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11
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*[ywd=ol<u,f/ wG=H oifonf/ rH=ighu/kd taumood=qJa&;\/ *[ywd=ol<u,f/

wH=G oifonf/ rH=ighu/kd y&dbmood=a&&Gw\
f / *[ywd=ol<u,f/ {aom=xkd ]]a*G;csKyd if}}
ausmif;wku
d Bf u;D onf/ aw=oif\/ tm0gaom=ausmif;wku
d Bf u;D ay/ t[H=igonf/ yurdmrd=t&yfwpfyg;oGm;awmhtHh/
a[h..'um? rif;ighuq
kd aJ &;a&&Gww
f ,f? rif;&JUa*G;csKyd ifausmif;wku
d Bf u;D [m rif;&JU
ausmif;wku
d Bf u;D yJjzpfayapawmh? ig,ckomG ;awmhr,f/ uJo
h Ykd &Sio
f "k ru,
kd af wmfu pdwf
qdk;pum;ajymMum;w,f/
'Dawmh pdwo
<l u,fu a'goudavomudyk ,fNy;D oltem*grft&d,myk*Kd vjf zpfawmh
pdwrf qk;d bJ b,fvjdk yefavQmufovJqadk wmhem+[H baE t,sH ok"rH taumomrd y&dbmomrd? 0owk baE ta,sm
ok"arm rpdu
moa@/
baE=t&Sib
f &k m;/ t[H=wynfah wmfonf/ t,sH ok"rH= t&Sio
f "k ru/kd e taumomrd=rqJa&;ygbk&m;/ e y&dbmomrd=a&&Gww
f mr[kwyf gbk&m;/ baE=t&Sio
f "k rb&k m;/
ta,sm ok"arm=t&Sio
f "k ronf/ rpdu
moa@=rpdu
mo@NrKd U/ 0owk=aeawmfrl
apcsiyf g\/ &rPD,H trm#u0eH/ trm#u0eH=a*G;csKyd ifawm&ausmif;wku
d Bf u;D onf/
&rPD,=H arGaY vsmzf ,
G &f v
dS yS gonfb&k m;/ t[H t,s OkuH u&dmrd pD0&yd@ygw
aoemoe *dvmeyp,aboZy&dum &meH=ouFe;f +qGr;f +ausmif;+aq;qkw
d hJ ypn;f av;
yg;wkt
Yd wGu/f Oku=H rjynhrf 0r&S&d jynfph aHk tmif vkv
YH BuKd ;ukwaf MumifMh updu
k x
f w
k jf cif;ud/k
u&dmrd=jyKyg&apbk&m;/
ausmif;'umu vdrm vdu
k w
f m? (t&d,molawmfaumif;Bu;D udk oGm;Ny;D ]]vdrm vdu
k -f
wm}}vdYk ajym&wmawmif tm;emp&maumif;vSygw,f)? ]]t&Sib
f &k m;? rpu
d mo@NrKd UrSm
aeNrJaeawmfrlyg? a*G;csKdyifawm&ausmif;wkdufBuD;[m tifrwefarGYavsmfzG,faumif;vS
ygw,f/ wynhaf wmf t&Sio
f "k rtwGuf ypn;f av;yg;rNiKd jiifatmifaMumifMh updu
k x
f w
k Nf y;D
ylaZmfyghr,fb&k m;? uJo
h Ykd avQmufxm;w,f? r&bl;aemf/
aemufwyfwpfcg ]]rif;ighuq
kd aJ &;w,f? a&&Gww
f ,f? rif;&JUa*G;csKyd ifausmif;wku
d f
Bu;D [m rif;&JUausmif;wku
d Bf u;D yJjzpfyap? igoGm;awmhr,f}}vdYk t&Sio
f "k ru ygVdvakd jymwJh
15
tcg ausmif;'umpdwa oa|;uvJyJ ]]wynhaf wmft&Sio

f "k rurkd qJa&;? ra&&Gwyf gbk&m;?
t&Sio
f "k r rpdu
mo@NrKd UrSm aejraJ eawmfryl g? a*G;csKyd ifausmif;wku
d Bf u;D [m tifrwef
aysmpf &maumif;ygw,f/ wynhaf wmft&Sio
f "k rtwGuf ypn;f av;yg;jynhpf aHk tmif apmihf
a&Smufygr,f/ uJo
h Ykd ok;H Burd o
f ;Hk zef tjyeftvSeaf jymMum;w,f/ b,fenf;ESirhf aS jymvkYd
r&bl;/ (tJ'g ausmif;xkib
f ek ;f Bu;D u a&mifw
h ufwmy? 'umu acsmrh eS ;f odawmh ausmif;
xkid b
f ek ;f Bu;D u a&mifw
h ufw,f/)
u[H baE ta,sm ok"arm *rdod/

baEm=t&Sib
f &k m;? ta,sm ok"arm=t&Sio
f "k ronf/ u[H=tb,ft&yfo/Ykd
*rdod=<uawmfrrl nfvb
J &k m;/ t&Sio
f "k r? t&Sib
f &k m;b,f<urSmvJvYdk ar;avQmuf
w,f/ t&Sio
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d mrSwv
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d ;l / olomG ;vQif bk&m;&Six
f o
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rSmjzpfwJhtwGufom0w acg t[H *[ywd *rdmrd b*0EH 'em,/
('umu wif;vmawmh oluavsmv
h mw,f/) *[ywd=ausmif;'um/ t[H=igonf/
b*0EH 'em,=bk&m;zl;zk&Yd ef/ om0w= om0wdj ynfo/Ykd b*0EH 'em,=bk&m;zl;
zk&Yd ef/ *rdmrd=oGm;aytH/h
ud,
k af wmf b,fomG ;rSmvJvaYdk r;awmh ]]'umBu;D ? igbk&m;zl;csiv
f Ydk om0wdu
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kd mG ;
r,f}}vkYd wpfyikd ;f aysmjh yefMum;vmawmh pdwa oa|;uvJ ravQmb
h ;l / ausmif;'umuwif;
jrw
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f ufrmS pd;k vdYk bmajymovJqv
kd Qi-f
awe [d baE ,O twem bPdw?H ,O r,m bPdw?H wH oAH b*0awm
tma&map[d/
baE=t&Sib
f &k m;/ awe [d=odw
Yk Ny;D um;/ (0g) om0wdj ynfob
Ykd &k m;zl;<ur,fqdk
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kd t
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f &k m;u/ bPdw=H ajymqkt
d yf\/
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d yf\/ wH oA=H xkt
d &Sif
bk&m;ajymwJph um;? wynhaf wmfajymwJph um;tm;vk;H ud/k b*0awm=jrwfpmG bk&m;tm;/
tma&map[d=avQmufxm;jzpfatmif avQmufxm;ygbk&m;/ t&Sifbk&m;ajymwJhpum;?
ok;H cg ajymr&awmh pdwa oa|;u ar;vdu

k w
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pdwo
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16
wynhaf wmfajymwJph um;tm;vk;H udk jrwfpmG bk&m;tm; avQmufxm;ygbk&m;/
tep&d,H acg yae+wH baE? ,H ta,sm ok"arm ykea'0 rpdumo@H

ypm*ap,s/
baE=t&Sifbk&m;/ ta,sm ok"arm=t&Sifok"ronf/ ykea'0=wzefomvQif/
rpdu
mo@H=() rpu
d mo@NrKd Uod/Yk ,H ypm*ap,s=tMuifjyefvm&m\/ {wH=odYk
t&Sio
f "k r wynfah wmfwaYkd ewJh rpdu
mo@NrKd UodYk aemufxyfwpfzefjyefvm&jcif;qkw
d hJ
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ud,
k af wmf bk&m;xHa&muf,if tukev
f ;Hk om avQmufxm;yg? avQmufv&Ydk ,
dS if ud,
k f
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jyefvm&jcif;udk wynfah wmfrtHMh oygbl; ud,
k af wmf/
pdwa oa|;u a'goeJaY jymwmr[kwb
f ;l aemf? a&mifw
h ufrmS pd;k vdYk wif;wif;wnf
wnf w&m;oabmajymwm/ t&Sio
f "k r ,lZemok;H q,fa0;wJh om0wdu
o
kd mG ;Ny;D ? ,lZem
ok;H q,fc&D;udk &ufaygif;ok;H q,fomG ;&w,f? wpf,Zl emvQif 12-rdik ?f q,f,Zl emvQif
rkid f 120? ,lZemok;H q,fqadk wmh rkid af ygif;ok;H &mhajcmufq,fa0;w,f? rEav;u yJc;l
avmufta&muf om0wdo
Ykd &ufaygif;ok;H q,f yifyef;Bu;D pGm ajcusio
f mG ;&w,f/
jrwfpGmbk&m;xHawmfarSmufa&mufwmh pdwaoa|;rSmvkdufwJhtwkdif; olu pdw
aoa|;tm;ajymykH? pdwaoa|;u olYtm;jyefMum;avQmufxm;ykHtaMumif;awG (vltqkad wmh) jrwfpmG bk&m;tm; tukezf iG afh vQmufwt
hJ cg jrwfpmG bk&m;uw,m Oygoaum oa'g yoaEm [Daee cko
H ad wm/
bduK =&[ef;/ w,m=oifonf/ oa'g=o'gw&m;ESijhf ynfph aHk om/ yoaEm=&wem
ok;H yg;udk &uf&ufa&ma&mMunfnKd aom/ Oygoaum='g,umuk/d [Daee=,kwn
f w
Hh q
hJ J
a&;jzif/h cko
H ad wm=qJa&;tyfcNhJ y/D
&[ef;? oif[m o'gw&m;ESijhf ynhpf w
Hk hJ &wemok;H yg;udv
k eG pf mG MunfnKd whJ 'umudk
,kwrf maom qJa&;jcif;rsK;d jzifh qJa&;cJw
h m/
teEkp0 ,
d H armCyk&o
d ? teEkavmrduH armCyk&o
d /
17
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kd rf & udpr Ny;D tcsn;f ES;D aoma,musmf ;? oif&UJ tvky[
f m &[ef;ta&eJrY awmf
vku
d af v? &[ef;wkEYd iS rhf avsmv
f u
kd af v/ odpYk onfjrnfweG Nf y;D &[ef;rsm;udw
k pfcgwnf;
tpnf;ta0;ac:Ny;D ]]cspo
f m;wkMYd unfph rf;? 'Do"k r&[ef;[m bmrStjypfr&Sw
d hJ pdwa oa|;
udk 'Dvq
kd aJ &;pum; ajymowJ}h }

f m;wk/Yd awe [d=odw
Yk Ny;D wum;? (0g) xdo
k o
Ykd "k r
&[ef;u pdwo
<l u,fukd trsK;d tEG,u
f u
kd ikd
f ,kwn
f ahH omqJa&;jcif;jzifh qJa&;tyfc&hJ
um;/ ok"r bduK aem=ok"r&[ef;tm;/ oHaCm=oHCmawmfonf/ y#dom&PD,ur=H
y#dom&PD,uHu/kd ua&mwk=jyKap (oHCmu ok"r&[ef;tm; y#dom&PD,ujyK&rnf?
b,fvjdk yK&rnfvq
J &dk if)? aw=oifonf/ pdawm *[ywd=pdwo
<l u,f pdwa oa|;ud/k
crmaywaAm=onf;cHap&r,f? (0g) uefawmhawmif;yefap&r,f/ wd=odjYk yK&rnf/
oHCmtrdejYf zifh ]]oifonf pdwo
<l u,f pdwa oa|;udk onf;cHap&r,f? uefawmh&r,f}}
uJhodkYtrdefYay;&rnf/ xkdodkYtrdefYay;jcif;onfyif y#dom&PD,uHjyKonfrnfw,f/
xkaYd emufrS jrwfpmG bk&m;u y#dom&PD,uHjyKyt
Hk us,u
f kd (0denf; plV0*ygVd? ESm-37-rS
p) a[mawmfro
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C
H uHjyKNy;D rS jrwfpmG bk&m;u ok"r&[ef;ud?k
*p pdwH *[yw crmay[d/
*p=oGm;/ pwH *[yw=pdwo
<l u,f-pdwa oa|;ud/k crmay[d=uefawmhcahJ vmh/
]]oGm;-pdwa oa|;udk uefawmhc}hJ }vkdY cyfaigufaiguftrde&Yf adS wmh ok"r&[ef;wpf&ufrQr
em;&bJ a&mufwahJ eYrmS yJ ,lZemok;H q,f (rkid af ygif;ok;H &mhajcmufq,f) c&D;udk wpfcgxJ
jyefvm&w,f/
t&Sio
f "k r yifyef;Bu;D pGm ,lZemok;H q,f (rkid af ygif;ok;H &mhajcmufq,f) c&D;udv
k m
cJ
h rpdu
mo@NrKd Ua*G;csKyd ifawmausmif;wdu
k Bf u;D odaYk &mufNy;D pdwa oa|;ausmif;'um
BuD;xHoGm;a&muf*[ywd r,Sar0 aom a'gaom? crm[d ar?
*[ywd=ausmif;'umaoa|;/ aom=xdjk zpforQOkt
H vk;H pko
H nf/ r,Sar0=igh\
awe [d bdua 0 oHaCm ok"r bduK aem y#dom&PD,urH ua&mwk ]]pdawm

aw *[ywd crmaywaAm}}wd/
pdwo
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18
omvQi/f a'gaom=tjypfyg/ ar=ightm;/ crm[d=onf;cHygavmh/ ausmif;'um? tm;vk;H

[m ightjypfcsn;f ygyJ? ightay:rSm onf;cHygvkYd awmif;yefw,f/ pdwa oa|;u-
em+[H baE crmrd/

baE=t&Sifbk&m;/ t[H=wynhfawmfonf/ e crmrd=onf;rcHEdkifbl;bk&m;(wJh)?
]]ud,
k af wmf? wynhaf wmf onf;rcHEikd b
f ;l bk&m;}}vkYd rsuEf mS wif;wif;xm;Ny;D ajymw,f/ ESpf
Burd f ok;H Burd f oluawmif;yef/ ausmif;'umu onf;rcHb;l qkad wmh aemufwpfzefoq
l uf
NyD; bmvkyf&rnfudkrodawmh jrwfpGmb&m;xH ,lZemokH;q,f (rkdifokH;&mhajcmufq,f)
c&D;udk jyefvm&jyefw,f/
ae&m t|uxmq&mawmfu azmfjyonfrmS jrwfpmG bk&m;urodb;l vm;(wJ)h ?
odygw,f(wJ)h ? em+ pdawm *[ywd crdwd/ t=xko
d "k r&[ef;tm;/ pdawm
*[ywd=pdwa oa|;onf/ e crdwd=onf;cHvrd rhf nfr[kwb
f ;l ? 'Dtcsuu
f kd jrwfpmG bk&m;
tapmBu;D u odNy;D om;yg/ [if-odvQib
f mjzpfvYdk bk&m;&Siu
f onf;cHEidk af Mumif;enf;aumif;
udk rTejf ybJ ]]oGm;? pdwa oa|;udk ,ckomG ;uefawmh awmif;yefvu
dk }f }vdYk bmaMumifh
trde&Yf &dS wmvJ? odaYk r;zG,&f \
dS / tajzum;rmexa'g {o?
{o=&[ef;onf/ rmexa'g=rmecufxefwhJ &[ef;wnf;/
woa,mZeH wm0 r*H *Em ypm*pw/k
woa,mZeH r*=H ,lZemok;H q,f (rkid af ygif;ok;H &mhajcmufq,f) &Sw
d chJ &D;ud/k *Em=
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,lZemok;H q,ff (rkid o
f ;Hk &mhajcmufq,f) a0;wJch &D;udk oifomG ;Ny;D jyefvmapOD;? 'grS
rmefrmeusr,f/ odkYpOf;pm;awmfrlrdvkdY vTwfvkdufwm(wJh)? vTwfvdkufwJhtwkdif;yJ
vmwke;f u ,lZemok;H q,f? bk&m;ESiw
hf uG oHCmu y#dom&PD,uHjyKNy;D vTwv
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pnf;a0;apawmfrlw,f/
19
ok"r&[ef;tm; tazmfwref&[ef;xnfhay;jcif;
xdkodkYpnf;a0;apawmfrlNyD;-
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ok"r bduK aem tEk'w
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l H
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aom bmao,s/
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hf wl rpdu
mo@NrKd Uodo
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bduK aem? yoma'wd wH=ausmif;'um? ok"r&[ef;tay:rSm onf;cHauseyfyg/ olonf
toifausmif;'umudk MunfygapaMumif;awmif;yefyg\}} uJo
h aYkd jymqkad y;&r,f/
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vQif tjypfr&Sad umif;jrwfv\
S ? tu,frauseyfvQif tazmf&[ef;u ]]cr *[ywd
awe [d bdua 0 oHaCm ok"r bduK aem tEk'w

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20
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h aYkd jymqkd
ay;&rnf/
(4) uJo
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r bduK aem oHC 0paee=ausmif;'um? ok"r&[ef;tay:rSm oHCmawmf\
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rnf/
(5) uJo
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f & pdwa oa|;jrifavmuf? Mum;avmufaomt&yfoYkd
ac:oGm;Ny;D ouFe;f udk vufuefawmhx;kd ap? aqmihaf Mumifx
h ikd af p? vuftyk cf saD pNy;D xdk
(Moro0g') ygpdwt
f mywfukd a'oemMum;ap&rnf}} uJo
h rYkd ed aYf wmfral vonf/
t&Sifok"rtm; Mo0g'w&m;ay;jcif;
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f "k rrax&ftm; rmefrmeusvmonfukd odawmfrNl y;D
qkt
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hf uG
tazmfwref&[ef;udyk g xnhaf y;Ny;D ]]*p rdem o' *Em OygouH crmay[d=cspo
f m;
oGm;av? tazmf&[ef;ESifhtwloGm;NyD; pdwaoa|;Oygoumudk aus&mausaMumif;
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wd rmeH 0g m 0g umwkH e 0wd/ {0H ua&mE [d pm+rmem'a,m udavom
0kE/d ("ry'? |? 328)
cspo
f m;ok"r-&[ef;qkw
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d ?f ig\ae&m? ig\'um? ig\'umr
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31
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35
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("ry'? |? y? 332)
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(oH? 'k? 474)
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f m rdpm 'd|ad jcmufq,fh
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59
,m rm *[ywd taeu0d[dwm 'd|da,m avmau OyZEd ]]oawm

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0g avmaum}}wd? ]]wH ZD0H wH o&D&}}Ed 0g? ]]tnH ZD0H tnH o&D&}}Ed 0g? ]]a[mwd
wxm*awm y&H r&Pm}}wd 0g? ]]ae0 a[mwd e e a[mwd wxm *awm y&H r&Pm}}
wd 0g? ,medp+d rmed 'Ggo|d 'd|*d wmed jA[Zmav bPdwmed? rm acg *[ywd 'd|ad ,m
oum,'d|,
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rm 'd|da,m=tMuifrdpmt,lwkdYonf/ avmau=avmu/ OyZEd=jzpf&SdMuukef\/
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hJ wkid ;f oum,'d|d a[mwd=tw'|d Ed pS q
f ,f
jzpfw,f)vdYk a[maomtcg ausmif;'umpdwa oa|; auseyftm;&0rf;ajrmufNy;D qkd
vwaYH omtwdik ;f oum, 'd|=d tw'|d d rjzpfyu
Hk dk ar;jref;w,f/
tw'd|drjzpfykH tar;+tajz
uxH ye baE oum,'d|d e a[mwd/
t&Sib
f &k m;? oum,'d|b
d ,fvjdk zpfrvJ rjzpfwmu b,fvrdk jzpfwmwk;H odYk
ar;avQmufaomtcg t&Si
f od'wu qkv
d wHaY omtwkid ;f ajzMum;awmfrw
l ,f/
" *[ywd okw0g t&d,om0aum t&d,meH 'm0D t&d,"r aum0da'g
t&d,"ar ok0ed aD wm oyK&o
d meH 'm0D oyK&o
d "r aum0da'g oyK&o
d "ar
ok0ed aD wm e &lyH twawm orEkywd? e &ly0EH 0g twmeH? e twed 0g &ly?H e
&lyo 0g twmeH? e a0'eH (y)? e onH (y)? e ocFga& (y)? e 0dnmPH twawm orEkywd? e 0dnmP0EH 0g twmeH? e twed 0g 0dnmPH? e 0dnmPo 0g twmeH/ {0H
acg *[ywd oum,'d|d e a[mwd/ (oH,w
k ? 'k? 479)
teufum;- *[ywd=ausmif;'um/ "=avmu/ okw0g=tm*r t"d*r
okwESpyf g;&Sad om/ t&d,om0aum=jrwfpmG bk&m;\wynho
f m0ujzpfaom/ t&d,meH
'm0D=t&d,mwku
Yd kd Pfrsupf jd zifjh rifavh&adS om/ t&d,"r aum0da'g=t&d,mwk\
Yd
w&m;t&m uRr;f usiv
f rd m aom/ t&d,"ar ok0ed aD wm=t&d,mwk\
Yd w&m; aumif;pGm
,Ofaus;Ny;D aom/ oyK&o
d meH 'm0D=bk&m;tp&Sad omolawmfaumif;wdu
Yk dk Pfrsupf d
jzifh jrifavh&adS om/ oyK&o
d "r aum0da'g=olawmfaumif;wd\
Yk w&m;t&m uRr;f usif
vdrm aom/ oyK&o
d "ar ok0ed aD wm=olawmfaumif;wk\
Yd w&m; aumif;pGm,Ofaus;Ny;D
aom uvsmPykxZk ef t&d,molawmfpifonf/ &ly=H &kyu
f /kd twawm=twvyd jf ym[l/
65
(2) a0'eH=a0'emud/k e orEkywd=twvyd jf ym[l tvGv

J rJG &Ijrif (y)/ (3)
onH=onmuk/d e orEkywd=twvyd jf ym[l tvGv
J rJG &Ijrif (y)/ (4) ocFga&=ig;q,f
ocsmF ocFg&uEm wdu
Yk /kd e orEkywd=twvyd jf ym[l tvGv
J rJG &Ijrif (y)/ (5) 0dnmPH=
jrifrI Mum;rI erf;&SLrIpm;+vsurf I wdrI odr=I ajcmufcak ompdwt
f pku/kd twawm=tw
vdyjf ym[l/ e orEkywd=tvGv
J rJG &Ijrif/ 0dnmP0EH= pdw&f adS om/ twmeH 0g=tw
vdyjf ym[lvnf;/ e orEkywd=tvGv
J rJG &Ijrif/ twe=d twvyd jf ym/ 0dnmP0EH
0g=pdw&f \
dS [lvnf;/ e orEkywd=tvGv
J rJG &Ijrif/ 0dnmPo= pdwf / twmeH 0g=tw
vdyjf ym&S\
d =wnfae\[lvnf;/ e orEkywd=tvGv
J rJG &Ijrif/ *[ywd=ausmif;'um/
{0H acg=odq
Yk v
dk Qif (0g) qdt
k yfNy;D aomtjcif;t&mjzif/h ou,'d|=d oum,'d|o
d nf/
e a[mwd=jzpf\/
tcsKyfrSwfzG,f t"dym,f
t&d,molawmfaumif;wdkYudk Pfrsufpdjzifh jrifzl;+t&d,molawmfaumif;wkdY\
w&m;uRrf;usifvdrm+t&d,molawmfaumif;wkdY\w&m; uRrf;usifvdrm+t&d,mol
awmfaumif;wd\
Yk w&m; aumif;pGm,Ofaus;Ny;D wJh uvsmPykxZk ef t&d,molawmfpif
wko
Yd nf cEmig;yg;wkw
Yd iG f wpfyg;yg;rSmrS av;yg;pDav;yg;pDaom tw'|d d oum,'d|d
wkjYd zifh tvGv
J t
JG rSm;rSm; r&Ib;l / y&rwopm Pftjrifjzifo
h mvQif um; &kyw
f &m;+
um;a0'em+um;onm+um;ocFg&+um;pdw[
f
l omvQif &IjrifawmfrMl u\/
enf;tm;jzifh oum,'d|d rjzpfay[l ajzMum;jcif;jzpf\/
t&Si
f od'wt&Sijf rwfum; y#dord' gyw&[Emjzpfawmh jrwfpmG bk&m;a[mwmeJY
t&Sijf rwfa[mwmonf wxyfwnf;usw,f? od&Yk um; tem*grft&d,mjzpfol ausmif;
'umpdwa oa|;onf t&Sio
f jl rwfa[mqkcd suo
f nf jrwfpmG bk&m;a[mqkcd suEf iS w
hf pfxyf
wnf; wlrQae&um vGepf mG vGepf mG 0rf;omtm;& om"ktEkarm'emjyKavonf/
rjrifbl;aomrdwfaqGjzpfaejcif;
w&m;yGu
J m; Ny;D oGm;avNy/D pdwa oa|;tzk&Yd m ar;zG,&f mudpw
pfcjk zpfvmonfrmS
aoa|;\tzk&Yd m t0Edw
ikd ;f rSm rjrifb;l bJ txl;cspcf ifaewJh od'wrnfaom oli,fcsi;f
e orEkywd=tvGv
J rJG &Ijrif/ &ly0E=H &ky&f adS om/ twmeH 0g=twvyd jf ym[lvnf;/
e orEkywd=tvGv
J rJG &Ijrif/ twe=d twvyd jf ym/ &ly0EH 0g=&ky&f \
dS [lvnf;/ e
orEkywd=tvGt
J vGrJ &Ijrif/ &lyo= &kyw
f &m;/ twmeH 0g=twvyd jf ym&S\
d +wnfae\
[lvnf;/ e orEkywd=tvGv
J rJG &Ijrif/ (&kyf 4-csu)f /
pdwo
f &m;awmf)
66
trsK;d aumif;om; &[ef;jyKomG ;w,fvv

Ykd J owif;Mum;&? ,ckt&Sijf rwf&UJ bJUG uvnf; t&Sif
od'ww?hJ ]]t&Sio
f nf ig&JUrjrifb;l aomrdwaf qG od'wtrsK;d aumif;om;rsm;jzpf
aernfavm}}[k pOf;pm;rdojzifh (pdwa oa|;u)-
ukawm baE ta,sm od'awm tm*pw/d

baE=t&Sib
f &k m;/ ta,sm od'awm=t&Si
f od'wonf/ ukawm=tb,ft
&yfu/ tm*pw=d <uvmcJyh goenf;bk&m;/ t&Si
f od'w t&Sib
f &k m; tb,ft&yfu
vmcJw
h mvJb&k m;vkYd ar;w,f/ xkt
d cg t&Si
f od'w&[Emut0E,
d m acg *[ywd tm*pmrd/
*[ywd=ausmif;'um./ t[H=igonf/ t0E,
d m=t0Ew
d ikd ;f rS/ tm*pmrd=vmcJh
yg\/ ausmif;'umigonf t0Edwkdif;u vmcJhw,fvkdY ajzw,f/ qufNyD;awmh pdw
aoa|;utwd baE t0E,
d m od'awm emr ukvykawm trSmuH t'd|o[ma,m
yAZad wm? 'da|m aom tm,owm/ (oH? 'k? 479)
baE=t&Sib
f &k m;./ t0E,
d m=tJ't
D 0Ew
d idk ;f / trSmuH=wynfah wmfw\
Ydk / t'd|o[ma,m=rjrifb;l onfrh w
d af qGjzpfaom/ yAZad wm=,cktcsed rf mS awmh &[ef;jyKomG ;NyD
vdYk owif;Mum;od&awom/ od'awm emr ukvykawm=od'wrnfaomtrsK;d aumif;
om;onf/ twd=&Sdyg\/ tm,owm=t&Sifbk&m;onf/ aom=xkdtrsKd;aumif;om;
od'wu/kd 'da|m=jriftyfz;l ygovm;bk&m;/
t&Sib
f &k m;? tJ't
D 0Ew
d idk ;f rSm wynfah wmfw&Ydk UJ rjrifz;l bJeYJ tvGecf ifrifwrhJ w
d af qG
od'wac:trsK;d aumif;om;wpfO;D &Sw
d ,f/ ol[m &[ef;jyKomG ;w,fvYdk Mum;od&ygw,f/
olu
Y kd t&Sib
f &k m;awGjY rifz;l ygovm;vkYd ar;awmh t&Si
f od'wu={0H *[ywd=awGjY rif
zl;w,f ausmif;'umvkYd (ajzw,f)/ xkt
d cg pdwa oa|;uu[H Ek acg aom baE tm,om {w&[d 0d[&wd/
baE=t&Sifbk&m;/ aom tm,om=xkdt&Sifonf/ {w&[d=,cktcg/ u[H=
tb,ft&yf/ 0d[&wd e acg=aeygoenf;bk&m;/
67
tJ'w
D ynfah wmf&UJ rjrifz;l wJo
h il ,fcsi;f t&Si
f od'w[m ,cktcgb,frmS aeyg
ovJb&k m;vkYd ar;avQmufw,f/
odaYk r;avQmuftyfonf&adS omf t&Si

f od'w&[Emjrwfonf pum;rajymwkPDS
abmjzifh qdwq
f w
d af eawmfral vonf/ ('Dae&mrSm t&Si
f od'wu ajzvQif rdru
d ,
kd u
f kd
vufnKd ;xd;k jyzdyYk ifjzpfaomfvnf; &[Emyk*Kd vjf zpfonft
h wGuf vufnKd ;xk;d rjybJ(aÈ
tysufrcH)wkPSDabm=qdwfqdwfaeawmfrlvdkufw,f/)
xkt
d cg omoemrSm tem*grft&d,mjzpfol pdwa oa|;u vdrm yg;eyfojl zpf&um;ta,sm aem baE od'awm/
t&Sib
f &k m;? t&Sib
f &k m;yJ od'w&[ef;awmf r[kwv
f m;? (uJo
h aYkd r;avQmuf
aomtcg t&Si
f od'wonf) {0H *[ywd=[kwyf gw,f ausmif;'um[l 0efcaH jzqdk
awmfral vonf/ &[ef;awmfrsm;taeeJY twk,zl ,
G yf gay)/
ausmif;xkdif&ef awmif;yefavQmufxm;jcif;
xkt
d cg ausmif;'umpdwa oa|;u vGepf mG 0rf;ajrmufNy;D tbd&rwk baE ta,sm od'awm? rpdumoa@ &rPD,H trm#u0eH/
t[H t,s od'w OkuH u&dmrd pD0&+yd@ygw+aoemoe+*dvmeyp,
aboZy&dum &meH/ (oH? 'k? 479)
baE=t&Sib
f &k m;/ ta,sm od'awm=t&Sib
f &k m;od'wonf/ rpu
d moa@=
rpdu
mo@NrKd U/ tbd&rwk=arGaY vsmEf pS Nf cKd uf aysmyf u
kd af wmfryl gbk&m;/ trm#u0eH=]]a*G;
csKyd ifawmausmif;wku
d }f }onf/ &rPD,=H arGaY vsmzf ,
G &f v
dS yS gonfb&k m;/ t[H=wynfah wmf
onf/ t,s od'w=t&Si
f od'wtwGu/f pD0&+yd@ygw+aoemoe+*dvme
yp, aboZ y&dum &meH=ouFe;f +qGr;f +ausmif;+aq;=ypn;f av;yg;wkt
Yd zk&Yd m/ ok
-u=H vkv
YH BuKd ;ukwaf MumihMf updu
k x
f w
k jf cif;ud/k u&dmrd=jyKygrnfb&k m;/ (odaYk vQmufxm;
aomtcg t&Si
f od'wu ]]aumif;Ny?D aeygr,fausmif;'umvkYd trderYf &Sb
d )J -
{0H 0kaw tm,om od'awm wkPDS ta[mod/
pdwo
f &m;awmf)
68
uvsmPH 0kpw
d *[ywd/
*[ywd=ausmif;'um/ uvsmP=aumif;aompum;ud/k 0kpw

=d qkt
d yfyg\/ ausmif;
'umaoa|;avQmufxm;csupf um;onf aumif;jrwfaompum;jzpfygayw,f/ uJo
h Ykd
om rdeMYf um;awmfrw
l ,f/
xkad emufpw
d a oa|;onf t&Si
f od'w\ jyemajzMum;csuu
f kd 0rf;ajrmufEk
armfom"kac:Ny;D rax&fjrwfwu
Ydk kd ud,
k w
f idk Mf uyfrwfqrG ;f uyfavonf/ rax&fjrwfrsm;vJ
qGrf;udpNyD; ausmif;odkYjyef<ua&mufMuwJhtcg t&Sifax&oHCmhrax&fBuD;u t&Sif
od'woC
H aem t&Sijf rwfukd a&S;enf;twkid ;f yif rdeMYf um;awmfrw
l ,f/ rdeMYf um;ykrH mS om"k acg wH tm0kaom od'w {aom yaOm y#dbmod? ae+aom yaOm rH
y#dbmod/ awe [m+0kaom od'w ,'gtn'gyd {0&layg yaOm tm*ap,s/
wana0+w y#dbmao,s/
(teufay;yku
H akd &S; (2) eHygwf yXrod'wow
k t
f wkid ;f odrw
S &f m\/ qdv
k &dk if;rSm
igh&iS
f od'w? igh&iS af jzMum;tyfwhJ oum,'d|Ed pS q
f ,fjzpfyHk tjcif;t&m[m ig&Si&hf UJ Pf
xJrSm vif;vif;BuD;xifygbd? ay:ygbd? igh&SifajzMum;tyfwJh oum,'d|dESpfq,fjzpfykH
tjcif;t&mudk igodyif odaomfvJ odaYk jz&vdrrhf nfvYdk ajzyku
H kd rodb;l / od&Yk um; igh&iS f
od'w? aemufaemiftcg jyemrsK;d ay:aygufvmvQif igh&iS yf aJ jzygavvkYd t&Sif
ax&oHCmrax&fBu;D u t&Si
f od'wtm; cGiahf y;awmfrw
l ,f/
&[EmjrwfwkdYoHa,mZOfjywfykH
t&Sifod'w oHCaem&[Emt&Sifjrwfonf ,ckqkdtyfNyD;aomtwkdif; pdw
aoa|;u ausmif;xkid b
f ek ;f Bu;D jyKvyk &f ef awmif;yefavQmufxm;onfuv
kd nf; vufrcH
jcif;? t&Siaf x&oHCmhax&fBu;D u wm0efay;tyfonfuv
kd nf; (om"kbaE=aumif;ygNyD
t&Sib
f &k m;vk)Yd 0efrcHjcif;wku
Yd kd ]]&uf&ufpufpuf jzwfawmufomG ;w,f}}vkaYd jymcsiv
f Qif
ajymMu? odrYk [kwf ]]&[Emt&Sijf rwfw&Ydk UJ oHa,mZOfjywfwhJ tusiyhf }J }vkYd cs;D rGr;f csiv
f Qiyf J
cs;D rGr;f Muawmh? pmxJrmS awmh a[m'Dvdk rSwcf suyf gw,ftx acg tm,om od'awm aoemoeH oHomarwGm yw pD0&+rm'g,
rpdu
mo@rSm yumrd? ,H rpdu
mo@rSm yumrd? wxm yuaEm0 ta[mod? e yke
ypm*pd/ (oH? 'k? 479)
69
aemufq;Hk rSwcf sut

f aeeJY- ,H rpdu
mo@rSm yumrd? wxm yuaEm0 ta[mod?
e yke ypm*pdv
Ydk rSwcf suaf y;w,f/ rpdu
mo@rSm=rpdu
mo@NrKd UrS/ ,H yumrd=tMuifzJ
oGm;cJNh y/D wxm yuaEm0 ta[mod=xko
d Ykd tNy;D zJomG ;Nyo
D m jzpfavNy/D (at;..tNy;D t
jywfzo
J mG ;w,fvYdk qkv
d w
kd ,f)/ e yke ypm*pd= aemufwpfzefjyefrvmawmhb;l / (&[Em
t&Sijf rwfwo
Ydk nf bmwpfcu
k rkd S ckrH ifrI r&SMd ubl;)/ oifah vsmufywfwahJ e&mrSm omoem
jyKz,
G u
f pd w
u
Ydk kd jyKNy;D Nyq
D v
dk Qif rdr&d UJ oydwo
f uFe;f ud,
k Nl y;D iSuu
f av;rsm; rdrt
d awmifyH
jzifh yso
H mG ;Muovdk oHa,mZOfavmbeJY ]]'Dausmif;udk igjyefvmr,f}}qkw
d hJ ckrH ifrrI sK;d r&Sw
d hJ
taMumif;udak zmfjyvk
d ]],H rpdu
mo@rSm yumrd? wxm yuaEm0 ta[mod? e yke
ypm*pd= rpdu
mo@NrKd UrS zJomG ;uwnf;udu
k aemufwpfzefjyef rvmawmhb;l }} (uJo
h Ykd
rSwcf sucf s okwe ef *d ;kH tqk;H owfjcif;jzpfygw,f/)
pdwoHokwf (3) 'kwd,od'wokwfNyD;NyD
tx acg=xkrd aS emuf/ tm,om od'awm=t&Si

f od'w oHCaem&[Emi,f
onf/ aoemoeH oHomarwGm=ausmif;tdy&f mae&mudk odrk ;DS odr;f qnf;Ny;D / (rdrad emuf
,lomG ;wmr[kwb
f ;l aemf? rdrad ewJah usmif;udk jcrwuf rd;k rpGwaf tmif tok;H taqmifav;
rsm;udk rd;k vk+H jcrwufwahJ e&mrSm w&kw
d ao odr;f xm;cJyh gw,f/ 'gjzifh t&Sio
f jl rwf bmudk
,lomG ;ovJqadk wmh)J ywp0D &+rm'g,=oydww
f pfv;Hk ouFe;f ok;H xnfuo
kd m ,laqmif/
rpdu
mo@rSm=rpdu
mo@NrKd UrS/ yumrd=t&yfwpfyg; zJomG ;cJah vNy/D
pdwo
f &m;awmf)
70
pdwoH,kwf (4) r[uyg#d[m&duokwfw&m;

(oH? 'k? 480-1)
,aeYa[mrnfo
h w
k u
f kd okwt
f rnf ]]r[uyg#d[m&duokw}f }vdaYk c:w,f? jrefrmvkd
ajym&ifawmh ]]t&Sirf [u&[Em&JU wefc;dk jym#d[mESiphf yfaomokw}f }jzpfygw,f/ tJ'o
D w
k f
udk t&Sit
f meEm? t&Sirf [muywku
Yd uJo
h Ykd okwe ef 'd gef; ysK;d ay;vku
d yf gw,f/
{uH or,H or[v

k m ax&m bduL rpdu
wpfcsed u
f rsm;pGmaomrax&f &[ef;awmfawG[m pdwa oa|;wkaYd exkid &f m rpdu
m
o@NrdKUrS ]]a*G;csKdyifawm}}vkdY e*dk&ftrnft&if;&SdwJhausmif;wkdufBuD;rSm oDwif;okH;ae
awmfrMl uygw,f/ pdwa oa|;&JU oabFma*G;csKyd ifO,smOfBu;D rSm ausmif;wku
d w
f nfNy;D vSL
xm;ykH? tJ'Dausmif;wkdufBuD;rSm oHCmhrax&fBuD;awG awmfawmfrsm;rsm; oDwif;okH;ae
awmfrMl uwJyh u
Hk dk tm&H,
k x
l m;Muyg/ xkt
d csed rf mS rdrw
d
Ykd PfxJ ausmif;'umBu;D pdwa oa|;
ausmif;wku
d o
f v
Ykd mNy;D qnf;uyfyu
Hk kd tm&Hjk yKEidk &f ef oH*w
D u
d m&urax&fjrwfwu
Ykd pum;
qufpyfay;w,f/ ay;ykrH mS tx acg pdawm *[ywd a,e ax&m bduL awEk+youFr?d OyouFrw
d mG
axa& bduL tbd0ga'wGm {urEH edo'D ?d {urEH edoad Em acg pdawm *[ywd axa&
bduL {w+'a0gp/ (oH? 'k? 480) (ygVdteufay;cJNh y?D qkv
d o
dk nfrmS --)
xko
d rYkd ax&fjrwfrsm; rpdu
mo@NrKd U a*G;csKyd ifawmausmif;wku
d f oDwif;ok;H aeawmf
rlMuwJt
h csed rf mS ausmif;'umpdwa oa|; rax&fjrwfrsm; oDwif;ok;H &m a*G;csKyd ifawm
ausmif;wku
d o
f v
Ykd ma&mufNy;D rax&fwu
Ydk kd &dak ojrwfE;dk &Scd ;dk OD;Gwf tjypfvw
G w
f ahJ e&mu
xkid Nf y;D pdwa oa|;qkw
d ahJ usmif;'umBu;D u rax&fjrwfBu;D wku
Yd dk uJo
h Ydk yifah vQmufpum;
ajymMum;w,f/ (ajymMum;yku
H )t"d0gaoEK ar baE ax&m oGmwem, a*gukav bwH/
baE=t&Siw
f b
Ydk &k m;/ ax&m=rax&fjrwfwo
Ydk nf/ oGmwem,=eufjzefaumif;rIuk
odv
k t
f vdiYk mS / ar=wynhaf wmf\/ a*gukav=EGm;jcH / bw=H qGr;f ud/k t"d0gaoEK=onf;cH
om,mawmfrlMuygbk&m;/
t&Sirf ax&fjrwfBu;D wkb
Yd &k m;...eufjzefaumif;rIuo
k v
kd af &;twGuf wynhaf wmf
EGm;jcrH mS qGr;f tvSLcH<uawmfrMl uygbk&m;vkYd yifah vQmufw,f/ rax&fjrwfwu
Ydk vJ-
71
t"d0gaookH acg ax&m bduL wkPb

DS ma0e/
rax&fjrwfBu;D wku
Yd vnf; qdwq
f w
d af eMu pdwa oa|; yifah vQmufcsuu
f kd vufcH
awmfrMl uw,f/
xkt
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t&Sib
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pm+,H pdawm *[ywd=pdwa oa|;[m ody&f ;dk om;ajzmifrh wfw,f/ ,m0 toa|m
pm+,H pdawm *[ywd=pdwa oa|;[m odyNf y;D awmhrpOf;vJwv
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aom b*0g=xkda&Tbkef;awmfocif bk&m;&Sifudk,fawmfjrwfonf/ wdyd=odkY
vQif owavmu+ocFg&avmu+Moumoavmuwnf;[laom avmuokH;yg;ukd
ydik ;f jcm;xifxif tMuiG ;f rJo
h jd rifah wmfral omtaMumif;aMumifv
h nf;/ avmu0d'=l avmu
0d'l[laom*kPfawmfBuD;jzifh tued|jA[mhjynfwkdif jyefYvIdifxif&Sm; ausmfMum;awmfrlyg
ay\/ (MunfnKd &ef)
(u-??) avmuok;H yg; oabmw&m;udk ydik ;f jcm;odjrifawmfral omaMumihf avmu0d'l
*kPaf wmfBu;D jzifh tued|jA[mjh ynfwidk f jyefv
Y idI af usmaf pmawmfral om jrwfpmG bk&m;..jrwf
pGmbk&m;...aom b*0g wdyd avmu0d'/l (ESv;Hk oGi;f &ef)
(6)? (u-?) wdyd aom b*0g tEkwa &m yk&o
d 'rom&xd/=
aom b*0g=xkda&Tbkef;awmfocif bk&m;&Sifudk,fawmfjrwfonf/ wdyd=odkY
vQif r,Ofaus;aom vlewfjA[mow0gwdu
Yk kd ,Ofaus;atmifjyK qk;H rrI0,f twkr&Sv
d eG f
jrwfbad omtaMumif;aMumihv
f nf;/ tEkwa &myk&o
d 'rom&xd=tEkwa &myk&o
d 'rom
&xd[laom*kPfawmfBuD;jzifh tued| jy[mhjynfwkdif jyefYvIdifxif&Sm; ausmfMum;awmfrl
ygay\/ (MunfnKd &ef)
(u-??) r,Ofaus;aomow0gwku
Yd kd ,Ofaus;atmifjyK qk;H rrI0,f twkr&Sd vGejf rwf
awmfral omaMumifh tEkwa &myk&o
d 'rom&xd *kPaf wmfBu;D jzifh tued|jA[mjh ynfwidk f
jyefv
Y idI af usmaf pmfawmfral om jrwfpmG bk&m;..jrwfpmG bk&m; aom b*0g wdyd tEkw-
a&myk&do'rom&xd/ (ESvkH;oGif;&ef)
(7)? (u-?) wdyg aom b*0g owma'0rEkmeH/=
aom b*0g =xkad &Tbek ;f awmfocif bk&m;&Siu
f ,
kd af wmfjrwfonf/ wdy=d odYk
vQif vlewfjA[mow0grsm; aomif;wku
d o
f m;wku
Yd kd w&m;Tejf yqkq
d ;Hk rawmfrw
l wfaom
aMumifv
h nf;/ owma'0rEkmeH=owma'0rEkmeH[al om *kPaf wmfBu;D jzifh tued|
jA[mhjynfwkdif jynhfvIdifxif&Sm;ausmfMum;awmfrlygay\/ (MunfndK7ef)
(8)? (u-?) wdyd aom b*0g Aka'g/=

f ,
vQif opmav;yg;udk ydidk ;f ydik ;f jcm;jcm;xifxif ud,
k af wmfwidk o
f jd rif a0ae,swt
Ydk m;vnf;
odapawmfrw
l wfaom taMumif;aMumifv
h nf;/ Aka'g=Ak'[
al om*kPaf wmfBu;D jzifh tu
ed|jA[mjh ynfwidk f jynhv
f idI x
f if&mS ; ausmMf um;awmfryl gay\/ (MunfnKd &ef)
(u-??) opmav;yg;trSew
f &m;ukd ydik ;f jcm;xifxif ud,
k af wmfwidk o
f jd rif a0ae,s
wkt
Yd m;vnf; a[mMum;odapawmfral omaMumihf Ak'* P
k af wmfBu;D jzifh tued|jA[mjh ynf
wkdif jyefYvIdifausmfapmawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;...jrwfpGmbk&m;..aom b*0g wdyd
Aka'g/ (ESvkH;oGif;&ef)
(9)? (u-?) wdyd aom b*0g b*0g/=
f ,
vQif &d,? "r? ,o? od&?D umr? y,wwnf;[laom bke;f awmfajcmufpaHk us;Zl;
*kPEf iS jhf ynfph aHk wmfral omtaMumif;aMumifv
h nf;/ b*0g=b*0g[laom*kPaf wmfBuD;jzifh
tued|jA[mhjynfwkdif jynfhvIdifxif&Sm;ausmfMum;awmfrlygay\/ (MunfndK&ef)
(u-??) bke;f awmfajcmufpHk aus;Zl;*kPw
f EYdk iS jhf ynfph aHk wmfral omaMumifh b*0g*kPf
awmfBuD;jzifh tued|jA[mhjynfwkdif jyefYvIdifausmfapmawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;..
jrwfpmG bk&m;...aom b*0g wdyd b*0g/ (ESv;Hk oGi;f &ef)
ed*Hk;
jrwfpmG bk&m;&JU toacFs,s tyar,s*P
k af wmfawGxu
J 'D*P
k af wmf 9-yg;wdu
Yk kd
pdwa oa|; olaY qG+olrY sK;d rsm; ESv;Hk oGi;f yGm;rsm;Mu&ef/
(u-??) vlewfjA[mow0grsm;tm; w&m;Tejf yqkq

d ;Hk rawmfral omaMumifh owma'0rEkmeH*P
k af wmfBu;D jzifh tued|jA[mjh ynfwidk f jyefv
Y idI af usmaf pmawmfral om jrwf
pGmbk&m;... jrwfpmG bk&m;...aom b*0g wdyd owma'0rEkmeH/
pdwo
f &m;awmf)
180
wd=od/Yk Aka'=oAnLAk't
rnf&wJh avmuxGwx
f m;jrwfpmG bk&m;/ ta0pyoma'e=ouf0ifMunfnKd wo
hJ 'gw&m;ESihf (odMum;rif;u em;uif;eJv
Y mNy;D zsuaf omf
vJ igonf 'D,MHk unfcsu+f 'DtodPf+'DtjrifreS w
f jYdk zifh b,fenf;eJrY rS zsub
f ;l vdYk bk&m;ESihf
ywfouf ,kMH unfcsuo
f 'gw&m;ESi)hf / orEm*wm=jynhpf u
Hk ek o
f nf/ b0dmr=igwkYd
wawG jzpfMuayukev
f wft[
hH
l / yXrMo0g'udk pdwa oa|;aqGrsK;d rsm;tm; ay;tyf
cJah vonf/
yXrMo0g'NyD;\/
(c) 'kw,
d Mo0g'tcef;
w&m;*kPaf wmf 6-yg;

(1)? (c-?) oGmumawm b*0awm "arm/=
b*0wm=bkef;awmfajcmufyg;ocif bk&m;&Sifonf/ "arm=edAmefa&mufaMumif;
w&m;aumif;udk/ oGmumawm=tp oDvaumif;jcif;? tv,f orm"daumif;jcif;?
tqk;H ynmaumif;jcif;wnf;[laom aumif;jcif;ok;H ykH aus;Zl;*kPEf iS jhf ynhpf x
Hk if&mS ; a[m
Mum;awmfrt
l yfygay\/ (MunfnKd &ef)
(c-??) b*s0E jrwfAk'onf p+v,f+tqkH;=okH;yg;tpkHaumif;jcif;*kPfESifhjynfhpkH
xif&mS ; a[mMum;awmfrt
l yfygaypGmw
h um;..=oGmumawm b*0wm "arm/
(ESvkH;oGif;&ef)
(2)? (c-?) oEd| ad um b*0awm "arm/=
b*0awm=bke;f awmfajcmufyg;ocif bk&m;&Si\
f / "arm=aumif;pGma[mMum; jrwf
w&m;onf/ oEd| ad um=rsuaf rSmufb0 aumif;usK;d &xku
d yf gaypGm/h (MunfnKd &ef)
(c-??) jrwfpmG bk&m;a[mMum; avmukw& mw&m;ud;k yg;onf rsuaf rSmufumv
b0yif 0#f'u
k a b; uif;Nird ;f at;atmif &Gwaf qmifEidk v
f yS gpGmw
h um;..=oEd| ad um
b*0awm "arm../ (ESv;Hk oGi;f &ef)
(3)? (c-?) tumvdaum b*0awm "arm/=
(3)? (c-??) jrwfpmG a[mMum; r*fav;yg;onf tjcm;rJu
h mv pdwu
P
0,f zv
av;yg;tusK;d w&m;udk jzpfymG ;apwwfygpGmw
h um;/ tumvdaum b*0awm "arm/
(ESvkH;oGif;&ef)
(4)? (c-?) {[dydaum b*0awm "arm/=
"ar ta0pyoma'e orEm*wm b0dmr ]oGmumawm b*0wm "arm

oEd| ad um tumvdaum {[dydaum Moyae,sad um ypwH a0'dwaAm 0dnL[D}}wd/
pdwo
f &m;awmf)
182

f / "arm=rde>Yf rufa[mMum; avm
ukw& mw&m;udyk g;onf/ {[dydaum=trSev
f nf;&Sd pifMu,fb
d {[d+y=vmMunhf
y[k EIwu
f >rufazmf zdwaf c:jcif;iSm xku
d w
f efygaypGm/h (MunfnKd &ef)
(c-??) jrwfpmG a[mMum; avmukw& mw&m;ud;k yg;onf xif&mS ;vnf;&Sd pifMu,fb
d
{[d+y=vmMunhMf u[k EIw>f rufazmfac:qkzd &Ydk ef xdu
k w
f efygaypGmw
h um;/ {[d ydaum b*0awm "arm/ (ESv;Hk oGi;f &ef)
(5)? (c-?) Moyae,sad um b*0awm "arm/=
f / "arm=r*fzv
dk ef Ad m efu;kd wefa[m
azmf avmukw& mw&m;awmfonf/ Moyae,sad um=r&&atmif? ra&mufa&mufatmif
rdrpd w
d f uyfaqmifxu
dk ?f rdrpd w
d jf zifh uyfaqmifxu
dk yf gaypGm/h (MunfnKd &ef)
(c-??) jrwfpmG a[mMum; avmukww
&m;ud;k yg;onf OD;zsm;+t0wfr;D oifv
h wfvnf;
Nird ;f owfrjyK vspv
f sL&I rdrpd w
d f r&-&atmif? rdrpd w
d jf zifh ra&mufa&mufatmif uyf
aqmifxu
dk yf gaypGmw
h um;/ Moyae,sad um b*0awm "arm/ (ESv;Hk oGi;f &ef)
(6)? (c-?) ypwH a0'dwaAm 0dnL[d b*0awm "arm/=
f / "arm=r*fzv
dk ef Ad m efu;kd wefxif
azmfw&m;awmfu/kd 0dnL[d=O*#w
d nL 0dyOw
d nL ae,s-[lbd ynm&Sw
d o
Ydk nf/ ypw=H toD;
oD; ud,
k pf u
D ,
kd if S tZw / a0'dwaAm=ok;H aqmifygtyfcpH m;tyfygay\/ (MunfnKd &ef)
(c-??) jrwfpmG a[mMum; avmukw& mw&m;ud;k yg;onf Pftm;EIid ;f nd O*#w
d nL
0dyOwnL ae,s-[lbd ynm&Sw
d Ydk rdro
d Emef0,f a0zefo;Hk oyf cHpm;tyfygaypGmw
h um;/
ypwH a0'dwaAm 0dnL[d b*0awm "arm/ (ESv;Hk oGi;f &ef)
uJo
h Ykd w&m;awmf&UJ *kPaf wmfajcmufyg;udv
k yJ J rwkerf vIyo
f uf0if,MHk unfwhJ o'g
w&m;ESijhf ynhpf aHk tmif aeMurnfvYdk ESv;Hk oGi;f Mu/ um; pdwa oa|;aqGrsK;d wkt
Yd m; ay;tyf
onfh 'kw,
d Mo0g'wnf;/
'kwd,Mo0g'NyD;\/
(1)? (*-?) oky# yd aEm b*0awm om0uoHaCm/=

b*0awm=jrwfpGmbk&m;\/ om0uoHaCm=uvsmPykxkZef oDv0ef yn0ef
t&Sirf eG f t&Sijf rwfwEYdk iS w
hf uG t&d,m&Spyf g; wynho
f m;oHCmawmfjrwftaygif;onf/
okyk # yd aEm=t"dov
D +t"dpw
d + t"dynm=odum ok;H &yf vGeaf umif;jrwfaom y#dywfEiS hf
jynhpf aHk wmfryl gaypGm/h okyk # yd aEm 0w b*0awm om0uoHaCm/
trSmpum;
rSp (?) MunfnKd &ef? (??) ESv;Hk oGi;f &ef[k rcGjJ cm;awmhbJ wpfacgufwnf;jzifyh if
MunfnKd jcif;+ESv;Hk oGi;f jcif;wku
Yd kd jyKMuygukepf /Ykd
(2)? (*) OZkyk # yd aEm b*0awm om0uoHaCm/=
hf uG t&d,m&Spyf g; wynho
f m;oHCmawmfjrwftaygif;onf/
OZkyk # yd aEm=t"dov
D +t"dpw
d + t"dynm=odum ok;H &yfveG af jzmifrh wfaom y#dywf*P
k f
ESiv
fh nf; jynfph aHk wmfryl gaypGm/h OZkyk # yd aEm 0w b*0awm om0uoHaCm/
(3)? (*) ,ky# yd aEm b*0awm om0uoHaCm/=
hf uG t&d,m&Spyf g; wynfo
h m;oHCmawmfjrwftaygif;onf/
,ky# yd aEm=edAm eftvdiYk mS usiMfh ujH cif;wnf;[laom y#dywf*P
k Ef iS v
hf nf;jynhpf aHk wmfrl
ygaypGm/h ,y#yd aEm 0w b*0awm om0uoHaCm/
(4)? (*) omrDpyd # yd aEm b*0awm om0uoHaCm/=
hf uG t&d,m&Spyf g;wynho
f m; oHCmawmfjrwftaygif;onf/
omrDpyd # yd aEm=vlwidk ;f ewfwikd ;f ? jA[mwkid ;f wdYk Gwu
f idk ;f ysy0f yf &kad otyfaom y#dywf
(*) wwd,Mo0g'cef;
oHCm*kPaf wmf 9-yg;
pdwo
f &m;awmf)
184
*kPEf iS v
hf nf; jynhpf aHk wmfryl gaypGm/h omrDpyd # yd aEm 0w b*0awm om0uoHaCm/
*kPaf v;yg;wku
Yd m; taMumif;*kPaf v;yg;wkw
Yd nf;/ xkt
d aMumif;*kPaf v;yg;wdYk
aMumifh (tnm rd;k &GmvQif jrpfxJ a&wk;d jcif;tusK;d jzpfouJo
h )Ykd xko
d C
H mawmfrmS qkv
d wYH
aom tm[kae,s-paom tusK;d *kPif g;yg;wkYd tvdv
k Nkd y;D jynhpf aHk vonf/ (rSw&f ef)
,'d'=H ,med rmed pwm&d yk&o
d ,k*ged=tMuifa,musmf ;jrwftpkw
H o
Ydk nf/ ,'d'=H
a, ar t| yk&o
d yk*v
m=tMuifwpfa,mufpD wpfa,mufpD a&wGuu
f &Spaf ,muf
aomt&d,myk*K v
d jf rwfwo
Ydk nf/ oEd= &Syd guke\
f / (t"dyg ,f xif&mS ;yg\)
(5)? (*) {o b*0awm om0uoHaCm tm[kaea,sm/=
b*0awm=jrwfpGmbk&m;\/ {o={aom om0uoHaCm=av;pkH&Spfyg;wynhf
om; oHCmawmfonf/ tm[kaea,sm=ta0;rS,al qmif vSL'gef;tyfaomtvSL0wfukd
cH,jl cif;iSm xku
d w
f efpmG aom *kPx
f ;l 0daooESihf jynhpf aHk wmfryl gaypGm/h tm[kaea,sm
(0w) b*0awm om0uoHaCm/
(6) (*) {o b*0awm om0uoHaCm yg[k aea,sm/=
b*0awm=jrwfpmG bk&m;\/ {o={aomom0uoHaCm=av;pk&H pS yf g;wynho
f m;
oHCmawmfonf/ yg[kaea,sm={nho
f nftvdiYk mS pDrt
H yfonfv
h LS zG,0f wKwu
Ydk ckd ,
H jl cif;iSm
xkdufwefpGmaom *kPfxl;0daooESifhvnf; jynfhpkHawmfrlygaypGmh/ yg[kaea,sm (0w)
b*0awm om0uoHaCm/
(7) (*)? {o b*0awm om0uoHaCm 'uda Pa,sm/=
b*0awm=jrwfpGmbk&m;\/ {o={aomom0uoHaCm=av;pkH&Spfyg;wynfh
om; oHCmawmfonf/ 'uda ea,sm=uH+uH\tusK;d wdu
Yk kd epfepfumum,kMH unf vSL'gef;
tyfonfh jrwfaomtvSLudv
k nf;cH,jl cif;iSm xku
d w
f efpmG aom *kPx
f ;l 0daooESiv
hf nf;
jynhpf aHk wmfryl gaypGm/h 'uda Pa,sm (0w) b*0awm om0uoHaCm/
(9)? (*) {o b*0awm om0uoHaCm tEkw& H yknauwH avmu/=

b*0awm=jrwfpmG bk&m;\/ {o={aomom0uoHaCm=av;pk&H pS yf g;wynfo
h m;
oHCmawmfonf/ avmu=vlewfjA[m ow0gtaygif;\/ tEkw& =H twkr&Sd vGejf rwf
bdaom/ yknauw=H aumif;rIrsK;d pku
H kd pdu
k yf sK;d MucJ s&m v,f,majrESpf yknacwfvQif pifppf
jzpfawmfryl gaypGm/h tEkw& H yknauwH (0w) avmu b*0awm om0uoHaCm/
wd=ok/Yd oHaC=t&d,m&Spaf zmf oHCmawmf/ ta0pyo
ma'e=rvIyrf wkef
ouf0if,MHk unfwo
hJ 'gw&m;ESi/hf orEm*wm=jynhpf u
Hk ek o
f nf/ b0dmr=igwkw
Yd pfawG
jzpfuek af ytH?h uJo
h Ykd oHCmh*P
k u
f ;kd yg;ukv
d nf;yJ rvIyrf wkeo
f uf0if,MHk unfwhJ o'gw&m;
ESijhf ynhpf aHk tmifaeMurnfvYdk ESv;Hk oGi;f Muyguke/f um; pdwa oa|; aqGrsK;d wkt
Yd m;ay;
tyfonfh wwd,Mo0g'wnf;/
wwd,Mo0g'NyD;\
(8)? (*)? {o b*0awm om0uoHaCm tOvu

d &PDa,m/=
b*0awm=jrwfpmG bk&m;\/ {o={aomom0uoHaCm=av;pk&H pS yf g;wynfo
h m;
oHCmawmfonf/ tOvu
d &PDa,m=vlewfjA[mow0gwkYd vuftyk cf srD ;kd &Scd ;dk jcif;trIukd
jyKxu
dk af om*kPx
f ;l 0daooESiv
hf nf; jynhpf aHk wmfryl gaypGm/h tOvu
d &PDa,m (0w) b*
0awm om0uoHaCm/
pdwo
f &m;awmf)
186
(C) pwkwM o0g'cef;

ty#d0dbwabm*D
]],H acg ye udOd ukav a',s"rH? oAH wH ty#d0b

d wH b0dwd oDv0aE [d
uvsmP"ar[}D }wd {0H [d a0g oduw
d A/H
ukav=rdrw
d \
Ykd tdrf / ,H udOd a',s"rH= trSwrf xif tMuifwpkw
H ckaom vSLoifh
vSLxku
d af om0wKonf/ twd= &S\
d / wH oA=H xkt
d rd rf mS &Sw
d hJ vSLoifv
h LS xku
d o
f nh0f wKreS o
f
rQu/kd oDv0aE[=d oDv&Su
d ek af om/ uvsmP"ar[=d aumif;aomtusiEhf iS jhf ynhpf u
Hk ek f
aom/ (orPjAm[aP[d=udavomcyford ;f udk Nird ;f apwwfwhJ yk*Kd vo
f jl rwf (raumif;rI
udt
k yjyKwwfwhJ olawmfojl rwfwEYkd iS x
hf nfyh g)/ ty#0d b
d w=H ]]a&GUudv
k LS a&GUudx
k m;}}
rcGjJ cm;tyfonf/ b0dwd=jzpfayvdrrfh nf/ (0g) jzpfprd rhf nfw/hJ wd {0H [d=odv
Yk Qi/f
a0g=toifaqGrsKd;wkdYonf/ odudwAH=usihfMuHBudK;ukwftm;xkwfMu&rnf/ um;
pwkwMo0g'wnf;/
pwkwM o0g' qdv
k w
dk mu rdrrd mS &Sw
d phJ ;D yGm;Opmudk a&GUomigvSLr,f? a&GUudk
igodr;f xm;r,f? uJo
h rYkd cGjJ cm;ygESi?hf taMumif;nDw
G o
f vkd vSLrnf[v
hJ Ykd vSLbku
Yd o
kd m
OD;wnfpw
d x
f m;yg/ vSL&rSmuvJ 'kv
D yk*Kd vaf wGtm; vSLbdrYk qkv
d ydk gbl;? ]]ighrmS &vmvQif
t&d,moljrwfwt
Ydk m;vSLbkyYd }J } uJo
h pkYd w
d x
f rJ mS pGjJ rx
J m;yg? uJo
h q
Ykd ;Hk rvk&d if;jzpfygw,f/
pwkwMo0g'NyD;\/
w&m;ed*Hk;
xkad emuf pdwa oa|;onf rdwaf qG+twlaeyk*Kd vrf sm;? aqGrsK;d om;csi;f rsm;udk bk&m;
&wem (wpfenf; Ak'o
&P*H)k ? w&m;&wem (wenf; "ro&P*H)k ? oHCm&wem (wpf
enf; oHCo&P*H)k ? pGeMfY uaJ y;urf;vSL'gef;jcif; pm**kPw
f Ydk pdwu
f akd qmufwnfapNy;D
pkwjd ywfa<u aovGecf ahJ vNy/D (aovGeNf y;D aemuf ok'g 0gobko
H aYdk &mufonf[o
k m rSw,
f l
&ygrnf)/
pdwaoa|;&JU MunfndKzG,f&mtaMumif;t&mudk ]]pdwoH,kwf}} q,fokwfwdkYudk
tcsKyfpOf;pm;MunhfvQif av;eufaomw&m;bufqdkif&m jyemwkdYudk olu ar;vdkuf
rax&fBu;D wku
Yd ajzvku
d ?f rax&fBu;D wku
Yd ar;vdu
k f olu ajzvdu
k f tJ'o
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မင္းကြန္းဆရာေတာ္ အရွင္၀ိစိတၱသာရဘိ၀ံသ၏ေဟာစဥ္တရားေတာ္

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မင္းကြန္းဆရာေတာ္ အရွင္၀ိစိတၱသာရဘိ၀ံသ၏ေဟာစဥ္တရားေတာ္

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