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Physiology of Hypothalamus by Dr. Mudassar Ali Roomi
Physiology of Hypothalamus by Dr. Mudassar Ali Roomi
Physiology of Hypothalamus by Dr. Mudassar Ali Roomi
HYPOTHALAUMS
It forms the anteroinferior wall and the floor of the third ventricle. It extends from optic chiasma to mamillary body
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Three groups of nuclei: Anteriotr or Preoptic group : lateral and medial preoptic nuclei, suproptic nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus and anterior nucleus. Middle or Tuberal: Ventromedial, dorsomedial, arcuate or tuberal nucleus, posterior and lateral nuclei. Posterior or Mammillary: supramammillary, premammillary, medial and lateral mammillary nuclei.
Nuclei of hypothalamus
CONNECTIONS OF HYPOTHALLMUS:
Amygdala Hippocampus Frontal cortex Nucleus of tractus solitarius mid brain Reticular formation of brainstem Spinal cord Nervous connections with posterior pituitary and vascular connections with the anterior pituiatory:
Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus secrete ADH and oxytocin. These hormones are transported along with their carrier proteins along the nerve fibers to the posterior pituitary where they are stored. These are the hormones of hypothalamoneurohypophyseal system. In the median eminence and infundibulum of the hypothalamus, there are sinusoids. Blood from these sinusoids pass through the hypophyseal portal blood vessels and these pass through the or communicate with the capillary plexus in the anterior pituitary.
FUNCTIONS OF HYPOTHALAMUS
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Secretion of posterior pituiatry hormones (paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus) Control of anterior pituitary (discrete areas) Control of adrenal cortex (paraventricular nucleus) Regulation of heart rate and blood pressure (posterior, lateral and anterior hypothalamus) Regulation of sleep and wakefulness (ant. Hypothalamus and mamillary body) Role in behaviour and emotional changes (ventromedial, post and lateral nuclei)
1. 2. 3. Reward centre: in ventromedial nucleus Punishment centre: Post. And lateral nuclei Rage centre: Post. And lateral nuclei. What is sham rage?
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Regulation of response to smell (post. hypothalamus) Role of circadian rhythm (supraoptic and ant. nuclei)
in the lateral hypothalamus, there is a feeding centre or hunger centre. When this centre is stimulated there is desire to take food and there is hunger. Activity of the feeding centre is controlled by a satiety centre in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. When satiety centre is active, feeding centre is inhibited. When satiety centre is inactive, feeding centre is activated. Glucostat mechanism: In the satiety centre, neurons are called glucostat cells. Glucose uptake in the glucostat cells depends upon the presence of adequate concentration of insulin. In almost all brain cells glucose uptake dont require insulin except glucostat cells in satiety centre. In uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, there is polyphagia and increased appetite because of inactivity of satiety centre because there is less insulin as result of which there is overactivity of feeding centre resulting in polyphagia. Lipostatic mechanism: through leptin. Mammillary bodies in the hypothalamus control feeding reflexes such as swallowing and licking of the lips.
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
DISORDERS OF HYPOTHALAMUS:
1. Central Diabetes insipidus: may be because of tumor or damage to hypothalamus. 2. Dystrophia adipogentalis (Frohlichs syndrome): obesity, sexual infantalism, dwarfism. 3. Laurence-Moon-Beidl Syndrome: moon face, obesity, polydactylism, mental retardation, hypogentalism. 4. Narcolepsy: sudden uncontrollable desire for sleep during daytime. 5. Cataplexy: sudden uncontroled outburts of emotions associated with narcolepsy.
NARCOLEPSY
Laurence-Moon-Beidl Syndrome
moon face, obesity, polydactylism, mental retardation, hypogentalism.