Professional Documents
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Osha 2226
Osha 2226
Osha 2226
Excavations
U.S. Department of Labor Elaine L. Chao, Secretary Occupational Safety and Health Administration John L. Henshaw, Assistant Secretary OSHA 2226 2002 (Revised)
Contents
Introduction .............................................................. 1 What is the difference between an excavation and a trench? ......................................... 1 What are the dangers of trenching and excavation operations? .......................................... 1 OSHAs Excavation and Trenching Standard ............. 2 What does the OSHA standard cover, and what protections does it offer? .............................. 2 What kinds of excavations and trenches are not covered? ..................................... 2 Preplanning ............................................................. 4 Why is it important to preplan the excavation work? ....................................... 4 What safety factors should you consider when bidding on a job? ................................................ 4 How can you avoid hitting underground utility lines and pipes during excavation work? .............. 5 What should you tell workers before they start the project? ....................................... 6 Protective Systems .................................................. 7 How can you prevent cave-ins? .................................... 7 How do you choose the most appropriate protective system design? ......................... 7 What other safety precautions are you required to take? ........................................... 10
How do you safely install and remove protective systems? ....................................... 10 How should you maintain materials and equipment used for protective systems? ..................... 11 Additional Hazards and Protections ........................ 12 What other excavation hazards do you need to protect workers against? ......................... 12 What is the effect of water accumulation on excavation safety? ............................. 13 How can you protect workers against hazardous atmospheres inside excavations? ................ 13 What means of access and egress are you required to provide? ........................... 14 What protective equipment are employees in pier holes and confined footing excavations required to use? ........................... 14 When should you conduct a site inspection? ................ 15 OSHA Assistance, Services, and Programs ............. 16 How can OSHA help me? ......................................... 16 How does safety and health program management assistance help employers and employees? ................ 16 What are state plans? ............................................... 17 How can consultation assistance help employers? ........................................ 17 Who can get consultation assistance and what does it cost? ............................... 18 Can OSHA assure privacy to an employer who asks for consultation assistance? ......................... 18
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Can an employer be cited for violations after receiving consultation assistance? ....................... 19 Does OSHA provide any incentives for seeking consultation assistance? ............................ 19 What are the Voluntary Protection Programs (VPP)? ..................................................... 19 How do the VPP work? ............................................. 20 How do VPP help employers and employees? ............ 20 How does OSHA monitor VPP sites? ......................... 21 Can OSHA inspect an employer who is participating in the VPP? ................................. 21 How can a partnership with OSHA improve worker safety and health? ............................. 22 What is OSHAs Strategic Partnership Program (OSPP)? .................................. 22 What do OSPPs do? ................................................ 22 What are the different kinds of OSPPs? .................... 23 What are the benefits of participation in the OSPP? ........................................ 23 Does OSHA have occupational safety and health training for employers and employees? ............. 24 Does OSHA give money to organizations for training and education? ........................................ 25 Does OSHA have other assistance materials available? ................................... 26 What do I do in case of any emergency or if I need to file a complaint? ................................... 26
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OSHA Regional and Area Offices ........................... 27 OSHA-Approved Safety and Health Plans ................................................... 31 OSHA Onsite Consultation Offices ......................... 35
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Introduction
Excavation and trenching are among the most hazardous construction operations. The Occupational Safety and Health Administrations (OSHA) Excavation and Trenching standard, Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulation (CFR), Part 1926.650, covers requirements for excavation and trenching operations. This booklet highlights key elements of the standard, shows ways to protect employees against cave-ins, and describes safe work practices for employees.
Soil, equipment, and material surcharge loads are no closer to the top edge of the excavation than the excavation is deep. When you use front-end loaders to dig the excavations, place the soil surcharge load as far back from the edge of the excavation as possible, but never closer than 2 feet (.61 meters); The fewest crew members possible are performing the work; and Workers spend the minimum time possible in the excavation. This exemption does not apply to utility excavations or trenches, which are covered by 29 CFR 1926.652.
Preplanning
Why is it important to preplan the excavation work?
No matter how many trenching, shoring, and backfilling jobs you have done in the past, it is important to approach each new job with the utmost care and preparation. Many on-the-job accidents result directly from inadequate initial planning. Waiting until after the work has started to correct mistakes in shoring or sloping slows down the operation, adds to the cost, and increases the possibility of a cave-in or other excavation failure.
You can determine these and other conditions through jobsite studies, observations, test borings for soil type or conditions, and consultations with local officials and utility companies. This information will help you determine the amount, kind, and cost of safety equipment you will need to perform the work in the safest manner possible.
How can you avoid hitting underground utility lines and pipes during excavation work?
Before starting work, the OSHA standard requires you to do the following: Determine the approximate location of utility installations sewer, telephone, fuel, electric, and water lines; or any other underground installations; Contact the utility companies or owners involved to inform them of the proposed work within established or customary local response times; and Ask the utility companies or owners to find the exact location of underground installations. If they cannot respond within 24 hours (unless the period required by state or local law is longer) or cannot find the exact location of the utility installations, you may proceed with caution. If your excavation work exposes underground installations, OSHA regulations require you to protect, properly support, or remove them.
What should you tell workers before they start the project?
When you share the details of your safety and health program with employees, it is important to emphasize the critical role you expect them to play in keeping the jobsite safe. You may want to emphasize specific rules to help reduce the risk of on-the-job injuries. These rules may include requirements that workers Remove or minimize all surface obstacles at the worksite that may create a hazard, Wear warning vests or other reflective or high-visibility garments that you provide when they are exposed to vehicular traffic, Wear or use prescribed protective gear and equipment correctly, Operate equipment only if they have been trained properly in its use and alerted to its potential hazards, and Follow safe work practices. It also is important to establish and maintain a safety and health management system for the worksite that provides adequate systematic policies, procedures, and practices to protect employees from, and allow them to recognize, job-related safety and health hazards. For more information about establishing such a system, see page 18.
Protective Systems
How can you prevent cave-ins?
OSHA requires that all excavations in which employees could potentially be exposed to cave-ins be protected by Sloping or benching the sides of the excavation, Supporting the sides of the excavation, or Placing a shield between the side of the excavation and the work area.
Method 1 Slope the sides to an angle not steeper than 1-1/2:1; for example, for every foot of depth, the trench must be excavated back 1-1/2 feet. All simple slope excavations 20 feet (6.11 meters) or less deep should have a maximum allowable slope of 1-1/2:1. These slopes must be excavated to form configurations similar to those for Type C soil, as described in Appendix B of the standard. A slope of this gradation or less is safe for any type of soil.
20 Max. 1 1-1/2
Method 2 Use tabulated data such as tables and charts approved by a registered professional engineer to design the excavation. These data must be in writing and must include enough explanatory information, including the criteria for making a selection and the limits on the use of the data, for the user to make a selection. At least one copy of the data, including the identity of the registered professional engineer who approved it, must be kept at the worksite during construction of the protective system. After the system is completed, the data may be stored away from the jobsite, but a copy must be provided upon request to the Assistant Secretary of Labor for OSHA. Method 3 Use a trench box or shield designed or approved by a registered professional engineer or based on tabulated data prepared or approved by a registered professional engineer. Timber, aluminum, or other suitable materials may also be used. OSHA standards permit the use of a trench shield (also known as a welders hut) if it provides the same level of protection or more than the appropriate shoring system.
Employers can choose the most practical method for the particular circumstance, but that system must meet the required performance criteria. The standard does not require a protective system when an excavation is made entirely in stable rock or is less than 5 feet (1.52 meters) deep, if a competent person has examined the ground and found no indication of a potential cave-in.
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support or shield system of a trench if the system is designed to resist the forces calculated for the full depth of the trench. In addition, there must be no indications, while the trench is open, of a possible cave-in below the bottom of the support system. Also, you must coordinate the installation of support systems closely with the excavation work. As soon as work is completed, you are required to backfill the excavation when you dismantle the protective system. After the excavation is cleared, remove the protective system from the bottom up, taking care to release members slowly.
How should you maintain materials and equipment used for protective systems?
You are responsible for maintaining materials and equipment used for protective systems. Defective and damaged materials and equipment can cause failure of a protective system and other excavation hazards. To avoid possible failure of a protective system, you must ensure that Materials and equipment are free from damage or defects; Manufactured materials and equipment are used and maintained consistent with the manufacturers recommendations, so as to prevent employee exposure to hazards; and while in operation, A competent person examines any damaged materials and equipment. You must remove unsafe materials and equipment from service until a registered professional engineer evaluates and approves them for use.
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How can you protect workers against hazardous atmospheres inside excavations?
A competent person must test any excavation deeper than 4 feet (1.22 meters) or where an oxygen deficiency or a hazardous atmosphere is present or could reasonably be expected, such as a landfill or where hazardous substances are stored nearby, before an employee enters it. If there are any hazardous conditions, you must provide the employee controls such as proper respiratory protection or ventilation. In addition, you are responsible for regularly testing all controls used to reduce atmospheric contaminants to acceptable levels. If unhealthful atmospheric conditions exist or develop in an excavation, you must provide emergency rescue equipment such as a breathing apparatus, safety harness and line, and basket stretcher and ensure that it is readily available. This equipment must be attended when in use.
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What protective equipment are employees in pier holes and confined footing excavations required to use?
An employee who enters a bell-bottom pier hole or similar deep and confined footing excavation must wear a harness with a lifeline. The lifeline must be attached securely to the harness and must be separate from any line used to handle materials. Also, while the employee wearing the lifeline is in the excavation, an observer must be on hand to ensure that the lifeline is working properly and maintain communication with the employee.
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How does safety and health program management help employers and employees?
Effective management of worker safety and health protection is a decisive factor in reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses and their related costs. In fact, an effective safety and health management system forms the basis of good worker protection and can save time and money about $4 for every dollar spent and increase productivity. To assist employers and employees in developing effective safety and health programs, OSHA published recommended Safety and Health Program Management Guidelines (Federal Register 54(18):39043916, January 26, 1989). These voluntary guidelines can be applied to all worksites covered by OSHA. The guidelines identify four general elements critical to the development of a successful safety and health management program: Management leadership and employee participation, Worksite analysis, Hazard prevention and control, and Safety and health training.
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The guidelines recommend specific actions under each of these general elements to achieve an effective safety and health program. The Federal Register notice is available online at www.osha.gov.
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Comprehensive consultation assistance provided by OSHA includes a hazard survey of the worksite and an appraisal of all aspects of the employers existing safety and health management system. In addition, the service offers assistance to employers in developing and implementing an effective safety and health management system. Employers also may receive training and education services, as well as limited assistance away from the worksite.
Can OSHA assure privacy to an employer who asks for consultation assistance?
OSHA provides consultation assistance to the employer with the assurance that his or her name and firm and any information about the workplace will not be routinely reported to OSHA enforcement staff.
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with onsite consultation services, full-service area offices, and OSHAs Strategic Partnership Program (OSPP) represents a cooperative approach which, when coupled with an effective enforcement program, expands worker protection to help meet the goals of the OSH Act.
Further improvement and revitalization of already-good safety and health programs; and a Positive relationship with OSHA.
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How can a partnership with OSHA improve worker safety and health?
OSHA has learned firsthand that voluntary, cooperative partnerships with employers, employees, and unions can be a useful alternative to traditional enforcement and an effective way to reduce worker deaths, injuries, and illnesses. This is especially true when a partnership leads to the development and implementation of a comprehensive workplace safety and health management system.
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Does OSHA have occupational safety and health training for employers and employees?
The OSHA Training Institute in Des Plaines, IL, provides basic and advanced training and education in safety and health for federal and state compliance officers, state consultants, other federal agency personnel, and privatesector employers, employees, and their representatives. Institute courses cover diverse safety and health topics including electrical hazards, machine guarding, personal protective equipment, ventilation, and ergonomics. The facility includes classrooms, laboratories, a library, and an audiovisual unit. The laboratories contain various demonstrations and equipment, such as power presses, woodworking and welding shops, a complete industrial ventilation unit, and a sound demonstration laboratory. More than 57 courses dealing with subjects such as safety and health in the construction industry and methods of compliance with OSHA standards are available for personnel in the private sector. In addition, OSHAs 73 area offices are full-service centers offering a variety of informational services such as personnel for speaking engagements, publications, audiovisual aids on workplace hazards, and technical advice. For more information on grants, training, and education, write: OSHA Training Institute, Office of Training and Education, 1555 Times Drive, Des Plaines, IL 60018; call (847) 2974810; or see Outreach on OSHAs website at www.osha.gov.
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*These states and territories operate their own OSHA-approved job safety and health programs (Connecticut, New Jersey and New York plans cover public employees only). States with approved programs must have a standard that is identical to, or at least as effective as, the federal standard. 27
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Linthicum, MD (410) 8652055/2056 August, ME (207) 6228417 Bangor, ME (207) 9418177 Portland, ME (207) 7803178 Lansing, MI (517) 3270904 Minneapolis, MN (612) 6645460 Kansas City, MO (816) 4839531 St. Louis, MO (314) 4254289 Jackson, MS (601) 9654606 Billings, MT (406) 2477494 Raleigh, NC (919) 8564770 Bismark, ND (701) 2504521 Omaha, NE (402) 2213182 Concord, NH (603) 2251629 Avenel, NJ (732) 7503270 Hasbrouck Heights, NJ (201) 2881700 Marlton, NJ (609) 7575181
Parsippany, NJ (973) 2631003 Albuquerque, NM (505) 2485302 Carson City, NV (775) 8856963 Albany, NY (518) 4644338 Bayside, NY (718) 2799060 Bowmansville, NY (716) 6843891 New York, NY (212) 4662482 North Syracuse, NY (315) 4510808 Tarrytown, NY (914) 5247510 Westbury, NY (516) 3343344 Cincinnati, OH (513) 8414132 Cleveland, OH (216) 5223818 Columbus, OH (614) 4695582 Toledo, OH (419) 2597542 Oklahoma City, OK (405) 2315351 (5389) Portland, OR (503) 3262251 Allentown, PA (610) 7760592
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Erie, PA (814) 8335758 Harrisburg, PA (717) 7823902 Philadelphia, PA (215) 5974955 Pittsburgh, PA (412) 3954903 WilkesBarre, PA (570) 8266538 Guaynabo, PR (787) 2771560 Providence, RI (401) 5284669 Columbia, SC (803) 7655904 Nashville, TN (615) 7815423 Austin, TX (512) 9165783 (5788) Corpus Christi, TX (512) 8883420 Dallas, TX (214) 3202400 (2558) El Paso, TX (915) 5346251
Fort Worth, TX (817) 4282470 (4857647) Houston, TX (281) 5912438 (2787) Houston, TX (281) 2860583/0584 (5922) Lubbock, TX (806) 4727681 (7685) Salt Lake City, UT (801) 5306901 Norfolk, VA (757) 4413820 Bellevue, WA (206) 5537520 Appleton, WI (920) 7344521 Eau Claire, WI (715) 8329019 Madison, WI (608) 2645388 Milwaukee, WI (414) 2973315 Charleston, WV (304) 3475937
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Connecticut
Connecticut Department of Labor Commissioner (860) 5665123 FAX: (860) 5661520 Conn-OSHA Director (860) 5664550 FAX: (860) 5666916
Arizona
Industrial Commission of Arizona Director, ICA (602) 5424411 FAX: (602) 5421614 Program Director (602) 5425795 FAX: (602) 5421614
Hawaii
Hawaii Department of Labor and Industrial Relations Director (808) 5868844 FAX: (808) 5869099 Administrator (808) 5869116 FAX: (808) 5869104
California
California Department of Industrial Relations Director (415) 7035050 FAX: (415) 7035114 Chief (415) 7035100 FAX: (415) 7035114 Manager, Cal/OSHA Program Office (415) 7035177 FAX: (415) 7035114
Indiana
Indiana Department of Labor Commissioner (317) 2322378 FAX: (317) 2333790 Deputy Commissioner (317) 2323325 FAX: (317) 2333790
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Iowa
Iowa Division of Labor Commissioner (515) 2816432 FAX: (515) 2814698 Administrator (515) 2813469 FAX: (515) 2817995
Minnesota
Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry Commissioner (651) 2962342 FAX: (651) 2825405 Assistant Commissioner (651) 2966529 FAX: (651) 2825293 Administrative Director, OSHA Management Team (651) 2825772 FAX: (651) 2972527
Kentucky
Kentucky Labor Cabinet Secretary (502) 5643070 FAX: (502) 5645387 Federal\State Coordinator (502) 5643070 ext.240 FAX: (502) 5641682
Nevada
Nevada Division of Industrial Relations Administrator (775) 6873032 FAX: (775) 6876305 Chief Administrative Officer (702) 4869044 FAX: (702) 9900358 [Las Vegas (702) 6875240]
Maryland
Maryland Division of Labor and Industry Commissioner (410) 7672999 FAX: (410) 7672300 Deputy Commissioner (410) 7672992 FAX: (410) 7672003 Assistant Commissioner, MOSH (410) 7672215 FAX: (410) 7672003
New Jersey
New Jersey Department of Labor Commissioner (609) 2922975 FAX: (609) 6339271 Assistant Commissioner (609) 2922313 FAX: (609) 2921314 Program Director, PEOSH (609) 2923923 FAX: (609) 2924409
Michigan
Michigan Department of Consumer and Industry Services Director (517) 3221814 FAX: (517) 3221775
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New Mexico
New Mexico Environment Department Secretary (505) 8272850 FAX: (505) 8272836 Chief (505) 8274230 FAX: (505) 8274422
Administrator (503) 3783272 FAX: (503) 9477461 Deputy Administrator for Policy (503) 3783272 FAX: (503) 9477461 Deputy Administrator for Operations (503) 3783272 FAX: (503) 9477461
New York
New York Department of Labor Acting Commissioner (518) 4572741 FAX: (518) 4576908 Division Director (518) 4573518 FAX: (518) 4576908
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico Department of Labor and Human Resources Secretary (787) 7542119 FAX: (787) 7539550 Assistant Secretary for Occupational Safety and Health (787) 7561100, 1106 / 7542171 FAX: (787) 7676051 Deputy Director for Occupational Safety and Health (787) 7561100/1106, 7542188 FAX: (787) 7676051
North Carolina
North Carolina Department of Labor Commissioner (919) 8072900 FAX: (919) 8072855 Deputy Commissioner, OSH Director (919) 8072861 FAX: (919) 8072855 OSH Assistant Director (919) 8072863 FAX: (919) 8072856
South Carolina
South Carolina Department of Labor, Licensing, and Regulation Director (803) 8964300 FAX: (803) 8964393 Program Director (803) 7349644 FAX: (803) 7349772
Oregon
Oregon Occupational Safety and Health Division
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Tennessee
Tennessee Department of Labor Commissioner (615) 7412582 FAX: (615) 7415078 Acting Program Director (615) 7412793 FAX: (615) 7413325
Virginia
Virginia Department of Labor and Industry Commissioner (804) 7862377 FAX: (804) 3716524 Director, Office of Legal Support (804) 7869873 FAX: (804) 7868418
Utah
Utah Labor Commission Commissioner (801) 5306901 FAX: (801) 5307906 Administrator (801) 5306898 FAX: (801) 5306390
Washington
Washington Department of Labor and Industries Director (360) 9024200 FAX: (360) 9024202 Assistant Director (360) 9025495 FAX: (360) 9025529 Program Manager, FederalState Operations (360) 9025430 FAX: (360) 9025529
Vermont
Vermont Department of Labor and Industry Commissioner (802) 8282288 FAX: (802) 8282748 Project Manager (802) 8282765 FAX: (802) 8282195
Wyoming
Wyoming Department of Employment Safety Administrator (307) 7777786 FAX: (307) 7773646
Virgin Islands
Virgin Islands Department of Labor Acting Commissioner (340) 7731990 FAX: (340) 7731858 Program Director (340) 7721315 FAX: (340) 7724323 34
Florida
(813) 9749962
Georgia Alaska
(907) 2694957 (907) 2694950 FAX (404) 8942643 (404) 8948275 FAX
Guam Arizona
(602) 5421695 (602) 5421614FAX 011 (671) 4750136 011 (671) 4772988 FAX
Hawaii Arkansas
(501) 6824522 (501) 6824532 FAX (808) 5869100 (808) 5869099 FAX
Idaho California
(415) 7035270 (415) 7034596 FAX (208) 4263283 (208) 4264411 FAX
Illinois Colorado
(970) 4916151 (970) 4917778 FAX (312) 8142337 (312) 8147238 FAX
Indiana Connecticut
(860) 5664550 (860) 5666916 FAX (317) 2322688 (317) 2323790 FAX
Iowa Delaware
(302) 7618219 (302) 7616601 FAX (515) 2817629 (515) 2815522 FAX
Kentucky
(502) 5646895 (502) 5646103 FAX
Nebraska
(402) 4714717 (402) 4715039 FAX
Louisiana
(225) 3429601 (225) 3425158 FAX
Nevada
(702) 4869140 (702) 9900362 FAX
Maine
(207) 6246460 (207) 6246449 FAX
New Hampshire
(603) 2712024 (603) 2712667 FAX
Maryland
(410) 8804970 (301) 4838332 FAX
New Jersey
(609) 2923923 (609) 2924409 FAX
Massachusetts
(617) 7273982 (617) 7274581 FAX
New Mexico
(505) 8274230 (505) 8274422 FAX
Michigan
(517) 3221809 (517) 3221374 FAX
New York
(518) 4572238 (518) 4573454 FAX
Minnesota
(612) 2972393 (612) 2971953 FAX
North Carolina
(919) 8072905 (919) 8072902 FAX
Mississippi
(601) 9873981 (601) 9873890 FAX
North Dakota
(701) 3285188 (701) 3285200 FAX
Missouri
(573) 7513403 (573) 7513721 FAX
Ohio
(800) 2821425 or (614) 6442631 (614) 6443133 FAX
Montana
(406) 4446418 (406) 4444140 FAX 36
Oklahoma
(405) 5281500 (405) 5285751 FAX
Utah
(801) 5306901 (801) 5306992 FAX
Oregon
(503) 3783272 (503) 3785729 FAX
Vermont
(802) 8282765 (802) 8282195 FAX
Pennsylvania
(724) 3572396 (724) 3572385 FAX
Virginia
(804) 7866359 (804) 7868418 FAX
Puerto Rico
(787) 7542171 (787) 7676051 FAX
Virgin Islands
(340) 7721315 (340) 7724323 FAX
Rhode Island
(401) 2222438 (401) 2222456 FAX
Washington
(360) 9025638 (360) 9025459 FAX
South Carolina
(803) 7349614 (803) 7349741 FAX
West Virginia
(304) 5587890 (304) 5589711 FAX
South Dakota
(605) 6884101 (605) 6886290 FAX
Wisconsin (Health)
(608) 2668579 (608) 2669383 FAX
Tennessee
(615) 7417036 (615) 5322997 FAX
Wisconsin (Safety)
(262) 5233040 (800) 9470553 (262) 5233046 FAX
Texas
(512) 8044640 (512) 8044641 FAX OSHCON Request Line: (800) 6877080
Wyoming
(307) 7777786 (307) 7773646 FAX
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