.0
weber/metre
2
to a position perpendicular to the field
in a time 0.1 sec. What is the average e.m.f. induced
in the coil ?
Solved Examples
Sol. The flux linked initially with each turn of the coil is
= B.A = BA cos = BA cos 45
Substituting the values, we get
= 2.0 |
.
|
\
|
2
metre
weber
(300 10
4
metre
2
)(0.7071)
= 4.24 10
2
weber
The final flux linked with each turn of the coil
= BA cos 0 = BA
= 2.0 (300 10
4
)
= 6.0 10
2
weber
Change in flux =
= (6.0 10
2
) 4.24 10
2

= 1.76 10
2
Weber
This change is carried out in 0.1 sec. The magnitude
of the e.m.f. induced in the coil is given by
e = N
dt
) ( d

= 50
1 . 0
10 76 . 1
5
= 8.8 volt.

3. A vertical copper disc of diameter 20 cm makes
10 revolution per second about a horizontal axis
passing through it centre. A uniform magnetic field
10
2
weber/m
2
acts perpendicular to the plane of the
disc. Calculate the potential difference between its
centre and rim in volt.
Sol. The magnetic flux linked with the disc is given by
= BA
The induced e.m.f. (potential difference) between rim
and centre
e =
dt
d
=
dt
d
(BA) = B
dt
dA
(numerically)
where
dt
dA
is the area swept out by the disc in unit time.

dt
dA
= r
2
number of revolutions per second
= 3.14 (0.1)
2
10
= 0.314
e = (10
2
weber/m
2
) (0.314 m
2
/sec)
= 3.14 10
3
volt.

4. A resistance R and inductance L and a capacitor C all
are connected in series with an A.C. supply. The
resistance of R is 16 ohm and for a given frequency,
the inductive reactance of L is 24 ohm and capacitive
reactance of C is 12 ohm, If the current in the circuit
is 5 amp., find
(a) the potential difference across R, L and C
(b) the impedance of the circuit
(c) the voltage of A.C. supply
(d) phase angle
Sol. (a) Potential difference across resistance
V
R
= iR = 5 16 = 80 volt
Potential difference across inductance
V
L
= i (L) = 5 24 = 120 volt
Potential difference across condenser
V
C
= i (1/C) = 5 12 = 60 volt
(b) Z =
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
+
2
2
C
1
L R
= ] ) 12 24 ( ) 16 [(
2 2
+ = 20 ohm
(c) The voltage of A.C. supply is given by
E = iZ = 5 20 = 100 volt
(d) Phase angle
= tan
1
(

R
) C / 1 ( L

= tan
1
(

16
12 24

= tan
1
(0.75) = 3646

5. A 100 volt A.C. source of frequency 500 hertz is
connected to a L-C-R circuit with L = 8.1 millinery,
C = 12.5 microfarad and R = 10 ohm, all connected
in series. Find the potential difference across the
resistance.
Sol. The impedance of L-C-R circuit is given by
Z = ] ) X X ( R [
2
C L
2
+
where X
L
= L = 2fL
= 2 3.14 500 (8.1 10
3
)
= 25.4 ohm
and X
C
=
C
1
=
fC 2
1

=
) 10 5 . 12 ( 500 14 . 3 2
1
6

= 25.4 ohm
Z = ] ) 4 . 25 4 . 25 ( ) 10 [(
2 2
+ = 10 ohm
i
r.m.s.
=
Z
E
s . m . r
=
ohm 10
volt 100
= 10 amp.
Potential difference across resistance
V
R
= i
r.m.s.
R = 10 amp 10 ohm = 100 volt.


Periodic motion is motion that repeats itself in a
definite cycle. It occurs whenever a body has a stable
equilibrium position and a restoring force that acts
when it is displaced from equilibrium. Period T is the
time for one cycle. Frequency f is the number of
cycles per unit time. Angular frequency is 2 times
the frequency.
f =
T
1
or T =
f
1
; = 2f =
T
2

y
O
x
a
F
n
mg
y
O
x
n
mg
y
O
x
a
F
n
mg

If the net force is a restoring force F that is directly
proportional to the displacement x, the motion is
called simple harmonic motion (SHM). In many
cases this condition is satisfied if the displacement
from equilibrium is small.
F
x
= kx; a
x
=
m
F
x
=
m
k
x

Restoring force Fx
Fx = kx
Displacement x
x > 0
Fx < 0
0
x < 0
Fx > 0

The circle of reference construction uses a rotating
vector called a phasor, having a length equal to the
amplitude of the motion. Its projection on the
horizontal axis represents the actual motion of a body
in simple harmonic motion.

Q
P
x
A
O
y
x= A cos
Displacement

The angular frequency, frequency, and period in
SHM do not depend on the amplitude, but only on the
mass m and force constant k.
=
m
k
; f =
2
=
m
k
2
1
; T =
f
1
= 2
k
m

In SHM, the displacement, velocity, and acceleration
are sinusoidal functions of time. The angular
frequency is = m / k ; the amplitude A and phase
angle are determined by the initial position and
velocity of the body.
x = A cos(t + )

A
x
O
A
T 2T
t

Energy is conserved in SHM. The total energy can be
expressed in terms of the force constant k and
amplitude A.
E =
2
1
mv
x
2
+
2
1
kx
2
=
2
1
kA
2
= constant

E = K+U
Energy
U
K
A
x
O A

In angular simple harmonic motion, the frequency
and angular frequency are related to the moment of
inertia I and the torsion constant k.
=
I
k
and f =
I
k
2
1

A simple pendulum consists of a point mass m at the
end of a massless string of length L. Its motion is
approximately simple harmonic for sufficiently small
amplitude; the angular frequency, frequency, and
period depend only on g and L, not on the mass or
amplitude.

T
L
mg sin
m
x

mg cos
mg

Simple Harmonic Motion

PHYSICS FUNDAMENTAL FOR IIT-JEE
KEY CONCEPTS & PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY
=
L
g
; f =
2
=
L
g
2
1

T =
2
=
f
1
= 2
g
L

A physical pendulum is a body suspended from an
axis of rotation a distance d from its center of gravity.
If the moment of inertia about the axis of rotation is I,
the angular frequency and period for small-amplitude
oscillations are independent of amplitude.
=
I
mgd
; T = 2
mgd
I

mg sin
mg cos
mg
O
z
d
cg
d sin

Problem Solving Strategy :
Simple Harmonic Motion I :
Step 1: Identify the relevant concepts : An oscillating
system under goes simple harmonic motion (SHM)
only if the restoring force is directly proportional to
the displacement. Be certain that this is the case for
the problem at hand before attempting to use any of
the results of this section. As always, identify the
target variables.
Identify the known and unknown quantities, and
determine which are the target variables.
It's useful to distinguish between two kinds of
quantities. Basic properties of the system include
the mass m and force constant k. (In some
problems, m, k, or both can be determined from
other information.) They also include quantities
derived from m and k, such as the period T,
frequency f, and angular frequency . Properties
of the motion describe how the system behaves
when it is set into motion in a particular way.
They include the amplitude A, maximum velocity
v
max
, and phase angle , as well as the values of
x,v
x
, and a
x
at the particular time.
If necessary, define an x-axis as.
Use the equations T = 1/f and = 2f = 2/T to
solve for the target variables.
If you need to calculate the phase angle, be
certain to express it in radians. The quantity t in
Eq. F
x
= kx is naturally in radians, so must be
as well.
If you need to find the values of x, v
x
, and a
x
at
various times, use Eqs.
f =
2
=
m
k
2
1
, v
x
=
dt
dx
= A sin (t + )
and a
x
=
dt
dv
x
=
2
2
dt
x d
=
2
A cos (t + ).
If the initial position x
0
and initial velocity v
0x
are
both given, you can determine the phase angle
and amplitude from Eqs. = arctan
|
|
.
|
\
|
0
x 0
x
v

(phase angle in SHM) and A =
2
2
x 0 2
0
v
x
+
(amplitude in SHM). If the body is given an
initial positive displacement x
0
but zero initial
velocity (v
0x
= 0), then the amplitude is A = x
0

and the phase angle is = 0. If it has an initial
positive velocity v
0x
but no initial displacement
(x
0
= 0), the amplitude is A = v
0x
/ and the
phase angle is = /2.
Step 4: Evaluate your answer : Check your results to
make sure that they're consistent. As an example,
suppose you've used the initial position and velocity
to find general expressions for x and v
x
at time t. If
you substitute t = 0 into these expressions, you
should get back the correct values of x
0
and v
vx
.
Simple Harmonic Motion II
The energy equation
E =
2
x
mv
2
1
+
2
1
kx
2
=
2
1
kA
2
= constant ...(i)
is a useful alternative relation between velocity and
position, especially when energy quantities are also
required. If the problem involves a relation among
position, velocity, and acceleration without reference
to time, it is usually easier to use Eq.
a
x
=
2
2
dt
x d
=
m
k
x ...(ii)
(from Newton's second law) or eq. (i) (from energy
conservation) than to use the general expressions for
x, v
x
, and a
x
as functions of time [Eqs.
x = A cos (t + ) (displacement in SHM),
v
x
=
dt
dx
= A sin (t + ) (velocity in SHM) and
a
x
=
dt
dv
x
=
2
2
dt
x d
=
2
A cos (t + ) (acceleration
in SHM), respectively ]. Because the energy equation
involves x
2
and v
x
2
, it cannot tell you the sign of x or
v
x
, you have to infer the sign from the situation. For
instance, if the body is moving from the equilibrium
position towards the point of greatest positive
displacement, then x is positive and v
x
is positive.

1. A body of mass 1 kg is executing simple harmonic
motion which is given by x = 6.0 cos (100 t + /4)
cm. What is the (i) amplitude of displacement,
(ii) frequency, (iii) initial phase, (iv) velocity,
(v) acceleration, (vi) maximum kinetic energy ?
Sol. The given equation of S.H.M. is
x = 6.0 cos (100 t + /4) cm
Comparing it with the standard equation of S.H.M.,
x = a cos (t + ), we have
(i) amplitude a = 6.0 cm (ii) frequency = 100 /sec
(iii) initial phase = /4
(iv) velocity v = ) x a (
2 2
= 100 ) x 36 (
2

(v) acceleration =
2
x = (100)
2
x = 10
4
x
(vi) kinetic energy =
2
1
mv
2
=
2
1
m
2
(a
2
x
2
)
When x = 0, the kinetic energy is maximum, i.e.,
(K.E.)
max
=
2
1
m
2
a
2
=
2
1
1 10
4
|
.
|
\
|
metre
100
36

= 18 joules

2. A particle of mass 0.8 kg is executing simple
harmonic motion with an amplitude of 1.0 metre and
periodic time 11/7 sec. Calculate the velocity and the
kinetic energy of the particle at the moment when its
displacement is 0.6 meter.
Sol. We know that, v = ) y a (
2 2

Further = 2/T
v = ) y a (
T
2
2 2
=
) 7 / 11 (
14 . 3 2
] ) 6 . 0 ( ) 0 . 1 [(
2 2

= 3.2 m/sec
Kinetic energy at this displacement is given by
K =
2
1
mv
2
=
2
1
0.8 (3.2)
2
= 4.1 joule

3. A person normally weighing 60 kg stands on a
platform which oscillates up and down harmonically
at a frequency 2.0 sec
1
and an amplitude 5.0 cm. If a
machine on the platform gives the person's weight
against time, deduce the maximum and minimum
reading it will show, take g = 10 m/sec
2
.
Sol. Acceleration of the platform a =
2
y
Maximum acceleration
a
max
=
2
A (A = Amplitude)
a
max
= (2)
2
A ( = frequency)
= 4(3.14)
2
(2)
2
0.05 = 7.88 m/sec
2

Maximum reading =
g
) a g ( m
max
+
=
10
) 88 . 7 10 ( 60 +

= 107.3 kg
Minimum reading =
g
) a g ( M
max
=
10
) 88 . 7 10 ( 60

= 12.7 kg.

4. A particle of mass m is located in a unidimensional
potential field where the potential energy of the
particle depends on the coordinate x as
U(x) = U
0
(1 cos C x); U
0
and C are constants. Find
the period of small oscillations that the particle
performs about the equilibrium position.
Sol. Given that U(x) = U
0
(1 cos C x)
We know that F = ma =
dx
) x ( dV

a =
m
1
(
dx
) x ( dU
=
m
1
[ U
0
C sin C]
or a =
m
C U
0
[C
x
] =
m
C U
2
0
x (Q sin Cx Cx)
Here acceleration is directly proportional to the
negative of displacement. So, the motion is S.H.M.
Time period T is given by
T =
2
=
) m / C U (
2
2
0
= 2
|
|
.
|
\
|
2
0
C U
m

5. Find the period of small oscillations in a vertical
plane performed by a ball of mass m = 40 g fixed at
the middle of a horizontally stretched string l = 1.0 m
in length. The tension of the string is assumed to be
constant and equal to F = 10 N.
Sol. The situation is showing in fig. The components of T
in upwards direction are T cos and T cos . Hence
the force acting on the ball = 2 T cos

T
T

x
l/2 l/2

ma =
) x 4 / (
Fx 2
2 2
+ l

Q T = F and cos =
) x 4 / (
x
2 2
+ l

As x is small, x
2
can be neglected from the
denominator.
a =
) 2 / ( m
Fx 2
l
= |
.
|
\
|
l m
F 4
x
or a =
2
x where
2
= (4 F/ml)
Here acceleration is directly proportional to the
negative of displacement x. Hence the motion is S.H.M.
T =
2
=
) m / F 4 (
2
l
= |
.
|
\
|
F
ml

Substituting the given values, we get
T = 3.14
|
|
.
|
\
|

10
) 0 . 1 )( 10 4 (
2
= 0.2 sec.

Solved Examples

Preparation of Amines :
Through Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions -
Alkylation of Ammonia Salts of primary amines can
be prepared from ammonia and alkyl halides by
nucleophilic substitution reactions. Subsequent
treatment of the resulting aminium salts with a base
gives primary amines :

NH
3
+ R X R NH
3
X
RNH
2

OH
+

This method is of very limited synthetic application
because multiple alkylations occur.
A Mechanism for the Alkylation of NH
3

NH
3
+ CH
3
CH
2
Br CH
3
CH
2
NH
3
+ Br
CH
3
CH
2
N H + NH
3
CH
3
CH
2
NH
2
+ NH
4

+
H
H
CH
3
CH
2
NH
2
+CH
3
CH
2
Br (CH
3
CH
2
)
2
NH
2
+Br
, etc.
+
+

Alkylation of Azide ion and Reduction:
A much better method for preparing a primary amine
from an alkyl halide is first to convert the alkyl halide
to an alkyl azide (RN
3
) by a nucleophilic
substitution reaction:
RX +

N=N=N
+

) X (
2 S
N
R

N=N=N
+

4
LiAlH
or
alcohol / Na

2
H N R

Azide ion Alkyl
(A good nucleophile) azide
Then the alkyl azide can be reduced to a primary
amine with sodium and alcohol or with lithium
aluminum hydride. A word of caution: Alkyl azides
are explosive, and low-molecular-weight alkyl azides
should not be isolated but should be kept in solution.
Sodium azide is used in automotive airbags.
The Gabriel Synthesis:
Potassium phthalimide (see the following reaction)
can also be used to prepare primary amines by a
method known as the Gabriel synthesis. This
synthesis also avoids the complications of multiple
alkylations that occur when alkyl halides are treated
with ammonia:

NH
O
C
Phthalimide
O
C
KOH
N
O
C
O
C
RX
Step 1 Step 2
K
(KX)
+

N-Alkylphthalimide
NR
O
C
O
C
NH2NH2
ethanol
Step 3
reflux
(several
steps)

Phthalazine-1,4-
dione
+ RNH
2
O
CNHNH
2
O
CNR
(several
steps)
O
H
O
N
N
H
Primary
amine
H

Phthalimide is quite acidic (pK
a
= 9); it can be
converted to potassium phthalimide by potassium
hydroxide (step 1). The phthalimide anion is a strong
nucleophile and (in step 2) it reacts with an alkyl
halide by an S
N
2 mechanism to give an N-alkyl-
phthalimide. At this point, the N-alkylphthalimide
can be hydrolyzed with aqueous acid or base, but the
hydrolysis is often difficult. It is often more
convenient to treat the N-alkylphthalimide with
hydrazine (NH
2
NH
2
) in refluxing ethanol (step 3) to
give a primary amine and phthalazine-1, 4-dione.
Syntheses of amines using the Gabriel synthesis are,
as we might expect, restricted to the use of methyl,
primary, and secondary alkyl halides. The use of
tertiary halides leads almost exclusively to
eliminations.

Reaction with Nitrous Acid
Amines of different classes react with nitrous acid to
yield different products. Nitrous acid being an
unstable acid is prepared in situ by the reaction of
sodium nitrite and dilute hydrochloric acid.
Organic
Chemistry
Fundamentals
Nitrogen
Compounds
KEY CONCEPT


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Primary aromatic amines react with nitrous acid at
low temperature (273-278 K) to give aromatic
diazonium salts. This reaction is known as
diazotisation.

Aniline
NH
2

+NaNO
2
+2HCl
K 278 273

Benzene
diazonium
chloride
N
2
+
Cl
+ NaCl+2H
2
O
Primary aliphatic amines also react with nitrous
acid to form diazonium salt, however the aliphatic
diazonium salts being unstable, decompose to yield
mixture of alcohols and alkenes, and nitrogen gas is
evolved.
C
2
H
5
NH
2

HCl / NaNO
2
[C
2
H
5 2 N
+
l C ]
O H
2

(Unstable)
C
2
H
5
OH + CH
2
= CH
2
+ N
2
+ H
2
O
Ethanol Ethene
Secondary aliphatic and aromatic amines react
with nitrous acid to produce nitrosoamines that are
insoluble in the aqueous solution and separate out as
a yellow oily layer.

NH + HNO
2
CH
3

+ ) HCl NaNO (
2

NNO+H
2
O

CH
3

N-Methylaniline N-Nitroso-N-methylaniline
(C
2
H
5
)
2
NH + HNO
2
(C
2
H
5
)
2
NNO + H
2
O

Diethyl amine N-Nitrosodiethylamine

The nitrosoamines on warming with a little phenol
and concentrated sulphuric acid produce red solution
which turns blue on treatment with sodium
hydroxide. This colour change provides an excellent
test for secondary amines and is known as
Liebermann's nitroso reaction.
Tertiary aliphatic amines on reaction with nitrous
acid form nitrites while tertiary aromatic amines
undergo electrophilic substitution at the ring.
(C
2
H
5
)
3
N + HNO
2
[(C
2
H
5
)
3
NH]
+
NO
2

Triethyl amine Triethylammonium nitrite

N(CH3)2
on substituti Ring
HNO
2

N(CH3)2 ON

N,N-Dimethylaniline p-Nitroso-N,N-dimethylaniline

Stork Enamine Reactions
Aldehydes and ketones react with secondary amines
to form compounds called enamines. The general
reaction for enamine formation can be written as
follows:

C
O
C + HNR
R
CCN
OH
R
R C=C
N
R
R
+H
2
O
H
Aldehyde
or ketone
H
2Amine Enamine
The secondary amines most commonly used to
prepare enamines are cyclic amines such as
pyrrolidine, piperidine and morpholine:

N
H
Pyrrolidine
N
H
Piperidine
N
H
Morpholine
O

Cyclohexanone, for example, reacts with pyrrolidine
in the following way:

N
p-TsOH, H2O
O
N
H
N-(1-Cyclohexenyl)pyrrolidine
(an enamine)

Enamines are good nucleophiles. Examination of the
resonance structures that follow show that we should
expect enamines to have both a nucleophilic nitrogen
and a nucleophilic carbon.

N
Contribution to the
hybrid made by this
structure confers
nucleophilicity on
nitrogen
N
+
Contribution to the
hybrid made by this
structure confers
nucleophilicity on
carbon and decreases
nucleophilicity of
nitrogen

The nucleophilicity of the carbon of enamines makes
them particularly useful reagents in organic synthesis
because they can be acylated, alkylatd, and used in
Michael additions. Enamines can be used as
synthetic equivalents of aldehyde or ketone enolates
because the alkene carbon of an enamine reacts the
same way as does the -carbon of an aldehyde or
ketone enolate, and after hydrolysis, the products are
the same.
When an enamine reacts with an acyl halide or an
acid anhydride, the product is the C-acylated
compound. The iminium ion that forms hydrolyzes
when water is added, and the overall reaction
provides a synthesis of -diketones:

N
Iminium salt
N
+
+CH
3
CCl
O
C
CH
3
O
Cl
N
+
C
CH
3
O

2-Acetylcyclohexanone
(a -diketone)
O

C
CH3
O
+ Cl
H2O
+
N
+
H H
+ Cl

Although Nacylation may occur in this synthesis,
the N-acyl product is unstable and can act as an
acylating agent itself:

N
N
+
+CH
3
C
O
CCH
3
+
O
Enamine
N
+
Cl
N-Acylated
enamine
Cl
C-Acylated
iminium salt
Enamine

As a consequence, the yields of C-acylated products
are generally high.
Enamines can be alkylated as well as acylated.
Although alkylation may lead to the formation of a
considerable amount of N-alkylated product, heating
the N-alkylated product often converts it to a C-alkyl
compound. This rearrangement is particularly
favoured when the alkyl halide is an allylic halide,
benzylic halide, or -haloacetic ester:

N
N
+
+ R CH
2
X
CH
2
R + X
CH
2
R + X
(a)
N
heat
N-Alkylated product

R=CH
2
=CH or C
6
H
5
(b)
(a)
(b)
+
O
CH
2
R
H2O
C-Alkylated product
+
N
H

Enamine alkylations are S
N
2 reactions; therefore,
when we choose our alkylating agents, we are usually
restricted to the use of methyl, primary, allylic, and
benzylic halides. -Halo esters can also be used as
the alkylating agents, and this reaction provides a
convenient synthesis of -keto esters :

N
N
+
+BrCH
2
COC
2
H
5
O
CH
2
COC
2
H
5
+ Br
heat
O

CH
2
COC
2
H
5
O
H2O
O
A -keto ester
(75%)

Enamines can also be used in Michael additions. An
example is the following :

N
N
+
+CH
2
=CHCN
CH
2
CH
2
CN
C2H5OH
reflux

O
CH
2
CH
2
CN


Reaction of HNO
3
on Metals.
(a) Metals lying below hydrogen in the
electrochemical series :
Metals such as Na, K, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, etc., lying
below hydrogen in the electrochemical series
normally displace hydrogen from dilute acids. Nitric
acid also primarily behaves in the same manner. But,
since it is a strong oxidising agent and hydrogen is a
reducing agent, secondary reactions take place
resulting in the reduction of nitric acid to give NO,
N
2
O, N
2
or NH
3
, depending upon the nature of the
metal, the temperature and the concentration of the
acid. Thus, dilute nitric acid reacts with zinc in the
cold giving N
2
O or N
2
according to the following eq.:
4Zn + 10HNO
3
4Zn(NO
3
)
2
+ N
2
O + 5H
2
O
5Zn + 12HNO
3
5Zn(NO
3
)
2
+ N
2
+ 6H
2
O
Very dilute nitric acid gives NH
3
which, of course, is
neutralised by nitric acid to form NH
4
NO
3
.
4Zn + 10HNO
3
4Zn(NO
3
)
2
+ 3H
2
O + NH
4
NO
3

Similarly, iron and tin also give NH
4
NO
3
with dilute
nitric acid. Lead gives nitric oxide with dilute nitric
acid in cold. Magnesium and manganese give
hydrogen. Concentrated nitric acid essentially
behaves as an oxidising agent and metals like
aluminium, iron, chromium, etc., are rendered
'passive' probably due to surface oxidation.
(b) Metals lying above hydrogen in the
electrochemical series. : Metals such as Cu, Bi, Hg,
Ag, lying above hydrogen in the electrochemical
series, do not liberate hydrogen from acids. In case of
these metals, the action of nitric acid involves only
the oxidation of the metals into the metallic oxides
which dissolve in the acid to form nitrates
accompained by evolution of NO or NO
2
according
as the acid is dilute or concentrated. For instance,
concentrated acid attacks copper giving NO
2
.
Cu + 4HNO
3
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2H
2
O + 2NO
2

Dilute nitric acid gives NO.
3Cu + 8HNO
3
3Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 4H
2
O + 2NO
(c) Noble metals : like Au, Pt, Rh and Ir are not
attacked by nitric acid. Gold and platinum, however,
are atacked by aqua regia (3 parts conc. HCl and 1
part conc. HNO
3
) which contains free chlorine.
HNO
3
+ 3HCl 2H
2
O + 2Cl + NOCl
This chlorine attacks gold and platinum forming soluble
chlorides which form complexes with HCl, e.g.,
Au + 3Cl AuCl
3

AuCl
3
+ HCl
acid c Aurochlori
4
HAuCl
Hydroxylamine, NH
2
OH :
It may be regarded as derived from ammonia by the
replacement of one H atom by an OH group.
It is prepared by the reduction of nitrites with sulphur
dioxide under carefully controlled conditions. A
concentrated solution of sodium nitrite is mixed with
a solution of sodium carbonate and sulphur dioxide at
a temperature below 3C is passed till the solution
becomes just acidic. The following reactions are
supposed to take place :
Na
2
CO
3
+ SO
2
+ H
2
O NaHSO
3
+ NaHCO
3

NaNO
2
+ 3NaHSO
3

sulphonate sodium
mine Hydroxyla
2 3
) Na SO ( HON + Na
2
SO
3
+ H
2
O
The sulphonate can be easily hydrolysed to
hydroxylamine.
HON(SO
3
Na)
2

O H
2
NH
2
OH
Alternatively, it is prepared by the electrolytic
reduction of nitric acid in 50% H
2
SO
4
using
amalgamated lead cathode.
NO
2
OH + 6H
+
+ 6e
NH
2
OH + 2H
2
O
It is a colourless solid melting at 33C. It is freely
soluble in water and lower alcohols. It is unstable and
decomposes violently even at 20C.
3NH
2
OH NH
3
+ N
2
+ 3H
2
O
The aqueous solution of hydroxylamine is less basic
than ammonia (K
b
= 1.8 10
5
). Thus,
NH
2
OH(aq) + H
2
O

NH
3
OH
+
+ OH
;
K
b
= 6.6 10
9

Like H
2
O
2
, it acts as an oxidising as well as a
reducing agent depending upon circumstances.
Nitrogen Trifluoride , NF
3
:
It is conveniently prepared by fluorinating ammonia.
4NH
3
+ 3F
2

catalyst Cu
NF
3
+ 3NH
4
F
It can also be prepared by the electrolysis of NH
4
F.
It is a colourless gas (m.p. 207C; b.p. 129C)
which is quite stable thermodynamically.
The gas acts as a fluorinating agent. It thus converts
Cu into CuF.
2NF
3
+ 2Cu N
2
F
4
+ 2CuF
As, Sb and Bi also get fluorinated by interaction with NF
3
.
Inorganic
Chemistry
Fundamentals
Nitrogen
Family
KEY CONCEPT
NF
3
has a pyramidal structure with FNF angle = ~
102 and dipole moment = 0.24 D, compared with
HNH angle = ~ 107 and dipole moment = 1.48 D in
case of NH
3
. The difference in the dipole moments of
NF
3
and NH
3
(both of which have pyramidal
structure though) is due to the fact that while the
dipole moments due to N F bonds in NF
3
are in
opposite direction to the direction of the dipole
moment of the lone pair on N atom, the dipole
moments of N H bonds in NH
3
are in the same
direction as the direction of the dipole moment of the
lone pair on N atom, an illustrated below.

N

F
F
F
N

H
H
H

Because of its lower dipole moment, NF
3
is weaker
ligand than NH
3
.
NF
3
is known to form complexes such as [NF
4
]
+
and
F
3
NO. Thus,
NF
3
+ 2F
2
+ SbF
3

pressure High
200
[NF
4
+
] [SbF
6
]

2NF
3
+ O
2

re temperatu low
discharge Electric
2F
3
NO
Dinitrogen Difluoride, N
2
F
2
:
Dinitrogen difluoride is best prepared by reacting
NHF
2
with KF.
KF + HNF
2

e temperatur
low
KF.HNF
2

re temperatu Room
N
2
F
2
+ KHF
2

The reaction yields both cis and trans isomers, viz.,

N N
F F
N N
F
F

Both the isomeric forms are gases at room
temperature, cis form boiling at 106C and trans
form boiling at 112C. The cis form is
thermodynamically more stable than the trans form.
At above 70C, nearly 90% of N
2
F
2
is present in the
cis form :

> 70C
trans N
2
F
2
cis N
2
F
2

(~ 90%)

If, however, the isomeric mixture is treated with
AlCl
3
or the chlorides of bivalent Mn, Co, Ni and Fe,
at low temperature, the major product is trans N
2
F
2
.

The cis form reacts selectively with AsF
5
to form
[N
2
F]
+
[AsF
6
]
which when reacted with NaF HF,

regenerates the original compounds. The trans form
does not react with AsF
5
.

isomers trans and
cis of Mixture
2 2
F N + AsF
6

only F N cis
by Formed
6 2
2 2
] AsF [ ] F [N
+
+
trans
2 2
F N
[N
2
F]
+
[AsF
6
]

HF NaF
Na
+
[AsF
6
]

+
) cis (
2 2
F N
Dinitrogen Tetrafluoride, N
2
F
4
:
N
2
F
4
is prepared by reacting HNF
2
with NaClO.
2HNF
2

NaClO
N
2
F
4
+ H
2
O
HNF
2
, in turn, is obtained by first fluorinating urea
and then treating the fluorinated product with
concentrated sulphuric acid.
N
2
F
4
exists both in the staggered and the gauche
conformations :

N
F F
N
F F
N
F
F
N
F
F
Staggered form (Side View) Gauche Form

It is a colourless gas (b.p. 73C; m.p. 164C).
It is a strong fluorinating agent. Thus,
SiH
4
+ N
2
F
4
SiF
4
+ N
2
+ 2H
2

10 Li + N
2
F
4
4LiF + 2Li
3
N
AsF
5
+ N
2
F
4
[N
2
F
3
]
+
[AsF
6
]

N
2
F
4
reacts with sulphur to give a number of
fluorinated sulphur compounds such as SF
4
and
SF
5
.NF
3
.
N
2
F
4
easily yields, at room temperature, the free
radical. NF
2
which reacts readily with a number of
compounds. For example,

N
2
F
4
2(.NF
2
)
2ClNF
2
Cl
2
2ON.NF
2
2NO

Trisilylamine, N(SiH)
3
:
Trisilylamine is prepared by reacting
monochlorosilane with ammonia.
2SiH
3
Cl + 4NH
3
N(SiH
3
)
3
+ 3NH
4
Cl
Trisilyamine is a trigonal planar compound with N
orbitals in sp
2
hybrid state, unlike trimethyl or
triethylamine which is pyramidal and has N orbitals
in sp
3
hybrid state. There is considerable overlap
between the p orbital (containing the lone pair) of N
atom and the vacant d orbitals of Si atoms. The
trigonal planar structure of N(SiH
3
)
3
is, thus,
strengthened due to pd bonding.
Since the lone pairs of electrons of N atom are
engaged in p-d bonding between N and Si, they are
no longer available for donation to Lewis acids.
Trisilylamine, therefore, behaves as much weaker
base compared to trimethylamine or triethylamine.
Hence, trisilylamine does not form adducts with BH
3

even at low temperature whereas trimethylamine or
triethylamine does so readily. Due to the same
reason, N(SiH
3
)
3
acts as a much weaker ligand
compared to N(CH
3
)
3
and N(C
2
H
5
)
3
.

1. A solution comprising 0.1 mol of naphthalene and
0.9 mol of benzene is cooled until some solid
benzene freezes out. The solution is then decanted off
from the solid, and warmed to 353 K, where its
vapour pressure is found to be 670 Torr. The freezing
and normal boiling points of benzene are 278.5 K and
353 K, respectively, and its enthalpy of fusion is
10.67 kJ mol
1
. Calculate the temperature to which
the solution was cooled originally and the amount of
benzene that must have frozen out. Assume
conditions of ideal solution.
Sol. The given data are :
n
1
= 0.9 mol, n
2
= 0.1 mol,

*
f
T = 278.5 K,
*
b
T = 353 K,
p* = 760 Torr, p = 670 Torr,

fus
H
1,.m
= 10.67 kJ mol
1

From the relative lowering of vapour pressure,
we obtain the amount fraction of the solute (i.e.
naphthalene).
x
2
=
* p
p * p
=
Torr 760
Torr 670 Torr 760
= 0.1185
Since x
2
= n
2
/(n
1
+ n
2
), we get
n
1
+ n
2
=
2
2
x
n
=
0.1185
mol 1 . 0
= 0.844 mol
Since n
2
= 0.1 mol, we get
n
1
= 0.844 mol n
2

= 0.844 mol 0.1 mol = 0.744 mol
Hence, the amount of benzene frozen out
0.9 mol 0.744 mol = 0.156 mol
The freezing point depression constant of benzene is
K
f
=
m , 1 fus
2 *
f 1
H
RT M

=
) mol J 10670 (
) K 5 . 278 )( mol K J 314 . 8 )( mol kg 078 . 0 (
1
2 1 1 1

= 4.714 K kg mol
1

Molality of the solution is
m =
1
2
m
n
=
1 1
2
M n
n

=
) mol kg 078 . 0 ( ) mol 744 . 0 (
) mol 1 . 0 (
1
= 1.723 mol kg
1

Finally T
f
= K
f
m
= (4.714 K kg mol
1
)(1.723 mol kg
1
) = 8.12 K

2. At 353 K, the vapour pressures of pure ethylene
bromide and propylene bromide are 22.93 and
16.93 kN m
2
, respectively, and these compounds
form a nearly ideal solution. 3 mol of ethylene
bromide and 2 mol of propylene bromide are
equilibrated at 353 K and a total pressure of 20.4 kN
m
2
(a) What is the composition of the liquid phase?
(b) What amount of each compound is present in the
vapour phase ?
Sol. The given data are

*
A
p =
*
bromide
ethylene
p = 22.93 kN m
2

*
B
p =
*
bromide
propylene
p = 16.93 kN m
2

n
A
= 3 mol n
B
= 2 mol p = 20.4 kN m
2

(a) We have
p = p
A
+ p
B
= x
A
*
A
p + x
B
*
B
p =
*
B
p + (
*
A
p
*
B
p )x
A

Therefore
x
A
=
*
B
*
A
*
B
p p
p p

Substituting the given data, we have
x
A
=
2 2
2 2
kNm 93 . 16 kNm 93 . 22
kNm 93 . 16 kNm 4 . 20

= 0.578
x
B
= 1 0.578 = 0.422
(b) Now
y
A
=
p
p
A
=
p
p x
*
A A

=
2
2
m kN 4 . 20
kNm 93 . 22 578 . 0
= 0.6497
Let n
A
and n
B
be the amounts of vaporized ethylene
bromide and propylene bromide, respectively, when
p = 20.4 kN m
2
. Hence we have
y
A
=
B A
A
n n
n
+
= 0.6497
x
A
=
) n mol 2 ( ) n mol 3 (
n mol 3
B A
A
+

=
) n n ( mol 5
n mol 3
B A
A
+

=
6497 . 0 / n mol 5
n mol 3
A
A

= 0.578
or (3 mol n
A
) = 0.578 |
.
|
\
|

6497 . 0
n
mol 5
A

Therefore
n
A
=
6497 . 0 / 578 . 0 1
mol 5 578 . 0 mol 3

= 0.9967 mol
UNDERSTANDING
Physical Chemistry

Since
B A
A
n n
n
+
= 0.6497, we therefore, have
n
B
=
6497 . 0
n
A
n
A

= n
A |
.
|
\
|
1
6497 . 0
1
=
) 6497 . 0 (
) 3503 . 0 )( mol 9967 . 0 (

= 0.5374 mol

3. For the following cell
Pb |PbCl
2
(s)| PbCl
2
(soln.)|AgCl(s)| Ag
the potential at 298 K is 0.490 V and the variation of
emf with temperature is given by
E = a (1.86 10
4
V K
1
)(T 25 K)
Write the equation for the cell reaction and calculate
G, H and S for the reaction at 298 K.
Sol. For the given cell, we have
Electrode Reduction reaction
Right 2AgCl(s) + 2e
= 2Ag(s) + 2Cl
(aq) ..(1)
Left PbCl
2
(s) + 2e
= Pb(s) + 2Cl
(aq) ...(2)
Subtracting Eq. (2) from Eq. (1), we get
2AgCl(s) + Pb(s) = 2Ag(s) + PbCl
2
(s)
Now since E = a (1.86 10
4
V K
1
)(T 25 K),
therefore

p
T
E
|
.
|
\
|
= 1.86 10
4
V K
1

Hence G = nFE = 2(96500 C mol
1
) (0.490 V)
= 94570 J mol
1

H = nF
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
p
T
E
T E
= 2(96500 C mol
1
) [(0.490 V)
(298 K) (1.86 10
4
V K
1
)]
= 105267.6 J mol
1

S = nF
p
T
E
|
.
|
\
|
= 2(96500 C mol
1
)(1.86 10
4
V K
1
)
= 35.9 J K
1
mol
1

4. A container whose volume is V contains an
equilibrium mixture that consists of 2 mol each of
PCl
5
, PCl
3
and Cl
2
(all as gases). The pressure is 3
bar and temperature is T. A certain amount of Cl
2
(g)
is now introduced, keeping the pressure and
temperature constant, until the equilibrium volume is
2V. Calculate the amount of Cl
2
that was added and
the value of
0
p
K .
Sol. At equilibrium, we have

mol 2
5
PCl

mol 2
3
PCl +
mol 2
2
Cl
Total amount = 6 mol
Thus
K
p
=
) p / pPCl (
) p / pCl )( p / pPCl (
5
2 3
=
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
p / p
6
2
p / p
6
2
2

Substituting p = 3 bar, we get

0
p
K = 1
Let x be the amount of PCl
3
that combines when the
amount y of chlorine is added keeping p and T
constant. Thus, the amounts of PCl
3
, Cl
2
and PCl
5

become
n(PCl
3
) = 2 mol x
n(Cl
2
) = y + 2 mol x
n(PCl
5
= 2 mol + x
Since the final volume after the addition of Cl
2
is
twice the initial volume, it follows that the total
amount of gases in 2V is 2 6 mol = 12 mol. Since
n(PCl
3
) + n(PCl
5
) is 4 mol, the total amount of
chlorine is 8 mol.
Total amount = y + 6 mol x = 12 mol
Their partial pressures are

3
PCl
p =
mol 12
x mol 2
p =
mol 12
x mol 2
3 bar

2
Cl
p =
mol 12
mol 8
p =
mol 12
mol 8
3 bar = 2 bar

5
PCl
p =
mol 12
x mol 2 +
p =
mol 12
x mol 2 +
3 bar
Substituting these in the expression

K
p
=
) p / pPCl (
) p / pCl )( p / pPCl (
5
2 3
(where p = 1 bar)
we get
K
p
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|

mol 4
x mol 2
) 2 (
mol 4
x mol 2
=
) x mol 2 (
) 2 )( x mol 2 (
+
= 1
(as
K
p
= 1)
or 4 2 (x/ mol) = 2 + (x/mol)
or 3(x/mol) = 2 x/mol = 2/3 = 0.67
Therefore, the amount of Cl
2
added
y = 6 mol + x = 6.67 mol

5. Calculate the resonance energy of benzene compared
with one Kekule structure. Given the following data

f
H(methane, g) = 74.85 kJ mol
1

f
H(ethane, g) = 84.68 kJ mol
1

f
H(ethylene, g) = 52.3 kJ mol
1

f
H(benzene, g) = 82.93 kJ mol
1

Enthalpy of sublimation of carbon (graphite)
= 718.39 kJ mol
1

Dissociation enthalpy of H
2
= 435.89 kJ mol
1

Sol. In order to calculate the resonance energy of benzene,
we need to compute
f
H from the bond enthalpy
data. For this, we need C C, C = C and C H bond
enthalpies. These can be calculated as follows :
(i) Bond enthalpy of C H from
f
H(methane) : We
have
CH
4
(g) C(graphite) + 2H
2
(g);

r
H = + 74.85 kJ mol
1

C(graphite) C(g);

r
H = + 718.39 kJ mol
1

2H
2
(g) 4H(g);

r
H = 2435.89 kJ mol
1

Adding, we get,
CH
4
(g) C(g) + 4H(g)

r
H
1
= 1665.02 kJ mol
1

Now
r
H
1
= 4
C H
, therefore

CH
=
4
mol kJ 02 . 1665
1
= 416.255 kJ mol
1

(ii) Bond enthalpy of C C from
f
H(ethane) :
We have
C
2
H
6
(g) 2C(graphite) + 3H
2
(g)

r
H = 84.68 kJ mol
1

2C(graphite) 2C(g)

r
H = 2 718.39 kJ mol
1

3H
2
(g) 6H(g);
r
H = 3 435.89 kJ mol
1

Adding, we get
C
2
H
6
(g) 2C(g) + 6H(g)

r
H
2
= 2829.13 kJ mol
1

Now
r
H
2
=
CC
+ 6
CH

Thus
CC
= [2829.13 6 416.255] kJ mol
1

= 331.60 kJ mol
1

(iii) Bond enthalpy of C = C from
f
H(ethylene) :
We have
C
2
H
4
(g) 2C(graphite) + 2H
2
(g);

r
H = 52.3 kJ mol
1

2C(graphite) 2C(g)

r
H = 2 718.39 kJ mol
1

2H
2
(g) 4H(g)

r
H = 2 435.89 kJ mol
1

Adding, we get
C
2
H
4
(g) 2C(g) + 4H(g)

r
H
2
= 2256.26 kJ mol
1

Now
r
H
3
=
C=C
+ 4
CH

Therefore

C=C
= (2256.26 4 416.255) kJ mol
1

= 591.24 kJ mol
1

(iv)
f
H (benzene) from the bond enthalpy data.
We have
6C(g) + 6H(g) C
6
H
6
(g)

r
H = (3
CC
+ 3
C=C
+ 6
CH
)
= 5266.05 kJ mol
1

6C(graphite) 6C(g)

r
H = 6 718.39 kJ mol
1

3H
2
(g) 6H(g);
r
H = 3 435.89 kJ mol
1

Adding, we get
6C(graphite) + 3H
2
(g) C
6
H
6
(g)

f
H = + 315.96 kJ mol
1

(v) Resonance energy of benzene (g) :
Actual value of
f
H = 82.93 kJ mol
1

Calculated value of
f
H = 351.96 kJ mol
1

Thus, benzene become more stable by + 269.03 kJ
mol
1
. Therefore, its resonance energy is 269.03 kJ
mol
1
.

TRUE OR FALSE

1. When a concentrated solution of a solute is
diluted by adding more of solvent, the number of
moles of solute remains unchanged.
2. Acetate ion is stronger conjugated base than the
sulphate ion.
3. Mass of 60% HCl (by mass), required to
completely react with 0.2 mol of zinc is 14.6 gm.
4. Ferric hydroxide precipitate when agitated with
dilute ferric chloride solution, gives negatively
charged colloidal solution.
5. Vapour pressures of ethanol and benzene at 293K
are 43.9 mm and 74 mm respectively indicating
stronger intermolecular forces in benzene as
compared to ethanol.
6. A mixture of molten zinc and lead is a
heterogeneous system.
7. The energy required to increase the surface area
of a liquid by unit amount is called the surface
tension of liquid.
8. In aqueous solution cuprous ions dispro-
portionate into cupric ions and metallic copper.
Sol.
1. [True] The number of moles of solute remains
unchanged on dilution but molarity changes
because
Molarity (M) =
) L ( solution of Volumes
moles of . No

2. [True] Since acetic acid is a weak acid as
compared to sulphuric acid and hence the
conjugate base of a weak acid will be stronger
than that of strong acid.
3. [False] Zn + 2 HCl ZnCl
2
+ H
2

Pure HCl required = 14.6 gm
60% Cl required will be =
60
6 . 14 100
= 24.33 gm
4. [False] Positively charged sol is formed as
Fe(OH)
3
+ FeCl
3
[Fe(OH)
3
]Fe
3+
: 3 Cl

Positively charged sol
5. [False] Higher the vapour pressure, weaker are the
intermolecular forces and hence intermolecular
forces in ethanol will be stronger than those in
benzene.
6. [True]
7. [True] 2 Cu
+

Cu
2+
+ Cu
Since oxidation and reduction of Cu
+
ion takes
place simultaneously and hence it is known as
the disproportion reaction.
8. [False] Thomson through his experiment determined
the charge to mass ratio of an electron and the value
of 3/m is equal to 1.76 10
8
coulomb/gm. Hence one
gm of electrons have charge 1.76 10
8
C.
1.60 10
19
coulomb is the charge on one electron.

1. Show that the lines 4x + y 9 = 0,
x 2y + 3 = 0, 5x y 6 = 0 make equal intercepts
on any line of gradient 2.

2. ABC is a triangle with A = 90, AD is altitude.
a acts along AB such that | a | =1/AB, b acts along
AC such that | b | =
AC
1
. Prove that a + b is a
vector along AD and | a + b | =
AD
1

3. A circle passes through the origin O and cuts two
lines x + y = 0 and x y = 0 in P and Q respectively.
If the straight line PQ always passes through a fixed
point, find the locus of the centre of the circle.
4. Let f(x) = a
1
tan x+ a
2
tan
2
x
+ a
3
tan
3
x
+....+ a
n
tan
n
x
,
where a
1
, a
2
, a
3
,...a
n
R and n N. If |f(x)| |tan x|
for x
|
.
|
\
|
2
,
2
, prove that
=
n
1 i
i
i
a
1.

5. Three digit numbers are formed. What is the
probability that the middle digit is largest.

6. Prove that area of the region bounded by the curve
y = log
2
(2 x) and containing the points satisfying
the inequality
(x |x|)
2
+ (y |y|)
2
4 is

|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
27
e e
log
4
2
2
2
sq. units.

7. r
1
, r
2
, r
3
be the radii of the circles drawn on the
altitudes respectively MD, ME and MF of the
triangles respectively MBC, MCA, MAB, as
their diameters, where M be the circumcentre
of the acute angled triangle ABC. Prove that
2
1
2
r
a
+
2
2
2
r
b
+
2
3
2
r
c
144.

8. Equilateral triangles are described externally on the
sides BC, CA and AB of a given triangle ABC. Prove
using complex numbers that their centroids form an
equilateral triangle
9. Let a be a fixed real number satisfying 0 < a < ,
such that T
r
=
+

a
a
2
r u cos r 2 1
u cos r 1
du
Prove that
+ 1 r
lim T
r

,T
1
,
1 r
lim T
r
for an A.P.
10. Let a, b, c be real numbers such that the roots of the
cubic equation x
3
+ ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 are all real.
Prove that no one of these roots is greater than
(2 b 3 a
2
a)/3.

`t{xt|vt V{txzx
This section is designed to give IIT JEE aspirants a thorough grinding & exposure to variety
of possible twists and turns of problems in mathematics that would be very helpful in facing
IIT JEE. Each and every problem is well thought of in order to strengthen the concepts and
we hope that this section would prove a rich resource for practicing challenging problems and
enhancing the preparation level of IIT JEE aspirants.
By : Shailendra Maheshwari
Joint Director Academics, Career Point, Kota

Sol ut i ons wil l be publ i shed i n next issue
7
Set
Prefix Symbol Powers of 10
deci d 10
1
centi c 10
2
milli m 10
3
micro 10
6
nano n 10
9
pico p 10
12
femto f 10
15
atto a 10
18
zepto z 10
21
yocto y 10
24
deca da 10
1
hecto h 10
2
kilo k 10
3
mega (or million) M 10
6
giga (or billion) G 10
9
tera (or trillion) T 10
12
peta P 10
15
exa E 10
18
zetta Z 10
21
Yotta Y 10
24
Sub multiplies
Multiples
P R E F I XE S


1. Utilize the formula : If a
1
+ a
2
+ ....... + a
n
= k
(constant), then a
1
a
2
..... a
n
has the greatest value
when a
1
= a
2
= ...... = a
n
=
n
k
, where a
1
, a
2
, ......, a
n
are
all positive.
(Using the concept of A.M. G.M.)
Let E = (a x) (b y) (c z) (ax + by + cz)
Then abc E = (a
2
ax)(b
2
by)(c
2
cz)(ax + by + cz)
Now we have
(a
2
ax) + (b
2
by) + (c
2
cz) + (ax + by + cz) =
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
(constant)
a
2
ax = b
2
by = c
2
cz = ax + by + cz
=
4
c b a
2 2 2
+ +

the greatest value of abc E =
abc 256
) c b a (
4 2 2 2
+ +

2. xf(x) + f(x) = g(x) ...(1)
xf(x) = g(x) f(x) < 0; because f(x) < 0 & x > 0
So g(x) < f(x)
x g(x) < x f(x); as x > 0 ...(2)
Now from (1)
dx
d
(xf(x)) = g(x)
so xf(x) = dx ) x ( g
x
0
use it is (2)
xg(x) < dx ) x ( g
x
0
; for x > 0

3. Let the eq
n
of chord be
x + y = p ...(1)

O
(p, 0)
135
32

In the limiting condition the line (1) will touch the
circle , Therefore p = 8,
so as required |p| < 8

4. Let OC =
c
|a|
2
= |b|
2
= |c|
2

since
AC
AB
=
1
2
So,
|
.
|
\
|

2
| a |
| a |
=
1
2

O
C A
2:1
B
b
a

where AOB =
= 2 = /3
Hence b . a = |a|
2
cos
3
=
2
1
|a|
2

c . b = |b|
2
cos
6
=
2
3
|b|
2
=
2
3
|a|
2
& c . a = 0
Let

+ = b y a x c
So c . a = x|a|
2
+ y b . a |
.
|
\
|
+
2
y
x |a|
2
= 0
x =
2
y

and c . b = x b . a + y|b|
2

2
3
|a|
2
=
2
1
|a|
2
x + y|b|
2

So, x + 2y = 3
& x =
2
y

MATHEMATICAL CHALLENGES

SOLUTION FOR OCTOBER ISSUE (SET # 6)
So, x =
2
y
+ 2y = 3

2
y 3
= 3 y =
3
2

Hence x =
2
y
=
3
1

So
c =
b
3
2
3
a

5. Sum will be odd if 1 out of 4 chosen numbers is odd
and others are even or 1 is even & others are odd.
P(O) =
4
20
3
10
1
10
C
C . C 2
=
323
160

P(E) = 1
323
160
=
323
163

Hence P(E) > P(O)

6. Let the point be P (x, y)
so, 3x + 2y + 10 = 0 ...(1)
since |PA PB| is maximum
hence P, A, B must be colinear

1 2 4
1 4 2
1 y x
= 0
x y + 6 = 0 ....(2)
from (1) & (2)
x = 22 & y = 28
So, point P is (22, 28)

7. Let the point A be (x
1
, y
1
) and the circle be
x
2
+ y
2
= a
2

P
1
P
2

Q
1
Q
2
A

Line AP
1
is
cos
x x
1
=
sin
y y
1
= r
Solve it with circle.
(x
1
+ r cos )
2
+ (y
1
+ r sin )
2
= a
2

x
1
2
+ y
1
2
+ 2rx
1
cos + 2ry
1
sin + r
2
= a
2

so r
2
+ (2x
1
cos + 2y
1
sin )r + x
1
2
+ y
1
2
a
2
= 0
r
1
. r
2
= x
1
2
+ y
1
2
a
2
= ( )
2
1
S
so, AP
1
. AQ
1
= ( )
2
1
S since
P
1
A . Q
1
A is independent on n, hence
AP
1
. AQ
1
= AP
2
. AQ
2
= ........ = AP
n
. AQ
n

8. (AB)
T
= (BA)
T
B
T
A
T
= A
T
B
T

so B
T
A
T
A = A
T
B
T
A
B
T
= A
T
B
T
A (as AA
T
= 1)
AB
T
= AA
T
B
T
A
AB
T
= B
T
A (again as AA
T
= 1) Hence proved.

9. iz =
a 1
c bi
+

1 iz
1 iz
+
=
a 1 c bi
a 1 c bi

+ +
=
) ib a ( ) 1 c (
) c 1 ( a bi
+
+ +
...(i)
Now as given
(a + ib) (a ib) = 1 c
2
= (1 c) (1 + c)

1 iz
1 iz
+
+
=
ib a
c 1
) 1 c (
c 1
) b a (
a bi
2
2 2
+
+ +
+
+
+ +

=
] c 1 ib a [ ) 1 c (
] ib a ) c 1 [( ) ib a (
2
2
+ + +
+ + +

=
2
1 c
ib a
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
.
1 iz
iz 1
+
(using (1))

iz 1
1 iz
+
=
1 c
ib a
+
+
(Hence proved)

10. Let n(n
2
1) = (n 1) n (n + 1)
Since n is odd so (n 1) (n + 1) is the product of two
consecutive even numbers, so it is divisible by 8.
Since (n 1) n (n + 1) is the product of 3 consecutive
integers so it is divisible by 3 also Hence n(n
2
1) is
divisible by 24.


1. Let a variable chord from (1, 0) point to the circle
(x 2)
2
+ y
2
= 1, makes a intercept of length 'l' on the
circle and length of perpendicular from centre of the
circle to chord is 'p'. find the range of '' such that
l
2
+ 3 p
2
+ 5 = 0.
Sol. We have OB
2
= OD
2
+ BD
2

(1, 0) 0
A
D
B
p

1 = p
2
+
4
2
l
p
2
=
4
4
2
l

we have been given, l
2
+ 3p
2
+ 5 = 0
l
2
+
4
3

|
|
.
|
\
|

4
4
2
l
+ 5 = 0
l
2
=
4 3
20 12

+

clearly 0 l
2
< 4
0
) 3 / 4 (
) 3 / 5 ( 4

+
< 4
( , 5/3) [as can not be + ve]

2. Find all possible negative real values of 'a' such that

0
a
t t 2
) 9 . 2 9 ( dt 0
Sol. Here,
0
a
t t 2
) 9 . 2 9 ( dt 0

0
a
t t 2
9 log
9 . 2
9 log 2
9
|
|
.
|
\
|

0
( )
0
a
t t 2
) 49 ( 9

+ 0
9
2a
4.9
a
+ 3 0
t
2
4t + 3 0
where t = 9
a
and t (1, )
(t 1) (t 3) 0
t 1 or t 3
t 3 is possible as t > 1
9
a
3 a
2
1

3. Let f(x) be a function which satisfy the equation
f(xy) = f(x) + f(y) for all x > 0, y > 0 such that
f (1) = 2. Find the area of region bounded by the
curves y = f(x), y = |x
3
6x
2
+ 11x 6| and x = 0
Sol. Take x = y = 1 f(1) = 0
Now f |
.
|
\
|
x
1
. x = f(x) + f |
.
|
\
|
x
1

f |
.
|
\
|
x
1
= f(x)
f
|
|
.
|
\
|
y
x
= f(x) + f
|
|
.
|
\
|
y
1
= f(x) f(y)
f (x) =
h
) x ( f ) h x ( f
lim
0 h
+

= |
.
|
\
| +
h
h x
f
h
1
lim
0 h
=
x .
x
h
) 1 ( f
x
h
1 f
lim
0 h
|
.
|
\
|
+

=
x
) 1 ( f
=
x
2

f(x) = 2 log |x| + c c = 0
{when x = 1; as f(1) = 0}
f(x) = 2logx
Required area
=
+
1
0
2 3
dx ) 6 x 11 x 6 x ( + dy e
0
2 / y

=
4
7
sq units

4. If the equation az
2
+ z + 1 = 0 has a purely imaginary
root where a = cos + i sin , i = 1 . Then find
the interval in which the function, f(x) = x
3
3x
2
+
3(1 + cos )x + 5 is increasing.
Sol. We have, az
2
+ z + 1 = 0 ...(i)
az
2
+ z + 1 = 0 {Taking conjugate on both sides}
a z
2
+ z + 1 = 0 ...(ii)
Eliminating z from eq. (i) and (ii) by cross
multiplication rule,
( a a)
2
+ 2(a + a ) = 0
Experts Solution for Question asked by IIT-JEE Aspirants
Students' Forum
MATHS


2
2
a a
|
.
|
\
|
+
2
2
a a
|
.
|
\
| +
= 0

2
i 2
a a
|
.
|
\
|
+
2
2
a a
|
.
|
\
| +
= 0
sin
2
+ cos = 0
cos = sin
2
...(iii)
Now, f(x) = x
3
3x
2
+ 3(1 + cos )x + 5
f (x) = 3x
2
6x + 3 (1 + cos )
Discriminate (D)
= 36 36(1 + cos ) = 36 cos
= 36 sin
2
< 0
f(x) is increasing x R

5. Let a
1
, a
2
, ......, a
n
be real constant, x be a real variable
and f(x) = cos(a
1
+ x) +
2
1
cos(a
2
+ x) +
4
1
cos(a
3
+ x)
+...... +
1 n
2
1
cos(a
n
+ x). Given that f(x
1
) = f(x
2
) = 0,
prove that (x
2
x
1
) = m for integer m.
Sol. f(x) may be written as,
f(x) =
=

n
1 k
1 k
2
1
cos(a
k
+ x)
=
=

n
1 k
1 k
2
1
{cosa
k
. cos x sin a
k
. sin x}
= cos x .
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

n
1 k
1 k
k
2
a cos
sin x
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

n
1 k
1 k
k
2
a sin

= A cos x B sin x, where A =
=

n
1 k
1 k
k
2
a cos
and
B =
=

n
1 k
1 k
k
2
a sin

since f(x
1
) = f(x
2
) = 0
A cos x
1
B sin x
1
= 0
and A cos x
2
B sin x
2
= 0
tan x
1
=
B
A

tan x
2
=
B
A

tan x
1
= tan x
2

(x
2
x
1
) = m

6. Let a
0
, a
1
, .... a
n 1
be real numbers where n 1 and
het f(x) = x
n
+ a
n

1
x
n 1
+ ..... + a
0
be such that :
|f(0)| = f(1) and each root of f(x) = 0 is real and lies
between 0 and 1. Prove that the product of the roots
does not exceed
n
2
1
.
Sol. Let, f(x) = (x
1
) (x

2
) ..... (x
n
)
where
1
,
2
........,
n
are the roots of f(x) = 0
since |f(0)| = f(1)

1
.
2
......
n
= (1
1
) (1
2
) ...... (1
n
)
(
1
.
2
.......
n
)
2

1
(1
1
)
2
(1
2
) ......
n
(1
n
)
(
i
)
2
= II
i
(1
i
) . {i = 1, 2, ..... n}
Now, (
i
)
2
=
i
(1
i
)
2
i
2
) 1 (
)
`
+

=
n 2
2
1

Since GM AM
(
i
)
n
2
1

INTERESTING SCIENCE FACTS

The speed of light is 186,000 miles per second.
It takes 8 minutes 17 seconds for light to travel
from the Suns surface to the Earth.
In October 1999 the 6 billionth person was
born.
10 percent of all human beings ever born are
alive at this very moment.
The Earth spins at 1,000 mph but it travels
through space at an incredible 67,000 mph.
Every year over one million earthquakes shake
the Earth.
The largest ever hailstone weighed over 1 kg and
fell in Bangladesh in 1986.
Every second around 100 lightning bolts strike
the Earth.
Every year lightning kills 1000 people.
In October 1999 an Iceberg the size of London
broke free from the Antarctic ice shelf.
If you could drive your car straight up you would
arrive in space in just over an hour.
All the hydrogen atoms in our bodies were
created 12 billion years ago in the Big Bang.
The Earth is 4.56 billion years oldthe same age
as the Moon and the Sun.
Alfred Nobel invented dynamite in 1866.


Differentiation and Applications of Derivatives :
If y = f(x), then
1.
dx
dy
=
h
) x ( f ) h x ( f
lim
0 h
+

2.
a x
dx
dy
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
a x
) a ( f ) x ( f
lim
a x

3.
a x
dx
dy
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
h
) a ( f ) h a ( f
lim
h x
+

If u = f(x), v = (x), then
1.
dx
d
(k) = 0
2.
dx
d
(ku) = k
dx
du

3.
dx
d
(u v) =
dx
du

dx
dv

4.
dx
d
(uv) = u
dx
dv
+ v
dx
du

5. |
.
|
\
|
v
u
dx
du
=
2
v
dx
dv
u
dx
du
v

6. If x = f(t), y = (t), then
dx
dy
=
dt
dx
dt
dy

7. If y = f[(x)], then
dx
dy
= f[(x)].
dx
d
[(x)]
8. If w = f(y), then
dx
dw
= f(y)
dx
dy

9. If y = f(x), z = (x), then
dz
dy
=
dx
dy
.
dz
dx

10.
dx
dy
.
dy
dx
= 1 or
dx
dy
=
dy / dx
1

1.
dx
d
(k) = 0
2.
n
x
dx
d
= nx
n1

3.
dx
d
n
x
1
=
1 n
x
n
+

4.
dx
d
x =
x 2
1

5.
dx
d
e
x
= e
x

6.
dx
d
a
x
= a
x
log a
7.
dx
d
log x =
x
1

8.
dx
d
log
a
x =
x
1
log
a
e
9.
dx
d
sin x = cos x
10.
dx
d
cos x = sin x
11.
dx
d
tan x = sec
2
x
12.
dx
d
cot x = cosec
2
x
13.
dx
d
sec x = sec x tan x
14.
dx
d
cosec x = cosec x cot x
15.
dx
d
sin
1
x =
2
x 1
1

16.
dx
d
cos
1
x =
2
x 1
1

17.
dx
d
tan
1
x =
2
x 1
1
+

18.
dx
d
cot
1
x =
2
x 1
1
+

19.
dx
d
sec
1
x =
1 x x
1
2

20.
dx
d
cosec
1
x =
1 x x
1
2

DIFFERENTIATION
Mathematics Fundamentals
M
A
T
H
Suitable substitutions : The functions any also be
reduced to simplar forms by the substitutions as
follows.
1. If the function involve the term ) x a (
2 2
, then
put x = a sin or x = a cos .
2. If the function involve the term ) x a (
2 2
+ , then
put x = a tan or x = a cot .
3. If the function involve the term ) a x (
2 2
, then
put x = a sec or x = a cosec .
4. If the function involve the term
x a
x a
+
, then put
x = a cos or x = a cos 2
All the above substitutions are also true, if a = 1
Differentiation by taking logarithm :
Differentiation of the functions of the following types
are obtained by taking logarithm.
1. When the functions consists of the product and
quotient of a number of functions.
2. When a function of x is raised to a power which is
itself a function of x.
For example, let y = [f(x)]
(x)

Taking logarithm of both sides, log y = (x) log f(x)
Differentiating both sides w.r.t 'x',

y
1
dx
dy
= (x) log f(x) + (x).
) x ( f
) x ( f

= [f(x)]
(x)
logf(x).(x) + (x) . [f(x)
(x) 1
.f(x)

dx
dy
= Differential of y treading f(x) as constant +
Differential of y treating (x) as constant.
It is an important formula.
Differentiation of implicit functions :
1. If f(x, y) = 0 is a implicit function, then

dx
dy
=
y / f
x / f

=
constant x keeping y w.r.t. f of Diff.
constant y keeping x w.r.t. f of . Diff

For example, consider f(x, y) = x
2
+ 3xy + y
2
= 0,
then

dx
dy
=
y / f
x / f

=
y 2 x 3
y 3 x 2
+
+

1. If y = f(x), then

dx
dy
= y
1
= f(x),
2
2
dx
y d
= y
2
= f(x), .....

n
2
dx
y d
= y
n
= f
n
(x)
2.
n
n
dx
d
(ax + b)
n
= n ! a
n

3.
n
n
dx
d
(ax + b)
m
= m(m 1)
.... (m n + 1) a
n
(ax + b)
mn

4.
n
n
dx
d
e
mx
= m
n
e
mx

5.
n
n
dx
d
a
mx
= m
n
a
mx
(log a)
n

6.
n
n
dx
d
log(ax + b) =
n
n 1 n
) b ax (
! ) 1 n ( a ) 1 (
+

7.
n
n
dx
d
sin (ax + b) = a
n
sin |
.
|
\
|
+ +
2
n
b ax
8.
n
n
dx
d
cos (ax + b) = a
n
cos |
.
|
\
|
+ +
2
n
b ax
Leibnitz's theorem : If u and v are any two
functions of x such that their desired differential
coefficients exist, then the n
th
differential coefficient
of uv is given by
D
n
(uv) = (D
n
u)v +
n
C
1
(D
n1
u)(Dv)
+
n
C
2
(D
n2
u)(D
2
v) +...... + u(D
n
v)

Do you know

Did you know that there are 206 bones in the
adult human body and there are 300 in children
(as they grow some of the bones fuse together).
Flea's can jump 130 times higher than their own
height. In human terms this is equal to a 6ft.
person jumping 780 ft. into the air.
The most dangerous animal in the world is the
common housefly. Because of their habits of
visiting animal waste, they transmit more
diseases than any other animal.
Snakes are true carnivorous because they eat
nothing but other animals. They do not eat any
type of plant material.
The world's largest amphibian is the giant
salamander. It can grow up to 5 ft. in length.
The smallest bone in the human body is the
stapes or stirrup bone located in the middle ear.
It is approximately .11 inches (.28 cm) long.


Different standard form of the equation of a straight
line :
General form : Ax + By + C = 0
where A, B, C are any real numbers not all zero.
Gradient (Tangent) form : y = mx + c
It is the equation of a straight line which cuts off an
intercept c on y-axis and makes an angle with the
positive direction (anticlockwise) of x-axis such that
tan = m. The number m is called slope or the
gradient of this line.
Intercept form :

a
x
+
b
y
= 1
It is the equation of straight line which cuts off
intercepts a and b on the axis of x and y respectively.
Normal form (Perpendicular form) :
x cos + y sin = p
It is the equation of a straight line on which the
length of the perpendicular from the origin is p and
is the angle which , this perpendicular makes with the
positive direction of x-axis.
One point form :
y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
It is the equation of a straight line passing through a
given point (x
1
, y
1
) and having slope m.
Parametric equation :

cos
x x
1
=
sin
y y
1
= r
It is the equation of a straight line passes through a
given point A(x
1
, y
1
) and makes an angle with x-
axis.
Two points form :
y y
1
=
1 2
1 2
x x
y y
(x x
1
)
It is the equation of a straight line passing through
two given points (x
1
, y
1
) and (x
2
, y
2
), where
1 2
1 2
x x
y y

is its slope.
Point of intersection of two lines a
1
x + b
1
y + c
1
= 0
and a
2
x + b
2
y + c
2
= 0 is given by

|
|
.
|
\
|
1 2 2 1
2 1 1 2
1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1
b a b a
c a c a
,
b a b a
c b c b

Angle between two lines :
The angle between two lines whose slopes are m
1

and m
2
is given by
tan =
2 1
2 1
m m 1
m m
+

If is angle between two lines then is also the
angle between them.
The equation of any straight line parallel to a given
line ax + by + c = 0 is ax + by + k = 0.
The equation of any straight line perpendicular to a
given line, ax + by + c = 0 is bx ay + k = 0.
The equation of any straight line passing through the
point of intersection of two given lines l
1
a
1
x + b
1
y
+ c
1
= 0 and l
2
a
2
x + b
2
y + c
2
= 0 is l
1
+ l
2
= 0
where is any real number, which can be determined
by given additional condition in the question.
The length of perpendicular from a given point (x
1
,
y
1
) to a given line ax + by + c = 0 is

) b a (
c by ax
2 2
1 1
+
+ +
= p (say)
In particular, the length of perpendicular from origin
(0, 0) to the line ax + by + c = 0 is
2 2
b a
c
+

Equation of Bisectors :
The equations of the bisectors of the angles between
the lines a
1
x + b
1
y + c
1
= 0 and a
2
x + b
2
y + c
2
= 0 are

2
1
2
1
1 1 1
b a
c y b x a
+
+ +
=
2
2
2
2
2 2 2
b a
c y b x a
+
+ +

Distance between parallel lines :
Choose a convenient point on any of the lines (put x
= 0 and find the value of y or put y = 0 and find the
value of x). Now the perpendicular distance from this
point on the other line will give the required distance
between the given parallel lines.
Pair of straight lines :
The equation ax
2
+ 2hxy + by
2
= 0 represents a pair
of straight lines passing through the origin.

STRAIGHT LINE & CIRCLE
Mathematics Fundamentals
M
A
T
H
Let the lines represented by ax
2
+ 2hxy + by
2
= 0 be
y m
1
x = 0 and y m
2
x = 0, then
m
1
+ m
2
=
b
h 2
and m
1
m
2
=
b
a

General equation of second degree in x, y is
ax
2
+ 2hxy + by
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ...(i)
This equation represents two straight lines, if
= abc + 2fgh af
2
bg
2
ch
2
= 0
or
c f g
f b h
g h a
= 0
and point of intersection of these lines is given by
|
.
|
\
|
2 2
h ab
af hg
,
h ab
bg hf

The angle between the two straight lines represented
by (i) is given by
tan =
b a
ab h 2
2
+

If ax
2
+ 2hxy + by
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a
pair of parallel straight lines, then the distance
between them is given by
2
) b a ( a
ac g
2
+
or 2
) b a ( b
bc f
2
+

Circle:
Different forms of the equations of a circle :
Centre radius form : the equation of a circle whose
centre is the point (h, k) and radius 'a' is
(x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
= a
2

General equation of a circle : It is given by
x
2
+ y
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ...(i)
Equation (i) can also be written as
|x (g)|
2
+ |y (f)|
2
= | c f g
2 2
+ |
2

which is in centre-radius form, so by comparing, we
get the coordinates of centre (g, f) and radius is
c f g
2 2
+ .
Parametric Equations of a Circle :
The parametric equations of a circle
(x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
= a
2
are x = h + a cos and
y = k + a sin , where is a parameter.
Lengths of intercepts on the coordinate axes made by
the circle (i) are 2 c g
2
and 2 c f
2

Equation of the circle on the line joining the points
A(x
1
, y
1
) and B(x
2
, y
2
) as diameter is given by

|
|
.
|
\
|
1
1
x x
y y
|
|
.
|
\
|
2
2
x x
y y
= 1
If C
1
, C
2
are the centres and a
1
, a
2
are the radii of two
circles, then
(i) The circles touch each other externally, if
C
1
C
2
= a
1
+ a
2

(ii) The circles touch each other internally, if
C
1
C
2
= |a
1
a
2
|
(iii) The circles intersects at two points, if
|a
1
a
2
| < C
1
C
2
< a
1
+ a
2

(iv) The circles neither intersect nor touch each other, if
C
1
C
2
> a
1
+ a
2
or C
1
C
2
< |a
1
a
2
|
Equation of any circle through the point of
intersection of two given circles S
1
= 0 and S
2
= 0 is
given by S
1
+ S
2
= 0 ( 1) and can be
determined by an additional condition.
Equation of the tangent to the given circle
x
2
+ y
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 at any point (x
1
, y
1
) on it,
is xx
1
+ yy
1
+ g(x + x
1
) + f(y + y
1
) + c = 0
The straight line y = mx + c touches the circle x
2
+ y
2

= a
2
, if c
2
= a
2
(1 + m
2
) and the point of contact of the
tangent y = mx a
2
m 1+ , is
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
2 2
m 1
a
,
m 1
ma m

Length of tangent drawn from the point (x
1
, y
1
) to the
circle S = 0 is
1
S , where
S
1
= x
1
2
+ y
1
2
+ 2gx
1
+ 2fy
1
+ c
The equation of pair of tangents drawn from point
(x
1
, y
1
) to the circle
S = 0 i.e. x
2
+ y
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, is SS
1
= T
2
,
where T xx
1
+ yy
1
+ g(x + x
1
) + f(y + y
1
) + c and S
1
as
mentioned above.
Chord with a given Middle point :
the equation of the chord of the circle S = 0 whose
mid-point is (x
1
, y
1
) is given by T = S
1
, where T and
S
1
as defined a above.
If be the angle at which two circles of radii r
1
and r
2

intersect, then
cos =
2 1
2 2
2
2
1
r r 2
d r r +

where d is distance between their centres.
Note Two circles are said to be intersect
orthogonally if the angle between their tangents at
their point of intersection is a right angle i.e.
r
1
2
+ r
2
2
= d
2
or
2g
1
g
2
+ 2f
1
f
2
= c
1
+ c
2

Radical axis : The equation of the radical axis of the
two circle is S
1
S
2
= 0 i.e.
2x(g
1
g
2
) + 2y(f
1
f
2
) + c
1
c
2
= 0
XtraEdge for IIT-JEE NOVEMBER 2009 53
a

PHYSICS

Questions 1 to 8 are multiple choice questions. Each
question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of
which ONLY ONE is correct.

1. It require 1 mJ of work to move identical positive
charges +q from infinity so that they are separated by
a distance a. How much work is required to move
three identical positive charges +q from infinity so
that they are arranged at the vertices of an equilateral
triangle with edge length a ?
(A) 2 mJ (B) 3 mJ (C) 4 mJ (D) 9 mJ
2. Two capacitor C
1
& C
2
, charged with q
1
& q
2
are
connected in series with an uncharged capacitor C, as
shown in figure. As the switch S is closed -

C
C
1
+ q
1
q
2
+
C
1
S

(A) C gets charged in any condition
(B) C gets charged only when q
1
C
2
> q
2
C
1

(C) C gets charged only when q
1
C
2
< q
2
C
1

(D) C gets charged when q
1
C
2
q
2
C
1

3. What is the radius of the imaginary concentric sphere
that divides the electrostatic field of a metal sphere of
a radius 20 cm & a charge of 8 C in two regions of
identical energy ?
(A) 30 cm (B) 40 cm (C) 60 cm (D) 80 cm

4. Average torque on a projectile of mass m, initial
speed u and angle of projection between initial and
final positions P and Q as shown in figure about the
point of projection is -

u
Q
x
P
y

(A)
2
2 sin mu
2

(B) mu
2
cos
(C) mu
2
sin (D)
2
cos mu
2

5. Portion AB of the wedge shown in figure is rough
and BC is smooth. A solid cylinder rolls without
slipping from A to B. If AB = BC, then ratio of
translational kinetic energy to rotational kinetic
energy, when the cylinder reaches point C is -

A
B
C
D

(A) 3/5 (B) 5
(C) 7/5 (D) 8/3

IIT-JEE 2010
XtraEdge Test Series # 7
Based on New Pattern
Time : 3 Hours
Syllabus :
Physics : Full Syllabus, Chemistry : Full Syllabus, Mathematics : Full syllabus
Instructions :
Section - I
Question 1 to 8 are multiple choice questions with only one correct answer. +3 marks will be awarded for correct
answer and -1 mark for wrong answer.
Question 9 to 12 are multiple choice questions with multiple correct answer. +4 marks and -1 mark for wrong
answer.
Question 13 to 18 are passage based single correct type questions. +4 marks will be awarded for correct answer and
-1 mark for wrong answer.
Section - II
Question 19 to 20 are Column Matching type questions. +8 marks will be awarded for the complete correctly
matched answer and No Negative marks for wrong answer. However, +2 marks will be given for a correctly
marked answer in any row.
6. Two bodies of masses m
1
and m
2
are initially at rest
placed infinite distance apart. They are then allowed
to move towards each other under mutual
gravitational attraction. Their relative velocity when
they are r distance apart is -
(A)
r
) m m ( G 2
2 1
+
(B)
r ) m m (
m m G 2
2 1
2 1
+

(C)
r
) m m ( G
2 1
+
(D)
( )r m m
m m G
2 1
2 1
+

7. Which of the following statements are correct for an
X-ray tube -
(A) on increasing potential difference between filament
and target, photon flux of X-Rays increases
(B) on increasing potential difference between
filament and target, frequency of X-Ray increases
(C) on increasing filament current, cut off
wavelength increases
(D) on increasing filament current, intensity of
X-Rays decreases

8. Find the quantum number 'n' corresponding to the
exciting state of He
+
ion. If on transition to the
ground state that ion emits two photons in succession
with wavelength 1026.7 and 304 . (assume
R = 1.096 10
7
/m).
(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 2 (D) 1

which MULTIPLE (ONE OR MORE) is correct.

9. Four identical bulbs A, B, C, D are connected in a
circuit as shown in figure. Now whenever any bulb
fails, then it cannot conduct current through it. Then-

D
C
A B
Ideal
Battery

(A) Brightness of bulb C is highest
(B) If C fails, brightness of bulb D increases
(C) If C fails, brightness of all bulbs remain same
(D) If A fails, B will not glow

10. The speed v of a particle moving along a straight
line, when it is at a distance x from a fixed point on
the line is v
2
= 144 9x
2
. Select the correct
alternative(s) :
(A) The motion of the particle is SHM with time
period T =
3
2
unit
(B) The maximum displacement of the particle
from the fixed point is 4 unit
(C) The magnitude of acceleration at a distance
3 units from the fixed point is 27 unit
(D) The motion of the particle is periodic but not
simple harmonic

11. An electron orbiting in a circular orbit around the
nucleus of an atom:
(A) has a magnetic dipole moment
(B) exerts an electric force on the nucleus equal to
that on it by the nucleus
(C) does produces a magnetic induction at the
nucleus
(D) has a net energy inversely proportional to its
distance from the nucleus

12. A uniform rod AB of length l is free to rotate about a
horizontal axis passing through A. The rod is
released from rest from horizontal position. If the rod
gets broken at mid-point when it becomes vertical
then just after breaking of rod -

A
B

(A) angular velocity of upper part starts to decrease
while that of lower part remains constant
(B) angular velocity of upper part starts to decrease
which that of lower part starts to increase
(C) angular velocity of both the parts is identical
(D) angular velocity of lower parts becomes zero

This section contains 2 paragraphs; each has
3 multiple choice questions. (Questions 13 to 18) Each
question has 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which
ONLY ONE is correct.

Passage : I (No. 13 to 15)
One particle of mass 1 kg is moving along x-axis
with velocity 3 m/s and another particle of mass
2 kg is moving along y-axis with 6 m/s. At t = 0, 1 kg
mass is at (3m, 0) and 2 kg at (0, 9m). Here
x y plane is horizontal plane -
13. The centre of mass of two particle is moving in a
straight line (at t = 0)
(A) y = x + 2 (B) y = 4x + 2
(C) y = 2x 4 (D) y = 2x + 4

14. If both particle have same value of coefficient of
friction = 0.2. The centre of mass will stop after
time -
(A) 1.5 sec (B) 4.5 sec
(C) 3 sec (D) 2 sec

15. The coordinates of centre of mass when it will stop -
(A) (2m, 14.25 m) (B) (2.25 m, 10m)
(C) (3.75 m, 9m) (D) (1.75 m, 12 m)
Passage : II (No. 16 to 18)

A particle with charge +7.60 nC is in a uniform
electric field directed to the left. Another force, in
addition to the electric force, acts on the particle so
that when it is released from rest, it moves to the
right. After it has moved 8.00 cm, the additional
force has done 6.50 10
5
J of work and the particle
has 4.35 10
5
J of kinetic energy.

16. What work was done by the electric force ?
(A) + 2.15 10
5
J (B) 2.15 10
5
J
(C) 4.30 10
5
J (D) + 4.30 10
5

J

17. What is the potential of the starting point with respect
to the end point ?
(A) + 2.83 kV (B) + 5.66 kV
(C) 2.83 kV (D) 5.66 kV

18. What is the magnitude of the electric field ?
(A) 3.54 10
2
V/m (B) 3.54 10
4
V/m
(C) 3.54 10
6
V/m (D) 3.54 10
3
V/m

This section contains 2 questions (Questions 19 to 20).
Each question contains statements given in two
columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B,
C, D) in Column I have to be matched with statements
(P, Q, R, S, T) in Column II. The answers to these
questions have to be appropriately bubbled as
illustrated in the following example. If the correct
matches are A-P, A-S, A-T, B-Q, B-R, C-P, C-Q and
D-S, D-T then the correctly bubbled 4 5 matrix
should be as follows :

A
B
C
D
P
P
P
P
Q
Q
Q
Q
R
R
R
R
S
S
S
S
T
T
T
T
P Q R S T

19. Column-I Column-II
(A) Alpha Decay (P) Monoenergetic particles
(B) Beta Decay (Q) Poly energetic
particles are emitted
(C) Positron emission (R) Angular momentum
is conserved
(D) Electron capture (S) Can take place inside
and outside nucleus
(T) none

20. A small body of mass m = 2 kg is thrown with speed
u from point A along a smooth circular track as
shown. The body after moving through the points B,
C and D comes back at hits point A. Length AB is x.
When x = 3R then u = v
0
and normal reaction at
point C is N
1
. The minimum value of x = x
0
and in
this case normal reaction at point C is N
2
then,
[if R = 1 m and data in column II are rounded off and
g = 10 m/s
2
]

A
x
B
R= 1m
u
C
O
D

Column-I Column-II [In SI units]
(A) v
0
(P) 85
(B) x
0
(Q) 8
(C) N
1
(R) 2
(D) N
2
(S) 60
(T) none

CHEMISTRY


1. Which of the following is correct order of the
reactivity towards electrophillic substitution ?

CNHCH
2
CH
3
O

(i)
NHCCH
2
CH
3
O
(ii)

NHCH
2
CCH
3
O
(iii)
CH
2
NHCCH
3
O
(iv)

(A) i > ii > iii > iv (B) iii > ii > iv > i
(C) iii > iv > ii > i (D) None

2. Decomposition of A follows first order kinetics by
the following equation.
4A(g) B(g) + 2C(g)
If initially, total pressure was 800 mm of Hg and after
10 minutes it is found to be 650 mm of Hg. What is
half-life of A? (Assume only A is present initially)
(A) 10 minutes (B) 5 minutes
(C) 7.5 minutes (D) 15 minutes

3. An electron has velocity x ms
1
. For a proton to have
the same de-Broglie wavelength, the velocity will be
approximately
(A)
x
1840
(B)
1840
x
(C) 1840x (D) x

4. Select the most ionic and most covalent compounds
respectively from the following.
CrO
5
, Mn
2
O
7
, PbO, P
4
O
10
, SnO
2

(A)CrO
5
, Mn
2
O
7
(B) PbO, Mn
2
O
7

(C)CrO
5
, P
4
O
10
(D) SnO
2
,CrO
5

5. 2 gm of complex [Cr(H
2
O)
5
Cl]Cl
2
.H
2
O was passed
through a cation exchanger to produce HCl. The acid
liberated was diluted to 0.5 litre. The normality of
acid solution will be :
[Molar mass of complex = 266.5]
(A)
5 . 266
1
(B)
5 . 266
2
(C)
5 . 266
8
(D)
5 . 266
4

6. To effect the conversion

O
O
CH(CH
2
)
4
COCH
3

O
O
CH(CH
2
)
5
CH
3

Which of the following reagents is best suitable ?
(A) Zn-Hg, concentrated HCl
(B) LiAlH
4

(C) NH
2
NH
2
,KOH,DMSO
(D) NaBH
4

7. There are two isomeric carboxylic acids 'A' and 'B'
C
9
H
8
O
2
. reacts with H
2
/Pd giving compounds,
C
9
H
10
O
2
. 'A' gives a resolvable product and 'B' gives
a non-resolvable product. Both isomers could by
oxidised to PhCOOH.
The correct structures of 'A' and 'B' are,
respectively
(A)

CH
2
=CH
COOH ;

CH=CHCOOH
(B)
COOH
CH
2
=C
;

CH=CHCOOH

(C)

CH=CHCOOH
;

CH
2
=CH
COOH

(D)

CH=CHCOOH
;

COOH
C=CH
2

8. Identify product D in the following reaction
sequence:
H
3
C
3
3
CH
|
C
|
CH
CH
2
CH
2
OH
Heat , O H
H , O Cr K
2
7 2 2

+
A
2
SOCl
B

NH ) CH (
2 3
C
O H . II
ether , LiAlH . I
2
4
D
(A) H
3
C
3
3
CH
|
C
|
CH
CH
2
C N
(B) H
3
C
3
3
CH
|
C
|
CH
CH
2 2 3
2 3
) CH ( CHN
|
) CH ( N

(C) H
3
C
3
3
CH
|
C
|
CH
CH
2
C
||
O
N(CH
3
)
2
(D) H
3
C
3
3
CH
|
C
|
CH
CH
2
CH
2
N(CH
3
)
2


9. Consider the following vapour pressure composition
graph. Hence

P
S
P
A
P
B
X

Y

Z

S

1.0
v
a
p
o
u
r

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

v
a
p
o
u
r

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

0.0

B
P
A
P

(A) vapour pressure of A = SZ
(B) vapour pressure of B = ZY
(C) vapour pressure of B = SY
(D) vapour pressure of solution at X = SZ + SY

10. At high temperature the compound S
4
N
4
decomposes
completely into N
2
and sulphur vapour. If all
measurement are made under same T and P, it is
found that for each volume of S
4
N
4
decomposed, 2.5
volume of gaseous products are formed. Which
statements are true-
(A) Molecular formula of sulphur is S
8

(B) Volume of N
2
obtained is 2 times that of volume
of S
4
N
4
taken
(C) Volume of sulphur obtained is equal to the
volume of N
2
obtained
(D) Volume of sulphur obtained is half of the volume
of S
4
N
4
consumed

11. A 100 ml mixture of CO and CO
2
is passed through
tube containing red hot charcoal. The volume now
becomes 160 ml. The volumes are measured under the
same condition of temperature and pressure. Amongst
the following, select the correct statements-
(A) Mole percent of CO
2
in the mixture is 60
(B) Mole fraction of CO in the mixture is 0.40
(C) The mixture contains 40 ml of CO
2
(D) The mixture contains 40 ml of CO

12. The major product of reaction

2
Br
is -
(A)
Br
Br

(B)
Br
Br

(C)
Br Br

(D) None of these


C
(Resolvable)
HBr,Peroxide
A(C
6
H
11
Br)
Decolourise Br
2
water and connot
be resolved

alc. KOH
a single possible
product
E
HBr,R
2
O
2

(Excess)
G
Resolvable
F
non-
resolvable
(Non-resolvable)
HBr
B
Zn,Heat
D(C
6
H
12
)
O
3
;Zn,H
2
O
O
||
CH
3
CCH
3

13. Organic compound 'A' is

(A)
CH
2
Br
(B)
Br

(C)
CH
2
Br
(D)
Br

14. The resolvable organic compound 'C' is
(A)
CH
2
Br
Br
(B)

Br
Br

(C)

Br
Br
(D)

Br
Br

15. The resolvable organic compound, G is
(A)

CH
3

CH
3

CH
3
Br
Br
CH
3

(B)

Br
CH
2
CH
3

Br
H
H
CH
2
CH
3

(C)

H
CH
2
Br
H
CH
3

CH
3

CH
2
Br
(D)

Br
CH
3

Br
H
H
CH
CH
3
CH
3

Aluminium react metallic oxide to release high
amount of energy so it is used in metallurgy process
named Aluminothermite process. Reduction of Cr
2
O
3

by Aluminium can be given by following reaction.
2Al + Cr
2
O
3
Al
2
O
3
+ 2Cr
If 5 kg aluminium and 20 kg Cr
2
O
3
react with each
other to form aluminium oxide then give answer
following questions.

16. How much metallic chromium can be made -
(A) 9.6 kg Cr (B) 9.6 g Cr
(C) 0.96 kg Cr (D) None of these

17. Which reagent is limiting reagent -
(A) Al (B) Cr
2
O
3

(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of these

18. How much excess reagent remains -
(A) 0.59 g Al (B) 5.9 kg Cr
2
O
3

(C) 0.59 g Cr
2
O
3
(D) None of these


A
B
C
D
P
P
P
P
Q
Q
Q
Q
R
R
R
R
S
S
S
S
T
T
T
T
P Q R S T

Molecules Bond Angle
(A) PH
3
(P) 90 or = 90
(B) H
2
O (Q) 100 < B.A. < 10928'
(C) PF
5
(R) 120
(D) IF
7
(S) 72

(T) 180
20. Column-I
(A) 2A + B C + 3D Rate = k
(B) 2A + 2B C + D Rate = k C
A

(C) A + 2B 3C + 4D Rate = k C
A
C
B

(D) 2A + 2B 3C + 3D Rate =
A 2
A 1
C k 1
C k
+

Column-II
(P) Unit of rate constant possesses
concentration unit
(Q) Rate constant for the reaction of both the
reactants are equal
(R) Rate of consumption of at least one of the
reactant is equal to rate of production of
atleast one of the products
(S) If both reactants are taken in stoichiometric
ratio, half life for both reactants are equal
(T) Both rate constant and order are not defined

MATHEMATICS


1. If coefficients of x
20
in (1 x + x
2
)
20
and in
(1 + x x
2
)
20
are respectively a and b, then -
(A) a = b (B) a > b
(C) a < b (D) a + b = 0

2. If A(, ) =
(
(
(
e 0 0
0 cos sin
0 sin cos
, then A(, )
1
is
equal to -
(A) A(, ) (B) A(, )
(C) A(, ) (D) A(, )

3. If f(x) is a polynomial satisfying f(x).f(1/x) = f(x) +
f(1/x), and f(3) = 28, then f(4) is given by -
(A) 63 (B) 65 (C) 67 (D) 68

4. Given the function f(x) = 1/(1x), the number points
of discontinuity of the composite function y = f
3n
(x),
where f
n
(x) = fof ... of (n times) are (n N) -
(A) 0, 1 (B) 2n (C) 3n (D) 2n + 1

5. The tangent to the curve x = a 2 cos cos ,
y = a 2 cos sin at the point corresponding to
= /6 is -
(A) parallel to the x-axis
(B) parallel to the y-axis
(C) parallel to line y = x
(D) none of these
6. Let f(x) =
=
<
0 x for
2 | x | 0 for
1
| x |
, then at x = 0, f has -
(A) a local maximum (B) no local maximum
(C) a local minimum (D) no extremum

7. If I =
+
dx
x tan b a
x tan
2
(a > b), then I equals -
(A)
a b
1
sin
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
a b
x tan b a
2
+ C
(B)
a b
1
cos
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
a b
x tan b a
2
+ C
(C)
a b
1
tan
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
a b
x tan b a
2
+ C
(D)
a b
1
tan
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
+

x tan b a
a b
2
+ C

8. If I =
+

4 /
0
4 2
d
cos sin
2 sin
, then I equals -
(A) /2 (B) / 3 (C) /2 3 (D) /3 3


9. Suppose (x + iy)
1/ 5
= a + ib and u =
a
x
b
y
, then -
(A) a b is a factor of u (B) a + b is a factor of u
(C) a + ib is a factor of u (D) a ib is a factor of u

10. Consider the system of linear equations in x, y and z :
(sin 3) x y + z = 0
(cos 2) x + 4y + 3z = 0
2x + 7y + 7z = 0
The values of for which the system of equations has
a non-trivial solution are -
(A) {n:n I}
(B) {m + (1)
m
/6 : m I}
(C) {n + (1)
m
/3 : m I}
(D) none of these

11. Let [x] denote the greatest integer less than or equal
to x.
If f(x) = [x sin x], then f(x) is -
(A) continuous at x = 0
(B) continuous in (1, 0)
(C) differentiable at x = 1
(D) differentiable in (1, 1)
12. The solution of
2
dx
dy
|
.
|
\
|
+ 2y cot x
dx
dy
= y
2
is -
(A) y
x cos 1
c
+
= 0 (B) y =
x cos 1
c

(C) x = 2 sin
1
y 2 / c (D) none of these


Using differentiability and continuity of a function f
which satisfies certain functional equation, we can
determine in some cases the function explicity. E.g.
If f satisfies f(x + y) = f(x) f(y) for all x, y R and
f(x) 0 for any x R and f (0) = 1 then f(x) = e
x
.

13. If a function f satisfy f |
.
|
\
| +
3
y x
=
3
) y ( f ) x ( f 2 + +
for
real x and y and f (2) = 3, then f(x) is equal to -
(A)
12
1
x
3
+ x
2
(B) 24 log (3x + 2)
(C) 3x + 2 (D)
4
3
x
2
+ 2

14. If f is a differentiable function on R and f (0) = 2
satisfying f(x + y) =
) y ( f ) x ( f 1
) y ( f ) x ( f
+
then f(/8) is equal
to -
(A) 1/2 (B) 1 (C) 3/2 (D) tan /8

15. If f (x) = f(x) for all x and f (0) = 4 then f(x) is equal
to -
(A) 2e
2x
(B) e
4x

(C) x
4
+ 4x
2
+ 4x (D) 4e
x


We can derive reduction formulas for the integral of the
form
, dx x sin
n
dx x cos
n

dx x cot , dx x tan
n n

and other integrals of these form using integration by
parts. In turn these reduction formulas can be used to
compute integrals of higher power of sin x, cos x etc.

16. If
dx x sin
5
=
5
1
sin
4
x cos x + A sin
2
x cos x
15
8
cos x + C then A is equal to -
(A) 2/15 (B) 3/5
(C) 4/15 (D) 1/15

17. If
dx x tan
6
=
5
1
tan
5
x + A tan
3
x + tan x x + C
then A is equal to -
(A) 1/3 (B) 2/3
(C) 2/3 (D) 1/3

18. If
1 n
x cot x ec cos
dx x ec cos
2 n
n
+
A

dx x ec cos
2 n
then A is equal to -
(A)
2 n
1
(B)
2 n
n

(C)
2 n
1 n
(D)
1 n
2 n


A
B
C
D
P
P
P
P
Q
Q
Q
Q
R
R
R
R
S
S
S
S
T
T
T
T
P Q R S T

19. A is a set containing n elements. A subset P of A is
chosen at random. The set A is reconstructed by
replacing the elements of the subset P. A subset Q of
A is again chosen at random. The probability that
(where |x| = number of elements in X)
Column-I Column-II
(A) P Q = (P) n(3
n1
)/4
n
(B) P Q is a singleton (Q) (3/4)
n
(C) P Q contains 2 (R)
2n
C
n
/4
n

elements
(D) |P| = |Q| (S) 9n(n1)/2(4
n
)
20. The value of I =
a
0
dx ) x ( f
Column-I Column-II
(A) a = , f(x) = x sin
4
x (P) ( 2)/2
(B) a = , f(x) = x sin
4
x cos
6
x (Q)
2 3

(C) a = /2, f(x)=
x sin x cos 1
x cos
2
+
(R)
512
3
2

(D) a = , f(x)=
x tan x sec
x tan x
+
(S)
16
3
2


PHYSICS


1. For an ideal gas graph is shown for three processes.
Processes 1, 2, and 3 are respectively

3
2
T
Temperatrue change
work done (magnitude)
1

(A) Isochoric, isobaric, adiabatic
(B) Isochoric, adiabatic, isobaric
(C) isobaric, adiabatic, isochoric
(D) Adiabatic, isobaric, isochoric

2. Two moles of monoatomic gas is mixed with one
mole of diatomic gas at the same temperature. Molar
heat capacity at constant volume for the mixture is -
(A)
6
R 13
(B)
6
R 11

(C)
3
R 5
(D)
6
R 7

3. A ball is thrown vertically upward, if air resistance
is taken in account then the acceleration of ball at
the highest point of its motion is -
(A) 0 (B) greater than g
(C) less than g (D) equal to g

4. If
a and
b are two unit vectors and

+ = b a R and
also if
| R | = R, then -
(A) R < 0 (B) R > 2
(C) 0 R 2 (D) R must be 2
5. A projectile thrown with initial velocity (a
^
i +b
^
j )
and its range is twice the maximum height attained
by it then -
(A) b =
2
a
(B) b = a (C) b = 2a (D) b = 4a

6. Two identical heavy spheres of equal mass are
placed on smooth cup of radius 3r where r is radius
of each sphere as shown. Then the ratio of reaction
force between cup and any sphere to reaction force
between two sphere is

3r 3r
0
r r

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) none
IIT-JEE 2011
XtraEdge Test Series # 7
Based on New Pattern
Time : 3 Hours
Syllabus :
Physics : Full Syllabus, Chemistry : Full Syllabus, Mathematics : Full syllabus
Instructions :
Section - I
Question 1 to 8 are multiple choice questions with only one correct answer. +3 marks will be awarded for correct
answer and -1 mark for wrong answer.
Question 9 to 12 are multiple choice questions with multiple correct answer. +4 marks and -1 mark for wrong
answer.
Question 13 to 18 are passage based single correct type questions. +4 marks will be awarded for correct answer and
-1 mark for wrong answer.
Section - II
Question 19 to 20 are Column Matching type questions. +8 marks will be awarded for the complete correctly
matched answer and No Negative marks for wrong answer. However, +2 marks will be given for a correctly
marked answer in any row.
7. The distance of centres of mass of two square plates
system a shown from point O. If masses of plates are
2m and m is (their edges are 'a' and '2a' respectively)

m
2m
a
O
2a

(A)
2
a
(B) a (C)
2
a 3
(D)
3
a 2

8. A particle is moving in a circular path and its
acceleration vector is making an angle of 30 with
the velocity vector, then the ratio of centripetal
acceleration to its tangential acceleration is
(A)
2
1
(B)
2
3
(C)
3
1
(D) 3


9. Figure shows cyclic process. From c to b 40 J is
transferred as heat from b to a, 130 J is transferred as
heat, and work done is 80 J from a to c, 400 J is
transferred as heat then

a b
c
P
V

(A) work done in process a to c is 310 J
(B) Net work done in cycle is 230
(C) Net change in internal energy in cycle is 130 J
(D) Thermal efficiency is 57.5%

10. Two identical ideal springs of spring constant 1000
N/m as connected by an ideal pulley as shown and
system is arranged in vertical plane. At equilibrium
is 60 and masses m
1
and m
2
are 2kg and 3kg
respectively. Then elongation in each spring when
is 60 is

m
1
m
2

(A) 1.6 3 cm (B) 1.6 cm
(C) 4.8 cm (D) none of these

11. A projectile is thrown from point P on horizontal
ground at angle with horizontal then -
(A) the projectile moves always from point P for any
values of
(B) the projectile moves always from point P for
some values of
(C) for some value of projectile first moves always
from point P then comes closer to point P for
some time interval
(D) none of these

12. As shown in figure pulley is ideal and strings are
massless. If mass m of hanging block is the minimum
mass to set the equilibrium of system then
(g = 10 m/s
2
)

20 kg
= 37
= 37
= 0.5
= 37
m

(A) m = 2.5 kg
(B) m = 5 kg
(C) force applied by 20 kg block on inclined plane is
179 N
(D) force applied by 20 kg block on inclined plane is
223 N


One mole of monoatomic gas is taken through above
cyclic process. T
A
= 300 K
Process AB is defined as PT = constant.

B C
A
P
0
3P
0
P
T

13. Work done in process AB is
(A) 400 R (B) 400 R
(C) 200 R (D) 300 R

14. Change in internal energy in process CA
(A) 900 R (B) 300 R (C) 1200 R (D) zero

15. Heat transferred in the process BC is
(A) 1000 R (B) 500 R
(C) 2000 R (D) 1500 R

An external force F is applied at an angle with the
horizontal as shown on the block of mass ' m'. The
coefficient of friction between block and wall is .

16. The minimum value of force f required to keep the
block at rest is

F
m
rough ()

(A)
cos
mg
(B)
+ cos sin
mg

(C)
cos sin
mg
(D)
tan
mg

17. The maximum value of force F up to which block
remains at rest is -
(A)
cos
mg
(B)
+ cos sin
mg

(C)
cos sin
mg
(D)
tan
mg

18. The value of force F for which friction force between
block and wall is zero -
(A) mg (B)
sin
mg
(C)
cos
mg
(D)
tan
mg


A
B
C
D
P
P
P
P
Q
Q
Q
Q
R
R
R
R
S
S
S
S
T
T
T
T
P Q R S T

19. In the equation, y = A sin 2 (ax + bt + /4) match
the following :
Column-I Column-II
(A) Frequency of wave (P) a
(B) Wavelength of wave (Q) b
(C) Phase difference (R)
between two points
1/4a distance apart
(D) Phase difference of a (S) /2
point after a time
interval of 1/8b
(T) none

20. Capillary rise and shape of droplets on a plate due to
surface tension are shown in column II.
Column-I Column-II
(A) Adhesive forces is (P)

B
A

greater than cohesive
forces
(B) Cohesive forces is (Q)

A
B

greater than adhesive
forces
(C) Pressure at A > pressure (R) A mercury drop
at B is pressed between
two parallel plates
of glass

A B

(D) Pressure at B > Pressure (S)

A B

at A
(T) none

CHEMISTRY


1. Kinetic energy and potential energy of an electron in
an orbit and the centrifugal force experienced by it
are respectively -
(A)
r 2
Ze
2
,
r
Ze
2
,
r
mv
2
(B)
r 2
Ze
2
,
r
Ze
2
,
r
mv
2

(C)
r
Ze
2
,
r 2
Ze
2
,
r
mv
2
(D)
r
Ze
2
,
r 2
Ze
2
,
r
mv
2

2. 3 L of a gas mixture consisting of propane and butane
on complete combustion produced 10 dm
3
(cubic
decimeter) CO
2
under identical conditions.

The
volume of propane in the mixture is -

(A) 2L (B) 1L (C) 1.5 L (D) 0.5 L

3. Chloropicrin CCl
3
NO
2
can be made cheaply for use
as an insectiside by a process which utilizes the
reaction
CH
3
NO
2
+ 3Cl
2
CCl
3
NO
2
+ 3HCl
How much nitromethane, CH
3
NO
2
is needed to form
300 g of chloropicrin -
(A) 55 g (B) 111g
(C) 222 g (D) None of these

4. In which of the following, the maximum number of
lone pairs is present on the central atom ?
(A)
3
ClO (B) XeF
4

(C) SF
4
(D)
3
I

5. The least stable resonance structure is -
(A)

N
O
+
+

(B)

N
O
+
+
O

(C)

N
O
+
(D)

N
O
+
O

6. 2 mole each of SO
3
, CO, SO
2
and CO
2
is taken in one
litre vessel. If K
c
for
SO
3
+ CO SO
2
+ CO
2
is 1/9 then -
(A) total no. of moles at equilibrium are less than 8
(B) n(SO
3
) + n(CO
2
) = 4
(C) [n(SO
2
) / n(CO)] < 1
(D) Both (B) & (C)

7. Which of the following statements is correct for a
solution saturated with AgCl and AgBr if their
solubilities in moles per litre in separate solutions are
x and y respectively ?
(A) [Ag
+
] = x + y (B) [Ag
+
] = [Br
] + [Cl
]
(D) [Br
] = y (D) [Cl
] > x

8. The entropy change accompanying the heating of one
mole of Helium gas, assuming ideal behaviour from a
temperature of 300 K to a temperature of 1000 K at
constant pressure.
(A) 25.17 J K
1
mol
1
(B) 20 kJ K
1
mol
1
(C) 2.517 J K
1
mol
1
(D) 0.2517 J K
1
mol
1


9. Pick up the correct statement(s)
(A) Pb
4+
salts are better oxidising agents
(B) As
5+
salts are oxidising agents
(C) Tl
3+
salts are oxidising agents
(D) Ga
+
salts are reducing agents

10.
Br
Br

+ KOH (alc)
Which of the following can be formed.
(A)

(B)

Br

(C)

Br
Br
(D)

Br

11. Reduction of But-2-yne with Na and liquid NH
3

gives an alkene which upon catalytic
hydrogenation with D
2
/ Pt gives an alkane. The
alkene and alkane formed respectively are -
(A) cis-but-2-ene and
recemic-2, 3-dideuterobutane
(B) trans-but-2-ene and
meso-2, 3-dideuterobutane
(C) trans-but-2-ene and
recemic-2, 3-dideuterobutane
(D) cis-but-2-ene and
meso-2, 3-dideuterobutane

12. Which of the following methods yield saturated
hydrocarbons -
(A) RCH = CH
2

COOH CH ) ii (
BH ) i (
3
3

(B) RCH=CH
2

2 2
N CH

(C) BrCH
2
(CH
2
)
3
CH
2
Br

Ether / Na

(D)
COONa

CaO / NaOH


Photoelectric effect is the phenomenon in which
the surface of alkali metals like potassium and
cesium emit electrons when a beam of light with
high frequency is made to fall on them. The
ejected electrons are called photoelectrons
Energy of photon = Work function + Maximum
kinetic energy of ejected electrons.

2
1

2
max
mv = h(
0
)

13. Lithium does not show photoelectric effect due to -
(A) small size and high charge density
(B) high ionization energy
(C) low ionization energy
(D) None

14. The K.E. of photoelectrons depend on -
(A) Wavelength of light (B) Frequency of light
(C) Intensity of light (D) None of these

15. Electrons are emitted with zero velocity from a
metal surface when it is exposed to radiation of
wavelength 6800. The threshold frequency (
0
)
is-
(A) 2.92 10
19
s
1
(B) 4.41 10
14
s
1

(C) 7.18 10
19
s
1
(D) 5.84 10
5
s
1


Real gases deviate from ideal behaviour because
of the following two faulty assumptions of kinetic
theory:
(i) The actual volume occupied by molecules is
negligible as compared to the total volume of the
gas.
(ii) The forces of attraction and repulsion between
molecules of the gas are negligible
The extent of deviation of a real gas from ideal
behaviour is expressed in terms of compressibility
factor (z).
Hence, suitable corrections were applied to the
ideal gas equation so that it can also explain the
behaviour of real gases. The equation obtained by
applying the two corrections to the usual gas
equations is known as van der Waal equation
1. Volume correction
Corrected (ideal) volume = (V b)
where b is the effective volume of the molecules.
2. Pressure correction (intermolecular attraction
correction)
Corrected (ideal pressure = P + p
However, p =
2
V
a

The van der Waal's equation becomes

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
2
2
V
an
P (V nb) = nRT
On the basis of the above work-up answer the
following questions :

16. 0.5 value of compressibility factor (z) indicates
that the gas :
(A) shows positive deviation from the ideal gas
(B) negative deviation from the ideal gas behaviour
(C) either of the two
(D) the factor is insufficient

17. van der Waal equation is obeyed by the real gases:
(A) over a wide range of temperature and pressure
(B) over all temperatures
(C) over all pressures
(D) over a specific temperature and specific pressure

18. At low pressure, the van der Waal's equation is -
(A) PV = RT+
V
a
(B) PV = RT
V
a

(C) PV = RT +
2
V
a
(D) PV = RT
2
V
a


A
B
C
D
P
P
P
P
Q
Q
Q
Q
R
R
R
R
S
S
S
S
T
T
T
T
P Q R S T

(A) No. of ion in 1 mole (P) N
A

K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
]
(B) No. of atoms in (Q) 5N
A

Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
in 0.2 mole
of this compound
(C) No. of electron in (R) 2.6 N
A

0.5 mole H
2
O
(D) No. of protons in (S) 1.56 10
24
0.1 mole CH
4

(N
A
= 6.0 10
23
)

(T) 0.3 10
25

(A) Ratio of energy of (P) 4 : 3
electron in 3rd orbit
of H-atom and 4th
orbit of Li
2+
ion
(B) Ratio of de-Broglie (Q) 25 : 16
wavelengths of electron
in 2nd orbit of H-atom
to 3rd orbit of He
+
ion
(C) Ratio of 3rd and 4th (R) 27 : 32
separation energies
for H-atom
(D) Ratio of frequencies (S) 4 : 9
of revolution of
electrons in 2nd orbit of
H-atom and 3rd orbit of
He
+
ion
(T) 2 : 3


MATHEMATICS


1. If z
1
, z
2
, z
3
are three distinct complex numbers and
a, b, c are three positive real numbers such that

| z z |
a
3 2

=
| z z |
b
1 3

=
| z z |
c
2 1
, then value of

3 2
2
z z
a
+
1 3
2
z z
b
+
2 1
2
z z
c
is
(A) 0 (B) w
(C) w
2
(D) none of these

2. If a R, and the equation
(a 2) (x [x])
2
+ 2(x [x]) + a
2
= 0 (1)
(where [x] denotes the greatest integer x) has no
integral solution and has exactly one solution in
(2, 3), then a lies in the interval -
(A) (1, 2) (B) (0, 1)
(C) (1, 0) (D) (2, 3)
3. Value of
=

n
1 k
1 k k
) C )( C ( is -
(A)
2n
C
n
(B)
2
1
(
2n+2
C
n+1
)
2n
C
n
(C)
2n
C
n+2
(D) none of these

4. In a triangle with one angle 2/3, the lengths of the
sides form an A.P. If the length of the greatest side is
7 cm, the radius of the circumcircle of the triangle is -
(A) 3 7 /3cm (B) 3 5 /3cm
(C) 3 2 /3cm (D) 3 cm

5. The value of cos
1
x + cos
1
|
.
|
\
|
+
2
x 3 3
2
1
2
x

(1/2 x 1) is equal to -
(A) /6 (B) /3 (C) (D) 0

6. Two rods of lengths a and b slide along the x-axis
and y-axis respectively in such a manner that their
ends are concyclic. The locus of the centre of the
circle passing through the end points is -
(A) 4(x
2
+ y
2
) = a
2
+ b
2

(B) x
2
+ y
2
= a
2
+ b
2

(C) 4(x
2
y
2
) = a
2
b
2
(D) x
2
y
2
= a
2
b
2

7. The locus of the mid-point of the line segment
joining the focus to a moving point on the parabola
y
2
= 4ax is another parabola with directrix -
(A) x = a (B) x = a/2
(C) x = 0 (D) x = a/2

8. If PQ is a double ordinate of the hyperbola
2
2
a
x
2
2
b
y
= 1 such that OPQ is an equilateral
triangle, O being the centre of the hyperbola. Then
the eccentricity e of the hyperbola, satisfies -
(A) 1 < e < 3 / 2 (B) e = 3 / 2
(C) e = 2 / 3 (D) e > 3 / 2


9. Let be a repeated root of
p(x) = x
3
+ 3ax
2
+ 3bx + c = 0, then -
(A) is a root of x
2
+ 2ax + b = 0
(B) =
) b a ( 2
ab c
2

(C) =
b a
c ab
2

(D) is a root of ax
2
+ 2bx + c = 0

10. Let N denote the number of ways in which n boys
can be arranged in a line so that 3 particular boys are
separated. Then -
(A) 3!|N (B) (n 2)!|N
(C)
n2
C
3
|N (D) (n 3)
2
(n 4)
2
|N

11. The equation 3 sin
2
x+10 cos x 6 = 0 is satisfied if-
(A) x = n + cos
1
(1/3)
(B) x = n cos
1
(1/3)
(C) x = 2n + cos
1
(1/3)
(D) x = 2n cos
1
(1/3) (n I)

12. The Cartesian equation of the curve whose
parametric equation is x = 2t 3 and y = 4t
2
1 is
given by -
(A) (x+3)
2
y 1 = 0 (B) x
2
+ 6x y + 8 = 0
(C) (y+1)
2
+ x + 3 = 0 (D) y
2
+ 6x 2y + 4 = 0



A and B are two points on the boundary of a circular
field of radius R and centre O. AOB = . A circle
with centre A and radius AB meets the circular field
again at C and the line AO produced at E.L., M are
points on the boundary of the field lying between
C and A, A and B, respectively.

13. AB is equal to -
(A) R sin (B) 2R sin (/2)
(C) R cos (D) 2R cos (/2)

14. Area of the segment AMB is equal to -
(A) (1/2) R
2
(B) (1/2)R
2
sin
(C) (1/2) R
2
( sin ) (D) none of these

15. If the area AMBECL is 1/nth of the field, then
sin + ( ) cos is equal to -
(A) n (B)
n
1 n

(C) (n 1) (D) (n + 1)


A(x
1
, y
1
), B(x
2
, y
2
), C(x
3
, y
3
) are the vertices of a
triangle ABC. lx + my + n = 0 is an equation of the
line L.

16. If L intersects the sides BC, CA and AB of the
triangle ABC at P, Q, R respectively then
PC
BP
QA
CQ
RB
AR
is equal to -
(A) 1 (B) 1/2
(C) 1/2 (D) 1

17. If the centroid of the triangle ABC is at the origin and
algebraic sum of the lengths of the perpendiculars
from the vertices of the triangle ABC on the line L is
equal to 1 then sum of the squares of the intercepts
made by L on the coordinate axes is equal to -
(A) 0 (B) 4
(C) 9 (D) 16

18. If P divides BC in the ratio 2 : 1 and Q divides CA in
the ratio 1 : 3 then R divides AB in the ratio -
(A) 2 : 3 internally (B) 2 : 3 externally
(C) 3 : 2 internally (D) 3 : 2 externally


A
B
C
D
P
P
P
P
Q
Q
Q
Q
R
R
R
R
S
S
S
S
T
T
T
T
P Q R S T

19. Let a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, ..... be a geometric progression such that
log
10
(a
m
) =
n
1
and log
10
(a
n
) =
m
1

for two fixed positive integer m and n, with m < n,
then
Column-I Column-II
(A) a
2m+n
(P) 10
1/m1/n
(B) a
mn
(Q) 10
(C) a
m+n
(R) 10
2/n + 1/m

(D) a
nm
(S) 10
1/n + 1/m

(A) Equation of the polar (P) 8x + 2y 23 = 0
of (7, 9) with
respect to the circle
x
2
+y
2
12x8y48 = 0
(B) Equation of the (Q) 13x + 13y 30 = 0
common chord of the
circles x
2
+ y
2

+ 2x + 2y + 1 = 0 and
x
2
+y
2
+4x + 3y + 2 = 0
(C) Equation of the (R) 2x + y + 1 = 0
tangent at (7, 9) to
the circle x
2
+ y
2
+ 12x
+ 8y + 26 = 0
(D) Equation of the radical (S) x + 5y + 52 = 0
axis of the circles
2x
2
+ 2y
2
+ 4x + 4y + 9 = 0
and x
2
+ y
2
+ 6x+3y 7 = 0

XtraEdge Test Series
ANSWER KEY

PHYSICS

Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans B D B A B A B B A, C, D A, B, C
Ques 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Ans A, B, C, D A, C B C D B C B

19 A P,R B Q,R,S C Q,R D P,R
20 A Q B R C P D S

CHEMISTRY

Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans B B B B C C B D A, C, D A, B, D
Ques 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Ans A, B, D A B B C A A B

19 A P B Q C P,R D S,P
20 A P,R,S B Q,S C P,S D S,T

MATHEMATICS

Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans B B B A A D C D A, B, C, D A, B
Ques 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Ans A, B, D B, D C B D C D D

19 A R B P C S D R
20 A S B R C Q D P

PHYSICS

Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans A B D C C B B C A, D A
Ques 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Ans B, C A, C B A C B C B

19 A Q B T C S D T
20 A P B Q,R,S C P,S D Q,R

CHEMISTRY

Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans A A B D A D B A A, C, D A, B
Ques 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Ans C A, B, C, D B B B B A B

19 A Q,T B R,S C Q D P
20 A R B P C Q D R

MATHEMATICS

Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans A C B A B C C D A, B, D A, B, C, D
Ques 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Ans C, D A, B B C B A C D

19 A R B Q C S D P
20 A Q B R C S D P

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XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 1 NOVEMBER 2009

B mutually perpendicular so path

which when reacted with NaF HF,

b are two unit vectors and

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