X aim

oukam. _ocn ika iu_on aL qio+m+a. igg

uopuimil e+la+puia e+iaial e+cru+a _+y_g a_iCo+m
o+r.
e+la+puiam
X
aR_l Cug
ipu+c igik_L _aL:
1. e+la+puiam uan_ eia+ iokauk+gauu
a_ioraL;
2. e+la+puiam uan_ ee+loia+ iokauk+gauu
a_ioraL;
3. e+la+puiam a+dm euaiauo _+yor;
4. e+la+puiam a+dm oiumaiauo _+yor; Rgm
5. e+la+puiain ei_puium a_ior.
uopq
10
uopq 10 e+la+puiam W

173
eia+m

siokaiam aNcRaiokaum iamuoins enug e+nua+m +Rg.
e+la+puiam en_ uar_ iokau guo uo+kap uo
ioakaiaaL aR_ nmr i_i_l CoNm.
e+la+puiagL gNuiin uur_C+r, uuC+r, ei__ieiCm+r,
qouCa+r, euimC+r, a_i_ieiCm+r, en_ieiCm+r, ialqurC+r,
__ia_i_C+r, uumr, o+ye+ip e+ip qoor, a+pu_i qoor,
gl_oil qoor, e+nem_ip qoor, emm+r, ei_mr, au__mr,
qour_C+r, e__ipuimr, a+mr, oua+r, enu e+iu
ene_lo+m uo icauil e+la+puiar +_i eengLu+r. k_
n, uo glauil uor ee+nm agauu e+la+puiar, m goil
egk a+dqLu+r enug inoi eiain_g. ioR_ioi_g
e+la+puiak_ n, uo ouaa+m glaL i_m enugm
eiain_g.

e+la+puiau iaR_iaor e+la+puiar enuor. i_gl
eia+m, ee+loia+m, eu+uia+m em ng aia+auuk
ea+Ncg. oveo+ aia+m onug ialauu uucag.
eia+gL, gn q, ui_puial, quial, e+uaq, uuial,
uair aaial , _R_iagap quial em onug ialaL ac_om.
egkauin ouaaL, aoR_in euaraL, egaL emm
ui_kain_m. ee+RaL ui_ ee+RaCu+q emm quain_m.
qumCu+g ee+RaL eamm +gain_m.euaRee+RaL CoRgu
uqauu emm qRain_m, qR_mCu+g emm Coguain_m
enumoRu_ _+iain_+r.

Cgm, e+iuaaL evo+g auain_m, uaium eyuam =_+ak
ea+Nc ee+RaL ui_ee+RaCu+ aok_m eu+g iucail enm
egaL i_ain_m, _r_iaga =Rg ee+RaL eoe+iCa+
qumCu+g euaa +glaL aucain_m enuoRu_ealo+m
eg oiuk_og eia++_m.

ee+loia+gL aiuoia+kam, CoRguaial, CoRgu aaial,
oiuiq, euaial, oiumoial, iucaial, uaiial, eeoial em
onug ialaL oom. uarium, aq_ium, _Nu+l, euNu+l,
on_nu+l, uooinu+l _aia __g u+laL iuuo.u+lo,
10.1
X uopq 10 e+la+puiam


174
iuco, a+oo, eepqo, oim+o, q o, _aia q okaL,
ed CoRguaL, CoRgu uqaL, uq akaaL, __ euaraL,
oiiea+Lm euaraL, euaree+RaL, oiumee+RaL,
iucee+RaL, uiee+RaL, CoRgu e+ua, uou e+ua,
oium e+ua, uNq e+ua, umu iua, ane+i e+ua,
_aia _g e+uaaL, uii_iuo eem, oiumeaem, euaeem,
ueeaem, eiru_eaem, umueaem, emeonemem,
ee+leoem, __ippeuem, iue eem em ug oua eeaL,
oia+aL, iaRee+l, iiee+l, iueee+l, ocee+l enm _+n_
ee+RaL, _il_iu_, +Num, aqu_, e+i+Rg enm _+louap
eu+LCa+LaL _aiaoRu_p ur_iealo+m +gog ee+loia++_m.

a. eog (Primary letters)
e+iain ui_ egkaL elo+m C+ngoR_ aqpuuca+a
ik_m egkaL eog empum enai_+r. auo
uaieg Rgm eyeag emumo_m.

_. uaieg (Vowels)
_ ooaun guu ilo+l +Cm iaaolog; R_
eyea+oiacn Cer_g aoRu_ iakaolog. _muca
uaiup Cu+ng +Cm iakam eealuain_ a+uim+l
iR_ uaieg eng euar idqkai_+r. iuo unmiN
egkaL __m. auo a, _, i, =, u, , e, q, _, o, , g
enumo+_m. ivaiegkaL aumgm __il, e_ql emp
u+_u+ eeyapudLum. __il enug _gaia ueuca+y,
o+iu auoil ooikak +qa+y ipum. auo
a,i,u,e,o enumo+m. __il __gm, e_ql qm Cer_g
uaiegkaL unmiNc+_m.

1. e+la+puiam en_ uar_ iokau guo uo+kap uo
ioakaiaaL aR_ nmr i_i_l CoNm
enuRa+m e+ngauup udqaoia.

2. e+iain ui_ egkaL elo+m C+ngoR_
aqpuuca+a ik_m egkaL a+uo? udqaoia.
+aeui 10.1
uopq 10 e+la+puiam W

175


ee+loia+m

see+leomp uu euaC oumeng
_IN enu a__g CmCs

eu+uue (morpheme) mg iaJn ag mpum (free form )
empum. mg ia_m _R_olo+p eu+uue e+rqum (bound
form) empum. e+rqum ee+lo+a+g. _co+ __uua +y
gkJ uogk ea+Log Cu+l mg iaa e+rq uu
mpum auugkea+N ia_m. igCo ee+lon aqpuuc. ,
Cu+ iNm mgp eu+L m uaL, am+l, oveo+ngm
ee+Rau+a auJn_m.

Cu+, Jg, _n ioRgL sCu+s onC_ mgp eu+L m mp
um. euma iNm e+rq uaL. mp uC+ e+rq um
iuu_g ee+lo+J_g. ivo+_um ee+RaL m aupqkCaRup
euar, oum em iouapum. ee+l eu+uu uurgoC+
oqo aupuum uurgoC ee+loukau+_m. m ee+RaL
euar, oum iNm mgaaon auo m ee+leompum.

a. e+rq ee+RaL
iucm, um euar, oumauu e+r_gaaon auo e+rq
ee+RaL empum. euar, oumauu ee+Raeumk __
e+la+par, iuc, uaL e+rq uau+on aoRu_,
saoRgo JR C_ngm enus eng __pJ_+r. Cgm,
iuc ee+l uR_k +gcg, iuceamp uu euae+m
oumea+m

_uceuR _agm kJal oCos engm, uee+luR_k
+gcgp seuagm oumIm ey +_s engm +_ auo
e+rquaCu a+_m enuum _n_ ouk_J_+r.

ee+RaL iN em ouagum ikau oRqggJ_g.
qumaoRu_m mee+Rau+ak ea+Nq_+l ee+RaL
_+n_ emk __pdqkak CoNm. avo+g __pc+u
a kag. iuc ee+lgm, u ee+lgm euar
10.2
X uopq 10 e+la+puiam


176
oumauu e+r_C C+ngm enug eyo uoa+n
ouka+_m.

_. uee+l
iue, __pq, uNq eu+ul uee+RaL C+ngm; euaum,
oumuam e+r_g om; o ee+l uo eu+uuuam, uo
ee+l o eu+uum uurgm. iv ee+Rauu aq
ee+Rau+am agor. ium eyo uoa+r uum
egk a+dJ_g. sega+g iumk s_u_ ee+R Juos
enC_gmua+l, oc go+ar s+gs eng __pdc ee+RaCu
iuo eangm ea+Lup um. seuam oumIm ey+_
enu+l uee+l euan aNm, oumIn aNm +_
om emp eu_pudcg. avo+g +ga+l euar, oumauu
e+r_gm, aoR_R_ ugu+Jm om.

sugons enug euau e+r_g o_g.
su_k ea+Nc+n s enug oumua e+r_g o_g.
sugons ug, euark _gpu+IRg.
suR_+ns ug, oumk_gpu+IRg.

_e+n_um e+r_C iaa CoNqLu+l sugs e+rq
uCa+_m.

uee+l aqee+l __m. ega+g iumk _u_ ee+R
Juo em e+la+par +gJ_+r. e+r_g om ialq uNu.
uee+l mg _ng guua+dc+g. am+l, ee+RaL
iguukaNm iuek_m en_+l iR_p eu+_+g. iue,
uNq, __pqp eu+ul C+ngm eml aq ee+lgkCa
eu+_gm. o ee+l uo eu+k_ uao+gm, uo ee+l o
eu+k_ uao+gm aqee+lgkCa eu+_gom.

euar, oum em _pq_uo eugm eu+C auo o
ee+lgk_ o eu+L en_ _uoua aucJn_m. euar oum
Cu+ng m ee+lo+In an eu+k_k a+um qopum.
ag uR_Ca uIaol. se+peu+d a+um opu C+n_+s
.a+a o aq ee+RakCa aor eu+L +gJ_+r. euar,
oumuap Cu+o iump +l eu+L u_gom
uopq 10 e+la+puiam W

177
enJ_+r. segp _guel iomal nC_s eng
+gJn_+r.

uapCu uarl uopCu uoa (e+l -ee+l, 305) em ioRu_
iuua+a r icgl uopug suas suos em aq
ee+Rak_L uLu Cogu+duck a+dcCo __m. ik
a+uau+l uee+RaL aqee+RaCu en_ ag
oogJ_g. o u ee+Rauu ee+Rau+a o_gaCu+
qurg go+l auo aqee+Raulo en_ agk_m icm
J_g. aoRu_ ma+a _ka uqaL (o_gaL) in_
eg ee+nm+l eu+L oua+. am+l, _ka o_g
ea+gk +gJn_+r eng ea+Ll eu+_gm. iuo e+rq
uau+on, mCa gk +_m+l eu+L oua+.

eeu, om, o_pq, aorq, oyl o+a ee+Rauu _ka
uCu+Cc +gJn_+r. uua+ar egka+daL aoRu_
avo+C_ augk a+dom olo; aoR_n l_uoau+a
oum ee+Rauum, euarauum a+dom. im+l,
e+la+par __pugm l_uoauuCa enug eu_puJ_g.

seem ul _n_ms (ee) eeuIn l _uo
su+ o__g aals (o_) o_pn l_uo
sumia a++ns (um)
saan ar_gs (ar)
sun ea g_ars (er)

ioR_n l _uoau+m aq ee+Rauuk ea+N ulCog
ee+Rauuk a+uo+m.

i. iucee+RaL
uee+l, eu+d u_gua uurgm aq ee+lo+_m. aum
_kauq ea+C a+dJ_+r. iuc ee+l, e+ua, a+o
iuc_uoaL, iue _u_, CoRgu uq, aue_uo, mmk
__pqp eu+L om, uo uq o+a iokau a+o
iuc_uoaL. e+la+par uou_guap Cu+ok a+ok
Juoauu o_g +_oluo; o_g Cog, iuc _uo Cog eng
gka+dcoluo. o_gaL a+om uurg +Ru_ oukJa
euu _n_o+uCa e+m. emm, eeym enug
X uopq 10 e+la+puiam


178
_azuom, eeyg enug i_puum uurgm em
e+la+par euo+ak +gJn_+r.



e+la+puiam
10.3.1 euaial
euar ee+l CoRgu ea+Lm; oium CoRgu ea+Lu+g enuC
iNcR_Lu l Cogu+c+_m. oium eouipuuca+am,
__ipu+am a+ourgm, euar a+om uur+enug a
Cogu+c+_m. euar ee+Rauu iouaa+ap uii_iao+m.
C_iuca+ap eu+L uurgom eu+n, _iom, a+om, aN, aL,
_uc, _mq Cu+n_mo+_m.

aon, aoL, aor, ag, auo, a+r, a+g, a+uo, elo+m, uo, eio,
ong iN o+aim +Rgp euarau+_m. iiuu _mu+R
eu+Lauu uurgm uiiee+Rau+oin, iuo +Rgp euaraL
empum. iuo e+ikaN uaing oom. eu+uuk __ik_m C_r
ee+Rauu Nm Nm __ipuic CoNc+g, +a ee+lo iuo
uain_m. +_iag +_uo oirkam qai_g.

oicp euar, eNp euar, +dp euar, oim+p euar oiam
+Rgp euarau+_m. iuo CoRge+i ee+Rau+a ika qa+g.
im e+iauin oRguua _igo iuo euigm uanuJn_m.

euaree+RaL _+n_ iokauauu +_o+m, auo o+kaiail
eo+a+a eealum, euaeem oi qm ee+lo+a _iR_m,
10.3
1. oiukam a:
-mpum (free form)
-e+rqum (bound form)
2. suapCu uarl uopCu uouas en_ oiauil
e+la+puiar uupug enm? oiuk_a.
+aeui 10.2
uopq 10 e+la+puiam W

179
a+ou qRa+g Rgm CoRguuak ea+Lm. oiNm e+cr
_iuoa+l a_iapum iokau+_m. uinmiNm ee+l
_iuoa+gupum iokau+_m.
a. eua+kam
aqee+RaCu+ _ka uqaL Cer_gm, Cog eio +glaL
euRgm euar ee+RaL auain_m. aqee+lCo+ _ka
uq Cel.

l + ar = or
aL + i = aui
l + _ = uo

ivo+g Cem _ka uqauu
a) a, uCo+ Cer_ ua =_+am
_) am,al,ar,an,i,_,il,ir, o+a Cer_g auo+am,
i) _,g,q, Cer_ ui__, Nm am, al o+a uqaL
Cer_g
auo+am uiigk a+uo+m.
a) au Cer_ul

uir + _ = urk_
ul + _ = u_
am e,c,_ em +R_m euRg _ka uu+a aum.
qaz + g i qazei - - e
quo + g i quoei -
e + g i eei -
_L + g = _ - - c
iL + g = id
+L + g = +d
a+l + g = a+Rg - - _
ee+l + g = Ce+g
ua q uapq q
uo q uopq

_) am, al, ar, an , i, _, il, ir, o+am
Cer_ua+l;

X uopq 10 e+la+puiam


180
_il + am - _iom;oom;icm
_iz + al - _il; gol, ual
l + ar - or; aor
_il + an - _ion; qon; oun; a_n
ol + i - ooi; oui,aui, oui
_il + _ - _iuo; ouo, oiuo, uo
e+z + il - e+il; ail
u_ + ir - uair; air (au)
u + air - uair (u+u) uy-ir
Ce+r + - Ce+r; +z; o+z

i) _,g, qm ui_m Cel.
gy + _ g_ + am gkam
u+l + _ u+_ + ar - u+ar
u+N + g u+ + al u+cl
_r + g - __g + am - _m
ea+L + g - ea+N + al - ea+Ncl
10.3.2 e+la+puiam-oiumaial
ee+l _iuoail oium ee+loin iokaum oium a+om qR_m
enu+m. CoRgu ea+Lu+g enugm an ei_puiokau+_m.
o+kaia _iuoaigm aR_ r iokaum uN. ag o+kaiail
eo+a+a o+g. eeapu eu+L qm ee+lo+am aum.
oium, eeyuon, aoi, _iom, eeal, a+om, eeyeu+L _gm
o+a oium uLug enug _n_l m oiuka+_m.

eeyuon aoi _iom eeal a+om
eeeu+L _gm og oiumCa

a. ei_iuom __ipqm
oium, empuog iil ei_iuo oium engm, __ipq oium
engm u+_upudLug. a+om euio+a a_iapuogm eeal
u_iuak ea+Ncgm ei_iuo oiuma+_m. __ipq oium enug
a+ouk __ipu+ak a+dogm, uNq alog euau
aqpuucp u_ia+ak ea+N u+l =g euRg oiu_ogm __m.
ei_iuooium a+o iuc _iuo euRgm om; eu_+gm om.
__ipqoium a+o iuc_iuo eu_Co eu_+g.
uopq 10 e+la+puiam W

181
_. iuu u+_u+
oiumee+RaL uariuu, aq_iuu, oiiuu em
ouapum. euar oium, e+il uur+g, e+igucap
eu+uu uurin, ag oiuma+oumm euaempum. ag
a+oum a+dm ; CoRgu uuum qR_m.

aon eey+n - ei_iuo oiumRg
eeyumk aNCcn - oiuma+oumm euar
aon aian - __ipq oiumRg
aiaumk aNCcn - oiuma+oummeuar

i. e+iReuar
oiuma+oumm euar a+ourgm, e+iReuar
a+our+g, oiump u_iCa+ l, al o+a
oi_iaLCero+l e+iR euaraL auain_m. av oi_iaL
e+iReuar oi_i aL empum.
eeyl _log
uNcl imig

_kap euarau+a om oiumaqp euak_m, e+iR
euak_m uLu gdu+m Cogu+duc a_ir al eol
egka+dai_+r. oiumaqp euail eua+R_l i_i; e+iR
euail oiuma+R_l i_i.

oiumaqp euar e+iReuar
eeyua eeyl
uu uNcl
Cu+k_ Cu+al
+uoa+m uu +uoa+a uNul
enua+m Cu+k_ elop Cu+l

nmuo euaeeaL op euarau+ain_m; uinmuo
oiumeaeaL o oiumau+ain_m. ivo+_n_i, +_i qa+g.
Coa+a eeyua, +uoa+a uu, elop Cu+k_ em
e+crq eu_+. Coa+a eeyl enuil auc oiump
eu+uu ei_puikai_g. Coa+m eeyua enuil auc
eu+u+i ei_puikain_g. i_ gdu Cogu+Cc a_i a+leol
a+dog.
X uopq 10 e+la+puiam


182
=. u+l oi_i Cem euaraL
u+l oi_ian_i, icpeuaraL Cer_gm, icpeuarauin iiqaCu
u+l enu+m uu+r.
icpeuar, oiumCa+ Cer_g eua+l
eeyg + aon - eeyon
eeyg + aoL - eeyoL

euaiqCa+ u+loi_i Cer_g eua+l
iuu + n - iuuCa+n
c + n - cCo+n
u + n - uCo+n
aq + qn - aqCa+n
aq + m - aqCa+m

eu+L, icm, a+om, eium, _um, e+il euaraCu+ u+l
oi_iaL Cer_g eua+l.
eu+n + an - eu+nmn - eu+deuar
aa, _iua+n, aNun, aian, u+n o+a euarauigm
avo+C_ a+Na

a+upeuar
e+iuoCa+ alog eu+uuCa+ a+u+ak
ea+N eio euaraL aul uN. auo a+up
euar empum. eu+L, icm, a+om, eium, _um,
e+il ai om a+up euaraL.
eu+nmn - eu+numucaon
_ion - _iouucaon


1. euaree+lgk_m oiumee+lgk_m uLu Cogu+
enm?
2. euaree+Raka+m _+n_ iokauauuk +ga.
3. ei_iuooium. oiukam a.
+aeui 10.3
uopq 10 e+la+puiam W

183

e+la+puiam e+iaiagm

e+R a+u+m agL ooeg, agl e+rq em
ouaC.

ooIn aupq an _puu odq _+apuJ_g. aum ooIal
en_ uopl _+yor. ag eu+L uurk_ a+u+a ouJ,
eg en_ u _uo aucuo egal (phonemics) en_
mIaol _+yor. o+a+l e+og e+ ooa+_m. ag a+Rg
eoupum aueau+l uNc+og. a+Rgp uuIo_g eouom
a+Rg, _louu oa+a o_g, o+y oa+am, k_ oa+am
eeng _+, ul, aNum oaoR_n aRa+l oo Cogu+ euRg,
e+ ooau+a auJ_g. C+ngm icgl uNc+_m ugpq
aRak_ qRu e+ ooaL Cogu+ aucJn_m.
10.4.1 oopl oo (voiceless)
a+Rg, _louuIl omeu+g oo C+ngJ_g. aCa iq_m
iN _l _+raL (vocal chords) ikJn_m. auo _n_+a
aueak+qauo. e++u _uoIl auo _gLum. _ _uoIl
a+Rg ucIlo+l eouoo+l eumu+gm oo C+ngogluo.
i_ _uo oopl _uo (voiceless) enur.
10.4.2 _lo ucea+o
_l _+raL igg onu_ ong ok a+Rg eoupuc+l uc
eeym eu+g o oua ucea+o qRuJ_g. l sa _s
eng uLu gor ook_m eu+g iNqR_m iucIl C+ngm
ooCa iucea+oa+_m. ium _lo ucea+o eng
__pur. _l _+rak_ iucIl uNc+_m. g ouak _lo
(glottis) enur. ivocgp _k_m iucea+ouak _lo
ucea+o (glottal stop) enur.
10.4.3 oopq oo (voiced sound)
_l oIl (glottis) l _uo ooplo+ _uo (voiceless).
ag _lo ucea+o. n_+o+a i_k _l _+raL
10.4
X uopq 10 e+la+puiam


184
udm uc+gm eu+_go+l auo e_Jk a+Ru_k _gao+m
oIl eouoJn_m. a__uoIl oo aueaL (vibrations)
uNc+Jn_m. avoueauu oopq ooaL (voiced sounds) enur.
eu+go+a uIe+oaugm eyea+oaul b, g, d oaoR_gm
iveo+opq CerJ_g. p, c, t enuoR_l iveo+opuuk
a+uqa+g. am+l b, g, d enuoRu_ oopq oo (voiced) enur.
p, k, t enuoRu_ oopl oo (voiceless) enur.
10.4.4 iaa oo (whispers)
_louuIl oopq oo, oopl oo, _l o ucea+o
uNc+Co+ iaa ooam (whispers) C+ngJn_m. _l oIl
(glottis) _gao+m oaug u+y qRugm+l o oua u+
(friction) uNc+_m. i_ u+y dm uuCan_, oo
ea+Ja _l epq (pitch) uNc+ogluo. iqg iaa oo
empum. nupuR_ auom (_pqp )
10.4.5 ucea+o (stop)
iN ugpqauup eu+gk a+R_l uc qRuo+l uNc+_m
oo, ucea+oa+_m. (a, , u oam).
10.4.6 uee+o (spirant or fricative)
a+Rg eoupu+dql _g uc dm qRug ooua egrpuum,
agruam uNc+k_o+l _k_m ooua uee+o enur. (u,
, f oauo).

10.4.7 kea+o (nasal)
a+R_n o u_g k_ oCa eoupumCu+g kea+o
uNc+J_g. ucea+o Cu+n_ eoqpq nu igl iluo.
uIu Cu+n_ e_Jz nu (resonance) iR_Lug. (, , u, _,
, m).
seleo +gm _pn _ka
ee+loa uLu _uoIm o+Im
kJn ouIue a+pq_ C+ngms.
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10.4.8 upeu+o (trill)
_+Co+, iC+ eouom a+R_+l Coa+a auekapuo+l
upeu+o uNc+_m. s_s iveo+oua e+m.
10.4.9 ou oo (lateral)
iucIl ucpudk a+Rg iom _g eelo+l iveo+o
eJ_g. ivoalq uR_ ium ou enur. ioRgL u+
num u+ aR_ num uu; enug u+ nuCa+
+qag. ium u+ ou oo (latern fricative) enur. o,u
enuoR_l anu iluo. am+l, auo u+ il oua+_m.
10.4.10 oec+o (flap)
oC u_ _+ q_g CRu_gua cood (oqod)p o+l
iveo+o eJ_g. ss iveo+oa+_m.
_+, iz eu+_gm icmuR_ auom.
Re_+ oua : CCo a+dqa aL aoR_n nukCaRu
auom. im aoRu_Ca _+m, im CCo eu+_gm
icakCaRu o au+ap pur. auo :
10.4.11 nmNu oo (velar sounds): n aNup
u_gIl _+on
aqpu_g (Ru_g) eu+_go+l nmNu oo _k_m. a,
- saNum oc ......a+m _k_ms _n -95
- nmNuu soft palate alog velum eng __pur.
- aa+ a+m l_+ aNum e+l e 89
10.4.12 _louu CRu_g (Pharynx)
_louuk_ Cl o+ypu_gk_kdz uLu u_guak _louu
CRu_g (pharynx) enur. _+on aqpu_g (root) ipu_gCa+
eu+_go+l ooua ucea+o _kJ_g. iveo+o (q) l
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iluo. sqorans en_ aa ee+lol q en_ ooIl iqgLug.
ium aq_+ ucea+o engm +gor. ig uL_+ (uvular) en_
u_gIl ipu+l ium uL_+ uc oo (uvular stop) engm
+gor.
10.4.13 o+y icm (oral cavity)
o+yp u_gICoCa ooaL eJn_m. i_ C+ngm ooua
eyea+o, uIe+o em iouaa+ap pur.
10.4.14 eyea+oaL (consonants)
up eu+g ouIl uIe+oam, eyea+oam
o+ypu_gICoCa _kJn_m. _l ouuIo_g eoupum oopq
oom (voiced sounds), oopl oom (voiceless sounds) CCo o+Il
uc qRudc+l eyea+oa+am ucIn_ o_+l uIe+oa+am
+gJn_m. am+l uIr, ey en_ u+_u+ o+ypu_gCoCa
auJ_g. im eyea+oam uIe+oam _+, iz, ul, aNum
_JaoR_n ulCog aRau+l ulCog oqoauup eugJn_m.
im eyea+oauu ioR_n ialRCaRu eovCog ouaa+ap
gk a+Nur. avovoalRCaRu avop eu+_go+J_g.
a. iokau gR
z iokau glaL eyea+oauu olomm, elomm,
iucImm emk +gJn_m; o+IR _k_m ucea+oaL
olom+_m. k_ oa+a eelgm e_Jz ooaL
elom+_m. iucpudc ooau+o+l _ iucIm+_m.
iqg o oua.
_. aucea+om eo+om (eu+gp )
e+Iao+r eu+go+a ooauu ucea+o (stop) engm,
e_Jzeo+o (resonant) engm pur. a, e, c, , u
ucea+oaL; quma e_Jzeo+oaL. i_e_Jzeo+oaL
uIe+om ac_m. iqg o oua.
iuc aNu oo (palatals): _+on iucp u_g, iuc
aNuup eu+_go+l iuc aNu oo _k_m. (aNu
iucp u_g- (palate) e, .

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_+q oo (retroflex): _+ umIn Ru_g q_g aNuup
eu+_go+l _pum c, u oam. iuo _C+pa
e+aul iluo; l _pu+a uLum. quma, e+m
icm uR_p euar eugJn_m.

aNul oo (alveolar): ulgk_ aNuIl uLu CRu_ga+Ja
ulog enm u_gua aNul enur. ip u_gIl _+ gm
eu+_p _pum m, o oam.

ulom oo (dental): CR uluo _+ gm peg oR_p _pug ,
_

ulomm (labio dental), dz iz CoR uluo u_p _pug o

ie+o (bilabial): iN izaL iua_g eu+_go+l
_pug u,
-ea+m a+m iuc _+ aNum -e+l-e-90
ium ouu _+ oo engm +gor.

-ca+ ua+m gm _+ aNum. - e+l-e-91
au gm_+ aNum oR_
_qa+n mqa+n _INm _k_m. 94

aNum _Nma ull Jn
_+gm u_g ey_ oR_
+mg _k_m a+ _a+m e+l-e-93

ul iz iuaa oa+m _k_m e+l-e-98
iua_g _k_m ua+ a+m e+l-e-97

ivCo am o+Il _k_m ooau+m. o+In CR u_gaL
auea+m. _+, izaL dm aue_g av ocaul
eu+_gom. eu+_gm icaL (points of articulation) uR_Ca
iuo euar eugJn_m. _+q oo (3og ) ong dm
e+m ugpqp (articulator) uR_p euar eugJ_g. oopq oo
(voiced). oopl oo (voiceless) emk _l ouuIl J_g.
ioRu_ oonu (manner) enur.

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iuo Cgm ucea+o, uee+o, kea+o, upeu+o, ou
oo, oec+o emp ou oo aupq (modification) enur.
ivo+g io _uoauup euRgom oo _+, iz eu+_gm
icm C_+kJ ouapupuJ_g. ium oua (classification)
enur. e_ oom an nu, aupq, oua enm ng
_uoaul _+apum.

o ooaun oua _uoaL

oua nu aupq
a (k) nmNu oopl ucea+o
a (g) nmNu oopq ucea+o
e (c) iucaNu oopl ucea+o
_ (j) iucaNu oopq ucea+o
c (t) _+q oopl ucea+o
c (d) oopq ucea+o
(t) ulom oopl ucea+o
(d) oopq ucea+o
_ ulom oopq kea+o
u _+q oopq kea+o
m aNul oopq kea+o
_ aNul oopq upeu+o
o aNul oopq ou oo
u _+q oopq ou oo

r uIn ialuupuR_k +gm eu+g _+on uam, _+on e,
iz aR em oua _uoam _+apuJn_m.

_+on uam _+on e iz aR
a dz _ iz _o iluo
i Cl n i. _. iluo
u Cl n i. _. uN
e _ n i. _ iluo
o _ n i. _ uN

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189
oveo+ uIm ivo+C_ _+apuJn_m. uIe+oaun 42
_uoauu ag om adcm uurgm. aoRgL z
uIe+oaun ialqm, C+ngm icm qom+_m. o+Il uc
qRudc+l eyea+o _k_m. uc _gm inC_l uIe+o
_k_m. l uLu _R_agagR_ iz _om aR iluo.
ag mgm oopugluo. onu _r ua+aCo o_g,
e+ce+oa+a auJ_g. s_gs- igl uLu uagR_ _+
nC_+kJ em aR uug.

_m+l, iz _om aR iluo. suoams- igl uLu uagR_
_+ nC_+kJ eom uN; igl _om aRm uN. _m+l,
l iluo. oveo+ uIk_m ivoN oua _uoaL
uLum. l eu+go+a uLu _uoaL CCo, a+dcpudcm. Cu+
e+Il i_k __pdc ooaCuan_, Cog Ca+uaul +_ om
ooam uu. aoRu_ uoap eu+g egaL ea+NCc ouka
qm.

i. qure+i iiq
_iuo e+im , o e+im ongudqa_m eu+g eio
euino+m +gl _iaain_m. aoRu_ e+la+puiam
sooiiiqaLsemk +gai_g. _iuoe+i =Re_+oim,oe+i
l ooim iuam eu+g iiiqaL C+ngain_m. eio
iia+l _iR_gm uN.

nC_ iiqcn onC_ ialeum
_a_ _+nCa e+iqur ialCus
em e+la+puiam +gai_g. auom,
eyui_i +l i_l _n_eom
iveom e+iu iim _C_s
em Cgm oiukai eelai_g.

eyui_i+l (Assimilation)
ium m+l engm +gor, _uoe+im oe+im
Cemeu+g on_n oo+l ui_ie+ng iiai_g. nem+oiain
e+ru+l uinem+oi iil o ooi iiq (progressive assimilation)
enur. nem+oiain e+ru+l nem+oi iiuo iiuo _iuo
ooi ii.

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190
=. oeo+oi ii
eu+n g - eu+n_g
N g - Ng
eu+n _ng - eu+nmng
aN _ng - aNuNg
al gmi - anmi
u. _iuoea+oi iiq
aN a+dei - ada+dei
_l Cerkua - _RCerkua
e_l a+yg - e_Ra+yg
eel aqg - eeRaqg
m gl - _gl
_l gl - _n_l
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191

u_pu+y
e+ oo
ouaaL
iz
oo
uloz
oo
ul
oo
aNul
oo
aNu
oo
_+q
oo
nmNu
oo
_+
aq
oo
_l o
ucea+
o
oopl
ucea+
o
u (p) .... (t) .... e c (t) a (k) q ?
oopq
ucea+
o
u (b) .... (d) .... _ c (d) a (g) G ....
oopl
uee+o
.... f .... u .... .... .... ....
oopq
uee+o
.... V .... Z .... .... .... .... ....
oopq
kea+o
.... _ m u .... ....
oopq
upq oo
.... .... .... _ .... .... .... .... ....
oopq
ou oo
.... .... .... o .... , u .... .... ....
oopq
oec+o
.... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

ivo+C_ elo+ eyea+oam ng _uoauu odqpeuar eugm.
ium n qLuo+g o adcgl eu+gk a+dco+m.
10.4.15 e+la+par uurgm eoRgunaL (empty
morphemes)
uq quaol euar, CoRgu qR_m eu+g om e+uaauuk
a+dq, aoR_n +Rg oqoauum uurgJ_+r.
m + _
m +Rg oqoaL
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192

ag em mCa g aum e+ua enu+r. eoRgunau+Ja
e+uaauu m ggl o_C+g auo om icauup
eu+gp quaogm, uaogm, e+ua gm, quma =Rgp
qualaugm ouk_J_+r. auo +m

inCm oRC_ aC amC
onCm _Cm akCa ikCa
anemn Juo uupucp _m
anm enu e+ua e+Ca e+l e. 119
10.4.16 e+la+par uurgm +Rg oqoaL
uIRgp quaogm, eyIRgp quaogm, _R_aga =Rgp
quaogm uo ee+Raun +Rg oqoauuk a+dq ee+lJn_+r
e+la+par. Cgm, e+uaaL euggm, eu_+um, egp
Cu_+a uam, aam euggm, +dp euaraL, ocp euaraL,
eNp euaraL, gue uurgm euaraL iuo +_om ialqm,
a _a +glam, oa ua qaum, cogm, _gagm,
_gm, _n_gm e+la+pa+l a+dcpuJn_m.

ioR_n ooum e+la+pagL qual o+a __galauR
a+Na. _n_R uoiagkac+a e+la+puiagL iaoiluo
en_+gm, ag ee+loiauo eia+gp quiao+gm
ee+loia+gp euar, oium, iuc, ui ialau+gm _+yai_g.
iucm, uim ++a ia_m ialuim alo eng e+la+puiar
euio+a uurgai_+r.

iuo oi_iau+am, u_iau+am o_m. ipu_iaL eu+k_
uiu euRg oom enuu siueaim uNuim __ipuim C+n_is
enm e+cr uurgai_g.
e+ciauok +_iicg ee+loial oiiauum e+la+puiar
Cergk +_iai_+r. iuu, u+l, icm, CoRguuap euam, iuu,
u+l, icm, a+ou oiumm uurgem aor +gai_+r;
o+yu+aL, u+ogaL o+aio+a uqauum, oi_iauum oiukai
eelai_+r.

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193
aq_iuuail _Nuk_m, euNuk_m mi mi ee+RaL
(auig,uiq) uuCom aoRgk_ia mi oi_iaL iluo. iv
Cogu+dqum iz iokaum Cu+R_ikea+Luoiluo. euar,
CoRguua qR_ enugm, oium a+our_g enugm ee+loial
aqpuuc iokau+_m. aoR_iR_ia uunau

e+la+puia ei_pq
eu+uia+gL aaiuuaial, q_iuuaial, auoial,
eu+uial, epu+dqal, uouaial, eeyuial, uial, em
onug ialaL auom. inup u_ia+aia uakaiuu oap
eu+iuu =_+aia aapeu+L, q_deu+d u_ia+aia eodei
l u+c+N iuu =_+aia q_peu+L, aapeu+L u_iau+aia
au, aRq em ioua okaaL, aam q_+aia
okaauup uR_i om eu+uialq, eyainaN C+ngain_ _ua,
aua, iuiol,dua, aem, euim, eo_ui, uoua em
edoua eypu+duraL, oium, uan, ey, u enm iuo
uR_i uoikapum uouain ialqaL, eeydauil ouaaL,
aoR_in aupqaL, eqg eR_ epuq epuqk +_ CoNm em
+dqk a+dain_ qaL _aiaoRu_p uR_iealo+m oiioigupug
eu+uia++_m.

oveo+n_ik_m onug ialauu aupun om e+la+puiar
ng aia+auum e+ak aimr enug eiain_g. sz
_ls eng Cu+R_pum e+la+pam uNuc z iokau
glaL ap uum nuuam euR_+_m. ola+pqaz
e+la+pam ing C_Rg C+n_a golo. q_+ o+Im _N
uu o+y_eng e+Iaor e+ng uarJn_mr.

o+Im aauouca e+la+paC a ee_o+a ipum+l
_g z aR_p un_g _Nak_ nmC iokau iokJa
ou__ e+a+y _pqR_l CoNm enur _R__r.
e+la+pau _um+l ap euua+a uLug. aor mm
nCm+u uare+p qoor, a+pu_ qoor, gu_e+p qoor,
gmol qoor, ee+loaR qoor, e+nem_p qoor em uouap
eu+a _n_ u++dl Cu+R_kag.

10.5
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194
e+la+pam z e+In ialuu uLuo+g _+y_g ouk_og;
Cu+ okuam eeyL okuam aqpuuca+ak ea+Nqo_og.
aR_ e+n_+a ou_og dzkaNc _pqpuIm oaL
uurgJn_m.
z+g _lgoag
ok_ eeym _I on
eg ee+lgm eu+m _+q

e+la+pau _+m e+ oukaoal go+aCo ea+Luo+m.
e+la+pam, e+la+par a+og e+ _uouam an _ga
_uouam u uurgJ_g. agl uanupudc e+ gon
ogauu odqCa eugm io_o+l aumkea+N e+In
eu+goauom u a_aoagJ_g. o+Im _NaL
uuuca+Im, ingm e+la+pagn _d ze+Il
eum u_g _uog _RJ_g.

e+la+par _z_g _gg n aqpuuca+m iokauk
+gauuealo+m, nCm+r o_ng, e+_g _gpu+l
k_ _uoCu_+m a+pq go+a ouJ o_gkJn_g. eumCa+
iokJa iokau glaL iucpudc a+ogl C+n_
u__g_+gm i_gl u eu_+l ooa+ap Cu+R_k
a+kapud ing _m uak_ ua+a JucgpuC iR_
eum e+n_+_m enJ_+r Nul. n uua o+zkua
qaL, glqaL a+oRu_m Rudc a+oork_k ea+N
Cer euu i_ggkCa uN. e+la+pam, ivouaIl z
iokJam iokaum r o+zkuap uNu+aL a+oR_gm ea+N
eegga eelo+k_ Cog uoagl emm a+upuc+ on_+_m.

e+la+pau aqpuuca+ak ea+N Ra+ogl l uopuo
iokau glaL C+n_m. z iokau oo+g ong oo+a
ek+qa ouaIl l iokau glaL a+o_C+gm C+n_m.
o+o+a __gokau glauuk __pco+m.

auo u_Ca oCe+am, iokau oukam, e+n_l oukam,
g oam, +o+_+m. ioRgL o o ocgl R_ _dud
iokau +_m+gm e+la+pa Cu _uoeugo+IRg.
ee+Rauup euar, oium, iuc, ui em _+na+y o_g ee+loial
aqpuucail o_g a+dqag, e+la+puiain gN+n gu
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195
qou a+dai_g. eu+uu dm aip uiika+l oi ag
e+cil eugm icm, eeal o+aoRu_ aip uiiipug
e+iaial aqpuuca+_m. euam, oiumm iuu, u+l, icm
a+dog oRgu euRg oiu_ain_m.
10.5.1 Cgm o _palqaL
e, _ enumoR_l iNqc oo (affricate) ipu+ak agor. uue
enugl ss en_ c ooa+a uLug. _pq enugl ss en_ oo
o+am, sus en_ oo e+cro+am auJn_m. sus Cu+n_
icaul iNqc oo ipu+ak agor. , u+ il _+q
e+ce+o (frictionless retroflex continuant). or iump oum,
u+m ao_g _+q oo (half-lateral and half-friction retroflex) enur;
or ou-_+q e+ce+o (lateral retroflex continuant) enur.

emm, _+q oo enugl ag CoRgu iluo. a u+ il
aNu e+ce+o (frictionless palatal continuant). o u+ il iz
e+ce+o (frictionless labial continuant). ivoNqumm (a, o)
uIrnu eugoum ea+dq auIr (semivowel) engm +gor.
_ upeu+o, ig e+la+par a+ogl c (t) Cu+o oog.
=gl ingm avo+g ookap uJ_g. am+l+n oleo
enu aec u_ emk +_pudcg. ipeu+g aNul upeu+oa+a
(trill) ookapuJ_g.


eg i ouapum, auo eog, e+reug enum.

eg ee+lgm eu+m _+qs eng +_puo+l
e+la+puiak_ nm+l eg, ee+l. eu+L
_aiamoR_iRealom iokaum i_ikain_g enug
qopukain_g.

e+iain ui_ egkaL elo+m C+ngoR_ aqpuuca+a
ik_m egkaL eog empum.auo uaieg,
eyeag emum.
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196
_iuo e+im , o e+im ongudqa_m eu+g eio
euino+m +gl _iaain_m. aoRu_ e+la+puiam
sooiiiqaLsemk +gai_g.

_iuoe+i =Re_+oim,oe+i l ooim iuam eu+g
iiiqaL C+ngain_m. eio iia+l _iR_gm uN.
nem+oiain e+ru+l uinem+oi iil o ooi iiq (progressive
assimilation) enur. nem+oiain e+ru+l nem+oi iiuo
iiuo _iuo ooi ii.

i_gl eia+m, ee+loia+m, eu+uia+m em ng
aia+auuk ea+Ncg. oveo+ aia+m onug ialauu
uucag.

eu+uue (morpheme) mg iaJn ag mpum (free form )
empum. mg ia_m _R_olo+p eu+uue e+rqum (bound
form) empum.

iucm, um euar, oumauu e+r_gaaon auo e+rq
ee+RaL empum.

iuc ee+l, e+ua, a+o iuc_uoaL, iue _u_, CoRgu
uq, aue_uo, mmk __pqp L om, uo uq
o+a iokau a+o iuc_uoaL.

_n_R uoiagkac+a e+la+puiagL iaoiluo en_+gm,
ag ee+loiauo eia+gp quiao+gm ee+loia+gp
euar, oium, iuc, ui ialau+gm _+yai_g.

oium, empuog iil ei_iuo oium engm, __ipq oium
engm u+_upudLug.
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197


eog
uaieg
e_ql
ee+l
_iuoe+i
=Re_+oi
_iuo ooiii
quial
uuial
iuuo
iuco
eepqo
qo
q_iuuaial
eu+uial
uouaial
aaiuuaial
auoial

e+reug
__il
eg
eu+L
oe+i
iiq
ui_puial
e+uaq
uair aaial
CoRguaial
oiuiq, euaial
iucaial
eeoial
u+lo
a+oo
oim+o
epu+dqal
eeyuial


aaiaoiam, e. (2002). iz e+i aupuial. een um: eyapu n
i+yoam.
au+an, Ca. & e_a+, o. (1997). e+iaial. eenum: +o+
ugpuam
emio+e n, +. (1995). e+iaial. ee num: C+aimi uiiNcrS.
+puiuiam, ei. (1998). Cuee+oial. ee num: lqai+pd.